diff --git a/-bWtembpQjU.txt b/-bWtembpQjU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..537a2256d340378ae4a9bc137c58c602fc16202f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-bWtembpQjU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+A modern compiler starts by analyzing the
+source program text to produce an equivalent
+
+sequence of operations expressed in a language-
+and machine-independent intermediate representation
+
+(IR).
+
+The analysis, or frontend, phase checks that
+program is well-formed, i.e., that the syntax
+
+of each high-level language statement is correct.
+
+It understands the meaning (semantics) of
+each statement.
+
+Many high-level languages include declarations
+of the type - e.g., integer, floating point,
+
+string, etc. - of each variable,
+and the frontend verifies that all operations
+
+are correctly applied, ensuring that numeric
+operations have numeric-type operands, string
+
+operations have string-type operands, and
+so on.
+
+Basically the analysis phase converts the
+text of the source program into an internal
+
+data structure that specifies the sequence
+and type of operations to be performed.
+
+Often there are families of frontend programs
+that translate a variety of high-level languages
+
+(e.g, C, C++, Java) into a common IR.
+
+The synthesis, or backend, phase then optimizes
+the IR to reduce the number of operations
+
+that will be executed when the final code
+is run.
+
+For example, it might find operations inside
+of a loop that are independent of the loop
+
+index and can moved outside the loop, where
+they are performed once instead of repeatedly
+
+inside the loop.
+
+Once the IR is in its final optimized form,
+the backend generates code sequences for the
+
+target ISA and looks for further optimizations
+that take advantage of particular features
+
+of the ISA.
+
+For example, for the Beta ISA we saw how a
+CMOVE followed by an arithmetic operation
+
+can be shorted to a single operation with
+a constant operand.
+
+The analysis phase starts by scanning the
+source text and generating a sequence of token
+
+objects that identify the type of each piece
+of the source text.
+
+While spaces, tabs, newlines, and so on were
+needed to separate tokens in the source text,
+
+they've all been removed during the scanning
+process.
+
+To enable useful error reporting, token objects
+also include information about where in the
+
+source text each token was found, e.g., the
+file name, line number, and column number.
+
+The scanning phase reports illegal tokens,
+e.g., the token "3x" would cause an error
+
+since in C it would not be a legal number
+or a legal variable name.
+
+The parsing phase processes the sequence of
+tokens to build the syntax tree, which captures
+
+the structure of the original program in a
+convenient data structure.
+
+The operands have been organized for each
+unary and binary operation.
+
+The components of each statement have been
+found and labeled.
+
+The role of each source token has been determined
+and the information captured in the syntax
+
+tree.
+
+Compare the labels of the nodes in the tree
+to the templates we discussed in the previous
+
+segment.
+
+We can see that it would be easy to write
+a program that did a depth-first tree walk,
+
+using the label of each tree node to select
+the appropriate code generation template.
+
+We won't do that quite yet since there's still
+some work to be done analyzing and transforming
+
+the tree.
+
+The syntax tree makes it easy to verify that
+the program is semantically correct, e.g.,
+
+to check that the types of the operands are
+compatible with the requested operation.
+
+For example, consider the statement x = "bananas".
+
+The syntax of the assignment operation is
+correct: there's a variable on the left-hand
+
+side and an expression on the right-hand side.
+
+But the semantics is not correct, at least
+in the C language!
+
+By looking in its symbol table to check the
+declared type for the variable x (int) and
+
+comparing it to the type of the expression
+(string),
+
+the semantic checker for the "op =" tree node
+will detect that the types are not compatible,
+
+i.e., that we can't store a string value into
+an integer variable.
+
+When the semantic analysis is complete, we
+know that the syntax tree represents a syntactically
+
+correct program with valid semantics, and
+we've finished converting the source program
+
+into an equivalent, language-independent sequence
+of operations.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-jJz5OMmuP0.txt b/-jJz5OMmuP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..055f425ba750e48133326c0501a0ca5db8916e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-jJz5OMmuP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5560 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well you got to move up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well you got to move up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well you got to move up to
+the next lowest energy orbital which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lowest energy orbital which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lowest energy orbital which
+will'll also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll also talk about
+today all right so that kind kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right so that kind kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right so that kind kind of
+completes our one electron systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our one electron systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes our one electron systems and
+now we're going to talk about multi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about multi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about multi-
+electrons but we're not going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but we're not going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but we're not going to move
+far away from the topics that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the topics that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the topics that we've
+discussed because with multi- electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed because with multi- electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed because with multi- electrons
+there's several things that are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several things that are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's several things that are the same
+and some things that are different but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that are different but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that are different but a
+lot of things are the same so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things are the same so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things are the same so we're
+going to come back to radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to radial probability
+uh distributions and energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distributions and energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distributions and energy levels and
+things like that all right so we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that all right so we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that all right so we'll move
+on to today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to today's
+handout so similarities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so similarities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so similarities and
+differences similarities we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences similarities we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences similarities we have the
+same shapes of orbitals whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shapes of orbitals whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shapes of orbitals whether we're
+talking about a one electron system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a one electron system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a one electron system or
+more so again we're going to have our s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so again we're going to have our s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so again we're going to have our s
+uh orbital so this is my uh version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbital so this is my uh version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbital so this is my uh version of
+an S orbital that you can hold in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S orbital that you can hold in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S orbital that you can hold in your
+hand where you have it spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand where you have it spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand where you have it spherically
+symmetric and you have probability out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you have probability out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you have probability out
+in every direction of r that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every direction of r that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every direction of r that you might
+find an electron except at our radial Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an electron except at our radial Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an electron except at our radial Lo
+and then we have our uh P orbitals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have our uh P orbitals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have our uh P orbitals which
+can be in three different uh directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in three different uh directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in three different uh directions
+where you have nodal planes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have nodal planes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have nodal planes so it
+doesn't matter what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what you're talking about
+one electron system or more you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron system or more you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron system or more you still
+are going to have those same shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have those same shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have those same shapes of
+the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+functions other similarities um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions other similarities um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions other similarities um again
+include the nodal structure which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the nodal structure which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the nodal structure which I just
+mentioned whether s is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned whether s is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned whether s is always going to
+be spherically symmetrical p is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spherically symmetrical p is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spherically symmetrical p is going to
+have those nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those nodal
+planes the angular noal planes so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes the angular noal planes so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes the angular noal planes so that's
+the same um differences though have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um differences though have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um differences though have to
+do with the energy levels so orbitals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the energy levels so orbitals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the energy levels so orbitals in
+a multi-electron atoms are lower more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-electron atoms are lower more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-electron atoms are lower more
+negative in energy than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in energy than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in energy than their
+corresponding orbitals in the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding orbitals in the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding orbitals in the H
+atom so let's uh take a look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so let's uh take a look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so let's uh take a look at this and
+think about why this is true so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why this is true so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why this is true so here we
+have our friend the hydrogen atom it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our friend the hydrogen atom it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our friend the hydrogen atom it has
+a small z z equals 1 doesn't get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small z z equals 1 doesn't get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small z z equals 1 doesn't get smaller
+than that we have our 1s then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that we have our 1s then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that we have our 1s then we have
+our n equals 2 and we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our n equals 2 and we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our n equals 2 and we talked about the
+fact that in a one electron system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in a one electron system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in a one electron system like
+hydrogen um these are all degenerate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um these are all degenerate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um these are all degenerate in
+energy with respect to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to each other so
+they're all equal in energy and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all equal in energy and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all equal in energy and then we
+have our n equals 3 again degenerate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our n equals 3 again degenerate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our n equals 3 again degenerate um
+energy levels and n equals 4 up here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and n equals 4 up here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and n equals 4 up here but
+when you go to a multi-electron system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to a multi-electron system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to a multi-electron system
+the first thing that we'll point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that we'll point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that we'll point out is
+that the energy level is lower so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy level is lower so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy level is lower so we
+have one s over here now 1 s is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one s over here now 1 s is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one s over here now 1 s is a more
+negative lower number and we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lower number and we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lower number and we can think
+about this in multi- electron systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in multi- electron systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in multi- electron systems
+you have a bigger Z so you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger Z so you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger Z so you have more
+positive charge and it's kind of hauling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and it's kind of hauling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and it's kind of hauling
+um all of those energy levels closer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of those energy levels closer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of those energy levels closer um
+and so it's it's a lower um energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's a lower um energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's a lower um energy for
+all of those so One S again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those so One S again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those so One S again
+Lower and we have 2s again that's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower and we have 2s again that's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower and we have 2s again that's lower
+in energy and now importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy and now importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy and now importantly
+2s and 2p are no longer degenerate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p are no longer degenerate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 2p are no longer degenerate with
+respect to each other in energy so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other in energy so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other in energy so now
+the 2p system is higher in energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2p system is higher in energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2p system is higher in energy than
+the 1 s and so on so we have 3s down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s and so on so we have 3s down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 s and so on so we have 3s down
+here and then the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the three
+PS so compared to hydrogen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS so compared to hydrogen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS so compared to hydrogen in a
+multi-electron atom n is not the sole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom n is not the sole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom n is not the sole
+determinant of what the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of what the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of what the energy levels
+are now instead of just n we have n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L so let's review this is good this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so let's review this is good this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so let's review this is good this is
+all getting ready for the test some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all getting ready for the test some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all getting ready for the test some
+equations that you've seen before and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you've seen before and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you've seen before and uh
+again equations will be on the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again equations will be on the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again equations will be on the equation
+sheet you don't have to memorize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you don't have to memorize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you don't have to memorize them
+and the equation sheet for the exam um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equation sheet for the exam um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equation sheet for the exam um
+is handed out today so you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handed out today so you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handed out today so you can take a
+look at it and see where things are if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and see where things are if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and see where things are if I
+forgot anything you can ask me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot anything you can ask me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot anything you can ask me questions
+um and maybe we'll add some more if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe we'll add some more if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe we'll add some more if I
+forgot any ones all right so for a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot any ones all right so for a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot any ones all right so for a one
+electron uh system binding energy equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh system binding energy equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh system binding energy equals
+minus the ionization energy equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ionization energy equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ionization energy equals minus
+z^2 um RH the ridg constant over n sared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 um RH the ridg constant over n sared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 um RH the ridg constant over n sared
+and so for hydrogen Z is one but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for hydrogen Z is one but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for hydrogen Z is one but there
+other one electron at least ions um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one electron at least ions um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one electron at least ions um and
+then you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to worry about
+Z all right what about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z all right what about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z all right what about a
+multi-electron uh system looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron uh system looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron uh system looks pretty
+much the same but now now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same but now now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same but now now instead of
+just having n we have n and L because L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having n we have n and L because L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having n we have n and L because L
+matters with a multi-electron system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters with a multi-electron system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters with a multi-electron system so
+The Binding energy for the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy for the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy for the electron is
+minus the ionization energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ionization energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ionization energy that's
+always going to True The Binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to True The Binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to True The Binding energy
+is always going to be equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be equal to minus the
+ionization energy which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy which is equal to
+minus Z but now we have a different Z we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z but now we have a different Z we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z but now we have a different Z we
+have Z effective which is abbreviated z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Z effective which is abbreviated z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Z effective which is abbreviated z
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+FF so this is the effective charge not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF so this is the effective charge not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF so this is the effective charge not
+the actual charge and that's squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual charge and that's squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual charge and that's squared and
+then we have ridberg constant and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have ridberg constant and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have ridberg constant and N
+again so Z effective is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so Z effective is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so Z effective is not the same as
+Z and it's not the same as Z because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and it's not the same as Z because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and it's not the same as Z because of
+shielding so we talked about shielding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so we talked about shielding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so we talked about shielding a
+little bit and I made this point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and I made this point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and I made this point that
+you need to think about shielding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about shielding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about shielding a
+little differently it's not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently it's not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently it's not just about
+the average size of the orbital it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size of the orbital it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average size of the orbital it's
+more about about the likelihood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about about the likelihood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about about the likelihood the
+probability that there going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that there going to be
+electrons close to the nucleus that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons close to the nucleus that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons close to the nucleus that will
+participate in in that will be affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in in that will be affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in in that will be affected
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+shielding so let's look at some extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so let's look at some extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so let's look at some extreme
+cases now and think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now and think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases now and think about what's
+happening in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in terms of this
+shielding so extreme case one extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so extreme case one extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so extreme case one extreme
+shielding maximum shielding all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding maximum shielding all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding maximum shielding all right so
+we have the case we have the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the case we have the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the case we have the helium
+nucleus we've moved far in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus we've moved far in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus we've moved far in the periodic
+table we've left hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we've left hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we've left hydrogen
+and so what is the charge going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the charge going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the charge going to be on
+helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+nucleus plus two so now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus plus two so now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus plus two so now we have this
+electron one we're interested in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one we're interested in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one we're interested in how
+much this electron is shielded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this electron is shielded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this electron is shielded by
+electron 2 because we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 because we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 because we got two
+electrons now say electron 2 is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now say electron 2 is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now say electron 2 is close to
+the nucleus and it's maximally shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and it's maximally shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and it's maximally shielding
+electron one from this positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one from this positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one from this positive charge
+down here so think about this electron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so think about this electron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so think about this electron I
+like to think about this this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about this this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about this this electron
+to as kind of uh the Elastigirl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as kind of uh the Elastigirl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as kind of uh the Elastigirl of
+electrons so Elastigirl electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so Elastigirl electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so Elastigirl electron is
+shielding everywhere stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding everywhere stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding everywhere stretching
+everywhere around that nucleus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere around that nucleus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere around that nucleus just
+completely shielding it from electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shielding it from electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely shielding it from electron
+one using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one using the
+full full negative charge to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full full negative charge to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full full negative charge to really
+Shield so in that kind of uh ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield so in that kind of uh ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield so in that kind of uh ex
+exaggerated case the Z effective is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated case the Z effective is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated case the Z effective is not
+to it's one so this electron basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's one so this electron basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's one so this electron basically
+cancels the whole positive charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the whole positive charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the whole positive charge of
+this nucleus really Shields that away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus really Shields that away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nucleus really Shields that away
+and so this is the effective charge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the effective charge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the effective charge with
+total shielding maximal shielding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total shielding maximal shielding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total shielding maximal shielding that
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+get so now we can calculate what the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so now we can calculate what the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so now we can calculate what the um
+binding energy um or if we wanted what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy um or if we wanted what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy um or if we wanted what
+the ionization energy would be U for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy would be U for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy would be U for
+this case given that particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case given that particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case given that particular uh
+effective uh charge so again The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh charge so again The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh charge so again The Binding
+energy of electron one is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of electron one is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of electron one is equal to minus
+its ionization energy equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ionization energy equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its ionization energy equal to minus the
+Z effective squar RH over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective squar RH over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective squar RH over
+N2 and we can plug in those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and we can plug in those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and we can plug in those numbers
+don't forget the minus we can have Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the minus we can have Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget the minus we can have Z
+effective 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective 1 over
+one and we calculate this value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we calculate this value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we calculate this value which is
+of course just the ridberg constant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course just the ridberg constant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course just the ridberg constant or
+minus the ridberg constant minus 2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ridberg constant minus 2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ridberg constant minus 2 uh
+2.18 * 10us 18 Jew so this is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.18 * 10us 18 Jew so this is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.18 * 10us 18 Jew so this is just like
+it was a hydrogen atom a one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hydrogen atom a one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hydrogen atom a one electron
+system so it had two electrons but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it had two electrons but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it had two electrons but one
+of the electrons shielded so completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons shielded so completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons shielded so completely
+it was like a one electron system again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like a one electron system again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like a one electron system again
+this is an exaggerated case of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exaggerated case of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exaggerated case of total
+shielding so now let's go to The Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so now let's go to The Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so now let's go to The Other
+Extreme and consider zero shielding no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme and consider zero shielding no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extreme and consider zero shielding no
+shielding at all so so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at all so so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at all so so here we have the
+helium nucleus we have electron one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus we have electron one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus we have electron one is
+now close and electron 2 is pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now close and electron 2 is pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now close and electron 2 is pretty far
+away so again we're asking how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so again we're asking how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so again we're asking how much is
+this electron one going to be shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron one going to be shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron one going to be shielded
+by electron 2 and in this extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by electron 2 and in this extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by electron 2 and in this extreme
+scenario electron 2 is not participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario electron 2 is not participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario electron 2 is not participating
+in shielding at all it's far away I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shielding at all it's far away I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shielding at all it's far away I'm
+not sure what it's doing maybe it lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what it's doing maybe it lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what it's doing maybe it lost
+its supersuit and can't find it it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its supersuit and can't find it it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its supersuit and can't find it it might
+be at the dry cleaners we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the dry cleaners we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the dry cleaners we don't know
+what's going on in any case it is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in any case it is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in any case it is out of
+the game it is not involved it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game it is not involved it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game it is not involved it is not
+shielding at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at
+all so in this extreme case electron one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so in this extreme case electron one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so in this extreme case electron one
+feels that full force of the nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels that full force of the nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels that full force of the nucleus so
+its effective charge is the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effective charge is the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its effective charge is the full
+complete plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete plus
+two so we can plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we can plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we can plug that in
+now and calculate what The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and calculate what The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and calculate what The Binding
+energy is going to be again binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be again binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be again binding
+energy for electron 1 equals minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for electron 1 equals minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for electron 1 equals minus the
+ionization energy for this electron same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for this electron same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for this electron same
+equation we put this in but now the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we put this in but now the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we put this in but now the Z
+effective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is
+two and we can calculate that and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can calculate that and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we can calculate that and now we
+get a value of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a value of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a value of minus
+8.72 * 10- 18th jewles and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.72 * 10- 18th jewles and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.72 * 10- 18th jewles and this is
+actually the same as you would get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same as you would get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same as you would get for
+the scenario of helium plus which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario of helium plus which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario of helium plus which is a
+one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron
+system then in a one electron system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then in a one electron system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then in a one electron system you
+can use a formula of just Z where Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a formula of just Z where Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a formula of just Z where Z is
+two and get your value so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and get your value so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and get your value so here are the
+two extreme cases for helium one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extreme cases for helium one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two extreme cases for helium one it's
+like a hydrogen atom one electron system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hydrogen atom one electron system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hydrogen atom one electron system
+and one it's like helium plus one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one it's like helium plus one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one it's like helium plus one case
+it's like it just has one electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it just has one electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it just has one electron and
+in in the other case you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the other case you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the other case you have zero
+shielding so extreme case one the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so extreme case one the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so extreme case one the Z
+effective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is
+one and we have the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have the binding energy
+that's very similar to uh hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very similar to uh hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very similar to uh hydrogen and
+so this is a total shielding case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a total shielding case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a total shielding case it
+Shields so much it's like a one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields so much it's like a one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields so much it's like a one electron
+case extreme case two you have the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case extreme case two you have the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case extreme case two you have the full
+force there's zero shielding no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there's zero shielding no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there's zero shielding no
+shielding at all and then this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at all and then this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding at all and then this is like a
+helium plus case um where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium plus case um where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium plus case um where you've
+actually lost that other electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost that other electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lost that other electron it's
+not shielding it's not even there um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shielding it's not even there um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shielding it's not even there um so
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+shielding and the reality in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and the reality in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and the reality in most cases
+is that you're in between and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're in between and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're in between and you can
+determine this experimentally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine this experimentally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine this experimentally you can
+measure ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure ionization
+energies so if we measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if we measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if we measured the
+ionization energy for helium we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for helium we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for helium we would
+find that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it's
+3.94 * 10us 18th so it's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.94 * 10us 18th so it's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.94 * 10us 18th so it's greater than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+2.18 and less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8.72 so it's in between and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.72 so it's in between and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.72 so it's in between and that's what
+you find most of the time the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find most of the time the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find most of the time the Z
+effective is in between between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is in between between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is in between between zero
+shielding and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and total
+shielding so we can calculate what the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so we can calculate what the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so we can calculate what the Z
+effective is actually in this case if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is actually in this case if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is actually in this case if we
+know the ionization energy so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ionization energy so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ionization energy so if you
+know the ionization energy um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ionization energy um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ionization energy um you can
+calculate the Z effective or if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Z effective or if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Z effective or if you're
+given a z effective you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a z effective you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a z effective you can calculate
+what the ionization energy should be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ionization energy should be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ionization energy should be for
+that case and so I told you that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and so I told you that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and so I told you that it was
+measured at 3.94 * 10 the- 18th and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured at 3.94 * 10 the- 18th and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured at 3.94 * 10 the- 18th and so
+in that case the Z effective if you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case the Z effective if you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case the Z effective if you plug
+it plug the numbers in would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.34 and so this number is in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.34 and so this number is in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.34 and so this number is in fact in
+between the two cases with total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cases with total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cases with total
+shielding you would have a z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding you would have a z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding you would have a z effective
+of one and with no shielding you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and with no shielding you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and with no shielding you'd have
+a z effective of Two And so in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z effective of Two And so in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z effective of Two And so in reality
+we're somewhere in between in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're somewhere in between in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're somewhere in between in this case
+all right so so thinking about this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so thinking about this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so thinking about this now
+let's try your hand at a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try your hand at a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try your hand at a clicker
+question and see if you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and see if you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and see if you can tell me
+which of these is a possible Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these is a possible Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these is a possible Z effective
+for an uh an element with a z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm doing good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so does someone want to say why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does someone want to say why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does someone want to say why the
+other ones are not uh correct why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are not uh correct why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones are not uh correct why don't
+you run up there and you can give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run up there and you can give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run up there and you can give them
+this pen American Chemical Society pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen American Chemical Society pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen American Chemical Society pen
+hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there who had their hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who had their hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who had their hand
+up I think it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the case of no shielding the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of no shielding the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case of no shielding the uh
+charge would be three and in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would be three and in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge would be three and in the case of
+Maximum shielding there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum shielding there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum shielding there's only two
+electrons in the 1s so it would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 1s so it would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 1s so it would be one
+so anything below one would be Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything below one would be Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything below one would be Beyond
+maximum shielding so it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum shielding so it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum shielding so it's got to be
+between one and three yep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and three yep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and three yep that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so now we're g to talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're g to talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're g to talk more about
+why shielding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why shielding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why shielding is
+important and shielding really has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and shielding really has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and shielding really has to do
+with this or order of uh orbital energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this or order of uh orbital energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this or order of uh orbital energy
+that we all know and are very fond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all know and are very fond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we all know and are very fond
+of so when I show you this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so when I show you this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so when I show you this we want to
+ask the question why is 2s lower than 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question why is 2s lower than 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question why is 2s lower than 2p
+or 3s lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3p so let's take a look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p so let's take a look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p so let's take a look at this and
+we're going to go back to our radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back to our radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back to our radial
+probability distrib I told you I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distrib I told you I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distrib I told you I was
+going to leave them for very long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave them for very long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave them for very long and
+we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back
+again so here again if we're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so here again if we're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so here again if we're considering
+2 s and 2 p so we'll consider this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s and 2 p so we'll consider this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s and 2 p so we'll consider this case
+here the maximum probable radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the maximum probable radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the maximum probable radius is
+longer it's greater for 2s than for 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's greater for 2s than for 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it's greater for 2s than for 2p
+but what we really care about when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we really care about when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we really care about when we're
+talking about shielding is this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about shielding is this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about shielding is this part
+right here and so there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and so there are different
+ways you can express this you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can express this you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can express this you can say
+that the electrons in the orbital with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrons in the orbital with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrons in the orbital with
+lower values of L like 2s is lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower values of L like 2s is lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower values of L like 2s is lower than
+2p those electrons penetrate closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p those electrons penetrate closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p those electrons penetrate closer to
+the nucleus even though we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus even though we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus even though we have this
+trend where the radius decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend where the radius decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend where the radius decreases with
+increasing l so despite this size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing l so despite this size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing l so despite this size
+difference when you compare this dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when you compare this dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when you compare this dotted
+line with this line here there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with this line here there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with this line here there's more
+probability that they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that they're going to be
+electrons near the nucleus with 2s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons near the nucleus with 2s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons near the nucleus with 2s and
+that results in uh this lower energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in uh this lower energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in uh this lower energy so
+there's less shielding for the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less shielding for the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less shielding for the S
+orbitals than for the P orbitals and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals than for the P orbitals and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals than for the P orbitals and as
+a result of that with less shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of that with less shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of that with less shielding
+because their probability is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their probability is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their probability is that
+they're closer that they're bound more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closer that they're bound more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closer that they're bound more
+tightly you have this lower energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly you have this lower energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly you have this lower energy so
+that explains this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains this energy
+difference so we can look at this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so we can look at this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so we can look at this now
+for the three system again for n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three system again for n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three system again for n equals
+3 and here we see that P electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and here we see that P electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and here we see that P electrons are
+also less shielded than the D electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also less shielded than the D electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also less shielded than the D electrons
+despite the fact if you look that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact if you look that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact if you look that the
+most probable uh radius over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable uh radius over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable uh radius over here is
+longer for p than for D but now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer for p than for D but now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer for p than for D but now if we
+look near the nucleus at the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look near the nucleus at the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look near the nucleus at the probability
+that they're going to be electrons near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be electrons near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be electrons near
+the nucleus there's a higher probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus there's a higher probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus there's a higher probability
+that there'll be electrons near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be electrons near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be electrons near the
+nucleus with P than with d so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with P than with d so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with P than with d so these are
+going to be less shielded and lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less shielded and lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less shielded and lower in
+energy and if I throw s on there now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and if I throw s on there now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and if I throw s on there now we
+see s has the most probability here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see s has the most probability here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see s has the most probability here of
+being closer than P then d so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being closer than P then d so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being closer than P then d so for a
+multi-electron atom the order of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom the order of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron atom the order of energy
+we have S low lower than p p lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have S low lower than p p lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have S low lower than p p lower than
+d d lower than F due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d lower than F due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d lower than F due to this
+shielding so again we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so again we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding so again we want to be able to
+you want to be able to draw um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to draw um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to draw um some
+version of these diagrams with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of these diagrams with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of these diagrams with
+appropriate features to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate features to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate features to explain
+answers and this all leads into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and this all leads into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and this all leads into what
+we're doing next which is electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing next which is electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing next which is electron
+configurations so we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so we're going to think
+about how we're going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to write the
+electron configurations and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configurations and this
+indicates how you build up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates how you build up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates how you build up in
+energy so electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configurations so um first we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so um first we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so um first we're going
+to fill our electrons into the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill our electrons into the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill our electrons into the energy
+states that are our lowest nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are our lowest nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are our lowest nature
+doesn't want to do a lot of work so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do a lot of work so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do a lot of work so it's
+going to put them in the lower States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them in the lower States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them in the lower States
+and again where those energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again where those energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again where those energy levels are
+depends on for multi- electron atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on for multi- electron atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on for multi- electron atoms
+both n and L and we're going to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both n and L and we're going to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both n and L and we're going to put them
+in one electron at a time starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one electron at a time starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one electron at a time starting with
+the lowest energy State and heating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy State and heating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy State and heating the
+following rules so there's some rules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following rules so there's some rules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following rules so there's some rules in
+doing this and most of you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and most of you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and most of you probably
+heard some of these before and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some of these before and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard some of these before and if you
+haven't I'm sure you'll like them I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I'm sure you'll like them I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I'm sure you'll like them I know
+you heard this because I already just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard this because I already just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard this because I already just
+told you about that a few minutes ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about that a few minutes ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about that a few minutes ago we
+have Paulie's Exclusion Principle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Paulie's Exclusion Principle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Paulie's Exclusion Principle which
+says that you can't have the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you can't have the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you can't have the same for
+quantum numbers so if you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers so if you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers so if you put one
+electron in you need and it's spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in you need and it's spin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in you need and it's spin up
+the next one has to be spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one has to be spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one has to be spin
+down and Hunt's rule which is one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and Hunt's rule which is one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and Hunt's rule which is one of my
+favorite rules I think in chemistry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite rules I think in chemistry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite rules I think in chemistry um
+and that is when you're adding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when you're adding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when you're adding electrons
+uh to the same state you're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the same state you're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the same state you're going to put
+them in singly when there's degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in singly when there's degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in singly when there's degenerate
+um energy orbitals before a second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um energy orbitals before a second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um energy orbitals before a second one
+enters the same orbital and the spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the same orbital and the spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters the same orbital and the spins
+remain parallel um as you're adding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain parallel um as you're adding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain parallel um as you're adding them
+across so so let's consider these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so so let's consider these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across so so let's consider these and
+put some electrons into these and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some electrons into these and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some electrons into these and we'll
+do this for oxygen which is a z equal 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for oxygen which is a z equal 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for oxygen which is a z equal 8
+system so first I want to put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so first I want to put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so first I want to put them in
+the lowest energy state so that's 1s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy state so that's 1s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy state so that's 1s so
+I'll put one electron in there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put one electron in there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put one electron in there and then
+I'm going to put the second electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the second electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the second electron in
+there because it's the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it's the lowest energy
+state so I'm going to fill it up but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I'm going to fill it up but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I'm going to fill it up but I'm
+going to pay attention to Po's Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay attention to Po's Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay attention to Po's Exclusion
+Principle and put it in spin down one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle and put it in spin down one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle and put it in spin down one
+spin up one electron spin down I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one electron spin down I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one electron spin down I can't
+put them both spin up because they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them both spin up because they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them both spin up because they would
+have the same four quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same four quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same four quantum numbers and
+that would violate poly's Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate poly's Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate poly's Exclusion
+Principle so next I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so next I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so next I'm going to put
+electrons in 2s because that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 2s because that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in 2s because that's the next
+lowest energy State I'll put one in spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy State I'll put one in spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy State I'll put one in spin
+up and then because of poly I'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then because of poly I'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then because of poly I'll put the
+other one in spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one in spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one in spin
+down next we come to the 2p system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next we come to the 2p system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down next we come to the 2p system and
+I'm going to put the first electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the first electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the first electron in
+but I'm not not going to pair the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not not going to pair the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not not going to pair the second
+one I'm going to put electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to put electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to put electron in the
+second orbital both being spin up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second orbital both being spin up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second orbital both being spin up and
+then I'm going to do that again and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do that again and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do that again and so I
+I like to most people kind of refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to most people kind of refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to most people kind of refer to
+the Huns rule as kind of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huns rule as kind of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Huns rule as kind of the the the
+rule of seating on a bus where it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of seating on a bus where it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of seating on a bus where it always
+seems that one person goes in and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that one person goes in and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that one person goes in and even
+though there are two seats one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are two seats one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are two seats one person
+takes it the next person gets on the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it the next person gets on the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes it the next person gets on the bus
+doesn't sit next to the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sit next to the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sit next to the person who's
+already there they take another empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there they take another empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there they take another empty
+seat and so on and so on and so you fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and so on and so on and so you fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat and so on and so on and so you fill
+up the bus with one person per uh bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the bus with one person per uh bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the bus with one person per uh bench
+before all those seats are taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all those seats are taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all those seats are taken the
+next person comes on sadly has to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person comes on sadly has to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next person comes on sadly has to sit
+with someone else so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone else so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone else so if you think about
+that that's the Huns rule you'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the Huns rule you'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the Huns rule you'll always
+remember to do that and once you've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to do that and once you've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to do that and once you've put
+one in each then the next person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each then the next person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each then the next person on the
+bus has to sit next to someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus has to sit next to someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus has to sit next to someone and
+they're going to do that spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that spin
+down because if it was spin up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because if it was spin up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because if it was spin up again
+you'd have the same for a quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the same for a quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the same for a quantum number
+numbers so these are the rules that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these are the rules that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these are the rules that you
+need to know to put these in and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to put these in and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to put these in and then
+after you do that you can write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that you can write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do that you can write an
+electron configuration that says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration that says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration that says what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+so here um we can write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um we can write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here um we can write it this way
+we'll say we have one S2 they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say we have one S2 they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say we have one S2 they're two
+electrons in the 1s 2 S2 two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 1s 2 S2 two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the 1s 2 S2 two electrons
+in 2s and 2p4 we have four electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2s and 2p4 we have four electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2s and 2p4 we have four electrons in
+the 2p orbitals and if for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2p orbitals and if for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2p orbitals and if for some reason
+the question asks you to specify M sub L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question asks you to specify M sub L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question asks you to specify M sub L
+you can do that too um so then instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that too um so then instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that too um so then instead
+of just saying 2 P4 then you would say 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying 2 P4 then you would say 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying 2 P4 then you would say 2
+px2 so there were two electrons in PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px2 so there were two electrons in PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px2 so there were two electrons in PX
+and then 2 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 2 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 2 p
+Z1 and uh 2 py1 and if you don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and uh 2 py1 and if you don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and uh 2 py1 and if you don't write
+one one is implied so you will see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is implied so you will see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is implied so you will see this
+both ways you will see the one indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways you will see the one indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways you will see the one indicated
+and then you'll see the orbital just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see the orbital just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see the orbital just
+listed with nothing if you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed with nothing if you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed with nothing if you do that you
+are implying there's one electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implying there's one electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implying there's one electron in
+there if you don't mean to apply there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you don't mean to apply there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you don't mean to apply there's
+one electron in there don't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in there don't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in there don't write it
+that way because that's what is implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way because that's what is implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way because that's what is implied
+if that's the way it is all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the way it is all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the way it is all right so now
+let's do a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 more seconds I think we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 10 more seconds I think we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 10 more seconds I think we can get
+at least 93% on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not bad 90 that that was a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad 90 that that was a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not bad 90 that that was a decent
+guess that was a decent guess okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that was a decent guess okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that was a decent guess okay so I
+think uh the trick here was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh the trick here was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh the trick here was just
+counting uh so the bottom the bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh so the bottom the bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh so the bottom the bottom one
+that some people liked um there only six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people liked um there only six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people liked um there only six
+electrons and that that has more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that that has more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that that has more okay
+question yeah are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it just yeah you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just yeah you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it just yeah you don't have to
+worry about that um yeah you that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that um yeah you that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that um yeah you that's kind
+of arbitrary what what you put for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary what what you put for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary what what you put for that
+so it just if it is indicated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just if it is indicated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just if it is indicated then
+that's fine but we didn't give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but we didn't give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but we didn't give you an
+option that would be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that would be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that would be different
+yeah okay so now you can imagine that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so now you can imagine that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so now you can imagine that if
+you're writing these electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing these electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing these electron
+configurations and you're asked to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and you're asked to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and you're asked to write
+an electron configuration for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron configuration for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron configuration for something
+way down on the periodic table you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down on the periodic table you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down on the periodic table you would
+be writing for a very very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing for a very very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be writing for a very very very long
+time so um you can use information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um you can use information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um you can use information about
+core electrons and veence electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons and veence electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core electrons and veence electrons to
+make your life easier now sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your life easier now sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your life easier now sometimes you
+will be asked to write the full electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to write the full electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked to write the full electron
+configuration and it'll say don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and it'll say don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and it'll say don't use
+kind of the noble gas shorthand then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the noble gas shorthand then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the noble gas shorthand then
+that's what you have to do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have to do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have to do very
+important on the exam read questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important on the exam read questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important on the exam read questions
+carefully so let's introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so let's introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so let's introduce this
+concept of core electrons and veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of core electrons and veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of core electrons and veence
+electrons so if we look at the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if we look at the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if we look at the periodic
+table we have our 1s1 1s uh one one S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we have our 1s1 1s uh one one S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we have our 1s1 1s uh one one S2
+and then we come down we have our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come down we have our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come down we have our two
+s's and our two PS and then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's and our two PS and then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's and our two PS and then we have a
+noble gas and then we come down and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas and then we come down and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas and then we come down and we
+have our first 3 S1 and so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our first 3 S1 and so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our first 3 S1 and so if we're
+talking about sodium we have core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sodium we have core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sodium we have core
+electrons which are the electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which are the electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which are the electrons that
+make up the noble gas um noble gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the noble gas um noble gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the noble gas um noble gas
+element that's on the uh the row before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's on the uh the row before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that's on the uh the row before
+and then those are usually not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those are usually not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those are usually not very
+reactive they're held pretty tight um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they're held pretty tight um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they're held pretty tight um
+and the veence electrons the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the veence electrons the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the veence electrons the veence
+electrons the electrons that do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the electrons that do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the electrons that do all the
+exciting chemistry you lose and gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting chemistry you lose and gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting chemistry you lose and gain
+veence electrons they're the fun ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons they're the fun ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons they're the fun ones
+and so those are going to be beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are going to be beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those are going to be beyond that
+noble gas configuration those core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration those core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration those core
+electrons and so here sodium has 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so here sodium has 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so here sodium has 1 3
+S1 so we can also write sodium then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 so we can also write sodium then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 so we can also write sodium then as
+bracket neon indicating the noble gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket neon indicating the noble gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket neon indicating the noble gas
+before and then just put the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then just put the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then just put the veence
+electrons the 3 S1 and um unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the 3 S1 and um unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the 3 S1 and um unless it's
+clearly specified you were not supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly specified you were not supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly specified you were not supposed
+to do that this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that this will be
+acceptable so we can go on in that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable so we can go on in that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable so we can go on in that row
+of the periodic table in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table in the third
+period and so the next one we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and so the next one we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and so the next one we would have
+3s2 um and then we jump over here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s2 um and then we jump over here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s2 um and then we jump over here to the
+three PS and so on and so on until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three PS and so on and so on until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three PS and so on and so on until we
+get to to our next noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to to our next noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to to our next noble
+gas so this is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so this is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so this is pretty straightforward
+there are no exceptions um on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no exceptions um on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no exceptions um on the third
+period but when we get to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but when we get to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but when we get to the fourth
+period of the um periodic table we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the um periodic table we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of the um periodic table we start
+to have a couple of exceptions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a couple of exceptions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a couple of exceptions that you
+will be responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be responsible
+for and so it's looking good up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so it's looking good up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so it's looking good up here in
+the beginning we have now our um noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we have now our um noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we have now our um noble
+gas and then we have our veence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then we have our veence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and then we have our veence electron
+4 S1 4S two and then we start down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 S1 4S two and then we start down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 S1 4S two and then we start down in
+the three DS over here and when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three DS over here and when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three DS over here and when we get
+halfway through we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through we have an
+exception so you have exceptions halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception so you have exceptions halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception so you have exceptions halfway
+through and also when you're almost at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and also when you're almost at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and also when you're almost at
+the end so instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so instead of having
+4s2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4s2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4s2 3
+D4 it really wants to have five um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 it really wants to have five um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 it really wants to have five um
+electrons and in this case instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in this case instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in this case instead of
+4s2 3d9 it wants 10 so it likes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4s2 3d9 it wants 10 so it likes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4s2 3d9 it wants 10 so it likes things
+being half full or totally full and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being half full or totally full and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being half full or totally full and so
+you have these Exceptions there so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these Exceptions there so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these Exceptions there so you
+don't have a D4 and you don't have a D9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a D4 and you don't have a D9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a D4 and you don't have a D9
+and you're responsible for these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're responsible for these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're responsible for these two and
+then in uh the period right below same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in uh the period right below same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in uh the period right below same
+position same exception so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position same exception so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position same exception so you can think
+about this I don't know if it's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I don't know if it's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I don't know if it's four
+exceptions or really just kind of two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions or really just kind of two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions or really just kind of two in
+two places um but these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places um but these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two places um but these are the
+exceptions you need to know so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions you need to know so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions you need to know so in the
+fifth it's the ones right below are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth it's the ones right below are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth it's the ones right below are the
+same you're not going to have a D4 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you're not going to have a D4 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you're not going to have a D4 or a
+D9 here so you bump one up because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D9 here so you bump one up because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D9 here so you bump one up because it's
+just happier when it has five or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happier when it has five or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happier when it has five or 10
+electrons in the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the D
+orbitals all right you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals all right you're also
+responsible for knowing the orders oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for knowing the orders oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for knowing the orders oh we
+have a question way up there who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question way up there who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question way up there who wants
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run get some exercise I don't always see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run get some exercise I don't always see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run get some exercise I don't always see
+questions so yell out my name uh if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so yell out my name uh if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so yell out my name uh if I if
+I don't see people I am wearing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see people I am wearing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see people I am wearing my
+glasses that's good yeah so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses that's good yeah so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses that's good yeah so what happens
+when we have an ion like Titanium 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have an ion like Titanium 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have an ion like Titanium 2
+question I'm getting to that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm getting to that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm getting to that all right
+cool than okay hold on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool than okay hold on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool than okay hold on a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+yes we're getting to ions they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're getting to ions they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're getting to ions they're right
+at the end okay so first let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end okay so first let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end okay so first let's consider
+what happens when we're not doing an ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we're not doing an ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we're not doing an ion
+and there are a couple different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a couple different ways
+that we can look at this you can this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can look at this you can this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can look at this you can this is
+one uh way to remember so you just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh way to remember so you just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh way to remember so you just write
+out 1 s 2 S 2 p threes your fours your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 1 s 2 S 2 p threes your fours your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 1 s 2 S 2 p threes your fours your
+fives your six your sevens and then draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives your six your sevens and then draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives your six your sevens and then draw
+lines you go first you fill 1 s then 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you go first you fill 1 s then 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines you go first you fill 1 s then 2s
+2p 3s 3p 4S D 3D 4p 5S etc etc etc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p 3s 3p 4S D 3D 4p 5S etc etc etc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p 3s 3p 4S D 3D 4p 5S etc etc etc that
+works that's one way to do it it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that's one way to do it it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that's one way to do it it's kind
+of timec consuming uh not sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timec consuming uh not sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of timec consuming uh not sure that's
+that's the easiest way um the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easiest way um the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the easiest way um the other way
+that you can do um this is a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do um this is a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do um this is a periodic
+table you'll be getting on the exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you'll be getting on the exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table you'll be getting on the exam and
+you can just remember what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just remember what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just remember what's happening
+at these different cases so over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these different cases so over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these different cases so over here
+we're filling up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're filling up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're filling up our
+s's over here we're filling up our PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's over here we're filling up our PS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's over here we're filling up our PS
+except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for
+helium over here we're doing our D's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium over here we're doing our D's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium over here we're doing our D's and
+the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition
+metals over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals over here we have
+F and then in terms of the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and then in terms of the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and then in terms of the period
+numbers so we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we have one
+over here so we do 1 S2 2 S2 um or 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so we do 1 S2 2 S2 um or 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so we do 1 S2 2 S2 um or 1 s
+one 1 S2 2 s then we come over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 S2 2 s then we come over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 S2 2 s then we come over here we
+have the 2 PS 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 2 PS 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 2 PS 3
+s's 3 PS four s's then we have four D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's 3 PS four s's then we have four D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s's 3 PS four s's then we have four D's
+and go to four Ps 5 s's four D's five PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to four Ps 5 s's four D's five PS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to four Ps 5 s's four D's five PS
+and then we can't forget when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can't forget when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can't forget when we get
+down here that we have f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that we have f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that we have f
+what number goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number goes
+here four right so when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four right so when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four right so when you get to
+principal quantum number four is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number four is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number four is when
+you start having F orbitals so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start having F orbitals so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start having F orbitals so if you
+just remember this it's going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember this it's going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember this it's going to help
+you think about what the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what the energy levels
+how you're going to write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configurations all right so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations all right so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations all right so maybe I'll
+leave this up and we'll do a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this up and we'll do a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this up and we'll do a clicker
+question now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have your periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your periodic table
+available to look at and then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to look at and then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to look at and then we'll get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ions this should be 93%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds well 85 that's still pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds well 85 that's still pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds well 85 that's still pretty good
+okay okay so this this one was our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this this one was our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this this one was our our
+one of our exceptions over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our exceptions over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our exceptions over here and we
+wanted to have uh no no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have uh no no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have uh no no uh
+D9 um so it just as happier as d10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D9 um so it just as happier as d10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D9 um so it just as happier as d10
+system so that's our exception one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's our exception one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's our exception one of
+the four that you need to know for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that you need to know for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that you need to know for this
+okay so now we have our two our kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have our two our kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have our two our kind of
+two methods of remembering this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods of remembering this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods of remembering this and we
+did the clicker question and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the clicker question and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the clicker question and so I'm
+going to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump to
+ions people are there's one question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions people are there's one question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions people are there's one question on
+this on problem set so people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on problem set so people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on problem set so people have been
+asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about
+ions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions all right
+so when we're just here filling up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're just here filling up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're just here filling up our
+four S ones four S we're putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four S ones four S we're putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four S ones four S we're putting in
+first and then we're going to our 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we're going to our 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we're going to our 3D
+which is what we just learned about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we just learned about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we just learned about but
+what actually happens when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happens when you start
+putting electrons in your D orbitals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting electrons in your D orbitals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting electrons in your D orbitals is
+that the orbital energy of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the orbital energy of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the orbital energy of the D
+orbitals drops below the 4S so once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals drops below the 4S so once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals drops below the 4S so once they
+start becoming filled you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start becoming filled you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start becoming filled you have this
+change that happens and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that happens and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that happens and this is really
+only important when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only important when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only important when you're talking about
+ions so we if we were asking here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so we if we were asking here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so we if we were asking here um
+about this one so we would normally say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one so we would normally say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one so we would normally say
+okay we put our two 4S in and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we put our two 4S in and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we put our two 4S in and then we
+have two 3D electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 3D electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 3D electrons
+but now because we've started to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now because we've started to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now because we've started to fill
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+3D if we're going to really do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D if we're going to really do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D if we're going to really do this in
+terms of energy level we could reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy level we could reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy level we could reverse
+the order and we would accept both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order and we would accept both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order and we would accept both of
+these for the neutral ion um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the neutral ion um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for the neutral ion um you could
+do either here but importantly when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do either here but importantly when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do either here but importantly when you
+if you start ionizing it and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start ionizing it and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start ionizing it and losing
+electrons you need to think where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you need to think where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you need to think where are
+those electrons coming from which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons coming from which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons coming from which are
+the electrons that are easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that are easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons that are easiest to
+remove and what happens is that you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove and what happens is that you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove and what happens is that you end
+up losing the 4 S2 electrons and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up losing the 4 S2 electrons and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up losing the 4 S2 electrons and so the
+configuration then for titanium plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration then for titanium plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration then for titanium plus two
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+3d2 and so this is different ions behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d2 and so this is different ions behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d2 and so this is different ions behave
+differently and that's now you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and that's now you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and that's now you can go
+run and finish problem set two um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and finish problem set two um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and finish problem set two um that
+last question and this is because now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question and this is because now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question and this is because now we
+are at the end of exam one material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the end of exam one material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the end of exam one material um
+um so one thing I didn't get to it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one thing I didn't get to it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one thing I didn't get to it said
+in the beginning number 12 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning number 12 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning number 12 on the
+problem set we're not going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we're not going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we're not going to get to
+until next week so if you've done number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week so if you've done number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next week so if you've done number
+12 already you can turn it in it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 already you can turn it in it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 already you can turn it in it won't
+be graded and you can turn it in again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be graded and you can turn it in again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be graded and you can turn it in again
+on problem set three so you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problem set three so you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problem set three so you won't have
+wasted time but that won't be on exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time but that won't be on exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted time but that won't be on exam
+one material so this is the end of exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one material so this is the end of exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one material so this is the end of exam
+uh one material and read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one material and read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one material and read your
+instructions for the exams very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for the exams very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions for the exams very
+carefully and there's a couple questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and there's a couple questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and there's a couple questions
+but I think it's too noisy to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's too noisy to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's too noisy to answer
+them note that not everyone is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them note that not everyone is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them note that not everyone is taking
+the exam in this room and you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam in this room and you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam in this room and you need to go
+to the appropriate place so please look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the appropriate place so please look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the appropriate place so please look
+at the instructions all right and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the instructions all right and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the instructions all right and who
+won the clicker competition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0QJRG7e2PPk.txt b/0QJRG7e2PPk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eac0778c13e79181d8bb40f9596b56abe836d8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0QJRG7e2PPk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday night at the CDD D I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday night at the CDD D I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday night at the CDD D I've been
+asked to say IDP Forum as well basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to say IDP Forum as well basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to say IDP Forum as well basically
+Collective Venture sponsored by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective Venture sponsored by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collective Venture sponsored by the
+center for National studies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center for National studies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center for National studies and the
+department of urban studies and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of urban studies and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of urban studies and planning
+the them as you cities against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the them as you cities against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the them as you cities against
+nationalism and it's related to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and it's related to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and it's related to our
+project on Jerusalem and if anybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on Jerusalem and if anybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on Jerusalem and if anybody is
+interested in finding out more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding out more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in finding out more about the
+project you're being on our mailing list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you're being on our mailing list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you're being on our mailing list
+um please sign up on a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please sign up on a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um please sign up on a piece of paper
+that we'll leave at the back table near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll leave at the back table near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll leave at the back table near
+the wine and cheese before I announce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine and cheese before I announce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine and cheese before I announce
+our speaker today I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I chastised me last week for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chastised me last week for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chastised me last week for not
+mentioning the following week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning the following week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning the following week's
+presentation at the end of last week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation at the end of last week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation at the end of last week's
+presentation so I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so I want to give you a
+next week we're going to be hosting Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to be hosting Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we're going to be hosting Dr
+shiman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiman
+Pro political scientist scholar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro political scientist scholar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro political scientist scholar of
+ethnic confli from the London School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic confli from the London School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic confli from the London School of
+Economics who's done extensive work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics who's done extensive work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics who's done extensive work on
+mostar in Bosnia herina some work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostar in Bosnia herina some work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostar in Bosnia herina some work on
+island as well has recently finished a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island as well has recently finished a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island as well has recently finished a
+booken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booken
+onm and the commentator next week will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onm and the commentator next week will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onm and the commentator next week will
+be Dr Toby fer from T University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we're really pleased to have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're really pleased to have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're really pleased to have such a
+great turn for D Harvey I know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great turn for D Harvey I know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great turn for D Harvey I know many of
+you waiting for several weeks to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waiting for several weeks to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you waiting for several weeks to to get
+a chance to meet him um it's a thrill to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to meet him um it's a thrill to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to meet him um it's a thrill to
+have you here at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you here at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you here at at
+MIT we have a chance to share from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we have a chance to share from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we have a chance to share from your
+to learn from your ideas as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn from your ideas as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn from your ideas as many of
+you've seen in the announc we sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen in the announc we sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen in the announc we sent
+around about David many people consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about David many people consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about David many people consider
+his work to have been the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work to have been the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work to have been the single most
+important influential and imag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important influential and imag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important influential and imag
+contribution to the development of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the development of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the development of human
+geography since the second world war his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography since the second world war his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography since the second world war his
+Reflections on the importance of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections on the importance of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections on the importance of space
+and place and latterly nature have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place and latterly nature have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and place and latterly nature have
+attracted considerable critical interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted considerable critical interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted considerable critical interest
+across the whole field of the humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole field of the humanities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole field of the humanities
+and the social sciences for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social sciences for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social sciences for those
+interested in global capital and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in global capital and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in global capital and the
+cultural intellectual and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural intellectual and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural intellectual and political
+repercussions of its changing flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions of its changing flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions of its changing flows
+David Harvey's books and articles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Harvey's books and articles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Harvey's books and articles have
+been pathbreaking and have set agendas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pathbreaking and have set agendas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pathbreaking and have set agendas
+of numerous disciplines anology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerous disciplines anology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerous disciplines anology
+sociology Urban studies planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology Urban studies planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology Urban studies planning and
+political economy um his books include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy um his books include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy um his books include
+the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit
+will I start from the beginning social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I start from the beginning social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I start from the beginning social
+justice in the city classic work in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice in the city classic work in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice in the city classic work in in
+political economy and geography the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy and geography the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy and geography the
+limits to Capital the condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to Capital the condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits to Capital the condition of
+postmodernity Justice nature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernity Justice nature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernity Justice nature and the
+geography of difference he has a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography of difference he has a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography of difference he has a new
+book out on imperialism and also a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book out on imperialism and also a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book out on imperialism and also a new
+book out um just in the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book out um just in the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book out um just in the last couple
+months the capital of modity um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months the capital of modity um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months the capital of modity um and
+David is a professor of anthropology at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David is a professor of anthropology at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David is a professor of anthropology at
+the City University of New York um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the City University of New York um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the City University of New York um our
+commentator will be ysep jarin who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentator will be ysep jarin who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentator will be ysep jarin who is a
+visiting Spurs fellow at MIT this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting Spurs fellow at MIT this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting Spurs fellow at MIT this year
+many of you know ysf he holds a PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know ysf he holds a PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know ysf he holds a PhD in
+urban planning from The Faculty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planning from The Faculty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planning from The Faculty of
+architecture and town planning at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and town planning at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and town planning at the
+techon and Masters in design studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techon and Masters in design studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techon and Masters in design studies
+from The Graduate School design at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Graduate School design at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Graduate School design at
+Harvard he's been a cman fellow at Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard he's been a cman fellow at Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard he's been a cman fellow at Ben
+buring University as well as a Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buring University as well as a Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buring University as well as a Ross
+child fellow and he just recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child fellow and he just recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child fellow and he just recently
+received the Tommy Ste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Tommy Ste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the Tommy Ste
+at University um and we will begin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University um and we will begin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at University um and we will begin in
+our normal format with David speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal format with David speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our normal format with David speaking
+about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+35 uh first off I should say I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 uh first off I should say I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 uh first off I should say I I don't
+know anything well I'll sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything well I'll sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything well I'll sit down
+actually well I'll stand up and walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well I'll stand up and walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well I'll stand up and walk
+around um I don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um I don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um I don't know anything about
+Jerusalem so I'd be very interested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so I'd be very interested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so I'd be very interested to
+hear what you come up with uh uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you come up with uh uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what you come up with uh uh on the
+other hand I have various times looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I have various times looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I have various times looked
+at uh uh various forms of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh uh various forms of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh uh various forms of urban
+transformation and Urban Development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and Urban Development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and Urban Development and
+I've been interested in it from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been interested in it from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been interested in it from all
+kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh
+standpoints and about this time last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoints and about this time last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoints and about this time last
+year I was invited to give a a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I was invited to give a a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I was invited to give a a lecture
+to Amnesty International in Oxford on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Amnesty International in Oxford on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Amnesty International in Oxford on
+the theme of the right to the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of the right to the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme of the right to the city and
+so that I thought it might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I thought it might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I thought it might be an
+appropriate thing to sort of go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate thing to sort of go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate thing to sort of go over
+some of the things that I said on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that I said on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that I said on on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+occasion uh just to see if uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion uh just to see if uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion uh just to see if uh they
+resonate with you in any way and if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with you in any way and if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with you in any way and if so
+uh how and how you might be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how and how you might be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how and how you might be able to use
+them the starting point for my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the starting point for my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the starting point for my argument
+really begins with uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really begins with uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really begins with uh one of the
+statements I often like to quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I often like to quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I often like to quote from
+Robert Park and I like to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Park and I like to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Park and I like to start with
+Robert park because he's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert park because he's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert park because he's such a
+conventional figure that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional figure that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional figure that uh you know
+people can't take exception to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't take exception to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't take exception to my
+Politics on as it were the first line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Politics on as it were the first line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Politics on as it were the first line of
+any talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any talk
+what park said about cities was this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what park said about cities was this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what park said about cities was this the
+city he said Is Man's most consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city he said Is Man's most consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city he said Is Man's most consistent
+and on the whole his most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the whole his most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the whole his most successful
+attempt to remake the world he lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to remake the world he lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to remake the world he lives in
+more after his heart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more after his heart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more after his heart's
+desire but if the city is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire but if the city is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire but if the city is the world
+which Man created it is the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Man created it is the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Man created it is the world in
+which he is henceforth condemned to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is henceforth condemned to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he is henceforth condemned to live
+thus indirectly and without any clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus indirectly and without any clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus indirectly and without any clear
+sense of the nature of his task in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the nature of his task in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the nature of his task in
+making the city man has remade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the city man has remade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the city man has remade
+himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself
+this is a very interesting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very interesting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very interesting kind of
+formulation I think it deserves that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation I think it deserves that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation I think it deserves that we
+should reflect a little bit upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect a little bit upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect a little bit upon it
+because what it says in effect is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says in effect is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it says in effect is that
+we make ourselves through making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make ourselves through making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make ourselves through making
+cities and one of the issues that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and one of the issues that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and one of the issues that always
+arises when we're talking about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises when we're talking about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises when we're talking about making
+cities is also asking ourselves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is also asking ourselves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities is also asking ourselves what
+kind of people do we want to be who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people do we want to be who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people do we want to be who do
+we want to be and how do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be and how do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be and how do we want to
+be and it says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and it says something about the
+phrase the right to the city which uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the right to the city which uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the right to the city which uh of
+course really comes from H leev but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really comes from H leev but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really comes from H leev but
+which has been used in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been used in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been used in a number of
+different contexts which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts which says that the
+right to the city is not just simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city is not just simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city is not just simply a
+right of access to what already exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of access to what already exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of access to what already exists
+in the city the right to the city should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city the right to the city should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city the right to the city should
+fundamentally be thought of as the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally be thought of as the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally be thought of as the right
+to change it to make it more after our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it to make it more after our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it to make it more after our
+heart's desire to make it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire to make it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart's desire to make it in a different
+form so that we can remake ourselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that we can remake ourselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so that we can remake ourselves in
+a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of
+way now the difficulty with this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the difficulty with this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the difficulty with this idea is
+if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it
+historically what you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically what you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically what you would see
+immediately is that the city has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that the city has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that the city has
+undergone remarkable Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone remarkable Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone remarkable Transformations
+over the last 100 years the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 100 years the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 100 years the rate of
+urbanization has been quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization has been quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization has been quite
+phenomenal and at the same time the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal and at the same time the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal and at the same time the way
+in which the city has been organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the city has been organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the city has been organized
+ecologically politically economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologically politically economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologically politically economically
+has undergone some very radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has undergone some very radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has undergone some very radical
+shifts which suggests that if Park's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts which suggests that if Park's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts which suggests that if Park's
+thesis is Right we've managed to remake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis is Right we've managed to remake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis is Right we've managed to remake
+ourselves several times over in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves several times over in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves several times over in the last
+century into terms in terms of who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century into terms in terms of who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century into terms in terms of who we
+are and what we're about and there is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and what we're about and there is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and what we're about and there is of
+course a considerable literature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a considerable literature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a considerable literature which
+uh I'm sure many of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure many of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm sure many of you are familiar
+with about the impacts of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about the impacts of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about the impacts of these
+Transformations on the city on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations on the city on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations on the city on the way
+in which people think the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which people think the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which people think the way in which
+they feel the way in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel the way in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel the way in which they
+understand the world the way they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the world the way they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the world the way they think
+about their social relations and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social relations and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social relations and from
+Zim's famous essay you know about early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zim's famous essay you know about early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zim's famous essay you know about early
+1900s onwards the famous essay about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s onwards the famous essay about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s onwards the famous essay about
+metropolis and mental life we've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolis and mental life we've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolis and mental life we've had a
+sort of continuous stream of as were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of continuous stream of as were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of continuous stream of as were uh
+thinking at the environmental impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking at the environmental impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking at the environmental impacts of
+the city upon who we are and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city upon who we are and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city upon who we are and and and
+what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+about but what this also suggests is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but what this also suggests is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but what this also suggests is
+that if we think about the last 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we think about the last 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we think about the last 100
+years we've been made over several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we've been made over several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years we've been made over several times
+without actually being terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually being terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually being terribly
+conscious of what it is we're being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of what it is we're being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious of what it is we're being made
+into and if we arrive at a certain kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and if we arrive at a certain kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and if we arrive at a certain kind
+of point right now where we see divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point right now where we see divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point right now where we see divided
+cities we see fragmented cities we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities we see fragmented cities we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities we see fragmented cities we see
+uh alienation we see anomy we see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alienation we see anomy we see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alienation we see anomy we see many
+of the and and we also see centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and and we also see centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and and we also see centers of
+excitement we see you know centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement we see you know centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement we see you know centers of
+transformation and change if we see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and change if we see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and change if we see all
+those things going on around us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things going on around us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things going on around us it's
+largely because these things have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because these things have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely because these things have just
+happened and without being conscious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and without being conscious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and without being conscious of
+our task we have allowed these things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task we have allowed these things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task we have allowed these things to
+happen so one of the issues it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so one of the issues it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so one of the issues it seems to
+me when we start to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when we start to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when we start to think about the
+right to the city is to say we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city is to say we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city is to say we should
+start thinking about our right to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about our right to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about our right to guide
+that process guide that evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process guide that evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process guide that evolutionary
+transformation of what urbanization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of what urbanization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of what urbanization and
+urban forms are about guide it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban forms are about guide it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban forms are about guide it in
+certain ways which have in mind some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways which have in mind some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways which have in mind some
+kind of different political end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different political end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different political end which
+have in mind the idea of restructuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind the idea of restructuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind the idea of restructuring
+social relations of redoing many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relations of redoing many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relations of redoing many of the
+facets of who we have become in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets of who we have become in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets of who we have become in a very
+different kind of mode and motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of mode and motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of mode and motivation
+and of course you will see this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you will see this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you will see this idea
+launched in various places these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched in various places these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched in various places these days
+particularly in the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the environmental
+literature but part of the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but part of the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but part of the problem with
+the environmental literature when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental literature when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental literature when they
+start talking about new patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about new patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about new patterns of
+social relation and new forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relation and new forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relation and new forms of
+community is it's nearly always rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is it's nearly always rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is it's nearly always rural
+they're talking about they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about they're not
+talking about cities and vast cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cities and vast cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cities and vast cities and
+so on so I think what we have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so I think what we have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so I think what we have to do is
+to sort of shift our gears a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of shift our gears a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of shift our gears a little bit
+and say well what are we going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well what are we going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well what are we going to talk
+about let's talk about this whole kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's talk about this whole kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's talk about this whole kind
+of process this massive process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process this massive process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process this massive process of
+urbanization and think about how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization and think about how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization and think about how it is
+making us and at the same time ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making us and at the same time ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making us and at the same time ask
+ourselves some questions about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves some questions about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves some questions about how we
+are going to transformed it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to transformed it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to transformed it so it
+transforms us in a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms us in a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms us in a different kind of
+way on this point I think immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on this point I think immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way on this point I think immediately
+what we would see is the following kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see is the following kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see is the following kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+difficulty which is that cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty which is that cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty which is that cities are
+fragmented they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented they're
+divided uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided uh they're
+conflictual and one of the issues which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflictual and one of the issues which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflictual and one of the issues which
+seems to me we've got to confront head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me we've got to confront head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me we've got to confront head
+on is the whole kind of question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the whole kind of question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is the whole kind of question of the
+nature of this conflict and where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this conflict and where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of this conflict and where this
+conflict comes from and what it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict comes from and what it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict comes from and what it's about
+I do not belong to the school that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not belong to the school that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not belong to the school that says
+that conflict is a bad thing actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conflict is a bad thing actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conflict is a bad thing actually I
+think most agressive change comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most agressive change comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most agressive change comes out of
+conflict that therefore what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict that therefore what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict that therefore what we should
+be looking at is the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at is the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at is the way in which
+conflict reorganizes and re orchestrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict reorganizes and re orchestrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict reorganizes and re orchestrates
+urban life now sometimes of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban life now sometimes of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban life now sometimes of course this
+the conflict becomes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict becomes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict becomes absolutely
+vicious uh in the Paris book for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious uh in the Paris book for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious uh in the Paris book for example
+I was mainly looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was mainly looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was mainly looking at the
+circumstances that led into the violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances that led into the violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances that led into the violence
+of the Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Paris
+commune and the Paris commune of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune and the Paris commune of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune and the Paris commune of course
+uh about 30,000 people were killed uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 30,000 people were killed uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 30,000 people were killed uh in
+a sort of space of about 11 days in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of space of about 11 days in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of space of about 11 days in a
+very arbitrary in a very arbitrary way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arbitrary in a very arbitrary way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very arbitrary in a very arbitrary way
+just in 18 in sort of May of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in 18 in sort of May of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in 18 in sort of May of
+1871 we see other forms of violence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1871 we see other forms of violence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1871 we see other forms of violence we
+see divided cities we say we see Beirut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see divided cities we say we see Beirut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see divided cities we say we see Beirut
+we see saraja we see Belfast and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see saraja we see Belfast and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see saraja we see Belfast and of
+course we see Jerusalem and we see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we see Jerusalem and we see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we see Jerusalem and we see all
+of the things that are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that are happening
+elsewhere uh in in Bombay hedad and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere uh in in Bombay hedad and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere uh in in Bombay hedad and and
+all the rest of it so we've got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of it so we've got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of it so we've got a lot of
+violence around and many people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence around and many people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence around and many people kind of
+say I'm so frightened of that violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm so frightened of that violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm so frightened of that violence
+that I don't want to ever think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't want to ever think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't want to ever think
+about meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about meaningful
+conflict and I think this however is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I think this however is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I think this however is one
+of the things that I really want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I really want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that I really want to to
+emphasize here that the Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here that the Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize here that the Transformations
+which we're talking about are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're talking about are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're talking about are almost
+bound to be in the midst of considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to be in the midst of considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to be in the midst of considerable
+conflict and considerable turmoil and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and considerable turmoil and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and considerable turmoil and we
+have to be prepared to confront that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared to confront that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be prepared to confront that
+turmoil and confront that conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and confront that conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and confront that conflict
+rather than simply Wish It Away by kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than simply Wish It Away by kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than simply Wish It Away by kind
+of having some sort of uh notion of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having some sort of uh notion of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having some sort of uh notion of how
+the world should be different now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should be different now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should be different now in
+doing this what I thought it was useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this what I thought it was useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this what I thought it was useful
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do was to ask certain questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was to ask certain questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was to ask certain questions about
+the notion of the right to the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the right to the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the right to the city and
+think about it in terms of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of what that
+right might mean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right might mean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right might mean in terms of
+interventions in the urban process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in the urban process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in the urban process and
+how those interventions might might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those interventions might might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those interventions might might be
+mobilized and if we look for instance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized and if we look for instance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized and if we look for instance at
+the way in which Somebody Like H lefair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which Somebody Like H lefair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which Somebody Like H lefair
+set it up it's very much about saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up it's very much about saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up it's very much about saying
+well if you're going to change the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're going to change the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're going to change the city
+it's going to be through political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be through political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be through political
+organization social organization through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization social organization through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization social organization through
+Street action through politics through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street action through politics through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street action through politics through
+through through those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through those kinds of things
+and it can never be done sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can never be done sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can never be done sort of
+neutrally some sort of bureaucratic Fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally some sort of bureaucratic Fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally some sort of bureaucratic Fiat
+from on high it's going to be worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on high it's going to be worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on high it's going to be worked out
+very much through struggle but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much through struggle but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much through struggle but then the
+issue arises exactly what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue arises exactly what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue arises exactly what are we
+struggling for and what notion of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling for and what notion of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling for and what notion of right
+can we struggle for and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we struggle for and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we struggle for and one of the
+issues that I've been very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that I've been very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that I've been very interested
+over the years is the idea of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years is the idea of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years is the idea of social
+justice say well okay one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice say well okay one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice say well okay one of the things
+we might be struggling for is a socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be struggling for is a socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be struggling for is a socially
+just City but then immediately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just City but then immediately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just City but then immediately the
+question arises what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question arises what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question arises what do we mean by
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+justice now there is one theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice now there is one theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice now there is one theory of
+social justice which arises in Plato's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social justice which arises in Plato's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social justice which arises in Plato's
+Republic where Plato has Thim Marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic where Plato has Thim Marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic where Plato has Thim Marcus
+say uh the powers that be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the powers that be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the powers that be always
+orchestrate the notion of Justice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrate the notion of Justice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrate the notion of Justice to
+match their own agenda and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match their own agenda and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match their own agenda and that
+therefore the notion of justice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the notion of justice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the notion of justice is
+always that which the powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always that which the powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always that which the powerful
+Define now Plato rejects that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define now Plato rejects that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define now Plato rejects that for some
+sort of saying no no no that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying no no no that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying no no no that can't be
+there has to be some sort of Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some sort of Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some sort of Ideal
+system of justice and some Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of justice and some Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of justice and some Universal
+principle of Justice to which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Justice to which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of Justice to which we can
+appe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appe
+appeal but then when you start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal but then when you start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal but then when you start to look
+at the various series of Justice around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the various series of Justice around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the various series of Justice around
+you find all kinds of possibilities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find all kinds of possibilities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find all kinds of possibilities you
+can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an
+egalitarian you can be a utilitarian a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian you can be a utilitarian a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian you can be a utilitarian a
+benthamite you can be a social contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benthamite you can be a social contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benthamite you can be a social contract
+theorist like rouso or or or like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist like rouso or or or like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist like rouso or or or like John
+rolls uh you can be a sort of a Canon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls uh you can be a sort of a Canon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls uh you can be a sort of a Canon
+wrong to one is a wrong to all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to one is a wrong to all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to one is a wrong to all you can
+be a you know a Cosmopolitan of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a you know a Cosmopolitan of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a you know a Cosmopolitan of some
+kind all kinds of theories of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind all kinds of theories of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind all kinds of theories of Justice
+exist uh and you can even start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh and you can even start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh and you can even start to
+diminish the universality of it all as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish the universality of it all as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminish the universality of it all as
+Somebody Like Walter does by saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somebody Like Walter does by saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somebody Like Walter does by saying well
+actually we want local theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we want local theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we want local theories of
+Justice which are sensitive to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice which are sensitive to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice which are sensitive to to to
+kind of uh uh local cultureal Kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh local cultureal Kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh local cultureal Kinds of
+Kinds of of conditions and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinds of of conditions and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kinds of of conditions and at the end of
+the day you find yourself confronted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you find yourself confronted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day you find yourself confronted
+with the following dilemma I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following dilemma I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following dilemma I mean you
+find yourself it's a bit like saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself it's a bit like saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself it's a bit like saying
+mirror mirror on the wall what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror mirror on the wall what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror mirror on the wall what is the
+most just theory of justice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most just theory of justice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most just theory of justice of
+all and at that point you go back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and at that point you go back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and at that point you go back into
+the infinite regression and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite regression and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite regression and you go
+through all the lot again and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the lot again and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the lot again and then you
+go through them I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through them I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through them I mean
+and then you at that point you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you at that point you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you at that point you get
+rather cynical and you say well trusty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather cynical and you say well trusty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather cynical and you say well trusty
+Marcus was right you know uh it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcus was right you know uh it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marcus was right you know uh it's just
+whatever the powerful say it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the powerful say it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the powerful say it's going to
+be now this means at this point you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now this means at this point you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now this means at this point you you
+kind of get yourself to the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get yourself to the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get yourself to the point that
+Mark got himself to about some Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark got himself to about some Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark got himself to about some Notions
+of justice and right which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justice and right which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justice and right which is to say
+this is such a Bourgeois concept I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a Bourgeois concept I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a Bourgeois concept I don't
+want any more of it the difficulty there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any more of it the difficulty there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any more of it the difficulty there
+is as soon as you say that what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as soon as you say that what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as soon as you say that what do you
+what do what do you find you find you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do you find you find you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do you find you find you're
+actually turning off a rhetoric which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turning off a rhetoric which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turning off a rhetoric which is
+a very powerful mobilizing force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful mobilizing force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful mobilizing force the
+sense of Injustice is a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of Injustice is a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of Injustice is a very powerful
+mobilizing force in political movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing force in political movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing force in political movements
+you can't shut it off that way by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't shut it off that way by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't shut it off that way by saying
+it's irrelevant you can't go to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's irrelevant you can't go to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's irrelevant you can't go to somebody
+who says I'm fighting for justice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says I'm fighting for justice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says I'm fighting for justice I'm
+against the injustices which exist in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the injustices which exist in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the injustices which exist in my
+city or in my life by saying Injustice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or in my life by saying Injustice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or in my life by saying Injustice
+is an irrelevant concept uh go read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an irrelevant concept uh go read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an irrelevant concept uh go read
+something else you know go read volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you know go read volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you know go read volume
+one of capital or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of capital or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of capital or something like that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know what this then immediately does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this then immediately does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this then immediately does is
+to is to problematize the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is to problematize the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is to problematize the notion of
+justice and say when we start to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and say when we start to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and say when we start to look at
+the way in which Justice gets used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which Justice gets used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which Justice gets used
+politically we find of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically we find of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically we find of course
+immediately that different groups will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that different groups will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that different groups will
+use it uh for their own specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it uh for their own specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it uh for their own specific
+purposes the communards thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the communards thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the communards thought they
+were right they thought they were engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right they thought they were engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right they thought they were engage
+engaging in just politics when they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in just politics when they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in just politics when they took
+back Paris from the land speculators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Paris from the land speculators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back Paris from the land speculators and
+from the Imperial power and military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Imperial power and military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Imperial power and military
+power and basically said we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and basically said we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and basically said we are going to
+make this city our city again we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this city our city again we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this city our city again we've been
+expelled from the city we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expelled from the city we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expelled from the city we're going to
+take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it
+back so they were right and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so they were right and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so they were right and this was
+their notion of Justice they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notion of Justice they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their notion of Justice they were going
+to work in a just way around this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in a just way around this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in a just way around this the
+monarchists who came in and killed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchists who came in and killed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchists who came in and killed them
+were right because they basically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right because they basically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right because they basically said
+well uh monarchy God and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh monarchy God and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh monarchy God and private
+property those are the elements of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property those are the elements of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property those are the elements of any
+kind of system and we're right to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of system and we're right to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of system and we're right to take
+it back in the name of those things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in the name of those things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in the name of those things so
+here you have again a famous principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have again a famous principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have again a famous principle
+which comes out of Marx which says both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out of Marx which says both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out of Marx which says both
+are equally right but between equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally right but between equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally right but between equal
+rights Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights Force
+decides so in the end the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides so in the end the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides so in the end the question of
+what is right is going to be worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is right is going to be worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is right is going to be worked out
+not by some sort of ruling power but out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by some sort of ruling power but out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by some sort of ruling power but out
+of conflict itself it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict itself it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conflict itself it's going to be
+worked out in the process of conflictual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out in the process of conflictual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out in the process of conflictual
+elements so this then seems to me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so this then seems to me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so this then seems to me to be
+one of the elements that we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements that we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements that we have to put
+in into the situation now as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into the situation now as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into the situation now as soon as
+however as you take Notions of justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you take Notions of justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you take Notions of justice
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+right what we then need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we then need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we then need to do is to
+start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+articulate further what those Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate further what those Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate further what those Concepts
+might mean and how we might use them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean and how we might use them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean and how we might use them and
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+point the next step in the argument I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next step in the argument I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next step in the argument I
+would want to make is this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to make is this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to make is this we have a
+habit of taking these Concepts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of taking these Concepts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit of taking these Concepts like
+right and Justice and universalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Justice and universalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Justice and universalizing
+them as if they're Universal principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as if they're Universal principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as if they're Universal principles
+which we then apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world what we find is that often doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what we find is that often doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what we find is that often doesn't
+work what we have have to do it's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what we have have to do it's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what we have have to do it's then
+said is we have to relativize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is we have to relativize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is we have to relativize the
+principles I'm against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles I'm against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles I'm against the
+relativization I'm against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativization I'm against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativization I'm against the
+universality where do I go what I argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality where do I go what I argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universality where do I go what I argue
+here is that social processes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that social processes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that social processes actually
+set in train certain ideals and embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in train certain ideals and embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in train certain ideals and embed
+within them certain ideals about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within them certain ideals about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within them certain ideals about what is
+Justice and what is right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and what is right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and what is right and that
+therefore to critique a certain notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to critique a certain notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore to critique a certain notion
+of Justice or to even pursue a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Justice or to even pursue a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Justice or to even pursue a certain
+kind of notion of justice is to pursue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notion of justice is to pursue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notion of justice is to pursue a
+certain idea of what is a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain idea of what is a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain idea of what is a dominant
+social process what should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process what should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process what should be the
+dominant social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant social
+process and if you want my famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you want my famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and if you want my famous
+example of this you would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this you would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this you would go to
+something like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like John
+rolls uh in his book on on Justice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls uh in his book on on Justice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls uh in his book on on Justice as
+fairness and what John roll says is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and what John roll says is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and what John roll says is well
+we want to have a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have a theory of
+justice and he wants it to be blind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and he wants it to be blind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice and he wants it to be blind to
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+circumstances so he sets up a fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so he sets up a fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so he sets up a fiction
+and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says
+the theory of Justice should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of Justice should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of Justice should be
+determined by behind what he calls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by behind what he calls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by behind what he calls a
+veil of ignorance that you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil of ignorance that you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil of ignorance that you if you don't
+know what who you're going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what who you're going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what who you're going to be in
+society what position you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society what position you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society what position you're going to
+have in society then you would come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in society then you would come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in society then you would come up
+with some sort of notion of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of notion of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of notion of Justice
+which would not be biased according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would not be biased according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would not be biased according to
+you know your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your particular
+position but of course if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but of course if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but of course if you are
+totally ignorant you can't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally ignorant you can't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally ignorant you can't make any
+decision whatsoever so what rolls does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision whatsoever so what rolls does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision whatsoever so what rolls does
+is to say um actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say um actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say um actually in this
+situation uh we need to know have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh we need to know have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh we need to know have some
+information about the society in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the society in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the society in order
+to come up with some notion of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with some notion of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with some notion of Justice
+we need to know he says the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know he says the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know he says the principle of
+psychology we need know we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we need know we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we need know we need to know
+the principles of economics and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of economics and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles of economics and how the
+economic system is working at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic system is working at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic system is working at this point
+you say immediately well which theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say immediately well which theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say immediately well which theory of
+Economics is he thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics is he thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economics is he thinking
+about bis neoliberal economics classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bis neoliberal economics classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bis neoliberal economics classical
+political economy marxian Theory what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy marxian Theory what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political economy marxian Theory what
+what theory is he thinking about and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory is he thinking about and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theory is he thinking about and of
+course as soon as you choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as soon as you choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as soon as you choose that
+theoretical framework you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework you've actually
+chosen very much about what the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen very much about what the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen very much about what the notion
+of justice is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justice is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of justice is going to
+be so in a sense it's that connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in a sense it's that connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in a sense it's that connectivity
+between the principles and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the principles and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the principles and the process
+that starts to be fundamental and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to be fundamental and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to be fundamental and I
+suggest that we should look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that we should look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that we should look at this and
+this might be very relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be very relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be very relevant to the
+Jerusalem case in terms of two dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem case in terms of two dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem case in terms of two dominant
+forms of power and this is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of power and this is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of power and this is the central
+argument that I looking at in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I looking at in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that I looking at in the new
+imperialism book that is I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism book that is I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism book that is I want to look
+at a territorial logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a territorial logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a territorial logic of
+power and I want to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and I want to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and I want to look at a
+capitalistic logic of power and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power and I want
+to argue that they're not reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that they're not reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that they're not reducible to
+each other but notice if I say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but notice if I say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but notice if I say they're
+not reducible to each other that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reducible to each other that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reducible to each other that doesn't
+mean they're autonomous of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're autonomous of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're autonomous of each
+other they're not reducible to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're not reducible to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're not reducible to each
+other but they are tightly interwoven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but they are tightly interwoven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but they are tightly interwoven
+and the big question that arises in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big question that arises in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big question that arises in
+imperialist politics and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist politics and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist politics and a lot of the
+time in urban politics is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in urban politics is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in urban politics is what's the
+relationship between a territorial logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a territorial logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a territorial logic
+of power and a capitalistic logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and a capitalistic logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and a capitalistic logic of
+power the territorial logic of power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the territorial logic of power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the territorial logic of power is
+of course set up politically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course set up politically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course set up politically by
+territorial entities political decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial entities political decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial entities political decision
+making within territorial entities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within territorial entities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making within territorial entities we
+can think about a city we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about a city we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about a city we can think
+about a state we can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a state we can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a state we can think about a
+collection of States we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of States we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of States we can think about
+mun you know we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mun you know we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mun you know we can think about
+Municipal we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal we can think about
+neighborhoods or something of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods or something of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods or something of this kind
+it's a territorial logic what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a territorial logic what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a territorial logic what goes on
+around the territorial logic it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the territorial logic it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the territorial logic it's very
+much about trying to structure the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about trying to structure the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about trying to structure the world
+in such a way that the territory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the territory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the territory does
+well by some standard or other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by some standard or other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by some standard or other the
+territory operates in such a way as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory operates in such a way as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory operates in such a way as to
+gather resources unto itself improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather resources unto itself improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather resources unto itself improve the
+well-being of its inhabitants some or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of its inhabitants some or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of its inhabitants some or
+all of them and somehow or other do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and somehow or other do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and somehow or other do
+something which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is going to be
+beneficial for that territory and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for that territory and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for that territory and that
+territorial logic will work in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic will work in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic will work in such a
+way as to try to intervene in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as to try to intervene in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as to try to intervene in other
+territorial Logics in such a way to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial Logics in such a way to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial Logics in such a way to gain
+some kind of advantage in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of advantage in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of advantage in other words
+you'll engage in geopolitical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll engage in geopolitical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll engage in geopolitical uh
+maneuvering you'll engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering you'll engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering you'll engage in
+geopolitical Conflict sometimes uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical Conflict sometimes uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitical Conflict sometimes uh you
+just you just play the game of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just play the game of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you just play the game of of of of
+geopolitics the capitalistic logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitics the capitalistic logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geopolitics the capitalistic logic of
+power however is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power however is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power however is very different
+it's a kind of a molecular process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a molecular process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a molecular process
+Capital flow moves from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital flow moves from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital flow moves from here to there
+it's continuous over space it flows over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous over space it flows over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous over space it flows over
+boundaries and borders it moves easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and borders it moves easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and borders it moves easily
+particularly money power from one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly money power from one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly money power from one from
+one uh area of the globe to another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh area of the globe to another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh area of the globe to another so
+that so so the capitalistic logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so the capitalistic logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so the capitalistic logic of
+power then has a very different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then has a very different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then has a very different kind of
+spatiality to it and that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatiality to it and that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatiality to it and that different
+spatiality uh of course can concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatiality uh of course can concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatiality uh of course can concentrate
+on territorial Logics you can say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on territorial Logics you can say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on territorial Logics you can say ah
+that territory is very good for us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that territory is very good for us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that territory is very good for us I
+think we move into that territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we move into that territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we move into that territory
+because you know they're suppressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they're suppressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they're suppressing
+their working class or they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working class or they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their working class or they're not
+enforcing environmental regulations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing environmental regulations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing environmental regulations or
+something of that kind or it can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that kind or it can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that kind or it can say
+these this logic is too much here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this logic is too much here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this logic is too much here we're
+going to go somewhere else we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go somewhere else we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go somewhere else we're going
+to do something else so the capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something else so the capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something else so the capitalistic
+logic is constantly moving around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is constantly moving around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is constantly moving around the
+problem for the territorial logic is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the territorial logic is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the territorial logic is to
+create conditions which are somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create conditions which are somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create conditions which are somehow or
+other going to pull in that capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other going to pull in that capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other going to pull in that capitalistic
+Logic the problem for the capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logic the problem for the capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logic the problem for the capitalistic
+logic is to say we need as many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is to say we need as many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is to say we need as many of these
+territories to be operating in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories to be operating in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories to be operating in a way
+which is favorable to our flow and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is favorable to our flow and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is favorable to our flow and to
+the things we do as possible because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we do as possible because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we do as possible because we
+like to put those territories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put those territories in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put those territories in
+competition with each other I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with each other I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with each other I have
+investment resources Boston you can bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment resources Boston you can bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment resources Boston you can bid
+against Baltimore Baltimore you can bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Baltimore Baltimore you can bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Baltimore Baltimore you can bid
+against Atlanta and all those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Atlanta and all those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Atlanta and all those kinds of
+things or you know the struggle for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or you know the struggle for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or you know the struggle for for
+investment or something of those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or something of those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment or something of those kinds
+so so what we see is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we see is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we see is this kind of
+relationship between these two Logics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these two Logics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these two Logics of
+power and I want to argue however that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and I want to argue however that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and I want to argue however that
+these two Logics of power don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Logics of power don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Logics of power don't
+necessarily work together in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily work together in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily work together in a very
+coherent way that is it frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent way that is it frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent way that is it frequently
+happens that the territorial logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the territorial logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that the territorial logic
+playing geopolitical games starts to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing geopolitical games starts to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing geopolitical games starts to do
+things which are absolutely antagonistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are absolutely antagonistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are absolutely antagonistic
+to the capitalistic logic in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the capitalistic logic in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the capitalistic logic in which case
+the capitalistic logic generally kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capitalistic logic generally kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capitalistic logic generally kind of
+either has to change the territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either has to change the territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either has to change the territorial
+configuration and do something uh by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and do something uh by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and do something uh by by
+subverting political power in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverting political power in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverting political power in a
+particular space or it has to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular space or it has to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular space or it has to get out of
+there and go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and go somewhere
+else and under these circumstances you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and under these circumstances you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and under these circumstances you
+find stuff that makes economic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find stuff that makes economic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find stuff that makes economic sense
+sometimes is going to actually take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is going to actually take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is going to actually take over
+and do something in relationship to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something in relationship to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something in relationship to this
+territorial logic and and therefore one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic and and therefore one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic and and therefore one
+subverts the other so it's this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverts the other so it's this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subverts the other so it's this kind of
+complex relationship which it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex relationship which it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex relationship which it seems to
+me very important to look at and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very important to look at and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very important to look at and it's
+very important in defining things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in defining things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in defining things like
+what current imperialist politics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what current imperialist politics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what current imperialist politics is
+about at a global scale it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at a global scale it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at a global scale it's very much
+about geopolitical struggles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about geopolitical struggles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about geopolitical struggles which are
+going on between say Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on between say Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on between say Urban
+municipalities over development and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities over development and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities over development and so
+on it's you know this is this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's you know this is this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's you know this is this is this
+seems to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me to
+the way to the way to look at it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the way to look at it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the way to look at it now
+this theme then suggests that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theme then suggests that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theme then suggests that the
+territorial logic is itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic is itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic is itself uh
+frequently off on its own particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently off on its own particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently off on its own particular
+Dynamic and when it goes off on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic and when it goes off on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic and when it goes off on its own
+Dynamic it does things which are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic it does things which are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic it does things which are really
+antagonistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antagonistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antagonistic
+to uh to what capital is about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to what capital is about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to what capital is about but
+within that territorial logic inheres a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that territorial logic inheres a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that territorial logic inheres a
+certain kind of notion of rights that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of notion of rights that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of notion of rights that is
+within that ter territorial logic there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that ter territorial logic there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that ter territorial logic there
+are Notions of exclusion and inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Notions of exclusion and inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Notions of exclusion and inclusion
+definitions of who is a citizen who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of who is a citizen who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of who is a citizen who is
+not definition of who is included who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definition of who is included who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definition of who is included who is
+not definitions of you know conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definitions of you know conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not definitions of you know conditions
+of entry and things of that the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entry and things of that the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entry and things of that the things
+of that sort so there is a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort so there is a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort so there is a notion of
+rights which attaches to territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which attaches to territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which attaches to territorial
+attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+citizenship uh citizens of of of cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship uh citizens of of of cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship uh citizens of of of cities
+and and so on so that we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so that we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so that we can start to
+think about that sort of that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that sort of that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that sort of that sort of
+dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+and rights there are caught up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rights there are caught up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rights there are caught up with
+things like the rights to vote and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the rights to vote and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the rights to vote and the
+right to pay uh you know to to to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to pay uh you know to to to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to pay uh you know to to to call
+administrate administrators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrate administrators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrate administrators of the
+territory to account all those sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory to account all those sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory to account all those sorts of
+things so there's a different notion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there's a different notion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there's a different notion a
+very particular political notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular political notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular political notion of
+rights which comes out of that of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which comes out of that of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which comes out of that of of of
+a certain sort this is a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sort this is a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sort this is a very different
+notion of rights to that which inheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights to that which inheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights to that which inheres
+in the capitalistic Logic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capitalistic Logic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capitalistic Logic the
+capitalistic logic defines a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic defines a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic defines a very simple
+set of Rights those simple sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Rights those simple sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of Rights those simple sets of
+Rights within the capitalistic logic are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights within the capitalistic logic are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights within the capitalistic logic are
+simply that the rights of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that the rights of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that the rights of private
+property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+individualism and of the right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism and of the right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism and of the right and and
+of the profit rate Trump all other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profit rate Trump all other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the profit rate Trump all other forms
+of right that is once you accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right that is once you accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right that is once you accept the
+capitalistic logic you are committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic you are committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic you are committed to
+a certain notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain notion of
+Rights and you cannot do anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights and you cannot do anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights and you cannot do anything else
+so if you want to critique the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to critique the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to critique the
+capitalistic logic you have to critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic you have to critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic you have to critique
+the notion of rights which are embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of rights which are embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of rights which are embedded
+in it and vice versa now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and vice versa now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and vice versa now what's
+interesting thing is if you go to the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is if you go to the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is if you go to the UN
+Declaration on human rights you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration on human rights you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration on human rights you look at
+it and you find it actually is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you find it actually is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you find it actually is about the
+capitalistic logic of rights which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of rights which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of rights which are
+all up there front up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up there front up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up there front up front
+individualism private property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism private property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualism private property the
+rights of investors and those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights of investors and those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights of investors and those kinds of
+things so the UN Declaration of Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the UN Declaration of Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the UN Declaration of Human
+Rights is a pro capitalistic document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights is a pro capitalistic document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights is a pro capitalistic document
+has lots of other interesting things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of other interesting things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of other interesting things in
+it because actually what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because actually what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because actually what happens when
+you take that particular bundle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that particular bundle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that particular bundle of
+Rights is you actually start to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights is you actually start to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights is you actually start to define a
+set of derivative rights freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of derivative rights freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of derivative rights freedom of the
+press freedom of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press freedom of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press freedom of speech
+freedom of bodies from enslavement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of bodies from enslavement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of bodies from enslavement for
+example so that you can have many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that you can have many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that you can have many other
+elements within the UN declaration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within the UN declaration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements within the UN declaration which
+are you know freedoms of rights to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know freedoms of rights to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know freedoms of rights to to to
+organize and and and what's fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize and and and what's fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize and and and what's fascinating
+to me is you start off with these Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is you start off with these Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is you start off with these Pro
+capitalistic rights in the sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic rights in the sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic rights in the sort of first
+few Clauses of the UN declaration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Clauses of the UN declaration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few Clauses of the UN declaration and
+then when you get to Clause 20 2122 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you get to Clause 20 2122 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you get to Clause 20 2122 that
+sort of thing it says workers have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing it says workers have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing it says workers have a
+right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to
+security security of uh of of their of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security security of uh of of their of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security security of uh of of their of
+their life security of their uh of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life security of their uh of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their life security of their uh of their
+right to organize so so so actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to organize so so so actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to organize so so so actually you
+find a bunch of derivative rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a bunch of derivative rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a bunch of derivative rights
+actually there which are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there which are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there which are very
+interesting and those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and those are the kinds of
+derivative rights which many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights which many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights which many of us
+actually do depend on including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do depend on including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do depend on including the
+rights of freedom of speech freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights of freedom of speech freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights of freedom of speech freedom of
+the press and all those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press and all those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press and all those kinds of things
+so the UN declaration is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the UN declaration is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the UN declaration is a complex
+document of fundamental rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document of fundamental rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document of fundamental rights and
+derivative rights and those uh often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights and those uh often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights and those uh often
+involve you in a certain kind of contest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve you in a certain kind of contest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve you in a certain kind of contest
+nevertheless to accept the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless to accept the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless to accept the dominant
+system of capitalistic uh structure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of capitalistic uh structure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of capitalistic uh structure what
+you will find is that you're accepting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find is that you're accepting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find is that you're accepting a
+certain bundle of Rights what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bundle of Rights what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bundle of Rights what happens
+however right now and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however right now and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however right now and this is one of the
+dangers that occurs right now is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers that occurs right now is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers that occurs right now is that we
+seem to be in an era where Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be in an era where Notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be in an era where Notions of
+rights are starting to become a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights are starting to become a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights are starting to become a real
+Center of discussion politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of discussion politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of discussion politically
+globally and that the idea seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that the idea seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and that the idea seems to be
+taking place that a regime of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place that a regime of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place that a regime of human
+rights on a global level is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights on a global level is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights on a global level is the answer
+to a lot of the problems well some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of the problems well some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of the problems well some
+fascinating literature recently coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating literature recently coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating literature recently coming
+out including in the last issue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out including in the last issue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out including in the last issue of the
+Socialist Register there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socialist Register there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socialist Register there's a very
+interesting article which talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article which talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article which talks about
+rights as a sword of Imperial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as a sword of Imperial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights as a sword of Imperial
+power and in fact one of the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact one of the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact one of the ways in
+which you can ensure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can ensure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can ensure that this
+particular bundle of rights that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bundle of rights that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bundle of rights that I've
+talked about which in here in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about which in here in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about which in here in the in in
+the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN
+declaration uh gets gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration uh gets gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaration uh gets gets
+generalized is through Imperial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized is through Imperial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized is through Imperial
+imposition imposition if necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition imposition if necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition imposition if necessary
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+violence and one of the things we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and one of the things we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence and one of the things we have
+seen over the last 20 or 30 years is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen over the last 20 or 30 years is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen over the last 20 or 30 years is a
+transformation of the territorial logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the territorial logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the territorial logic
+of power in relationship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in relationship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power in relationship to the
+capitalistic logic and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic and that
+transformation looks briefly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation looks briefly like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation looks briefly like this
+once upon a time and I'll tell it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time and I'll tell it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once upon a time and I'll tell it as a
+fairy story if you like once upon a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy story if you like once upon a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy story if you like once upon a time
+there were Social Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Social Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were Social Democratic
+states and Social Democratic states took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and Social Democratic states took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and Social Democratic states took
+it as their obligation to try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as their obligation to try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as their obligation to try to improve
+the welfare of everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare of everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare of everybody in the
+population to some degree or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to some degree or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population to some degree or other
+consistent however with not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent however with not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent however with not necessarily
+destroying the capitalistic logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the capitalistic logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying the capitalistic logic of
+power the capitalistic logic of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the capitalistic logic of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the capitalistic logic of power
+got into crisis around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into crisis around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into crisis around
+19773 and after that we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19773 and after that we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19773 and after that we get the
+construction of a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a different kind of
+state apparatus called a neoliberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state apparatus called a neoliberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state apparatus called a neoliberal
+state and the neoliberal state is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the neoliberal state is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the neoliberal state is about
+a different notion of Rights internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different notion of Rights internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different notion of Rights internally
+to itself the neoliberal state is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself the neoliberal state is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself the neoliberal state is simply
+about creating a good business CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating a good business CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creating a good business CL
+climate full stop very very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate full stop very very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate full stop very very different
+Mission and creating a good business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and creating a good business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and creating a good business
+climate doesn't necessarily does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate doesn't necessarily does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate doesn't necessarily does do
+anything whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything whatsoever
+for the mass of the population it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mass of the population it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mass of the population it does a
+lot for a certain group in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for a certain group in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for a certain group in the
+population as we as we all know now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as we as we all know now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as we as we all know now how
+did this transition occur I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this transition occur I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this transition occur I think this
+is a fascinating story and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fascinating story and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fascinating story and it's
+bracketed at two ends by 30-year almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed at two ends by 30-year almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed at two ends by 30-year almost
+exact 30-year time span the first big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact 30-year time span the first big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact 30-year time span the first big
+experiment of the neoliberal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of the neoliberal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of the neoliberal state
+apparatus was 1973 in Chile when aende
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus was 1973 in Chile when aende
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus was 1973 in Chile when aende
+Social Democrat was overthrown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Democrat was overthrown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Democrat was overthrown and
+displaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced by
+pin what did pin do he said we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin what did pin do he said we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin what did pin do he said we're going
+to reorganize the whole economy how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorganize the whole economy how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorganize the whole economy how are
+we going to do it they called down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do it they called down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to do it they called down the
+famous economist from Chicago called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous economist from Chicago called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous economist from Chicago called the
+Chicago boys and the Chicago boys came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago boys and the Chicago boys came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago boys and the Chicago boys came
+down and they restructured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they restructured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they restructured the
+state and they restructured it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and they restructured it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and they restructured it around
+the notion of private property you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of private property you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of private property you know
+free market capitalism free foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market capitalism free foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market capitalism free foreign
+investment guarantee repatriation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment guarantee repatriation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment guarantee repatriation of
+profits out of the country this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits out of the country this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits out of the country this is the
+first big experiment with neoliberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first big experiment with neoliberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first big experiment with neoliberal
+State Margaret about 1979 looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Margaret about 1979 looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Margaret about 1979 looked at the
+Chilean experiment as did the think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chilean experiment as did the think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chilean experiment as did the think
+tanks around her and said that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks around her and said that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks around her and said that's the way
+we're going to take Britain so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take Britain so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take Britain so you get
+the neoliberal sort of revolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoliberal sort of revolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoliberal sort of revolution in
+Britain you get the same happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain you get the same happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain you get the same happening in
+the United States then what does the IMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States then what does the IMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States then what does the IMF
+do through every single structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do through every single structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do through every single structural
+adjustment program it's done ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment program it's done ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment program it's done ever since
+force a neoliberal state apparatus upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a neoliberal state apparatus upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a neoliberal state apparatus upon
+various countries around the world every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various countries around the world every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various countries around the world every
+time they got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they got into
+debt and guess what happened on the 30th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and guess what happened on the 30th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and guess what happened on the 30th
+anniversary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary of
+the of the Chilean coup Breman announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Chilean coup Breman announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Chilean coup Breman announced
+in Iraq a new configuration of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iraq a new configuration of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Iraq a new configuration of how the
+Iraqi economy was going to be going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraqi economy was going to be going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraqi economy was going to be going to
+work total privatization of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total privatization of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work total privatization of everything
+media manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media manufacturing
+agriculture uh water utilities of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture uh water utilities of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture uh water utilities of all
+kinds uh banking Finance total openness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds uh banking Finance total openness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds uh banking Finance total openness
+to All Foreign ownership no barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to All Foreign ownership no barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to All Foreign ownership no barriers
+whatsoever to the repatriation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever to the repatriation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever to the repatriation of
+profits the only thing they kept in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits the only thing they kept in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits the only thing they kept in in
+place from the Saddam regime was a ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place from the Saddam regime was a ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place from the Saddam regime was a ban
+on unionization of the workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unionization of the workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on unionization of the workforce
+this is a total neoliberal project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a total neoliberal project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a total neoliberal project and
+it's so interesting violence was used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so interesting violence was used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so interesting violence was used to
+impose this in 1973 violence has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this in 1973 violence has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this in 1973 violence has been
+used to impose this in 2003 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to impose this in 2003 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to impose this in 2003 and this
+brackets if you like the neol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets if you like the neol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets if you like the neol
+transformation in how the territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in how the territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in how the territorial
+logic is working and how the territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is working and how the territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is working and how the territorial
+logic is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is supposed to
+work so this seems to me to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this seems to me to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this seems to me to be something
+we have to look at now there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to look at now there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to look at now there's something
+interesting about this notion what Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this notion what Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this notion what Bush
+said on the anniversary of 2001 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said on the anniversary of 2001 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said on the anniversary of 2001 was
+we're we're giving freedom to the Iraqi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're giving freedom to the Iraqi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're giving freedom to the Iraqi
+people he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he
+says we will use our position of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we will use our position of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we will use our position of an
+unparalleled strength and influence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unparalleled strength and influence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unparalleled strength and influence to
+build an atmosphere of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an atmosphere of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an atmosphere of international
+order and openness in which progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and openness in which progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and openness in which progress and
+Liberty can flourish in Many Nations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liberty can flourish in Many Nations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liberty can flourish in Many Nations a
+peaceful world of growing Freedom serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful world of growing Freedom serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful world of growing Freedom serves
+American long-term interests reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American long-term interests reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American long-term interests reflects
+enduring American ideals and unites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring American ideals and unites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring American ideals and unites
+America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's
+allies we seek and this was uh he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies we seek and this was uh he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies we seek and this was uh he he
+said this just before the Iraq invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this just before the Iraq invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this just before the Iraq invasion
+a just peace where repression resentment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just peace where repression resentment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just peace where repression resentment
+and poverty are replaced with the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poverty are replaced with the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poverty are replaced with the hope
+of democracy development and here comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of democracy development and here comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of democracy development and here comes
+the interesting part it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting part it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting part it's no longer
+Freedom it's free markets and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom it's free markets and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom it's free markets and free
+trade these last two have improved their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade these last two have improved their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade these last two have improved their
+ability to lift whole societies out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to lift whole societies out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to lift whole societies out of
+poverty the United States he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty the United States he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty the United States he really
+ended up by saying will deliver this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up by saying will deliver this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up by saying will deliver this
+gift of freedom to the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift of freedom to the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift of freedom to the rest of the world
+whether they like it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they like it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they like it or
+not now there's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now there's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now there's a very interesting
+statement from Matthew Arnold who kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from Matthew Arnold who kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from Matthew Arnold who kind
+of said freedom is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said freedom is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said freedom is a very interesting
+horse to ride provid as you know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse to ride provid as you know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse to ride provid as you know its
+destination and the destination in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and the destination in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination and the destination in this
+case is a neoliberal political order now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a neoliberal political order now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a neoliberal political order now
+there's something interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something interesting about
+markets they're very galarian in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're very galarian in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're very galarian in some
+ways and and indeed there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and and indeed there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and and indeed there is something
+about a sort of capitalistic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a sort of capitalistic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a sort of capitalistic kind of
+structure of uh which is which which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of uh which is which which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of uh which is which which has
+certain uh bourgea virtues associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh bourgea virtues associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh bourgea virtues associated
+with it and I think it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and I think it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and I think it's important to
+recognize what they are the big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what they are the big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize what they are the big problem
+however with markets and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with markets and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however with markets and this is the
+really way we can best sum it up is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way we can best sum it up is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way we can best sum it up is an
+old adage which says there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old adage which says there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old adage which says there's nothing
+more unequal than than the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unequal than than the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unequal than than the equal
+treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+unequals and the market is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequals and the market is an
+egalitarian device which operates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian device which operates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian device which operates on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to increase inequality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to increase inequality the
+neoliberal era the last 30 years has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoliberal era the last 30 years has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoliberal era the last 30 years has
+increased inequality thousands of fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased inequality thousands of fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased inequality thousands of fold
+and it's increased inequalities between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's increased inequalities between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's increased inequalities between
+spaces it's increased inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces it's increased inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces it's increased inequalities
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+cities so that's what inequality that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so that's what inequality that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so that's what inequality that's
+what the neoliberal order is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the neoliberal order is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the neoliberal order is all about
+it's about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you
+know you know making the rich richer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know making the rich richer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know making the rich richer and
+the poor poorer and that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor poorer and that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor poorer and that's essentially
+the kind of world we've been living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of world we've been living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of world we've been living in
+for the last 30 years but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 30 years but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 30 years but one of the
+other things about it is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things about it is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things about it is that there's a
+particular mechanism of making people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mechanism of making people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular mechanism of making people
+poorer this was another of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer this was another of the big
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer this was another of the big
+thesis in the about what the neoliberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis in the about what the neoliberal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+state do one of its big mantras is
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+ align:start position:0%
+state do one of its big mantras is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+privatization privatization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatization privatization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatization privatization is
+good now there's an interesting history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now there's an interesting history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now there's an interesting history
+of privatization if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of privatization if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of privatization if you go back to the
+17th and 18th centures is what
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+ align:start position:0%
+17th and 18th centures is what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th and 18th centures is what
+privatization meant was the enclosure of
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+ align:start position:0%
+privatization meant was the enclosure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatization meant was the enclosure of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+commons and actually what the neoliberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and actually what the neoliberal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+state has been about has been using
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+state has been about has been using
+state power for a new round of enclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state power for a new round of enclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state power for a new round of enclosure
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+commons it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons it's been
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons it's been
+enclosing things that used to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosing things that used to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosing things that used to be in the
+public domain privatization of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public domain privatization of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public domain privatization of water
+privatization of of of of of of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatization of of of of of of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatization of of of of of of State
+Enterprises privatization of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises privatization of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises privatization of everything
+I mean this is the Mantra it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the Mantra it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is the Mantra it allows
+capital accumulation to work better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital accumulation to work better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital accumulation to work better okay
+so privatization is the answer but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so privatization is the answer but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so privatization is the answer but it's
+an and should be talked about as an new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and should be talked about as an new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and should be talked about as an new
+enclosure of the commons and if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure of the commons and if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosure of the commons and if if you
+look at the degradation of common
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+ align:start position:0%
+look at the degradation of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the degradation of common
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+resources environment and uh and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources environment and uh and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources environment and uh and and and
+qualities of urban life and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of urban life and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of urban life and all kinds of
+things of that sort what you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort what you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that sort what you would say
+is common property resources are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is common property resources are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is common property resources are being
+degraded and furthermore those common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded and furthermore those common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded and furthermore those common
+property resources that were one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property resources that were one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property resources that were one through
+class struggle and the Social Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class struggle and the Social Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class struggle and the Social Democratic
+state are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are being
+essentially completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially completely
+dismantled the one that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled the one that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantled the one that's very
+interesting for us right now is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for us right now is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for us right now is of
+course Social Security in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Social Security in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Social Security in this country
+they want to privatize it they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to privatize it they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to privatize it they want to
+privatize another piece of the commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatize another piece of the commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privatize another piece of the commons
+how are they going to do it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they going to do it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they going to do it that's
+another kind of question they say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of question they say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of question they say it's
+bankrupt it's not bankrupt at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt it's not bankrupt at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt it's not bankrupt at all it's
+got a lot of money there they' just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of money there they' just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of money there they' just
+stolen all the money to give to the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen all the money to give to the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen all the money to give to the rich
+anyway through their their tax their tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway through their their tax their tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway through their their tax their tax
+cuts so the privatization of the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts so the privatization of the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts so the privatization of the common
+starts to become a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become a very important
+element in the thing here it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the thing here it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the thing here it seems to me
+is a very big moment of of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big moment of of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very big moment of of political
+struggle in the same way that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in the same way that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in the same way that was a
+political struggle against the enclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political struggle against the enclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political struggle against the enclosure
+of the commons during the 17th and 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commons during the 17th and 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the commons during the 17th and 18th
+century what we see emerging around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century what we see emerging around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century what we see emerging around the
+world is a global Justice movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is a global Justice movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is a global Justice movement and
+an anti-globalization movement or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-globalization movement or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-globalization movement or an
+alternative globalization movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative globalization movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative globalization movement
+however you want to call it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to call it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to call it which is
+essentially resisting the enclosure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially resisting the enclosure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially resisting the enclosure of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+commons and one of the one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and one of the one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and one of the one of the the
+the the themes which is emerging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the themes which is emerging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the themes which is emerging from
+that movement in this sort of anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement in this sort of anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement in this sort of anti-
+Davos symposia the world social forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davos symposia the world social forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davos symposia the world social forum
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+is let's reclaim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's reclaim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's reclaim the
+commons and here it seems to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and here it seems to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons and here it seems to me is
+something that actually does apply also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually does apply also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually does apply also
+to urbanization let's reclaim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to urbanization let's reclaim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to urbanization let's reclaim the
+commons of the body politic of an urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons of the body politic of an urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commons of the body politic of an urban
+life here is something to be fought for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life here is something to be fought for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life here is something to be fought for
+and you can see elements of that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see elements of that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see elements of that I mean
+how did the workers party start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the workers party start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the workers party start to
+organize in Brazil through places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize in Brazil through places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize in Brazil through places like
+Porto Allegre organizing around the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porto Allegre organizing around the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Porto Allegre organizing around the idea
+of incorporating more and more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incorporating more and more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incorporating more and more of the
+population into a political and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population into a political and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population into a political and economic
+process so these elements then are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so these elements then are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so these elements then are there
+and what we have to do is to confront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have to do is to confront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have to do is to confront
+this process that I call accumulation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that I call accumulation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that I call accumulation by
+dispossession a lot of what's gone on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession a lot of what's gone on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession a lot of what's gone on in
+the last sort of 30 years has been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last sort of 30 years has been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last sort of 30 years has been about
+accumulation by dispossession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession
+dispossession can occur in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession can occur in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession can occur in all kinds of
+different ways it comes when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it comes when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it comes when you
+know pharmaceutical companies try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pharmaceutical companies try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pharmaceutical companies try to
+exert uh you know just because they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exert uh you know just because they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exert uh you know just because they got
+the DNA on on basmati rice or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA on on basmati rice or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA on on basmati rice or something
+that they sometimes say well you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sometimes say well you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sometimes say well you got to
+pay a royalty from now on because we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a royalty from now on because we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a royalty from now on because we got
+the DNA on this stuff so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA on this stuff so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA on this stuff so the the the
+intellectual property rights uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property rights uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property rights uh and and
+so on is a is a big is a big big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on is a is a big is a big big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on is a is a big is a big big issue
+right now in terms of the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of the ability to
+extract rent from what are in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rent from what are in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rent from what are in effect
+common property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common property
+resources so we will we will find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so we will we will find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so we will we will find uh
+that aspect we find other aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspect we find other aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aspect we find other aspects of
+accumulation by dispossession occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession occurring
+throughout uh a society sometimes uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout uh a society sometimes uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout uh a society sometimes uh in
+that case by by legality by things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case by by legality by things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case by by legality by things like
+the trips agreement but in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trips agreement but in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trips agreement but in other cases
+by violence what has been happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by violence what has been happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by violence what has been happening in
+Palestine it seems to me is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine it seems to me is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestine it seems to me is a lot of
+accumulation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by
+dispossession except that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession except that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession except that it's not
+terribly consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly consistent with the
+capitalistic l of power that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic l of power that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic l of power that's one of
+the interesting kinds of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting kinds of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting kinds of questions about
+that area in what ways is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area in what ways is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area in what ways is the
+capitalistic logic of power being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power being
+absolutely messed up by this political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely messed up by this political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely messed up by this political
+confrontation and in what ways can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation and in what ways can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation and in what ways can the
+capitalistic logic of power be mobilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power be mobilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power be mobilized
+to do something about that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something about that particular
+confrontation that seems to me to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation that seems to me to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation that seems to me to be one
+of the issues in the same way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issues in the same way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issues in the same way I think
+you can see that apartheid in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that apartheid in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that apartheid in South
+Africa in part got dismantled because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in part got dismantled because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in part got dismantled because
+Capital at some point or other found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital at some point or other found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital at some point or other found it
+dysfunctional to its purpose and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional to its purpose and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysfunctional to its purpose and its
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+so it seems to me that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems to me that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems to me that some of these
+issues can be attacked by saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues can be attacked by saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues can be attacked by saying the
+capitalistic logic of power doesn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power doesn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalistic logic of power doesn't use
+it now I don't like the capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I don't like the capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I don't like the capitalistic
+logic of power so in a sense you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of power so in a sense you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of power so in a sense you're
+going out of The Frying Pan into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of The Frying Pan into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of The Frying Pan into the
+fire with with some of this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire with with some of this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire with with some of this stuff but
+nevertheless there is a tension between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless there is a tension between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless there is a tension between
+those two right now and and it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two right now and and it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two right now and and it seems to
+me something has to be done uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something has to be done uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me something has to be done uh about
+it now this accumulation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this accumulation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this accumulation by
+dispossession is occurring in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession is occurring in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispossession is occurring in urban
+areas all over the place for instance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all over the place for instance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all over the place for instance I
+think of gentrification now as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of gentrification now as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of gentrification now as a form of
+accumulation by dispossession in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation by dispossession in many
+cases people being dispossessed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people being dispossessed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases people being dispossessed of the
+right to be in the city in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be in the city in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be in the city in the same way
+that the Revolt in in 1871 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Revolt in in 1871 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Revolt in in 1871 of the
+communards was very much about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communards was very much about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communards was very much about trying to
+take their Pro City back from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their Pro City back from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their Pro City back from all the
+property speculators you look at New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property speculators you look at New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property speculators you look at New
+York City and you look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City and you look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City and you look at what's
+happened to Manhattan isand and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Manhattan isand and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Manhattan isand and you say
+to yourself it's become a huge gated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself it's become a huge gated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself it's become a huge gated
+community for vast vast amount of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for vast vast amount of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for vast vast amount of of of
+of wealth which has been accumulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth which has been accumulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth which has been accumulated in
+the city it doesn't belong to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city it doesn't belong to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city it doesn't belong to the to the
+to the rest of the city at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the city at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the city at all the
+burrowers are out there and I think part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burrowers are out there and I think part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burrowers are out there and I think part
+of the politics which should emerge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the politics which should emerge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the politics which should emerge in
+New York City right now is an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City right now is an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City right now is an attempt to
+take back the city for uh for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take back the city for uh for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take back the city for uh for everybody
+in the city rather than simply sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city rather than simply sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city rather than simply sort of
+say it's about Manhattan it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's about Manhattan it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's about Manhattan it's about the
+financial district it's about all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial district it's about all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial district it's about all those
+all those supporting all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those supporting all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those supporting all those things
+which which bring in vast amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which bring in vast amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which bring in vast amounts of
+money into the city from the outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money into the city from the outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money into the city from the outside so
+there is again there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is again there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is again there are there are
+questions of this kind which need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of this kind which need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of this kind which need need
+to be looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looked
+at finally let me just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finally let me just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finally let me just say this
+I don't think we will ever be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we will ever be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we will ever be able to
+resolve these issues without engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve these issues without engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve these issues without engaging in
+struggle uh it's all very well to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle uh it's all very well to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle uh it's all very well to sort
+of sit around and and and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit around and and and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit around and and and and you know
+and I I like Theory and I like to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I like Theory and I like to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I like Theory and I like to to
+work with Theory but but this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Theory but but this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Theory but but this is going
+to have to be worked out through action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be worked out through action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be worked out through action
+in the street and here we find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the street and here we find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the street and here we find something
+in the history of urbanization which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of urbanization which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of urbanization which I
+think is is is is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is is is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is is is extremely
+important which is that Urban centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is that Urban centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is that Urban centers
+have often been centers of revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have often been centers of revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have often been centers of revolutionary
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+sometimes peaceful sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes peaceful sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes peaceful sometimes you know
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+violence but nevertheless they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence but nevertheless they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence but nevertheless they've been
+centers of new ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of new ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers of new ways of doing
+things and there are many things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there are many things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there are many things which
+are going on in urban areas right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on in urban areas right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on in urban areas right now
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+are extremely interesting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely interesting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely interesting from the
+standpoint of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of looking at
+Alternatives and on this point I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and on this point I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and on this point I would
+make the following argument revolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the following argument revolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the following argument revolutions
+are not about sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not about sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not about sudden
+breaks Revolution means a turning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks Revolution means a turning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks Revolution means a turning of the
+wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel
+it means taking those things which exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means taking those things which exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means taking those things which exist
+in the present and reconfiguring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and reconfiguring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and reconfiguring them
+into something different this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something different this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something different this is a
+theory that Sanson had this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that Sanson had this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that Sanson had this was actually
+the theory that Marx took from Sanson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that Marx took from Sanson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that Marx took from Sanson
+when he kind of said look we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he kind of said look we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he kind of said look we can only
+make a re Revolution with the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a re Revolution with the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a re Revolution with the raw
+materials which exist around us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials which exist around us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials which exist around us in the
+present which means part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which means part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which means part of our
+scientific task he argued was to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific task he argued was to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific task he argued was to see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+exists understand what exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists understand what exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists understand what exists and
+through critical engagement with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through critical engagement with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through critical engagement with what
+exist exists come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist exists come up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist exists come up with new
+configurations which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations which can
+transform uh the world and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the world and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the world and at the same
+time transform us because I would remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time transform us because I would remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time transform us because I would remind
+you that Marx actually had exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that Marx actually had exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that Marx actually had exactly the
+same sentiments as Robert Park when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sentiments as Robert Park when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sentiments as Robert Park when he
+said we transform the world but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we transform the world but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we transform the world but in
+transforming the world we transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the world we transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the world we transform
+ourselves we can't transform ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves we can't transform ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves we can't transform ourselves
+without transforming the world and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without transforming the world and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without transforming the world and to do
+that a utopian moment is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a utopian moment is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a utopian moment is absolutely
+essential an imaginary an imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential an imaginary an imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential an imaginary an imagination
+moment is absolutely essential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is absolutely essential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is absolutely essential and the
+famous kind of quote that what separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous kind of quote that what separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous kind of quote that what separates
+the worst of Architects from the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of Architects from the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst of Architects from the best of
+bees is the architect re structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees is the architect re structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees is the architect re structure in
+imagination before making it real upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination before making it real upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination before making it real upon
+the ground and here is a moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and here is a moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and here is a moment of
+imaginative engagement which it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative engagement which it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative engagement which it seems to
+me to be Central to part of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to be Central to part of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to be Central to part of what your
+project is about is to try to mobilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is about is to try to mobilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is about is to try to mobilize
+an imaginary engagement in such a way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary engagement in such a way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary engagement in such a way as
+to pose a different problematic but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose a different problematic but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose a different problematic but it
+has to be an imaginary engagement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be an imaginary engagement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be an imaginary engagement this
+is what Marx is saying which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Marx is saying which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Marx is saying which is not
+based on some sort of outside Utopia you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some sort of outside Utopia you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some sort of outside Utopia you
+know which is based on the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is based on the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is based on the elements
+which exist in the existing Society how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exist in the existing Society how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exist in the existing Society how
+can you take what is there utilize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take what is there utilize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take what is there utilize it
+reconfigure it put it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure it put it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfigure it put it in a different
+direction dismantle some things engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction dismantle some things engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction dismantle some things engage
+in in in the politics and another this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the politics and another this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the politics and another this
+is a difficult process it's partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difficult process it's partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difficult process it's partly a
+scientific process it's partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process it's partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process it's partly a
+political process and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political process and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political process and it's the
+engagement of that of those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement of that of those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement of that of those two things
+together which it seems to me opens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which it seems to me opens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which it seems to me opens up
+the possibility to construct cities more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility to construct cities more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility to construct cities more
+after our own hearts desire okay thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after our own hearts desire okay thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after our own hearts desire okay thanks
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much thank you very much Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank you very much Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank you very much Professor
+Harvey I I think now you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey I I think now you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey I I think now you believe that
+it's not easy to comment on Harvey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to comment on Harvey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not easy to comment on Harvey so
+just in order to defend and to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in order to defend and to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in order to defend and to protect
+little bit myself and I Chang my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit myself and I Chang my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit myself and I Chang my plan
+also I read his article it's a four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I read his article it's a four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I read his article it's a four five
+pages of the right to the city and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the right to the city and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the right to the city and all
+my strategy buil on this article I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy buil on this article I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy buil on this article I will
+change it little bit and I will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it little bit and I will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it little bit and I will begin
+from the the very interesting argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the very interesting argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the very interesting argument
+fascinating argument for me is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating argument for me is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating argument for me is the the
+territorial logic of power and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic of power and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic of power and the
+capitalist capitalistic logic of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist capitalistic logic of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist capitalistic logic of power
+and I will argue here and I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will argue here and I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will argue here and I will show
+you in one map I have two slides I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in one map I have two slides I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in one map I have two slides I will
+show you in one slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in one slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in one slide
+that that the case of um the conflict of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the case of um the conflict of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the case of um the conflict of
+in Israel Palestine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Israel Palestine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Israel Palestine is
+about not only territorial logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only territorial logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only territorial logic of
+power but more about demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but more about demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but more about demographic
+teritorial logic of U uh of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teritorial logic of U uh of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teritorial logic of U uh of power
+so as we witness all in this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we witness all in this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we witness all in this series of
+lectures we have um a gloal format so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we have um a gloal format so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we have um a gloal format so in
+the beginning we have the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we have the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we have the presentation
+of Harvey which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Harvey which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Harvey which is more
+Universal and Global and I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and Global and I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and Global and I want to put
+things more uh on the ground of to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more uh on the ground of to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more uh on the ground of to apply
+it more to the ground of uh of Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more to the ground of uh of Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more to the ground of uh of Jerusalem
+so and at the end I don't want to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and at the end I don't want to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and at the end I don't want to speak
+about my structure because I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my structure because I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my structure because I don't have
+that fascinating structure but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fascinating structure but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fascinating structure but at the
+end I want to to connect to reconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I want to to connect to reconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I want to to connect to reconnect
+the the the idea of the right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the idea of the right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the idea of the right to the
+city and to to to Dian thereis concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and to to to Dian thereis concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and to to to Dian thereis concept
+of cities against against nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities against against nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cities against against nationalism
+and to combine them and to find to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to combine them and to find to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to combine them and to find to try
+to find is there any solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find is there any solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find is there any solution for
+Jerusalem while merging this uh two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem while merging this uh two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem while merging this uh two two
+concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want I reading harves and Le on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want I reading harves and Le on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want I reading harves and Le on the
+right to the city I want I I argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city I want I I argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the city I want I I argue that
+that the right to the the city in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right to the the city in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right to the the city in
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+description uh from Harvey and Le is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh from Harvey and Le is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh from Harvey and Le is
+more I think more eurocentric construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I think more eurocentric construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I think more eurocentric construct
+because it's based more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's based more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's based more on the
+citizenship democracy and liberalism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship democracy and liberalism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship democracy and liberalism of
+Europe and North America so how to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and North America so how to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and North America so how to apply
+this concept when we speak about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept when we speak about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept when we speak about uh
+developing countries or about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries or about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries or about the other
+the the non wisdoms such as in Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non wisdoms such as in Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non wisdoms such as in Iran
+today in Iran woman in the National day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in Iran woman in the National day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in Iran woman in the National day
+National Woman day they try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Woman day they try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Woman day they try to to
+celebrate and most of them of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate and most of them of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate and most of them of the
+protester were in the in the jail find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protester were in the in the jail find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protester were in the in the jail find
+thems at the end of day in jail how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thems at the end of day in jail how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thems at the end of day in jail how can
+we apply this concept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply this concept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply this concept in
+Jerusalem where we have very strong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem where we have very strong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem where we have very strong uh
+Territorial and demographic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Territorial and demographic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Territorial and demographic and
+demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic
+conflict so the liberal Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so the liberal Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict so the liberal Democratic
+model in which um nation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which um nation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which um nation state
+membership is the basis for citizenship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is the basis for citizenship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is the basis for citizenship
+ship in the right to the city member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in the right to the city member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship in the right to the city member
+membership is BAS based on inhabitants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is BAS based on inhabitants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is BAS based on inhabitants
+and Harvey give us two rights in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harvey give us two rights in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Harvey give us two rights in this
+city and to the right to the city there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and to the right to the city there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and to the right to the city there
+are two rights one is the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two rights one is the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two rights one is the right to
+appropriate Urban spaces which include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Urban spaces which include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Urban spaces which include
+um the right to live in in the city to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the right to live in in the city to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the right to live in in the city to
+play in to work in to represent to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in to work in to represent to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in to work in to represent to to
+characterize and to occupy and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and to occupy and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize and to occupy and the right
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+participation is the right to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation is the right to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation is the right to take
+Central rule rule in decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central rule rule in decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central rule rule in decision making
+surrounding the production of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the production of space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the production of space and
+as Harvey wrote in one of his of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Harvey wrote in one of his of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Harvey wrote in one of his of his
+book is that is the right to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is that is the right to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is that is the right to change the
+also the order of the capital flow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order of the capital flow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order of the capital flow it's
+to be to to be involved in in changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to to be involved in in changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to to be involved in in changing
+this cap capitalist world order so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cap capitalist world order so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cap capitalist world order so I'm
+taking this uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this uh two
+rights the right to the right to live to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the right to the right to live to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights the right to the right to live to
+play Etc and the right to participate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Etc and the right to participate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Etc and the right to participate I
+going to take them and and to apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take them and and to apply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take them and and to apply them
+to to Jerusalem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Jerusalem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Jerusalem in
+fact and in general to draw a map let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and in general to draw a map let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and in general to draw a map let's
+call it a map of Rights in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a map of Rights in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a map of Rights in
+Jerusalem and generally I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and generally I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and generally I believe that
+if we want to discuss rights when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to discuss rights when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to discuss rights when there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+conflict we need to discuss um um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict we need to discuss um um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict we need to discuss um um we
+need to test it normatively in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to test it normatively in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to test it normatively in order to
+to to discuss such a topic like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to discuss such a topic like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to discuss such a topic like if you
+want to discuss rights in United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss rights in United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss rights in United States
+State we must take in cons consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we must take in cons consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we must take in cons consider
+first of all is the rights the status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is the rights the status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is the rights the status of
+the rights of the African-Americans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of the African-Americans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of the African-Americans and
+other minorities in this case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other minorities in this case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other minorities in this case of
+Jerusalem I want to focus almost only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem I want to focus almost only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem I want to focus almost only on
+the rights of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights of uh of the
+disadvantage and the occupied and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage and the occupied and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage and the occupied and those
+are the Palestinians in in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Palestinians in in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Palestinians in in East
+Jerusalem so the story of East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so the story of East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so the story of East
+Jerusalem in 67 EAS Jerusalem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in 67 EAS Jerusalem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem in 67 EAS Jerusalem was
+occupied by Israel in the Six Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by Israel in the Six Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied by Israel in the Six Day
+War and from the beginning from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and from the beginning from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and from the beginning from the
+beginning of this conflict of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this conflict of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this conflict of this uh
+immediately after this occupation Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after this occupation Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after this occupation Boron
+the prime minister in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime minister in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime minister in fact
+reconstructed and claimed and reclaimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed and claimed and reclaimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed and claimed and reclaimed
+the logic of territorial power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of territorial power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic of territorial power in
+addition to the demographic ER logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the demographic ER logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the demographic ER logic of
+power both of them together merge and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power both of them together merge and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power both of them together merge and he
+established both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established both of
+them together so he writes for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together so he writes for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together so he writes for example
+in the beginning in the first weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning in the first weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning in the first weeks
+after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war
+quote Jews must Jews must be brought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Jews must Jews must be brought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote Jews must Jews must be brought to
+East Jerusalem at all cost tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Jerusalem at all cost tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Jerusalem at all cost tens of
+thousands must be settled in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands must be settled in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands must be settled in a very
+short time Jews will be agree Jews will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time Jews will be agree Jews will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time Jews will be agree Jews will
+agree to settle in East Jerusalem even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to settle in East Jerusalem even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to settle in East Jerusalem even
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Huts one should not wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huts one should not wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huts one should not wait for the
+building of uh of regular neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of uh of regular neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of uh of regular neighborhoods
+the importance is that there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance is that there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance is that there should be
+Jews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews
+there according to this message the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there according to this message the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there according to this message the
+entire Ministries and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Ministries and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Ministries and the entire
+planning machine was recruited to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning machine was recruited to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning machine was recruited to in
+order to uh to accomplish this goal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to uh to accomplish this goal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to uh to accomplish this goal to
+change and to reshape the space of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and to reshape the space of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and to reshape the space of of
+Jerusalem and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and its
+environment D col who was the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment D col who was the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment D col who was the main
+figure of Jerusalem was a mayor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Jerusalem was a mayor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Jerusalem was a mayor of
+Jerusalem for about a quarter of century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem for about a quarter of century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem for about a quarter of century
+he himself believed in that and he tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he himself believed in that and he tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he himself believed in that and he tried
+has had tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had tried to
+implement this logic of demographic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this logic of demographic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this logic of demographic and
+Territorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Territorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Territorial and
+accordingly the city of Jerusalem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly the city of Jerusalem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly the city of Jerusalem and
+the the interior Ministry decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interior Ministry decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interior Ministry decided
+to to control East Jerusalem through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to control East Jerusalem through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to control East Jerusalem through a
+new rings two rings of neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rings two rings of neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rings two rings of neighborhoods
+that I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the left hand we have Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+East um the West and East this is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East um the West and East this is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East um the West and East this is the um
+Israeli side this is the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli side this is the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israeli side this is the Palestinian
+side this is the um aristic line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the um aristic line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the um aristic line which
+called also a green line it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called also a green line it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called also a green line it's not
+environmental line or it's a it is a war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental line or it's a it is a war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental line or it's a it is a war
+line and this is the the East and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this is the the East and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this is the the East and what
+we see here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here is the
+development this is the border of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is the border of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development this is the border of
+Jerusalem a new border now border and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem a new border now border and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem a new border now border and
+what we see all of these the the blue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see all of these the the blue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see all of these the the blue uh
+spots are are in the in in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots are are in the in in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots are are in the in in East
+Jerusalem these are the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem these are the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem these are the new
+neighborhoods and they are deeply inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods and they are deeply inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods and they are deeply inside
+the West Bank deeply inside the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Bank deeply inside the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Bank deeply inside the West
+Bank so in fact this still as the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank so in fact this still as the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank so in fact this still as the whole
+story that the the structure of the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that the the structure of the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that the the structure of the West
+Bank and Jerusalem was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank and Jerusalem was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank and Jerusalem was completely
+changed so in the col himself said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so in the col himself said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so in the col himself said about
+this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh the two the two rings the two wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the two the two rings the two wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the two the two rings the two wide
+new rings of residential neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rings of residential neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rings of residential neighborhoods
+built in Jerusalem since the unification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in Jerusalem since the unification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in Jerusalem since the unification
+within the new Municipal boundaries were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the new Municipal boundaries were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the new Municipal boundaries were
+designed to afford the capital urgently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to afford the capital urgently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to afford the capital urgently
+needed resources as well as to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed resources as well as to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed resources as well as to form a
+barriers against possible redivision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers against possible redivision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers against possible redivision in
+the future redivision of Jerusalem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future redivision of Jerusalem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future redivision of Jerusalem so
+the a the main aim was not to have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the main aim was not to have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the main aim was not to have from
+the beginning to Capital in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to Capital in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to Capital in this in this
+place and in other in in protocols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in other in in protocols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and in other in in protocols that
+I found it while I was doing my master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it while I was doing my master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it while I was doing my master
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+Harvard the title of my thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard the title of my thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard the title of my thesis was
+planning under political conflict I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning under political conflict I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning under political conflict I
+found some interesting quote from U from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some interesting quote from U from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found some interesting quote from U from
+colleague he said in a municipality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague he said in a municipality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague he said in a municipality and
+the council uh meet in a council meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the council uh meet in a council meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the council uh meet in a council meeting
+he said I'm like everyone here upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I'm like everyone here upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said I'm like everyone here upset
+about the Arabs grow growth in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Arabs grow growth in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Arabs grow growth in and
+around Jerusalem and in the master plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Jerusalem and in the master plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Jerusalem and in the master plan
+of Jerusalem itself it's saying page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jerusalem itself it's saying page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jerusalem itself it's saying page
+from 1978 in B 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1978 in B 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1978 in B 16
+quote every piece of land which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote every piece of land which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote every piece of land which is not
+populated by Jews is in danger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated by Jews is in danger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated by Jews is in danger of
+Detachment and being given to the Arabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detachment and being given to the Arabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detachment and being given to the Arabs
+consequent we must first build in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequent we must first build in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequent we must first build in the
+far briery so this is the far briery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far briery so this is the far briery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far briery so this is the far briery
+deeply inside the the West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply inside the the West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply inside the the West
+Bank so what rights to speak generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank so what rights to speak generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank so what rights to speak generally
+what rights the Palestinian lost what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rights the Palestinian lost what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rights the Palestinian lost what
+what what rights basic rights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what rights basic rights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what rights basic rights that
+Harvey that LE speak about what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey that LE speak about what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey that LE speak about what what
+what rights basic rights uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rights basic rights uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what rights basic rights uh were
+violated is it the right for property I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated is it the right for property I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated is it the right for property I
+mean the right for uh territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the right for uh territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the right for uh territorial
+property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and
+uh new report new report say that 35% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new report new report say that 35% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new report new report say that 35% of
+the of the land territorial land in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the land territorial land in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the land territorial land in E
+Jerusalem were confiscated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem were confiscated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem were confiscated by the
+government and huge amount in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and huge amount in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and huge amount in other
+places which is beyond uh the East were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is beyond uh the East were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places which is beyond uh the East were
+also confiscated other right is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also confiscated other right is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also confiscated other right is the
+reconstr restrictions on uh on movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstr restrictions on uh on movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstr restrictions on uh on movement
+for person and goods between East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for person and goods between East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for person and goods between East
+Jerusalem and the West Bank to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and the West Bank to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and the West Bank to tell you
+East Jerusalem is more attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Jerusalem is more attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Jerusalem is more attached to the
+West Bank and Gaza and less attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Bank and Gaza and less attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Bank and Gaza and less attached to
+Israel in in in every single context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel in in in every single context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel in in in every single context and
+their restriction of movement is harming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their restriction of movement is harming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their restriction of movement is harming
+their economic Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their economic Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their economic Etc
+and now adding the wall and adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now adding the wall and adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now adding the wall and adding the
+men the numerous checkpoints it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men the numerous checkpoints it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men the numerous checkpoints it is
+impossible almost to move from this city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible almost to move from this city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible almost to move from this city
+to the other so from this place to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other so from this place to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other so from this place to move
+to to beet University some sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to beet University some sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to beet University some sometimes it
+will take it should take 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take it should take 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take it should take 30 minutes
+sometimes it will take you uh 5 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will take you uh 5 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will take you uh 5 hours
+it's what happened with me when I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what happened with me when I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what happened with me when I had a
+meeting in B University I was late for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in B University I was late for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting in B University I was late for
+the meeting for 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting for 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting for 5
+hours and the participation in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the participation in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and the participation in the the
+right to participate in the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to participate in the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to participate in the local
+government the Palestinian themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the Palestinian themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government the Palestinian themselves
+boycott the the local government only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boycott the the local government only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boycott the the local government only
+between 3 to 6% of Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 3 to 6% of Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 3 to 6% of Palestinian
+vote used to vote in the for the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote used to vote in the for the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote used to vote in the for the local
+government for the municipality they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for the municipality they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for the municipality they
+boyot completely uh in order not to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyot completely uh in order not to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyot completely uh in order not to give
+legitimacy to the to the city the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy to the to the city the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimacy to the to the city the right
+to work the this population is excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the this population is excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the this population is excluded
+from the public sector no need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the public sector no need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the public sector no need for
+further elaboration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further elaboration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further elaboration for
+this and for the right for basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the right for basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the right for basic
+Municipal Services Social Services any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal Services Social Services any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Municipal Services Social Services any
+compar comparative study between both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar comparative study between both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compar comparative study between both
+Sid show that huge disparities between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid show that huge disparities between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid show that huge disparities between
+east and west and the most important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east and west and the most important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east and west and the most important one
+is the right of for residency the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right of for residency the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right of for residency the right
+of residence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of residence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of residence
+so according to the this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to the this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to the this is the most
+painful rule in fact the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful rule in fact the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful rule in fact the people in
+Jerusalem the Palestinian in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the Palestinian in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the Palestinian in East
+Jerusalem they don't have Israeli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem they don't have Israeli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem they don't have Israeli
+citizenship they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship they have
+residency and each time if you want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency and each time if you want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residency and each time if you want if
+you want to leave the country you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to leave the country you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to leave the country you need
+to approve effectively that you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approve effectively that you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approve effectively that you are a
+citizen of Jerusalem if you leave for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen of Jerusalem if you leave for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen of Jerusalem if you leave for
+example if you if you leave Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you if you leave Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you if you leave Jerusalem
+for S years you cannot simply return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S years you cannot simply return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S years you cannot simply return
+back to be again a citizen I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to be again a citizen I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to be again a citizen I don't
+remember exactly the years but I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly the years but I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exactly the years but I give
+extreme example of seven years so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example of seven years so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example of seven years so in
+brief to to use Harvey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief to to use Harvey's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief to to use Harvey's
+word in his book the condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in his book the condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in his book the condition of
+postmodernity about uh time space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernity about uh time space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernity about uh time space
+compression these policies geopolitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression these policies geopolitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression these policies geopolitical
+and demographic policies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographic policies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographic policies in
+fact resulted in a demographic geog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact resulted in a demographic geog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact resulted in a demographic geog
+graphic compression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic compression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic compression of the
+Palestinian spaces simply compression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian spaces simply compression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian spaces simply compression of
+demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+territorial spaces on the other hand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial spaces on the other hand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial spaces on the other hand of
+course it's make the opposite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's make the opposite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's make the opposite it
+resulted in demographic Geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in demographic Geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in demographic Geographic
+uh decompression in the other side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decompression in the other side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decompression in the other side in
+the Israeli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israeli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Israeli
+side so when you look today seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so when you look today seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so when you look today seeing the
+map of the West Bank and seeing the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the West Bank and seeing the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the West Bank and seeing the map
+of East Jerusalem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of East Jerusalem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of East Jerusalem and
+seeing you don't need to be an urbanist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you don't need to be an urbanist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you don't need to be an urbanist
+or a geographer you don't you need just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a geographer you don't you need just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a geographer you don't you need just
+to have eyes and to see the the the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have eyes and to see the the the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have eyes and to see the the the how
+the space how the geographical space has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space how the geographical space has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space how the geographical space has
+been changed since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed since
+1967 and the conclusion this is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 and the conclusion this is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 and the conclusion this is at least
+my conclusion that um we are celebrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conclusion that um we are celebrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conclusion that um we are celebrating
+now and witnessing the end of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and witnessing the end of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and witnessing the end of of the
+Palestinian geographies and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian geographies and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian geographies and this is very
+destructive it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive it is very
+destructive uh that the Palestinian are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive uh that the Palestinian are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive uh that the Palestinian are
+losing their geography for Israel itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their geography for Israel itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their geography for Israel itself
+and for the Palestinian themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the Palestinian themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the Palestinian themselves
+because this in fact prevent any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this in fact prevent any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this in fact prevent any any
+future solution for having two states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future solution for having two states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future solution for having two states in
+fact we are Beyond we are going Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we are Beyond we are going Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we are Beyond we are going Beyond
+this solution now when when both nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution now when when both nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution now when when both nations
+are now intering they are living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now intering they are living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now intering they are living
+together maybe this the idea of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe this the idea of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe this the idea of one
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+is uh is good but the Zionist movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is good but the Zionist movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is good but the Zionist movement
+has which has the dream of 2,000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has which has the dream of 2,000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has which has the dream of 2,000 years
+waiting to have Jewish State Etc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to have Jewish State Etc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to have Jewish State Etc it's
+now creating a new discourse um I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now creating a new discourse um I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now creating a new discourse um I call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+destruction so finally finally I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction so finally finally I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction so finally finally I want to
+to go now to the cities against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go now to the cities against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go now to the cities against
+nationalism and the right to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and the right to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and the right to the city
+taking all of these rights the violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of these rights the violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of these rights the violation
+of these rights then how can we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rights then how can we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rights then how can we we
+manage to do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do anything with
+Jerusalem uh one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem uh one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem uh one one one
+uh to quote the Harvey question Harvey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to quote the Harvey question Harvey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to quote the Harvey question Harvey
+questions related the right to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions related the right to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions related the right to the city
+he said the right of the city is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the right of the city is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the right of the city is not
+merely a right of access as he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a right of access as he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a right of access as he said
+today to what already exist but a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to what already exist but a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to what already exist but a right
+to change it after our heart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it after our heart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it after our heart's
+desire and it's interesting to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and it's interesting to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire and it's interesting to that
+heart was speaking about hard desire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart was speaking about hard desire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart was speaking about hard desire and
+it's also he writes the air he mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also he writes the air he mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also he writes the air he mean the
+air of the city the air is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air of the city the air is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air of the city the air is a bit
+polluted now but it can always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted now but it can always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluted now but it can always be
+cleaned up the question is how to clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up the question is how to clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned up the question is how to clean
+the air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in
+Jerusalem and how to achieve the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and how to achieve the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and how to achieve the right
+to the city away from suicide Boomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city away from suicide Boomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city away from suicide Boomers
+that kill some hundreds of innocent Jews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kill some hundreds of innocent Jews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kill some hundreds of innocent Jews
+and how to achieve the right to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to achieve the right to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to achieve the right to the city
+away from extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from extreme
+Terror away from humil and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terror away from humil and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terror away from humil and in
+intimidation and how to attain the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidation and how to attain the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidation and how to attain the right
+of Palestinian in the city the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Palestinian in the city the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Palestinian in the city the right to
+appropriate Urban space the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Urban space the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate Urban space the right to
+live in play in work in represent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in play in work in represent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in play in work in represent and
+occupy so how to achieve this and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy so how to achieve this and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy so how to achieve this and here I
+have a s I have I think creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a s I have I think creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a s I have I think creative
+suggestion before I I'm I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion before I I'm I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion before I I'm I'm telling you
+the uh the the suggestion I want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the suggestion I want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the suggestion I want to to
+say one one important uh comment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one one important uh comment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one one important uh comment on the
+identity of the modern identity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the modern identity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of the modern identity of the
+Jewish and Palestinian as Edward say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish and Palestinian as Edward say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish and Palestinian as Edward say
+tell us and as Rashid KH tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and as Rashid KH tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us and as Rashid KH tell
+us that the Palestinian identity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the Palestinian identity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the Palestinian identity the
+modern Palestinian identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Palestinian identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Palestinian identity is
+reconstructed in two axes the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed in two axes the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed in two axes the first is
+as a reflection to the Zionist movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reflection to the Zionist movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reflection to the Zionist movement
+the the Zionist movement and in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Zionist movement and in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Zionist movement and in the the
+other axis is that the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other axis is that the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other axis is that the Palestinian
+identity the modern Palestinian identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the modern Palestinian identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the modern Palestinian identity
+is reconstructed around Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reconstructed around Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reconstructed around Jerusalem
+attached to Jerusalem on on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to Jerusalem on on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to Jerusalem on on the other
+hand the Jewish identity you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the Jewish identity you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the Jewish identity you the the
+Zionist movement is which began as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionist movement is which began as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zionist movement is which began as
+secular national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular national
+movement also attached its discourse on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement also attached its discourse on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement also attached its discourse on
+Jerusalem mainly after the Holocaust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem mainly after the Holocaust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem mainly after the Holocaust
+when five six million Jews were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when five six million Jews were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when five six million Jews were were
+killed only because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed only because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed only because they are
+Jews they they Pro they were prompted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews they they Pro they were prompted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews they they Pro they were prompted
+even more urgently to find a Refuge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more urgently to find a Refuge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more urgently to find a Refuge a
+space of Refuge from racist Europe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of Refuge from racist Europe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of Refuge from racist Europe at
+that time and they attached themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and they attached themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and they attached themselves
+to the discourse of 2,000 waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discourse of 2,000 waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discourse of 2,000 waiting for
+Jerusalem and the Palestinian now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and the Palestinian now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem and the Palestinian now they
+have the claim on Jerusalem so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the claim on Jerusalem so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the claim on Jerusalem so we have
+two conflict conflictual claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conflict conflictual claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conflict conflictual claims
+contested claims in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested claims in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested claims in
+Jerusalem so as an as an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so as an as an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem so as an as an intellectual
+exercise um I want to suggest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um I want to suggest a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise um I want to suggest a
+different approach to the city to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to the city to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to the city to
+Jerusalem based again on City against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem based again on City against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem based again on City against
+nationalism and the right to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and the right to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and the right to the city
+and the aim is to return the city to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aim is to return the city to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aim is to return the city to its
+inhabitant far away from the contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitant far away from the contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabitant far away from the contested
+religious and nationalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious and nationalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious and nationalistic
+claims the aim is to release the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims the aim is to release the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims the aim is to release the city
+from the nationalistic burden of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nationalistic burden of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nationalistic burden of uh of
+Jewish and Arabs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish and Arabs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish and Arabs and
+Palestinians so how to do that I suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians so how to do that I suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinians so how to do that I suggest
+here just in order to take the poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in order to take the poison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in order to take the poison
+from the city I suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city I suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city I suggest that
+uh again only not as a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again only not as a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again only not as a political
+suggestion but as intellectual exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion but as intellectual exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion but as intellectual exercise
+for tonight is to have two capitals not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tonight is to have two capitals not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tonight is to have two capitals not
+in Jerusalem one capital for Israel in T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem one capital for Israel in T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem one capital for Israel in T
+and the other capital for Palestinian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other capital for Palestinian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other capital for Palestinian in
+rala this I believe might take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rala this I believe might take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rala this I believe might take all the
+poison of nationalistic discourse all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison of nationalistic discourse all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison of nationalistic discourse all of
+this burden of nationalism uh Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burden of nationalism uh Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this burden of nationalism uh Rel
+religions etc etc we can take by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions etc etc we can take by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions etc etc we can take by
+suggesting just to move away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting just to move away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting just to move away the
+political discourse from the city this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political discourse from the city this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political discourse from the city this
+is what Dian Davis said cities against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Dian Davis said cities against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Dian Davis said cities against
+nationalism if you apply really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism if you apply really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism if you apply really
+Jerusalem against two nationalisms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem against two nationalisms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem against two nationalisms so
+maybe we can achieve some normal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can achieve some normal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can achieve some normal life
+for the city thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the city thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the city thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you now we'll open up to comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now we'll open up to comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now we'll open up to comments or
+questions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from the
+audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're going to direct them to yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to direct them to yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to direct them to yeah a
+quick philosophical question I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick philosophical question I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick philosophical question I guess
+I'll be brief uh for David um louder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be brief uh for David um louder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be brief uh for David um louder uh
+if an important part of the right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an important part of the right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an important part of the right to the
+city is importantly a right to reshape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is importantly a right to reshape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is importantly a right to reshape
+and reclaim public space I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reclaim public space I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reclaim public space I guess I
+wonder why you move so quickly past RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why you move so quickly past RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why you move so quickly past RS
+um because I you sort of present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I you sort of present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I you sort of present the
+veil as as as crouching behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil as as as crouching behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil as as as crouching behind it and
+then reconstituting these Logics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reconstituting these Logics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reconstituting these Logics of
+capital and Cor I but when I re see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Cor I but when I re see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and Cor I but when I re see the
+veil I think of it ensuring that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil I think of it ensuring that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil I think of it ensuring that when
+public claims are made especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public claims are made especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public claims are made especially on
+places they supported by reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they supported by reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they supported by reasons that
+bridge differences rather than merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge differences rather than merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge differences rather than merely
+reflecting them and in the cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting them and in the cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting them and in the cases you
+cite you qure and Bella Horizon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite you qure and Bella Horizon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite you qure and Bella Horizon that
+seems to be what's doing a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be what's doing a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be what's doing a lot of the
+heavy lifting is that now people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy lifting is that now people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy lifting is that now people in
+Authority are forced to answer offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority are forced to answer offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority are forced to answer offer
+reasons to a wider range of citizens who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to a wider range of citizens who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to a wider range of citizens who
+have a vested interest in the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vested interest in the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vested interest in the quality of
+their public spaces and I guess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their public spaces and I guess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their public spaces and I guess in the
+case of Jerusalem are deeply divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Jerusalem are deeply divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Jerusalem are deeply divided
+cities it just seems to me that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it just seems to me that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities it just seems to me that what
+these cases cry out for are reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases cry out for are reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases cry out for are reason
+giving across differences and to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving across differences and to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving across differences and to me
+that's all about RS I I guess it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about RS I I guess it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about RS I I guess it seems
+like that's sort of normatively speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's sort of normatively speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's sort of normatively speaking
+the only game in town and I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only game in town and I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only game in town and I guess I'm
+wondering you know why you move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering you know why you move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering you know why you move so
+quickly past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly past
+it well I think actually I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I think actually I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well I think actually I don't think
+it's the only game in town I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only game in town I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only game in town I think that
+all of the theories of Justice which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the theories of Justice which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the theories of Justice which you
+can look at um have a certain veency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at um have a certain veency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at um have a certain veency and
+so I I you know depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I you know depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I you know depending on the
+situation um I would um but but my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um I would um but but my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um I would um but but my point
+about roles is that that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roles is that that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roles is that that actually
+depending upon how you define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how you define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how you define what
+exists behind the veil of ignorance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists behind the veil of ignorance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists behind the veil of ignorance you
+actually come up with rather different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with rather different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with rather different
+dispensations I mean I I'm a great I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispensations I mean I I'm a great I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispensations I mean I I'm a great I I
+chose rols in some ways because I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose rols in some ways because I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose rols in some ways because I like
+rols more than more than I I personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rols more than more than I I personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rols more than more than I I personally
+like rolls more than I like most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rolls more than I like most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rolls more than I like most of the
+others but the point is that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the point is that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the point is that you can't
+get very far with that until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very far with that until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very far with that until you
+actually specify what's behind the veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify what's behind the veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify what's behind the veil
+of ignorance behind the veil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ignorance behind the veil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ignorance behind the veil of
+ignorance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance
+exists some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some sort of
+concept of uh you know behavioral Norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of uh you know behavioral Norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of uh you know behavioral Norms
+but he doesn't specify what they are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't specify what they are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't specify what they are of
+how the economy works it doesn't specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the economy works it doesn't specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the economy works it doesn't specify
+what it is so actually you could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so actually you could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so actually you could come
+out of it and if I if I if I if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and if I if I if I if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and if I if I if I if I put
+Marx in political economy in there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx in political economy in there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marx in political economy in there I
+come out with a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with a completely different
+definition of how how the the spaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how how the the spaces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how how the the spaces of
+the of of of the city would be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of of the city would be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of of the city would be defined
+and so for instance in RS we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for instance in RS we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for instance in RS we don't see
+uh very much about active class struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much about active class struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much about active class struggle
+for example whereas if you put a marxian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whereas if you put a marxian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whereas if you put a marxian
+theory of politics behind there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of politics behind there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of politics behind there as
+opposed to in a sense what he puts there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to in a sense what he puts there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to in a sense what he puts there
+which is bua liberal politics if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bua liberal politics if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bua liberal politics if you put
+a marxian theory of politics political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marxian theory of politics political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marxian theory of politics political
+economy there you get a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy there you get a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy there you get a very different
+kind of conception of of of of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conception of of of of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conception of of of of of what
+Justice would look like and how Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice would look like and how Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice would look like and how Justice
+would unfold in a city and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would unfold in a city and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would unfold in a city and what I
+objected to was the fact that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objected to was the fact that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objected to was the fact that people
+will read roles and say ah this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read roles and say ah this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read roles and say ah this is the
+universal principle which is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal principle which is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal principle which is derived
+without looking very carefully at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking very carefully at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking very carefully at what
+the connectivity is to those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivity is to those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connectivity is to those other
+elements behind it so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements behind it so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements behind it so what I want to do
+is to say not dispense with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say not dispense with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say not dispense with all the
+Notions of Justice no I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Justice no I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Justice no I want to keep
+them there I don't want to abandon them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there I don't want to abandon them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there I don't want to abandon them
+like a lot of marxists do I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of marxists do I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of marxists do I want to keep
+them there but I want them to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there but I want them to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there but I want them to keep them
+there in relationship to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in relationship to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in relationship to the nature of
+the social processes we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social processes we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social processes we're looking at
+and saying if I want to change uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying if I want to change uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying if I want to change uh the
+social process I've got to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process I've got to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process I've got to change the
+notion of rights that inheres in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights that inheres in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights that inheres in those
+social processes and I've got to it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social processes and I've got to it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social processes and I've got to it's a
+dialectic between the social process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic between the social process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectic between the social process and
+the notion of rights that inheres and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of rights that inheres and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of rights that inheres and
+and so so it's looking at both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it's looking at both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it's looking at both of those
+uh together and what I'm objecting to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together and what I'm objecting to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together and what I'm objecting to in
+a lot of the human rights literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the human rights literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the human rights literature
+right now is that very often they treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that very often they treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that very often they treat
+it as some Universal without any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as some Universal without any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as some Universal without any kind of
+notion that that somehow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that that somehow this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that that somehow this is
+detached from any kind of notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached from any kind of notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached from any kind of notion of a
+social process when in fact it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process when in fact it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process when in fact it's very
+deeply attached I mean the notion of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply attached I mean the notion of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply attached I mean the notion of of
+sets of rights which Bremer is imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of rights which Bremer is imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of rights which Bremer is imposing
+on Baghdad is deeply attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Baghdad is deeply attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Baghdad is deeply attached to a
+neoliberal conception of of of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoliberal conception of of of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neoliberal conception of of of how the
+economy shall work and and and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy shall work and and and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy shall work and and and therefore
+there you know but then this is treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know but then this is treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know but then this is treat
+treated as this is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as this is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as this is free
+in the abstract and of course we're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abstract and of course we're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abstract and of course we're well
+you know who's against Freedom you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who's against Freedom you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who's against Freedom you know
+but then it's it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's it's it's the
+specifications that I wanted to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications that I wanted to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications that I wanted to get out
+that's why I chose rolls because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I chose rolls because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I chose rolls because I think
+it's most clear in rolls because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most clear in rolls because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most clear in rolls because
+precisely because of this veil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because of this veil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because of this veil of
+ignorance that he sets up and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance that he sets up and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance that he sets up and then and
+then what he presupposes behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what he presupposes behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what he presupposes behind it and
+when you look at what he presupposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at what he presupposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at what he presupposes
+behind it you kind of say my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it you kind of say my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it you kind of say my goodness
+this is an incredible amount of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredible amount of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredible amount of stuff
+that's smuggled into this whole argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smuggled into this whole argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smuggled into this whole argument
+without without actually explicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without actually explicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without actually explicating
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+is me when those reasons come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me when those reasons come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me when those reasons come out of the
+veil though so Marxism comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil though so Marxism comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil though so Marxism comes out of the
+veil looking very different than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil looking very different than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veil looking very different than say
+egalitarian liberalism or neoliberalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian liberalism or neoliberalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian liberalism or neoliberalism
+but if the veils apply properly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the veils apply properly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the veils apply properly they're
+within what RS calls public reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what RS calls public reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what RS calls public reason
+they're having to talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having to talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having to talk to each other
+have conflict in a certain way I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conflict in a certain way I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conflict in a certain way I guess
+that's the part where I just see RS as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part where I just see RS as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part where I just see RS as
+still having some use yeah I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still having some use yeah I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still having some use yeah I don't I
+don't no I'm not saying it's useless I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no I'm not saying it's useless I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no I'm not saying it's useless I'm
+saying what we have to do is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what we have to do is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what we have to do is to is to
+connect it back into those I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it back into those I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it back into those I mean you
+know when he kind of says we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when he kind of says we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when he kind of says we know the
+general laws of human psychology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws of human psychology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws of human psychology and you
+kind of say well is he a yungan or is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of say well is he a yungan or is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of say well is he a yungan or is he
+a Freudian or is he is he leanian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Freudian or is he is he leanian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Freudian or is he is he leanian or
+what is he you know I mean is he a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he you know I mean is he a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he you know I mean is he a you
+know I I mean this is this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I mean this is this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I mean this is this is a problem
+with with rols because there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with rols because there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with rols because there's so much
+baggage in the background there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage in the background there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baggage in the background there that you
+kind of when you start to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when you start to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when you start to think about
+that you kind of wonder how all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kind of wonder how all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you kind of wonder how all of this
+works out when you start to translate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out when you start to translate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out when you start to translate it
+into urban politics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into urban politics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into urban politics for
+example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then
+Julian I want to ask you to say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian I want to ask you to say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julian I want to ask you to say a little
+more about these two logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these two logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about these two logic of
+territoriality or territorial logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality or territorial logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality or territorial logic and
+logic of capitalism the two separated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of capitalism the two separated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of capitalism the two separated I
+mean what strikes me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what strikes me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what strikes me is that
+historically the in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the in terms of
+territoriality as nationalism of Na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality as nationalism of Na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality as nationalism of Na
+Nation States was very much linked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation States was very much linked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation States was very much linked with
+theoris of capitalism so the two Logics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoris of capitalism so the two Logics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoris of capitalism so the two Logics
+are in a way very well connected if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a way very well connected if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a way very well connected if we
+take nation state as the territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nation state as the territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take nation state as the territorial
+entity so what strikes me is the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity so what strikes me is the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity so what strikes me is the way you
+separated you show the logic of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated you show the logic of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated you show the logic of capital
+and rightly so as you take us through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rightly so as you take us through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rightly so as you take us through
+the NE liberal period Etc but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NE liberal period Etc but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NE liberal period Etc but what we
+are grappling here I think in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grappling here I think in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are grappling here I think in this
+particular project is the illogic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project is the illogic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project is the illogic of
+territoriality or the the ethnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality or the the ethnic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territoriality or the the ethnic
+underlying ethnic tensions that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ethnic tensions that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying ethnic tensions that come out
+of territoriality so in some sense uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territoriality so in some sense uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territoriality so in some sense uh in
+my in our conversation we are more kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in our conversation we are more kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in our conversation we are more kind
+of like Albert Herman's you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like Albert Herman's you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like Albert Herman's you know the
+passions and interest where interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions and interest where interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions and interest where interest is
+a better way of shaping Society than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way of shaping Society than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way of shaping Society than
+passions based on ethnicity and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions based on ethnicity and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions based on ethnicity and I want
+to push you on that a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push you on that a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push you on that a little bit because
+if you look at the cities and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the cities and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the cities and and how
+people's daily lives function not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's daily lives function not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's daily lives function not just
+Jerusalem but let's say Gujarat which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem but let's say Gujarat which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem but let's say Gujarat which
+India which I'm familiar with and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India which I'm familiar with and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India which I'm familiar with and you
+had the big Riot there what brought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the big Riot there what brought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the big Riot there what brought the
+people back together was the day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people back together was the day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people back together was the day-to-day
+life of their economic life which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of their economic life which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of their economic life which is
+capitalism with a small CA so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism with a small CA so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism with a small CA so I want to
+push you under what context the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you under what context the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you under what context the logic of
+capitalism can be a progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism can be a progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism can be a progressive
+logic I think uh you know I there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic I think uh you know I there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic I think uh you know I there are
+many instances in which I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many instances in which I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many instances in which I think the the
+capitalist logic is indeed a progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist logic is indeed a progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist logic is indeed a progressive
+logic and I I think that it can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and I I think that it can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and I I think that it can play
+progressive roles in certain certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive roles in certain certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive roles in certain certain
+circumstances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so
+um so I don't I don't you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't I don't you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I don't I don't you know that
+doesn't uh you know that that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh you know that that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh you know that that idea
+doesn't doesn't doesn't doesn't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't doesn't doesn't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't doesn't doesn't bother
+me I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think
+the the issue where I would I would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issue where I would I would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issue where I would I would want
+to look at this is to say you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this is to say you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this is to say you know when
+we start to look at the territorial I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to look at the territorial I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to look at the territorial I
+mean I talked in very general terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I talked in very general terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I talked in very general terms
+about the territorial logic now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the territorial logic now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the territorial logic now the
+territorial logic can be of course about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic can be of course about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic can be of course about
+uh territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh territorial
+expansion and that seems to me is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and that seems to me is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and that seems to me is what's
+going on on here and and you know Hannah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on here and and you know Hannah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on here and and you know Hannah
+arent has a very interesting kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arent has a very interesting kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arent has a very interesting kind of
+thing when nationalism connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when nationalism connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when nationalism connects to
+imperialism there's a there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism there's a there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism there's a there's a there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+profound uh conflict between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound uh conflict between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound uh conflict between those two
+actually and this is the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and this is the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and this is the problem of
+European nation states becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nation states becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nation states becoming
+imperialist at the end of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist at the end of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist at the end of the 19th
+century for capitalistic kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century for capitalistic kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century for capitalistic kinds of
+reasons that the nation state was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the nation state was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the nation state was going
+to be Imperial and arent makes a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Imperial and arent makes a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Imperial and arent makes a comment
+which I think is really very profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really very profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is really very profound
+which says the only way you can square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says the only way you can square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says the only way you can square
+nationalism and imperialism is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and imperialism is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism and imperialism is through
+racism actually and what is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racism actually and what is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racism actually and what is extremely
+interesting to me is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me is to look at the
+incredible sort of burst of nationalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible sort of burst of nationalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible sort of burst of nationalism
+in this country since 911 and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country since 911 and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country since 911 and the way
+bush has pushed that and to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush has pushed that and to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush has pushed that and to look at the
+rise of racism that's gone on with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of racism that's gone on with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of racism that's gone on with it
+and racial and racial characterizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and racial and racial characterizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and racial and racial characterizations
+that have that have gone on with it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that have gone on with it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that have gone on with it so I
+I think this is a profound kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is a profound kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is a profound kind of thing
+and I think here what you've got is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think here what you've got is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think here what you've got is a
+situation where it's a territorial AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it's a territorial AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it's a territorial AG
+grandish it's a Zionism has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandish it's a Zionism has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandish it's a Zionism has always been
+the Zionist project which is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zionist project which is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zionist project which is different
+from the Jewish yeah the Zionist project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Jewish yeah the Zionist project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Jewish yeah the Zionist project
+has always been it seems to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has always been it seems to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has always been it seems to be an
+imperialist kind of project it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist kind of project it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist kind of project it's always
+had an imperialist kind of logic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an imperialist kind of logic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an imperialist kind of logic it's
+always been about you know dispossession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been about you know dispossession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been about you know dispossession
+of but the only way you can do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but the only way you can do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but the only way you can do that is
+to kind of say some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say some people are
+inferior by definition and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior by definition and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior by definition and therefore you
+get the kind of racism that arises out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the kind of racism that arises out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the kind of racism that arises out
+of out of that situation this seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out of that situation this seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out of that situation this seems to
+me to be one of the things which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to be one of the things which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to be one of the things which is
+which is involved in this which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is involved in this which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is involved in this which means
+that you know part of part of what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know part of part of what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know part of part of what has
+to go on it seems to me in relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on it seems to me in relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on it seems to me in relationship
+to this sort of situation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this sort of situation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this sort of situation is an
+anti-racist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-racist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-racist
+struggle you know and and and and and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle you know and and and and and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle you know and and and and and to
+reveal the racism that's that's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the racism that's that's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the racism that's that's involved
+involved in this in the same way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this in the same way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this in the same way that I
+think part of the Anti-Imperialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of the Anti-Imperialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of the Anti-Imperialist
+struggle in this country more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in this country more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle in this country more generally
+has to be about talking about the racist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be about talking about the racist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be about talking about the racist
+overtones that are emerging and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones that are emerging and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones that are emerging and talking
+about it as a racist project because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a racist project because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a racist project because
+that's the only way you can really put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way you can really put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way you can really put
+it together around this around around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together around this around around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together around this around around
+this so so here it seems to me when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here it seems to me when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here it seems to me when we
+start to talk about the territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to talk about the territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to talk about the territorial
+logic I want to say you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic I want to say you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic I want to say you know the
+territorial logic is not a static thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic is not a static thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic is not a static thing
+it's always playing geopolitical games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always playing geopolitical games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always playing geopolitical games
+against others and and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against others and and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against others and and and in
+imperialist situations it's about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist situations it's about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialist situations it's about taking
+over spaces and somehow or other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over spaces and somehow or other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over spaces and somehow or other and
+dominating them in either economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating them in either economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating them in either economically
+or politically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or politically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or politically or
+militarily and so we got a situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarily and so we got a situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+militarily and so we got a situation in
+Iraq where yeah I mean the US has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraq where yeah I mean the US has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraq where yeah I mean the US has taken
+it over uh military and it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over uh military and it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over uh military and it's very hard
+to prevent that dissolving into into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent that dissolving into into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent that dissolving into into a
+kind of almost a racist uh kind of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of almost a racist uh kind of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of almost a racist uh kind of kind
+kind of ideology and and and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ideology and and and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ideology and and and and in
+spite of all lots of official disavows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all lots of official disavows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all lots of official disavows
+you can see all kinds of stuff bubbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all kinds of stuff bubbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all kinds of stuff bubbling
+up through the military apparatus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through the military apparatus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through the military apparatus and
+elsewhere which is which is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere which is which is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere which is which is a highly
+racist racialized discourse which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist racialized discourse which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist racialized discourse which is
+which is making this connection so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is making this connection so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is making this connection so I
+think that's that's one of the ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's one of the ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's one of the ways I
+would want to go quick yeah a quick I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to go quick yeah a quick I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to go quick yeah a quick I
+think in brief to to Bish question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in brief to to Bish question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in brief to to Bish question I
+think there is um as I understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is um as I understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is um as I understand these
+Logics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics of
+territorial logic and the capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic and the capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial logic and the capitalist
+logic both of them are dialectical they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic both of them are dialectical they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic both of them are dialectical they
+have dialectical relation in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dialectical relation in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dialectical relation in the case of
+Jerusalem the government or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the government or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem the government or the
+municipality mainly the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipality mainly the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipality mainly the government of
+Israel cannot go ahead without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel cannot go ahead without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel cannot go ahead without any
+constraints with the logic of with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints with the logic of with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints with the logic of with the
+with the territorial logic I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the territorial logic I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the territorial logic I mean it
+cannot Implement all the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Implement all the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Implement all the what the
+cannot uh only confiscate palestin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh only confiscate palestin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh only confiscate palestin
+confiscate Palestinian lands etc for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confiscate Palestinian lands etc for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confiscate Palestinian lands etc for
+them and to disposed the Palestinians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to disposed the Palestinians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to disposed the Palestinians
+from their from their properties Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their from their properties Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their from their properties Etc
+there is the other side of the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the other side of the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the other side of the logic of
+capitalism which make United State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism which make United State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism which make United State
+interested in the area and Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the area and Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the area and Europe
+interested in the area this say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the area this say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the area this say that
+mainly United States wants to have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly United States wants to have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly United States wants to have very
+good Environ environments for for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Environ environments for for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Environ environments for for its
+for the capital flow in the Middle East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the capital flow in the Middle East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the capital flow in the Middle East
+and United stat put all the time some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and United stat put all the time some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and United stat put all the time some
+constraints we have the example of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we have the example of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we have the example of um
+har and the government want to build to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har and the government want to build to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har and the government want to build to
+establish massive mass amount of houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish massive mass amount of houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish massive mass amount of houses
+in Jerusalem and United States say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem and United States say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem and United States say no
+stop it now and then it was implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it now and then it was implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it now and then it was implemented
+this plan but I think there is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan but I think there is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan but I think there is there's
+clear dialectical between both I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jul
+imperialism of congruent in theistic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism of congruent in theistic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism of congruent in theistic way
+I think it's like saying a part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's like saying a part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's like saying a part in
+imperialism of Cong in sou AF I I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism of Cong in sou AF I I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism of Cong in sou AF I I it's
+just to Simplicity uh for for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to Simplicity uh for for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to Simplicity uh for for good
+argument and I want to come back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and I want to come back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and I want to come back to your
+interesting point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point about
+Revolution um I really found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution um I really found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution um I really found to be
+interesting we also use the word take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we also use the word take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we also use the word take it
+to the streets and used 1871
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the streets and used 1871
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the streets and used 1871
+coming what interests me is that which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming what interests me is that which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming what interests me is that which I
+can't explain is that from the late 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't explain is that from the late 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't explain is that from the late 18th
+century through the 18 through the 1830s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century through the 18 through the 1830s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century through the 18 through the 1830s
+through 1848 through 1871 there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 1848 through 1871 there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 1848 through 1871 there was a
+succession of taking to the street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of taking to the street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of taking to the street and
+public disposition of the guillotine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public disposition of the guillotine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public disposition of the guillotine and
+the destruction of people whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of people whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction of people whereas in
+England at the same time between Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England at the same time between Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England at the same time between Peter
+in about 183 and L Sunday in about 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 183 and L Sunday in about 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 183 and L Sunday in about 1960
+only 15 Englishmen were killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 15 Englishmen were killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 15 Englishmen were killed by
+British tro of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British tro of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British tro of
+policemen so how did two the re the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policemen so how did two the re the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policemen so how did two the re the
+major revolution in the two great modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major revolution in the two great modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major revolution in the two great modern
+industrial cities take place on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial cities take place on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial cities take place on the one
+hand with people taking to the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with people taking to the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with people taking to the street
+and using local violence violence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using local violence violence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using local violence violence of the
+states and in Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in Britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in Britain
+as Paxton Joseph Paxton said we only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Paxton Joseph Paxton said we only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Paxton Joseph Paxton said we only use
+common sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense and
+Technology I mean you know if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology I mean you know if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology I mean you know if our
+instructions are now to take Street and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are now to take Street and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are now to take Street and
+change our cities to rtion which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our cities to rtion which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our cities to rtion which of
+these two models or are these are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two models or are these are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two models or are these are there
+many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other
+models I think well there well first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models I think well there well first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models I think well there well first off
+I'd like to make the argument that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make the argument that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make the argument that there
+are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different
+imperialism in the same way there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism in the same way there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism in the same way there be
+many kinds of Empires so you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of Empires so you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of Empires so you know I'm
+not arguing that Zionism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not arguing that Zionism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not arguing that Zionism is
+just fits into some sort of box called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fits into some sort of box called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fits into some sort of box called
+imperialism in fact part of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism in fact part of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism in fact part of the argument
+in the book new book out is is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book new book out is is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book new book out is is to say
+there are many different imperialism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different imperialism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different imperialism and
+we've got to look very specifically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to look very specifically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to look very specifically at
+the US form of it as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US form of it as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US form of it as opposed to the
+European forms of it and exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European forms of it and exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European forms of it and exactly the
+same would argue about the Revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same would argue about the Revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same would argue about the Revolutionary
+kind of processes that have occurred I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of processes that have occurred I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of processes that have occurred I
+mean uh it is still the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it is still the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it is still the case that the
+French take to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French take to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French take to the
+streets and it's still the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and it's still the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and it's still the case that the
+French stop things happening by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French stop things happening by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French stop things happening by taking
+to the streets in the ways that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the streets in the ways that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the streets in the ways that the
+British don't seem to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British don't seem to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British don't seem to be able to
+do and in many kind of ways uh it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and in many kind of ways uh it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and in many kind of ways uh it seems
+seems to me that uh you know Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that uh you know Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that uh you know Street
+demonstrations start to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations start to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations start to be very
+significant we saw that in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we saw that in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant we saw that in this country
+with the anti-vietnam war demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the anti-vietnam war demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the anti-vietnam war demonstrations
+I think the February the 15th last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the February the 15th last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the February the 15th last year
+was a phenomenal kind of urban thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a phenomenal kind of urban thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a phenomenal kind of urban thing
+globally and one of the things that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and one of the things that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and one of the things that has
+Absolut Aston astonishing to me is we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolut Aston astonishing to me is we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolut Aston astonishing to me is we we
+we don't learn something important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't learn something important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't learn something important about
+history I mean one thing I remember so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I mean one thing I remember so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I mean one thing I remember so
+crucially about the anti-vietnam war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially about the anti-vietnam war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially about the anti-vietnam war
+demonstrations is we were demonstrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations is we were demonstrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations is we were demonstrating
+there and Nixon was says he he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and Nixon was says he he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and Nixon was says he he wasn't
+taking any notice he was just watching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking any notice he was just watching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking any notice he was just watching a
+footb footb game and we got very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footb footb game and we got very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footb footb game and we got very you
+know we got very discouraged it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got very discouraged it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got very discouraged it turns
+out when the Nicks and tapes came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when the Nicks and tapes came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when the Nicks and tapes came out
+they were absolutely scared out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were absolutely scared out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were absolutely scared out of their
+wits and a lot of the time we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wits and a lot of the time we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wits and a lot of the time we don't
+realize the power that actually is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the power that actually is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the power that actually is there
+and I think that that actually we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that actually we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that actually we need
+uh to recognize some of that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to recognize some of that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to recognize some of that some of
+that power and that the power does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power and that the power does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power and that the power does
+indeed in some some regards lies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in some some regards lies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in some some regards lies in the
+streets now there are other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets now there are other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets now there are other ways of
+doing this it's not the only kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this it's not the only kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this it's not the only kind of
+political Channel other ways can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political Channel other ways can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political Channel other ways can do
+things the British system has often been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the British system has often been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the British system has often been
+much more sort of co-optation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of co-optation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of co-optation and
+therefore hasn't been has been less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore hasn't been has been less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore hasn't been has been less uh
+less confrontational and therefore has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less confrontational and therefore has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less confrontational and therefore has
+tried to downplay that kind of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to downplay that kind of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to downplay that kind of that that
+that kind of stuff it's always been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff it's always been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff it's always been very
+fearful of Revolution uh I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful of Revolution uh I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful of Revolution uh I mean the
+British were terribly fearful after what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British were terribly fearful after what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British were terribly fearful after what
+happened in 1848 on the continent were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1848 on the continent were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1848 on the continent were
+terribly fearful after 1871 and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly fearful after 1871 and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly fearful after 1871 and actually
+trying to work out a political way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work out a political way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work out a political way of
+preventing that kind of thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing that kind of thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing that kind of thing happening
+but look what happened in Prague in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happened in Prague in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happened in Prague in
+1989 okay look look look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 okay look look look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 okay look look look at
+look at what what what happened in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what what what happened in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what what what happened in some
+of you know in Berlin around that time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know in Berlin around that time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know in Berlin around that time I
+mean here we have here we have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here we have here we have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean here we have here we have people
+taking and taking back City in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and taking back City in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and taking back City in a certain
+kind of way which makes it absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way which makes it absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way which makes it absolutely
+impossible for political power to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for political power to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for political power to you
+know to to stay in in place in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to stay in in place in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to to stay in in place in the way
+it does so I think there are many there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so I think there are many there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so I think there are many there
+are many ways in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways in which these
+Transformations can occur and when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations can occur and when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations can occur and when I say
+you know we want to take back the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to take back the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want to take back the right
+to the city we want the right to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city we want the right to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city we want the right to to to
+be involved in a certain kind of way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in a certain kind of way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be involved in a certain kind of way I'm
+saying we've got to look at all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we've got to look at all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we've got to look at all of those
+political venues and all those political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political venues and all those political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political venues and all those political
+possibilities Revolution is not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities Revolution is not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities Revolution is not simply
+about taking to the streets and climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking to the streets and climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking to the streets and climbing
+on the barricades and and doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barricades and and doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the barricades and and doing that
+Revolution is as as Marx kind said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is as as Marx kind said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution is as as Marx kind said a
+process it's a long drawn out process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's a long drawn out process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's a long drawn out process
+and and and and it's about turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it's about turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and it's about turning the
+wheel it's about for example making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel it's about for example making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel it's about for example making the
+derivative rights in the General in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights in the General in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative rights in the General in in
+say the UN Declaration on human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the UN Declaration on human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the UN Declaration on human rights
+uh fundamental rights and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental rights and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental rights and the
+fundamental rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental rights
+derivative you know making the rights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you know making the rights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you know making the rights of
+the market and profit rate derivative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and profit rate derivative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market and profit rate derivative to
+to the other right or so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other right or so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other right or so you know
+turning it all around turn it upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it all around turn it upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it all around turn it upside
+down and and uh that's that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and uh that's that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and uh that's that those are
+the kinds of movements that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of movements that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of movements that we're
+looking at and actually right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and actually right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at and actually right now
+there's a there's a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a tremendous amount of
+ferment I mean this strikes me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferment I mean this strikes me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferment I mean this strikes me this is
+very much like the 1830s and 1840s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the 1830s and 1840s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the 1830s and 1840s in
+France this is very much like the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France this is very much like the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France this is very much like the period
+sort of 1640s in Britain and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 1640s in Britain and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 1640s in Britain and when you
+read uh you know Christopher Hills thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh you know Christopher Hills thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh you know Christopher Hills thing
+like the world turned upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the world turned upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the world turned upside down
+incredible format of different ideas out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible format of different ideas out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible format of different ideas out
+there and the anti-globalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the anti-globalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the anti-globalization
+alternative globalization movement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative globalization movement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative globalization movement which
+can actually create uh a new set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually create uh a new set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually create uh a new set of a
+new set of of possible ways of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of of possible ways of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of of possible ways of of of
+thinking in including also new modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in including also new modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in including also new modes of
+political mobilization I mean the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political mobilization I mean the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political mobilization I mean the way in
+which the multilateral agreement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the multilateral agreement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the multilateral agreement on
+investment got derailed by uh mainly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment got derailed by uh mainly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment got derailed by uh mainly by
+Green pieace using the internet was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green pieace using the internet was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green pieace using the internet was an
+extraordinary example of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary example of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary example of political
+organization operating at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization operating at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization operating at a different
+level you see what's happening to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you see what's happening to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you see what's happening to move
+on.org right now in this country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.org right now in this country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.org right now in this country you
+know I mean it's starting to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean it's starting to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean it's starting to do things
+and and now it's been told it's illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now it's been told it's illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now it's been told it's illegal
+and the Republicans are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Republicans are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Republicans are trying to
+repress it or somehow or other not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress it or somehow or other not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress it or somehow or other not
+having rights uh to go on television and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having rights uh to go on television and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having rights uh to go on television and
+say bush is an idiot you know they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bush is an idiot you know they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bush is an idiot you know they can't
+they're not allowed to do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowed to do that you know
+so this is this is these are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is these are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is these are the kinds
+of struggles which are which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of struggles which are which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of struggles which are which are going
+on I think we have a struggle in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we have a struggle in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think we have a struggle in this
+country right now over the Patriot Act a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country right now over the Patriot Act a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country right now over the Patriot Act a
+real struggle over civil rights in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real struggle over civil rights in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real struggle over civil rights in this
+country and what we see is for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and what we see is for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and what we see is for instance
+Baltimore City Council says it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore City Council says it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore City Council says it's not
+going to enforce the Patriot Act and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enforce the Patriot Act and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enforce the Patriot Act and it
+has a big sign in the public library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big sign in the public library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big sign in the public library
+says you should know that all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you should know that all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you should know that all of your
+stuff anything you borrow from here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff anything you borrow from here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff anything you borrow from here can
+be inspected by the FBI if you object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inspected by the FBI if you object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inspected by the FBI if you object to
+this policy write to John Ash C at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy write to John Ash C at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this policy write to John Ash C at the
+following address these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following address these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following address these are the kinds of
+things which which start to turn things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which which start to turn things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which which start to turn things
+around and so I think that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so I think that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so I think that those are the
+sorts of movements that need need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of movements that need need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of movements that need need you
+know we need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to look
+at nor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I very impressed that your call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I very impressed that your call for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I very impressed that your call for
+struggle and I was thinking if many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and I was thinking if many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and I was thinking if many of
+the inequalities that you describe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequalities that you describe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequalities that you describe are
+shaped by capitalism but are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by capitalism but are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by capitalism but are also
+consequence of being in power and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of being in power and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of being in power and when
+you explain at the beginning that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain at the beginning that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain at the beginning that there
+is no there there's no way to go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no there there's no way to go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no there there's no way to go beyond
+different claims of Justice you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different claims of Justice you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different claims of Justice you know we
+always have it's always from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have it's always from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have it's always from a
+perspective so what happens with being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so what happens with being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so what happens with being
+in power in the sense that you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in power in the sense that you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in power in the sense that you talk
+about capitalism that it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capitalism that it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about capitalism that it's also
+capitalism in power and what and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism in power and what and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism in power and what and when
+you say struggle then what's next are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say struggle then what's next are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say struggle then what's next are we
+going to improve the system or it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve the system or it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve the system or it's just
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+about keeping the whe changing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about keeping the whe changing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about keeping the whe changing but it's
+not an improvement at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an improvement at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an improvement at the
+end well if if you look at the I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end well if if you look at the I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end well if if you look at the I mean I
+mean for instance look at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for instance look at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for instance look at the whole
+notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+legality uh as as practice through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legality uh as as practice through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legality uh as as practice through the
+court system in this country and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court system in this country and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court system in this country and the
+Supreme Court I mean this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court I mean this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court I mean this is a this is a
+class notion of legality it's a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class notion of legality it's a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class notion of legality it's a class
+notion of rights which is worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights which is worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of rights which is worked out
+it's a definition of rights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition of rights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition of rights which
+operates in the world of exchange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the world of exchange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the world of exchange it
+doesn't operate in the labor process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate in the labor process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate in the labor process
+when you try to bring that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to bring that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to bring that particular
+bundle of rights which are enshrined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of rights which are enshrined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of rights which are enshrined in
+the Constitution and uh made made great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution and uh made made great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution and uh made made great
+by you know the Supreme Court and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know the Supreme Court and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know the Supreme Court and all
+the rest of it andp and put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it andp and put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it andp and put them into
+the workplace or try and put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workplace or try and put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workplace or try and put them into
+pollution instances they don't work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution instances they don't work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution instances they don't work very
+well in fact they work very badly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they work very badly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they work very badly so
+that so that you have a certain notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that you have a certain notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that you have a certain notion
+of rights which are actually it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rights which are actually it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rights which are actually it actually
+inheres within the capitalistic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheres within the capitalistic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheres within the capitalistic process
+which is about you know market and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about you know market and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about you know market and all
+the rest of it our problem would be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it our problem would be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it our problem would be well
+if you come to power how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come to power how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come to power how would you
+transform the notion of Rights because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the notion of Rights because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the notion of Rights because
+if you come into power and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come into power and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you come into power and you don't
+change the notion of Rights then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the notion of Rights then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the notion of Rights then
+essentially you've come into power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you've come into power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you've come into power and
+you manage a capitalistic system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage a capitalistic system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage a capitalistic system of
+Rights and and therefore it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights and and therefore it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights and and therefore it seems to me
+one of the things we have to do is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we have to do is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we have to do is to be
+prepared pred to challenge the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared pred to challenge the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared pred to challenge the notion of
+rights that inhere in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that inhere in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that inhere in that particular
+kind of process this is a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of process this is a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of process this is a very difficult
+thing to do because then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because then you're going to
+change whole start to change the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change whole start to change the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change whole start to change the whole
+kind of structure of legality in in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure of legality in in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of structure of legality in in in a
+system and so but again often people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so but again often people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so but again often people are
+not aware of that in the idea of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of that in the idea of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of that in the idea of okay
+we've got a socialist government but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a socialist government but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a socialist government but it
+doesn't change the structure of Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the structure of Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the structure of Rights
+if it doesn't change the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't change the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't change the structure of
+Rights then of course everything's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights then of course everything's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights then of course everything's got
+to keep working in in the way it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep working in in the way it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep working in in the way it was
+before so having polit having state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so having polit having state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so having polit having state
+power is not necessarily the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is not necessarily the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is not necessarily the same as
+being able to do something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do something you know
+being able to do something with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do something with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do something with it and
+that requires theorizing it thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires theorizing it thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires theorizing it thinking
+about it thinking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it thinking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it thinking about what the
+political project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political project
+is me we have me and then two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me we have me and then two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me we have me and then two more
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+three ask three questions I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ask three questions I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ask three questions I'll do it
+very briefly um you emphasized two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly um you emphasized two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly um you emphasized two uh
+Logics logic territor logic and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics logic territor logic and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics logic territor logic and and the
+uh logic and I look at jsem and I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh logic and I look at jsem and I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh logic and I look at jsem and I wonder
+ifis simplify a different type of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifis simplify a different type of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifis simplify a different type of logic
+it doesn't fall imly into the category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall imly into the category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fall imly into the category
+definitely not a capitalist logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not a capitalist logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not a capitalist logic and
+I'm not 100% ter sure that it does fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not 100% ter sure that it does fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not 100% ter sure that it does fall
+into territorial logic of illogic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into territorial logic of illogic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into territorial logic of illogic or
+probably illogic okay have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably illogic okay have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably illogic okay have you
+considered the possibility of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the possibility of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the possibility of something
+else a third type of logic a logic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else a third type of logic a logic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else a third type of logic a logic which
+relates to symbols uh to culture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to symbols uh to culture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to symbols uh to culture to
+religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion
+which does not is not encompassed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not is not encompassed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not is not encompassed by the
+two Logics that you suggested so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Logics that you suggested so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Logics that you suggested so that's
+question number one question number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question number one question number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question number one question number two
+is to both of you um yph you got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to both of you um yph you got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to both of you um yph you got out of
+dealing with the issue of struggle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the issue of struggle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the issue of struggle by
+putting the capital of Israel in t a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the capital of Israel in t a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the capital of Israel in t a and
+the capital of Palestine and rala and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital of Palestine and rala and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital of Palestine and rala and I
+think that's precisely the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's precisely the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's precisely the opposite of
+what Dr Harvey was inting in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Dr Harvey was inting in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Dr Harvey was inting in his
+analysis so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so how do you
+reconcile uh these two things that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile uh these two things that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile uh these two things that's the
+second question and the uh the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question and the uh the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question and the uh the third
+question relates to struggle I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question relates to struggle I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question relates to struggle I think
+there have been more demonstrations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been more demonstrations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been more demonstrations in
+in around Jerusalem and the last since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around Jerusalem and the last since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in around Jerusalem and the last since
+1967 then virtually every other any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 then virtually every other any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 then virtually every other any
+other city I know of and I probably can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other city I know of and I probably can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other city I know of and I probably can
+back that up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that up uh
+statistically having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically having said that
+um the kind of struggle you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of struggle you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of struggle you're talking
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+more demonstrations and stuff any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more demonstrations and stuff any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more demonstrations and stuff any given
+day you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can find
+then but the problem it seems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but the problem it seems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but the problem it seems the
+struggle is taking place in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle is taking place in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle is taking place in very
+different ways uh to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways uh to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways uh to a large
+extent by um separating between power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent by um separating between power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent by um separating between power
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+control Israel has power but does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Israel has power but does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control Israel has power but does not
+have control over large segments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over large segments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over large segments of the
+city its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city its
+population and how do you work that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and how do you work that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and how do you work that type
+of struggle into your analysis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of struggle into your analysis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of struggle into your analysis that's
+the third question I would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third question I would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third question I would probably
+argue with you about Zionism but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with you about Zionism but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with you about Zionism but I'll
+leave that aside because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um well I'll I'll leave you to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'll I'll leave you to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'll I'll leave you to answer
+your third question because you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your third question because you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your third question because you know all
+about it how you work that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it how you work that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it how you work that into the
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+logic uh the third the third issue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic uh the third the third issue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic uh the third the third issue you
+you rais you see the territorial logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rais you see the territorial logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rais you see the territorial logic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+again the you this is a this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the you this is a this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the you this is a this is a simple
+dichotomy when you break it down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy when you break it down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy when you break it down there
+are multiple forms of the capitalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple forms of the capitalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple forms of the capitalistic
+logic depending upon whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic depending upon whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic depending upon whether you're
+looking at Finance capital or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Finance capital or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Finance capital or you know
+property development capital or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property development capital or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property development capital or you're
+looking at you know so and exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know so and exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know so and exactly the
+same way there are multiple ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way there are multiple ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way there are multiple ways of
+looking at the territorial thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the territorial thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the territorial thing but the
+territorial thing at its base says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial thing at its base says there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial thing at its base says there
+is some attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some attachment
+to the land to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the land to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the land to
+place with some attachment now how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with some attachment now how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with some attachment now how that
+attachment is set up whether it's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment is set up whether it's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment is set up whether it's around
+symbols or whether it's around culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols or whether it's around culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols or whether it's around culture
+whether it's around history or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's around history or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's around history or whatever
+it is you know there are multiple ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you know there are multiple ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you know there are multiple ways
+in which the territorial logic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the territorial logic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the territorial logic is
+Manifest it's not manifest in one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifest it's not manifest in one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manifest it's not manifest in one single
+kind of way I mean I I simplify it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way I mean I I simplify it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of way I mean I I simplify it for
+purposes of of argument so I would kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of of argument so I would kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of of argument so I would kind
+of say some of the issues and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say some of the issues and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say some of the issues and you know
+that you you you you you wish to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you you you you wish to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you you you you wish to talk
+about can be can be looked at in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about can be can be looked at in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about can be can be looked at in in in
+this kind of way if I look at a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of way if I look at a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of way if I look at a parallel
+case to this if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to this if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to this if I look at
+Belfast okay there's been a territorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast okay there's been a territorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast okay there's been a territorial
+logic of power which is going on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of power which is going on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of power which is going on which
+is a struggle of a certain kind and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a struggle of a certain kind and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a struggle of a certain kind and and
+by the way one of the key things that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one of the key things that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way one of the key things that at
+least has quieted the situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has quieted the situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has quieted the situation in
+Belfast is the role of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast is the role of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast is the role of the United States
+and I think if the United States took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if the United States took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think if the United States took a
+similar kind of role in Jerusalem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of role in Jerusalem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of role in Jerusalem that
+that it's that it's actually taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that it's actually taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's that it's actually taken in
+Belfast and by the way I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast and by the way I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belfast and by the way I think one of
+the reasons why Blair stayed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why Blair stayed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why Blair stayed with the
+United States throughout this whole kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States throughout this whole kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States throughout this whole kind
+of thing is because the us could TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is because the us could TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing is because the us could TR
+create big trouble for Britain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create big trouble for Britain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create big trouble for Britain and
+Northern Ireland if it wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland if it wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland if it wanted
+to big trouble and I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to big trouble and I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to big trouble and I think that the
+Northern Ireland issue uh is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland issue uh is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Ireland issue uh is something
+that's bedeviled British politics for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bedeviled British politics for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bedeviled British politics for a
+long time but there's a geopolitical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but there's a geopolitical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but there's a geopolitical
+kind of kind of kind of thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of kind of thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of kind of thing which is
+around and it's not even it's not I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it's not even it's not I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it's not even it's not I mean
+it's always depicted as being about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always depicted as being about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always depicted as being about
+religion it's not about religion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it's not about religion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion it's not about religion it's
+about national identity and National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about national identity and National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about national identity and National
+sense of belonging it's and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of belonging it's and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of belonging it's and of course we
+saw a territorial uh kind of cleansing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a territorial uh kind of cleansing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a territorial uh kind of cleansing
+going on a sort of Shifting going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a sort of Shifting going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a sort of Shifting going on so
+uh I would I would argue that when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would I would argue that when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would I would argue that when when
+you start to think more about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think more about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think more about the nature
+of territorial attachments and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territorial attachments and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territorial attachments and how they
+work and all that kind of thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and all that kind of thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and all that kind of thing you
+start to see a rather different a ra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see a rather different a ra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see a rather different a ra a
+rather you know it's a rather more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you know it's a rather more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you know it's a rather more
+multiple kind of concept than simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple kind of concept than simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple kind of concept than simply
+simply thinking about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply thinking about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply thinking about you know the
+nation state plunk down like this or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation state plunk down like this or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation state plunk down like this or a
+particular administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular administrative
+territory yeah I think to your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory yeah I think to your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory yeah I think to your question
+it's it's it's absolutely it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's absolutely it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's absolutely it's very easy
+to as as as an exercise to say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as as as an exercise to say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as as as an exercise to say let's
+have two Capitals in different places I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two Capitals in different places I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two Capitals in different places I
+want want to show you I have I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want to show you I have I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want to show you I have I have two
+slides I have other one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I have other one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I have other one which is
+old I think should work yeah this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old I think should work yeah this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old I think should work yeah this one is
+a model from the Jerusalem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model from the Jerusalem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model from the Jerusalem
+Museum Israeli Museum in Jerusalem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum Israeli Museum in Jerusalem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum Israeli Museum in Jerusalem or
+and this is the three dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the three dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the three dimensional
+model and it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's from
+1873 and here in this this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1873 and here in this this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1873 and here in this this this is the
+old city of Jerusalem in this place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city of Jerusalem in this place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city of Jerusalem in this place I
+see it's beyond it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's beyond it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's beyond it was before
+nationalism before the the before the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism before the the before the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalism before the the before the uh
+the bloody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloody
+nationalistic uh struggle that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalistic uh struggle that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationalistic uh struggle that we are
+witnessing today and this I can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing today and this I can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing today and this I can see you
+know I'm a little bit naive also and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm a little bit naive also and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm a little bit naive also and we
+can see here mosque Church Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here mosque Church Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here mosque Church Etc
+synagogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synagogues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synagogues
+and different communities living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different communities living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different communities living in the
+same place and I perceive it as space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and I perceive it as space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and I perceive it as space
+all of them together they have as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them together they have as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them together they have as a
+metaphor they have together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor they have together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor they have together this
+fortification these walls together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortification these walls together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortification these walls together and
+this sort of space of trust for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of space of trust for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of space of trust for these
+people together for this community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together for this community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together for this community
+together this why I think just as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this why I think just as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this why I think just as as
+intellectual exercise just to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual exercise just to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual exercise just to take this
+bloody because I'm personally and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloody because I'm personally and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloody because I'm personally and I
+think most of us should be sick of I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of us should be sick of I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most of us should be sick of I'm
+so sick of the demographic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sick of the demographic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sick of the demographic and
+territorial discourse in this the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial discourse in this the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territorial discourse in this the in in
+our country and today we are witnessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country and today we are witnessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country and today we are witnessing
+we have more extremists in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more extremists in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have more extremists in the
+Palestinian side and the discourse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian side and the discourse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian side and the discourse of
+Hamas is very very strong based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamas is very very strong based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamas is very very strong based on
+religious claim GES and also the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious claim GES and also the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious claim GES and also the right
+wi Israeli right wing we know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi Israeli right wing we know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi Israeli right wing we know that's
+very strong in any future election in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong in any future election in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong in any future election in
+the next some decades I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next some decades I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next some decades I believe the
+right is very strong and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is very strong and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is very strong and they got
+stronger and stronger every day and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and stronger every day and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger and stronger every day and this
+based on the discourse of the religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discourse of the religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the discourse of the religious
+discourse I just want to say let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse I just want to say let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse I just want to say let's take
+the let's take all of this attachment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's take all of this attachment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's take all of this attachment to
+the stones of Jerusalem which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stones of Jerusalem which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stones of Jerusalem which is which
+are not interesting for me at all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not interesting for me at all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not interesting for me at all I'm
+not interested in in Stones I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in in Stones I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in in Stones I'm more
+interested in people and their life this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people and their life this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people and their life this
+why I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think
+just to give us what this will do to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give us what this will do to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give us what this will do to us
+if we have just read off few of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have just read off few of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have just read off few of our
+cleans three more and I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans three more and I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans three more and I think if you
+guys don't mind so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't mind so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys don't mind so our
+clean C and then you in the front maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean C and then you in the front maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean C and then you in the front maybe
+we should take all three and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take all three and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take all three and then yeah
+no that's why I'm saying pile them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's why I'm saying pile them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's why I'm saying pile them all
+at once you know so because there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once you know so because there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once you know so because there may be
+some overlap in the commentary then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overlap in the commentary then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overlap in the commentary then
+we'll let David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let David
+and resp so you give yours Thana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resp so you give yours Thana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resp so you give yours Thana
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually you didn't mention that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you didn't mention that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you didn't mention that the new
+TR there is this New Logic of capitalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR there is this New Logic of capitalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR there is this New Logic of capitalism
+it's going all around the city but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going all around the city but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going all around the city but there
+is also a new TR of participation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a new TR of participation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a new TR of participation in the
+cities I mean things have shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I mean things have shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I mean things have shift in
+several cities and there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several cities and there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several cities and there are several
+experiments of projects all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of projects all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of projects all around the
+world like in Barcelona or like like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like in Barcelona or like like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like in Barcelona or like like in
+Brazil and places where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil and places where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil and places where there are
+experiments of participatory democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of participatory democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of participatory democracy
+where they Define different ways of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they Define different ways of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they Define different ways of of
+achieving rights and achieving Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving rights and achieving Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving rights and achieving Justice
+and Justice is becoming like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Justice is becoming like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Justice is becoming like an
+equilibrium right between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right between different
+kinds of Rights or different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Rights or different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Rights or different kind of
+competitive kinds of Rights so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive kinds of Rights so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive kinds of Rights so I mean
+I'm trying to look at this uh this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to look at this uh this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to look at this uh this issue
+in in Jem in Jerusalem and said how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Jem in Jerusalem and said how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Jem in Jerusalem and said how
+would you envision some sort of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you envision some sort of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you envision some sort of a new
+participatory process where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory process where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory process where you could
+just have a different equilibrium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a different equilibrium it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a different equilibrium it's
+not by building two Capital exactly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by building two Capital exactly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by building two Capital exactly but
+by building up a system where within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building up a system where within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building up a system where within the
+logic of capitalis they could just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of capitalis they could just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of capitalis they could just uh
+achieve some sort ofjustice equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve some sort ofjustice equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve some sort ofjustice equilibrium
+among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+parties those stories about using public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties those stories about using public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties those stories about using public
+space um as a way of using right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um as a way of using right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um as a way of using right to the
+city I'm coming from belg to agree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city I'm coming from belg to agree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city I'm coming from belg to agree that
+sometimes using public space in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes using public space in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes using public space in public
+demonstrations is really the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations is really the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations is really the only way
+and it was the case of 10 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was the case of 10 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was the case of 10 years of
+demonstrating of Belgrade citizens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating of Belgrade citizens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating of Belgrade citizens in
+the public spaces of Belgrade I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public spaces of Belgrade I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public spaces of Belgrade I have to
+disagree that maybe Revolution can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree that maybe Revolution can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree that maybe Revolution can be
+made in that way because we lost 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that way because we lost 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that way because we lost 10
+years on the streets and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on the streets and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on the streets and I think that
+milosevich who was the the the reason of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milosevich who was the the the reason of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milosevich who was the the the reason of
+our protesting was victim of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protesting was victim of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our protesting was victim of capital
+power uh more than the power of our I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh more than the power of our I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh more than the power of our I
+don't know citizen rights or whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know citizen rights or whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know citizen rights or whatever so
+that was I would like to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a yes I have one question to both of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes I have one question to both of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yes I have one question to both of you
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+question the first is um about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the first is um about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the first is um about the
+concept of rise and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of rise and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of rise and its
+deployment um the concept of R is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment um the concept of R is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment um the concept of R is as
+usually it's understood is first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's understood is first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's understood is first of all
+is rise versus wrong and Rise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rise versus wrong and Rise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rise versus wrong and Rise as
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+and write as something that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write as something that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write as something that could be
+pinned to the level of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned to the level of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned to the level of the individual
+not the background condition that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the background condition that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the background condition that people
+works against this is the basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works against this is the basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works against this is the basically all
+the critiques of R are are this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critiques of R are are this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critiques of R are are this kind of
+critique because they point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique because they point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique because they point to the
+background condition so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background condition so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background condition so this is the
+Marxist critique critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxist critique critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxist critique critique
+and you need to develop a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to develop a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to develop a theory of
+right if you insist to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you insist to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you insist to use the word
+right into the right to the city and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the right to the city and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the right to the city and I
+can't see what theory of right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see what theory of right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see what theory of right you have
+on the one hand you're not rollan you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you're not rollan you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you're not rollan you're
+not Canan Etc and you still want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Canan Etc and you still want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Canan Etc and you still want to make
+strategic use of the word right but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic use of the word right but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic use of the word right but why
+can't I replace the word right simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I replace the word right simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I replace the word right simply
+legitimate interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate interest
+or um desire or demand so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um desire or demand so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um desire or demand so what the
+concept of right and what work does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of right and what work does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of right and what work does it
+do in your theory it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your theory it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your theory it seems to me that
+you want to be radical uh critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be radical uh critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be radical uh critical
+Marxist Etc and at the same time to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxist Etc and at the same time to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marxist Etc and at the same time to some
+point of liberal use of right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of liberal use of right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of liberal use of right which is
+makes the theory for me it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the theory for me it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the theory for me it's not clear
+the concept of right that you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of right that you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of right that you you are
+working with um too many questions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with um too many questions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with um too many questions so I
+trop my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+okay you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got
+question well I mean I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well I mean I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well I mean I think I think
+uh you know the history of uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the history of uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the history of uh what you
+might call Urban social movements if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call Urban social movements if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call Urban social movements if you
+want to call it that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it that is a very
+interesting history they don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history they don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history they don't always
+work uh why why should you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh why why should you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh why why should you know why
+should they always work I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they always work I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they always work I mean they
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+fail uh on the other hand they uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh on the other hand they uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail uh on the other hand they uh of
+sometimes have uh very transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes have uh very transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes have uh very transformative
+effects uh the issue you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh the issue you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh the issue you're
+raising uh also is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising uh also is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising uh also is that the
+transformative effects can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative effects can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative effects can sometimes
+contain all kinds of unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all kinds of unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all kinds of unintended
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+and so one of the things that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the things that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the things that comes out
+of any pursuit of right to the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any pursuit of right to the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any pursuit of right to the city is
+to transform the city but uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform the city but uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform the city but uh sometimes
+you find that you trans you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you trans you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you trans you know if you
+managed to transform it in some way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to transform it in some way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to transform it in some way you
+may transform it in a way uh which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may transform it in a way uh which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may transform it in a way uh which has
+rather uncomfortable I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uncomfortable I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather uncomfortable I mean this is a
+problem with all utopian planning I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all utopian planning I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with all utopian planning I mean
+utopian planners uh sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian planners uh sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian planners uh sort of make
+someplace sometimes and then they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace sometimes and then they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace sometimes and then they then
+then when they get to live in it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they get to live in it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they get to live in it they
+say this is very uncomfortable you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is very uncomfortable you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is very uncomfortable you know
+so I mean it's not it's not as if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean it's not it's not as if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean it's not it's not as if this
+is an unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unfamiliar
+kind of kind of terrain and I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of terrain and I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of terrain and I think we
+have to take that into understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take that into understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take that into understanding
+historically and also in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically and also in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically and also in terms of what
+we do but on the other hand we don't sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do but on the other hand we don't sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do but on the other hand we don't sit
+there and say well I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say well I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say well I might have
+unintended consequences so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended consequences so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintended consequences so I'm not going
+to go do anything or I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do anything or I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go do anything or I don't know I
+might fail so I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail so I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail so I'm not going to do
+anything I mean these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I mean these are the kinds of
+things that that that that you know tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that that that you know tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that that that you know tend
+to dis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis uh
+disempower and and and so so I'd be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disempower and and and so so I'd be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disempower and and and so so I'd be very
+kind of nervous about that and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nervous about that and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nervous about that and I think
+that what you're talking about is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're talking about is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're talking about is a lot
+of the a lot of the social movement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a lot of the social movement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a lot of the social movement that
+that that now exist in some some urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that now exist in some some urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that now exist in some some urban
+areas are actually very very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are actually very very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are actually very very interesting
+but some of them of course are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them of course are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them of course are are
+moving in a very reactionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a very reactionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in a very reactionary
+direction there's no you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there's no you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there's no you know if you
+look at uh uh the sort of conflict which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh uh the sort of conflict which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh uh the sort of conflict which
+exists in uh uh say Northern Italy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in uh uh say Northern Italy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in uh uh say Northern Italy right
+now some of the northern Italian cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of the northern Italian cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some of the northern Italian cities
+between sort of Neo fascist movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of Neo fascist movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of Neo fascist movements
+which are which which are which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are which which are which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are which which are which are
+pushing very hard I mean just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing very hard I mean just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing very hard I mean just because
+it's a a a social movement and an urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a a social movement and an urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a a social movement and an urban
+social movement doesn't I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movement doesn't I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movement doesn't I mean it's
+quote good which brings me back to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote good which brings me back to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote good which brings me back to if
+you like to your kind of question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to your kind of question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to your kind of question of
+Rights I mean at some point or other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights I mean at some point or other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights I mean at some point or other you
+have to make up your mind as to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make up your mind as to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make up your mind as to what you
+think the right direction is and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the right direction is and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the right direction is and that's
+where that's my point about about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's my point about about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's my point about about sort
+of trying to connect the notion of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to connect the notion of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to connect the notion of right
+taking it out of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it out of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it out of some
+abstract you know morality and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract you know morality and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract you know morality and putting
+it close into what the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close into what the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close into what the nature of the
+social process is to sort of then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process is to sort of then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process is to sort of then try to
+Define an alternative set of rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an alternative set of rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an alternative set of rights
+which are connected to some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are connected to some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are connected to some sort of
+social process which is an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process which is an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social process which is an alternative
+was going to be an alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be an alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be an alternative to
+circulation accumulation of capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation accumulation of capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation accumulation of capital a
+situation of rights which is an a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of rights which is an a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of rights which is an a notion
+of rights which is antagonistic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rights which is antagonistic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rights which is antagonistic to the
+idea that the rights of private property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the rights of private property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the rights of private property
+and the profit rate Trump every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the profit rate Trump every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the profit rate Trump every other
+right that exists because right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that exists because right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that exists because right now we
+have a situation where no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where no matter what
+kind of Rights you talk about in on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Rights you talk about in on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Rights you talk about in on a
+global kind of scale given the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global kind of scale given the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global kind of scale given the nature of
+the neoliberal state apparatus those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoliberal state apparatus those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neoliberal state apparatus those are
+the rights which Dominate and are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights which Dominate and are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rights which Dominate and are going
+to dominate in practice no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dominate in practice no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dominate in practice no matter what
+kinds of What kinds of ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of What kinds of ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of What kinds of ways you
+articulate it so that so so so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate it so that so so so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate it so that so so so we have
+to you know so in my view what what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know so in my view what what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know so in my view what what one
+has to do is to is to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do is to is to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do is to is to make that
+reconnection between social process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnection between social process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnection between social process and
+the Notions of rights which inhere in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notions of rights which inhere in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Notions of rights which inhere in it
+so that is where the theory is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is where the theory is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is where the theory is is is
+about it's not about some theory of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not about some theory of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not about some theory of kind
+of you know you know saying well I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you know saying well I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you know saying well I'm a
+Canan or I'm a I'm a hubsan or I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canan or I'm a I'm a hubsan or I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canan or I'm a I'm a hubsan or I'm a
+rollan or I'm a benthamite or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollan or I'm a benthamite or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollan or I'm a benthamite or whatever
+you know I mean it's not about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean it's not about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean it's not about that it's
+about kind of actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of actually trying to
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+much as I think was identified in the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I think was identified in the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I think was identified in the UN
+Declaration of Human Rights a bundle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Human Rights a bundle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Declaration of Human Rights a bundle of
+rights which attached to a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which attached to a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights which attached to a completely
+different notion of of how the econom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notion of of how the econom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notion of of how the econom is
+going to work how social relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work how social relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work how social relationships
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+constructed uh how identifications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed uh how identifications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed uh how identifications are
+going to be are going to be accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be are going to be accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be are going to be accomplished
+and achieved in and and how urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and achieved in and and how urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and achieved in and and how urbanization
+itself is going to unfold in a way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to unfold in a way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to unfold in a way which
+transforms the conditions under which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the conditions under which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the conditions under which we
+can kind of construct different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of construct different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of construct different
+mentalities and different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentalities and different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentalities and different ways of
+thinking so it's that dialectic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so it's that dialectic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so it's that dialectic that
+Dynamic which I'm looking at and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic which I'm looking at and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic which I'm looking at and you can
+say well there's no absolute theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's no absolute theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's no absolute theory of
+right in here that's correct there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here that's correct there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here that's correct there is no
+absolute theory of right in here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute theory of right in here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute theory of right in here it's
+for me it's a dialectic of motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's a dialectic of motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it's a dialectic of motion and
+therefore the positionality I will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the positionality I will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the positionality I will take
+at this point particular place and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point particular place and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point particular place and time
+is going to be different from what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be different from what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be different from what it
+might be at another Point depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at another Point depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be at another Point depending upon
+the sort of paths that that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of paths that that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of paths that that that are
+being taken by both the urban process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken by both the urban process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken by both the urban process
+and by political movements and and by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by political movements and and by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by political movements and and by by
+the general kind of uh development if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general kind of uh development if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general kind of uh development if
+you like of how how global capitalism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like of how how global capitalism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like of how how global capitalism is
+working and and and the like so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and and and the like so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and and and the like so those
+are the sorts of issues that I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sorts of issues that I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sorts of issues that I would I
+would want to put in the Forefront of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to put in the Forefront of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to put in the Forefront of
+any discussion of Rights they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any discussion of Rights they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any discussion of Rights they should
+prioritize they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize they should
+condition and I think it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and I think it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and I think it is the
+conditioning of of of of it's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning of of of of it's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning of of of of it's if you
+like um you know Canan phrase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you know Canan phrase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um you know Canan phrase the
+conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of
+possibility what are the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what are the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility what are the conditions of
+possibility of certain rights making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of certain rights making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of certain rights making any
+kind of sense well the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense well the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense well the conditions of
+possibility are given by the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility are given by the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility are given by the dominant
+forms of the social process around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the social process around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the social process around and
+if I sort of say well I see two dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sort of say well I see two dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sort of say well I see two dominant
+forms State form capitalistic form those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms State form capitalistic form those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms State form capitalistic form those
+are the two that dominate maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that dominate maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two that dominate maybe there
+are other forms I'm sure but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other forms I'm sure but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other forms I'm sure but those are
+the two that seem to me to dominate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that seem to me to dominate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two that seem to me to dominate and
+therefore we have to situate by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to situate by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to situate by saying
+the conditions of possibility of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of possibility of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of possibility of any
+kind of rights are actually conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rights are actually conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rights are actually conditioned
+entirely by the way in which those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by the way in which those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by the way in which those two
+Logics of uh of Power are working but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics of uh of Power are working but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logics of uh of Power are working but if
+if I might just went but the appeal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I might just went but the appeal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I might just went but the appeal of
+Rights in when people hear the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights in when people hear the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights in when people hear the word
+rights and it's a make it 60 word as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and it's a make it 60 word as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and it's a make it 60 word as a
+trump you put it in the table I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trump you put it in the table I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trump you put it in the table I have the
+right is the idea which are you refusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the idea which are you refusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the idea which are you refusing
+in your argument which is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your argument which is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your argument which is the idea of
+transcendence because people have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendence because people have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendence because people have to
+have it after the veil of Beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it after the veil of Beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it after the veil of Beyond the
+Veil of ignorance if you all you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veil of ignorance if you all you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veil of ignorance if you all you mean by
+the idea of right that we are situated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of right that we are situated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of right that we are situated
+in some balance of power we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some balance of power we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some balance of power we are in
+missed in certain relation of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed in certain relation of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed in certain relation of social
+situation interest then probably you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation interest then probably you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation interest then probably you're
+speaking about legitimate mans but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about legitimate mans but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about legitimate mans but it's
+nothing it's not anymore have its magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's not anymore have its magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing it's not anymore have its magic
+power that it can convince people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that it can convince people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that it can convince people
+because it's not abstractive it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not abstractive it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not abstractive it's not
+Universal and it's not individualized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and it's not individualized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and it's not individualized so
+let's discuss how should we run Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's discuss how should we run Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's discuss how should we run Society
+let's go back to the Marxist idea let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the Marxist idea let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the Marxist idea let's
+sit down as a collective and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down as a collective and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down as a collective and decide
+what's the best way to run society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best way to run society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best way to run society and
+then we should bracket the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should bracket the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should bracket the idea of
+Rights another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights another
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+I there's another point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's another point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's another point that
+which is um the concept of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um the concept of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um the concept of difference
+because you have right then it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have right then it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have right then it's either
+or and the notion of difference now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and the notion of difference now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and the notion of difference now that
+kind of is brought into well one of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is brought into well one of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is brought into well one of one
+of the one of the key rights uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the key rights uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one of the key rights uh you know
+I is the right to be different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the right to be different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is the right to be different you know
+so I think this is this is a key right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is this is a key right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is this is a key right
+and and actually complexity well it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually complexity well it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually complexity well it is
+it is it is a comp it is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is a comp it is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is a comp it is a complex
+concept and the point the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and the point the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and the point the point is that
+it has a rhetorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a rhetorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a rhetorical
+power and which you which I I absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and which you which I I absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and which you which I I absolutely
+refuse to give up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to give up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to give up you
+know and that rhetorical power is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that rhetorical power is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that rhetorical power is very
+important and very significant in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and very significant in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and very significant in terms
+of it's like justice you know I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's like justice you know I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's like justice you know I mean I
+can I could I could talk myself into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I could I could talk myself into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I could I could talk myself into a
+situation where I say the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I say the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I say the notion of
+justice is irrelevant we should bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is irrelevant we should bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice is irrelevant we should bracket
+Notions of Justice we should well yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Justice we should well yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of Justice we should well yes I
+know well that's exactly what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well that's exactly what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well that's exactly what I was
+saying there are levels of it and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there are levels of it and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there are levels of it and there
+are variations of it but this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variations of it but this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variations of it but this but
+nevertheless these are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless these are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless these are important
+Concepts they're important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts they're important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts they're important
+mobilizing uh in in in mobilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing uh in in in mobilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizing uh in in in mobilizing
+political movements and and and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political movements and and and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political movements and and and and if
+workers for example are struggling what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers for example are struggling what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers for example are struggling what
+are they struggling over a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they struggling over a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they struggling over a lot of the
+time they're struggling over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're struggling over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're struggling over their
+rights okay and and I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights okay and and I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights okay and and I think this is
+therefore you can't say to them no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can't say to them no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can't say to them no no
+you shouldn't use that term and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't use that term and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't use that term and I know
+we know perfectly well when when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know perfectly well when when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know perfectly well when when I'm
+sort of saying look I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying look I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying look I want to
+reestablish some sort of notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish some sort of notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish some sort of notion of
+collective right to the city I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective right to the city I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective right to the city I know
+perfectly well what I have in mind by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well what I have in mind by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well what I have in mind by
+the notion of right and it is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of right and it is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of right and it is it is it
+is contingent it is it is definitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contingent it is it is definitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contingent it is it is definitional
+but it is not it is outside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not it is outside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not it is outside of this
+absolute kind of definition that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute kind of definition that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute kind of definition that somehow
+or other we' got this Universal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other we' got this Universal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other we' got this Universal and
+therefore I can persuade you by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can persuade you by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can persuade you by some
+Universal argument that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal argument that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal argument that this is the
+right and this is the way in which right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the way in which right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the way in which right
+shall be specified and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be specified and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall be specified and that is that
+because I know then you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know then you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know then you have actually
+secretly set up a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly set up a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretly set up a whole bunch of
+contingent conditions which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent conditions which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent conditions which may be
+unacceptable to me well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable to me well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable to me well I'm going to
+my logic and power that kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my logic and power that kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my logic and power that kind of try to
+draw this to close and just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this to close and just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this to close and just add a
+comment that I hope that we don't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I hope that we don't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I hope that we don't lose
+the discussion about the right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about the right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion about the right to the
+city so as much as we had a vibrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so as much as we had a vibrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so as much as we had a vibrant
+debate at the end I think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate at the end I think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate at the end I think it's a very
+Central notion that we want to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central notion that we want to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central notion that we want to pursue
+when we talk about Jerusalem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Jerusalem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about Jerusalem in a
+variety of ways and maybe we can return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways and maybe we can return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways and maybe we can return
+to to that in some of the upcoming weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that in some of the upcoming weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that in some of the upcoming weeks
+so thank you David and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you David and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you David and Y
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0VppWRGt0uk.txt b/0VppWRGt0uk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e8b4eb37dc5937bd5e2b31bf525c99374a82fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0VppWRGt0uk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so until now we've based the guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until now we've based the guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until now we've based the guideline
+safety guideline on the indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guideline on the indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guideline on the indoor
+reproductive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive number
+which is essentially the affected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially the affected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is essentially the affected number
+of new infections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new infections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new infections
+from a single infected person or per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single infected person or per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single infected person or per
+infected person in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person in the room
+and in many cases that is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases that is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases that is the right
+variable to think about in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to think about in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to think about in fact it's
+essentially the most conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the most conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the most conservative
+definition that allows us to limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that allows us to limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that allows us to limit the
+spread of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the disease
+at the level of the population if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of the population if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of the population if every
+room we're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we're doing that
+we would control the spread of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would control the spread of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would control the spread of the
+epidemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic
+but we also should think about the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also should think about the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also should think about the role
+of the prevalence of infection in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prevalence of infection in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prevalence of infection in a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+region in particular as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in particular as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in particular as the number of
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+in the population goes up we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population goes up we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population goes up we should be
+increasing restrictions to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing restrictions to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing restrictions to a certain
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and also as the the pandemic recedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as the the pandemic recedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also as the the pandemic recedes
+we should then be decreasing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should then be decreasing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should then be decreasing those
+restrictions so there has to be a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so there has to be a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so there has to be a role
+also to be played in using the guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be played in using the guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be played in using the guideline
+for uh the prevalence of infection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the prevalence of infection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the prevalence of infection so
+to uh describe this let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh describe this let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh describe this let's think of
+a random number of transmissions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random number of transmissions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random number of transmissions that's
+going to occur so this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to occur so this t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to occur so this t
+here is going to be the random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be the random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be the random uh
+it's a random variable which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable which would be
+the random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random number
+of transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the room with all the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room with all the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room with all the usual
+features so in time tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so in time tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so in time tau
+and all the other assumptions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other assumptions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other assumptions about the
+this indoor space that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor space that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor space that we've been
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+but the important thing is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that this is
+random because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random because we don't know
+and what we're going to focus on here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to focus on here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to focus on here is
+we don't know how many people are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how many people are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how many people are in the
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+so there are i infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are i infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are i infected people
+and i here is the random number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i here is the random number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i here is the random number of
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people
+there are s susceptible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are s susceptible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are s susceptible people
+which also is a random number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also is a random number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also is a random number and then
+there is a transmission rate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a transmission rate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a transmission rate which is
+the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of
+which is the number of tren random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of tren random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of tren random
+number of transmissions per pair so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transmissions per pair so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transmissions per pair so if
+you take an effective person a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an effective person a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an effective person a central
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+in this time there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this time there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this time there's a certain
+probability of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of transmission
+which is described by this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described by this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described by this random
+variable t mn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t mn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t mn
+and so what we're going to assume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to assume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to assume here
+is i'll just mention some technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+first of all that this tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that this tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that this tau
+or tmn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a certain mean rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain mean rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain mean rate
+calculated by the previous model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by the previous model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by the previous model that
+we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+dealing with with a mean rate beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with a mean rate beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with a mean rate beta
+times tau so up to a certain point time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times tau so up to a certain point time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times tau so up to a certain point time
+there's an average transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an average transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an average transmission rate
+beta uh beta average and that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta uh beta average and that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta uh beta average and that that's a
+poisson process so what that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson process so what that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson process so what that what that
+actually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means
+is that the occurrence of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the occurrence of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the occurrence of transmission
+between a pair of individuals can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of individuals can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of individuals can happen
+randomly in the time sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly in the time sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly in the time sequence
+at any infinite decimal time step it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any infinite decimal time step it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any infinite decimal time step it has
+no memory of the past and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory of the past and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no memory of the past and it's an
+independent random event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random event
+with fairly low probability in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fairly low probability in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fairly low probability in a given
+small time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small time interval
+but which achieves this certain random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which achieves this certain random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which achieves this certain random
+rate here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here so
+in probability statistics we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability statistics we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in probability statistics we refer to
+that as a poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a poisson process
+we also assume that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also assume that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also assume that each
+tmn is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and identical identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poisson processes so in other words if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson processes so in other words if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson processes so in other words if i
+take two different pairs of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different pairs of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two different pairs of individuals
+and i consider the transmission the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i consider the transmission the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i consider the transmission the not
+correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated
+that is an assumption because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an assumption because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an assumption because of course
+if the infected person is sitting in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the infected person is sitting in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the infected person is sitting in one
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+you might expect that people nearby even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect that people nearby even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect that people nearby even
+say within six feet might be more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say within six feet might be more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say within six feet might be more likely
+to be infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be infected
+we are leaving that out because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are leaving that out because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are leaving that out because we are
+considering airborne transmission in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering airborne transmission in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering airborne transmission in a
+well-mixed room where there should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room where there should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room where there should not
+be any such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any such
+correlations as a first approximation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations as a first approximation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations as a first approximation uh
+furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore
+we assume that not only each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that not only each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that not only each
+transmission is is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is is independent
+but also the um that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um that the number of
+infected people i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people i
+and all these transmissions are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these transmissions are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these transmissions are also
+independent or uncorrelated so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or uncorrelated so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or uncorrelated so basically
+these sort of arrival of infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of arrival of infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of arrival of infected people
+is uncorrelated to sort of how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncorrelated to sort of how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncorrelated to sort of how they're
+transmitting so for example if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting so for example if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting so for example if we have a
+pack of infected people that arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack of infected people that arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack of infected people that arrive
+we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+somehow changing the transition rate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow changing the transition rate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow changing the transition rate to
+affect that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect that to
+to change that and that's partly we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that and that's partly we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that and that's partly we can
+make the assumptions because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the assumptions because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the assumptions because we are
+interested in the limit of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the limit of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the limit of a small
+number affected people in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number affected people in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number affected people in fact it's
+almost always going to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always going to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always going to be 0
+or 1 because the prevalence is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 because the prevalence is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 because the prevalence is not going
+to be that high in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that high in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that high in the population
+generally and so we we can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and so we we can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally and so we we can make that
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+and so if we do that then what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do that then what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do that then what we're
+really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in
+is what is the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the expected number of
+transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+uh so the expected value of this t here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the expected value of this t here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the expected value of this t here
+so if you have a random sum of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a random sum of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a random sum of random
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+then the expectation is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expectation is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the expectation is easy to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+if also the random number is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if also the random number is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if also the random number is independent
+of the variables from the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables from the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables from the variables
+you're adding up so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding up so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding up so there's no
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+between them this would just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them this would just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them this would just be the
+expected number of the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of the total number
+of those variables which is i s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables which is i s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables which is i s that's
+the total number of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of pairs
+infected and susceptible times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected and susceptible times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected and susceptible times the
+expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+of this tau mn which is beta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tau mn which is beta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tau mn which is beta bar
+tau okay and just for completeness let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau okay and just for completeness let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau okay and just for completeness let
+me also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me also
+uh remind you actually what this beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remind you actually what this beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remind you actually what this beta
+bar is just so that when i keep writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is just so that when i keep writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is just so that when i keep writing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+we're clear on it it's one over tau the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clear on it it's one over tau the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clear on it it's one over tau the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+from 0 to tau of beta dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to tau of beta dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to tau of beta dt
+so it's the time average beta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the time average beta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the time average beta and we
+have further approximated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have further approximated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have further approximated this
+by writing that beta bar the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by writing that beta bar the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by writing that beta bar the beta
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+average is approximately the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is approximately the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is approximately the steady
+state value inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state value inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state value inverse
+times 1 plus lambda c tau inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus lambda c tau inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 plus lambda c tau inverse
+so that was a convenient approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a convenient approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a convenient approximation
+so in our subsequent calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our subsequent calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our subsequent calculations
+whenever you see this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see this expression
+average of beta times tau you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of beta times tau you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of beta times tau you could
+imagine substituting this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine substituting this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine substituting this expression
+where beta bar is given by all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beta bar is given by all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where beta bar is given by all the
+physical parameters that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameters that we've
+we've been discussing so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing so this is a very
+simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+of the random transmission that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random transmission that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random transmission that can
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+when you take into account sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take into account sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take into account sort of the
+the randomness in the number infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomness in the number infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomness in the number infected
+people so now let's start to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so now let's start to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so now let's start to write down
+a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+for for the number of affected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the number of affected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the number of affected people
+so the simplest thing there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest thing there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest thing there is that
+all right here the random number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here the random number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here the random number of
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+persons is that this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons is that this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons is that this should be
+a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binomial
+random variable okay and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable okay and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable okay and that means that
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+that the infected number is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the infected number is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the infected number is equal to
+some value n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value n
+is the number of ways you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of ways you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of ways you can choose
+little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n
+infected people out of n total people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people out of n total people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected people out of n total people in
+the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+times the probability that any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability that any one of
+them is infected which we'll call p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is infected which we'll call p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is infected which we'll call p
+i and then q i is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and then q i is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and then q i is the probability
+that the others are not infected so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others are not infected so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the others are not infected so the
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+new variable that we have here is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable that we have here is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable that we have here is p
+i is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is the probability
+a person randomly selected from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person randomly selected from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person randomly selected from the
+population and placed in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and placed in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and placed in this room
+is infected and this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infected and this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infected and this is also
+sometimes called the prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the prevalence
+of the infection in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and then this q i of course is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then this q i of course is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then this q i of course is just
+one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus
+p i so it's standard notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i so it's standard notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p i so it's standard notation for
+binomial distribution is to use q as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution is to use q as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution is to use q as one
+minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p
+okay and so let's make some some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so let's make some some further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so let's make some some further
+assumptions about this random number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about this random number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about this random number of
+infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all by assuming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all by assuming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all by assuming this
+binomial distribution we are assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution we are assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial distribution we are assuming
+that at any moment in time the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at any moment in time the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at any moment in time the number of
+affected people is somehow refreshed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected people is somehow refreshed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected people is somehow refreshed
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+to reflect the same kind of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect the same kind of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect the same kind of distribution
+that you find in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in the population
+so the variable i is is refreshed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variable i is is refreshed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variable i is is refreshed
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in time to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time to reflect
+the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people are coming going from the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are coming going from the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are coming going from the room
+but there's always a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always a certain
+number of affected people that reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of affected people that reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of affected people that reflects
+the chance of running into an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of running into an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of running into an effective
+person in the population so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the population so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the population so that's a
+reasonable assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption
+a more sophisticated model for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more sophisticated model for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more sophisticated model for a given
+space might take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space might take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space might take into account
+the actual probability or rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability or rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability or rate of
+arrival and the rate of removal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival and the rate of removal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival and the rate of removal of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and similar to models from queuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar to models from queuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar to models from queuing
+theory might derive a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory might derive a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory might derive a distribution
+which is more complicated and depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more complicated and depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more complicated and depends on
+those other parameters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other parameters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other parameters for
+for the sort of fluctuations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sort of fluctuations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sort of fluctuations in the
+number of infected people in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infected people in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of infected people in a room
+but this is the simplest way to start is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the simplest way to start is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the simplest way to start is
+that the room essentially reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the room essentially reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the room essentially reflects
+the population statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population statistically
+another assumption though which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption though which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption though which we're
+going to make which gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make which gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make which gives us
+some more simplicity and also allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more simplicity and also allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more simplicity and also allows us
+to be more conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more conservative
+is that we neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we neglect
+uh exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and essentially allow infection to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially allow infection to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially allow infection to sort
+of happen at the same rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happen at the same rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of happen at the same rate
+more than once even so so uh and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same rate
+where we are essentially assuming that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are essentially assuming that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are essentially assuming that s
+is n minus i so in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus i so in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n minus i so in other words the
+susceptibles never get converted into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles never get converted into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles never get converted into an
+exposed group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed group
+that can no longer be infected again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can no longer be infected again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can no longer be infected again
+we'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say
+that the rate is still always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is still always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rate is still always going to
+be i times s where s is just n minus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i times s where s is just n minus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i times s where s is just n minus i
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're letting the number of infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're letting the number of infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're letting the number of infected
+people fluctuate but everyone else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fluctuate but everyone else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fluctuate but everyone else in
+the room is considered susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is considered susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is considered susceptible
+that's a conservative approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a conservative approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a conservative approximation
+because in reality the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the number of susceptible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of susceptible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of susceptible people
+would go down is that they can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go down is that they can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go down is that they can convert
+it to the exposed group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the exposed group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the exposed group
+okay over very long times eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay over very long times eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay over very long times eventually
+they would there be new infected people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would there be new infected people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would there be new infected people
+generated but that's really relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated but that's really relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated but that's really relevant for
+situations like the diamond princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like the diamond princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like the diamond princess
+quarantine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine where
+same people are confined to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people are confined to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people are confined to the same
+space for a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for a period
+a longer period here we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer period here we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer period here we're really
+thinking of kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of kind of just
+this indoor space that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor space that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indoor space that is kind of
+reflecting the statistics of prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the statistics of prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the statistics of prevalence
+in the population let me now do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population let me now do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population let me now do a couple
+of quick calculations based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quick calculations based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quick calculations based on this
+model of some quantities that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of some quantities that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of some quantities that we're
+going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+so the first is that given a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is that given a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is that given a binomial
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+the expected value of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of this random
+variable i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable i
+is just the number in the room times p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the number in the room times p i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the number in the room times p i
+the prevalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prevalence
+and furthermore the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore the variance
+of i which is the expected value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i which is the expected value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i which is the expected value of i
+squared minus the expected value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus the expected value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus the expected value of i
+quantity squared is n p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared is n p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared is n p
+i q i basic result for a binomial random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i q i basic result for a binomial random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i q i basic result for a binomial random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+from there if you then take these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there if you then take these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there if you then take these two
+relationships you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships you can solve
+for the expected value of i squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the expected value of i squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the expected value of i squared and
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+that that is equal to this npq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is equal to this npq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is equal to this npq
+plus the np quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the np quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the np quantity squared
+i'll just write that mpq plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write that mpq plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write that mpq plus n
+p quantity squared that's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p quantity squared that's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p quantity squared that's wrong
+and so that's can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's can be written as
+i expected value times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expected value times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i expected value times
+uh well let's see here we have a q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let's see here we have a q i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let's see here we have a q i
+plus expected value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus expected value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus expected value of i
+okay and now using this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now using this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now using this relationship
+if we look at the number of susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the number of susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the number of susceptibles
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+the expected value is just n minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is just n minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is just n minus the
+expected value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of i
+which is np and finally to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is np and finally to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is np and finally to calculate
+transmissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmissions
+we're really interested in the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really interested in the expected
+value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of i
+times s so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s so that would be
+if we substitute that would be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we substitute that would be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we substitute that would be n
+times expected value of i minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times expected value of i minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times expected value of i minus the
+expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+of i squared which we have right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i squared which we have right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i squared which we have right here
+and if we substitute this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we substitute this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we substitute this expression
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you see we have a factor of i expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we have a factor of i expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see we have a factor of i expected
+value that we can factor out and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we can factor out and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we can factor out and then we
+get n minus the expected value of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n minus the expected value of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n minus the expected value of i
+minus q q i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q q i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q q i
+and then finally substituting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally substituting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally substituting the
+expected value of is n p i and 1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of is n p i and 1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of is n p i and 1 minus p
+i is q i you can find that this is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is q i you can find that this is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is q i you can find that this is p
+i q i n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i q i n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i q i n
+n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which can also be written as sigma i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can also be written as sigma i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can also be written as sigma i
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+n minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we basically have an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we basically have an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we basically have an expression
+for the transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmission rate
+in terms of the number of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the number of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the number of people in the
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+so essentially it's n minus one which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially it's n minus one which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially it's n minus one which in
+fact you may recall was the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you may recall was the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you may recall was the transmission
+rate when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate when there's
+one affected person and n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one affected person and n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one affected person and n minus one
+susceptibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibles
+but time this factor uh sigma i squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but time this factor uh sigma i squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but time this factor uh sigma i squared
+which is actually the fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the fluctuation
+in the infected number
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/16Dd9TVWGP4.txt b/16Dd9TVWGP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82c3eea0aab2f128698d4b20b14b2b05a4f631fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/16Dd9TVWGP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+main question is like how can I help my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main question is like how can I help my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main question is like how can I help my
+people when I came to India I saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when I came to India I saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people when I came to India I saw this
+potential of for example how technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of for example how technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of for example how technology
+is affecting people's life here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affecting people's life here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affecting people's life here from
+medical schools from universities even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical schools from universities even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical schools from universities even
+if you go to a small shop there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a small shop there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to a small shop there is like
+integrated of technology and that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated of technology and that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated of technology and that was my
+main motive to get into computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main motive to get into computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main motive to get into computer science
+and from that point onwards I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that point onwards I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that point onwards I was
+thinking okay I have learned all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay I have learned all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking okay I have learned all this
+stuff for free now how can I give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for free now how can I give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for free now how can I give it
+back to my community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my community
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+welcome to open liners a podcast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to open liners a podcast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to open liners a podcast that
+tells the stories of Learners all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the stories of Learners all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the stories of Learners all over
+the world who use mit's open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who use mit's open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who use mit's open courseware
+I'm Emanuel Li kasigi an open larner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Emanuel Li kasigi an open larner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Emanuel Li kasigi an open larner
+myself from campala Uganda in East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself from campala Uganda in East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself from campala Uganda in East
+Africa and I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen
+an open learner from Memphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open learner from Memphis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open learner from Memphis
+Tennessee hey Emanuel how are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee hey Emanuel how are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee hey Emanuel how are you doing
+I'm good Michael I'm good excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good Michael I'm good excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good Michael I'm good excited
+excited excited as we just heard in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited excited as we just heard in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited excited as we just heard in the
+clip my the top of the episode today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip my the top of the episode today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip my the top of the episode today's
+learner is all about using what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is all about using what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is all about using what he
+learned from ocw to give back to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from ocw to give back to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from ocw to give back to his
+community do you want to tell us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community do you want to tell us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community do you want to tell us a
+little bit more about him yeah sure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about him yeah sure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about him yeah sure uh
+today's guest is lad F andish man he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's guest is lad F andish man he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's guest is lad F andish man he's
+originally from Afghanistan and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from Afghanistan and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from Afghanistan and is
+currently living in India he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently living in India he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently living in India he has a
+bachelor's degree in electrical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree in electrical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's degree in electrical and
+electronics engineering and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics engineering and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics engineering and has
+completed a number of ocw courses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed a number of ocw courses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed a number of ocw courses in the
+computer science and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and computational
+thinking field he's currently working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking field he's currently working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking field he's currently working on
+his MIT micr Masters in statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his MIT micr Masters in statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his MIT micr Masters in statistics and
+data science with the support of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science with the support of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science with the support of
+emerging Talent after completing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent after completing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent after completing his
+micr Masters in December Lula plans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr Masters in December Lula plans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr Masters in December Lula plans to
+continue studying artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue studying artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue studying artificial
+intelligence at a doctoral level and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence at a doctoral level and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence at a doctoral level and as
+we've already mentioned one of Lula's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mentioned one of Lula's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already mentioned one of Lula's
+motivations for studying computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for studying computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for studying computer
+science and technology is so that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is so that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is so that he can
+create products and applications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create products and applications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create products and applications for
+people in his home country of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in his home country of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in his home country of
+Afghanistan he is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan he is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan he is particularly
+interested in wanting to create open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in wanting to create open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in wanting to create open
+learning resources that are taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning resources that are taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning resources that are taught in
+the languages people in Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages people in Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages people in Afghanistan
+actually speak that way everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually speak that way everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually speak that way everyone can
+benefit from open learning the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from open learning the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from open learning the way he
+did and he's made that hope a reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and he's made that hope a reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and he's made that hope a reality
+earlier this year L fulla help launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year L fulla help launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year L fulla help launch
+hosman lab an online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosman lab an online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosman lab an online learning
+application that provides online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that provides online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that provides online
+learning programming classes taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning programming classes taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning programming classes taught in
+pan and Topol of FL FL Engineers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan and Topol of FL FL Engineers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan and Topol of FL FL Engineers the
+software himself which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software himself which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software himself which is quite
+impressive yeah it's really cool and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive yeah it's really cool and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive yeah it's really cool and it
+took a lot for him to get to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot for him to get to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a lot for him to get to the place
+where he's launching his own app in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's launching his own app in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's launching his own app in our
+interview he tells us about how he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview he tells us about how he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview he tells us about how he used
+to use the Moonlight to guide him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Moonlight to guide him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Moonlight to guide him
+through his small Afghani Village to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his small Afghani Village to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his small Afghani Village to
+learn chemistry from his uncle Before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn chemistry from his uncle Before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn chemistry from his uncle Before
+Dawn and he's really never stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn and he's really never stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn and he's really never stopped
+learning ever since I'm excited for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning ever since I'm excited for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning ever since I'm excited for our
+audience to hear more about L's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to hear more about L's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to hear more about L's
+curiosity and generosity his our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and generosity his our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity and generosity his our
+conversation with L andish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with L andish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with L andish from
+Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asence hello everyone my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asence hello everyone my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asence hello everyone my name
+is and my last name is andman I'm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and my last name is andman I'm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and my last name is andman I'm from
+Afghanistan currently residing in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan currently residing in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan currently residing in India
+and here I my I'm pursuing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I my I'm pursuing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I my I'm pursuing my
+education and my main focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and my main focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and my main focus
+and my main area of education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my main area of education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my main area of education is
+computer science and artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and artificial
+intelligence uh so usually we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence uh so usually we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence uh so usually we like to
+ask people you know how was your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people you know how was your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people you know how was your life
+before finding open learning what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before finding open learning what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before finding open learning what were
+you doing were you working were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing were you working were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing were you working were in
+school like could maybe give us a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like could maybe give us a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like could maybe give us a brief
+background on that when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that when I was in
+Afghanistan I used to live in a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan I used to live in a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan I used to live in a village
+a place where there were plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where there were plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where there were plenty of
+Natural Resources Rivers the mountains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Resources Rivers the mountains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Resources Rivers the mountains
+and the clean ear a peaceful place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clean ear a peaceful place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clean ear a peaceful place to
+live we the beautiful EOS of birds added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live we the beautiful EOS of birds added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live we the beautiful EOS of birds added
+more to its richness everything was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to its richness everything was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to its richness everything was in
+harmony with the nature but there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with the nature but there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony with the nature but there was an
+issue we did not have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we did not have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we did not have access to the
+internet and there was very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and there was very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and there was very little
+electricity my father always used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity my father always used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity my father always used to say
+to me that we did not have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that we did not have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that we did not have this
+opportunity as you have now please don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as you have now please don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as you have now please don't
+waste it by the meantime when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste it by the meantime when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste it by the meantime when I was
+living in my Village I had an uncle who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in my Village I had an uncle who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in my Village I had an uncle who
+was very good in chemistry in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very good in chemistry in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very good in chemistry in fact
+basically he was the best in the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he was the best in the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he was the best in the subject
+during the day as he was busy with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day as he was busy with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day as he was busy with his
+own work I was not able to reach him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work I was not able to reach him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work I was not able to reach him and
+ask him for help but during night I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him for help but during night I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him for help but during night I was
+used to go go to his house and ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go go to his house and ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go go to his house and ask him
+to help me in my studies especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me in my studies especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me in my studies especially in
+chemistry basically because uh we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry basically because uh we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry basically because uh we did
+not have that much of electricity and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have that much of electricity and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have that much of electricity and I
+used to rely on the Moonlight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to rely on the Moonlight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to rely on the Moonlight to
+navigate to his home sometimes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate to his home sometimes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate to his home sometimes when
+there was no Moonlight I had to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no Moonlight I had to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no Moonlight I had to take the
+help of Walls by touching those walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of Walls by touching those walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of Walls by touching those walls
+and go to his home and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to his home and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to his home and on the other
+instance for example we had a religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for example we had a religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for example we had a religious
+scholar which he was far away from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar which he was far away from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar which he was far away from our
+own village he used to teach on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own village he used to teach on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own village he used to teach on that
+vage for one hour about Arabic and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vage for one hour about Arabic and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vage for one hour about Arabic and some
+information about our religion and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our religion and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about our religion and I had
+to wake up before the dawn of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up before the dawn of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up before the dawn of the day
+and I have to be there before everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to be there before everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to be there before everyone
+else because his main responsibility was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because his main responsibility was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because his main responsibility was
+to teach to those people not for me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach to those people not for me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach to those people not for me but
+I had to be the first one to reach there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to be the first one to reach there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to be the first one to reach there
+and take my lessons and come back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take my lessons and come back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take my lessons and come back to my
+home just a quick question so like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home just a quick question so like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home just a quick question so like how
+did you go from your village to uh Cabo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go from your village to uh Cabo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go from your village to uh Cabo
+like how'd you like get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how'd you like get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how'd you like get into the
+traditional education and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education and what is the
+traditional education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education in
+Afghanistan from first grade till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan from first grade till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan from first grade till
+seventh grade I used to study in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade I used to study in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh grade I used to study in my
+Village so we are having schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village so we are having schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village so we are having schools and
+then up to 12th grade we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up to 12th grade we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up to 12th grade we will be
+studying in schools and after that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying in schools and after that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying in schools and after that we
+will be having an exam to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be having an exam to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be having an exam to go to
+universities if you pass that exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities if you pass that exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities if you pass that exam and
+then when I was in 7 and eighth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I was in 7 and eighth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I was in 7 and eighth grade
+that amount of resources were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount of resources were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount of resources were not
+sufficient for me and my father used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for me and my father used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for me and my father used to
+push me to go more and to learn more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push me to go more and to learn more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push me to go more and to learn more and
+through him I got those connection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through him I got those connection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through him I got those connection for
+example that religious scholar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that religious scholar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that religious scholar and then
+my uncle was obviously he was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uncle was obviously he was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uncle was obviously he was my
+relative so he was there to offer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative so he was there to offer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative so he was there to offer and
+help me and then after seven and eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me and then after seven and eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me and then after seven and eighth
+grade because my uncle told me like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade because my uncle told me like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade because my uncle told me like you
+have to move to cble because there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move to cble because there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move to cble because there we
+had like for example electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like for example electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like for example electricity
+internet was there then have had access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was there then have had access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was there then have had access
+to better education then for four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better education then for four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to better education then for four or
+five years I used to study in kab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years I used to study in kab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years I used to study in kab so
+when did you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did you first
+encounter ocw was it in any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter ocw was it in any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter ocw was it in any of those
+grades or was it when you're heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades or was it when you're heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades or was it when you're heading
+towards University at what point in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards University at what point in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards University at what point in that
+educational Journey for the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational Journey for the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational Journey for the first time I
+had to study too hard to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to study too hard to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to study too hard to get into
+University and then when I passed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and then when I passed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and then when I passed that
+exam I went to the university and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I went to the university and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam I went to the university and
+basically the curriculums were mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the curriculums were mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the curriculums were mostly
+similar to the US because the kble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the US because the kble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the US because the kble
+University was uh mainly supported by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University was uh mainly supported by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University was uh mainly supported by us
+universities and Japanese universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and Japanese universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and Japanese universities
+and we had some sort of same subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had some sort of same subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had some sort of same subjects
+and then there we had one subject physic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there we had one subject physic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there we had one subject physic
+one the curriculum was almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the curriculum was almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the curriculum was almost the same
+as what we they used to teach in the USA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we they used to teach in the USA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we they used to teach in the USA
+and then one day my friend brought one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one day my friend brought one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one day my friend brought one
+lecture series and he showed me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series and he showed me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series and he showed me that
+have you seen this uh then we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this uh then we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this uh then we started
+looking for around 30 minutes into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for around 30 minutes into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for around 30 minutes into that
+lecture series and then I asked him from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series and then I asked him from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series and then I asked him from
+where you got this and do you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got this and do you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got this and do you have all
+of these lecture series and he said yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these lecture series and he said yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these lecture series and he said yes
+and then asked him please can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then asked him please can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then asked him please can you
+transfer all these lecture series to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer all these lecture series to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer all these lecture series to my
+flash card and then I got those lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash card and then I got those lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash card and then I got those lecture
+series and like for around two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and like for around two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and like for around two months
+three months I was watching them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months I was watching them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months I was watching them and
+really I was stunned by the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I was stunned by the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I was stunned by the amount of
+passion uh the easiness of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion uh the easiness of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion uh the easiness of understanding
+those lectures that was the first moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lectures that was the first moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lectures that was the first moment
+watch which I came to know about mitw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch which I came to know about mitw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch which I came to know about mitw
+that was through a YouTube channel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was through a YouTube channel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was through a YouTube channel you
+can say and then there was not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say and then there was not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say and then there was not that much
+of high speeed internet in Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high speeed internet in Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high speeed internet in Afghanistan
+we had this kind of Internet collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this kind of Internet collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this kind of Internet collapse
+where there is a high speeed internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a high speeed internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a high speeed internet
+and then if we pay for some amount then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we pay for some amount then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we pay for some amount then
+in the exchange we will get for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exchange we will get for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exchange we will get for example
+for 1 hour or 30 minutes of high speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 hour or 30 minutes of high speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 hour or 30 minutes of high speed
+internet and then for example whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and then for example whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and then for example whenever I
+was curious to know about something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious to know about something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious to know about something or
+had difficulty in my studies I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had difficulty in my studies I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had difficulty in my studies I used to
+go there and search the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and search the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and search the first time I
+used to go through mitw website and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go through mitw website and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to go through mitw website and then
+I was looking whether this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking whether this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking whether this course is
+available or whether something related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available or whether something related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available or whether something related
+to my question or my subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my question or my subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my question or my subject is
+available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the
+mitw and if something was there then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and if something was there then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and if something was there then I
+used to download PDFs I used to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to download PDFs I used to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to download PDFs I used to download
+videos and come back to home and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and come back to home and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and come back to home and watch
+all those lectures and read all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those lectures and read all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those lectures and read all all
+those materials oh wow so you discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those materials oh wow so you discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those materials oh wow so you discovered
+it through YouTube first me too me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through YouTube first me too me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through YouTube first me too me too
+um I discovered through YouTube then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I discovered through YouTube then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I discovered through YouTube then
+later I found out there were all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I found out there were all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I found out there were all these
+other you know websites and so many open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know websites and so many open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know websites and so many open
+learning resources that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning resources that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning resources that's a very
+inspiring journey I wanted to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring journey I wanted to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring journey I wanted to ask
+something about the language in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the language in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the language in which
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+traditional education back home was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education back home was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional education back home was
+storing you said yes they had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing you said yes they had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing you said yes they had a lot of
+American influence in the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American influence in the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American influence in the education
+system in Cabo but was it all in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in Cabo but was it all in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in Cabo but was it all in English
+or it was all in Arabic and then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it was all in Arabic and then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it was all in Arabic and then because
+ocw is in English and I wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw is in English and I wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw is in English and I wanted to know
+how that was for you I would say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was for you I would say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was for you I would say this is
+a point where most of us are finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point where most of us are finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point where most of us are finding
+difficult to follow these lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to follow these lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to follow these lectures
+because not all people are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all people are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all people are familiar with
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+and the language which we used to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language which we used to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language which we used to study
+in Afghanistan is Persian and pasu in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan is Persian and pasu in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Afghanistan is Persian and pasu in
+kab it was Persian even though the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kab it was Persian even though the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kab it was Persian even though the books
+were in English but uh teachers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in English but uh teachers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in English but uh teachers and
+professors used to teach in Persian oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors used to teach in Persian oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors used to teach in Persian oh
+persan and then for us it was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persan and then for us it was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persan and then for us it was a bit
+difficult to follow the mitw lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to follow the mitw lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to follow the mitw lectures
+unless we had previous education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we had previous education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we had previous education and
+previous background in English some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous background in English some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous background in English some of
+us used to follow private courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us used to follow private courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us used to follow private courses in
+Afghanistan to learn English and luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan to learn English and luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan to learn English and luckily
+I was one of those which I could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was one of those which I could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was one of those which I could uh
+follow the lectures and understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the lectures and understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the lectures and understand the
+concepts and the lessons and you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and the lessons and you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and the lessons and you know as
+you started using uh these open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started using uh these open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started using uh these open
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+resources did it start changing um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources did it start changing um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources did it start changing um how
+you were performing in your traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were performing in your traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were performing in your traditional
+education as well like were you getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as well like were you getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education as well like were you getting
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+grades um or were you just learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades um or were you just learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades um or were you just learning more
+about life in the world and it just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life in the world and it just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life in the world and it just made
+you feel better as a human being maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better as a human being maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better as a human being maybe
+you could talk about how it was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could talk about how it was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could talk about how it was making
+you feel as you found this stuff how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel as you found this stuff how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel as you found this stuff how is
+it affecting you personally yeah in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affecting you personally yeah in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affecting you personally yeah in fact
+uh apart from getting uh good grades or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apart from getting uh good grades or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apart from getting uh good grades or
+helping me in uh getting good grads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me in uh getting good grads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me in uh getting good grads in
+in University in fact like it was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in University in fact like it was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in University in fact like it was kind
+of an eye openening moment for me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an eye openening moment for me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an eye openening moment for me it was
+not like just okay I will follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like just okay I will follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like just okay I will follow this
+few subjects which I had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few subjects which I had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few subjects which I had in the
+University but in fact it had opened my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University but in fact it had opened my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University but in fact it had opened my
+eyes on different subjects on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on different subjects on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes on different subjects on different
+areas for example I didn't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas for example I didn't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas for example I didn't know anything
+about computers are programming really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computers are programming really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computers are programming really I
+didn't know like we didn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know like we didn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know like we didn't have that
+much of idea like how much this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of idea like how much this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of idea like how much this computer
+science and technology is changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is changing the
+world because in Afghanistan we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because in Afghanistan we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because in Afghanistan we we are
+not that much advanced in the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much advanced in the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much advanced in the field and
+we are not that much taking advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not that much taking advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not that much taking advantage of
+this Fields so that's how it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fields so that's how it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fields so that's how it's not that
+much famous in Afghanistan but through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much famous in Afghanistan but through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much famous in Afghanistan but through
+mitw courses I came to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw courses I came to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw courses I came to know about
+computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and
+programming and I feel that education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and I feel that education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and I feel that education is
+not only about getting great in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only about getting great in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only about getting great in fact if
+you're curious about something to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious about something to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious about something to know
+more and then you are going deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then you are going deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then you are going deeper into
+it and you getting better materials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you getting better materials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you getting better materials to
+help you to understand the world uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand the world uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to understand the world uh that
+that that's what matters the most for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what matters the most for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what matters the most for me
+it's not only about getting grad you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only about getting grad you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only about getting grad you've
+mentioned you had no idea of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you had no idea of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you had no idea of computer
+science so I wanted to know did you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I wanted to know did you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so I wanted to know did you end
+up inevitably because there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up inevitably because there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up inevitably because there are some
+things you're working on in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're working on in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're working on in the computer
+science related field is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science related field is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science related field is that what you
+are studying first of all in University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying first of all in University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying first of all in University
+and then transition position into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then transition position into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then transition position into like
+this whole new field of computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole new field of computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole new field of computer science
+how was that for you no in fact I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was that for you no in fact I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was that for you no in fact I was
+studying electrical and electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying electrical and electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying electrical and electronics
+engineering so in Afghanistan especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so in Afghanistan especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so in Afghanistan especially
+we don't have that much of subjects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that much of subjects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that much of subjects in
+related to computer programming first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to computer programming first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to computer programming first
+there I came to know about discourses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I came to know about discourses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I came to know about discourses
+and then when I came to India here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I came to India here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when I came to India here we
+had subjects in this field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had subjects in this field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had subjects in this field in
+programming even though the branch was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming even though the branch was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming even though the branch was
+the same but because of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but because of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but because of different
+curriculums we had a few subjects from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculums we had a few subjects from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculums we had a few subjects from
+computer science as well there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as well there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science as well there is a
+course from intro to computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from intro to computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from intro to computer science
+and programming using python from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programming using python from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programming using python from
+MCW and there are different versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCW and there are different versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCW and there are different versions of
+it for example one was released earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for example one was released earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for example one was released earlier
+and I like that one actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like that one actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like that one actually because
+that Professor used to go more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor used to go more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor used to go more into
+behind the concepts he used to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the concepts he used to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the concepts he used to teach
+maths and later on for example now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maths and later on for example now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maths and later on for example now we
+are having only slides and I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having only slides and I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having only slides and I don't like
+that I like more of the traditional way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like more of the traditional way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I like more of the traditional way
+of using that white chart and Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using that white chart and Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using that white chart and Blackboard
+yeah me too I like the sound of choke on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah me too I like the sound of choke on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah me too I like the sound of choke on
+board it's really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board it's really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board it's really it's
+therapeutic uh so you mentioned you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic uh so you mentioned you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic uh so you mentioned you did
+electrical was that a passion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical was that a passion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical was that a passion is that
+something you wanted to do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you wanted to do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you wanted to do is that
+something that's widely done in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's widely done in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's widely done in terms of
+your passions in life like the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passions in life like the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passions in life like the things
+you like has ocw contributed a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like has ocw contributed a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like has ocw contributed a lot to
+that outside the things you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outside the things you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outside the things you have to
+learn you know because we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn you know because we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn you know because we all have
+things we have to learn you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to learn you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to learn you know either
+for the job or to get grades or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job or to get grades or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job or to get grades or you
+mention something like that but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something like that but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something like that but any
+other thing outside like something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing outside like something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing outside like something you
+just enjoy learning yeah about my Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enjoy learning yeah about my Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enjoy learning yeah about my Branch
+it's not that popular in Afghanistan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that popular in Afghanistan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that popular in Afghanistan in
+fact they're more of civil engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're more of civil engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're more of civil engineering
+and construction then as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construction then as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construction then as I mentioned
+earlier that the way of navigating to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the way of navigating to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the way of navigating to my
+uncle home so I was like okay can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle home so I was like okay can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle home so I was like okay can we do
+something about electrical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about electrical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about electrical engineering
+so that I I can help people to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I I can help people to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I I can help people to have more
+electricity in my Village and then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in my Village and then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in my Village and then yeah
+that was the main motive for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the main motive for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the main motive for me to
+pursue electrical and electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue electrical and electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue electrical and electronics
+engineering and honestly when I came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and honestly when I came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and honestly when I came to
+University that was not what I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University that was not what I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University that was not what I thought
+like there were like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there were like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there were like different
+misalignments between what I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignments between what I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignments between what I thought I
+will be getting into universities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be getting into universities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be getting into universities and
+then what was really there uh coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what was really there uh coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what was really there uh coming
+through the your question about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the your question about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the your question about was
+programming was part of my passion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming was part of my passion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming was part of my passion in
+fact yeah there also like always I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah there also like always I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah there also like always I see
+like how can I my main question is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can I my main question is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can I my main question is like
+how can I help my people that's my main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I help my people that's my main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I help my people that's my main
+passion when I came to India I saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion when I came to India I saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion when I came to India I saw this
+potential of uh for example how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of uh for example how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of uh for example how
+technology is honestly affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is honestly affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is honestly affecting
+people's life here and from everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's life here and from everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's life here and from everywhere
+every from medical schools from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every from medical schools from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every from medical schools from
+universities to the even if you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to the even if you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to the even if you go to a
+small shop there is like there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shop there is like there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shop there is like there is
+integrated of technology and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated of technology and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated of technology and for example
+Computer Sciences there people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Sciences there people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Sciences there people are using
+it and making the people's life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and making the people's life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and making the people's life easier
+there and that was my main motive to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that was my main motive to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that was my main motive to get
+into computer science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into computer science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into computer science and
+like I was trying to how can I help my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was trying to how can I help my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was trying to how can I help my
+people there and from that point onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there and from that point onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there and from that point onwards
+I was thinking of okay I have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of okay I have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of okay I have learned
+all this stuff for free now how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff for free now how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff for free now how can I
+give it back to my community and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it back to my community and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it back to my community and then I
+came about an idea of like uh having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about an idea of like uh having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about an idea of like uh having an
+online platform where students from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online platform where students from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online platform where students from
+Afghanistan can learn about programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan can learn about programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan can learn about programming
+and computer science because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer science because it's not
+that much familiar for s in Afghanistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much familiar for s in Afghanistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much familiar for s in Afghanistan
+and then even if it's their people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if it's their people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then even if it's their people will
+find difficult to get resources in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find difficult to get resources in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find difficult to get resources in their
+own languages as I mentioned earlier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own languages as I mentioned earlier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own languages as I mentioned earlier one
+of the problem which we had in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem which we had in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem which we had in about
+mitw and most of these materials out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and most of these materials out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and most of these materials out
+outside of Afghanistan is that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Afghanistan is that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of Afghanistan is that most of
+these materials are available in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials are available in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials are available in English
+and many people in Afghanistan don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people in Afghanistan don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people in Afghanistan don't
+know English so like I thought of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English so like I thought of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know English so like I thought of how
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+I not make a clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not make a clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not make a clone
+of which I cannot just for example few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I cannot just for example few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I cannot just for example few
+subjects which really getting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects which really getting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects which really getting them to
+the uh uction to the computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uction to the computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uction to the computer science
+and learn about computer science okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn about computer science okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn about computer science okay
+this computer science is existed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computer science is existed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computer science is existed and
+this really can help them in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really can help them in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really can help them in their
+future and help other people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and help other people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and help other people in
+Afghanistan as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan as
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you know you talked about how open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you talked about how open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know you talked about how open
+educational resources changed what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources changed what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources changed what you
+were doing and your vision of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing and your vision of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing and your vision of the future
+and you're working on this app now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're working on this app now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're working on this app now is
+there anything else on the app you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything else on the app you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything else on the app you're
+developing that you want want to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that you want want to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing that you want want to tell us
+about yeah basically that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah basically that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah basically that web
+application is not a mobile app it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is not a mobile app it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is not a mobile app it's an
+a web application where I have recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web application where I have recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web application where I have recorded
+videos and I will put those videos in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and I will put those videos in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and I will put those videos in in
+that application and then related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application and then related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that application and then related to
+that we will be having assignments we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will be having assignments we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will be having assignments we'll
+be having GitHub repository with related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having GitHub repository with related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having GitHub repository with related
+to each lecture where they can go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each lecture where they can go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each lecture where they can go and
+grab the code also as we go on if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the code also as we go on if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the code also as we go on if the
+people like the material we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the material we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the material we will be
+having online classes like just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having online classes like just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having online classes like just for
+example you are having from University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you are having from University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you are having from University
+so that there will be a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there will be a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there will be a direct
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+between instructor and between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between instructor and between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between instructor and between the
+students I think that can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think that can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think that can be more
+helpful rather than just putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful rather than just putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful rather than just putting the
+contents there nice and you're planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents there nice and you're planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents there nice and you're planning
+to do all this in Persian English Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all this in Persian English Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all this in Persian English Arabic
+yeah the content will be completely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the content will be completely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the content will be completely in
+Persian because our native languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian because our native languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian because our native languages are
+Persian and PTU mostly the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian and PTU mostly the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian and PTU mostly the people are
+using these two languages and for now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these two languages and for now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these two languages and for now I
+will be adding uh the contents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be adding uh the contents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be adding uh the contents in
+Persian language and then later on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian language and then later on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persian language and then later on I
+might do it in p as well but for now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do it in p as well but for now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do it in p as well but for now it
+will be in pers that's really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in pers that's really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in pers that's really awesome
+one question we get uh from the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question we get uh from the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question we get uh from the director
+of MIT open course whereare but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT open course whereare but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT open course whereare but if you
+had magical abilities you had a magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had magical abilities you had a magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had magical abilities you had a magic
+wand is there anything that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand is there anything that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand is there anything that you would
+want to see happen with open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see happen with open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see happen with open educational
+resources at MIT I feel I want two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources at MIT I feel I want two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources at MIT I feel I want two
+things to happen first one is I want MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen first one is I want MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen first one is I want MIT
+ocw to be Universal knowledge of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw to be Universal knowledge of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw to be Universal knowledge of where
+all students can come and learn from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all students can come and learn from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all students can come and learn from it
+on top of that I want all the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that I want all the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that I want all the lectures
+be there from mitw because now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there from mitw because now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there from mitw because now all of
+them are not there I want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are not there I want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are not there I want all the
+lectures to be there for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to be there for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures to be there for example if the
+lecture is recorded today I want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is recorded today I want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is recorded today I want them to
+be there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in the
+mitw and then the other thing is just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and then the other thing is just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitw and then the other thing is just it
+would be my wish if we have lectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my wish if we have lectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my wish if we have lectures in
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+languages for example in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages for example in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages for example in different
+languages so that everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so that everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages so that everyone can
+regardless of their native language can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of their native language can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of their native language can
+come and learn well you could help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and learn well you could help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and learn well you could help
+because I'm seeing Pion is spoken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm seeing Pion is spoken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm seeing Pion is spoken by
+around 70 million people so yeah who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 70 million people so yeah who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 70 million people so yeah who
+knows but I also feel you on the languag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but I also feel you on the languag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but I also feel you on the languag
+is bit yeah yeah I would also suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bit yeah yeah I would also suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bit yeah yeah I would also suggest
+the same how does your vision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same how does your vision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same how does your vision of the
+future and the future of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and the future of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and the future of the world
+change when you think about open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you think about open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you think about open
+educational resources do you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources do you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources do you see there
+being many more opportunities for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being many more opportunities for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being many more opportunities for more
+Learners like you or what do you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners like you or what do you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners like you or what do you kind of
+see when you think of the future now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you think of the future now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you think of the future now
+that you've used open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've used open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've used open educational
+resources yeah honestly speaking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources yeah honestly speaking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources yeah honestly speaking it
+helped me to understand that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me to understand that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped me to understand that if we
+Empower other people without expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower other people without expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empower other people without expecting
+something in return definitely if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in return definitely if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in return definitely if that
+return is not directly to us and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is not directly to us and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is not directly to us and that
+will help other people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help other people's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help other people's lives
+and then sometimes seeing all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometimes seeing all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometimes seeing all this
+cruelty around the world and uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruelty around the world and uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruelty around the world and uneven
+distribution of resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of resources and
+opportunities around the world it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities around the world it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities around the world it makes
+me sad to think that we are living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sad to think that we are living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sad to think that we are living in
+this world and then seeing courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world and then seeing courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world and then seeing courses and
+institutions like MIT Stanford car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions like MIT Stanford car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions like MIT Stanford car
+millon where they are putting all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millon where they are putting all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millon where they are putting all their
+contents for free for other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents for free for other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents for free for other people to
+learn that makes me believe more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that makes me believe more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that makes me believe more into
+the humanity and there is Al fredman I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanity and there is Al fredman I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanity and there is Al fredman I'm
+listening more to his podcast he always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening more to his podcast he always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening more to his podcast he always
+says that I believe more that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I believe more that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that I believe more that humans
+will prevail and I believe that in to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevail and I believe that in to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevail and I believe that in to by
+seeing this all contributions from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this all contributions from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this all contributions from other
+institutions from MIT and I feel that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from MIT and I feel that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from MIT and I feel that as
+long as we are helping each other we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we are helping each other we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we are helping each other we can
+have a better world and our Humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better world and our Humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better world and our Humanity
+will prevail for sure I feel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevail for sure I feel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevail for sure I feel you
+education should be it's what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education should be it's what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education should be it's what's actually
+Chang in the world it's how we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang in the world it's how we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang in the world it's how we change
+the world and clearly we have examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and clearly we have examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and clearly we have examples
+of that working your own journey is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that working your own journey is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that working your own journey is a
+clear Testament to that I really liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Testament to that I really liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear Testament to that I really liked
+your journey all the way from like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your journey all the way from like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your journey all the way from like the
+ruler part you know studying by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler part you know studying by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler part you know studying by the
+Moonlight I can relate to that I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moonlight I can relate to that I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moonlight I can relate to that I also
+grow up in the village then you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up in the village then you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up in the village then you come to
+like the town part of your country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the town part of your country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the town part of your country and
+then so in all this I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so in all this I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so in all this I just wanted to
+know do you see yourself continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you see yourself continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you see yourself continuing
+first of all to use ocw materials first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to use ocw materials first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to use ocw materials first
+and foremost that would be my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost that would be my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost that would be my first
+question and the second one maybe would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second one maybe would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second one maybe would
+be how do you see yourself now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you see yourself now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do you see yourself now you know
+a lot has changed okay first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot has changed okay first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot has changed okay first of all
+about am I still learning I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am I still learning I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am I still learning I think I'm
+young and even though it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and even though it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and even though it doesn't matter
+that much how old or how young you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much how old or how young you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much how old or how young you are
+as a human being we should always learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human being we should always learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human being we should always learn
+and be more curious to know about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more curious to know about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more curious to know about our
+universe about our nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe about our nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe about our nature
+and definitely yeah I do I do honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitely yeah I do I do honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitely yeah I do I do honestly
+like as of now this mitw and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as of now this mitw and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as of now this mitw and open
+education resources from other resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education resources from other resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education resources from other resources
+these are these are my main resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are my main resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are my main resources
+where I'm learning and getting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm learning and getting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm learning and getting my
+answers yeah my advice would be for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers yeah my advice would be for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers yeah my advice would be for my
+younger self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger self
+to believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe in
+yourself believe in your guts which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself believe in your guts which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself believe in your guts which you
+can do any anything possible and do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do any anything possible and do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do any anything possible and do not
+restrict your imagination to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your imagination to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your imagination to these
+things which you can see around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which you can see around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which you can see around there
+are many things and more things uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many things and more things uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many things and more things uh which
+you can explore and do just not related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can explore and do just not related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can explore and do just not related
+to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+environment another great conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment another great conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment another great conversation
+manual L fulla's life really changed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual L fulla's life really changed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual L fulla's life really changed a
+lot from using the Moonlight to to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from using the Moonlight to to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from using the Moonlight to to guide
+him to chemistry classes that his uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to chemistry classes that his uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to chemistry classes that his uncle
+would teach at his house to living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach at his house to living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach at his house to living in
+India and starting his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and starting his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and starting his own
+application and I love how he's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I love how he's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and I love how he's so
+dedicated to paying it forward for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to paying it forward for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to paying it forward for his
+community what's your biggest takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community what's your biggest takeaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community what's your biggest takeaway
+from our conversation with Le fer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our conversation with Le fer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our conversation with Le fer I
+agree with you Michael my biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you Michael my biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you Michael my biggest
+takeaway I guess would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway I guess would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway I guess would
+be how much a person can achieve you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how much a person can achieve you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how much a person can achieve you see
+laf has done a lot not only did he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laf has done a lot not only did he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laf has done a lot not only did he just
+power through the Limited of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power through the Limited of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power through the Limited of his
+environment to go and Achieve great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to go and Achieve great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to go and Achieve great
+things go to India on scholarships but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go to India on scholarships but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go to India on scholarships but
+he's also doing a lot not only did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also doing a lot not only did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also doing a lot not only did he
+plan to develop a platform to give back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to develop a platform to give back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to develop a platform to give back
+home but he engineered it himself which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home but he engineered it himself which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home but he engineered it himself which
+goes to show the heart that some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to show the heart that some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to show the heart that some of our
+Learners really have and how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners really have and how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners really have and how much they
+really enjoy these resources that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy these resources that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy these resources that they
+feel that they should give back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that they should give back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that they should give back to the
+community for a person who was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for a person who was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for a person who was just
+receiving courses on a flash dis to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving courses on a flash dis to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving courses on a flash dis to a
+person who's now giving back that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's now giving back that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's now giving back that same
+service that same reward to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that same reward to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that same reward to his
+community that to me is a really noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that to me is a really noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that to me is a really noble
+cause and something that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and something that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause and something that's really
+inspiring to the rest of our Learners so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring to the rest of our Learners so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring to the rest of our Learners so
+anything else you want to add Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you want to add Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you want to add Michael
+what was your takeaway from this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your takeaway from this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your takeaway from this story
+yeah I think lul is a living example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think lul is a living example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think lul is a living example of
+what the open Learning Community is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the open Learning Community is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the open Learning Community is all
+about especially at MIT uh we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about especially at MIT uh we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about especially at MIT uh we have all
+these resources open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resources open
+courseware um but everything can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um but everything can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um but everything can be
+better and the idea behind open learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the idea behind open learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the idea behind open learning
+in general is what can you add to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is what can you add to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general is what can you add to this
+story now and Lula has added a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now and Lula has added a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story now and Lula has added a lot so
+you know translating everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know translating everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know translating everything that
+he's learned to Persian on its own is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's learned to Persian on its own is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's learned to Persian on its own is a
+Monumental task but then creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monumental task but then creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monumental task but then creating an
+application to share that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to share that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to share that information
+freely was just another layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely was just another layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely was just another layer of
+extraordinary giving back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary giving back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary giving back to the
+community and I think it is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I think it is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and I think it is a great
+example for all of us to drive to is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for all of us to drive to is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for all of us to drive to is if
+you benefit from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you benefit from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you benefit from these
+resources if you benefit from learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources if you benefit from learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources if you benefit from learning
+figure out how to share it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to share it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to share it with your
+community with your family with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community with your family with your
+ 
+
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+community with your family with your
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+hear you uh thanks to everyone for
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+ 
+
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+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1v17Gfdydfg.txt b/1v17Gfdydfg.txt
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+PROFESSOR: --questions about
+what we've done.
+
+I think it's been fast, but
+hopefully if you understand
+
+the principles, we didn't
+go too fast.
+
+But any questions on
+what we've done?
+
+I guess you haven't had
+a chance to think
+
+of questions yet.
+
+Let me take care of our oddball
+symmetry at the end of
+
+the chart that I handed
+out-- and this 4 bar--
+
+and ask what we can do there.
+
+Having discovered the four bar
+operation in 2, 2, 2 with
+
+diagonal mirror planes, we can
+consider that as a new type of
+
+symmetry element.
+
+And this is the symbol for it.
+
+And this would take a pair of
+objects and repeat them by a
+
+180 degree rotation.
+
+And then another pair of
+opposite handedness, opposite
+
+chirality would be rotated 90
+degrees and inverted, rotated
+
+90 degrees and inverted.
+
+And I mentioned last time that a
+solid that has this shape is
+
+something called a sphenoid.
+
+And the 4 bar axis takes a pair
+of faces that are up and
+
+a pair of faces that are down
+and skewed by 90 degrees.
+
+Now what can we do?
+
+If we add a mirror plane that's
+perpendicular to the 4
+
+bar axis, the right-handed
+one goes down, the
+
+left-handed one comes up.
+
+And it becomes simply 4 over
+m, which we've already got.
+
+If we add a vertical mirror
+plane through the 4 bar, if
+
+you look a bit earlier at 4 bar
+2m, now we've got the 4
+
+bar, now we've got
+the mirror plane.
+
+Not surprisingly, we get
+the two mirror planes.
+
+And so S4v is going to be
+the same as 4 bar 2m.
+
+And that's something we
+already have D2d.
+
+So that exhausts the
+possibilities.
+
+4 bar just stands by itself.
+
+At a vertical mirror plane,
+it's D2d 4 bar 2m.
+
+At a horizontal mirror plane,
+it becomes 4 over m.
+
+The diagonal mirror plane
+is not possible.
+
+There's nothing to place the
+mirror plane diagonal to.
+
+And if you add inversion, it
+changes into 4 over m.
+
+So this one is an odd group.
+
+It sits by itself.
+
+Except that we could start
+there, and add a vertical
+
+mirror plane, and get
+4 bar 2m once more.
+
+That leaves the cubic ones,
+which are really easy to deal
+
+with because a cube has
+such high symmetry.
+
+We all know what cubes
+look like.
+
+But when you show arrangements
+of motifs, it gets a little
+
+bit confusing.
+
+So let's take a look at the
+tetrahedral groups.
+
+T is a combination of twofold
+axes coming out in directions
+
+corresponding to face
+normals to a cube.
+
+So these are the twofold axes.
+
+And then there are threefold
+axes coming out of directions
+
+that correspond to the
+face diagonal.
+
+So this is the jack-o'-lantern
+stereographic projection,
+
+which is something I love to
+draw at this time of year.
+
+What will the pattern
+look like?
+
+Well, it's going to
+look like 2, 2, 2.
+
+So that's a subgroup.
+
+So let's draw in a pair of
+objects on either side of the
+
+twofold axis, and that's
+the pattern of 2, 2, 2.
+
+Now this guy here is lurking
+off of a threefold axis.
+
+So that threefold axis is
+going to repeat it three
+
+locations that are 120
+degrees apart.
+
+And so there's going to be a
+triangle of objects up above.
+
+This threefold axis is going
+to reproduce this into a
+
+triangle of objects that
+are down below.
+
+The twofold axis will take this
+triangle of objects and
+
+move it over to here.
+
+Also, up.
+
+And the twofold axis that's
+vertical will take this
+
+triangle and move it down
+to three that are below.
+
+So it looks very complicated
+in projection.
+
+But it's simply a planar
+triangle of atoms here rotated
+
+180 degrees.
+
+So you've got one like
+this, one like this.
+
+And then down below, two other
+planar triangles of objects.
+
+Remembering what the symmetry
+of a tetrahedron looks like,
+
+you can draw this arrangement of
+symmetry elements relative
+
+to a tetrahedron.
+
+And the threefold axes
+now are coming out
+
+normal to the faces.
+
+The twofold axes coming out
+normal to the edges.
+
+And imagine that we put a
+triangle on this face, a
+
+similar triangle on the face
+behind, and a triangle
+
+pointing in the other direction
+down this way.
+
+These are the three below.
+
+So that's the pattern of 2, 3.
+
+Take a tetrahedron, smack a
+triangle on the two upper
+
+faces, and an equilateral
+triangle on
+
+the two lower faces.
+
+And the threefold axis that
+comes out here comes out of
+
+the center of this triangle
+and out of the
+
+center of this triangle.
+
+The next one that you can
+get from this is Th, the
+
+tetrahedral arrangement
+of axes with a
+
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+If you put in a horizontal
+mirror plane, it's going to
+
+take this triangle and
+reflect it down.
+
+It's going to take this triangle
+and reflect it up.
+
+And they will overlap
+in projection.
+
+And so that's the
+pattern for Th.
+
+There's a mirror plane
+perpendicular
+
+to a twofold axis.
+
+That creates an inversion
+center.
+
+So we can call this
+a 3 bar axis.
+
+So that's Th 2 over m 3 bar.
+
+So just have triangles on the
+upper and lower faces as well.
+
+The one remaining one is Td.
+
+Here are the twofold axes.
+
+Here are the threefold axes.
+
+And now if we put a diagonal
+mirror plane in, diagonal with
+
+respect to what?
+
+Well, diagonal with respect
+to these twofold axes.
+
+So this mirror plane goes down
+like this, passes through a
+
+twofold axis.
+
+There must be a mirror plane
+90 degrees away.
+
+And the threefold axis is going
+to repeat these mirror
+
+planes so that we get mirror
+planes that are at an angle
+
+with respect to the vertical
+twofold axis.
+
+And this is Td.
+
+And this, in the international
+notation, is called-- if we
+
+can figure it out--
+
+the diagonal mirror planes with
+respect to these twofold
+
+axes have changed them
+into 4 bar axes.
+
+So this is called 4 bar
+3m, which doesn't
+
+look cubic at all.
+
+So that's a little
+bit deceptive.
+
+I am foolhardy for even
+trying to do this.
+
+And so I don't think
+I'm going to do it.
+
+4, 3, 2, we know what
+that looks like.
+
+That is fourfold axes coming
+out in directions that
+
+correspond to the face
+normals to a cube.
+
+A threefold axis coming
+out of body diagonals.
+
+Twofold axes between all of
+the fourfold axes that are
+
+normal to the edges
+of the cube.
+
+So all sorts of rotational
+symmetry.
+
+That, if you want a pattern, has
+a triangle that's on about
+
+each of the threefold axes.
+
+But the one that is up, points
+in the opposite orientation of
+
+the one that's on the threefold
+axis coming out of
+
+the other end of the cube.
+
+So you have one triangle
+that's like this, up.
+
+And another triangle like this
+that's on the other end of the
+
+threefold axis that points
+down into the blackboard.
+
+What can you add as
+other extenders?
+
+You can put in a mirror plane
+that is perpendicular to the
+
+fourfold axis.
+
+And that leaves everything
+unchanged.
+
+Now we've got a mirror plane
+passing through a fourfold
+
+axis, so we have to
+have mirror planes
+
+at 45 degree intervals.
+
+And that will create mirror
+planes there.
+
+This horizontal mirror plane
+goes through this fourfold
+
+axis, so there must be mirror
+planes at 45 degree intervals.
+
+So there's another one
+like this and 90
+
+degrees away as well.
+
+The fourfold axis is
+perpendicular to a mirror
+
+plane, as are these other
+twofold axes, so there's an
+
+inversion center.
+
+Here's a fourfold axis with a
+vertical mirror plane going
+
+through it.
+
+And it has to have a vertical
+mirror plane going like this
+
+at 45 degrees away.
+
+So that's the symmetry.
+
+This is the regular symmetry
+of a cube or an octahedron.
+
+And I will not, even if
+pressured, try to draw a
+
+pattern that conforms to that.
+
+We've got the fourfold axis
+
+perpendicular to a mirror plane.
+
+And this is called
+O sub h, O with a
+
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+The fourfold axis in 4, 3,
+2 has got a mirror plane
+
+perpendicular to it.
+
+The twofold axes all pick
+up mirror planes
+
+perpendicular to them.
+
+There's an inversion center at
+the point of intersection.
+
+So we label this axis
+a 3 bar axis.
+
+So that's O sub h, 4 over
+m, 3 bar, 2 over m.
+
+And this, as I say, is the
+symmetry of a regular cube or
+
+an octahedron.
+
+Nothing else we can do here.
+
+There's so many symmetry axes
+all over the place that
+
+there's no way we can snake in
+any diagonal mirror plane.
+
+Because there is no second axis
+of the same kind adjacent
+
+to either the twofold,
+the threefold, or
+
+the fourfold axis.
+
+So we can't put a mirror plane
+in here between the threefold
+
+and the twofold.
+
+We can't put a mirror plane in
+here between the fourfold and
+
+the twofold.
+
+So we're done.
+
+And this is the final and
+30 second combination.
+
+So there are 32 crystallographic
+point groups.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if m3m is a regular
+operation, are there
+
+symbols [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: O is the symbol
+for 4, 3, 2.
+
+And what we added as an extender
+is a mirror plane
+
+perpendicular to the
+fourfold axis.
+
+That is just one way of
+adding an extender.
+
+This is also Oi.
+
+If we add an inversion center,
+we get all this.
+
+And if you look at the ones
+have been honored by being
+
+designated by a symbol, the
+horizontal mirror plane takes
+
+the precedence.
+
+So for example, for 2 over m, 2
+over m, 2 over m, you've got
+
+two different vertical mirror
+planes, and you've got one
+
+horizontal mirror plane.
+
+But it's called 2 over m,
+2 over m, 2 over m.
+
+You can call it 2,
+2, 2, m, m, m.
+
+That's also a possible symbol,
+but much more of a mouthful.
+
+There's some arbitrariness
+to the symbol because the
+
+arrangement of symmetry elements
+is what's real.
+
+And we decide how we
+want to devise a
+
+notation to label them.
+
+And as we've seen, there are
+two different people who
+
+adopted a different code
+for giving them names.
+
+So if it's rational and
+
+informative, it's a good notation.
+
+Interestingly, the international
+notation, on the
+
+one hand, and the Schoenflies
+notation, on the other,
+
+complimentary.
+
+The international notation
+tells you
+
+unambiguously what you have.
+
+So 2, 2, 2 over m, m, m tells
+you three orthogonal twofold
+
+axes if you remember what
+came out of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+construction.
+
+And perpendicular to each of
+them is a mirror plane.
+
+And that's what you've got.
+
+Schoenflies tells you
+how you derived it.
+
+You took D2, and that's the
+dihedral group 2, 2, 2, and
+
+you added an h, a horizontal
+mirror plane.
+
+And all hell broke loose.
+
+And you got mirror planes
+perpendicular to all the
+
+twofold axes.
+
+So there's a certain
+complementarity to the two
+
+different notations.
+
+And the people who do
+diffraction and
+
+crystallography for the most
+part follow the international
+
+notation, the Hermann-Mauguin
+notation.
+
+The people who do condensed
+matter physics use the
+
+Schoenflies notation.
+
+Because it's more inscrutable.
+
+And condensed matter physicists
+like to be
+
+inscrutable because it's
+how you gain respect.
+
+So both notation survive, but
+are more prevalent in some
+
+disciplines than in others
+and vice versa.
+
+Let's take a brief look ahead.
+
+What remains to be done?
+
+We now have the 32
+crystallographic point groups.
+
+These are the way things can be
+arranged by symmetry about
+
+a fixed point in space.
+
+If we were to proceed in the
+same way that we did for the
+
+two-dimensional space groups,
+what we should do next is
+
+decide what sort of
+three-dimensional space
+
+lattices these symmetries
+will require.
+
+And then proceed to drop each of
+the point groups into each
+
+of the lattices that can
+accommodate them.
+
+And then use the tricks that
+we've used in two dimensions,
+
+take mirror planes and replace
+them by glide planes.
+
+And then having done that, we
+would take the mirror planes
+
+and the rotation axes
+and interweave them.
+
+And lest that job seem too
+daunting, let me point out
+
+that we already have 17
+of the space groups.
+
+All we have to do is take
+the plane groups, take a
+
+translation that's perpendicular
+to the plane of
+
+the plane group, and let all the
+rotation axes and mirror
+
+planes extend up indefinitely
+in three dimensions parallel
+
+to that translation.
+
+So we already have 17 of the
+
+three-dimensional space groups.
+
+They look just like the plane
+groups except they extend in a
+
+direction that's perpendicular
+to the plane of our original
+
+two-dimensional group.
+
+So we're already a long
+way towards deriving a
+
+three-dimensional space group
+without really knowing it.
+
+But what I would like to
+consider next is the lattices
+
+that are required for
+three dimensions.
+
+And I've already given you how
+one can approach this problem.
+
+Take the lattices that have
+been required in the
+
+two-dimensional plane groups.
+
+And if the presence of a
+threefold axis and the base of
+
+the cell require, say, net
+that is hexagonal with a1
+
+equal to a2 identically in
+magnitude and exactly at 120
+
+degrees with respect
+to one another.
+
+Let's let the third translation
+be perpendicular
+
+to the base.
+
+If it's hexagonal, we have
+to have at least a
+
+threefold axis here.
+
+And we've found that adding a
+threefold axis to that net
+
+gave rise to two other threefold
+axes in the center
+
+of the triangle.
+
+So one lattice would be one in
+which the third translation,
+
+which we'll label c,
+is straight up.
+
+In other words, perpendicular to
+the net that we derived in
+
+two dimensions.
+
+What we will have as a
+constraint is that if we pick
+
+a certain translation that is
+not normal to the plane group,
+
+and let's say it terminates
+here in projection.
+
+So the third translation
+goes up and over.
+
+If there's a threefold axis at
+this end of the translation,
+
+there must be a threefold
+axis at the end of that
+
+translation.
+
+And that mucks everything up,
+and we no longer have a group.
+
+We can't have another threefold
+axis poking down
+
+through the plane of this
+two-dimensional plane group.
+
+But it is perfectly OK if the
+third translation moves this
+
+threefold axis and puts down
+a lattice point and another
+
+threefold axis directly
+over this one.
+
+Or alternatively, another
+choice for T3
+
+would be this one.
+
+That would put the lattice
+point in a threefold axis
+
+directly over this one.
+
+So again, we have threefold axes
+extending normal to the
+
+plane of my drawing.
+
+And I've created no
+threefold axes.
+
+So with a threefold axis, there
+are three potentially
+
+different space lattices, one in
+which the third translation
+
+is normal to the plane of the
+plane group, another one where
+
+the translation terminates
+over the
+
+other two twofold axes.
+
+And so this is the way in which
+one would proceed to
+
+derive the space lattices.
+
+Buerger does not
+do it this way.
+
+He doesn't look at
+the plane groups.
+
+He looks just at where the
+axes sit in the nets.
+
+No mirror planes whatsoever.
+
+And I'll return to the point.
+
+And the place where I think he's
+wrong is that if you add
+
+a twofold axis to a centered
+net, you get twofold axes in
+
+all of these locations.
+
+These are the twofold
+axes in C2mm.
+
+And if that's all you look at,
+there's no reason why this
+
+should be the plane group.
+
+And it looks as though you can
+make T3 terminate over this
+
+twofold axis.
+
+And that would give you a
+peculiar triple cell with
+
+three lattice points along
+the long diagonal of
+
+a rectangular net.
+
+And you say, wow, 15
+space lattices.
+
+We're going to be famous,
+if not rich.
+
+You can't do that because this
+plane group can exist only if
+
+there are mirror planes
+in here like this.
+
+And then through these twofold
+axes, these have to be glides.
+
+So you can't take 2mm and
+put it on top of 2gg.
+
+It's impossible.
+
+So there are 14 space
+lattices.
+
+The 15th doesn't exist.
+
+But it looks as though it's
+possible in Buerger's
+
+treatment when he looks just
+at the placement of the
+
+rotation axes alone and not
+the location of any mirror
+
+planes that are in
+the plane groups.
+
+So that is where we're
+going to go next.
+
+And that is a process
+that actually is
+
+surprisingly simple.
+
+And we will get the space
+lattices very quickly.
+
+We'll get a number of space
+groups along the way,
+
+as we've just seen.
+
+And then we will cut to the
+bottom line and just look at
+
+how this information is
+tabulated in tables for you in
+
+a fashion that's analogous to
+the representation of the
+
+plane groups.
+
+So we're pretty close.
+
+We'll be wrapping things up in
+another two or three meetings.
+
+What I would like to do in the
+time that remains though, the
+
+point groups are very difficult
+to visualize unless
+
+you look at real crystals.
+
+So what I'm going to do is pass
+around a collection of
+
+models of actual crystals.
+
+I'm not sure I can tell you what
+every one of these models
+
+represents.
+
+These are curious things.
+
+I would beg you not to
+drop them on one
+
+of the sharp corners.
+
+These are made out of wood.
+
+They're made out of pear wood in
+the Black Forest by elves.
+
+No, that last part
+is not true.
+
+But they are incredibly
+expensive.
+
+Because the angles in
+these things have
+
+to be exactly right.
+
+So they are made on the same
+sort of machine that you use
+
+for faceting diamonds.
+
+It's something that has two
+degrees of freedom, so you can
+
+get a surface that you want on
+the material exactly parallel
+
+to a grinding surface.
+
+And then you have a provision
+for advancing it normal to
+
+that direction by a
+controlled amount.
+
+If it were not precise, you
+would not see sharp edges and
+
+sharp corners.
+
+So these are incredibly
+expensive.
+
+I, therefore, ask it
+that you hold them
+
+tightly with both hands.
+
+Don't drop them on the floor.
+
+And I'll take around a couple
+of handfuls of these.
+
+I don't know if I have
+enough for everyone.
+
+With the tables of the point
+groups in front of you, why
+
+don't you try to identify the
+point group that's possible in
+
+each of these models.
+
+This is a big one.
+
+So I'm sure you won't
+drop that one.
+
+I don't think I have enough for
+everyone, so I'll start
+
+passing them out to every
+other person.
+
+Maybe you can look on with the
+person adjacent to you.
+
+Take one of these.
+
+Pass those over.
+
+Here you go.
+
+I gave you that just
+to be mean.
+
+That is an example of something
+that's called a
+
+twinned crystal.
+
+You can't have reentrant
+faces.
+
+Yeah, that's actually two
+crystals that are intergrown.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we can't identify
+the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can look.
+
+Block one of them out in your
+mind, and try to imagine what
+
+it would look like.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Here's an example
+of another one.
+
+That's actually gypsum.
+
+And that's a very common
+twin in gypsum.
+
+And if you could take
+this and rotate it--
+
+this one doesn't rotate--
+
+rotate it 90 degrees, then you
+would have a crystal that had
+
+a parallelogram shape.
+
+And actually that's
+been rotated by 90
+
+degrees about an axis.
+
+That's within the base.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, no, I think that's
+just 4m or 4 over m.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, there's
+no mirror there.
+
+That's a 4 bar, I think.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, is that
+the inversion?
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+no-- neither.
+
+I am a touchy-feely guy.
+
+If I see something up here, I
+look down here and try to feel
+
+something that's
+parallel to it.
+
+But you're right,
+you're right.
+
+If I rotate 90 degrees--
+
+remember rotoinversion is the
+same as rotoreflection.
+
+So I could rotate to here
+and then reflect down,
+
+and I get this one.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's 4 bar.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's 4 bar, yeah.
+
+And you see in the cross
+section, it is square.
+
+There's a little square on top
+here, so there is a fourfold
+
+aspect to it when you look
+at planes in a special
+
+orientation.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question
+about 4 bar.
+
+4 bar in planes are
+twofold rotation.
+
+PROFESSOR: A twofold
+pure rotation.
+
+Probably the best example of
+4 bar is a tetrahedron.
+
+Two faces on top, two faces
+twisted 90 degrees, and
+
+inverted down.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that means
+an 8 bar would be a
+
+fourfold proper rotation.
+
+So why cannot I put an 8
+bar in the point group?
+
+Because it's only a fourfold
+rotation, and that's allowed.
+
+PROFESSOR: The reason is that
+there's no origin to
+
+translations.
+
+So if you had translations in
+an 8 bar crystal, you would
+
+have four translations that were
+repeated by rotation and
+
+then another translation 45
+degrees and inverted down.
+
+But you can assemble those
+at this same point.
+
+So you would have eight
+translations 45 degrees apart.
+
+And that's impossible
+in a lattice.
+
+Need another one?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Do you need another
+one to look at?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, I'm good.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I can't have you just sitting
+there doing nothing.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is this half of
+this [INAUDIBLE] material?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's twinned
+by a 180 degree
+
+rotation on the 1, 1, 1 plane.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah, the
+1, 1, 1 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That is actually half
+of an octahedron.
+
+This is a-- whoops,
+no, it's not.
+
+Yes, it is.
+
+No, I think that's just
+the threefold--
+
+3, 3, 3.
+
+3 bar, 2 over m.
+
+And it's been rotated by 180
+degrees, which is not a
+
+symmetry transformation.
+
+So the 3 bar is rotated
+180 degrees.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's a
+3 bar, 2 over m?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so.
+
+I think it's a 3 bar here, a
+face here, and a face down
+
+below, inverted, 60
+degrees away.
+
+And they're mirror planes.
+
+And there two full axes
+perpendicular to those mirror
+
+planes, I do believe.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't see
+the twofold axes.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're only seeing
+half the crystal, and I think
+
+that's the reason why.
+
+This is the mirror plane here.
+
+And this edge is parallel
+to that mirror plane.
+
+And there's a twofold axis that
+comes out of the middle
+
+of that edge.
+
+You can't see it.
+
+That edge.
+
+And the mirror plane is exactly
+parallel to that.
+
+It's tough to see because you're
+only seeing half of it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: This [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is a fourfold axis
+
+perpendicular to a mirror plane.
+
+There's a threefold axis coming
+out here and a twofold
+
+axis coming out here.
+
+And there is a mirror plane
+perpendicular to the fourfold
+
+axis and perpendicular to the
+twofold axis also under the
+
+mirror plane.
+
+So this is 4 over m,
+3 bar, 2 over m.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the
+rotational symmetry.
+
+But you get all sorts
+of mirror planes
+
+coming through here.
+
+So really, it's this one.
+
+Mirror plane this way, mirror
+plane this way,
+
+mirror plane this way.
+
+So if we set it up relative to
+this, there's the fourfold
+
+coming out here, here's the
+fourfold coming out here.
+
+And there are mirror planes this
+way and also this way, 45
+
+degrees away.
+
+Nothing to do?
+
+Can I steal one that you're
+not working with?
+
+There's a--
+
+AUDIENCE: This one
+is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's 2, 3 with
+no mirror planes.
+
+Oh, no, no, that's not true.
+
+No, that is 4 bar, 2m,
+believe it or not.
+
+Look at the three different
+directions.
+
+These two corners
+are the same.
+
+There's a little, tiny
+line segment there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so there is
+a mirror plane right here?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but there's no
+mirror plane going through
+
+the other edges.
+
+So there's a mirror plane
+here, mirror plane here.
+
+And then there is twofold axes
+coming out of this little
+
+straight line segment here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Really?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And that's different
+from this.
+
+So these two edges
+are the same.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where is the
+principle axis?
+
+PROFESSOR: The principle
+axis would be this one.
+
+AUDIENCE: This one?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So basically, I have
+this mirror plane right here.
+
+Then twofold axis in the
+middle of the circle.
+
+So now here, where is it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+it's hexagonal.
+
+So you want to back
+up a little bit.
+
+Right there.
+
+AUDIENCE: This one?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, sorry.
+
+This one.
+
+Threefold axis, twofold.
+
+That's perpendicular
+to a mirror plane.
+
+AUDIENCE: So here's
+my mirror plane.
+
+PROFESSOR: Coming right out
+of this little edge here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Let's say like this.
+
+No mirror plane?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which one
+is this one?
+
+It's like this one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's put
+it right here.
+
+Here is--
+
+AUDIENCE: Like this?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, you've got
+to get it up like this.
+
+OK.
+
+There is a mirror plane.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, this is not.
+
+No, the mirror plane
+is right here.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+It goes up like--
+
+oh.
+
+Let me get it set up here.
+
+OK.
+
+There is the mirror plane.
+
+This face is different
+from the others.
+
+AUDIENCE: And the twofold
+axes are on the edges.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So basically,
+there are three
+
+for one mirror plane.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here are the mirror
+planes coming through this
+
+way, this way, this way.
+
+They're 60 degrees apart.
+
+AUDIENCE: You say there are
+three mirror planes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, this one,
+this one, and this one.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't agree.
+
+This one is no mirror plane.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're right.
+
+You're right.
+
+AUDIENCE: There is only one
+when you look from above.
+
+But there are two for
+just [INAUDIBLE]
+
+45 degrees-- or,
+not 45 degrees.
+
+That's a triangle.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a
+terrible one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because if we decide
+that the top is one, the
+
+principle--
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+a twofold axis.
+
+That's a mirror plane, and
+that's a mirror plane.
+
+And it looks like it is 2nn.
+
+I think it's 2nn.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+There's nothing further?
+
+PROFESSOR: Nothing further.
+
+Got that one?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4 bar 2m?
+
+I had to look to find
+a twofold axis.
+
+That was the tricky part.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no
+threefold axis.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, twofold.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Finding those
+was [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's it.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can see
+the mirror planes.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's the
+twofold axis.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: And this two on top
+and two underneath skewed by
+
+90 degrees, that's a 4 bar.
+
+So that's 4 bar 2m.
+
+You have nothing to do?
+
+Oh, you're talking
+with them, OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is this
+one actually?
+
+There is 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right,
+so it's cubic.
+
+And mirror planes are going down
+through the twofold axis.
+
+So that's enough to tell
+you that it is this.
+
+So let's set it up here.
+
+Fourfold axes are coming
+out of the points.
+
+So you've got mirror
+planes this way,
+
+mirror point 45 degrees.
+
+Here is this twofold axis.
+
+Here is this twofold axis.
+
+And here are the twofold axes
+that are in the same plane.
+
+And here's the other
+fourfold axis.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+That one's not fair.
+
+This is actually two crystals
+that are grown together by an
+
+operation that is
+not a symmetry
+
+element of the crystal.
+
+And actually these
+two crystals have
+
+symmetry 2 over m.
+
+And they are rotated relative
+to one another by
+
+a 180 degree rotation.
+
+It's not a symmetry element.
+
+So this is something that's
+called a twinned crystal.
+
+AUDIENCE: Twinned?
+
+PROFESSOR: Twinned crystal.
+
+So it's really two of them.
+
+And if I could twist this one
+around so that the crystal
+
+continued on in that direction,
+it would be
+
+something that had a
+lozenge-like shape.
+
+So I should put that one away.
+
+That's only confusing people.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor Wuensch?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that
+a 6 over mmm?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's 6 over
+m, 2 over m, 2 over m.
+
+Six folds.
+
+Two kinds of twofold,
+one out of the edge,
+
+one out of the corner.
+
+And a mirror plane
+
+perpendicular to each of those.
+
+6 over m, 2 over m, 2 over m.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's the same
+thing [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So the 6 over m comes
+from this way.
+
+And then the 2 over
+m is there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so
+it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, exactly.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me put
+that one away.
+
+It's just confusing people.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, that
+one was easy.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a
+twinned crystal.
+
+It was easy?
+
+You found it easy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so
+3 over m, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I guess.
+
+This looks as though it might be
+the corner of an octahedron
+
+because you don't
+see much of it.
+
+But these two faces and these
+two faces are not related by a
+
+fourfold rotation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, either way,
+there wouldn't be anywhere to
+
+put a fourfold rotation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, right.
+
+So if you look at the whole
+thing, this is actually two
+
+intergrown crystals when
+you see this sort
+
+of reentrant angle.
+
+This is two crystals grown
+together by an operation which
+
+is not a symmetry operation.
+
+So this is something
+that's called a
+
+twin, a twinned crystal.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the symmetry is
+
+nevertheless 3 over m, correct?
+
+PROFESSOR: Of the whole thing?
+
+Yeah, yeah, of the
+whole thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: And this is just 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, this is 3mm.
+
+There's a mirror plane
+down there and a
+
+mirror plane down here.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're right.
+
+PROFESSOR: No twofold axis
+because this end is different
+
+from this end.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is a
+regular solid, right?
+
+What is it called?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is a rhombic
+dodecahedron.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, the one you were
+talking about the other day.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is 4, 3, 2.
+
+And then mirror planes too
+all over the place.
+
+AUDIENCE: So all of these
+solids do not have to be
+
+members of this list, right?
+
+Because these are
+finite objects.
+
+They can be [? twelvefold ?]
+and--
+
+PROFESSOR: They could be.
+
+These actually, in fact,
+are models of
+
+real crystalline materials.
+
+And they're made with the faces
+and the relative sizes
+
+that these minerals
+actually have.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So somewhere floating
+around is something
+
+that's very characteristically
+quartz.
+
+And there's one that's a flat
+one with a reentrant angle in
+
+it, that's gypsum.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+fourfold.
+
+Twofold here.
+
+This goes into this.
+
+No mirror planes because these
+things are inclined.
+
+So it's 4, 2, 2.
+
+Good.
+
+It's easy when you know
+what to look for.
+
+When you say, they are only
+a few possibilities.
+
+And if I see a fourfold axis in
+it, that narrows it down to
+
+two or three.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like that.
+
+That's an inversion center
+running through here.
+
+And there's no rotation
+there [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] here?
+
+Here through this way?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, because this
+doesn't map [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Does that map that
+by a mirror?
+
+The mirror [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+AUDIENCE: It cuts
+across this way.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I
+could buy that.
+
+PROFESSOR: You've reached
+a consensus?
+
+AUDIENCE: We've got a mirror,
+and we've got an inversion.
+
+But we're not sure what
+else we've got.
+
+AUDIENCE: While I like
+the inversion, I'd
+
+also like the mirror.
+
+I don't see the mirror.
+
+All I see is a really an
+inversion axis there.
+
+I think I'm missing that mirror
+that you're saying.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a mirror
+that goes down this way.
+
+And there's a twofold
+axis here.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, that was
+the one we missed.
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's 2 over m.
+
+AUDIENCE: Over m.
+
+And the inversion
+just falls out.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+in there too.
+
+Inversions are nice.
+
+You can feel inversions.
+
+You put your finger on one face
+and your finger on the
+
+other face.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Get it?
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is
+this one, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, very good.
+
+And that is a silicate mineral
+called garnet.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Garnet.
+
+It's actually a silicate
+mineral, which is used as a
+
+gemstone sometimes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this should
+be a 4, 3, 2 face.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I don't know
+if it's the end of the
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Could be m3m.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where are the--
+
+it doesn't an inversion
+center.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: It doesn't have an
+inversion center here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh yeah, it does.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh yes, it does.
+
+Yes, it does.
+
+Actually, the thing to
+look for are the
+
+high symmetry things.
+
+Your eye spots them.
+
+That's got a fourfold
+axis in it.
+
+OK
+
+So are there other
+fourfold axes?
+
+Yes, yes.
+
+So that has to be based
+on 4, 3, 2.
+
+Because you have three
+orthogonal fourfold axes.
+
+Threefold is here.
+
+Twofold axis is here.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, thanks.
+
+AUDIENCE: There are--
+
+oh, I already saw those ones.
+
+PROFESSOR: You want to
+look at some more?
+
+AUDIENCE: All right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Enough for one day?
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor Wuensch,
+I've been staring at this one
+
+for such a long time.
+
+And I couldn't match it
+with anything on here.
+
+PROFESSOR: This looks like a
+tetrahedron except the face is
+
+puckered up into this
+little thing.
+
+So the way I would start with
+saying, OK, this is
+
+tetrahedral in which case if I
+make these things flat, that's
+
+a perfect tetrahedron.
+
+Four sides.
+
+But what's happened is
+that this face is
+
+not quite 1, 1, 1.
+
+The 4 bar axes come out these
+three directions.
+
+And they have got twofold
+symmetry, mirror planes
+
+running through the
+twofold axes.
+
+This is the 4 bar axis with
+mirror planes running this
+
+way, this way.
+
+So this is actually 4 bar.
+
+This is still further.
+
+It's a cubic crystal.
+
+This is based on the tetrahedral
+symmetry.
+
+Here is the 4 bar axis.
+
+Mirror plane this way, mirror
+plane this way.
+
+Another 4 bar coming out
+of these two edges.
+
+And then these are the diagonal
+mirror planes.
+
+So this is it.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think I was looking
+for a threefold axis
+
+in the center.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, the 4 bar comes
+out of the edge of the
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+And this is the other 4
+bar coming out here.
+
+Threefold like this and mirror
+planes going through the
+
+threefold axis like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see it.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's hard when
+you look at this thing.
+
+I never saw this thing before.
+
+What's here?
+
+But if you know the results
+have to be 1 of these 32
+
+possibilities, and this is
+obviously cubic, and it's
+
+based on the tetrahedron, that
+means there are only three
+
+possibilities.
+
+No mirror planes.
+
+If you find one mirror plane,
+you ask yourself, does the
+
+mirror plane go through the
+threefold axis, or does it
+
+miss the threefold axis?
+
+It goes through the threefold
+axis, so it's got to be this.
+
+And then you know just
+what to look for.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it just
+[INAUDIBLE] m?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+a dirty one.
+
+This is a dirty one.
+
+If you look at this very
+carefully, this face is the
+
+same as this face, but it's
+not the same as that one.
+
+It's a little bigger.
+
+So if you say, what's in here,
+these two things do not come
+
+together at a common vertex
+like these two.
+
+There's another little line
+segment between these faces.
+
+So there are no threefold
+axes coming out of this.
+
+Looks like it might
+be tetrahedral.
+
+Clearly, a mirror plane
+going this way.
+
+And then there is also a twofold
+axis coming out here.
+
+So there's a 2 over m and
+another 2 over m.
+
+I did this once before with
+somebody, and this is the
+
+hardest one in the whole set.
+
+So a mirror plane this way.
+
+There's got to be another mirror
+plane because there's a
+
+twofold axis.
+
+4 bar.
+
+Up, down, up, down.
+
+So this is 4 bar, 2 over m.
+
+4 bar, 2 over m.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1zAuKwZ5PPE.txt b/1zAuKwZ5PPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..747ed4b2a6f342f29cdb35cccbf0a2c6dfcb8a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1zAuKwZ5PPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically uh we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically uh we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically uh we proved that
+essentially if you follow the steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you follow the steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you follow the steps we
+followed so far in the course and derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed so far in the course and derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed so far in the course and derive
+the perfectly competitive outcome uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive outcome uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive outcome uh
+equilibrium outcome that's the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium outcome that's the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium outcome that's the best you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+do now the best way to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now the best way to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now the best way to understand this
+example is to ask how it gets messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to ask how it gets messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to ask how it gets messed up
+by by government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by government
+interventions in this world of perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in this world of perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in this world of perfectly
+competitive markets The Government Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive markets The Government Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive markets The Government Can
+Only screw things up okay the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only screw things up okay the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only screw things up okay the market
+knows best The Government Can Only screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows best The Government Can Only screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows best The Government Can Only screw
+things up and so I going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and so I going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up and so I going to talk about a
+couple examples of ways the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of ways the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of ways the government
+could screw this market up before coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could screw this market up before coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could screw this market up before coming
+back in a few lecture telling you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a few lecture telling you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in a few lecture telling you why
+the government isn't always the bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government isn't always the bad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government isn't always the bad guy
+but but thus far it is okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but thus far it is okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but thus far it is okay so for
+example let's go back to our market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go back to our market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go back to our market for
+gas and let's look at figure 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and let's look at figure 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and let's look at figure 101
+imagine you're initially in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're initially in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're initially in equilibrium
+the market for gas at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market for gas at P1
+q1 Point E1 is equilibrium everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 Point E1 is equilibrium everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 Point E1 is equilibrium everybody's
+Happy on the demand and supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy on the demand and supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happy on the demand and supply
+curve and as I proved last time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and as I proved last time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and as I proved last time that's
+the welfare maximizing outcome that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare maximizing outcome that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare maximizing outcome that's
+the outcome that maximizes the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome that maximizes the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome that maximizes the sum of
+producer and consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer and consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer and consumer
+surpluses now imagine there's a war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses now imagine there's a war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpluses now imagine there's a war in
+the Middle East as we unfortunately are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East as we unfortunately are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East as we unfortunately are
+about to are having uh and that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to are having uh and that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to are having uh and that raises
+as it will raise the price of gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it will raise the price of gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it will raise the price of gas the
+price of gas is rising in the US it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gas is rising in the US it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gas is rising in the US it will
+rise now because of these terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise now because of these terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise now because of these terrible
+events uh the Middle East um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh the Middle East um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh the Middle East um and that
+results in a higher cost of getting oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a higher cost of getting oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a higher cost of getting oil
+that shifts up the supply curve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts up the supply curve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shifts up the supply curve and that
+leads to a higher price for gasoline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a higher price for gasoline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a higher price for gasoline so
+we went these Dynamics last time how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went these Dynamics last time how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went these Dynamics last time how
+that would happen uh and you move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen uh and you move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen uh and you move from
+E1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 to
+E2 now what does that do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 now what does that do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 now what does that do to
+welfare positively we know what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare positively we know what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare positively we know what it does
+we've derived that what about nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've derived that what about nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've derived that what about nor
+atively what's due to welfare well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atively what's due to welfare well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atively what's due to welfare well
+before this Supply shift consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this Supply shift consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this Supply shift consumer
+surplus was a plus b plus d plus e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus was a plus b plus d plus e so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus was a plus b plus d plus e so
+before so we're talking about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we're talking about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we're talking about now
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+interventions so let's say this's Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so let's say this's Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so let's say this's Supply
+shift so consumer surplus before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so consumer surplus before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so consumer surplus before the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+rise before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise before the
+war the consumer surplus was a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the consumer surplus was a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the consumer surplus was a plus b
+plus d plus e and the producer Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d plus e and the producer Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d plus e and the producer Surplus
+equal consumer surplus and the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal consumer surplus and the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal consumer surplus and the producer
+Surplus was C+ f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus was C+ f plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus was C+ f plus
+G what has happened now well the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G what has happened now well the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G what has happened now well the new
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+E2 consumer surplus has fallen to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 consumer surplus has fallen to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 consumer surplus has fallen to just
+a we've lost that entire trapezoid B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we've lost that entire trapezoid B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we've lost that entire trapezoid B
+plus d plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d plus
+e producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e producer
+Surplus has um producers have gained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus has um producers have gained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus has um producers have gained the
+area B Because prices are higher but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B Because prices are higher but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B Because prices are higher but
+they've lost but producers have lost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've lost but producers have lost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've lost but producers have lost um
+uh f plus G so producer Surplus has lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f plus G so producer Surplus has lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f plus G so producer Surplus has lost
+f plus G but they've gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus G but they've gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus G but they've gained
+B okay so overall Society has lost um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so overall Society has lost um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so overall Society has lost um uh
+Society has uh lost D plus e plus f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society has uh lost D plus e plus f plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society has uh lost D plus e plus f plus
+G that entire sort of if you will sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that entire sort of if you will sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G that entire sort of if you will sort
+of sideways trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sideways trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sideways trapezoid
+fdeg is gone it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdeg is gone it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdeg is gone it's
+disappeared uh because now the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared uh because now the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared uh because now the price is
+higher okay and that's our welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay and that's our welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay and that's our welfare
+analysis and right now we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and right now we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and right now we're talking
+about good bad we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about good bad we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about good bad we're not talking about
+how we feel about this we're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we feel about this we're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we feel about this we're just saying
+what happened positively what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened positively what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened positively what happened
+positively is welfare fell by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively is welfare fell by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively is welfare fell by that
+trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+fdeg now however imagine that voters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdeg now however imagine that voters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fdeg now however imagine that voters are
+said about this President Biden's up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about this President Biden's up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about this President Biden's up for
+re-election in a little bit more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-election in a little bit more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-election in a little bit more than a
+year he may be worried that higher gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he may be worried that higher gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year he may be worried that higher gas
+prices will hurt his chances as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices will hurt his chances as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices will hurt his chances as they
+often uh people terms out people's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh people terms out people's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh people terms out people's in
+feelings about inflation are heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about inflation are heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about inflation are heavily
+shaped by what happens at the gas prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by what happens at the gas prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by what happens at the gas prices
+and he says you know what we ought to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says you know what we ought to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says you know what we ought to do
+we ought to limit this price rise in gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to limit this price rise in gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to limit this price rise in gas
+why don't we just tell the gas producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just tell the gas producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just tell the gas producers
+that they can't raise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't raise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can't raise their
+prices why don't we set a price ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices why don't we set a price ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices why don't we set a price ceiling
+at P1 and just say look price of gas was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at P1 and just say look price of gas was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at P1 and just say look price of gas was
+I don't know 350 50 before these latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know 350 50 before these latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know 350 50 before these latest
+events 360 you can't raise it it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events 360 you can't raise it it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events 360 you can't raise it it's got
+to say 360 a gallon you can't raise to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say 360 a gallon you can't raise to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say 360 a gallon you can't raise to 4
+450 whatever it's going to go to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 whatever it's going to go to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 whatever it's going to go to and
+then the voters will be happy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the voters will be happy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the voters will be happy because
+they won have to pay more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won have to pay more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won have to pay more for
+gas okay well what would that do we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay well what would that do we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay well what would that do we can
+show that in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in figure
+101 little in figure 102 little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 little in figure 102 little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 little in figure 102 little
+two so what is the effect of price seing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what is the effect of price seing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what is the effect of price seing
+let's walk through this slowly first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's walk through this slowly first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's walk through this slowly first
+thing is they said a price sailing at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is they said a price sailing at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is they said a price sailing at P1
+suppos it's a price cealing set at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos it's a price cealing set at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos it's a price cealing set at P1
+first question is at a price cealing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is at a price cealing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is at a price cealing of
+P1 how much gas gets produced and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 how much gas gets produced and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 how much gas gets produced and why
+someone tell me at a price sealing of P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me at a price sealing of P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone tell me at a price sealing of P1
+if the government says the price can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the government says the price can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the government says the price can't
+go above P1 how much gas gets produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go above P1 how much gas gets produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go above P1 how much gas gets produced
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+why what quantity of gas is produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what quantity of gas is produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what quantity of gas is produced in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah
+you got to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to speak
+up a lower specifically what quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower specifically what quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lower specifically what quantity
+lower quantity what Q3 is produced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower quantity what Q3 is produced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower quantity what Q3 is produced and
+why is Q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced yeah basically because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced yeah basically because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced yeah basically because in this
+situation of dise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of dise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of dise
+equilibrium where at that price Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where at that price Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where at that price Supply
+does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal
+demand firms are in charge you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand firms are in charge you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand firms are in charge you've
+basically said look we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said look we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said look we are going to
+assist the price above p is P1 consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist the price above p is P1 consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist the price above p is P1 consumers
+are like super we want to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like super we want to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like super we want to continue
+consuming q1 and firms say no we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming q1 and firms say no we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming q1 and firms say no we're not
+interested in producing q1 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in producing q1 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in producing q1 we're going
+to produce Q3 and that's all we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce Q3 and that's all we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce Q3 and that's all we're going
+to produce that's all you get it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce that's all you get it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce that's all you get it doesn't
+matter the consumers want q1 so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the consumers want q1 so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the consumers want q1 so we're
+out of equilibrium we have excess demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of equilibrium we have excess demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of equilibrium we have excess demand
+but unlike the case last time with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike the case last time with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unlike the case last time with an
+excess demand led the equilibrium to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand led the equilibrium to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand led the equilibrium to
+adjust it can't this time because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it can't this time because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it can't this time because the
+government set a price cealing so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set a price cealing so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set a price cealing so now
+the new equilibrium is at E3 with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new equilibrium is at E3 with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new equilibrium is at E3 with only
+Q3 being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 being
+sold so the key point is when you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold so the key point is when you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold so the key point is when you're out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+equilibrium you've got to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you've got to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you've got to look
+at who is the constrained party who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who is the constrained party who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who is the constrained party who's
+going to determine what happens well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine what happens well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine what happens well
+basically it's going to be whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to be whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to be whichever
+party wants to produce or consume less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party wants to produce or consume less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party wants to produce or consume less
+it doesn't matter how much consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how much consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter how much consumers
+want to consume producers only produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consume producers only produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consume producers only produce
+Q3 okay so only Q3 gets produced and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 okay so only Q3 gets produced and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 okay so only Q3 gets produced and we
+knew equilibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew equilibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew equilibrate
+E3 well what does this do well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 well what does this do well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 well what does this do well there are
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+costs and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and one
+benefit okay the cost the first cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay the cost the first cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay the cost the first cost so
+what so the government intervenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so the government intervenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so the government intervenes
+there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+costs the first cost is an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction is an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is an efficiency
+reduction what is the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction what is the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction what is the efficiency
+reduction well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction well let's
+return so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so if you look at this
+diagram in the disequilibrium outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in the disequilibrium outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in the disequilibrium outcome
+only E3 gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only E3 gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only E3 gets
+produced okay so what is the new only so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced okay so what is the new only so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced okay so what is the new only so
+only Q3 amounts of gas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Q3 amounts of gas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Q3 amounts of gas are
+produced this I'm comparing compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this I'm comparing compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this I'm comparing compare
+equilibrium E3 to equilibrium E2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium E3 to equilibrium E2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium E3 to equilibrium E2 now
+remember on the previous diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on the previous diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on the previous diagram the
+bottom of the previous page we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the previous page we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the previous page we talked
+about E2 was worse than E1 but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about E2 was worse than E1 but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about E2 was worse than E1 but that's
+done the war has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the war has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the war has
+happened we're now at E2 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we're now at E2 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we're now at E2 if the
+government doesn't do anything so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doesn't do anything so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doesn't do anything so now
+the relev comparison is not to E1 E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relev comparison is not to E1 E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relev comparison is not to E1 E1
+doesn't exist anymore it's E3 to E2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist anymore it's E3 to E2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist anymore it's E3 to E2 so
+want to ask what happens to Total social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask what happens to Total social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask what happens to Total social
+welfare we moveed from E2 to E3 well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare we moveed from E2 to E3 well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare we moveed from E2 to E3 well the
+answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that
+consumers only get Q3 amount of gas at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers only get Q3 amount of gas at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers only get Q3 amount of gas at a
+price of P1 so consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of P1 so consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of P1 so consumer
+surplus has gone so consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus has gone so consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus has gone so consumer surplus
+without the government intervention at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the government intervention at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the government intervention at
+this new price would be at this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new price would be at this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new price would be at this new
+price without government so at each two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price without government so at each two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price without government so at each two
+consumer surplus would be v+ Y at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus would be v+ Y at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus would be v+ Y at
+E2 okay and producer Surplus at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay and producer Surplus at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay and producer Surplus at
+E2 would be uh W plus Z Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 would be uh W plus Z Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 would be uh W plus Z Plus
+X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at
+E2 okay now we move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay now we move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 okay now we move to
+E3 what is the new consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 what is the new consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 what is the new consumer
+surplus can anyone tell them what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus can anyone tell them what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus can anyone tell them what the
+new consumer surplus is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E3 yeah V plus W excellent because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 yeah V plus W excellent because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 yeah V plus W excellent because it's
+the area under the demand curve above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the demand curve above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the demand curve above
+the price line but only for units sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price line but only for units sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price line but only for units sold
+it doesn't matter that the area Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter that the area Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter that the area Y and
+the area Z is still under the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area Z is still under the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area Z is still under the demand
+curve above the price line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the price line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the price line that's
+irrelevant because the units aren't sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because the units aren't sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant because the units aren't sold
+you can't derive surplus of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't derive surplus of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't derive surplus of something
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+buy so consumer surplus is now V plus W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so consumer surplus is now V plus W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy so consumer surplus is now V plus W
+so consumers lose Y and they gain w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumers lose Y and they gain w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumers lose Y and they gain w
+but what about producers same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about producers same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about producers same person
+what's the new producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the new producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the new producer
+Surplus X producers have lost w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus X producers have lost w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus X producers have lost w and
+z so what has happened W has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what has happened W has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what has happened W has been
+transferred from producers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from producers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from producers to
+Consumers consumers are gaining W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers consumers are gaining W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers consumers are gaining W
+because they're now paying lower prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're now paying lower prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're now paying lower prices
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+gas but y+ Z is lost y Plus plus Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but y+ Z is lost y Plus plus Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but y+ Z is lost y Plus plus Z is
+what we call dead weight loss remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call dead weight loss remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call dead weight loss remember
+from last time what's happened to y+ Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time what's happened to y+ Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time what's happened to y+ Z
+they are trades that would make both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trades that would make both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trades that would make both
+parties better off that are not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties better off that are not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties better off that are not allowed
+to happen look if you stay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen look if you stay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen look if you stay at
+E2 both producers and consumers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 both producers and consumers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 both producers and consumers would be
+happy to sell all the gallons of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to sell all the gallons of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to sell all the gallons of gas
+between Q2 and Q3 but you're not letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Q2 and Q3 but you're not letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Q2 and Q3 but you're not letting
+them therefore you're reducing welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them therefore you're reducing welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them therefore you're reducing welfare
+you're reducing the total social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reducing the total social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reducing the total social welfare
+by not allowing those trades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not allowing those trades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not allowing those trades to
+happen Okay so that is the first cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so that is the first cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so that is the first cost
+this government intervention trades that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this government intervention trades that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this government intervention trades that
+don't get made lead to an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get made lead to an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get made lead to an efficiency
+loss trades that would make both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss trades that would make both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss trades that would make both parties
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+off but that don't get made lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but that don't get made lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but that don't get made lead to an
+efficiency loss okay there shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency loss okay there shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency loss okay there shouldn't
+this radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical
+idea if you've got your your two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you've got your your two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if you've got your your two you
+know uh your two uh playing cards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh your two uh playing cards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh your two uh playing cards you
+like and your friend is two playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and your friend is two playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and your friend is two playing
+cards they like and you'd be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards they like and you'd be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards they like and you'd be happy to
+have your friend's card and they'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your friend's card and they'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your friend's card and they'd be
+happy to have yours but your mom's upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to have yours but your mom's upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to have yours but your mom's upset
+with you and won't let you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and won't let you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you and won't let you make the
+trade you're worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you're worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you're worse
+off okay you're worse off if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay you're worse off if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay you're worse off if you can't
+make trades that make you that make both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make trades that make you that make both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make trades that make you that make both
+parties happier that's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties happier that's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties happier that's a simple
+intuition Society has lost and what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition Society has lost and what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition Society has lost and what have
+they lost they've lost this deadweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost they've lost this deadweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lost they've lost this deadweight
+loss amount y plus Z questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss amount y plus Z questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss amount y plus Z questions about
+that but that's not the only cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's not the only cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's not the only cost
+there's a second cost which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second cost which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second cost which is
+allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inefficiency and this is a new idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and this is a new idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and this is a new idea but
+it's really following from the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really following from the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really following from the intuition
+we've already developed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already developed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already developed in this
+class which is that in a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is that in a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is that in a world of
+equilibrium we never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we never have to
+ask who gets the good and how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask who gets the good and how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask who gets the good and how much they
+value it and who doesn't get the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it and who doesn't get the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it and who doesn't get the good
+and how much they value it we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they value it we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they value it we know from
+the diagram so if you look at figure 102
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram so if you look at figure 102
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram so if you look at figure 102
+without the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the price
+ceiling basically we we know who gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling basically we we know who gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling basically we we know who gets
+the gas everyone who values it at above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas everyone who values it at above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas everyone who values it at above
+P2 we know who doesn't get the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 we know who doesn't get the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 we know who doesn't get the gas
+everyone blows it below P2 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone blows it below P2 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone blows it below P2 you're
+done but now look at the new out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but now look at the new out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but now look at the new out of
+equilibrium outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium outcome
+E3 you have Q3 units of q1 units of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 you have Q3 units of q1 units of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E3 you have Q3 units of q1 units of gas
+people want but only Q3 that's provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want but only Q3 that's provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want but only Q3 that's provided
+so what determines who gets it it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what determines who gets it it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what determines who gets it it used
+to be you didn't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you didn't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you didn't have to worry about
+that the price determined it people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price determined it people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price determined it people who
+want it above the price got it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it above the price got it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it above the price got it didn't
+want to place didn't get it but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to place didn't get it but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to place didn't get it but now
+you've got more people who want it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more people who want it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more people who want it at
+that price that is actually supplied so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price that is actually supplied so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price that is actually supplied so
+you've got a new question who gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a new question who gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a new question who gets it
+and the problem is answering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is answering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is answering that
+question creates a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question creates a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question creates a new
+inefficiency because it's inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency because it's inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency because it's inefficient
+having to figure out how to allocate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to figure out how to allocate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to figure out how to allocate the
+good okay so for example in the 1970s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so for example in the 1970s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so for example in the 1970s we
+put in a gas price ceiling there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a gas price ceiling there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a gas price ceiling there was a
+gas price shock due to the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas price shock due to the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas price shock due to the formation of
+the organization of petroleum exporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of petroleum exporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of petroleum exporting
+countries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries or
+OPEC the uh countries in World got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC the uh countries in World got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC the uh countries in World got
+together and formed a cartel we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and formed a cartel we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and formed a cartel we'll talk
+about all this in a couple lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this in a couple lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this in a couple lectures
+formed a cartel and that cartel reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a cartel and that cartel reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a cartel and that cartel reduced
+the amount of oil being sold raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of oil being sold raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of oil being sold raising the
+price of gas the US government was upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gas the US government was upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gas the US government was upset
+gas had been cheap forever so they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas had been cheap forever so they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas had been cheap forever so they put
+in a gas price ceiling what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gas price ceiling what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gas price ceiling what happened
+well what happened was more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened was more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened was more people
+wanted gas at that low price than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted gas at that low price than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted gas at that low price than the
+gas stations willing to sell so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations willing to sell so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations willing to sell so what
+resulted was giant lines of cars with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted was giant lines of cars with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted was giant lines of cars with at
+gas station huge snaky lines of cars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station huge snaky lines of cars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas station huge snaky lines of cars you
+could wait 15 20 minutes in a line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wait 15 20 minutes in a line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wait 15 20 minutes in a line or
+longer to get your gas why because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to get your gas why because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to get your gas why because it
+was only Q3 amount of gas and q1 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only Q3 amount of gas and q1 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only Q3 amount of gas and q1 people
+wanted it so the only way to allocate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it so the only way to allocate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it so the only way to allocate it
+was to wait in line well that waiting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to wait in line well that waiting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to wait in line well that waiting in
+line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is
+inefficient why is it inefficient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient why is it inefficient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient why is it inefficient that
+people waiting in line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people waiting in line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people waiting in line for
+gas what's the efficiency cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas what's the efficiency cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas what's the efficiency cost
+yeah the opportunity cost they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the opportunity cost they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the opportunity cost they could be
+doing something else clearly that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else clearly that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else clearly that is not
+the use of their time that makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of their time that makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of their time that makes them
+happiest I highly doubt there was anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiest I highly doubt there was anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiest I highly doubt there was anyone
+who said woohoo I want to go wait in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said woohoo I want to go wait in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said woohoo I want to go wait in the
+line for gas okay they could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for gas okay they could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for gas okay they could have been
+working they could have been having fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working they could have been having fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working they could have been having fun
+whatever they could have been doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they could have been doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they could have been doing it
+would have been better than waiting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been better than waiting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been better than waiting line
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+gas there's also a second order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there's also a second order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas there's also a second order in
+efficiency cost second order means small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency cost second order means small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency cost second order means small
+which is they're using up a lot of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they're using up a lot of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they're using up a lot of gas
+waiting in line for gas remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting in line for gas remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting in line for gas remember we had
+big gas guzzlers then that got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big gas guzzlers then that got like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big gas guzzlers then that got like
+eight miles to the gallon so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight miles to the gallon so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight miles to the gallon so you could
+use up probably a gallon of gas waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up probably a gallon of gas waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up probably a gallon of gas waiting
+to get your gas sitting in line idling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your gas sitting in line idling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your gas sitting in line idling
+okay but that's the technical point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the technical point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the technical point the
+main point is there was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point is there was a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point is there was a huge
+opportunity cost that opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost that opportunity cost
+is inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inefficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inefficiency
+that is destroyed social surplus social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is destroyed social surplus social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is destroyed social surplus social
+welfare that is happiness that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that is happiness that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare that is happiness that could
+have been derived working or in Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been derived working or in Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been derived working or in Leisure
+that's gone so that's an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone so that's an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gone so that's an additional
+inefficiency that comes from this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency that comes from this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency that comes from this kind
+of government intervention not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government intervention not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government intervention not only is
+there inefficient amount of gas produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inefficient amount of gas produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inefficient amount of gas produced
+you're destroying efficiency further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're destroying efficiency further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're destroying efficiency further
+through the mechanism that allocates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism that allocates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanism that allocates the
+gas why doesn't that happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas why doesn't that happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas why doesn't that happen in a
+competitive equilibrium because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium because the
+mechanism is the price you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is the price you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is the price you look at the
+price you either get if you want or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you either get if you want or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you either get if you want or you
+don't if you don't don't it's easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you don't don't it's easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you don't don't it's easy you
+drive by the gas station if you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive by the gas station if you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive by the gas station if you want it
+you pull in you get the gas if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull in you get the gas if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull in you get the gas if you don't
+want it you drive by now if you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it you drive by now if you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it you drive by now if you want it
+you got to wait in line because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to wait in line because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to wait in line because there's
+not enough to satisfy the demand so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to satisfy the demand so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to satisfy the demand so that
+government intervention has caused a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervention has caused a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervention has caused a new
+efficiency loss the opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency loss the opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency loss the opportunity cost of
+people waiting in line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people waiting in line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people waiting in line for
+gas Okay now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Okay now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas Okay now what's the
+benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the
+benefit of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of all this
+presumably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equity presum the government's decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity presum the government's decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity presum the government's decided
+that they care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they care about
+consumers more than producers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers more than producers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers more than producers you can
+call it Equity you can call political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Equity you can call political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Equity you can call political
+calculation whatever you want but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation whatever you want but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation whatever you want but the
+idea is the benefits government say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the benefits government say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the benefits government say well
+yeah you got all efficiency but look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you got all efficiency but look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you got all efficiency but look we
+got to transfer W from those awful oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to transfer W from those awful oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to transfer W from those awful oil
+companies to these wonderful consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to these wonderful consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to these wonderful consumers
+who happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happen to
+vote okay and isn't that a good benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay and isn't that a good benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote okay and isn't that a good benefit
+and the answer is well maybe and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is well maybe and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is well maybe and what
+we've learned so far it's not what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far it's not what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far it's not what we've
+learned so far social welfare is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far social welfare is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far social welfare is just a
+sum of produc or consumer surplus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of produc or consumer surplus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of produc or consumer surplus so
+transfers do not affect social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers do not affect social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers do not affect social welfare
+okay that's the key in our framework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the key in our framework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the key in our framework so
+far we defined welfare as simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we defined welfare as simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we defined welfare as simply
+consumer surplus plus producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus plus producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus plus producer
+Surplus then transferring from one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus then transferring from one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus then transferring from one part
+to the other doesn't help that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other doesn't help that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other doesn't help that's just
+inefficiency but voters and politicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency but voters and politicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency but voters and politicians
+may not feel that way and maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not feel that way and maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not feel that way and maybe we
+shouldn't NE this raises the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't NE this raises the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't NE this raises the really
+interesting question that we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question that we will come
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+about the fact that in reality we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that in reality we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that in reality we might
+not be indifferent between these two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be indifferent between these two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be indifferent between these two in
+reality we might be willing to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we might be willing to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we might be willing to have a
+little inefficiency to get Goods in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little inefficiency to get Goods in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little inefficiency to get Goods in the
+hands of people who we think deserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands of people who we think deserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands of people who we think deserve
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+more in other words in reality we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in other words in reality we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in other words in reality we may be
+willing to sacrifice some efficiency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some efficiency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some efficiency for
+equity and that is the heart of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and that is the heart of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and that is the heart of what we
+call the equity efficiency tradeoff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the equity efficiency tradeoff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the equity efficiency tradeoff that
+we'll discuss later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss later the
+semester so in reality we might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so in reality we might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so in reality we might be able
+to make this trade but from what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this trade but from what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this trade but from what you've
+learned in this class so far we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this class so far we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in this class so far we're not
+with this definition of social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition of social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition of social welfare
+we are not willing to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not willing to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not willing to make this
+trade okay and this is a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay and this is a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay and this is a fundamental
+doand uh Concept in economics now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doand uh Concept in economics now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doand uh Concept in economics now let's
+question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+this let's go through some real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's go through some real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's go through some real world
+examples let's talk about ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let's talk about ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let's talk about ticket
+scalping okay a few years ago Adele went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalping okay a few years ago Adele went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalping okay a few years ago Adele went
+on tour for the first time in four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tour for the first time in four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tour for the first time in four years
+to back up an incredibly successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back up an incredibly successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back up an incredibly successful
+album and folks there was huge pend up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+album and folks there was huge pend up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+album and folks there was huge pend up
+demand to see her live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to see her live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand to see her live
+she said look I want to make sure my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said look I want to make sure my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said look I want to make sure my
+fans can see me so I'm G to price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans can see me so I'm G to price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans can see me so I'm G to price the
+tickets affordably tickets are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets affordably tickets are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets affordably tickets are going to
+be start at $40 and no ticket we more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be start at $40 and no ticket we more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be start at $40 and no ticket we more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+$150 which is unbelievably cheap for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 which is unbelievably cheap for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$150 which is unbelievably cheap for
+major concerts these days okay she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major concerts these days okay she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major concerts these days okay she said
+look I know my fans willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I know my fans willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I know my fans willing to pay
+thousands of dollars to see me so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars to see me so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars to see me so I want
+to give them some Surplus I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them some Surplus I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them some Surplus I'm not going
+to pay more can pay more than 150 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more can pay more than 150 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more can pay more than 150 or
+even 40 if they want to sit in the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 40 if they want to sit in the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 40 if they want to sit in the cheap
+seats okay but did the fans get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats okay but did the fans get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats okay but did the fans get that
+Surplus no what happened was as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus no what happened was as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus no what happened was as soon as
+the tickets went on sale they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tickets went on sale they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tickets went on sale they were all
+immediately bought by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately bought by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately bought by
+scalpers scalpers are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers scalpers are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers scalpers are basically
+secondary ticket sellers who set up Bots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ticket sellers who set up Bots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ticket sellers who set up Bots
+to instantly buy all tickets available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instantly buy all tickets available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instantly buy all tickets available
+if they feel that they're below if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they feel that they're below if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they feel that they're below if
+they're priced below market value they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're priced below market value they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're priced below market value they
+then resell them through places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then resell them through places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then resell them through places like
+stubhub.com and other places at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubhub.com and other places at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubhub.com and other places at the
+actual market value so what happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual market value so what happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual market value so what happened was
+the price forell ticket was actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price forell ticket was actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price forell ticket was actually not
+sure if you got on and managed to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you got on and managed to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you got on and managed to beat
+the Bots you got it for 150 but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bots you got it for 150 but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bots you got it for 150 but if you
+did in went tub Hub was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in went tub Hub was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in went tub Hub was
+$1,500 okay which is because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 okay which is because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,500 okay which is because that's what
+people willing to pay to go see Adele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people willing to pay to go see Adele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people willing to pay to go see Adele
+then we started on Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started on Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started on Taylor
+Swift okay Taylor's tickets were priced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift okay Taylor's tickets were priced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift okay Taylor's tickets were priced
+between $50 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between $50 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between $50 and
+$500 okay they actually um the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 okay they actually um the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 okay they actually um the uh the
+tickets are now sold between $800 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets are now sold between $800 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets are now sold between $800 and
+$111,000 to go see Taylor Swift because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$111,000 to go see Taylor Swift because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$111,000 to go see Taylor Swift because
+that's what people are willing to pay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are willing to pay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are willing to pay so
+everyone's like oh Taylor Swift set her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's like oh Taylor Swift set her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's like oh Taylor Swift set her
+tickets $500 that was too cheap that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets $500 that was too cheap that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets $500 that was too cheap that was
+cheaper than the what the market wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than the what the market wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than the what the market wanted
+the market was willing to pay much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market was willing to pay much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market was willing to pay much more
+now it didn't have to be this way when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it didn't have to be this way when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it didn't have to be this way when I
+was a kid scalping was illegal and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid scalping was illegal and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a kid scalping was illegal and there
+was no online market so the way you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no online market so the way you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no online market so the way you get
+to like go to Shady guys in raincoats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go to Shady guys in raincoats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like go to Shady guys in raincoats
+outside the stadium and like buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the stadium and like buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the stadium and like buy the
+tickets from them okay that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets from them okay that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets from them okay that's the way it
+used to work so really if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work so really if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work so really if you wanted
+tickets there's no online Market what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets there's no online Market what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets there's no online Market what
+did you do you waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do you waited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do you waited
+online so literally we'd stay up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so literally we'd stay up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so literally we'd stay up all
+night if a big band was touring we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night if a big band was touring we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night if a big band was touring we'd
+camp out the night before and stay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp out the night before and stay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp out the night before and stay up
+all night waiting online to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night waiting online to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all night waiting online to be able to
+get a ticket the next day that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a ticket the next day that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a ticket the next day that's how
+they were allocated there's no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were allocated there's no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were allocated there's no more
+lines because now we do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because now we do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because now we do it by
+Price which system is better well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price which system is better well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price which system is better well in
+fact the system when I was a kid was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the system when I was a kid was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the system when I was a kid was
+much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+efficient why because basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient why because basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient why because basically the
+people the time we wasted online had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the time we wasted online had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the time we wasted online had a
+high opportunity cost now we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high opportunity cost now we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high opportunity cost now we can just
+pay in some sense essentially what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in some sense essentially what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay in some sense essentially what the
+secondary online Market does has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary online Market does has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary online Market does has
+reintroduced efficiency to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroduced efficiency to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroduced efficiency to the
+allocation of tickets now people pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of tickets now people pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation of tickets now people pay
+what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're
+worth okay so in some sense the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth okay so in some sense the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth okay so in some sense the good
+news is the market today is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is the market today is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is the market today is much more
+efficient for allocating tickets than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for allocating tickets than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for allocating tickets than
+was the market when I was a kid because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the market when I was a kid because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the market when I was a kid because
+we don't waste time sleeping in the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't waste time sleeping in the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't waste time sleeping in the cold
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+online okay okay however it's not say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay okay however it's not say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay okay however it's not say as
+Equitable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equitable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equitable because
+now who gets the money well we when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now who gets the money well we when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now who gets the money well we when we
+slept online who got the Surplus well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept online who got the Surplus well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept online who got the Surplus well
+the consumer got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer got the
+Surplus presumably those of us who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus presumably those of us who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus presumably those of us who are
+willing to sleep online could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sleep online could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sleep online could get
+tickets for less than our Surplus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets for less than our Surplus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets for less than our Surplus if
+than our I if if the value US of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our I if if the value US of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our I if if the value US of seeing
+the show plus the disutility of sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show plus the disutility of sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show plus the disutility of sleeping
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+exceeded I'm sorry if the value seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded I'm sorry if the value seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded I'm sorry if the value seeing
+the show minus the disutility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show minus the disutility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show minus the disutility of
+sleeping online exceeded the ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping online exceeded the ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping online exceeded the ticket
+price we wouldn't sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we wouldn't sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price we wouldn't sleep
+online so we got the Surplus now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so we got the Surplus now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online so we got the Surplus now the
+Surplus largely goes to secondary ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus largely goes to secondary ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus largely goes to secondary ticket
+sellers it still goes to Consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers it still goes to Consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellers it still goes to Consumers
+people don't buy unless they get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't buy unless they get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't buy unless they get some
+Surplus but who's not getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus but who's not getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus but who's not getting the
+Surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is
+performers so even Taylor Swift is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers so even Taylor Swift is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers so even Taylor Swift is
+making way even though she is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making way even though she is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making way even though she is now
+setting the all-time record for a tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the all-time record for a tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the all-time record for a tour
+the pr record was Elton John at1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pr record was Elton John at1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pr record was Elton John at1
+billion Elton John to be clear has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion Elton John to be clear has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion Elton John to be clear has been
+making music for 50 years Taylor Swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making music for 50 years Taylor Swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making music for 50 years Taylor Swift
+is only 33 years old he now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 33 years old he now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 33 years old he now going to
+break the record at $1.5 billion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the record at $1.5 billion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the record at $1.5 billion and
+that is way under what her tour should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is way under what her tour should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is way under what her tour should
+make okay way under what a tour should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make okay way under what a tour should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make okay way under what a tour should
+make cuz she is not selling tickets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make cuz she is not selling tickets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make cuz she is not selling tickets the
+price people willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price people willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price people willing to pay for
+them okay so which system is better well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so which system is better well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so which system is better well
+it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to
+say on the one hand tickets today get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the one hand tickets today get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the one hand tickets today get
+allocated to those who value them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to those who value them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to those who value them the
+most according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most according to
+price on the other hand all that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on the other hand all that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on the other hand all that extra
+money goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money goes to
+scalpers what could Adele or Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers what could Adele or Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers what could Adele or Taylor
+Swift do to address this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift do to address this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift do to address this point
+what could they do to at least make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could they do to at least make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could they do to at least make sure
+that they got the money rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got the money rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got the money rather than
+scalpers getting the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers getting the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalpers getting the money
+yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm
+sorry well basically it's sort of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well basically it's sort of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry well basically it's sort of hard
+to know what the G price is but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the G price is but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the G price is but they
+could for example set up an auction why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example set up an auction why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for example set up an auction why
+couldn't Taylor Swift say I'm playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't Taylor Swift say I'm playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't Taylor Swift say I'm playing
+Boston I'm gonna put my tickets up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston I'm gonna put my tickets up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston I'm gonna put my tickets up for
+auction people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction people can
+bid and it'll be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid and it'll be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid and it'll be like
+eBay I'll just sell my tickets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay I'll just sell my tickets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay I'll just sell my tickets the
+highest bidder you would end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder you would end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder you would end up with
+exactly the same outcomes you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same outcomes you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same outcomes you get from
+the secondary Market but all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary Market but all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary Market but all the money
+would go to Taylor Swift instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to Taylor Swift instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go to Taylor Swift instead of
+going to these Shady StubHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to these Shady StubHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to these Shady StubHub
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+okay why don't performers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't performers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't performers do
+this the answer is I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the answer is I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the answer is I'm pretty sure
+public relations there's no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations there's no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations there's no reason why
+they couldn't Taylor Swift there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't Taylor Swift there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't Taylor Swift there's no
+reason Taylor Swift couldn't hire an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Taylor Swift couldn't hire an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Taylor Swift couldn't hire an
+infinite number of programmers set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of programmers set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of programmers set up an
+online auction to make this work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online auction to make this work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online auction to make this work the
+answer is essentially public relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is essentially public relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is essentially public relations
+that basically artists feel they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically artists feel they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically artists feel they're
+making plenty of money and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making plenty of money and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making plenty of money and they they
+look pretty bad if they were charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty bad if they were charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty bad if they were charging
+these incredible prices which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible prices which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these incredible prices which is what
+they get from these auctions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get from these auctions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get from these auctions which is
+sort of too bad because people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of too bad because people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of too bad because people are
+paying those prices anyway but sub sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying those prices anyway but sub sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying those prices anyway but sub sense
+because they're hidden through paying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're hidden through paying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're hidden through paying at
+StubHub Taylor Swift doesn't get as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+StubHub Taylor Swift doesn't get as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+StubHub Taylor Swift doesn't get as a
+hard of time if she set up an auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard of time if she set up an auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard of time if she set up an auction
+sold tickets for 2,000 or eight $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold tickets for 2,000 or eight $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold tickets for 2,000 or eight $1,000
+each but that's sort of unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each but that's sort of unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each but that's sort of unfortunate
+because it's really the same outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really the same outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really the same outcome
+it's just who gets the money Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just who gets the money Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just who gets the money Taylor
+Swift should get the money it's her show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift should get the money it's her show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swift should get the money it's her show
+she's the one adding value to society by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's the one adding value to society by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's the one adding value to society by
+doing a three and a half our show not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a three and a half our show not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a three and a half our show not
+these scalpers she should get the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scalpers she should get the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scalpers she should get the money
+so the bottom line is there are ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is there are ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is there are ways the
+bottom line lesson from this ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line lesson from this ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line lesson from this ticket
+scalping example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalping example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalping example is
+a we can see an example of shifting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can see an example of shifting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can see an example of shifting from
+an inefficient allocation mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient allocation mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient allocation mechanism
+which is waiting online to an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is waiting online to an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is waiting online to an efficient
+allocation mechanism which is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation mechanism which is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation mechanism which is using
+price but that shift did not necess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but that shift did not necess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but that shift did not necess
+deliver the Surplus the folks we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the Surplus the folks we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the Surplus the folks we want to
+deliver it to it delivered it to a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver it to it delivered it to a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver it to it delivered it to a third
+set of actors who set up this Online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of actors who set up this Online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of actors who set up this Online
+Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay now let's go to a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now let's go to a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now let's go to a much more
+complicated example but one which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example but one which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example but one which really
+lays out clearly how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out clearly how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lays out clearly how to think about
+these tradeoffs which is the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tradeoffs which is the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tradeoffs which is the case of
+taxi cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medallions cast your mind back 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions cast your mind back 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions cast your mind back 20 years
+ago okay notably before Uber and lft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay notably before Uber and lft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay notably before Uber and lft and
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+things in that world if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in that world if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in that world if you wanted to
+get from point A to point B and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from point A to point B and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from point A to point B and didn't
+have a car you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a car you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a car you took a
+taxi now taxis should be a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi now taxis should be a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi now taxis should be a textbook
+example of a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a perfectly competitive
+market right to be a tax driver you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right to be a tax driver you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right to be a tax driver you just
+need a car and that's it pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a car and that's it pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a car and that's it pretty low
+fixed cost when people have cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost when people have cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost when people have cars
+anyway it should be a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it should be a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it should be a very very
+perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive
+market but in fact it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but in fact it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but in fact it was
+not it was a market that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was a market that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was a market that was not
+perfectly competitive because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive because it was
+heavily regulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily regulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily regulated by
+cities and in particular what cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and in particular what cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and in particular what cities
+did is they limited the amount of taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they limited the amount of taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they limited the amount of taxes
+to those who held essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those who held essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those who held essentially
+certificates that made them legal taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that made them legal taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates that made them legal taxi
+drivers they were called medallions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers they were called medallions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers they were called medallions
+because they're originally medallions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're originally medallions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're originally medallions
+but not a pieces of paper essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a pieces of paper essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a pieces of paper essentially
+cities issued pieces of paper that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities issued pieces of paper that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities issued pieces of paper that said
+you're an official taxi driver and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an official taxi driver and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an official taxi driver and only
+if you had one of these could you drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one of these could you drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had one of these could you drive
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+taxi okay what we want to do is analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi okay what we want to do is analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi okay what we want to do is analyze
+what are the welfare implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the welfare implications of
+these limited number of of taxi cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limited number of of taxi cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limited number of of taxi cab
+medallions so let's go to figure 103
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions so let's go to figure 103
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions so let's go to figure 103
+which is one of the more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the more complicated
+figures you'll see in this class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures you'll see in this class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures you'll see in this class okay
+it's one of these back and forth figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these back and forth figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these back and forth figures
+bear with me but please interrupt me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me but please interrupt me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me but please interrupt me if
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+questions okay so imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so imagine that
+initially we had no taxi cab medallions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we had no taxi cab medallions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we had no taxi cab medallions
+in a free taxi cab Market in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free taxi cab Market in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free taxi cab Market in such a
+market let's start in the part diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market let's start in the part diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market let's start in the part diagram
+on the left of figure 103 in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left of figure 103 in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left of figure 103 in such a
+market price would equal marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price would equal marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price would equal marginal cost
+would equal minimum average cost we' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal minimum average cost we' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal minimum average cost we' be
+an equilibrium point little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium point little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium point little
+E1 price would be P1 why we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 price would be P1 why we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 price would be P1 why we'd have
+identical taxi cabs produce identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical taxi cabs produce identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical taxi cabs produce identical
+Market it' be easily shopping be perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it' be easily shopping be perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market it' be easily shopping be perfect
+competition and weend up with price P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and weend up with price P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and weend up with price P1
+at Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Price
+P1 we would have at Price P1 each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 we would have at Price P1 each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 we would have at Price P1 each of the
+identical cabs would produce little q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cabs would produce little q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cabs would produce little q1
+rides okay because each cab and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides okay because each cab and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides okay because each cab and once
+again let's assume to make life easy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's assume to make life easy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's assume to make life easy I'm
+going to assume identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cabs this is an assumption but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabs this is an assumption but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabs this is an assumption but not too
+bad in this case much better assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad in this case much better assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad in this case much better assumption
+than say assuming identical factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say assuming identical factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say assuming identical factories
+the idea that cabs are kind of identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that cabs are kind of identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that cabs are kind of identical
+is not implausible so assume identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not implausible so assume identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not implausible so assume identical
+cabs they all have minimum average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabs they all have minimum average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabs they all have minimum average cost
+at the point q1 little q1 on the le-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point q1 little q1 on the le-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point q1 little q1 on the le-
+hand side diagram so a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side diagram so a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side diagram so a series of
+identical cabs all of them have minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cabs all of them have minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical cabs all of them have minimum
+average cost at amount little q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at amount little q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost at amount little q1 and
+therefore set price equal to P1 now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore set price equal to P1 now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore set price equal to P1 now go
+over to the right hand diagram we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand diagram we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand diagram we have a
+demand curve there with a price of P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve there with a price of P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve there with a price of P1
+that means that a total of big q1 rides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a total of big q1 rides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a total of big q1 rides
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+demanded well if big q1 rides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded well if big q1 rides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded well if big q1 rides are
+demanded and each firm is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded and each firm is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded and each firm is going to
+produce little q1 rides that pins down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce little q1 rides that pins down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce little q1 rides that pins down
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+firms N1 okay once again go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms N1 okay once again go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms N1 okay once again go through the
+logic and stop me if it's in clear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and stop me if it's in clear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and stop me if it's in clear we
+know each FM will produce little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each FM will produce little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each FM will produce little
+q1 we know at that price big q1 rise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 we know at that price big q1 rise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 we know at that price big q1 rise or
+demanded therefore we could Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded therefore we could Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded therefore we could Define the
+number of firms as big q1 over little q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms as big q1 over little q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms as big q1 over little q1
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+N1 so there's N1 firms providing little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 so there's N1 firms providing little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 so there's N1 firms providing little
+q1 rides each at a price of P1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 rides each at a price of P1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 rides each at a price of P1 in the
+free market questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free market questions about
+that once again as we learned a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once again as we learned a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once again as we learned a couple
+lectures ago we know we end up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we know we end up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago we know we end up there
+because if there was less than little N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was less than little N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was less than little N1
+firms the price would be higher there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the price would be higher there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the price would be higher there'd
+be profits being made and new firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be profits being made and new firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be profits being made and new firms
+would enter okay and you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter okay and you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would enter okay and you could just
+should be able to show yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to show yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to show yourself that
+they're less than the Len one firms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less than the Len one firms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less than the Len one firms you
+could see the quantity be lower at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the quantity be lower at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the quantity be lower at a
+lower quantity price would be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower quantity price would be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower quantity price would be higher
+you'd move up the demand curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd move up the demand curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd move up the demand curve and
+therefore profits would be being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore profits would be being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore profits would be being made
+and therefore firms would enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore firms would enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore firms would enter and
+there's not a lot of barriers to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of barriers to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of barriers to entry
+here so this is not a bad example for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is not a bad example for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is not a bad example for a
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+market okay now let's say the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay now let's say the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay now let's say the government
+comes in and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and says
+um you know what we're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what we're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what we're only going to
+allow there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow there to
+be we are only going to be allowed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we are only going to be allowed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we are only going to be allowed there
+to be little end two numbers of cabs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little end two numbers of cabs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little end two numbers of cabs so
+the government comes in the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government comes in the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government comes in the government
+restriction here is in the form not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction here is in the form not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction here is in the form not of
+price but of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but of number of
+firms the government says only N2 cabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the government says only N2 cabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms the government says only N2 cabs
+will be allowed this is a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be allowed this is a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be allowed this is a new kind of
+restriction we haven't done this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction we haven't done this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction we haven't done this before
+we talked about gas price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about gas price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about gas price
+ceiling okay that was a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling okay that was a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling okay that was a price
+restriction this is now a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction this is now a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction this is now a number of
+firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+restriction government says only N2 Cals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction government says only N2 Cals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction government says only N2 Cals
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+allowed okay now what happens there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed okay now what happens there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed okay now what happens there well
+up to N2 if you look at the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to N2 if you look at the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to N2 if you look at the right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+diagram up to the first dash line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram up to the first dash line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram up to the first dash line which
+is little N2 little q1 nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little N2 little q1 nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little N2 little q1 nothing has
+changed if the demain curve was such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed if the demain curve was such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed if the demain curve was such
+that that big Q was less than little N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that big Q was less than little N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that big Q was less than little N2
+little q1 nothing would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q1 nothing would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q1 nothing would have
+changed but what happens once we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but what happens once we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but what happens once we get
+past that first point little N2 little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that first point little N2 little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that first point little N2 little
+q1 what happens is that now each cab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what happens is that now each cab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what happens is that now each cab has
+to produce more rides because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more rides because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce more rides because you can't
+add new cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new cab
+companies each cab can no longer produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each cab can no longer produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies each cab can no longer produce
+at the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the efficient
+Point each cab company can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point each cab company can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point each cab company can no longer
+ride q1 rides why because it won't meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride q1 rides why because it won't meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride q1 rides why because it won't meet
+demand and new firms can't enter so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and new firms can't enter so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and new firms can't enter so to
+meet demand cabs need to drive more well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet demand cabs need to drive more well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet demand cabs need to drive more well
+if they're going to drive more they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're going to drive more they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're going to drive more they're
+no longer going to be efficient q1's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer going to be efficient q1's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer going to be efficient q1's the
+efficient amount in other words think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient amount in other words think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient amount in other words think of
+it this way q1 is the point in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way q1 is the point in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way q1 is the point in which
+drivers are maximally efficient driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are maximally efficient driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are maximally efficient driving
+once they have to drive more maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they have to drive more maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they have to drive more maybe
+they're more tired maybe they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more tired maybe they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more tired maybe they have to
+drive at hours that aren't as convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive at hours that aren't as convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive at hours that aren't as convenient
+for them they're less efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them they're less efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them they're less efficient in
+producing rides think of cab drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing rides think of cab drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing rides think of cab drivers
+like a firm they have a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a firm they have a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a firm they have a perfectly
+efficient amount of r to give once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient amount of r to give once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient amount of r to give once you
+have them give more they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them give more they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them give more they're less
+efficient maybe because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient maybe because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient maybe because they're more
+tired well if they're less efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired well if they're less efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired well if they're less efficient
+that means they are providing them at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they are providing them at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means they are providing them at a
+higher cost so the new supply curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost so the new supply curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cost so the new supply curve is
+flat until N2 q1 but the new supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat until N2 q1 but the new supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat until N2 q1 but the new supply
+curve S2 is no longer a line S no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve S2 is no longer a line S no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve S2 is no longer a line S no longer
+S1 which is a horizontal line the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 which is a horizontal line the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 which is a horizontal line the new
+supply curve S2 is horizontal till that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve S2 is horizontal till that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve S2 is horizontal till that
+first intersection and then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first intersection and then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first intersection and then becomes
+upward sloping the new supply curve S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping the new supply curve S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping the new supply curve S2
+has that horizontal segment that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that horizontal segment that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that horizontal segment that becomes
+upward sloping and once again these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping and once again these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward sloping and once again these kind
+of Kink curves are hard let's explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kink curves are hard let's explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kink curves are hard let's explain
+why the reason why it's flat is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the reason why it's flat is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the reason why it's flat is because
+as long as there's less than q1 rides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's less than q1 rides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's less than q1 rides
+per firm they produce at maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per firm they produce at maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per firm they produce at maximum
+efficiency but once you ask any taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but once you ask any taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but once you ask any taxi
+driver to work more than little q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to work more than little q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to work more than little q1
+rides it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides it's
+inefficient okay you can see this by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient okay you can see this by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient okay you can see this by now
+turning to the leftand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to the leftand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning to the leftand side
+diagram you see that to produce Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you see that to produce Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you see that to produce Q2
+rides they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides they do
+so at a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a much
+higher point at a much higher Point than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher point at a much higher Point than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher point at a much higher Point than
+marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+curve so if they're going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if they're going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if they're going to set
+marginal cost equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost equal to
+price okay they are going to say so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay they are going to say so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay they are going to say so now
+go back to the right hand side so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the right hand side so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the right hand side so with
+this new supply curve okay question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new supply curve okay question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new supply curve okay question
+about supply curve looks like it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supply curve looks like it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about supply curve looks like it does
+once again this is hard so please let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this is hard so please let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again this is hard so please let me
+know if there's questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's questions about that
+okay so with this new supply curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this new supply curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this new supply curve that
+hits demand at a new higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's flat to the left of that flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's flat to the left of that flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's flat to the left of that flat
+part because as long if imagine demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because as long if imagine demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because as long if imagine demand
+was shifted way inwards and demand was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shifted way inwards and demand was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shifted way inwards and demand was
+less than little N2 little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than little N2 little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than little N2 little
+q1 even if you restricted number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 even if you restricted number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 even if you restricted number of
+firms each firm would still provide q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms each firm would still provide q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms each firm would still provide q1
+rides the point is you're only allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides the point is you're only allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides the point is you're only allowing
+up to n two firms let's say that demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n two firms let's say that demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n two firms let's say that demand
+intersected that line so I I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected that line so I I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected that line so I I'm doing the
+risky thing of drawing a diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky thing of drawing a diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky thing of drawing a diagram here
+okay so you've got this demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got this demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got this demand curve
+here right and you've got this supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and you've got this supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and you've got this supply
+curve that looks like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that looks like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that looks like this and then
+looks like this imag demand curve came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this imag demand curve came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this imag demand curve came
+here and let's call this intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's call this intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's call this intersection
+little N3 q1 well the these firm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little N3 q1 well the these firm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little N3 q1 well the these firm will
+continue to prod that their efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to prod that their efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to prod that their efficient
+level you just have a smaller number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you just have a smaller number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you just have a smaller number of
+firms there'd be no reason to produce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms there'd be no reason to produce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms there'd be no reason to produce in
+efficiently but the problem is once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but the problem is once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently but the problem is once you
+get past P this point more firms can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past P this point more firms can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past P this point more firms can't
+enter what keeps this original supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter what keeps this original supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter what keeps this original supply
+curve S1 flat is entry of firms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve S1 flat is entry of firms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve S1 flat is entry of firms but
+firms can't enter past this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can't enter past this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can't enter past this point the
+existing firms have to produce more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing firms have to produce more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing firms have to produce more and
+they do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so
+inefficiently so this is the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently so this is the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently so this is the efficient
+part of production for q1 firms for N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of production for q1 firms for N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of production for q1 firms for N1
+firms I'm sorry the efficient production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms I'm sorry the efficient production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms I'm sorry the efficient production
+for N2 firms but for N2 firms once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N2 firms but for N2 firms once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N2 firms but for N2 firms once you
+get past here they have to be more tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past here they have to be more tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past here they have to be more tired
+and produce less efficiently okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce less efficiently okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce less efficiently okay other
+questions okay so the new price is P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the new price is P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the new price is P2
+when now let's go back to the left at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when now let's go back to the left at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when now let's go back to the left at a
+price P2 said equal the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P2 said equal the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P2 said equal the marginal cost
+ignore the ac2 curve for a minute we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the ac2 curve for a minute we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the ac2 curve for a minute we'll
+come back to that stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that stay with
+ac1 if we set that new price P2 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac1 if we set that new price P2 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac1 if we set that new price P2 equal
+the marginal cost we get equilibrium E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost we get equilibrium E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost we get equilibrium E2
+and a huge amount of profits the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a huge amount of profits the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a huge amount of profits the profits
+at that new price P2 marginal cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that new price P2 marginal cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that new price P2 marginal cost is
+well above average cost once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well above average cost once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well above average cost once again
+ignore ac2 stay with ac1 okay at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore ac2 stay with ac1 okay at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore ac2 stay with ac1 okay at that
+new price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new price
+P2 marginal cost is well above average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 marginal cost is well above average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 marginal cost is well above average
+cost and you get a huge profit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you get a huge profit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you get a huge profit of the
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi okay so now they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so now they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay so now they're making
+profit now what's happened is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit now what's happened is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit now what's happened is by
+limiting the number of cabs they are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the number of cabs they are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the number of cabs they are now
+making profit what is this done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making profit what is this done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making profit what is this done to
+social welfare well let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare well let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare well let's go back to the
+right hand side what was the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side what was the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side what was the old
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+surplus what was the old consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus what was the old consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus what was the old consumer
+surplus somebody tell me before we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus somebody tell me before we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus somebody tell me before we put
+in this restriction what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this restriction what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this restriction what was the
+consumer surplus raise your hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus raise your hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus raise your hand and
+tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+me you guys got this need a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you guys got this need a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you guys got this need a little more
+confidence out of this class come on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence out of this class come on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence out of this class come on you
+guys got an M you're Wicked smart go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys got an M you're Wicked smart go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys got an M you're Wicked smart go
+ahead a plus b plus c c has two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a plus b plus c c has two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a plus b plus c c has two parts
+it's sort of weird but a plus b plus C A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of weird but a plus b plus C A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of weird but a plus b plus C A
+plus b plus C same person what's the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus C same person what's the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b plus C same person what's the old
+producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer
+Surplus there's none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why in a perfectly competitive long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a perfectly competitive long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a perfectly competitive long run
+equilibrium there's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's zero
+profits okay we we so because of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay we we so because of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay we we so because of free
+entry in a perfectly competitive log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in a perfectly competitive log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in a perfectly competitive log
+equilibrium there's no profits so produ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's no profits so produ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there's no profits so produ
+Surplus is zero what is the new same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is zero what is the new same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is zero what is the new same
+person what's the new consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what's the new consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what's the new consumer surplus
+if we sell a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we sell a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we sell a price
+P2 a what is the new producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 a what is the new producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 a what is the new producer
+Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+B so what has happened we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so what has happened we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so what has happened we have
+transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred
+B from consumers to producers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B from consumers to producers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B from consumers to producers that's
+their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new
+profits okay so be and aggregate would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay so be and aggregate would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay so be and aggregate would
+be the sum of the little Pi triangles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of the little Pi triangles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of the little Pi triangles on
+the left over all firms so we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left over all firms so we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left over all firms so we took the
+profits made on the left multiplied by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits made on the left multiplied by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits made on the left multiplied by n
+two firms that would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two firms that would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two firms that would give you
+B okay B is the total aggate profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay B is the total aggate profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay B is the total aggate profits
+that is so we've taken money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so we've taken money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so we've taken money for
+consumers give to profits but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers give to profits but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers give to profits but we've
+created a dead weight loss the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a dead weight loss the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a dead weight loss the dead
+weight loss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss is
+C so it's an inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it's an inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it's an inefficient
+restriction okay it's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction okay it's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction okay it's an infinite
+restriction now so so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction now so so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction now so so we have the
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+loss we also have the allocation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we also have the allocation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we also have the allocation now
+here we don't have an allocation loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have an allocation loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have an allocation loss
+I'm sorry because we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry because we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry because we're in
+equilibrium so the people willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so the people willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so the people willing to pay
+for the rides still get the rides we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rides still get the rides we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rides still get the rides we
+don't have the allocation issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the allocation issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the allocation issue here
+because it's it's we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's we have a new
+equilibrium we're not out of equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're not out of equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're not out of equilibrium
+in equilibrium which is in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium which is in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium which is in equilibrium
+with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer
+rides what about Equity well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides what about Equity well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides what about Equity well that
+depends on how you feel about cab Riders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how you feel about cab Riders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how you feel about cab Riders
+versus drivers if you think in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus drivers if you think in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus drivers if you think in New York
+City all the cab Riders are rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all the cab Riders are rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City all the cab Riders are rich
+investment bankers and the cab drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment bankers and the cab drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment bankers and the cab drivers
+are poor immigrants then maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poor immigrants then maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poor immigrants then maybe it's a
+good thing maybe it's good we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing maybe it's good we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing maybe it's good we've taken
+area B away from the rich investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B away from the rich investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area B away from the rich investment
+bankers and given it to the cab drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers and given it to the cab drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers and given it to the cab drivers
+if on the other hand you think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand you think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand you think a lot of
+the cab Riders are also poor people need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cab Riders are also poor people need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cab Riders are also poor people need
+to get to work it might not be such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to work it might not be such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to work it might not be such a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+idea but guess what all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but guess what all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but guess what all that is
+irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because
+actually there's a market for taxi cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a market for taxi cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a market for taxi cab
+medallions they sell in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions they sell in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions they sell in the market
+you can sell your taxic cam Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell your taxic cam Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell your taxic cam Medallion
+can anyone tell me in this diagram what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone tell me in this diagram what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone tell me in this diagram what
+the market price of a taxi cab medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price of a taxi cab medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market price of a taxi cab medallion
+should be if there a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be if there a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be if there a perfectly
+competitive taxi cab medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive taxi cab medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive taxi cab medallion
+Market what should the total cost of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what should the total cost of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what should the total cost of a
+taxi cab medallion be can anyone take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi cab medallion be can anyone take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi cab medallion be can anyone take a
+guess at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at
+that the answer is is a letter is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is is a letter is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is is a letter is is a
+letter Greek or Roman on this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Greek or Roman on this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter Greek or Roman on this diagram
+which tells you yeah Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you yeah Pi Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells you yeah Pi Pi
+why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's
+get yeah because if if I want to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah because if if I want to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah because if if I want to buy a
+medallion I'll be willing to pay up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion I'll be willing to pay up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion I'll be willing to pay up to
+Pi minus Epsilon to get it why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus Epsilon to get it why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus Epsilon to get it why because
+as long as I pay Pi minus Epsilon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I pay Pi minus Epsilon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I pay Pi minus Epsilon I
+still make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make
+profit so perfect competition is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so perfect competition is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so perfect competition is not
+driven profits to zero through firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven profits to zero through firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven profits to zero through firm
+entry perfect competition driven profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry perfect competition driven profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry perfect competition driven profits
+to Zero by selling the barrier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zero by selling the barrier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zero by selling the barrier to
+entry there's a barrier to entry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry there's a barrier to entry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry there's a barrier to entry here
+which is a government restriction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a government restriction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a government restriction that
+covers the number of firms n two we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the number of firms n two we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the number of firms n two we're
+now putting a market on that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now putting a market on that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now putting a market on that we're
+letting firms buy their way in how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting firms buy their way in how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting firms buy their way in how much
+will they pay they'll pay up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they pay they'll pay up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they pay they'll pay up to the
+profits they'd make by buying their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits they'd make by buying their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits they'd make by buying their way
+in so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so in
+fact who is better off here it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact who is better off here it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact who is better off here it's not the
+taxi cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi cab
+drivers they still make zero profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers they still make zero profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers they still make zero profit
+who's better off it's The Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's better off it's The Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's better off it's The Medallion
+owners and who are they a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and who are they a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and who are they a bunch of
+randos who have happen to get issued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randos who have happen to get issued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randos who have happen to get issued the
+medallions in 1930 whatever when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions in 1930 whatever when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallions in 1930 whatever when the
+government set up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set up this
+system taxing medallions are incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system taxing medallions are incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system taxing medallions are incredibly
+valuable so for example um um in uh San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so for example um um in uh San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so for example um um in uh San
+Francisco you have to pay 12,000 you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco you have to pay 12,000 you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco you have to pay 12,000 you had
+to pay $122,000 a year to rent a taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay $122,000 a year to rent a taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay $122,000 a year to rent a taxi
+cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab
+medallion in Boston it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion in Boston it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medallion in Boston it was
+$400,000 to buy taxi money so those taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 to buy taxi money so those taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 to buy taxi money so those taxi
+cab drivers who are not rich guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab drivers who are not rich guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab drivers who are not rich guys who
+are driving you from place to place well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driving you from place to place well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are driving you from place to place well
+you were kids driving your parents from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were kids driving your parents from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were kids driving your parents from
+place to place okay they're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to place okay they're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to place okay they're paying
+$400,000 just for the right to drive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 just for the right to drive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 just for the right to drive you
+around okay and the estimated lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay and the estimated lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay and the estimated lost
+consumer surplus was about $2 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus was about $2 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus was about $2 billion
+there was about $2 billion in Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was about $2 billion in Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was about $2 billion in Lost
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+surplus partly it was inefficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus partly it was inefficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus partly it was inefficiency and
+partly was just going to these Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly was just going to these Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly was just going to these Medallion
+owners okay now why do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners okay now why do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners okay now why do we have
+restrictions like this well at one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions like this well at one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions like this well at one level
+it makes sense you don't want any Schmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense you don't want any Schmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense you don't want any Schmo
+d driving around giving people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d driving around giving people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d driving around giving people
+rides it could be dangerous they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides it could be dangerous they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rides it could be dangerous they could
+be a bad driver they could be a criminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad driver they could be a criminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bad driver they could be a criminal
+so it makes sense to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense to have some
+regulations on this indeed this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations on this indeed this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations on this indeed this is an
+example of something we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something we call
+occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational
+licensing which is a set of restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing which is a set of restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing which is a set of restrictions
+that government's put in place to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that government's put in place to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that government's put in place to make
+sure people who say they're doing X can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people who say they're doing X can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people who say they're doing X can
+legitimately do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimately do
+X this makes a lot of sense for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this makes a lot of sense for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this makes a lot of sense for example
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+doctors we don't want a world of Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors we don't want a world of Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors we don't want a world of Dr
+Nicks okay question how many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicks okay question how many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicks okay question how many of you are
+well vered in The Simpsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well vered in The Simpsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well vered in The Simpsons
+okay this is utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is utterly
+depressing okay that is the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing okay that is the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing okay that is the single most
+important cultural accomplishment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important cultural accomplishment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important cultural accomplishment of the
+America in the last 50 years as The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America in the last 50 years as The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America in the last 50 years as The
+Simpsons you guys should absolutely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons you guys should absolutely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons you guys should absolutely be
+watching and absorbing that for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and absorbing that for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and absorbing that for all the
+lessons you need to know about life okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons you need to know about life okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons you need to know about life okay
+Dr Nick is the terrible Nick doctor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Nick is the terrible Nick doctor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Nick is the terrible Nick doctor on
+The Simpsons okay he's unqualified he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Simpsons okay he's unqualified he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Simpsons okay he's unqualified he
+went to Hollywood upstairs medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood upstairs medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood upstairs medical
+school okay he's to totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay he's to totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school okay he's to totally
+unqualified um and uh that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unqualified um and uh that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unqualified um and uh that's what
+happened we have some licensing saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we have some licensing saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened we have some licensing saying
+doctors have to meet certain conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors have to meet certain conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors have to meet certain conditions
+have to get recertified we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get recertified we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get recertified we have to
+license to drive a car that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license to drive a car that's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license to drive a car that's not an
+occupation Etc so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation Etc so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation Etc so the idea is
+occupational licensing makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational licensing makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupational licensing makes sense to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+extent but having a random limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but having a random limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but having a random limit on the
+number of cab drivers is not the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cab drivers is not the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cab drivers is not the way to
+do it you should have some licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you should have some licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you should have some licensing
+process okay so it's sort of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so it's sort of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so it's sort of makes
+sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay
+now to have some licensing on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to have some licensing on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to have some licensing on the other
+hand what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand what you're doing is you're
+essentially taking $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking $2
+billion and giving it to Rich Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and giving it to Rich Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and giving it to Rich Medallion
+owners however we have good news bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners however we have good news bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners however we have good news bad
+news for The Medallion King good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for The Medallion King good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news for The Medallion King good news
+for consumers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumers which is
+Uber Uber essentially turned the drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber Uber essentially turned the drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber Uber essentially turned the drive
+Market into a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market into a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market into a perfectly competitive
+market they said fine if you limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they said fine if you limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they said fine if you limit the
+number of cabs to N2 we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cabs to N2 we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cabs to N2 we're going to have
+a whole set of drivers do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of drivers do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of drivers do the same
+things cabs can do with free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cabs can do with free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cabs can do with free
+entry what happened well what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what happened well what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what happened well what happened
+was taxi drivers and Uber drivers earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taxi drivers and Uber drivers earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taxi drivers and Uber drivers earned
+a little bit less but Medallion owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less but Medallion owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less but Medallion owners
+got smacked the value tax cap M fell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smacked the value tax cap M fell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smacked the value tax cap M fell by
+90% why because profits went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% why because profits went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% why because profits went down
+essentially with free entry we moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with free entry we moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with free entry we moved
+from P2 back towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P2 back towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P2 back towards
+P1 profits fell and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 profits fell and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 profits fell and therefore they
+couldn't sell medallions for as much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't sell medallions for as much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't sell medallions for as much so
+yes cab drivers lost a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes cab drivers lost a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes cab drivers lost a little bit and
+they about Uber but the truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they about Uber but the truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they about Uber but the truth is
+the big losers were Medallion owners who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big losers were Medallion owners who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big losers were Medallion owners who
+were not a sympathetic crowd the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not a sympathetic crowd the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not a sympathetic crowd the big
+winners were consumers you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners were consumers you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners were consumers you have no idea
+how much life you guys are just spoiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much life you guys are just spoiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much life you guys are just spoiled
+by life with Uber And We complain about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by life with Uber And We complain about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by life with Uber And We complain about
+it it's got problems but you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got problems but you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's got problems but you have no
+idea how much better it is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how much better it is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how much better it is how much
+cheaper is to get from place to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper is to get from place to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper is to get from place to place
+how much easier is to get from place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much easier is to get from place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much easier is to get from place to
+place than we had these limited numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place than we had these limited numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place than we had these limited numbers
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+taxis okay so this a classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxis okay so this a classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxis okay so this a classic example of
+a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market
+Innovation increasing both Total Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation increasing both Total Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation increasing both Total Surplus
+and consumer surplus total Surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumer surplus total Surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumer surplus total Surplus is
+increased because we moved back towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased because we moved back towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased because we moved back towards
+price P1 consumer surplus increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P1 consumer surplus increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P1 consumer surplus increased
+because price has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because price has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because price has
+fallen producer Surplus actually isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen producer Surplus actually isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen producer Surplus actually isn't
+down that much because the producers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that much because the producers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that much because the producers the
+cab drivers weren't actually making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab drivers weren't actually making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab drivers weren't actually making that
+much money anyway the real losers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money anyway the real losers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money anyway the real losers of
+Medallion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medallion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medallion
+owners okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this is an example of how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is an example of how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is an example of how we use
+the normative tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normative tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normative tools of
+economics how we use the normative tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics how we use the normative tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics how we use the normative tools
+of Economics to analy these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics to analy these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics to analy these kinds of
+interventions let me end with one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions let me end with one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions let me end with one more
+example which is a really fun one about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is a really fun one about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is a really fun one about
+how we can actually use markets to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can actually use markets to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can actually use markets to help
+the poor and the example comes from food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor and the example comes from food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor and the example comes from food
+banks food banks organizations that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks food banks organizations that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks food banks organizations that give
+away poor food to needy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away poor food to needy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away poor food to needy
+people feeding America is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feeding America is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feeding America is one of the
+largest food banks in the country has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest food banks in the country has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest food banks in the country has
+food banks all over the country and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food banks all over the country and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food banks all over the country and they
+were trying to decide how to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to decide how to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to decide how to send the
+right food to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right food to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right food to the right
+places well the market does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places well the market does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places well the market does this
+naturally places where they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally places where they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally places where they want
+hamburgers the price is high there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers the price is high there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers the price is high there
+hamburgers there the price Falls places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers there the price Falls places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburgers there the price Falls places
+where there's a lot of vegetarians price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of vegetarians price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a lot of vegetarians price
+hamburger isn't as high the market does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburger isn't as high the market does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburger isn't as high the market does
+that naturally but feeding America it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naturally but feeding America it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naturally but feeding America it
+wasn't a market-based organization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a market-based organization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a market-based organization the
+whole idea was to get this food away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea was to get this food away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea was to get this food away
+from free for free so they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from free for free so they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from free for free so they ended up
+doing things like sending potatoes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like sending potatoes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like sending potatoes to
+Idaho which is the home of potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho which is the home of potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho which is the home of potato
+growing which was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing which was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing which was pretty
+inefficient and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient and they were trying to
+think how can we more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how can we more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how can we more efficiently
+allocate the food to the needy so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the food to the needy so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate the food to the needy so what
+they did is they made up a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they made up a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they made up a virtual
+Market they said to each Food Bank we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market they said to each Food Bank we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market they said to each Food Bank we're
+giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a
+budget and we're going to let there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget and we're going to let there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget and we're going to let there be a
+market across all the food stuffs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market across all the food stuffs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market across all the food stuffs and
+you guys can bid for what you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can bid for what you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can bid for what you want and
+they'll be pric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be pric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be pric
+but none of it's real it's not real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of it's real it's not real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of it's real it's not real
+money okay it's all going to be free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay it's all going to be free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay it's all going to be free but
+we are going to if if you're someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to if if you're someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to if if you're someone who
+really wants potatoes you will bid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants potatoes you will bid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants potatoes you will bid the
+most for potatoes and use up more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most for potatoes and use up more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most for potatoes and use up more of
+your fake points to get potatoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fake points to get potatoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fake points to get potatoes and
+that will allocate the potatoes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allocate the potatoes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allocate the potatoes the
+folks who really needing the most so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who really needing the most so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who really needing the most so
+essentially they created a scarcity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they created a scarcity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they created a scarcity
+where there was none before there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was none before there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was none before there was no
+scarcity you just said I want potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity you just said I want potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity you just said I want potatoes
+you got potatoes until they ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got potatoes until they ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got potatoes until they ran out of
+potatoes and didn't necessarily go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes and didn't necessarily go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes and didn't necessarily go to
+the place that need potatoes the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that need potatoes the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that need potatoes the most
+now the place that needs potatoes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the place that needs potatoes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the place that needs potatoes the
+most will bid the most for potatoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most will bid the most for potatoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most will bid the most for potatoes and
+the potatoes will be allocated there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potatoes will be allocated there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potatoes will be allocated there so
+that's an example how you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example how you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example how you can use the
+price mechanism while still helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price mechanism while still helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price mechanism while still helping the
+poor you can use the price mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor you can use the price mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor you can use the price mechanism to
+make sure the right Goods get allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the right Goods get allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the right Goods get allocated
+to the right places but still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right places but still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right places but still have
+things end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things end up being
+free okay so let me stop with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so let me stop with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so let me stop with that um
+and we will come back next week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will come back next week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will come back next week and
+we'll turn to the case of Monopoly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2PO8h1pVW50.txt b/2PO8h1pVW50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfd47032f598506a4b785e2f7beb78d283195b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2PO8h1pVW50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+hey how you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey how you guys
+doing um so I don't know as Nikolai said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um so I don't know as Nikolai said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um so I don't know as Nikolai said
+thanks for inviting us it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for inviting us it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for inviting us it's a real
+pleasure to come here and have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to come here and have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to come here and have a chance
+to talk to everybody today um I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to everybody today um I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to everybody today um I brought
+one of my uh senior managers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my uh senior managers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my uh senior managers who
+oversees the network and security are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversees the network and security are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversees the network and security are is
+Dave leport who's um going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave leport who's um going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave leport who's um going to talk about
+some of the more tactical details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more tactical details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more tactical details of
+what we do I'll kind of talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do I'll kind of talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do I'll kind of talk about the
+high level um feel free to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level um feel free to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level um feel free to ask questions
+at anytime it's really it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anytime it's really it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anytime it's really it's your
+opportunity to ask anything you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to ask anything you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to ask anything you're
+curious about so there's no decorum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about so there's no decorum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about so there's no decorum in
+terms of what you guys can ask or at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what you guys can ask or at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what you guys can ask or at any
+time feel free to um engage and uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time feel free to um engage and uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time feel free to um engage and uh so I
+think I was sitting where you guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was sitting where you guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was sitting where you guys were
+sitting I don't know almost 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting I don't know almost 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting I don't know almost 20 years ago
+now so Nikolai and I were a lot younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so Nikolai and I were a lot younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so Nikolai and I were a lot younger
+then and I was probably a lot thinner by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I was probably a lot thinner by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I was probably a lot thinner by
+then and uh had a little bit more hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and uh had a little bit more hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and uh had a little bit more hair
+um you know one of the nice things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one of the nice things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one of the nice things about
+overseeing uh mit's uh infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseeing uh mit's uh infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseeing uh mit's uh infrastructure
+and operations areas you can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations areas you can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operations areas you can see all
+sorts of interesting things and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting things and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of interesting things and some of
+the things we'll talk about is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we'll talk about is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we'll talk about is a lot of
+what we do is dealing with interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is dealing with interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is dealing with interesting
+problems and uh you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh you know there's no
+shortage of things um in an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of things um in an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortage of things um in an environment
+like mits I think what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mits I think what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mits I think what's really
+remarkable is you know we run an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable is you know we run an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable is you know we run an open
+network um which is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um which is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um which is a little bit of a
+good thing and a bad thing um we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and a bad thing um we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and a bad thing um we don't
+have you know a broad campus firewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a broad campus firewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a broad campus firewall
+for the most part and everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part and everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part and everything's
+pretty much open if you guys want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much open if you guys want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much open if you guys want to run
+a computer in your dorm right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer in your dorm right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer in your dorm right here in
+the lecture hall or anything else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture hall or anything else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture hall or anything else you
+have pretty much unfettered access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty much unfettered access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty much unfettered access to
+the uh internet which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internet which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh internet which is you know
+compared to other schools actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other schools actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other schools actually
+fairly unusual um you know you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly unusual um you know you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly unusual um you know you may not
+realize that as you sit here but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that as you sit here but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that as you sit here but that's
+not the norm and uh you know that brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the norm and uh you know that brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the norm and uh you know that brings
+with it a whole slew of challenges um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a whole slew of challenges um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a whole slew of challenges um in
+terms of keeping things secure so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of keeping things secure so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of keeping things secure so you
+know um pretty much we're wide open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um pretty much we're wide open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um pretty much we're wide open to
+the world and that means anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and that means anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and that means anybody
+anywhere from whatever country from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from whatever country from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from whatever country from
+whatever part of the planet uh if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever part of the planet uh if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever part of the planet uh if they
+want to reach out and touch your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reach out and touch your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reach out and touch your device
+sitting here in this room as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here in this room as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here in this room as you're
+sitting here today whether it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here today whether it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here today whether it's your
+phone in your pocket or your laptop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in your pocket or your laptop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in your pocket or your laptop that
+you're typing on when you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing on when you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing on when you're sitting
+here they can do that there's nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they can do that there's nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they can do that there's nothing to
+prevent them from doing that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from doing that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from doing that right and
+um that's kind of scary right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's kind of scary right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's kind of scary right so you
+know we did an experiment a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we did an experiment a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we did an experiment a couple years
+ago and uh we put a you know just took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh we put a you know just took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh we put a you know just took a
+device out of a box brand new uh brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device out of a box brand new uh brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device out of a box brand new uh brand
+new Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Apple
+laptop and just plugged it in registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and just plugged it in registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop and just plugged it in registered
+it for DHCP and just left it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for DHCP and just left it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for DHCP and just left it there
+sitting there and for 24 hours and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and for 24 hours and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and for 24 hours and uh we
+left TCP dump running to just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left TCP dump running to just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left TCP dump running to just take an
+inventory of what was coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of what was coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of what was coming into the
+machine for a 24-hour period just to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for a 24-hour period just to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for a 24-hour period just to see
+what we would see and then we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see and then we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would see and then we combine
+that with hey let's go and graph all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with hey let's go and graph all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with hey let's go and graph all the
+various IPS using goip lookup and graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various IPS using goip lookup and graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various IPS using goip lookup and graph
+them and put them on Google Earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put them on Google Earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put them on Google Earth and
+see what that looks like all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that looks like all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that looks like all right and
+for one 24-hour period for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one 24-hour period for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one 24-hour period for an
+inauspicious or relevant host which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauspicious or relevant host which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauspicious or relevant host which is
+just you know publicly registered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know publicly registered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know publicly registered for
+the internet it received connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it received connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it received connections
+from every country on the earth except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every country on the earth except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every country on the earth except
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+two a 24-hour period a one host for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a 24-hour period a one host for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two a 24-hour period a one host for
+every country except for two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country except for two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country except for two that's
+pretty startling right does anyone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty startling right does anyone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty startling right does anyone want
+to take a guess of the two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a guess of the two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a guess of the two countries
+that were not trying to connect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not trying to connect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not trying to connect to this
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+were anyone North Korea's one good no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were anyone North Korea's one good no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were anyone North Korea's one good no
+China was very actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was very actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was very actively
+represented so might have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented so might have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented so might have been the
+military part I don't know but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military part I don't know but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military part I don't know but you know
+certainly was very actively represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was very actively represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly was very actively represented
+so wasn't that that's right Antarctica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wasn't that that's right Antarctica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wasn't that that's right Antarctica
+it's very good so you get the gold star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good so you get the gold star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good so you get the gold star
+for today it's excellent uh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today it's excellent uh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today it's excellent uh yeah yeah
+and uh so for one 24-hour period you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for one 24-hour period you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so for one 24-hour period you're
+seeing yourself subjected to potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing yourself subjected to potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing yourself subjected to potential
+attacks threats malware anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks threats malware anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks threats malware anything else
+everywhere for one host and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for one host and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for one host and the entire
+MIT campus right now compromises about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT campus right now compromises about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT campus right now compromises about
+about I'd say 150,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'd say 150,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'd say 150,000 different
+devices and so if you do the math right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and so if you do the math right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and so if you do the math right
+you can do that out right we're good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that out right we're good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that out right we're good at
+math here at MIT um that's a lot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here at MIT um that's a lot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here at MIT um that's a lot that's
+a lot of threats right and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of threats right and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of threats right and you know that
+happens all day every day right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all day every day right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all day every day right and
+that's pretty scary and you you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty scary and you you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty scary and you you want to
+combine that with something else to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with something else to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with something else to make
+you a little bit more scared so Dave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit more scared so Dave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit more scared so Dave and
+I were sitting in a meeting know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were sitting in a meeting know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were sitting in a meeting know a
+couple week uh couple months ago uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple week uh couple months ago uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple week uh couple months ago uh this
+is kind of kind of a followup as to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of kind of a followup as to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of kind of a followup as to a
+power outage that happened and you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power outage that happened and you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power outage that happened and you here
+for the big power outage a year ago or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the big power outage a year ago or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the big power outage a year ago or a
+year and a half ago it's an exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half ago it's an exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half ago it's an exciting
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right um I was here for the big power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um I was here for the big power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um I was here for the big power
+outage about 20 years ago when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage about 20 years ago when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage about 20 years ago when the
+entire city of Cambridge was darking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire city of Cambridge was darking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire city of Cambridge was darking now
+that was cool um except it was about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was cool um except it was about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was cool um except it was about 100
+degrees so you know it's a good time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so you know it's a good time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so you know it's a good time to
+go over to Boston and see a movie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to Boston and see a movie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to Boston and see a movie in the
+movie theater um but one thing that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater um but one thing that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater um but one thing that came
+out of it that was really interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that was really interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that was really interesting to
+us I don't know talk about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I don't know talk about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I don't know talk about it for a
+second but facilities Department comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but facilities Department comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but facilities Department comes
+to us and says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us and says you
+know this has been really bad this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this has been really bad this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this has been really bad this power
+outage we really had to spend the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage we really had to spend the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outage we really had to spend the last
+four or five months going across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five months going across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five months going across the
+campus and reprogramming all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and reprogramming all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and reprogramming all these
+devices okay well you know they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay well you know they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay well you know they must
+have some you know skada systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some you know skada systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some you know skada systems that
+are connected to their air conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to their air conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to their air conditioning
+or to their lights in the room the doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to their lights in the room the doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to their lights in the room the doors
+things like that right you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that right you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that right you would think
+they do semit makes sense um so sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do semit makes sense um so sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do semit makes sense um so sure and
+they said you know you would imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know you would imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know you would imagine
+they're secure right you know we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secure right you know we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secure right you know we'll talk
+about that in a second and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second and so you know
+we figured that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we figured that was pretty
+straightforward and they said one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and they said one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and they said one of the
+things they had a problem with was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they had a problem with was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they had a problem with was their
+devices keep getting not get knocked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices keep getting not get knocked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices keep getting not get knocked off
+the net have these issues and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net have these issues and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net have these issues and the more
+you start talking to them you peel back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking to them you peel back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking to them you peel back
+the layers of the onion you're like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers of the onion you're like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layers of the onion you're like what
+do you mean your devices are on the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean your devices are on the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean your devices are on the net
+so well yeah our devices are on the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well yeah our devices are on the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well yeah our devices are on the net
+oh you must have some secure proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you must have some secure proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you must have some secure proprietary
+control system or control Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system or control Network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system or control Network and
+they kind of looked at us at a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of looked at us at a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of looked at us at a blank
+look and we're like uh I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and we're like uh I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and we're like uh I think that's
+what it is that's what the vendor told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that's what the vendor told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that's what the vendor told
+us and you know this brings up one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and you know this brings up one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and you know this brings up one of
+the interesting things of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting things of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting things of the internet
+of things or the area we're moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things or the area we're moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things or the area we're moving into
+is you know for the most part when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for the most part when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for the most part when you
+know I was younger people using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was younger people using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was younger people using the
+internet had to be fairly sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet had to be fairly sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet had to be fairly sophisticated
+right you have to fairly know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to fairly know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to fairly know something
+that you were doing uh today everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were doing uh today everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were doing uh today everybody's
+using it and you know the bar to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it and you know the bar to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it and you know the bar to use it
+used to be you know when you ride the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be you know when you ride the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be you know when you ride the
+roller coasters Thou shalt Be This Tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coasters Thou shalt Be This Tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coasters Thou shalt Be This Tall
+if you're going to ride this ride it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to ride this ride it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to ride this ride it's
+gotten a lot lower right and so through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a lot lower right and so through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a lot lower right and so through
+the conversation with them we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation with them we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation with them we find out
+that they have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have pretty
+much everything you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything you could think of
+connected to the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the internet
+everything um one of the things was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um one of the things was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um one of the things was
+interesting MIT launched an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting MIT launched an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting MIT launched an energy
+initiative uh I don't know 5 seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative uh I don't know 5 seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative uh I don't know 5 seven years
+ago when Susan hawkfield was here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when Susan hawkfield was here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when Susan hawkfield was here as
+president and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and one of the things
+facilities did was really grow The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities did was really grow The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities did was really grow The
+Internet of Things on campus to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet of Things on campus to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet of Things on campus to create
+these dynamically managed buildings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamically managed buildings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamically managed buildings so
+when a classroom isn't in use lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a classroom isn't in use lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a classroom isn't in use lights
+will go off the keying will change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go off the keying will change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go off the keying will change you
+know they're doing things like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're doing things like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're doing things like that you
+know across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know across the
+campus they deployed a gigantic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus they deployed a gigantic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus they deployed a gigantic control
+Network gigantic it's actually bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network gigantic it's actually bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network gigantic it's actually bigger
+than our own campus Internet it's level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our own campus Internet it's level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our own campus Internet it's level
+so their control Network compromises I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their control Network compromises I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their control Network compromises I
+think 400,000 different points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 400,000 different points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 400,000 different points that
+they're monitoring across the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're monitoring across the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're monitoring across the campus
+over 50 to 75 to 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 to 75 to 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 to 75 to 100,000
+devices and so the next question you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and so the next question you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and so the next question you ask
+yourself or Dave asks you know with big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or Dave asks you know with big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or Dave asks you know with big
+bright wide eyes is uh how are you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright wide eyes is uh how are you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright wide eyes is uh how are you guys
+securing that they're like well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing that they're like well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securing that they're like well we
+called you guys up and we ordered a Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called you guys up and we ordered a Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called you guys up and we ordered a Jack
+and they put it in and we got an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put it in and we got an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put it in and we got an IP
+address by going to your web form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address by going to your web form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address by going to your web form you
+know request an IP requested IP and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know request an IP requested IP and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know request an IP requested IP and it's
+working and you know we're sitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and you know we're sitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and you know we're sitting and
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+going yeah this whole open internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah this whole open internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going yeah this whole open internet
+thing how are you guys securing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how are you guys securing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how are you guys securing that and
+the in the question of course which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the question of course which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the question of course which is
+you know when you know your blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know your blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know your blood
+pressure goes up a little bit was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes up a little bit was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes up a little bit was well
+it's secure because you guys take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secure because you guys take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secure because you guys take care
+of that so you know the Security's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you know the Security's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you know the Security's
+already taken care of and you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken care of and you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken care of and you know our
+look on our face is a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on our face is a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on our face is a little bit like
+what do you mean by secure like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by secure like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by secure like you have
+a corporate firewall so that's dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporate firewall so that's dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corporate firewall so that's dealt
+with and everything's secure and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and everything's secure and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and everything's secure and you
+know my next question was can you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my next question was can you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my next question was can you show
+me where that is cuz I don't know and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where that is cuz I don't know and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where that is cuz I don't know and um
+you know of course the response was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course the response was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course the response was well
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+does and of course we're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and of course we're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and of course we're a little
+different going back to the point I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different going back to the point I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different going back to the point I made
+earlier we operate a fairly open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we operate a fairly open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we operate a fairly open
+environment and we've always believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and we've always believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and we've always believed
+and it's mit's philosophy that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mit's philosophy that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mit's philosophy that we
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+in defense and security across the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defense and security across the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defense and security across the stack
+you don't want to depend on any one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to depend on any one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to depend on any one part
+of the infrastructure to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infrastructure to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the infrastructure to implement
+security it's something you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it's something you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it's something you have to do
+at every layer right you don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every layer right you don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every layer right you don't do it
+just at the infrastructure you do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the infrastructure you do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the infrastructure you do it the
+application you do it all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you do it all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you do it all sorts of
+places that's not how these systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that's not how these systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that's not how these systems you
+know on the internet of things or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the internet of things or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the internet of things or the
+skada side get built right that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skada side get built right that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skada side get built right that's kind
+of scary and uh so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scary and uh so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scary and uh so one of the things
+we're seeing here that we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing here that we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing here that we have to deal
+with is in addition to dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is in addition to dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is in addition to dealing with
+folks like yourself who are doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like yourself who are doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like yourself who are doing all
+sorts of creative and inventive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of creative and inventive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of creative and inventive things
+you know to keep people like Dave and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to keep people like Dave and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to keep people like Dave and I
+up at night um you know the internet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at night um you know the internet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at night um you know the internet is
+becoming this utility that's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this utility that's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming this utility that's used for
+all sorts of things you know across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things you know across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things you know across the
+campus and it's really changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and it's really changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and it's really changed the
+Dynamics that we have to worry about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that we have to worry about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics that we have to worry about in
+terms of threats security issues all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of threats security issues all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of threats security issues all
+sorts of things so now you know when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things so now you know when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things so now you know when the
+internet used to go down or have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet used to go down or have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet used to go down or have an
+issue you know when we were students it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you know when we were students it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you know when we were students it
+was an inconvenience right it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an inconvenience right it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an inconvenience right it you know
+it was annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was annoying
+um in this most recent you know types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this most recent you know types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this most recent you know types of
+events when the internet goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events when the internet goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events when the internet goes down
+people's air conditioning stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's air conditioning stops working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's air conditioning stops working
+the heat doesn't work you know so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat doesn't work you know so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat doesn't work you know so the
+the threats have really changed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threats have really changed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threats have really changed and so
+for us you know we deal with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you know we deal with this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you know we deal with this whole
+broad spectrum of things where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad spectrum of things where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad spectrum of things where we
+operate as a service provider for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate as a service provider for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate as a service provider for the
+campus you know providing services to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you know providing services to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you know providing services to
+folks like yourself but we also provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like yourself but we also provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks like yourself but we also provide
+services to all sorts of things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services to all sorts of things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services to all sorts of things and you
+know when you combine that with our open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you combine that with our open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you combine that with our open
+network philosophy it creates a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network philosophy it creates a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network philosophy it creates a lot of
+interesting uh use cases and threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh use cases and threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh use cases and threats
+that we have to worry about on a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to worry about on a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to worry about on a pretty
+persistent basis um and people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent basis um and people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent basis um and people's
+expectation of how the internet is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of how the internet is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of how the internet is going
+to work and one of the things that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and one of the things that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and one of the things that's you
+know also been eye opening as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also been eye opening as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also been eye opening as these
+systems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems kind of
+grow when the power outage happens one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow when the power outage happens one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow when the power outage happens one
+of the first questions they had at was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first questions they had at was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first questions they had at was
+why did the network stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did the network stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did the network stock
+working and our response was well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and our response was well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and our response was well there
+was no power and they saidwell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no power and they saidwell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no power and they saidwell that
+comes from the batteries on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the batteries on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the batteries on the phone
+system right it's all taken care of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right it's all taken care of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right it's all taken care of like
+no it doesn't that's analog phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't that's analog phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it doesn't that's analog phone
+technology like well what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like well what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like well what's the
+difference well as you guys know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well as you guys know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well as you guys know a lot
+right so but there's this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but there's this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but there's this expectation
+that these things operate like a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things operate like a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things operate like a utility
+service whether it's at the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service whether it's at the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service whether it's at the security
+level the resiliency level or everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the resiliency level or everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the resiliency level or everything
+else and you know I love the fact folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and you know I love the fact folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and you know I love the fact folks
+that have so much confidence that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have so much confidence that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have so much confidence that these
+things are being dealt with at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being dealt with at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are being dealt with at that
+level but that's a big gap from where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but that's a big gap from where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but that's a big gap from where we
+are you know right now and so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know right now and so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know right now and so so you
+know we spend a majority of our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we spend a majority of our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we spend a majority of our time
+trying to you know keep the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know keep the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know keep the campus
+environment running uh keep everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment running uh keep everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment running uh keep everything
+as secure as we can Dave will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as secure as we can Dave will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as secure as we can Dave will talk about
+that in a little bit more detail give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit more detail give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit more detail give
+you some interesting stories about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some interesting stories about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some interesting stories about the
+kinds of things we deal with but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we deal with but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things we deal with but it's
+it's it's it's an interesting job right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's an interesting job right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's an interesting job right
+and uh you know we see all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we see all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we see all sorts of
+interesting things and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things and I think the
+problems just get harder and harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just get harder and harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just get harder and harder and
+I think the thing is is the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the thing is is the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the thing is is the internet
+kind of expands and The Internet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expands and The Internet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expands and The Internet of
+Things is a big buzz word how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things is a big buzz word how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things is a big buzz word how many of
+you have heard of that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of that before
+today guys have gone to a Cisco website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today guys have gone to a Cisco website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today guys have gone to a Cisco website
+or something where they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something where they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something where they're trying to
+sell you expensive equipment um but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you expensive equipment um but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you expensive equipment um but this
+whole phenomenon where everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole phenomenon where everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole phenomenon where everything is
+internet or uh you know IP enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet or uh you know IP enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet or uh you know IP enabled
+that's here and unfortunately a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and unfortunately a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and unfortunately a lot of
+the people writing these systems are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people writing these systems are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people writing these systems are not
+as uh studious as people who went to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh studious as people who went to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh studious as people who went to MIT
+um they create all sorts of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they create all sorts of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they create all sorts of interesting
+problems so I think for us the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I think for us the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I think for us the real
+challenge is when you look at security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is when you look at security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is when you look at security
+kind of from a systemic level um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from a systemic level um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from a systemic level um it's
+just there's a thousand moving pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's a thousand moving pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's a thousand moving pieces
+and it's really really hard and even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really really hard and even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really really hard and even for
+us you know we have to deal with service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know we have to deal with service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us you know we have to deal with service
+providers you know on the external side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers you know on the external side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers you know on the external side
+we have to deal with our own customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with our own customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with our own customers
+we have to deal with application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with application
+providers it's this very broad ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers it's this very broad ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers it's this very broad ecosystem
+of issues you have to worry about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues you have to worry about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues you have to worry about to
+provide security holistically and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide security holistically and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide security holistically and the
+challenge is pretty daunting at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is pretty daunting at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is pretty daunting at times
+and um so from that point I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so from that point I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so from that point I guess I'll
+have Dave talk a little bit about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dave talk a little bit about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Dave talk a little bit about a
+couple of things we've seen do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things we've seen do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things we've seen do you guys
+have any questions before Dave gets set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions before Dave gets set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions before Dave gets set
+up that you like to ask about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that you like to ask about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that you like to ask about anything
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+particular anything okay coming up Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular anything okay coming up Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular anything okay coming up Dave
+yeah uh have you seen any APC campaigns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh have you seen any APC campaigns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh have you seen any APC campaigns
+attacking MIT directly yes yes um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking MIT directly yes yes um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking MIT directly yes yes um I
+think what's interesting is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's interesting is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's interesting is one of the
+things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're
+seeing uh more of is you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh more of is you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh more of is you know one of the
+things Dave will talk about now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Dave will talk about now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Dave will talk about now that's
+really hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard is
+visibility um you know if IAL told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility um you know if IAL told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility um you know if IAL told you
+the story about the one laptop and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the one laptop and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the one laptop and we
+have 100,000 or 100 you know 150,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 100,000 or 100 you know 150,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 100,000 or 100 you know 150,000
+devices and also if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and also if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and also if you think of the
+number of IP addresses that MIT has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of IP addresses that MIT has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of IP addresses that MIT has is
+having a slh network seeing finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a slh network seeing finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a slh network seeing finding the
+needle in the hay stack is really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in the hay stack is really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in the hay stack is really hard
+so these ETS which we do have um finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ETS which we do have um finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ETS which we do have um finding
+that noise or that activity going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise or that activity going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise or that activity going on
+within this broadream of traffic is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this broadream of traffic is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this broadream of traffic is very
+difficult one of the things we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one of the things we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult one of the things we've had
+help with is some of the tools we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with is some of the tools we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with is some of the tools we have
+now are a little bit more advanced we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are a little bit more advanced we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are a little bit more advanced we'll
+talk about that in a minute but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in a minute but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that in a minute but one of
+the things we also see now is law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we also see now is law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we also see now is law
+enforcement's help um from the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement's help um from the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement's help um from the federal
+side or from other parts where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or from other parts where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or from other parts where they
+reach out to you um to give you guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out to you um to give you guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach out to you um to give you guidance
+in some of these things where they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these things where they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these things where they see
+things like that um which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that um which is very
+helpful um but you know operating in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um but you know operating in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um but you know operating in an
+open environment we've had a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open environment we've had a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open environment we've had a few of
+these where I've been really surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these where I've been really surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these where I've been really surprised
+that they were going on but they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going on but they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were going on but they do and
+I think one of the other things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one of the other things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think one of the other things we're
+going to see in the future is today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the future is today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the future is today you
+know we do a lot of research activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do a lot of research activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do a lot of research activity
+here at MIT it's one of our primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it's one of our primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT it's one of our primary
+missions the federal funding sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions the federal funding sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions the federal funding sources
+that provide for that research don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide for that research don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide for that research don't
+really have a lot of rules about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a lot of rules about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a lot of rules about you
+know how you do it um as you'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do it um as you'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you do it um as you'll find out
+as you go into your grad student lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go into your grad student lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go into your grad student lives
+and other things when you get federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things when you get federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things when you get federal
+grants for research whether it's private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants for research whether it's private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants for research whether it's private
+or you know primarily from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know primarily from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know primarily from the
+government whether it's the NSF or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government whether it's the NSF or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government whether it's the NSF or the
+NIH their requirements are pretty vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH their requirements are pretty vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH their requirements are pretty vague
+right they'll say one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they'll say one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they'll say one of the things
+we're dealing with lately is they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with lately is they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with lately is they'll say
+we have a data requirement in the grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a data requirement in the grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a data requirement in the grant
+that says you should have a data policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you should have a data policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you should have a data policy
+about all the data you generate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the data you generate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the data you generate from
+your Grant is going to be preserved all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Grant is going to be preserved all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Grant is going to be preserved all
+right and the way MIT does that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way MIT does that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way MIT does that is it
+says to the pi that's great we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to the pi that's great we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to the pi that's great we have this
+requirement you know are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you know are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you know are you going to
+take care of it they say sure I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of it they say sure I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of it they say sure I'll take
+care of it sign the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of it sign the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of it sign the document
+right compliance with that what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compliance with that what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compliance with that what they did
+with it it's left to the discretion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it's left to the discretion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it's left to the discretion of
+the primary investigator so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary investigator so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary investigator so if the
+government was ever to come to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was ever to come to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was ever to come to us and
+say Hey where's the data just point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hey where's the data just point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Hey where's the data just point to
+the faculty member and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty member and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty member and say hey
+him uh but one of the things we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh but one of the things we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh but one of the things we're also
+seeing is the government saying hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the government saying hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the government saying hey look
+you know we're investing a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're investing a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're investing a lot of money
+in doing this research we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this research we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this research we don't want to
+spend all the money and give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all the money and give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all the money and give the
+research to another country in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to another country in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to another country in some
+cases right um so what we've seen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right um so what we've seen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right um so what we've seen on the
+legislative side or some of the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative side or some of the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative side or some of the federal
+funding agency side is a lot of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding agency side is a lot of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding agency side is a lot of them are
+coming to us and saying you know is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to us and saying you know is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to us and saying you know is an
+industry I think we need some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I think we need some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I think we need some more
+security requirements for this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security requirements for this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security requirements for this and I
+think what's hard for us is you know MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's hard for us is you know MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's hard for us is you know MIT
+is very much an incubator you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much an incubator you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much an incubator you know we
+have uh you know incredible number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know incredible number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you know incredible number of
+brilliant people um and you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant people um and you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant people um and you know for the
+administration at large we serve as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration at large we serve as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration at large we serve as sort
+of a hosting company right we incubate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hosting company right we incubate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hosting company right we incubate
+that activity we provide them lab spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity we provide them lab spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity we provide them lab spaces
+or internet connectivity or all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or internet connectivity or all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or internet connectivity or all sorts of
+things um but for the most part it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um but for the most part it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um but for the most part it's a
+fairly Federated environment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly Federated environment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly Federated environment right
+people have a level of autonomy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a level of autonomy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a level of autonomy and so
+you know as you have more requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you have more requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as you have more requirements
+coming up you know andly those across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up you know andly those across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up you know andly those across
+the institution very hard but to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution very hard but to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution very hard but to go back
+to the AP thing you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the AP thing you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the AP thing you know there's a
+tremendous amount of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of intellectual
+Capital here tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital here tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital here tremendous amount of
+interesting things going on here that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things going on here that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things going on here that um
+folks outside this country are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks outside this country are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks outside this country are very
+interested in and you know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and you know I don't know
+if you guys know this what country do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys know this what country do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys know this what country do
+you think is responsible for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is responsible for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is responsible for more
+intellectual property theft than most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property theft than most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property theft than most
+any place in the world you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place in the world you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place in the world you want to take
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+guess that's a dangerous Factor no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's a dangerous Factor no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's a dangerous Factor no no no
+but I'm serious I mean one of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm serious I mean one of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm serious I mean one of the ones
+that it's it was really shocking to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it was really shocking to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it was really shocking to me
+because I never expected it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I never expected it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I never expected it and that's
+not to say they're doing that here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say they're doing that here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say they're doing that here but
+you know globally do any want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know globally do any want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know globally do any want to take a
+and come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come on
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+nobody who it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody who it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody who it's not
+China Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China Russia
+nope Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope Russia
+no nope you're getting close though but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nope you're getting close though but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nope you're getting close though but
+it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+France what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FR yeah um so you wouldn't expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR yeah um so you wouldn't expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR yeah um so you wouldn't expect that
+right but I have a bunch of folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I have a bunch of folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I have a bunch of folks who
+work in the um industry side commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the um industry side commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the um industry side commercial
+sector you know security area and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector you know security area and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector you know security area and one of
+the things they have to worry about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they have to worry about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they have to worry about as
+companies you know some of them located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know some of them located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you know some of them located
+in this geography is that's one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this geography is that's one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this geography is that's one of their
+biggest threats which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest threats which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest threats which is kind of
+surprising right you would think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising right you would think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising right you would think it's
+Iran you would think it's you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran you would think it's you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran you would think it's you know all
+sorts of other places no and um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other places no and um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other places no and um so you
+know it's it's interesting right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's interesting right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it's interesting right you
+wouldn't expect that and um that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect that and um that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect that and um that's not
+to say the US isn't doing it too let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the US isn't doing it too let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the US isn't doing it too let's
+be honest right we're just doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest right we're just doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest right we're just doing it
+better not getting caught probably but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not getting caught probably but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not getting caught probably but
+uh but needless to say yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but needless to say yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but needless to say yeah you know
+that's one of the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the more interesting
+things other questions you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other questions you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things other questions you ready
+Dave yeah what sorts of things do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave yeah what sorts of things do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave yeah what sorts of things do you
+log on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log on N
+Network we turn the camera off no um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network we turn the camera off no um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network we turn the camera off no um we
+uh we log you know some fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we log you know some fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we log you know some fairly
+interesting things um you know I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things um you know I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things um you know I'd say
+for the most part I'll be honest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part I'll be honest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part I'll be honest with
+you um authentication requests we log so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um authentication requests we log so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um authentication requests we log so
+when you log in through keros you log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you log in through keros you log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you log in through keros you log in
+through active directory um you log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through active directory um you log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through active directory um you log in
+through Touchstone through our Sam IDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Touchstone through our Sam IDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Touchstone through our Sam IDP
+those things get logged um we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things get logged um we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things get logged um we have very
+detailed uh retention policies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed uh retention policies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed uh retention policies which
+we're happy to share with you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to share with you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy to share with you it's
+published uh you know if you access a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh you know if you access a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh you know if you access a
+web page um if you check in you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page um if you check in you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web page um if you check in you know you
+to read your email uh things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read your email uh things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read your email uh things like that
+and one of the problems we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems we have is
+correlating all that information can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating all that information can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlating all that information can be
+fairly hard there a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly hard there a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly hard there a lot of different
+sources uh Dave will talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh Dave will talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh Dave will talk about that a
+little bit um but that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um but that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um but that's pretty much
+what we do we try to keep our retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do we try to keep our retention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do we try to keep our retention
+period uh usually within 30 days uh Tot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh usually within 30 days uh Tot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh usually within 30 days uh Tot
+so MIT runs its own CA right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so MIT runs its own CA right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so MIT runs its own CA right there's a
+roote MIT certificate private key where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roote MIT certificate private key where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roote MIT certificate private key where
+do you guys keep that private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key uh okay you use like resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh okay you use like resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh okay you use like resistant
+Hardware or something like that or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or something like that or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware or something like that or do
+you just put it on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put it on the computer
+somewhere Linux waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere Linux waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere Linux waiting
+for well wow um good question yes we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well wow um good question yes we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well wow um good question yes we you
+run our own CA we've been running our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our own CA we've been running our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our own CA we've been running our
+own CA since um the the late 1990s uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own CA since um the the late 1990s uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own CA since um the the late 1990s uh so
+you know in the whole world where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the whole world where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the whole world where the
+web was doing authentication using you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web was doing authentication using you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web was doing authentication using you
+know username password over SSL you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know username password over SSL you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know username password over SSL you know
+I think MIT was fairly Progressive there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think MIT was fairly Progressive there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think MIT was fairly Progressive there
+doing pki now I don't know you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pki now I don't know you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pki now I don't know you guys are
+a little bit younger but back in 19 uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit younger but back in 19 uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit younger but back in 19 uh I
+don't know 98 they were telling me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 98 they were telling me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 98 they were telling me the
+year of pki is just about here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of pki is just about here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of pki is just about here it's
+going to be next year and we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be next year and we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be next year and we've been
+saying that for about 20 years so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that for about 20 years so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that for about 20 years so um
+hopefully as soon so in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as soon so in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as soon so in terms of how
+it's stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored
+um tamper resistant Hardware that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tamper resistant Hardware that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tamper resistant Hardware that's a
+nice idea I like that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea I like that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea I like that that that that
+that would be great um that's not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great um that's not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great um that's not how
+we're doing it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it um
+so the ca usually do it through using um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ca usually do it through using um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ca usually do it through using um
+USB keys or other other tokens that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB keys or other other tokens that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB keys or other other tokens that have
+you know fairly involved protocols where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fairly involved protocols where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fairly involved protocols where
+you can only access information off once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only access information off once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only access information off once
+it's been written um in terms of you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been written um in terms of you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been written um in terms of you can
+send something up for Signature but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send something up for Signature but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send something up for Signature but you
+can't actually get the key off right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually get the key off right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually get the key off right so
+they have a whole way of doing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole way of doing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a whole way of doing that um
+to be honest the ca server we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest the ca server we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest the ca server we're using
+now was written before any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now was written before any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now was written before any of those
+markets kind of existed and uh so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets kind of existed and uh so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets kind of existed and uh so we've
+used what I would say you know a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what I would say you know a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used what I would say you know a typical
+MIT Spirit of being a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Spirit of being a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Spirit of being a little bit uh
+creative and and uh so it's it is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and and uh so it's it is stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and and uh so it's it is stored
+in the file system it's stored in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the file system it's stored in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the file system it's stored in such a
+way to make it difficult to recover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make it difficult to recover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make it difficult to recover and
+it's stored in multiple ways and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in multiple ways and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stored in multiple ways and it's
+encrypted in multiple keys and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted in multiple keys and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted in multiple keys and there's a
+variety of system specific parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of system specific parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of system specific parameters
+which I will not get into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not get into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will not get into you know
+listing every one of them here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing every one of them here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing every one of them here so it's
+more of security bi security yes yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of security bi security yes yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of security bi security yes yes so
+if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the
+specific uh locations you know which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh locations you know which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh locations you know which may
+not even be files I'll give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even be files I'll give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even be files I'll give you a hint
+um to look and you know how many keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to look and you know how many keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to look and you know how many keys
+are needed and you know how many FES to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed and you know how many FES to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed and you know how many FES to
+read you might be able to figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you might be able to figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you might be able to figure it out
+um but to be honest with you if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but to be honest with you if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but to be honest with you if you were
+able actually to get on the machine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able actually to get on the machine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able actually to get on the machine it's
+game over right if you're able to get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over right if you're able to get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game over right if you're able to get on
+the machine it's game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine it's game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine it's game
+over and you know people who tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and you know people who tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and you know people who tell you
+that you know they could still break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they could still break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they could still break
+into the machine and not compromise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the machine and not compromise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the machine and not compromise the
+key for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key for some of
+thecas I'd be very skeptical about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thecas I'd be very skeptical about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thecas I'd be very skeptical about that
+so we try to be fairly secure but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try to be fairly secure but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try to be fairly secure but um you
+know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not
+perfect other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect other
+questions um typically what percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um typically what percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um typically what percent
+would you say of MIT accounts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say of MIT accounts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say of MIT accounts are
+compromised at any given time good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised at any given time good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised at any given time good
+question not yours right um I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not yours right um I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question not yours right um I think I'm
+amazed so does everyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed so does everyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed so does everyone know what
+fishing is okay good I can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing is okay good I can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing is okay good I can't tell you
+how many talks I go to where they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many talks I go to where they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many talks I go to where they look
+at you and they say isn't that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and they say isn't that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and they say isn't that like
+Seattle right you know but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle right you know but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle right you know but that's a
+little bit of an older audience um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an older audience um every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an older audience um every
+time one of these fishing things happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one of these fishing things happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one of these fishing things happens
+and they happen quite a bit where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they happen quite a bit where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they happen quite a bit where these
+emails go out I will tell you it amazes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails go out I will tell you it amazes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails go out I will tell you it amazes
+me you're at the world's smartest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're at the world's smartest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're at the world's smartest
+institution right let's you know I'm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution right let's you know I'm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution right let's you know I'm as
+an Al I'm pretty proud to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Al I'm pretty proud to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Al I'm pretty proud to you know
+believe that you know we're the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you know we're the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that you know we're the world's
+leading technological institution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading technological institution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading technological institution in the
+world right I cannot tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right I cannot tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right I cannot tell you how many
+people reply to those things it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reply to those things it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people reply to those things it just
+always amazes me how many of them reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always amazes me how many of them reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always amazes me how many of them reply
+to Dear heal desk here's my username and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dear heal desk here's my username and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dear heal desk here's my username and
+password it shocks me right and and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password it shocks me right and and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password it shocks me right and and some
+of them are some of them are faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are some of them are faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are some of them are faculty
+right and they they call the health desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they they call the health desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they they call the health desk
+and go hey I wrote back to your quota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go hey I wrote back to your quota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go hey I wrote back to your quota
+message how come my quota hasn't gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message how come my quota hasn't gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message how come my quota hasn't gone up
+and oh by the way like my inbox is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way like my inbox is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh by the way like my inbox is full
+now so you know what happened well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you know what happened well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you know what happened well you
+know they got 200,000 bounc messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got 200,000 bounc messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they got 200,000 bounc messages
+sitting in their inbox because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in their inbox because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in their inbox because it's
+being used to send you know mass emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to send you know mass emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to send you know mass emails
+so I'd be honest I'd say we see 105 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd be honest I'd say we see 105 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd be honest I'd say we see 105 20
+to 30 a month um during one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 a month um during one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 a month um during one of these
+fishing spikes even larger and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing spikes even larger and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing spikes even larger and I think
+the ones that have been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that have been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that have been really
+interesting are the ones we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the ones we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting are the ones we don't know
+about okay and you know the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay and you know the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay and you know the government
+came to us I don't know about a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to us I don't know about a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to us I don't know about a year or
+two ago and said hey um you know I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago and said hey um you know I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago and said hey um you know I won't
+get into the specifics but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the specifics but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the specifics but there's a
+marketplace where you can buy MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace where you can buy MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace where you can buy MIT
+usernames and passwords so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usernames and passwords so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usernames and passwords so you can
+access Library resour sources and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access Library resour sources and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access Library resour sources and you
+know so they're they're bidding on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they're they're bidding on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they're they're bidding on them
+online on these black markets if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online on these black markets if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online on these black markets if you you
+know if you'd like to access all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you'd like to access all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you'd like to access all the
+materials MIT has in their libraries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials MIT has in their libraries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials MIT has in their libraries or
+on campus you can simply you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus you can simply you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on campus you can simply you know
+auction one of these accounts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction one of these accounts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction one of these accounts that
+they've compromised off off the web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've compromised off off the web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've compromised off off the web page
+and they said oh by the way do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said oh by the way do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said oh by the way do you know
+about this no uh no and uh so we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this no uh no and uh so we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this no uh no and uh so we see a
+tremendous number of those um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous number of those um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous number of those um the
+success of the social vectors for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the social vectors for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the social vectors for you
+know getting people's credentials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know getting people's credentials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know getting people's credentials is
+incredibly high in particular across our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly high in particular across our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly high in particular across our
+industry you know Dave will talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know Dave will talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know Dave will talk about a
+little bit how you try mitigate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit how you try mitigate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit how you try mitigate those
+things it's very high and it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's very high and it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's very high and it's a little
+bit scary yeah uh continuing on that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit scary yeah uh continuing on that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit scary yeah uh continuing on that is
+there a way or I don't know some website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way or I don't know some website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way or I don't know some website
+to see uh all the places you've loged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see uh all the places you've loged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see uh all the places you've loged in
+you with uh Touchstone or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with uh Touchstone or something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with uh Touchstone or something yeah
+so um we're working on one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're working on one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're working on one of the things
+I talked about in answering to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about in answering to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about in answering to the log
+question was you know what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was you know what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was you know what do you guys
+collect uh we collect a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh we collect a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh we collect a variety of
+information one of the things we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one of the things we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information one of the things we don't
+have a good ability to do today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good ability to do today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good ability to do today is to
+correlate you know so in our case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate you know so in our case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate you know so in our case you
+know there's 30 different technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's 30 different technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's 30 different technology
+systems involved in some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems involved in some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems involved in some of these things
+and different formats and you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different formats and you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different formats and you know all
+sorts of different ways of generating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different ways of generating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different ways of generating it
+um we are working to try and make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are working to try and make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are working to try and make that
+easier and our hope is to give the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and our hope is to give the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and our hope is to give the user
+Community something where from a goip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community something where from a goip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community something where from a goip or
+other standpoint they can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other standpoint they can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other standpoint they can see where
+their activity has been over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activity has been over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their activity has been over the last
+you know 30 days or seven days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 days or seven days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 30 days or seven days or
+whatever the retention period is to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the retention period is to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the retention period is to help
+inform people about where these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform people about where these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform people about where these things
+are happening Dave wants to go a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening Dave wants to go a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening Dave wants to go a step
+further he wants to have you can pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he wants to have you can pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further he wants to have you can pick a
+circle of radius where you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius where you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius where you're allowed to
+log in from geographically and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in from geographically and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in from geographically and if you
+log in from outside that range it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in from outside that range it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in from outside that range it either
+should allow it or just send a text to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow it or just send a text to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should allow it or just send a text to
+your phone or let you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone or let you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone or let you know that
+something happened which I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened which I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened which I think is a
+step in the right direction but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the right direction but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the right direction but uh so
+yes we're working on that but don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're working on that but don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're working on that but don't have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+today you see malicious traffic on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you see malicious traffic on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you see malicious traffic on the
+network um in terms of Prim source is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um in terms of Prim source is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um in terms of Prim source is it
+from outside going in or is it is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside going in or is it is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside going in or is it is there
+malicious traffic the inside going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious traffic the inside going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious traffic the inside going out
+uh you know I'd love to say it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I'd love to say it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I'd love to say it's usually
+from the outside coming in I'd say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside coming in I'd say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the outside coming in I'd say you
+know there's a fair bit of it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fair bit of it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fair bit of it from the
+inside going out um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside going out um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside going out um I think
+realistically we have a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically we have a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically we have a tremendous
+amount of internet bandwidth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of internet bandwidth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of internet bandwidth and
+connectivity uh we'll talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity uh we'll talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity uh we'll talk about you
+know some of these more recent UDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of these more recent UDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some of these more recent UDP
+reflection attacks which is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection attacks which is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection attacks which is a great
+example uh but you know when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh but you know when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh but you know when you have
+big pipes it's a good resource to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pipes it's a good resource to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pipes it's a good resource to use to
+hurt other folks and so we see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt other folks and so we see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt other folks and so we see a lot of
+that I'd say more so than stuff coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd say more so than stuff coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd say more so than stuff coming
+in stuff coming in you see a fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stuff coming in you see a fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stuff coming in you see a fair bit
+like I talked about with the one laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I talked about with the one laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I talked about with the one laptop
+but I'd say in terms of actual volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd say in terms of actual volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd say in terms of actual volume of
+traffic the bigger stuff you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic the bigger stuff you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic the bigger stuff you see is
+leaving down in terms of just she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through how many people come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um on a given day I'd say we have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a given day I'd say we have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a given day I'd say we have I
+don't know 100,000 120,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 100,000 120,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 100,000 120,000 different
+kinds of devices I'd say people wise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of devices I'd say people wise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of devices I'd say people wise if
+you figure people out you know average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure people out you know average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure people out you know average
+two and a half devices probably 35,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half devices probably 35,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half devices probably 35,000
+folks 40,000 folks on a given day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks 40,000 folks on a given day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks 40,000 folks on a given day I
+think what's more surprising is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's more surprising is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's more surprising is our
+visitor population is fairly large in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitor population is fairly large in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visitor population is fairly large in a
+month um what's the policy of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um what's the policy of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month um what's the policy of learning
+thex policy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+so you know MIT is a very open place all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know MIT is a very open place all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know MIT is a very open place all
+right I think that's one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's one of the great
+beauties of being a student here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of being a student here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauties of being a student here and one
+of the things I've always cherished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I've always cherished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things I've always cherished
+about being here is we're a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being here is we're a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being here is we're a place where
+it's okay to experiment it's okay to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to experiment it's okay to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to experiment it's okay to do
+things it's okay to learn about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's okay to learn about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's okay to learn about things
+it's okay to develop new things it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to develop new things it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to develop new things it's one
+of the great things about be in MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great things about be in MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great things about be in MIT and
+it's what's special about being here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's special about being here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's special about being here too
+right that's what's pretty unique you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what's pretty unique you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what's pretty unique you
+don't need to go to the policy office to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go to the policy office to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go to the policy office to
+say hey I want to run a tour exit node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I want to run a tour exit node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I want to run a tour exit node
+today or I want to invent a new you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or I want to invent a new you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or I want to invent a new you know
+Anonymous protocol or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous protocol or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous protocol or something like
+that um that's one of the things really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's one of the things really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's one of the things really
+about working here and going to school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working here and going to school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working here and going to school
+here and I think for us you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think for us you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I think for us you know is it
+is it a good idea or is a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good idea or is a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good idea or is a bad idea
+depends what you're trying to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're trying to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're trying to do with it
+right if you know if you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know if you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you know if you're doing this
+part of you know some thesis Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you know some thesis Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you know some thesis Research
+into anonymization techniques and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anonymization techniques and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anonymization techniques and
+privacy it's probably fine if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy it's probably fine if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy it's probably fine if you're
+doing it for the purpose of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for the purpose of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for the purpose of you know
+running some kind of you know uh Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running some kind of you know uh Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running some kind of you know uh Black
+Market ring or something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market ring or something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market ring or something like that it's
+not probably not a good idea um but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not probably not a good idea um but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not probably not a good idea um but from
+a policy standpoint MIT is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a policy standpoint MIT is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a policy standpoint MIT is fairly
+flexible uh we you know really try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible uh we you know really try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible uh we you know really try to
+balance um the need for the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance um the need for the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance um the need for the in
+institution has a responsibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution has a responsibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution has a responsibility to
+behave responsibly right let's just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave responsibly right let's just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave responsibly right let's just be
+honest is an institution we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest is an institution we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest is an institution we have to do
+that but we try as much as possible not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we try as much as possible not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we try as much as possible not
+to encumber the activity of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encumber the activity of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encumber the activity of innovation
+and so you know for the most part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know for the most part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know for the most part that's
+worked out pretty well say MIT has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out pretty well say MIT has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out pretty well say MIT has been
+fairly successful over the last 100 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly successful over the last 100 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly successful over the last 100 you
+know 25 years um but you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 25 years um but you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 25 years um but you know I think
+it's one of those areas where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those areas where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those areas where if
+something one of those activities was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one of those activities was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something one of those activities was to
+place the institution collectively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the institution collectively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the institution collectively in
+Jeopardy then we have to look at that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy then we have to look at that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy then we have to look at that um
+but you know MIT does run a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know MIT does run a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know MIT does run a variety of
+TXS I know sippi has some uh seale has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TXS I know sippi has some uh seale has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TXS I know sippi has some uh seale has a
+few they show up Dave's you know naughty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few they show up Dave's you know naughty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few they show up Dave's you know naughty
+list like a plague but you know we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like a plague but you know we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like a plague but you know we do
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+them you can't run that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can't run that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can't run that of
+schools other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions my esteemed colleague Dort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions my esteemed colleague Dort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions my esteemed colleague Dort uh
+he comes to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes to us
+from uh used to work in the Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh used to work in the Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh used to work in the Harvard
+University Network and I can talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Network and I can talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University Network and I can talk a
+little bit about networking at liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about networking at liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about networking at liberal
+arts school if you get him outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts school if you get him outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts school if you get him outside of
+the office and uh he's also a uh teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office and uh he's also a uh teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office and uh he's also a uh teacher
+himself at nor Eastern which uh great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself at nor Eastern which uh great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself at nor Eastern which uh great so
+will talk to you a little bit about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk to you a little bit about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk to you a little bit about some
+specific examples about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples about the kinds of
+things to keep us up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh wait wait I think I got it loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay should I mention do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT all right hello everybody my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT all right hello everybody my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT all right hello everybody my name is
+uh Dave leaport um as this very verose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dave leaport um as this very verose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dave leaport um as this very verose
+Title claims I am U manager of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Title claims I am U manager of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Title claims I am U manager of network
+infrastructure and security operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and security operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and security operations
+which basically in a nutshell means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically in a nutshell means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically in a nutshell means that
+I'm responsible for um maintaining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm responsible for um maintaining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm responsible for um maintaining and
+operating and securing MIT net um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating and securing MIT net um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating and securing MIT net um which
+is uh definitely a full-time job um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh definitely a full-time job um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh definitely a full-time job um
+today I've got a lot of content to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I've got a lot of content to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I've got a lot of content to cover
+um I'm going to kind of cruise through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to kind of cruise through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to kind of cruise through
+it to leave room for questions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to leave room for questions at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to leave room for questions at the
+end because I think that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because I think that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end because I think that's probably
+where you guys get the most out of it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you guys get the most out of it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you guys get the most out of it um
+if anything's not clear just stop me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything's not clear just stop me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything's not clear just stop me
+raise your hand I don't mind being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand I don't mind being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand I don't mind being
+interrupted um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted um
+but yeah with that we'll start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah with that we'll start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah with that we'll start talking
+um with the security operations team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the security operations team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the security operations team
+which is really the the the one central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really the the the one central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really the the the one central
+body that does uh security as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that does uh security as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that does uh security as their
+full-time job here at MIT we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time job here at MIT we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time job here at MIT we'll talk
+about some of the events that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the events that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the events that we've had
+in the recent past here um and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent past here um and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recent past here um and kind of
+what we've done to mitigate them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done to mitigate them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done to mitigate them and
+kind of leave us the at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of leave us the at the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of leave us the at the uh the
+current state of security at MIT net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of security at MIT net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of security at MIT net
+we'll talk about the current landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the current landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the current landscape
+um what we're facing a lot of now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're facing a lot of now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we're facing a lot of now which
+as Mark alluded to is um to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Mark alluded to is um to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Mark alluded to is um to a large
+degree social and uh we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree social and uh we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree social and uh we'll talk about
+some some future Trends which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some future Trends which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some future Trends which are
+nebulous kind of by by Nature so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebulous kind of by by Nature so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebulous kind of by by Nature so the
+slides are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides are kind of
+sparse so the team there um as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse so the team there um as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse so the team there um as you can
+see is Mark I report directly to mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is Mark I report directly to mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is Mark I report directly to mark
+under me there's a security operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under me there's a security operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under me there's a security operations
+team led by our team lead Harry Hoffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team led by our team lead Harry Hoffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team led by our team lead Harry Hoffman
+he has three people under him um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has three people under him um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has three people under him um uh
+Andrew uh munchbach who basically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew uh munchbach who basically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew uh munchbach who basically is the
+analyst who does a lot of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst who does a lot of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst who does a lot of the the
+watching of the systems does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching of the systems does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching of the systems does a lot of
+the notifications to users responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notifications to users responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notifications to users responds to
+complaints from the outside world we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints from the outside world we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaints from the outside world we
+have Mike who does a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Mike who does a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Mike who does a lot of the
+engineering activities a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering activities a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering activities a lot of the
+forensics and we have Monique Buchanan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics and we have Monique Buchanan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics and we have Monique Buchanan
+who handles a lot of the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who handles a lot of the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who handles a lot of the the uh
+correspondence and community outreach um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence and community outreach um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence and community outreach um
+Harry himself is also extremely Hands-On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry himself is also extremely Hands-On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry himself is also extremely Hands-On
+so I just want to preface this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to preface this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to preface this whole
+thing with we have a team of four in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with we have a team of four in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with we have a team of four in a
+very large institution with tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large institution with tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large institution with tons of
+devices so um the Federation that Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so um the Federation that Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so um the Federation that Mark
+talked about is really a necessity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about is really a necessity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about is really a necessity in
+order to to even try to secure a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to even try to secure a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to even try to secure a network
+of this size so kind of the portfolio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this size so kind of the portfolio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this size so kind of the portfolio of
+services we have and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services we have and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services we have and we're going to
+blast through this stuff fast um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast through this stuff fast um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast through this stuff fast um
+Consulting right we talk with people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting right we talk with people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting right we talk with people and
+help them on campus um Services we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them on campus um Services we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them on campus um Services we
+provide some services to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some services to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some services to the
+community and the tool set that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the tool set that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the tool set that we
+use the services we provide are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the services we provide are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the services we provide are um
+pretty varied we do uh abuse reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty varied we do uh abuse reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty varied we do uh abuse reporting
+so this is response to complaints from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is response to complaints from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is response to complaints from
+the outside world typically um the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world typically um the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world typically um the vast
+majority of which are tour exit node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of which are tour exit node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of which are tour exit node
+related um they just are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um they just are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related um they just are but
+um um endpoint protection so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um endpoint protection so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um endpoint protection so there are
+some uh tools and products out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh tools and products out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh tools and products out there
+that we install on both the community at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we install on both the community at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we install on both the community at
+large machines you opt in if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large machines you opt in if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large machines you opt in if you prefer
+uh if you're part of the MIT domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're part of the MIT domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're part of the MIT domain
+which is typically administrative staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically administrative staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically administrative staff
+uh some might be Auto installed for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some might be Auto installed for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some might be Auto installed for you
+network protection these are tool sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network protection these are tool sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network protection these are tool sets
+that we have either at the border or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have either at the border or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have either at the border or
+throughout the MIT net that kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the MIT net that kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the MIT net that kind of uh
+detect anomalies or capture flow data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect anomalies or capture flow data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect anomalies or capture flow data
+for for analysis uh data analytics helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for analysis uh data analytics helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for analysis uh data analytics helps
+us correlate and put all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us correlate and put all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us correlate and put all this stuff
+together and try to get some actionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to get some actionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and try to get some actionable
+intelligence out of it um forensics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence out of it um forensics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence out of it um forensics are
+um but we'll talk about those in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll talk about those in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll talk about those in a
+second uh risk identification basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh risk identification basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh risk identification basically
+probing and assessment tools basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing and assessment tools basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing and assessment tools basically
+nessus and um things that look for pii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nessus and um things that look for pii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nessus and um things that look for pii
+personally identifiable information um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable information um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable information um
+which being in Massachusetts we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which being in Massachusetts we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which being in Massachusetts we need to
+comply with um uh 2011 cmr17 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with um uh 2011 cmr17 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with um uh 2011 cmr17 which is a
+mass regulation that requires us to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass regulation that requires us to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass regulation that requires us to be
+able to identify where all the pii on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify where all the pii on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify where all the pii on
+our Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Network
+lives Outreach awareness and training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives Outreach awareness and training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives Outreach awareness and training
+just what it says uh compliance needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it says uh compliance needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what it says uh compliance needs
+this is um in large part PCI DSS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um in large part PCI DSS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um in large part PCI DSS
+so PCI being the payment card industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PCI being the payment card industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PCI being the payment card industry
+has the DSs which is the data security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the DSs which is the data security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the DSs which is the data security
+standard um believe it or not mit2 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard um believe it or not mit2 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard um believe it or not mit2 well
+you probably believe it MIT is a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably believe it MIT is a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably believe it MIT is a credit
+card merchant right we have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card merchant right we have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card merchant right we have multiple
+vendors on campus um and we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors on campus um and we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors on campus um and we need to be
+able to make sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make sure that that
+infrastructure is compliant with the PCI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is compliant with the PCI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is compliant with the PCI
+DSS so security is a part of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSS so security is a part of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DSS so security is a part of the the
+team that basically manages and ensures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that basically manages and ensures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that basically manages and ensures
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+compliance um pci3 which is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance um pci3 which is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance um pci3 which is kind of the
+sixth major update to the standard goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth major update to the standard goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth major update to the standard goes
+live on January 1st so we're kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on January 1st so we're kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on January 1st so we're kind of in
+the process right now of ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right now of ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right now of ensuring
+compliance of all of our infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance of all of our infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance of all of our infrastructure
+and providing reporting alert alerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing reporting alert alerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and providing reporting alert alerting
+and metrics on the work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metrics on the work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metrics on the work we
+do so here are some of the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here are some of the endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here are some of the endpoint
+protection products uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection products uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection products uh we
+use um this Eagle I think it's an eagle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this Eagle I think it's an eagle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this Eagle I think it's an eagle
+there is um a tool called cow crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um a tool called cow crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um a tool called cow crowd
+strike which is currently being tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike which is currently being tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike which is currently being tested
+within um is&t basically it's a a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within um is&t basically it's a a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within um is&t basically it's a a tool
+that watches for um anomalous behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that watches for um anomalous behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that watches for um anomalous behavior
+from a system call perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system call perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a system call perspective
+right if you're if you're using word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're if you're using word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you're if you're using word and
+word suddenly starts doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word suddenly starts doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word suddenly starts doing something
+that it shouldn't do like maybe trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it shouldn't do like maybe trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it shouldn't do like maybe trying
+to read the account database off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the account database off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the account database off of the
+system and capture passwords it alerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and capture passwords it alerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and capture passwords it alerts
+and throws a flag um it's a cloud-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throws a flag um it's a cloud-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throws a flag um it's a cloud-based
+tool which we'll talk more about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which we'll talk more about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which we'll talk more about later
+um so all this data gets gets sent to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all this data gets gets sent to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all this data gets gets sent to a
+central console and should machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central console and should machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central console and should machines
+start doing things unto from a puristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing things unto from a puristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing things unto from a puristic
+or behavioral perspective they get red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or behavioral perspective they get red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or behavioral perspective they get red
+flagged uh GP here these are just Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged uh GP here these are just Group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged uh GP here these are just Group
+Policy objects so manage systems we push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy objects so manage systems we push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Policy objects so manage systems we push
+down policy the S is sofos it's antix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down policy the S is sofos it's antix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down policy the S is sofos it's antix
+right it's anti-malware anti- spam not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's anti-malware anti- spam not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's anti-malware anti- spam not
+anti spam but anti malware antiv virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti spam but anti malware antiv virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti spam but anti malware antiv virus
+all of the typical stuff that we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the typical stuff that we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the typical stuff that we expect
+when we buy an endpoint protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we buy an endpoint protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we buy an endpoint protection
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+pgp um does uh uh hard drive encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pgp um does uh uh hard drive encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pgp um does uh uh hard drive encryption
+for select systems on campus that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for select systems on campus that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for select systems on campus that have
+sensitive data um some of these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive data um some of these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive data um some of these tools
+are in flux uh the the industry seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in flux uh the the industry seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in flux uh the the industry seems to
+be going more towards a more vendor um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going more towards a more vendor um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going more towards a more vendor um
+vendor neutral solution if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor neutral solution if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor neutral solution if you want to
+call it that so bit Locker on Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that so bit Locker on Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that so bit Locker on Windows
+File Vault on the Mac so we're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+File Vault on the Mac so we're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+File Vault on the Mac so we're exploring
+those options as well and Casper is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those options as well and Casper is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those options as well and Casper is a
+way to uh manage mostly Maxs to keep to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh manage mostly Maxs to keep to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh manage mostly Maxs to keep to
+to enforce policy on managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce policy on managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce policy on managed
+Macs on the network protection side um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macs on the network protection side um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macs on the network protection side um
+I'll just start down here akami is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start down here akami is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start down here akami is a
+company that has uh that came out of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has uh that came out of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that has uh that came out of MIT
+right has a lot of MIT alums they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has a lot of MIT alums they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has a lot of MIT alums they also
+have extremely good Services um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extremely good Services um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extremely good Services um so we
+have partnered with them on a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partnered with them on a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partnered with them on a lot of um
+a lot of their services and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of their services and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of their services and we'll talk
+about them fairly extensively Tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them fairly extensively Tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them fairly extensively Tipping
+Point is an IDs vendor an intrusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point is an IDs vendor an intrusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point is an IDs vendor an intrusion
+detection system um as I said some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection system um as I said some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection system um as I said some of
+these tools are in flux um that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools are in flux um that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools are in flux um that might be
+one of them but we're we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them but we're we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them but we're we're basically
+have a an intrusion prevention system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an intrusion prevention system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an intrusion prevention system at
+our border we don't actually prevent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our border we don't actually prevent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our border we don't actually prevent we
+just detect so we don't actually block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detect so we don't actually block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detect so we don't actually block
+anything on the MIT border except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the MIT border except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the MIT border except for
+some very basic uh anti-spoofing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic uh anti-spoofing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic uh anti-spoofing and
+standard rules you'd find anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rules you'd find anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard rules you'd find anywhere
+stealth watch is a tool that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth watch is a tool that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth watch is a tool that generates
+net flow data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flow data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flow data
+or I should say collects net flow data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say collects net flow data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say collects net flow data
+so we are um we use Cisco devices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are um we use Cisco devices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are um we use Cisco devices but
+all network devices will output uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all network devices will output uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all network devices will output uh
+details Meta Meta information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Meta Meta information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details Meta Meta information about the
+flows that they're sending you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that they're sending you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that they're sending you know
+Source Port desport Source IP Des IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source Port desport Source IP Des IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source Port desport Source IP Des IP
+protocol Etc um stealthwatch collects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol Etc um stealthwatch collects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol Etc um stealthwatch collects
+this does some basic security analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does some basic security analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does some basic security analysis
+on it and also provides apis that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and also provides apis that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and also provides apis that we can
+interface our tools with to do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface our tools with to do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface our tools with to do some more
+intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+things and RSA security Analytics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and RSA security Analytics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and RSA security Analytics this
+is another tool oops it's uh in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another tool oops it's uh in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another tool oops it's uh in a lot of
+ways like an IDs on steroids um it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like an IDs on steroids um it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like an IDs on steroids um it does
+uh full packet capture so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full packet capture so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh full packet capture so you can
+actually see some content if if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see some content if if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see some content if if things
+get red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flagged on the risk identification front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged on the risk identification front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagged on the risk identification front
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+nessus um kind of the de facto uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nessus um kind of the de facto uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nessus um kind of the de facto uh
+vulnerability assessment tool so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability assessment tool so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability assessment tool so we
+typically we use this on demand we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we use this on demand we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we use this on demand we don't
+unleash this on 18/8 at large but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unleash this on 18/8 at large but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unleash this on 18/8 at large but if we
+get a a uh an oncampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a uh an oncampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a uh an oncampus
+um DLC that would like us to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DLC that would like us to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DLC that would like us to come in and
+perform some basic uh assessment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some basic uh assessment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform some basic uh assessment for
+them we can use nessus uh shodin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we can use nessus uh shodin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we can use nessus uh shodin is a
+computer they call it a computer search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer they call it a computer search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer they call it a computer search
+engine but basically it they scan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but basically it they scan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine but basically it they scan the
+internet at large and have lots of lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet at large and have lots of lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet at large and have lots of lots
+of good security data we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good security data we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good security data we have a
+subscription so that we can leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription so that we can leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscription so that we can leverage
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+intelligence and identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and identity
+finder as a tool that we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder as a tool that we use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder as a tool that we use in
+locations where there's pii personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where there's pii personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where there's pii personally
+identifiable information in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable information in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable information in order to
+comply with mass regs and just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with mass regs and just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with mass regs and just to make
+sure we know where critical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lives forensics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives forensics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives forensics
+um forensics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forensics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forensics is
+um a business that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a business that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a business that is
+um periodic I'm looking for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um periodic I'm looking for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um periodic I'm looking for the right
+word this isn't something we do until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this isn't something we do until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this isn't something we do until we
+do a lot of it for a long time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of it for a long time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of it for a long time and then
+we don't do a lot of it basically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do a lot of it basically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do a lot of it basically when
+cases surface we have the tool sets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases surface we have the tool sets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases surface we have the tool sets uh
+and case is a tool that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and case is a tool that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and case is a tool that allows us to
+image drives and go through them looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image drives and go through them looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image drives and go through them looking
+for Content ftk the friends toolkit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Content ftk the friends toolkit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Content ftk the friends toolkit and
+the sleuth kit are other tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleuth kit are other tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleuth kit are other tools
+um we often get called in for cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we often get called in for cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we often get called in for cases
+where we have to image drives um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have to image drives um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have to image drives um for
+intellectual property cases or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property cases or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property cases or whatever
+cases the ogc the office of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the ogc the office of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the ogc the office of the general
+Council needs to have computers imaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council needs to have computers imaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council needs to have computers imaged
+for um so we have all the tool sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um so we have all the tool sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um so we have all the tool sets
+necessary to do that but frankly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to do that but frankly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to do that but frankly it's
+not it's not our day job it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not our day job it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not our day job it's it's
+something that comes up occasionally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes up occasionally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes up occasionally so
+how do we put all this data together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we put all this data together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we put all this data together
+Mark alluded to uh correlation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark alluded to uh correlation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark alluded to uh correlation we have
+um operating system logs from managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operating system logs from managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operating system logs from managed
+systems you can see it we have net flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can see it we have net flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can see it we have net flow
+we have some DHCP logs IDs logs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some DHCP logs IDs logs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some DHCP logs IDs logs uh
+Touchstone logs Splunk is a tool um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone logs Splunk is a tool um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone logs Splunk is a tool um that
+does a lot of this uh uh correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of this uh uh correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of this uh uh correlation
+where it can take um data that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can take um data that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can take um data that's not
+necessarily normalized and normalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily normalized and normalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily normalized and normalize it
+and allow us to correlate across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to correlate across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to correlate across
+different sources to kind of get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources to kind of get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources to kind of get more
+intelligence so when you were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so when you were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so when you were talking
+about um who whomever out there asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um who whomever out there asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um who whomever out there asked
+about maybe a login page that could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe a login page that could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe a login page that could show
+where you last logged in um Etc Splunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you last logged in um Etc Splunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you last logged in um Etc Splunk
+would really probably be the enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really probably be the enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really probably be the enabling
+technology for that because we could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for that because we could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for that because we could put
+everything together we can do goip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together we can do goip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together we can do goip
+lookups and really build something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups and really build something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups and really build something on
+top of the raw data right pull some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the raw data right pull some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the raw data right pull some
+actual um wisdom out of that data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual um wisdom out of that data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual um wisdom out of that data so
+that we could present it to you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page okay so now we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay so now we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay so now we'll talk about
+attacks and um things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and um things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and um things that you might
+find more interesting um we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more interesting um we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more interesting um we'll talk
+first about distributed denial service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about distributed denial service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about distributed denial service
+attacks which we've really received a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks which we've really received a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks which we've really received a
+lot of um in the past few years we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um in the past few years we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um in the past few years we'll
+also talk specifically about attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk specifically about attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk specifically about attacks
+that resulted from um the Aaron Schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resulted from um the Aaron Schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resulted from um the Aaron Schwarz
+strategy of a few years ago um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of a few years ago um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of a few years ago um which
+ties into the distributed denial service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties into the distributed denial service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties into the distributed denial service
+attacks okay so just a primer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks okay so just a primer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks okay so just a primer on
+distributed denial service I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed denial service I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed denial service I apologize
+if this is remedial um so denial service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is remedial um so denial service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is remedial um so denial service
+attack right really attacks the a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack right really attacks the a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack right really attacks the a of the
+CIA Triad right CIA Triads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA Triad right CIA Triads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA Triad right CIA Triads the
+foundation of computer security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of computer security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of computer security
+confidentiality integrity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality integrity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality integrity and
+availability so we're going after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so we're going after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so we're going after the
+availability right we want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability right we want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability right we want to take a
+resource down so that legitimate users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource down so that legitimate users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource down so that legitimate users
+can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use
+it uh that could be defacement of a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that could be defacement of a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that could be defacement of a page
+very simple right digital graffiti just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple right digital graffiti just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple right digital graffiti just
+ruin the page so nobody can see it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the page so nobody can see it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the page so nobody can see it could
+be resource consumption where you eat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be resource consumption where you eat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be resource consumption where you eat up
+all the uh the computation on a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh the computation on a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh the computation on a system
+all the bandwidth on a network could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bandwidth on a network could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the bandwidth on a network could be
+a single attacker but much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single attacker but much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single attacker but much more likely
+nowadays you're going to invite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you're going to invite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you're going to invite your
+friends and you're going to have a party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and you're going to have a party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and you're going to have a party
+and a d dos distributed denal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a d dos distributed denal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a d dos distributed denal
+service um recent attacks these are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um recent attacks these are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service um recent attacks these are okay
+these are recent Trends in the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are recent Trends in the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are recent Trends in the industry
+this these are pulled from the arbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are pulled from the arbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are pulled from the arbor
+Network's I think stateof the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network's I think stateof the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network's I think stateof the internet
+report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report
+um hactivism is the most common motiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hactivism is the most common motiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hactivism is the most common motiv
+motivation um according to them it's 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation um according to them it's 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation um according to them it's 40%
+of all claimed um actually those attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all claimed um actually those attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all claimed um actually those attacks
+that are attributed 40% of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attributed 40% of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attributed 40% of them are
+attributed to activism the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to activism the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to activism the next one is
+39% unknown so it's it's dominating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39% unknown so it's it's dominating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39% unknown so it's it's dominating the
+the uh the top of the Heap um last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the top of the Heap um last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the top of the Heap um last year
+and these numbers I believe are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these numbers I believe are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these numbers I believe are from
+2013 there were multiple 100 Gig plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 there were multiple 100 Gig plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 there were multiple 100 Gig plus
+attacks right so the year before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks right so the year before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks right so the year before that
+made news because I think there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made news because I think there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made news because I think there was an
+attack on spam house that was 300 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on spam house that was 300 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on spam house that was 300 300
+gbits this following year that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbits this following year that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbits this following year that's kind of
+I wouldn't say the norm but we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't say the norm but we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't say the norm but we're seeing
+a lot more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more of
+that longer lasting attack um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that longer lasting attack um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that longer lasting attack um this
+operation here abib Bal was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here abib Bal was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here abib Bal was a
+multi-month attack against the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-month attack against the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-month attack against the US
+financial sector um it went on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector um it went on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector um it went on for
+months it was 65 gig sustained at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was 65 gig sustained at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was 65 gig sustained at times
+um I've heard stories about this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've heard stories about this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've heard stories about this but you
+can Google more online where it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Google more online where it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Google more online where it was just
+Relentless right they just couldn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relentless right they just couldn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relentless right they just couldn't stop
+it and we'll talk about the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll talk about the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we'll talk about the way that
+they ended up doing it um but frankly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up doing it um but frankly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ended up doing it um but frankly at
+65 gig or at 100 Gig you're at the mercy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 gig or at 100 Gig you're at the mercy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 gig or at 100 Gig you're at the mercy
+of the attacker right there's very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attacker right there's very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attacker right there's very few
+organizations on the planet um that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations on the planet um that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations on the planet um that can
+sustain an attack can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain an attack can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain an attack can
+sustain can you know survive a sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain can you know survive a sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain can you know survive a sustained
+attack of that magnitude you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of that magnitude you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack of that magnitude you just can't
+do it um and we're seeing a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um and we're seeing a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um and we're seeing a shift
+towards reflection and amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards reflection and amplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards reflection and amplification
+attacks so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so this is
+where you take um a small input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take um a small input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take um a small input and
+generate a large output right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a large output right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a large output right this is
+nothing new this goes way back to um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new this goes way back to um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new this goes way back to um I'm
+going skip ahead a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sec I left that slide out but this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec I left that slide out but this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec I left that slide out but this goes
+way back to um the icmp uh Smurf attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to um the icmp uh Smurf attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to um the icmp uh Smurf attack
+uh where you would ping a broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you would ping a broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you would ping a broadcast
+address of a network and every machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of a network and every machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of a network and every machine
+on that Network would resp respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Network would resp respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Network would resp respond to
+the supposed um originator of the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supposed um originator of the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supposed um originator of the packet
+which of course would be spoofed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course would be spoofed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course would be spoofed right
+so I would masquerade as Mark I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would masquerade as Mark I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would masquerade as Mark I would
+send a packet to this class's broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet to this class's broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet to this class's broadcast
+address and you would all respond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and you would all respond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and you would all respond with
+packets to Mark um thinking that he sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to Mark um thinking that he sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to Mark um thinking that he sent
+it meanwhile I sit in the corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meanwhile I sit in the corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meanwhile I sit in the corner and
+laugh um so this is this is nothing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh um so this is this is nothing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh um so this is this is nothing new
+this goes back I mean when I was in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back I mean when I was in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back I mean when I was in high
+school I was I was reading about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I was I was reading about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I was I was reading about this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+um so UDP and icmp but UDP is a fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so UDP and icmp but UDP is a fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so UDP and icmp but UDP is a fire and
+forget protocol right it's not TCP it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget protocol right it's not TCP it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget protocol right it's not TCP it's
+not reliable it's not connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reliable it's not connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reliable it's not connection
+oriented so fire and forget it's easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so fire and forget it's easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so fire and forget it's easily
+spoof and over the past year what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoof and over the past year what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoof and over the past year what we've
+seen are um exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen are um exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen are um exploits
+of amplifiable features of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifiable features of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifiable features of these three
+protocols in particular so DNS this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols in particular so DNS this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols in particular so DNS this
+isn't working works for the clicker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working works for the clicker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working works for the clicker uh
+DNS uh Port 53 UDP right um basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS uh Port 53 UDP right um basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS uh Port 53 UDP right um basically if
+you send a 64 byte any query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a 64 byte any query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a 64 byte any query
+to a misconfigured server it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a misconfigured server it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a misconfigured server it would
+respond with a 512 by response so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with a 512 by response so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with a 512 by response so that's
+an 8X amplification Factor there not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8X amplification Factor there not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8X amplification Factor there not bad
+um what we found personally here on MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found personally here on MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we found personally here on MIT
+net was when this whole Trend started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net was when this whole Trend started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net was when this whole Trend started
+like most things um edus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most things um edus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most things um edus and
+particularly here we were at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly here we were at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly here we were at the
+Forefront of this trend we were seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forefront of this trend we were seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forefront of this trend we were seeing
+this before it really took off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before it really took off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before it really took off and
+against um commercial victims but we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um commercial victims but we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against um commercial victims but we saw
+a 12 gig um DNS amplification attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 gig um DNS amplification attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 gig um DNS amplification attack
+here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which
+substantially impacted our outbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially impacted our outbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially impacted our outbound
+bandwidth um we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth um we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth um we have we have a
+sufficient bandwidth but at those rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient bandwidth but at those rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient bandwidth but at those rates
+if you add that to to legitimate traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add that to to legitimate traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add that to to legitimate traffic
+we started to notice issues and Mark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to notice issues and Mark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to notice issues and Mark and
+I had to come in and resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to come in and resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to come in and resolve
+that um SNMP which is UDP Port 161 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um SNMP which is UDP Port 161 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um SNMP which is UDP Port 161 um
+very useful management protocol but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful management protocol but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful management protocol but if
+you send a get bulk request of 64 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a get bulk request of 64 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a get bulk request of 64 bytes
+uh to a device that's improperly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a device that's improperly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a device that's improperly
+configured it will respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured it will respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured it will respond
+with um up to 1,000x amplification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um up to 1,000x amplification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um up to 1,000x amplification so
+that's even better right if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even better right if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even better right if you're an
+attacker you're going to Target things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker you're going to Target things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker you're going to Target things
+and we saw huge attacks against um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw huge attacks against um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw huge attacks against um
+printers on campus so they would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers on campus so they would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers on campus so they would have a
+printer with an open SNMP agent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer with an open SNMP agent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printer with an open SNMP agent they
+would send packets packets to it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send packets packets to it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send packets packets to it and we
+would send back a thousand of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send back a thousand of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send back a thousand of them you
+know and pollute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and pollute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and pollute the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ntp Network time protocol um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ntp Network time protocol um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ntp Network time protocol um in this
+case a misconfigured server would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a misconfigured server would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a misconfigured server would
+respond to a mon L command which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a mon L command which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to a mon L command which would
+um I'm not sure the amplification Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure the amplification Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure the amplification Factor
+on that one but that one was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one but that one was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one but that one was really
+really popular um so we had hit pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popular um so we had hit pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popular um so we had hit pretty
+hard with the ntp mon list um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard with the ntp mon list um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard with the ntp mon list um
+misconfiguration and we ended up doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconfiguration and we ended up doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconfiguration and we ended up doing a
+few things to mitigate all these attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to mitigate all these attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to mitigate all these attacks
+so on the ntp side we disabled mon list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the ntp side we disabled mon list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the ntp side we disabled mon list
+on any ntp server we could which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any ntp server we could which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any ntp server we could which kind of
+kills the attack in his tracks but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the attack in his tracks but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the attack in his tracks but this
+being a Federated institution where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a Federated institution where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a Federated institution where we
+don't have power over nearly anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have power over nearly anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have power over nearly anything I
+shouldn't say that nearly everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that nearly everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say that nearly everything
+right there's just a lot of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's just a lot of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's just a lot of things we
+just don't have the reach to touch uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have the reach to touch uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have the reach to touch uh or
+the authority to touch so what we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority to touch so what we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority to touch so what we ended
+up doing was just rate limiting ntp at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing was just rate limiting ntp at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing was just rate limiting ntp at
+the border and that's been in place now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border and that's been in place now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the border and that's been in place now
+for almost a year almost a year um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost a year almost a year um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost a year almost a year um with
+almost no negative impact so we rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no negative impact so we rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no negative impact so we rate
+limited down to um let's say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited down to um let's say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited down to um let's say a few
+megabits and uh which was certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits and uh which was certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits and uh which was certainly
+better than the gigs we were sending out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the gigs we were sending out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the gigs we were sending out
+to the internet previously so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internet previously so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the internet previously so that's
+kind of a solved problem uh DNS um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a solved problem uh DNS um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a solved problem uh DNS um is a
+bit harder was was a bit harder to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit harder was was a bit harder to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit harder was was a bit harder to uh
+take care of what we ended up doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of what we ended up doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of what we ended up doing was
+started to leverage an an aami service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to leverage an an aami service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to leverage an an aami service
+called edns so aami has this service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edns so aami has this service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edns so aami has this service
+where you can host your zones with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can host your zones with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can host your zones with them
+um they're one of many providers but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're one of many providers but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're one of many providers but we
+had an existing relationship with acami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an existing relationship with acami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an existing relationship with acami
+which I'll talk about in a minute so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about in a minute so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll talk about in a minute so we
+leveraged their edns kind of bifurcated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged their edns kind of bifurcated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged their edns kind of bifurcated
+our DNS uh our our domain name system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DNS uh our our domain name system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DNS uh our our domain name system
+space we put an external view on aami we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we put an external view on aami we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we put an external view on aami we
+put an internal view um on the servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an internal view um on the servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an internal view um on the servers
+that had always served MIT and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had always served MIT and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had always served MIT and then we
+ACL off the internal view so only MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACL off the internal view so only MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACL off the internal view so only MIT
+clients can hit our internal servers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can hit our internal servers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients can hit our internal servers and
+the rest of the world hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world hits
+aami the benefit of aami edns is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aami the benefit of aami edns is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aami the benefit of aami edns is it's
+hosted in a Content distribution Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosted in a Content distribution Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosted in a Content distribution Network
+it's all over the world it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over the world it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over the world it's being
+served out of Asia Europe uh North North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served out of Asia Europe uh North North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served out of Asia Europe uh North North
+America East West it's it's all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America East West it's it's all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America East West it's it's all over the
+place right most PL most people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right most PL most people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right most PL most people can't
+take down aemi so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down aemi so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take down aemi so we don't have to worry
+about our DNS going down anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our DNS going down anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our DNS going down anymore so
+that's kind of how we resolve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem um okay so these are details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um okay so these are details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um okay so these are details of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of the attacks themselves Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attacks themselves Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attacks themselves Source
+obfuscation this is probably remedial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscation this is probably remedial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscation this is probably remedial uh
+why do you do it to avoid detection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you do it to avoid detection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you do it to avoid detection and
+proc secution um I'll skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc secution um I'll skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc secution um I'll skip that
+one okay so maybe you don't want to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so maybe you don't want to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so maybe you don't want to hide
+your address or spoof your address you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your address or spoof your address you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your address or spoof your address you
+just want to um destroy a target with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to um destroy a target with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to um destroy a target with
+Bots right so botn Nets are huge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bots right so botn Nets are huge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bots right so botn Nets are huge right
+now um the it's okay no problem bro was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the it's okay no problem bro was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the it's okay no problem bro was
+um used in that operation aval which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used in that operation aval which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um used in that operation aval which
+really targeted the US financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really targeted the US financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really targeted the US financial sector
+um so in this case rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case rather than just
+spoofing a bunch of packets from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofing a bunch of packets from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofing a bunch of packets from from
+one host we're using a botn net of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one host we're using a botn net of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one host we're using a botn net of
+legitimate connection of legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate connection of legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate connection of legitimate
+systems that don't necessarily need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that don't necessarily need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that don't necessarily need to
+um just spoof since these are legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just spoof since these are legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just spoof since these are legitimate
+systems and they'll respond to say a TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and they'll respond to say a TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and they'll respond to say a TCP
+um synac we can actually do more higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um synac we can actually do more higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um synac we can actually do more higher
+level attacks like attack an HTTP server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level attacks like attack an HTTP server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level attacks like attack an HTTP server
+and do get and post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+floods um they might hire stressors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods um they might hire stressors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods um they might hire stressors
+stressors are you know basically bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressors are you know basically bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressors are you know basically bot
+nets for hire where you um you hire them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets for hire where you um you hire them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets for hire where you um you hire them
+to do um load testing and they go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um load testing and they go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do um load testing and they go and
+load test someone else for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load test someone else for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load test someone else for you um
+there's no doubt probably legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt probably legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no doubt probably legitimate
+ones out there um but there are others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones out there um but there are others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones out there um but there are others
+that aren't and are basically um denial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't and are basically um denial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't and are basically um denial
+of servicers For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hire okay so the mitigation strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire okay so the mitigation strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hire okay so the mitigation strategies
+we talked about one which is DNS right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about one which is DNS right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about one which is DNS right
+we can use DNS to mitigate these attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use DNS to mitigate these attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use DNS to mitigate these attacks
+so we have used aamine to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have used aamine to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have used aamine to do that and
+this graphic here which is U probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graphic here which is U probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graphic here which is U probably
+too small for you to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically this slide is way too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this slide is way too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this slide is way too far
+ahead where it should be so okay we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead where it should be so okay we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead where it should be so okay we had
+an attack against our web server so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attack against our web server so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attack against our web server so I'll
+just brief you real quick one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brief you real quick one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brief you real quick one of the
+attacks that followed uh the swarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that followed uh the swarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that followed uh the swarz
+tragedy was an attack against web. MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy was an attack against web. MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy was an attack against web. MIT
+they took down our web server the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took down our web server the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took down our web server the way we
+solved that um was we used our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that um was we used our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that um was we used our
+bifurcated DNS to Point Internal clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated DNS to Point Internal clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated DNS to Point Internal clients
+to web. MIT internally and then we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to web. MIT internally and then we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to web. MIT internally and then we used
+the acami content distribution Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acami content distribution Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acami content distribution Network
+to basically mirror web. MIT and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically mirror web. MIT and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically mirror web. MIT and then we
+use the external view of our DNS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the external view of our DNS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the external view of our DNS to
+point external clients to aemi so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point external clients to aemi so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point external clients to aemi so when
+um a user out on the internet which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a user out on the internet which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a user out on the internet which
+we'll say is over here wants to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say is over here wants to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say is over here wants to go to
+web. MIT they actually go to the acami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web. MIT they actually go to the acami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web. MIT they actually go to the acami
+CDN which serves up the content if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDN which serves up the content if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDN which serves up the content if it's
+content that for some reason they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that for some reason they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that for some reason they can't
+directly serve out of cash if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly serve out of cash if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly serve out of cash if it's
+dynamic or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or whatever
+um the origin server which is still web.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the origin server which is still web.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the origin server which is still web.
+MIT um akami will go and fetch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um akami will go and fetch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um akami will go and fetch the
+necessary content send it to the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary content send it to the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary content send it to the user
+and then potentially cash it for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then potentially cash it for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then potentially cash it for some
+interval uh so short story here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh so short story here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh so short story here is that
+um the attack I'll talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the attack I'll talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the attack I'll talk about in a
+minute the way we resolved it was we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the way we resolved it was we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the way we resolved it was we put
+the uh the actual web server on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the actual web server on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the actual web server on the
+content distribution network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acami the other attacks that we've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acami the other attacks that we've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acami the other attacks that we've um
+will talk about this is this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about this is this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about this is this is how we
+mitigated these two slides are out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated these two slides are out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated these two slides are out of
+out of uh order um so I mentioned a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh order um so I mentioned a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh order um so I mentioned a few
+attacks I mentioned the ntp attack um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks I mentioned the ntp attack um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks I mentioned the ntp attack um
+I'm going to mention a couple others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to mention a couple others but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to mention a couple others but
+basically these are attacks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are attacks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these are attacks that are
+just Brute Force trying to overwhelm our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Brute Force trying to overwhelm our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Brute Force trying to overwhelm our
+bandwidth and I mentioned when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and I mentioned when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and I mentioned when you get
+up into the tens of gigabits range um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the tens of gigabits range um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the tens of gigabits range um a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+of Internet end users such as MIT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Internet end users such as MIT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Internet end users such as MIT right
+maybe not a service provider but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a service provider but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a service provider but a very
+large user even we would have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large user even we would have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large user even we would have trouble
+handling tens of gigabits of TR traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling tens of gigabits of TR traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling tens of gigabits of TR traffic
+so in that case your options are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case your options are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case your options are really
+limited right if it's spoof traffic how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited right if it's spoof traffic how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited right if it's spoof traffic how
+do you put a a filter at your border to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put a a filter at your border to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put a a filter at your border to
+block this traffic and even so once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block this traffic and even so once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block this traffic and even so once it's
+got to your border where you filter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to your border where you filter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to your border where you filter it
+it's already flooded your pipes so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already flooded your pipes so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already flooded your pipes so how
+do you how do you do this right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you do this right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you do this right you have
+to push it back up into the cloud into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push it back up into the cloud into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push it back up into the cloud into
+the internet and block it there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and block it there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and block it there and the
+way that many people are choosing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that many people are choosing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that many people are choosing to do
+it and the way we've done it here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the way we've done it here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the way we've done it here is
+through bgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through bgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through bgp
+mitigation so if you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation so if you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation so if you're familiar with
+bgp which is border Gateway protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgp which is border Gateway protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgp which is border Gateway protocol
+it's kind of the protocol that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the protocol that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the protocol that runs
+routing on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing on the internet
+and it's a a path Vector protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a a path Vector protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a a path Vector protocol that
+uses asns autonomous system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses asns autonomous system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses asns autonomous system uh
+autonomous system numbers so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous system numbers so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous system numbers so every
+multihomed organization on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multihomed organization on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multihomed organization on the internet
+has an ASN an autonomous system number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ASN an autonomous system number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ASN an autonomous system number
+and it uses that number in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses that number in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses that number in order to
+build uh bgp uses that number to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh bgp uses that number to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh bgp uses that number to build
+paths through the internet so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths through the internet so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths through the internet so that you
+can have multiple paths to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple paths to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple paths to get to a
+particular ASN um in this case I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ASN um in this case I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ASN um in this case I'm using
+example 1 two three because I created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 two three because I created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 1 two three because I created
+this for another organization here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for another organization here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for another organization here we're
+three right cuz we're awesome like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right cuz we're awesome like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right cuz we're awesome like that
+um Harvard was 11 so they're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Harvard was 11 so they're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Harvard was 11 so they're a little
+slower to to the punch but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to to the punch but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to to the punch but in this case
+we've got a path so we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a path so we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a path so we've got the
+beginning of the path is asn1 123 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the path is asn1 123 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the path is asn1 123 the
+end of the path is 789 and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the path is 789 and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the path is 789 and there's some
+sequence of as and as's autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of as and as's autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of as and as's autonomous
+systems that this packet has to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that this packet has to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that this packet has to pass
+through so what we're going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what we're going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so what we're going to do with
+bgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bgp
+mitigation is just inject another ASN in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation is just inject another ASN in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation is just inject another ASN in
+the mix and that ASN has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix and that ASN has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix and that ASN has the
+capabilities to kind of handle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities to kind of handle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities to kind of handle this
+traffic on our behalf so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on our behalf so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on our behalf so in this case we
+have ASN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ASN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ASN
+456 and they are going to be kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+456 and they are going to be kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+456 and they are going to be kind of a
+sanctioned man in the middle for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctioned man in the middle for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctioned man in the middle for us
+we're going to allow them to advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow them to advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow them to advertise
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+prefixes so that when we come under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes so that when we come under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes so that when we come under
+attack um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack um if
+18.12.3 do0 24 right a small slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.12.3 do0 24 right a small slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.12.3 do0 24 right a small slice of
+255 addresses at MIT comes under attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 addresses at MIT comes under attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+255 addresses at MIT comes under attack
+we allow this s of 456 to advertise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow this s of 456 to advertise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow this s of 456 to advertise that
+prefix on our behalf um once the once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix on our behalf um once the once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix on our behalf um once the once
+that change propagates across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change propagates across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change propagates across the
+internet all of the traffic starts going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet all of the traffic starts going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet all of the traffic starts going
+into that as and in this case for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that as and in this case for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that as and in this case for us
+that as is aimi and they have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as is aimi and they have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as is aimi and they have lots of
+scrubbers and and can handle the highb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbers and and can handle the highb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrubbers and and can handle the highb
+band with that we can't so on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band with that we can't so on the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band with that we can't so on the back
+end of that connection is a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that connection is a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that connection is a private
+connection we have into acami where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection we have into acami where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection we have into acami where they
+send kind of the the post scrubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send kind of the the post scrubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send kind of the the post scrubed and
+clean traffic out to us uh and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean traffic out to us uh and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean traffic out to us uh and that way
+we can kind of avoid these sorts of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kind of avoid these sorts of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kind of avoid these sorts of um
+potentially deadly attacks it could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially deadly attacks it could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially deadly attacks it could just
+take us offline if you're getting hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us offline if you're getting hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us offline if you're getting hit
+with that much traffic there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that much traffic there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that much traffic there's just
+nothing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do um so actually before we keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so actually before we keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so actually before we keep going
+any any questions on what we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions on what we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any questions on what we've covered
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far yes this is just more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes this is just more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes this is just more of a
+networking question you mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking question you mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking question you mentioned the
+borders yes um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so I'm just trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm just trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm just trying to understand
+the structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure the
+structure what a border is let's see let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what a border is let's see let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what a border is let's see let
+me see if I can pull up a quick a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if I can pull up a quick a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if I can pull up a quick a quick
+diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you oh that's right yeah it's a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh that's right yeah it's a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh that's right yeah it's a video
+camera it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh MIT really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um three border routers um external 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three border routers um external 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three border routers um external 1
+external 2 and another router let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external 2 and another router let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external 2 and another router let's just
+call it external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it external
+3 so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our so basically the actual MIT net is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so basically the actual MIT net is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so basically the actual MIT net is
+pretty much a standard Hub and spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a standard Hub and spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a standard Hub and spoke
+topology we have uh core switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology we have uh core switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology we have uh core switches
+connect out to a distribution layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect out to a distribution layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect out to a distribution layer and
+then they go out to axis layers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go out to axis layers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go out to axis layers which
+are basically buildings at the border we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically buildings at the border we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically buildings at the border we
+have these three borders here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three borders here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these three borders here
+um this is incredibly vague I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is incredibly vague I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is incredibly vague I apologize
+but we have multiple providers um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have multiple providers um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have multiple providers um so for
+instance our commercial providers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance our commercial providers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance our commercial providers will
+soon be dual home to both of our border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon be dual home to both of our border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon be dual home to both of our border
+routers this external router three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers this external router three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers this external router three
+here excuse me um which is not its real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here excuse me um which is not its real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here excuse me um which is not its real
+name but this this external router here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but this this external router here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but this this external router here
+is basically for uh research peering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically for uh research peering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically for uh research peering so
+we we've kind of have a delineation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've kind of have a delineation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've kind of have a delineation
+between commod in commercial peering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between commod in commercial peering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between commod in commercial peering and
+research peering so all of the the bgp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research peering so all of the the bgp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research peering so all of the the bgp
+we're talking about happens between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about happens between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about happens between the
+external border and our providers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external border and our providers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external border and our providers and
+back up into the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up into the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up into the internet
+itself oh and and these are just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself oh and and these are just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself oh and and these are just uh
+choke point rouers that we have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke point rouers that we have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choke point rouers that we have between
+our border and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+core okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core okay
+so in response to the sorts track tredy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in response to the sorts track tredy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in response to the sorts track tredy
+of um I believe it was two years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um I believe it was two years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um I believe it was two years ago I
+had just started here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just started here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just started here
+um certain activists took it upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain activists took it upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain activists took it upon
+themselves to attack M as an institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to attack M as an institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to attack M as an institution
+so we we experienced three attacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we experienced three attacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we experienced three attacks and
+I'm going to go through all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through all three
+because there were three separate um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were three separate um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were three separate um and
+distinct types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attacks so the first attack was against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so the first attack was against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks so the first attack was against
+our infrastructure itself so at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our infrastructure itself so at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our infrastructure itself so at the time
+um MIT uh did and does and will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um MIT uh did and does and will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um MIT uh did and does and will you know
+support openness and we have very open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support openness and we have very open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support openness and we have very open
+Network especially in regards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network especially in regards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network especially in regards in
+comparison to other dius um having come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to other dius um having come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to other dius um having come
+from another one um that can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another one um that can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another one um that can be a
+blessing and a curse from a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing and a curse from a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing and a curse from a security
+perspective right so we're open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right so we're open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right so we're open to the
+world in this case our border routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in this case our border routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in this case our border routers
+these guys here that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here that we just
+drew were running an older version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew were running an older version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew were running an older version of
+software that was uh vulnerable to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that was uh vulnerable to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that was uh vulnerable to a
+particular um denial surface attack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um denial surface attack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um denial surface attack so
+the attackers in this case sent a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attackers in this case sent a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attackers in this case sent a very
+low bandwidth stream I mean it was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bandwidth stream I mean it was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bandwidth stream I mean it was was
+really low it was less than 100K it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low it was less than 100K it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low it was less than 100K it
+would have been totally non- noticeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been totally non- noticeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been totally non- noticeable
+without actually going on the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually going on the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually going on the device
+into bugging they sent it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bugging they sent it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bugging they sent it to the
+management interface of those devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management interface of those devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management interface of those devices
+and those devices promptly just healed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those devices promptly just healed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those devices promptly just healed
+over right they didn't die but the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right they didn't die but the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right they didn't die but the CPU
+Spike they weren't routing packets MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike they weren't routing packets MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike they weren't routing packets MIT
+net at that point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net at that point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net at that point was
+offline uh so in this case this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline uh so in this case this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline uh so in this case this was the
+first the first uh attack we experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first uh attack we experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the first uh attack we experienced
+uh I think it was during the Patriot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it was during the Patriot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it was during the Patriot's
+playoff game um sometimes I think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoff game um sometimes I think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoff game um sometimes I think these
+things are planned to find it when staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are planned to find it when staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are planned to find it when staff
+is not paying attention um so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not paying attention um so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not paying attention um so it was
+during that playoff game um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that playoff game um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that playoff game um what we
+ended up doing was immediately upgrading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up doing was immediately upgrading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up doing was immediately upgrading
+the software to a patched version right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software to a patched version right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software to a patched version right
+that was a quick triage fix um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a quick triage fix um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a quick triage fix um the
+longer term fix was that uh Outsiders on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer term fix was that uh Outsiders on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer term fix was that uh Outsiders on
+the internet probably don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet probably don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet probably don't need to
+access our management interfaces right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access our management interfaces right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access our management interfaces right a
+very select Feud need to um access those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very select Feud need to um access those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very select Feud need to um access those
+interfaces so we ended up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces so we ended up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces so we ended up um
+implementing um basically lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing um basically lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing um basically lease
+privilege so that only the the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege so that only the the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege so that only the the IP
+addresses of our staff on VPN could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses of our staff on VPN could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses of our staff on VPN could
+access them and we turned on um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access them and we turned on um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access them and we turned on um we
+stopped using clear text uh management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped using clear text uh management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped using clear text uh management
+protocols so that one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols so that one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols so that one was
+fixed then attack two came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then attack two came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then attack two came
+in oh question sorry um okay so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh question sorry um okay so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in oh question sorry um okay so is it
+not correct that this was a zero day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correct that this was a zero day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correct that this was a zero day
+attack against this is the RoR I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack against this is the RoR I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack against this is the RoR I think
+it would be fair to say it was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be fair to say it was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be fair to say it was not a
+zero day attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero day attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero day attack
+yeah um the second attack was against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the second attack was against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the second attack was against
+web.mit.edu itself and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.mit.edu itself and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web.mit.edu itself and this is kind of
+what I alluded to on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I alluded to on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I alluded to on the
+um the DNS mitigation slide that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the DNS mitigation slide that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the DNS mitigation slide that I got
+ahead of myself on so web. MIT was uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself on so web. MIT was uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of myself on so web. MIT was uh in
+our data center protected by a firewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data center protected by a firewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data center protected by a firewall
+um so it was behind a firewall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was behind a firewall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it was behind a firewall what
+ended up happening was that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up happening was that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up happening was that uh the
+attackers sent a flood of HTTP traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers sent a flood of HTTP traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers sent a flood of HTTP traffic
+right it was it was a get and post flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was it was a get and post flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was it was a get and post flood
+I'm not sure which one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which one it
+was um but basically they didn't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um but basically they didn't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um but basically they didn't kill
+the web server they killed the firewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server they killed the firewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server they killed the firewall
+uh the firewall keeled over because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the firewall keeled over because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the firewall keeled over because
+firewalls 2 are a blessing in a curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewalls 2 are a blessing in a curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewalls 2 are a blessing in a curse
+right a stateless router access list um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a stateless router access list um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a stateless router access list um
+is very simple it's very fast but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple it's very fast but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple it's very fast but you
+also lose a lot of the Gran granularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lose a lot of the Gran granularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also lose a lot of the Gran granularity
+and what you can filter on because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can filter on because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can filter on because it's
+doing it packet by packet you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it packet by packet you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it packet by packet you can only
+use the criteria in each packet ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the criteria in each packet ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the criteria in each packet ports
+and IP addresses mostly we added behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IP addresses mostly we added behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IP addresses mostly we added behind
+a firewall um which worked well when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall um which worked well when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall um which worked well when it
+worked but when it came under load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but when it came under load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but when it came under load the
+state required of a firewall uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state required of a firewall uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state required of a firewall uh because
+a firewall is tracking every state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall is tracking every state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall is tracking every state in
+addition to the packets it died so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the packets it died so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the packets it died so so
+the triage fix for this attack was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triage fix for this attack was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triage fix for this attack was that
+we moved it to a routed Network um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it to a routed Network um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it to a routed Network um and
+that's something um we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something um we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something um we would have
+preferred not to do but you really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred not to do but you really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred not to do but you really had
+to due to the the attack that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to due to the the attack that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to due to the the attack that was
+ongoing the longer term mitigation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing the longer term mitigation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing the longer term mitigation that
+we performed was that we moved it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we performed was that we moved it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we performed was that we moved it to the
+aimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimic
+CDN so you may notice if you go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDN so you may notice if you go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDN so you may notice if you go outside
+of MIT and you go to web. MIT now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT and you go to web. MIT now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT and you go to web. MIT now it
+doesn't resolve to um 18922 anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resolve to um 18922 anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resolve to um 18922 anymore it
+resolves to uh a c name which in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolves to uh a c name which in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolves to uh a c name which in turn
+resolves to an aemi IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+address and attack number three um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and attack number three um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and attack number three um this
+one actually wasn't um on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually wasn't um on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually wasn't um on the on the
+side of MIT net this was on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of MIT net this was on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of MIT net this was on the side of
+our registar so we um we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our registar so we um we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our registar so we um we found the
+homepage of MIT W.M and web. MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage of MIT W.M and web. MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage of MIT W.M and web. MIT
+replaced with this page here and we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with this page here and we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with this page here and we kind
+of quickly did some um Diagnostics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quickly did some um Diagnostics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quickly did some um Diagnostics on
+the web server everything looked fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server everything looked fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server everything looked fine
+the server was not compromised it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server was not compromised it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server was not compromised it was
+not defaced like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defaced like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defaced like this
+and what we did end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did end up
+finding was that our who is information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding was that our who is information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding was that our who is information
+um for our our name and our actual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for our our name and our actual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for our our name and our actual uh
+DNS delegations were were broken so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS delegations were were broken so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS delegations were were broken so in
+this case you can see the administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can see the administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can see the administrative
+contact um I got owned and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact um I got owned and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact um I got owned and then our
+address owned network operations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address owned network operations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address owned network operations um
+destroyed Massachusetts they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed Massachusetts they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed Massachusetts they were
+clearly just trying to to poke at at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly just trying to to poke at at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly just trying to to poke at at us
+um but it was delegated out to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it was delegated out to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it was delegated out to these two
+servers at Cloud flare which is a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers at Cloud flare which is a cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers at Cloud flare which is a cloud
+B hosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provider so this is um what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider so this is um what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider so this is um what I call the
+troll this was on Gizmodo this was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troll this was on Gizmodo this was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troll this was on Gizmodo this was a bit
+of um indirection on the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um indirection on the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um indirection on the part of the
+attackers however many there were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers however many there were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers however many there were um
+hack went down like this so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack went down like this so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack went down like this so this is what
+he told the world very soon after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told the world very soon after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told the world very soon after this
+this happened so once we realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened so once we realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened so once we realized that
+that the it wasn't MIT or anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the it wasn't MIT or anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the it wasn't MIT or anything on
+MIT net that was hacked it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT net that was hacked it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT net that was hacked it was actually
+our registar we got in contact with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our registar we got in contact with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our registar we got in contact with our
+registar we got our records changed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar we got our records changed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar we got our records changed we
+got everything locked down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everything locked down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everything locked down
+but of course there's in DNS there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's in DNS there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's in DNS there's
+time to live values involved some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to live values involved some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to live values involved some of
+them are ours so there was a bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are ours so there was a bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are ours so there was a bit of um
+after this attack was resolved there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this attack was resolved there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this attack was resolved there was
+still some kind of flux afterwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some kind of flux afterwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some kind of flux afterwards and
+during that time we're kind of cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time we're kind of cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time we're kind of cleaning
+trying to clean everything up he posts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clean everything up he posts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clean everything up he posts
+on Gizmodo in the the comments on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Gizmodo in the the comments on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Gizmodo in the the comments on an
+article about this um own the MIT not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this um own the MIT not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this um own the MIT not
+guy with a browser exploit that guy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with a browser exploit that guy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with a browser exploit that guy um
+get their educause logins which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their educause logins which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their educause logins which were
+blah create a flood so he goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah create a flood so he goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah create a flood so he goes through
+the um he goes through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um he goes through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um he goes through the whole
+scenario but the vector here was the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but the vector here was the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but the vector here was the MIT
+KN guy um so Mark is swearing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN guy um so Mark is swearing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN guy um so Mark is swearing at the
+time up and down not actually swearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time up and down not actually swearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time up and down not actually swearing
+but swearing up and down that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but swearing up and down that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but swearing up and down that it's not
+him he's not compromised um so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he's not compromised um so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him he's not compromised um so what we
+did end up finding out after the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did end up finding out after the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did end up finding out after the fact
+was this was published well after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was published well after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was published well after the
+incident that link is still live if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident that link is still live if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident that link is still live if you
+want to read about it this was um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read about it this was um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read about it this was um this
+was IND Direction it it wasn't true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was IND Direction it it wasn't true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was IND Direction it it wasn't true the
+actual Vector was that our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Vector was that our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Vector was that our entire
+registar was owned uh our Reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar was owned uh our Reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar was owned uh our Reg
+being doedu is run by an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being doedu is run by an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being doedu is run by an organization
+called educause um turns out that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called educause um turns out that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called educause um turns out that every
+DNS uh registration account had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS uh registration account had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS uh registration account had been
+compromised the attacker had this for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised the attacker had this for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised the attacker had this for I
+don't know how long but they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how long but they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how long but they just
+decided to show their hand with the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to show their hand with the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to show their hand with the MIT
+uh hack here and actually use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hack here and actually use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hack here and actually use their
+power to expose themselves but to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to expose themselves but to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to expose themselves but to also
+hack our DNS um so this one wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack our DNS um so this one wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack our DNS um so this one wasn't
+actually um anybody at mit's fault it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um anybody at mit's fault it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um anybody at mit's fault it
+was uh on the part of our registar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh on the part of our registar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh on the part of our registar which
+they soon acknowledged so was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they soon acknowledged so was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they soon acknowledged so was in
+February of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February of
+2013 they mentioned that uh they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 they mentioned that uh they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 they mentioned that uh they were in
+fact breached and we all had to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact breached and we all had to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact breached and we all had to change
+our passwords and do they have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our passwords and do they have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our passwords and do they have two
+Factor now no okay about it okay but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor now no okay about it okay but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor now no okay about it okay but we
+we ended up locking down our domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up locking down our domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up locking down our domain
+account so that it couldn't be changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so that it couldn't be changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so that it couldn't be changed
+but you know turns out if if the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know turns out if if the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know turns out if if the entire
+system is owned if you check a box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is owned if you check a box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is owned if you check a box that
+says locked which prevents people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says locked which prevents people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says locked which prevents people from
+updating it it doesn't do much good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating it it doesn't do much good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating it it doesn't do much good um
+in any case they've kind of fixed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case they've kind of fixed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case they've kind of fixed their
+system and um this one wasn't our fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and um this one wasn't our fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and um this one wasn't our fault
+but it was kind of an interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was kind of an interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was kind of an interesting one
+because it really subverted some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really subverted some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really subverted some of the
+core Protocols of the internet in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Protocols of the internet in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Protocols of the internet in order
+to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do
+this okay so the current threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the current threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the current threat
+landscape I'm time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I'm time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I'm time
+okay um so if you can't exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so if you can't exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so if you can't exploit the
+silicone the Silicon exploit the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicone the Silicon exploit the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicone the Silicon exploit the carbon
+right exploit the user at the keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exploit the user at the keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exploit the user at the keyboard
+and this is what we're seeing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we're seeing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we're seeing a lot of
+now um I mean from my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I mean from my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um I mean from my personal
+experience having been in this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience having been in this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience having been in this for
+almost 20 years the network based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years the network based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 20 years the network based
+Vector the with the exception of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the with the exception of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the with the exception of this
+year which I'll talk about in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year which I'll talk about in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year which I'll talk about in a minute
+but the network-based vector you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the network-based vector you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the network-based vector you know
+attacks that originate on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that originate on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks that originate on the network
+and remotely exploit hosts that isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remotely exploit hosts that isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remotely exploit hosts that isn't a
+lot of what we see anymore um computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we see anymore um computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we see anymore um computer
+systems actually do seem to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems actually do seem to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems actually do seem to be getting
+more secure from the outside at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more secure from the outside at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more secure from the outside at least
+you know windows and Solaris and Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know windows and Solaris and Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know windows and Solaris and Linux
+in the the old days maybe a decade ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the old days maybe a decade ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the old days maybe a decade ago
+they used to ship with all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to ship with all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to ship with all their
+services enabled right I called it lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services enabled right I called it lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services enabled right I called it lit
+up like a Christmas tree everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like a Christmas tree everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like a Christmas tree everything
+would be on because on the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on because on the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be on because on the you know the
+convenience and security Continuum if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and security Continuum if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and security Continuum if if
+we agree that one exists some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree that one exists some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agree that one exists some people
+don't but they were way on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but they were way on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but they were way on the
+convenience side you wanted everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience side you wanted everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience side you wanted everything
+to work out of the box um whereas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out of the box um whereas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out of the box um whereas I
+think we found a sensible medium now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we found a sensible medium now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we found a sensible medium now
+where when you install a fresh operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you install a fresh operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you install a fresh operating
+system there is a host based firewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there is a host based firewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there is a host based firewall
+running um and you know there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um and you know there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um and you know there aren't
+World accessible Services running on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World accessible Services running on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World accessible Services running on a
+system we've also got things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we've also got things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we've also got things like
+Windows update and and Apple update and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows update and and Apple update and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows update and and Apple update and
+package managers and all the Linux dros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package managers and all the Linux dros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package managers and all the Linux dros
+so that a box that gets online pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a box that gets online pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a box that gets online pretty
+quickly will get itself up to date so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly will get itself up to date so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly will get itself up to date so
+you don't have these ancient boxes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have these ancient boxes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have these ancient boxes with
+ancient Services open to the world okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient Services open to the world okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient Services open to the world okay
+so where I was going with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where I was going with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where I was going with that is
+they've kind of moved up the stack now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've kind of moved up the stack now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've kind of moved up the stack now
+right um maybe they're at level eight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um maybe they're at level eight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um maybe they're at level eight or
+nine now they're dealing with people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine now they're dealing with people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine now they're dealing with people and
+they're trying to exploit human um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to exploit human um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to exploit human um
+failings or frailties like fear or greed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failings or frailties like fear or greed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failings or frailties like fear or greed
+or trust or familiarity to to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trust or familiarity to to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trust or familiarity to to kind of
+Leverage uh credentials so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage uh credentials so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage uh credentials so that they can
+exploit application access or privileged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit application access or privileged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit application access or privileged
+access rather than exploiting hosts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access rather than exploiting hosts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access rather than exploiting hosts
+themselves they they're exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they they're exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they they're exploiting
+people um a few things we've seen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um a few things we've seen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um a few things we've seen on
+campus in the very recent past um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus in the very recent past um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus in the very recent past um this
+one here oh I should say we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here oh I should say we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here oh I should say we have not
+experienced this one on C on campus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this one on C on campus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this one on C on campus I
+don't want to scare anybody um this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to scare anybody um this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to scare anybody um this has
+been seen though Across the Nation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen though Across the Nation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen though Across the Nation and
+different dius and it's a very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dius and it's a very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dius and it's a very serious
+threat so we're moving quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat so we're moving quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat so we're moving quickly to
+address it however we have not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address it however we have not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address it however we have not actually
+seen it here so this threat um is spear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it here so this threat um is spear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it here so this threat um is spear
+fishing and this is probably remedial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing and this is probably remedial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing and this is probably remedial
+but spear fishing targets a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but spear fishing targets a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but spear fishing targets a particular
+Community with a plausible message right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community with a plausible message right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community with a plausible message right
+so if you just get spam messages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just get spam messages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just get spam messages or
+fishing messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing messages
+they're just casting kind of a a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just casting kind of a a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just casting kind of a a wide
+net and catching people who uh for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and catching people who uh for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and catching people who uh for some
+bizarre reason might respond to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre reason might respond to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre reason might respond to that
+however if um in a spear fishing attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if um in a spear fishing attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if um in a spear fishing attack
+they're able to narrow it and find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to narrow it and find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to narrow it and find a
+community of interest that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of interest that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of interest that they can
+actually say something that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say something that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say something that sounds
+mildly plausible right Bank of America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly plausible right Bank of America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly plausible right Bank of America
+customers or MIT student staff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers or MIT student staff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers or MIT student staff and
+faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty
+um in this case they were able to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case they were able to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case they were able to choose
+communities of different institutions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of different institutions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of different institutions um
+not singling anybody out but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not singling anybody out but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not singling anybody out but it is
+public and Boston University was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and Boston University was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and Boston University was one of
+them um they uh targeted the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um they uh targeted the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um they uh targeted the community
+with bogus email messages pointing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bogus email messages pointing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bogus email messages pointing to a
+bogus authentication site some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogus authentication site some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bogus authentication site some
+percentage of the users actually clicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the users actually clicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the users actually clicked
+through and logged in which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and logged in which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and logged in which of course
+gave the attacker the credentials the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the attacker the credentials the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the attacker the credentials the
+attacker then went to the legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker then went to the legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker then went to the legitimate
+site and redirected those user direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and redirected those user direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and redirected those user direct
+deposits to an account of under their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits to an account of under their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits to an account of under their
+control and emptied that account um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and emptied that account um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and emptied that account um I'm
+not sure the number uh the dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure the number uh the dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure the number uh the dollars
+affected there public but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected there public but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected there public but it was
+probably a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a large
+amount um so in response to this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount um so in response to this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount um so in response to this I mean
+how do you combat that right to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you combat that right to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you combat that right to a large
+extent it's a user education issue uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent it's a user education issue uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent it's a user education issue uh so
+Community awareness just let people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community awareness just let people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community awareness just let people know
+you can't trust email you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't trust email you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't trust email you just have to
+verify things before you click on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify things before you click on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify things before you click on them
+but um from experience and just knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um from experience and just knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um from experience and just knowing
+human nature that's only going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that's only going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that's only going to get
+you so far there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far there's always going to be
+some percentage of people who click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some percentage of people who click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some percentage of people who click on
+it and I'm I'm amazed I I'm kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm I'm amazed I I'm kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm I'm amazed I I'm kind of as
+you can imagine you all probably are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine you all probably are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine you all probably are as
+well I'm the repository of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm the repository of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm the repository of all the
+fishing messages my family receives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing messages my family receives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing messages my family receives so
+I'm getting stuff from from my father my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting stuff from from my father my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting stuff from from my father my
+sister like is this legit and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister like is this legit and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister like is this legit and it's
+getting increasingly hard to tell so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting increasingly hard to tell so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting increasingly hard to tell so you
+got to actually go into the headers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to actually go into the headers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to actually go into the headers and
+see where it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where it's coming from
+um and a lot of male clients now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of male clients now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of male clients now they
+don't actually like to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually like to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually like to show you the
+length that it points to which gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that it points to which gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that it points to which gets
+really annoying um so it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying um so it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying um so it's getting
+harder so some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so some of it is
+just user error um for lack of a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just user error um for lack of a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just user error um for lack of a better
+word and some of it is it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and some of it is it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and some of it is it's just
+increasingly difficult to tell so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly difficult to tell so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly difficult to tell so at the
+root of the problem in my opinion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the problem in my opinion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the problem in my opinion is
+that passwords are just a dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passwords are just a dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passwords are just a dead
+technology right um in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right um in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right um in terms of the
+factors it's something you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it's something you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors it's something you know a
+password something you are maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password something you are maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password something you are maybe a
+biometric or something you have a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric or something you have a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometric or something you have a token
+um so what we're doing to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're doing to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're doing to try to
+mitigate this this here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this this here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this this here because
+basically these man- in- the-middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these man- in- the-middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these man- in- the-middle
+attacks are just stealing something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are just stealing something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are just stealing something you
+know they're stealing your password well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're stealing your password well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're stealing your password well
+if we can also add something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can also add something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can also add something that you
+have um that attacks is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um that attacks is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um that attacks is only going to
+get them halfway they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them halfway they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them halfway they're not going to be
+able to compromise your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compromise your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to compromise your your
+identity you you won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity you you won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity you you won't be able to
+compromise uh the attacker won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise uh the attacker won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise uh the attacker won't be able
+to compromise the identity of the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compromise the identity of the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compromise the identity of the user
+so we are rolling out uh a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are rolling out uh a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are rolling out uh a second
+authentication factor in the near term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication factor in the near term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication factor in the near term
+that will be tied into our Touchstone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be tied into our Touchstone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be tied into our Touchstone uh
+IDP um we can release that to these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDP um we can release that to these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDP um we can release that to these guys
+right so early release if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so early release if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so early release if you're
+interested if you go to duo. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested if you go to duo. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested if you go to duo. mit.edu
+um we're using a uh a vendor called Duo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're using a uh a vendor called Duo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're using a uh a vendor called Duo
+security it's a cloud-based two-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it's a cloud-based two-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security it's a cloud-based two-factor
+authentication system that's kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication system that's kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication system that's kind of uh
+being used in a lot of edus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in a lot of edus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in a lot of edus but
+basically you'll register your phone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll register your phone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you'll register your phone as
+a as a second factor and you run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a second factor and you run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a second factor and you run a
+little smartphone app if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smartphone app if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smartphone app if you don't have
+a smartphone um I'm sorry but if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smartphone um I'm sorry but if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smartphone um I'm sorry but if you if
+you don't yeah if you don't have one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah if you don't have one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah if you don't have one you
+can also do it um Via SMS it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it um Via SMS it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also do it um Via SMS it will
+actually call you and tell you a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call you and tell you a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call you and tell you a number
+um and you can also generate um um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can also generate um um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can also generate um um one
+time password side kind like a 10 uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time password side kind like a 10 uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time password side kind like a 10 uh a
+list of 10 passwords that you can use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 10 passwords that you can use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 10 passwords that you can use so
+this is coming soon to the community uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming soon to the community uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming soon to the community uh
+it is completely active at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is completely active at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is completely active at this point
+it's just not announced if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not announced if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not announced if you want to
+go to do. MIT you can opt your phone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do. MIT you can opt your phone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do. MIT you can opt your phone in
+you can actually turn on Touchstone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually turn on Touchstone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually turn on Touchstone um
+I'll give you a quick a quick demo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a quick a quick demo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a quick a quick demo to
+show you how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how it
+integrates the beauty of using standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the beauty of using standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the beauty of using standards
+um and Federated systems like uh saml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Federated systems like uh saml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Federated systems like uh saml
+and shth which kind of underlay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shth which kind of underlay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shth which kind of underlay
+Touchstone is that we can easily lay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone is that we can easily lay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone is that we can easily lay on
+um additional factors so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additional factors so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additional factors so in this case
+I'm going to just go to a a tool that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just go to a a tool that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just go to a a tool that I
+use which is transparently going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is transparently going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is transparently going to
+authenticate me using excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate me using excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate me using excuse me
+Touchstone with my certificate but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone with my certificate but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone with my certificate but I
+should now get prompted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two who runs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who runs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two who runs this
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+don't know that guy I don't know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that guy I don't know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that guy I don't know um
+got give me a sight to hit I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got give me a sight to hit I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got give me a sight to hit I'm just
+drawing a blank because I'm in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a blank because I'm in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a blank because I'm in front of
+a crowd Splunk Splunk no not Splunk well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crowd Splunk Splunk no not Splunk well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crowd Splunk Splunk no not Splunk well
+because that's not a native touchdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not a native touchdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not a native touchdown
+integration um Atlas Atlas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right all right well he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right well he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right well he's very
+secure at least right the only real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure at least right the only real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure at least right the only real
+security is stay off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internet all right if this doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet all right if this doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet all right if this doesn't work
+in 20 seconds I will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 seconds I will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 seconds I will move
+on have another browser maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have another browser maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on have another browser maybe it's
+cached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe there we go Oh weird Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there we go Oh weird Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there we go Oh weird Okay so
+here's my typical Touchstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+login now you're gonna just get one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prompt you're actually off the Wi-Fi it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt you're actually off the Wi-Fi it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt you're actually off the Wi-Fi it
+looks like oh man what' I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do all right well let's leave that demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right well let's leave that demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right well let's leave that demo
+for after class and let's edit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for after class and let's edit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for after class and let's edit that
+out it's back now I rehearse that demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's back now I rehearse that demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's back now I rehearse that demo
+so that's what I get but um trust me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I get but um trust me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I get but um trust me it
+works if you go to Duo you can register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you go to Duo you can register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if you go to Duo you can register
+yourself um and all of your two-factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um and all of your two-factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um and all of your two-factor
+inter uh interactions I'm sorry your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter uh interactions I'm sorry your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter uh interactions I'm sorry your
+touchdown interactions will all be two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchdown interactions will all be two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touchdown interactions will all be two-
+factored now and you'll be super secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored now and you'll be super secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored now and you'll be super secure
+uh it really does work well um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it really does work well um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it really does work well um another
+threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat
+we've we've experienced in the past um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've experienced in the past um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've experienced in the past um
+few months is this again is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months is this again is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months is this again is something
+that's targeting um not just edus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's targeting um not just edus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's targeting um not just edus but
+organizations across the country but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations across the country but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations across the country but
+we've been getting police caller ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been getting police caller ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been getting police caller ID
+spoofing and this kind of transcends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofing and this kind of transcends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoofing and this kind of transcends
+right the digital world U for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the digital world U for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the digital world U for for the
+most part members of the MIT Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part members of the MIT Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part members of the MIT Community
+are getting calls from local police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting calls from local police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting calls from local police
+departments um nearby their hometowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments um nearby their hometowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments um nearby their hometowns
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+sorry yes so um these police departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes so um these police departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes so um these police departments
+are telling them um bad news right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling them um bad news right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are telling them um bad news right
+they're telling them you're about to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling them you're about to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're telling them you're about to be
+charged with a crime I think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged with a crime I think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged with a crime I think some of
+them are tax fraud um your family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are tax fraud um your family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are tax fraud um your family
+member's been in an accident of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member's been in an accident of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member's been in an accident of course
+it's not real it's uh there calls coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not real it's uh there calls coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not real it's uh there calls coming
+from an attacker who's using um Ani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an attacker who's using um Ani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an attacker who's using um Ani
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+automated us basically their from field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated us basically their from field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated us basically their from field
+in their voice call right okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their voice call right okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their voice call right okay which
+feeds into caller ID which then gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds into caller ID which then gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds into caller ID which then gets
+translated by a ridge who trusts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated by a ridge who trusts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated by a ridge who trusts the
+front field in a Sit message to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front field in a Sit message to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front field in a Sit message to be
+whatever number's placed in it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number's placed in it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number's placed in it okay and
+so the attacker is like all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attacker is like all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the attacker is like all right so I
+sign up for you know cheap EIP service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for you know cheap EIP service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for you know cheap EIP service
+and I'll set my front field to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll set my front field to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll set my front field to be you
+know the Police Department's number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Police Department's number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Police Department's number in
+Lexington and I'll send it and once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington and I'll send it and once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexington and I'll send it and once it
+gets to the you know transcoding Gateway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the you know transcoding Gateway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to the you know transcoding Gateway
+that turns it back into traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns it back into traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns it back into traditional
+telefony it says all right well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telefony it says all right well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telefony it says all right well that's
+the number it's from we'll just show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number it's from we'll just show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number it's from we'll just show it
+to the user when it shows up y so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the user when it shows up y so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the user when it shows up y so you
+end up getting a call from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting a call from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting a call from what you
+think is a police department with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a police department with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a police department with
+extremely bad news again they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bad news again they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely bad news again they're
+exploiting human Frailty here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting human Frailty here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting human Frailty here in this
+case it's probably fear maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's probably fear maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's probably fear maybe it's a
+little anger but it's you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little anger but it's you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little anger but it's you know in the
+case you might guilt what's that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might guilt what's that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might guilt what's that or
+guilt yeah yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt yeah yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilt yeah yeah I
+suppose if it's legit but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if it's legit but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if it's legit but in any case
+these calls all come to the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calls all come to the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calls all come to the same point
+which is you know you need to pay a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know you need to pay a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know you need to pay a fee
+for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something
+um which on its face is kind of bogus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which on its face is kind of bogus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which on its face is kind of bogus
+but once they've told you this I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once they've told you this I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once they've told you this I mean if
+they told me that my wife was in a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told me that my wife was in a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told me that my wife was in a car
+accident I would not be in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I would not be in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I would not be in the right
+state of mind and I might believe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of mind and I might believe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of mind and I might believe some
+craziness that they tell me after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness that they tell me after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness that they tell me after the
+fact so um we've had users who uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so um we've had users who uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so um we've had users who uh or or
+people on campus who um I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on campus who um I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on campus who um I don't think
+it's actually anyone has actually paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually anyone has actually paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually anyone has actually paid
+but we've had multiple targets of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've had multiple targets of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've had multiple targets of this
+attack and again this isn't just here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and again this isn't just here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and again this isn't just here uh
+if you if you Google it you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you Google it you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you Google it you'll find
+reports of it from in Pittsburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of it from in Pittsburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports of it from in Pittsburgh
+newspapers and all over the country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and all over the country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and all over the country um
+but again this is a spear fishing attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is a spear fishing attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is a spear fishing attack
+right they they figure out where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they figure out where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they figure out where you
+live and they can do this by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and they can do this by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and they can do this by just
+Googling your name or um just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling your name or um just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googling your name or um just looking at
+MIT and checking the directory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and checking the directory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and checking the directory and
+finding out some details about you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out some details about you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out some details about you and
+they just need enough to be plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just need enough to be plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just need enough to be plausible
+and then they proceed to call you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they proceed to call you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they proceed to call you and
+scare you and try to extort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare you and try to extort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare you and try to extort
+you um the mitigation here is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the mitigation here is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the mitigation here is difficult
+right U because it involves the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right U because it involves the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right U because it involves the phone
+system it involves multiple Bridges it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it involves multiple Bridges it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it involves multiple Bridges it's
+um frankly I'm not a phone guy so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um frankly I'm not a phone guy so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um frankly I'm not a phone guy so it
+involves lots of stuff I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves lots of stuff I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves lots of stuff I'm just going to
+wave my hands about but law enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave my hands about but law enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave my hands about but law enforcement
+needs to be involved here uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be involved here uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be involved here uh you have to
+go to your providers and work with law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your providers and work with law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your providers and work with law
+enforcement to get that traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement to get that traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement to get that traced
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+uh actually before I and one more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually before I and one more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually before I and one more um
+along the spear fishing email side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the spear fishing email side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the spear fishing email side of
+things um there's another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's another thing that
+some people call wailing which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call wailing which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call wailing which is the
+intentional targeting of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional targeting of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional targeting of high level
+staff at an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff at an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff at an organization
+um we have experienced this I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have experienced this I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have experienced this I've
+experienced it elsewhere but we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced it elsewhere but we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced it elsewhere but we've also
+experienced this here where they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this here where they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced this here where they will
+send extremely targeted messages at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send extremely targeted messages at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send extremely targeted messages at high
+level staff um using org charts using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level staff um using org charts using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level staff um using org charts using
+directories to find you know plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories to find you know plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories to find you know plausible
+reporting relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting relationships
+and write some really believable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write some really believable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write some really believable
+messages um that if you're not careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages um that if you're not careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages um that if you're not careful
+when you click reply you know that wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you click reply you know that wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you click reply you know that wire
+transfer number that they're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer number that they're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer number that they're asking for
+isn't going to the person that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to the person that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to the person that you think
+sent the message it's going to somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the message it's going to somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the message it's going to somewhere
+um on the other side of the world or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other side of the world or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other side of the world or the
+other side of the country uh so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the country uh so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the country uh so we've
+been experiencing this as well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been experiencing this as well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been experiencing this as well you know
+the short of it is and you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of it is and you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of it is and you're in a
+security class you know this SMTP is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security class you know this SMTP is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security class you know this SMTP is not
+a reliable protocol you can't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable protocol you can't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable protocol you can't believe
+pretty much anything in there um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anything in there um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anything in there um which
+just runs completely counter to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just runs completely counter to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just runs completely counter to human
+nature so take everything with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so take everything with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so take everything with with a
+grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of
+salt you going to tell the story no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt you going to tell the story no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt you going to tell the story no you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+yeah so yeah you could tell basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you could tell basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you could tell basically
+had one recently and I won't go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one recently and I won't go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one recently and I won't go into the
+details of the names you know keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the names you know keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the names you know keep
+anonymity but uh senior member of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity but uh senior member of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity but uh senior member of um the
+administration you know reaches out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration you know reaches out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration you know reaches out and
+says um hey I got this email from uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um hey I got this email from uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um hey I got this email from uh you
+know this is from someone and says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is from someone and says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is from someone and says I
+need to you know help a very senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you know help a very senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you know help a very senior
+executive with a wire transfer and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive with a wire transfer and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive with a wire transfer and so he
+sent me this email and I replied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me this email and I replied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent me this email and I replied and
+then he said he didn't know what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he said he didn't know what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he said he didn't know what I was
+talking about and so how did that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and so how did that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and so how did that happen
+is my email account hacked it says he it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my email account hacked it says he it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my email account hacked it says he it
+says I sent this email but I didn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I sent this email but I didn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I sent this email but I didn't and
+you know to Dave's point the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to Dave's point the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to Dave's point the whole
+possibility that email itself could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that email itself could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that email itself could
+somehow be spoofed without your account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be spoofed without your account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be spoofed without your account
+itself being compromised is very foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself being compromised is very foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself being compromised is very foreign
+to people right it's a trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people right it's a trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people right it's a trust
+relationship so it turns out I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so it turns out I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so it turns out I guess it
+was someone at a internet cafe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was someone at a internet cafe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was someone at a internet cafe in
+Nigeria or something like that um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria or something like that um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nigeria or something like that um which
+we were joking about but yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were joking about but yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were joking about but yeah they
+basically went to the MIT chart found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went to the MIT chart found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went to the MIT chart found a
+senior executive found someone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior executive found someone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior executive found someone in the
+Vice President of Finance office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vice President of Finance office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vice President of Finance office and
+said hey I need you to help me with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I need you to help me with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey I need you to help me with this
+wi transfer call you know here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi transfer call you know here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi transfer call you know here's the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and you know these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know these are the kinds of
+things that happen every day it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen every day it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen every day it didn't
+they didn't transfer the money obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't transfer the money obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't transfer the money obviously
+the email is totally believable I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the email is totally believable I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the email is totally believable I I've
+seen it tone and everything seemed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it tone and everything seemed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it tone and everything seemed very
+plausible they actually used email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible they actually used email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible they actually used email
+messages the senior executive had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages the senior executive had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages the senior executive had
+written that were posted on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that were posted on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that were posted on public
+websites because they sent memos to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites because they sent memos to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites because they sent memos to the
+community and things like that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and things like that they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and things like that they use
+the exact same style introduction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same style introduction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same style introduction the
+way they closed the message even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they closed the message even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they closed the message even the
+even the language and terms they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the language and terms they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the language and terms they used
+was identical to stuff they had used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identical to stuff they had used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identical to stuff they had used in
+other ways so it's it was actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so it's it was actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so it's it was actually kind
+of creepy because even when I first read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creepy because even when I first read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creepy because even when I first read
+it if you didn't know was you would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you didn't know was you would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you didn't know was you would it
+was some plausible and thankfully the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some plausible and thankfully the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some plausible and thankfully the
+staff member that was requested of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff member that was requested of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff member that was requested of like
+this was kind of an odd in the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of an odd in the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kind of an odd in the ordinary
+request it got flagged even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request it got flagged even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request it got flagged even though it
+looked legitimate and he he uh or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked legitimate and he he uh or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked legitimate and he he uh or she
+responded uh directly to the sender you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded uh directly to the sender you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded uh directly to the sender you
+know removing the reply to address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know removing the reply to address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know removing the reply to address and
+actually putting in a known good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting in a known good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually putting in a known good one
+from from uh his address book or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from uh his address book or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from uh his address book or her
+dress book and uh responded and asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress book and uh responded and asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress book and uh responded and asked
+and un kind of unveiled the whole scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and un kind of unveiled the whole scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and un kind of unveiled the whole scheme
+but it could have been it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could have been it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could have been it could have
+gone South really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone South really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone South really
+quickly okay so I mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly okay so I mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly okay so I mentioned that
+network-based Vector in my experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network-based Vector in my experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network-based Vector in my experience
+isn't as prevalent as it used to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as prevalent as it used to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as prevalent as it used to be and
+I kind of I'll kind of B that here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of I'll kind of B that here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of I'll kind of B that here or
+make a lie of it here um this year has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lie of it here um this year has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lie of it here um this year has
+been a year of major exploits um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a year of major exploits um every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a year of major exploits um every
+single major SSL implementation has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single major SSL implementation has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single major SSL implementation has been
+targeted right there was um the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted right there was um the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted right there was um the S
+channel on the Microsoft side there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel on the Microsoft side there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel on the Microsoft side there was
+the the Apple implementation uh open SSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Apple implementation uh open SSL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Apple implementation uh open SSL
+there was poodle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was poodle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was poodle with
+sslv3 um all of these are this is SSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sslv3 um all of these are this is SSL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sslv3 um all of these are this is SSL
+right this is a security service so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a security service so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a security service so when
+you put a face put a service up facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a face put a service up facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a face put a service up facing
+the world you're going to run SSL so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you're going to run SSL so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you're going to run SSL so we
+had a lot of world facing Services out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of world facing Services out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of world facing Services out
+there that were vulnerable to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that were vulnerable to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that were vulnerable to some of
+these things uh shell shock was one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh shell shock was one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh shell shock was one that
+affected the bass shell where uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the bass shell where uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected the bass shell where uh you
+could remotely exploit a system so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remotely exploit a system so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remotely exploit a system so these
+were all kind of the the gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all kind of the the gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all kind of the the gold standard
+of network-based um exploit they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network-based um exploit they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network-based um exploit they were
+remotely exploitable and they could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely exploitable and they could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely exploitable and they could get
+administrative privileges um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative privileges um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative privileges um so it's
+been a kind of a a nasty year in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of a a nasty year in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of a a nasty year in terms
+of that so it's in my opinion a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so it's in my opinion a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so it's in my opinion a bit of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+outlier but how do we deal with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier but how do we deal with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier but how do we deal with this um
+because these services are public they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these services are public they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these services are public they
+need to be public we can't just fence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be public we can't just fence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be public we can't just fence
+them off because they're vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off because they're vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off because they're vulnerable to
+something um the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um the first thing is
+automatic patching um in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic patching um in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic patching um in the old days
+the latency between you know a zero day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latency between you know a zero day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latency between you know a zero day
+coming out and a patch coming out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and a patch coming out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and a patch coming out was
+fairly long that's short shortening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long that's short shortening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long that's short shortening and
+shortening and shortening so we're down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening and shortening so we're down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortening and shortening so we're down
+to literally hours um so when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally hours um so when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally hours um so when these
+things surface we're able to push out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things surface we're able to push out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things surface we're able to push out
+updates to at least the systems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates to at least the systems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates to at least the systems that we
+maintain um the systems we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain um the systems we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain um the systems we don't
+maintain uh we're able to use our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh we're able to use our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain uh we're able to use our our
+communication folks um uh like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication folks um uh like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication folks um uh like the
+Communications office and Monique on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications office and Monique on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications office and Monique on on
+the security team to craft messages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security team to craft messages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security team to craft messages to
+go out to the community to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the community to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the community to at least
+alert them to the fact that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert them to the fact that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert them to the fact that you really
+need to patch because this is dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to patch because this is dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to patch because this is dangerous
+and it's out there um on the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's out there um on the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's out there um on the kind of the
+more active front we can detect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active front we can detect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active front we can detect these
+scans so the stealth watch tool I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so the stealth watch tool I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so the stealth watch tool I
+mentioned way back is a tool that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned way back is a tool that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned way back is a tool that pulls
+net flow data off of our network devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flow data off of our network devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flow data off of our network devices
+um and we can do some basic heris stics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can do some basic heris stics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we can do some basic heris stics
+on that and if we see an outside IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and if we see an outside IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and if we see an outside IP
+address talking to several hundred MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address talking to several hundred MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address talking to several hundred MIT
+systems that's probably not good um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that's probably not good um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that's probably not good um it
+could be good and if it's good we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be good and if it's good we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be good and if it's good we will
+totally Whit list it and we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Whit list it and we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Whit list it and we've done that
+many many times for research projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times for research projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times for research projects
+and just things that are legitimate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just things that are legitimate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just things that are legitimate but
+it's probably not a bad posture to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a bad posture to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a bad posture to say
+okay if we see that it's probably bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we see that it's probably bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we see that it's probably bad
+let's uh block it so we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh block it so we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh block it so we actually have
+some automated bgp null routing going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some automated bgp null routing going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some automated bgp null routing going on
+where we're actually watching the flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're actually watching the flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're actually watching the flows
+and if we see anomalous Behavior we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we see anomalous Behavior we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we see anomalous Behavior we will
+null null route on the Fly that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null null route on the Fly that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null null route on the Fly that runs
+every five minutes so as soon as a scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five minutes so as soon as a scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five minutes so as soon as a scan
+starts we we try to cut it off at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we we try to cut it off at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts we we try to cut it off at the
+knees um on a more uh a more proactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees um on a more uh a more proactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees um on a more uh a more proactive
+front even than that is we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front even than that is we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front even than that is we will
+proactively scan so in the case of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactively scan so in the case of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proactively scan so in the case of uh
+shell shock and some of the earlier SSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell shock and some of the earlier SSL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell shock and some of the earlier SSL
+V vulnerabilities that were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V vulnerabilities that were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V vulnerabilities that were really
+deadly we actually scan the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadly we actually scan the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadly we actually scan the community
+and sent out lists to those we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sent out lists to those we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sent out lists to those we had
+contact info for to let them know hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact info for to let them know hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact info for to let them know hey
+this IP address is running a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address is running a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IP address is running a service
+that's know vulnerable please patch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's know vulnerable please patch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's know vulnerable please patch it
+um it's really just about getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really just about getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really just about getting the
+information out to the community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out to the community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out to the community as
+quickly as we can okay future Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as we can okay future Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as we can okay future Trends
+because we're running short on time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're running short on time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're running short on time uh
+consumerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerization
+of um these are kind of I I I call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um these are kind of I I I call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um these are kind of I I I call them
+future Trends but the future is now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Trends but the future is now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future Trends but the future is now here
+at MIT and pretty much at any. edu these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and pretty much at any. edu these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and pretty much at any. edu these
+are old things that we've been dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are old things that we've been dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are old things that we've been dealing
+with um bring your own device I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um bring your own device I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um bring your own device I mean
+I've owned my phone here and at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've owned my phone here and at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've owned my phone here and at other
+institutions in the edu space forever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the edu space forever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in the edu space forever um
+it makes policy enforcement really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes policy enforcement really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes policy enforcement really
+difficult because how do you enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because how do you enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because how do you enforce
+policy on a device that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy on a device that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy on a device that you know you
+didn't pay for and that you don't manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay for and that you don't manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay for and that you don't manage
+um consumerization of services um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consumerization of services um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consumerization of services um here
+at MIT we have an an Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT we have an an Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT we have an an Enterprise
+agreement with Dropbox now so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with Dropbox now so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with Dropbox now so that you
+can store data up on Dropbox unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store data up on Dropbox unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store data up on Dropbox unlimited
+storage that's open to students right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage that's open to students right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage that's open to students right
+yes unlimited storage on Dropbox which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes unlimited storage on Dropbox which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes unlimited storage on Dropbox which
+is great um the problems that come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great um the problems that come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great um the problems that come along
+with that are maybe data custody right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that are maybe data custody right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that are maybe data custody right
+where's that data going to live in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that data going to live in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that data going to live in our
+case we've made sure that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've made sure that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we've made sure that you know
+jurisdiction will always be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction will always be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdiction will always be in the
+United States but what happens if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but what happens if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but what happens if you're
+dealing with a provider that crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a provider that crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a provider that crosses
+National boundaries into areas where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National boundaries into areas where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National boundaries into areas where um
+they have different regulations uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different regulations uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different regulations uh what
+do you do if a person um put sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do if a person um put sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do if a person um put sensitive
+information up on that Dropbox and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information up on that Dropbox and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information up on that Dropbox and it
+gets synced up to the cloud and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets synced up to the cloud and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets synced up to the cloud and and uh
+they think it just lives in the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think it just lives in the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think it just lives in the cloud
+but we know that Dropbox syncs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that Dropbox syncs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that Dropbox syncs to the
+local system there's a lot of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local system there's a lot of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local system there's a lot of issues
+involved with with these consumerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with with these consumerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with with these consumerization
+of it um with the consumerization of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it um with the consumerization of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it um with the consumerization of it
+because the IT department doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the IT department doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the IT department doesn't
+control the service anymore they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the service anymore they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the service anymore they're
+really just brokering the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just brokering the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just brokering the service
+between the service provider and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the service provider and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the service provider and the
+consumer um thirdparty email providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer um thirdparty email providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer um thirdparty email providers
+kind of same thing you might send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of same thing you might send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of same thing you might send
+sensitive information through an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive information through an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive information through an email
+system that's not totally internal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's not totally internal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's not totally internal so
+sensitive data might leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive data might leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive data might leave the
+institution uh cloud-based resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution uh cloud-based resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution uh cloud-based resources
+kind of ties into that as well um MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ties into that as well um MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ties into that as well um MIT
+never really had a perimeter neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really had a perimeter neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really had a perimeter neither
+does the rest of the world now right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the rest of the world now right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the rest of the world now right um
+if you're a small startup and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a small startup and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a small startup and um I'm
+sure you all have many friends at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you all have many friends at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you all have many friends at
+startups I do as well none of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups I do as well none of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups I do as well none of them have
+local resources anymore right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local resources anymore right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local resources anymore right they're
+using stuff that's entirely in the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stuff that's entirely in the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stuff that's entirely in the cloud
+how do you draw a line or put a moat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you draw a line or put a moat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you draw a line or put a moat
+around those resources when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those resources when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those resources when they're
+living in Amazon web services and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Amazon web services and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in Amazon web services and it's
+salesforce.com and it's Google Apps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesforce.com and it's Google Apps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesforce.com and it's Google Apps and
+it's Dropbox uh we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Dropbox uh we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Dropbox uh we need to find
+different ways to handle that uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to handle that uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to handle that uh we have
+the same data custody issues as to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data custody issues as to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data custody issues as to where
+that data might live we've also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data might live we've also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data might live we've also got
+authenication and authorization issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenication and authorization issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenication and authorization issues
+um how do you make sure that just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make sure that just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you make sure that just your
+users are accessing those services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are accessing those services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are accessing those services and
+that's where things like Sam will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things like Sam will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where things like Sam will come
+in um which I think MIT is really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um which I think MIT is really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um which I think MIT is really well
+positioned because we have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned because we have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned because we have this really
+robust Sam architecture when we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust Sam architecture when we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust Sam architecture when we wanted
+to add Dropbox it was easy enough to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add Dropbox it was easy enough to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add Dropbox it was easy enough to add
+them as a service provider to our um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a service provider to our um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a service provider to our um our
+Touchstone infrastructure and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone infrastructure and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone infrastructure and it just
+worked I'm sure I'm glazing over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I'm sure I'm glazing over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I'm sure I'm glazing over some
+things but you know in the grand scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know in the grand scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know in the grand scheme
+standards based and Federated systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards based and Federated systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards based and Federated systems
+like saml and and uh shth are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saml and and uh shth are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saml and and uh shth are really
+Lifesavers in a cloud-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifesavers in a cloud-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifesavers in a cloud-based
+world uh The Internet of Things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh The Internet of Things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh The Internet of Things what
+does that right it seems to be the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that right it seems to be the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that right it seems to be the new
+um buzzword dour but in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um buzzword dour but in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um buzzword dour but in terms of our
+experience so far the internet of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so far the internet of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so far the internet of things
+at MIT net um we have building building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT net um we have building building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT net um we have building building
+management systems all over right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management systems all over right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management systems all over right these
+are computer systems that are built by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer systems that are built by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer systems that are built by
+the fine folks that build air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine folks that build air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine folks that build air
+conditioners last year so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioners last year so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioners last year so they're not
+all that secure for the most part um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that secure for the most part um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that secure for the most part um
+Mark had the story about they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark had the story about they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark had the story about they were just
+living on public MIT net right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on public MIT net right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on public MIT net right they
+could be probed by anyone on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be probed by anyone on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be probed by anyone on the world
+what we've started to do and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've started to do and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've started to do and actually
+we're almost entirely done with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost entirely done with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're almost entirely done with our
+building management systems is move them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building management systems is move them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building management systems is move them
+onto a different vrf which is a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a different vrf which is a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a different vrf which is a virtual
+routing and forwarding instance so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing and forwarding instance so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing and forwarding instance so that
+they have a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a completely different
+forwarding path and we front end it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding path and we front end it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding path and we front end it with
+a firewall it's all access controlled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall it's all access controlled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firewall it's all access controlled it
+lives on separate physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on separate physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on separate physical
+infrastructure in the closets um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the closets um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure in the closets um the
+closets are secured but when we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closets are secured but when we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closets are secured but when we move
+into a Internet of Things world this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Internet of Things world this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Internet of Things world this
+problem's just going to multiply right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's just going to multiply right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem's just going to multiply right
+what happens when the light switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the light switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the light switches
+have IP addresses and who knows my shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IP addresses and who knows my shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IP addresses and who knows my shoes
+have IP addresses and it's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IP addresses and it's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have IP addresses and it's it's going to
+get crazy so how do we deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crazy so how do we deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crazy so how do we deal with that
+and frankly I don't have an answer quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly I don't have an answer quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly I don't have an answer quite
+yet um many companies say they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um many companies say they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um many companies say they do and
+they'll make you spend a lot of money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make you spend a lot of money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make you spend a lot of money on
+Solutions but one of them I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but one of them I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions but one of them I can think of
+is maybe we map access policy down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe we map access policy down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe we map access policy down to
+devices based on 802 andx so when when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices based on 802 andx so when when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices based on 802 andx so when when I
+authenticate or my device authenticates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate or my device authenticates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate or my device authenticates
+it pulls down the thermostat policy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls down the thermostat policy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls down the thermostat policy so
+that it can coexist on the same network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can coexist on the same network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can coexist on the same network
+and yet not be wide open to the world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet not be wide open to the world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet not be wide open to the world as
+say um my laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um my laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um my laptop
+is so with that I realize we're over but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so with that I realize we're over but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so with that I realize we're over but
+are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any
+questions yes so there one point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so there one point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so there one point you
+skipped over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couple oh I'm sorry where was this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple oh I'm sorry where was this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple oh I'm sorry where was this I'm
+curious you guys I swear it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you guys I swear it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you guys I swear it wasn't
+intentional oh yeah coming soon so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional oh yeah coming soon so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional oh yeah coming soon so this
+is uh do you want to talk about it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh do you want to talk about it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh do you want to talk about it or
+shall I yeah so I'll talk real quick I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I yeah so I'll talk real quick I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I yeah so I'll talk real quick I
+mean um one of the things we realized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um one of the things we realized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um one of the things we realized is
+kind of what David said is that um kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what David said is that um kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what David said is that um kind
+of your default posture for things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your default posture for things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your default posture for things you
+know you get a Linux box out of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a Linux box out of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a Linux box out of the you
+know install today you know you have IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know install today you know you have IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know install today you know you have IP
+tables kind of by default you install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables kind of by default you install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables kind of by default you install
+Windows machine you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows machine you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows machine you have you know
+Windows host firewall one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows host firewall one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows host firewall one of the things
+we look at is you know you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at is you know you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at is you know you have this
+internet of things and you know fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of things and you know fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet of things and you know fast
+variety of devices on MIT net is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of devices on MIT net is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of devices on MIT net is having
+a more secure posture by default so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more secure posture by default so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more secure posture by default so that
+devices by default may not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices by default may not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices by default may not necessarily
+be exposed to the entire public network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to the entire public network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exposed to the entire public network
+and there are legitimate reasons people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are legitimate reasons people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are legitimate reasons people
+want to have a device on the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a device on the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a device on the public
+network and that's fine you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and that's fine you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and that's fine you know one of
+the things that's great about MIT is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's great about MIT is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's great about MIT is if
+if we if people want to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if people want to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if people want to do that you
+allow them to do that you know they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to do that you know they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to do that you know they can
+do that in an automated way they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in an automated way they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in an automated way they can do
+that by themselves they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by themselves they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by themselves they don't need to
+ask a policy first and they don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a policy first and they don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a policy first and they don't need
+to do anything like that so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything like that so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything like that so what we're
+trying to move towards is is really a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move towards is is really a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move towards is is really a um
+a network topology where by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network topology where by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network topology where by default
+people will be behind some layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be behind some layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be behind some layer of
+protection if they want to go to a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection if they want to go to a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection if they want to go to a web
+page and enroll themselves you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and enroll themselves you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and enroll themselves you know in
+the public internet uh level of access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public internet uh level of access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public internet uh level of access
+they can do that without talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that without talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do that without talking to
+anyone and it's automated and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and it's automated and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and it's automated and it just
+you know happens you know within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happens you know within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happens you know within a
+minute or two and so I think what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or two and so I think what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or two and so I think what we're
+trying to do is just move the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is just move the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is just move the default
+security posture to something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security posture to something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security posture to something a little
+bit more uh secure by default but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh secure by default but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more uh secure by default but at the
+same time we recognize that you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we recognize that you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we recognize that you know our
+goal here is to not really disrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to not really disrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal here is to not really disrupt the
+Innovative activities that happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative activities that happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative activities that happen here
+and so if people want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if people want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if people want to do that
+students or faculty on an optim basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or faculty on an optim basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students or faculty on an optim basis
+and go to the web page that's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them any other
+questions I had one sure does the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I had one sure does the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I had one sure does the what's
+the traffic breakdown on the MIT Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic breakdown on the MIT Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traffic breakdown on the MIT Network
+in terms of like what kind of traffic do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like what kind of traffic do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like what kind of traffic do
+you see the most of yeah so I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the most of yeah so I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the most of yeah so I mean you
+know looking at stealth watch and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at stealth watch and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at stealth watch and say
+like 80% of our traffic if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% of our traffic if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 80% of our traffic if you look at
+by protocol is like HTTP you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protocol is like HTTP you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by protocol is like HTTP you know which
+would include HTTP streamed media movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include HTTP streamed media movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would include HTTP streamed media movies
+media now I think the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media now I think the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media now I think the interesting
+question you could ask is how much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you could ask is how much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you could ask is how much of it
+is legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is legitimate
+research I know you guys are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I know you guys are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I know you guys are all
+studying H I know I was that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying H I know I was that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying H I know I was that's why I'm
+still working no but um but yeah it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working no but um but yeah it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working no but um but yeah it's an
+interesting breakdown I think the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting breakdown I think the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting breakdown I think the one
+thing we do philosophically um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do philosophically um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do philosophically um as a
+provider is you know a lot of schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider is you know a lot of schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider is you know a lot of schools
+there was a time where they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time where they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time where they were trying
+to make judgments about what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments about what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make judgments about what kinds of
+traffic and how much we're going across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and how much we're going across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and how much we're going across
+their campus networks and MIT does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their campus networks and MIT does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their campus networks and MIT does not
+do that you know one thing we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you know one thing we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you know one thing we believe
+very strongly in is not me nor anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly in is not me nor anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly in is not me nor anybody
+else you know in the administration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you know in the administration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you know in the administration is
+in a position to pass value judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to pass value judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to pass value judgment
+over someone's internet activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over someone's internet activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over someone's internet activities
+because people live here it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people live here it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people live here it's it's not
+just your work I mean people are doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your work I mean people are doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your work I mean people are doing a
+lot of research on Netflix because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research on Netflix because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of research on Netflix because we
+have a Netflix cash and we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Netflix cash and we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Netflix cash and we have a lot of
+traffic going there but we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic going there but we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic going there but we also have
+thousands of students and staff living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of students and staff living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of students and staff living
+here so that's them at night you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's them at night you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's them at night you know
+powering up their their Netflix box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering up their their Netflix box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering up their their Netflix box and
+streaming or whatever it may be so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming or whatever it may be so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming or whatever it may be so we've
+always been in the position of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been in the position of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been in the position of like you
+know we have some very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some very detailed
+information about what it is but I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what it is but I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what it is but I'd say
+the most of it is um I'd say even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of it is um I'd say even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of it is um I'd say even
+nowadays it's kind of scary I'd say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's kind of scary I'd say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's kind of scary I'd say at
+night half of it video streaming which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't
+know oh you know what's interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh you know what's interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh you know what's interesting so
+porn porn and Torrance are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porn porn and Torrance are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porn porn and Torrance are pretty
+similar so yeah um not that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so yeah um not that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so yeah um not that that's what
+went through my head Freud and W I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through my head Freud and W I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through my head Freud and W I'm
+sorry uh you know it's interesting Tor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh you know it's interesting Tor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh you know it's interesting Tor
+torrent traffic has actually gone down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torrent traffic has actually gone down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torrent traffic has actually gone down I
+think that's what what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what what's been
+interesting I'd say it's actually gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I'd say it's actually gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I'd say it's actually gone
+down over the years um I think people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over the years um I think people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over the years um I think people I
+think on the plus side most things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the plus side most things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the plus side most things are
+getting so easy for people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so easy for people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so easy for people to get
+through something like a Netflix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like a Netflix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like a Netflix or
+Amazon Prime or whatever it is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Prime or whatever it is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Prime or whatever it is where you
+can subscribe for $4 a month where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subscribe for $4 a month where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subscribe for $4 a month where
+people are generally doing it uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are generally doing it uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are generally doing it uh we have
+a Comcast Video TV service we offer kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Comcast Video TV service we offer kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Comcast Video TV service we offer kind
+of uh for free you knows the students so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for free you knows the students so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for free you knows the students so
+if you want to do ipv you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do ipv you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do ipv you can kind of
+just do it on your computer now but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it on your computer now but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it on your computer now but for
+the most part we've seen I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part we've seen I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part we've seen I've seen
+Torrance have actually gone down I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torrance have actually gone down I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torrance have actually gone down I would
+just be honest which is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surprise all right well let's thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise all right well let's thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise all right well let's thank
+David mark thank you guys thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David mark thank you guys thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David mark thank you guys thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9974a3836cc304a1a2f363a56b7f5875ac9a8bc2
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@@ -0,0 +1,3135 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right. lecture
+14 was about two main topics,
+
+I guess.
+
+We had slender adorned chains,
+the sort of fatter linkages,
+
+and then hinged dissection.
+
+Most of our time was actually
+spent with the slender
+
+adornments and proving
+that that works.
+
+But most of our questions today
+are about hinged dissections
+
+because that's kind
+of the most fun,
+
+and there's a lot more
+to say about them.
+
+So first question is,
+is there any software
+
+for hinged dissections?
+
+And the short answer
+is no, surprisingly.
+
+So this would definitely be
+a cool project possibility.
+
+There are a bunch
+of examples-- let
+
+me switch to these on the web--
+just sort of random examples,
+
+cool dissections people
+thought were so neat
+
+that they wanted
+to animate them.
+
+And so they
+basically constructed
+
+where the coordinates were over
+time in Mathematica, and then
+
+put it on the web as a
+illustration of that.
+
+So this is a
+equilateral triangle
+
+to a hexagon-- a
+regular hexagon.
+
+It's a hinged dissection
+by Greg Frederickson,
+
+and then is drawn
+by have Rick Mabry.
+
+Here's another one for
+an equilateral triangle
+
+to a pentagon.
+
+Pretty cool.
+
+And they're hinged in
+a tree-like fashion
+
+even, which is kind of unusual.
+
+Greg Frederickson is one of the
+masters of hinged dissections,
+
+and dissections in general.
+
+He's probably the master
+of dissections in general.
+
+And he has three books of
+different kinds of dissections.
+
+This is actually hinged the
+section on the cover here.
+
+The purple and pink
+pieces hinge like this
+
+into a smaller star from
+the outline of a big star
+
+to the interior
+of a smaller star.
+
+And then this star
+fits nicely inside.
+
+This is another
+hinged dissection.
+
+This book is entirely
+about hinged dissections,
+
+although not just
+the kinds we've seen.
+
+Another kind called
+twist hinging,
+
+which I think this
+is a twist hinge.
+
+The piece flips
+around the other side.
+
+And then there's the third
+book about a different kind
+
+of hinged dissection that's more
+of a surface hinged dissection
+
+where you've got two--
+you've got the front
+
+and back of this surface
+and you fold them
+
+with like piano hinges
+with hinges in the plane.
+
+All are very cool books.
+
+You should check
+them out if you want
+
+to know more about dissections.
+
+They're more about here are
+cool examples, some design
+
+techniques for how to make them.
+
+I'll show you one such design
+technique later on today.
+
+but not a ton of theory here, in
+particular because there wasn't
+
+a ton of theory when
+these books were written.
+
+So that's some
+hinged dissections.
+
+And as I said,
+cool project would
+
+be to make a general tool for
+animating hinged dissections.
+
+There's only a
+handful out there.
+
+Greg has digital files of lots
+of his hinged dissections.
+
+He'd probably be
+willing to share them,
+
+though I haven't
+talked to him about it.
+
+If there was a good
+engine for animating them
+
+I think it would be cool.
+
+Even cooler would
+be to implement
+
+the slender adorn
+chain business.
+
+Take one of these hinged
+dissections, maybe they just
+
+hinge but sometimes
+there's collisions.
+
+But we already
+know if you refine
+
+these guys to be
+slender, which you
+
+can do-- if they are
+triangulated you can do it
+
+with only losing a factor of
+three in the number of pieces.
+
+It would be cool
+to implement that.
+
+And then you can do the
+slender adorned folding
+
+via CDR, which I have
+an implementation of,
+
+or it's not that hard to build
+one if you have a LP solver.
+
+So various project
+possibilities.
+
+Another cool project
+would be to just design
+
+more hinged dissections.
+
+There's still
+interesting questions.
+
+Either use fewer pieces or
+just make elegant designs.
+
+Related to the implementation
+idea, a particular family
+
+of hinged dissections that
+could be fun to implement
+
+are embodied by this alphabet.
+
+I showed this in lecture.
+
+You can take the letter six
+and convert it into a square,
+
+and convert it into an eight,
+and convert it into a four,
+
+and convert it into a
+nine via these 128 pieces.
+
+I didn't talk much about
+this theorem though,
+
+so I thought I'd give you
+a little sketch of how
+
+this works.
+
+It's actually very simple to
+construct the folded states
+
+of these hinged
+dissections, and it
+
+could be an interesting
+thing to implement.
+
+And it's also just kind of fun.
+
+This is way earlier,
+1999, way before
+
+we knew that everything
+was possible.
+
+We could at least do all
+polyominoes of a given size.
+
+So let's just think about
+polyominoes, about polyhexes,
+
+polyiamonds, where you
+have equilateral triangles.
+
+And these are called
+polyabolos for silly reasons,
+
+basically, by analogy
+to a diablo, which
+
+is a juggling device.
+
+You can hinge dissect
+any of them here.
+
+You take each square and you
+cut it into two half-squares,
+
+and then you hinge them
+together like this.
+
+This Is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+So this will make any
+four-square object,
+
+any tetris piece.
+
+And generally, you
+take two end pieces
+
+and you can make any anomina.
+
+And the way you prove
+that that is universal,
+
+that it can fold into
+anything-- it's not
+
+so clear from this picture,
+but it's actually really easy
+
+to prove by induction.
+
+So the first thing to do
+in this inductive proof
+
+is to check that you can
+do it for n equals 1.
+
+OK.
+
+That may sound trivial
+but this is actually core.
+
+The key property you need
+in a hinged dissection
+
+of a single square into
+your general family
+
+is that there's a hinge visible
+on every edge of the object.
+
+So here, this hinge kind
+of covers this edge,
+
+it covers that edge.
+
+So both of these edges
+have hinges on them,
+
+and the other two edges
+have a hinge on them.
+
+They happen to be shared
+hinges but that's OK.
+
+And each of these, that's true.
+
+The triangle, it's a
+little more awkward.
+
+You actually need two hinges
+to cover the three sides.
+
+But you only need
+these two pieces.
+
+One of them is non-convex.
+
+It may be hard to
+fold continuously
+
+but you'd refine
+it if you wanted
+
+to do slender adornments.
+
+So let's not worry about
+continuous motion yet.
+
+So that's the base
+case of the induction.
+
+How do I do it for n equals 1?
+
+Now inductively, if
+I have some shape
+
+I want to build I'll
+take what I call
+
+the dual graph of that shape.
+
+So make a vertex
+for every square,
+
+connect them together
+if they share
+
+an edge-- the squares
+share an edge--
+
+and then look at a spanning
+tree of that shape.
+
+So just cut some of
+these edges until you
+
+have tree connectivity
+among those squares.
+
+Every tree has at least two
+leaves, except in the fall,
+
+but every mathematical tree
+has at least two leaves.
+
+Like this is a leaf, if I cut
+here this would also be a leaf.
+
+Leaf is a degree one vertex.
+
+So that's a square that
+only shares one side.
+
+So pluck off that leaf,
+remove that square.
+
+The resulting n minus 1
+square is, by assumption,
+
+can be made by this hinged
+dissection with two times
+
+n minus 1 pieces.
+
+So now we just have
+to attach this guy on.
+
+And here's a figure for
+that down at the bottom.
+
+This is the same
+thing for triangles,
+
+and polyabolos are
+in the upper right.
+
+So you have some existing
+hinged dissection,
+
+you don't really
+know what it's like,
+
+and you want to add
+this leaf back on so it
+
+shares one edge with one guy.
+
+Now this guy could
+be oriented this way,
+
+or it could be
+oriented this way,
+
+but it's the same by reflection.
+
+So let's say it's
+oriented this way.
+
+We know the square is made up by
+two half-squares, by induction,
+
+and so we know that
+there's a hinge here.
+
+Now this hinge connects to
+some things, in this case,
+
+to some t prime.
+
+It could be here,
+it could be up here.
+
+And all we do is
+stick s on here.
+
+Now s can rotate.
+
+We have our solution
+for one guy,
+
+and there's two different
+orientations for him.
+
+We're going to choose
+this orientation
+
+because it puts this
+hinge right there.
+
+And so once we do that,
+normally this would be a cycle,
+
+and this thing would be
+a cycle through here,
+
+but we just redo
+the hinges in here
+
+so that the cycle gets bigger.
+
+And the important
+thing to verify
+
+is that the orientations
+to the triangles
+
+are the same, just like the
+hinged dissection picture
+
+I showed.
+
+We always go from the base
+edge to the next base edge,
+
+to the next base edge of these
+right isosceles triangles,
+
+and all the triangles are
+on the outside of the cycle.
+
+So we actually construct a
+cyclic hinged dissection.
+
+Then at the end you could
+break it and make it a path.
+
+And this one is even slender.
+
+Remember, right triangles
+are slender, barely.
+
+You can look at all
+the inward normals.
+
+They hit the base edge.
+
+So this will even
+move continuously
+
+if it's an open chain.
+
+For closed chains we don't know.
+
+So that's polyominoes.
+
+Polyaimonds are similar.
+
+Pretty much the same thing.
+
+You just-- in this
+case, you might
+
+have hinges on both sides, but
+you rotate this thing so one
+
+of the hinges lines up, and
+you just reconnect the hinges.
+
+And it's not hard to
+show you can always
+
+do that, the hinges
+will never cross.
+
+And this proves that
+these folded states exist,
+
+and then we use the slender
+stuff to do continuous motions.
+
+Actually, when this
+paper was written
+
+we didn't have slender
+adornments back in '99,
+
+even in 2005 when the
+journal version appeared.
+
+So it's only now that we know
+that motions are possible by,
+
+in this case directly, in this
+case with some refinement.
+
+So I thought that would
+just be fun to see.
+
+You can do some
+other crazy things.
+
+So this is a hinged dissection
+from any four-iamond.
+
+So this is four equilateral
+triangles joined together
+
+to any four amino.
+
+This is a tetris piece.
+
+It's essentially a
+superposition of this idea
+
+with-- you see in here,
+these four lines make
+
+the hinged dissection
+of Dudeney,
+
+from 1902, from an equilateral
+triangle to a square.
+
+And with some extra
+stuff added in-- this
+
+is maybe a foreshadowing
+of the idea of refinement,
+
+although we didn't really
+realize it at the time.
+
+We want to add some
+hinges so that we
+
+have hinges on the midpoints
+of the edges instead
+
+of the corners.
+
+That turns out to be a bit
+more efficient in this case.
+
+So we add some hinging,
+still hingeable individually,
+
+but now we have
+hinges at the corners
+
+and so-- at the
+midpoints, and we'll
+
+have the same
+property over here.
+
+And it allows you to
+hinge these together.
+
+Actually, here it looks like
+some of them are at the corners
+
+not the midpoints.
+
+So it's a bit messy.
+
+In general, we can prove
+if you have any shape
+
+and you want to make
+poly that shape-- so
+
+let's call this
+shape x, you want
+
+to make polyexes-- you can do it
+as long as the copies of the x
+
+are only rotated and they're
+joined at corresponding edges.
+
+So if you check, this guy's
+just been rotated 180 degrees.
+
+In general you can join
+these things together
+
+at matching edges.
+
+And the basic technique
+is just subdivide
+
+the thing, triangulate, draw in
+the dual of the triangulation,
+
+and then connect to the
+midpoints of the edges.
+
+And you can show,
+basically, instead
+
+of the hinged
+dissection going around
+
+like this you can just
+make it go around like this
+
+and come back this way.
+
+And if you check the sequence
+of pieces they could visit,
+
+it's identical if you
+go around this way
+
+or if you go around this way.
+
+And that's enough to show
+that any folded state is valid
+
+With the triangles
+and the squares
+
+we're essentially exploiting
+the symmetry of these pieces.
+
+So you can rotate them
+to make them compatible.
+
+Here they're forced to be
+compatible by assuming we only
+
+join matching edges.
+
+So that was the
+2D polyform paper.
+
+You can see Frederickson
+was one of the authors.
+
+In 3D, here's easy way
+to generalize that.
+
+If you take, for
+example, a tetrahedron,
+
+a regular tetrahedron, you take
+the centroid and cut everything
+
+to the centroid.
+
+And you end up cutting
+your tetrahedron,
+
+it has four sides, into four of
+these more slender tetrahedra.
+
+And then you take four of
+them and join them together
+
+in this way.
+
+You do have to be
+careful in the way
+
+that you join them
+because, again,
+
+on every face we want to
+have an incident hinge.
+
+So we've got to
+take care in the way
+
+that you hinge together to make
+sure that that is the case.
+
+But it's also cyclically hinged.
+
+This gets joined to that.
+
+And basically, the same
+inductive proof works.
+
+You just pluck off a leaf, show
+that you can turn the thing so
+
+that one of the hinges
+aligns with the inductive
+
+construction, and then
+just join the hinges
+
+across instead of
+within the cycles.
+
+So pretty easy.
+
+What are we talking about?
+
+Hinged dissections
+software, I guess.
+
+Those would be fun
+things to implement.
+
+They've never been
+implemented, and especially,
+
+to see them folding.
+
+I thought I'd show
+you a little bit
+
+about hinged
+dissection hardware,
+
+different ways you could
+make them physically real.
+
+This is kind of
+mesoscale I'd call it.
+
+This is at one centimeter
+bar, so not super tiny,
+
+but I think this could
+scale down quite a bit.
+
+We have a Petri dish here
+with some liquid in it,
+
+if you could read up there.
+
+Maybe this is the
+coolest example.
+
+We have a square made
+up of four pieces,
+
+and you add a little bit
+of salt to that liquid
+
+and it pops into the equilateral
+triangle configuration.
+
+So it's sort of spontaneously
+folding, hinging.
+
+Essentially these pieces
+are slanted a little bit
+
+and they prefer-- one weighting
+causes them to fold one way
+
+but when you add the salt they
+end up flopping the other way.
+
+You could see they're a little
+bit inexact because of that,
+
+but pretty awesome the
+kinds of hinged dissections.
+
+You can get them all to
+actuate even without much room
+
+to do so.
+
+This is done at Harvard, George
+Whiteside's group, chemistry.
+
+Kind of related, it's not
+exactly hinged dissections,
+
+but I feel like it's
+the same spirit,
+
+is this idea of DNA
+origami, it's called,
+
+where you take one
+big strand of DNA
+
+and you force it to fold
+into a particular shape.
+
+Here we're folding
+it into a happy face.
+
+The way that's done
+is you add in a bunch
+
+of little pieces of DNA.
+
+So this string, basically,
+has a-- this DNA strand
+
+has a random string
+written on it basically,
+
+and you identify, oh, I want
+these guys to glue together.
+
+So you take this piece
+of the random string,
+
+and this piece of
+the random string,
+
+and you construct a piece of
+DNA that has both of those,
+
+like a little zipper to
+cause those to zip up.
+
+You do that all over the place.
+
+And there's now automatic
+tools to do this,
+
+it's really easy to
+make DNA origami.
+
+It, basically, always works.
+
+There's a limit to
+how big this thing can
+
+be because the main strand
+here is a single piece of DNA,
+
+and those are hard to make
+super big, at least currently.
+
+But you get some really
+nice happy faces and mass
+
+produce them.
+
+Hundred-nanometer scale.
+
+It's kind of like
+hinged dissection
+
+because that strand
+of DNA is moving,
+
+it's actually more
+like a fixed angle
+
+chain, kind of like
+a hinged dissection.
+
+And we're essentially
+using here universality
+
+of hinged dissections
+of something
+
+like polyominoes,
+though the shapes
+
+are a little bit more awkward.
+
+And they've made a
+maps of the world.
+
+You could do two-color patterns,
+make snowflakes, the word DNA,
+
+and crazy stuff.
+
+So it was started by Paul
+Rothman, though a lot of people
+
+do DNA origami these days.
+
+Cool.
+
+Next paper I wanted to show
+you-- this is fairly recent--
+
+and it's about getting
+continuous motions,
+
+in particular, in 3D, of
+hinged dissection-like things.
+
+So here we have
+a chain of balls.
+
+These are more like
+ball and socket joints.
+
+So you can maybe see
+them better here.
+
+There's a member going
+in from the green guy
+
+into the center of the red
+guy, and there's a slot,
+
+and the red guy can fold
+around the-- or the blue guy
+
+can fold around the red guy.
+
+And the question is,
+OK, this is great.
+
+You can prove universality,
+you can make any shape.
+
+You just subdivide your
+dog, or whatever, into two
+
+by two by two
+squarelets and then
+
+we know how to
+connect those together
+
+to make a nice Hamiltonian
+cycle that visits everything.
+
+But can you actually fold
+a chain of balls like this
+
+into that dog?
+
+And the answer is always yes.
+
+Essentially, you feed a
+big string of these balls
+
+into-- that's actually what's
+happening in this animation
+
+here, although it's a little
+hard to tell-- you're feeding
+
+in, say, at one of the legs,
+one of the extreme points
+
+in some direction,
+this chain of balls.
+
+And as they go in they just
+start tracking along the path.
+
+And you just need to check that
+you can track along the path.
+
+As this guy goes into
+a corner, for example,
+
+you can actually navigate the
+corner while, at all times,
+
+staying within the tube.
+
+If you can stay
+within the tube you
+
+know you won't collide
+with the rest of the chain
+
+because this tube is
+non self-intersecting.
+
+And so the 2D version
+is fairly easy.
+
+This is just circles.
+
+A little trickier to check
+that it actually is possible,
+
+with just one turn, with a
+U-turn, and with a kind of-- I
+
+don't know what you call
+this, not a U-turn--
+
+where you change
+in two directions--
+
+two dimensions all at once.
+
+All of these are possible with
+this particular mechanism,
+
+whatever mechanism you have.
+
+If it can do this then
+you can make anything.
+
+So that's another
+way to prove motions
+
+exist for this kind of
+polyform special case.
+
+Why do we care about this?
+
+For building robots.
+
+So these are somewhat
+different mechanisms,
+
+but I have two
+examples built here
+
+at the MIT Center
+for Bits and Atoms
+
+over in the Media Lab
+with Neil Gershenfeld
+
+and many, many people.
+
+So you get some idea--
+this is a fairly small guy.
+
+I mean, the actual
+size is about this big.
+
+You see some feet
+in the background
+
+to give you some sense of scale.
+
+It's not very many pieces, but
+if you made a really long chain
+
+it would really be able
+to fold into anything
+
+you want, just servos
+to make the turns here.
+
+This is a much larger one.
+
+The right version is folding.
+
+And you get some
+idea of scale here,
+
+this is, when it's
+fully extended,
+
+144-- should that
+be feet or inches?
+
+It's really big.
+
+So a little bit
+slower, of course,
+
+because it has to
+move a lot more,
+
+and it's also
+quite a bit longer.
+
+This is built, in particular,
+by Skylar Tibbits here.
+
+So that's the idea of robots.
+
+In general, we
+like to make robots
+
+that can change their shape.
+
+We've seen sheet folding
+robots, but these
+
+are more chain folding robots
+inspired by proteins, and DNA,
+
+and things like that, sort of
+big versions of DNA origami.
+
+What's cool about
+them is that they
+
+stay connected
+throughout the motion.
+
+You can keep your wiring, and
+you can keep your batteries,
+
+and whatnot, and your
+communication channels
+
+connected in this
+kind of scenario.
+
+This is, by contrast, to
+more common approaches
+
+to reconfigurable robots.
+
+You have individual
+units and they can attach
+
+and detached from each other.
+
+You could see like these
+guys picking up blocks,
+
+moving stuff around.
+
+It's definitely cool,
+but in practice it's
+
+a lot harder to build
+these kinds of robots
+
+because the attach
+detach mechanism,
+
+it's hard to get them
+to align perfectly,
+
+it's hard to get the
+electrical connectivity.
+
+Every piece has to
+have a battery instead
+
+of like every 10th
+piece, or one battery
+
+to drive everything, or
+tethering, or whatever.
+
+You can do some very cool things
+and there's a lot of algorithms
+
+around for doing this.
+
+Daniella Rus, here at
+MIT, built this robot,
+
+and a bunch of others.
+
+There's also a very
+cool theory about these.
+
+I've worked on them.
+
+You can prove, for example,
+that all of these models
+
+can simulate each other up
+to constant factors in scale.
+
+So you can take your
+favorite robot in a molecube
+
+and simulate a crystalline
+robot, or vice versa.
+
+And then there's
+efficient algorithms
+
+to-- these crystalline
+robots, they
+
+can just expand and contract
+and detection and attach.
+
+And you can prove that
+given two configurations
+
+you can change it from one
+to the other up to some scale
+
+factor.
+
+You can even do it
+extremely fast in log n time
+
+if all the robots are
+actuating all at once.
+
+Anyway, there's cool stuff
+about reconfigurable robots,
+
+but the hinged dissections
+offers an alternative
+
+where everything stays
+connected at all times,
+
+but closely related.
+
+I think that was
+the hardware story.
+
+So we go back to our proof
+of hinged dissections
+
+and why it works.
+
+And one of the-- I was kind of
+surprised I didn't show this
+
+in lecture, but I don't
+remember why I didn't.
+
+One missing piece
+with-- how do you
+
+go from a rectangle of one
+size to a rectangle of another?
+
+You may recall,
+we had a triangle,
+
+we triangulated our
+polygons so we ended up
+
+with some arbitrary triangles.
+
+Then we cut parallel
+to the base halfway up.
+
+You can put this over
+here, put this over here,
+
+you get a rectangle of
+some unknown height.
+
+And then to make it universal
+we wanted to convert everything
+
+into a rectangle
+of height epsilon
+
+so that then we could just
+string them together--
+
+obviously, the area has
+to be preserved here.
+
+If we string together all
+the epsilon height rectangles
+
+we've got one super long
+epsilon height rectangle.
+
+And then we overlay
+the two dissections.
+
+This is how we did dissections.
+
+But how do you do this step
+from one rectangle to another?
+
+This is a very old
+dissection, at least 1778.
+
+It wasn't published
+by Montucla but he's
+
+credited in this
+publication, and this
+
+is Frederickson's diagram of it.
+
+So you take the fatter
+rectangle and then
+
+you take the longer rectangle
+and you-- first, you
+
+make multiple copies of the fat
+rectangle, just sort of tile
+
+strip of the plane to the right.
+
+And then you angle the
+thin rectangle, slightly.
+
+First of all, you
+line up these corners
+
+so the top left corners
+line up, and then we
+
+want the top right corner
+of the thin rectangle
+
+to lie on this bottom line.
+
+Turns out this always works.
+
+It's not totally obvious but,
+essentially, these copies
+
+of the rectangle you can
+kind of fold them up.
+
+And when you go off
+the right edge here,
+
+you're essentially coming
+back on the left edge here.
+
+And then you're going this
+way, and you're going this way,
+
+and this little piece is exactly
+the same as this little piece.
+
+And from that you
+get a dissection.
+
+It's not hinged, but you can
+see that this big rectangle has
+
+the tiny piece here, which
+conveniently fits right
+
+over there.
+
+It's like a wrap around
+in the other direction.
+
+And then this piece-- well,
+everything matches up here.
+
+The only other weird
+thing is this bottom--
+
+when you go below the bottom
+you also wrap around to the top.
+
+And just check all
+the pieces match up,
+
+and you've got your dissection.
+
+It's kind of crazy.
+
+You have to check this works
+for all parameters, but it does.
+
+And in general, of course, if
+you have a very long rectangle
+
+you need many pieces,
+relative to the fat one,
+
+but that's essentially optimal.
+
+OK.
+
+For fun-- this is
+a general technique
+
+called the piece lie
+technique, or superposing
+
+two tessellation of your shape.
+
+You can use that same
+technique, for example,
+
+to get the hinged dissection
+from a regular square
+
+to the equilateral triangle.
+
+You just angle it right
+so that, for example,
+
+this midpoint hits
+this midpoint,
+
+and various other
+alignments happen,
+
+like this midpoint
+falls on that edge.
+
+And if you look at it
+right these cuts give you
+
+the four pieces for the square
+to-- I guess you can see it
+
+right here, here are the
+four pieces of the square.
+
+And if you check,
+everything matches up.
+
+You can also make
+equilateral triangle.
+
+In this case, it
+happens to be hinged.
+
+That doesn't always happen.
+
+It's a little tricky
+to tell, maybe,
+
+but with practice
+you can see it.
+
+I mentioned, at some point, that
+you could take this and turn it
+
+into a table that either has
+four sides or has three sides.
+
+One of the annoying
+things about the table
+
+is that you need legs
+on each of the pieces.
+
+So Frederickson was playing
+around with this fairly
+
+recently, in 2008,
+and he came up
+
+with this alternative way of--
+essentially the same technique,
+
+but you end up
+with one big piece
+
+and lots of smaller pieces.
+
+So the idea is you just have
+a big leg, or a bunch of legs,
+
+under one piece of the table.
+
+And so this is what the
+dissection looks like.
+
+Unfortunately,
+it's not hingeable.
+
+But if you add in
+a couple pieces
+
+you can make it hingeable.
+
+So at this point, the
+universality result
+
+was probably none.
+
+This is actually a lot
+easier than the way we do it,
+
+specialized to this
+kind of scenario.
+
+This hinges, I think, something
+like this-- maybe even
+
+an animation of it?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Drawn by Frederickson.
+
+So you could see a careful
+orchestration here just
+
+to make sure that, indeed,
+you can avoid collision.
+
+And so that's the
+proposed table.
+
+No one has built it.
+
+Another project would be to
+build some hinged dissections,
+
+for example this one,
+as real furniture.
+
+It would be pretty neat.
+
+I have a couple examples
+here of real furniture built.
+
+This is the Dudeney dissection,
+a four-piece kind of a cabinet.
+
+It's got lots of shelves.
+
+It looks really practical.
+
+And I don't know the bottom.
+
+It looks like there's a
+bunch of wheels down there.
+
+Definitely, you
+have to have a bunch
+
+of table legs in this case.
+
+But you can really
+reconfiguration it
+
+in all sorts of ways.
+
+The close up.
+
+That looks pretty cool.
+
+It's made by D Haus Company.
+
+Any German speakers?
+
+Anyone know what "haus" means?
+
+Same in English, house.
+
+So they actually built a house.
+
+And I can't tell whether this
+is a real building or a very
+
+good computer rendering.
+
+It may be real.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: It looks
+like a rendering.
+
+PROFESSOR: It looks
+like a rendering.
+
+Yeah.
+
+At some point later they
+have people walking by,
+
+but it could be a composition.
+
+Anyway, it's an idea of
+having a house for any season.
+
+You can reconfigure it
+dynamically with these tracks.
+
+It's a pretty cool idea.
+
+It would be neat
+to experiment with.
+
+Anyway, hinged
+dissections in practice.
+
+It's funny to take
+a 2D dissection,
+
+but, I think, in
+architectural setting
+
+you can't change
+where the floor is.
+
+So probably, 2D
+dissection makes sense.
+
+There's the real,
+maybe real version?
+
+I don't know.
+
+So that was
+rectangular rectangle.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm cheating a little bit.
+
+Another question.
+
+This is a very
+specific question,
+
+but for step three,
+which is where
+
+we did all the action of
+rehinging stuff, I said,
+
+number of pieces
+roughly doubles.
+
+I meant to say at
+least roughly doubles.
+
+So in the worst
+case, the point is
+
+that can be at
+least exponential.
+
+It definitely can be more
+because, in general-- remember,
+
+it looks something
+like this-- The point
+
+is, you need at least
+two triangles per edge
+
+here because they
+need to fit together
+
+to make these little kites.
+
+So you at least double, for
+every edge that you visit.
+
+In the worst case,
+you visit the whole--
+
+all the edges of the polygon.
+
+So you end up
+doubling everything.
+
+But it can be worse
+because sometimes,
+
+if you don't have a lot
+of room in this corner,
+
+you've got to divide into
+lots of very tiny triangles.
+
+I think that probably only
+happens towards the beginning.
+
+After you've cut
+them small, you won't
+
+have to cut them
+even, even smaller.
+
+But I don't know for sure.
+
+The point is, it's
+at least exponential.
+
+And this is the more
+complicated diagram.
+
+But I claim that you could
+get a pseudopolynomial bound.
+
+How do you do that?
+
+This is a little
+[? trickable, ?]
+
+and still have time though.
+
+So let me go over the rough
+idea, also what the claim is.
+
+So pseudopolynomial bound.
+
+I'm not going to claim this
+for arbitrary polygons,
+
+although I think
+it's probably true.
+
+What we argue in the paper
+is that if the vertices
+
+of the polygon lie on
+our grid, then we're OK.
+
+It's just a little hard to
+keep track of otherwise.
+
+I will scale things to
+make this the integer grid.
+
+And then the claim is
+the number of pieces
+
+is polynomial in the number
+of vertices, n and r--
+
+r is usually some
+ratio of the longest
+
+distance to the
+smallest distance.
+
+In this case r is the grid
+size, like an r by r grid.
+
+That's like the size of
+the overall grid divided
+
+by the size of a grid cell.
+
+So, basically, the same thing.
+
+So, how do we prove this?
+
+The general idea-- so we have
+these messy constructions,
+
+and essentially,
+we're inducting.
+
+We're moving one hinge, and
+then moving the next hinge,
+
+and moving the next hinge.
+
+And essentially, all
+of those inductions
+
+are nested inside each other.
+
+You completely refine
+to do one thing then
+
+you have to refine to do
+the next one in the existing
+
+refinement.
+
+So we have a very
+deep recursion.
+
+It's one way to think of it.
+
+Order n depth recursion, so we
+end up with exponential in n.
+
+But instead, what we can do is
+only recurse to constant depth.
+
+And if you're just more careful
+in the overall construction
+
+this is possible.
+
+How?
+
+Let me give you
+some of the steps.
+
+You need more gadgets and you
+need to follow-- So before,
+
+I said, oh, there's some
+dissection out there,
+
+it's known.
+
+You triangulate, you convert
+triangle to square, triangle
+
+to rectangle, rectangle to
+rectangle, then superpose.
+
+It does the dissection, then
+we hinge it arbitrarily,
+
+then we fix the
+hinges one at a time.
+
+Here, I want to actually
+follow those steps
+
+and keep it hinged dissection
+as much as possible.
+
+So we're going to triangulate
+the polygons, but in this case,
+
+we're going to subdivide
+further and also triangulated
+
+with all the grid
+points as vertices.
+
+It's little hard to
+draw, but here's a grid.
+
+Let's draw a polygon.
+
+Hard to make a very exciting
+polygon, so few vertices,
+
+but maybe something like that.
+
+OK.
+
+If I triangulate this thing
+and all the interior points--
+
+there aren't very many interior
+points in this example.
+
+Maybe I'll make a
+slightly different one.
+
+There's two interior points.
+
+I want to triangulate,
+with those
+
+as vertices of the triangle.
+
+So maybe I'll do
+something like this.
+
+A couple different
+shapes of triangles here,
+
+but they all have the same area.
+
+This is called Pick's theorem,
+special case of Pick's theorem.
+
+So here, they're
+all a half-square.
+
+Even though this one
+spans a weird shape,
+
+it's one-half square of area.
+
+So the nice thing is if
+I do this in polygon a
+
+and in polygon be
+the triangles--
+
+there's equal number of
+triangles of the same size
+
+because they have
+matching areas originally.
+
+There's probably a way to do
+this for general polygons.
+
+I think this is the only
+step that requires grids
+
+except it's also a lot easier to
+analyze, this bound with grids.
+
+So it's, I guess, an
+open problem to work out
+
+without grids.
+
+OK.
+
+The next thing is we'd really
+like a chain of triangles.
+
+Right now we just have
+a blob of triangles.
+
+And we can chainify
+the triangles.
+
+This is a step
+that was-- I don't
+
+know if I showed the
+figure last time.
+
+This is what we do to
+slenderfy everything.
+
+We have some general
+hinged dissection.
+
+I don't know what it looks like.
+
+We just take each
+of the triangles,
+
+subdivide at their
+in center, cut,
+
+and then you hinge
+around the outside.
+
+And you'll get
+one-- in this case,
+
+one cycle of slender triangles.
+
+In this case, all we care
+about is that it's a chain.
+
+So we have some
+general thing here.
+
+We subdivide each
+of them like this,
+
+and then you hinge around.
+
+And so now I've got a hinged
+collection of triangles for a,
+
+and I've got his collection
+of triangles for b.
+
+I'm just going to
+do a to b here.
+
+I should probably say that.
+
+Two shapes.
+
+And conveniently,
+these triangles
+
+will still have matching areas.
+
+They're all now 1/6,
+if we do it right.
+
+So we get a chain of
+area 1/6 triangles.
+
+And I have the same
+number for a and for b.
+
+So this kind of cool.
+
+Of course, the triangles
+could be different shapes,
+
+but I basically have a
+chain of various triangles.
+
+They're all the same area-- a
+little hard to draw-- for a.
+
+I have a similar chain for b.
+
+And I just need to
+convert, basically,
+
+triangle per
+triangle from a to b.
+
+So now my problem
+is a lot easier.
+
+I have these hinges
+which I need to preserve.
+
+That's a little trickier.
+
+This is actually an idea
+suggested by Epstein
+
+before the universality result.
+
+It's like, all we need
+to do is do triangle
+
+to triangle while
+preserving two hinges.
+
+Then we could do
+anything to anything.
+
+So we're following that plan.
+
+And now we're going to use
+all the fancy gadgets we have
+
+to do triangle to triangle
+while preserving these hinges
+
+and not blowing up the
+number of pieces too much.
+
+But definitely simpler.
+
+We're down to
+triangle to triangle.
+
+Next step.
+
+OK.
+
+Next problem Yeah.
+
+This is slightly annoying.
+
+I said, oh great, these
+triangles are matching up.
+
+But I'm not going to be able
+to do triangle to triangle
+
+and get exactly the hinges
+I want where I want them,
+
+so I'm going to have
+to end up, for example,
+
+moving this hinge
+to another corner.
+
+So we're going to use
+a new gadget, actually,
+
+for fixing which vertices
+connect to which triangles.
+
+This is, maybe, not obvious yet
+that we need this, but we will.
+
+And we're going to use a
+slightly, a somewhat more
+
+efficient version of,
+essentially, the same idea.
+
+So we've got a hinge
+here, in the middle.
+
+And basically, can't control
+where the hinge goes, but it's
+
+supposed to go to
+one of the corners.
+
+So we're going to
+reconfigure in this way.
+
+So we assume we have
+some way of doing it.
+
+And here's the thing, we assume
+that maybe this has already
+
+happened to a.
+
+We don't want to recurse
+into a because then we
+
+get exponential blow up.
+
+I'm going to have to do this
+for every single triangle here.
+
+There's n of them.
+
+That's a lot.
+
+I don't want to
+get deep recursion,
+
+I don't want to get
+depth n recursion.
+
+But if I cut up in this way, in
+fact, I only need to cut up b.
+
+And if b hasn't been
+touched yet this is OK.
+
+And then I'll do
+it the next way,
+
+and the next triangle,
+next triangle,
+
+and they won't interact.
+
+That's the good news.
+
+So how do we do it?
+
+Well, we cut up a little, oh,
+what do we call it, kite fan,
+
+I believe, here.
+
+Here there's two kites,
+and we get these triangles
+
+to match these two, these
+triangles to match these two.
+
+We cut up this little
+piece along the side.
+
+And either the green
+stays in here-- green
+
+is attached to the
+pink or magenta.
+
+So if we keep the green in
+here, the triangle stays there.
+
+If we pull everything out--
+and there's a little hole
+
+made here to make
+that more plausible.
+
+But in reality, we have to
+subdivide to get slender.
+
+So if we instead reconfigure
+the green to lie along the edge,
+
+and the blue can turn
+around here and fit inside
+
+because it has exactly
+the same shape,
+
+these two chains are identical,
+it can also fit in here.
+
+And then we've moved the
+magenta over to that side.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+That works, and it
+doesn't touch a.
+
+So it's a slight variation
+of what we had before.
+
+And it's good.
+
+So, that's psudeopolynomial,
+and they don't interact.
+
+And so we can move
+these things however
+
+we need to according to what
+step four produces for us.
+
+So this maybe
+slightly out of order.
+
+I could have called that step
+four, and this step three.
+
+Get to the more exciting part.
+
+Finally, we do
+triangle to triangle.
+
+This a little crazy.
+
+I'm going to give you
+three constructions that
+
+give us what we want.
+
+And then I'm going to
+claim I can overlay them.
+
+This is what we can't do
+with hinged dissections,
+
+but I'm going to do it anyway.
+
+So bear with me.
+
+The final gadget will
+say how to overlay them.
+
+But let's start with the
+relatively simple goal
+
+of triangle to rectangle.
+
+This I already showed you.
+
+And the nice thing about
+triangle to rectangle,
+
+this three-piece dissection, is
+you can hinge it here and here
+
+and it works just fine.
+
+So that's already a
+hinged dissection.
+
+That's the easy step.
+
+Then we want to
+take that rectangle
+
+and convert it into a tiny--
+or not tiny, same area,
+
+but an epsilon-height rectangle.
+
+Because remember, we
+have two triangles,
+
+they're different shapes so
+they have different heights.
+
+This one will end up
+being half the height,
+
+but it won't match what
+we'd get for this triangle.
+
+So I'm going to do steps a and
+b for each of the triangles.
+
+And then I have two
+epsilon-height rectangles.
+
+And then the challenge is to
+convert one into the other.
+
+This is a challenge because
+they have hinges on them.
+
+So with dissections you just
+overlay these two cut ups.
+
+But hinged dissections, there's
+hinges you have to preserve,
+
+we can't do that.
+
+OK.
+
+First part is step b,
+which I showed you already,
+
+going from one
+rectangle to another.
+
+Here's another diagram of it.
+
+It turns out it's almost hinged.
+
+You can, essentially,
+just flop back and forth
+
+and back and forth,
+except at the end
+
+you might be in trouble.
+
+So there's one step here,
+and depending on parity
+
+exactly this piece of the
+rectangle is hinged here.
+
+But I really want
+to be hinged here,
+
+so I'm just going to
+move it over here.
+
+I have tools for
+moving hinges around.
+
+So it turns out, you have
+to check that this is safe.
+
+But you just do one hinge
+moving, and then you're OK.
+
+So in this case-- this should
+actually go a little bit
+
+deeper-- the bottom
+figure shows when
+
+you go too deep you can
+cut, cut-- and this is just
+
+like the previous diagram
+of triangle to rectangle.
+
+You do that at the
+bottom you'll be fine.
+
+There's a couple different
+cases in exactly the parity
+
+and how you end up.
+
+Three cases I guess.
+
+But in all cases the
+rest can be hinged.
+
+You just need this one step
+in the middle to fix it.
+
+So most of it is just
+swinging back and forth.
+
+So it's almost hinged,
+which is good news
+
+because we have tools to make
+almost hinged things actually
+
+hinged.
+
+So that's cool.
+
+So basically, we've covered
+a and b at this point.
+
+But the last part
+is c, or how do
+
+we superpose all these things?
+
+And this is using another
+gadget called pseudocuts.
+
+And essentially, you have some
+nice hinged dissection already,
+
+and you want to add
+a cut and a hinge.
+
+So just imagine cutting
+all the way through here
+
+and adding a hinge, I guess,
+on the yellow side here.
+
+And somehow, I want
+this thing to fold
+
+in all the ways it used
+to be able to fold.
+
+So it could fold into a.
+
+But then I also want it to be
+able to fold at this hinge,
+
+and eventually fold into b.
+
+And it's complicated,
+but again, the same idea.
+
+So we've got these yellow guys,
+which normally live in here,
+
+and so yellows is yellow.
+
+These are triangles.
+
+These are triangles
+minus triangles,
+
+so they're like little quads.
+
+They have holes just the
+right size for the yellow.
+
+These guys have holes
+just the right side--
+
+I'm sorry, how does it go?
+
+OK.
+
+I see.
+
+It's purple, then blue,
+then yellow, I believe.
+
+So the yellow fits
+into the blue-- anyway.
+
+Whatever works.
+
+These guys nest together.
+
+And when they nest together
+they fill these little holes.
+
+And then there's matching
+patterns out here.
+
+So they all fit.
+
+How does it go?
+
+Actually, sorry, I think
+they're all triangles.
+
+This just looks multicolored.
+
+So it looks like
+purple here is going
+
+into the cyan one
+at the next level.
+
+The yellow guys are
+going into the purple.
+
+I see.
+
+So there's a triangle
+and a quad here.
+
+Lovely.
+
+And then these guys
+stretch across.
+
+Definitely a little
+more complicated.
+
+And you lose a factor
+of two, or whatever,
+
+but if you apply these
+pseudocuts in the right order--
+
+and these are fairly simple
+cuttings that we have to do.
+
+We know that these cuts
+are mostly a striping.
+
+So if you just apply them in
+order you don't get blow up.
+
+I'll just wave my hands at that.
+
+It's a little hard to draw
+the picture, obviously,
+
+but that's how it goes.
+
+And that's pseudopolynomial
+hinged dissection.
+
+This is why-- it was
+intentional I didn't cover it
+
+in lecture because it's
+pretty complicated.
+
+There wasn't time.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Last topic is higher dimensions.
+
+Can we get a brief
+overview of 3D dissections?
+
+So this is more a dissection
+question than a hinging
+
+question, although, of
+course you could ask,
+
+does all this work for
+hinged dissections?
+
+Pseudopolynomial, we
+don't necessarily know.
+
+For straight up proving that
+hinged dissections exist,
+
+the claim is-- it hasn't been
+written up formally yet--
+
+the same techniques work.
+
+You can take any
+dissection and convert it
+
+into a hinged dissection.
+
+But in 3D, it turns out,
+dissections, by themselves,
+
+are not so simple, as
+a lot of open problems.
+
+Some nice things are known.
+
+So let me tell you
+about 3D dissection.
+
+If I want to convert
+one polyhedron
+
+p into another polyhedron
+q, obviously, the volumes
+
+must be the same assuming we're
+doing a reasonable cutting
+
+and not some crazy
+axiom of choice thing.
+
+So volumes have to match, just
+like for polygons the areas
+
+have to match.
+
+But that turns out
+to be not enough.
+
+And this goes back
+to a Hilbert problem.
+
+So you may have heard
+of David Hilbert.
+
+He wrote this paper of like
+23 open problems at the turn
+
+the previous century, 1900.
+
+This is problem three.
+
+It wasn't directly about
+hinged dissections,
+
+or about dissections rather.
+
+A little bit convoluted--
+it's about some certain axioms
+
+and proving certain things.
+
+But in particular,
+he was asking,
+
+are there two tetrahedra
+of equal base and altitude,
+
+so equal volume,
+which can in no way
+
+be split up into
+congruent tetrahedra?
+
+So there's no way to
+dissect one into the other.
+
+If that's true it would
+show the certain axioms
+
+are necessary and
+certain proofs.
+
+And it turns out it is true.
+
+There are tetrahedral of equal
+volume where you cannot do
+
+this.
+
+And that-- I don't
+have a slide for it--
+
+but this was proved
+by a guy named Dehn.
+
+And he came up with something
+called the-- well, that we now
+
+call the Dehn invariant.
+
+He didn't call it that himself.
+
+And these things
+must also match.
+
+It's called invariant
+meaning that no matter how
+
+you cut the things up and
+reassemble the Dehn invariant
+
+doesn't change.
+
+And so if you have any
+hope of going from p to q,
+
+those two things must match.
+
+And then, Sidler--
+so this was 1901,
+
+Dehn proved that this was
+a necessary condition.
+
+So like a year
+after that appeared.
+
+In 1965, a little
+bit later, Sidler
+
+proved that this is
+all that's necessary.
+
+So these are
+sufficient conditions.
+
+If p and q have the same volume
+and the same Dehn invariant,
+
+then there is
+actually a dissection.
+
+And he proved it
+somewhat algebraically,
+
+somewhat constructively,
+I'm not sure exactly.
+
+There's a simpler proof
+by [? Jephson ?] in 1968.
+
+And he proved that, actually,
+in 4D the same is true.
+
+In 4D you need the
+volumes to match
+
+and the Dehn invariants to
+match, and that's enough.
+
+In 5D and higher no one knows
+what it takes for a dissection.
+
+Pretty weird.
+
+It could be interesting to
+study these more carefully.
+
+Let me tell you briefly
+about Dehn invariants.
+
+A little awkward unless you're
+familiar with tensor product
+
+space.
+
+How many people know about
+tensor product space?
+
+A few.
+
+OK.
+
+If you've done quantum stuff,
+I guess, it's more common.
+
+I'm not familiar with tensor
+product space, but here we go.
+
+Tensor product space.
+
+But I can read Wikipedia
+with the best of them.
+
+It's a fairly simple
+notion, it just
+
+has somewhat weird notation.
+
+You can do things
+like take something x
+
+and write tensor product with y.
+
+And what this means
+is, basically,
+
+don't mess with this product.
+
+OK.
+
+It's a product.
+
+Really, this is two
+things, x and y.
+
+They're not
+interchangeable, they're
+
+in completely different worlds,
+different units, whatever.
+
+You can't like multiply them.
+
+They just hang out side by side.
+
+You also can't flip them around.
+
+It's not commutative.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+But some things hold.
+
+Like if you take, I don't know,
+z and add it to this product,
+
+you do have
+distributivity, so you
+
+can get x-- is this-- no, this
+doesn't look very correct.
+
+If I have this then you
+can multiply that out.
+
+So you get x tensored
+with y plus x tensored z.
+
+So that holds.
+
+It also holds on the left.
+
+And the other thing is
+that constants come out.
+
+So if we have c times
+x tensored with y,
+
+this is the same thing as
+c times x tensored with y.
+
+So in the end I'm
+going to have a bunch
+
+of these pairs,
+these tensor pairs.
+
+And I'm also able to
+add them together.
+
+And nothing happens when
+you add them together,
+
+they just hang out.
+
+So in general-- you could
+also have a constant factor--
+
+so you have a linear
+combination of pairs, basically.
+
+Why am I doing this?
+
+Because here's the
+Dehn invariant.
+
+Dehn invariant says,
+look, with polyhedra
+
+you've got two things-- it's
+going to be the x and the y
+
+over there-- you've
+got edge links
+
+and you've got dihedral angles.
+
+So look at every edge.
+
+Here's an edge of
+my polyhedron here.
+
+It has some length,
+which I'll call l of e.
+
+And there's some angle here,
+which I'll call theta of e.
+
+Add those up over every edge.
+
+So the Dehn invariant
+is going to be
+
+the sum over all edges of the
+length tensored with the angle.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't an angle a
+function of two [? of these? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Angle is the angle
+between these two planes.
+
+So that's a dihedral angle.
+
+Yep.
+
+So for every edge there's
+one dihedral angle.
+
+Just sort of the interiors
+of all that angle
+
+there at the edge.
+
+So this is kind of
+what's going on.
+
+And these things have to match.
+
+Now it's a little
+more complicated.
+
+Sorry, it's not
+really just the angle.
+
+Essentially, if you add
+rational multiples of pi nothing
+
+happens.
+
+So you actually take this weird
+group, all rationals times
+
+pi-- All this means
+is if you have
+
+two angles and their difference,
+that you subtract them
+
+and you get a rational
+multiple of pi,
+
+then those two angles
+are considered the same.
+
+So what this is really
+saying is I only
+
+care about the irrational
+part of pi, roughly.
+
+You add pi over 2, that
+doesn't change anything.
+
+Why this thing?
+
+Well if I take an edge,
+and for example, I
+
+cut it in half
+anywhere, I could cut it
+
+at an irrational
+fraction, or whatever,
+
+I will get two
+lengths but they'll
+
+be tensored with the same angle.
+
+I didn't change the angle.
+
+And so by
+distributivity-- once you
+
+get things inside
+the same place.
+
+So in this case, we'll get
+two lengths that add up.
+
+They match.
+
+OK.
+
+So as long as you
+have matching angles
+
+you can add the
+lengths together.
+
+That's what
+distributivity tells you.
+
+Similarly, if I tried to cut
+this angle in some piece,
+
+it could be an irrational
+ratio between the two pieces,
+
+they will have the
+same edge length.
+
+And when I have
+matching edge lengths
+
+I can use distributivity and
+add the angles back together.
+
+So basically, when you dissect,
+this thing will not change.
+
+It's a little more
+awkward when I cut here
+
+because this was
+originally a pie,
+
+and then I cut it
+into some pieces.
+
+And this is where you need
+the rational multiples of pi
+
+not mattering.
+
+But eventually you can prove
+Dehn invariant is invariant.
+
+The harder proof, you can
+prove that it's also sufficient
+
+if you have the
+matching volumes.
+
+As recently proved
+like a few years ago,
+
+2008, that whether the Dehn
+invariant of one polyhedron
+
+and another match is decidable.
+
+So there is an algorithm to
+tell whether two polyhedron have
+
+the same this thing.
+
+Decidable is a pretty
+weak statement.
+
+Natural open
+problem is, is there
+
+a good algorithm to do it?
+
+We don't know.
+
+If it does match, is
+there a good algorithm
+
+to find the dissection?
+
+We don't know.
+
+These may be easy if you really
+understand the proofs deeply.
+
+But at the time no one
+cared about algorithms.
+
+At this point, we need to go
+back and really understand
+
+how to actually do 3D
+dissections so that we could
+
+then do a 3D hinged dissections.
+
+That's it.
+
+Don't forget, orgami
+convention is on Saturday.
+
+Should be fun.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2feI17qlPOQ.txt b/2feI17qlPOQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e243311d40fddc018f21122d318573fece00966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2feI17qlPOQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi
+good morning everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everyone
+i'm happy and honored to give you uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy and honored to give you uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy and honored to give you uh to
+give this introductory session on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this introductory session on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this introductory session on
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+uh but before i start i would like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but before i start i would like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but before i start i would like to uh
+give you my disciplinary perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my disciplinary perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my disciplinary perspective
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the concept of reparations uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept of reparations uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the concept of reparations uh the
+concept of reparation has been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reparation has been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reparation has been studied
+from different uh angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different uh angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different uh angles
+uh indeed in different disciplines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indeed in different disciplines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indeed in different disciplines uh
+whether it's economy uh sociology law uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's economy uh sociology law uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's economy uh sociology law uh
+philosophy and um i would like to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and um i would like to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and um i would like to uh uh
+to give you more details from where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more details from where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more details from where i
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+speak that i stand when i uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that i stand when i uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that i stand when i uh talk about
+this concept of reparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of reparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of reparation
+so uh during my phd dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh during my phd dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh during my phd dissertation
+i studied uh mobilization of apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i studied uh mobilization of apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i studied uh mobilization of apartheid
+victims uh in south africa before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims uh in south africa before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims uh in south africa before
+american goods and south african courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american goods and south african courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american goods and south african courts
+and within this uh dissertation i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within this uh dissertation i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within this uh dissertation i
+treated the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the question of
+of reparations how this concept was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparations how this concept was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparations how this concept was
+appropriated and used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated and used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated and used by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+victims movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims movements
+ngos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngos
+lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and different group of actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different group of actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different group of actors
+so i'm not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not uh
+and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that
+uh i work for different ngos in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i work for different ngos in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i work for different ngos in
+human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rights
+um organizations mainly in sub-saharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um organizations mainly in sub-saharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um organizations mainly in sub-saharan
+africa uh organizations which were which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa uh organizations which were which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa uh organizations which were which
+were implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were implementing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh programs of reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programs of reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programs of reparations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and at this age i'm not uh i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this age i'm not uh i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this age i'm not uh i'm not going
+i'm not going to give you a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to give you a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to give you a uh
+a presentation on the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presentation on the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presentation on the meaning of the
+concept of reparations but rather on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reparations but rather on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reparations but rather on
+uh how this concept is uh used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this concept is uh used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this concept is uh used
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated in different contexts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated in different contexts by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what are the conclu the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the conclu the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the conclu the concrete
+implications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of this multiple
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+multiple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh
+users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna uh i'm gonna share my screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna uh i'm gonna share my screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna uh i'm gonna share my screen
+with you um i think will be more helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you um i think will be more helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you um i think will be more helpful
+since i have different uh concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i have different uh concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i have different uh concrete
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have we have
+i know you have just read the text of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you have just read the text of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you have just read the text of uh
+written by pablo de grace on the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by pablo de grace on the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by pablo de grace on the concept
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts where the term of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is is used
+uh in his uh text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in his uh text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in his uh text
+pablo de grace makes a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pablo de grace makes a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pablo de grace makes a distinction
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+international law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law
+where the concept of reparation can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the concept of reparation can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the concept of reparation can take
+different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms
+he talks about restitution compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about restitution compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talks about restitution compensation
+rehabilitation satisfaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation satisfaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation satisfaction and
+guarantee of non-reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of non-reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of non-reputation
+the other context in which the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other context in which the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other context in which the term
+regression is frankly frequently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is frankly frequently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is frankly frequently used
+according to a pablo regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a pablo regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a pablo regret
+is the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the design of
+of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs
+of reparation programs with massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparation programs with massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparation programs with massive
+coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+he insists on the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he insists on the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he insists on the difference between
+these different contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different contexts
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+explaining how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining how
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh in the in context of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in context of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in context of international
+law uh the concept of recreation has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh the concept of recreation has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh the concept of recreation has a
+kind of juridical uh meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of juridical uh meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of juridical uh meaning
+uh whereas in the second one it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas in the second one it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas in the second one it's uh
+the reparations are are apprehended much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparations are are apprehended much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparations are are apprehended much
+more as a political project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as a political project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as a political project
+and i would like to um to uh to stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would like to um to uh to stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would like to um to uh to stop on
+this point to share or to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to share or to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to share or to illustrate
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+the how these distinctions or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how these distinctions or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how these distinctions or how
+different appropriation of the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different appropriation of the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different appropriation of the concept
+of operation plays uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation plays uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation plays uh
+uh play out in the in the in a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play out in the in the in a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh play out in the in the in a concrete
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+which is uh the case of apartheid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the case of apartheid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the case of apartheid uh
+victims mobilization in south africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims mobilization in south africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims mobilization in south africa
+i would start by this by this uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would start by this by this uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would start by this by this uh example
+of uh our project victims mobilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh our project victims mobilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh our project victims mobilization
+so um as you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um as you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um as you know um
+the at the end of apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end of apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end of apartheid
+uh the saga the south african government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the saga the south african government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the saga the south african government
+set up a truth and reconciliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a truth and reconciliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a truth and reconciliation
+commission in charge of telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission in charge of telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission in charge of telling the
+truth of the crimes of apartheid grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the crimes of apartheid grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the crimes of apartheid grant
+amnesty if certain conditions were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amnesty if certain conditions were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amnesty if certain conditions were made
+and proposing recommendations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposing recommendations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proposing recommendations for
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+uh the image and the on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image and the on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image and the on the left
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+illustrate one of the session the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate one of the session the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate one of the session the truth
+and reconciliation commissions this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconciliation commissions this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reconciliation commissions this so
+this commission was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commission was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commission was
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+was held between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was held between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was held between
+1996 and 1998 some of the work continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 and 1998 some of the work continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 and 1998 some of the work continued
+after but the main sessions were held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after but the main sessions were held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after but the main sessions were held
+during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the the south african truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the south african truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the south african truth and
+reconciliation commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation commission
+uh which uh interpreted uh interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh interpreted uh interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh interpreted uh interpreted
+approached violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached violence
+as a human as human rights violations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human as human rights violations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human as human rights violations
+related to physical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to physical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to physical and
+integrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as observed by uh mahmoud mandani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as observed by uh mahmoud mandani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as observed by uh mahmoud mandani
+and many other scholars after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many other scholars after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many other scholars after
+uh this narrow interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this narrow interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this narrow interpretation of
+apartheid violence has the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid violence has the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid violence has the consequences
+and has the consequence of putting aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the consequence of putting aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has the consequence of putting aside
+or uh the structural character of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the structural character of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the structural character of our
+parted injustices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parted injustices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parted injustices
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+not considering the social economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considering the social economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considering the social economic
+violence of the of the party system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence of the of the party system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence of the of the party system and
+uh and at the level of reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and at the level of reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and at the level of reparations
+uh this has a consequence since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has a consequence since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this has a consequence since
+uh there's only a limited number of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's only a limited number of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's only a limited number of um
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people
+uh that were considered as victims of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that were considered as victims of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that were considered as victims of
+apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartheid
+that have that have been given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that have been given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that have been given the
+status of victim apartheid it's only 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of victim apartheid it's only 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of victim apartheid it's only 22
+000 people who could benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people who could benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 people who could benefit from
+individual reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the small nuance that uh uh uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the small nuance that uh uh uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the small nuance that uh uh uh i
+could bring on i can bring on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bring on i can bring on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bring on i can bring on this
+aspect is that in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is that in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is that in the um
+the the trc the truth and reconciliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the trc the truth and reconciliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the trc the truth and reconciliation
+commission discourse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission discourse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission discourse uh
+was aware that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was aware that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was aware that um
+of course apartheid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course apartheid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course apartheid uh
+involved much more discriminations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved much more discriminations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved much more discriminations but
+people who have been given the status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been given the status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been given the status of
+victims and who could have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims and who could have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims and who could have access to
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+or were only 22 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in in the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the early 2000s
+uh in the early 2000s a group of victims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the early 2000s a group of victims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the early 2000s a group of victims
+of apartheid victims decided to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of apartheid victims decided to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of apartheid victims decided to go to
+court uh to court uh before american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court uh to court uh before american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court uh to court uh before american
+quotes and that's in the image that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and that's in the image that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and that's in the image that we
+have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the
+uh on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the right side
+they went to court and they sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to court and they sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to court and they sued
+multinational uh corporations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that were accused of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were accused of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were accused of having
+aided and abated the apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aided and abated the apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aided and abated the apartheid
+regime in this trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime in this trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime in this trial
+the victims challenged the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victims challenged the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the victims challenged the concept of
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+um that was based on the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was based on the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was based on the physical
+violence on a physical integrity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence on a physical integrity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence on a physical integrity and
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+one of the main arguments was to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main arguments was to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main arguments was to say
+that uh entire communities were affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh entire communities were affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh entire communities were affected
+by apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by apartheid
+uh a system of discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a system of discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a system of discrimination
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a product can't constitute a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product can't constitute a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product can't constitute a system of
+of discriminations that affected every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discriminations that affected every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discriminations that affected every
+aspect of of the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of of the existence of
+black populations from most intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black populations from most intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black populations from most intimate
+uh relations with whom you could marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relations with whom you could marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relations with whom you could marry
+to the places where you study where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the places where you study where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the places where you study where you
+could work where you can travel where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work where you can travel where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work where you can travel where
+you can live so this structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can live so this structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can live so this structural
+character of apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of apartheid
+uh and consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and consequently
+the reparations cannot be individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparations cannot be individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparations cannot be individuals
+cannot be uh apprehended on the uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be uh apprehended on the uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be uh apprehended on the uh at
+the individual basis they must take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual basis they must take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual basis they must take into
+account this structural dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this structural dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account this structural dimension
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this lawsuit has uh has been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this lawsuit has uh has been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this lawsuit has uh has been uh
+has been brought into court in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been brought into court in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been brought into court in uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh in 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2002
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and it and stayed in court until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and stayed in court until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and stayed in court until
+uh thousand 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thousand 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thousand 2015
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+it couldn't go further because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't go further because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't go further because of the
+legal proceedings and all the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal proceedings and all the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal proceedings and all the challenges
+of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing
+a south african case facts before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a south african case facts before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a south african case facts before
+american courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american courts
+we could go further uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go further uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go further uh
+into further details uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into further details uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into further details uh
+later on uh but i'm i'm going to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on uh but i'm i'm going to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on uh but i'm i'm going to limit
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+here on this question on this aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this question on this aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this question on this aspect
+but uh what is important here to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what is important here to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh what is important here to uh to
+keep in mind or to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind or to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind or to uh
+on this aspect of preparations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this aspect of preparations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this aspect of preparations it's
+first of all it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it is um
+this case illustrates how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case illustrates how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case illustrates how it is
+important to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to pay attention
+uh on the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the concept
+uh how the concept of reparation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the concept of reparation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the concept of reparation is
+approached and appropriated by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached and appropriated by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached and appropriated by different
+actors whether it's state actors but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors whether it's state actors but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors whether it's state actors but we
+look also how people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look also how people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look also how people uh
+uh how movements uh ngos uh victims uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how movements uh ngos uh victims uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how movements uh ngos uh victims uh
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+formulate and reformulate demands uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate and reformulate demands uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate and reformulate demands uh on
+and negotiating and negotiate the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negotiating and negotiate the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negotiating and negotiate the sense
+of reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reparations
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all this all that to say that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all that to say that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all that to say that the the
+meaning of preparation is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of preparation is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of preparation is not something
+that is fixed that is rigid is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fixed that is rigid is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fixed that is rigid is something
+that evolves and that is uh that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolves and that is uh that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evolves and that is uh that can be
+uh that that evolves over time and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that evolves over time and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that evolves over time and over
+space as we see here for what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as we see here for what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as we see here for what what what
+happens in the south africa and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the south africa and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the south africa and how it
+goes into american words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into american words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into american words
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that is contested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is contested
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the second element that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second element that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second element that um uh
+that this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this case uh
+highlights is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if we if we understand the concept rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we understand the concept rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we understand the concept rep
+uh the concept of uh reparation as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the concept of uh reparation as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the concept of uh reparation as it
+has been defined by the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been defined by the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been defined by the truth and
+reconciliation commission uh and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation commission uh and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation commission uh and we will
+compare it to how it is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to how it is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to how it is defined by
+victims movements in the case of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims movements in the case of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims movements in the case of uh
+uh when they go into america to american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when they go into america to american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when they go into america to american
+courts we can see that these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts we can see that these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts we can see that these these
+there are concrete implications there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are concrete implications there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are concrete implications there
+are significant concrete implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are significant concrete implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are significant concrete implications
+uh because in one case we have 22 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in one case we have 22 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because in one case we have 22 000
+people who have access to reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have access to reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have access to reparations
+uh whereas in the second case uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas in the second case uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas in the second case uh their
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+uh was to say if we have if we take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was to say if we have if we take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was to say if we have if we take into
+account the multiplicity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the multiplicity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the multiplicity of
+discrimination that uh that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination that uh that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination that uh that were
+inherent for to the system of apartheid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent for to the system of apartheid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent for to the system of apartheid
+then we have to reconsider the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to reconsider the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to reconsider the number of
+people who have uh who are victims and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have uh who are victims and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have uh who are victims and
+who have access to reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have access to reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have access to reparations
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+we can see that behind this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that behind this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that behind this uh
+may be abstract definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be abstract definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be abstract definition
+there is a significant differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a significant differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a significant differences and
+concrete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete uh
+concrete stakes that are important i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete stakes that are important i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete stakes that are important i
+would like to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to move to the
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+to a second case uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a second case uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a second case uh which is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link
+uh a second case but which highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a second case but which highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a second case but which highlight
+likes the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes the importance of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the significance of the link between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of the link between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of the link between the
+qualification of violence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification of violence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualification of violence and
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in other words what kind of balance can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what kind of balance can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what kind of balance can
+be repaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repaired
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what can balance and can be repaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can balance and can be repaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can balance and can be repaired
+what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+victims have access to our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims have access to our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims have access to our two
+reparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the most significant or the most telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant or the most telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most significant or the most telling
+case in this regard for me concerns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this regard for me concerns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in this regard for me concerns uh
+the demand for reparations uh expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for reparations uh expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand for reparations uh expressed
+by namibia and uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by namibia and uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by namibia and uh or
+over here nama and sun communities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here nama and sun communities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here nama and sun communities to
+germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reparations of demand for repression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations of demand for repression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparations of demand for repression
+that have been which have been expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been which have been expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been which have been expressed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+concerning the genocide against those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the genocide against those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the genocide against those
+populations at the end at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations at the end at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations at the end at the beginning
+of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th century
+uh the the process of planning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the process of planning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the process of planning this
+reparation began in 2005 with interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparation began in 2005 with interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparation began in 2005 with interested
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+discussions between germany and namibia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions between germany and namibia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions between germany and namibia
+and for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a very long time
+uh germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germany
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but also all the former colonial powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also all the former colonial powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also all the former colonial powers
+have been advancing the inter-temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been advancing the inter-temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been advancing the inter-temporal
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+so this is a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a principle
+in international law which stresses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international law which stresses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in international law which stresses that
+a state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state is
+responsible for violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for violation of
+international law only if at the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law only if at the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international law only if at the time of
+the violation or of its continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violation or of its continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violation or of its continuing
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+the state was bound by the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state was bound by the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state was bound by the legal
+provision it transgressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is the argument which has
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to provide reparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this argument has been used by uh has
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+
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+uh this argument has been used by uh has
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is still
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow still uh being used by uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow still uh being used by uh
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it has been also being used by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been also being used by uh by
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+this case uh for me
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+different
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+this is the first uh
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+uh what this case is illustrative uh of
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+
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+uh what this case is illustrative uh of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+the paradox
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+the paradox
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+
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+uh faced by reparations uh movements
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+
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+uh faced by reparations uh movements
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+and we and with its limits and principle
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+and we and with its limits and principle
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+uh
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+[Music]
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+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+and um
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+ align:start position:0%
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+situation that you see here i would like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just give you a little bit a
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+ align:start position:0%
+so as you may know in the from the late
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you may know in the from the late
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+ align:start position:0%
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+19th century to 1996 uh the government
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+ align:start position:0%
+19th century to 1996 uh the government
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
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+uh to different physical abuses uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh emotional
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the early nineties uh former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the early nineties uh former
+students of this system decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students of this system decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+uh to ask for report uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to ask for report uh
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+
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+uh to ask for report uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rep to ask for reparations
+ 
+
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+to rep to ask for reparations
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+
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+ 
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+uh and uh that settlement also involved
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+uh and uh that settlement also involved
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+reparations which were not found not
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+reparations which were not found not
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+not on uh not not only financial
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation rehabilitative measures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh physical and psycho psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+and uh
+ 
+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+uh by setting aside a
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+
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+
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+
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+that will follow uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that uh
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+
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+extent that uh
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing colonial violence's
+ 
+
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+addressing colonial violence's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+why do i uh
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+why do i uh
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+
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+why do i bring this question of
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+
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+why do i bring this question of
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+legal practitioner and that's in the
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+
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+legal practitioner and that's in the
+late uh late 90s uh some legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late uh late 90s uh some legal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+late uh late 90s uh some legal
+practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ha uh expressed the need uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha uh expressed the need uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha uh expressed the need uh to
+question the centrality of the criminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the centrality of the criminal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the centrality of the criminal
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+
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+
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+violence
+
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+violence
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+and the there was a desire among these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there was a desire among these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal practitioners to uh to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal practitioners to uh to look at the
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+
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+mechanisms that were used in different
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+
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+mechanisms that were used in different
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for resolving conflicts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for resolving conflicts in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+african states uh in uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+african states uh in uh
+in some
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+in some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in asian state uh south america but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asian state uh south america but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asian state uh south america but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western
+non-western concept of
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+ align:start position:0%
+non-western concept of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of seeking individual responsibility
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+and they they
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+and they they
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+and they they
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+and within this interrogation emerged
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+and within this interrogation emerged
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+idea of uh using some concept and
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+idea of uh using some concept and
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+
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+commission
+of course uh that was the the original i
+
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+of course uh that was the the original i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh that was the the original i
+uh original id in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh original id in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh original id in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+uh in the 80s but after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 80s but after that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the 80s but after that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitional justice feed work has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitional justice feed work has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and has
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+
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+come to include um
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+
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+come to include um
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+
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+
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+
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+criminal trials
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal trials
+uh i'm not here to say if it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not here to say if it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not here to say if it's a it's a
+a good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+i mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a good or bad evolution but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good or bad evolution but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good or bad evolution but uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh we know that the the feed has
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh used by international organizations
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+
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+uh used by international organizations
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngo united nations with all the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities it involves but at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities it involves but at the uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+to question the centrality or the the
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and um
+yeah what i found it what i found it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what i found it what i found it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what i found it what i found it uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+interesting in this uh in this debates
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reparation and about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time used in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time used in the in the in
+the global south if they can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global south if they can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global south if they can be used to
+rethink the way we think about tribes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink the way we think about tribes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink the way we think about tribes uh
+we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+litigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation
+regarding colonialism and slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding colonialism and slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding colonialism and slavery
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in the in the western societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the western societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the western societies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so all these to say that it's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these to say that it's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these to say that it's uh the
+concept of reparation is not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+it's it's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not something
+it's not i mean to conclude it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not i mean to conclude it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not i mean to conclude it's not
+something that is a that is uh rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a that is uh rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is a that is uh rigid
+rigid it's not something that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid it's not something that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid it's not something that has a
+fixed meaning it's something that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed meaning it's something that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed meaning it's something that is is
+evolving over time and over space but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving over time and over space but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving over time and over space but it
+is also a concept that is evolving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a concept that is evolving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a concept that is evolving in
+the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of
+many uh transformations of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh transformations of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh transformations of international
+law of transitional justice of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of transitional justice of other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of transitional justice of other uh
+of other mechanisms and practices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other mechanisms and practices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other mechanisms and practices that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+also inherited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also inherited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also inherited from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+the history of the legal cis uh legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the legal cis uh legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the legal cis uh legal
+systems and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and uh uh
+uh and practices of resolving conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so
+that's it uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it uh let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we can yeah we can we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can yeah we can we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can yeah we can we can uh
+i think that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that we can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig
+or we can go deeper into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can go deeper into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can go deeper into some
+aspects within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects within the
+q a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q a
+and of course within the modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course within the modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course within the modules
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/35kwBJQwmLg.txt b/35kwBJQwmLg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d20a0a2518ca0f811a8b81ac16c6365560a35f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/35kwBJQwmLg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will try to segment an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to segment an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will try to segment an
+MRI brain image of a healthy patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI brain image of a healthy patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI brain image of a healthy patient
+using hierarchical clustering make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using hierarchical clustering make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using hierarchical clustering make sure
+that you are in the directory where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are in the directory where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are in the directory where you
+save the health is a CSV file we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the health is a CSV file we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the health is a CSV file we will be
+following the exact same steps we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the exact same steps we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the exact same steps we did in
+the previous video first speed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video first speed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video first speed in the
+data and call the data frame healthy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and call the data frame healthy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and call the data frame healthy use
+the read that CSV function to read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read that CSV function to read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read that CSV function to read in
+the healthy data set and remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy data set and remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy data set and remember that
+this healthy data set consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this healthy data set consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this healthy data set consists of the
+matrix of intensity values so let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of intensity values so let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of intensity values so let's set
+the header to false and now let's create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header to false and now let's create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the header to false and now let's create
+their healthy matrix using the air stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their healthy matrix using the air stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their healthy matrix using the air stock
+matrix function which takes as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix function which takes as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix function which takes as an input
+the healthy data frame and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy data frame and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthy data frame and now let's
+output the structure of the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the structure of the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the structure of the healthy
+matrix and then we realize that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then we realize that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then we realize that we have
+a 566 by 646 pixel resolution for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 566 by 646 pixel resolution for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 566 by 646 pixel resolution for our
+image so this MRI image is considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so this MRI image is considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so this MRI image is considerably
+larger than the little flower image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the little flower image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the little flower image that
+we saw and we work with in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw and we work with in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw and we work with in the previous
+two videos to see the MRI image we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two videos to see the MRI image we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two videos to see the MRI image we can
+use the image function in R which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the image function in R which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the image function in R which takes
+as an input that healthy matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input that healthy matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input that healthy matrix and then
+let's turn our axes off and then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn our axes off and then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn our axes off and then use the
+grayscale color scheme so the color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale color scheme so the color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale color scheme so the color is
+equal to grey which shakes a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to grey which shakes a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to grey which shakes a sequence of
+values going from 0 to 1 with a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values going from 0 to 1 with a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values going from 0 to 1 with a length
+of 256 and now going to our graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 256 and now going to our graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 256 and now going to our graphics
+window we see that what we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we see that what we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window we see that what we have is a
+teaching weighted MRI image on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching weighted MRI image on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching weighted MRI image on the top
+section of the brain and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the brain and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the brain and it shows
+different substances such as the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substances such as the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substances such as the gray
+matter the white matter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the white matter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the white matter and the
+cerebrospinal fluid now let us see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebrospinal fluid now let us see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebrospinal fluid now let us see if we
+can isolate these substances via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can isolate these substances via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can isolate these substances via
+hierarchical clustering we first need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering we first need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical clustering we first need to
+convert the healthy matrix to a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the healthy matrix to a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the healthy matrix to a vector
+and let's call it healthy vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call it healthy vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call it healthy vector and
+that is equal to F stock vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to F stock vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is equal to F stock vector of the
+healthy matrix and now the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy matrix and now the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy matrix and now the first step in
+performing hierarchical clustering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing hierarchical clustering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing hierarchical clustering is
+computing the distance matrix so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the distance matrix so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the distance matrix so let's
+type distance equals disk of healthy fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type distance equals disk of healthy fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type distance equals disk of healthy fat
+turn and then specify the method to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and then specify the method to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and then specify the method to be
+Euclidean Oh Otto gives us an error that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean Oh Otto gives us an error that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean Oh Otto gives us an error that
+seems to tell us that our vector is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to tell us that our vector is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to tell us that our vector is huge
+and I cannot allocate enough memory well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I cannot allocate enough memory well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I cannot allocate enough memory well
+let us see how big is our vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us see how big is our vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us see how big is our vector so
+we're going to go and use the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and use the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and use the structure
+function over there healthy vector let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over there healthy vector let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over there healthy vector let's
+see what we obtain hmm the healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we obtain hmm the healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we obtain hmm the healthy
+vector has three hundred and sixty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has three hundred and sixty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector has three hundred and sixty five
+thousand and six hundred and thirty six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and six hundred and thirty six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and six hundred and thirty six
+elements let's call this number n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's call this number n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's call this number n and
+remember from our previous video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our previous video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our previous video that
+for our to calculate the pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our to calculate the pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our to calculate the pairwise
+distances it would actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances it would actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances it would actually need to
+calculate n times n minus one divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate n times n minus one divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate n times n minus one divided by
+two of these values and then store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these values and then store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these values and then store them
+in the distance matrix let's see how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance matrix let's see how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance matrix let's see how big
+this number it is Wow of course our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number it is Wow of course our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number it is Wow of course our
+would complain it's sixty seven billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would complain it's sixty seven billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would complain it's sixty seven billion
+values that were asking our to store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that were asking our to store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that were asking our to store in
+a matrix the bad news now is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix the bad news now is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix the bad news now is that we
+cannot use hierarchical clustering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use hierarchical clustering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use hierarchical clustering is
+there any other solution well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other solution well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other solution well we have
+seen a metro to that another clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a metro to that another clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a metro to that another clustering
+method is k-means let us review it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is k-means let us review it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is k-means let us review it first
+and see if it could work on our high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it could work on our high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if it could work on our high
+resolution image the k-means clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image the k-means clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image the k-means clustering
+algorithm aims at partitioning the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm aims at partitioning the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm aims at partitioning the data
+into K clusters in a way that each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into K clusters in a way that each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into K clusters in a way that each data
+point belongs to the cluster whose mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point belongs to the cluster whose mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point belongs to the cluster whose mean
+is the nearest to it let's go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nearest to it let's go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nearest to it let's go over the
+algorithm step by step in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm step by step in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm step by step in this example
+we have five data points the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five data points the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five data points the first step
+is to specify the number of clusters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to specify the number of clusters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to specify the number of clusters and
+suppose we wish to find two clusters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we wish to find two clusters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we wish to find two clusters so
+set K equals two then we start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set K equals two then we start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set K equals two then we start by
+randomly grouping the data into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly grouping the data into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly grouping the data into two
+clusters for instance three points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters for instance three points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters for instance three points in
+the red cluster and the remaining two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red cluster and the remaining two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red cluster and the remaining two
+points in the grape cluster the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the grape cluster the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the grape cluster the next
+step is to compute the cluster means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to compute the cluster means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to compute the cluster means for
+centroids let's first compute the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids let's first compute the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroids let's first compute the mean
+of the red cluster and then the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the red cluster and then the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the red cluster and then the mean of
+the gray cluster is simply the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray cluster is simply the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray cluster is simply the midpoint
+now remember that the k-means clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that the k-means clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that the k-means clustering
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+tries to cluster points according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to cluster points according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to cluster points according to the
+nearest mean but the sweat point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest mean but the sweat point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest mean but the sweat point over
+here seems to be closer to the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here seems to be closer to the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here seems to be closer to the mean of
+the gray cluster then to the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray cluster then to the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray cluster then to the mean of the
+red cluster to which it was assigned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster to which it was assigned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red cluster to which it was assigned in
+the previous step so intuitively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step so intuitively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous step so intuitively the
+next step in the k-means algorithm is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the k-means algorithm is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the k-means algorithm is to
+reassign the data points to the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign the data points to the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign the data points to the closest
+cluster mean as a result now this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster mean as a result now this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster mean as a result now this red
+point should be in the gray cluster now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be in the gray cluster now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be in the gray cluster now
+that we moved one point from the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we moved one point from the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we moved one point from the red
+cluster over to the gray cluster we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster over to the gray cluster we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster over to the gray cluster we need
+to update the means this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the means this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the means this is exactly the
+next step in the k-means algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the k-means algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in the k-means algorithm
+so let's recompute the mean of the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's recompute the mean of the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's recompute the mean of the red
+cluster and then we compute the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and then we compute the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and then we compute the mean of
+the great buster now we go back to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great buster now we go back to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great buster now we go back to step
+four is there any point here that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is there any point here that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is there any point here that seems
+to be closer to a cluster mean that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closer to a cluster mean that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closer to a cluster mean that it
+does not belong to if so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to if so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to if so we need to
+reassign it to the other cluster however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it to the other cluster however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassign it to the other cluster however
+in this case all points are closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case all points are closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case all points are closest to
+their cluster mean so the algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cluster mean so the algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cluster mean so the algorithm is
+done and we can stop in the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we can stop in the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we can stop in the next video
+we will implement the k-means algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will implement the k-means algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will implement the k-means algorithm
+and r2 try to segment the MRI brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r2 try to segment the MRI brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r2 try to segment the MRI brain
+image
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3LXkRwfXIYA.txt b/3LXkRwfXIYA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbfed90f9888cd4b278692a99a81d159122f13ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3LXkRwfXIYA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the midterm marks a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the midterm marks a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the midterm marks a sort of
+an interesting dividing point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting dividing point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting dividing point in the
+subject material of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject material of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject material of the
+course um it's not an absolute division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um it's not an absolute division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um it's not an absolute division
+by any stretch of the imagination but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any stretch of the imagination but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any stretch of the imagination but
+it's a division um up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a division um up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a division um up to this point
+we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking
+about things that we could measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that we could measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that we could measure of
+various varieties like your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various varieties like your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various varieties like your uh
+um memory memory span you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure seven plus you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure seven plus you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure seven plus you can remember
+seven plus or minus two color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven plus or minus two color
+names um you can see these colors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um you can see these colors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um you can see these colors you
+can do this you can do that in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this you can do that in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this you can do that in this in
+in these cases the U has been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases the U has been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases the U has been pretty
+much has been a sort of a plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much has been a sort of a plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much has been a sort of a plural
+U and the the data point of Interest has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the the data point of Interest has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the the data point of Interest has
+been the average data point the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the average data point the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the average data point the mean
+data point what's normal what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point what's normal what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point what's normal what's what's
+standard so well you know we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so well you know we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so well you know we measure
+people's ability to memorize uh uh color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability to memorize uh uh color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability to memorize uh uh color
+names the average of that we've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names the average of that we've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names the average of that we've decided
+is going to be seven there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be seven there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be seven there'll be some
+variation around that but it's the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation around that but it's the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation around that but it's the seven
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been
+interesting that turns out not to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that turns out not to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that turns out not to be the
+case when you're uh in the same way when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you're uh in the same way when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you're uh in the same way when
+you're talking about something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about something like
+intelligence announcing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence announcing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence announcing that uh
+particularly like intelligence testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like intelligence testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like intelligence testing
+announcing that on average people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing that on average people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing that on average people have
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+intelligence is kind of boring what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is kind of boring what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is kind of boring what's
+interesting about intelligence and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about intelligence and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about intelligence and what
+is interesting about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting about things like
+personality um is the variation around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality um is the variation around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality um is the variation around
+the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the me
+and the explanation of that variation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explanation of that variation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the explanation of that variation um
+and that's what we need to to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we need to to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we need to to start
+talking about now oh by the way while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now oh by the way while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now oh by the way while it
+is of course by definition the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course by definition the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course by definition the case that
+on average people have average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people have average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people have average
+intelligence they don't believe it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence they don't believe it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence they don't believe it if
+you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask
+people do you think that you are um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do you think that you are um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do you think that you are um more
+intelligent less intelligent or about of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent less intelligent or about of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent less intelligent or about of
+average intelligence compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average intelligence compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average intelligence compared to the
+rest of the population you'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the population you'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the population you'll get some
+distribution around that too but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around that too but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around that too but you'll
+find out that the average perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the average perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the average perception of
+intelligence is that we're all above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is that we're all above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is that we're all above
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+um this goes for a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this goes for a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this goes for a variety of other
+questions like how goodl looking are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how goodl looking are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how goodl looking are you
+above average below average or average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average below average or average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above average below average or average
+well we're all a little above average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're all a little above average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're all a little above average
+there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too
+um it turns out that there is one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that there is one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that there is one group
+that gets the answer corre correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets the answer corre correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets the answer corre correct that
+if you ask this this group of people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask this this group of people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask this this group of people on
+average you're brighter or dumber than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you're brighter or dumber than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you're brighter or dumber than
+average they'll come out in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they'll come out in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average they'll come out in the middle
+you ask them are you uh cuter or uglier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them are you uh cuter or uglier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them are you uh cuter or uglier
+than average they'll come out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average they'll come out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average they'll come out you know
+average anybody know who that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average anybody know who that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average anybody know who that group
+is mobile forward hand we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mobile forward hand we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mobile forward hand we need a
+hand no hands nobody who cares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand no hands nobody who cares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand no hands nobody who cares to
+speculate yeah yeah yes you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate yeah yeah yes you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate yeah yeah yes you with the
+computer there kids kids no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer there kids kids no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer there kids kids no I don't
+think so I I don't I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I I don't I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I I don't I don't know what the
+answer is for certainly it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for certainly it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is for certainly it's not true
+for parents of kids all of whom know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parents of kids all of whom know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for parents of kids all of whom know
+their children are above average um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children are above average um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children are above average um
+yeah yes it's the depressed depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes it's the depressed depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes it's the depressed depressed
+people have an accurate assessment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have an accurate assessment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have an accurate assessment of
+their own intelligence and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks in fact it has been seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in fact it has been seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in fact it has been seriously
+argued that well it's been seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that well it's been seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that well it's been seriously
+argued that that that that um that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that that that that um that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that that that that um that that
+part of what keeps us undepressed is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what keeps us undepressed is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what keeps us undepressed is an
+unrealistic assessment of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic assessment of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic assessment of the world
+right we're smart we're goodlook we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're smart we're goodlook we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're smart we're goodlook we're
+going places if you knew the truth we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going places if you knew the truth we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going places if you knew the truth we'd
+all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depressed but that's a topic that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed but that's a topic that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed but that's a topic that's a
+topic for another day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for another day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic for another day
+um like when you get the midterm back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like when you get the midterm back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like when you get the midterm back
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh I shouldn't have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but but the the the the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but the the the the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but the the the the midterm
+doesn't depress us actually it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depress us actually it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depress us actually it provides
+a certain amount of of uh light-hearted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of of uh light-hearted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of of uh light-hearted
+mert for us you'll be you'll be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mert for us you'll be you'll be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mert for us you'll be you'll be happy to
+know um because people do come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um because people do come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um because people do come up with
+some great answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great answers to
+stuff um all right if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um all right if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um all right if you're going to
+when you when you talk about so as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you talk about so as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you talk about so as I say
+we've been interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been interested
+mostly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the
+uh in the mean value of measurements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the mean value of measurements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the mean value of measurements to
+this point um now we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um now we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um now we're interested in
+the variation the distribution of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation the distribution of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation the distribution of those
+points for a wide range of measures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for a wide range of measures um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for a wide range of measures um
+if you measure a whole population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure a whole population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure a whole population of
+people and you count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you count the number of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+whoops who fall into each bin you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops who fall into each bin you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops who fall into each bin you know
+have a bunch of bins here different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of bins here different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of bins here different
+scores on a test let's say um you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores on a test let's say um you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores on a test let's say um you'll get
+one of these bell-shaped or normal curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these bell-shaped or normal curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these bell-shaped or normal curve
+distributions um the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um the questions that
+we're interested in here are questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in here are questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in here are questions
+about where does that where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where does that where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where does that where does that
+variability come from um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability come from um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability come from um the
+variance of a distribution is uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a distribution is uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a distribution is uh the the
+sum of the squares of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares of the difference
+between the mean and the data points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mean and the data points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mean and the data points so
+got the mean got a data point take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the mean got a data point take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the mean got a data point take that
+distance Square it sum all those up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Square it sum all those up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Square it sum all those up and
+divide by the number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the number of observations
+that's the variance and um the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the variance and um the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the variance and um the square
+root of that is one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that is one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that is one standard
+deviation away from uh the mean so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation away from uh the mean so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation away from uh the mean so this
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be and uh those units of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and uh those units of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and uh those units of standard
+deviation are are um are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation are are um are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation are are um are sort of the
+yard stick for how far away you are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yard stick for how far away you are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yard stick for how far away you are from
+the mean of a a distribution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of a a distribution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of a a distribution so if you
+take something like the SAT for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something like the SAT for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something like the SAT for example
+the SAT is scaled in such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT is scaled in such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT is scaled in such a way that the
+uh mean is intended to be at uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mean is intended to be at uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mean is intended to be at uh about
+500 at least that's where they'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 at least that's where they'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 at least that's where they'd like it
+that's where they started and each 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they started and each 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they started and each 100
+points is one standard deviation away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is one standard deviation away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is one standard deviation away
+what that means for example is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for example is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for example is that um
+if you've got 700 or above that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got 700 or above that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got 700 or above that the
+number of people getting 700 or above on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people getting 700 or above on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people getting 700 or above on
+a uh on a properly normed sat type test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh on a properly normed sat type test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh on a properly normed sat type test
+is um about 22% of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about 22% of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about 22% of the population
+actually that line would be at 1.96 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that line would be at 1.96 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that line would be at 1.96 as
+it shows on the handout if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows on the handout if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows on the handout if you want the
+2 a half perc point but roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a half perc point but roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a half perc point but roughly speaking
+two standard deviations above the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standard deviations above the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standard deviations above the mean
+is um uh gives you about 2 and a half%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh gives you about 2 and a half%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh gives you about 2 and a half%
+of the population three standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population three standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population three standard
+deviations above the mean so that 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations above the mean so that 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations above the mean so that 800
+score you know gives you uh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score you know gives you uh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score you know gives you uh I can't
+remember it's a very small percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's a very small percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's a very small percentage of
+of of of a normal population um above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a normal population um above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a normal population um above
+the mean that's at least the ideal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean that's at least the ideal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean that's at least the ideal for
+something like an SAT test works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an SAT test works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an SAT test works well
+for the uh the sat1 math and verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the sat1 math and verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the sat1 math and verbal
+kinds of things they are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things they are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things they are more or less
+normally distributed the place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed the place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed the place where
+it's a disaster is uh things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a disaster is uh things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a disaster is uh things like the
+sat2 how many of you took the sat2 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat2 how many of you took the sat2 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat2 how many of you took the sat2 there
+are two versions of it right there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two versions of it right there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two versions of it right there's the
+hard version and the easy version how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard version and the easy version how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard version and the easy version how
+many of you took the the the the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you took the the the the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you took the the the the hard
+version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sat2 what oh sorry the math math what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat2 what oh sorry the math math what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat2 what oh sorry the math math what
+there are two versions of the math I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two versions of the math I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two versions of the math I I I
+I got my jargon wrong because they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got my jargon wrong because they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got my jargon wrong because they used
+to be called achievement tests they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called achievement tests they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called achievement tests they're
+now sat 2s right yeah and there's the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sat 2s right yeah and there's the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sat 2s right yeah and there's the m
+is it still ab and BC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it still ab and BC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it still ab and BC or
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+something whatever it is I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whatever it is I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whatever it is I don't care
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+is this is BL I'm losing my glasses now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is BL I'm losing my glasses now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is BL I'm losing my glasses now
+getting too excited here the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too excited here the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too excited here the problem is
+I took the easy version I took the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the easy version I took the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the easy version I took the easy
+version of it because I looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it because I looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it because I looked at this
+distribution and I realized that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I realized that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and I realized that the um
+the the whatever it is the the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whatever it is the the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whatever it is the the fancy
+version of the sat2 is actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sat2 is actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sat2 is actually has a
+distribution that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that looks like
+this which is to say everybody who takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is to say everybody who takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is to say everybody who takes
+it gets an 800 on it and those of us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an 800 on it and those of us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an 800 on it and those of us you
+know mathematical incompetence who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematical incompetence who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematical incompetence who were
+going to score you know I don't know 760
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to score you know I don't know 760
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to score you know I don't know 760
+or something we were going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something we were going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something we were going to come out
+in the fifth percentile and not from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fifth percentile and not from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fifth percentile and not from the
+good side of the distribution so I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good side of the distribution so I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good side of the distribution so I took
+the SAT what what was then the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT what what was then the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT what what was then the the the
+uh achievement test cuz I knew that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh achievement test cuz I knew that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh achievement test cuz I knew that the
+the the the the the the math one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the math one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the math one
+achievement test because I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement test because I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement test because I knew
+that I could score in the upper end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could score in the upper end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could score in the upper end of
+the distribution other people taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution other people taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution other people taking
+that were people who couldn't add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were people who couldn't add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were people who couldn't add and
+subtract so anyway it works for me um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract so anyway it works for me um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract so anyway it works for me um so
+where does variability on tests like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does variability on tests like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does variability on tests like
+this um come from there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um come from there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um come from there are lots and
+lots of potential uh sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of potential uh sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of potential uh sources of
+variability one important point to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability one important point to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability one important point to make
+um at the m is to note that things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the m is to note that things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the m is to note that things that
+cause variability across groups are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause variability across groups are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause variability across groups are not
+necessarily the same thing as things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same thing as things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same thing as things
+that cause variation within groups let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause variation within groups let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cause variation within groups let's
+give a a silly um example if you grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a a silly um example if you grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a a silly um example if you grow a
+bunch of tomato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tomato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of tomato
+plants um and you vary the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants um and you vary the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants um and you vary the amount of
+fertilizer you put on them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer you put on them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer you put on them more
+fertilizer bigger plants right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer bigger plants right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer bigger plants right so you
+can have something that CHS you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have something that CHS you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have something that CHS you that
+you've got um uh that the VAR and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um uh that the VAR and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got um uh that the VAR and then
+you can account for some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can account for some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can account for some of the the
+variability in the size of the plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the size of the plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the size of the plants
+from the fertilizer now if you grow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fertilizer now if you grow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fertilizer now if you grow some
+tomato plants and some redwood trees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants and some redwood trees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants and some redwood trees you
+get very different heights too but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very different heights too but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very different heights too but the
+source of variability between tomatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of variability between tomatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of variability between tomatoes
+and redwoods is different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redwoods is different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redwoods is different than the
+source of tomato variability within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of tomato variability within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of tomato variability within
+tomato plants um this becomes relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants um this becomes relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants um this becomes relevant
+in more subtle and interesting ways when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more subtle and interesting ways when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more subtle and interesting ways when
+you start talking about variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about variation
+within group population groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within group population groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within group population groups and
+across population groups a measure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across population groups a measure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across population groups a measure like
+um uh like IQ or intelligence so IQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh like IQ or intelligence so IQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh like IQ or intelligence so IQ is
+just a number on a test um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number on a test um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number on a test um but it's
+supposed to be a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a measure of
+intelligence what is it actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence what is it actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence what is it actually um
+measuring well I me one way one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring well I me one way one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring well I me one way one way to
+there's a certain circularity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain circularity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain circularity that's
+popular in the field which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the field which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the field which is to say
+that intelligence is what IQ tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intelligence is what IQ tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intelligence is what IQ tests
+measure and and what do IQ test well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and and what do IQ test well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and and what do IQ test well
+they measure intelligence and and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure intelligence and and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure intelligence and and but
+it'd be nice to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to be a little more
+interesting than that a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that a little more
+interesting than that is to note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that is to note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than that is to note that
+you can divide you can divide up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide you can divide up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide you can divide up this
+sort of intuitive idea of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitive idea of intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitive idea of intelligence
+um in various ways one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in various ways one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in various ways one of the
+interesting ways to divide it up is into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to divide it up is into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to divide it up is into
+so-called fluid and crystalline or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called fluid and crystalline or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called fluid and crystalline or
+crystallized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized
+intelligence with IQ tests being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence with IQ tests being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence with IQ tests being a
+putative measure of fluid intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putative measure of fluid intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putative measure of fluid intelligence
+fluid intelligence is uh the sort of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence is uh the sort of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence is uh the sort of set
+of reasoning of abilities that let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning of abilities that let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning of abilities that let you
+deal with something like abstract um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with something like abstract um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with something like abstract um
+relations um it is an in it it uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um it is an in it it uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um it is an in it it uh is
+said to have reached its mature State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to have reached its mature State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to have reached its mature State
+its adult state by about age 16 or so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its adult state by about age 16 or so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its adult state by about age 16 or so so
+you guys have pretty much leveled out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have pretty much leveled out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have pretty much leveled out on
+that um crystallized intelligence um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um crystallized intelligence um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um crystallized intelligence um is
+more uh you know the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh you know the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh you know the application of
+knowledge to particular ular tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to particular ular tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to particular ular tasks and
+can continue growing throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue growing throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue growing throughout the
+lifespan a particular example would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifespan a particular example would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifespan a particular example would be
+something like vocabulary your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like vocabulary your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like vocabulary your
+vocabulary is not fixed and with luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary is not fixed and with luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary is not fixed and with luck
+will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to
+grow uh as as you age and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh as as you age and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow uh as as you age and the idea is
+that that uh IQ is picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh IQ is picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh IQ is picking up
+intelligence tests that that are are IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence tests that that are are IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence tests that that are are IQ
+like are tests uh are more tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are tests uh are more tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are tests uh are more tests of
+fluid intelligence than they are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence than they are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence than they are of this
+crystallized uh intelligence at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized uh intelligence at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized uh intelligence at least
+that's the intent um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intent um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intent um what is
+it that is this fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is this fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is this fluid
+intelligence um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um one
+possibility is that when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that when you talk about
+some somebody being mentally quick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somebody being mentally quick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somebody being mentally quick that
+that's literally what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally what you're talking
+about that what what differs between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what what differs between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what what differs between um
+people who score high on these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who score high on these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who score high on these sort of
+tests and people who don't is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and people who don't is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and people who don't is simple
+speed of response and that if you and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of response and that if you and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of response and that if you and it
+is in fact the case that simple reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the case that simple reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the case that simple reaction
+time is related to your measure uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is related to your measure uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is related to your measure uh uh to
+measures of IQ people who bang a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of IQ people who bang a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of IQ people who bang a
+response key more quickly in a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response key more quickly in a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response key more quickly in a reaction
+time experiment are also people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time experiment are also people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time experiment are also people who
+score higher on um IQ test not a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score higher on um IQ test not a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score higher on um IQ test not a perfect
+relationship not even a hugely strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship not even a hugely strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship not even a hugely strong
+relationship and in fact we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and in fact we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and in fact we probably
+want to look for something a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for something a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for something a little more
+subtle than that in um in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than that in um in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than that in um in understanding
+what uh intelligence might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh intelligence might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh intelligence might be more
+interesting uh are claims that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh are claims that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh are claims that it has
+something to do with the constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the constellation
+of operations we were talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations we were talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations we were talking about in
+the context of working memory earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of working memory earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of working memory earlier in
+the course these sort of executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course these sort of executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course these sort of executive
+function the desktop of the computer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the desktop of the computer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the desktop of the computer of
+your mind kind of functions how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind kind of functions how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind kind of functions how much
+stuff can you have up there and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can you have up there and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can you have up there and how
+effectively can you manipulate it so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively can you manipulate it so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively can you manipulate it so one
+one possible uh correlate would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible uh correlate would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible uh correlate would be
+something as simple as digit span or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as digit span or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as digit span or in
+our in in this class color span how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in in this class color span how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in in this class color span how many
+color names can you name you know I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names can you name you know I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color names can you name you know I go
+red green blue you say red green blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red green blue you say red green blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red green blue you say red green blue
+that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of
+thing again related it's it it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again related it's it it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again related it's it it it it
+tracks along with intelligence but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks along with intelligence but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks along with intelligence but not
+not all that well um people like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that well um people like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that well um people like uh
+Randy Engle in uh in in Georgia have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randy Engle in uh in in Georgia have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randy Engle in uh in in Georgia have
+worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on
+creating tasks that they think capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating tasks that they think capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating tasks that they think capture
+this working memory executive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working memory executive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working memory executive function
+aspect of it a bit better and that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of it a bit better and that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of it a bit better and that's I
+think I put on the handout this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I put on the handout this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I put on the handout this uh
+notion of active span tasks these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of active span tasks these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of active span tasks these are
+tasks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that are
+like the color Nam uh task but a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the color Nam uh task but a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the color Nam uh task but a little
+more complicated so uh the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so uh the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so uh the sort of thing
+that you might do if you were in Randy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do if you were in Randy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do if you were in Randy
+engel's lab would be something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engel's lab would be something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engel's lab would be something like this
+you're what I'm going to get you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what I'm going to get you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what I'm going to get you to do
+is I'm going to read you a list of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to read you a list of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to read you a list of words
+and you're going to spit them back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to spit them back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to spit them back to me
+in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+and the measure that's going to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measure that's going to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the measure that's going to relate
+to um something like an IQ test score is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um something like an IQ test score is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um something like an IQ test score is
+going to be how many you can get back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how many you can get back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how many you can get back in
+order but I'm not just going to read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but I'm not just going to read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but I'm not just going to read you
+the names what I'm going to do is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names what I'm going to do is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names what I'm going to do is give
+you a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pair of
+uh a a equation and a word on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a equation and a word on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a equation and a word on each
+presentation either on a computer screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation either on a computer screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation either on a computer screen
+or I can do this orally so I might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can do this orally so I might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can do this orally so I might ask
+you to verify um is it true that 2 + 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to verify um is it true that 2 + 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to verify um is it true that 2 + 3 -
+1 = for and at the same time you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 = for and at the same time you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 = for and at the same time you see the
+word uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh
+Uncle okay and so your job at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle okay and so your job at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uncle okay and so your job at the time
+is store uncle and verify the S the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is store uncle and verify the S the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is store uncle and verify the S the the
+equation okay next one would be 4 - 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay next one would be 4 - 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay next one would be 4 - 3 +
+5 = 6 and the word would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 = 6 and the word would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 = 6 and the word would be
+fish so no that that one doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish so no that that one doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish so no that that one doesn't say
+sound right okay now what were the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right okay now what were the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right okay now what were the two
+words uncle and fish that's good um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uncle and fish that's good um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uncle and fish that's good um but
+if I was to do this without the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was to do this without the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was to do this without the long
+song and dance and um go go up to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and dance and um go go up to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and dance and um go go up to four
+five six of these you would discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six of these you would discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six of these you would discover
+that you started losing them and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started losing them and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started losing them and the the
+number that you can hold while doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you can hold while doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you can hold while doing
+these calculations at the same time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations at the same time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations at the same time um
+turns out to be a a more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a a more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a a more powerful
+predictor of things like uh IQ scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor of things like uh IQ scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor of things like uh IQ scores
+again not perfect but getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not perfect but getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not perfect but getting closer
+perhaps to what the underlying substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to what the underlying substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to what the underlying substrate
+of what we mean by intelligence might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we mean by intelligence might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we mean by intelligence might be
+that it might have something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might have something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might have something to do with
+how well you move things around in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you move things around in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you move things around in that
+uh in that mental space that uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that mental space that uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that mental space that uh we were
+calling working working memory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling working working memory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling working working memory uh
+another possibility not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility not necessarily
+unrelated but another possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated but another possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated but another possibility is
+that it has to do with the degree to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to do with the degree to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to do with the degree to
+which your brain is plastic not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your brain is plastic not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your brain is plastic not in the
+you know plastic kind of sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plastic kind of sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plastic kind of sense but
+plastic in the modified I able sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the modified I able sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the modified I able sense
+that maybe um the ability to change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe um the ability to change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe um the ability to change and
+modify the the the structure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the the the structure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the the the structure of your
+brain is related is is is is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is related is is is is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is related is is is is is the
+neural substrate of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural substrate of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural substrate of of uh of
+intelligence um in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence um in any
+case whatever it is it is a a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case whatever it is it is a a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case whatever it is it is a a useful
+predictor uh of a variety of things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor uh of a variety of things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor uh of a variety of things it's
+a useful predictor uh of of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful predictor uh of of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful predictor uh of of performance
+in school um which is in fact where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school um which is in fact where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school um which is in fact where it
+started uh Benet in France that's b i NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh Benet in France that's b i NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh Benet in France that's b i NE
+T so but it's French so it's Benet um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so but it's French so it's Benet um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so but it's French so it's Benet um in
+France started intelligence testing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France started intelligence testing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France started intelligence testing as a
+way of seeing which kids might need help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing which kids might need help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing which kids might need help
+in school um it is a predictor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school um it is a predictor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school um it is a predictor of a
+variety of of things so more IQ points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of of things so more IQ points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of of things so more IQ points
+higher lifetime salary more uh more IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher lifetime salary more uh more IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher lifetime salary more uh more IQ
+points less of a chance of uh criminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points less of a chance of uh criminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points less of a chance of uh criminal
+conviction less less of a chance of teen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction less less of a chance of teen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conviction less less of a chance of teen
+pregnancy so you know it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy so you know it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnancy so you know it's related to
+stuff that you'd like to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you'd like to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you'd like to know something
+about and you'd like to know as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you'd like to know as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you'd like to know as a result
+where it is that uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is that uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is that uh that the
+variability comes from the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability comes from the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability comes from the class of
+stat part of the class of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat part of the class of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat part of the class of statistical
+tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests
+for where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where
+uh variances come from the effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variances come from the effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variances come from the effort to
+parcel it out um you will have seen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel it out um you will have seen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcel it out um you will have seen in a
+variety papers that you read probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety papers that you read probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety papers that you read probably
+statistical tests called an NOA it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical tests called an NOA it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical tests called an NOA it
+stands for analysis of variance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for analysis of variance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for analysis of variance um
+it's part of the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the statistical
+armamentarium that allows you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armamentarium that allows you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armamentarium that allows you to take
+the variance apart and say some of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance apart and say some of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance apart and say some of it's
+due to this and some of it's due to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this and some of it's due to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to this and some of it's due to that
+now this is made simpler by the fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is made simpler by the fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is made simpler by the fact um
+that variances are additive so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variances are additive so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variances are additive so if you
+have two sources of of of variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sources of of of variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sources of of of variability
+that they add in a nice direct way so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they add in a nice direct way so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they add in a nice direct way so if
+we've got the total variation and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the total variation and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the total variation and we are
+in a psychology course we are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a psychology course we are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a psychology course we are willing to
+uh one one way to divide up the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one one way to divide up the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one one way to divide up the variance
+at least theoretically is into variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least theoretically is into variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least theoretically is into variance
+that's due to genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to genetic
+factors our nice nativist component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors our nice nativist component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors our nice nativist component and
+variance that's due to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's due to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's due to um
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors the um in principle if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the um in principle if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the um in principle if this is a
+good way to think about the variance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to think about the variance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to think about the variance we
+should be able to go in and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to go in and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to go in and do
+experiment ments that allow us to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment ments that allow us to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment ments that allow us to see
+the genetic variance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic variance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic variance and the
+environmental variance and see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental variance and see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental variance and see how they
+add up to make the total the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to make the total the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to make the total the total
+variance what you will often see in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what you will often see in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what you will often see in uh
+papers on on intelligence and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on on intelligence and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on on intelligence and actually
+um widely in the popular literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um widely in the popular literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um widely in the popular literature on
+uh the genetic component of pick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genetic component of pick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the genetic component of pick your
+favorite function you know chance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite function you know chance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite function you know chance what
+what what what is the uh genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the uh genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the uh genetic
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+to uh male Fidelity or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh male Fidelity or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh male Fidelity or something like
+that you'll often see discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll often see discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll often see discussions of
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+heritability um usually written with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability um usually written with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability um usually written with a
+big H um heritability is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big H um heritability is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big H um heritability is simply the
+whoops the genetic variance over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the genetic variance over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the genetic variance over the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+variance which in this story would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance which in this story would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance which in this story would be
+the environmental variance plus the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental variance plus the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental variance plus the the
+genetic variance there are difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic variance there are difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic variance there are difficulties
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um with thinking about uh with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with thinking about uh with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with thinking about uh with with
+drawing conclusions from that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing conclusions from that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing conclusions from that that we
+will uh that we will come to shortly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh that we will come to shortly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh that we will come to shortly but
+the first thing I want to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I want to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I want to do before
+going on to that is to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to that is to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to that is to talk about the
+sort of data that are brought to bear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data that are brought to bear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of data that are brought to bear to
+understand variability because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand variability because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand variability because a lot of
+that a lot of this is is so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of this is is so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of this is is so-called
+correlational data um and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational data um and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational data um and it is
+important to turn you into educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to turn you into educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to turn you into educated
+consumers of correlational data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of correlational data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of correlational data so
+that's why you have this lovely second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have this lovely second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have this lovely second
+page of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the
+handout um correlation is simply a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout um correlation is simply a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout um correlation is simply a way
+of describing the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describing the relationship between
+uh two two variables measured on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two variables measured on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two two variables measured on on this
+the same subject so let's take the silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same subject so let's take the silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same subject so let's take the silly
+example in the upper left there if I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the upper left there if I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the upper left there if I me
+if I took everybody here and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took everybody here and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took everybody here and measure
+meas your height in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas your height in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meas your height in
+inches and measured your height in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches and measured your height in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches and measured your height in
+centim and for um each so now each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centim and for um each so now each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centim and for um each so now each
+person generates a data point those data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points had better lie on a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points had better lie on a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points had better lie on a straight line
+right those are two measures that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are two measures that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are two measures that are
+really seriously correlated one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seriously correlated one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seriously correlated one with the
+other um if I know inches I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um if I know inches I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um if I know inches I know
+centimeters correlation coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters correlation coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters correlation coefficients are
+calculated so you you you you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated so you you you you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated so you you you you calculate
+the line that fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that fits the
+data and then you calculate how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then you calculate how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then you calculate how strong
+your correlation is by looking at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your correlation is by looking at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your correlation is by looking at the uh
+the distances of data points away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances of data points away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances of data points away from
+that line in this case all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line in this case all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line in this case all the data
+points lie on the line and that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lie on the line and that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lie on the line and that leads to
+a regression value a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression value a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression value a regression
+coefficient usually written as little r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient usually written as little r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient usually written as little r
+of one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one the
+maximum a a correlation Co Co efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a a correlation Co Co efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a a correlation Co Co efficient
+of one means if I know this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one means if I know this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one means if I know this variable
+then I know this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know this variable
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+um the uh now those are really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh now those are really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh now those are really boring
+data right nobody spends a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right nobody spends a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right nobody spends a lot of time
+working out correlation coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out correlation coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out correlation coefficients for
+that you work out correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you work out correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you work out correlation
+coefficients for data where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for data where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for data where there's some
+variability that's the whole point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that's the whole point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that's the whole point here
+so I the second one is height and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I the second one is height and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I the second one is height and weight
+um actually taken from a subset of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually taken from a subset of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually taken from a subset of a uh
+a 900 class some year ago some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 900 class some year ago some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 900 class some year ago some years ago
+if you measure height and weight you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure height and weight you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure height and weight you now
+get data points that are clustered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data points that are clustered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data points that are clustered in a
+broken hunk of chalk around um around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken hunk of chalk around um around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken hunk of chalk around um around
+some line if you uh if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line if you uh if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line if you uh if you calculate the
+regression coefficient now it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient now it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient now it's going to
+be something less than one um but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something less than one um but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something less than one um but still
+positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so
+Coalition greater than zero less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition greater than zero less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coalition greater than zero less than
+one what is it actually on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is it actually on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is it actually on the handout
+like 78 or something it's you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 78 or something it's you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 78 or something it's you the
+relationship between height and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between height and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between height and weight
+is is is pretty strong um so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is pretty strong um so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is pretty strong um so if I
+know that you're uh you know 6' five I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're uh you know 6' five I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're uh you know 6' five I
+don't know your weight exactly but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your weight exactly but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know your weight exactly but I can
+make a non-random guess about um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a non-random guess about um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a non-random guess about um that
+weight on the other hand if I know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the other hand if I know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the other hand if I know your
+height um the the uh last and let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um the the uh last and let's plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um the the uh last and let's plot
+okay we still have height there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we still have height there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we still have height there um
+so let's plot last two digits of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot last two digits of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's plot last two digits of social
+security number against height it is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number against height it is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number against height it is my
+firm belief I don't know this to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm belief I don't know this to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm belief I don't know this to be the
+true having true not having collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true having true not having collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true having true not having collected
+the data but is it is my firm belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data but is it is my firm belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data but is it is my firm belief
+that those data are just a random cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those data are just a random cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those data are just a random cloud
+of spots right I I don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spots right I I don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spots right I I don't think there's
+anything about social security number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about social security number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about social security number
+that's related to the height to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the height to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to the height to your
+height I hope not um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I hope not um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I hope not um a
+correlation something so if I know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation something so if I know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation something so if I know your
+height I know squat about your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I know squat about your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height I know squat about your social
+security number right that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number right that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number right that is a
+correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of
+zero um correlation can go below zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um correlation can go below zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um correlation can go below zero
+but below zero is not worse than zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but below zero is not worse than zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but below zero is not worse than zero it
+just tells you the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you the direction of the
+correlation so let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so let's go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so let's go back to the
+inches okay we'll stick with with height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches okay we'll stick with with height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches okay we'll stick with with height
+so this time I'm going to measure I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time I'm going to measure I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time I'm going to measure I'll
+get everybody here I'm going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everybody here I'm going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everybody here I'm going to measure
+their height and I'm going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their height and I'm going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their height and I'm going to measure
+the distance from the top of their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the top of their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the top of their head
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ceiling right very exciting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling right very exciting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling right very exciting data
+collection I'm going to get orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I'm going to get orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I'm going to get orderly
+looking data but this time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking data but this time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking data but this time it's going to
+look like this right I'm just changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this right I'm just changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this right I'm just changed
+the slope that's going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope that's going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope that's going to give me a
+correlation in this silly example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in this silly example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in this silly example of
+minus one it's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one it's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one it's a perfect
+correlation but the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation but the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation but the direction of
+relationship is the other way if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is the other way if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is the other way if I know
+distance from the flooor I absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the flooor I absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the flooor I absolutely
+know distance from the ceiling it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distance from the ceiling it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distance from the ceiling it's just
+that as one goes up the other one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one goes up the other one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as one goes up the other one goes
+down again that's a really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down again that's a really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down again that's a really boring
+example a more interesting example is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a more interesting example is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a more interesting example is on
+the handout which is if you come into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout which is if you come into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout which is if you come into my
+lab and um we do a reaction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and um we do a reaction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and um we do a reaction time
+experiment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and I
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+your average reaction time in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average reaction time in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average reaction time in whatever
+the task is is and I plot your error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task is is and I plot your error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task is is and I plot your error
+rate what I will find across individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I will find across individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what I will find across individuals
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data that are noisy but look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that are noisy but look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that are noisy but look like
+this the uh faster you go the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the uh faster you go the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the uh faster you go the more
+errors you make it's a known as a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you make it's a known as a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you make it's a known as a speed
+accuracy tradeoff in in in the uh in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy tradeoff in in in the uh in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy tradeoff in in in the uh in D
+literature which you will notice has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature which you will notice has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature which you will notice has an
+interesting set of uh initials so sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting set of uh initials so sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting set of uh initials so sat
+gets written about in in in in my trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets written about in in in in my trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets written about in in in in my trade
+all the time but has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time but has nothing to do with
+standardized test it's a speed accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized test it's a speed accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized test it's a speed accuracy
+tradeoff but it will produce a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but it will produce a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but it will produce a negative
+correlation I think I put one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I think I put one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I think I put one of those
+on the handout too what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout too what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout too what's the what's the
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+there neg okay negative so negative .52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there neg okay negative so negative .52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there neg okay negative so negative .52
+meaning pretty good relationship but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning pretty good relationship but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning pretty good relationship but
+going in the other you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the other you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the other you know in this
+negative Direction um you will often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Direction um you will often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Direction um you will often see
+in papers r squared rather than R um R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in papers r squared rather than R um R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in papers r squared rather than R um R 2
+of course is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is always
+positive um so r squared here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um so r squared here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um so r squared here would be
+what about 26 or something um the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about 26 or something um the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about 26 or something um the reason
+people use R squar is it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use R squar is it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use R squar is it turns out that
+that gives you the percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the percentage of the
+variance that you're explaining so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that you're explaining so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that you're explaining so if
+you've got a correlation of 0.5 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a correlation of 0.5 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a correlation of 0.5 you're
+explain you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you can
+explain um a quarter of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um a quarter of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um a quarter of the the
+variability if if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability if if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability if if you know
+uh if if you if you know one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you if you know one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you if you know one you know
+about where a quarter of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where a quarter of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where a quarter of the of the
+variability would come from in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability would come from in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability would come from in the other
+variable in this case now it should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this case now it should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this case now it should say
+on the handout oh actually I think I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout oh actually I think I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the handout oh actually I think I put
+the answer on the handout this time too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer on the handout this time too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer on the handout this time too
+um the most it's it's I'm not sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most it's it's I'm not sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most it's it's I'm not sure it's
+really the most important thing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most important thing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the most important thing to know
+about correlation but the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correlation but the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about correlation but the thing that
+gets lost in discussions in Psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost in discussions in Psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lost in discussions in Psychology
+all the time certainly in discussions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time certainly in discussions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time certainly in discussions of
+intelligence all the time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence all the time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence all the time about
+correlation is that that correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is that that correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is that that correlation
+does not tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not tell you about
+causality it is extremely tempting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality it is extremely tempting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality it is extremely tempting it's
+not extremely tempting in these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not extremely tempting in these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not extremely tempting in these examples
+um right does height does inches tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right does height does inches tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right does height does inches tell
+you about centimeters you know yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about centimeters you know yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about centimeters you know yeah but
+not not because inches cause centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not because inches cause centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not because inches cause centimeters
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+stupid but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but it's really
+tempting to uh to infer Direct directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to uh to infer Direct directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to uh to infer Direct directly
+from nothing but correlational data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nothing but correlational data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nothing but correlational data to
+infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer
+causality so you know I put fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality so you know I put fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality so you know I put fertilizer
+on the field the tomato plants grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the field the tomato plants grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the field the tomato plants grow
+bigger so if I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so if I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so if I plot
+um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot amount of fertilizer in yellow now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot amount of fertilizer in yellow now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot amount of fertilizer in yellow now
+H cool um against height of tomato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H cool um against height of tomato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H cool um against height of tomato
+plant um you know I presume presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant um you know I presume presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant um you know I presume presumably
+get data that look like this some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data that look like this some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data that look like this some nice
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+correlation I may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation I may have a
+notion I may even have a correct notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion I may even have a correct notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion I may even have a correct notion
+that the fertilizer is the cause of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fertilizer is the cause of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fertilizer is the cause of of
+of this uh change in the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh change in the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh change in the height of the
+tomato plants but just these data don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants but just these data don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomato plants but just these data don't
+tell me that I would need more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that I would need more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that I would need more because
+I'd get exactly the same data if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get exactly the same data if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd get exactly the same data if I
+plotted um you know if I flip the axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted um you know if I flip the axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted um you know if I flip the axes
+right hi a tomato plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hi a tomato plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hi a tomato plants
+fertilizer get exactly the same data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer get exactly the same data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer get exactly the same data the
+height of the tomato plant causes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tomato plant causes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the tomato plant causes how
+much fertilizer I put on it no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fertilizer I put on it no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much fertilizer I put on it no that
+would be stupid you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stupid you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stupid you have to you have to
+impose a theory on your on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a theory on your on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a theory on your on your
+correlational data just the correl the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational data just the correl the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational data just the correl the
+correlation is just math it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is just math it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is just math it's not it's
+not by itself a theory it can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by itself a theory it can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by itself a theory it can be used to
+support causal theories but it is not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support causal theories but it is not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support causal theories but it is not by
+itself a uh a causal Theory I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a uh a causal Theory I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a uh a causal Theory I'll try to
+point out later where this uh where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out later where this uh where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out later where this uh where this
+runs into trouble okay so we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs into trouble okay so we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs into trouble okay so we can get
+correlational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational
+data correlational data are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data correlational data are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data correlational data are very
+important data in um uh in in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important data in um uh in in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important data in um uh in in the study
+of of of variability in intelligence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of variability in intelligence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of variability in intelligence so
+you might get data like the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get data like the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get data like the following
+let's plot uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+IQ against uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ against uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ against uh
+child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IQ what you'll get is you know another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ what you'll get is you know another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ what you'll get is you know another
+one of these clouds um I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these clouds um I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these clouds um I think it
+actually says on the handout that the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says on the handout that the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says on the handout that the R
+value is about 0.5 for that so it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is about 0.5 for that so it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is about 0.5 for that so it is the
+case that if you know the parents IQ you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that if you know the parents IQ you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that if you know the parents IQ you
+know something about the uh the child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the uh the child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the uh the child's
+IQ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ and
+the the goal is to figure out why where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the goal is to figure out why where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the goal is to figure out why where
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+relationship um where is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um where is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um where is that
+relationship coming from um the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship coming from um the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship coming from um the obvious
+Temptation Of course is to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation Of course is to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temptation Of course is to think that
+the answer is uh well the parents have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is uh well the parents have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is uh well the parents have
+um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good
+genes and or bad genes or you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and or bad genes or you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and or bad genes or you know they
+have they have some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have some amount of
+intelligence coated into their genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence coated into their genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence coated into their genes
+they pass it on to their kids um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass it on to their kids um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pass it on to their kids um to
+understand why it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it's not completely
+trivial recognize that parental wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial recognize that parental wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial recognize that parental wealth
+is correlated with child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correlated with child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correlated with child
+wealth not because there's money Co into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth not because there's money Co into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth not because there's money Co into
+the genes it is true that the Richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes it is true that the Richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes it is true that the Richer
+your parents are the Richer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents are the Richer you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents are the Richer you're
+likely to be um but the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be um but the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be um but the the the the the
+the the causes um might well you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the causes um might well you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the causes um might well you you do
+inherit that but in a in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit that but in a in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit that but in a in a different
+kind of non- gentic uh sort of way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non- gentic uh sort of way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non- gentic uh sort of way um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um as I say the the the simple story has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I say the the the simple story has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I say the the the simple story has
+been to try to partition the variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to try to partition the variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to try to partition the variant
+into a genetic component and a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a genetic component and a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a genetic component and a um
+environmental component that leaves out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental component that leaves out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental component that leaves out
+the the simple version of that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple version of that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple version of that leaves
+out a uh an important piece of it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a uh an important piece of it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a uh an important piece of it which
+is that when you do if you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you do if you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you do if you do an
+analysis of variance you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of variance you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of variance you should
+everybody should do an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should do an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should do an analysis of
+variance sometime because the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance sometime because the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance sometime because the computer
+will do it for you on your data now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do it for you on your data now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do it for you on your data now
+everybody should really do one by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should really do one by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should really do one by hand
+um back when we were young we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back when we were young we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back when we were young we had to do
+them by hand um which took a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by hand um which took a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by hand um which took a long time
+but anyway when you do that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway when you do that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway when you do that suppose
+you've got two variables like uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two variables like uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two variables like uh a
+genetic component and an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component and an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component and an environmental
+component an analysis of variant will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component an analysis of variant will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component an analysis of variant will
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+you I this statistical test think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I this statistical test think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I this statistical test think this
+much of the Varian is due to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the Varian is due to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the Varian is due to this and
+this much is due to this but it'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much is due to this but it'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much is due to this but it'll also
+give you an interaction term to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an interaction term to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an interaction term to say that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+genetics and the uh environment might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and the uh environment might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and the uh environment might
+interact in some fashion interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in some fashion interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in some fashion interestingly
+that term never gets introduced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term never gets introduced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term never gets introduced into
+these calculations of of of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations of of of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations of of of of that
+doesn't quite get introduced into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite get introduced into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite get introduced into these
+calculations of heritability but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of heritability but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations of heritability but let me
+try to give you a feeling for why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you a feeling for why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you a feeling for why that's
+important let's move off of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let's move off of intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important let's move off of intelligence
+and ask about um a sort of a personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask about um a sort of a personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask about um a sort of a personality
+variable how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable how
+anxious um do uh tests make you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious um do uh tests make you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious um do uh tests make you you've
+now taken a bunch of MIT tests how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taken a bunch of MIT tests how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taken a bunch of MIT tests how
+anxious do you get well let's develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious do you get well let's develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious do you get well let's develop a
+little um uh variance partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um uh variance partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um uh variance partitioning
+Theory here let not very let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory here let not very let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory here let not very let's not
+develop that theory let's develop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that theory let's develop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that theory let's develop this
+Theory so um the uh whoops oh this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so um the uh whoops oh this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so um the uh whoops oh this looks
+like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a great
+Theory let get rid of that theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory let get rid of that theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory let get rid of that theory that's
+got too much fancy stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it we will have a simpler Theory um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we will have a simpler Theory um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we will have a simpler Theory um so
+this The Simple Theory might be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this The Simple Theory might be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this The Simple Theory might be that the
+variance the total variance the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the total variance the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the total variance the total
+anxi anxiety is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxi anxiety is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxi anxiety is a function of the
+variance due to you to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance due to you to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance due to you to your
+personality are you an anxious person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality are you an anxious person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality are you an anxious person or
+an unanxious person and the variance due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unanxious person and the variance due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unanxious person and the variance due
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class you know if if if you're taking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you know if if if you're taking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you know if if if you're taking uh
+you know introduction to uh clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introduction to uh clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introduction to uh clay
+ashtrays um you know make you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashtrays um you know make you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashtrays um you know make you that
+anxious and if uh and and and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious and if uh and and and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious and if uh and and and if you're
+taking um Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking um Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking um Advanced
+thermonuclear uh chemical integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear uh chemical integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermonuclear uh chemical integral
+thermodynamical bio something rather you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical bio something rather you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical bio something rather you
+know and you skipped all the PRX yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you skipped all the PRX yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you skipped all the PRX yeah
+makees you a little anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makees you a little anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makees you a little anxious
+um and you could try partitioning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you could try partitioning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you could try partitioning your
+variance into these two components but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance into these two components but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance into these two components but
+it turns out that doesn't do that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that doesn't do that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that doesn't do that's not
+where the action is the action in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is the action in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is the action in uh in
+anxiety about tests is all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety about tests is all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety about tests is all in the
+interaction term which we can call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term which we can call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term which we can call the
+you crossed with class interaction term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crossed with class interaction term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crossed with class interaction term
+because how anxious you are depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how anxious you are depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because how anxious you are depends
+on how you are doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you are doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you are doing in this
+class right you you I me sure it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right you you I me sure it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right you you I me sure it matters
+if you're a basically nervous person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a basically nervous person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a basically nervous person or
+not but you're going to be nervous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but you're going to be nervous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but you're going to be nervous in
+intros pych if the mid terms coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intros pych if the mid terms coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intros pych if the mid terms coming up
+and you never cracked the book um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you never cracked the book um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you never cracked the book um you
+might be less nervous in uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less nervous in uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less nervous in uh in in
+calculus because you know you're good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus because you know you're good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus because you know you're good um
+your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your
+neighbor might have memorized Lightman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor might have memorized Lightman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor might have memorized Lightman
+and and and forgotten to show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and forgotten to show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and forgotten to show up in
+calculus and and have the flip anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and and have the flip anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and and have the flip anxiety
+the anxiety is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anxiety is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anxiety is dependent on the
+interaction and those interaction terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and those interaction terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and those interaction terms
+I mean you will almost always get a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you will almost always get a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you will almost always get a nice
+nod to the notion that of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nod to the notion that of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nod to the notion that of course we know
+in something like intelligence that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like intelligence that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something like intelligence that the
+environment and um uh and genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and um uh and genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and um uh and genetics
+interact but we will typically not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but we will typically not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but we will typically not get
+um much more than a nod at that we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much more than a nod at that we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much more than a nod at that we then
+get simple-minded statements about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get simple-minded statements about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get simple-minded statements about just
+how heritable something is let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how heritable something is let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how heritable something is let let me
+let me give you an example from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you an example from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you an example from the
+intelligence literature uh from a a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence literature uh from a a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence literature uh from a a new
+and I gather somewhat controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather somewhat controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather somewhat controversial
+study uh controversial in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh controversial in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh controversial in the sense that
+there are other people who claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other people who claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other people who claim that
+the methodology is uh is flawed and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology is uh is flawed and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology is uh is flawed and and
+and that they don't believe the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they don't believe the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they don't believe the result
+so but this is new enough that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is new enough that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but this is new enough that we don't
+we don't know how it shakes out but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it shakes out but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it shakes out but it
+point it makes it makes the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it makes it makes the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it makes it makes the point about
+the importance of interaction terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of interaction terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of interaction terms here
+um suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose you
+calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how
+heritable um intelligence is but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable um intelligence is but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable um intelligence is but we're
+going to do it separately uh we we're as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it separately uh we we're as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it separately uh we we're as
+a function of oh here let's introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of oh here let's introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of oh here let's introduce a
+little more jargon SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more jargon SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more jargon SE
+stands for socioeconomic status it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for socioeconomic status it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for socioeconomic status it's the
+fancy way of asking how much money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way of asking how much money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way of asking how much money and
+other resources you've got um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resources you've got um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other resources you've got um if you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sces uh kids and ask H how much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces uh kids and ask H how much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces uh kids and ask H how much of a
+genetic component is there to uh IQ you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component is there to uh IQ you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component is there to uh IQ you
+get estimates as I recall I'm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get estimates as I recall I'm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get estimates as I recall I'm it's
+something like 6 7 something like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 6 7 something like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 6 7 something like that a
+relatively High number number for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively High number number for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively High number number for that
+eight um that heritability number if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um that heritability number if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight um that heritability number if you
+look for at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for at at at
+low sces kids in this particular study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sces kids in this particular study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sces kids in this particular study
+it was dramatically lower about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was dramatically lower about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was dramatically lower about
+0.1 what's going on there could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 what's going on there could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 what's going on there could it
+possibly be the case that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be the case that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be the case that you know these
+kids that the the genetics are operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that the the genetics are operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that the the genetics are operating
+differently at the low end of the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently at the low end of the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently at the low end of the scale
+the uh economic scale and at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh economic scale and at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh economic scale and at the high
+end of the economic scale I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the economic scale I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the economic scale I mean this
+implies that if you you plot um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if you you plot um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that if you you plot um you know
+something like uh parents IQ against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh parents IQ against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh parents IQ against
+kids IQ one of the ways of looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids IQ one of the ways of looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids IQ one of the ways of looking for
+uh a genetic contribution that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a genetic contribution that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a genetic contribution that at the
+low end of the economic scale the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low end of the economic scale the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low end of the economic scale the data
+look like a cloud and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a cloud and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a cloud and at the
+highend they you know they they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highend they you know they they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highend they you know they they look
+like a you know closer to to the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know closer to to the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a you know closer to to the line
+kind of data that's very odd um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data that's very odd um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data that's very odd um what
+really seems to be going on is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be going on is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seems to be going on is an
+interaction between environment and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between environment and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between environment and and
+genetics influencing this heritability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics influencing this heritability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics influencing this heritability
+thing um what's going on well here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um what's going on well here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um what's going on well here you
+can you can you can look at the look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you can look at the look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you can look at the look at
+this equation and ask yourself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and ask yourself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and ask yourself what
+happens if you drive this uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you drive this uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you drive this uh the
+environmental variance to zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental variance to zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental variance to zero well
+you're going to drive this up to towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to drive this up to towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to drive this up to towards
+one right it's just going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's just going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's just going to be the
+genetic variance over the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic variance over the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic variance over the genetic
+variance um it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance um it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance um it may
+be that from for the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that from for the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that from for the point of view
+of intelligence or what's measured on IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intelligence or what's measured on IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intelligence or what's measured on IQ
+tests that by the time you get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that by the time you get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests that by the time you get into the
+middle class the environment is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class the environment is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class the environment is largely
+homogeneous everybody gets fed everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous everybody gets fed everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous everybody gets fed everybody
+goes to school everybody has books lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to school everybody has books lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to school everybody has books lots
+of you know everybody has access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know everybody has access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know everybody has access to
+Medical Care um most people come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Care um most people come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Care um most people come from
+family situations that are at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family situations that are at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family situations that are at least not
+vastly uh problematic at the lowest end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly uh problematic at the lowest end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly uh problematic at the lowest end
+of the uh socioeconomic scale that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh socioeconomic scale that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh socioeconomic scale that's not
+true it's not true that everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not true that everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's not true that everybody has
+the the same access to resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same access to resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same access to resources and
+this environmental Factor may get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environmental Factor may get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this environmental Factor may get much
+larger with the result that the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger with the result that the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger with the result that the the you
+know this measure of the apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this measure of the apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this measure of the apparent
+heritability the genetic component if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability the genetic component if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability the genetic component if
+you like seems to get bigger so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like seems to get bigger so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like seems to get bigger so you see
+how the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the the the
+interaction can end up um can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction can end up um can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction can end up um can end up
+being important um all right let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being important um all right let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being important um all right let's go
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to this all right let's go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this all right let's go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this all right let's go back to this
+example of parents and kids uh across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of parents and kids uh across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of parents and kids uh across
+the population as a whole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population as a whole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population as a whole that
+relationship gives you an R squar value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship gives you an R squar value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship gives you an R squar value
+of about 0.5 what does that mean um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 0.5 what does that mean um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 0.5 what does that mean um well
+we don't know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know really
+because while you share some genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while you share some genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while you share some genetic
+material with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with your
+parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+um if assuming you're not an adopted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if assuming you're not an adopted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if assuming you're not an adopted uh
+child we'll come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we'll come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child we'll come back to that in a
+minute um if you're if if you share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um if you're if if you share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um if you're if if you share
+genetic material with your biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material with your biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material with your biological
+parents um if you were raised with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um if you were raised with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents um if you were raised with your
+biological parents you also share um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological parents you also share um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological parents you also share um a
+uh a lot of environment with them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of environment with them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of environment with them the
+two factors coary so in order to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors coary so in order to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors coary so in order to sort of
+separate this out what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this out what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this out what you want to do is
+you want to get the two Factor to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the two Factor to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get the two Factor to vary
+um at least somewhat independently now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least somewhat independently now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least somewhat independently now
+the little table on page three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little table on page three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little table on page three of the
+handout gives you one effort to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout gives you one effort to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout gives you one effort to do that
+let's look at sibling pairs who vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at sibling pairs who vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at sibling pairs who vary
+systematically in the amount of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the amount of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the amount of genetic
+material they share so identical twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they share so identical twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they share so identical twins
+are genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are genetically
+identical and they have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and they have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and they have very high
+correlations between their IQs around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between their IQs around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between their IQs around a
+correlation of around 0. n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of around 0. n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of around 0. n
+fraternal twins same-sex fraternal twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal twins same-sex fraternal twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal twins same-sex fraternal twins
+I should have added um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have added um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have added um have a
+correlation that drops to about 6 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that drops to about 6 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that drops to about 6 which
+tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that
+um that environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that environment
+well they they are only as related as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they they are only as related as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they they are only as related as um
+as as uh standard siblings and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as uh standard siblings and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as uh standard siblings and so you
+reduce that genetic component you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that genetic component you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that genetic component you reduce
+the correlation uh siblings age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation uh siblings age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation uh siblings age
+different siblings you know standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different siblings you know standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different siblings you know standard
+brother brother sister brother brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother brother sister brother brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother brother sister brother brother
+kind of pairs um have a correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pairs um have a correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pairs um have a correlation of
+0.5 and if you have um unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and if you have um unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and if you have um unrelated
+children raised in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children raised in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children raised in the same
+family um that correlation drops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family um that correlation drops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family um that correlation drops to
+about 02 so that certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 02 so that certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 02 so that certainly
+indicates a genetic contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a genetic contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a genetic contribution
+to uh IQ but it's not entirely clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh IQ but it's not entirely clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh IQ but it's not entirely clear
+what's going on because again um envir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because again um envir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on because again um envir
+and genetics are co-varying one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genetics are co-varying one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genetics are co-varying one with the
+other identical twins get treated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other identical twins get treated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other identical twins get treated more
+similarly they have a more similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly they have a more similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly they have a more similar
+environment than fraternal twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment than fraternal twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment than fraternal twins
+fraternal twins by virtue of being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal twins by virtue of being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal twins by virtue of being the
+same age are uh treated more similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same age are uh treated more similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same age are uh treated more similarly
+than um age separated siblings um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um age separated siblings um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um age separated siblings um and
+typically adopted children um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically adopted children um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically adopted children um are
+treated somewhat differently you CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated somewhat differently you CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated somewhat differently you CH
+children who have been adopted into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who have been adopted into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who have been adopted into a
+family have experiences that kids born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family have experiences that kids born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family have experiences that kids born
+within the same family don't have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same family don't have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the same family don't have and
+vice versa so again there's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so again there's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so again there's more of a
+difference there so environment and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there so environment and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there so environment and and
+genetics are co-varying so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics are co-varying so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics are co-varying so it's not a
+clean experiment one way to do the clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean experiment one way to do the clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean experiment one way to do the clean
+experiment is to take a jumbo jet full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is to take a jumbo jet full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is to take a jumbo jet full
+of identical twins at Birth um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identical twins at Birth um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identical twins at Birth um put
+little parachutes on them fly around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parachutes on them fly around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little parachutes on them fly around the
+world and push them out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and push them out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and push them out at
+random come back 18 years later after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random come back 18 years later after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random come back 18 years later after
+fluid intelligence has has uh reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence has has uh reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid intelligence has has uh reached
+its uh ASM totic level collect all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh ASM totic level collect all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh ASM totic level collect all your
+twins and see what the correlation is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins and see what the correlation is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins and see what the correlation is um
+this is for a variety of reasons a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a variety of reasons a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a variety of reasons a
+difficult experiment to actually do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult experiment to actually do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult experiment to actually do and
+so we don't have the data on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have the data on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have the data on that but
+there is a literature on So-Cal well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a literature on So-Cal well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a literature on So-Cal well on
+identical twins reared apart um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins reared apart um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins reared apart um it's not
+common but it does happen it happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but it does happen it happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but it does happen it happens uh
+when either both Twins or one of a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either both Twins or one of a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either both Twins or one of a pair
+of twins gets put up for adoption um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twins gets put up for adoption um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twins gets put up for adoption um the
+oneof a pair of twins thing may sound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneof a pair of twins thing may sound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneof a pair of twins thing may sound a
+little strange but this happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange but this happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange but this happens for
+instance typically at at at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance typically at at at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance typically at at at the lower
+end of the socioeconomic scale when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the socioeconomic scale when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the socioeconomic scale when
+you're thinking oh my goodness I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking oh my goodness I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking oh my goodness I think
+we can just barely manage this this kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just barely manage this this kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just barely manage this this kid
+when when he or she is born and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when he or she is born and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when he or she is born and there's
+two of them um and so one of them one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um and so one of them one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um and so one of them one of
+them get put up for adoption it's rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get put up for adoption it's rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get put up for adoption it's rare
+these things are these things are rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are these things are rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are these things are rare
+um but it does happen and a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it does happen and a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it does happen and a variety of
+efforts have been made over the years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts have been made over the years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts have been made over the years to
+um collect data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um collect data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um collect data on
+such some of this uh having has less to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such some of this uh having has less to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such some of this uh having has less to
+do with uh IQ than with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with uh IQ than with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with uh IQ than with the sort of
+General personality variables there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General personality variables there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General personality variables there's a
+whole lot of amusing though God knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of amusing though God knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of amusing though God knows
+what to make of it literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to make of it literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to make of it literature on
+identical twins who only meet their twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins who only meet their twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins who only meet their twin
+didn't realize they had a twin until um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize they had a twin until um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize they had a twin until um
+you know they're adults and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're adults and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're adults and then they
+meet and oh my God they both married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and oh my God they both married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and oh my God they both married
+women named glattus and they both have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women named glattus and they both have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women named glattus and they both have
+dogs um n named Gerald Ford or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs um n named Gerald Ford or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs um n named Gerald Ford or something
+like that um you know it's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um you know it's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um you know it's that's a
+little strange it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange it's a little hard to
+believe that glattus n was wired into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that glattus n was wired into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that glattus n was wired into
+the jeans um but weird coincidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jeans um but weird coincidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jeans um but weird coincidental
+things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen
+um the identical twins weird apart stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the identical twins weird apart stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the identical twins weird apart stuff
+is it's again not perfect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's again not perfect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's again not perfect data
+because for instance twins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for instance twins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for instance twins that are
+separated at Birth are sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated at Birth are sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated at Birth are sometimes
+separated by going off to live with ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by going off to live with ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by going off to live with ant
+so and so who lives in the next Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so who lives in the next Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so who lives in the next Valley
+or something like that is that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that is that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that is that really
+separated um hard hard to know oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated um hard hard to know oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated um hard hard to know oh the
+place where you do these studies well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you do these studies well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you do these studies well
+there's one thing on on on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing on on on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one thing on on on the handout
+about the Minnesota twin study cuz those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Minnesota twin study cuz those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Minnesota twin study cuz those
+guys are at Minnesota but the place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are at Minnesota but the place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are at Minnesota but the place you
+want to do these studies is Scandinavia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do these studies is Scandinavia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do these studies is Scandinavia
+scand not not because they take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scand not not because they take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scand not not because they take your
+twins apart a lot in scandinav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins apart a lot in scandinav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins apart a lot in scandinav
+but because boy do those guys keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because boy do those guys keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because boy do those guys keep
+records you know you get yourself some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records you know you get yourself some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records you know you get yourself some
+idea that you want to know where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you want to know where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you want to know where all the
+twins who were separated at Birth are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins who were separated at Birth are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins who were separated at Birth are in
+Denmark and there's somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark and there's somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denmark and there's somebody in the
+Danish bureaucracy who can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish bureaucracy who can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danish bureaucracy who can get that
+answer for you I mean in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for you I mean in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for you I mean in the US
+bureaucracy you're lucky if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy you're lucky if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy you're lucky if they can
+figure out oh I don't know where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out oh I don't know where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out oh I don't know where your
+300 tons of Iraqi explosives are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 tons of Iraqi explosives are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 tons of Iraqi explosives are or
+something like that but in Denmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but in Denmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but in Denmark
+they'll know where your stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know where your stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll know where your stuff
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the previous remark was should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous remark was should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous remark was should not be
+construed as being paid for by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed as being paid for by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed as being paid for by any
+particular political campaign um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular political campaign um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular political campaign um it's
+just what bubbled into my fevered brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what bubbled into my fevered brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what bubbled into my fevered brain
+here um but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but in any
+case when you do the identical twin rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you do the identical twin rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when you do the identical twin rear
+toart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toart
+study what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study what you
+find people yell and holler about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find people yell and holler about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find people yell and holler about these
+but the best of these data look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the best of these data look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the best of these data look like um
+a correlation of around 7 or so sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correlation of around 7 or so sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correlation of around 7 or so sign
+ific anly lower than the0 n for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ific anly lower than the0 n for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ific anly lower than the0 n for for
+identical twins reared in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins reared in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins reared in the same
+family but clearly indicating a uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but clearly indicating a uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but clearly indicating a uh um
+some sort of a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a genetic
+component to uh uh to what what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to uh uh to what what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to uh uh to what what is being
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+by um IQ so I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um IQ so I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um IQ so I I think that
+a it's been a very hot topic for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's been a very hot topic for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's been a very hot topic for a
+variety of reasons many of them not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons many of them not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons many of them not well
+formed to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed to ask
+how uh how much of a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh how much of a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh how much of a genetic
+contribution there is to um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution there is to um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution there is to um uh
+IQ um and it's been an answer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ um and it's been an answer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ um and it's been an answer where
+you're the answer that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the answer that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the answer that you're looking
+for is heavily driven by your politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is heavily driven by your politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is heavily driven by your politics
+as much as by your science um in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as by your science um in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as by your science um in part
+well look on the handout there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look on the handout there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look on the handout there are a
+bunch of pitfalls to this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pitfalls to this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pitfalls to this idea of
+heritability let jump down to number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability let jump down to number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritability let jump down to number
+three um number three is is perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um number three is is perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um number three is is perhaps the
+reason that it's been most politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it's been most politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it's been most politically
+loaded um there are people and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded um there are people and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded um there are people and there are
+groups whose uh whose IQ on average are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups whose uh whose IQ on average are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups whose uh whose IQ on average are
+lower than other um I uh than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than other um I uh than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than other um I uh than other
+groups or other people if you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or other people if you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or other people if you believe
+that genetics that that there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetics that that there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetics that that there's a strong
+genetic component to IQ and you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component to IQ and you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component to IQ and you believe
+that um this item three here that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this item three here that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this item three here that um
+things that are have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are have strong
+heritable heritable components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable heritable components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritable heritable components are
+largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely
+unmodifiable then what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodifiable then what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodifiable then what you're saying is
+um that if you've got low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you've got low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that if you've got low
+IQ that's sort of your tough luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ that's sort of your tough luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ that's sort of your tough luck
+there's nothing much that we as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing much that we as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing much that we as a
+society could do about it this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society could do about it this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society could do about it this was the
+uh thesis of a uh actually it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thesis of a uh actually it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thesis of a uh actually it's been a
+thesis of a repeated series of books the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of a repeated series of books the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of a repeated series of books the
+most famous recent one is a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous recent one is a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous recent one is a book called
+the bell curve by uh Murray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell curve by uh Murray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell curve by uh Murray and
+hernstein and Murray um and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hernstein and Murray um and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hernstein and Murray um and the basic
+argument ran like this there's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument ran like this there's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument ran like this there's clear
+evidence for for for heritability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for for for heritability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for for for heritability of
+IQ um IQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ um IQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ um IQ is
+not basic very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not basic very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not basic very
+modifiable um IQ is related posit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiable um IQ is related posit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiable um IQ is related posit
+correlated positively with good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated positively with good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated positively with good stuff
+and correlated negatively with bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlated negatively with bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlated negatively with bad
+stuff um and in and and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and in and and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and in and and that this
+country is an IQ strata IED country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is an IQ strata IED country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is an IQ strata IED country um
+it uh another way of putting it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh another way of putting it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh another way of putting it is a
+meritocracy it's not that you get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meritocracy it's not that you get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meritocracy it's not that you get to be
+you get born the Duke of Cambridge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get born the Duke of Cambridge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get born the Duke of Cambridge or
+something like that you get to rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you get to rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you get to rise to
+the top because you've got this great IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top because you've got this great IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top because you've got this great IQ
+that gets you to MIT that gets you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you to MIT that gets you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets you to MIT that gets you uh
+the good job and then you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good job and then you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good job and then you become
+president of the United States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States or
+something like that um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um the uh
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you get this great IQ and you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get this great IQ and you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get this great IQ and you come to
+MIT and you hang around in the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and you hang around in the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and you hang around in the infinite
+Carter making boingy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter making boingy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter making boingy
+noises that's different anyway if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises that's different anyway if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises that's different anyway if you
+take I don't know that four points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I don't know that four points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I don't know that four points or
+something you take those four points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you take those four points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you take those four points and
+you add them up what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to somebody over there take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody over there take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody over there take a little
+walk out the hall and ask Bo to cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk out the hall and ask Bo to cool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk out the hall and ask Bo to cool it
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+um what you get to is the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you get to is the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you get to is the notion that
+there are some people who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people who are going to
+be at the bottom of the stack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the bottom of the stack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the bottom of the stack in
+America and that's just the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's just the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and that's just the way it's
+going to be you know they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know they're going to be
+the criminals they're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criminals they're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criminals they're going to get
+pregnant they're not going to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant they're not going to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pregnant they're not going to make any
+money and that's just tough you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and that's just tough you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and that's just tough you know
+there's nothing much to be done about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing much to be done about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing much to be done about it
+I'm oversimplifying the book it ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm oversimplifying the book it ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm oversimplifying the book it ought to
+be fairly obvious that I disagree uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly obvious that I disagree uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly obvious that I disagree uh
+strongly with that thesis um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with that thesis um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with that thesis um but I
+should say it's not a stupid book book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's not a stupid book book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say it's not a stupid book book
+if you're interested in these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in these issues
+it's worth reading the book in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth reading the book in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth reading the book in the way
+that um you know if you're on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know if you're on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know if you're on the left
+politically it's worth listening to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically it's worth listening to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically it's worth listening to to
+right-wing talk radio to kind of sharpen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-wing talk radio to kind of sharpen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-wing talk radio to kind of sharpen
+your brain and if you're on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain and if you're on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain and if you're on the right
+politically it's worth listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically it's worth listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically it's worth listening to
+leftwing talk radio to to sharpen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftwing talk radio to to sharpen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftwing talk radio to to sharpen
+sharpen your brain um as long as it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpen your brain um as long as it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpen your brain um as long as it well
+actually talk radio is probably a wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk radio is probably a wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk radio is probably a wrong
+example because it really is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because it really is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because it really is pretty
+stupid most of it um hernstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid most of it um hernstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid most of it um hernstein and
+Murray aren't stupid I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray aren't stupid I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray aren't stupid I think they're
+wrong but they're not stupid um in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but they're not stupid um in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but they're not stupid um in any
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh why is let let me let let me give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is let let me let let me give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is let let me let let me give a
+non-intelligence example for why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intelligence example for why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intelligence example for why this
+Pitfall of thinking that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall of thinking that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall of thinking that these things
+are fixed um and unalterable just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed um and unalterable just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed um and unalterable just
+because they're inherited did it did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're inherited did it did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're inherited did it did it
+work oh did were you the person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work oh did were you the person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work oh did were you the person you
+weren't the person looking for it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't the person looking for it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't the person looking for it's not
+the same guy oh this is a lovely change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guy oh this is a lovely change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same guy oh this is a lovely change
+blind this thing right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind this thing right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind this thing right it's
+perfect a guy went out the boies stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect a guy went out the boies stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect a guy went out the boies stopped
+the guy came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy came
+back unfortunately I guess the boy guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back unfortunately I guess the boy guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back unfortunately I guess the boy guys
+killed the uh the guy who went out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed the uh the guy who went out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed the uh the guy who went out this
+is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+sad we could send another one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad we could send another one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad we could send another one out
+but um where was okay so things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um where was okay so things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um where was okay so things can be
+inherited but and things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited but and things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited but and things can be
+inherited and related to intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited and related to intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited and related to intelligence
+and nevertheless quite changeable PKU um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nevertheless quite changeable PKU um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nevertheless quite changeable PKU um
+is a a a dis order where you are unable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a a dis order where you are unable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a a dis order where you are unable
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+metabolize um one of the basic amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize um one of the basic amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize um one of the basic amino
+acids um and the result is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids um and the result is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids um and the result is uh it
+produces neurotoxins it munches up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces neurotoxins it munches up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces neurotoxins it munches up your
+brain kids with this disorder it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kids with this disorder it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kids with this disorder it's a
+genetic you know genetic birth defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic you know genetic birth defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic you know genetic birth defect
+type of disorder kids with this disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of disorder kids with this disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of disorder kids with this disorder
+um before it was understood um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before it was understood um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before it was understood um were
+condemned to severe mental retardation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemned to severe mental retardation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemned to severe mental retardation
+once it was figured out what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it was figured out what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it was figured out what the problem
+was you could prevent the severe mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you could prevent the severe mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you could prevent the severe mental
+retardation um by controlling diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retardation um by controlling diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retardation um by controlling diet
+basically by controlling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by controlling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by controlling an
+environmental Factor you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Factor you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental Factor you take the
+precursor out of the diet you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor out of the diet you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor out of the diet you don't
+produce the neurotoxins you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the neurotoxins you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the neurotoxins you don't
+produce the mental retardation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the mental retardation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the mental retardation it
+doesn't mean that the disorder was any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the disorder was any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the disorder was any
+less heritable it's you know it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less heritable it's you know it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less heritable it's you know it's it's a
+birthy are you the guy is he the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthy are you the guy is he the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthy are you the guy is he the guy
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you what was it uh there was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was it uh there was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was it uh there was just
+someone walking through the hall between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone walking through the hall between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone walking through the hall between
+he left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he left
+okay you he's not going to need medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you he's not going to need medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you he's not going to need medical
+care or nothing right oh okay good no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or nothing right oh okay good no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or nothing right oh okay good no I
+was worried that you might have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worried that you might have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was worried that you might have worked
+him over or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him over or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him over or something
+it's thank thank you thank you for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thank thank you thank you for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thank thank you thank you for for
+taking care of that in any case um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of that in any case um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of that in any case um so
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+have uh you can have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you can have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh you can have something that's
+clearly genetic in origin where an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly genetic in origin where an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly genetic in origin where an
+environmental change might make a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental change might make a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental change might make a uh
+make a difference PKU is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference PKU is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference PKU is simply a
+dramatic um example example of that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic um example example of that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic um example example of that let
+me just take a look okay so I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a look okay so I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a look okay so I've already
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+um the uh uh Pitfall to the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh uh Pitfall to the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh uh Pitfall to the notion that
+the interaction term might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction term might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction term might be important
+uh the the evidence for that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the evidence for that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the evidence for that might be
+this uh um low socioeconomic status High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh um low socioeconomic status High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh um low socioeconomic status High
+socioeconomic status influence on um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status influence on um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status influence on um on
+the apparent heritability of it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparent heritability of it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparent heritability of it and I
+really also already hit that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also already hit that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really also already hit that first
+Pitfall uh there high heritability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall uh there high heritability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitfall uh there high heritability
+might just mean that there wasn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just mean that there wasn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just mean that there wasn't much
+variation in the environment in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the environment in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the environment in your
+particular experiment if you grow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment if you grow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment if you grow all
+the tomato plants in exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tomato plants in exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tomato plants in exactly the same
+field with the same water the same sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the same water the same sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the same water the same sun
+and the same fertilizer there will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same fertilizer there will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same fertilizer there will still
+be some variability of course you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some variability of course you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some variability of course you'll get
+a heritability score that will be near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heritability score that will be near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heritability score that will be near
+one but that's because you've driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's because you've driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but that's because you've driven
+this term down to zero or near zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term down to zero or near zero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term down to zero or near zero um
+and and that doesn't prove that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that doesn't prove that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that doesn't prove that uh that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+environment is uh is unimportant so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is uh is unimportant so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is uh is unimportant so the
+fact that there is a significant genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is a significant genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there is a significant genetic
+component doesn't mean there is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component doesn't mean there is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component doesn't mean there is not a
+significant um uh environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um uh environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um uh environmental
+component um okay take uh take take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component um okay take uh take take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component um okay take uh take take a
+quick stretch make boingy noises um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick stretch make boingy noises um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick stretch make boingy noises um
+that's good thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um hi actually decided that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hi actually decided that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hi actually decided that we were
+going to go over the midterms in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the midterms in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over the midterms in class
+yes of course go ahead okay so are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of course go ahead okay so are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of course go ahead okay so are my
+class is right now no go ahead no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is right now no go ahead no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is right now no go ahead no no no
+absolutely no this this is this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no this this is this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no this this is this is in
+case there are all those Society for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there are all those Society for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there are all those Society for
+Neuroscience Tas no no by all means I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience Tas no no by all means I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience Tas no no by all means I I
+want to cover for them but not not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover for them but not not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover for them but not not not
+to discourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um look looking at the time and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look looking at the time and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um look looking at the time and looking
+at my uh notes I realized I'd better get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my uh notes I realized I'd better get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my uh notes I realized I'd better get
+cooking here um so let me let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking here um so let me let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking here um so let me let me let me
+cook here um what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook here um what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook here um what I want to do is
+to tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little
+bit well let me frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well let me frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well let me frame this
+um since I've already introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since I've already introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since I've already introduced the
+hearin and Murray uh book The the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearin and Murray uh book The the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearin and Murray uh book The the most
+controversial piece about um uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial piece about um uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial piece about um uh of of
+the hernstein and Murray kind of story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hernstein and Murray kind of story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hernstein and Murray kind of story
+is when you start getting to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you start getting to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you start getting to group
+differences and you say look in America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you say look in America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and you say look in America
+at the present time the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the present time the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the present time the average
+African-American IQ score is about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American IQ score is about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-American IQ score is about 10
+points lower than the average white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lower than the average white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points lower than the average white
+American score that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American score that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American score that that's
+data and what you care to make of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what you care to make of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what you care to make of those
+data um is very important from a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um is very important from a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um is very important from a policy
+point of view hernstein and Murray were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view hernstein and Murray were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view hernstein and Murray were
+making the argument that since gen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the argument that since gen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the argument that since gen you
+know genetics has this big uh role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genetics has this big uh role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know genetics has this big uh role and
+these are things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things are
+unalterable that the fact that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unalterable that the fact that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unalterable that the fact that uh that
+blacks in the US also on average make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks in the US also on average make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks in the US also on average make
+less money and so on you know hey man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money and so on you know hey man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money and so on you know hey man
+that's just science and genetics and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just science and genetics and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just science and genetics and and
+and the fact that we're a meritocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we're a meritocracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that we're a meritocracy
+and good things like that you know live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good things like that you know live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good things like that you know live
+with it um what I want to do first is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um what I want to do first is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um what I want to do first is to
+describe a couple of um what are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a couple of um what are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a couple of um what are really
+sort of amusing historical anecdotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amusing historical anecdotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of amusing historical anecdotes
+about the history of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the history of intelligence
+testing drawn from Steven Gould's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing drawn from Steven Gould's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing drawn from Steven Gould's book
+called the Mis measure of man I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Mis measure of man I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Mis measure of man I will
+answer the question on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question on the handout
+already um to what's the point of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um to what's the point of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um to what's the point of these
+amusing Stories the point is not to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing Stories the point is not to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing Stories the point is not to make
+fun of folks operating 100 or 150 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of folks operating 100 or 150 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of folks operating 100 or 150 years
+ago the point is to um uh to make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the point is to um uh to make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the point is to um uh to make us
+take with caution our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with caution our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with caution our understanding of
+uh uh similar answers that we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh similar answers that we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh similar answers that we're getting
+today so for example who has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so for example who has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so for example who has higher
+average IQ men or women how many vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average IQ men or women how many vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average IQ men or women how many vote
+that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+men how many vote that it's women how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men how many vote that it's women how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men how many vote that it's women how
+many vote that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vote that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vote that it's
+equal how many vote that I ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal how many vote that I ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal how many vote that I ain't
+touching this cuz I smell a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching this cuz I smell a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching this cuz I smell a political
+question when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when I
+can how many vote I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how many vote I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can how many vote I don't
+vote that's the wrong answer at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote that's the wrong answer at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote that's the wrong answer at least
+next Tuesday this ad paid for you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday this ad paid for you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Tuesday this ad paid for you by the
+League of Women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Voters yeah I no I mean just stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voters yeah I no I mean just stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voters yeah I no I mean just stepping
+aside here um it's sort of a pain often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside here um it's sort of a pain often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside here um it's sort of a pain often
+to vote if you're if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote if you're if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote if you're if you're an
+undergraduate right cuz like you're way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate right cuz like you're way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate right cuz like you're way
+away from whatever District you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from whatever District you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from whatever District you're
+supposed to vote in but go and vote if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to vote in but go and vote if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to vote in but go and vote if
+for no other reason then nobody pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for no other reason then nobody pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for no other reason then nobody pulled
+you and you can screw up all those polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can screw up all those polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can screw up all those polls
+that claim that they knew the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim that they knew the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim that they knew the answer
+which they don't know to the election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they don't know to the election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they don't know to the election
+one way the other by voting cuz when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way the other by voting cuz when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way the other by voting cuz when
+they called your parents you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called your parents you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called your parents you weren't
+home um so anyway but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home um so anyway but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home um so anyway but you should
+um what was I oh yeah so men and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was I oh yeah so men and women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was I oh yeah so men and women
+the answer is that uh men and women have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that uh men and women have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that uh men and women have
+the same average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same average
+IQ but the interesting question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ but the interesting question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ but the interesting question is why
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+case why is it the case well back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why is it the case well back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why is it the case well back at the
+beginning of the 20th century when IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th century when IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th century when IQ
+tests came from France to America um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests came from France to America um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests came from France to America um how
+do you build an IQ test what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you build an IQ test what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you build an IQ test what you do is
+you make up some questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up some questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up some questions that you
+think might be reasonable measures of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be reasonable measures of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be reasonable measures of in
+intelligence you give them to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence you give them to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence you give them to a bunch of
+kids cuz this was originally a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids cuz this was originally a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids cuz this was originally a school
+testing kind of thing um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kind of thing um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing kind of thing um and then you
+sort of ask um you know are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ask um you know are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ask um you know are these
+sensible questions like do the kids who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible questions like do the kids who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible questions like do the kids who
+the teacher thinks is smart do well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher thinks is smart do well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher thinks is smart do well on
+them and stuff and you you work from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and stuff and you you work from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and stuff and you you work from
+that and and so they're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and so they're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and so they're working on
+standardizing the original test and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing the original test and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardizing the original test and on
+the original drafts of the test women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original drafts of the test women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original drafts of the test women
+girls were scoring about 10 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls were scoring about 10 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls were scoring about 10 points
+higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than
+men um the guys who made the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men um the guys who made the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men um the guys who made the guys
+literally who made up the test knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally who made up the test knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally who made up the test knew that
+this was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was wrong
+um now it is to their credit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now it is to their credit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now it is to their credit in the
+early 20th century that they knew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century that they knew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century that they knew a
+priori that the correct answer was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori that the correct answer was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori that the correct answer was that
+men and women were equal it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women were equal it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women were equal it would have
+been no big surprise at that point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been no big surprise at that point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been no big surprise at that point to
+have them figure out that men should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them figure out that men should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them figure out that men should
+have been you know should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been you know should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been you know should have been
+scoring higher um but they knew that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring higher um but they knew that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring higher um but they knew that the
+answer was that men and women were equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was that men and women were equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was that men and women were equal
+and here's what they did um you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what they did um you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what they did um you do
+what's known as an item analysis on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as an item analysis on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as an item analysis on your
+test you look at all the questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you look at all the questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you look at all the questions you
+say oh look guys did much better on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh look guys did much better on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh look guys did much better on this
+question uh than than than women did oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh than than than women did oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh than than than women did oh
+look women did much better on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look women did much better on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look women did much better on this
+question than guys did you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question than guys did you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question than guys did you know what
+we're going to do with this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do with this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do with this question
+we're going to throw it off the exam um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to throw it off the exam um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to throw it off the exam um
+you know we're making up the exam as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're making up the exam as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're making up the exam as we
+go along and so they they tooled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along and so they they tooled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along and so they they tooled the
+exam to get rid of that 10-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to get rid of that 10-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam to get rid of that 10-point
+difference and and and subsequent tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and and and subsequent tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and and and subsequent tests
+are standardized against the older tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are standardized against the older tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are standardized against the older tests
+that's why men and women have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why men and women have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why men and women have the same
+IQ yes how do you fact motivation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ yes how do you fact motivation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ yes how do you fact motivation into
+this aren't little girls more focused in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aren't little girls more focused in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aren't little girls more focused in
+general oh there's a whole lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general oh there's a whole lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general oh there's a whole lot of you
+know I don't know when it is that guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know when it is that guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know when it is that guys
+finally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get
+focused um but but yeah yeah yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused um but but yeah yeah yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused um but but yeah yeah yeah I mean
+I and I I don't have much direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I I don't have much direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I I don't have much direct
+experience with this having merely had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this having merely had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with this having merely had
+three unfocused guys myself um in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unfocused guys myself um in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unfocused guys myself um in in in
+my family I always wanted one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family I always wanted one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family I always wanted one of those
+focused girls who just anyway um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused girls who just anyway um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused girls who just anyway um yeah
+yeah yeah yeah there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah there's all sorts of
+stuff like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um
+but yeah it's a whole other course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's a whole other course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's a whole other course um
+but what they did was they made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they did was they made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they did was they made the
+difference go away by by manipulating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference go away by by manipulating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference go away by by manipulating um
+by manipulating the test now these tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by manipulating the test now these tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by manipulating the test now these tests
+were hardly the first efforts to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hardly the first efforts to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hardly the first efforts to study
+intelligence actually in an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence actually in an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence actually in an interesting
+circular movement these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular movement these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular movement these days
+um there's great interest again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's great interest again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's great interest again in
+looking at the brain and saying is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the brain and saying is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the brain and saying is there
+something about smart brains that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about smart brains that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about smart brains that's
+different from uh less smart brains we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh less smart brains we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh less smart brains we
+can do that with the renewed interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that with the renewed interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that with the renewed interest
+comes from the fact that you can now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that you can now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the fact that you can now go
+and look at brains in um walking talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at brains in um walking talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at brains in um walking talking
+people the previous boom in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the previous boom in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the previous boom in looking at
+brains was in the 19th century the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains was in the 19th century the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains was in the 19th century the
+difficulty the reason Benet developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty the reason Benet developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty the reason Benet developed
+his test was that the you know looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his test was that the you know looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his test was that the you know looking
+at brains was only good at autopsy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at brains was only good at autopsy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at brains was only good at autopsy right
+you're not going to figure out if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to figure out if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to figure out if your
+kid needs help in school by cutting his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid needs help in school by cutting his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid needs help in school by cutting his
+head open and looking if his brain's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head open and looking if his brain's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head open and looking if his brain's any
+good in the 19th century it's just not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the 19th century it's just not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the 19th century it's just not a
+really practical solution but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical solution but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really practical solution but people
+like Paul broka of brok's area famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Paul broka of brok's area famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Paul broka of brok's area famous
+French neurologist spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French neurologist spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French neurologist spent a lot of time
+um looking at the brains of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the brains of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at the brains of their
+deceased colleagues and others to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceased colleagues and others to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceased colleagues and others to see
+what made people talented broker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made people talented broker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made people talented broker's
+Doctrine translated from the French but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctrine translated from the French but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doctrine translated from the French but
+quot in is that all other things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quot in is that all other things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quot in is that all other things being
+equal there's a remarkable relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal there's a remarkable relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal there's a remarkable relationship
+between the development of intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the development of intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the development of intelligence
+and the volume of the brain he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the brain he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the brain he was
+interested in the size um of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the size um of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the size um of the brain
+to a first approximation he's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a first approximation he's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a first approximation he's got to be
+right one of the reasons there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the reasons there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the reasons there are no
+chickens in uh you know enrolled as MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens in uh you know enrolled as MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens in uh you know enrolled as MIT
+undergraduates is cuz little chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates is cuz little chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates is cuz little chicken
+brains just don't cut it when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just don't cut it when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains just don't cut it when it comes
+to um you to to surviving at at at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you to to surviving at at at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you to to surviving at at at MIT
+um so having quantity of brain really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so having quantity of brain really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so having quantity of brain really
+does make some some difference um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make some some difference um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make some some difference um so
+what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he
+did was to look at the sizes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to look at the sizes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to look at the sizes of of
+brains um and and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains um and and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains um and and his
+conclusion was that in general the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was that in general the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was that in general the brain
+is larger in mature adults than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger in mature adults than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger in mature adults than in the
+elderly in men than in women in eminent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly in men than in women in eminent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly in men than in women in eminent
+men than in men of mediocre talent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men than in men of mediocre talent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men than in men of mediocre talent and
+in Superior races than an inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Superior races than an inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Superior races than an inferior
+races the um this reflects very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races the um this reflects very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races the um this reflects very much the
+biases of of sort of Nate you know 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases of of sort of Nate you know 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases of of sort of Nate you know 19th
+century European um in fact that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century European um in fact that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century European um in fact that's sort
+of the point um it's not to say o broka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point um it's not to say o broka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point um it's not to say o broka
+was an evil nasty man but you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an evil nasty man but you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an evil nasty man but you should be
+a little suspicious when your science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little suspicious when your science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little suspicious when your science
+places you at the Pinnacle of creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you at the Pinnacle of creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you at the Pinnacle of creation
+you know that that that that should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that that should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that that should be a
+little warning Bell that that goes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little warning Bell that that goes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little warning Bell that that goes oh
+the inferior Races by the way um were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior Races by the way um were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior Races by the way um were uh
+for for broka with the Chinese the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for broka with the Chinese the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for broka with the Chinese the uh
+the Hindus that's subcontinental India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hindus that's subcontinental India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hindus that's subcontinental India
+um and blacks I I I can't remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and blacks I I I can't remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and blacks I I I can't remember if
+Jews made it onto his list or not but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews made it onto his list or not but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews made it onto his list or not but in
+any case um it was the sort of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case um it was the sort of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case um it was the sort of the 19th
+century collection of not white males um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century collection of not white males um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century collection of not white males um
+but how did broka get to this conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how did broka get to this conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how did broka get to this conclusion
+well he weighed a lot of brains and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he weighed a lot of brains and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he weighed a lot of brains and what
+he discovered was in fact it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered was in fact it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovered was in fact it's true that
+female brains are on average um a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brains are on average um a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brains are on average um a little
+lighter than male brains on average all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than male brains on average all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than male brains on average all
+right so you know chicken brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know chicken brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know chicken brains are
+lighter than your brain chickens don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than your brain chickens don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than your brain chickens don't
+go to MIT female brains are lighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to MIT female brains are lighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to MIT female brains are lighter than
+male brains so but he also found um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male brains so but he also found um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male brains so but he also found um that
+uh French brains were lighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh French brains were lighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh French brains were lighter than
+German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German
+brains broko was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains broko was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains broko was
+French but so he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French but so he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French but so he wrote
+Germans um ingest a quantity of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans um ingest a quantity of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germans um ingest a quantity of solid
+food and drink far greater than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and drink far greater than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and drink far greater than that
+which satisfies us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies us
+um this joined with his consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this joined with his consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this joined with his consumption of
+beer makes the German so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer makes the German so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer makes the German so much more
+fleshy than the Frenchmen um so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleshy than the Frenchmen um so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleshy than the Frenchmen um so much
+more so that the relation of brain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that the relation of brain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that the relation of brain size
+to total mass far from being Superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to total mass far from being Superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to total mass far from being Superior to
+ours seems to me on the contrary to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours seems to me on the contrary to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours seems to me on the contrary to be
+inferior um so well what he's doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior um so well what he's doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior um so well what he's doing what
+he's doing is is is not stupid he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is is is not stupid he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing is is is not stupid he's
+correct for body size and there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for body size and there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for body size and there's a very
+interesting graph that that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting graph that that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting graph that that you may have
+seen some place or other if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some place or other if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some place or other if you
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+um uh body size weight against uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh body size weight against uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh body size weight against uh
+brain weight I I can't remember if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain weight I I can't remember if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain weight I I can't remember if it
+works just for mammals or for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just for mammals or for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just for mammals or for sort of
+everybody but anyway let's let's claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but anyway let's let's claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but anyway let's let's claim
+it's mammals um you get a very tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mammals um you get a very tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mammals um you get a very tight
+correlation all all the way up from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all all the way up from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation all all the way up from uh
+you know Mouse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whale uh
+except that humans are up here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that humans are up here somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that humans are up here somewhere
+they have they're off the curve um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they're off the curve um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they're off the curve um and
+so the argument is you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument is you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the argument is you know people
+people always think you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always think you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always think you know a lot of
+people think whales they must be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think whales they must be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think whales they must be these
+philosophers of the deep they got a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of the deep they got a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers of the deep they got a huge
+brain but there does nobody quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but there does nobody quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain but there does nobody quite
+understands what they're doing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what they're doing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what they're doing with that
+great big brain but they do lie on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great big brain but they do lie on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great big brain but they do lie on this
+function and humans have a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and humans have a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and humans have a very big
+brain relative to their body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain relative to their body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain relative to their body
+size so this is the point at which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this is the point at which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this is the point at which some
+typically woman in the class is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically woman in the class is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically woman in the class is supposed
+to raise their hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise their hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise their hand and
+say females are smaller yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say females are smaller yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say females are smaller yeah you know
+females are smaller than males so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females are smaller than males so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females are smaller than males so if we
+correct for body weight well broka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for body weight well broka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for body weight well broka
+wasn't stupid he knew that and he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't stupid he knew that and he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't stupid he knew that and he wrote
+we might ask if the small size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might ask if the small size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might ask if the small size of the
+female brain depends exclusively on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brain depends exclusively on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female brain depends exclusively on the
+small size of her body we must not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size of her body we must not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size of her body we must not
+forget says broker that women are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget says broker that women are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget says broker that women are on
+average a little less intelligent than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a little less intelligent than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average a little less intelligent than
+men we are therefore permitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men we are therefore permitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men we are therefore permitted to
+suppose that the relatively small size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the relatively small size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the relatively small size
+of the female brain depends in part on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the female brain depends in part on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the female brain depends in part on
+her physical inferiority and in part on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her physical inferiority and in part on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her physical inferiority and in part on
+her intellectual inferiority um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her intellectual inferiority um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her intellectual inferiority um now
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+quotes those two quotes from broka are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes those two quotes from broka are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes those two quotes from broka are
+taken from completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from completely different
+Publications even broka might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications even broka might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications even broka might have
+noticed if you put them right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed if you put them right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed if you put them right next to
+each other that there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other that there's a certain
+conflict um there again the point isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict um there again the point isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict um there again the point isn't
+to say broka was a mean nasty stupid man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say broka was a mean nasty stupid man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say broka was a mean nasty stupid man
+um there's no evidence for any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no evidence for any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no evidence for any of that
+but there's clear evidence that what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's clear evidence that what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's clear evidence that what he
+thought he knew ahead of time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he knew ahead of time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he knew ahead of time was
+influencing how he was um how he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing how he was um how he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing how he was um how he was
+reading his data um the the the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading his data um the the the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading his data um the the the brain
+weighing Endeavor sort of fell apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing Endeavor sort of fell apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing Endeavor sort of fell apart
+because it didn't work all that well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't work all that well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't work all that well you
+know people like gaus the the scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people like gaus the the scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people like gaus the the scientist
+who gives his name to that unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gives his name to that unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gives his name to that unit of
+magnetic whatever it is and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic whatever it is and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic whatever it is and and and and
+Gussy and curves and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gussy and curves and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gussy and curves and stuff like that
+turned out to have a small brain had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to have a small brain had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to have a small brain had a
+lot of wrinkles in it though um Lenin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wrinkles in it though um Lenin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of wrinkles in it though um Lenin
+the Communists were always big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Communists were always big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Communists were always big on
+carving up the brains of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving up the brains of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving up the brains of their
+ex-leaders um Lenin was reputed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-leaders um Lenin was reputed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex-leaders um Lenin was reputed to have
+uh a CET you we all have a cortex it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a CET you we all have a cortex it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a CET you we all have a cortex it's
+got six cell layers in it Lenin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got six cell layers in it Lenin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got six cell layers in it Lenin's
+allegedly had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly had
+seven you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the uh again the point of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh again the point of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh again the point of these
+stories is not to say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories is not to say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories is not to say that you know
+we're smart and they were all stupid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're smart and they were all stupid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're smart and they were all stupid and
+silly people the point is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly people the point is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly people the point is to say that
+people tend to impose their ideas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to impose their ideas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to impose their ideas on
+their data as well as imposing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data as well as imposing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data as well as imposing their
+data on their ideas and you got to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on their ideas and you got to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on their ideas and you got to keep
+an eye open for that um in the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye open for that um in the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye open for that um in the remaining
+time let's ask a bit about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's ask a bit about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's ask a bit about this question
+about suppose we really do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about suppose we really do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about suppose we really do think that
+more IQ is better is there any evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more IQ is better is there any evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more IQ is better is there any evidence
+that we can get more you know is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get more you know is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get more you know is there
+way to get more IQ um the answer appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get more IQ um the answer appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get more IQ um the answer appears
+to be yes though we're not in well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be yes though we're not in well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be yes though we're not in well we
+some of it's kind of mysterious the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's kind of mysterious the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it's kind of mysterious the
+mysterious bit is on the handout on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious bit is on the handout on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious bit is on the handout on the
+back page I see well on page four at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back page I see well on page four at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back page I see well on page four at
+least um as the Flynn effect Flynn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least um as the Flynn effect Flynn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least um as the Flynn effect Flynn is a
+political scientist James Flynn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist James Flynn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist James Flynn is a
+political scientist sitting down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist sitting down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political scientist sitting down at the
+University of otago um at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of otago um at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of otago um at the bottom of
+New Zealand um which nobody had ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Zealand um which nobody had ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Zealand um which nobody had ever
+heard of until the Lord of the Rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of until the Lord of the Rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of until the Lord of the Rings
+movies um but you you don't get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies um but you you don't get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies um but you you don't get further
+away unless you go to Antarctica but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away unless you go to Antarctica but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away unless you go to Antarctica but uh
+what he did was he he took a look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he he took a look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he he took a look just
+at Raw IQ statistics um initially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Raw IQ statistics um initially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Raw IQ statistics um initially in the
+Pacific Rim countries um for in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific Rim countries um for in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific Rim countries um for in in the
+period before shortly before and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period before shortly before and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period before shortly before and since
+World War II couple of generations worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II couple of generations worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II couple of generations worth
+and what he found well it's summed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found well it's summed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he found well it's summed up in
+the title of his paper massive IQ gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of his paper massive IQ gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of his paper massive IQ gains
+in these countries so for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these countries so for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these countries so for example um
+back a couple of you know a decade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a couple of you know a decade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a couple of you know a decade or
+two ago when the Japanese economy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago when the Japanese economy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ago when the Japanese economy was
+booming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming
+people liked to point out people given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people liked to point out people given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people liked to point out people given
+to these uh group IQ arguments like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these uh group IQ arguments like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these uh group IQ arguments like to
+point out that the average Japanese IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that the average Japanese IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that the average Japanese IQ
+is about 10 points higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10 points higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 10 points higher than the
+average American IQ and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average American IQ and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average American IQ and the reason
+they're eating our lunch is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating our lunch is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating our lunch is because they
+are just a they've been breeding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a they've been breeding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a they've been breeding with
+each other for years you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for years you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for years you know and and
+they're just smarter people than than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just smarter people than than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just smarter people than than we
+are and we're all doomed to serve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and we're all doomed to serve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and we're all doomed to serve the
+Japanese forever well that argument has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese forever well that argument has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese forever well that argument has
+kind of gone away since they went into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gone away since they went into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gone away since they went into a
+you 10-year recession or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 10-year recession or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 10-year recession or something but
+the more interesting point from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting point from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more interesting point from our
+point of view is that um apparently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view is that um apparently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view is that um apparently they
+got smart really fast because before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smart really fast because before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got smart really fast because before
+World War II the average Japanese IQ was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II the average Japanese IQ was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II the average Japanese IQ was
+about 10 points lower than the US IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 points lower than the US IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 points lower than the US IQ
+there is no genetic story that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no genetic story that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no genetic story that makes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+work um and this happens in Pacific Rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and this happens in Pacific Rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and this happens in Pacific Rim
+country after Pacific Rim country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country after Pacific Rim country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country after Pacific Rim country um
+that uh after World War II IQs just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh after World War II IQs just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh after World War II IQs just uh
+go way up and then subsequently it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go way up and then subsequently it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go way up and then subsequently it turns
+out well it's happening all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well it's happening all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out well it's happening all over the
+world in fact um it had been masked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in fact um it had been masked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in fact um it had been masked in
+the US because um IQ tests keep getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US because um IQ tests keep getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US because um IQ tests keep getting
+rored uh the average IQ in the US keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rored uh the average IQ in the US keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rored uh the average IQ in the US keeps
+drifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifting
+higher and then because IQ average IQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and then because IQ average IQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and then because IQ average IQ is
+defined as 100 you rorm the test so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as 100 you rorm the test so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as 100 you rorm the test so that
+the average is is 100 again um Flynn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is is 100 again um Flynn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is is 100 again um Flynn
+wrote a one ful paper which I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a one ful paper which I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a one ful paper which I didn't
+cite on here but if anybody wants send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite on here but if anybody wants send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite on here but if anybody wants send
+me an email where where he was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email where where he was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an email where where he was having
+fun with these statistics proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with these statistics proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with these statistics proving that
+um if you if you use these statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you use these statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you use these statistics
+literally you would conclude that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you would conclude that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you would conclude that our
+founding fathers were all congenital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding fathers were all congenital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding fathers were all congenital
+idiots um and and you know were probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiots um and and you know were probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiots um and and you know were probably
+too dumb to walk across the street if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too dumb to walk across the street if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too dumb to walk across the street if
+you just extrapolate back something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just extrapolate back something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just extrapolate back something very
+odd is going on it's not clear what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd is going on it's not clear what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd is going on it's not clear what it
+is one of the thoughts had been that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the thoughts had been that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the thoughts had been that it
+was simply nutrition Pacific Rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply nutrition Pacific Rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply nutrition Pacific Rim
+nutrition a lot better after World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition a lot better after World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition a lot better after World War
+II and maybe better food makes better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II and maybe better food makes better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II and maybe better food makes better
+brains that's that that seems to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that's that that seems to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains that's that that seems to be true
+but there's counter evidence for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's counter evidence for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's counter evidence for example
+there's no dip in the Dutch uh average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dip in the Dutch uh average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dip in the Dutch uh average
+IQ for the cohort that was um in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ for the cohort that was um in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ for the cohort that was um in in the
+vulnerable part of Early Childhood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable part of Early Childhood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable part of Early Childhood um
+during World War II when the Germans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II when the Germans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II when the Germans
+systematically starved the Netherlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically starved the Netherlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically starved the Netherlands
+um there there's no dip in the IQ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's no dip in the IQ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's no dip in the IQ so
+it's not clear that the food story works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that the food story works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that the food story works
+there are other stories that say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other stories that say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other stories that say that
+what's going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is
+um uh is is something about a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh is is something about a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh is is something about a change in
+the culture that the world culture has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture that the world culture has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture that the world culture has
+become this much more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this much more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this much more information
+intensive culture that um that supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive culture that um that supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive culture that um that supports
+and nourishes the sorts of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nourishes the sorts of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nourishes the sorts of things that
+are measured by IQ that the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measured by IQ that the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measured by IQ that the sorts of
+talents that you needed when you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents that you needed when you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents that you needed when you were a
+subsistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsistence
+farmer you needed some smarts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer you needed some smarts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer you needed some smarts to make
+yourself survive but they weren't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself survive but they weren't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself survive but they weren't the
+sort of thing that were getting picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that were getting picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that were getting picked
+up on IQ tests and that now the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on IQ tests and that now the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on IQ tests and that now the whole
+that you know your life builds I IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know your life builds I IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know your life builds I IQ
+points and something it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and something it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and something it's not clear
+what's going on what is clear is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what is clear is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on what is clear is it's
+not genetic it's just too fast to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not genetic it's just too fast to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not genetic it's just too fast to be a
+genetic change now that that's that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic change now that that's that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic change now that that's that's at
+the level of groups can you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of groups can you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of groups can you change
+individual um IQs um and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um IQs um and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um IQs um and and the
+evidence there is yeah you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there is yeah you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there is yeah you can do that
+too and um the classic experiments come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and um the classic experiments come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and um the classic experiments come
+from the uh uh the the' 60s oh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh uh the the' 60s oh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh uh the the' 60s oh what is
+today he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today he's a
+rat all right so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat all right so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat all right so we're going to take
+rats sort of a homogeneous population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats sort of a homogeneous population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats sort of a homogeneous population of
+rats and we're going to randomize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and we're going to randomize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and we're going to randomize them
+into three populations um population one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three populations um population one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three populations um population one
+goes into well let's let's stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into well let's let's stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into well let's let's stick with
+socioeconomic status because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status because that's what
+they were trying to model um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to model um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to model um this is the
+low sees group um which meant in Rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sees group um which meant in Rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sees group um which meant in Rat
+case that they they they they lived uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they they they they lived uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they they they they lived uh
+um looking like ducks or something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking like ducks or something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking like ducks or something they
+lived all alone in an isolated cage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived all alone in an isolated cage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived all alone in an isolated cage with
+nothing to play with um the um medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to play with um the um medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to play with um the um medium
+group lived in uh what was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group lived in uh what was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group lived in uh what was sort of the
+standard lab cage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard lab cage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard lab cage um
+of uh you know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know a couple
+of cockroaches um you know a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cockroaches um you know a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cockroaches um you know a couple of
+rats not much action and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats not much action and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats not much action and then there was
+the uh High sces rat group or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh High sces rat group or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh High sces rat group or the
+enriched group who lived in a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched group who lived in a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched group who lived in a sort of a
+big group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big group
+uh uh Rat daycare center um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Rat daycare center um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Rat daycare center um you know
+with lots of cool toys to play with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of cool toys to play with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of cool toys to play with and
+you know the Habit Trail thingy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Habit Trail thingy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Habit Trail thingy and and
+and stuff you know a lot of good cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff you know a lot of good cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff you know a lot of good cool
+stuff there um let them let them grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there um let them let them grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there um let them let them grow up
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+environments test them on little rat IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments test them on little rat IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments test them on little rat IQ
+tests you know cognitive tests for rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests you know cognitive tests for rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests you know cognitive tests for rats
+these guys do not do as well as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys do not do as well as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys do not do as well as these
+guys look at them at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look at them at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look at them at the end of the
+experiment I mean the real end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I mean the real end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I mean the real end of the
+experiment when the rat is now dead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment when the rat is now dead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment when the rat is now dead and
+you discover these guys have brains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover these guys have brains that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover these guys have brains that
+on all sorts of measures look better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all sorts of measures look better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all sorts of measures look better
+than these brains thicker cortex more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these brains thicker cortex more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these brains thicker cortex more
+synapses bigger brain um clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses bigger brain um clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses bigger brain um clearly the
+enriched environment was having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched environment was having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched environment was having some
+sort of effect these data back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect these data back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect these data back in the
+60s were part of what motivated Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s were part of what motivated Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s were part of what motivated Head
+Start the the notion that kids in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start the the notion that kids in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start the the notion that kids in low
+socioeconomic uh environments could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic uh environments could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic uh environments could be
+uh had lower IQs than kids in high socio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had lower IQs than kids in high socio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had lower IQs than kids in high socio
+IC uh environments they could be brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC uh environments they could be brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC uh environments they could be brought
+along to the same higher level by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to the same higher level by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to the same higher level by
+putting them in school earlier putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in school earlier putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in school earlier putting
+them in in in a preschool enrichment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in in a preschool enrichment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in in a preschool enrichment um
+situation and it worked that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it worked that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it worked that if you
+went I need a spot um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took
+kids took Lowes kids who plateaued out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids took Lowes kids who plateaued out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids took Lowes kids who plateaued out
+at at at this level and you took them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at this level and you took them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at at this level and you took them
+and put them in in Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them in in Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them in in Head
+Start they went up to this higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start they went up to this higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start they went up to this higher level
+that was the same level as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same level as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same level as the
+High sces kids well what are hernstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High sces kids well what are hernstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High sces kids well what are hernstein
+and Murray talking about then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Murray talking about then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Murray talking about then when they
+say you can't change it well hearin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can't change it well hearin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can't change it well hearin and
+Murray said yeah that was very nice look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray said yeah that was very nice look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray said yeah that was very nice look
+what happened when these kids hit middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when these kids hit middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when these kids hit middle
+school and high school and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and high school and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and high school and the answer is
+they went right back down while the High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went right back down while the High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went right back down while the High
+sces kids stayed up hernstein and Murray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces kids stayed up hernstein and Murray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sces kids stayed up hernstein and Murray
+concluded that what this is is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that what this is is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that what this is is like a
+rubber band yeah you can stretch it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber band yeah you can stretch it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber band yeah you can stretch it a
+bit but when you let go um it just snaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but when you let go um it just snaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but when you let go um it just snaps
+back to where it was the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where it was the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where it was the alternative
+view is yeah it's exactly like a rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is yeah it's exactly like a rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is yeah it's exactly like a rubber
+band but what did why would why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but what did why would why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band but what did why would why did you
+let go when you let go you Dro these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let go when you let go you Dro these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let go when you let go you Dro these
+kids back into you know allous the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids back into you know allous the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids back into you know allous the inner
+city school rather than this enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city school rather than this enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city school rather than this enriched
+State and they fell back to um to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and they fell back to um to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and they fell back to um to where
+they were the effects were trans you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the effects were trans you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the effects were trans you you
+want sort of a silly example think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want sort of a silly example think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want sort of a silly example think about
+diabetes if you do if so diabetes has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes if you do if so diabetes has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes if you do if so diabetes has a
+similar sort of graph except that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of graph except that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of graph except that it's a
+little more Stark No insulin you're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more Stark No insulin you're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more Stark No insulin you're dead
+um by your 20s with insulin you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by your 20s with insulin you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by your 20s with insulin you're not
+dead okay so here we're in the not dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead okay so here we're in the not dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead okay so here we're in the not dead
+State let's uh let's say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State let's uh let's say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State let's uh let's say okay well
+you're done with that insulin stuff now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with that insulin stuff now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with that insulin stuff now
+we stop giving you insulin oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stop giving you insulin oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stop giving you insulin oh look
+they're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dead
+now there wasn't any point to giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there wasn't any point to giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there wasn't any point to giving
+insulin well that's a stupid conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin well that's a stupid conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin well that's a stupid conclusion
+the conclusion well in diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion well in diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion well in diabetes
+obviously isn't that the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously isn't that the conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously isn't that the conclusion is
+you'd better keep giving di giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd better keep giving di giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd better keep giving di giving
+insulin and you could argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and you could argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and you could argue that the
+same thing is going on here that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is going on here that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is going on here that we know
+that if you want more IQ points putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want more IQ points putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want more IQ points putting
+people in better environments work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in better environments work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in better environments work
+but you got to keep them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got to keep them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got to keep them there
+um I could try let let me I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could try let let me I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could try let let me I will tell
+you one more factoid um and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more factoid um and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one more factoid um and and and uh
+and and leave it at that uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and leave it at that uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and leave it at that uh if you
+take in adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in adoption
+studies if you adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies if you adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies if you adopt
+kids into um typically when you adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids into um typically when you adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids into um typically when you adoption
+moves you from a lower to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you from a lower to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you from a lower to a higher
+socioeconomic status because but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status because but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status because but that's
+just just the typical reason why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just the typical reason why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just the typical reason why people
+would be put up for kids would be put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be put up for kids would be put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be put up for kids would be put up
+for adoption it's doesn't go the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for adoption it's doesn't go the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for adoption it's doesn't go the other
+direction typically so most kids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction typically so most kids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction typically so most kids are
+moving from low to High when they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from low to High when they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from low to High when they're uh
+when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're
+adopted who does their IQ correlate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted who does their IQ correlate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted who does their IQ correlate with
+the answer is it correlates with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it correlates with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it correlates with their
+biological relatives because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological relatives because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological relatives because there is a
+genetic component to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic component to
+IQ what is their average IQ however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ what is their average IQ however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ what is their average IQ however
+their average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average
+IQ is the IQ of the environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ is the IQ of the environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ is the IQ of the environment that
+they are now in so their IQ is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now in so their IQ is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now in so their IQ is on
+average indistinguishable from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average indistinguishable from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average indistinguishable from the
+biological kids in the same family how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological kids in the same family how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological kids in the same family how
+can that be how that doesn't sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be how that doesn't sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be how that doesn't sound like
+it ought to work in correl you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ought to work in correl you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ought to work in correl you know with
+with with but let let me just draw you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with but let let me just draw you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with but let let me just draw you a
+quick picture and then you can go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick picture and then you can go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick picture and then you can go off
+and think about it so here's this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it so here's this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it so here's this here
+are these pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these pairs of
+siblings um and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings um and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings um and their
+IQs take pairs of siblings their IQs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQs take pairs of siblings their IQs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQs take pairs of siblings their IQs are
+correlated with each other now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with each other now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with each other now we're
+going to take one of each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take one of each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take one of each of those
+pairs and that kid's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and that kid's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and that kid's going to get
+adopted out and that kid's going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted out and that kid's going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted out and that kid's going to move
+as a result to a higher socioeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result to a higher socioeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result to a higher socioeconomic
+status that doesn't change the kid's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status that doesn't change the kid's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status that doesn't change the kid's
+genetics any and so the kid is still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics any and so the kid is still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics any and so the kid is still has
+a IQ that's related to his brother or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a IQ that's related to his brother or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a IQ that's related to his brother or
+sister um but it shifts all of so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister um but it shifts all of so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister um but it shifts all of so this
+is the um this is the kid who's in low a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um this is the kid who's in low a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um this is the kid who's in low a
+low socioeconomic State and stays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low socioeconomic State and stays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low socioeconomic State and stays is
+there this is a kid going from low to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a kid going from low to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a kid going from low to
+high what happens is that the low to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high what happens is that the low to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high what happens is that the low to
+high move pushes everybody up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high move pushes everybody up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high move pushes everybody up so the
+cloud of spots just moves up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of spots just moves up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of spots just moves up the
+correlation is the same the average IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is the same the average IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is the same the average IQ
+here is higher because going from a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is higher because going from a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is higher because going from a low
+to a high socioeconomic status gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a high socioeconomic status gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a high socioeconomic status gives you
+IQ points if you really thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ points if you really thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ points if you really thought that
+what you wanted to do as a as a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wanted to do as a as a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wanted to do as a as a society
+if you really believed more IQ points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really believed more IQ points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really believed more IQ points
+mean more good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean more good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean more good
+stuff there's a clear enough way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's a clear enough way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there's a clear enough way to do
+it the question that it becomes a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the question that it becomes a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the question that it becomes a social
+policy issue about how you end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue about how you end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue about how you end up doing
+this but it seems un it seems perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it seems un it seems perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it seems un it seems perfectly
+clear that it is possible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it is possible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it is possible to do
+that I'm covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm covered in
+chalk
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3VXLIF2DpHI.txt b/3VXLIF2DpHI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4bbfa8296461ca7e289da673a0616bd7a76e55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3VXLIF2DpHI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write w equals sum from k equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write w equals sum from k equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write w equals sum from k equals zero
+to infinity a K Rho K and plug in I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity a K Rho K and plug in I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity a K Rho K and plug in I've
+suggested that usually the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that usually the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that usually the thing that
+you should do when you plug in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do when you plug in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do when you plug in those
+equations is to look for the power Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is to look for the power Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is to look for the power Rho
+to the K in this equation and just since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K in this equation and just since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K in this equation and just since
+everything is equal to 0 the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is equal to 0 the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is equal to 0 the coefficient
+of Rho to the K in this equation should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rho to the K in this equation should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rho to the K in this equation should
+be zero and that's the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that's the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and that's the easiest way to
+select the power so that's good practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the power so that's good practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the power so that's good practice
+you should do it I won't do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do it I won't do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do it I won't do it here
+we've done it in a few cases so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it in a few cases so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it in a few cases so this
+will relate a k plus 1 to a cake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relate a k plus 1 to a cake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will relate a k plus 1 to a cake so
+that's algebra it it's a good skill to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's algebra it it's a good skill to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's algebra it it's a good skill to
+be able to do it but it would be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it but it would be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do it but it would be not
+very good use of our time to do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good use of our time to do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good use of our time to do it right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so here is the answer okay this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the answer okay this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the answer okay this is more
+important 2 to the k plus L plus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important 2 to the k plus L plus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important 2 to the k plus L plus 1 minus
+1 over Kappa over k plus 1 plus k plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Kappa over k plus 1 plus k plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Kappa over k plus 1 plus k plus 2
+L plus 2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got our recursion relation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our recursion relation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our recursion relation and the
+issue is again what happens with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is again what happens with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is again what happens with these
+coefficients as K goes to infinity so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as K goes to infinity so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as K goes to infinity so as
+K goes large a k plus 1 over a K those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K goes large a k plus 1 over a K those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K goes large a k plus 1 over a K those
+like what well you have a K that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what well you have a K that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what well you have a K that is
+becoming large and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming large and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming large and everything else
+doesn't matter there's a K and a K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter there's a K and a K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter there's a K and a K so
+there's going to be some cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some cancellation
+and this looks like roughly 2 to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can you know you could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can you know you could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can you know you could change
+these numbers a little bit I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers a little bit I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers a little bit I'm going to
+do a tiny trick to simplify it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tiny trick to simplify it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tiny trick to simplify it but it's
+just a trick don't worry about it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trick don't worry about it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trick don't worry about it too
+much I'll put 2 to the k plus 1 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I'll put 2 to the k plus 1 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I'll put 2 to the k plus 1 here and
+I will say look if the series diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say look if the series diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say look if the series diverges
+in this case this coefficient is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this coefficient is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case this coefficient is bigger
+than that one so it will certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one so it will certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one so it will certainly
+diverge for this case as well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge for this case as well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge for this case as well so the
+coefficients here are smaller than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here are smaller than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here are smaller than those
+ones this ratio so if the ratio between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this ratio so if the ratio between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this ratio so if the ratio between
+coefficient here is such a desirous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is such a desirous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is such a desirous
+diverges then it will even diverge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges then it will even diverge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges then it will even diverge a
+little more in this case and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in this case and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in this case and the reason
+I put it here because then it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it here because then it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it here because then it's this is
+kind of solvable a k plus 1 nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solvable a k plus 1 nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solvable a k plus 1 nicely
+solvable very nicely solvable to K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable very nicely solvable to K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable very nicely solvable to K plus
+1 a K and the solution of this is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a K and the solution of this is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a K and the solution of this is to say
+you can try with a 0 what a 1 is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try with a 0 what a 1 is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try with a 0 what a 1 is what a
+2a K is 2 to the K a 0 over K factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay with that we can reconstruct what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that we can reconstruct what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that we can reconstruct what
+kind of function this series would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of function this series would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of function this series would be
+building if the series doesn't terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if the series doesn't terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if the series doesn't terminate
+and will not be too surprising so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will not be too surprising so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will not be too surprising so in
+this case the sum over K of a K row K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the sum over K of a K row K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the sum over K of a K row K
+which is the function we're building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the function we're building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the function we're building is
+roughly equal to this a K here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to this a K here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to this a K here which is
+2 to the K a 0 and go out K factorial R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K a 0 and go out K factorial R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K a 0 and go out K factorial R
+ok so this is a 0 e to the 2 Rho it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this is a 0 e to the 2 Rho it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this is a 0 e to the 2 Rho it's
+kind of a fair of it to do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fair of it to do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fair of it to do that it's
+kind of saying that if the W solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of saying that if the W solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of saying that if the W solution
+doesn't truncate it's going to go like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't truncate it's going to go like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't truncate it's going to go like e
+to the 2 Rho which precisely with an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 Rho which precisely with an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2 Rho which precisely with an e
+to the minus Rho is going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus Rho is going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus Rho is going to give you
+the other possible behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other possible behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other possible behavior of the
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it happened for the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened for the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened for the harmonic oscillator
+so what this is saying is that then W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is saying is that then W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is saying is that then W
+which is this would go roughly like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this would go roughly like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this would go roughly like that
+and that's bad so the series must rank 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's bad so the series must rank 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's bad so the series must rank 8
+so we must truncate the series okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we must truncate the series okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we must truncate the series okay so
+here comes the interesting part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the interesting part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the interesting part because
+there's lots of quantity and that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of quantity and that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of quantity and that has to
+be done a little slowly so that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done a little slowly so that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done a little slowly so that nobody
+gets confused of what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confused of what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets confused of what's going to happen
+we have to terminate this series so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to terminate this series so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to terminate this series so how
+are we going to do it I'm going to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do it I'm going to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do it I'm going to state
+it the following way I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the following way I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the following way I'm going to say
+that let's assume that we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's assume that we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's assume that we want a
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of degree capital n there will be lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree capital n there will be lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree capital n there will be lots
+of little consoles capital and little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little consoles capital and little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little consoles capital and little n
+I want a polynomial of degree capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a polynomial of degree capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a polynomial of degree capital n
+that means that a sub capital n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a sub capital n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that a sub capital n is
+different from zero and a capital n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero and a capital n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from zero and a capital n plus
+one is equal to zero that's what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero that's what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to zero that's what should
+happen if you have constants up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you have constants up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you have constants up to a
+capital n you'll have row to the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n you'll have row to the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n you'll have row to the capital
+N and you'll have a polynomial of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and you'll have a polynomial of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and you'll have a polynomial of degree
+n but that word must happen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but that word must happen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but that word must happen that the
+next one must be zero I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one must be zero I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one must be zero I don't have to
+stay that all of the rest are 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay that all of the rest are 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay that all of the rest are 0 because
+it's a one step recursion relation once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one step recursion relation once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one step recursion relation once
+a 5 is 0 a 6 a 7 is a all of them are 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 is 0 a 6 a 7 is a all of them are 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 is 0 a 6 a 7 is a all of them are 0
+that's it and we all have like even or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and we all have like even or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and we all have like even or
+odd solutions that we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd solutions that we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd solutions that we had for the
+harmonic oscillator because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator because these are
+functions of R & R and minus R you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of R & R and minus R you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of R & R and minus R you
+should not quite expect anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not quite expect anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not quite expect anything
+- R doesn't exist so this is what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- R doesn't exist so this is what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- R doesn't exist so this is what should
+happen but if that happens think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if that happens think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if that happens think of this
+you have a n plus 1 should be 0 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a n plus 1 should be 0 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a n plus 1 should be 0 so the
+numerator should have become 0 for K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator should have become 0 for K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator should have become 0 for K
+equals 2 n so you have 1 over Kappa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 n so you have 1 over Kappa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 n so you have 1 over Kappa is
+equal to 2 n plus L plus 1 and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 n plus L plus 1 and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 n plus L plus 1 and in a
+sense that's it whatever had to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's it whatever had to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's it whatever had to happen
+happened why the energy got quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened why the energy got quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened why the energy got quantized
+already somehow it did because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow it did because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow it did because the
+energy is Kappa remember Kappa squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is Kappa remember Kappa squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is Kappa remember Kappa squared
+actually was the ratio of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was the ratio of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was the ratio of the energy
+divided by the demon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the demon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the demon
+to the center so here it's saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center so here it's saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center so here it's saying the
+energy is some number that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is some number that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is some number that has to do
+with an integer which is the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integer which is the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an integer which is the degree of
+the polynomial you're going to use an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial you're going to use an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial you're going to use an L
+integer and one so this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and one so this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and one so this is of course
+pretty important so how what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important so how what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important so how what values
+happen here what are the possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here what are the possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here what are the possible values
+of L well L here L can go 0 1 2 3 all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L well L here L can go 0 1 2 3 all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L well L here L can go 0 1 2 3 all of
+them all of them are possible and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them are possible and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them are possible and why is
+that it's because of the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's because of the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's because of the physics of the
+problem we assume you have a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we assume you have a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we assume you have a particle
+enos in a central potential all values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enos in a central potential all values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enos in a central potential all values
+of angular momentum can exist so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum can exist so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum can exist so we
+should be looking for L to take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking for L to take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking for L to take all
+these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values
+moreover n is the polynomial that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover n is the polynomial that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover n is the polynomial that you
+can choose an N can also be all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose an N can also be all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose an N can also be all of those
+values we can begin with 0 so a 0 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we can begin with 0 so a 0 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we can begin with 0 so a 0 would
+be a number but then it dies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number but then it dies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number but then it dies a
+polynomial of degree zero would be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of degree zero would be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of degree zero would be just
+a constant it's possible one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant it's possible one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant it's possible one two three
+all of those are possible and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are possible and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are possible and for each
+combination we'll have some energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we'll have some energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we'll have some energy but
+here you start to see the generous ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you start to see the generous ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you start to see the generous ease
+multiple degeneracies because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple degeneracies because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple degeneracies because if you
+have the number a hundred thousand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number a hundred thousand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number a hundred thousand here
+it can be built in many many ways a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be built in many many ways a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be built in many many ways a
+hundred thousand and one ways or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand and one ways or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand and one ways or
+something like that with two integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that with two integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that with two integers
+that have to add up to it and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to add up to it and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to add up to it and all of
+them will have the same energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will have the same energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will have the same energy so the
+hydrogen atom is going to have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom is going to have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom is going to have lots of
+degeneracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy so
+here is a little bit of a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a little bit of a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a little bit of a definition
+that we fall so all these are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fall so all these are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fall so all these are allowed
+all allowed all combinations Asians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all allowed all combinations Asians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all allowed all combinations Asians
+allowed so L can be anything and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed so L can be anything and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed so L can be anything and capital
+M can be anything and let's define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M can be anything and let's define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M can be anything and let's define a
+slightly better version of this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better version of this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better version of this thing so
+let's move the 2 down 1 over 2 Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move the 2 down 1 over 2 Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move the 2 down 1 over 2 Kappa
+that's n plus L plus 1 and let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n plus L plus 1 and let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n plus L plus 1 and let's call
+all this N or the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this N or the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this N or the principal quantum
+number so n is the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so n is the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so n is the principal quantum
+number and in some sense well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and in some sense well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and in some sense well you know
+that n has to be greater or equal than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n has to be greater or equal than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n has to be greater or equal than 1
+it's an integer it has to be greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integer it has to be greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integer it has to be greater or
+equal than 1 because of this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than 1 because of this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal than 1 because of this one here
+and because the other ones cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the other ones cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the other ones cannot be
+negative either so n is a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative either so n is a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative either so n is a principal
+quantum number and it's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and it's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and it's a fundamental
+number because it immediately gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it immediately gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because it immediately gives you
+the value of the energy which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the energy which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the energy which we will
+write more physically shortly but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write more physically shortly but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write more physically shortly but it
+hides within it a degeneracy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides within it a degeneracy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hides within it a degeneracy that is
+allowed because of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed because of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed because of these different
+numbers so these different numbers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these different numbers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these different numbers have
+to do with the degree of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the degree of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the degree of the polynomial
+and the value of L that you are using so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of L that you are using so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of L that you are using so
+let's let's classify this and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's classify this and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's classify this and understand
+it a little better so what did we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little better so what did we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little better so what did we have
+for the energy remember the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy remember the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy remember the end
+G / the dimensionless factor well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G / the dimensionless factor well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G / the dimensionless factor well to
+make a dimensionless Z squared e squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a dimensionless Z squared e squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a dimensionless Z squared e squared
+over a zero Kappa squared we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a zero Kappa squared we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a zero Kappa squared we wrote
+actually that e divided by this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that e divided by this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that e divided by this quantity
+which has units of energy was Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has units of energy was Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has units of energy was Kappa
+squared so Kappa squared now Kappa is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so Kappa squared now Kappa is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so Kappa squared now Kappa is 1
+over 2 n so when we substitute here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 n so when we substitute here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 n so when we substitute here we
+get E is equal to minus Z squared e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get E is equal to minus Z squared e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get E is equal to minus Z squared e
+squared over 2 a 0 1 over N squared it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 a 0 1 over N squared it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 a 0 1 over N squared it's
+probably the most famous formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most famous formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most famous formula that
+you certainly have studied in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly have studied in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly have studied in high
+school the 1 over N squared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the 1 over N squared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school the 1 over N squared of the
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of the hydrogen atom the
+units are nice there's 4 Z equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are nice there's 4 Z equals to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are nice there's 4 Z equals to 1
+there's the e squared over 2a not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the e squared over 2a not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the e squared over 2a not that
+we mentioned have a little while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned have a little while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned have a little while ago
+as giving you the characteristic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as giving you the characteristic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as giving you the characteristic energy
+and E squared over a0 was 27.2 e V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E squared over a0 was 27.2 e V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E squared over a0 was 27.2 e V and
+therefore e squared over 2 a0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore e squared over 2 a0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore e squared over 2 a0 is the
+famous 13.6 EBS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3WXWESx6jWY.txt b/3WXWESx6jWY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b3480ebe8f617457b78202ee2acf0c3f2883509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3WXWESx6jWY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to another installment of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to another installment of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to another installment of my
+lecture series on Urban Energy Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series on Urban Energy Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture series on Urban Energy Systems
+and policy this is a class taught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and policy this is a class taught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and policy this is a class taught the
+department of urban studies and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of urban studies and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of urban studies and planning
+at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+and what we're going to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to talk about today
+is the next installment of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next installment of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next installment of talking about
+Renewables and renewable energy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and renewable energy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and renewable energy we're
+going to talk about solar today and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about solar today and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about solar today and this
+again is a fundamental building block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is a fundamental building block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is a fundamental building block
+for how we are going to decarbonize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how we are going to decarbonize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how we are going to decarbonize
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+the readings for today are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings for today are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings for today are on the
+syllabus if you have the PDF hard copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus if you have the PDF hard copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus if you have the PDF hard copies
+you can click through to the readings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click through to the readings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click through to the readings in
+the pink links here on this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink links here on this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pink links here on this page
+what I'll just recap what I said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll just recap what I said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll just recap what I said in the
+last lecture you have a renewal toolbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you have a renewal toolbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you have a renewal toolbox
+the exciting thing is that our building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting thing is that our building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting thing is that our building
+blocks like solar wind storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks like solar wind storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks like solar wind storage
+geothermal electrolyzers are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal electrolyzers are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal electrolyzers are all
+becoming cheaper quickly they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming cheaper quickly they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming cheaper quickly they're all
+cleaner Technologies but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner Technologies but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner Technologies but they are
+fundamentally different Technologies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different Technologies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different Technologies the
+fossil fuel system that we've built our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel system that we've built our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuel system that we've built our
+civilization on so we need to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization on so we need to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization on so we need to build
+about 47 times more solar about 28 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 47 times more solar about 28 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 47 times more solar about 28 times
+more wind than we've built in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wind than we've built in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wind than we've built in the last
+40 years to basically provide enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years to basically provide enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years to basically provide enough
+energy to decarbonize our Energy System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to decarbonize our Energy System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to decarbonize our Energy System
+that gives you a very lengthy to-do list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a very lengthy to-do list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a very lengthy to-do list
+what an exciting to-do list for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an exciting to-do list for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an exciting to-do list for your
+careers uh your to-do list includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers uh your to-do list includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers uh your to-do list includes
+financing generation transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing generation transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing generation transmission
+Distributing power balancing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing power balancing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing power balancing power
+making sure the power is reliable making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure the power is reliable making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure the power is reliable making
+sure that the energy systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the energy systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the energy systems are
+resilient and citing these energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient and citing these energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient and citing these energy
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+last time we talked about wind Basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about wind Basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about wind Basics
+when we talked about capacity factors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about capacity factors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about capacity factors as
+a key concept to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key concept to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key concept to understand
+intermittency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittency
+today we're going to talk about solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about solar
+Basics and we're going to use Solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics and we're going to use Solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basics and we're going to use Solar
+Technologies as an example of adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies as an example of adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies as an example of adoption
+costs or learning curves and citing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs or learning curves and citing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs or learning curves and citing
+issues and the next lecture we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and the next lecture we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and the next lecture we'll talk
+about storage and geothermal how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about storage and geothermal how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about storage and geothermal how those
+are technologies that are developing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologies that are developing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologies that are developing new
+niches in the energy system and may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niches in the energy system and may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niches in the energy system and may be
+critical building blocks going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical building blocks going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical building blocks going forward
+but haven't quite developed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't quite developed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't quite developed into the
+same kind of competitive technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of competitive technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of competitive technology that
+solar and wind have put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind have put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind have put up
+so just to kind of review basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to kind of review basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to kind of review basic uh
+here's a diagram from a Kai's book this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a diagram from a Kai's book this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a diagram from a Kai's book this
+is a solar basically converts incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solar basically converts incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solar basically converts incident
+light on the earth into energy of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the earth into energy of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the earth into energy of course
+you have to kind of capture the portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of capture the portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kind of capture the portion
+of the Electric magnetic energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Electric magnetic energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Electric magnetic energy in the
+Ray and so this diagram simply shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and so this diagram simply shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and so this diagram simply shows
+that an equator you capture the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an equator you capture the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an equator you capture the full
+amount of the energy Landing in Nairobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the energy Landing in Nairobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the energy Landing in Nairobi
+with a horizontally mounted ground panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a horizontally mounted ground panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a horizontally mounted ground panel
+a panel simply lying flat on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel simply lying flat on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel simply lying flat on the ground
+whereas at 52 degrees latitude Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas at 52 degrees latitude Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas at 52 degrees latitude Cambridge
+United Kingdom or Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom or Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom or Cambridge
+Massachusetts about the same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts about the same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts about the same you
+actually only capture about 60 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only capture about 60 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only capture about 60 percent
+of the energy because a 52 degree angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy because a 52 degree angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy because a 52 degree angle
+doesn't capture the full array energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the full array energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the full array energy of
+the electromatic and magnetic energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromatic and magnetic energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromatic and magnetic energy or
+the sunlight falling on the earth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunlight falling on the earth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunlight falling on the earth uh
+helpfully however as this last line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully however as this last line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully however as this last line
+points out 52 degrees is about the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out 52 degrees is about the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out 52 degrees is about the pitch
+of a roof angle so if you lay solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a roof angle so if you lay solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a roof angle so if you lay solar
+panels flat on a roof in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels flat on a roof in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels flat on a roof in Cambridge
+Massachusetts and those are pointed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and those are pointed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and those are pointed in
+direction of the sun predominantly South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the sun predominantly South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the sun predominantly South
+coming from the south and the Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the south and the Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the south and the Northern
+Hemisphere then you can capture the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemisphere then you can capture the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemisphere then you can capture the full
+amount of the solar energy falling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the solar energy falling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the solar energy falling on
+the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof
+this is why we have different maps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we have different maps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we have different maps for
+solar resources this is a map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar resources this is a map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar resources this is a map of the
+global horizontal irradiation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global horizontal irradiation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global horizontal irradiation this is
+the amount of energy you capture if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy you capture if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy you capture if you
+laid a solar panel simply down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid a solar panel simply down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid a solar panel simply down on the
+ground flat facing up at the sky as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground flat facing up at the sky as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground flat facing up at the sky as you
+can see around the equator they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see around the equator they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see around the equator they're
+relatively high amounts of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high amounts of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high amounts of global
+horizontal radiation and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal radiation and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal radiation and of course in
+slightly off the equator you also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off the equator you also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly off the equator you also get a
+lot of global horizontal radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of global horizontal radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of global horizontal radiation
+probably due to climate this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably due to climate this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably due to climate this map
+probably incorporates not only climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably incorporates not only climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably incorporates not only climate
+but also the level of radiation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the level of radiation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the level of radiation that's
+measured in these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in these places
+for the direct normal irradiation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the direct normal irradiation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the direct normal irradiation this
+is how much uh energy you'd capture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much uh energy you'd capture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much uh energy you'd capture if
+you laid a solar panel at the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laid a solar panel at the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laid a solar panel at the precise
+angle to capture the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to capture the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to capture the maximum amount of
+irradiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation
+and you can see that it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's much more
+balanced view this probably includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced view this probably includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced view this probably includes
+climate probably includes weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate probably includes weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate probably includes weather
+conditions but actually is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but actually is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but actually is based on
+empirical measurements and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical measurements and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical measurements and you can see
+that their solar is actually a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their solar is actually a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their solar is actually a resource
+that's spread fairly well around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spread fairly well around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spread fairly well around the
+world especially closer to the Equator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially closer to the Equator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially closer to the Equator
+the northern southern hemispheres also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern southern hemispheres also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern southern hemispheres also
+add abundant solar potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add abundant solar potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add abundant solar potential
+and so if you look at the total photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the total photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the total photo
+take power potential again a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power potential again a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power potential again a good
+message from this map is that photo will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from this map is that photo will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from this map is that photo will
+take power is evenly spread across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power is evenly spread across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take power is evenly spread across the
+world it can be accessed in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it can be accessed in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it can be accessed in many
+countries uh quite importantly it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh quite importantly it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries uh quite importantly it can be
+accessed in parts of countries depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed in parts of countries depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed in parts of countries depending
+on climate depending on incident solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on climate depending on incident solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on climate depending on incident solar
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+and of course we can also use solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we can also use solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we can also use solar
+tracking devices because the sun tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking devices because the sun tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking devices because the sun tends
+to come low from the south in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come low from the south in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come low from the south in the
+northern hemisphere you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern hemisphere you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern hemisphere you might have a
+a house that's not appointed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house that's not appointed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house that's not appointed in the
+right direction it may not be pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction it may not be pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right direction it may not be pointed
+East-West you may want a rooftop facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East-West you may want a rooftop facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East-West you may want a rooftop facing
+to the South where the sun is as the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the South where the sun is as the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the South where the sun is as the sun
+comes over at different portions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes over at different portions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes over at different portions of the
+year it's higher in the sky in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's higher in the sky in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's higher in the sky in the
+summer and lower in the sky in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and lower in the sky in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and lower in the sky in the
+winter you may want a solar collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter you may want a solar collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter you may want a solar collector
+that actually has different angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually has different angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually has different angles
+angles that can tilt to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles that can tilt to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles that can tilt to capture the
+seasonal variation between the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal variation between the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seasonal variation between the summer
+and winter and may even tilt as the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and winter and may even tilt as the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and winter and may even tilt as the sun
+moves throughout the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves throughout the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves throughout the sky
+so that's a two axis solar tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a two axis solar tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a two axis solar tracking
+panel another technology that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel another technology that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel another technology that could be
+used to capture solar energy is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to capture solar energy is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to capture solar energy is called
+concentrated solar power this is a CSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated solar power this is a CSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated solar power this is a CSP
+plant or a solar Thermal Tower this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant or a solar Thermal Tower this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant or a solar Thermal Tower this is
+Crescent dunes and the American West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent dunes and the American West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent dunes and the American West
+this is actually 10 000 heliostats these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually 10 000 heliostats these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually 10 000 heliostats these
+are those tracking mirrors I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those tracking mirrors I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those tracking mirrors I showed you
+but instead of tracking the sun directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of tracking the sun directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of tracking the sun directly
+what these mirrors are doing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these mirrors are doing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these mirrors are doing are
+actually tracking the sun reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracking the sun reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tracking the sun reflecting the
+sun to this one point and super heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun to this one point and super heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun to this one point and super heating
+up a fluid here that's used to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a fluid here that's used to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a fluid here that's used to drive a
+steam turbine so these 10 000 mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam turbine so these 10 000 mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam turbine so these 10 000 mirrors
+are moving in concert but all moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in concert but all moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in concert but all moving
+differently all concentrating the sun on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently all concentrating the sun on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently all concentrating the sun on
+this one point to superheat the site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one point to superheat the site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one point to superheat the site and
+create superheated liquid or steam to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create superheated liquid or steam to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create superheated liquid or steam to
+drive a turbine to create energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a turbine to create energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a turbine to create energy
+of course what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what we're going to talk about
+mostly today is much humbler smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly today is much humbler smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly today is much humbler smaller
+technology it's the solar photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's the solar photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology it's the solar photovoltaic
+panel a utility scale solar array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a utility scale solar array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a utility scale solar array is
+composed of many of these modules a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of many of these modules a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of many of these modules a
+rooftop on a residential installation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftop on a residential installation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftop on a residential installation or
+in a let's say camping cabin would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a let's say camping cabin would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a let's say camping cabin would
+probably be based on one standard panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be based on one standard panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be based on one standard panel
+this is a solar panel installation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solar panel installation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solar panel installation on
+top of a big box store but solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a big box store but solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a big box store but solar panels
+are fundamentally modular they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally modular they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamentally modular they can be
+deployed in different ways and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in different ways and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in different ways and we're
+going to spend most of our time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend most of our time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend most of our time talking
+today about why solar affordable ticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about why solar affordable ticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about why solar affordable ticks
+that modular technology has gotten cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modular technology has gotten cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modular technology has gotten cheap
+much faster than other Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than other Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than other Technologies
+and so if you look at the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at the fundamental
+cell efficiency this is how efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency this is how efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency this is how efficiently
+a solar cell converts uh incident energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar cell converts uh incident energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar cell converts uh incident energy
+to electricity this is what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electricity this is what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electricity this is what's called the
+champion graph that nrel does every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion graph that nrel does every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion graph that nrel does every year
+they update this graph and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they update this graph and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they update this graph and you can see
+steadily there are these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily there are these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily there are these different
+product trajectories of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product trajectories of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product trajectories of different
+Technologies the Technologies are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the Technologies are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies the Technologies are all
+here in the upper left they range from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the upper left they range from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the upper left they range from
+multi-junction cells to kryptoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction cells to kryptoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction cells to kryptoline
+Silicon cells to emerging photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon cells to emerging photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon cells to emerging photovoltaic
+Technologies you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies you can see these
+technologies have all developed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have all developed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies have all developed over
+time and gotten better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and gotten better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and gotten better
+the best research cell efficiency is 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best research cell efficiency is 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best research cell efficiency is 47
+conversion of incident sunlight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of incident sunlight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of incident sunlight into
+electricity but your average solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but your average solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity but your average solar panel
+that's deployed on most solar arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deployed on most solar arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deployed on most solar arrays
+ranges from 20 to 25 percent what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges from 20 to 25 percent what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges from 20 to 25 percent what the
+highest says in his book that he'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest says in his book that he'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest says in his book that he'd be
+shocked if there's better research cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked if there's better research cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked if there's better research cell
+or better efficiencies efficiencies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better efficiencies efficiencies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better efficiencies efficiencies have
+gone up over time but that's not the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up over time but that's not the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up over time but that's not the key
+story I want to focus on today it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I want to focus on today it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I want to focus on today it's the
+fact that solar panels have gotten much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that solar panels have gotten much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that solar panels have gotten much
+cheaper much more quickly even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper much more quickly even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper much more quickly even though
+the research efficiency or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research efficiency or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research efficiency or the
+efficiency of most solar panels sold has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of most solar panels sold has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of most solar panels sold has
+stayed relatively constant around 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed relatively constant around 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed relatively constant around 20
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+so if you look at this is a graph from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this is a graph from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this is a graph from
+the BP statistical review of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BP statistical review of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BP statistical review of world
+energy it shows the share of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it shows the share of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it shows the share of global
+electricity Generation by Fuel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity Generation by Fuel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity Generation by Fuel and you
+can see that oil and coal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that oil and coal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that oil and coal and
+hydroelectricity are all relatively flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity are all relatively flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity are all relatively flat
+natural gas has trended up but the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas has trended up but the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas has trended up but the one
+that's quite remarkably trending up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite remarkably trending up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite remarkably trending up is
+Renewables and Renewables is trending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and Renewables is trending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and Renewables is trending up
+both in terms of wind and solar if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of wind and solar if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of wind and solar if you
+look on the right hand graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the right hand graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look on the right hand graph and
+Renewables as a share of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables as a share of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables as a share of power
+generation by region in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation by region in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation by region in every single
+region of the world Renewables seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the world Renewables seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the world Renewables seem to
+be on this very steep increasing curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on this very steep increasing curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on this very steep increasing curve
+that curve is reminiscent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve is reminiscent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve is reminiscent of this
+footing of what's called a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing of what's called a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing of what's called a cumulative
+distribution function and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and this is
+basically simply a sum of a bell curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simply a sum of a bell curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simply a sum of a bell curve
+and you get this S curve by summing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this S curve by summing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this S curve by summing up
+the bell curve so using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell curve so using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bell curve so using different
+parameters for the mean or the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for the mean or the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for the mean or the standard
+deviation you get different steepnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation you get different steepnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation you get different steepnesses
+of s-curves between this mustard color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s-curves between this mustard color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s-curves between this mustard color
+curve and this green curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and this green curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and this green curve
+and so just to point out how that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to point out how that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to point out how that is the
+sum of these bell curves those s-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these bell curves those s-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these bell curves those s-shaped
+curves come from these green and mustard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves come from these green and mustard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves come from these green and mustard
+and blue and red bell curves the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue and red bell curves the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue and red bell curves the reason
+why this is important is because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important is because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important is because this is
+an idea about how Innovations diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea about how Innovations diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea about how Innovations diffuse
+that you may have seen this favorite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen this favorite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen this favorite uh
+famous herb called the diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous herb called the diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous herb called the diffusion of
+Innovations curve that was coined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations curve that was coined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations curve that was coined by
+Everett Rogers and you may have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everett Rogers and you may have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everett Rogers and you may have heard
+this phrase innovators and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase innovators and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrase innovators and early
+adopters and he simply adopts this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters and he simply adopts this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters and he simply adopts this idea
+of a bell curve of different people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bell curve of different people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bell curve of different people or
+different organizations willing to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizations willing to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizations willing to adopt
+Technologies in different ways there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in different ways there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in different ways there's
+innovators and early adopters who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators and early adopters who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators and early adopters who are
+first there's an early majority late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's an early majority late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's an early majority late
+majority and as laggards and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and as laggards and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and as laggards and if you take
+this belt curve of behaviors and add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this belt curve of behaviors and add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this belt curve of behaviors and add it
+up you get this distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get this distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you get this distribution of this
+s-shaped distribution of adoption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped distribution of adoption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped distribution of adoption and
+that's really what we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we want to talk about
+today because if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because if you look at this
+s-shaped curve this is a curve from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped curve this is a curve from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped curve this is a curve from a
+New York Times article by Nicholas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times article by Nicholas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times article by Nicholas
+Felton and you can see that our adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felton and you can see that our adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felton and you can see that our adoption
+of different Technologies over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Technologies over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Technologies over the last
+century have essentially followed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century have essentially followed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century have essentially followed this
+s-shaped curve we have electricity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped curve we have electricity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-shaped curve we have electricity which
+has a kind of bump here in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of bump here in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kind of bump here in the 19th
+audience but looks roughly as shaped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but looks roughly as shaped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but looks roughly as shaped you
+see rapid adoption of refrigerators you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rapid adoption of refrigerators you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rapid adoption of refrigerators you
+see rapid adoption of other TVs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rapid adoption of other TVs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rapid adoption of other TVs and the
+point of this poem by Nicholas Felton a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this poem by Nicholas Felton a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this poem by Nicholas Felton a
+number of years ago was that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago was that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago was that these
+curves get increasingly steep over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves get increasingly steep over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves get increasingly steep over time
+of course we can't assume that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can't assume that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can't assume that this is a
+causal process or this is a inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal process or this is a inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal process or this is a inevitable
+or ineluctable process obviously some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ineluctable process obviously some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ineluctable process obviously some of
+these Technologies like clothes dryers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies like clothes dryers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies like clothes dryers
+microwaves color TVs cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves color TVs cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves color TVs cell phones
+computers VCRs can only exist if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers VCRs can only exist if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers VCRs can only exist if
+electricity existed beforehand you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity existed beforehand you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity existed beforehand you see
+the track of the telephone it has a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track of the telephone it has a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track of the telephone it has a much
+more mixed not as shaped curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mixed not as shaped curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mixed not as shaped curve
+so we shouldn't assume that this shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we shouldn't assume that this shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we shouldn't assume that this shaped
+curve is inevitable or ineluctable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is inevitable or ineluctable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is inevitable or ineluctable we
+obviously have to do things to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have to do things to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have to do things to adopt
+these Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies
+progress of our Technologies may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of our Technologies may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of our Technologies may not be
+completely predictable or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely predictable or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely predictable or linear
+but the point I want to make about solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point I want to make about solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point I want to make about solar
+power is that solar power has declined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is that solar power has declined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is that solar power has declined
+by price by 90 in the last 10 years this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by price by 90 in the last 10 years this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by price by 90 in the last 10 years this
+is again that grab from our world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again that grab from our world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again that grab from our world of
+data and the key point of this being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the key point of this being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the key point of this being
+part of your renewable toolbox is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your renewable toolbox is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your renewable toolbox is that
+you want to work with technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work with technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work with technologies that
+are getting cheaper and also happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting cheaper and also happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting cheaper and also happen to
+be cleaner so if you look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner so if you look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner so if you look at all the
+energy or electricity generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or electricity generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or electricity generating
+Technologies on this graph again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies on this graph again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies on this graph again there's
+gotten more expensive whole estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten more expensive whole estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten more expensive whole estate
+relatively flat gas has gotten cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively flat gas has gotten cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively flat gas has gotten cheaper
+but not as quickly as solar power has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not as quickly as solar power has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not as quickly as solar power has
+gotten cheaper solar thermal Towers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten cheaper solar thermal Towers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten cheaper solar thermal Towers the
+concentrating solar technology I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating solar technology I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating solar technology I showed
+you a few slides ago a kind of awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few slides ago a kind of awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few slides ago a kind of awesome
+installation the desert though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation the desert though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation the desert though it's
+awesome in how it looks it has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome in how it looks it has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome in how it looks it has not
+necessarily gone cheaply cheap as quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily gone cheaply cheap as quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily gone cheaply cheap as quick
+as the humble solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the humble solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the humble solar panel
+and also of course onshore wind has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of course onshore wind has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of course onshore wind has
+declined rapidly over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined rapidly over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined rapidly over time
+and again if you look at these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you look at these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you look at these curves
+you can see that lithium ion battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that lithium ion battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that lithium ion battery
+since 1992 are also steeply decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1992 are also steeply decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 1992 are also steeply decreasing
+in price and I think I said in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price and I think I said in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in price and I think I said in the last
+lecture that this is called The Learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that this is called The Learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that this is called The Learning
+rate for every doubling and cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for every doubling and cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for every doubling and cumulative
+capacity prices decline in average 18.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity prices decline in average 18.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity prices decline in average 18.9
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+Solar Technologies electrolyzers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar Technologies electrolyzers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar Technologies electrolyzers are
+also following a very rapid curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also following a very rapid curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also following a very rapid curve
+and again the key point is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the key point is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the key point is that you know
+yes coal is a dirty fuel but nuclear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes coal is a dirty fuel but nuclear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes coal is a dirty fuel but nuclear is
+also a low carbon or clean resource I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a low carbon or clean resource I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a low carbon or clean resource I
+would argue that nuclear will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that nuclear will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that nuclear will probably
+be a critical or important firm resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a critical or important firm resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a critical or important firm resource
+future but the problem is our existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but the problem is our existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but the problem is our existing
+ways of building nuclear power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of building nuclear power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of building nuclear power plants
+have only gotten more expensive over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only gotten more expensive over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only gotten more expensive over
+time they've not demonstrated any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they've not demonstrated any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they've not demonstrated any
+learning rate whereas solar affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate whereas solar affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate whereas solar affordable
+ticks have a learning rate of 36 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks have a learning rate of 36 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks have a learning rate of 36 percent
+offshore wind has a learning rate of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore wind has a learning rate of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshore wind has a learning rate of 10
+onshore wind has a learning rate of 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onshore wind has a learning rate of 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onshore wind has a learning rate of 23
+and Lithium-ion batteries which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lithium-ion batteries which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lithium-ion batteries which are
+crucial to electrifying vehicles and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to electrifying vehicles and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to electrifying vehicles and all
+of our electronic devices have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electronic devices have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electronic devices have a
+learning rate of 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate of 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate of 19
+you can perhaps uh if not count on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perhaps uh if not count on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can perhaps uh if not count on it
+assume that some of these learning rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that some of these learning rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that some of these learning rates
+will continue in the near future that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue in the near future that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue in the near future that
+will only make these Technologies more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only make these Technologies more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only make these Technologies more
+competitive in the near future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in the near future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive in the near future
+and so a key question is why have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a key question is why have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a key question is why have you
+solar prices declined this is a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar prices declined this is a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar prices declined this is a topic
+that my colleague Jessica transick at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my colleague Jessica transick at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my colleague Jessica transick at
+MIT has studied and she's studied in a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has studied and she's studied in a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has studied and she's studied in a I
+think 2016 paper all the various factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 2016 paper all the various factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 2016 paper all the various factors
+leading to these declines in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to these declines in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to these declines in solar
+prices or this learning rate and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or this learning rate and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or this learning rate and it's
+also important to point out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important to point out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also important to point out that you
+know as the Nicholas Felton graph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the Nicholas Felton graph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the Nicholas Felton graph I
+showed you a few slides ago it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a few slides ago it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a few slides ago it's not
+necessarily ineluctable or inevitable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily ineluctable or inevitable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily ineluctable or inevitable or
+stated for all these things to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated for all these things to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated for all these things to happen
+but it is a little strange and it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a little strange and it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a little strange and it is a
+little kind of really wonderful how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of really wonderful how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of really wonderful how they
+follow a fairly consistent pattern even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a fairly consistent pattern even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a fairly consistent pattern even
+if different factors are leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if different factors are leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if different factors are leading to
+these price declines for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price declines for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these price declines for example in
+Jessica transit's paper she decomposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica transit's paper she decomposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica transit's paper she decomposes
+the price sources of price decline from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price sources of price decline from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price sources of price decline from
+1980 to 2001 from 2001 to 2012 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 to 2001 from 2001 to 2012 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 to 2001 from 2001 to 2012 and the
+overall effect and so she finds that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect and so she finds that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect and so she finds that the
+overall effect the biggest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect the biggest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall effect the biggest uh
+contribution to solar prices declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to solar prices declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to solar prices declining
+is the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the efficiency
+uh non-silicon material costs have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-silicon material costs have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non-silicon material costs have also
+improved silicon prices themselves have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved silicon prices themselves have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved silicon prices themselves have
+improved the usage of silicon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the usage of silicon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the usage of silicon has
+improved the wafer areas have improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the wafer areas have improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the wafer areas have improved
+plant size that have gotten bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant size that have gotten bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant size that have gotten bigger the
+yields have gotten better and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields have gotten better and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields have gotten better and there's
+been a slight impact on price but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a slight impact on price but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a slight impact on price but you
+can see from 1980 to 2001 and 2001 2012.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from 1980 to 2001 and 2001 2012.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from 1980 to 2001 and 2001 2012.
+A lot of these different factors play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of these different factors play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of these different factors play in
+the different times in other words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different times in other words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different times in other words for
+some reason we have these fairly steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason we have these fairly steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason we have these fairly steady
+declines in solar though they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines in solar though they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines in solar though they're not
+completely linear when graphed on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely linear when graphed on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely linear when graphed on a
+logarithm graph but it's kind of also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm graph but it's kind of also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm graph but it's kind of also
+really wonderful how all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful how all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful how all these different
+factors play together and when one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors play together and when one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors play together and when one part
+of the industry improved in one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry improved in one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry improved in one part of
+the technology other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology other parts of the
+industry were then able to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry were then able to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry were then able to let's say
+improve others for example Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve others for example Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve others for example Germany
+versus a Pioneer in solar until China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a Pioneer in solar until China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a Pioneer in solar until China
+pioneered large-scale manufacturing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered large-scale manufacturing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered large-scale manufacturing of
+solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels
+if we break down some of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we break down some of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we break down some of these uh
+changes and attribute them to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and attribute them to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and attribute them to larger
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+you can see that there's an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's an overall
+effect of public and private research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of public and private research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of public and private research
+and development funding there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development funding there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development funding there are some
+effects of learning by doing the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of learning by doing the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of learning by doing the more
+you do something the better you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something the better you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something the better you learn
+how to do it economies of scale the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it economies of scale the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it economies of scale the more
+of something you build it actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something you build it actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something you build it actually gets
+cheaper if you build it in large volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper if you build it in large volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper if you build it in large volumes
+and other factors but again between 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other factors but again between 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other factors but again between 1980
+and 2001 and 2001 2012 you actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2001 and 2001 2012 you actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2001 and 2001 2012 you actually see
+the really different contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really different contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really different contributions from
+these different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different factors
+and so another question is well solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another question is well solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another question is well solar
+prices continue to decline this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices continue to decline this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices continue to decline this is that
+learning rate graph showing solar actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate graph showing solar actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning rate graph showing solar actual
+capacity costs by year this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity costs by year this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity costs by year this is from a
+recent paper by way Ives mealy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper by way Ives mealy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent paper by way Ives mealy and
+farmer and what's really entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer and what's really entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer and what's really entertaining
+about this graph to me is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this graph to me is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this graph to me is that you can
+see the different projections for solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the different projections for solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the different projections for solar
+costs and the important thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and the important thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and the important thing about this
+graph is that in every single case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is that in every single case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is that in every single case the
+empirically observed capacity cost has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically observed capacity cost has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically observed capacity cost has
+been lower than the projected costs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lower than the projected costs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been lower than the projected costs in
+fact uh for some reason a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh for some reason a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh for some reason a lot of
+integrated assessment models keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated assessment models keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated assessment models keep on
+projecting that solar is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting that solar is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting that solar is not going to
+get cheaper faster they have a shallower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper faster they have a shallower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper faster they have a shallower
+curve but in reality solar has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but in reality solar has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but in reality solar has gotten
+much cheaper much more quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cheaper much more quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cheaper much more quickly than
+anyone ever projects in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever projects in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever projects in the first place
+the authors of this paper uh argue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors of this paper uh argue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors of this paper uh argue and
+forecast that solar prices will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that solar prices will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that solar prices will continue
+to get cheaper because they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get cheaper because they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get cheaper because they look at
+other empirical cost declines over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other empirical cost declines over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other empirical cost declines over time
+if you look at wind wind has been on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at wind wind has been on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at wind wind has been on a
+similar trajectory of Decline and in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trajectory of Decline and in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar trajectory of Decline and in all
+these cases many models keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases many models keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases many models keep on
+predicting that wind is going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that wind is going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting that wind is going to cost
+more than it actually has so this leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than it actually has so this leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than it actually has so this leads
+to the question if solar and wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question if solar and wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question if solar and wind
+continue to get cheaper more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to get cheaper more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to get cheaper more quickly
+than we expect what might happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we expect what might happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we expect what might happen in the
+energy transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition
+the authors of this paper actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors of this paper actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors of this paper actually
+argued that there could be a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that there could be a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that there could be a fast
+transition between clean energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between clean energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between clean energy and
+fossil fuels a slow transition or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels a slow transition or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels a slow transition or no
+transition at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at all
+or fossil fuels remain in our Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fossil fuels remain in our Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fossil fuels remain in our Energy
+System and clean energy simply adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System and clean energy simply adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System and clean energy simply adds to
+it but they actually argue that based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they actually argue that based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but they actually argue that based on
+the probability of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of technical
+technological process which could be low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological process which could be low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological process which could be low
+medium or high we'd actually save quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or high we'd actually save quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium or high we'd actually save quite
+a bit of energy if we had a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of energy if we had a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of energy if we had a fast
+transition to Renewables that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to Renewables that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to Renewables that would
+actually result in less costs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually result in less costs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually result in less costs in this
+scenario than it would if we continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario than it would if we continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario than it would if we continued
+to use fossil fuels and that's assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use fossil fuels and that's assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use fossil fuels and that's assuming
+that solar and when prices continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar and when prices continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar and when prices continue to
+get cheaper if we have a slower medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper if we have a slower medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cheaper if we have a slower medium
+transition then we will still save money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition then we will still save money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition then we will still save money
+over a no transition scenario it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a no transition scenario it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a no transition scenario it just
+won't be as much and won't be as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be as much and won't be as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be as much and won't be as fast
+if you look at some of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at some of the price
+breakdowns of solar installation costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns of solar installation costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns of solar installation costs
+this is again the cost to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again the cost to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again the cost to actually
+install and get solar running uh running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and get solar running uh running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and get solar running uh running
+you can see that nrel did a study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that nrel did a study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that nrel did a study in
+2015 looking at Benchmark prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 looking at Benchmark prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 looking at Benchmark prices and
+price breakdowns and you can see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price breakdowns and you can see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price breakdowns and you can see in a
+lot of these cases that residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cases that residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cases that residential
+small installations are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small installations are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small installations are much more
+expensive than commercial large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than commercial large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than commercial large
+installations or utility scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations or utility scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations or utility scale
+installations but what I'd point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations but what I'd point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations but what I'd point out to
+you is that the actual Hardware the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the actual Hardware the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that the actual Hardware the
+solar module the inverter the rack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar module the inverter the rack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar module the inverter the rack and
+the balance of system are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance of system are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance of system are actually not
+much different between residential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different between residential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different between residential and
+Commercial and utility scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial and utility scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial and utility scale
+installations the panels are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations the panels are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations the panels are basically
+the same panel it might cost different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same panel it might cost different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same panel it might cost different
+amounts to mount them and kind of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to mount them and kind of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to mount them and kind of put
+them in a rack but the costs are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a rack but the costs are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a rack but the costs are not
+very different between even the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different between even the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different between even the single
+solar panel on a residential house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel on a residential house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel on a residential house
+versus utility scale solar the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus utility scale solar the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus utility scale solar the big
+difference is between the soft costs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between the soft costs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between the soft costs the
+labor is slightly higher to install on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is slightly higher to install on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is slightly higher to install on a
+residential house probably because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential house probably because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential house probably because we
+haven't achieved companies of scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't achieved companies of scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't achieved companies of scale or
+large volumes but the soft costs are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large volumes but the soft costs are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large volumes but the soft costs are a
+big difference why residential rooftop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference why residential rooftop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference why residential rooftop
+solar is much more expensive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is much more expensive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar is much more expensive than
+utility scale solar and so if I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility scale solar and so if I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility scale solar and so if I had to
+urge urban planners in cities to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge urban planners in cities to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge urban planners in cities to work on
+one problem I would argue that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem I would argue that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem I would argue that if we
+were to we were able to decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to we were able to decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to we were able to decrease the
+soft cost of insulation then rooftop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cost of insulation then rooftop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cost of insulation then rooftop
+solar could be competitive with utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar could be competitive with utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar could be competitive with utility
+scale solar installations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale solar installations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale solar installations
+and so uh Emerald also did a study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh Emerald also did a study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh Emerald also did a study in
+2018 showing a road map to achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 showing a road map to achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 showing a road map to achieving
+cheaper solar electricity this shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper solar electricity this shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper solar electricity this shows the
+2017 real levelized cost of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 real levelized cost of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 real levelized cost of energy
+something we've talked about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've talked about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've talked about in this
+class before this shows what the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before this shows what the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class before this shows what the goal is
+uh five cents per kilowatt hour for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five cents per kilowatt hour for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five cents per kilowatt hour for a
+residential PV system and it shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential PV system and it shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential PV system and it shows that
+the roadmap for cheaper rooftop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roadmap for cheaper rooftop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roadmap for cheaper rooftop or
+residential solar goes entirely through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential solar goes entirely through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential solar goes entirely through
+soft cost reduction this is a waterfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cost reduction this is a waterfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cost reduction this is a waterfall
+diagram again you can see all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram again you can see all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram again you can see all the things
+you can do to get to the goal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to get to the goal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do to get to the goal but
+obviously the bulk of the savings comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the bulk of the savings comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the bulk of the savings comes
+from reducing soft costs that's reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reducing soft costs that's reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reducing soft costs that's reducing
+permitting that's reducing design costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting that's reducing design costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting that's reducing design costs
+that's reducing design complexity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reducing design complexity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reducing design complexity it's
+making permitting easier at City Hall if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making permitting easier at City Hall if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making permitting easier at City Hall if
+urban planners and policy makers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners and policy makers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners and policy makers would
+focus their attention on this we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus their attention on this we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus their attention on this we could
+have equally cheap rooftop solar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have equally cheap rooftop solar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have equally cheap rooftop solar and
+that would probably not have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would probably not have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would probably not have the same
+land use impacts as utility scale solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's go to the Makai graphs for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to the Makai graphs for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to the Makai graphs for a
+second Makai papers for a second because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Makai papers for a second because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Makai papers for a second because
+I think they usually show points about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they usually show points about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they usually show points about
+the energy density per area required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density per area required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density per area required for
+renewable Technologies this brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable Technologies this brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable Technologies this brings us
+into talking about sighting uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into talking about sighting uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into talking about sighting uh this is a
+graph of a vertical accident axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a vertical accident axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a vertical accident axis of
+energy consumption per person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption per person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption per person the
+population density of people per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density of people per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density of people per square
+kilometer and you can see the world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and you can see the world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and you can see the world has
+generally in the last two centuries both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in the last two centuries both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in the last two centuries both
+soon more energy and gotten more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon more energy and gotten more dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon more energy and gotten more dense
+the United States had higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States had higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States had higher energy
+consumption at the beginning and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at the beginning and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption at the beginning and uh
+lower energy population densities than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy population densities than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy population densities than
+the world's developing countries tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's developing countries tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's developing countries tend to
+have lower energy consumption and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower energy consumption and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lower energy consumption and higher
+population densities England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities England
+over the last four centuries has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last four centuries has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last four centuries has gotten
+to very high energy consumption per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very high energy consumption per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very high energy consumption per
+person though not as high as the U.S but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person though not as high as the U.S but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person though not as high as the U.S but
+much higher population densities than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher population densities than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher population densities than
+the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+and what Makai does is graph simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Makai does is graph simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Makai does is graph simply
+where we are currently this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are currently this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are currently this is the
+United States and he uses this graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and he uses this graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and he uses this graph to
+show that if you multiply these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if you multiply these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if you multiply these factors
+together you can get these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can get these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can get these kind of
+isoclines or these kind of gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines or these kind of gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines or these kind of gradient
+lines and you can see that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can see that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can see that the energy
+consumption of the US and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the US and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the US and the size of
+the circle is the population of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle is the population of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle is the population of the
+country is basically approaching what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is basically approaching what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is basically approaching what
+can be provided by energy crops which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be provided by energy crops which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be provided by energy crops which is
+to say given this energy consumption per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say given this energy consumption per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say given this energy consumption per
+person for the US and given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for the US and given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for the US and given this
+population density we could supply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density we could supply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density we could supply all
+of our energy needs with energy problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our energy needs with energy problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our energy needs with energy problems
+assuming we use the entire United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we use the entire United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we use the entire United States
+for energy crops if we add other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy crops if we add other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy crops if we add other
+possible Technologies you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Technologies you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Technologies you can see the
+limit for when power is further out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for when power is further out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for when power is further out of
+course that would require us to use much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that would require us to use much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that would require us to use much
+of the US for wind power and the U.S has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US for wind power and the U.S has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US for wind power and the U.S has
+enough energy density so we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy density so we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy density so we would have
+to use the entire country for wind power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the entire country for wind power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the entire country for wind power
+but you can see countries like Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see countries like Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see countries like Germany
+United Kingdom Japan are already at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom Japan are already at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom Japan are already at the
+limit for what wind power can provide as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for what wind power can provide as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for what wind power can provide as
+South Korea does not have enough land to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea does not have enough land to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea does not have enough land to
+provide all the wind all of its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide all the wind all of its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide all the wind all of its energy
+through wind power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wind power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wind power
+if you look at these other technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these other technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these other technologies
+that Makai discusses solar PV Parks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Makai discusses solar PV Parks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Makai discusses solar PV Parks uh
+it's sunny locations or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunny locations or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunny locations or not that
+northern Europe our concentrating solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Europe our concentrating solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Europe our concentrating solar
+power you can see that they have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you can see that they have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you can see that they have lower
+energy and higher energy densities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and higher energy densities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and higher energy densities or
+lower land take so the uh the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower land take so the uh the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower land take so the uh the frontier
+gets pushed further out so for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed further out so for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed further out so for one of
+the students from Singapore he asked how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students from Singapore he asked how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students from Singapore he asked how
+much uh what technologies could we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh what technologies could we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh what technologies could we use
+to supply Singapore you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply Singapore you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply Singapore you can see that you
+know it's possible to use uh UK Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to use uh UK Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to use uh UK Sun
+before conversion sorry and the Desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before conversion sorry and the Desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before conversion sorry and the Desert
+Sun before conversion those are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun before conversion those are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun before conversion those are things
+that the energy the population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy the population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy the population and
+energy consumption of Singapore would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption of Singapore would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption of Singapore would
+fit into obviously it's not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into obviously it's not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into obviously it's not entirely
+possible to convert all of Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to convert all of Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to convert all of Singapore
+into energy production but this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into energy production but this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into energy production but this gives
+you kind of a back of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of a back of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of a back of the envelope
+estimate of how much energy or how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how much energy or how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how much energy or how much
+land you need to provide that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you need to provide that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you need to provide that energy
+and so this brings me to the paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this brings me to the paper by
+Carly l2020 which just focuses on energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carly l2020 which just focuses on energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carly l2020 which just focuses on energy
+infrastructure and nimbyism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and nimbyism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and nimbyism
+and let's just start with what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just start with what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just start with what is a
+systematic literature review a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature review a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature review a
+systematic literature view is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature view is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature view is a paper
+where you set particular Search terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you set particular Search terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you set particular Search terms
+and parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parameters
+you extract the relevant academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract the relevant academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract the relevant academic
+literature the reason why you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the reason why you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the reason why you do this
+kind of literature search is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literature search is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of literature search is that
+there's just too much literature to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just too much literature to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just too much literature to read
+so we occasionally write papers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we occasionally write papers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we occasionally write papers to
+summarize what's been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what's been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what's been written
+and then you code and analyze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you code and analyze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you code and analyze and
+summarize all the papers you find and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize all the papers you find and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize all the papers you find and
+you kind of categorize the data they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of categorize the data they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of categorize the data they use
+what kind of methods what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of methods what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of methods what kind of
+findings they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings they come to
+and so the findings of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the findings of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the findings of this particular
+systematic literature review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic literature review
+is that on page one they say knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that on page one they say knowledge
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+let's say nuclear technology uh only
+
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+let's say nuclear technology uh only
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+
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+
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+is just look at this graph look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just look at this graph look at these
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+
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+
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+uh some the profile for fossil fuels is
+
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+ 
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+
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+
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+technologies that we do need
+ 
+
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+so another paper I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another paper I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another paper I want to talk about is
+written by my colleague Larry suskin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by my colleague Larry suskin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by my colleague Larry suskin at
+MIT it's uh just written this year about
+
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+MIT it's uh just written this year about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT it's uh just written this year about
+sources of opposition to renewable
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+ 
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+
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+ 
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+team of students many students I know
+
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+
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+from our department help build this
+ 
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+from our department help build this
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+
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+energy projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy projects
+ 
+
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+energy projects
+and they did this by reviewing Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did this by reviewing Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did this by reviewing Open
+Access media reports and published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access media reports and published
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+
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+
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+delayed or canceled a utility scale
+ 
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+delayed or canceled a utility scale
+Renewal Energy project and there were
+
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+Renewal Energy project and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewal Energy project and there were
+media reports on projects that had been
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+
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+
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+ 
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+these in their study so essentially what
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were resumed after being stopped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were resumed after being stopped for
+several months or years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several months or years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several months or years
+in terms of the energy transition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the energy transition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the energy transition this
+is a very concerning finding because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very concerning finding because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very concerning finding because we
+know we need to build solar and wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to build solar and wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to build solar and wind
+much more rapidly than in the past to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more rapidly than in the past to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more rapidly than in the past to
+achieve our decarbonization goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve our decarbonization goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve our decarbonization goals
+and they have seven distinct hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have seven distinct hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have seven distinct hypotheses
+regarding the sources of opposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the sources of opposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the sources of opposition and
+barriers to renewable energy development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to renewable energy development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to renewable energy development
+up first uh communities could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up first uh communities could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up first uh communities could be
+expressing concerns about possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing concerns about possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing concerns about possible
+environmental impacts including impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts including impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts including impacts
+on our wildlife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our wildlife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our wildlife
+there could be challenges to project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be challenges to project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be challenges to project
+financing and revenue generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and revenue generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and revenue generation
+there could be public perceptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be public perceptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be public perceptions of
+unfair participation processes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair participation processes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair participation processes or
+inadequate inclusion in light of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate inclusion in light of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate inclusion in light of regular
+requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements
+there could be a failure to respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a failure to respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a failure to respect
+tribal rights including the right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal rights including the right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribal rights including the right to
+consultation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultation
+there could be health and safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be health and safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be health and safety
+concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+it could be intergovernmental disputes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be intergovernmental disputes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be intergovernmental disputes
+and there could be potential impacts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be potential impacts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there could be potential impacts on
+land and property value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and property value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and property value
+in the paper one of the notable findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper one of the notable findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper one of the notable findings
+I think is that they find that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is that they find that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is that they find that most
+opposition to projects is not composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition to projects is not composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition to projects is not composed
+of a single of a source of opposition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single of a source of opposition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single of a source of opposition as
+they characterize it only 20 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they characterize it only 20 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they characterize it only 20 percent of
+the sources of opposition have one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of opposition have one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources of opposition have one kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+rationale or one basis for opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale or one basis for opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale or one basis for opposition
+most projects represent multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most projects represent multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most projects represent multiple
+concerns or multiple sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or multiple sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or multiple sources of
+opposition or Coalition of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or Coalition of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or Coalition of different
+groups that may be opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that may be opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that may be opposed to the
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+now this is a very concerning finding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a very concerning finding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a very concerning finding in
+terms of what we are going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what we are going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what we are going to be able to
+cite in terms of our future renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite in terms of our future renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite in terms of our future renewable
+energy projects but one thing I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy projects but one thing I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy projects but one thing I actually
+noticed about this paper is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about this paper is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed about this paper is that I
+actually thought back to other studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought back to other studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought back to other studies
+I'd seen this is a graph from the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd seen this is a graph from the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd seen this is a graph from the U.S
+Energy Information Administration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Information Administration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Information Administration and
+this actually shows how much generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows how much generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows how much generation
+capacity we've added over the last 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we've added over the last 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we've added over the last 22
+years in 1990 you can see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in 1990 you can see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in 1990 you can see that our
+energy our renewable energy generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy our renewable energy generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy our renewable energy generation
+is actually dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dominated by
+hydroconventional and hydro pump storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroconventional and hydro pump storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroconventional and hydro pump storage
+even by 2005 we had very little wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even by 2005 we had very little wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even by 2005 we had very little wind and
+very little solar and by 2021 16 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little solar and by 2021 16 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little solar and by 2021 16 years
+later we basically had this massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we basically had this massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we basically had this massive
+explosion of wind and this very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of wind and this very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of wind and this very rapid
+explosion of solar that is probably only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of solar that is probably only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of solar that is probably only
+increasing this year also but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this year also but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this year also but what I
+realized when I calculated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I calculated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I calculated this
+is that you had this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you had this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you had this question about
+whether the findings for this paper are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the findings for this paper are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the findings for this paper are
+generalizable be suskin at all paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable be suskin at all paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable be suskin at all paper
+binds 53 projects over the years 2008 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds 53 projects over the years 2008 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds 53 projects over the years 2008 to
+2021 and they that basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and they that basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 and they that basically is
+9586 megawatts which is 9.6 gigawatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9586 megawatts which is 9.6 gigawatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9586 megawatts which is 9.6 gigawatts
+apart from that graph I just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that graph I just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that graph I just showed you
+the Energy Information Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Information Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Information Administration
+binds roughly over the same period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds roughly over the same period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds roughly over the same period of
+time 2005 to 2021 that we added 185
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 2005 to 2021 that we added 185
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 2005 to 2021 that we added 185
+gigawatts so if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatts so if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatts so if you calculate the
+percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage
+essentially the subscript paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the subscript paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the subscript paper is
+looking at five percent of the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at five percent of the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at five percent of the projects
+and so there's kind of three perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's kind of three perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's kind of three perhaps
+stupid questions that we need to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid questions that we need to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid questions that we need to ask
+about this question of Permitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question of Permitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question of Permitting and
+sources of opposition to renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of opposition to renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of opposition to renewable
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+first how big is the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how big is the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how big is the problem of
+Permitting if these opposition sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Permitting if these opposition sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Permitting if these opposition sources
+are expecting themselves to denying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting themselves to denying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting themselves to denying
+permanent projects we can find five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent projects we can find five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent projects we can find five
+percent of the projects have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the projects have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the projects have been
+blocked or opposed does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked or opposed does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked or opposed does that mean that
+our other 185 gigawatts of project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other 185 gigawatts of project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our other 185 gigawatts of project that
+were built could we have had another 185
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built could we have had another 185
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built could we have had another 185
+gigawatts of projects if 50 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatts of projects if 50 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigawatts of projects if 50 of the
+projects were canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects were canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects were canceled
+or is did we find in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is did we find in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is did we find in this case the
+projects that were canceled or opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that were canceled or opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that were canceled or opposed
+and the vast majority of projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vast majority of projects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vast majority of projects are
+actually built without as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built without as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built without as much
+um controversy and so this brings me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um controversy and so this brings me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um controversy and so this brings me to
+the question of Permitting reform which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of Permitting reform which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of Permitting reform which
+we start the class which was discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the class which was discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start the class which was discussed
+quite a bit in Congress at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in Congress at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit in Congress at the beginning
+of class how pervasive is this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class how pervasive is this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class how pervasive is this problem
+and finally are the future problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally are the future problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally are the future problems
+we're going to have around sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have around sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have around sources of
+opposition or permitting similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or permitting similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or permitting similar to the
+Past problems that have been found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past problems that have been found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past problems that have been found in
+this database those are all open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this database those are all open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this database those are all open
+questions for us to consider in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for us to consider in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for us to consider in class
+discussion I look forward to seeing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I look forward to seeing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I look forward to seeing you
+in class uh tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3X3b1GMniC4.txt b/3X3b1GMniC4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b40d3d3422c58dbab471c311365db9d3368ea3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3X3b1GMniC4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me say a couple of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me say a couple of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me say a couple of words
+about where we are in the reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we are in the reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where we are in the reading list
+we're going to start today we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start today we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start today we're done
+with this segment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this segment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this segment on
+contracts and mechanism design theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and mechanism design theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and mechanism design theory
+and applications and we start today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications and we start today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications and we start today
+walrasian general equilibrium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walrasian general equilibrium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walrasian general equilibrium which
+you've seen a bit before already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a bit before already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a bit before already but
+we'll review and give the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review and give the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review and give the proper
+definitions for the first 20 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions for the first 20 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions for the first 20 of the
+lecture and then the rest of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then the rest of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then the rest of the lecture
+is devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is devoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is devoted to
+an important application of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important application of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important application of general
+equilibrium theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium theory
+and in particular it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it has to do with
+trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this lecture today is the theory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture today is the theory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture today is the theory with
+some really startling and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really startling and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really startling and interesting
+propositions and then with trade on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and then with trade on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions and then with trade on our
+minds we'll go back to the thai data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds we'll go back to the thai data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds we'll go back to the thai data and
+take a look at trade flows and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at trade flows and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at trade flows and financial
+flows that have changed over time as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that have changed over time as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that have changed over time as the
+country became more liberalized or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country became more liberalized or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country became more liberalized or more
+open internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open internally
+and then we're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go to
+a parallel lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel lecture
+on the u.s that's going to look at trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the u.s that's going to look at trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the u.s that's going to look at trade
+flows and potentially financial flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and potentially financial flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and potentially financial flows
+across states in the u.s where we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states in the u.s where we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across states in the u.s where we'll be
+analyzing the impact of tariffs so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the impact of tariffs so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the impact of tariffs so and
+or china shocks china imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or china shocks china imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or china shocks china imports
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+dare i say it it may or may not be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare i say it it may or may not be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare i say it it may or may not be on
+your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind
+if it's on your mind already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on your mind already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's on your mind already
+you know the motivation here is a u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the motivation here is a u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the motivation here is a u.s
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy
+decision which is very much in the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which is very much in the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which is very much in the news
+and in some respects a big part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some respects a big part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some respects a big part of the
+upcoming election so i don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming election so i don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming election so i don't know if the
+timing of these lectures are good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of these lectures are good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of these lectures are good or bad
+but uh anyway we'll be all we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway we'll be all we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway we'll be all we'll be
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+u.s trade policy within two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s trade policy within two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s trade policy within two lectures
+okay so that's what's coming up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's coming up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's coming up and
+today's lecture is got two starred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is got two starred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is got two starred
+readings the kreps book on section 6.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the kreps book on section 6.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the kreps book on section 6.1
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+moscow l winston in green i rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow l winston in green i rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moscow l winston in green i rarely
+assign this book but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this book but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign this book but on the other hand
+the lecture is based very closely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture is based very closely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture is based very closely on
+that chapter so i went ahead and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter so i went ahead and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter so i went ahead and just
+listed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed it
+in wg chapter 15 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wg chapter 15 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wg chapter 15 d
+although it's quite a famous model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's quite a famous model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's quite a famous model
+we've been using mwg in the theorems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using mwg in the theorems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using mwg in the theorems and
+so on but i've never really featured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but i've never really featured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but i've never really featured it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heavily
+in terms of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the overall
+you know just to see it in one spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to see it in one spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to see it in one spot
+again we're going to do four raisin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to do four raisin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to do four raisin
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+and then two applications of trade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two applications of trade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two applications of trade in
+thailand and the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand and the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand and the us
+that's actually going to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually going to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually going to complete
+lecture 15 completes the current segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 15 completes the current segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 15 completes the current segment
+of lectures before the second exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures before the second exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures before the second exam
+so problem set four which was released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem set four which was released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem set four which was released
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+last thing i want to do before getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing i want to do before getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing i want to do before getting
+to the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lecture
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+review a bit what we did last time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a bit what we did last time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a bit what we did last time i
+deliberately didn't pick out very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately didn't pick out very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately didn't pick out very many
+questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here
+allow risk aversion on the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow risk aversion on the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow risk aversion on the part of the
+borrower there are several advantages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower there are several advantages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower there are several advantages to
+writing down programs in lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down programs in lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down programs in lotteries
+list two of them and explain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list two of them and explain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list two of them and explain so
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+if i can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get some
+charles you want to take a crack at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles you want to take a crack at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles you want to take a crack at that
+uh i think i can guess one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think i can guess one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think i can guess one and
+definitely at least one of them which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely at least one of them which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely at least one of them which if
+i remember correctly is that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember correctly is that it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember correctly is that it allows
+you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to
+it allows you to like make an incent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to like make an incent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to like make an incent you
+make select between um high like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make select between um high like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make select between um high like people
+with high income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high income and
+low income if you don't know the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income if you don't know the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low income if you don't know the income
+already so like someone some if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so like someone some if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so like someone some if your
+risk converse in the correct manner then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk converse in the correct manner then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk converse in the correct manner then
+if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a
+a lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lottery
+then someone with low income might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone with low income might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone with low income might might
+prefer a lottery a lottery with uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer a lottery a lottery with uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer a lottery a lottery with uh some
+something like you might prefer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you might prefer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you might prefer the
+different the different risk risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the different risk risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the different risk risk
+uh risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh risk
+risk return trade-offs at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk return trade-offs at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk return trade-offs at different
+incomes or just it which is select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes or just it which is select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes or just it which is select
+between various things and help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various things and help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various things and help with
+some of the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints
+uh the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other one
+don't remember the exact details you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the exact details you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the exact details you
+haven't quite gotten yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite gotten yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite gotten yeah oh
+the first one is good um i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is good um i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is good um i'm going to
+guess something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess something like
+helping making people more willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping making people more willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping making people more willing to
+like maybe be making people willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe be making people willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe be making people willing to
+not as willing to borrow or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as willing to borrow or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as willing to borrow or something
+like that but i'm not exactly sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+if carrie you want to take a can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if carrie you want to take a can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if carrie you want to take a can you get
+one more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it like the incentive constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like the incentive constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it like the incentive constraints
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+non-convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex
+um so it might be hard to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it might be hard to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it might be hard to solve
+yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good
+so there's various sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's various sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's various sources of
+non-convexities those incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities those incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convexities those incentive
+constraints when written without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints when written without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints when written without the
+lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries
+like first order conditions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first order conditions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first order conditions of the
+borrow of the borrower's choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow of the borrower's choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow of the borrower's choice of
+effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things
+can lead to non-convexities so by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to non-convexities so by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to non-convexities so by doing
+it in lotteries we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in lotteries we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in lotteries we get that
+problem solved and also if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solved and also if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solved and also if there's
+some indivisibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indivisibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some indivisibilities
+that would be solved there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be solved there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be solved there are two
+indivisibilities in this problem one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisibilities in this problem one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisibilities in this problem one has
+to do with occupation choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with occupation choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with occupation choice
+you're either a wage earner or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either a wage earner or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either a wage earner or an
+entrepreneur that's a binary choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur that's a binary choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur that's a binary choice
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the lotteries kind of smooth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lotteries kind of smooth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lotteries kind of smooth that
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+so you can effectively choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can effectively choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can effectively choose the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and secondly there could be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly there could be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly there could be sort of
+indivisibilities in the discreteness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisibilities in the discreteness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisibilities in the discreteness of
+the capital grid like you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital grid like you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital grid like you're gonna
+capitalize a high amount or a low amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize a high amount or a low amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize a high amount or a low amount
+and uh and again lotteries help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and again lotteries help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and again lotteries help with
+that indivisibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next one is really a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one is really a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one is really a summary
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of what we did but let me read it out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we did but let me read it out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we did but let me read it out um
+sketch out how one can take the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch out how one can take the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch out how one can take the model
+with the lotteries to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lotteries to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lotteries to the data
+on occupation choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on occupation choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on occupation choice
+and estimate parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate parameters
+so does can anyone attempt a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does can anyone attempt a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does can anyone attempt a summary of
+what we did last time on that dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sure i can take a stab at this so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure i can take a stab at this so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure i can take a stab at this so um
+i think the way that we did it was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the way that we did it was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the way that we did it was we
+um kind of like given these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of like given these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of like given these like
+different parameters that like we had of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters that like we had of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters that like we had of
+like ability education and wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ability education and wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ability education and wealth
+we um kind of solve for this optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um kind of solve for this optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um kind of solve for this optimal
+contract like theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract like theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract like theoretically
+and then we made a likelihood function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we made a likelihood function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we made a likelihood function
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh given like these solutions to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given like these solutions to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given like these solutions to kind of
+see like which one of these is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like which one of these is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like which one of these is like
+going to be like the best essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like the best essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like the best essentially
+you remember what how we did quote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what how we did quote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what how we did quote the
+best the best in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best the best in terms of what
+um just kind of like the the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just kind of like the the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just kind of like the the likelihood
+function and trying to maximize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and trying to maximize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and trying to maximize that
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+yeah so the likelihood function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the likelihood function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the likelihood function
+tells us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh
+the probability what we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability what we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability what we uh
+uh the of what we are seeing in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the of what we are seeing in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the of what we are seeing in the data
+if the model were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the model were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the model were true
+so we're choosing parameters to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're choosing parameters to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're choosing parameters to make
+that probability as high as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good
+any other questions about that lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about that lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about that lecture
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+all the other questions at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other questions at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other questions at the beginning
+here were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were basically
+you know write it down the way we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write it down the way we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know write it down the way we did it
+in class etc etc so i you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class etc etc so i you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class etc etc so i you know it's not
+exactly conducive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly conducive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly conducive to
+asking you these questions in class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you these questions in class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you these questions in class but
+it is important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is important to be
+reviewing these reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing these reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing these reviews
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then we come to the lecture today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to the lecture today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to the lecture today this
+is vol raisin equilibria with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vol raisin equilibria with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vol raisin equilibria with an
+application to trade and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to trade and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to trade and we're gonna
+consider trade and for the most part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider trade and for the most part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider trade and for the most part in
+a small open economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small open economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small open economy
+although we'll say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we'll say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we'll say a little bit about
+putting the world pieces together at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the world pieces together at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the world pieces together at the
+very end so here's the notation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end so here's the notation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end so here's the notation which is
+largely a review because you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely a review because you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely a review because you have seen
+almost all of it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of it before
+when we write down an economy we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write down an economy we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write down an economy we mean
+the commodity space in this case capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity space in this case capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commodity space in this case capital
+l a finite number of commodities i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l a finite number of commodities i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l a finite number of commodities i is
+the number of consumers j is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of consumers j is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of consumers j is the number
+of firms finite for each household or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms finite for each household or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms finite for each household or
+consumer i has a consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer i has a consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer i has a consumption set
+and preferences over bundles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preferences over bundles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preferences over bundles in the
+consumption set as for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set as for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set as for example
+represented by a utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a utility function
+each firm j has a technology production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each firm j has a technology production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each firm j has a technology production
+possibility set in the same l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set in the same l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set in the same l
+dimensional space and the economy has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and the economy has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and the economy has uh
+exogenously given endowments according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously given endowments according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously given endowments according
+to this l dimensional endowment vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this l dimensional endowment vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this l dimensional endowment vector
+with the bars being the aggregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bars being the aggregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bars being the aggregates
+so that's the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the economy
+now we say a private ownership economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we say a private ownership economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we say a private ownership economy
+we have to specify in addition who owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to specify in addition who owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to specify in addition who owns
+what so we imagine that consumer i has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so we imagine that consumer i has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so we imagine that consumer i has
+an endowment vector l dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endowment vector l dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endowment vector l dimensional
+subscript i for consumer i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript i for consumer i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript i for consumer i
+and it is the sum of these endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the sum of these endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the sum of these endowments
+over all the household that adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the household that adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the household that adds up to
+the omega bar l dimensional endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omega bar l dimensional endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omega bar l dimensional endowment
+vector of the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the previous slide
+aggregates naturally come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates naturally come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates naturally come from the
+individual's ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's ownership
+each consumer in addition to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consumer in addition to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consumer in addition to having
+endowments has some share of the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments has some share of the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments has some share of the profits
+of firms so theta i j being the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms so theta i j being the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms so theta i j being the share
+that household i has of j's profits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that household i has of j's profits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that household i has of j's profits so
+these are meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are meant to be
+a division of the profit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a division of the profit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a division of the profit so
+the sum of the shares over households i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the shares over households i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the shares over households i
+for a given firm j add up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given firm j add up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given firm j add up to one
+everything gets distributed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets distributed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets distributed and
+household i is getting theta i j of pi j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household i is getting theta i j of pi j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household i is getting theta i j of pi j
+for firm j now pi j is obviously an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firm j now pi j is obviously an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firm j now pi j is obviously an
+endogenous object it could be zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous object it could be zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous object it could be zero if
+there were constant returns to scale it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were constant returns to scale it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were constant returns to scale it
+could be positive if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be positive if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be positive if there are
+diminishing returns to scale and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing returns to scale and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing returns to scale and also
+when we did risk and return in village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did risk and return in village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did risk and return in village
+economies we kind of naturally had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we kind of naturally had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we kind of naturally had an
+interesting and relevant special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and relevant special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and relevant special case
+that household eye gets all the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that household eye gets all the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that household eye gets all the profits
+from the activities that it undertakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the activities that it undertakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the activities that it undertakes
+in that case there was a household eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there was a household eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there was a household eye
+and a firm eye it was the same entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a firm eye it was the same entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a firm eye it was the same entity
+and household i was getting theta i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and household i was getting theta i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and household i was getting theta i j
+equal to one of the of its own profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one of the of its own profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one of the of its own profits
+as a special case but general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special case but general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special case but general
+equilibrium theory usually usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium theory usually usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium theory usually usually
+allows something more general and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows something more general and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows something more general and you
+could think of this as a literally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as a literally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as a literally as a
+market economy where the shares are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market economy where the shares are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market economy where the shares are
+equity shares being traded and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity shares being traded and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity shares being traded and all of
+the dividends are claimed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividends are claimed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dividends are claimed by the
+ownership of shares okay so a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of shares okay so a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of shares okay so a private
+ownership economy has a summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership economy has a summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership economy has a summary of the
+consumption set preferences endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set preferences endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set preferences endowments
+of consumer eye the production sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumer eye the production sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumer eye the production sets of
+all the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the house
+firms jay and the shares theta i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms jay and the shares theta i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms jay and the shares theta i j
+now we get to the big definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the big definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get to the big definition here
+in this l dimensional commodity space a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this l dimensional commodity space a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this l dimensional commodity space a
+price vector p is the price of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price vector p is the price of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price vector p is the price of all the
+commodities inputs and outputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities inputs and outputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities inputs and outputs and
+everything and evol raisin equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and evol raisin equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and evol raisin equilibrium
+or competitive equilibrium for short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or competitive equilibrium for short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or competitive equilibrium for short for
+this private ownership economy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private ownership economy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private ownership economy is a
+specification of allocations with stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of allocations with stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of allocations with stars
+on them x and y star for consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them x and y star for consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them x and y star for consumers and
+firms and a price vector star here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and a price vector star here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and a price vector star here
+because it it's a special price that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's a special price that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's a special price that has
+allocations and prices have the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and prices have the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations and prices have the special
+properties each firm j is has y star j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties each firm j is has y star j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties each firm j is has y star j
+as the maximum of the firm's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum of the firm's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the maximum of the firm's problem
+which is to maximize profit since at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to maximize profit since at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to maximize profit since at y
+star the valuation of outputs less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star the valuation of outputs less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star the valuation of outputs less
+inputs is weakly greater than it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs is weakly greater than it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs is weakly greater than it would
+be for any other choice of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for any other choice of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for any other choice of production
+vector each consumer i is maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector each consumer i is maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector each consumer i is maximizing
+relative to the preference ordering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the preference ordering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the preference ordering on
+bundles in the consumption set but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles in the consumption set but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles in the consumption set but also
+subject to the budget constraint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the budget constraint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the budget constraint that
+expenditures at price p star for any x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures at price p star for any x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures at price p star for any x i
+that could potentially be chosen cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could potentially be chosen cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could potentially be chosen cannot
+exceed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the
+right hand side which is the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side which is the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side which is the private
+ownership part so omega i being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership part so omega i being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership part so omega i being the
+endowments of consumer i evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments of consumer i evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments of consumer i evaluated at
+price p star that dot is inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p star that dot is inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price p star that dot is inner product
+and again household eyes claim on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again household eyes claim on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again household eyes claim on the
+profits of firm j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of firm j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of firm j
+and the final property is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final property is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final property is that the
+allocation has to be feasible and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation has to be feasible and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation has to be feasible and you
+can just read this as demand cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just read this as demand cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just read this as demand cannot
+exceed supply where supply includes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed supply where supply includes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed supply where supply includes both
+the aggregated endowment and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregated endowment and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregated endowment and production
+so you've we've worked a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've we've worked a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've we've worked a lot with
+feasibility before we did that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility before we did that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility before we did that when we
+defined pareto optimality the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined pareto optimality the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined pareto optimality the difference
+here in general equilibrium or vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in general equilibrium or vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in general equilibrium or vol
+raisin equilibrium is we've added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisin equilibrium is we've added this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisin equilibrium is we've added this
+price vector explicitly and rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price vector explicitly and rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price vector explicitly and rewritten
+consumer maximization problem on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maximization problem on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maximization problem on which
+we've had several lectures and firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had several lectures and firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had several lectures and firms
+sorry i reverse the order firms max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i reverse the order firms max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i reverse the order firms max
+and consumers max problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers max problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumers max problems so
+everything's on in one spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's on in one spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's on in one spot
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so a classic example is the edgeworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a classic example is the edgeworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a classic example is the edgeworth
+box we previously defined pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box we previously defined pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box we previously defined pareto optimal
+allocations in this box as characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in this box as characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations in this box as characterized
+by tangencies of indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tangencies of indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tangencies of indifference curves
+here we add one more ingredient that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we add one more ingredient that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we add one more ingredient that if
+they start with this endowment and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start with this endowment and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start with this endowment and we
+draw a price line through the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a price line through the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a price line through the endowment
+then each consumer is maximizing utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each consumer is maximizing utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each consumer is maximizing utility
+subject to its budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to its budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to its budget
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+consumer one here has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one here has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer one here has the
+normal looking budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal looking budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal looking budget line
+and coming from the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming from the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming from the endowment
+and the tangency at x-star would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tangency at x-star would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tangency at x-star would be the
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+you may remember consumer two up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember consumer two up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember consumer two up here
+on the northeast is moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the northeast is moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the northeast is moving to the
+southwest in terms of increased utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest in terms of increased utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwest in terms of increased utility
+and is also maximizing utility which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also maximizing utility which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also maximizing utility which is
+achieved by a tangency on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a tangency on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by a tangency on that
+consumer's budget line so this line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's budget line so this line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's budget line so this line here
+is doing double duty it's a budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing double duty it's a budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing double duty it's a budget line
+for each household but the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each household but the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each household but the perspective
+is at or below consumer one at or above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at or below consumer one at or above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at or below consumer one at or above
+the line for consumer two and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line for consumer two and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line for consumer two and here
+you're seeing the star allocations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the star allocations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the star allocations which
+are a competitive equilibrium everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a competitive equilibrium everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a competitive equilibrium everything
+in the box adds up to the aggregates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box adds up to the aggregates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box adds up to the aggregates by
+construction there is no production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction there is no production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction there is no production
+they're all maximizing utility and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all maximizing utility and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all maximizing utility and the
+price factor is characterized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price factor is characterized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price factor is characterized by the
+slope of this budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this budget line
+now we could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could go on
+with a lot more interesting and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more interesting and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more interesting and some
+non-standard pictures of the edgeworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard pictures of the edgeworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard pictures of the edgeworth
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+but we're going to save a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to save a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to save a lot of that
+for another lecture here i defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another lecture here i defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another lecture here i defined
+balrasian equilibrium i wanted to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium i wanted to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium i wanted to find
+something similar but not identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar but not identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar but not identical
+it's a price equilibrium with transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a price equilibrium with transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a price equilibrium with transfers
+so here the idea is that the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the idea is that the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the idea is that the right hand
+side is a wealth assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a wealth assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a wealth assignment
+household i has wealth w sub i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household i has wealth w sub i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household i has wealth w sub i
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the rest is similar we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is similar we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is similar we're going to have
+an allocation with stars a price vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation with stars a price vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allocation with stars a price vector
+p which should have had stars on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p which should have had stars on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p which should have had stars on it
+because it's a special one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a special one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a special one with the
+property and and an assignment of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and and an assignment of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and and an assignment of these
+wealth levels such that firms maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth levels such that firms maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth levels such that firms maximize
+profits that's the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that's the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that's the same as before
+households maximize utility but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households maximize utility but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households maximize utility but the the
+right-hand side of the budget is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the budget is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of the budget is this
+wealth object and again when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth object and again when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth object and again when we did
+partial equilibrium consumer problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial equilibrium consumer problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial equilibrium consumer problem we
+talked about prices in wealth we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about prices in wealth we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about prices in wealth we had
+income expansion paths as wealth varied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income expansion paths as wealth varied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income expansion paths as wealth varied
+so this formulation of the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formulation of the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formulation of the problem is
+consistent with that although in partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that although in partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that although in partial
+equilibrium we didn't ask where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we didn't ask where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we didn't ask where that
+wealth was coming from an allocation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth was coming from an allocation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth was coming from an allocation is
+feasible again demand cannot be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible again demand cannot be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible again demand cannot be greater
+than the two sources of supply now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the two sources of supply now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the two sources of supply now the
+wealth assignments have to be feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth assignments have to be feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth assignments have to be feasible
+and here's where we can say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we can say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where we can say something
+about where wealth is coming from namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where wealth is coming from namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where wealth is coming from namely
+the sum of the wealth whatever they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the wealth whatever they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the wealth whatever they are
+have to equal the valuation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to equal the valuation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to equal the valuation of the
+aggregated endowment vector plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated endowment vector plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregated endowment vector plus the
+profits of all the firms so somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of all the firms so somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits of all the firms so somehow this
+stuff on the right hand side gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the right hand side gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the right hand side gets
+distributed across the households each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the households each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the households each
+household lie getting wealth wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household lie getting wealth wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household lie getting wealth wi
+and when we add it up therefore it sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we add it up therefore it sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we add it up therefore it sums
+up to the to the right-hand side now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the to the right-hand side now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the to the right-hand side now
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+at the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom here
+a particular wealth assignment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular wealth assignment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular wealth assignment that
+works is what we had on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is what we had on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is what we had on the previous
+slide namely give household i the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide namely give household i the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide namely give household i the
+valuation of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of its
+endowment plus its share of the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment plus its share of the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowment plus its share of the profits
+of the firms that it owns so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firms that it owns so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firms that it owns so in that
+sense a price equilibrium with transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a price equilibrium with transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a price equilibrium with transfers
+is more general but includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general but includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more general but includes the
+volrazian equilibrium that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volrazian equilibrium that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volrazian equilibrium that said
+the word transfers may catch your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word transfers may catch your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word transfers may catch your eye
+and the idea here is that a balrasian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea here is that a balrasian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea here is that a balrasian
+equilibrium with ownership specifies one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with ownership specifies one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with ownership specifies one
+level of wealth but we could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of wealth but we could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of wealth but we could in
+principle redistribute that wealth by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle redistribute that wealth by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle redistribute that wealth by
+the government with lump sum taxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government with lump sum taxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government with lump sum taxes and
+transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers
+and then look for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look for a new
+price equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price equilibrium
+and we will i think it's on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will i think it's on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will i think it's on the next
+slide yeah we will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide yeah we will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide yeah we will get to
+why we're doing this namely any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're doing this namely any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're doing this namely any
+balrasian equilibrium is pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium is pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium is pareto optimal
+but it's also true that any pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also true that any pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also true that any pareto
+optimal allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocation
+can be supported as a price equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be supported as a price equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be supported as a price equilibrium
+with transfers as in this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transfers as in this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transfers as in this definition
+however to achieve the fact that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to achieve the fact that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to achieve the fact that any
+optimum can be supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum can be supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum can be supported
+it's kind of intuitive we may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of intuitive we may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of intuitive we may have to
+redistribute wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute wealth
+and again i have a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i have a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i have a series of
+lectures on this but if we're back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this but if we're back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on this but if we're back in
+the edgeworth box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edgeworth box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edgeworth box
+this competitive equilibrium has picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitive equilibrium has picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitive equilibrium has picked
+out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one
+particular cradle optimal allocation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cradle optimal allocation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cradle optimal allocation but
+as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know
+there are many optimal allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many optimal allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many optimal allocations
+and to get to those we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get to those we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get to those we're going to have
+to move this budget line up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this budget line up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this budget line up or down
+hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence
+redistributing the wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing the wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing the wealth
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now that we've got the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've got the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we've got the concept of the
+volrazian equilibrium in hand i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volrazian equilibrium in hand i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volrazian equilibrium in hand i want to
+focus on the primary application today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the primary application today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the primary application today
+which is production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is production
+in a small open economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small open economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small open economy
+you have to shift gears just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to shift gears just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to shift gears just a little
+bit it's definitely going to be general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's definitely going to be general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit it's definitely going to be general
+equilibrium we're going to have j firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're going to have j firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we're going to have j firms
+and firms are producing goods so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms are producing goods so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms are producing goods so they're
+j goods because we have j firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goods because we have j firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goods because we have j firms
+firm j produces good qj and there are l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm j produces good qj and there are l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm j produces good qj and there are l
+factors of production labeled in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production labeled in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of production labeled in this
+case z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case z
+so z one j is the input of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so z one j is the input of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so z one j is the input of the first
+factor by firm j and so on and each firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor by firm j and so on and each firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor by firm j and so on and each firm
+j has a strictly concave production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j has a strictly concave production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j has a strictly concave production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+indicated here by f sub j output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here by f sub j output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here by f sub j output of
+consumer good q j as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer good q j as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer good q j as a function of the
+input vector z j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector z j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector z j
+so now we specify endowments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we specify endowments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we specify endowments the
+endowments are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments are going to be
+given of the factor inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given of the factor inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given of the factor inputs
+they're owned by households and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're owned by households and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're owned by households and for the
+sake of argument let's say they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of argument let's say they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of argument let's say they they're
+supplied inelastically and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied inelastically and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied inelastically and they're not
+going to be consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consumed
+what we're going to try to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to try to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to try to do is find
+the factor prices that's consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor prices that's consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor prices that's consistent with
+an equilibrium within this small open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium within this small open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium within this small open
+economy however we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy however we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy however we're going to take the
+prices of the goods as fixed so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of the goods as fixed so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of the goods as fixed so in that
+sense it's still partial equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's still partial equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's still partial equilibrium
+think of it as a village as a small open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a village as a small open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a village as a small open
+economy or a country that is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy or a country that is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy or a country that is small
+relative to the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the rest of the world
+so that these these price factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these these price factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these these price factors are
+fixed they're not going to be the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed they're not going to be the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed they're not going to be the focus
+of our attention we are going to however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our attention we are going to however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our attention we are going to however
+try to find the allocation of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find the allocation of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find the allocation of the inputs
+across all the firms how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the firms how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the firms how those
+endowments of factors get used as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments of factors get used as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endowments of factors get used as well
+as the volrazian equilibrium price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the volrazian equilibrium price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the volrazian equilibrium price
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+so firm j producing good q j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firm j producing good q j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firm j producing good q j
+will maximize the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maximize the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maximize the difference between
+revenues and costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues and costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues and costs
+so if w star say is a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if w star say is a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if w star say is a candidate
+equilibrium price vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price vector
+the firm would choose its input vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm would choose its input vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm would choose its input vector
+zj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zj
+to maximize revenue minus cost at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize revenue minus cost at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize revenue minus cost at
+that guessed equilibrium price vector w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guessed equilibrium price vector w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guessed equilibrium price vector w
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+p is again a given p j the the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is again a given p j the the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is again a given p j the the price of
+quantity j is is externally specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity j is is externally specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity j is is externally specified
+so z star j is the solution to firm j's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so z star j is the solution to firm j's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so z star j is the solution to firm j's
+maximization problem and if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem and if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem and if we're
+finding an equilibrium each firm will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an equilibrium each firm will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an equilibrium each firm will be
+maximizing profits and the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits and the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits and the sum of the
+input demands this case the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input demands this case the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input demands this case the demand for
+the health input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health input
+from firm j summing over all the firms j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from firm j summing over all the firms j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from firm j summing over all the firms j
+and in particular the stars which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular the stars which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular the stars which are
+already profit maximizing add up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already profit maximizing add up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already profit maximizing add up to the
+economy's endowment of the factor z bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's endowment of the factor z bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's endowment of the factor z bar
+for the elf factor and this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elf factor and this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elf factor and this is true for
+all each and every factor l this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all each and every factor l this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all each and every factor l this one is
+true for each and every firm jay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for each and every firm jay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for each and every firm jay
+so this is what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're looking for
+the volrazian equilibrium in the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volrazian equilibrium in the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volrazian equilibrium in the factor
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+taking external prices as given all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking external prices as given all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking external prices as given all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you already know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know something about the
+solutions to the profit maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the profit maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the profit maximization
+problem namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem namely
+the value of the marginal product should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the marginal product should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the marginal product should
+be equal to of the health factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to of the health factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to of the health factor
+should be equal to its cost just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to its cost just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to its cost just
+differentiate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this thing
+on the previous slide with respect to zj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide with respect to zj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide with respect to zj
+you'll get a derivative in the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a derivative in the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a derivative in the f
+function and we'll get the factor input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we'll get the factor input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we'll get the factor input
+price on the uh on the cost side that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on the uh on the cost side that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price on the uh on the cost side that's
+what this says factor input price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says factor input price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says factor input price
+here's the derivative of f with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the derivative of f with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the derivative of f with respect
+to the l factor and that p is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l factor and that p is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l factor and that p is of course
+part of the exogenously given price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the exogenously given price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the exogenously given price
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+how many equations are there like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equations are there like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equations are there like this
+well we have specify here it's the elf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have specify here it's the elf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have specify here it's the elf
+factor and we have uh l capital l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and we have uh l capital l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and we have uh l capital l
+factors all together and this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors all together and this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors all together and this is for the
+j firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j firm
+but we have capital j firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have capital j firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have capital j firms
+so we have l times j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have l times j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have l times j
+equations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here
+and we have another set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have another set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have another set of equations
+which are the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the equilibrium
+that the demand for the factors adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the demand for the factors adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the demand for the factors adds up
+to the total but again this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total but again this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total but again this is true for
+each and every elf factor so they're l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every elf factor so they're l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every elf factor so they're l
+of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys
+so we have l times j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have l times j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have l times j
+equations here and we have l equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here and we have l equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here and we have l equations
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the number of equations is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of equations is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of equations is equal to the
+number of own variables so in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of own variables so in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of own variables so in principle
+we should be able to solve this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to solve this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to solve this system
+of equations to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations to determine the
+equilibrium factor prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium factor prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium factor prices
+it's tedious and boring to keep counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tedious and boring to keep counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tedious and boring to keep counting
+the number of variables but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables but it is
+actually useful to see you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful to see you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful to see you know if we
+have fully specified and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fully specified and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fully specified and potentially
+have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now we've already solved in lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've already solved in lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've already solved in lecture four
+which was about production a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was about production a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was about production a cost
+minimization problem so we defined there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem so we defined there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem so we defined there
+the cost for firm j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for firm j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for firm j
+of producing the quantity q j when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing the quantity q j when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing the quantity q j when the
+input vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector
+was w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was w
+i must say you know i even i went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must say you know i even i went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must say you know i even i went back
+this morning in reviewing this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning in reviewing this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning in reviewing this lecture
+to take a look at the earlier lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at the earlier lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at the earlier lecture
+today there's kind of an uneasy tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's kind of an uneasy tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's kind of an uneasy tension
+because i'm partially telling you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm partially telling you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm partially telling you things
+that you've had before on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've had before on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've had before on the other hand
+aware that you may not remember exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that you may not remember exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that you may not remember exactly
+what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before
+if you go back and look it'll all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and look it'll all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back and look it'll all come
+back to you and some of these slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you and some of these slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you and some of these slides are
+actually repeats of what was in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repeats of what was in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repeats of what was in lecture
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+when we derived the least cost way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we derived the least cost way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we derived the least cost way of
+producing an output qj we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing an output qj we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing an output qj we got that
+marginal cost was equal to price price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost was equal to price price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost was equal to price price
+equals marginal cost is from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost is from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals marginal cost is from you know
+your very first economics micro course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your very first economics micro course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your very first economics micro course
+probably now this second equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably now this second equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably now this second equation is the
+equation that the demands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that the demands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that the demands for the
+factors adds up to the total but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors adds up to the total but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors adds up to the total but it's
+written in an interesting and a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in an interesting and a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in an interesting and a bit
+unconventional way the aggregate amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional way the aggregate amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional way the aggregate amount
+of factor l that's available is z bar l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor l that's available is z bar l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor l that's available is z bar l
+and we want the demands of these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the demands of these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want the demands of these firms
+for producing but instead we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing but instead we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing but instead we use the
+shepherd's lemma the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shepherd's lemma the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shepherd's lemma the derivative of the
+cost of firm j with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of firm j with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of firm j with respect to
+the price of the health factor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the health factor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the health factor we
+derived as the amount of the l factor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived as the amount of the l factor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived as the amount of the l factor to
+be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used
+and again you may or may not remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you may or may not remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you may or may not remember
+that that's the shepherd's lemma no here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the shepherd's lemma no here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the shepherd's lemma no here
+it is written down here at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written down here at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is written down here at the bottom
+okay so we just substitute what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just substitute what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just substitute what was
+written as z l j summation over j equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as z l j summation over j equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as z l j summation over j equal
+to z bar we substitute in the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z bar we substitute in the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z bar we substitute in the result
+from shepard's lemma to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from shepard's lemma to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from shepard's lemma to get this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay special case
+two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two
+and there'll be another one another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be another one another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be another one another two
+coming later but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming later but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming later but for now
+two two types of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two types of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two types of firms
+j equals one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j equals one two
+two inputs now it's useful to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs now it's useful to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs now it's useful to think of
+the inputs as labor and capital and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs as labor and capital and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs as labor and capital and that
+in fact will anticipate the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact will anticipate the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact will anticipate the trade
+applications are we producing goods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are we producing goods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are we producing goods with
+machines are we producing goods with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are we producing goods with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are we producing goods with
+labor what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor what happens to
+to labor when we have a decline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor when we have a decline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor when we have a decline in
+manufacturing it comes from having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it comes from having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing it comes from having more
+inputs so these are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so these are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so these are the kind of
+ingredients labor and capital being kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients labor and capital being kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients labor and capital being kind
+of obvious labels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious labels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious labels for
+us in the case of this two factor model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the case of this two factor model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the case of this two factor model
+production functions just to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions just to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions just to write out
+the notation production function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation production function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation production function for
+good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one
+as its inputs the second subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its inputs the second subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its inputs the second subscript
+denotes the firm the first one the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the firm the first one the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the firm the first one the input
+so this is the first input in firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first input in firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first input in firm one
+the second input in firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second input in firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second input in firm one
+f2 is output of firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 is output of firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 is output of firm two
+as a function of the first input and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the first input and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the first input and for
+firm two and the second input for firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two and the second input for firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two and the second input for firm
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and we're gonna assume in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna assume in this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna assume in this special
+two by two model that these production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two model that these production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by two model that these production
+functions each of them are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions each of them are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions each of them are constant
+returns to scale so it's homogeneity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale so it's homogeneity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale so it's homogeneity of
+degree one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one
+so if we're given a vector of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're given a vector of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're given a vector of input
+prices for capital and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for capital and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices for capital and labor
+we can define the cost of producing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define the cost of producing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define the cost of producing one
+unit of good j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of good j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of good j
+this is called the unit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the unit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the unit cost
+and you know or you may want to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know or you may want to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know or you may want to review
+that the cost of producing arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cost of producing arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cost of producing arbitrary
+levels just scales up or down depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels just scales up or down depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels just scales up or down depending
+on whether that other target lev level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether that other target lev level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether that other target lev level
+is higher or lower than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher or lower than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher or lower than one
+so once we have the unit the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have the unit the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have the unit the cost of
+producing one unit we can get the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one unit we can get the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one unit we can get the cost
+of producing any number of units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing any number of units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing any number of units
+and what inputs solve that minimum cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what inputs solve that minimum cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what inputs solve that minimum cost
+problem they are denoted with a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they are denoted with a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem they are denoted with a's
+so for firm j a 1 j and a 2 j are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for firm j a 1 j and a 2 j are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for firm j a 1 j and a 2 j are the
+way to achieve the least cost when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to achieve the least cost when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to achieve the least cost when the
+input vector is w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector is w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input vector is w
+input price vector is w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input price vector is w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input price vector is w
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+here i belabor a little bit what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i belabor a little bit what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i belabor a little bit what you've
+seen before it's constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before it's constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before it's constant returns to
+scale so the cost function is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so the cost function is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so the cost function is linear
+well constant returns to scale is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well constant returns to scale is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well constant returns to scale is this
+linear production possibilities frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear production possibilities frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear production possibilities frontier
+cost function is linear marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function is linear marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function is linear marginal cost
+equals average cost if price of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals average cost if price of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals average cost if price of a good
+say good j is less than marginal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good j is less than marginal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good j is less than marginal and
+average cost nothing gets produced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost nothing gets produced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost nothing gets produced and
+when prices equal to marginal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when prices equal to marginal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when prices equal to marginal and
+average cost then they're happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost then they're happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost then they're happy to
+produce anything although profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anything although profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce anything although profits are
+zero and price cannot be higher because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and price cannot be higher because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and price cannot be higher because
+they would go bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go bananas
+and that then the assertion which i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then the assertion which i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then the assertion which i've
+already said twice profits must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said twice profits must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said twice profits must be zero
+and this is again a review slide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again a review slide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is again a review slide from
+before so price equals cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so price equals cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so price equals cost
+this is the unit cost price is the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the unit cost price is the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the unit cost price is the price
+of a unit so we have cost equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a unit so we have cost equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a unit so we have cost equal to
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so another review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another review
+we did this before too what's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this before too what's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this before too what's special
+about constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constant returns to scale
+is we can solve the problem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can solve the problem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can solve the problem for the
+one unit of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of output
+minimize the cost of achieving one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the cost of achieving one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the cost of achieving one unit
+of output and that's going to give us i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output and that's going to give us i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output and that's going to give us i
+guess i just said this the cost for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i just said this the cost for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i just said this the cost for any
+other level of output just by scaling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other level of output just by scaling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other level of output just by scaling up
+and down the solution and the ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the solution and the ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the solution and the ratios of
+input use will not be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input use will not be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input use will not be changing
+i think i in the previous lecture i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i in the previous lecture i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i in the previous lecture i
+actually said i wasn't terribly pleased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said i wasn't terribly pleased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said i wasn't terribly pleased
+with how cryptically word it was and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how cryptically word it was and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how cryptically word it was and i
+gave you as an informal homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you as an informal homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you as an informal homework
+assignment to do a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to do a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to do a proof by
+contradiction to prove that the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to prove that the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to prove that the input
+use ratio is going to be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ratio is going to be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ratio is going to be entirely
+dictated by the input prices regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the input prices regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the input prices regardless
+of the scale that is to say this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scale that is to say this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scale that is to say this input
+ratio will remain constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio will remain constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio will remain constant
+and again i quasi-apologize because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i quasi-apologize because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i quasi-apologize because i'm
+throwing at you things from a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing at you things from a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing at you things from a previous
+lecture was lecture four so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was lecture four so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was lecture four so that was
+some time ago but i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago but i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago but i don't want to
+belabor it today or we won't get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor it today or we won't get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor it today or we won't get to
+something new so for now we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new so for now we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new so for now we'll just
+accept this as a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this as a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this as a fact
+then we come to a key definition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to a key definition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we come to a key definition about
+factor intensity say good one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor intensity say good one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor intensity say good one is more
+intensive in factor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive in factor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive in factor one
+than good two then the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good two then the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good two then the production of
+good two if naturally firm producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good two if naturally firm producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good two if naturally firm producing
+good one uses relatively more of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one uses relatively more of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one uses relatively more of input
+one relative input one relative to input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relative input one relative to input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one relative input one relative to input
+two then does firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then does firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then does firm two
+so the definition to say good one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition to say good one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the definition to say good one is
+relatively more intensive than factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively more intensive than factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively more intensive than factor
+one means that the ratio of factor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means that the ratio of factor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means that the ratio of factor one
+to factor two and firm one is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor two and firm one is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor two and firm one is higher
+than it is in firm two so it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in firm two so it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in firm two so it's a pretty
+natural definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural definition
+of course it can move around but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it can move around but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it can move around but the
+inequality remains the same it's intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality remains the same it's intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality remains the same it's intense
+no matter what the input price ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the input price ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the input price ratio is
+the optimizing choice of inputs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimizing choice of inputs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimizing choice of inputs will
+always satisfy this inequality when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always satisfy this inequality when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always satisfy this inequality when
+comparing firm 1 to firm 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing firm 1 to firm 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing firm 1 to firm 2.
+okay so now something a bit new that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now something a bit new that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now something a bit new that was
+not in lecture 4 although it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in lecture 4 although it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in lecture 4 although it's not hard
+we're going to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot the
+cost of producing one unit of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing one unit of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing one unit of a good
+we're going to plot that cost curve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot that cost curve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plot that cost curve as a
+function of the input prices w1 and w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the input prices w1 and w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the input prices w1 and w2
+so in particular if say for a given w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if say for a given w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if say for a given w1
+and w2 bar the assertion is we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 bar the assertion is we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 bar the assertion is we're on
+this cost curve then if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost curve then if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost curve then if we increase the
+price of the first input to w prime one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the first input to w prime one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the first input to w prime one
+and we're supposed to be on an iso cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're supposed to be on an iso cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're supposed to be on an iso cost
+meaning same cost curve the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning same cost curve the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning same cost curve the increase in
+the first factor price would mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor price would mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor price would mean the
+cost would be higher so we have to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost would be higher so we have to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost would be higher so we have to lower
+the price of the second factor in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the second factor in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the second factor in order
+to compensate so that in on net after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate so that in on net after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate so that in on net after we
+make this move total costs are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this move total costs are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this move total costs are the same
+because it is the iso cost curve so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the iso cost curve so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the iso cost curve so this
+down sloping nature of the iso cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sloping nature of the iso cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sloping nature of the iso cost
+curve plotted against various input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve plotted against various input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve plotted against various input
+prices makes a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices makes a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices makes a lot of sense
+the other thing is this sort of concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is this sort of concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is this sort of concave
+shape this comes from a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this comes from a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this comes from a property of the
+minimized cost in particular this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized cost in particular this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized cost in particular this set of
+input prices at or above the cost line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices at or above the cost line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices at or above the cost line
+is a convex set we did this a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convex set we did this a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convex set we did this a lot with
+respect to the consumer optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the consumer optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the consumer optimization
+problem we defined quasi-concave utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we defined quasi-concave utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we defined quasi-concave utility
+functions and the associated concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the associated concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the associated concave
+indifference curves and we had the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and we had the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves and we had the weak
+upper contour sat as being strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper contour sat as being strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper contour sat as being strictly
+convex so these are analogs here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex so these are analogs here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex so these are analogs here now the
+assertion is that this cost function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion is that this cost function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion is that this cost function is
+in fact concave and again as a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact concave and again as a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact concave and again as a review
+but who remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who remembers
+we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already
+had derived in lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had derived in lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had derived in lecture four
+that the cost function is concave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cost function is concave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cost function is concave in the
+input prices so i just pasted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices so i just pasted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices so i just pasted in the
+slide to remind us so now we have down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to remind us so now we have down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to remind us so now we have down
+sloping concave and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping concave and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping concave and the other thing
+that's going on here is at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on here is at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on here is at these
+particular input prices what is we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input prices what is we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input prices what is we go
+back to shepard's lemma the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to shepard's lemma the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to shepard's lemma the derivative
+of the minimized cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minimized cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minimized cost
+with respect to say the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to say the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to say the price of the
+first factor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first factor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first factor is the
+level input of the first factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level input of the first factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level input of the first factor and
+similarly for the level input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the level input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the level input of the
+second factor so the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second factor so the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second factor so the ratio
+of the slope of this line which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope of this line which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope of this line which is the
+ratio of the derivatives of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the derivatives of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the derivatives of the cost
+curve at an optimum must by shepard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at an optimum must by shepard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at an optimum must by shepard
+lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma
+be equal to the ratio of the optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the ratio of the optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the ratio of the optimizing
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+and again logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again logically
+if you increase the input price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase the input price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase the input price of
+factor one you would move keeping cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one you would move keeping cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one you would move keeping cost
+constant you would move along this iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you would move along this iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you would move along this iso
+cost line and you would increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line and you would increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line and you would increase the
+amount of good two and factor two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of good two and factor two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of good two and factor two and
+increase and decrease the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and decrease the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and decrease the amount of
+factor 1. you substitute away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1. you substitute away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1. you substitute away from the
+factor which is now increased in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is now increased in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is now increased in price
+so in the earlier slide lecture 4 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the earlier slide lecture 4 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the earlier slide lecture 4 i
+didn't replicate it we had a walt disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't replicate it we had a walt disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't replicate it we had a walt disney
+example about you know machinery versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about you know machinery versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about you know machinery versus
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+now i'll just warn you it it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll just warn you it it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll just warn you it it is very
+hard to remember what's divided by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remember what's divided by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remember what's divided by what
+but anyway the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway the fact that this
+perpendicular becomes steeper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular becomes steeper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular becomes steeper is
+consistent with the input of factor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the input of factor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the input of factor one
+going down because it's the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down because it's the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down because it's the inverse
+ratio okay all right did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay all right did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay all right did that
+so now how do we solve for equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how do we solve for equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how do we solve for equilibrium
+factor prices this is just a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices this is just a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices this is just a picture of
+a particular firm and what it would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular firm and what it would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular firm and what it would do
+firm j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm j
+what it would do as we vary the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do as we vary the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would do as we vary the input
+prices and we want to find particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we want to find particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we want to find particular
+input prices such that both firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices such that both firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices such that both firms are
+minimizing costs and all the factors get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing costs and all the factors get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing costs and all the factors get
+utilized so remember because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized so remember because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized so remember because we have
+constant returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale
+and because we've taken the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we've taken the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we've taken the right hand
+side prices as arbitrary and given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side prices as arbitrary and given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side prices as arbitrary and given you
+know coming from nowhere say but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know coming from nowhere say but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know coming from nowhere say but but
+certainly known to the firms as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly known to the firms as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly known to the firms as part of
+the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution
+the unit cost has to equal to the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cost has to equal to the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cost has to equal to the price
+for both firms one and two so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both firms one and two so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both firms one and two so we have
+from this two equations and two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this two equations and two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this two equations and two unknowns
+namely the factor prices w1 and w2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the factor prices w1 and w2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the factor prices w1 and w2 that
+we want to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+visually we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually we can actually
+put both firm one and firm twos iso cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put both firm one and firm twos iso cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put both firm one and firm twos iso cost
+lines on the same diagram this in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the same diagram this in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the same diagram this in other
+words i've gone from here which was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words i've gone from here which was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words i've gone from here which was from
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+n firm j's particular iso cost line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n firm j's particular iso cost line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n firm j's particular iso cost line
+talking about how it varies with w1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how it varies with w1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how it varies with w1 and
+w2 to this diagram in which we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 to this diagram in which we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2 to this diagram in which we have not
+only firm one excuse me but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only firm one excuse me but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only firm one excuse me but also
+firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two
+and if we're going to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're going to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we're going to find an
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+we're going to find a fact a price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find a fact a price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find a fact a price for
+factor one and a price for factor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one and a price for factor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one and a price for factor two
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+so each firm in an equilibrium is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each firm in an equilibrium is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each firm in an equilibrium is going
+to face the same factor prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face the same factor prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face the same factor prices
+and each firm must lie on its own unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each firm must lie on its own unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each firm must lie on its own unit
+cost curve equal to the price from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curve equal to the price from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curve equal to the price from this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can see the unit cost for firm 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the unit cost for firm 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the unit cost for firm 1
+equal to p1 the unit cost of firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p1 the unit cost of firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p1 the unit cost of firm 2
+equal to p2 these are particular iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p2 these are particular iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p2 these are particular iso
+cost curves for firm one and firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves for firm one and firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves for firm one and firm two
+that are associated with two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with two of the
+equilibrium equations and if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium equations and if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium equations and if we're going
+to find common factor prices faced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find common factor prices faced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find common factor prices faced by
+both of the firms we only want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the firms we only want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the firms we only want one
+factor price for the first factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor price for the first factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor price for the first factor and
+one factor price for the second one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor price for the second one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor price for the second one so
+where can that happen in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can that happen in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can that happen in this diagram
+only one spot and that's where these iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one spot and that's where these iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one spot and that's where these iso
+cost curves cross so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves cross so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves cross so this is kind of
+displaying the equilibrium let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the equilibrium let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the equilibrium let me say
+one more word about why they're shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word about why they're shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word about why they're shaped
+in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+you remember firm one is intensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember firm one is intensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember firm one is intensive in
+factor one so if we did move along its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one so if we did move along its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one so if we did move along its
+curve lowering w2 and increasing w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve lowering w2 and increasing w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve lowering w2 and increasing w1
+because it's intensive in factor one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's intensive in factor one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's intensive in factor one it
+tends to use a lot of factor one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to use a lot of factor one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to use a lot of factor one so
+increasing the price of factor one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the price of factor one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the price of factor one is
+kind of a big burden for firm one and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a big burden for firm one and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a big burden for firm one and to
+compensate we have to lower the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate we have to lower the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate we have to lower the price of
+the second factor quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second factor quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second factor quite a lot
+relative to the compensation we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the compensation we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the compensation we would
+have to offer firm 2. for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to offer firm 2. for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to offer firm 2. for the same
+increase in w1 the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in w1 the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in w1 the corresponding
+decrease in w2 is less for firm 2 than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in w2 is less for firm 2 than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in w2 is less for firm 2 than
+firm 1 because again firm 1 is intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 1 because again firm 1 is intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 1 because again firm 1 is intensive
+in factor 1. so this sort of factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in factor 1. so this sort of factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in factor 1. so this sort of factor
+intensity which i said was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity which i said was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity which i said was a very
+natural definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural definition
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+everywhere by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere by definition
+hence the curve for firm 1 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the curve for firm 1 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the curve for firm 1 has to be
+steeper everywhere than the curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper everywhere than the curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper everywhere than the curve for
+firm two and that's why they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two and that's why they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two and that's why they have to
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again just to review this slide we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just to review this slide we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just to review this slide we're
+looking for an equilibrium the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an equilibrium the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an equilibrium the claim is
+we've found it now because we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found it now because we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've found it now because we have found
+factor prices for the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices for the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices for the first and second
+factor such that each firm is minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor such that each firm is minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor such that each firm is minimizing
+its unit costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its unit costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its unit costs
+associated with the cost the unit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the cost the unit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the cost the unit cost
+being equal the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal the price
+so these must be the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these must be the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these must be the equilibrium
+quantities of the factors being utilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of the factors being utilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of the factors being utilized
+in each of the two firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the two firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the two firms
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're kind of doing an algorithm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of doing an algorithm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of doing an algorithm here
+the algorithm was to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm was to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm was to find
+balrasian equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balrasian equilibrium
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+and do that for this 2x2 model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that for this 2x2 model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that for this 2x2 model
+and without telling you that i was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without telling you that i was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without telling you that i was going
+to do this we're doing it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we're doing it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we're doing it sort of
+iteratively the very first thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively the very first thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively the very first thing we do
+is solve for the factor prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve for the factor prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve for the factor prices
+and now we're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to get the
+quantities this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities this way
+so the quantities naturally are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantities naturally are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quantities naturally are going to
+come from a diagram where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a diagram where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a diagram where we have
+isoquants so here we have the input of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquants so here we have the input of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquants so here we have the input of
+factor 1 the input of factor 2. for firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 the input of factor 2. for firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 the input of factor 2. for firm
+j this is an isoquant equal production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j this is an isoquant equal production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j this is an isoquant equal production
+as you move along that isoquan curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move along that isoquan curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move along that isoquan curve and
+again you may remember or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you may remember or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you may remember or not
+that the optimizing with the minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the optimizing with the minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the optimizing with the minimize
+the cost of producing one unit we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing one unit we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing one unit we find
+the tangency where the isoquan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency where the isoquan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency where the isoquan is
+tangent to the iso cost line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the iso cost line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the iso cost line
+now again it's a bit dizzying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again it's a bit dizzying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again it's a bit dizzying because
+with an iso cost line in one space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an iso cost line in one space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an iso cost line in one space is a
+different looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking
+cost line and another in this space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line and another in this space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line and another in this space the
+iso cost curves are concave as i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves are concave as i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves are concave as i was
+saying that that that's in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that that's in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that that's in the space of
+factor inputs w one into prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor inputs w one into prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor inputs w one into prices
+w one and w two here the iso cost line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one and w two here the iso cost line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w one and w two here the iso cost line
+is linear in the space of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in the space of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear in the space of input
+quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+z1 and z2 so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 and z2 so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 and z2 so again
+the minimized cost of producing one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimized cost of producing one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimized cost of producing one unit
+of output here at these factor prices w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output here at these factor prices w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output here at these factor prices w
+is this tangency and it's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this tangency and it's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this tangency and it's associated
+with the inputs a1 and a2 to firm j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inputs a1 and a2 to firm j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inputs a1 and a2 to firm j and
+again the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the reason
+is something we reviewed before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we reviewed before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we reviewed before that
+when you take the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of the
+isoquant we're getting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant we're getting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant we're getting you know
+dz2 dz1 isoquant the quantity is staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz2 dz1 isoquant the quantity is staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dz2 dz1 isoquant the quantity is staying
+the same so we solve for you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we solve for you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we solve for you know the
+solution and we're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we're getting a
+relationship between the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the derivative of
+the iso cost and the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso cost and the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso cost and the inputs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we want to solve not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to solve not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to solve not only for
+quantities but the equilibrium uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but the equilibrium uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but the equilibrium uh
+amounts now remember again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts now remember again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts now remember again
+here we were playing around with unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were playing around with unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were playing around with unit
+costs but we don't know the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but we don't know the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but we don't know the level of the
+quantities yet and likewise hence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities yet and likewise hence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities yet and likewise hence we
+don't know the levels of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the levels of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the levels of the inputs
+although we do know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we do know something about the
+ratios of the inputs one once we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of the inputs one once we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of the inputs one once we find
+the equilibrium factor prices so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium factor prices so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium factor prices so having
+found the equilibrium factor prices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the equilibrium factor prices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the equilibrium factor prices we
+now turn to determining the the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn to determining the the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn to determining the the inputs
+but it almost looks like a review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it almost looks like a review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it almost looks like a review the
+input ratio for firm 1 must be those a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ratio for firm 1 must be those a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ratio for firm 1 must be those a
+coefficients the solution to the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the solution to the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the solution to the cost
+minimization problem in the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem in the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem in the quantity
+space at the equilibrium factor price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the equilibrium factor price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the equilibrium factor price is
+w star this is true for firm one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w star this is true for firm one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w star this is true for firm one it's
+also true for firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true for firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true for firm two
+so the ratios of inputs being used must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ratios of inputs being used must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ratios of inputs being used must
+be consistent with the optimized ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent with the optimized ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent with the optimized ratio
+of inputs being used at the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs being used at the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs being used at the equilibrium
+factor prices there are two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices there are two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices there are two equations
+there there's another equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's another equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's another equation
+namely that the inputs being used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that the inputs being used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that the inputs being used by the
+firm in this case input one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in this case input one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in this case input one and the
+second input two input one and from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input two input one and from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input two input one and from one
+input one and firm two must sum up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one and firm two must sum up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one and firm two must sum up to
+the aggregate endowments so finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate endowments so finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate endowments so finally the
+other another ingredient of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another ingredient of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other another ingredient of the economy
+the level of the input endowments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the input endowments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the input endowments is
+here on the right hand side and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right hand side and when we
+found an equilibrium in input use it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found an equilibrium in input use it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found an equilibrium in input use it has
+to satisfy this system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this system of equations
+now i can show you a picture of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can show you a picture of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can show you a picture of it you
+may remember that when we did production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember that when we did production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember that when we did production
+we talked about the production box not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the production box not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the production box not
+the edgeworth box of the consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edgeworth box of the consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edgeworth box of the consumer theory
+but the production box of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the production box of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the production box of production
+theory we had again like the isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we had again like the isoquants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory we had again like the isoquants
+input one and e input two on the x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one and e input two on the x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one and e input two on the x and y
+axis firm one is oriented around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis firm one is oriented around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis firm one is oriented around zero
+one and we have isoquants for firm 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have isoquants for firm 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have isoquants for firm 1 and
+this ratio the slope of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio the slope of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio the slope of this line
+is the optimizing ratio of inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimizing ratio of inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimizing ratio of inputs and
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+that optimizing ratio of inputs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimizing ratio of inputs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that optimizing ratio of inputs is
+entirely pinned down by the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely pinned down by the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely pinned down by the equilibrium
+factor prices which we already found so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices which we already found so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices which we already found so
+they have to lie on this line somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to lie on this line somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to lie on this line somewhere
+why here because when we go up to firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why here because when we go up to firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why here because when we go up to firm 2
+the same thing is true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true that the
+optimizing input ratio of factor 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing input ratio of factor 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing input ratio of factor 2 to
+factor 1 must lie on this line coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 must lie on this line coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 must lie on this line coming
+out of the 0 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 0 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the 0 2
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+input ratio for firm 1 is fixed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ratio for firm 1 is fixed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input ratio for firm 1 is fixed input
+ratio for firm 2 is fixed fixed at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for firm 2 is fixed fixed at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for firm 2 is fixed fixed at what
+fixed at these levels as in the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at these levels as in the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at these levels as in the earlier
+diagrams hence in an equilibrium to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams hence in an equilibrium to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams hence in an equilibrium to be
+consistent with each of them it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with each of them it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with each of them it must be
+where these lines cross so this finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these lines cross so this finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these lines cross so this finally
+determines output because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines output because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines output because we have
+isoquants here so you know firm 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquants here so you know firm 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquants here so you know firm 1 is
+producing on this isoquan firm 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing on this isoquan firm 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing on this isoquan firm 2 is
+producing on this i sub 1. so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing on this i sub 1. so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing on this i sub 1. so now we've
+got both the equilibrium level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got both the equilibrium level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got both the equilibrium level of the
+inputs which is boom boom boom boom as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs which is boom boom boom boom as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs which is boom boom boom boom as
+well as the outputs associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the outputs associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the outputs associated with
+these isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these isoquants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these isoquants
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+are there questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions so far
+well let me just say when you review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just say when you review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just say when you review the
+lect there's a lot of content in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lect there's a lot of content in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lect there's a lot of content in this
+lecture some of its review as i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture some of its review as i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture some of its review as i've
+already been apologizing go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been apologizing go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been apologizing go back to
+lecture four but also it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four but also it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four but also it's kind of
+stacked in the sense that each segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked in the sense that each segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked in the sense that each segment
+you know builds on the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know builds on the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know builds on the subsequent
+segments and it's very hard to take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and it's very hard to take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and it's very hard to take it
+in when i go through these slides for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when i go through these slides for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when i go through these slides for
+the first time but i think if you review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but i think if you review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time but i think if you review
+it the second round you'll see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the second round you'll see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the second round you'll see how the
+ingredients are coming together anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients are coming together anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients are coming together anyway
+where are we at this point we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we at this point we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we at this point we had two
+for we had a country say an economy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we had a country say an economy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for we had a country say an economy with
+two types of firms j equal one two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of firms j equal one two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of firms j equal one two we
+have two factors say labor and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two factors say labor and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two factors say labor and capital
+we had this economy facing externally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this economy facing externally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this economy facing externally
+given arbitrary prices p1 and p2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given arbitrary prices p1 and p2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given arbitrary prices p1 and p2 for the
+firms one and two and we have now solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms one and two and we have now solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms one and two and we have now solved
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+market clearing factor prices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market clearing factor prices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market clearing factor prices in the
+input markets for the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input markets for the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input markets for the level of the
+inputs being used and the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs being used and the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs being used and the equilibrium
+quantities being produced that's how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities being produced that's how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities being produced that's how far
+we got already okay so now i want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got already okay so now i want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got already okay so now i want to get
+to the trade part and i'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trade part and i'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the trade part and i'm going to add
+the other two so this is two firms two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two so this is two firms two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two so this is two firms two
+factors and two countries and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and two countries and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and two countries and the two
+countries are denoted a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are denoted a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are denoted a and b
+so each country has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each country has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each country has the same
+technologies each country can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies each country can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies each country can produce
+good one and produce good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and produce good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and produce good two
+with these factors the two factors labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these factors the two factors labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these factors the two factors labor
+and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital
+we could have imagined different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have imagined different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have imagined different
+technologies in the different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in the different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in the different countries
+and in a minute different preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a minute different preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a minute different preferences
+you haven't seen the consumer side of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the consumer side of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the consumer side of it
+yet but the famous two by two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but the famous two by two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but the famous two by two by two
+model with some amazingly cool theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with some amazingly cool theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with some amazingly cool theorems
+assumes identical technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes identical technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes identical technologies and
+identical preferences in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical preferences in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical preferences in the two
+countries what's different across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries what's different across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries what's different across the
+two countries are the factor endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries are the factor endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries are the factor endowments
+namely one country is capital abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely one country is capital abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely one country is capital abundant
+the other is labor abundant so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is labor abundant so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is labor abundant so you might
+for example have thought although this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have thought although this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example have thought although this
+is no longer as true as it once was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer as true as it once was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer as true as it once was for
+reasons of the theorem we're about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of the theorem we're about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of the theorem we're about to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that countries like mexico or china are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that countries like mexico or china are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that countries like mexico or china are
+relatively well endowed with labor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well endowed with labor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well endowed with labor the
+u.s being quite industrialized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s being quite industrialized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s being quite industrialized is
+relatively well endowed with capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well endowed with capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively well endowed with capital and
+so the us as as this thing from mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the us as as this thing from mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the us as as this thing from mexico
+is capital intensive capital abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital intensive capital abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capital intensive capital abundant
+country and mexico is a labor abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and mexico is a labor abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and mexico is a labor abundant
+country i choose the example carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country i choose the example carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country i choose the example carefully
+because again with nafta there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again with nafta there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again with nafta there's all
+kinds of controversies about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of controversies about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of controversies about what
+happened to the wages of u.s domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the wages of u.s domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the wages of u.s domestic
+workers when the u.s increased its trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers when the u.s increased its trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers when the u.s increased its trade
+with mexico we now have a theorem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mexico we now have a theorem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mexico we now have a theorem that's
+going to tell us something about that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us something about that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us something about that oh
+anyway here two countries a and b with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here two countries a and b with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here two countries a and b with
+different factor endowments one being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factor endowments one being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factor endowments one being
+capital abundant and the other labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital abundant and the other labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital abundant and the other labor and
+done but now suppose there's no trade at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but now suppose there's no trade at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but now suppose there's no trade at
+all we're in autarky what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're in autarky what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're in autarky what's going to
+determine the price of the consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price of the consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the price of the consumption
+goods well that's where we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods well that's where we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods well that's where we need the
+consumer part we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer part we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer part we're going to need the
+representative consumer in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative consumer in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative consumer in a given
+country maximizing utility given its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country maximizing utility given its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country maximizing utility given its
+ownership of factors as and potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of factors as and potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of factors as and potentially
+shares although in this constant returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares although in this constant returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares although in this constant returns
+to scale world there are no profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale world there are no profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale world there are no profits
+anyway so we have an entirely domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we have an entirely domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we have an entirely domestic
+market like china completely closed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like china completely closed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like china completely closed to
+the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world
+now we jump all the way to free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we jump all the way to free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we jump all the way to free trade
+and if there's no cost of shipping goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's no cost of shipping goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's no cost of shipping goods
+around as an abstraction the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as an abstraction the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as an abstraction the price of
+the two goods now have to be the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two goods now have to be the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two goods now have to be the same in
+each country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+they are because if there's no cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are because if there's no cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are because if there's no cost to
+shipping goods around if the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping goods around if the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping goods around if the price of a
+good were lower in one country than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good were lower in one country than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good were lower in one country than
+another then they would get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another then they would get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another then they would get a lot of
+they would basically be exporting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would basically be exporting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would basically be exporting a lot
+of that good at a low price to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that good at a low price to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that good at a low price to the other
+country that's willing to buy it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that's willing to buy it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that's willing to buy it at a
+high price so those prices can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high price so those prices can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high price so those prices can't be
+different when there's no cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when there's no cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when there's no cost to
+shipping goods around now exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping goods around now exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping goods around now exactly where
+the prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices are
+i will show you in a minute but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will show you in a minute but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will show you in a minute but first
+let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you
+the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem
+called hector olean theorem suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hector olean theorem suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hector olean theorem suppose
+initially we're in autarky and neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're in autarky and neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're in autarky and neither
+country is trading then the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is trading then the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is trading then the price of the
+capital intensive good in the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive good in the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive good in the capital
+abundant country will be relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant country will be relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant country will be relatively low
+relative to the price of that capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of that capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of that capital
+intensive good in the other country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country
+this is intuitive in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intuitive in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is intuitive in terms of the
+economics you have a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you have a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you have a country
+that has a lot of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a lot of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a lot of capital
+and relatively little labor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relatively little labor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relatively little labor that's
+abundant capital that should drive down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant capital that should drive down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant capital that should drive down
+the price of the capital input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the capital input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of the capital input
+relative to the wage of the labor input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the wage of the labor input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the wage of the labor input
+relative also to the other country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative also to the other country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative also to the other country
+which is abundant in labor and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is abundant in labor and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is abundant in labor and should
+have because there's a lot of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because there's a lot of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have because there's a lot of labor
+around a relatively low wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a relatively low wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a relatively low wage
+so those are the two statements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two statements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the two statements the
+price of the capital intensive good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the capital intensive good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the capital intensive good in
+the capital abundant country will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital abundant country will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital abundant country will be
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+uh relative to the price of that capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to the price of that capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to the price of that capital
+intensive good in the other country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country and
+vice versa for labor the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa for labor the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa for labor the price of the
+labor intensive good in the labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor intensive good in the labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor intensive good in the labor and
+abundant country will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant country will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant country will be
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+relative to the price of that labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of that labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of that labor
+intensive good in the other country or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country or
+in some when an input is abundant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some when an input is abundant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some when an input is abundant and
+has a low price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low price
+now we go to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go to trade
+we don't allow the inputs to migrate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't allow the inputs to migrate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't allow the inputs to migrate but
+we do allow trade in the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do allow trade in the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do allow trade in the goods
+think about that first line the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that first line the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that first line the price of
+the capital intensive good is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital intensive good is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital intensive good is low
+relative to the price of the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the price of the capital
+intensive good in the other country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good in the other country so
+because it has a low price it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a low price it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a low price it should be
+a quote competitive export so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote competitive export so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote competitive export so the
+capital intensive capital abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive capital abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive capital abundant
+country will be exporting the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will be exporting the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will be exporting the capital
+intents of good the labor abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents of good the labor abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intents of good the labor abundant
+country will be exporting the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will be exporting the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will be exporting the labor
+intensive good and we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good and we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive good and we're going to find
+an equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium where
+this kind of arbitrage is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of arbitrage is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of arbitrage is no longer
+profitable where the prices will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable where the prices will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable where the prices will be the
+same but it will come the adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it will come the adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it will come the adjustment
+mechanism is coming from the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is coming from the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is coming from the possibility
+of exports and imports so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exports and imports so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exports and imports so let me show
+you an example picture suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example picture suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example picture suppose we have
+country b here with this production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b here with this production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b here with this production
+possibilities set in the two goods g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities set in the two goods g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities set in the two goods g1
+and g2 now i'm not telling you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g2 now i'm not telling you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g2 now i'm not telling you exactly
+why it looks like this but it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it looks like this but it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it looks like this but it has to do
+with the fact that uh country two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that uh country two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that uh country two
+country b sorry i said it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b sorry i said it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b sorry i said it wrong
+is relatively abundant in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively abundant in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively abundant in one of the
+factors well you can see relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors well you can see relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors well you can see relative to
+country a this country can produce a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a this country can produce a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a this country can produce a lot
+of good two and relatively little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two and relatively little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two and relatively little of
+good one and that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one and that's because of the
+different factor intensities the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factor intensities the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factor intensities the flip
+side of that is country a over here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of that is country a over here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of that is country a over here with
+its production possibility frontier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its production possibility frontier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its production possibility frontier and
+it can produce relatively more of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can produce relatively more of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can produce relatively more of good
+one than good two in a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than good two in a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than good two in a sense of
+enumerating all the possibilities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerating all the possibilities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerating all the possibilities if
+you're in autarky now you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in autarky now you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in autarky now you remember the
+robinson crusoe economy where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinson crusoe economy where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinson crusoe economy where we had
+robinson crusoe producing two goods no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinson crusoe producing two goods no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinson crusoe producing two goods no
+trade we had in autarky therefore on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we had in autarky therefore on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we had in autarky therefore on the
+island robinson crusoe's indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island robinson crusoe's indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island robinson crusoe's indifference
+curve would be tangent to his production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would be tangent to his production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would be tangent to his production
+possibility set so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility set so this would be the
+autarky allocation in country b likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarky allocation in country b likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarky allocation in country b likewise
+country a with a different technology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a with a different technology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a with a different technology a
+different island so to speak would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different island so to speak would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different island so to speak would have
+another tangency of its indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tangency of its indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tangency of its indifference
+curve preference and difference goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve preference and difference goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve preference and difference goes
+with the production possibility set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the production possibility set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the production possibility set
+now it's kind of a easier to draw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of a easier to draw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's kind of a easier to draw with
+common preferences having you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common preferences having you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common preferences having you know the
+same indifference curve tangent in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same indifference curve tangent in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same indifference curve tangent in both
+but that's not a necessary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not a necessary part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not a necessary part of the
+argument what all we care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what all we care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what all we care about is
+tangency for country b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency for country b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency for country b
+relative to its indifference curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to its indifference curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to its indifference curves and
+tangency for country a and autarky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency for country a and autarky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency for country a and autarky
+relative to its indifference curves just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to its indifference curves just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to its indifference curves just
+happens to be the same indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same indifference
+curve now finally we go from autarky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now finally we go from autarky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve now finally we go from autarky to
+free trade what must be the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade what must be the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade what must be the solution
+each country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country
+b over here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over here will
+separate its consumption and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate its consumption and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate its consumption and production
+problems that will maximize profits by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that will maximize profits by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that will maximize profits by
+finding the point on its production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the point on its production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the point on its production
+possibility frontier which gives it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility frontier which gives it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility frontier which gives it the
+highest level of profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level of profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level of profits
+as captured by this profit line budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as captured by this profit line budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as captured by this profit line budget
+line really trade line that emanates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line really trade line that emanates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line really trade line that emanates
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+new change production point now note the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new change production point now note the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new change production point now note the
+old production point was a turkey for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old production point was a turkey for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old production point was a turkey for
+country b it's now shifted to be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b it's now shifted to be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country b it's now shifted to be giving
+up some of good one and producing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of good one and producing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of good one and producing more
+of good two and then exporting good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two and then exporting good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good two and then exporting good two
+and getting more of good one back so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting more of good one back so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting more of good one back so it
+moves its pre it specializes more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves its pre it specializes more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves its pre it specializes more in
+production and then achieves balance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and then achieves balance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and then achieves balance in
+consumption by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption by
+imports and exports and country a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports and exports and country a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports and exports and country a down
+here is doing the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is doing the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is doing the opposite
+it specializes more in production in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it specializes more in production in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it specializes more in production in the
+other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction
+more of good one and then trades in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of good one and then trades in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of good one and then trades in the
+world economy giving up good one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world economy giving up good one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world economy giving up good one and
+getting good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good two
+and although it's not drawn here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although it's not drawn here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although it's not drawn here the
+exports of good one for country a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports of good one for country a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports of good one for country a are
+exactly equal to the imports of good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the imports of good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the imports of good one
+for country b so the prices of the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for country b so the prices of the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for country b so the prices of the goods
+associated with this external price line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this external price line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this external price line
+are the same for both countries and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for both countries and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for both countries and have
+the property that finally we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that finally we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that finally we have an
+equilibrium in the goods market in sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the goods market in sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the goods market in sum
+we've now made the prices endogenous p1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now made the prices endogenous p1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now made the prices endogenous p1
+and p2 which were given throughout three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p2 which were given throughout three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p2 which were given throughout three
+fourths of the lecture are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths of the lecture are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourths of the lecture are now
+determined internationally by free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined internationally by free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined internationally by free trade
+all right so we did hectoroline now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we did hectoroline now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we did hectoroline now we
+have another theorem stolper samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another theorem stolper samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another theorem stolper samuelson
+theorem in this two by two by two model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this two by two by two model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this two by two by two model
+with these varying factor intensities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these varying factor intensities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these varying factor intensities if
+the price of good i increases then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of good i increases then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of good i increases then the
+equilibrium price of the factor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price of the factor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price of the factor that's
+used more intensively in good eye also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more intensively in good eye also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more intensively in good eye also
+increases while the price of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases while the price of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases while the price of the other
+factor decreases so let me say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor decreases so let me say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor decreases so let me say it again
+if and and let me give the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and and let me give the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and and let me give the motivation
+here we're going from autarky in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going from autarky in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going from autarky in each
+country one at a time with its internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one at a time with its internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one at a time with its internal
+domestic prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic prices
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+an equilibrium in the world economy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium in the world economy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium in the world economy with
+free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade
+at different prices so for country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different prices so for country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different prices so for country
+b here p1 over p2 is going down relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b here p1 over p2 is going down relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b here p1 over p2 is going down relative
+to what it will be in the free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it will be in the free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it will be in the free trade
+equilibrium and the reverse is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the reverse is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the reverse is true for
+country a so when we go from autarky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a so when we go from autarky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a so when we go from autarky to
+trade we're moving the price ratio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we're moving the price ratio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we're moving the price ratio in
+both countries what in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries what in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries what in different
+directions but we're moving it so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but we're moving it so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but we're moving it so let's
+say what is the impact now of moving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is the impact now of moving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what is the impact now of moving a
+price if we increase the price of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price if we increase the price of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price if we increase the price of good
+eye relative to the other good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye relative to the other good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye relative to the other good the
+equilibrium price of the factor that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price of the factor that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price of the factor that was
+used more intensively in the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more intensively in the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used more intensively in the production
+of good i will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good i will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good i will increase
+well the price of the other factor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the price of the other factor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the price of the other factor will
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+okay so let's go back to a proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to a proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to a proof of this
+in the earlier diagram you know setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier diagram you know setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier diagram you know setting
+aside the two countries kind of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside the two countries kind of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside the two countries kind of not
+asking for a minute where the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for a minute where the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for a minute where the price
+comes from except that where previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from except that where previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from except that where previously
+we had these iso cost lines crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these iso cost lines crossing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these iso cost lines crossing the
+cost lines associated with p1 and p2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost lines associated with p1 and p2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost lines associated with p1 and p2 we
+now increase the price of good one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now increase the price of good one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now increase the price of good one so
+c 1 equal to p 1 is here c 1 equal to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 1 equal to p 1 is here c 1 equal to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 1 equal to p 1 is here c 1 equal to p
+prime 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 1
+lies further out it kind of stands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies further out it kind of stands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies further out it kind of stands to
+reason that it should lie further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it should lie further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that it should lie further out
+because we've increased the price and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've increased the price and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've increased the price and we
+want cost equal to price so if price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want cost equal to price so if price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want cost equal to price so if price is
+higher costs can be higher and costs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher costs can be higher and costs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher costs can be higher and costs can
+be higher by having higher levels of w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher by having higher levels of w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher by having higher levels of w1
+and w2 as the input prices so the iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 as the input prices so the iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w2 as the input prices so the iso
+cost line for the price when the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line for the price when the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost line for the price when the price
+increases in this case good once price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in this case good once price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in this case good once price
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+shifts outward we haven't done anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts outward we haven't done anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts outward we haven't done anything
+to the price of the other good the c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the price of the other good the c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the price of the other good the c2
+where is it the c2 line is staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the c2 line is staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it the c2 line is staying
+constant the c2 iso cost line at price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the c2 iso cost line at price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the c2 iso cost line at price
+p2 is staying constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 is staying constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2 is staying constant
+however we know we need a crossing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we know we need a crossing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we know we need a crossing that
+an equilibrium is described by where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium is described by where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium is described by where the
+lines cross so we would move from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines cross so we would move from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines cross so we would move from this
+initial crossing to this second crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial crossing to this second crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial crossing to this second crossing
+and you can see as a consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see as a consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see as a consequence of the
+increase in price in p1 that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in price in p1 that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in price in p1 that the price
+of factor one good one is intensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor one good one is intensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor one good one is intensive in
+factor one that's the definition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one that's the definition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one that's the definition that we
+were given at the beginning the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given at the beginning the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given at the beginning the price of
+good one increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one increases
+therefore the input which is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the input which is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the input which is used
+intensively in good one namely factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively in good one namely factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively in good one namely factor
+one should increase and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should increase and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should increase and the other one
+decreases so this diagram illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so this diagram illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so this diagram illustrates
+the stulpur samuelson theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stulpur samuelson theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stulpur samuelson theorem
+but again in the context of free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again in the context of free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again in the context of free trade
+those price movements come about for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price movements come about for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price movements come about for a
+reason namely we've gone from autarky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason namely we've gone from autarky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason namely we've gone from autarky to
+free trade so you could see earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade so you could see earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade so you could see earlier
+which way the price was moving depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the price was moving depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way the price was moving depending
+on the initial country and the auturky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial country and the auturky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial country and the auturky
+now although we know again to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now although we know again to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now although we know again to repeat the
+steps of the algorithm we now know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the algorithm we now know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of the algorithm we now know what
+happens to the factor prices from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the factor prices from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the factor prices from this
+diagram what happens to the levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what happens to the levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what happens to the levels of
+the inputs and what happens to output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and what happens to output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and what happens to output
+well we have this again box for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have this again box for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have this again box for
+production we had the initial allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we had the initial allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we had the initial allocation
+ratio of the factors as quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the factors as quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the factors as quantities
+crossed that is to say the line for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed that is to say the line for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed that is to say the line for good
+one and the line for good two crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the line for good two crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the line for good two crossed
+and they crossed here but now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crossed here but now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they crossed here but now those
+factor prices have changed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices have changed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices have changed as a
+consequence of the price change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the price change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the price change the
+quantity of the first factor will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of the first factor will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of the first factor will go
+down because its price has gone up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because its price has gone up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because its price has gone up from
+country one's point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one's point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one's point of view
+that produces a somewhat steeper sloped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a somewhat steeper sloped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a somewhat steeper sloped
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+and the opposite is going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the opposite is going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the opposite is going on with
+country two so the new equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country two so the new equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country two so the new equilibrium is
+where these now changed slope lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these now changed slope lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these now changed slope lines
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+and so you can actually see in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can actually see in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can actually see in this case
+that firm one is producing more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm one is producing more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm one is producing more because
+its isoquant will be higher and is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its isoquant will be higher and is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its isoquant will be higher and is using
+a higher level of both inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of both inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of both inputs
+and likewise the production of good two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the production of good two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the production of good two
+will contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contract
+so again this factor price equalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this factor price equalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this factor price equalization
+theorem is just to restate it in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is just to restate it in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is just to restate it in the two
+by two and two country model as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two and two country model as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two and two country model as long as
+we have this factor intensity assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this factor intensity assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this factor intensity assumption
+holding and the countries are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and the countries are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding and the countries are not
+completely specialized the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specialized the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely specialized the equilibrium
+price of factors inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of factors inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of factors inputs
+only depends on the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the technologies
+and on the output prices determined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the output prices determined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the output prices determined as
+it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be
+in such a way that the prices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the prices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the prices of the
+outputs equals the input costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs equals the input costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs equals the input costs
+but now look if both countries face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now look if both countries face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now look if both countries face the
+same prices because they trade in goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same prices because they trade in goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same prices because they trade in goods
+and otherwise there would be arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise there would be arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise there would be arbitrage
+then since the prices are the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since the prices are the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since the prices are the same in
+both countries we can zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries we can zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries we can zero
+inside each country and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each country and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside each country and look at the
+factor prices which are clearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices which are clearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices which are clearing the
+factor markets in each country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor markets in each country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor markets in each country
+and since each country has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since each country has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since each country has the same
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+these equations across the two goods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations across the two goods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations across the two goods in
+each country hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each country hold
+if the prices are the same on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prices are the same on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prices are the same on the right
+hand side as a consequence of free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as a consequence of free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side as a consequence of free trade
+then the solution to the input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the solution to the input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the solution to the input prices
+has to be the same on the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the same on the left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the same on the left-hand side
+so in short remarkably we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short remarkably we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in short remarkably we have not
+allowed trade in factors no migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed trade in factors no migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed trade in factors no migration
+but we've managed to equalize factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've managed to equalize factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've managed to equalize factor
+prices without migration simply by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices without migration simply by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices without migration simply by by
+having trade in goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trade in goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trade in goods
+so that's the famous factor price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the famous factor price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the famous factor price
+equalization theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalization theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalization theorem
+so vis-a-vis you know the u.s and mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vis-a-vis you know the u.s and mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vis-a-vis you know the u.s and mexico
+allowing the nafta free trade and goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the nafta free trade and goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the nafta free trade and goods
+even with a wall if i dare say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a wall if i dare say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a wall if i dare say
+prohibiting mexican migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibiting mexican migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibiting mexican migration
+the theorem says that the wages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem says that the wages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem says that the wages in
+mexico should rise in mexico and fall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico should rise in mexico and fall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico should rise in mexico and fall to
+the u.s to the point that the wages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s to the point that the wages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s to the point that the wages are
+the same so the factors bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so the factors bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so the factors bear
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+it's not necessarily a good thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily a good thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily a good thing that
+wages of labor are falling in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages of labor are falling in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages of labor are falling in the u.s
+not good for those firms we have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good for those firms we have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good for those firms we have to come
+back to the well for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the well for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the well for those
+households we have to come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households we have to come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households we have to come back to the
+welfare theorems to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorems to think about the
+winners and losers from trade the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners and losers from trade the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners and losers from trade the point
+here only is that you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here only is that you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here only is that you can see why
+there is sometimes resistance to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sometimes resistance to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sometimes resistance to trade
+because trade does have consequences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because trade does have consequences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because trade does have consequences for
+factor prices hence for the welfare of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices hence for the welfare of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor prices hence for the welfare of
+the providers of those factors depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers of those factors depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the providers of those factors depending
+on whether they're capitalist and owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether they're capitalist and owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether they're capitalist and owned
+wealth capital that's used in machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth capital that's used in machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth capital that's used in machinery
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+versus laborers that have only their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus laborers that have only their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus laborers that have only their
+labor endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor endowment
+okay so next time we're going to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time we're going to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next time we're going to go with
+this kind of theorem back to the thai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theorem back to the thai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theorem back to the thai
+villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages
+and then we're going to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go in the
+subsequent lecture to the u.s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lecture to the u.s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lecture to the u.s and
+explore these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore these ideas
+okay that's all i have for today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all i have for today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all i have for today okay
+thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3_VDIRa-dZE.txt b/3_VDIRa-dZE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..549faa62d784ee0311f26c0d6ed71bd92d7f4d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3_VDIRa-dZE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the slightly conducting oil in this tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly conducting oil in this tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly conducting oil in this tank
+allows us to further illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to further illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to further illustrate the
+sheer stresses caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer stresses caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer stresses caused by the
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of surface charge and a
+tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential
+field the left electrode is grounded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the left electrode is grounded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the left electrode is grounded the
+right electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electrode
+as well as the slanted plate is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the slanted plate is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the slanted plate is to be
+raised to a potential of 10 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K the fluid moves to the right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the fluid moves to the right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the fluid moves to the right near the
+interface and is returned near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and is returned near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and is returned near the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+the motion suggests that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion suggests that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion suggests that there is an
+electrical shearing surface force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical shearing surface force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical shearing surface force acting
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface the potential between the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the potential between the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the potential between the end
+electrodes causes a uniform current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes causes a uniform current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes causes a uniform current
+density throughout the liquid with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density throughout the liquid with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density throughout the liquid with an
+attendant electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+both the right and upper electrodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the right and upper electrodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the right and upper electrodes are
+raised to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the positive
+potential while the potential increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential while the potential increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential while the potential increases
+linearly from the left to right along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly from the left to right along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly from the left to right along
+the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid
+interface this interface acts as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this interface acts as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this interface acts as the
+lower plate of a distributed capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower plate of a distributed capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower plate of a distributed capacitor
+with the upper electrode the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate that is the slanted plate induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate that is the slanted plate induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate that is the slanted plate induces
+surface charges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charges on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface charges on the
+interface these surface charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface these surface charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface these surface charges are
+acted on by the tangential component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on by the tangential component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acted on by the tangential component of
+electric field at the interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at the interface to
+produce a shearing Force at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a shearing Force at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a shearing Force at the
+interface
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3_goGnJm5sA.txt b/3_goGnJm5sA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..797bbbadb18b1338678bef3ac2bebb1bc76c0fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3_goGnJm5sA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7674 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+so today we are going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to continue
+looking at critical points and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at critical points and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at critical points and we'll
+learn how to actually decide whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to actually decide whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to actually decide whether a
+critical point is a minimum a maximum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is a minimum a maximum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is a minimum a maximum or
+a SLE point so that's the main topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE point so that's the main topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE point so that's the main topic for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesterday we looked at critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we looked at critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we looked at critical points
+of functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions of several
+variables and so a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so a critical
+point of a functions have two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a functions have two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of a functions have two variables
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y that's the point that's a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's the point that's a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y that's the point that's a point where
+the partial derivatives are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and we've seen that there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we've seen that there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we've seen that there's various
+kinds of critical points there's local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of critical points there's local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of critical points there's local
+Minima so maybe I should show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so maybe I should show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima so maybe I should show the
+function and its cont plot there's local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its cont plot there's local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its cont plot there's local
+Maxima which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima which are
+like that and there's points which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and there's points which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and there's points which are
+neither Minima nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Minima nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Minima nor
+Maxima and of course if you have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima and of course if you have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima and of course if you have a real
+function then it may be it will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it may be it will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then it may be it will be more
+complicated it will have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it will have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it will have several
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+so this example here well you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example here well you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example here well you see on the
+plot that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that there's two
+Maxima and there's in the middle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima and there's in the middle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxima and there's in the middle between
+them there's a saddle point and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a saddle point and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's a saddle point and actually
+you can see them on the Contour plot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them on the Contour plot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them on the Contour plot on
+the Contour plot you see the Maxima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour plot you see the Maxima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour plot you see the Maxima
+because the level curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the level curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the level curves
+become circles that narrow down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become circles that narrow down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become circles that narrow down and
+Shrink to the maximum and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrink to the maximum and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrink to the maximum and you can see
+the subtle point because here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle point because here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtle point because here you have
+this level curve that makes a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level curve that makes a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level curve that makes a figure
+eight it crosses itself and if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it crosses itself and if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it crosses itself and if you move
+up or down here then so along the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down here then so along the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down here then so along the y
+direction the values of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the values of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the values of the function
+will decrease along the X Direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease along the X Direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease along the X Direction the
+values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will
+increase so you can see usually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so you can see usually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so you can see usually quite
+easily where are the critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily where are the critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily where are the critical points
+just by looking either at the graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking either at the graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking either at the graph or
+at the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Contour
+plot so the only thing with the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so the only thing with the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so the only thing with the Contour
+plot is you need to read the values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is you need to read the values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is you need to read the values to
+to tell a minimum from a maximum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a minimum from a maximum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a minimum from a maximum because
+the Contour plots look the same just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour plots look the same just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour plots look the same just of
+course in one case the values increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in one case the values increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in one case the values increase
+in P One V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decide between the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide between the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide between the various
+possibilities so local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so local
+minimum local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum or settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and in fact why do we care well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and in fact why do we care well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and in fact why do we care well the
+other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question
+is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the global minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the global minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the global minimum or
+maximum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here already I should point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here already I should point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here already I should point out
+well first of all you know to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you know to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you know to decide
+where the function is the largest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the function is the largest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the function is the largest in
+general you'll have actually to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you'll have actually to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you'll have actually to compare
+the values for example here if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values for example here if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values for example here if you want
+to know what is the maximum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the maximum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the maximum of this
+function well we have two obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well we have two obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well we have two obvious
+candidates we have this local maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates we have this local maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates we have this local maximum
+and that local maximum and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that local maximum and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that local maximum and the question
+is which one is the higher of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which one is the higher of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which one is the higher of the two
+well in this case actually uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case actually uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case actually uh they're
+exactly tied for maximum but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly tied for maximum but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly tied for maximum but in general
+you would have to compute the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to compute the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to compute the function
+at both points and compare the values if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at both points and compare the values if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at both points and compare the values if
+you know that it's three at one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's three at one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's three at one of them
+and four at the other well four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four at the other well four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four at the other well four
+wins the other thing that you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the other thing that you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the other thing that you see here
+is if you're looking for the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're looking for the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're looking for the minimum of
+this function well the minimum is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function well the minimum is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function well the minimum is not
+going to be at any of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at any of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at any of the critical
+points so where's the minimum well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so where's the minimum well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so where's the minimum well it
+looks like the minimum is actually out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the minimum is actually out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the minimum is actually out
+there on the boundary or at Infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the boundary or at Infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the boundary or at Infinity so
+that's another feature the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another feature the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another feature the global
+minimum or maximum doesn't have to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or maximum doesn't have to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or maximum doesn't have to be at
+the critical point it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point it could also be
+somehow on the side you know in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow on the side you know in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow on the side you know in some
+limiting situation where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting situation where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting situation where one
+variable stops being in the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable stops being in the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable stops being in the allowed
+range of values or goes to Infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of values or goes to Infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of values or goes to Infinity so
+we have to actually check the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to actually check the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to actually check the boundary
+and the infinity behavior of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the infinity behavior of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the infinity behavior of our
+function to know where actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to know where actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to know where actually the
+minimum and maximum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so in general should point out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in general should point out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so in general should point out this
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+either at a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary or at
+Infinity so by that I mean on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so by that I mean on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so by that I mean on the
+boundary of the domain of definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the domain of definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the domain of definition
+that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are
+considering and so we have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and so we have to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering and so we have to try
+both okay but so we'll get back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay but so we'll get back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay but so we'll get back to that
+for now let's try to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's try to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's try to focus on the
+question of you know what's the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of you know what's the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of you know what's the type of
+the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so we'll use something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll use something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll use something that's
+known as the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in principle well the idea is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in principle well the idea is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in principle well the idea is kind
+of similar to what you do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to what you do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to what you do with a
+function of one variable namely function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one variable namely function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one variable namely function
+of one variable if the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one variable if the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one variable if the derivative is
+zero then you know that you should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you know that you should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you know that you should look
+at the second derivative and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second derivative and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second derivative and that will
+tell you whether it's curving up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you whether it's curving up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you whether it's curving up or down
+whether you have a local Max and a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a local Max and a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a local Max and a local
+mean and the main problem here is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the main problem here is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the main problem here is of
+course we have more possible situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have more possible situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have more possible situations
+and we have several derivatives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have several derivatives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have several derivatives so
+actually we have to think a bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have to think a bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have to think a bit harder
+about how we'll decide but it will again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we'll decide but it will again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we'll decide but it will again
+involve the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the second
+derivatives okay so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so let's start with
+just an easy example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an easy example
+um that will be useful to us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that will be useful to us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that will be useful to us because
+actually it will provide the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it will provide the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it will provide the basis for
+the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general
+method okay so we're first going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider a case where we have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a case where we have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a case where we have a function
+that's actually just quadratic so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just quadratic so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually just quadratic so let's
+say I have a function W of XY that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a function W of XY that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have a function W of XY that's of
+the form a x^2 plus BX YY plus c y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 Okay so this guy has a critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this guy has a critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this guy has a critical point
+at the origin right because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin right because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin right because if you take
+the derivative with respect to X well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to X well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative with respect to X well
+and if you plug xal yals 0 you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug xal yals 0 you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plug xal yals 0 you'll get
+zero and same with respect to Y you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and same with respect to Y you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and same with respect to Y you can
+also see if you try to do a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see if you try to do a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see if you try to do a linear
+approximation of this well all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this well all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this well all these
+guys are much smaller than X and Y when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are much smaller than X and Y when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are much smaller than X and Y when
+X and Y are small so the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are small so the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are small so the linear
+approximation the tangent plane to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the tangent plane to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the tangent plane to the
+graph is really just W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is really just W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is really just W equal
+Z okay so how do we do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so how do we do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay so how do we do it well
+yesterday we actually did an example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we actually did an example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we actually did an example it
+was a bit more complicated than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit more complicated than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit more complicated than that but
+let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do
+it so remember we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so remember we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so remember we were looking at
+something that started with X2 + 2x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that started with X2 + 2x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that started with X2 + 2x y
+plus + 3 Y squ and there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus + 3 Y squ and there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus + 3 Y squ and there were other
+terms but let's forget them now and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but let's forget them now and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but let's forget them now and what
+we did is we said well we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did is we said well we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did is we said well we can rewrite
+this as x + y^ 2 + 2 y^ 2 and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as x + y^ 2 + 2 y^ 2 and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as x + y^ 2 + 2 y^ 2 and now this
+is a sum of two squares so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of two squares so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of two squares so each of these
+guys has to be non- negative and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys has to be non- negative and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys has to be non- negative and so the
+origin will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum Well turns out we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Well turns out we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Well turns out we can do
+something similar in general no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar in general no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar in general no matter
+what this values of a B and C are we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this values of a B and C are we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this values of a B and C are we'll
+just try to First Complete things to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to First Complete things to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to First Complete things to a
+square okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so let's do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so in general well let maybe slight less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general well let maybe slight less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general well let maybe slight less
+General and let me assume that a is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and let me assume that a is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and let me assume that a is non
+zero because otherwise I can't do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because otherwise I can't do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because otherwise I can't do what
+I'm going to do so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do so I'm going to write
+this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+* X2 plus b/ a x y then I have my C y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X2 plus b/ a x y then I have my C y^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* X2 plus b/ a x y then I have my C y^ 2
+and now this looks like the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this looks like the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this looks like the beginning of
+the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of
+something okay just like what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay just like what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay just like what we did
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so what is it the square of well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it the square of well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it the square of well you
+start with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X
+plus I claim if I put b/ 2 a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I claim if I put b/ 2 a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I claim if I put b/ 2 a *
+Y and I Square then see the term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I Square then see the term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I Square then see the term the
+cross term 2 * x * b/ 2 a y will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term 2 * x * b/ 2 a y will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross term 2 * x * b/ 2 a y will become
+b a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a x
+y of course now I I also get some y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of course now I I also get some y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of course now I I also get some y
+squares out of it how many y s do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares out of it how many y s do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares out of it how many y s do I get
+well I get b^ 2 4 a 2 * a so I get B S 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get b^ 2 4 a 2 * a so I get B S 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get b^ 2 4 a 2 * a so I get B S 4
+a y^ 2 so and I want in fact C * y^ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y^ 2 so and I want in fact C * y^ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y^ 2 so and I want in fact C * y^ 2 so
+the number of y s that I should add is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of y s that I should add is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of y s that I should add is C
+minus b^2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b^2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b^2 4
+a okay let's see that again if I expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay let's see that again if I expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay let's see that again if I expand
+this thing I will get a x^2 plus a * B /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I will get a x^2 plus a * B /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I will get a x^2 plus a * B /
+2 a * 2xy that's going to be my bxy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a * 2xy that's going to be my bxy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a * 2xy that's going to be my bxy but
+I also get b^ 2 4 a^ 2 y^ 2 * a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also get b^ 2 4 a^ 2 y^ 2 * a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also get b^ 2 4 a^ 2 y^ 2 * a that's
+b^2 4 a y^ 2 and that cancels out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 4 a y^ 2 and that cancels out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 4 a y^ 2 and that cancels out with
+this guy here and then I will be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here and then I will be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here and then I will be left
+with C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y^2 okay do you see it kind of okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay do you see it kind of okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay do you see it kind of okay if
+not well try expanding this Square again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay maybe I'll do it just to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll do it just to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll do it just to convince
+you but so if I expand this I will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but so if I expand this I will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but so if I expand this I will get a
+* let me put that in a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* let me put that in a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* let me put that in a different color
+because you shouldn't write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you shouldn't write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you shouldn't write that down
+it's just to convince you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you don't see it yet let's expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't see it yet let's expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't see it yet let's expand
+this thing we'll get a * x^ 2 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we'll get a * x^ 2 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing we'll get a * x^ 2 plus a
+* 2 x b/ 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 x b/ 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 x b/ 2 a
+y well the 2 A's cancel out we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well the 2 A's cancel out we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well the 2 A's cancel out we get
+bxy plus a * the square of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy plus a * the square of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy plus a * the square of that that's
+going to be B ^2 over 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be B ^2 over 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be B ^2 over 4 a
+2 y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 y^
+2 + C y^ 2 - b² over 4 a y^ 2 here the A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + C y^ 2 - b² over 4 a y^ 2 here the A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + C y^ 2 - b² over 4 a y^ 2 here the A
+and the a simplifies and now these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a simplifies and now these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a simplifies and now these two
+terms simplify and give me just C y^2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms simplify and give me just C y^2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms simplify and give me just C y^2 in
+the end okay and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end okay and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end okay and that's kind of
+unreadable after I've canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreadable after I've canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreadable after I've canceled
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+but if you follow it you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you follow it you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you follow it you see that
+basically I've just Rewritten my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay is
+that kind of okay I mean otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of okay I mean otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of okay I mean otherwise
+there's just no substitute to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just no substitute to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just no substitute to you know
+you have you'll have to do it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you'll have to do it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you'll have to do it yourself
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+afraid okay so let me continue to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid okay so let me continue to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid okay so let me continue to play
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just going
+to put this in a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this in a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this in a slightly different
+form uh just to clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh just to clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh just to clear the
+denominators okay so I will instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators okay so I will instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators okay so I will instead
+write this as one over 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as one over 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as one over 4 a
+times a big thing so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a big thing so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a big thing so I'm going to just
+put 4 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 4 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 4 a 2
+* x + B / 2 a y squared okay so so far I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x + B / 2 a y squared okay so so far I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x + B / 2 a y squared okay so so far I
+have the same thing as here okay I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing as here okay I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing as here okay I just
+introduced a 4 a that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a 4 a that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a 4 a that cancels
+out plus for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out plus for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out plus for the other
+one I'm just clearing the denominator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just clearing the denominator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just clearing the denominator I
+end up with 4 a c minus b squ y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 Okay so that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so that's a lot of
+terms but what does it look like well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but what does it look like well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but what does it look like well it
+looks like so we have some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we have some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so we have some constant
+factors and here we have a square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and here we have a square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and here we have a square and
+here we have a squared a square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a squared a square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a squared a square so
+basically we've written this as a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've written this as a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've written this as a sum of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+squares well a sum or a difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares well a sum or a difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares well a sum or a difference of
+two squares and maybe that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two squares and maybe that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two squares and maybe that's what we
+need to figure out to know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out to know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out to know what kind of
+point it is because C if you take a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it is because C if you take a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it is because C if you take a sum
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+squares then you'll know that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares then you'll know that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares then you'll know that each
+Square takes non- negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square takes non- negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square takes non- negative value
+and you'll have the total you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have the total you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have the total you know the
+function will always take non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will always take non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will always take non- negative
+values so the origin will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the origin will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the origin will be a
+minimum while if you have a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum while if you have a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum while if you have a difference
+of two squares then typically you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two squares then typically you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two squares then typically you'll
+have a settle point because depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a settle point because depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a settle point because depending on
+whether one or the other is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one or the other is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one or the other is larger
+you'll have a positive or A negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity okay so I claim there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so I claim there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so I claim there's various
+cases to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases to look
+at so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact I claim there will be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact I claim there will be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact I claim there will be three
+cases and that's good news for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and that's good news for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and that's good news for us
+because after all we want to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all we want to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all we want to distinguish
+between three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three
+possibilities so let's first do a away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's first do a away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's first do a away
+with the most complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the most complicated
+one what if 4 a c minus b^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative well if it's negative then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well if it's negative then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well if it's negative then it
+means what I have between the brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what I have between the brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what I have between the brackets
+is so the first guy is obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the first guy is obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the first guy is obviously a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+quantity while the second one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity while the second one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity while the second one will be
+something negative time y^ 2 so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something negative time y^ 2 so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something negative time y^ 2 so it will
+be a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a negative
+quantity okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is positive
+V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is
+negative that tells us we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that tells us we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that tells us we actually have
+a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we in fact written our function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact written our function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact written our function as a
+difference of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares okay is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay is that
+convincing so if you want I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing so if you want I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing so if you want I could do
+what I could do is actually I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I could do is actually I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I could do is actually I could
+change my coordinates have new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my coordinates have new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my coordinates have new
+coordinates called I don't know U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates called I don't know U equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates called I don't know U equals
+um x + b/ 2 a y and V actually well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x + b/ 2 a y and V actually well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x + b/ 2 a y and V actually well I
+could keep Y and then it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep Y and then it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep Y and then it would look like
+a difference of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directly okay so that's the first case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly okay so that's the first case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly okay so that's the first case
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case is where 4 a cus b^2 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is where 4 a cus b^2 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is where 4 a cus b^2 equal
+Z well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well what
+happens if that's zero then it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if that's zero then it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if that's zero then it means
+that this term over goes away so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this term over goes away so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this term over goes away so what we
+have is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is just one
+square okay so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so what that means is
+actually that our function only on One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that our function only on One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that our function only on One
+Direction of things in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction of things in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction of things in the other
+direction it's going to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's going to actually be
+degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate
+so for example forget all the clutter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example forget all the clutter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example forget all the clutter in
+there say I give you just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say I give you just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say I give you just the
+function two variables W equals just x s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function two variables W equals just x s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function two variables W equals just x s
+so that means it doesn't depend on Y at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it doesn't depend on Y at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it doesn't depend on Y at
+all and if I try to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph it will look well so X is here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it will look well so X is here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it will look well so X is here so
+it will depend on X in that way but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will depend on X in that way but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will depend on X in that way but it
+doesn't depend on Y at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what the graph looks like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the graph looks like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the graph looks like is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+it's basically it's a valy whose bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically it's a valy whose bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically it's a valy whose bottom
+is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely
+flat so that means actually we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so that means actually we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so that means actually we have a
+degenerate critical point it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate critical point it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate critical point it's called
+degenerate because there's a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate because there's a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate because there's a direction
+in which nothing happen and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which nothing happen and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which nothing happen and in fact you
+have critical points everywhere along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have critical points everywhere along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have critical points everywhere along
+the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay
+so now whether the square that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now whether the square that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now whether the square that we have
+is X or something else namely X plus b/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X or something else namely X plus b/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X or something else namely X plus b/
+2 a y it doesn't matter I mean it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a y it doesn't matter I mean it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a y it doesn't matter I mean it we'll
+still get this degenerate Behavior but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get this degenerate Behavior but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get this degenerate Behavior but
+there's a direction in which nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction in which nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction in which nothing
+happens because we just have the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because we just have the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens because we just have the square
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sure that 300 students means 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that 300 students means 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that 300 students means 300
+different ringtones but I'm not eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ringtones but I'm not eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ringtones but I'm not eager to
+hear all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear all of them
+thanks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay
+uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this
+is what's called the degenerate critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay so basically we'll leave it here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we'll leave it here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we'll leave it here um
+we won't actually try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't actually try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't actually try to figure out
+further what happens and the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further what happens and the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further what happens and the reason for
+that is that when you have an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that when you have an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that when you have an actual
+function a general function not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a general function not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a general function not just one
+that's quadratic like this then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quadratic like this then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quadratic like this then there
+will actually be other terms maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be other terms maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be other terms maybe
+involving higher Powers you know maybe X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving higher Powers you know maybe X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving higher Powers you know maybe X
+cubed or Y cubed or things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed or Y cubed or things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed or Y cubed or things like that and
+then they will mess up what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will mess up what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will mess up what happens in
+this Valley and it's a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Valley and it's a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Valley and it's a situation where
+we won't be able actually to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't be able actually to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't be able actually to tell
+automatically just by looking at second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically just by looking at second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically just by looking at second
+derivatives what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives what
+happens see for example in a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens see for example in a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens see for example in a function of
+one variable if you have just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable if you have just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable if you have just a function
+of one variable say f of xal x 5 well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one variable say f of xal x 5 well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one variable say f of xal x 5 well if
+you try to decide what type of point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to decide what type of point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to decide what type of point the
+origin is you know you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is you know you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is you know you're going to take
+the second derivative it will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative it will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative it will be zero
+and then you can conclude because things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can conclude because things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can conclude because things
+depend on higher order derivatives so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on higher order derivatives so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on higher order derivatives so we
+just won't like that case we just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't like that case we just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't like that case we just want
+to try to figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out what's going on
+here now the last situation is a 4 A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the last situation is a 4 A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the last situation is a 4 A
+minus B2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B2 is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+so then that means that actually we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that means that actually we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then that means that actually we've
+written things the the big bracket up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written things the the big bracket up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written things the the big bracket up
+there is a sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a sum of two
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+means that we've written w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we've written w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we've written w
+as 1 4 a * plus something squ plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 4 a * plus something squ plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 4 a * plus something squ plus
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+squ okay so these guys have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so these guys have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so these guys have the same
+sign and that means that this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that means that this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that means that this term here
+will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always
+be greater or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater or equal to
+zero and so that means that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that means that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that means that we should
+have either a maximum or a minimum how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either a maximum or a minimum how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either a maximum or a minimum how
+do we decide which one it is well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we decide which one it is well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we decide which one it is well we
+look at the sign of a exactly okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sign of a exactly okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sign of a exactly okay so
+there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+subcases one is if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcases one is if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcases one is if a is
+positive then this quantity over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then this quantity over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then this quantity over all
+will always be non- negative and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be non- negative and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be non- negative and that
+means we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if a is negative on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if a is negative on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if a is negative on the other
+hand so that means that we multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so that means that we multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so that means that we multiply this
+positive quantity by a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive quantity by a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive quantity by a negative number
+we get something that's always negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that's always negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something that's always negative
+so zero is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum okay is that clear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+yes said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh sorry so yeah I said no I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh sorry so yeah I said no I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh sorry so yeah I said no I said
+in the example wal x² it doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example wal x² it doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example wal x² it doesn't depend
+on y if I have so the more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y if I have so the more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y if I have so the more General
+situation is W equals some constant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is W equals some constant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is W equals some constant well
+I guess it's a * x + B / 2 a * y^ 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a * x + B / 2 a * y^ 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a * x + B / 2 a * y^ 2 so
+it does depend on X and on y but it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does depend on X and on y but it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does depend on X and on y but it only
+depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this
+combination okay so if I choose to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay so if I choose to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination okay so if I choose to move
+in somehow a perpendicular Direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somehow a perpendicular Direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in somehow a perpendicular Direction in
+the direction where this remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction where this remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction where this remains
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so maybe if I set xal minus b 2 a y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe if I set xal minus b 2 a y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe if I set xal minus b 2 a y then
+this remains zero all the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remains zero all the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remains zero all the time so
+there's a degenerate direction in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a degenerate direction in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a degenerate direction in which
+I stay at the minimum or maximum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stay at the minimum or maximum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stay at the minimum or maximum or
+whatever it is that I have okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that I have okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that I have okay so
+that's why it's called degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called degenerate
+there's a direction in which nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction in which nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction in which nothing
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes yeah yeah so that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah so that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah so that's a very good
+question so I say it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I say it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I say it's going to be the
+second derivative test why do we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test why do we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative test why do we not
+have derivatives yet well that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derivatives yet well that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derivatives yet well that's because
+I've been looking at this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been looking at this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been looking at this special
+example where we have a function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we have a function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we have a function like
+this and so I don't actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I don't actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I don't actually need to
+take derivatives yet but that's secretly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives yet but that's secretly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives yet but that's secretly
+that's because a b and c will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because a b and c will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because a b and c will be the
+second derivatives of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives of the function
+actually 2 a b and 2 C so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 a b and 2 C so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 a b and 2 C so now we're
+going to go to a general function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to a general function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to a general function and
+there instead of having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there instead of having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there instead of having these
+coefficients a b and c given to us we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a b and c given to us we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a b and c given to us we'll
+have to compute them as second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute them as second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute them as second
+derivatives okay so here I'm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so here I'm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so here I'm basically
+setting the stage for what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the stage for what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the stage for what will be the
+actual Criterion we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Criterion we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Criterion we'll
+use using second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so yes so when you have a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so yes so when you have a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so yes so when you have a degenerate
+critical point it could be a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it could be a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it could be a degenerate
+minimum or a degenerate maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or a degenerate maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or a degenerate maximum
+depending on the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of
+a but in general once you start having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but in general once you start having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but in general once you start having
+more complicated functions you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated functions you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated functions you don't
+really know what will happen anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what will happen anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what will happen anymore it
+could also be degenerate saddle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be degenerate saddle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be degenerate saddle and so
+on so we won't really be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tell uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh yes
+iter it is possible to have a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iter it is possible to have a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iter it is possible to have a degenerate
+Saddle Point uh for example if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saddle Point uh for example if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saddle Point uh for example if I give
+you X cubed plus y cubed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X cubed plus y cubed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X cubed plus y cubed you can
+convince yourself that if you take X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that if you take X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that if you take X and
+Y to be negative it will be negative If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to be negative it will be negative If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y to be negative it will be negative If
+X and Y are positive it's positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are positive it's positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y are positive it's positive and
+it has a very degenerate critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very degenerate critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very degenerate critical point
+at the origin so that's a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin so that's a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin so that's a degenerate
+setle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setle
+Point uh we don't see it here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh we don't see it here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh we don't see it here because
+that doesn't happen if you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen if you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen if you have only
+quadratic terms like that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms like that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms like that you need to
+have higher order terms to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's
+continue oh before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue oh before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue oh before we
+continue let's see I wanted to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue let's see I wanted to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue let's see I wanted to point out
+one small thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small thing
+so here we have this magic quantity 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have this magic quantity 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have this magic quantity 4 a
+c minus b s you've probably seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus b s you've probably seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus b s you've probably seen that
+before in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in your
+life yeah it looks like the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah it looks like the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah it looks like the quadratic
+formula except that one involves b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula except that one involves b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula except that one involves b
+square minus 4 a c but that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus 4 a c but that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus 4 a c but that's really the
+same thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see where does the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see where does the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see where does the quadratic
+formula come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well let me write things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let me write things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let me write things
+differently Okay so we've manipulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently Okay so we've manipulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently Okay so we've manipulated
+things and gotten to a conclusion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and gotten to a conclusion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and gotten to a conclusion but
+let me just do a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manipulation and write this now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and write this now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and write this now instead
+as y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y^
+2times a * x y^ 2 + b x over y + C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times a * x y^ 2 + b x over y + C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times a * x y^ 2 + b x over y + C okay
+see that's the same thing that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the same thing that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's the same thing that I had
+before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right
+well so now this quantity here is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now this quantity here is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now this quantity here is always
+non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+negative what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what about this
+one well of course this one depends on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well of course this one depends on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well of course this one depends on X
+over y it means it depends on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y it means it depends on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y it means it depends on which
+direction you're going to move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going to move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going to move away from
+the origin which ratio between X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin which ratio between X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin which ratio between X and Y
+you will consider but I claim there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will consider but I claim there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will consider but I claim there's
+two situations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two situations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two situations one
+is so let's try to reformulate things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's try to reformulate things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's try to reformulate things so
+if the discriminant here is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the discriminant here is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the discriminant here is positive
+then it means that this has roots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that this has roots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that this has roots right
+this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions and that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and that means that this
+quantity can be both positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative this quantity takes positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this quantity takes positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this quantity takes positive
+and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative
+values uh one way to convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot ² plus BT plus C you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot ² plus BT plus C you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot ² plus BT plus C you know that
+there's two Roots so it might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two Roots so it might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two Roots so it might look like
+this or it might look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or it might look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or it might look like that
+depending on the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a but in either case it will take values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but in either case it will take values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but in either case it will take values
+of both sides so that means that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides so that means that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides so that means that your
+function will take values of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will take values of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will take values of both
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W takes both positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values and so that means we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so that means we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so that means we have a
+settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point while the other situation when b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point while the other situation when b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point while the other situation when b^
+2us 4 a c is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that this equation this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this equation this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this equation this quadratic
+never takes the value zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takes the value zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never takes the value zero so it's
+always positive or it's always negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive or it's always negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive or it's always negative
+depending on the sign of a so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of a so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of a so the other
+case is if b² - 4 a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if b² - 4 a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is if b² - 4 a is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+then that quadratic doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that quadratic doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that quadratic doesn't have a
+solution and it could look like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it could look like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and it could look like this or
+like that depending on whether a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that depending on whether a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that depending on whether a is
+positive or a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or a is
+negative so in particular that means a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in particular that means a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so in particular that means a x
+y^ 2+ b x over y + C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2+ b x over y + C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^ 2+ b x over y + C is
+always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+negative depending on the sign of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative depending on the sign of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative depending on the sign of a and
+then that tells us that our function W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that tells us that our function W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that tells us that our function W
+will be always positive or always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be always positive or always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be always positive or always
+negative and then we'll get a min or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum okay we'll have a minan or a Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay we'll have a minan or a Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay we'll have a minan or a Max
+depending on which situation we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which situation we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which situation we are
+in okay so that's another way to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's another way to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's another way to derive
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+answer and now here you see why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and now here you see why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and now here you see why the
+discriminant plays a role that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant plays a role that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant plays a role that's
+because it exactly tells you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it exactly tells you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it exactly tells you whether
+this quadratic quantity has always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic quantity has always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic quantity has always the
+same sign or whether it can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign or whether it can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign or whether it can actually
+cross the value zero when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the value zero when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the value zero when you have a
+root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadratic okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic okay so
+hopefully at this stage you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at this stage you're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at this stage you're happy
+with one of the two explanations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the two explanations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the two explanations at
+least and now you're willing to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and now you're willing to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least and now you're willing to believe
+I hope that we have basically a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that we have basically a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that we have basically a way of
+deciding what type of critical point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what type of critical point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding what type of critical point we
+have in the special case of a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what do we do with a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do we do with a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what do we do with a general
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so in
+general we want to look at second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives okay so now we're getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so now we're getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so now we're getting to
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+stuff so how many second der do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so how many second der do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so how many second der do we have
+that's maybe the first thing we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the first thing we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the first thing we should
+figure out well we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out well we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out well we can take the
+derivative first with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first with respect to X and
+then again with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again with respect to
+X okay that gives us something we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that gives us something we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that gives us something we denote
+by partial Square F partial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial Square F partial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial Square F partial x
+s or F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XX then there's another one which is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX then there's another one which is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX then there's another one which is f
+subx Y which means you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx Y which means you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx Y which means you take the
+derivative with respect to X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X and then
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+Y another thing you can do is do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y another thing you can do is do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y another thing you can do is do first
+derivative respect to Y and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to Y and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to Y and then with
+respect to X that would be F sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that would be F sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X that would be F sub y
+x well good news these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x well good news these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x well good news these are actually
+always equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to each
+other okay so it's a fact that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so it's a fact that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so it's a fact that we will
+admit uh it's actually not very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit uh it's actually not very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit uh it's actually not very hard to
+check but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but
+so these are always the same we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are always the same we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are always the same we don't
+need to worry about which one we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about which one we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about which one we do
+that's one computation that we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one computation that we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one computation that we won't
+need to do we can save bit of effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do we can save bit of effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do we can save bit of effort and
+then we have the last one namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the last one namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the last one namely the
+second partial with respect to Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial with respect to Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial with respect to Y and
+Y F sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y F sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y F sub y
+y okay so we have three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so what does the second derivative test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it says say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it says say that you
+have a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point x0 y0 of a function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x0 y0 of a function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x0 y0 of a function of two
+variables F and then let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables F and then let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables F and then let's compute the
+partial derivatives so let let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives so let let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives so let let's call
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a the second derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the second derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the second derivative with respect to
+X let's call capital B the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's call capital B the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's call capital B the second
+derivative with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X and
+Y and C equals F sub y y at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and C equals F sub y y at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and C equals F sub y y at this
+point okay so these are just num numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so these are just num numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so these are just num numbers
+because we first compute the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we first compute the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we first compute the second
+derivative and then we plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then we plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then we plug in the
+values of X and Y at the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and Y at the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X and Y at the critical point
+so this will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will just be
+numbers and now what we do is we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and now what we do is we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and now what we do is we look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+quantity a minus b ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 I am not forgetting a four you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I am not forgetting a four you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I am not forgetting a four you will
+see why very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why very
+soon so if AC minus b^ s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so if AC minus b^ s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon so if AC minus b^ s is
+positive then there's two subcases if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then there's two subcases if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then there's two subcases if a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive then it's a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum the second case so still if AC C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the second case so still if AC C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the second case so still if AC C
+minus b^ s is positive but a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b^ s is positive but a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b^ s is positive but a is
+negative then it's going to be a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum and if AC minus b^ 2 is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and if AC minus b^ 2 is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and if AC minus b^ 2 is negative
+then it's a settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a settle
+point and finally if AC minus b^ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and finally if AC minus b^ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and finally if AC minus b^ 2 is
+zero then we actually cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude we don't know
+whether it's going to be a minimum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to be a minimum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to be a minimum a
+maximum or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settle we know it's degenera in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle we know it's degenera in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle we know it's degenera in some way
+but we don't know what type of point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know what type of point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know what type of point it
+is okay so that's actually what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so that's actually what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so that's actually what you need
+to remember if you're you know formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember if you're you know formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember if you're you know formula
+oriented that's all you need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented that's all you need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented that's all you need to remember
+about today but let's try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today but let's try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today but let's try to understand
+why you know how this comes out of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know how this comes out of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know how this comes out of what
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so
+I think maybe I actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe I actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe I actually want to
+keep so maybe I want to keep this middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep so maybe I want to keep this middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep so maybe I want to keep this middle
+board because it actually has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because it actually has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board because it actually has you know
+the recipe that we found before for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe that we found before for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recipe that we found before for the
+quadratic function so let me move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function so let me move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function so let me move
+directly over there and try to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly over there and try to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly over there and try to relate
+our old recipe with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you're easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amused okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so first let's check that this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first let's check that this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first let's check that this two
+things say the same thing in the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things say the same thing in the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things say the same thing in the special
+case that we were looking at okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we were looking at okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we were looking at okay so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+verify in the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where the function was a x^2 + bxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the function was a x^2 + bxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the function was a x^2 + bxy
+plus c y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well what
+is the second derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative with respect to
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+X if I take the second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if I take the second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X if I take the second derivative with
+respect to x and x so first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x and x so first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x and x so first I want to
+take maybe the derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take maybe the derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take maybe the derivative with respect
+to X the first let's take first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X the first let's take first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X the first let's take first the
+first partial W subx that will be 2 a X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial W subx that will be 2 a X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first partial W subx that will be 2 a X
+plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+right so w sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so w sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so w sub
+XX will be well let's take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX will be well let's take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX will be well let's take the partial
+respect to X again that's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X again that's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X again that's 2
+a w sub XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w sub XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w sub XY
+I take the partial with respect to Y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the partial with respect to Y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the partial with respect to Y I
+will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+B okay now we need also the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay now we need also the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay now we need also the partial
+respect to Y so w sub y is BX + 2 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y so w sub y is BX + 2 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y so w sub y is BX + 2 c
+y in case you don't believe what I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in case you don't believe what I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in case you don't believe what I told
+you about the mixed partials W sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the mixed partials W sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the mixed partials W sub
+YX well you can check and it's again B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX well you can check and it's again B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YX well you can check and it's again B
+so they're indeed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're indeed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're indeed the same
+thing and w sub y y will be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and w sub y y will be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and w sub y y will be 2
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we now look at these quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we now look at these quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we now look at these quantities
+that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us
+well big a is two little a big b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well big a is two little a big b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well big a is two little a big b is
+Little B Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little B Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little B Big
+C is two little C so AC minus b^ 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is two little C so AC minus b^ 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is two little C so AC minus b^ 2 is
+what we used to call four little AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call four little AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call four little AC
+minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+so now you can compare the cases well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can compare the cases well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can compare the cases well
+they're not listed in the same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not listed in the same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not listed in the same order
+just to make it you know harder but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make it you know harder but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make it you know harder but uh
+so we say it first if so the settle case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say it first if so the settle case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say it first if so the settle case
+is when a c minus b s in big letters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when a c minus b s in big letters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when a c minus b s in big letters is
+negative that's the same as 4 A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's the same as 4 A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's the same as 4 A minus
+b^2 in lower case is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 in lower case is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^2 in lower case is negative
+the case where capital A C minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where capital A C minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where capital A C minus b
+square is positive local mean and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is positive local mean and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is positive local mean and local
+Max corresponds to this one and the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max corresponds to this one and the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max corresponds to this one and the case
+where we can't conclude was what used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can't conclude was what used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can't conclude was what used to
+be the degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the degenerate
+one okay so at least we don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so at least we don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so at least we don't seem to
+have messed up when copying the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed up when copying the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed up when copying the formula
+now why does that work more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does that work more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does that work more generally
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well well the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well well the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well well the answer to that is
+again tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again tailor
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me just do here quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation so quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so quadratic approximation
+tells me the following thing it tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the following thing it tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me the following thing it tells me
+if I have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a function
+F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+XY and I want to understand the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and I want to understand the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and I want to understand the change
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+F when I change X and Y A little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F when I change X and Y A little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F when I change X and Y A little bit
+well there's the first order terms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the first order terms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the first order terms there
+the linear terms that by now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear terms that by now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear terms that by now you should
+know and be comfortable with that's F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and be comfortable with that's F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and be comfortable with that's F
+subx times the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx times the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx times the change in
+X then there's F sub y times the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then there's F sub y times the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then there's F sub y times the change
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+y okay that's the starting point but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that's the starting point but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that's the starting point but now
+of course if X and Y sorry if we at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if X and Y sorry if we at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if X and Y sorry if we at a
+critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point
+then that's going to be zero at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's going to be zero at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's going to be zero at a
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+point so that term actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away and that's also zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and that's also zero at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and that's also zero at the
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+point so that term also goes away okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that term also goes away okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that term also goes away okay
+so linear approximation is really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear approximation is really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear approximation is really no
+good we need more terms so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we need more terms so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we need more terms so what are the
+next terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the next terms are quadratic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the next terms are quadratic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the next terms are quadratic terms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so I mean if you remember the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean if you remember the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean if you remember the tailor
+formula for a function of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a function of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a function of a single
+variable there was the derivative time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable there was the derivative time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable there was the derivative time x
+- x0 plus 12 of the second derivative *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x0 plus 12 of the second derivative *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x0 plus 12 of the second derivative *
+x - x0 2 and see this side here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - x0 2 and see this side here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - x0 2 and see this side here is
+really tailor approximation in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tailor approximation in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tailor approximation in one
+variable looking only at X but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable looking only at X but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable looking only at X but of course
+we also have terms in involving Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have terms in involving Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have terms in involving Y and
+terms involving simultaneously X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving simultaneously X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving simultaneously X and Y
+and these terms are f subx y * changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these terms are f subx y * changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these terms are f subx y * changing
+x * change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * change in
+y plus 12 of FY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus 12 of FY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus 12 of FY
+y * Yus y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * Yus y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y * Yus y0
+2 there's no one2 in the middle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there's no one2 in the middle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there's no one2 in the middle because
+in fact you would have two terms one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you would have two terms one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you would have two terms one for
+X Y one for YX but they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y one for YX but they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y one for YX but they're the
+same um and then if you want to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and then if you want to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um and then if you want to continue
+there's actually cubic terms involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually cubic terms involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually cubic terms involving
+the third derivatives and so on but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third derivatives and so on but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third derivatives and so on but we
+are not actually looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not actually looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not actually looking at
+them and so now when we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so now when we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so now when we do this
+approximation well the type of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well the type of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation well the type of critical
+point Remains the Same when we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Remains the Same when we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Remains the Same when we replace
+the function by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function by this
+approximation and so we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and so we can apply the
+argument that we used to deduce things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we used to deduce things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we used to deduce things
+in the quadratic case in fact we can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quadratic case in fact we can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quadratic case in fact we can it
+still works in the general case using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works in the general case using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works in the general case using
+this approximation form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+reduces to the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and
+now you see actually why well here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see actually why well here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see actually why well here you
+see again how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again how this
+coefficient which we used to call Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which we used to call Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which we used to call Little
+a is also 1 12 of capital A and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is also 1 12 of capital A and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is also 1 12 of capital A and same
+here this coefficient is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this coefficient is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this coefficient is what we call
+capital b or little B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b or little B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital b or little B and this
+coefficient here is what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is what we called
+little C or 12 of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c and then when you place things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and then when you place things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and then when you place things
+into the various cases that we had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the various cases that we had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the various cases that we had here
+you end up with a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a second derivative
+test so what about the what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so what about the what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so what about the what about the
+degenerate case why can't we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case why can't we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case why can't we just say
+well it's going to be a degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to be a degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to be a degenerate
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+point so the reason is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the reason is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so the reason is that this
+approximation formula is reasonable only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula is reasonable only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation formula is reasonable only
+if the higher order terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the higher order terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the higher order terms are
+negligible okay so in fact secretly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so in fact secretly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible okay so in fact secretly
+there's more terms this is only an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more terms this is only an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more terms this is only an
+approximation there would be terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation there would be terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation there would be terms
+involving third derivatives and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving third derivatives and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving third derivatives and maybe
+even beyond that and so in the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even beyond that and so in the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even beyond that and so in the non
+degenerate case they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate case they don't actually
+matter because the shape of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because the shape of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because the shape of the function
+the shape of the graph is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the graph is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the graph is actually
+determined by the quadratic terms but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the quadratic terms but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the quadratic terms but in
+the degenerate case see if I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate case see if I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate case see if I start with
+this and I add something even very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I add something even very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I add something even very very
+small along the y axis then that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small along the y axis then that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small along the y axis then that can
+that can be enough to bend this valy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be enough to bend this valy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be enough to bend this valy
+slightly up or slightly down and turn my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly up or slightly down and turn my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly up or slightly down and turn my
+degenerate Point into either a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate Point into either a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate Point into either a minimum
+or a SLE point and I won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a SLE point and I won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a SLE point and I won't be able to
+tell until I go further in the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell until I go further in the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell until I go further in the list of
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what actually
+happens depends on the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we need to analyze things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to analyze things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to analyze things more
+carefully well we are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully well we are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully well we are not going to
+bother with that in this class so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that in this class so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with that in this class so we'll
+just say well we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well we cannot
+conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I mean you have to realize that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean you have to realize that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean you have to realize that in
+real life you know you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life you know you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life you know you have to be
+extremely unlucky for this quantity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unlucky for this quantity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unlucky for this quantity to
+end up being exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero well if that happens then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well if that happens then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well if that happens then what you
+should do is maybe try by inspection see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is maybe try by inspection see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is maybe try by inspection see
+if there's a good reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a good reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a good reason why the
+function should always be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should always be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should always be positive or
+always be negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be negative or
+something or you know plot it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or you know plot it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or you know plot it on a
+computer and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and see what happens
+um but otherwise we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclude okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude okay so let's
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+Let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an
+example uh so probably I should leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh so probably I should leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh so probably I should leave
+this on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on so
+that we still have the test with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us and instead okay so I'll do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and instead okay so I'll do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and instead okay so I'll do my
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just do an
+example let's say I look at f of x y = x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say I look at f of x y = x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say I look at f of x y = x
++ y + 1 /x Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y + 1 /x Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y + 1 /x Y
+where X and Y are positive so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X and Y are positive so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X and Y are positive so I'm
+looking only at the first quadrant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking only at the first quadrant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking only at the first quadrant okay
+I mean I'm doing this because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm doing this because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm doing this because I don't
+want this denominator to become zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this denominator to become zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this denominator to become zero so
+I'm just looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just looking at that
+situation so let's look first for so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's look first for so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's look first for so the
+question will be what are the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will be what are the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question will be what are the minimum
+and the maximum of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing we should do to hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we should do to hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we should do to hand
+to to answer this question is look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to answer this question is look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to answer this question is look for
+critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for that we have to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for that we have to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for that we have to compute the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+derivatives okay so f subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+over x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x^2
+y okay take the derivative of 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay take the derivative of 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay take the derivative of 1 /x
+that's 1/x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1/x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1/x^2
+and we'll want to set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll want to set that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll want to set that equal to
+zero and F sub y is 1 - 1 /x y^ 2 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and F sub y is 1 - 1 /x y^ 2 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and F sub y is 1 - 1 /x y^ 2 and we
+want to set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so what are the equations we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what are the equations we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what are the equations we have
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I guess x^2 y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess x^2 y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess x^2 y =
+1 I mean if I get this you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I mean if I get this you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I mean if I get this you know if I
+move this guy over here I get 1/ x^2 y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this guy over here I get 1/ x^2 y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this guy over here I get 1/ x^2 y =
+1 that's X2 y = 1 and x y^2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's X2 y = 1 and x y^2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's X2 y = 1 and x y^2 equals
+1 what do you get by comparing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what do you get by comparing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what do you get by comparing these
+two well X and Y should both be okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well X and Y should both be okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two well X and Y should both be okay so
+yeah I agree with you that one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree with you that one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree with you that one and one
+is a solution why is it the only one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution why is it the only one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution why is it the only one so
+first if I divide this one by that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if I divide this one by that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if I divide this one by that one I
+get X over yal 1 so that tells me xals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get X over yal 1 so that tells me xals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get X over yal 1 so that tells me xals
+Y and then if xals y then if I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then if xals y then if I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then if xals y then if I put that
+into here it will give me y cubal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here it will give me y cubal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here it will give me y cubal 1
+which tells me yal one and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me yal one and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells me yal one and therefore
+xals 1 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 1 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 1 as
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+so there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one
+solution there's only one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there's only one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there's only one critical
+point which is going to be one onea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is going to be one onea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is going to be one onea
+one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so
+now here's where you do a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work what do you think of that critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+I see some valid votes I see some okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some valid votes I see some okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some valid votes I see some okay I
+see a lot of people answering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of people answering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of people answering for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um that seems to suggest that maybe well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that seems to suggest that maybe well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that seems to suggest that maybe well
+you haven't computed the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't computed the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't computed the second
+derivative yet yes I see someone giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative yet yes I see someone giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative yet yes I see someone giving
+the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct
+answer uh I see some people not giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh I see some people not giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh I see some people not giving
+quite the correct answer I see more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the correct answer I see more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the correct answer I see more and
+more correct answers okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correct answers okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correct answers okay so let's
+see to figure out what type of point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to figure out what type of point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to figure out what type of point it
+is we should compute the second partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should compute the second partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should compute the second partial
+derivatives okay so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay so f
+subxx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx is
+what do we get when we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get when we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get when we take the
+derivative of this with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x 2 over X cubed y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 2 over X cubed y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 2 over X cubed y
+okay so at our point a will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at our point a will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at our point a will be
+two f subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two f subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two f subx
+y will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y will
+be 1 / x^2 y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / x^2 y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / x^2 y^
+2 so B will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so B will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so B will be
+one and F sub y y is going to be one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and F sub y y is going to be one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and F sub y y is going to be one no
+two over X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over X Y
+cubed so c will be 2 and so that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so c will be 2 and so that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so c will be 2 and so that tells
+us well a c minus b^ 2 is 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well a c minus b^ 2 is 4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well a c minus b^ 2 is 4 -
+1 sorry I should probably use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sorry I should probably use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sorry I should probably use a
+different Blackboard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Blackboard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Blackboard for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a c minus b ^ 2 is 2 * 2 - 1^ 2 is 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c minus b ^ 2 is 2 * 2 - 1^ 2 is 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c minus b ^ 2 is 2 * 2 - 1^ 2 is 3 is
+positive that tells us we are either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that tells us we are either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that tells us we are either a
+local minimum or a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum or a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum or a local
+maximum and a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and a is
+positive so it's a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so it's a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so it's a local
+minimum and in fact you can check it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and in fact you can check it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum and in fact you can check it's
+the global minimum what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global minimum what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global minimum what about the
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum
+well the maximum is not actually at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the maximum is not actually at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the maximum is not actually at a
+critical point it's on the boundary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it's on the boundary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it's on the boundary or
+at Infinity see so we have actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity see so we have actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity see so we have actually to
+check what happens when X and Y go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check what happens when X and Y go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check what happens when X and Y go to
+zero or go to Infinity well if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or go to Infinity well if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or go to Infinity well if that
+happens if x or y goes to Infinity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if x or y goes to Infinity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if x or y goes to Infinity then
+the function goes to Infinity also if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function goes to Infinity also if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function goes to Infinity also if x
+or y goes to zero then one/ X Y goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y goes to zero then one/ X Y goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y goes to zero then one/ X Y goes to
+Infinity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the
+maximum well the function goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum well the function goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum well the function goes to
+Infinity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity when
+X goes to infinity or Y goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to infinity or Y goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to infinity or Y goes to infinity
+or X and Y go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so it's not at a critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's not at a critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's not at a critical point
+okay so in general we have to check both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in general we have to check both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in general we have to check both
+the critical points and the boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points and the boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points and the boundaries
+to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what
+happens okay the end have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay the end have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay the end have a nice
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/45M-BtYAcwg.txt b/45M-BtYAcwg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..393ef0fdf7085859b31b92a284a389a4ecc4a1b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/45M-BtYAcwg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is your potential the effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your potential the effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your potential the effects and
+now suppose you don't know entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose you don't know entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose you don't know entered
+anything about the energy eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the energy eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the energy eigenstates
+now this potential will be assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this potential will be assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this potential will be assumed to be
+symmetric so here is a one thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so here is a one thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so here is a one thing you can
+do you can exploit some things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can exploit some things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can exploit some things that you
+know about this potential and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this potential and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this potential and here's the
+wave function that we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that we're going to try to
+plot and we could say the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and we could say the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and we could say the following
+let's see whatever energy are here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see whatever energy are here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see whatever energy are here for
+bound states I'm gonna basically be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states I'm gonna basically be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound states I'm gonna basically be in
+the forbidden region so far on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forbidden region so far on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forbidden region so far on the right
+here I will be in the forbidden region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will be in the forbidden region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I will be in the forbidden region
+and I must need a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I must need a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I must need a wave function that
+looks like a forbidden region more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a forbidden region more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a forbidden region more
+functions the only possibility something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the only possibility something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the only possibility something
+like that you could say it's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you could say it's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you could say it's the bottom
+one but actually if it's a bottom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but actually if it's a bottom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but actually if it's a bottom I
+computed x minus one and use this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed x minus one and use this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed x minus one and use this one
+conventionally that wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally that wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally that wave function is
+always going to be like that over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be like that over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be like that over there
+on the other hand very importantly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand very importantly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand very importantly on
+the very left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very left
+how will the wave function look well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the wave function look well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the wave function look well it
+also has to be K so it can be K like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be K so it can be K like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be K so it can be K like
+that or it might be became like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or it might be became like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or it might be became like this and
+in fact you don't know until you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you don't know until you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you don't know until you figure
+out what's happening in the middle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's happening in the middle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's happening in the middle it
+may be the case like this or like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the case like this or like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the case like this or like that I
+fix the sign here so whatever this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the sign here so whatever this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix the sign here so whatever this does
+it should either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should either
+not going that or end up like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going that or end up like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going that or end up like that so
+these are the guidelines that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the guidelines that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the guidelines that you have
+to solve this should begin like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this should begin like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this should begin like that and
+we'll we'll see and it should be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see and it should be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see and it should be either
+symmetric or anti-symmetric this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric or anti-symmetric this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric or anti-symmetric this would
+be the case anti-symmetric this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case anti-symmetric this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case anti-symmetric this would be
+the case submitted okay so let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case submitted okay so let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case submitted okay so let's draw
+one two three four lines one two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four lines one two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four lines one two and
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I don't know where the energies lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where the energies lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know where the energies lie
+I don't know what is the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what is the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what is the ground state
+energy and then we want to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we want to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then we want to give you an
+insight into how you can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into how you can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into how you can figure out what
+why you get this energy quantization why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you get this energy quantization why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you get this energy quantization why
+this happens so let's do this case let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens so let's do this case let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens so let's do this case let's
+plot the wave function for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the wave function for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the wave function for the first
+case I have a label but let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have a label but let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have a label but let's assume
+this is a zero three energies and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero three energies and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero three energies and here's
+the one four is zero okay so I begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one four is zero okay so I begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one four is zero okay so I begin
+here that's how it goes and then I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's how it goes and then I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's how it goes and then I go
+through my Schrodinger equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my Schrodinger equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my Schrodinger equation and
+integrate it you see numerical you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you see numerical you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you see numerical you don't
+know is integrated in your equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is integrated in your equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is integrated in your equation and
+though this should be always in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this should be always in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this should be always in this
+region let me like this and it's growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region let me like this and it's growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region let me like this and it's growing
+and oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops
+there should be turning points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be turning points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be turning points here
+there should be turning points suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be turning points suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be turning points suppose
+this is it goes like this and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it goes like this and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it goes like this and now this
+should be a turning point so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a turning point so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a turning point so I should
+change to the other type of curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the other type of curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the other type of curvature
+curvature now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature now but
+what probably will happen with easier oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probably will happen with easier oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what probably will happen with easier oh
+is that it will switch and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it will switch and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it will switch and you would
+know like that and start to curve maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that and start to curve maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that and start to curve maybe
+well if it looks like that it must match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it looks like that it must match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it looks like that it must match
+to the development of the odd piece or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the development of the odd piece or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the development of the odd piece or
+the even things now it's never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even things now it's never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even things now it's never going to
+match with the odd one so it makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with the odd one so it makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with the odd one so it makes me
+with the email and yes it would match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the email and yes it would match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the email and yes it would match
+turning point fear I mean but look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point fear I mean but look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point fear I mean but look what
+has happened here you got the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened here you got the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened here you got the corner
+there you know this was turning slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know this was turning slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know this was turning slowly
+and this is starting to turn slowly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is starting to turn slowly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is starting to turn slowly but
+here there's a discontinuity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a discontinuity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a discontinuity in the
+derivative so this is not a solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is not a solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so this is not a solution you
+try but you fail but that's right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try but you fail but that's right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try but you fail but that's right not
+every energy gives a solution so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every energy gives a solution so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every energy gives a solution so you
+know they should have match continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they should have match continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they should have match continuously
+and the relative continuously at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative continuously at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relative continuously at that
+point but it didn't have enough time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it didn't have enough time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it didn't have enough time to
+do that on the other hand if we try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on the other hand if we try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on the other hand if we try the
+next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one
+maybe the turning points would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens
+well now of the four build energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now of the four build energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now of the four build energies are
+over here and now you have a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and now you have a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and now you have a turning
+point here that in here the curvature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here that in here the curvature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here that in here the curvature is
+negative of the river's curvature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the river's curvature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the river's curvature and
+it's larger than it was here here it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's larger than it was here here it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's larger than it was here here it was
+smoking is larger so it's going to curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking is larger so it's going to curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking is larger so it's going to curve
+faster maybe if you get the e one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster maybe if you get the e one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster maybe if you get the e one right
+it will curve enough so this flat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will curve enough so this flat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will curve enough so this flat here
+in which case the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the other side
+much nice me are you got a solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nice me are you got a solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nice me are you got a solution so
+you probably have to go little by little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have to go little by little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have to go little by little
+until this becomes flattened and boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this becomes flattened and boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this becomes flattened and boom
+you got the solution energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the solution energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the solution energy eigenstate
+let's go a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this graph continues there now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph continues there now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph continues there now I want to
+go to e2 so this was here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to e2 so this was here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to e2 so this was here there's the
+vertical line and 4e to the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and 4e to the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line and 4e to the turning
+points are even further out and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are even further out and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are even further out and here's
+the wave function and let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and let's look at this
+thing what happens now the turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happens now the turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what happens now the turning point
+is in this one corresponds to the e2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this one corresponds to the e2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this one corresponds to the e2
+turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point
+this is e1 and now this will go in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e1 and now this will go in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e1 and now this will go in here
+will turn and it will go - make me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn and it will go - make me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn and it will go - make me do
+something like that because it's curving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because it's curving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because it's curving
+more and more and faster so by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and faster so by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and faster so by the time
+you reach here this is no good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach here this is no good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach here this is no good because
+this one will be symmetric you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be symmetric you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will be symmetric you know you
+would have an anti-symmetric wondered is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an anti-symmetric wondered is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an anti-symmetric wondered is
+now use but now you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use but now you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use but now you don't have a
+solution again so as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution again so as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution again so as you increase the
+energy this is starting to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is starting to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is starting to do this and
+that not quite so good and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not quite so good and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not quite so good and then when you
+go to e3 you have a turning point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to e3 you have a turning point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to e3 you have a turning point over
+here so maybe in this case it will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so maybe in this case it will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so maybe in this case it will go up
+here and it will start turning and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will start turning and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will start turning and it
+will turn enough to just this bit go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn enough to just this bit go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn enough to just this bit go to
+the origin okay you say no good either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay you say no good either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay you say no good either
+because this is terrible this continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is terrible this continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is terrible this continuous
+but you were supposed to draw the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were supposed to draw the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were supposed to draw the other
+one as well the odd one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as well the odd one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as well the odd one is actually
+perfect for it so this is - this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for it so this is - this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for it so this is - this was
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+and this one matches here so by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one matches here so by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one matches here so by the time
+they dip this is not a solution but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dip this is not a solution but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dip this is not a solution but the
+dip goes down and down Avenger goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip goes down and down Avenger goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip goes down and down Avenger goes to
+zero it matches with this one that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it matches with this one that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it matches with this one that's why
+I said sometimes you don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said sometimes you don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said sometimes you don't know whether
+this matches with the one that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matches with the one that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matches with the one that comes
+from here the one that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here the one that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here the one that comes from the
+bottom so there you go this is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so there you go this is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom so there you go this is an energy
+eigenstate again it's odd and it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate again it's odd and it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate again it's odd and it has one
+note and that gives you the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and that gives you the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and that gives you the intuition
+how as you sort of come from the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how as you sort of come from the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how as you sort of come from the end and
+you reach the middle you sometimes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the middle you sometimes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the middle you sometimes much
+thing so sometimes don't match and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so sometimes don't match and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so sometimes don't match and
+explains why you get energy quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other way in which you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way in which you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way in which you're going to
+gain intuition is with the so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain intuition is with the so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain intuition is with the so called
+shooting method which is the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method which is the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method which is the last thing
+I want to discuss for four minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss for four minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss for four minutes so
+the shooting method in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shooting method in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shooting method in differential
+equations is quite nice suppose you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is quite nice suppose you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is quite nice suppose you have
+a potential that is signature it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that is signature it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that is signature it may be
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+that's not very symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and you want to find energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you want to find energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you want to find energy
+eigenstates you do the following you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates you do the following you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates you do the following you say
+well the normalization of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the normalization of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the normalization of the energy
+eigenstates is not so important let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates is not so important let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates is not so important let's
+look for even states now you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for even states now you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for even states now you can look
+for even or odd states if they submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even or odd states if they submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even or odd states if they submit
+the potential is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is symmetric
+sometimes the potential will have a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the potential will have a wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the potential will have a wall
+in which case you have to require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you have to require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case you have to require a
+symmetric or anti-symmetric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric or anti-symmetric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric or anti-symmetric potential
+it's easy to solve as well but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to solve as well but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to solve as well but let's
+consider the case when the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case when the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case when the potential is
+symmetric and you look for even states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you look for even states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and you look for even states
+so what you do is you say you pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you say you pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you say you pick an
+energy pick some energy amount and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy pick some energy amount and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy pick some energy amount and then
+you put some boundary condition you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some boundary condition you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some boundary condition you say
+that the wave function at x equals 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function at x equals 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function at x equals 0 is
+1 and then you say that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then you say that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then you say that the derivative
+of the wave function at x equals 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function at x equals 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function at x equals 0 is
+how much any suggestion how much should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much any suggestion how much should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much any suggestion how much should
+it be you see you have a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be you see you have a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be you see you have a second order
+differential equation the second sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the second sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation the second sorry
+is it equal to e minus V that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it equal to e minus V that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it equal to e minus V that's the
+certain equation so you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain equation so you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain equation so you need the
+boundary conditions are the value of sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are the value of sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are the value of sy
+and the derivative at one point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative at one point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative at one point and then
+the computer will integrate for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer will integrate for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer will integrate for you
+Mathematica will do it but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica will do it but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica will do it but you have to
+give me the derivative so what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the derivative so what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the derivative so what should I
+put a number there one two three is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a number there one two three is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a number there one two three is that
+an unknown what should I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown what should I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown what should I pick
+we must put indeed zero because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must put indeed zero because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must put indeed zero because if you
+had a wave function whose derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wave function whose derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wave function whose derivative is
+not 0 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 0 and it
+even wavefunction it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wavefunction it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wavefunction it would look like
+this and there will be a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there will be a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there will be a discontinuity
+sorry Prime this spontaneous and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Prime this spontaneous and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Prime this spontaneous and that's
+not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+unless you have a hard wall or you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a hard wall or you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a hard wall or you have
+a delta function so you must put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta function so you must put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta function so you must put this
+and then you integrate numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you integrate numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you integrate numerically
+numerically and what will happen well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and what will happen well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and what will happen well if
+you integrate numerically the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate numerically the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate numerically the computer
+is just going to integrate and and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to integrate and and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to integrate and and see
+no problem basically is just gonna delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem basically is just gonna delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem basically is just gonna delay
+entering ask the computer calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering ask the computer calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering ask the computer calculate the
+way to X equal five it will calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to X equal five it will calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to X equal five it will calculate it
+so the problem is that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is that you can see
+visually if you pick some energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually if you pick some energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually if you pick some energy the
+wave function will do like something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will do like something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will do like something and
+then you say oh that energy is no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say oh that energy is no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say oh that energy is no good
+because the wave function won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function won't be
+normalizable and then you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and then you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and then you go back to the
+computer and change the energy a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and change the energy a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and change the energy a little
+bit and then you will find well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then you will find well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then you will find well maybe
+this now it blows up in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now it blows up in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now it blows up in the other
+direction now good either but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now good either but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now good either but in some
+energy in between as you change there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in between as you change there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in between as you change there
+must be one in which it does the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one in which it does the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be one in which it does the right
+thing which is became suffering between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is became suffering between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is became suffering between
+and numerically you change the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numerically you change the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numerically you change the value of
+the energy because the shooting method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy because the shooting method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy because the shooting method
+will you should and either goes up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you should and either goes up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you should and either goes up or
+down and you start working within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you start working within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you start working within those
+two numbers to restrict it until you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to restrict it until you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to restrict it until you get
+here if you have a solution with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have a solution with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have a solution with five
+digit accuracy it was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit accuracy it was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit accuracy it was good
+this and then blow up if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then blow up if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then blow up if you have a
+solution with ten digits actors will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with ten digits actors will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with ten digits actors will do
+this you need five hundred digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you need five hundred digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you need five hundred digits
+accuracy you get that one but it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you get that one but it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy you get that one but it's a fun
+thing that dependent numerically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that dependent numerically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that dependent numerically and
+play with it you can calculate five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with it you can calculate five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with it you can calculate five
+digits accuracy ten digits accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits accuracy ten digits accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits accuracy ten digits accuracy
+within a matter of minutes it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a matter of minutes it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a matter of minutes it's very
+practical and it's very nice but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and it's very nice but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and it's very nice but one
+thing you have to do is clean up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to do is clean up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to do is clean up your
+equation before you start you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation before you start you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation before you start you cannot
+have an equation in Mathematica with age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equation in Mathematica with age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equation in Mathematica with age
+bar so you have to clean up the unit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you have to clean up the unit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you have to clean up the unit's
+it's the first step and write it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first step and write it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first step and write it as an
+equation without units but this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation without units but this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation without units but this plot
+very nice in Mathematica and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice in Mathematica and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice in Mathematica and you will
+have lots of practice with it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4M-ijbL1gsk.txt b/4M-ijbL1gsk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11837e4c969796ae0aaaff07217b35892fd8b731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4M-ijbL1gsk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2127 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In this lecture I'd like
+to discuss with you
+
+some example solutions.
+
+In the last lectures, we
+discussed quite a bit of
+
+theory related to finite element
+formulations and
+
+numerical algorithms, and I
+thought that you might like
+
+now to share with me
+some experiences
+
+regarding example solutions.
+
+The examples that I'd like to
+discuss with you are first,
+
+the analysis of a truss arch,
+the snap-through analysis of a
+
+truss arch.
+
+Then the collapse analysis of
+an elasto-plastic cylinder.
+
+Then the large displacement
+solution of a spherical shell.
+
+Then we want to look at the
+analysis of a cantilever, the
+
+large displacement analysis
+of a cantilever when that
+
+structure is subjected
+to pressure loading.
+
+Once deformation independent
+pressure loading, and once
+
+deformation dependent loading.
+
+And then we would like to look
+at the analysis of a
+
+diamond-shaped frame.
+
+And finally, I'd like to discuss
+with you the failure
+
+and repair of a beam/cable
+structure.
+
+So let me know walk over here to
+some view graphs which give
+
+us the information regarding
+all the analyses.
+
+The first example you're looking
+at is a simple truss
+
+structure which is shown
+here that is
+
+subjected to a load r here.
+
+Notice this is a two degree
+of freedom system only.
+
+Actually, if you use symmetry
+conditions you would have a
+
+one degree of freedom system.
+
+Notice the dimension
+l is equal to 10.
+
+k, the stiffness, ea over
+l, is given here.
+
+You want to perform a
+post-buckling analysis of the
+
+structure using the automatic
+load step incrementation
+
+algorithm, and then perform a
+linearized buckling analysis.
+
+Notice that the two solution
+algorithms that we are using
+
+to perform these two analyses
+were discussed in
+
+the previous lecture.
+
+I assume in this lecture that
+you're quite familiar with
+
+what I have been discussing,
+particularly in the previous
+
+two lectures.
+
+Let us start then with the
+post-buckling analysis.
+
+Analytical solution to this
+problem is given here, and
+
+actually, this solution is also
+given in the textbook.
+
+So please refer to the textbook
+for the derivation of
+
+this equation.
+
+The response can be plotted, and
+here you see is a plot of
+
+the load r as a function of
+the displacement data.
+
+Notice this, of course, is a
+critical point, a limit point.
+
+And the difficulty particularly
+is to march up
+
+here the solution algorithms,
+march across that limit point,
+
+and then down here, and
+further up here.
+
+The automatic load step
+incrementation procedure that
+
+we discussed was employed with
+this starting displacement.
+
+One data is, of course, equal to
+1u, and we set it equal to
+
+plus 0.1, and the solution
+obtained is given here.
+
+Notice this is a finite element
+solution, which of
+
+course is very close to the
+analytical solution.
+
+The solution details for load
+step seven are given in this
+
+table here.
+
+Let's look at this table
+now a bit closer.
+
+At the beginning of that load
+step we have for the
+
+displacement, this value, and
+for the load, that value.
+
+As we iterate, i, of
+course, increases.
+
+We obtain this solution for
+the displacement, this
+
+solution here for the load, and
+these are here, the actual
+
+load applied, corresponding to
+t plus delta t lambda i, in
+
+other words.
+
+These are the incremental
+displacements, and these are
+
+the incremental load.
+
+Now, as we discussed in the
+previous lecture, in the
+
+algorithm using the constant
+arc length, we see that the
+
+displacement here increases.
+
+The total displacement
+increases, of course.
+
+The total load here actually
+decreases.
+
+The incremental displacement
+for this step, as
+
+you can see, increases.
+
+The incremental load
+decreases.
+
+And that gives us, of course,
+this behavior that we talked
+
+about, namely that the
+displacement and load
+
+increments lie on this arc.
+
+That's why the constant
+arc length algorithm.
+
+Pictorially, for this load step
+we can see the following.
+
+Notice here is our equilibrium
+configuration at which we are
+
+starting with iteration.
+
+Notice the final load increment
+that we want to
+
+obtain is given by lambda r.
+
+Notice the final displacement
+increment that we want to
+
+obtain is u.
+
+And we're iterating towards
+this u, and towards that
+
+lambda r, as shown
+further here.
+
+In the first iteration
+we get lambda 1 of r,
+
+and lambda and u1.
+
+That gives us this point.
+
+In the second iteration
+we get that point.
+
+In this third iteration
+we get that point.
+
+And after the completion of the
+iteration, at convergence
+
+we end up on that point.
+
+Notice that if you take this
+point here and connect it with
+
+the iteration i point, you would
+get an arc around here.
+
+And that is, of course, a
+constant arc length algorithm.
+
+Also please, I should point out
+here that we have broken
+
+the scale as shown down here.
+
+So we are starting here
+already with 0.7
+
+and here with 13.000.
+
+The solution details for load
+step here, load step eight,
+
+are as follows.
+
+We used, for this particular
+load step, the increment of
+
+external work algorithm.
+
+The modified Newton iteration,
+as well.
+
+And these were the starting
+values now.
+
+And notice that we have
+immediate convergence.
+
+I pointed out in the previous
+lecture that for a single
+
+degree of freedom with the
+constant increment of external
+
+work algorithm, we will
+have convergence
+
+after the second iteration.
+
+In other words, the effective
+delta u2 is going to be 0.
+
+And that is shown right here in
+the table, and also in this
+
+picture here.
+
+Notice here is load
+step seven.
+
+The equilibrium point at which
+we are starting off now, we
+
+want to of course walk
+along this red curve.
+
+Notice in the first iteration we
+come to this point c here.
+
+i is equal to 1.
+
+And then immediately we shoot
+down in the second iteration
+
+to the actual red curve.
+
+So we immediately converge, as
+pointed out in the earlier
+
+lecture, and on the
+earlier u graph.
+
+The u displacement is equal to
+u of 1 because delta u2 is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+Let us now go and perform
+linearized buckling analysis
+
+for the same problem to estimate
+the collapse load for
+
+the truss arch.
+
+We talked about the algorithm
+that we're using for this
+
+linearized buckling analysis
+in the previous lecture.
+
+Here we have the actual load
+displacement curve.
+
+This is the collapse load that
+we would like to estimate in
+
+our linearized buckling
+analysis.
+
+Now, if we use delta t of r
+1,000, our predictive collapse
+
+load is 25,600.
+
+Of course, our starting value,
+our t minus data
+
+tk is equal to 0k.
+
+I'm now referring, in other
+words, to the view graph that
+
+we saw in the earlier lecture,
+and the t minus delta t of k
+
+there is equal to 0k.
+
+The delta, the t of k is equal
+to data t of k now.
+
+And delta t of r corresponding
+to delta t of k
+
+is given right here.
+
+Notice that this number is much
+larger than the number
+
+that we want to estimate.
+
+The reason being that the
+pre-buckling displacements are
+
+not small in this
+particular case.
+
+And I pointed out in the earlier
+lecture that that is
+
+really necessary, the necessary
+condition to obtain
+
+good results, acceptable
+results, in a linearized
+
+buckling analysis.
+
+It is not the case here,
+and that's why we are
+
+overestimating the buckling
+load, the collapse load, by
+
+quite a bit.
+
+If we, however, increase our
+delta t value such delta t of
+
+r is 10,000, then you would
+see that our predictive
+
+collapse load is decreasing, and
+gets closer to the value
+
+that we want to obtain.
+
+As we increase our delta t of
+r value, and that means of
+
+course that we are getting
+closer and closer to the
+
+collapse load by this value
+here, we find that we are
+
+getting, in our prediction for
+the linearized buckling load,
+
+closer and closer to the value
+that we want to obtain.
+
+These values here, by
+the way, have been
+
+given to three digits.
+
+You notice that 15,000 certainly
+is very close to
+
+this value, but notice that the
+delta t of r value is very
+
+close to the buckling
+load itself, to the
+
+collapse load itself.
+
+This is something
+to keep in mind.
+
+The basic conclusion here
+is that the pre-bucking
+
+displacements should be small in
+the analysis in order to be
+
+able to obtain good results.
+
+By good I mean that the
+linearized buckling load will
+
+be close to the actual
+
+collapse load of the structure.
+
+Let's look at an extension
+off this example.
+
+And that extension is given
+on this view graph.
+
+Here we have still our truss
+structure, but now we
+
+introduce here this spring.
+
+Let's called that
+spring k star.
+
+And this is the value that
+we give to that spring.
+
+If we trace out the load
+displacement response, that
+
+load displacement response
+is shown here.
+
+Load vertically.
+
+Displacement horizontally.
+
+And we notice that our stiffness
+matrix is always
+
+positive definite in
+all of this region.
+
+So we don't really have a
+singular matrix, and we don't
+
+have what we might call
+a true collapse load.
+
+The structure is stable
+in some sense.
+
+Of course when we talk about a
+stable structure, we really
+
+have to also define what
+we mean by stability.
+
+In a practical analysis you
+might say, well, this
+
+displacement is just too much,
+and therefore I already
+
+consider this structure
+to be unstable at
+
+this particular location.
+
+You might want to say
+that, depending
+
+on your design criteria.
+
+However, one thing to keep
+in mind is that, in this
+
+particular example,
+we do not have a
+
+single stiffness matrix.
+
+The matrix stays positive all
+the way as we march up on that
+
+load displacement response.
+
+Let's perform a linearized
+buckling analysis of this
+
+structure now.
+
+And when we take delta t
+of r equal to 10,000--
+
+in other words, down here,
+our delta t of r--
+
+we get tau r as a collapse
+load, 60,700.
+
+And if you take delta t of r
+40,000, we get tau r 44,100.
+
+Notice that this is predicted
+by the computer program.
+
+However, we also know that there
+is no true collapse load
+
+in the sense of obtaining a
+single stiffness matrix.
+
+So, here we learn something
+more from this example.
+
+Namely that, in the linearized
+buckling analysis we may
+
+predict the collapse load, but
+there may not actually be a
+
+collapse load in the structure
+response corresponding to a
+
+single stiffness matrix.
+
+Whether you really want to
+accept this here as a collapse
+
+load depends on your
+design criteria.
+
+Let's now look at another
+example, the second example.
+
+And in this example we want to
+consider the analysis of a
+
+cylinder that can undergo
+enough elasto-plastic
+
+conditions.
+
+The material data of the
+cylinder are given here.
+
+The geometric data of the
+cylinder are given here.
+
+Our goal is to determine the
+limit load of the cylinder.
+
+The finite element method we're
+using here is shown on
+
+this view graph.
+
+Notice we have 8-node
+elements here.
+
+Four 8-node elements.
+
+And in fact, if we look closely
+at the response of the
+
+cylinder, we can identify that
+these middle nodes really are
+
+not necessary, because the
+response in the cylinder--
+
+We assume the cylinder to
+be infinitely long.
+
+For that reason we have
+introduced plane strain
+
+conditions.
+
+The response of the cylinder is
+such that the same stress
+
+condition is obtained
+throughout the
+
+lengths of the cylinder.
+
+There is no variation in
+stresses along the length of
+
+the cylinder.
+
+And for that reason we could
+actually have analyzed the
+
+structure with 6-noded
+elements.
+
+In other words, we could
+have dispensed
+
+with these nodes here.
+
+The internal pressure is
+shown here to which
+
+the cylinder is subjected.
+
+And once again we want to
+predict the ultimate load of
+
+this cylinder.
+
+Since the displacements are
+small, we use here an MNO
+
+formulation.
+
+In this load displacement, the
+response calculation, if we
+
+don't use the automatic load
+step incrementation- the one
+
+that we discussed in the
+previous lecture--
+
+the analyst has to prescribe a
+load level, or a load curve,
+
+prior to the analysis.
+
+And here we have chosen
+this load curve.
+
+Notice time is plotted
+along this axis.
+
+Pressure is plotted
+along this axis.
+
+And notice also that the elastic
+limit load is 7.42.
+
+Therefore this kink here
+is just above the
+
+elastic limit load.
+
+There's very little point in
+using a lot of steps here,
+
+because we know that an MNO
+formulation will reduce to a
+
+linear analysis until the
+heave point is reached.
+
+Or the elastic limit
+load is reached.
+
+So, we can go basically in one
+step right up to the elastic
+
+limit load, and then we take a
+series of steps to trace out
+
+the nonlinear response beyond
+the elastic limit load.
+
+The purpose of the analysis was
+really to compare various
+
+solution algorithms--
+
+the full Newton method with line
+searches, the full Newton
+
+method without line searches,
+the BFGS method, the modified
+
+Newton method with line
+searches, the modified Newton
+
+method without line searches,
+and the initial stress method.
+
+Now please recall that all
+of these techniques were
+
+discussed in the previous
+lecture, and I'd like to refer
+
+you back to that lecture to read
+up on this material if
+
+you're not very familiar
+with what I mean here.
+
+The convergence criteria that we
+are using for the solution
+
+are given on this view graph.
+
+Notice here our ETOL,
+and here our RTOL.
+
+We saw these formulas in the
+previous lectures, and I don't
+
+want to go now through
+these formulas again.
+
+The only point that I should
+mention here is that this is a
+
+value you have to select.
+
+That is a value that
+you have to select.
+
+In the computer program that
+we are using, the ADINA
+
+program, of course, at default
+values, which are really
+
+working quite well over a
+large range of nonlinear
+
+problems, and those, of
+course, are used very
+
+frequently.
+
+The RNORM here you
+have to select.
+
+And this is a reasonable number
+when you compare it
+
+with the total load applied
+to the cylinder.
+
+Notice that we're looking here
+at one radian of the cylinder.
+
+It's an axisymmetric analysis.
+
+When these procedures are
+used to calculate the
+
+force-deflection curve, we find
+that for p equal to 14,
+
+none of these procedures
+converges.
+
+The response is shown here that
+is calculated up to p
+
+equals 13.5.
+
+Of course, we have here drawn
+a smooth curve through the
+
+discrete solution points that
+have been obtained.
+
+If we compare now the different
+solution techniques
+
+in terms of their cost
+effectiveness, we find that
+
+normalizing to the full Newton
+method solution time, we find
+
+that the full Newton method with
+line searches takes 1.2
+
+times the time that is used
+in the full Newton method.
+
+The BFGS method has here 0.9.
+
+The modified Newton method
+with line searches 1.1.
+
+The modified Newton
+method 1.1.
+
+And the initial stress
+method 2.2.
+
+Showing that the BFGS is just a
+tiny bit more effective than
+
+the full Newton method, hardly
+worthwhile mentioning.
+
+But we also see that the initial
+stress method is twice
+
+as expensive as virtually all
+of the other methods.
+
+Once again please refer back
+to the previous lecture in
+
+which I have been discussing
+these various solution
+
+techniques.
+
+If we use the automatic load
+step instrumentation we do not
+
+need to specify a load
+function anymore.
+
+We discussed that earlier.
+
+And the softening in the
+force-deflection curve is
+
+automatically taken
+into account.
+
+With this technique, these are
+the tolerances that we used.
+
+Default tolerances
+in ADINA here.
+
+And this is the same RNORM
+value that we used in the
+
+earlier analysis.
+
+Now the displacement response
+is calculated as shown here.
+
+The p versus displacement
+curve follows this path.
+
+And notice that the computed
+limit load is
+
+really p equals 13.8.
+
+In the earlier analysis we
+could not go beyond 13.5.
+
+In other words, for a value of
+p equals 14 we did not reach
+
+convergence.
+
+We did not reach convergence
+because the
+
+limit load is 13.8.
+
+And this is the difficulty
+that I referred to at the
+
+start of last lecture.
+
+You see, if you use the earlier
+solution algorithms,
+
+you have to very slowly this
+restarting, or a very
+
+judicious choice of a load
+function, get yourself closer
+
+and closer to the limit load.
+
+And that can be time
+consuming.
+
+That means it also consumes
+quite a bit of cost.
+
+Computer cost as well as
+cost of your time.
+
+And therefore, it is so much
+more convenient to use an
+
+automatic solution algorithm,
+that means you don't need to
+
+specify a load function, that's
+simply marches up here
+
+and gives you is the actual
+collapse load quite easily, as
+
+shown here.
+
+Notice an interesting point is
+that we actually march along
+
+this plateau when we use this
+automatic solution algorithm.
+
+Let's look now at the
+next example.
+
+And this pertains to the
+solution of a spherical shell.
+
+Here we have a plan
+view of the shell.
+
+The edges are clamped.
+
+And here we have a side
+view of the shell.
+
+The shell is subjected to a
+concentrated load at its apex.
+
+And we will increase that load,
+as shown later on, to a
+
+very large value, so that this
+shell, schematically shown
+
+here once again, will undergo
+large displacements here.
+
+In fact, this point here will
+move, as my pointer shows
+
+here, all the way down
+to this level.
+
+Notice that this
+distance here--
+
+and let me show it a
+little bit clearer
+
+here on the view graph--
+
+is equal to .0859 inches.
+
+Here you see the other geometric
+data of the shell,
+
+and here you see the
+material data.
+
+We perform an axisymmetric
+analysis of this shell.
+
+The finite element mesh is
+shown in this view graph.
+
+Here we have the original mesh
+subjected to the load.
+
+Notice that since we're looking
+at an axisymmetric
+
+analysis, and since we are using
+ADINA, we apply here a
+
+load of p, the total load
+divided by 2 pi, because we
+
+only look at one radian of
+the total structure.
+
+This 2 pi comes from the fact
+that we are only analyzing one
+
+radian of the structure.
+
+The deformed configuration for
+p equal 200 pounds is shown
+
+here in red.
+
+Notice we undergo large
+displacements here, and that
+
+is also shown on the next view
+graph, which gives the force
+
+deflection curve obtained with
+this finite element mesh.
+
+And that force deflection
+curve is shown here.
+
+The linear analysis would
+predict this response.
+
+Of course, way off the actual
+response when the
+
+displacements become large.
+
+For this problem, the maximum
+load is 100 pounds, and we can
+
+apply that maximum load in one
+load step, or in a sequence of
+
+load steps.
+
+If we apply the full load in 10
+equal steps, we find that
+
+the full Newton method
+with line
+
+searchers works very nicely.
+
+The full Newton without line
+searches, in fact, is even
+
+more effective.
+
+Notice the BFGS method, the
+modified Newton method with
+
+line searches and without
+line searches.
+
+These three methods
+did not work.
+
+Of course, 10 steps to full
+load with these very large
+
+displacements means really
+using a very coarse load
+
+incrementation, or using, in
+other words, a very small
+
+number of load steps.
+
+These were 10 equal load steps,
+I should also say.
+
+If we apply the full load in 50
+equal steps, we find that
+
+the full Newton method
+with line searches
+
+is still most effective.
+
+And these four methods
+here converge.
+
+They are not quite as effective
+as the full Newton
+
+method, but the modified Newton
+method without line
+
+searches does not
+even converge.
+
+You would have to use many
+more steps to make the
+
+modified Newton method without
+line searches also converge.
+
+Here, the BFGS method compares
+quite favorably with these
+
+methods here.
+
+The convergence criteria
+employed for this problem are
+
+shown here.
+
+Notice ETOL is given here
+as 0.001 default
+
+in the ADINA program.
+
+We used a maximum number of
+iterations that we're
+
+permitted, which
+is very large.
+
+Very large in this
+particular case.
+
+We, of course, may also perform
+the analysis using the
+
+automatic load stepping
+algorithm.
+
+Here we use as this tolerance
+ETOL, and RTOL this tolerance.
+
+Our norm is shown here.
+
+These are once again
+default tolerances
+
+in the ADINA program.
+
+The response that we calculate
+is shown on this view graph.
+
+Here, the applied
+load once again.
+
+Displacement at the apex.
+
+And this is the response
+calculated.
+
+Using as the initial
+displacement 0.001 inches.
+
+You get the solid curve.
+
+And using as initial
+displacement 0.01 inches, we
+
+get these points here.
+
+Notice, or recall please, that
+when we use the automatic load
+
+stepping algorithm, we start
+off that algorithm by
+
+specifying the displacement
+for the first
+
+load step at one node.
+
+And these are the values that
+I'm talking about here.
+
+As a next example, I'd like to
+look with you at the analysis
+
+of the cantilever under
+pressure loading.
+
+Here we have the cantilever.
+
+This is the pressure
+loading applied.
+
+Notice it's quite a long
+cantilever, when
+
+measured on the gaps.
+
+Here are the material data.
+
+We analyze this problem using
+plane strain situation, and we
+
+want to perform the analysis for
+p equal to 1 megapascal.
+
+The interesting point here is
+to perform the analysis once
+
+with a deformation-independent
+loading, p the vertical and
+
+remaining vertical, throughout
+the whole analysis, and once
+
+with a deformation-dependent
+loading assumption, in which
+
+the pressure loading remains
+perpendicular to the
+
+mid-surface of the cantilever.
+
+I think you can appreciate
+that if you have this
+
+situation, the deformations
+will be larger.
+
+Well, we performed both of these
+analyses, and once again
+
+the purpose here was really to
+contrast the assumption of
+
+deformation-independent loading
+with the assumption of
+
+deformation-dependent loading.
+
+The finite element model that
+we used consisted of 25
+
+two-dimensional 8-node elements,
+one layer through
+
+the thickness, and they
+were evenly spaced.
+
+And here we list the
+solution details.
+
+We used the full Newton method
+without line searches.
+
+And the convergence tolerance
+is shown here.
+
+I should also add that we used
+10 steps for the total load
+
+that we wanted to reach.
+
+10 equal steps.
+
+The force deflection curve is
+shown on this view graph.
+
+For small deflections, down
+here, there's basically no
+
+difference with respect
+to the assumption of
+
+deformation-dependent
+loading or
+
+deformation-independent loading.
+
+However, as the displacements
+become larger, the two curves
+
+part from each other and,
+as expected, the
+
+deformation-dependent loading
+gives larger displacements.
+
+I should add here, if you look
+back at what we discussed in
+
+our earlier lectures, I should
+add that regarding the
+
+solution for the
+deformation-dependent loading
+
+case, we used a stiffness matrix
+that is symmetric.
+
+The same stiffness matrix, as a
+matter of fact, that we are
+
+usually using when
+we are analyzing
+
+deformation-independent
+loading.
+
+The deformation dependency of
+the loading was only taken
+
+into account by updating the
+right hand side load vector t
+
+plus delta t of r.
+
+In our earlier discussions, we
+very largely assumed that t
+
+plus delta t of r is constant,
+and prescribed by the analyst.
+
+But I also pointed out in the
+earlier lectures that, if we
+
+have deformation-dependent
+loading, you would have a t
+
+plus delta t of r, superscript
+i minus one, where that i
+
+minus 1 then refers to the
+configuration corresponding to
+
+the i at the end of i minus
+first iteration.
+
+So, in this particular solution,
+when we dealt with
+
+the deformation-dependent
+loading, we kept this as the
+
+matrix difference
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+on the left hand side, but we
+updated the load vector t plus
+
+delta t of r in the notation
+that we used in our earlier
+
+lectures for the configuration,
+and for the
+
+iteration, that we actually
+are dealing with.
+
+And when we did so, we found
+that to obtain this total
+
+curve here, to obtain this total
+curve, we needed about
+
+20% more solution time than for
+attaining this curve here.
+
+So, taking into account the
+deformation-dependency of the
+
+loading in this particular
+example just meant 20% more
+
+solution time with the
+computer program.
+
+Here on the next view graph now,
+we show pictorially how
+
+the cantilever has deformed.
+
+Here is the original mesh.
+
+And here is the deformed
+mesh when we use the
+
+deformation-independent loading
+assumption, and here
+
+is the deformed mesh when we
+use a deformation-dependent
+
+loading assumption.
+
+Notice, of course, that the
+deformations are larger when
+
+we have assumed that
+the loading
+
+is deformation dependent.
+
+Let us now look at
+the next example.
+
+And in this example
+we consider a
+
+diamond-shaped frame.
+
+That frame is shown here.
+
+Notice we have a frictionless
+hinge up there and down here.
+
+We have a rigid weld
+here and over here.
+
+Notice that the frame is pushed
+down with a load p
+
+here, and is pushed up here.
+
+Of course, as deformations of
+the frame would be symmetric
+
+about this line here, notice
+that the beam cross section is
+
+one inch by one inch, and
+here are the material
+
+data for the beam.
+
+An elastic large displacement
+analysis is
+
+what we want to perform.
+
+We use twenty 3-node isobeam
+elements to model
+
+the complete frame.
+
+We will talk about the
+isoparametic, or isobeam
+
+elements later on in
+a later lecture.
+
+Notice this is here 15 inches,
+and so is that.
+
+The deformations will
+be very large.
+
+In fact, this node here will
+go across all the way up to
+
+here, and that node
+we go across all
+
+the way down to here.
+
+The displacement of the top
+hinge of the frame is shown on
+
+this view graph.
+
+Notice here we are plotting the
+load p vertically up, and
+
+the displacement of the top
+hinge horizontally.
+
+Notice as the displacements are
+very large, you're going
+
+up to almost 25 inches here.
+
+Notice that for this solution,
+we used a load increment of
+
+250 pounds.
+
+So we used 80 steps to come from
+zero to 20,000 pounds.
+
+Notice this, of course, is a
+very large number of steps.
+
+You would have used another
+80 steps here and so on.
+
+We wanted to use a small load
+incrementation because we
+
+wanted to obtain many solution
+points along this curve to be
+
+able to produce an animation
+of the frame response.
+
+And I'd like to now share
+with you this animation.
+
+We'd like to look at
+the animation.
+
+And I'd like to really look
+at the animation twice.
+
+First we will look at the
+animation of the frame
+
+response in very large
+deformations, very fast.
+
+And then we want to look at the
+same animation, but in a
+
+slower movement, so that
+I can also talk a
+
+little bit about it.
+
+Because the fast version is
+going so fast that I can't
+
+really say very much.
+
+So let's now look at
+this animation.
+
+Here we see the frame
+is discretized
+
+by the isobeam elements.
+
+The two thick arrows show
+the load application.
+
+Here you see how the frame go
+through the last deformations.
+
+Let's now look at the same
+animation again with a
+
+somewhat longer time scale.
+
+We perform, of course,
+a static analysis.
+
+The time code above the
+picture of the frame
+
+gives the load step.
+
+You also see the load applied
+for each step.
+
+Here you see once again how
+the frame deforms when
+
+subjected to the loads.
+
+Certainly the frame undergoes
+very large displacements, and
+
+for the higher load levels the
+analysis represents only a
+
+numerical experiment.
+
+But surely an interesting one.
+
+This completes our discussion of
+the frame analysis example,
+
+and I would like now to look
+with you at the last example
+
+in this lecture, namely the
+analysis of the failure and
+
+repair of a beam cable
+structure.
+
+For this analysis, we use one
+option in the ADINA program
+
+that is quite valuable, namely
+is the option of element birth
+
+and element death.
+
+What this means is that we can
+assign certain elements that
+
+are born in the analysis as
+this step by step solution
+
+proceeds, and we can assign to
+certain element, so to say,
+
+their deaths.
+
+They are disappearing at
+a particular time.
+
+This kind of analysis option
+is very useful to simulate,
+
+for example, construction
+processes and repairs of
+
+structures.
+
+As well known, structures can,
+of course, collapse during the
+
+repair, or even during their
+construction sequence.
+
+And therefore it can be
+important to actually simulate
+
+this sequence of construction,
+or the repair of the office
+
+structure, also on the computer,
+to find out the
+
+particular construction sequence
+or repair of a
+
+structure that one wants
+to proceed with.
+
+Here we have a simple cable
+beam structure.
+
+This is a cantilever beam
+subjected to gravity loading,
+
+and here the cable is hinged at
+this end of the beam and up
+
+there so as to support
+the beam.
+
+Notice the material data for the
+cable are given here, and
+
+there's no pretension
+in the cable.
+
+The beam itself has these
+material data.
+
+So we model the elasto-plastic
+response of the beam.
+
+Here is the mass density
+of to beam.
+
+The cross section is
+shown over here.
+
+In this analysis, we simulate
+the failure and repair of the
+
+cable in the following way.
+
+In load step one, the beams sags
+under its weight, but is
+
+supported by the cable.
+
+From load step one to
+two the cable snaps.
+
+In other words, for example,
+if delta t is equal to 1.
+
+The time step delta t that we
+talked about in the earlier
+
+lectures is equal to 1, then
+at 1 this would be the load
+
+condition, and at time 1.5, the
+cable would snap, so that
+
+at time 2 at the end of the
+second load step, the cable is
+
+not anymore in the finite
+element system, and
+
+the beam now sags.
+
+It undergoes plastic flow
+at the built-in end.
+
+Now, in the next steps, two
+to four, the new cable is
+
+installed and is tensioned
+until the tip of the beam
+
+returns to its original
+location, namely the location
+
+that it had taken at the
+end of load step one.
+
+This is quite easily simulated
+with this element birth and
+
+death option available in the
+computer program you're using.
+
+Notice one element dies, namely
+the cable element dies
+
+at time 1.5, say, and then at
+2.5 the cable is again there,
+
+and at time 3 and at time
+4 we see that the
+
+cable has been tensioned.
+
+Here's the finite
+element model.
+
+We used two truss elements
+here to model the cable.
+
+And we used five 2-node
+Hermitian beam elements to
+
+model the beam.
+
+Notice for the beam element,
+we use five Newton-Cotes
+
+integration points in the r
+direction, three Newton-Cotes
+
+integration points in
+the s direction.
+
+In load step one, the active
+truss is number one.
+
+It's there.
+
+At the end of load step two,
+no truss element is there,
+
+because remember, between load
+step one and load step two, at
+
+time 1.5, if delta t is equal to
+1, this one cable, this one
+
+truss element disappears.
+
+It dies, so to say.
+
+And then there is no more truss
+connecting this point to
+
+that point at the end
+of load step two.
+
+At time two.
+
+Now, in the next load step a
+new truss element is born.
+
+Truss number two.
+
+It might be born, for example,
+at a specific time 2.5, if
+
+delta t is equal to 1.
+
+And now the truss
+is in position.
+
+It has been born.
+
+And we are tensioning it
+from load step three
+
+to load step four.
+
+In the solution we use the UL
+formulation for the truss
+
+elements and the
+beam elements.
+
+The convergence tolerances
+are listed here.
+
+Notice that because we have
+rotational degrees of freedom
+
+for the beam, we also use a
+tolerance RMNORM the way I
+
+describe it in the earlier
+lecture when we talked about
+
+convergence tolerances.
+
+Let us now look at the
+solution algorithm
+
+performances.
+
+If we use a full Newton method
+with line searches all load
+
+steps are successfully
+calculated.
+
+The normalized solution
+time, say, is one.
+
+The full Newton method without
+line searches did not work.
+
+We could not use
+the full Newton
+
+method for this problem.
+
+The BFGS method in this
+particular case worked quite
+
+nicely, but it needed
+more time.
+
+Two and a half times the amount
+of time that the full
+
+Newton method required
+with line searches.
+
+Of course, the BFGS method
+always has line searches.
+
+And if you use the modified
+Newton method, with or without
+
+line searches, we did not
+converge in load step two.
+
+So, this shows that really the
+full Newton method with line
+
+searches is very powerful, and
+in this particular case it is
+
+even the cheapest.
+
+The BFGS method did also
+quite well, but is
+
+quite a bit more expensive.
+
+The results in all of
+this analysis are
+
+listed in this table.
+
+Load step one, the displacement
+at the tip of the
+
+cantilever is shown here.
+
+The stress in the cable.
+
+And the moment at the
+built-in end.
+
+Load step two, this is
+the tip displacement.
+
+Please see the very large
+increment in the tip
+
+displacement, because
+the cable is gone.
+
+There is no more cable.
+
+And the moment at the built-in
+end has also increased a lot.
+
+Now we have installed the repair
+cable, so to say, and
+
+in load step three we have
+reduced the tip displacement
+
+from 0.63 0.31 meters.
+
+The stress in the cable
+is given here.
+
+And the moment at the built-in
+end is given here.
+
+And in the final load step,
+we've tightened the cable
+
+enough to get back to the
+displacement that the
+
+cantilever had at its
+tip originally.
+
+Same numbers here.
+
+And the stress in the
+cable is given here.
+
+And the moment at the
+built-in end of the
+
+cantilever is given here.
+
+The last view graph here shows
+the deformations of the
+
+structure pictorially.
+
+Here you see the deformations
+at load step one--
+
+here the beam, here the cable.
+
+Notice that these displacements
+are magnified by
+
+a factor of 10.
+
+These are the deformations
+of the beam at the end
+
+of load step two.
+
+Notice there is no cable here,
+and also these deformations
+
+have not been magnified.
+
+Very large deformations.
+
+Load step three, at the end of
+load step three, we see the
+
+cable here, the new cable
+that has been installed.
+
+And we see also that the tip
+displacement of the cantilever
+
+has been reduced by tightening
+that new cable already up.
+
+Now, at the end of load step
+four, the displacement at the
+
+tip of the cantilever are the
+same displacement as we have
+
+measured at the end
+of load step one.
+
+Here again we have magnified
+the displacements
+
+by a factor of 10.
+
+This then brings us to the
+end of this example.
+
+I wanted to show you this
+example really as a
+
+demonstrative example to
+indicate to you how this
+
+element birth and death option
+can be used quite effectively
+
+to simulate repairs
+of structures.
+
+In actual analysis you, of
+course, might want to use a
+
+finer finite element
+discretization and also a
+
+finer integration scheme to
+pick up the spread of
+
+plasticity more accurately.
+
+However, this example as a
+demonstrative example really
+
+shows to us how we can use this
+element birth and death
+
+option to simulate such
+processes as repairs of
+
+structures.
+
+And I think you can easily
+visualize how this element
+
+birth and death option can
+also be used to simulate
+
+construction sequences
+of structures.
+
+This then brings me to the
+end of this lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4QPKWFme0k4.txt b/4QPKWFme0k4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad710a8cbaba8a5c9b3f5b7f43b976a39dfde574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4QPKWFme0k4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we just do a quick recap of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just do a quick recap of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just do a quick recap of what we
+did last time so we're today we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time so we're today we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time so we're today we're gonna
+move into things that are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into things that are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into things that are a little bit
+more physics last time we were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more physics last time we were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more physics last time we were really
+doing some things that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some things that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some things that allows us to
+establish some of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish some of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish some of the critical
+mathematical concepts we need to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical concepts we need to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical concepts we need to study
+the tensors that are going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensors that are going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tensors that are going to be used
+for physics on a curved manifold so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physics on a curved manifold so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for physics on a curved manifold so one
+of the things that we saw is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we saw is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we saw is that if I
+want to formulate differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to formulate differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to formulate differential equations
+on a curved manifold if I just define my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a curved manifold if I just define my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a curved manifold if I just define my
+derivative the most naive way you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the most naive way you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the most naive way you might
+think of you end up with objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you end up with objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you end up with objects that
+are not tensorial okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not tensorial okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not tensorial okay and so
+mathematically you might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you might sort of say
+well that's fine it's just not a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's fine it's just not a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's fine it's just not a tensor
+anymore but we really want tensors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but we really want tensors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but we really want tensors for
+our physics because we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics because we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics because we want to be
+working with quantities that have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with quantities that have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with quantities that have sort
+of frame independent geometric meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame independent geometric meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frame independent geometric meaning
+to them so that notion of a derivative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so that notion of a derivative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them so that notion of a derivative I
+just do it the naive way isn't the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it the naive way isn't the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it the naive way isn't the best
+and so I argued that what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I argued that what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I argued that what we need to do
+is to find some kind of a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find some kind of a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to find some kind of a transport
+operation in which there is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in which there is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in which there is a kind of a
+linear mapping between things like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mapping between things like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mapping between things like my
+vector field or my tensor field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field or my tensor field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field or my tensor field and the
+displacement which allows me to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement which allows me to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement which allows me to cancel
+out the bits of the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the bits of the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the bits of the partial derivative
+transformation laws in our non tensorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation laws in our non tensorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation laws in our non tensorial
+there's a lot of freedom to do that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of freedom to do that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of freedom to do that one
+of the ways I suggest we do that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways I suggest we do that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways I suggest we do that is by
+demanding that when I do this that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that when I do this that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that when I do this that that
+derivative when applied to the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when applied to the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when applied to the metric
+give me zero and we do that we see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me zero and we do that we see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me zero and we do that we see right
+away that the transport law that emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that the transport law that emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that the transport law that emerges
+gives me the covariant derivative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the covariant derivative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the covariant derivative that's
+one of my examples now that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my examples now that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my examples now that shouldn't be
+a surprise okay we introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprise okay we introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surprise okay we introduced the
+covariant derivative by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative by thinking about
+flat space-time operations but with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time operations but with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time operations but with all
+my basis objects being functionals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis objects being functionals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis objects being functionals and
+this in some way is just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in some way is just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in some way is just sort of a
+continuation of that notion the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of that notion the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of that notion the other
+thing which I talked about is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I talked about is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I talked about is something
+we're not going to use a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to use a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to use a tremendous
+amount here except to motivate one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here except to motivate one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount here except to motivate one very
+important result and that is if I define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important result and that is if I define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important result and that is if I define
+transport by basically imagining that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport by basically imagining that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport by basically imagining that I
+slide my vectors in order to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide my vectors in order to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide my vectors in order to make the
+comparison along some specified vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison along some specified vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison along some specified vector
+field I get what's known as the leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I get what's known as the leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I get what's known as the leader
+if ative okay and so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ative okay and so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ative okay and so this is an example
+of the leader riveted for leader of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leader riveted for leader of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leader riveted for leader of a
+vector and you get this form that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you get this form that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you get this form that looks
+kind of like a commutator between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a commutator between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a commutator between the
+vector field you're sliding along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field you're sliding along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field you're sliding along and
+the vector field you are differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field you are differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field you are differentiating
+similar forms which are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar forms which are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar forms which are not really
+form a commutator but similar forms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a commutator but similar forms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a commutator but similar forms can
+be written down for general tensors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written down for general tensors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written down for general tensors the
+key thing that you should be aware of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing that you should be aware of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing that you should be aware of is
+that it's kind of similar form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of similar form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of similar form of the
+covariant derivative and that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative and that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative and that you have
+one term let's focus on the top line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term let's focus on the top line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term let's focus on the top line for
+in a second you have one term that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second you have one term that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second you have one term that looks
+just like the ordinary sort of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ordinary sort of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ordinary sort of vector
+contracted on to a partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted on to a partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted on to a partial derivative of
+your field and then you sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field and then you sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field and then you sort of have
+terms which correct every free index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which correct every free index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which correct every free index of
+your field get one free index if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field get one free index if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field get one free index if it's a
+a vector one Phenix if it's a one form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector one Phenix if it's a one form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector one Phenix if it's a one form
+and corrections for an end index tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrections for an end index tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrections for an end index tensor
+with the sine sort of doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sine sort of doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sine sort of doing something
+opposite to the sign that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the sign that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the sign that appears in the
+covariant derivative what's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative what's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative what's kind of
+interesting about this is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this is that so
+defined the leader riveted is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the leader riveted is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the leader riveted is only
+written in terms of partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of partial derivatives
+but if you just you know imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just you know imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just you know imagine you
+sort of promote those partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promote those partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promote those partial derivative
+covariant derivatives you find the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives you find the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives you find the exact
+same result holds because all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result holds because all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result holds because all of your
+Christoffel symbols or connections as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols or connections as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols or connections as we
+like to think of them when we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of them when we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of them when we're using
+parallel transport all the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport all the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport all the connected
+objects cancel each other out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects cancel each other out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects cancel each other out this is
+nice because this tells me that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because this tells me that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because this tells me that even
+though this object strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this object strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this object strictly speaking
+only involves partial derivatives what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involves partial derivatives what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involves partial derivatives what
+emerges out of it is in fact tensorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges out of it is in fact tensorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges out of it is in fact tensorial
+and it's an object that I can use for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an object that I can use for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an object that I can use for a
+lot of things I want to do in physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things I want to do in physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things I want to do in physics in
+particular where we are going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular where we are going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular where we are going to use it
+the most and I said you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most and I said you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most and I said you're going to do
+this on the p7 I was wrong and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the p7 I was wrong and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the p7 I was wrong and do
+something related to another piece set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to another piece set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to another piece set
+but I'm gonna actually if all goes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna actually if all goes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna actually if all goes well
+derive an important result involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive an important result involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive an important result involving
+these symmetries in today's lecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symmetries in today's lecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symmetries in today's lecture um
+we can use this to understand things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this to understand things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this to understand things
+that related to conserved quantities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that related to conserved quantities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that related to conserved quantities in
+your space-time and where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space-time and where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space-time and where this comes
+from is that there's a definition of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that there's a definition of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is that there's a definition of an
+object we call the killing vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we call the killing vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we call the killing vector which
+is an object where if you're metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an object where if you're metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an object where if you're metric is
+Li transported along some field C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li transported along some field C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li transported along some field C we
+call C a killing vector okay and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C a killing vector okay and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call C a killing vector okay and from
+the fact that the covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the covariant derivative
+of the metric is zero you can turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metric is zero you can turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metric is zero you can turn the
+equation governing that the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation governing that the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation governing that the equation
+governing to lead a rivet if along C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing to lead a rivet if along C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing to lead a rivet if along C
+into what I wrote down just there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what I wrote down just there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what I wrote down just there and I
+should write its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write its name
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+this is a result known as killings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a result known as killings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a result known as killings
+equation if a vector has a killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if a vector has a killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if a vector has a killing
+vector to be if a metric has a killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to be if a metric has a killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to be if a metric has a killing
+vector then you know that your metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then you know that your metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then you know that your metric is
+independent of some kind of a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of some kind of a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of some kind of a parameter
+that characterizes that space-time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes that space-time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes that space-time the
+converse also holds if your metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse also holds if your metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse also holds if your metric is
+independent of something like say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of something like say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of something like say the
+time coordinate you know that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time coordinate you know that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time coordinate you know that there is a
+killing vector corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing vector corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing vector corresponding to that
+that independent thing is since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that independent thing is since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that independent thing is since you
+often see this described as a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see this described as a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see this described as a different
+or morphism of the space-time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or morphism of the space-time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or morphism of the space-time if you
+want to dig into some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig into some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig into some of the more
+advanced text books on the subject we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced text books on the subject we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced text books on the subject we'll
+come back to that in a few more details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a few more details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a few more details
+hopefully shortly for the end of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully shortly for the end of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully shortly for the end of today's
+lecture so where I concluded last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so where I concluded last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so where I concluded last time
+which we started talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we started talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we started talking about these
+quantities known as tensor densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities known as tensor densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities known as tensor densities
+which are given the less than helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are given the less than helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are given the less than helpful
+definition quantities that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition quantities that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition quantities that are like
+tensors but not quite in the example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors but not quite in the example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors but not quite in the example I
+gave of this where we sort of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave of this where we sort of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave of this where we sort of we're
+starting was the levee cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting was the levee cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting was the levee cheaper to
+assemble so let me just write down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble so let me just write down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble so let me just write down again
+what resulted from that so if I have let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what resulted from that so if I have let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what resulted from that so if I have let
+me give you two and the tilde here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you two and the tilde here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you two and the tilde here is
+gonna reflect the fact that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna reflect the fact that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna reflect the fact that this is not
+really a tensor this guy in some prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a tensor this guy in some prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a tensor this guy in some prime
+coordinates is related to this guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is related to this guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates is related to this guy in
+the unprimed coordinates I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unprimed coordinates I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unprimed coordinates I had the
+following following mass quantities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following following mass quantities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following following mass quantities okay
+so I'm not gonna go through this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go through this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not gonna go through this again
+this is basically a theorem from linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a theorem from linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a theorem from linear
+algebra that relates the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that relates the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that relates the determinant of
+a matrix not metric but matrix to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix not metric but matrix to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix not metric but matrix to what
+you get when you contract a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you contract a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get when you contract a bunch of
+matrices on to the levy cheevus assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices on to the levy cheevus assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices on to the levy cheevus assemble
+and so the key thing to note is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key thing to note is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the key thing to note is that if
+this were not here this would look just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were not here this would look just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were not here this would look just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+transformation but that is their so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but that is their so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but that is their so it's
+not and so we call this a tensor density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so we call this a tensor density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so we call this a tensor density
+of weight one so the other one which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight one so the other one which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight one so the other one which I
+hinted at at the end of the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinted at at the end of the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinted at at the end of the last lecture
+but did not have time to get into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did not have time to get into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did not have time to get into is
+suppose we look at the metric now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we look at the metric now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we look at the metric now the
+metric okay no ifs ands or buts about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric okay no ifs ands or buts about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric okay no ifs ands or buts about it
+it's a tensor okay it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tensor okay it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tensor okay it's actually the
+first tensor we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tensor we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tensor we started talking about
+back in our toddler years of studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our toddler years of studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our toddler years of studying
+flat space-time which by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time which by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat space-time which by the way is
+about three weeks ago you know obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three weeks ago you know obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three weeks ago you know obviously
+that's a tensor it's a simple tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tensor it's a simple tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tensor it's a simple tense
+relationship let's take the determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship let's take the determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship let's take the determinants
+of both sides of us okay macer look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides of us okay macer look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides of us okay macer look at
+this and go why do you want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go why do you want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go why do you want to do that
+well when I do this I'm gonna call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I do this I'm gonna call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I do this I'm gonna call the
+determinant of the metric in the primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric in the primed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric in the primed
+representation let's call that G Prime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's call that G Prime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation let's call that G Prime I
+get two powers of whoops two powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two powers of whoops two powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two powers of whoops two powers of
+this Jacobian matrix is determinant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jacobian matrix is determinant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jacobian matrix is determinant and
+I get the determinant in my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the determinant in my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the determinant in my original
+representation now I want to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation now I want to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation now I want to write this
+in a way that's similar the way I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's similar the way I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's similar the way I wrote
+it over here notice I have all my primed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over here notice I have all my primed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over here notice I have all my primed
+objects over here on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects over here on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects over here on the left hand side
+and my factor of this determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my factor of this determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my factor of this determinant
+relates you know it's it's got prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates you know it's it's got prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates you know it's it's got prime
+indices in the upstairs position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices in the upstairs position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices in the upstairs position
+unprimed into downstairs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprimed into downstairs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprimed into downstairs but the
+determinant of one over a metric is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of one over a metric is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of one over a metric is just
+one over the determinant determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the determinant determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the determinant determinant of
+the inverse of a matrix is just one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a matrix is just one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of a matrix is just one over
+the determinant of that matrix and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of that matrix and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of that matrix and so I
+can really simply just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like so so the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so so the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like so so the determinant of the
+metric is a tensor weight is a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is a tensor weight is a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is a tensor weight is a tensor
+density of weight minus two so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of weight minus two so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of weight minus two so what this
+basically tells us is okay I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us is okay I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells us is okay I now have
+two of these things I've been arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these things I've been arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these things I've been arguing
+basically this entire course that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this entire course that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this entire course that we
+want to use tensors because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use tensors because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use tensors because of the fact
+that they give me a framework concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they give me a framework concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they give me a framework concepts
+I've got these two things that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these two things that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these two things that are not
+quite tensors I can put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite tensors I can put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite tensors I can put them together
+and get a tensor out of this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a tensor out of this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a tensor out of this so what
+this tells me now is I can convert any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me now is I can convert any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me now is I can convert any
+tensor density into a proper tensor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor density into a proper tensor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor density into a proper tensor so
+suppose I have a tensor density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a tensor density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a tensor density of
+weight W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can convert this into a proper tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by multiplying by a power of that G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying by a power of that G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying by a power of that G so
+multiply it by G to the W over two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by G to the W over two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by G to the W over two one
+slight subtlety here when we work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight subtlety here when we work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight subtlety here when we work in
+space-time let's just stop for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time let's just stop for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time let's just stop for a second
+and think about special relativity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about special relativity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about special relativity okay
+in special relativity in a inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in special relativity in a inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in special relativity in a inertial
+reference frame my metric is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame my metric is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame my metric is minus one
+one one one on the diagonal so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one on the diagonal so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one on the diagonal so it's
+determinant is negative one and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is negative one and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is negative one and when I
+take negative one to some power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take negative one to some power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take negative one to some power that
+involves a square root I get sad okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a square root I get sad okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a square root I get sad okay we
+all know how to work with comment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know how to work with comment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know how to work with comment with
+complex numbers you might think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers you might think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers you might think that's
+all sort of okay it's not in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of okay it's not in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of okay it's not in this case
+but you know way I can fix that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know way I can fix that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know way I can fix that is that
+equation still true if I multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation still true if I multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation still true if I multiply both
+sides by minus one all right I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by minus one all right I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by minus one all right I want this
+to be a positive number when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive number when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a positive number when I take the
+square root so I'm allowed just to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root so I'm allowed just to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root so I'm allowed just to take
+the absolute value okay so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value okay so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value okay so we take the
+absolute value to clear out the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value to clear out the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value to clear out the fact
+that in space-time we tend to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in space-time we tend to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in space-time we tend to have an
+independent metric where the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent metric where the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent metric where the sign
+depends on the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember the only reason we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the only reason we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the only reason we're doing
+this this is just a I don't want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just a I don't want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just a I don't want to say
+it's a trick but it's not that far off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trick but it's not that far off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trick but it's not that far off
+from a trick right I'm just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trick right I'm just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trick right I'm just sort of
+combining two tensor densities in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining two tensor densities in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining two tensor densities in order
+to get a tensor out of it and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tensor out of it and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tensor out of it and you know
+minus the tensor density is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the tensor density is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the tensor density is still
+abstention down today so I'm okay to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstention down today so I'm okay to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstention down today so I'm okay to do
+that and I'm just doing this so that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm just doing this so that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm just doing this so that my
+square root doesn't kind of go haywire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root doesn't kind of go haywire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root doesn't kind of go haywire
+on me so a particular example in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me so a particular example in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me so a particular example in fact
+the one that in my career has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that in my career has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that in my career has come up
+the most is making a proper volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most is making a proper volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most is making a proper volume
+element using converting my leve cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element using converting my leve cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element using converting my leve cheap
+it's a symbol into a tensor that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symbol into a tensor that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a symbol into a tensor that gives
+me a volume element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my levy chip it's a symbol is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my levy chip it's a symbol is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my levy chip it's a symbol is a
+tensor density of weight one if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor density of weight one if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor density of weight one if I want
+to make that into a proper tensor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that into a proper tensor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that into a proper tensor I
+multiply by the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the square root of the
+determinant of the metric so now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric so now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric so now I will
+no longer have that tilde on there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have that tilde on there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have that tilde on there which
+was meant to be a signpost that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be a signpost that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be a signpost that this is
+a quantity it's a little bit goofy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity it's a little bit goofy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity it's a little bit goofy you
+wind up with something like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with something like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with something like this okay
+when you go and by the way sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and by the way sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and by the way sometimes
+when you're working with this you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working with this you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working with this you need
+to have this thing with indices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this thing with indices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this thing with indices in the
+upstairs position you have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs position you have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs position you have to be a
+little bit careful but I'll just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful but I'll just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful but I'll just give
+you one example if you raise all four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example if you raise all four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example if you raise all four of
+the indices what you find when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices what you find when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices what you find when
+everything goes through this one's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes through this one's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes through this one's not
+that hard to see right because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to see right because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to see right because you're
+basically playing with a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically playing with a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically playing with a similar
+relationship to the one that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the one that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the one that I wrote
+down over here just a short homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over here just a short homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down over here just a short homework
+exercise to demonstrate this okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to demonstrate this okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to demonstrate this okay and
+then you end up with the tensor density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you end up with the tensor density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you end up with the tensor density
+of opposite sign weight minus one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opposite sign weight minus one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opposite sign weight minus one you
+wind up with a 1 over square root there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like I said one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I said one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I said one of the reasons why
+this is an important example is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important example is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important example is that we
+use it to form covariant volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to form covariant volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to form covariant volume
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in four-dimensional space so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my basis direction for spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my basis direction for spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my basis direction for spatial
+direction one spatial direction two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one spatial direction two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one spatial direction two
+spatial direction three you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction three you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction three you guys can
+figure out how to write spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to write spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to write spatial
+direction zero on your own on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction zero on your own on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction zero on your own on your own
+time I would define a covariant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I would define a covariant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I would define a covariant for
+volume 4 volume element pardon me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume 4 volume element pardon me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume 4 volume element pardon me from
+this like this and if this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this and if this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this and if this is an
+orthogonal basis this simply turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops pardon pardon pardon yeah turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops pardon pardon pardon yeah turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops pardon pardon pardon yeah turns
+into something like sorry you men to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like sorry you men to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like sorry you men to be
+superscript so these are coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript so these are coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript so these are coordinates so
+this just turns into something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just turns into something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just turns into something like this
+if I'm working in an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again for intuition I suggest go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again for intuition I suggest go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again for intuition I suggest go
+down to three dimensional spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three dimensional spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three dimensional spherical
+coordinates and I wrote this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I wrote this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I wrote this last time
+but let me just quickly write it up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just quickly write it up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just quickly write it up I
+mean this everything I did here I tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this everything I did here I tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this everything I did here I tend
+to you know since we're we're this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know since we're we're this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know since we're we're this is a
+course on space-time by default I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on space-time by default I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on space-time by default I write
+down all my formulas for three to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all my formulas for three to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all my formulas for three to make
+three space dimensions one time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three space dimensions one time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three space dimensions one time to
+mention why it's perfectly good in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention why it's perfectly good in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention why it's perfectly good in three
+spatial dimensions two spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dimensions two spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial dimensions two spatial
+dimensions 17 spatial dimensions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions 17 spatial dimensions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions 17 spatial dimensions you
+know whatever crazy space-time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever crazy space-time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever crazy space-time your
+physics want you to put yourself in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics want you to put yourself in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics want you to put yourself in or
+space your physical once you put you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just remind you so when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just remind you so when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just remind you so when you do this
+you've got yourself a metric just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yourself a metric just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yourself a metric just a
+diagonal one R squared R squared sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal one R squared R squared sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal one R squared R squared sine
+squared theta and you know what just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta and you know what just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared theta and you know what just to
+be consistent I usually use Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent I usually use Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent I usually use Greek
+letters me Latin letters for only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters me Latin letters for only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters me Latin letters for only
+spatial thing so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this would be how I would then write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be how I would then write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be how I would then write my
+volume element one quick second did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume element one quick second did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume element one quick second did I
+miss something yeah absolutely yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss something yeah absolutely yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss something yeah absolutely yeah yeah
+yeah thank you I'm running quickly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is DX out bugger yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DX out bugger yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DX out bugger yep
+trying to get to something new and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to something new and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to something new and I'm
+afraid I'm rushing a little bit so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid I'm rushing a little bit so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid I'm rushing a little bit so thank
+you for catching us okay and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for catching us okay and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for catching us okay and so with
+this take the determinant of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take the determinant of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take the determinant of this thing
+and sure enough you get R squared sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough you get R squared sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough you get R squared sine
+theta dr D theta D Phi okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dr D theta D Phi okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dr D theta D Phi okay so this is
+the main thing that we are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that we are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that we are going to use
+this result for this thing with tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result for this thing with tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result for this thing with tensor
+densities I want to go on a brief aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities I want to go on a brief aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities I want to go on a brief aside
+which is relevant to the problem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is relevant to the problem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is relevant to the problem that I
+delayed on this week's problem set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed on this week's problem set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed on this week's problem set so
+there are three parts of problem 7 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three parts of problem 7 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three parts of problem 7 that
+I moved from piece at 3 to pset 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved from piece at 3 to pset 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved from piece at 3 to pset 4
+because they rely on a result that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they rely on a result that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they rely on a result that I
+want to talk about now so the main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now so the main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now so the main thing
+that we use the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use the determinant of the
+metric for sort of in a formal way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric for sort of in a formal way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric for sort of in a formal way is
+this that it's a tensor density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that it's a tensor density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that it's a tensor density of
+weight minus 2 and so it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight minus 2 and so it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight minus 2 and so it's a really
+useful quantity for converting tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful quantity for converting tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful quantity for converting tensor
+densities into proper tensors and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities into proper tensors and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities into proper tensors and really
+the most common application of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common application of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common application of this
+tends to be to volume elements but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be to volume elements but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be to volume elements but it
+turns out that it's actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's actually really
+useful for what a professor of mine used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for what a professor of mine used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for what a professor of mine used
+to like to call party tricks you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like to call party tricks you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like to call party tricks you can do
+some there's some really it offers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some really it offers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some really it offers a
+really nice shortcut to computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice shortcut to computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice shortcut to computing
+certain Christoffel symbols so in honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Christoffel symbols so in honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Christoffel symbols so in honor
+of salt to call ski let's call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of salt to call ski let's call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of salt to call ski let's call this a
+party trick so we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party trick so we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party trick so we're using the
+determinant of the metric to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the metric to compute
+certain crystals so this is gonna rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain crystals so this is gonna rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain crystals so this is gonna rely
+on the following so suppose I calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the following so suppose I calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the following so suppose I calculate
+the Christoffel symbol but I'm gonna sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel symbol but I'm gonna sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel symbol but I'm gonna sum
+on the raised index and bearing in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the raised index and bearing in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the raised index and bearing in mind
+it's symmetric on the lower one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric on the lower one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric on the lower one I'm
+going to do a contraction of the raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a contraction of the raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a contraction of the raised
+index with one of the lower indices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index with one of the lower indices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index with one of the lower indices okay
+so let's just throw in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just throw in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just throw in a couple of
+definitions this is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions this is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions this is equivalent to the
+following and so throwing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and so throwing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and so throwing in the
+definition of the Christoffel with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the Christoffel with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the Christoffel with all
+the indices in the downstairs position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this formula by the way is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula by the way is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula by the way is something
+that I have been writing down now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have been writing down now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have been writing down now for
+about 27 years and I have to look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 27 years and I have to look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 27 years and I have to look it up
+every time usually by the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time usually by the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time usually by the end of a
+semester of teaching 89-62 I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of teaching 89-62 I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of teaching 89-62 I haven't
+memorized but it decays by then so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized but it decays by then so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized but it decays by then so you
+know if you're wondering how to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're wondering how to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're wondering how to go from
+here to here this is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here this is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here this is the kind of thing
+just look it up so let's pause for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look it up so let's pause for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look it up so let's pause for a
+second remember that the the metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second remember that the the metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second remember that the the metric is
+its its itself symmetric okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its its itself symmetric okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its its itself symmetric okay
+so in keeping with that I'm gonna flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in keeping with that I'm gonna flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in keeping with that I'm gonna flip
+the indices on this last term which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices on this last term which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices on this last term which one
+second that was stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that was stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that was stupid
+wait wait wait wait wait wait wait wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait wait wait wait wait wait wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait wait wait wait wait wait wait
+wait pardon me ah this is the term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait pardon me ah this is the term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait pardon me ah this is the term which
+is use on my apologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use on my apologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use on my apologies
+so the reason I did that is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I did that is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I did that is I want to
+have both of these guys ending with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of these guys ending with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of these guys ending with the
+Alpha because notice this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because notice this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha because notice this and this
+they're the same but I have interchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but I have interchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same but I have interchanged
+the beta in the Mew okay so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta in the Mew okay so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta in the Mew okay so these two
+terms the first term and the third term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the first term and the third term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the first term and the third term
+are anti-symmetric upon exchange of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anti-symmetric upon exchange of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are anti-symmetric upon exchange of beta
+and Mew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mew
+they are contracted with the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are contracted with the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are contracted with the metric
+which is symmetric upon exchange of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is symmetric upon exchange of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is symmetric upon exchange of beta
+and me'll question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me'll question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me'll question
+the metric has to be symmetric yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric has to be symmetric yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric has to be symmetric yeah I
+want to get into that right now but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that right now but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into that right now but yes
+okay so these guys are anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these guys are anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these guys are anti-symmetric
+this guy is symmetric and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is symmetric and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is symmetric and remember the
+rule whenever you whenever you contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule whenever you whenever you contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule whenever you whenever you contract
+some kind of a symmetric object with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a symmetric object with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a symmetric object with an
+anti symmetric object you get zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetric object you get zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetric object you get zero so
+that means this term and this term die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we are left with is gamma mu mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we are left with is gamma mu mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we are left with is gamma mu mu
+alpha is one-half G u beta the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is one-half G u beta the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is one-half G u beta the Alpha
+derivative of G nu beta there's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G nu beta there's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G nu beta there's the way
+it sort of is contracting the indices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of is contracting the indices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of is contracting the indices in
+the two metric with the other one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two metric with the other one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two metric with the other one well
+here's a theorem that I'm gonna prove in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorem that I'm gonna prove in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorem that I'm gonna prove in
+a second or well at least motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second or well at least motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second or well at least motivate
+there's gonna rely on a result that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna rely on a result that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna rely on a result that I
+will pull out in thin air but can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull out in thin air but can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull out in thin air but can be
+found in most linear algebra textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in most linear algebra textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in most linear algebra textbooks
+it's not too hard to show that this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard to show that this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too hard to show that this can
+be further written as 1 over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be further written as 1 over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be further written as 1 over square root
+of the determinant times the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the determinant times the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the determinant times the partial
+derivative of the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the square root of the
+determinant which is sometimes depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is sometimes depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant which is sometimes depending
+on your applications this can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your applications this can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your applications this can be written
+very nicely as the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely as the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely as the derivative of the
+logarithm of the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the absolute value of the
+square root of the absolute value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the absolute value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the absolute value of the
+determinant so before I go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so before I go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so before I go on and
+actually demonstrate this you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually demonstrate this you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually demonstrate this you can see
+why this is actually a pretty so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is actually a pretty so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is actually a pretty so this
+actually comes up I'm going to show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes up I'm going to show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes up I'm going to show a
+few applications as to why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few applications as to why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few applications as to why this
+particular combination of Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of Christoffel
+symbol shows up more often than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol shows up more often than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol shows up more often than you
+might guess okay it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess okay it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might guess okay it's really important
+for certain important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain important
+calculations and this is telling me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and this is telling me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and this is telling me that
+I can get it by just taking one partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get it by just taking one partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get it by just taking one partial
+derivative of a scalar function okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a scalar function okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a scalar function okay and
+if you know your metric that's easy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your metric that's easy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know your metric that's easy okay
+so this becomes a really easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes a really easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes a really easy thing to
+calculate so let's prove it so the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so let's prove it so the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so let's prove it so the proof
+of this relies on a few results from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this relies on a few results from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this relies on a few results from
+linear algebra so it's nothing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so it's nothing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra so it's nothing about
+tensors for second let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors for second let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors for second let's just think
+about matrices so imagine I've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices so imagine I've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about matrices so imagine I've got some
+matrix M I'm going to be agnostic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M I'm going to be agnostic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M I'm going to be agnostic about
+the dimensions of this thing and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of this thing and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of this thing and suppose
+I look at the following variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the following variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the following variation of
+this matrix so suppose I imagine doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix so suppose I imagine doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix so suppose I imagine doing a
+little variation so suppose every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little variation so suppose every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little variation so suppose every
+element of M is a function and I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of M is a function and I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of M is a function and I look at
+a little variation of the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little variation of the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little variation of the log of the
+determinant of that matrix well this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix well this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix well this can
+be written as log it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as log it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as log it's basically a
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of this okay now if I exploit properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this okay now if I exploit properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this okay now if I exploit properties
+of logarithms this can be written as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logarithms this can be written as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logarithms this can be written as the
+log of determinant M plus Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of determinant M plus Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of determinant M plus Delta M
+divided by the determinant of M now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the determinant of M now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the determinant of M now I'm
+going to use the fact that 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fact that 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fact that 1 over the
+determinant of M is the terminan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M is the terminan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M is the terminan of the
+inverse of M taking advantage of that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of M taking advantage of that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of M taking advantage of that I
+can further write this guy as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further write this guy as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can further write this guy as something
+like this okay now I'm gonna invoke an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay now I'm gonna invoke an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay now I'm gonna invoke an
+identity which I believe you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity which I believe you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity which I believe you can find
+proven and many linear algebra textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven and many linear algebra textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven and many linear algebra textbooks
+just occurred to me as I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just occurred to me as I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just occurred to me as I'm thinking
+about this I don't know if I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I don't know if I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I don't know if I've ever
+seen it explicitly proven myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it explicitly proven myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it explicitly proven myself but
+it's something that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's very easy to
+demonstrate with just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate with just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate with just a quick
+calculation I'll just do I'm a physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation I'll just do I'm a physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation I'll just do I'm a physicist
+so for me I'll use Mathematica I'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me I'll use Mathematica I'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me I'll use Mathematica I'll look
+at six or seven examples and go seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six or seven examples and go seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at six or seven examples and go seems
+right and so I've definitely done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I've definitely done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I've definitely done that
+but I believe this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I believe this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I believe this is something that you
+can find proven explicitly like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find proven explicitly like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find proven explicitly like I said
+in most books so remember these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most books so remember these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most books so remember these are all
+matrices so this isn't the number one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so this isn't the number one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so this isn't the number one we
+want to think of this as the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of this as the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of this as the identity
+matrix okay so oh and I'm also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so oh and I'm also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so oh and I'm also going to
+regard this variation as a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this variation as a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard this variation as a small
+quantity okay so if I regard epsilon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so if I regard epsilon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay so if I regard epsilon as
+a small matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small matrix
+this we made formal by defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we made formal by defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we made formal by defining
+something like condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like condition number
+associate the matrix or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the matrix or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the matrix or something like
+that but generally what I want to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but generally what I want to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but generally what I want to mean
+by that is if I take this epsilon and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is if I take this epsilon and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is if I take this epsilon and I
+add it to one all of the sort of Soudan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to one all of the sort of Soudan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to one all of the sort of Soudan
+you might my identity is one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might my identity is one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might my identity is one on the
+diagonal zero is everywhere else all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal zero is everywhere else all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal zero is everywhere else all the
+things that are put into the sum of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are put into the sum of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are put into the sum of 1
+plus epsilon are much much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon are much much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon are much much smaller than
+that one that's on the diagonal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that's on the diagonal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that's on the diagonal okay
+that will be sufficient so if epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be sufficient so if epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be sufficient so if epsilon is
+a small matrix then the determinant of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small matrix then the determinant of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small matrix then the determinant of 1
+plus epsilon is approximately equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon is approximately equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon is approximately equal to 1
+plus the trace of Epsilon okay what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the trace of Epsilon okay what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the trace of Epsilon okay what that
+approximately refers to is of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately refers to is of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately refers to is of course you
+can take that further and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that further and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that further and you'll get
+additional Corrections that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Corrections that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Corrections that involve
+epsilon times epsilon and epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times epsilon and epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times epsilon and epsilon times
+epsilon times Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon times Epsilon
+I believe when you do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe when you do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe when you do that the
+coefficient is no longer universal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is no longer universal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is no longer universal but
+it depends upon the dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon the dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends upon the dimensions of the
+matrix okay but leading order it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay but leading order it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay but leading order it's
+independent of dimensions of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of dimensions of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of dimensions of the matrix
+and something that you can you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that you can you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something that you can you can play
+with a little bit yourself like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit yourself like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit yourself like I said
+this is sufficient for what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sufficient for what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sufficient for what we want to
+do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to think of my small matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to think of my small matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to think of my small matrix
+as the matrix of inverse M times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the matrix of inverse M times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the matrix of inverse M times the
+variation of them this will be is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of them this will be is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of them this will be is our
+Epsilon okay so we're gonna apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so we're gonna apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so we're gonna apply it to
+the line that I have up here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that I have up here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line that I have up here and this
+tells me that my Delta of the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that my Delta of the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that my Delta of the log of the
+derivative of M is the log of 1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M is the log of 1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of M is the log of 1 plus the
+trace of M to the minus 1 on the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of M to the minus 1 on the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of M to the minus 1 on the matrix
+M log of 1 plus a small number is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M log of 1 plus a small number is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M log of 1 plus a small number is that
+small number now the application okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number now the application okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number now the application okay so
+this is like I said this is the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like I said this is the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like I said this is the theorem
+that you can find in books that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find in books that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find in books that I don't
+know about but surely it exists I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about but surely it exists I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about but surely it exists I mean
+this is something I've seen documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I've seen documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I've seen documented
+in a lot of places let's treat our M as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of places let's treat our M as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of places let's treat our M as
+the metric of space time so my M will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric of space time so my M will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric of space time so my M will be
+G alpha beta my M inverse will be G in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G alpha beta my M inverse will be G in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G alpha beta my M inverse will be G in
+the upstairs position and I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs position and I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upstairs position and I'll write
+this sum like so and I'm gonna sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum like so and I'm gonna sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum like so and I'm gonna sort of
+apply this by looking at variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this by looking at variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this by looking at variations in
+my metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Delta log I'm gonna throw my absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta log I'm gonna throw my absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Delta log I'm gonna throw my absolute
+values in here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in here okay
+that's that's perfectly allowed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's perfectly allowed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's perfectly allowed to go
+ahead and put that into there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and put that into there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and put that into there I'm
+applying this to what I've got this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to what I've got this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to what I've got this is
+going to be the trace of G mu beta times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the trace of G mu beta times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the trace of G mu beta times
+the variation of G beta gamma I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation of G beta gamma I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation of G beta gamma I forgot
+to say how do I take the trace of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how do I take the trace of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say how do I take the trace of a
+matrix so the trace that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so the trace that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so the trace that we are going to
+use we want it to be something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we want it to be something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we want it to be something that has
+geometric meaning and has a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric meaning and has a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric meaning and has a you know a
+tensorial meaning to it so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial meaning to it so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensorial meaning to it so we're gonna
+call the trace of this thing G alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the trace of this thing G alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the trace of this thing G alpha
+beta epsilon alpha beta okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta epsilon alpha beta okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta epsilon alpha beta okay if you
+think about what this is doing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this is doing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this is doing you're
+essentially going to take your like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to take your like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially going to take your like
+let's say I apply this to the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I apply this to the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I apply this to the metric
+itself I put one index in the upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I put one index in the upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I put one index in the upstairs
+position one in the downstairs position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one in the downstairs position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one in the downstairs position
+and then I am summing along the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I am summing along the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I am summing along the diagonal
+when I do this okay you will sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this okay you will sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this okay you will sometimes
+see this written as something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this written as something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this written as something like that
+okay so in this case when I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case when I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this case when I'm taking the
+trace of this guy here that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this guy here that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this guy here that is going to
+force me to let's see yeah so this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force me to let's see yeah so this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force me to let's see yeah so this gives
+me a quantity where I'm summing over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a quantity where I'm summing over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a quantity where I'm summing over my
+betas and then I'm just going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas and then I'm just going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas and then I'm just going to sum
+over the the diagonal indices I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the diagonal indices I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the diagonal indices I'm
+forcing my two remaining indices to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing my two remaining indices to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing my two remaining indices to be
+the same so putting this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so putting this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so putting this together
+this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what I'm going to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to do is say
+alright I basically have part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I basically have part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I basically have part of a
+partial derivative here all I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative here all I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative here all I need to do
+is now divided by a variation in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now divided by a variation in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now divided by a variation in my
+coordinate and take the limit so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and take the limit so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and take the limit so it
+comes out of this is partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+now let's trace it back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's trace it back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's trace it back to our
+Christoffel symbol my Christoffel symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbol my Christoffel symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbol my Christoffel symbol
+let's see which I'm trying to compute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which I'm trying to compute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which I'm trying to compute is
+one half of this right hand side so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of this right hand side so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of this right hand side so it's
+one half of the left hand side and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of the left hand side and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half of the left hand side and I can
+take that one half marché it through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that one half marché it through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that one half marché it through my
+derivative use the fact that one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative use the fact that one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative use the fact that one half
+the log of X is the log of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of X is the log of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of X is the log of the square
+root of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chick okay so like I said this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick okay so like I said this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick okay so like I said this is what
+an old mentor of mine used to like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old mentor of mine used to like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old mentor of mine used to like to
+call a party trick it is a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a party trick it is a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a party trick it is a really useful
+party trick for certain calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party trick for certain calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party trick for certain calculations
+okay so I want to make sure you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to make sure you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to make sure you saw
+where that comes from this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from this is something
+you will now use on the problem that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will now use on the problem that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will now use on the problem that I
+just moved from pset 3 to pset 4 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moved from pset 3 to pset 4 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moved from pset 3 to pset 4 okay
+it's useful for you to sort of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for you to sort of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for you to sort of know
+where this comes from you're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this comes from you're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this comes from you're certainly
+not going to need to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to need to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to need to go through this
+yourself but this is a a good type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but this is a a good type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but this is a a good type of
+calculation to to be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to to be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to to be comfortable with
+those of you who are more rigorous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are more rigorous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are more rigorous in
+your math than me you might want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math than me you might want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math than me you might want to run
+off and you know verify a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and you know verify a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and you know verify a couple of
+these identities that I used but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these identities that I used but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these identities that I used but this is
+very nice we're sort of physics level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice we're sort of physics level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice we're sort of physics level
+rigor so let me talk about one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor so let me talk about one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigor so let me talk about one of the
+places where this shows up and is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this shows up and is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this shows up and is quite
+useful so place where I've seen the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so place where I've seen the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so place where I've seen the show
+of the most is when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most is when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most is when you're looking at
+the spacetime divergence of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacetime divergence of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacetime divergence of a vector
+field so when you're calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so when you're calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so when you're calculating the
+covariant derivative of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative of alpha
+contracting on the indices let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting on the indices let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting on the indices let's just
+throw in expand out the full definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in expand out the full definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in expand out the full definition
+of things all you got to do is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things all you got to do is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things all you got to do is correct
+one index and voila this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one index and voila this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one index and voila this is exactly the
+things that you know change where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know change where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know change where is it
+change my alpha do mu that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my alpha do mu that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my alpha do mu that's exactly
+what I've got before and so hang on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've got before and so hang on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've got before and so hang on just
+one moment all right these are all dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moment all right these are all dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moment all right these are all dummy
+indices so in order to keep things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so in order to keep things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so in order to keep things from
+getting crossed I'm gonna re label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting crossed I'm gonna re label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting crossed I'm gonna re label these
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can write I can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write I can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write I can take advantage of
+this identity and write this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+stare at this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this for a second
+and you'll see it the whole thing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see it the whole thing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see it the whole thing can be
+rewritten in a very very simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tada
+you haven't done as much work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done as much work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done as much work with
+covariant derivatives in your lives as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives in your lives as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives in your lives as I
+have so let me just emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me just emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me just emphasize that
+ordinarily when you see an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily when you see an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily when you see an expression
+like you've got there up there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got there up there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got there up there on the
+top line you look at that and you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line you look at that and you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line you look at that and you kind
+of go ok because you look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go ok because you look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go ok because you look at that and
+the first thing that comes in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that comes in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that comes in your mind
+is you've got to work out every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got to work out every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got to work out every one of
+those Christoffel symbols ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Christoffel symbols ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Christoffel symbols ok
+and some enough to get those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some enough to get those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some enough to get those things and
+in a general space-time there will be 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general space-time there will be 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general space-time there will be 40
+of them ok and you know before Odin gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them ok and you know before Odin gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them ok and you know before Odin gave
+us Mathematica that was a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Mathematica that was a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Mathematica that was a fair amount of
+labor even with Mathematica it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor even with Mathematica it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor even with Mathematica it's not
+necessarily trivial because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily trivial because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily trivial because it's really
+easy to sort of screw things up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of screw things up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to sort of screw things up with
+this you calculate the determinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you calculate the determinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you calculate the determinate of
+the metric you take its square root you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric you take its square root you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric you take its square root you
+multiply your guy you take a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your guy you take a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply your guy you take a partial
+derivative you divide okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you divide okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you divide okay that is
+something that most of us learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that most of us learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that most of us learn how to
+do quite a long time ago it cleans the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quite a long time ago it cleans the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quite a long time ago it cleans the
+hell out of this up so the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell out of this up so the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell out of this up so the fact that
+this gives us something that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us something that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us something that only
+involves partial derivatives is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this also it turns out so when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also it turns out so when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also it turns out so when you have
+things like this it gives us a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this it gives us a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this it gives us a nice way
+to express Gauss's theorem in a curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express Gauss's theorem in a curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express Gauss's theorem in a curved
+manifold so Gauss's theorem if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold so Gauss's theorem if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold so Gauss's theorem if I just
+look at the integrals that are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the integrals that are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the integrals that are rather
+the integral for Gauss's theorem let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral for Gauss's theorem let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral for Gauss's theorem let's
+put it that way let's say a Gauss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way let's say a Gauss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way let's say a Gauss is
+type integral so go back to when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type integral so go back to when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type integral so go back to when you're
+talking about conservation laws if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about conservation laws if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about conservation laws if I
+imagine I'm integrating the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm integrating the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm integrating the divergence
+of some vector field over a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some vector field over a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some vector field over a four
+dimensional volume look at that I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional volume look at that I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional volume look at that I get a
+nice cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cancellation
+so this just turns into an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just turns into an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just turns into an integral of
+that nice clean derivative over my floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice clean derivative over my floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice clean derivative over my floor
+coordinates okay and then you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay and then you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay and then you can take
+advantage of the actual content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the actual content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the actual content of
+Gauss's theorem to turn that into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss's theorem to turn that into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss's theorem to turn that into an
+integral over the three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the three-dimensional
+surface that bounds that for volume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that bounds that for volume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that bounds that for volume it's
+a good point so that's sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point so that's sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good point so that's sort of you know
+you're emboldened by this you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're emboldened by this you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're emboldened by this you say yeah
+look at that we can do all this awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that we can do all this awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that we can do all this awesome
+stuff with this with this identity gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with this with this identity gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with this with this identity gives
+me a great way to express some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a great way to express some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a great way to express some of these
+conservation laws you might think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws you might think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws you might think to
+yourself and I realized as I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and I realized as I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and I realized as I was looking
+over these notes I'm about to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these notes I'm about to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these notes I'm about to I think
+give away a part of one problems on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away a part of one problems on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give away a part of one problems on the
+pset but c'est la vie this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset but c'est la vie this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset but c'est la vie this is an
+important point can we do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point can we do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point can we do something
+similar for tensors okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for tensors okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar for tensors okay so this is
+great that you have this form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that you have this form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that you have this form for
+vectors it's you know the divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's you know the divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's you know the divergence of
+a vector is a mathematical notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector is a mathematical notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector is a mathematical notion that
+comes up in various contexts so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in various contexts so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up in various contexts so this is
+important but as we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but as we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but as we've already talked
+about the fact that things like energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that things like energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that things like energy
+and momentum are described by a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum are described by a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and momentum are described by a tensor
+the stress energy tensor so can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress energy tensor so can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress energy tensor so can we do
+this for tensors well the answer turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for tensors well the answer turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for tensors well the answer turns
+out to be no except in a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be no except in a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be no except in a handful of
+cases but I have a comment about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but I have a comment about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but I have a comment about those
+handfuls of cases so suppose I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handfuls of cases so suppose I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handfuls of cases so suppose I take this
+and I'm taking the divergence on say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking the divergence on say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking the divergence on say the
+first index of this guy so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first index of this guy so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first index of this guy so there's the
+bit involves my partial derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit involves my partial derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit involves my partial derivative I'm
+gonna have a bit that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correcting the whoops cracking the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting the whoops cracking the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting the whoops cracking the first
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first connection correction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first connection correction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first connection correction is
+you know it's of a form that does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's of a form that does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's of a form that does in
+fact involve this guy we just worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact involve this guy we just worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact involve this guy we just worked out
+this identity for and in principle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity for and in principle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity for and in principle we
+could take advantage of that to massage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take advantage of that to massage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take advantage of that to massage
+this and use this identity but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and use this identity but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and use this identity but the
+second one there's nothing we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one there's nothing we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one there's nothing we can do
+with that this you just have to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that this you just have to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that this you just have to go and
+work out all of your 40 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out all of your 40 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out all of your 40 different
+Christoffel symbols and sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols and sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols and sit down and
+slog through it this spoils your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slog through it this spoils your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slog through it this spoils your ability
+to do anything with it with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything with it with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything with it with one
+exception what if a is an anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception what if a is an anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception what if a is an anti-symmetric
+tensor a is an anti-symmetric tensor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor a is an anti-symmetric tensor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor a is an anti-symmetric tensor you
+got symmetry anti symmetry and it dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got symmetry anti symmetry and it dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got symmetry anti symmetry and it dies
+so that is one example of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is one example of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is one example of where you
+could actually apply it and I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually apply it and I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually apply it and I have you
+guys play with that a little bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys play with that a little bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys play with that a little bit on the
+P side um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P side um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P side um
+it's worth noting though that the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth noting though that the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth noting though that the main
+reason why one often finds this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why one often finds this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why one often finds this to be
+kind of a useful thing to do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a useful thing to do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a useful thing to do is that
+when you take the divergence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the divergence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the divergence to
+something like a vector you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a vector you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a vector you get you get
+a scalar out okay you get a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar out okay you get a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar out okay you get a quantity
+that is really you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really you know it's
+transformation properties between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties between
+different inertial frames or freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inertial frames or freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inertial frames or freely
+falling frames is simple so even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frames is simple so even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frames is simple so even when
+you can do this and take advantage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this and take advantage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this and take advantage this
+thing working with the divergence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing working with the divergence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing working with the divergence of a
+tensor tends out that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor tends out that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor tends out that you know
+exploiting a trick like this turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting a trick like this turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting a trick like this turns out
+to generally not be all that useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generally not be all that useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generally not be all that useful and
+I'll use the example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the example of the
+stress-energy tensor so conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-energy tensor so conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress-energy tensor so conservation of
+stress energy in special relativity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy in special relativity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy in special relativity it
+was the partial derivative that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the partial derivative that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the partial derivative that the
+divergence of the stress energy tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of the stress energy tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of the stress energy tensor
+expressed with the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed with the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed with the partial derivative
+was equal to zero we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to zero we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to zero we're going to take
+this over to covariant derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over to covariant derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over to covariant derivative the
+stress energy tensor being equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor being equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy tensor being equal to zero
+that's what the equivalence principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the equivalence principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the equivalence principle
+tells us that we can do now when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we can do now when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that we can do now when I take
+the divergence of something like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of something like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of something like to
+stress energy tensor I get a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every four vector always has implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every four vector always has implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every four vector always has implicitly
+a set of basis objects attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of basis objects attached to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of basis objects attached to it
+when I've got basis objects attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've got basis objects attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've got basis objects attached to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+those are defined with respect to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are defined with respect to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are defined with respect to like
+the tangent space at the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent space at the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent space at the particular
+point in the manifold where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the manifold where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the manifold where you are
+currently working and so if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working and so if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working and so if I want to
+try to do something like an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something like an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do something like an integral
+like this where I add up the four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where I add up the four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where I add up the four vector
+I get by taking the divergence of stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get by taking the divergence of stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get by taking the divergence of stress
+energy and integrated over a volume I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and integrated over a volume I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and integrated over a volume I'm
+going to get nonsense because what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get nonsense because what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get nonsense because what's
+going on is I'm combining vector fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is I'm combining vector fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is I'm combining vector fields
+that are defined in different tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are defined in different tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are defined in different tangent
+spaces and they can't be properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and they can't be properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and they can't be properly
+compared to one another in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one another in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one another in order to do
+that kind of a comparison you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a comparison you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a comparison you have to
+introduce a transport law okay and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a transport law okay and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a transport law okay and when
+you start doing transports over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start doing transports over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start doing transports over
+macroscopic regions you run into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic regions you run into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic regions you run into trouble
+they turn out to be path dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be path dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be path dependent and
+this is where we run into ambiguities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we run into ambiguities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we run into ambiguities
+that have to do with the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with the curvature
+content on your manifold we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content on your manifold we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content on your manifold we will discuss
+that where that comes into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where that comes into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where that comes into our
+calculations a little bit later but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations a little bit later but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations a little bit later but what
+it basically boils down to is if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically boils down to is if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically boils down to is if I use
+the stress energy tensor as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress energy tensor as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress energy tensor as an example
+this equation tells me about local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation tells me about local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation tells me about local
+conservation of energy and momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy and momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy and momentum in
+general relativity I cannot take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity I cannot take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity I cannot take the
+local conservation of energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local conservation of energy momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local conservation of energy momentum
+and promote it to a global conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote it to a global conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and promote it to a global conservation
+of energy momentum it's ambiguous we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy momentum it's ambiguous we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy momentum it's ambiguous we'll
+deal with that and the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and the conceptual
+difficulties that that presents a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that that presents a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that that presents a little
+bit later in the course but it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later in the course but it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later in the course but it's a good
+seed to plant at this point all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed to plant at this point all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed to plant at this point all right so
+let's switch gears we have a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch gears we have a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch gears we have a new set of
+mathematical tools I want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools I want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools I want to take a
+detour away from thinking about somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour away from thinking about somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour away from thinking about somewhat
+more abstract mathematical notions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract mathematical notions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract mathematical notions and
+starts thinking about how we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts thinking about how we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts thinking about how we actually do
+some physics so what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physics so what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some physics so what I want to do is
+talk today about how do we formulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today about how do we formulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk today about how do we formulate the
+kinematics of a body moving in curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of a body moving in curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of a body moving in curved
+space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've already hinted at this and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already hinted at this and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already hinted at this and some
+of my previous lectures what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my previous lectures what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my previous lectures what I want to
+do now is just basically fill in on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is just basically fill in on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is just basically fill in on some
+of the gaps the way that we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps the way that we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps the way that we do this
+really just builds on Einsteins insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just builds on Einsteins insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just builds on Einsteins insight
+about what the Prince of the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the Prince of the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the Prince of the weak
+equivalence principle means so go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle means so go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle means so go into a
+freely falling frame okay X go in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame okay X go in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame okay X go in that
+if you leaf falling frame put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you leaf falling frame put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you leaf falling frame put things
+into locally Lorentz coordinates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into locally Lorentz coordinates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into locally Lorentz coordinates in
+other words perform that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words perform that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words perform that little
+calculation that makes space-time look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that makes space-time look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that makes space-time look
+like the space-time of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the space-time of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the space-time of special
+relativity up to curvature Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the star twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the star twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the star twist
+let's consider what we always do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider what we always do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider what we always do in
+physics is we'll look at the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is we'll look at the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is we'll look at the simplest
+body first we're gonna look at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body first we're gonna look at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body first we're gonna look at what we
+call a test body so this is the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a test body so this is the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a test body so this is the body
+that has no charge no spatial extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no charge no spatial extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no charge no spatial extent
+it's of zero dimensional point no spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of zero dimensional point no spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of zero dimensional point no spin
+nothing interesting except a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you want to sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to sort of think
+about this a usual way that I find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a usual way that I find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a usual way that I find to
+think about this is all these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is all these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is all these various
+aspects to it you're sort of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it you're sort of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it you're sort of adding
+additional both either charges to it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional both either charges to it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional both either charges to it or
+additional multipolar structure to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional multipolar structure to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional multipolar structure to this
+body I'm thinking of this this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'm thinking of this this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'm thinking of this this is sort
+of like a pure monopole it's nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a pure monopole it's nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a pure monopole it's nothing but
+mass concentrated in a single zero sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass concentrated in a single zero sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass concentrated in a single zero sized
+point okay obviously it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay obviously it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay obviously it's an
+idealization but you got to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization but you got to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization but you got to start
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since it's got no charge no spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's got no charge no spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it's got no charge no spatial
+extents got nothing but mass nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extents got nothing but mass nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extents got nothing but mass nothing's
+gonna couple to it it's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna couple to it it's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna couple to it it's not gonna
+basically do anything but freefall so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do anything but freefall so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically do anything but freefall so in
+this frame the body moves on a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frame the body moves on a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frame the body moves on a purely
+inertial trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a purely inertial trajectory look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a purely inertial trajectory look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a purely inertial trajectory look
+like well you take whatever your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you take whatever your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you take whatever your initial
+conditions are and you move in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and you move in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and you move in a
+straight line with respect to time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respect to time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respect to time as
+measured on your own clock okay simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured on your own clock okay simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured on your own clock okay simplest
+stupidest possible motion that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we would obviously call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would obviously call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would obviously call that a
+straight line with respects to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respects to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line with respects to the
+parametrization that's being used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization that's being used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization that's being used in
+this representation so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation so what does that
+mean in a more general sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in a more general sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in a more general sense of the
+representation so if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so if we think about this
+a little bit more geometrically when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more geometrically when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more geometrically when a
+body is moving in a straight line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is moving in a straight line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is moving in a straight line that
+basically means that whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that whatever the
+tangent vector to its world line is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector to its world line is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector to its world line is it's
+just sliding it's essentially moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sliding it's essentially moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sliding it's essentially moving
+such that the tangent vector at time t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the tangent vector at time t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the tangent vector at time t1
+is parallel to the tangent vector at t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel to the tangent vector at t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is parallel to the tangent vector at t1
+plus delta T 1 provided that's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T 1 provided that's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T 1 provided that's at least
+small enough that they're sort of within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that they're sort of within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that they're sort of within
+the same local Lorentz frame so a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same local Lorentz frame so a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same local Lorentz frame so a more
+geometric way of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric way of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric way of thinking about this
+motion is that it's parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that it's parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is that it's parallel
+transporting its tangent vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's make this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this a little bit more
+rigorous so let's imagine this body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous so let's imagine this body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous so let's imagine this body is
+moving on a particular trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on a particular trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on a particular trajectory
+through space-time so it's a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space-time so it's a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space-time so it's a trajectory
+parametrized I will define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized I will define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized I will define this
+parametrization a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization a little bit more
+carefully very soon so for now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully very soon so for now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully very soon so for now just
+think of lambda as some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of lambda as some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of lambda as some kind of a
+quantity it's a scale that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's a scale that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's a scale that just
+accumulates uniformly as it moves along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates uniformly as it moves along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates uniformly as it moves along
+the world line so I'm gonna say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world line so I'm gonna say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world line so I'm gonna say the
+small body has a pass through space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small body has a pass through space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small body has a pass through space-time
+given by UX of lambda it's tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given by this and if it is parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this and if it is parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this and if it is parallel
+transporting its own tangent vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that is I'll remind you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is I'll remind you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is I'll remind you that the
+condition for parallel transport was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for parallel transport was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for parallel transport was
+that you take the covariant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take the covariant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take the covariant derivative
+of your field and as you are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your field and as you are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your field and as you are moving
+along you contracted along the pans as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you contracted along the pans as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you contracted along the pans as a
+tangent vector of the the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector of the the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector of the the director
+you're moving on and you get zero so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving on and you get zero so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving on and you get zero so in
+my notes there's a couple of equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes there's a couple of equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes there's a couple of equivalent
+ways of writing this so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing this so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of writing this so you will
+sometimes see this written as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes see this written as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes see this written as sort of
+the gradient along U of U annual sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient along U of U annual sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient along U of U annual sum
+times C is written as capital do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C is written as capital do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C is written as capital do you do
+lambda equals zero so these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals zero so these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals zero so these are just
+throw that out there cuz these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that out there cuz these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that out there cuz these are
+different forms that are common in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms that are common in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms that are common in the
+notation that you will see so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that you will see so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that you will see so let's
+expand this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get something like this so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like this so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like this so we're
+going to do so remember this is DX D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so remember this is DX D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so remember this is DX D
+lambda this is D by DX that's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda this is D by DX that's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda this is D by DX that's a total
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to the parameter
+lambda so this becomes now write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so this becomes now write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so this becomes now write it in
+two forms this is often written sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms this is often written sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms this is often written sort of
+expanding out the you into a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding out the you into a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding out the you into a second
+order form obvious but it's officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order form obvious but it's officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order form obvious but it's officially
+important it's worth calling it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's worth calling it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's worth calling it out and
+this has earned itself a box this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has earned itself a box this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has earned itself a box this result
+is known as the Judy Zeke equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the trajectories which solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories which solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories which solve these
+equations are known as Judy's x1 reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are known as Judy's x1 reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are known as Judy's x1 reasons
+why I highlight this is it's I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I highlight this is it's I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I highlight this is it's I'm trying
+to keep a straight face with the comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a straight face with the comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a straight face with the comment
+I want to make a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make a tremendous amount of
+research in general relativity is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in general relativity is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in general relativity is based
+around doing solutions of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing solutions of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing solutions of this equation
+for various space times that go in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various space times that go in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various space times that go in to
+make the the Christoffel symbols ok my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the Christoffel symbols ok my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the the Christoffel symbols ok my
+career it's it's probably not unkind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career it's it's probably not unkind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career it's it's probably not unkind to
+say it's probably not false to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's probably not false to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's probably not false to say that
+about 65% of my papers have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 65% of my papers have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 65% of my papers have this
+equation at its centerpiece at some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at its centerpiece at some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at its centerpiece at some part
+at some point with the the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point with the the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point with the the thing that
+goes into making my gammas things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into making my gammas things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into making my gammas things
+related to black hole space times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to black hole space times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to black hole space times this
+is really important because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important because you know
+this gives me the motion of a freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me the motion of a freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me the motion of a freely
+falling frame what is a freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frame what is a freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling frame what is a freely falling
+frame describe somebody who's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame describe somebody who's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame describe somebody who's moving
+under gravity so when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under gravity so when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under gravity so when you're doing
+things like describing orbits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like describing orbits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like describing orbits for
+example this is your tool ok tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is your tool ok tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is your tool ok tremendous
+number of applications where if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of applications where if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of applications where if what you
+care about is the motion of a body due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is the motion of a body due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is the motion of a body due
+to relativistic gravity this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relativistic gravity this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relativistic gravity this gives you
+the leading solution now bear in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading solution now bear in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading solution now bear in mind
+when I did this this is the motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this this is the motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did this this is the motion of a
+test body this is not like with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test body this is not like with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test body this is not like with no
+charge no spatial extent no spin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge no spatial extent no spin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge no spatial extent no spin that
+describes no object right so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes no object right so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes no object right so this should
+be it should be borne in mind that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it should be borne in mind that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it should be borne in mind that this
+is kind of the leading solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the leading solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the leading solution to
+thinks suppose the body is charged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks suppose the body is charged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks suppose the body is charged and
+there's an electromagnetic field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electromagnetic field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electromagnetic field that
+this body is interacting with well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body is interacting with well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this body is interacting with well then
+what you do is you are no longer gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you are no longer gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you are no longer gonna
+be parallel transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parallel transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parallel transporting
+tangent vector it will be pushed away we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector it will be pushed away we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector it will be pushed away we
+like to say from the parallel transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say from the parallel transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say from the parallel transport
+and you'll replace the zero on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll replace the zero on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll replace the zero on the right
+hand side here with a properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side here with a properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side here with a properly
+constructed force that describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed force that describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed force that describes the
+interactions of those charges with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of those charges with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of those charges with with
+the fields suppose the body has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields suppose the body has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields suppose the body has some
+size then what ends up happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then what ends up happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size then what ends up happening is that
+the body actually doesn't just couple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body actually doesn't just couple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body actually doesn't just couple to
+a single member but sort of going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single member but sort of going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single member but sort of going on
+here is that in the freely falling frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in the freely falling frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in the freely falling frame
+I'm imagining that space-time is flat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining that space-time is flat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining that space-time is flat at
+some point and in a decent of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and in a decent of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and in a decent of the city
+at that point that the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point that the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point that the first order
+Corrections are zero but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections are zero but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections are zero but it might be
+second order Corrections well imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order Corrections well imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order Corrections well imagine a
+body is so big that it sort of fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is so big that it sort of fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is so big that it sort of fills
+that freely falling frame and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freely falling frame and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that freely falling frame and it
+actually tastes those second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tastes those second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tastes those second order
+Corrections well then what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections well then what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections well then what's going to
+happen is you're gonna get additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is you're gonna get additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is you're gonna get additional
+terms on this equation which have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on this equation which have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms on this equation which have to do
+with the coupling of the spatial extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coupling of the spatial extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coupling of the spatial extent
+of that body to the curvature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that body to the curvature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that body to the curvature of the
+space-time okay that is where so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay that is where so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay that is where so for
+people who study Astrophysical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who study Astrophysical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who study Astrophysical systems
+involving binaries when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving binaries when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving binaries when you have
+spinning bodies that ends up actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning bodies that ends up actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning bodies that ends up actually
+you cannot describe a body that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot describe a body that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot describe a body that's
+spinning without it having some spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning without it having some spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning without it having some spatial
+extent and you find terms here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and you find terms here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and you find terms here that
+involve coupling of those spins to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve coupling of those spins to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve coupling of those spins to the
+curvature of the space-time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the space-time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the space-time so this is
+the sort of leading piece of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of leading piece of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of leading piece of the motion
+of a body moving the curved space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a body moving the curved space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a body moving the curved space-time
+and it's enough to do a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's enough to do a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's enough to do a tremendous
+amount basically because gravity is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount basically because gravity is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount basically because gravity is just
+so bloody strong that all these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bloody strong that all these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bloody strong that all these various
+things means it's the weakest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things means it's the weakest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things means it's the weakest
+fundamental force but you know it adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental force but you know it adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental force but you know it adds
+up because it's only got one sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's only got one sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because it's only got one sign and
+when you're dealing with some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with some of these
+things it really ends up being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it really ends up being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it really ends up being sort of
+the coupling to the monopole the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the monopole the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the monopole the most
+important thing so all these other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so all these other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing so all these other terms
+that come in and correct this are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in and correct this are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come in and correct this are small
+enough that we can sort of add them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we can sort of add them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we can sort of add them in
+and that be blunt is modern research so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that be blunt is modern research so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that be blunt is modern research so
+we make a couple of comments about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a couple of comments about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a couple of comments about this
+a more general form this will help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general form this will help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general form this will help to
+clarify what the meaning of that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what the meaning of that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify what the meaning of that lambda
+actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose that as my vector is transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that as my vector is transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that as my vector is transported
+along itself so one of the ways we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along itself so one of the ways we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along itself so one of the ways we call
+how we derive parallel transport we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we derive parallel transport we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we derive parallel transport we sort
+of imagine going into a a freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine going into a a freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine going into a a freely falling
+frame and a Lorentz representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and a Lorentz representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and a Lorentz representation and
+we said in that frame I'm gonna imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said in that frame I'm gonna imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said in that frame I'm gonna imagine
+moving this thing along holding its all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this thing along holding its all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this thing along holding its all
+the components constants that define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components constants that define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components constants that define
+parallel transport imagine that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport imagine that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transport imagine that I don't
+keep the components constant but I hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the components constant but I hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the components constant but I hold
+them all in a constant ratio with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in a constant ratio with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in a constant ratio with
+respect to each other but I allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other but I allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other but I allow the
+overall magnitude to expand or contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we allow the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization to change as it slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to change as it slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to change as it slides
+along well the way I would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along well the way I would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along well the way I would sort of
+mathematically formulate this is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically formulate this is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically formulate this is I'm
+gonna use a notation that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use a notation that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use a notation that looks like
+this so recall this capital D is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so recall this capital D is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so recall this capital D is this
+sort of a shorthand for this combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a shorthand for this combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a shorthand for this combination
+of combination of the four that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination of the four that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination of the four that the
+tangent and the covariant derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and the covariant derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and the covariant derivative I'm
+gonna call the parametrization I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call the parametrization I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call the parametrization I use
+when I set up like this lambda star for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I set up like this lambda star for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I set up like this lambda star for
+reasons that I hope will be clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I hope will be clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that I hope will be clear in
+just about two minutes so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about two minutes so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about two minutes so what I'm
+basically saying is that as I move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying is that as I move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying is that as I move along
+I don't keep the components constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't keep the components constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't keep the components constant but
+I keep them proportional to where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep them proportional to where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep them proportional to where they
+were on the previous step okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the previous step okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the previous step okay but I
+allow their magnitude to change by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow their magnitude to change by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow their magnitude to change by some
+function which I'll call Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you might look at that and think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might look at that and think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might look at that and think you
+know that's a more general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a more general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a more general kind of
+transport law it seems to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport law it seems to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport law it seems to describe
+physically a very similar situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically a very similar situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically a very similar situation here
+it's kind of annoying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of annoying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of annoying that this
+normalization is changing is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is changing is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is changing is there
+anything going on with this well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything going on with this well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything going on with this well you
+guys are going to do as a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to do as a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to do as a homework
+exercise you're gonna prove that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you're gonna prove that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you're gonna prove that if this
+is the situation you're in you've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the situation you're in you've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the situation you're in you've chosen
+the dumb parameterization and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumb parameterization and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumb parameterization and you can
+actually convert this to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convert this to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convert this to the normal
+judie tzuke parameterization by just re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judie tzuke parameterization by just re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judie tzuke parameterization by just re
+labeling your lambda so we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling your lambda so we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling your lambda so we can always
+reaper ammeter eyes this such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaper ammeter eyes this such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaper ammeter eyes this such that the
+right-hand side is 0 in right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side is 0 in right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side is 0 in right hand side
+being 0 corresponds to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being 0 corresponds to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being 0 corresponds to the the
+transported vacuum remaining constant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported vacuum remaining constant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported vacuum remaining constant as
+it moves along so I'll just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves along so I'll just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves along so I'll just quickly
+sketch so imagine there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch so imagine there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch so imagine there exists some
+different parameterization which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterization which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterization which I will
+call random so imagine something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call random so imagine something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call random so imagine something that
+gives me my normal parallel transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me my normal parallel transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me my normal parallel transport
+exists ok and I have a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists ok and I have a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists ok and I have a different one
+that involves this this star parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves this this star parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves this this star parameter
+you can actually show that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually show that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually show that these two
+things describe exactly the same motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things describe exactly the same motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things describe exactly the same motion
+but with lambda and the sort of the dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with lambda and the sort of the dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with lambda and the sort of the dumb
+parametrization lambda star related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization lambda star related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization lambda star related to
+each other by a particular integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this shows us is we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this shows us is we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this shows us is we can always
+as long as I'm talking about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I'm talking about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as I'm talking about motion
+where you know I'm in this regime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know I'm in this regime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know I'm in this regime where
+there's no forces acting it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no forces acting it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no forces acting it's not an
+extended body it's just a test body I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended body it's just a test body I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended body it's just a test body I
+can always put it into a regime where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always put it into a regime where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always put it into a regime where it
+obey oh Judy's ik and the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey oh Judy's ik and the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey oh Judy's ik and the right hand
+side is equal to zero if I'm fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to zero if I'm fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is equal to zero if I'm fighting
+that's not the case I need to adjust my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case I need to adjust my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case I need to adjust my
+parameterization when you are in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization when you are in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization when you are in fact in
+a parameterization such that the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameterization such that the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameterization such that the right
+hand side is zero you are using what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is zero you are using what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is zero you are using what is
+called an affine parameterization that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an affine parameterization that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an affine parameterization that's
+a name that's worth knowing about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that's worth knowing about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that's worth knowing about so
+your intuition is that the affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition is that the affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition is that the affine
+parameterization I sort of describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization I sort of describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization I sort of describe this
+in words last time and this has helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words last time and this has helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words last time and this has helped
+to sort of make a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of make a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of make a little bit more
+mathematically precise what those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise what those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise what those words
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affine parameters corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affine parameters corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affine parameters corresponds to the
+tick marks on the world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being uniformly spaced in the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uniformly spaced in the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uniformly spaced in the local
+events frame if you are working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events frame if you are working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events frame if you are working with
+time like trajectories which if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like trajectories which if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like trajectories which if you are
+a physicist you will be much much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physicist you will be much much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physicist you will be much much of the
+time a really good choice of the FIM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a really good choice of the FIM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a really good choice of the FIM
+parameter is the proper time of a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is the proper time of a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is the proper time of a body
+moving through the space-time okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the space-time okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the space-time okay that
+is something that is uniformly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is uniformly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is uniformly spaced
+you know swimming that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know swimming that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know swimming that you don't have to
+assume anything that's just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything that's just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything that's just by
+definition it's the thing that uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's the thing that uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's the thing that uniformly
+measures the time is experienced by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the time is experienced by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the time is experienced by that
+observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is you guys are going to do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you guys are going to do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is you guys are going to do on
+pset 4 this is the exercise you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset 4 this is the exercise you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset 4 this is the exercise you need to
+do to convert a non-affine parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to convert a non-affine parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to convert a non-affine parameterize
+to use ik to an affine parameterize one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use ik to an affine parameterize one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use ik to an affine parameterize one
+that kind of permutation it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of permutation it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of permutation it's not too
+hard to show that if we adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show that if we adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show that if we adjust the
+parameterization in a linear fashion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization in a linear fashion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization in a linear fashion so
+in other words let's say I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words let's say I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words let's say I go from
+lambda to some lambda prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda to some lambda prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda to some lambda prime which is
+equal to a lambda plus B where a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a lambda plus B where a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a lambda plus B where a and B
+are both constants we get a new affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both constants we get a new affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both constants we get a new affine
+parameterization but that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization but that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization but that's the only
+class of reefed ranch relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of reefed ranch relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of reefed ranch relations that
+allows me to do that and hopefully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do that and hopefully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do that and hopefully that
+makes sense if you imagine that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if you imagine that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if you imagine that you're
+using proper time as your reparent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using proper time as your reparent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using proper time as your reparent or
+zation this is basically saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zation this is basically saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zation this is basically saying that you
+just chose a different origin for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chose a different origin for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chose a different origin for when
+you started your clock and this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started your clock and this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started your clock and this means
+you change the units in which you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the units in which you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the units in which you are
+measuring time that's all so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring time that's all so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring time that's all so I'm going
+to skip a bunch of the details but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip a bunch of the details but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip a bunch of the details but I'm
+gonna scan and put up the notes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna scan and put up the notes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna scan and put up the notes a
+corresponding to one other route to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one other route to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one other route to
+getting to the judy's equation which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the judy's equation which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the judy's equation which i
+think is it's definitely worth knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is it's definitely worth knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is it's definitely worth knowing
+about it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it connects very nicely to other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects very nicely to other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects very nicely to other other
+work in classical mechanics so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in classical mechanics so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in classical mechanics so it's a
+bit of a shame that we're gonna need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a shame that we're gonna need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a shame that we're gonna need to
+skip over it but we're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over it but we're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over it but we're a little bit
+behind pace and this is straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind pace and this is straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind pace and this is straightforward
+enough that I feel ok posting the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that I feel ok posting the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that I feel ok posting the notes
+that you can read it so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read it so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read it so there is a
+second path to Judy's ex so recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second path to Judy's ex so recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second path to Judy's ex so recall the
+way that we argued how to get the Judy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we argued how to get the Judy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we argued how to get the Judy's
+equation which we said we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we said we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we said we're going to go
+in to attach it in the board read above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to attach it in the board read above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to attach it in the board read above
+where I'm running right now go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm running right now go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm running right now go into the
+freely falling frame I have a body that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame I have a body that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame I have a body that
+isn't coupling to anything but gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't coupling to anything but gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't coupling to anything but gravity
+therefore in the freely falling frame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in the freely falling frame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in the freely falling frame it
+just maintains its momentum it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintains its momentum it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maintains its momentum it's gonna
+go in a straight line straight means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a straight line straight means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a straight line straight means
+parallel transporting tangent vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transporting tangent vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel transporting tangent vector
+math math math and that's how we get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math math math and that's how we get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math math math and that's how we get all
+that so what this boiled down to is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what this boiled down to is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what this boiled down to is I
+was trying to make rigorous in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make rigorous in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to make rigorous in a
+geometric sense what straight meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sense what straight meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sense what straight meant
+there's another notion of straights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another notion of straights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another notion of straights that
+one can imagine applying when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can imagine applying when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can imagine applying when you're
+working in a curved space so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a curved space so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a curved space so your
+intuition for if you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for if you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for if you're talking about
+you know how do I make a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do I make a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do I make a straight line
+between two points on a globe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points on a globe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points on a globe your
+intuition is you say oh well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is you say oh well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is you say oh well the
+straightest line that I can make is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightest line that I can make is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightest line that I can make is the
+path that is shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay we're gonna formulate now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna formulate now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna formulate now I will
+leave the the details in the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the the details in the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the the details in the calculation
+to the notes we're gonna formulate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notes we're gonna formulate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notes we're gonna formulate how
+one can apply a similar thing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can apply a similar thing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can apply a similar thing to the
+notion of Judy's X so imagine I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Judy's X so imagine I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of Judy's X so imagine I've got
+an event P here an event queue up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event P here an event queue up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event P here an event queue up here
+and I ask myself what is the accumulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I ask myself what is the accumulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I ask myself what is the accumulated
+proper time experienced by all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time experienced by all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time experienced by all possible
+paths that take me from event P to event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that take me from event P to event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that take me from event P to event
+Q I'm gonna need to restrict myself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q I'm gonna need to restrict myself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q I'm gonna need to restrict myself I
+want to be something that an observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be something that an observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be something that an observer
+consider all time like trajectories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all time like trajectories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all time like trajectories that
+connect event P to event Q so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect event P to event Q so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect event P to event Q so you know
+I've got one a path it kind of goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one a path it kind of goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one a path it kind of goes like
+this got path it goes like this some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got path it goes like this some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got path it goes like this some of
+them might have just become somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them might have just become somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them might have just become somewhat
+spaced likes if I should rule them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced likes if I should rule them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced likes if I should rule them out
+but you get the idea imagine I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get the idea imagine I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get the idea imagine I take all
+the possible time like paths to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible time like paths to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible time like paths to connect
+P and Q some of those paths will involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q some of those paths will involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and Q some of those paths will involve
+strong accelerations okay so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong accelerations okay so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong accelerations okay so they will
+not be the freefall path among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the freefall path among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the freefall path among them
+there will be one that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be one that corresponds
+exactly to freefall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I were talking about you imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were talking about you imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were talking about you imagine I
+was trying to and this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to and this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to and this is something that
+Muslim astronomers worked out and long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim astronomers worked out and long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim astronomers worked out and long
+long ago they want to know the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago they want to know the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago they want to know the shortest
+path from some point on earth towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from some point on earth towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from some point on earth towards
+Mecca and so you needed to find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mecca and so you needed to find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mecca and so you needed to find what the
+shortest distance was for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance was for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance was for something like
+that and you know when you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know when you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you know when you're doing this
+on the surface of a sphere that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a sphere that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a sphere that's kind
+of complicated and that's where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated and that's where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated and that's where that's
+where the Qibla arose from it's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Qibla arose from it's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Qibla arose from it's working
+out the mathematics to know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mathematics to know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the mathematics to know how to do
+this this is a similar kind of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a similar kind of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a similar kind of concept
+I'm trying to define in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to define in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to define in this case it's
+gonna turn out it's not the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna turn out it's not the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna turn out it's not the shortest
+path but it's the path on which an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but it's the path on which an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but it's the path on which an
+observer ages the most because as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer ages the most because as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer ages the most because as soon
+as you accelerate someone it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you accelerate someone it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you accelerate someone it's not hard
+to go back to some of those problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to some of those problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to some of those problem sets
+do you guys did where you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys did where you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys did where you look at
+accelerated observers acceleration tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated observers acceleration tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated observers acceleration tends
+to decrease the amount of aging you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease the amount of aging you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease the amount of aging you have
+as you move through some interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move through some interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move through some interval of
+space-time so the path that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so the path that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so the path that has no
+acceleration on it this is gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on it this is gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on it this is gonna be the
+one on which an observer is maximally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on which an observer is maximally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on which an observer is maximally
+aged Y maximum instead of minimum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged Y maximum instead of minimum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged Y maximum instead of minimum what
+comes down to the bloody minus sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the bloody minus sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the bloody minus sign that
+enters into the timepiece of an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into the timepiece of an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into the timepiece of an interval
+that we have in relativity okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in relativity okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in relativity okay that's
+all I say about that it's just boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I say about that it's just boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I say about that it's just boils
+down to that so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to that so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to that so what we want to do is
+say okay well along all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well along all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well along all of these
+trajectories the amount of proper time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories the amount of proper time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories the amount of proper time
+that's accumulated so let's let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accumulated so let's let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accumulated so let's let's let's
+just say that every one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that every one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that every one of these is
+parametrized by some lambda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized by some lambda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized by some lambda that
+describes the motion along these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the amount of proper time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount of proper time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount of proper time that
+someone accumulates as they move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone accumulates as they move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone accumulates as they move from
+point P which is at let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P which is at let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point P which is at let's say this is
+defined as lambda equals zero and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as lambda equals zero and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as lambda equals zero and in
+determining what the top land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what the top land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what the top land is
+actually going to be is whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be is whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be is whatever it
+takes when you get up to lambda of Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes when you get up to lambda of Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes when you get up to lambda of Q so
+what the notes I'm going to post do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the notes I'm going to post do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the notes I'm going to post do is
+they define an action principle that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define an action principle that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define an action principle that can
+be applied to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied to understand what the
+trajectory is that allows you to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll just hit the highlights so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just hit the highlights so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just hit the highlights so in
+notes to be posted I show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to be posted I show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to be posted I show that this
+delta T this Delta Tau rather this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T this Delta Tau rather this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T this Delta Tau rather this can
+be used to define an action looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to define an action looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to define an action looks like
+this and then if you vary the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather you you do a variation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you you do a variation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather you you do a variation of your
+trajectory where you require that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory where you require that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory where you require that the
+action that the action remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that the action remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that the action remains
+stationary under that variation in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary under that variation in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary under that variation in other
+words I take I require Delta I equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I take I require Delta I equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I take I require Delta I equals 0
+as X goes over to such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what you wind up with is Delta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you wind up with is Delta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you wind up with is Delta I
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice what I've got in here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what I've got in here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what I've got in here this is
+just a Christoffel symbol so when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Christoffel symbol so when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Christoffel symbol so when I do
+this variation what I find and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation what I find and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variation what I find and by the
+way going from essentially that board to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way going from essentially that board to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way going from essentially that board to
+that board it's about a three Courtney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board it's about a three Courtney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board it's about a three Courtney
+on two thirds of a page of algebra going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two thirds of a page of algebra going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two thirds of a page of algebra going
+down to this one there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this one there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this one there's a bunch of
+straightforward but fairly tedious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but fairly tedious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but fairly tedious stuff
+that's one of reasons why I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of reasons why I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of reasons why I'm sort of
+skipping over the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping over the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping over the details
+we've got enough gia news on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the key point is I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key point is I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key point is I am going to
+require that my action be stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that my action be stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that my action be stationary
+independent of the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the nature of the
+variation that I make so that to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that I make so that to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that I make so that to be true
+the quantity in braces here must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in braces here must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in braces here must be
+equal to zero just write that down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero just write that down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero just write that down over
+here this is a good place to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a good place to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a good place to conclude
+today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we acquire this to be zero for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we acquire this to be zero for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we acquire this to be zero for any
+variation you get the bracketed term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation you get the bracketed term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation you get the bracketed term
+being equal to zero pull that out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero pull that out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero pull that out and
+sort of clear out that factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clear out that factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clear out that factor of the
+metric with an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got your gdz equation back so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your gdz equation back so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got your gdz equation back so let me
+just quickly wrap this up so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly wrap this up so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly wrap this up so this is
+it's worth looking over these notes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth looking over these notes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth looking over these notes um
+it's not worth going through them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth going through them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth going through them in
+gory detail on the board which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gory detail on the board which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gory detail on the board which is why
+I'm skipping a few pages of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping a few pages of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping a few pages of these things
+but what this demonstrates is that Judy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this demonstrates is that Judy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what this demonstrates is that Judy
+is X you know our original definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X you know our original definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X you know our original definition is
+that they sort of carry the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sort of carry the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sort of carry the notion of a
+straight line in a straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line in a straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line in a straightforward way
+from where they are obvious in a locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they are obvious in a locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they are obvious in a locally
+Lorentz frame to a more covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame to a more covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame to a more covariant
+formulation of that so they generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of that so they generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of that so they generalize
+straight line to a curved space-time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they give the trajectory of extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the trajectory of extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give the trajectory of extremal
+agent no where's the trajectory along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent no where's the trajectory along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent no where's the trajectory along
+which between any two points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which between any two points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which between any two points and
+space-time and observer moving from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and observer moving from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time and observer moving from one
+to the other will accumulate the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other will accumulate the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other will accumulate the most
+proper time so I'm gonna stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time so I'm gonna stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper time so I'm gonna stop here
+there's a bit more which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit more which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit more which I would like to
+do but it's known at the time though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's known at the time though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but it's known at the time though I
+sorry tell you the key things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry tell you the key things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry tell you the key things that I
+want to say next everything that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say next everything that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say next everything that I've
+done here so far is I've I've really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so far is I've I've really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here so far is I've I've really
+fixated on time light trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixated on time light trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixated on time light trajectory
+I've imagined it's a body with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've imagined it's a body with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've imagined it's a body with some
+finite rest mass where I can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rest mass where I can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite rest mass where I can make a
+sensible notion of proper time we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible notion of proper time we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible notion of proper time we are
+also going to want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to want to talk about the
+behavior of light light moves on null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of light light moves on null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of light light moves on null
+trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories
+I cannot sensibly define proper time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot sensibly define proper time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot sensibly define proper time on
+long such a trajectory ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long such a trajectory ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long such a trajectory ah
+they are massless and there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are massless and there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are massless and there's all sorts
+of properties associated with them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties associated with them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties associated with them that
+just make this analysis the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make this analysis the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make this analysis the way I've
+done it so far I'll need to tweak things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it so far I'll need to tweak things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it so far I'll need to tweak things
+a little bit in order for it to work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in order for it to work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in order for it to work we
+will do that tweaking it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that tweaking it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that tweaking it's actually
+quite straightforward and allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward and allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward and allows us to
+also bring in a bit more intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bring in a bit more intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also bring in a bit more intuition about
+what a fine parameters mean when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fine parameters mean when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fine parameters mean when we do
+that so that'll be the one thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that'll be the one thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that'll be the one thing we do
+the other it's unfortunate I wasn't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other it's unfortunate I wasn't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other it's unfortunate I wasn't able
+to get to it today but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to it today but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to it today but it's a
+straightforward thing which I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing which I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing which I think I
+may include in the notes that I post is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may include in the notes that I post is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may include in the notes that I post is
+including what happens if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what happens if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what happens if your
+space-time so if this if the metric you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so if this if the metric you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so if this if the metric you
+use to generate these crystals has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to generate these crystals has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to generate these crystals has a
+killing factor associated with it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing factor associated with it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing factor associated with it you
+can combine killings equation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine killings equation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine killings equation with the
+gdz equation to prove the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdz equation to prove the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdz equation to prove the existence of
+conserved quantities associate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved quantities associate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved quantities associate that
+motion and that's where we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that's where we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that's where we start to
+begin to see that you know if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see that you know if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see that you know if I have a
+space-time that has that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that has that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that has that it's
+independent of time there's a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of time there's a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of time there's a notion of
+conserved energy associated with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved energy associated with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved energy associated with it so
+we will do that on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4VvpqIVwsuc.txt b/4VvpqIVwsuc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8c6355028b228a01956f8f03bf6c9815af9d4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4VvpqIVwsuc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+ANTHONY: The history of
+5.301, right here.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+IKE: It's over.
+
+And I miss it already.
+
+NARRATOR: It's the last
+day of 5.301.
+
+Next week, everybody will turn
+in their lab reports.
+
+And the week after that, they'll
+all pass the class.
+
+IKE: I came with no
+lab experience.
+
+This is my first ever lab.
+
+ETHAN: I didn't have any
+research experience coming
+
+here at MIT, at least
+in the sciences.
+
+LINA: In the beginning,
+I understood nothing.
+
+IKE: I learned a lot.
+
+I actually knew the whole
+theoretical part of it.
+
+But I was always interested in
+getting to know this part too.
+
+LEALIA: And I learned a lot
+about chem lab techniques.
+
+IKE: I got a hang of it.
+
+Starting, I was really bad.
+
+You could asK Phil or anyone.
+
+LINA: As I've progressed in
+this class, I think I've
+
+gotten a lot better.
+
+NARRATOR: It's been a journey
+for everyone.
+
+But it's not all about
+the science.
+
+LINA: The best thing
+about 5.301 was
+
+getting to meet the people.
+
+It was really, really fun.
+
+ETHAN: It was a lot of fun.
+
+DAN: I had a ton of fun
+in lab, meeting
+
+everyone, making friends.
+
+ETHAN: We really bonded a lot
+in those three weeks.
+
+LEALIA: I'm going to miss the
+class and the atmosphere.
+
+HANSOL: Everybody's talking
+to each other.
+
+And we're all getting
+to know each other.
+
+And we're all loud.
+
+ETHAN: The spirit of
+5.301 will live on.
+
+NARRATOR: The chemistry
+department is getting a few
+
+more majors this year.
+
+DAN: Taking this lab class
+especially strengthened my
+
+desire to pursue chemistry.
+
+ANTHONY: I actually switched
+my major from chemical
+
+engineering to chemistry.
+
+I think it was the right
+choice for me.
+
+After 5.301, I realized that I
+really did like being in lab.
+
+I do have a strong passion for
+chemistry in that I could do
+
+it for the rest of my life.
+
+NARRATOR: Hansol doesn't
+know it yet.
+
+But she'll declare chemistry
+as well.
+
+At the end of the day, Dr.
+Dolhun meets with every
+
+student individually to
+say good bye and help
+
+them find a UROP lab.
+
+EMILY: He just wanted to say
+that he enjoyed having us and
+
+asked us what our plans
+were for our majors
+
+and stuff like that.
+
+ANTHONY: I just talked to him
+about how the class was, what
+
+I was thinking about doing.
+
+And he was letting me know that
+he'll be here to help us,
+
+read our drafts of emails
+to professors and stuff.
+
+NARRATOR: And just a few weeks
+later, Emily, Hansol, and Ike
+
+all have UROPs.
+
+EMILY: The research that I'm
+doing in the Essigmann lab is
+
+we are looking at some
+chlorouracil derivatives.
+
+And we're putting these
+lesions inside DNA.
+
+And we're testing it to see if
+it causes any mutations.
+
+And this can lead to diabetes
+and cancer.
+
+We're studying this just to
+locate exactly what each
+
+lesions do and how they
+affect the body.
+
+HANSOL: Hi, I'm in lab.
+
+The whole purpose of what I'm
+doing is to figure out how
+
+fast we can make peptide
+Fmoc chemistry.
+
+And right now, I'm currently
+designing an experiment to
+
+take a peptide at room
+temperature and compare it
+
+with how it couples under a
+microwave at 60 degrees, which
+
+is the optimal temperature.
+
+IKE: I got a UROP.
+
+Yeah, so they delivered
+on their promise.
+
+It's working with metal organic
+frameworks, or MOFs,
+
+which are really well structured
+organic molecules.
+
+The most important
+thing was 5.301.
+
+I took that.
+
+It was like, all right, this
+guy is prepared, you know?
+
+See ya.
+
+I'm out.
+
+I'm out.
+
+Monday, I wake up at
+2:00 PM, yeah.
+
+NARRATOR: 5.301 was tough.
+
+But Anthony, Lina, Ike,
+Emily and the
+
+others met the challenge.
+
+IKE: Don't feel intimidated.
+
+You're still here, right?
+
+You still made it.
+
+Make the best of
+what you have.
+
+You're just like
+everyone else.
+
+You're as smart as
+everyone else.
+
+That's why you're here.
+
+You're here for a purpose.
+
+So do your thing, study
+hard, and you'll pass.
+
+I won't guarantee an A though.
+
+But you'll pass.
+
+PHIL: Oh no, don't film this.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5DUQ3-Y_gX4.txt b/5DUQ3-Y_gX4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7238ff114cf6209a460f17d5f07b67a4d00749fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5DUQ3-Y_gX4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7976 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talked about but just you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but just you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but just you know a little
+bit more slowly and more uh uh just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more slowly and more uh uh just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more slowly and more uh uh just try
+and lay out the rules for you as clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out the rules for you as clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out the rules for you as clearly
+as I can and what we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can and what we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can and what we're going to try and
+do is again just revisit the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is again just revisit the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is again just revisit the notion of a
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+uh to try and uh write it in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try and uh write it in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try and uh write it in a way that
+we can generalize to other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize to other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize to other kinds of
+objects and so I'm going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so I'm going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so I'm going to start with
+1801 and then go to 1802 and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 and then go to 1802 and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 and then go to 1802 and so forth so
+as Alan said you know the the key notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Alan said you know the the key notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Alan said you know the the key notion
+of a derivative which is I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a derivative which is I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a derivative which is I think it's
+it's easy to get so good at taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get so good at taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get so good at taking
+derivatives like you know knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like you know knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives like you know knowing the
+rule for the derivative of sine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the derivative of sine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for the derivative of sine or
+cosine or x squared you're so good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or x squared you're so good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or x squared you're so good at
+doing them that you forget what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing them that you forget what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing them that you forget what they are
+right and so the very first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the very first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the very first thing you
+learned about a derivative is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about a derivative is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about a derivative is that it's
+the slope of the tangent but what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the tangent but what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the tangent but what what
+that really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is
+is linearization right so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linearization right so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linearization right so you have some
+arbitrary maybe non-linear function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary maybe non-linear function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary maybe non-linear function f of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and you're at a point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're at a point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're at a point x
+and near that point you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and near that point you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and near that point you're going to
+approximate the function with a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the function with a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the function with a straight
+line that's the tangent so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the tangent so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's the tangent so it's really
+the linear approximation of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear approximation of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear approximation of f
+and then if you move a little bit away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you move a little bit away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you move a little bit away
+from X so let me call that Delta X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X so let me call that Delta X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X so let me call that Delta X so
+not d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not d
+the Delta is going to be a finite change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is going to be a finite change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is going to be a finite change
+e is going to be infinitesimal pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be infinitesimal pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be infinitesimal pretty
+soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon
+but if you move just a finite amount a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you move just a finite amount a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you move just a finite amount a
+little finding my Delta X away of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finding my Delta X away of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finding my Delta X away of course
+the function value changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function value changes
+but in the linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the linear approximation
+the the new function values the Red Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new function values the Red Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new function values the Red Dot
+here so that linear approximation is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that linear approximation is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that linear approximation is you
+you have the if you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the if you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the if you're taking the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh f of x at X Plus Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x at X Plus Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x at X Plus Delta X
+the new value is f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new value is f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new value is f of x
+and then this linear thing is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this linear thing is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this linear thing is just the
+slope which we call F Prime of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which we call F Prime of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which we call F Prime of x times
+Delta X right that's just the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X right that's just the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X right that's just the definition
+of the slope it's the little change in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope it's the little change in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope it's the little change in y
+for a little change in X right and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little change in X right and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little change in X right and of
+course these two terms are not exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two terms are not exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two terms are not exact
+right this this red dot doesn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this red dot doesn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this red dot doesn't exactly
+match where you are in the real function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match where you are in the real function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match where you are in the real function
+so there are also corrections but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also corrections but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also corrections but the
+corrections are higher order they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections are higher order they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections are higher order they're
+terms that look like Delta x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that look like Delta x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that look like Delta x squared
+Delta X cubed maybe maybe if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X cubed maybe maybe if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X cubed maybe maybe if the
+function is not uh higher it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not uh higher it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not uh higher it doesn't
+have higher derivatives it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher derivatives it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher derivatives it might have
+like square root of Delta X so Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like square root of Delta X so Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like square root of Delta X so Delta x
+to the 1.1 but these are all terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1.1 but these are all terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1.1 but these are all terms that
+are like going to be like higher powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like going to be like higher powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like going to be like higher powers
+of Delta X terms that if Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta X terms that if Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta X terms that if Delta X is
+sufficiently small these terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small these terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small these terms will
+become more and more negligible compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more negligible compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more negligible compared
+to this linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this linear term
+and there's a nice notation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice notation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice notation for this
+from that's used a lot in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's used a lot in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's used a lot in computer
+science less so in outside of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science less so in outside of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science less so in outside of that but
+it is used in calculus as well maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is used in calculus as well maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is used in calculus as well maybe not
+in 1801 is this asymptotic notation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1801 is this asymptotic notation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1801 is this asymptotic notation in
+computer science you probably if many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you probably if many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you probably if many of
+you will have seen Big O notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have seen Big O notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have seen Big O notation here
+I'm going to use a variant called little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a variant called little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a variant called little
+O notation so this is not a capital O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O notation so this is not a capital O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O notation so this is not a capital O
+this is the lowercase so so these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lowercase so so these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lowercase so so these terms
+we call Little o of Delta X that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Little o of Delta X that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Little o of Delta X that's a
+little o of Delta X it denotes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o of Delta X it denotes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o of Delta X it denotes any
+function that decays that goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that decays that goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that decays that goes to zero
+faster than linear faster than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than linear faster than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than linear faster than you know
+than than Delta X so Delta x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than Delta X so Delta x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than Delta X so Delta x squared
+goes to zero faster than Delta X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero faster than Delta X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero faster than Delta X as
+Delta X goes to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X goes to zero right and so you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to zero right and so you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X goes to zero right and so you you you
+look at this thing and this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this thing and this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this thing and this probably
+looks a lot like a Taylor series right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a Taylor series right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like a Taylor series right
+you do a Taylor expansion of f of x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a Taylor expansion of f of x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a Taylor expansion of f of x plus
+delt X around f of x is the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt X around f of x is the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt X around f of x is the first term
+this is the second term the third term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second term the third term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the second term the third term
+remember is like one half F double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is like one half F double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is like one half F double Prime
+Delta x squared or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x squared or something like that
+right but that's the wrong way to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's the wrong way to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's the wrong way to look
+at this a Taylor series is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this a Taylor series is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this a Taylor series is a much more
+advanced concept it's something you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced concept it's something you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced concept it's something you get
+to much later in calculus and for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much later in calculus and for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much later in calculus and for good
+reason because not not every function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because not not every function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because not not every function
+even has a Taylor series that converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even has a Taylor series that converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even has a Taylor series that converges
+this is more basic this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more basic this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more basic this is this is
+really really the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really the definition of a
+derivative the the derivative is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the the derivative is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the the derivative is the
+linearization right if you make a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right if you make a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right if you make a small
+change in Delta X the change in in F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Delta X the change in in F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Delta X the change in in F is
+a linear term plus smaller stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear term plus smaller stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear term plus smaller stuff right
+and that smaller stuff only gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that smaller stuff only gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that smaller stuff only gives you a
+Taylor series if it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series if it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series if it's basically a
+polynomial right if it might it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial right if it might it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial right if it might it might be
+smaller stuff like Delta x to the 1.1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller stuff like Delta x to the 1.1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller stuff like Delta x to the 1.1 in
+which case it doesn't have a Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case it doesn't have a Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case it doesn't have a Taylor
+series but this is always true this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but this is always true this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but this is always true this is
+just this is what it means to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is what it means to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is what it means to be the
+slope of a tangent right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of a tangent right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of a tangent right and so
+the the nice thing about this is Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice thing about this is Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice thing about this is Alan
+says is this this notion if we keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is this this notion if we keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is this this notion if we keep the
+delt X on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt X on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt X on the right
+this is going to be much easier to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be much easier to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be much easier to um to
+to to generalize to other kinds of x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to generalize to other kinds of x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to generalize to other kinds of x's
+that are vectors or matrices or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are vectors or matrices or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are vectors or matrices or even
+other functions other other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions other other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions other other kinds of
+things right so so that so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so so that so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so so that so this is the
+the linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we're going to have a a Delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which is which I'm going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as f of x plus Delta X and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of x plus Delta X and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as f of x plus Delta X and again the
+Delta with the Greek letter Delta is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta with the Greek letter Delta is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta with the Greek letter Delta is not
+infinitesimal it's just a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal it's just a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal it's just a small number
+it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it
+just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is that thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is that thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is that thing right
+um but I'm going to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to drop
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher order terms so there'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms so there'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms so there'll be an
+error there right so this is uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there right so this is uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there right so this is uh um
+well yeah so that was actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so that was actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so that was actually let me
+put this another way so this is uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this another way so this is uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this another way so this is uh it's
+going to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be approximately
+F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+Delta X Plus higher order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the this is the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the this is the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the this is the higher
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is a small change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the resulting Small Change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the resulting Small Change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the resulting Small Change
+in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this this is going to be the
+the definition of the derivative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the derivative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the derivative that
+the derivative is whatever you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is whatever you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is whatever you do to
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+to give you the to first order to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the to first order to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the to first order to give
+you the linear uh a change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the linear uh a change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the linear uh a change in the output
+for a small change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small change in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small change in the input
+it's a little annoying though to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little annoying though to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little annoying though to keep
+these these O's right around so we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these O's right around so we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these O's right around so we keep
+always having to whenever we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having to whenever we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having to whenever we have a
+finite change in the input and a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change in the input and a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite change in the input and a finite
+change in the output this is never exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the output this is never exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the output this is never exact
+this is an approximate uh relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximate uh relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximate uh relationship
+and uh and we have to keep saying plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we have to keep saying plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we have to keep saying plus
+high order terms plus higher order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order terms plus higher order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order terms plus higher order terms
+plus little o Delta X and it's annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little o Delta X and it's annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little o Delta X and it's annoying
+uh so it's it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's it's easier
+to to use uh to switch to differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to use uh to switch to differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to use uh to switch to differential
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm going to I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to I'm just going to
+change my Delta my Delta to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my Delta my Delta to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my Delta my Delta to D
+it's a DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a DF
+is going to be f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be f
+lot of x uh plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of x uh plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of x uh plus DX
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x
+and we're gonna and and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna and and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna and and this is going to
+be uh F Prime of uh X DX where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh F Prime of uh X DX where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh F Prime of uh X DX where this is
+I'm just going to write equal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write equal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write equal right so
+we can think of this this as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of this this as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of this this as this
+differentiable at this differential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at this differential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at this differential in
+DX is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is being
+arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's really a limit of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a limit of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a limit of some kind of
+limit of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so what you can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you can also think of
+it as really it's just this but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as really it's just this but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as really it's just this but I'm just
+implicitly going to drop any higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly going to drop any higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly going to drop any higher
+order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+that's how I like to think of it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I like to think of it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I like to think of it right
+yeah so we don't have to get too fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we don't have to get too fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we don't have to get too fancy
+with uh defining differentials I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh defining differentials I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh defining differentials I mean
+this is a definition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definition right
+this this is just shorthand for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just shorthand for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just shorthand for this
+where I don't have to write plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't have to write plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I don't have to write plus a
+little over Delta X all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and and so it's important to to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it's important to to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so it's important to to keep in
+so this F Prime to Delta X this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this F Prime to Delta X this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this F Prime to Delta X this is is
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+DF is the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is the differential
+so if I ask you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I ask you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I ask you for
+the derivative I'm asking for f Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative I'm asking for f Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative I'm asking for f Prime
+I'm not asking for DF of course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking for DF of course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking for DF of course they're
+related right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related right and
+Let's see we can move this in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see we can move this in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see we can move this in something
+like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um what was I saying yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what I want to do is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I want to do is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I want to do is basically
+use this as the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as the definition of a
+derivative a more general definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a more general definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a more general definition of
+a derivative so that this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative so that this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative so that this is the the
+linear algebra notion is that is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra notion is that is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra notion is that is that uh
+uh we have a what's called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a what's called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a what's called a linear
+operator so this is uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the basically the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the basically the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the basically the change
+in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is going to be a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times which I I mean I'm going to call F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which I I mean I'm going to call F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which I I mean I'm going to call F
+Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x
+times the change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our oops and then but my input is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our oops and then but my input is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our oops and then but my input is in
+red right it's my color code my color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red right it's my color code my color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red right it's my color code my color
+scheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is
+input it's red and the output is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's red and the output is blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's red and the output is blue
+so this is our our DX right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our DX right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our our DX right
+so why make is so I'm going to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why make is so I'm going to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why make is so I'm going to interpret
+this more generally if x is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more generally if x is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more generally if x is going to be
+some kind of vector or Matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of vector or Matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of vector or Matrix or
+whatever this is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is just going to be a
+linear operation on this and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation on this and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation on this and of course
+for numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for numbers
+a linear operation this is just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operation this is just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operation this is just a number
+or then if DX is a number the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then if DX is a number the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then if DX is a number the only
+linear operation you can do is multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation you can do is multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation you can do is multiply
+by a number so let me just remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number so let me just remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a number so let me just remind you of
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+H if you haven't taken linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H if you haven't taken linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H if you haven't taken linear algebra
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to talk about what a linear operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what a linear operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what a linear operator is
+so suppose we have some you know a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have some you know a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have some you know a given
+uh you know vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know vectors
+you know in a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a V
+uh in in some uh Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could be capital V and remember a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be capital V and remember a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be capital V and remember a vector
+of space is anything where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space is anything where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space is anything where you can
+basically uh add multiply and multi add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh add multiply and multi add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh add multiply and multi add
+subtract and multiply by scalars that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and multiply by scalars that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and multiply by scalars that's
+sort of the informally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh we have a plus or minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we have a plus or minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we have a plus or minus and
+times a scalar operations right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a scalar operations right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a scalar operations right that
+that stay in our Vector space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stay in our Vector space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stay in our Vector space that's
+what a the informal definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a the informal definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a the informal definition of a
+vector space is you can write out axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space is you can write out axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space is you can write out axioms
+and so forth but that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but that's basically what
+it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means
+and a a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a a linear operator
+right this is this is what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is what we're going
+to mean by linearization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean by linearization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean by linearization in the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+and linear what does it mean to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear what does it mean to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear what does it mean to be
+linear in general right so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in general right so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in general right so we're going
+to call this I'm going to denote this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh let me denote it by square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right or just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or just by
+when it's clear enough I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's clear enough I'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's clear enough I'll just write
+it as if it were a multiplication some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as if it were a multiplication some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as if it were a multiplication some
+sometimes often that'll be clear enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes often that'll be clear enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes often that'll be clear enough
+right this is really acting on when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is really acting on when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is really acting on when I
+write LV it's not necessarily an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write LV it's not necessarily an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write LV it's not necessarily an
+ordinary like multiplication this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary like multiplication this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary like multiplication this is
+just going to be acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be acting on
+uh on V so a linear operator is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on V so a linear operator is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on V so a linear operator is a is a
+uh is a rule that basically takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a rule that basically takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a rule that basically takes
+a vector and gives you a vector out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and gives you a vector out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and gives you a vector out
+maybe in a different Vector space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a different Vector space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a different Vector space right
+so this is L uh takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+and it gives you a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know l
+uh that's a terrible LL LV out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe in a different Vector space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a different Vector space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a different Vector space and
+linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+uh what you think it means I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you think it means I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you think it means I mean it
+means if you take for example L of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you take for example L of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you take for example L of uh of
+uh v v 1 plus V2 right if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v v 1 plus V2 right if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v v 1 plus V2 right if you if you
+take the sum of two sum of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of two sum of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of two sum of the inputs
+that's the same thing as L of uh B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as L of uh B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as L of uh B1
+plus L of V2 so if you add inputs that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L of V2 so if you add inputs that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L of V2 so if you add inputs that's
+the same thing as adding the outputs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as adding the outputs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as adding the outputs or
+if you multiply by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply by a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply by a scalar
+and so as usual in in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as usual in in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as usual in in linear algebra
+Greek letters are going to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letters are going to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek letters are going to denote
+scalars as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars as you
+so that's that's equal to you can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's equal to you can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's equal to you can pull
+you can pull out the Scala right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the nice thing about linear Opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the nice thing about linear Opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the nice thing about linear Opera
+is we can Define them on on lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can Define them on on lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can Define them on on lots of
+kinds of vector spaces right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of vector spaces right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of vector spaces right so let's
+just do a couple of examples just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a couple of examples just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a couple of examples just make
+sure oops we're on the same page here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so if if uh for example you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if uh for example you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if uh for example you could just
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um L is multiplication by a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you can have just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can have just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can have just uh
+um L of V is just Alpha V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um L of V is just Alpha V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um L of V is just Alpha V
+right that that that's a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that that's a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that that's a perfectly good
+linear operation and if if your vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation and if if your vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation and if if your vector
+space if your V's are scalars this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if your V's are scalars this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if your V's are scalars this is
+the only option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if these are say real numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are say real numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these are say real numbers right
+that's a perfectly good Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly good Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly good Vector space
+another one that you're very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you're very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one that you're very familiar
+with is if uh if L is a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is if uh if L is a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is if uh if L is a multiplication
+by a matrix right Stephen maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a matrix right Stephen maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a matrix right Stephen maybe I'll
+just point out sometimes people like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out sometimes people like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point out sometimes people like to
+ask me wait is it I thought that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me wait is it I thought that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me wait is it I thought that there's
+um the linear operators on scalars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the linear operators on scalars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the linear operators on scalars are
+like you know like I think in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like I think in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know like I think in high
+school notation like y equals MX plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school notation like y equals MX plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school notation like y equals MX plus b
+right it's scalar times yeah yeah plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's scalar times yeah yeah plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's scalar times yeah yeah plus
+plus an offset that may not be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an offset that may not be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an offset that may not be zero so
+um what's going on here is that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here is that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here is that linear
+or not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not linear
+yeah what about so what about uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about so what about uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about so what about uh um
+yes let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let's do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me call it a different thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it a different thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it a different thing um
+what's uh what letter should I use oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh what letter should I use oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh what letter should I use oh
+let's use o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o v equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o v equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o v equals
+two two V plus one right for right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two V plus one right for right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two V plus one right for right for
+for V is you know V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V is you know V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V is you know V is
+is the real numbers right is that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real numbers right is that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real numbers right is that linear
+or not linear that is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the graph is a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is a line
+so we all think of it as linear but go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all think of it as linear but go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all think of it as linear but go
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah is it so does it satisfy the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it so does it satisfy the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it so does it satisfy the rules
+that's the question so if if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question so if if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question so if if I multiply
+the input by two does it multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input by two does it multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input by two does it multiply the
+output by two no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output by two no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output by two no
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of uh two uh no let's do three three V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh two uh no let's do three three V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh two uh no let's do three three V
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's uh what is it six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh what is it six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh what is it six
+6V plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6V plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6V plus one
+right and that's very much not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's very much not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's very much not equal to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+uh o v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is which is uh that's that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is uh that's that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is uh that's that would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+6V plus uh plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so so this is the so this this one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the so this this one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the so this this one it
+does have a name it's related these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a name it's related these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a name it's related these
+These are sometimes called affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right affine but not linear even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right affine but not linear even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right affine but not linear even if the
+graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is
+um demonstrably a line yeah but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um demonstrably a line yeah but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um demonstrably a line yeah but they're
+not linear in the sense of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear in the sense of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear in the sense of linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so another another one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so another another one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so another another one is is
+clearly multiplication by uh by by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly multiplication by uh by by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly multiplication by uh by by a
+matrix right that's why we do matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right that's why we do matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right that's why we do matrices
+in linear algebra because they're a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra because they're a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra because they're a nice
+way of writing down a linear operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing down a linear operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of writing down a linear operation
+you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if
+if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a
+B is our column vectors they're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is our column vectors they're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is our column vectors they're not the
+only way of writing down linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way of writing down linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way of writing down linear
+operations some so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations some so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations some so for example if you
+take a column vector and multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a column vector and multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a column vector and multiply it by
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+that you could write that down as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could write that down as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could write that down as a
+matrix with all three of them along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with all three of them along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with all three of them along the
+diagonal but it's a lot easier to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but it's a lot easier to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but it's a lot easier to write
+that down as three and say that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down as three and say that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down as three and say that as a
+scalar then to write it down as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar then to write it down as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar then to write it down as a matrix
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know another example just to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so another Vector space if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another Vector space if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so another Vector space if you took
+1806 you're learning that we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 you're learning that we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 you're learning that we can have a
+I have to get my color scheme yes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get my color scheme yes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get my color scheme yes my
+vectors vectors are red uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose the vector space V is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the vector space V is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the vector space V is the set of
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+right for for you know real that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for you know real that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for you know real that take
+you know real real numbers in and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real real numbers in and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know real real numbers in and give
+you real numbers out right those are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you real numbers out right those are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you real numbers out right those are a
+perfectly good Vector space I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good Vector space I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good Vector space I can take
+two functions I can add them or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions I can add them or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions I can add them or subtract
+them get another function I can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get another function I can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them get another function I can take a
+function multiply by two get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiply by two get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiply by two get another
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+wait how do I add sine plus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait how do I add sine plus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait how do I add sine plus cosine
+I I get sine X plus cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get sine X plus cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get sine X plus cosine X
+just some other function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is this if it takes sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this if it takes sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this if it takes sine
+plus cos assign X plus cosine X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos assign X plus cosine X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos assign X plus cosine X that's
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the function f of x equals sine X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x equals sine X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x equals sine X plus
+cosine X it's another rule that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X it's another rule that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X it's another rule that gives
+you takes real numbers to real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you takes real numbers to real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you takes real numbers to real numbers
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so what would be a linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what would be a linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what would be a linear operators
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well multiplication by scalar that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well multiplication by scalar that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well multiplication by scalar that that
+of course works so l l let's think of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course works so l l let's think of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course works so l l let's think of L
+on on a function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a function f of x
+uh is just 2 f of x that's that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just 2 f of x that's that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just 2 f of x that's that takes a
+function in function out that's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in function out that's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in function out that's linear
+right what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about
+uh a linear operator on a function of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a linear operator on a function of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a linear operator on a function of f
+of x again that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x again that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x again that gives you
+um the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does the ordinary 1801 derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does the ordinary 1801 derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does the ordinary 1801 derivatives
+in the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the this is the
+1801 derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 derivative
+obviously that that only works if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that that only works if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that that only works if the
+function is differentiable so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is differentiable so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is differentiable so that's a
+maybe maybe we can Subspace this takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe we can Subspace this takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe we can Subspace this takes
+us to uh to look at the Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to uh to look at the Subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to uh to look at the Subspace of
+differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's that's also a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's also a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's also a vector space
+because I if I take two differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I if I take two differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I if I take two differential
+functions and add or subtract or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and add or subtract or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and add or subtract or
+multiplied by constants they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by constants they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by constants they're still
+differentiable I could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable I could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable I could also do
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+right so if I have f of x uh that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have f of x uh that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have f of x uh that takes
+a function f of x in and gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of x in and gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f of x in and gives you the
+integral from I don't know zero to X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from I don't know zero to X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from I don't know zero to X of
+f Prime sort of x f of x primed and DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f Prime sort of x f of x primed and DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f Prime sort of x f of x primed and DX
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+if they're integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're integrable
+right again we need to restrict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again we need to restrict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again we need to restrict what
+functions are allowed if we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are allowed if we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are allowed if we're taking
+derivatives or integrals so things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or integrals so things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or integrals so things where
+these exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exist
+um but this is perfectly linear why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is perfectly linear why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is perfectly linear why
+because if I take the function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I take the function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I take the function and I
+double it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it
+if I double the integrand it doubles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I double the integrand it doubles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I double the integrand it doubles the
+integrals right if I add two integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals right if I add two integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals right if I add two integrate
+if I add two integrands you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add two integrands you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add two integrands you add the
+integrals right integration is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals right integration is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals right integration is a linear
+operation derivative is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation derivative is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation derivative is a linear
+operation another fun one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation another fun one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation another fun one
+and suppose we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose we take
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and we the output is the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared
+right so this doesn't look linear I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this doesn't look linear I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this doesn't look linear I have
+a square there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square there right
+but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why
+but why is this linear why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why is this linear why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why is this linear why because
+if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take
+if I take um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take um
+uh let's see if I take L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two function if I if f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two function if I if f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two function if I if f of x
+plus G of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G of x
+right that should be f of x squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that should be f of x squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that should be f of x squared plus
+G of x squared right I'm squaring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x squared right I'm squaring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of x squared right I'm squaring the
+input not the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input not the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input not the output
+so that's so that's equal to l of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's equal to l of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's equal to l of of of
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+plus L of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus L of G
+so I'll just comment to leave it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just comment to leave it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just comment to leave it to
+mathematicians to take what most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians to take what most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians to take what most people
+would think of as just a column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of as just a column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of as just a column of
+numbers and Abstract it out and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and Abstract it out and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and Abstract it out and say that
+you know the the you know this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the you know this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the you know this finite
+dimensional you know column of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional you know column of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional you know column of numbers
+can is somehow the same as as continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can is somehow the same as as continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can is somehow the same as as continuous
+functions or differentiable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or differentiable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or differentiable functions
+um you know that satisfies the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that satisfies the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know that satisfies the same
+axioms and so it's in this so so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and so it's in this so so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and so it's in this so so we'll
+call it a vector space as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a vector space as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a vector space as well
+but it's it's incredibly useful though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's incredibly useful though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's incredibly useful though
+because you know very often especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know very often especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know very often especially
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+music scientists right you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music scientists right you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music scientists right you have you have
+something where conceptually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where conceptually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where conceptually you're
+solving for functions right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for functions right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for functions right so you're
+solving for like the fluid flow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for like the fluid flow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for like the fluid flow or
+something around an airplane ring right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around an airplane ring right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around an airplane ring right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what you want is that then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is that then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is that then take the
+absolute flow and compute the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute flow and compute the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute flow and compute the drag
+right on the airplane way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the airplane way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the airplane way
+and then in order to optimize it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to optimize it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to optimize it you
+want the derivative of the drag with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the derivative of the drag with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the derivative of the drag with
+respect to that flow field with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that flow field with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that flow field with respect
+to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function
+or orthod to the shape of the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or orthod to the shape of the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or orthod to the shape of the airplane
+which is which is a function so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is a function so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is a function so it's
+very very nice to be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very nice to be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very nice to be able to take
+derivatives effective functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives effective functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives effective functions
+um and work with Vector functions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and work with Vector functions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and work with Vector functions as
+Vector spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces and
+we're very soon we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very soon we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very soon we're going to be able
+to do that uh with with this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh with with this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh with with this notion of
+the derivative because we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative because we can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative because we can Define
+we're going to be able to find linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to find linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to find linear
+operators you know functions that act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you know functions that act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you know functions that act on
+functions and linear properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and linear properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and linear properties are
+functions but that that's getting a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but that that's getting a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but that that's getting a bit
+too far ahead of ourselves so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far ahead of ourselves so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far ahead of ourselves so that so
+okay so the point is that the 1801 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point is that the 1801 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point is that the 1801 so
+far we haven't done any derivatives more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we haven't done any derivatives more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we haven't done any derivatives more
+than 18 and one at least in my half then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 18 and one at least in my half then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 18 and one at least in my half then
+Alan went a bit further but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan went a bit further but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan went a bit further but
+but already we can start to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already we can start to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but already we can start to see how
+hopefully how this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully how this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully how this is going to
+generalize so if you take a it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so if you take a it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so if you take a it could
+have a function f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function f of x
+and if you make a small change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make a small change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you make a small change in the
+input Delta X and you ask for the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Delta X and you ask for the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Delta X and you ask for the change
+Small Change in the output to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Small Change in the output to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Small Change in the output to first
+order which we can denote with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which we can denote with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which we can denote with this
+denotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotation
+the derivative is the is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is the is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is the is the linear
+operator that gives us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives us that the
+linearization of that function for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of that function for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of that function for a
+small change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change in the input
+okay and that is exactly equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is exactly equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is exactly equivalent to
+the what you learned in 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you learned in 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you learned in 1801
+okay but it's going to be easier now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's going to be easier now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's going to be easier now to
+generalize this to other kinds of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to other kinds of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to other kinds of inputs
+and other kinds of outputs where you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of outputs where you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of outputs where you you
+know in 1801 we sort of move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 1801 we sort of move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 1801 we sort of move this
+together side we'll take DF DX we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together side we'll take DF DX we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together side we'll take DF DX we kind
+of divide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide them
+they're numbers that's fine for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're numbers that's fine for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're numbers that's fine for other
+kinds of things that becomes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that becomes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that becomes a little
+bit weirder to talk about of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit weirder to talk about of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit weirder to talk about of course you
+could Define it as notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define it as notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define it as notation
+um but I think it's it's a lot clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's it's a lot clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think it's it's a lot clearer
+if you think of it in this sense once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it in this sense once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of it in this sense once
+you start generalizing to other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start generalizing to other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start generalizing to other other
+kinds of objects so with that said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of objects so with that said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of objects so with that said let's
+let's do that let's let's now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that let's let's now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that let's let's now let's
+revisit 18 of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1802.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802.
+and then we do it in two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one
+is going to be functions the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be functions the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be functions the first thing
+you really need to do in 1802 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to do in 1802 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to do in 1802 which is
+functions to take a vector in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to take a vector in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to take a vector in or
+multiple variables in but we'll think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple variables in but we'll think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple variables in but we'll think of
+it as a vector n and a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a vector n and a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a vector n and a scalar out
+so we're going to have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a scalar
+my output is blue right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output is blue right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output is blue right so this
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I'm going to keep the same color scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep the same color scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep the same color scheme
+good so we're going to have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector
+input X and I'll put a little Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and I'll put a little Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and I'll put a little Vector
+sign above it I won't always do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign above it I won't always do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign above it I won't always do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's nice to be to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's nice to be to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's nice to be to be clear
+sometimes which is a vector position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes which is a vector position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes which is a vector position
+scale so X is going to live in r m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so X is going to live in r m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so X is going to live in r m so
+this is going to be an M component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an M component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be an M component
+column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to do
+is Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Imagine
+what happens to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you change the input by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the input by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the input by a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+like f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+DX so this is I think if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so this is I think if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so this is I think if this is a
+really small change we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small change we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small change we're just going to
+it's infinite decimal we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinite decimal we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinite decimal we're going to
+drop any anything that goes like DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop any anything that goes like DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop any anything that goes like DX
+squared or anything like that any higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or anything like that any higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or anything like that any higher
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's black
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime of x
+okay uh DX right so what we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh DX right so what we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh DX right so what we want to know
+we have a we have an arbitrary change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a we have an arbitrary change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a we have an arbitrary change in
+the input so DX is an arbitrary very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so DX is an arbitrary very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so DX is an arbitrary very
+very small vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small vector
+and we want to ask what's the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to ask what's the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to ask what's the change in
+the output the differential the F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output the differential the F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output the differential the F and
+the answer is is going to be that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is going to be that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is going to be that this
+is going to be for very small DX we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be for very small DX we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be for very small DX we're
+going to approximate we can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to approximate we can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to approximate we can approximate
+this by a linear operator on DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what does that linear operator do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that linear operator do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that linear operator do
+this one takes a a vector in and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one takes a a vector in and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one takes a a vector in and gives
+you a scalar right so this has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a scalar right so this has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a scalar right so this has to equal
+Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape
+DF is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF is a scalar
+but DX is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but DX is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but DX is a vector
+so what this has to be is is it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this has to be is is it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this has to be is is it has to
+be kind of a row vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can think of it or as a well one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it or as a well one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it or as a well one row
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or there's fancy earnings for this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's fancy earnings for this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's fancy earnings for this like
+covector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covector
+or or dual Vector we won't really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or dual Vector we won't really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or dual Vector we won't really use
+that I just want to throw them out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so see so if you if you want to if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see so if you if you want to if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see so if you if you want to if you
+want to uh um take it a vector in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh um take it a vector in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh um take it a vector in and
+take a vector out you need to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector out you need to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector out you need to multiply
+by row Vector another way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row Vector another way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row Vector another way of thinking
+about it is you need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is you need to take the
+document the vector and scalar sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the vector and scalar sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the vector and scalar sorry you
+need to multiply it by a one row thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to multiply it by a one row thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to multiply it by a one row thing
+another way of thinking about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about it is that
+if if you have a linear operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have a linear operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have a linear operation
+that takes a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a vector in
+and gives you a scalar out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a scalar out
+the only type of thing that does that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only type of thing that does that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only type of thing that does that is
+a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take a job part of the fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a job part of the fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a job part of the fact you
+get a scale and that's the only linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a scale and that's the only linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a scale and that's the only linear
+operation that gives you a scalar from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that gives you a scalar from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that gives you a scalar from a
+from a vector in some sense so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vector in some sense so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vector in some sense so and so
+this is a DOT product with some Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a DOT product with some Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a DOT product with some Vector
+that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector
+must be pretty special right uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be pretty special right uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be pretty special right uh and
+we'll give it a name and we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it a name and we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give it a name and we'll call that
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is going to be the
+gradient of F and this is the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of F and this is the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of F and this is the uh uh the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+uh we take the dot product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get our scalar DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our scalar DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our scalar DF
+right so you can think of this in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think of this in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think of this in linear
+algebra terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra terms
+so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh
+adopt product is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt product is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt product is the same thing as
+multiplying by a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a transpose
+so this is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same thing
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is saying that F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is really grad F transpose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really grad F transpose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really grad F transpose or
+equivalently F Prime DX is the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently F Prime DX is the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently F Prime DX is the operation
+of a DOT product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DOT product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DOT product with
+this is going to be really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be really powerful
+pretty soon because it's going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon because it's going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon because it's going to allow
+also allow us to generalize gradients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allow us to generalize gradients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also allow us to generalize gradients to
+other kinds of vector spaces as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of vector spaces as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of vector spaces as long as
+we have a DOT product and a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a DOT product and a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a DOT product and a scalar
+function you'll be able to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you'll be able to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you'll be able to define a
+gradients so if you have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so if you have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so if you have a scalar
+function of this one that takes a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this one that takes a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this one that takes a matrix
+n and a scalar out like a determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a scalar out like a determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and a scalar out like a determinant
+pretty soon we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon we're going to be able to
+take the gradient of a determinant we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the gradient of a determinant we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the gradient of a determinant we'll
+be able to find what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is on the other side of that equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the other side of that equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is on the other side of that equal
+sign that you just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you just wrote
+um so so yes the F Prime I should write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yes the F Prime I should write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yes the F Prime I should write
+that um that that's the F Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's here so this is yeah I need I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here so this is yeah I need I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here so this is yeah I need I need
+to my my equals let's see the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my my equals let's see the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my my equals let's see the gradient
+of f is the thing we take a DOT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f is the thing we take a DOT product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f is the thing we take a DOT product
+and here it's it's F Prime of X is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's not not no but no DX just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not not no but no DX just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not not no but no DX just the
+F Prime by itself is the it is a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime by itself is the it is a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime by itself is the it is a row
+Vector that's the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's the transpose of the
+gradient right so that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right so that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient right so that's going to be the
+that's so now that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so now that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so now that's the definition of
+the gradient it's only defined for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient it's only defined for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient it's only defined for the
+only something we're usually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something we're usually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something we're usually going to
+Define for scalar functions of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define for scalar functions of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define for scalar functions of vectors
+and pretty soon be able to generalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty soon be able to generalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty soon be able to generalize it
+to other kinds of vectors but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of vectors but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of vectors but we'll
+still be a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a scalar
+and it's the thing you take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the thing you take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the thing you take the dot
+product with uh of DX of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with uh of DX of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with uh of DX of the
+differential and the the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and the the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential and the the change in the
+input width to get the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input width to get the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input width to get the change in the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know so
+um yeah so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's let's
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so so we did the you know Alan did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so we did the you know Alan did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so we did the you know Alan did
+the example of X transpose X let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of X transpose X let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of X transpose X let's let's
+do another example just for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so X is going to be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is going to be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is going to be a vector
+suppose that's X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's X transpose
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+where so this is X x here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this is X x here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so this is X x here is going to
+have M components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M components
+and so we're going to let a be an M by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to let a be an M by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to let a be an M by m
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+and are you assuming asymmetric or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are you assuming asymmetric or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are you assuming asymmetric or no
+I'm not I'm not gonna I won't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not gonna I won't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not gonna I won't make it
+symmetric uh just just for General okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh just just for General okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric uh just just for General okay
+so and so this is going to be a a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so this is going to be a a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so this is going to be a a a a a
+a a a a a a a a not a is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a a a a not a is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a a a a not a is not going to be
+an input this is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input this is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input this is just going to be a
+constant Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I do my D's when I change x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do my D's when I change x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do my D's when I change x a
+does not change right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change right so
+Okay so let me do it the Long Way first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let me do it the Long Way first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let me do it the Long Way first
+and then we'll that then then we'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll that then then we'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll that then then we'll uh
+try and derive some rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and derive some rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and derive some rules
+right so let's do the the long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a long way but still faster than doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way but still faster than doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long way but still faster than doing a
+component by component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+and then the uh the 1802 component by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the uh the 1802 component by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the uh the 1802 component by
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s and then build up the gradient that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then build up the gradient that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and then build up the gradient that it
+starts to become really awkward really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become really awkward really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become really awkward really
+quickly I know it's it can be tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I know it's it can be tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I know it's it can be tempting
+when you're faced with new problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're faced with new problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're faced with new problems to
+sort of fall back on what you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall back on what you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall back on what you know right
+and that that's not a bad strategy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's not a bad strategy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's not a bad strategy but
+we really want to encourage you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to encourage you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to encourage you to look
+to to even though you know calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to even though you know calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to even though you know calculus
+really really well you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really well you don't have to
+take derivatives really really well into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives really really well into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives really really well into
+the 1802 and 1801 style we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 and 1801 style we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1802 and 1801 style we're going to
+try and learn something new here a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and learn something new here a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and learn something new here a new
+way that's can be really a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's can be really a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's can be really a lot more
+powerful it's not I call it the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it's not I call it the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it's not I call it the way for
+big boys and big girls yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big boys and big girls yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big boys and big girls yes
+for big kids the big kid way okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big kids the big kid way okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big kids the big kid way okay so um
+so DF let's just do it slowly okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF let's just do it slowly okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF let's just do it slowly okay so
+what we want to do is when we take F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is when we take F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is when we take F
+we're going to take I'm going to drop my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take I'm going to drop my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take I'm going to drop my
+Vector symbols here you know I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector symbols here you know I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector symbols here you know I guess
+I'll put them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put them here
+tired of writing them all the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of writing them all the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of writing them all the time right
+but all my all my exes and therefore my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all my all my exes and therefore my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all my all my exes and therefore my
+DX's are vectors right so think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX's are vectors right so think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX's are vectors right so think of it as
+an arbitrary small change in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary small change in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary small change in an
+arbitrary direction we want it to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction we want it to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary direction we want it to be on
+the handle anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handle anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handle anything like that
+and in case it wasn't already obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case it wasn't already obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case it wasn't already obvious to
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+what what is what is the output of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is what is the output of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is what is the output of f is
+it a scalar a vector a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a scalar exactly just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scalar exactly just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a scalar exactly just wanted to
+make sure everybody realizes that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure everybody realizes that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure everybody realizes that this
+is a scalar function of a vector yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar function of a vector yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scalar function of a vector yes
+this is this is you could also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is you could also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is you could also write
+this as as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as as X
+dot product with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product with with
+a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing
+so I'm just going to do this out I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to do this out I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to do this out I said
+again still a little bit a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again still a little bit a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again still a little bit a little bit
+laboriously but we'll have a better rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously but we'll have a better rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboriously but we'll have a better rule
+for you know we'll do the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know we'll do the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know we'll do the product rule
+in a minute but let's do it without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but let's do it without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute but let's do it without the
+benefit of that I guess you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of that I guess you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of that I guess you're
+effectively deriving the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively deriving the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively deriving the product rule
+and what's about to come exactly yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's about to come exactly yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's about to come exactly yes so
+what do we do so I'm going to plug I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do so I'm going to plug I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do so I'm going to plug I'm
+going to take f of x plus DX going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take f of x plus DX going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take f of x plus DX going to
+subtract FX and I'm going to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract FX and I'm going to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract FX and I'm going to drop
+because it's D is I'm going to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's D is I'm going to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's D is I'm going to drop
+anything that looks like a D Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that looks like a D Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that looks like a D Squared
+right a DX squared you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a DX squared you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a DX squared you know something
+that's faster than it goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's faster than it goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's faster than it goes to zero
+faster than DX but this so what's f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than DX but this so what's f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than DX but this so what's f of x
+plus DX well I have I take X I add the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX well I have I take X I add the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX well I have I take X I add the X
+and I plug it into F so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plug it into F so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plug it into F so there's a
+there's a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transpose
+there there's an a there's an X Plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's an a there's an X Plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's an a there's an X Plus DX
+there and then I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I subtract
+X transpose a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose a x
+and I can just multiply everything out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just multiply everything out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just multiply everything out
+just you know don't just think of DX as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know don't just think of DX as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know don't just think of DX as
+a really small vector and just use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really small vector and just use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really small vector and just use your
+ordinary rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary rules for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for for from linear algebra right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for from linear algebra right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for from linear algebra right so I
+just I just this is I can just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just this is I can just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just this is I can just use the
+distributed you know whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed you know whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed you know whatever whatever
+called distributive rule right I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called distributive rule right I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called distributive rule right I just
+have to make sure I don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure I don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure I don't change the
+orders of anything but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can multiply there's this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can multiply there's this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can multiply there's this term
+times this term times this terms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this term times this terms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this term times this terms that's
+the first term so there's an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so there's an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term so there's an X
+X transpose a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose a x
+right there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this term times this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+term so that's a a DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's a a DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's a a DX
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+a X right so DX is just a little Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a X right so DX is just a little Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a X right so DX is just a little Vector
+it's perfectly fine to transpose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine to transpose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine to transpose it
+right and then I also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I also have
+this term times this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+so that's my that's one that's a um X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my that's one that's a um X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my that's one that's a um X
+um X transpose a d d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have uh
+this term times this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term times this term times this
+term but that has a DX squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that
+I'm going to just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see let's see well I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let's see well I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let's see well I actually
+so that that term you know is your DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that term you know is your DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that term you know is your DX
+transpose a DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a DX
+this term is gone this is high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so within as in the limit as DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so within as in the limit as DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so within as in the limit as DX
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller and smaller
+this term is negligible compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is negligible compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is negligible compared to
+these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I have still have uh this term over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have still have uh this term over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have still have uh this term over
+here can't forget that otherwise these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can't forget that otherwise these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can't forget that otherwise these
+terms are negligible compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are negligible compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are negligible compared to this
+right but it's okay because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's okay because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's okay because I'm going to
+subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that term cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that term cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that term cancels
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and what's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left
+is these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these two terms
+and this is a pretty perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a pretty perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a pretty perfectly good
+linear operation on DX but it's not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation on DX but it's not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operation on DX but it's not in a
+written in a very nice form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a very nice form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a very nice form
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the the trick is to since these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the trick is to since these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the trick is to since these are
+numbers I can transpose them so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can transpose them so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can transpose them so this is
+this is and this is something I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and this is something I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is and this is something I I feel
+like in 1806 uh uh um people get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 1806 uh uh um people get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in 1806 uh uh um people get very
+confused by for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by for example
+that normally you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normally you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normally you're not allowed to
+change the order of anything right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the order of anything right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the order of anything right a
+normally a matrix is not equal to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally a matrix is not equal to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally a matrix is not equal to its
+transpose but a number is also always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but a number is also always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but a number is also always
+equal to its transpose so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its transpose so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to its transpose so this is this
+is since uh since you know so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since uh since you know so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since uh since you know so that they
+do to do a note over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since uh you know DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh you know DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh you know DX
+transpose ax is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a scalar is always equal to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar is always equal to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar is always equal to its
+transpose right so there that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so there that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so there that then
+we can take this and set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+its own transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the same thing as X transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing as X transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same thing as X transpose a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+DX right and again this this is a make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right and again this this is a make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right and again this this is a make
+sure you understand that this sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand that this sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand that this sense that
+sometimes the source of endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the source of endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the source of endless
+confusion but it was it Allen already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion but it was it Allen already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion but it was it Allen already
+talked about it when he said for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it when he said for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it when he said for example
+DX transpose x equals x transpose DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose x equals x transpose DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose x equals x transpose DX
+that's a little easier to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little easier to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little easier to understand
+because it's just a you know a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a you know a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a you know a DOT
+product you can swap things right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you can swap things right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you can swap things right let's
+get a product so this this is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a product so this this is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a product so this this is also an
+instance of the same rule but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the same rule but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the same rule but you know
+it's a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more complicated
+looking it's the same idea this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it's the same idea this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it's the same idea this is
+because this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a number
+I can transpose it and that swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can transpose it and that swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can transpose it and that swaps
+everything around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything around
+and the transpose of a product hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transpose of a product hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transpose of a product hopefully
+remember from linear algebra that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from linear algebra that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from linear algebra that the
+transpose of a product is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a product is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a product is the product of
+the transpose reverse order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose reverse order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose reverse order
+so this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this whole term equals x transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole term equals x transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole term equals x transpose a
+transpose DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DX
+and what that allows me to do is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that allows me to do is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that allows me to do is it
+allows me to combine the two terms now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to combine the two terms now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to combine the two terms now
+this term and this term they both have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and this term they both have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and this term they both have a
+DX on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so I can put that over in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can put parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can put parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can put parentheses
+and I have two terms uh well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have two terms uh well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have two terms uh well actually
+both and both of them have an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and both of them have an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and both of them have an X
+transpose on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose on the left
+and the first term one of the terms has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first term one of the terms has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first term one of the terms has
+an A and the other term has an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and the other term has an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and the other term has an a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that means this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our our derivative F Prime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our our derivative F Prime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our our derivative F Prime right
+again don't get that confused with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't get that confused with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't get that confused with the
+differential d f Prime Times DX is DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential d f Prime Times DX is DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential d f Prime Times DX is DF
+that's the change in the output that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the change in the output that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the change in the output that's
+the little change in the output F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little change in the output F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little change in the output F Prime
+is the rate of change right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of change right it's the
+thing you operate on DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you operate on DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you operate on DX
+this is a row vector notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a row vector notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a row vector notice that this is
+a row Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row Vector that
+could I ask the class then quickly tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I ask the class then quickly tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I ask the class then quickly tell
+me what is the gradient of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is the gradient of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is the gradient of extra
+exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+anybody want to shut it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you want to say it say it in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to say it say it in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you want to say it say it in his
+full Glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good yep a plus a trans plus times x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yep a plus a trans plus times x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yep a plus a trans plus times x is
+the gradient exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's just the transpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just the transpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just the transpose of this
+thing so we transpose this thing the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we transpose this thing the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we transpose this thing the X
+goes over on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over on the right
+the this thing gets transposed but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing gets transposed but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this thing gets transposed but this
+is symmetric so it equals itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric so it equals itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric so it equals itself
+Stephen on the clock here we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen on the clock here we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen on the clock here we're already
+at 12 56 so you might want to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 56 so you might want to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 56 so you might want to kind of
+okay come to a conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come to a conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come to a conclusion
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah so this is the the so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the the so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the the so this is just
+revisiting the notion of a gradient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting the notion of a gradient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting the notion of a gradient and
+so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time
+we're gonna we're gonna continue so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna continue so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna continue so that
+next time basically we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time basically we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time basically we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited
+uh part two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to have uh you know f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have uh you know f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have uh you know f
+is now going to be a a vector function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that takes a vector of outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also takes a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also takes a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also takes a vector
+of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have
+outputs in say RM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs in say RM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs in say RM
+and inputs in say r n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I probably should have used n just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have used n just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably should have used n just to be
+consistent before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent before but
+so and then what we're going to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then what we're going to find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then what we're going to find is
+that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can almost do it right now DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can almost do it right now DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can almost do it right now DF
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that takes a small change in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a small change in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a small change in the input
+and gives you a small change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a small change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you a small change in the
+output and this and so this has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this and so this has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this and so this has to have
+and the outputs right M components here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs right M components here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs right M components here
+has to have n components there the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have n components there the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to have n components there the only
+way you can get a linear operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can get a linear operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can get a linear operator that
+takes n inputs and M outputs is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n inputs and M outputs is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes n inputs and M outputs is that
+this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be
+an M by n Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has to be expressible as an M by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be expressible as an M by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be expressible as an M by a
+matrix but you don't you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but you don't you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but you don't you don't have to
+write down the Matrix yeah yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Matrix yeah yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Matrix yeah yes that's
+right so so this is our F Prime this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is our F Prime this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is our F Prime this is
+our F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our F Prime
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of X linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of X linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of X linear operator
+and and this is the this is we often if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the this is we often if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the this is we often if
+we write down as a matrix we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down as a matrix we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down as a matrix we call the
+Jacobian I think what I'll do next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian I think what I'll do next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian I think what I'll do next time
+is show my favorite non-linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show my favorite non-linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show my favorite non-linear operator
+on two-dimensional space which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two-dimensional space which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two-dimensional space which is
+hyperbolic operators on corgis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic operators on corgis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic operators on corgis
+so you'll see hyperbolic core views on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see hyperbolic core views on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see hyperbolic core views on
+Friday if you come so probably on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday if you come so probably on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday if you come so probably on Friday
+we'll maybe we'll switch and I'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll maybe we'll switch and I'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll maybe we'll switch and I'll start
+with the first half and then to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first half and then to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first half and then to continue
+to finish this up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we could do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we could do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we could do it that way
+okay any questions at this point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions at this point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions at this point but
+let's let's stick around you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's stick around you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's stick around you can ask
+Steven or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven or you know
+let me let me stop the recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay otherwise see you on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise see you on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise see you on Friday
+um same room uh 11 11 A.M
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5WqgNOSoD_M.txt b/5WqgNOSoD_M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79f2d5051d75bd80fa08b8f58d6deccd664ccf0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5WqgNOSoD_M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today um we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today um we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today um we are going
+to continue where we left off last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue where we left off last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue where we left off last time
+uh talk but talking more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk but talking more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk but talking more specifically
+about variations on the theme of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variations on the theme of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variations on the theme of life
+and um last year I tried to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um last year I tried to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um last year I tried to do this
+lecture using PowerPoint and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture using PowerPoint and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture using PowerPoint and it was a
+total disaster so I'm going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total disaster so I'm going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total disaster so I'm going back to the
+board uh you will have the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh you will have the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh you will have the PowerPoint
+slides uh they're they'll be on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh they're they'll be on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh they're they'll be on the web
+for you to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to download
+to summarize it's basically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize it's basically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize it's basically what I'm
+drawing on the board but it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on the board but it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on the board but it'll be
+slightly different on the board um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different on the board um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different on the board um but I
+found that that that for this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that that for this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that that for this material
+it really doesn't work to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't work to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really doesn't work to to to
+exclusively use the the PowerPoint so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively use the the PowerPoint so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively use the the PowerPoint so um
+so we're going to last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to last time we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my you remember my life on earth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you remember my life on earth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you remember my life on earth a
+bridged where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photosynthesis and making glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and making glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and making glucose
+organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon plus oxygen and then the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon plus oxygen and then the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon plus oxygen and then the reverse
+of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration
+and then we had elements cycling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle and I said you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and I said you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and I said you know this is a
+very very abbreviated of how all life on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very abbreviated of how all life on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very abbreviated of how all life on
+earth works and so today what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth works and so today what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth works and so today what I'm going
+to do is tell you that that's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is tell you that that's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is tell you that that's not right
+um that's grossly oversimplified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's grossly oversimplified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's grossly oversimplified and
+there are some really in interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some really in interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some really in interesting
+variations on the theme um of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the theme um of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the theme um of how to
+extract energy and carbon and reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy and carbon and reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy and carbon and reducing
+power and electrons um from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and electrons um from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and electrons um from from the
+Earth's system to create life and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's system to create life and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's system to create life and it's
+mostly microbes uh that H have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly microbes uh that H have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly microbes uh that H have these
+diverse uh possibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse uh possibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse uh possibilities and
+again even what I'm going to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even what I'm going to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again even what I'm going to talk to you
+about today is oversimplified If you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is oversimplified If you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is oversimplified If you go
+to a microbiology textbook you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a microbiology textbook you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a microbiology textbook you'll find
+just about every possible combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about every possible combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about every possible combination of
+energy sources carbon sources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources carbon sources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources carbon sources and
+electron sources in some microorganism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron sources in some microorganism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron sources in some microorganism
+somewhere uh to to get through life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh to to get through life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh to to get through life so
+I'm I'm giving you again the simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm giving you again the simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm giving you again the simplified
+version uh because otherwise it gets way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh because otherwise it gets way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh because otherwise it gets way
+too complicated so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated so all of
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs
+carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and
+energy and a lot of other elements too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and a lot of other elements too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and a lot of other elements too
+but these are the the main uh axes upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the the main uh axes upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the the main uh axes upon
+which we're going to order our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to order our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to order our our
+universe today so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today so for
+carbon the choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+organic so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic so this would be
+CO2 and this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose or sugars any sugars um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose or sugars any sugars um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose or sugars any sugars um and then
+on the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can use solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use solar
+energy as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as in
+photosynthesis or they can use chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis or they can use chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis or they can use chemical
+energy and within the chemical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and within the chemical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and within the chemical energy
+sources they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources they can be
+inorganic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic like
+sugars Etc and often here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars Etc and often here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars Etc and often here you have
+reduced compounds such as hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced compounds such as hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced compounds such as hydrogen
+sulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide
+ammonia and we'll talk about these um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and we'll talk about these um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and we'll talk about these um so
+these These are the ways we we divide up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the ways we we divide up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the ways we we divide up
+the possibilities for carbon and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities for carbon and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities for carbon and energy
+sources uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh to be
+alive middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive middle
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all organisms also uh need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms also uh need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all organisms also uh need to have an
+energy currency in the cell and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy currency in the cell and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy currency in the cell and you've
+talked about this a lot already in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a lot already in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a lot already in the
+biochemistry lectures so I'm just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry lectures so I'm just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry lectures so I'm just again
+just giving you the impressionistic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you the impressionistic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you the impressionistic view
+of this you know the details this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you know the details this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you know the details this is
+just to get you uh organized and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get you uh organized and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get you uh organized and so all
+of them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+uses Redux reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in your handouts for today there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your handouts for today there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your handouts for today there's a
+primer on redo reactions uh just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on redo reactions uh just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on redo reactions uh just in case
+you want to review that um and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to review that um and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to review that um and the the
+key reaction that we're going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reaction that we're going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reaction that we're going to be one
+of the key reactions we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key reactions we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key reactions we'll talk about
+today is the conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is the conversion of
+nadp with if you put energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp with if you put energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp with if you put energy
+in you can reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you can reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you can reduce it to
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction and the reverse you get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and the reverse you get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and the reverse you get energy
+out when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when it's
+oxidized now we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized now we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized now we're going to be talking
+about oxidation and reduction uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oxidation and reduction uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oxidation and reduction uh today
+and then they all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ATP which you've talked a lot about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP which you've talked a lot about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP which you've talked a lot about in
+here uh and the couple there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and the couple there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and the couple there is a
+DP put energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in you make ATP which is a high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you make ATP which is a high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you make ATP which is a high energy
+intermediate and in converting it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and in converting it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and in converting it back
+to ADP that energy can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+released and this is used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and this is used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and this is used in the
+biochemistry of the cell so all cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of the cell so all cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of the cell so all cells
+have these two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two uh
+energy conversion processes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion processes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conversion processes in
+common okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's look at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at just
+summarizing what we're going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing what we're going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing what we're going to go over
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+uh this is a summary of options for Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a summary of options for Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a summary of options for Life
+see also um Freeman chapter 25 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see also um Freeman chapter 25 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see also um Freeman chapter 25 there's
+some discussion of of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of of this and
+we we can divide life here uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can divide life here uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can divide life here uh between
+what we call autot tropes these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call autot tropes these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call autot tropes these are
+organisms that can make their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that can make their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that can make their own
+organic carbon um in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon um in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon um in other words they
+can convert carbon dioxide to organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert carbon dioxide to organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert carbon dioxide to organic
+carbon heterotrophs are organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon heterotrophs are organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon heterotrophs are organisms that
+can only use organic carbon they rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use organic carbon they rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use organic carbon they rely on
+the guts of other organisms uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts of other organisms uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts of other organisms uh in order
+to get through life and so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through life and so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get through life and so now we're
+going to systematically Ally go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to systematically Ally go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to systematically Ally go through
+these processes uh that fall under each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes uh that fall under each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes uh that fall under each
+one of these oxygenic photosynthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these oxygenic photosynthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these oxygenic photosynthesis is
+the one we've been talking about um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we've been talking about um yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we've been talking about um yes
+last time and in my abbreviated um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and in my abbreviated um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and in my abbreviated um um
+version of life on Earth and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of life on Earth and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of life on Earth and this is
+carried out by eukaryotic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by eukaryotic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out by eukaryotic organisms
+plants trees Etc and also by procaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants trees Etc and also by procaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants trees Etc and also by procaryotic
+organisms those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms those are the
+cyanobacteria uh micro microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanobacteria uh micro microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanobacteria uh micro microscopic
+photosynthetic plants um they use CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic plants um they use CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic plants um they use CO2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sunlight so our first variant on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight so our first variant on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight so our first variant on this
+theme we'll get into is is a is a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme we'll get into is is a is a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme we'll get into is is a is a group
+of bacteria that do an oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacteria that do an oxygenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bacteria that do an oxygenic
+photosynthesis oxygenic means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis oxygenic means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis oxygenic means they
+evolve oxygen these guys use solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve oxygen these guys use solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve oxygen these guys use solar
+energy but they don't evolve oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but they don't evolve oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but they don't evolve oxygen
+we'll get into how that works and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into how that works and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into how that works and then
+there's a group of organisms that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of organisms that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a group of organisms that still
+use CO2 um and they that very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CO2 um and they that very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CO2 um and they that very similar
+pathway uh the Alin cycle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway uh the Alin cycle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway uh the Alin cycle as
+photosynthesis but they use chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis but they use chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis but they use chemical
+energy in order to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to make these
+intermediates to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates to fix
+CO2 okay so let's talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 okay so let's talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 okay so let's talk about those
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to talk about the
+autot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tropes and all of them share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropes and all of them share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropes and all of them share this
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+CO2 to C6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 to C6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 to C6
+h12 this would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h12 this would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h12 this would be um
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ATP to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction and it also takes reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to run this reaction it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this enzyme
+rabisco which you've talked about I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabisco which you've talked about I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabisco which you've talked about I'm
+sure um ribulose bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um ribulose bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um ribulose bisphosphate
+carboxilate and this is the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate and this is the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate and this is the enzyme that
+initially takes the CO2 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially takes the CO2 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially takes the CO2 from the
+atmosphere and binds it to an organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and binds it to an organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and binds it to an organic
+carbon now in a detailed version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon now in a detailed version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon now in a detailed version of this
+is the Cal is What's called the Calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Cal is What's called the Calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Cal is What's called the Calvin
+cycle or the Calvin Benson cycle I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or the Calvin Benson cycle I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or the Calvin Benson cycle I don't
+know which one your book calls it Calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one your book calls it Calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one your book calls it Calvin
+got the Nobel Prize but Benson was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Nobel Prize but Benson was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Nobel Prize but Benson was the
+graduate student that did all the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student that did all the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student that did all the work
+um so you should recognize that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you should recognize that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you should recognize that uh
+anyway you've studied this in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you've studied this in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you've studied this in great
+detail so um but interesting factoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so um but interesting factoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so um but interesting factoid is
+that rabisco is the most abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rabisco is the most abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rabisco is the most abundant
+protein on Earth that tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on Earth that tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on Earth that tells you how
+important this reaction is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this reaction is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this reaction is for
+sustaining uh life on Earth so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining uh life on Earth so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining uh life on Earth so notice
+that in order to drive this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to drive this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to drive this reaction
+which is the celvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle requires energy and reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle requires energy and reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle requires energy and reducing
+power so where do they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's three ways that autot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's three ways that autot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's three ways that autot
+autoro can get energy and reducing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoro can get energy and reducing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoro can get energy and reducing power
+to drive this reaction and the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive this reaction and the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive this reaction and the first is
+oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photosynthesis and the second is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and the second is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and the second is an
+oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemosynthesis okay those first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis okay those first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis okay those first three
+there so now we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now we're going to go through
+each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these and and look at how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and and look at how they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and and look at how they work
+remembering that all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that all of them are
+generating ATP and nadph in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ATP and nadph in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ATP and nadph in order to
+drive that so all of the autot troves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that so all of the autot troves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that so all of the autot troves
+have that in common so let's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxygenic photosynthesis is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenic photosynthesis is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenic photosynthesis is the one that
+you know well already you've studied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well already you've studied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well already you've studied it
+in great detail in in in in Biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail in in in in Biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail in in in in Biochemistry
+so we're going to again give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to again give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to again give you the
+abbreviated version here just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated version here just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated version here just so you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+template to map these other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are what are known as the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what are known as the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are what are known as the light
+reactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of
+photosynthesis the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis the Z
+scheme taking solar energy splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme taking solar energy splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme taking solar energy splitting
+water evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water evolving
+oxygen and synthesizing ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nadph this is all familiar right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph this is all familiar right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph this is all familiar right very
+familiar I'm just writing it in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar I'm just writing it in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar I'm just writing it in a in a
+cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+version okay so this is the nadph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so this is the nadph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version okay so this is the nadph and
+ATP that goes to fuel that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now well I I can do it on that board let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I I can do it on that board let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well I I can do it on that board let
+me do it on this board uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it on this board uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do it on this board uh an
+oxygenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is ex almost exactly like this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ex almost exactly like this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ex almost exactly like this process
+but instead of splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of splitting
+water these guys oxidize hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sulfide so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they use sunlight to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use sunlight to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use sunlight to do
+this so these are are are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these are are are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these are are are called
+photosynthetic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic uh
+bacteria and they were around very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and they were around very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and they were around very early
+on the earth long before the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the earth long before the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the earth long before the earth
+atmosphere was oxygenated these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere was oxygenated these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere was oxygenated these were the
+guys that were able to use solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that were able to use solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that were able to use solar energy
+and make organic carbon but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make organic carbon but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make organic carbon but without
+evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving
+oxygen and then somewhere along the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and then somewhere along the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and then somewhere along the line
+uh some cell evolved and had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some cell evolved and had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some cell evolved and had some
+mutations and somehow figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and somehow figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and somehow figured out that
+water this abundant source of water was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this abundant source of water was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this abundant source of water was
+a much better electron donor than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better electron donor than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better electron donor than
+hydrogen sulfide and once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide and once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide and once the
+biochemistry figured this out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry figured this out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry figured this out you can
+see the simple substitution here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the simple substitution here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the simple substitution here the
+whole earth started going in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole earth started going in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole earth started going in a different
+direction uh so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh so this is an
+interesting example of how a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of how a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example of how a small
+biochemical Innovation can dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical Innovation can dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical Innovation can dramatically
+change uh the whole nature of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh the whole nature of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh the whole nature of the the
+planet now these guys still are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet now these guys still are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet now these guys still are still
+around on Earth in fact I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on Earth in fact I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around on Earth in fact I'm going to
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in
+my I'll explain this when I at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I'll explain this when I at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I'll explain this when I at the end
+but I have some captured in here see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have some captured in here see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have some captured in here see
+that little purple band those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little purple band those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little purple band those are those
+guys I got other little tricks in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I got other little tricks in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I got other little tricks in here
+but I'll save those um well you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll save those um well you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll save those um well you can't
+really see the purple band but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the purple band but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see the purple band but you can
+come up later and look at it those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later and look at it those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up later and look at it those are
+photosynthetic bacteria um so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacteria um so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacteria um so they're
+still around on the Earth but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around on the Earth but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still around on the Earth but they have
+to they're stuck in in in places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're stuck in in in places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they're stuck in in in places where
+there's no Oxygen uh so they have a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Oxygen uh so they have a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Oxygen uh so they have a a a
+rather restricted Niche on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather restricted Niche on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather restricted Niche on the planet
+now but they're still extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but they're still extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but they're still extremely
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um what did I do oh here it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did I do oh here it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did I do oh here it is um
+so one of the places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the places that
+they can be found and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be found and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be found and if you're
+interested in them a great place to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in them a great place to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in them a great place to go
+find some is out of the Mystic lakes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some is out of the Mystic lakes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some is out of the Mystic lakes in
+Arlington which is a permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arlington which is a permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arlington which is a permanently
+stratified lake so the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified lake so the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified lake so the bottom of the
+lake is always anerobic there's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake is always anerobic there's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake is always anerobic there's never
+oxygen there uh in a typical Lake like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there uh in a typical Lake like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there uh in a typical Lake like
+that you have a lot of mud on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lot of mud on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lot of mud on the bottom
+and you have a lot of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a lot of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a lot of hydrogen
+sulfide coming out of the mud from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide coming out of the mud from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide coming out of the mud from
+bacterial processes that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial processes that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial processes that we'll talk
+about um and you have light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um and you have light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um and you have light
+here uh and so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient here of this is oxygen and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient here of this is oxygen and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient here of this is oxygen and this
+is H2S and these photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H2S and these photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H2S and these photosynthetic
+bacteria uh have to live somewhere where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria uh have to live somewhere where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria uh have to live somewhere where
+there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's enough
+light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to
+photosynthesize but and enough hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesize but and enough hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesize but and enough hydrogen
+uh sulfide to use in this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sulfide to use in this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sulfide to use in this part of the
+reaction but they're very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but they're very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but they're very sensitive to
+oxygen so they can't be in the oxygen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so they can't be in the oxygen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so they can't be in the oxygen uh
+oxygenated part of the lake so you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated part of the lake so you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated part of the lake so you find
+them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a
+layer it's called The Squeeze you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's called The Squeeze you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's called The Squeeze you know
+they have to have light so they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to have light so they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to have light so they have to
+have up but they can't have oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up but they can't have oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up but they can't have oxygen so
+they have to be down and they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be down and they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be down and they need
+hydrogen sulfide so they have to be down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide so they have to be down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide so they have to be down
+so they're they're layered um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're layered um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're layered um in in
+legs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay
+now so what about these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what about these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what about these guys
+chemosynthesis they don't rely on solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis they don't rely on solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis they don't rely on solar
+energy uh again they're still driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh again they're still driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh again they're still driving
+the Calvin cycle uh reducing CO2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Calvin cycle uh reducing CO2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Calvin cycle uh reducing CO2 from
+the air into organic carbon but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air into organic carbon but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air into organic carbon but they're
+not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sunlight so what do they do um they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight so what do they do um they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight so what do they do um they get
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy from redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and let's
+just show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example Redux reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Redux reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Redux reactions
+coupled to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to the
+conversion of oxygen to H2O so oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of oxygen to H2O so oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of oxygen to H2O so oxygen is
+involved in these reactions and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in these reactions and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in these reactions and one
+organism for example can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism for example can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism for example can
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ammonia and convert it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrite uh another type of organism can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite uh another type of organism can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite uh another type of organism can
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+nitrite and con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite and con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite and con
+nitrite and converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrate and there are other organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and there are other organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and there are other organisms
+that can take hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take hydrogen
+sulfide and converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and converted to
+sulfate and some can take hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sulfide oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide oh
+no take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iron Ferris iron fe+ 2 and convert it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron Ferris iron fe+ 2 and convert it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron Ferris iron fe+ 2 and convert it to
+Fe +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe +
+3 so in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so in all of these
+cases what is happening to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what is happening to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what is happening to these
+compounds are they being oxidized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced I heard in oxidized yes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I heard in oxidized yes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I heard in oxidized yes they're
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+oxidized so these reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized so these reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized so these reduced
+compounds relatively reduced compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds relatively reduced compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds relatively reduced compounds
+um can be utilized but by oxidizing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can be utilized but by oxidizing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can be utilized but by oxidizing them
+the organism can release the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism can release the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism can release the energy
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh ATP is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and nadph is generated by any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nadph is generated by any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nadph is generated by any of
+these couples Redux couples so so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couples Redux couples so so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couples Redux couples so so using
+this energy then the cell takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy then the cell takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy then the cell takes the
+reduced nadph and the ATP and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced nadph and the ATP and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced nadph and the ATP and it
+runs the Calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the Calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the Calvin cycle
+chemosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um now you may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you may think
+that these are kind of strange weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are kind of strange weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are kind of strange weird
+bacteria that live in strange pockets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that live in strange pockets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that live in strange pockets of
+the Earth where there's no oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth where there's no oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth where there's no oxygen and
+who cares anyway um they're outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares anyway um they're outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares anyway um they're outdated
+they dominated the Earth way back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dominated the Earth way back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they dominated the Earth way back in the
+early stages of the earth uh but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stages of the earth uh but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stages of the earth uh but they're
+not so important now well that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so important now well that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so important now well that's not
+true they're incredibly important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they're incredibly important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they're incredibly important in
+some ecosystems they're the total base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ecosystems they're the total base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ecosystems they're the total base
+of the entire ecosystem but also on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire ecosystem but also on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire ecosystem but also on a
+global scale as you'll learn um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global scale as you'll learn um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global scale as you'll learn um you
+should have a feeling for this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a feeling for this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a feeling for this by the
+end of this lecture but also when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but also when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture but also when we
+talk about global biogeochemical cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about global biogeochemical cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about global biogeochemical cycles
+you will learn that these microbes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn that these microbes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn that these microbes that
+are really they're Messengers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really they're Messengers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really they're Messengers for
+electrons in the in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the in the environment
+without them the Redux balance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them the Redux balance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them the Redux balance of the
+Earth would not be maintained okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth would not be maintained okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth would not be maintained okay you
+can't have nothing but oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have nothing but oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have nothing but oxidation
+reactions or nothing but reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions or nothing but reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions or nothing but reduction
+reactions and and have a system sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and and have a system sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and and have a system sustain
+itself so it's these microbes um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's these microbes um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's these microbes um that
+are playing a a really important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing a a really important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing a a really important role in
+maintaining the Redux balance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the Redux balance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the Redux balance of the
+earth okay now one system system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth okay now one system system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth okay now one system system that
+I'm going to show you in that um DVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in that um DVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you in that um DVD
+that will do much better Justice to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will do much better Justice to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will do much better Justice to it
+than my drawings here that's a deep sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my drawings here that's a deep sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my drawings here that's a deep sea
+volcano uh in case you didn't recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcano uh in case you didn't recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcano uh in case you didn't recognize
+it and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is
+2500 meters bottom of the ocean very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 meters bottom of the ocean very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 meters bottom of the ocean very
+very deep um and there's intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep um and there's intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep um and there's intense
+heat I mean just think of a volcano on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat I mean just think of a volcano on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat I mean just think of a volcano on
+the surface of the Earth um in intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the Earth um in intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of the Earth um in intense
+heat and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compounds are found in the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are found in the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds are found in the Earth's
+mantle that are ready to erupt through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle that are ready to erupt through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantle that are ready to erupt through
+this deep sea volcano and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep sea volcano and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deep sea volcano and you have
+sulfate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate in the
+seawater that percolates through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater that percolates through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seawater that percolates through here
+and as it percolates in and then gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it percolates in and then gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it percolates in and then gets uh
+drawn into the the uh volcanic stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn into the the uh volcanic stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn into the the uh volcanic stuff
+that's coming out of here it's convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of here it's convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of here it's convert
+it's reduced to hydrogen sulfide coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced to hydrogen sulfide coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced to hydrogen sulfide coming
+out of the volcano and but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the volcano and but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the volcano and but you have
+oxygen in the water in the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the water in the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the water in the deep
+sea uh Because the actual and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea uh Because the actual and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea uh Because the actual and we'll be
+talking about this when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this when we talk about
+ocean circulation but but the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean circulation but but the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean circulation but but the oceans
+have a global ocean circulation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a global ocean circulation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a global ocean circulation where
+the surface water that's in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface water that's in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface water that's in equilibrium
+with the atmosphere actually sinks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the atmosphere actually sinks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the atmosphere actually sinks and
+travels along the bottom of the ocean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels along the bottom of the ocean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels along the bottom of the ocean so
+there is oxygen in the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is oxygen in the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is oxygen in the bottom of the
+ocean unlike many lakes where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean unlike many lakes where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean unlike many lakes where you don't
+have oxygen and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oxygen and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oxygen and we'll talk about that
+that difference um and this in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference um and this in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference um and this in in the
+the hot vents um the water coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot vents um the water coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot vents um the water coming out of
+here can be very very hot uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be very very hot uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be very very hot uh but you
+know there's a gradient right as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a gradient right as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a gradient right as it
+comes out meeting the colder sea waterer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out meeting the colder sea waterer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out meeting the colder sea waterer
+and so what you have here is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incubator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator for
+chemosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bacteria that use the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that use the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that use the hydrogen
+sulfide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide in
+chemosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide um
+using the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the oxygen
+here and that forms the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that forms the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that forms the base of the
+entire food web and the deep ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire food web and the deep ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire food web and the deep ocean
+because there's no light down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no light down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no light down there
+there's no photosynthesis there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no photosynthesis there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no photosynthesis there's only
+chemos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemos
+and just a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a little uh
+story um that goes back to when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um that goes back to when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um that goes back to when I first
+came to MIT as a as a um assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT as a as a um assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT as a as a um assistant
+professor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1976 uh you weren't even born uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 uh you weren't even born uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 uh you weren't even born uh but um
+when I was young we used to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young we used to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young we used to go to the
+muddy Charles Pub uh periodically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy Charles Pub uh periodically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddy Charles Pub uh periodically and
+after work and have beers and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after work and have beers and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after work and have beers and there was
+a professor in this department actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in this department actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in this department actually
+um John Edmond who's who passed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um John Edmond who's who passed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um John Edmond who's who passed away
+several years ago uh but who used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years ago uh but who used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years ago uh but who used to be
+there it was sort of like our cheers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was sort of like our cheers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it was sort of like our cheers um
+and I'll never forget the day he came he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll never forget the day he came he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll never forget the day he came he
+came back from a cruise and he came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back from a cruise and he came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back from a cruise and he came to
+the pub and he was a chemist and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pub and he was a chemist and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pub and he was a chemist and um I'm
+a biologist and and he said you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biologist and and he said you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biologist and and he said you won't
+believe you will not believe what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you will not believe what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you will not believe what we
+found on the on the bottom of the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on the on the bottom of the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found on the on the bottom of the ocean
+uh he would had gone down in Alvin this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he would had gone down in Alvin this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he would had gone down in Alvin this
+submersible uh two two person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersible uh two two person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersible uh two two person
+submersible uh vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersible uh vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersible uh vehicle
+and he started talking about these giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he started talking about these giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he started talking about these giant
+clams and these giant tube worms and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clams and these giant tube worms and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clams and these giant tube worms and all
+of these things and I thought he had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and I thought he had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and I thought he had had
+one too many beers uh I find it found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too many beers uh I find it found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too many beers uh I find it found it
+hard to believe well that was the turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe well that was the turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe well that was the turned
+out that that was the the the first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that was the the the first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that was the the the first um
+discovery of these deep sea vents and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of these deep sea vents and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of these deep sea vents and he
+was on that expedition and through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on that expedition and through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on that expedition and through that
+uh that collegial relationship I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that collegial relationship I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that collegial relationship I
+actually ended up with one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ended up with one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ended up with one of the the
+clamshells from the clams there um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamshells from the clams there um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamshells from the clams there um which
+is one of the giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the giant
+clams uh that are all that their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clams uh that are all that their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clams uh that are all that their their
+their U meat is blood red because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their U meat is blood red because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their U meat is blood red because they
+have a special kind of hemoglobin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special kind of hemoglobin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special kind of hemoglobin that
+they use to to keep the oxygen tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use to to keep the oxygen tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use to to keep the oxygen tension
+perfect for these chemosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for these chemosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for these chemosynthetic
+bacteria if oxygen is too high they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria if oxygen is too high they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria if oxygen is too high they
+can't do this because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this because it'll
+spontaneously o oxidize the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously o oxidize the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously o oxidize the the um the
+H2S so there's a oxygen tension is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2S so there's a oxygen tension is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2S so there's a oxygen tension is is is
+very critical and they have a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical and they have a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very critical and they have a special
+kind of hemoglobin that does that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hemoglobin that does that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hemoglobin that does that um so
+these clams had symbiotic chemosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clams had symbiotic chemosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these clams had symbiotic chemosynthetic
+bacteria well since then these vents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria well since then these vents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria well since then these vents
+have been discovered everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discovered everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discovered everywhere and
+ecosystems similar have been discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems similar have been discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems similar have been discovered
+on the surface and there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface and there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface and there's all kinds of
+different vents you're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vents you're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vents you're going to learn
+about uh not only hydrothermal vents hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh not only hydrothermal vents hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh not only hydrothermal vents hot
+vents in this um video but also uh cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vents in this um video but also uh cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vents in this um video but also uh cold
+seeps they're called where you have U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeps they're called where you have U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeps they're called where you have U
+methane bacteria that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane bacteria that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane bacteria that are really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done these are the main uh ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these are the main uh ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these are the main uh ways in which
+organisms can get energy to convert CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can get energy to convert CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can get energy to convert CO2
+to organic carbon then you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organic carbon then you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organic carbon then you have all
+these heterotrofos the ones that use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heterotrofos the ones that use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heterotrofos the ones that use the
+organic carbon and they have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon and they have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon and they have various
+ways of doing that you've learned in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing that you've learned in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing that you've learned in in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Biochemistry uh the primary way uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry uh the primary way uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry uh the primary way uh which
+is very powerful and that is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very powerful and that is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very powerful and that is using
+aerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic
+respiration um to do that and so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration um to do that and so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration um to do that and so we are
+just going to abbreviate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's our reverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photosynthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heterotri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterotri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterotri
+so we have first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aerobic and we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to let me let me jump ahead with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me let me jump ahead with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me let me jump ahead with the
+slides because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll okay there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll okay there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll okay there you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+so this is a cartoon version of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a cartoon version of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a cartoon version of of
+aerobic respiration so we'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic respiration so we'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic respiration so we'll just put
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+glucose we'll come down to the kreb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose we'll come down to the kreb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose we'll come down to the kreb
+cycle and we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and we are going
+to let electrons flow here and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let electrons flow here and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let electrons flow here and have
+oxygen be the final electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceptor moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor moving to
+creating water so we've really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating water so we've really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating water so we've really just
+accomplished the absolute reverse of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished the absolute reverse of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished the absolute reverse of um
+photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we've made nadh in doing this and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made nadh in doing this and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made nadh in doing this and we've
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ATP so these guys are getting the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so these guys are getting the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so these guys are getting the energy
+out of the glucose that all the or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the glucose that all the or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the glucose that all the or other
+organisms made um and oxygen is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms made um and oxygen is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms made um and oxygen is the
+terminal electron acceptor when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal electron acceptor when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal electron acceptor when there's
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+around but there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but there are lots of
+environments as we talked about on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments as we talked about on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments as we talked about on Earth
+where where there isn't oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there isn't oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there isn't oxygen
+and there are bacteria that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are bacteria that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are bacteria that can take
+advantage of those environments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those environments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those environments and
+instead of having oxygen be the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having oxygen be the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having oxygen be the terminal
+electron acceptor there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptor there's a number of
+other uh elements that they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh elements that they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh elements that they can use
+compounds that they can use for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they can use for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that they can use for example
+there's some that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some that use
+nitrate and they red reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and they red reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate and they red reduce it
+to nitrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+and2 ammonia all the relatively reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and2 ammonia all the relatively reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and2 ammonia all the relatively reduced
+forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of
+nitrogen um and so this this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen um and so this this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen um and so this this is called
+anerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is this process is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denitrification and if it weren't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denitrification and if it weren't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denitrification and if it weren't for
+these bacteria these anob bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria these anob bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria these anob bacteria that
+can uh reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh reduce
+nitrate nitrogen would never return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate nitrogen would never return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate nitrogen would never return to
+the atmosphere remember last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere remember last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere remember last time we
+talked about nitrogen fixation how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nitrogen fixation how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nitrogen fixation how
+specific types of microbes can take N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific types of microbes can take N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific types of microbes can take N2
+from the atmosphere and pull it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atmosphere and pull it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the atmosphere and pull it into the
+the ecosystem well if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecosystem well if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecosystem well if you didn't have
+these bacteria doing this process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria doing this process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bacteria doing this process that
+nren would never get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nren would never get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nren would never get back to the
+atmosphere they're Central to closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they're Central to closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they're Central to closing
+the nitrogen cycle um then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen cycle um then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen cycle um then there are
+some that can use sulfate and reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that can use sulfate and reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that can use sulfate and reduce it
+to hydrogen sulfide as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen sulfide as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hydrogen sulfide as you can imagine
+these are critical to creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are critical to creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are critical to creating the
+hydrogen sulfide that's used in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide that's used in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide that's used in these
+other processes there are some that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes there are some that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes there are some that use
+CO2 convert to uh methane these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 convert to uh methane these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 convert to uh methane these are
+methanogenic bacteria and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methanogenic bacteria and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methanogenic bacteria and they're
+incredibly important in the glob Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important in the glob Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important in the glob Global
+carbon cycle and in the methane cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon cycle and in the methane cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon cycle and in the methane cycle
+methane is a really powerful greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is a really powerful greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is a really powerful greenhouse
+gas and we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and we're going to talk about that
+later and then there's some then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then there's some then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and then there's some then can
+take fe+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fe+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take fe+
+3 and reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and reduce it to
+f+2 and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manganese so you should be starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese so you should be starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese so you should be starting to
+sense a sort of symmetry here right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a sort of symmetry here right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a sort of symmetry here right that
+these Anor robic bacteria are fulfilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Anor robic bacteria are fulfilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Anor robic bacteria are fulfilling
+functions on the earth uh let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the earth uh let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the earth uh let me write
+these down these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these down these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these down these are
+sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducers these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methanogens and these are iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducers and manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducers and manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducers and manganese
+reducers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these will all become extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will all become extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will all become extremely
+important when we talk about the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when we talk about the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when we talk about the global
+biogeochemical cycles of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemical cycles of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogeochemical cycles of all of these
+elements it's these microbes that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it's these microbes that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it's these microbes that uh
+make sure that the Cycles can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the Cycles can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the Cycles can can
+continue and don't run into a dead end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and don't run into a dead end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and don't run into a dead end
+of oxidation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation or
+reduction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction okay
+um before we go to the the the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we go to the the the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we go to the the the movie
+I just want to say if you look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to say if you look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to say if you look at um
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+25.2 in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.2 in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.2 in your
+textbook I think it's that one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook I think it's that one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook I think it's that one I'm
+assuming I'm using the same the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I'm using the same the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I'm using the same the most
+recent version but um you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent version but um you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent version but um you'll see a
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theme oops A variation of this theme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme oops A variation of this theme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme oops A variation of this theme in
+which there will be some entries of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there will be some entries of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there will be some entries of of
+organisms that don't fall into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that don't fall into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that don't fall into these
+categories that I've just shown you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that I've just shown you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories that I've just shown you and
+that is to say that there are organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say that there are organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say that there are organisms
+that use light energy and organic carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use light energy and organic carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use light energy and organic carbon
+energy at the same time for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the same time for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the same time for every
+variation that's possible there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that's possible there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that's possible there's an
+organism that's evolved to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that's evolved to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that's evolved to take
+advantage of it I've just oversimplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it I've just oversimplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it I've just oversimplified
+it here but you you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you you should you should
+know that and the bottom line is if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and the bottom line is if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and the bottom line is if it's
+thermody dally possible and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermody dally possible and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermody dally possible and again this
+whole lecture could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture could have been
+done in a thermodynamic mode uh we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a thermodynamic mode uh we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a thermodynamic mode uh we could
+have we could have looked at which Redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we could have looked at which Redux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we could have looked at which Redux
+couples were energ energetically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples were energ energetically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples were energ energetically um
+possible and then assigned those to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and then assigned those to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and then assigned those to the
+particular um microbes but but for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um microbes but but for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um microbes but but for for
+now this is just I just want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just I just want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just I just want you to get
+the the overview but for for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overview but for for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the overview but for for anything
+that's thermodynamically feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thermodynamically feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thermodynamically feasible
+there's a microbe out there that's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a microbe out there that's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a microbe out there that's doing
+it and in fact microbiologists actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact microbiologists actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in fact microbiologists actually
+comb through uh Redux tables and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb through uh Redux tables and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb through uh Redux tables and then
+put together different redo couples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together different redo couples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together different redo couples and
+and hypothesize I ought to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hypothesize I ought to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hypothesize I ought to be able to
+find an organism that does this in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an organism that does this in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an organism that does this in that
+environment and then they go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then they go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and then they go out and
+they almost always can actually find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they almost always can actually find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they almost always can actually find it
+um so they're incredibly versatile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're incredibly versatile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they're incredibly versatile and
+it gives you a a a really good strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a a a really good strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a a a really good strong
+feeling for the power of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for the power of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for the power of um of
+thermodynamics in driving the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics in driving the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics in driving the evolution
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+these biochemical processes finally let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these biochemical processes finally let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these biochemical processes finally let
+me just uh before we show you the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just uh before we show you the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just uh before we show you the movie
+I want to show you what this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you what this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you what this thing is
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there was a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a Russian
+microbiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiologist
+uh back in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back in the previous
+Century named WIOG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century named WIOG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century named WIOG
+gradsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradsky
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who wanted to isolate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to isolate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to isolate some of these
+photosynthetic bacteria um and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacteria um and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic bacteria um and knowing
+what their characteristics were he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their characteristics were he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their characteristics were he he
+went out and he got himself some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and he got himself some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and he got himself some some
+mud and some pond water and he set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud and some pond water and he set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud and some pond water and he set up
+what we've come to call a winogradsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've come to call a winogradsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've come to call a winogradsky
+column this is a winogradsky juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this is a winogradsky juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this is a winogradsky juice
+bottle but it works the same uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle but it works the same uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle but it works the same uh and what
+you do is you put you put mud in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put you put mud in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put you put mud in the
+bottom and you put pond water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you put pond water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you put pond water
+here and the pond water has basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the pond water has basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the pond water has basically an
+inoculum uh it has representatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculum uh it has representatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inoculum uh it has representatives of
+all different types of bacteria they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different types of bacteria they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different types of bacteria they
+might be spores if they don't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spores if they don't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be spores if they don't like the
+environment they're in they they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they're in they they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they're in they they make
+they sporulate and they they um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sporulate and they they um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sporulate and they they um just
+don't germinate but presumably in pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't germinate but presumably in pond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't germinate but presumably in pond
+water you have everything that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you have everything that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you have everything that could
+possibly grow in here and in the mud you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly grow in here and in the mud you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly grow in here and in the mud you
+have add a source of sulfate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have add a source of sulfate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have add a source of sulfate so you
+might add calcium sulfate and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might add calcium sulfate and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might add calcium sulfate and you might
+add a little uh organic matter just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little uh organic matter just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a little uh organic matter just to
+you know plant parts or something just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plant parts or something just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plant parts or something just
+to jump start it and eventually you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump start it and eventually you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump start it and eventually you set
+up a gradient here of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a gradient here of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a gradient here of hydrogen
+sulfide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide and
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+and over time you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over time you the
+organisms uh grow along that gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh grow along that gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh grow along that gradient so
+you'll end up down here with the Anor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up down here with the Anor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up down here with the Anor
+robic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respiration in fact the organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration in fact the organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration in fact the organisms
+generate this gradient when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this gradient when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this gradient when you start
+out the whole thing is oxygenated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole thing is oxygenated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole thing is oxygenated and
+what you should think about in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think about in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think about in in in
+this in this context is what happens how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this context is what happens how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this context is what happens how
+does how do these gradients get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do these gradients get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do these gradients get
+generated when you start out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated when you start out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated when you start out with a
+completely mixed system everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mixed system everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely mixed system everything in
+there everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everything
+oxygenated eventually you have anerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated eventually you have anerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenated eventually you have anerobic
+first you'll just have aerobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you'll just have aerobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you'll just have aerobic
+respiration right anything that can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration right anything that can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration right anything that can use
+organic carbon and oxygen is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon and oxygen is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic carbon and oxygen is going to go
+like mad and that's what's going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad and that's what's going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad and that's what's going to draw
+the oxygen down then you'll have Anor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen down then you'll have Anor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen down then you'll have Anor
+robic respiration here you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic respiration here you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic respiration here you'll have
+photosynthesis up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here evolving
+oxygen you'll have chemosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen you'll have chemosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen you'll have chemosynthetic
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here because they need a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because they need a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because they need a little bit of
+oxygen but they also need some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but they also need some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but they also need some of this
+hydrogen sulfide and photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide and photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen sulfide and photosynthetic
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+because well they're like down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well they're like down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well they're like down here
+because they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light but can't have oxygen and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but can't have oxygen and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but can't have oxygen and so you
+can set these up and if anybody these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set these up and if anybody these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set these up and if anybody these
+this purple Band Here tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purple Band Here tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purple Band Here tells you that
+that you've got your photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got your photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got your photosynthetic
+bacteria
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5i4fd-BhAt0.txt b/5i4fd-BhAt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56d945e921574f75b00566f6acd007d3187fba56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5i4fd-BhAt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a great time for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great time for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great time for me
+uh to tell you about my why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to tell you about my why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to tell you about my why this matters
+and of course the sp2 carbon atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the sp2 carbon atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the sp2 carbon atom
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+because of drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of drinking water
+of course um and you know this is a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course um and you know this is a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course um and you know this is a well
+in in a district in india where more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a district in india where more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a district in india where more
+than 50 percent of the wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 percent of the wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 percent of the wells
+exceed the who limits for arsenic by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the who limits for arsenic by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the who limits for arsenic by
+around a factor of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a factor of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a factor of five
+um uh 1.8 billion people in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 1.8 billion people in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 1.8 billion people in the world
+drink fecally contaminated water on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink fecally contaminated water on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink fecally contaminated water on a
+daily basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis
+600 million people boil their water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 million people boil their water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 million people boil their water in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+boiling doesn't help with arsenic though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling doesn't help with arsenic though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling doesn't help with arsenic though
+arsenic just stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic just stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic just stays in
+in the boiled water it kills bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boiled water it kills bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boiled water it kills bacteria
+but it doesn't help with toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't help with toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't help with toxic
+toxic elements if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic elements if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic elements if you look at
+the world as a whole and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as a whole and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as a whole and you look at
+sort of where there are water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water crisis where the water crisis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water crisis where the water crisis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water crisis where the water crisis is
+at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level
+it's it's a little over three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a little over three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a little over three and a half
+billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion people
+um and in those countries almost 185 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in those countries almost 185 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in those countries almost 185 or
+so countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so countries
+um where this is a serious problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this is a serious problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this is a serious problem if
+you look at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the cost
+of disease and the cause of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease and the cause of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease and the cause of death
+in those countries seventy to eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those countries seventy to eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those countries seventy to eighty
+percent of all disease and almost thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of all disease and almost thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of all disease and almost thirty
+percent of all death can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of all death can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of all death can be
+attributed to the water quality right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the water quality right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the water quality right so
+uh when i talk about water as a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i talk about water as a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i talk about water as a problem
+i really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really mean
+it's a serious problem it's a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a serious problem it's a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a serious problem it's a problem of
+life or death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or death
+um now this is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this is to get
+fresh drinking water if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh drinking water if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh drinking water if you look at the
+planet and you say well where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and you say well where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and you say well where is the
+water on this planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on this planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water on this planet
+where is the water on this planet i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the water on this planet i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the water on this planet i like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we consume water volumetrically not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consume water volumetrically not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consume water volumetrically not in
+an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area
+right we use water as a volume and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we use water as a volume and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we use water as a volume and this
+is the water we have on this precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the water we have on this precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the water we have on this precious
+planet as a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet as a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet as a volume
+this bubble here is all of the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bubble here is all of the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bubble here is all of the ocean
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+right it's about 70 it's about 97 of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's about 70 it's about 97 of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's about 70 it's about 97 of all
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+that bubble there is fresh water that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bubble there is fresh water that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bubble there is fresh water that is
+inaccessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible
+right it's frozen and this one here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's frozen and this one here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's frozen and this one here you
+can't really see it there is another dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it there is another dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see it there is another dot
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that's less than one percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one percent of the
+world's water that is our drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's water that is our drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's water that is our drinking water
+ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem
+that is what we are destroying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we are destroying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we are destroying um
+and but see so what okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but see so what okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but see so what okay so there's a
+lot of things we can try to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things we can try to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things we can try to do about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right uh one of the things we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh one of the things we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh one of the things we can try to
+do is to see if we can tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to see if we can tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to see if we can tap
+into this in a way that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in a way that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this in a way that's more
+affordable and more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and more efficient
+because there's a lot of water here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of water here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of water here
+right and use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and use that
+but the problem is if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if you look at the
+cost of desalination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of desalination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of desalination
+today as opposed to the cos that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as opposed to the cos that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as opposed to the cos that's
+desalination if you look at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination if you look at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination if you look at the cost
+as opposed to just digging water out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just digging water out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just digging water out of
+a well like the one i just showed you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well like the one i just showed you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well like the one i just showed you in
+india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+it's over a factor of 10. still and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over a factor of 10. still and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's over a factor of 10. still and and
+in fact one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one of the
+the big issues with desalination isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issues with desalination isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issues with desalination isn't
+just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the
+the total cost or the operating costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total cost or the operating costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total cost or the operating costs
+but the capital costs how do you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the capital costs how do you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the capital costs how do you build
+this plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant
+in the first place right um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place right um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place right um and so
+it takes too much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at the the thing that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the the thing that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the the thing that's at
+the heart of desalination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of desalination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of desalination
+it's a filter right it's a filter and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a filter right it's a filter and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a filter right it's a filter and i
+talked about this in my last why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in my last why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this in my last why this
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+when i talk about separations and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i talk about separations and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i talk about separations and i
+promise that in my next why this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that in my next why this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that in my next why this matter
+i talk about water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk about water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talk about water
+right which is what i'm doing um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is what i'm doing um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is what i'm doing um if you
+look at a desal plant this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a desal plant this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a desal plant this is one of the
+world's largest this is a plant called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's largest this is a plant called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's largest this is a plant called
+the hedera plant in israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedera plant in israel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hedera plant in israel
+and you look at what their costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at what their costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at what their costs are
+that remember the cost station half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember the cost station half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember the cost station half of
+that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cost
+almost half of the cost isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost half of the cost isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost half of the cost isn't just
+energy and almost all of that energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and almost all of that energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and almost all of that energy is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+pushing salt water through a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing salt water through a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing salt water through a filter
+through a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a membrane
+uh that's called the reverse osmosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's called the reverse osmosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's called the reverse osmosis
+membrane because you're going against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane because you're going against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane because you're going against
+the osmotic pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the osmotic pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the osmotic pressure
+um and if you look at the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you look at the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you look at the membrane
+itself this is a picture of it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is a picture of it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is a picture of it it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+very small layer on top of this active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small layer on top of this active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small layer on top of this active
+layer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer um
+that does all the work it's not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does all the work it's not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does all the work it's not a very
+good design in fact membranes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good design in fact membranes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good design in fact membranes for
+desalination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desalination
+are pretty bad right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty bad right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty bad right
+they kind of do everything worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of do everything worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of do everything worse than
+they should except that they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should except that they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should except that they work
+which is good and they're cheap dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good and they're cheap dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good and they're cheap dollar
+square foot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square foot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square foot but
+but see they're very they take much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see they're very they take much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see they're very they take much more
+energy than you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than you need
+they foul up very easily and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they foul up very easily and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they foul up very easily and then that
+means stuff gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means stuff gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means stuff gets
+kind of you know stuck in them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know stuck in them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know stuck in them and then
+you can't take it out you can't clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take it out you can't clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take it out you can't clean
+them because these these polyamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because these these polyamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because these these polyamide
+membranes which is the same polymer used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes which is the same polymer used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes which is the same polymer used
+in these membranes for 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these membranes for 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these membranes for 50 years
+haven't changed the material those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed the material those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed the material those
+polyemi membranes are destroyed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyemi membranes are destroyed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyemi membranes are destroyed by
+chlorine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine so
+even in a diesel plant in a desal plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a diesel plant in a desal plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a diesel plant in a desal plant
+if you have drinking water in your feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have drinking water in your feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have drinking water in your feed
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+drinking water has six parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water has six parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water has six parts per million
+chlorine that's not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine that's not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine that's not much
+they still will go through the cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still will go through the cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still will go through the cost to
+remove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it
+they will remove it from the feed why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will remove it from the feed why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will remove it from the feed why
+because if you leave that little amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you leave that little amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you leave that little amount
+of chlorine in the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine in the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chlorine in the feed
+these membranes get destroyed by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these membranes get destroyed by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these membranes get destroyed by the way
+there's 40 000 of these membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 40 000 of these membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 40 000 of these membranes
+in this plant each one is 2 meters long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plant each one is 2 meters long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plant each one is 2 meters long
+and 40 square meters of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40 square meters of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40 square meters of area
+so so these are so delicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are so delicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are so delicate
+that you can't really clean them well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't really clean them well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't really clean them well
+and that's part of what the cost of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of what the cost of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of what the cost of a
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+involves right that's part of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves right that's part of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves right that's part of what the
+cost of a plant involves now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of a plant involves now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of a plant involves now
+um this would be like a plant right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be like a plant right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be like a plant right you
+have sea water coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sea water coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sea water coming in
+and you know and then you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and then you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and then you've got your
+membrane module that's taking the salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane module that's taking the salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane module that's taking the salt
+out of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water
+and then the product water but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the product water but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the product water but because
+this this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this filter
+is so delicate there's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so delicate there's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so delicate there's the picture
+because that filter is so delicate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that filter is so delicate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that filter is so delicate you
+actually have to add a whole lot more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to add a whole lot more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to add a whole lot more to
+the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant
+so much of a desal plant is built around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of a desal plant is built around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of a desal plant is built around
+essentially protecting this membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially protecting this membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially protecting this membrane
+so that's cost that's cost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cost that's cost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cost that's cost right
+a better membrane could change this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better membrane could change this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better membrane could change this but
+like i said the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the membrane
+oh there it is you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there it is you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there it is you can't you can't
+snapchat on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat on that
+snapchat what is it that people do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat what is it that people do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat what is it that people do today
+not snapchat yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not snapchat yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not snapchat yeah
+snapchat yeah okay thank you you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat yeah okay thank you you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat yeah okay thank you you can't
+snapchat on that that's what i meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat on that that's what i meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapchat on that that's what i meant
+i know it's not myspace but i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know it's not myspace but i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know it's not myspace but i don't know
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+um uh this is like you know when i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is like you know when i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is like you know when i look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+at at membranes today as a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at membranes today as a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at membranes today as a material
+sciences materials chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences materials chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences materials chemist
+i look at members i think that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i look at members i think that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i look at members i think that's what it
+looks like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like why
+it doesn't have to be the case we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be the case we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be the case we can do
+so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much better
+and and so okay energy and cost goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so okay energy and cost goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so okay energy and cost goes
+into pre-treatment secondary treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pre-treatment secondary treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pre-treatment secondary treatment
+and this is where this comes back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this comes back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this comes back this
+beautiful material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful material
+that we have now understood more than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have now understood more than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have now understood more than we
+did before because remember before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before because remember before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before because remember before i
+showed you graphene and i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you graphene and i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you graphene and i showed you
+no i showed you benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we talked about it as a lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about it as a lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about it as a lewis
+resonance structure remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure remember
+all right a lewis resonant structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a lewis resonant structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a lewis resonant structure to
+help explain how it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help explain how it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help explain how it look
+you know graphene does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know graphene does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know graphene does not have
+alternating bonds remember that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating bonds remember that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating bonds remember that's what
+we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before
+it's a lewis resonance structure so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lewis resonance structure so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lewis resonance structure so it
+lowers its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers its energy
+by having two sets of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having two sets of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having two sets of structures
+that have sort of alternating bonds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have sort of alternating bonds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have sort of alternating bonds we
+talked about it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it in the context of
+benzene but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene but see
+now you know so much more you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know so much more you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know so much more you know so
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+because now you know why graphene is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you know why graphene is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you know why graphene is so
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+you know why graphene is so special it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why graphene is so special it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why graphene is so special it
+actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is
+the hybridization it's the hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybridization it's the hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybridization it's the hybridization
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+on top and on the bottom of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and on the bottom of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and on the bottom of a single
+atom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom of
+of a single sheet of graphene you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single sheet of graphene you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single sheet of graphene you've got
+pi bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi bonding
+all the way those pi bonds are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way those pi bonds are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way those pi bonds are going
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+the whole surface and those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface and those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole surface and those electrons
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+critical those electrons that occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical those electrons that occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical those electrons that occupy
+those pi orbitals are critical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pi orbitals are critical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pi orbitals are critical to the
+the very special properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very special properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very special properties that
+graphene has so you now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphene has so you now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphene has so you now know
+the secret it's sp2 hybridization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret it's sp2 hybridization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret it's sp2 hybridization and
+you know this has allowed us uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this has allowed us uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this has allowed us uh this is
+you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+i'm kind of passionate about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of passionate about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of passionate about this
+problem partly i'm passionate about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem partly i'm passionate about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem partly i'm passionate about a
+lot of problems but also we happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems but also we happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of problems but also we happen to
+work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this
+and we have been developing this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been developing this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have been developing this this is
+like the ultimate membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ultimate membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ultimate membrane
+i can soak this in chlorine overnight i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can soak this in chlorine overnight i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can soak this in chlorine overnight i
+can put it in negative ph solutions i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it in negative ph solutions i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put it in negative ph solutions i
+can heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can heat it up
+it doesn't degrade and we have figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't degrade and we have figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't degrade and we have figured
+out how to poke holes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to poke holes in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to poke holes in it
+at just the right size or to stitch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just the right size or to stitch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just the right size or to stitch it
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+so that maybe you can filter particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that maybe you can filter particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that maybe you can filter particles
+by the flow in between these sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the flow in between these sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the flow in between these sheets
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and this material as a membrane is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this material as a membrane is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this material as a membrane is so
+promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising
+that we've actually started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've actually started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've actually started to
+commercialize it as of the last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize it as of the last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize it as of the last year
+right and i think this is really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i think this is really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i think this is really going
+to make a big difference in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a big difference in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a big difference in a lot of
+a lot of areas why because of sp2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of areas why because of sp2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of areas why because of sp2
+hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+that is why that is why this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why that is why this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why that is why this is such a
+special material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special material
+okay that's why why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5tCSR5L4nWI.txt b/5tCSR5L4nWI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..016d995c6c34af7244baf4b22e6cb74e877107af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5tCSR5L4nWI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we only used one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we only used one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we only used one
+independent variable but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable but there are many
+different variables that could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables that could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables that could be used
+to predict wine price we used average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict wine price we used average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict wine price we used average
+growing season temperature but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing season temperature but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing season temperature but we also
+have data for other weather related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data for other weather related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data for other weather related
+variables harvest rain and winter rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables harvest rain and winter rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables harvest rain and winter rain
+additionally the age of wine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the age of wine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the age of wine is
+suspected to be important and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspected to be important and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspected to be important and many other
+variables could also be used such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables could also be used such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables could also be used such as the
+population of France we can use each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of France we can use each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of France we can use each
+variable in a one variable regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in a one variable regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in a one variable regression
+model average growing season temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model average growing season temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model average growing season temperature
+gives the best r-squared of 0.44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the best r-squared of 0.44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the best r-squared of 0.44
+followed by harvest rain with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by harvest rain with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by harvest rain with an
+r-squared of 0.3 to france population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared of 0.3 to france population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared of 0.3 to france population
+and age both give models with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and age both give models with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and age both give models with an
+r-squared around point two and winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared around point two and winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared around point two and winter
+rain gives a pretty low r-squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain gives a pretty low r-squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain gives a pretty low r-squared of
+point zero two or just barely better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero two or just barely better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero two or just barely better
+than the baseline so if we only used one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the baseline so if we only used one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the baseline so if we only used one
+variable average growing season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable average growing season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable average growing season
+temperature is the best choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the best choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is the best choice but
+multiple linear regression allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple linear regression allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple linear regression allows you to
+use multiple variables at once to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multiple variables at once to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multiple variables at once to
+improve the model the multiple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the model the multiple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the model the multiple linear
+regression model is similar to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model is similar to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model is similar to the one
+variable regression model but has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable regression model but has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable regression model but has a
+coefficient beta for each independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta for each independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient beta for each independent
+variable we predict the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we predict the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we predict the dependent
+variable Y using the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y using the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y using the independent
+variables X 1 X 2 through X K where K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 X 2 through X K where K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 X 2 through X K where K
+here denotes the number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here denotes the number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here denotes the number of independent
+variables in our model beta 0 is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in our model beta 0 is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in our model beta 0 is again
+the coefficient for our intercept term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for our intercept term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for our intercept term
+and beta 1 beta 2 through beta K are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta 1 beta 2 through beta K are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta 1 beta 2 through beta K are the
+coefficients for the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the independent
+variables we use I to denote the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we use I to denote the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we use I to denote the data
+for a particular data point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular data point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular data point or
+observation the best model is selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the best model is selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation the best model is selected
+in the same way as before to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as before to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as before to minimize
+the sum of squared errors using the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors using the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors using the air
+terms Epsilon we can start by building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Epsilon we can start by building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Epsilon we can start by building a
+linear regression model that just uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model that just uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model that just uses
+the variable with the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable with the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable with the best
+our squared average growing season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our squared average growing season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our squared average growing season
+temperature we saw before that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we saw before that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we saw before that this
+gives us an r-squared of zero point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an r-squared of zero point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an r-squared of zero point four
+four then we can add variables one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then we can add variables one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four then we can add variables one at a
+time and look at the improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and look at the improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and look at the improvement in
+r-squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared
+note that the improvement is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the improvement is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the improvement is not equal
+to the one variable R squared for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one variable R squared for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one variable R squared for each
+independent variable we add since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable we add since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable we add since there
+are interactions between the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between the independent
+variables adding independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables adding independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables adding independent variables
+improves the r-squared to almost double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves the r-squared to almost double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves the r-squared to almost double
+what it was with a single independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was with a single independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was with a single independent
+variable but there are diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but there are diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but there are diminishing
+returns the marginal improvement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the marginal improvement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the marginal improvement from
+adding an additional variable decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an additional variable decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an additional variable decreases
+as we add more and more variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add more and more variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add more and more variables so
+which model should we use often not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model should we use often not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model should we use often not all
+variables should be used this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables should be used this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables should be used this is because
+each additional variable used requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional variable used requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional variable used requires
+more data and using more variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and using more variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and using more variables
+creates a more complicated model overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a more complicated model overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a more complicated model overly
+complicated models often caused what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models often caused what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated models often caused what's
+known as overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as overfitting
+this is when you have a high r-squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you have a high r-squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you have a high r-squared
+on data used to create the model but bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data used to create the model but bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data used to create the model but bad
+performance on unseen data for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on unseen data for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on unseen data for example
+suppose we want to use this model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want to use this model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we want to use this model to
+make a prediction for the year 2013 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction for the year 2013 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prediction for the year 2013 we
+expect an over fit model to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect an over fit model to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect an over fit model to perform
+poorly on this new data in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly on this new data in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly on this new data in the next
+video we'll learn how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll learn how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll learn how to build
+regression models in R and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models in R and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models in R and then we'll
+discuss how to select the variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how to select the variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how to select the variables that
+should be included in the final model
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5w2BvCPuYY0.txt b/5w2BvCPuYY0.txt
new file mode 100644
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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and
+welcome so like last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so like last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so like last
+time the important announcement is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the important announcement is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the important announcement is of
+course that we have an exam coming up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we have an exam coming up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that we have an exam coming up so
+exam 2 Wednesday everything's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 Wednesday everything's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 Wednesday everything's very
+similar analogous to last time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar analogous to last time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar analogous to last time with the
+exception that we're in Walker don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that we're in Walker don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that we're in Walker don't go
+to building 26 go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building 26 go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to building 26 go to
+Walker other than that things look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker other than that things look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker other than that things look very
+similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to
+before the idea will be that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the idea will be that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the idea will be that the new
+that the exam will focus on things since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the exam will focus on things since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the exam will focus on things since
+exam one however the this subject Builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one however the this subject Builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one however the this subject Builds
+on itself so the official coverage is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on itself so the official coverage is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on itself so the official coverage is 1
+to 12 Lees 1 to 12 recitations 1 to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 Lees 1 to 12 recitations 1 to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 Lees 1 to 12 recitations 1 to 12
+and homeworks 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and homeworks 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and homeworks 1 to
+7 questions comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 questions comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 questions comments
+everybody's all the logistical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's all the logistical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's all the logistical issues
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there was an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there was an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there was an introduction to
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+Locus so everybody knows what root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus so everybody knows what root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus so everybody knows what root Locus
+is so you can find out after class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you can find out after class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you can find out after class you
+know it'll just make me feel a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it'll just make me feel a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it'll just make me feel a lot
+better if you nod your head yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you nod your head yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you nod your head yes okay so
+root Locus is the way you figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus is the way you figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus is the way you figure out the
+locus of possible points that a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus of possible points that a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus of possible points that a pole
+could look could U move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look could U move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look could U move
+to there's an enormous number of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's an enormous number of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's an enormous number of rules
+for thinking about how root locuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about how root locuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about how root locuses
+evolve and if you're a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and if you're a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve and if you're a really good
+signals and systems person you know 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems person you know 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and systems person you know 50
+rules that's not the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that's not the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that's not the point of this
+class you should know that polls move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you should know that polls move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you should know that polls move
+around when there's feedback we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when there's feedback we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around when there's feedback we'll have
+examples of that in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in class
+today you should be able to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you should be able to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you should be able to calculate
+how they move around for simple problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they move around for simple problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they move around for simple problems
+you're not expected to know the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not expected to know the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not expected to know the rules
+okay so you shouldn't be surprised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you shouldn't be surprised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you shouldn't be surprised by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rules if we ask you to derive one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if we ask you to derive one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules if we ask you to derive one of the
+rules you probably could but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules you probably could but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules you probably could but we don't
+expect that you've memorized the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that you've memorized the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that you've memorized the rules
+does that sound roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound roughly
+correct okay question uh other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay question uh other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay question uh other questions
+or comments content Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments content Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments content Administration
+anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so about a week ago uh Russ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about a week ago uh Russ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about a week ago uh Russ
+introduced the idea of using feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of using feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the idea of using feedback
+for the purpose of controlling and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of controlling and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of controlling and the
+example in lecture was controlling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in lecture was controlling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in lecture was controlling a
+robot you've seen that before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot you've seen that before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot you've seen that before right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+601 and then in recitation yesterday he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 and then in recitation yesterday he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 and then in recitation yesterday he
+went over some more ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over some more ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over some more ways of thinking
+about more sophisticated ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more sophisticated ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about more sophisticated ways to do
+control with feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control with feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control with feedback
+and the point of those more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of those more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of those more
+sophisticated ways to do control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ways to do control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ways to do control is
+really performance the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really performance the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really performance the idea is to
+enhance performance and that's the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance performance and that's the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance performance and that's the theme
+that I want to build on today today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to build on today today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to build on today today and
+on Tuesday how do you enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday how do you enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday how do you enhance
+performance by by using feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by by using feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by by using feedback and
+we'll go through a number of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a number of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a number of examples
+you can use feedback to increase speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use feedback to increase speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use feedback to increase speed
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bandwidth you can use feedback to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth you can use feedback to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth you can use feedback to change
+the control variable from I'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variable from I'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control variable from I'll do an
+example speed to position you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example speed to position you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example speed to position you can reduce
+Distortion reduce sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion reduce sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion reduce sensitivity to
+parameter variation you can stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter variation you can stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter variation you can stabilize
+unstable systems we'll do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable systems we'll do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable systems we'll do a bunch of
+examples the point is that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the point is that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the point is that you can use
+feedback to accomplish a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to accomplish a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to accomplish a lot of
+different tasks that generally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks that generally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks that generally speaking
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+performance so with that let me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so with that let me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so with that let me think
+about an opamp you all know about opamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an opamp you all know about opamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an opamp you all know about opamps
+right that's also a 601 sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's also a 601 sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's also a 601 sort of
+thing so an ideal opamp would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so an ideal opamp would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so an ideal opamp would have a
+bunch of properties we would like we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of properties we would like we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of properties we would like we'd
+like it to have we'd like it to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to have we'd like it to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to have we'd like it to be very
+high speed we'd like it to have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed we'd like it to have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed we'd like it to have a very
+broad bandwidth we'd like it to be fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad bandwidth we'd like it to be fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad bandwidth we'd like it to be fast
+we'd like it to have a very low output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like it to have a very low output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like it to have a very low output
+impedance so it works like a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance so it works like a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance so it works like a perfect
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+source we'd like it to have a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we'd like it to have a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we'd like it to have a very high
+input impedance so that when we hook it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input impedance so that when we hook it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input impedance so that when we hook it
+up to something it doesn't change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to something it doesn't change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to something it doesn't change to
+something that we hooked it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we hooked it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we hooked it up
+to there's lots of things we'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's lots of things we'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there's lots of things we'd like it
+to have unfortunately it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have unfortunately it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have unfortunately it's difficult to
+build a circuit that has all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a circuit that has all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a circuit that has all of those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for and so here is an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so here is an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so here is an example of that
+here's one of the world's most popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the world's most popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the world's most popular
+opamps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamps the
+lm741 invented eons ago and still used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lm741 invented eons ago and still used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lm741 invented eons ago and still used
+today the idea that's plotted here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the idea that's plotted here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the idea that's plotted here is
+the frequency response you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response you remember
+frequency response what's the Frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response what's the Frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response what's the Frequency
+response of an LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of an LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of an LM
+741 well if you plot as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+741 well if you plot as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+741 well if you plot as a function of
+frequency how does the gain change well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency how does the gain change well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency how does the gain change well
+the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain
+enormous High Gain that's what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous High Gain that's what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous High Gain that's what we'd like
+it to have the gains enormous at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have the gains enormous at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have the gains enormous at low
+frequencies at one radian per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at one radian per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at one radian per
+second but the gain becomes very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the gain becomes very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the gain becomes very small
+out at high speeds at the speeds that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at high speeds at the speeds that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at high speeds at the speeds that we
+we uh think about when we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh think about when we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh think about when we're thinking
+about communication systems or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication systems or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about communication systems or when
+we're thinking about computation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about computation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about computation or
+things like when we think about speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like when we think about speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like when we think about speeds
+that are electronic speeds the gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are electronic speeds the gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are electronic speeds the gain is
+actually pretty small similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty small similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty small similarly the
+phase changes phase of very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes phase of very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase changes phase of very low
+frequencies is near zero that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is near zero that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is near zero that's kind of
+Ideal zero would mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal zero would mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal zero would mean in
+Phase the output reliably tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase the output reliably tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase the output reliably tells you
+what's the input doing so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the input doing so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the input doing so that's good
+but as you go to higher frequencies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go to higher frequencies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go to higher frequencies you
+start to pick up a phase delay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to pick up a phase delay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to pick up a phase delay which
+means the outputs telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the outputs telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the outputs telling you what the
+input did a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input did a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input did a little while
+ago okay that's less good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay that's less good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago okay that's less good so the
+performance in terms of providing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in terms of providing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in terms of providing a lot
+of gain is quite good for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain is quite good for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain is quite good for some
+frequencies but not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but not for
+others unfortunately the range where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others unfortunately the range where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others unfortunately the range where
+it's not very good uh is most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very good uh is most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very good uh is most of the
+range so if you thought about an opamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so if you thought about an opamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so if you thought about an opamp
+doing even a very low uh frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even a very low uh frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even a very low uh frequency
+problem like audio signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like audio signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like audio signal
+processing most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing most of the
+frequencies that are of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that are of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that are of interest to
+audio are in the region where the opam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio are in the region where the opam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio are in the region where the opam
+is not working too well we hear sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not working too well we hear sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not working too well we hear sounds
+from about 20 Hertz to about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 20 Hertz to about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 20 Hertz to about 20
+kilohertz and that in that range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and that in that range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and that in that range is
+indicated by the red arrow and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the red arrow and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the red arrow and you can
+see that's not where the op amp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's not where the op amp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's not where the op amp is
+working ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working ideally
+similarly we would like the opamp to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we would like the opamp to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we would like the opamp to be
+fast fast is indicated here by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fast is indicated here by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast fast is indicated here by thinking
+about the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the step
+response so if you thought about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so if you thought about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so if you thought about having
+an ideal Step at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Step at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal Step at the
+input what would the output look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what would the output look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what would the output look like
+Well we'd like it to be an ideal step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we'd like it to be an ideal step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we'd like it to be an ideal step
+but it generally isn't generally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it generally isn't generally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it generally isn't generally there's
+some lag that's associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lag that's associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lag that's associated with that
+phase delay that I talked about and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay that I talked about and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay that I talked about and in
+fact what I'd like you to do is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I'd like you to do is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I'd like you to do is figure
+out exactly how It's associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how It's associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly how It's associated with
+that phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase delay
+think about so figure out it will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so figure out it will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so figure out it will turn
+out that the step response can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the step response can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the step response can be
+characterized by a time constant towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by a time constant towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by a time constant towel
+the time constant tow is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant tow is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant tow is the time
+required for the signal to get within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for the signal to get within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for the signal to get within
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+e of its final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of its final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of its final
+value determine from this I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value determine from this I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value determine from this I've already
+told you the performance parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the performance parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the performance parameters in
+terms of frequency you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of frequency you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of frequency you should be able to
+use 63 to figure out what that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 63 to figure out what that implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 63 to figure out what that implies
+about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at your
+neighbor okay look look right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor okay look look right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor okay look look right
+look and now figure out which answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and now figure out which answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and now figure out which answer
+what's to for the 741
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's dead quiet so I assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's dead quiet so I assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's dead quiet so I assume that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence so what's the answer what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so what's the answer what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so what's the answer what's
+the uh time constant tow of the 741
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh time constant tow of the 741
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh time constant tow of the 741
+raise your hand with a number between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand with a number between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand with a number between
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+five don't look at other people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five don't look at other people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five don't look at other people just
+raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand okay I see a couple answers I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like how do I think about converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do I think about converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do I think about converting
+this representation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation to that
+representation what should I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+sh I I start with the thing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh I I start with the thing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh I I start with the thing on the right
+what should I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next so we're looking for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we're looking for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we're looking for something like
+eus T over tow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus T over tow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus T over tow that's
+right we're looking for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're looking for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're looking for something like
+that how do I how do I get that starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I how do I get that starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I how do I get that starting
+with the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right poles what a good idea how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poles what a good idea how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poles what a good idea how do I
+figure out poles from the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out poles from the thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out poles from the thing on the
+right six3 poles that should be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right six3 poles that should be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right six3 poles that should be like a
+hard wire right so uh when you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard wire right so uh when you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard wire right so uh when you hear the
+word3 you should think the word pole how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word3 you should think the word pole how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word3 you should think the word pole how
+do you associate a pole can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you associate a pole can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you associate a pole can somebody
+tell me what the poles of the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the poles of the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the poles of the right hand
+system should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like where the line is there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where the line is there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where the line is there's a couple
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+there the vertical line how many poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the vertical line how many poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the vertical line how many poles
+are on the right how many poles are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the right how many poles are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the right how many poles are in
+the system represented by the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system represented by the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system represented by the right hand
+figure one how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure one how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure one how many
+zeros zero wonderful so we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros zero wonderful so we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros zero wonderful so we have to think
+about a pole just one pole so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a pole just one pole so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a pole just one pole so we think
+about the S plane right where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the S plane right where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the S plane right where's the
+pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh you already told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you already told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you already told
+me 40 okay where's 40 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here somewhere in there got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere in there got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere in there got
+it where's where's where's the poll over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where's where's where's the poll over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where's where's where's the poll over
+here it's at location 40 that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's at location 40 that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's at location 40 that's actually
+correct well sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of40 that's exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of40 that's exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of40 that's exactly correct
+so40 so the pole is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so40 so the pole is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so40 so the pole is right
+here okay so the poll's at minus 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the poll's at minus 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the poll's at minus 40
+radians per second how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second how do you know
+that well that's that b stuff we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's that b stuff we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's that b stuff we talked
+about last time right so if the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time right so if the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time right so if the pole
+were here you would think about a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here you would think about a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here you would think about a vector
+so this is the J Omega axis right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the J Omega axis right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the J Omega axis right you
+would think of about a vector connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of about a vector connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of about a vector connecting
+the pole to some location on the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole to some location on the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole to some location on the J Omega
+axis if the location is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if the location is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if the location is Omega
+small it's going to have some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's going to have some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's going to have some that
+Vector is going to have some length like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to have some length like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to have some length like
+that it's going to have an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to have an angle of
+zero and as frequency goes up the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as frequency goes up the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as frequency goes up the vector
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+longer which means that the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer which means that the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer which means that the magnitude
+gets smaller because Po's in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller because Po's in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller because Po's in the bottom
+right and uh the phase goes increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the phase goes increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the phase goes increasingly
+toward pi/ 2 but it's in the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward pi/ 2 but it's in the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward pi/ 2 but it's in the bottom so
+it's minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus pi
+over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2
+right so the frequency at which you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the frequency at which you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the frequency at which you get
+to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi
+over4 okay Pi 0 pi over two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 okay Pi 0 pi over two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over4 okay Pi 0 pi over two the
+frequency at which you get to pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at which you get to pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at which you get to pi over
+4 is so Pi over4 is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is so Pi over4 is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is so Pi over4 is here
+right so the distance here the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the distance here the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the distance here the critical
+frequency the frequency at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the frequency at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the frequency at which the
+phase is pi over 4 minus Pi over4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is pi over 4 minus Pi over4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is pi over 4 minus Pi over4 is
+going to be the same as the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same as the frequency of
+the pole so that's how we know it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole so that's how we know it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole so that's how we know it's at
+minus 40 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 right
+so we know that this then is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that this then is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that this then is a
+characterist characterization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist characterization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist characterization of that
+system it's not quite done so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not quite done so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not quite done so what's the
+H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of
+s for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s for this
+system if I've got a poll at minus 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if I've got a poll at minus 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if I've got a poll at minus 40
+what's h of s look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like shout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shout
+sh is coming up this is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh is coming up this is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh is coming up this is perfect
+practice I much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I much
+your like this something over s 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your like this something over s 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your like this something over s 40
+exactly something over s+ 40 what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly something over s+ 40 what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly something over s+ 40 what would
+you like the something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be we'd like it to be some K we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'd like it to be some K we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'd like it to be some K we'd
+actually like it to be related for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like it to be related for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like it to be related for
+example to the open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to the open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to the open loop
+gain so how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain so how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain so how big is the
+gain how big is the gain when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain how big is the gain when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain how big is the gain when
+frequencies go toward zero What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies go toward zero What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies go toward zero What's the
+gain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain at
+zero let's say the gain of zero let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's say the gain of zero let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's say the gain of zero let's
+define the gain of zero k0 let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the gain of zero k0 let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the gain of zero k0 let's define
+the gain of the gain at zero to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the gain at zero to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the gain at zero to be so
+what what is the gain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z 10 the 5 2 * 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 10 the 5 2 * 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 10 the 5 2 * 10 the
+five right it's a little bit above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right it's a little bit above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right it's a little bit above the
+10 to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the five
+line okay so now if I Define k to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so now if I Define k to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay so now if I Define k to be
+that gain at zero What's the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gain at zero What's the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gain at zero What's the numerator
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+if the numerator over here were one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the numerator over here were one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the numerator over here were one what
+would be the low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the low frequency
+gain 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain 1 over
+40 right to think about frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 right to think about frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 right to think about frequency we
+think about 1 over J Omega plus 40 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 1 over J Omega plus 40 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 1 over J Omega plus 40 right
+you substitute s equals J Omega to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute s equals J Omega to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute s equals J Omega to think
+about frequency and if Omega is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency and if Omega is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency and if Omega is very
+small you get one over 40 right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you get one over 40 right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you get one over 40 right so if
+you wanted that to be one you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted that to be one you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted that to be one you'd have to
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+40 we don't want it to be one we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 we don't want it to be one we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 we don't want it to be one we want it
+to be kot so you'd want it to be 40K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kot so you'd want it to be 40K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kot so you'd want it to be 40K
+KN or to be a little bit more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN or to be a little bit more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN or to be a little bit more General
+we'd like this to be of the form Alpha k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like this to be of the form Alpha k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like this to be of the form Alpha k
+/ S Plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ S Plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ S Plus Alpha
+right so now we've got the llao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we've got the llao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we've got the llao
+transform we can figure out the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we can figure out the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we can figure out the time
+response what's the time response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's the time response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's the time response
+associated with that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform you remember the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you remember the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you remember the impulse
+response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a
+system is related to the system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is related to the system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is related to the system function
+via the lla transform right so all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the lla transform right so all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the lla transform right so all we
+need to do is take the inverse lla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is take the inverse lla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is take the inverse lla
+transform of that thing and we get H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that thing and we get H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that thing and we get H of
+T so what's h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay it's such a strain all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay it's such a strain all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay it's such a strain all those
+weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ago e to the minus t e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago e to the minus t e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago e to the minus t e to the minus
+something so we need something like e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we need something like e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we need something like e to
+the minus what alpha eus alpha T U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and there's going to be that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and there's going to be that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and there's going to be that that that
+thing is going to come out here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to come out here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to come out here too
+right it's going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's going to be like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right and then if you wanted to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then if you wanted to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then if you wanted to find the
+step response what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do h of T is the impulse response how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do h of T is the impulse response how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do h of T is the impulse response how
+would you find the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you find the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you find the step
+response a step is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response a step is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response a step is related to the
+impulse by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse by
+integrating the step response is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the step response is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the step response is related
+to the impulse response by surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the impulse response by surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the impulse response by surprisingly
+integrating so you would integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating so you would integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating so you would integrate that
+thing and you would end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you would end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you would end up with
+something right so you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so you would get
+something like K KN 1us e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like K KN 1us e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like K KN 1us e to the minus
+Alpha T U of T something something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha T U of T something something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha T U of T something something like
+that I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's
+right okay the time constant is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the time constant is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the time constant is given by
+Alpha right so what so what is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so what so what is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha right so what so what is the time
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one over
+4 right so it's it's Alpha T but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 right so it's it's Alpha T but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 right so it's it's Alpha T but the
+time constant is T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant is T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant is T over
+to so the time constant is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the time constant is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the time constant is the inverse
+of frequency right frequency is per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency right frequency is per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency right frequency is per per
+second time constants is seconds they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time constants is seconds they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time constants is seconds they're
+reciprocals of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocals of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocals of each other
+okay so the idea then is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea then is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea then is that we can
+associate a Time response with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a Time response with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a Time response with that and
+that time response is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time response is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time response is pretty
+slow right a 40th of a second 40 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow right a 40th of a second 40 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow right a 40th of a second 40 things
+per second kind of that's my speed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second kind of that's my speed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second kind of that's my speed right
+that's not computation speed right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not computation speed right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not computation speed right so
+that's pretty slow and we so we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty slow and we so we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty slow and we so we'd like
+to improve that and one way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve that and one way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve that and one way that we can
+improve it is by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it is by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it is by thinking about
+feedback so the idea would be we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so the idea would be we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so the idea would be we don't
+use the opamp just out of the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the opamp just out of the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the opamp just out of the package
+the way it comes we put it in a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it comes we put it in a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it comes we put it in a feedback
+loop so for example here you could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so for example here you could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so for example here you could put
+it into a noninverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a noninverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a noninverting
+amplifier where you take the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier where you take the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier where you take the output
+divide it by a voltage divider and feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by a voltage divider and feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by a voltage divider and feed
+that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back
+in in 63 the way we'll think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 63 the way we'll think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 63 the way we'll think about that
+is that the effect of this plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the effect of this plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the effect of this plus and
+minus input is to take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus input is to take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus input is to take the difference
+between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+signals right we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals right we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals right we're going to take a
+circuit diagram and turn it into a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagram and turn it into a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit diagram and turn it into a um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+integrator um gain Adder diagram a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator um gain Adder diagram a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator um gain Adder diagram a block
+diagram we're going to take a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we're going to take a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we're going to take a circuit
+and turn it into a block diagram so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into a block diagram so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it into a block diagram so the
+way we think about the plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about the plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about the plus and minus
+input to the opamp is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtractor and then this K of s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractor and then this K of s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtractor and then this K of s that
+characteriz so this thing right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteriz so this thing right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteriz so this thing right this
+this thing here we plug in there just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here we plug in there just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here we plug in there just as
+a box and the effect of the resistors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box and the effect of the resistors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box and the effect of the resistors is
+to divide the output signal by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide the output signal by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide the output signal by some
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+beta so we can reduce the circuit to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we can reduce the circuit to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we can reduce the circuit to a
+63 equivalent and then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 equivalent and then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 equivalent and then we can use
+Black's equation and all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's equation and all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's equation and all those other
+things that we do in 63 so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do in 63 so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do in 63 so we can write
+an expression then for the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression then for the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression then for the closed loop
+system that looks like K of s over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that looks like K of s over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that looks like K of s over 1
+plus beta K of s make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta K of s make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta K of s make
+sense so then as we've already seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so then as we've already seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so then as we've already seen the
+opamp by itself looks like a atus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp by itself looks like a atus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp by itself looks like a atus
+40 so we can substitute this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 so we can substitute this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 so we can substitute this expression
+into that expression for the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that expression for the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that expression for the closed loop
+and we get a new closed loop so h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a new closed loop so h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a new closed loop so h of
+s which had been Alpha K Over S Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which had been Alpha K Over S Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which had been Alpha K Over S Plus
+Alpha becomes the new value is um Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha becomes the new value is um Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha becomes the new value is um Alpha
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+KN over S Plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN over S Plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN over S Plus Alpha
+plus Alpha Beta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha Beta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Alpha Beta k
+okay so the point is that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point is that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point is that we can think
+about the way the feedback changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the feedback changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the feedback changes the
+system function by just formulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function by just formulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function by just formulating
+what's the Circuit look like in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Circuit look like in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Circuit look like in terms of
+a 63 block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 63 block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 63 block
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now the effect of that it looks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the effect of that it looks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the effect of that it looks as
+though what happens is the pole went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though what happens is the pole went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though what happens is the pole went
+from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to
+here how big of a change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how big of a change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how big of a change is
+that what's the biggest change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the biggest change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the biggest change in the
+position of the poll that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the poll that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the poll that you can
+achieve using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I want a factor by which you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want a factor by which you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want a factor by which you multiply
+Alpha to find the biggest place that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to find the biggest place that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to find the biggest place that you
+could have put the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poll I didn't say that right I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll I didn't say that right I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll I didn't say that right I didn't
+say that right I want to know where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that right I want to know where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that right I want to know where's
+the new pole sorry sorry I confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new pole sorry sorry I confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new pole sorry sorry I confused
+myself where is the new poll how left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself where is the new poll how left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself where is the new poll how left
+can you put the new how left can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put the new how left can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you put the new how left can you get
+the new Pole to be what's the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Pole to be what's the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Pole to be what's the further
+left is good right left is good every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is good right left is good every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is good right left is good every
+everybody knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that
+right so right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so right is
+bad so small distances and the S plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so small distances and the S plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so small distances and the S plane
+correspond to um slow responses big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to um slow responses big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to um slow responses big
+distances correspond to fast responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances correspond to fast responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances correspond to fast responses
+that's what we saw in part one so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we saw in part one so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we saw in part one so we're
+trying to push the pole that way as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push the pole that way as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push the pole that way as far
+as we can how far can we get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can how far can we get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can how far can we get it to
+go okay everybody raise your hands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay everybody raise your hands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay everybody raise your hands the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+is and again I see lots of answers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and again I see lots of answers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and again I see lots of answers I
+don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite
+like with a minor perturbation all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a minor perturbation all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a minor perturbation all those
+people who I don't like can become right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who I don't like can become right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who I don't like can become right
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+saying so a lot of people have said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so a lot of people have said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so a lot of people have said this
+which I don't quite like how what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't quite like how what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't quite like how what's the
+biggest distance that I can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay new vote I didn't like two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay new vote I didn't like two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay new vote I didn't like two and
+so therefore I will change my answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore I will change my answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore I will change my answer to
+four wrong no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how big can beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be how big can beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be what's the biggest possible value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the biggest possible value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what's the biggest possible value of
+beta one so how far can I push it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one so how far can I push it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one so how far can I push it to the
+left so I can push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so I can push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so I can push it
+um this far right so if I make beta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this far right so if I make beta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this far right so if I make beta one
+that's as far as it goes beta zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as it goes beta zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far as it goes beta zero is
+kind of the rightmost position beta 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the rightmost position beta 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the rightmost position beta 1 is
+the leftmost position I can get it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost position I can get it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost position I can get it that
+high but that's very good right uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but that's very good right uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but that's very good right uh 1
+plus kot kot is a number like 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus kot kot is a number like 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus kot kot is a number like 10 the
+5th so I can get it like 10 the 5ifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th so I can get it like 10 the 5ifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th so I can get it like 10 the 5ifth
+bigger than it was that's enormous that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than it was that's enormous that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than it was that's enormous that
+means that I can stretch the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can stretch the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can stretch the frequency
+response if the pole is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if the pole is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if the pole is the thing that
+determines the frequency response by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the frequency response by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the frequency response by
+that construction up there I can stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that construction up there I can stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that construction up there I can stretch
+the frequency response by 10 to the fth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response by 10 to the fth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response by 10 to the fth
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+huge pure win right well that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge pure win right well that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge pure win right well that doesn't
+sound right so I've stretched the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right so I've stretched the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right so I've stretched the region
+where the gain is constant I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gain is constant I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gain is constant I've
+stretched the region where the phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched the region where the phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched the region where the phase is
+close to zero it's 100% win except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero it's 100% win except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero it's 100% win except that
+I've cheated when I drew the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've cheated when I drew the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've cheated when I drew the plot
+because I normalized it by the DC gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I normalized it by the DC gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I normalized it by the DC gain
+DC I probably didn't Define that yet DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC I probably didn't Define that yet DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC I probably didn't Define that yet DC
+is direct current has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is direct current has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is direct current has nothing to do with
+current or direct DC means zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or direct DC means zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or direct DC means zero
+frequency I have no idea why we insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have no idea why we insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have no idea why we insist
+on using that word but we do DC means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using that word but we do DC means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using that word but we do DC means
+zero frequency okay so you just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency okay so you just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency okay so you just do that
+automatic mapping in your head every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mapping in your head every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mapping in your head every
+time I say DC I mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I say DC I mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I say DC I mean zero
+frequency everybody else talks that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency everybody else talks that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency everybody else talks that way
+too so the DC gain I've defined I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the DC gain I've defined I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so the DC gain I've defined I've
+divided the magnitude by the DC gain h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the magnitude by the DC gain h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the magnitude by the DC gain h
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+j0 so this is the relative frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j0 so this is the relative frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j0 so this is the relative frequency
+magnitude h of J Omega divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude h of J Omega divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude h of J Omega divided by the
+magnitude that uh Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that uh Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude that uh Omega equals
+zero had I not done that the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero had I not done that the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero had I not done that the picture
+would have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked
+different if you think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you think about what
+happens so the top curve here shows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the top curve here shows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so the top curve here shows what
+happens when the uh shows the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the uh shows the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the uh shows the response
+curve for a 741 op amp with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for a 741 op amp with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for a 741 op amp with no
+feedback it has a pole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback it has a pole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback it has a pole at
+40 has a poll at minus 40 to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 has a poll at minus 40 to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 has a poll at minus 40 to be a little
+more correct so there's a single pole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correct so there's a single pole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more correct so there's a single pole at
+minus 40 that corresponds to at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 that corresponds to at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 40 that corresponds to at zero
+that's open loop no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open loop no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open loop no
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+okay and what you can see is the DC gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you can see is the DC gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you can see is the DC gain
+is 2 * 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 * 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 * 10 the
+5ifth and there's an AC gain defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5ifth and there's an AC gain defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5ifth and there's an AC gain defined by
+the cutof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutof
+frequency if you compare this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you compare this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you compare this expression
+and that expression the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that expression the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that expression the interesting
+thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+happens is that the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the DC
+response depends critically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta but the high frequency ASM toote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but the high frequency ASM toote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but the high frequency ASM toote
+doesn't depend on beta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on beta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on beta at
+all the high frequency ASM toote of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the high frequency ASM toote of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the high frequency ASM toote of this
+is alpha k/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha k/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha k/
+s The High Frequency ASM toote of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s The High Frequency ASM toote of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s The High Frequency ASM toote of this
+is Alpha K not over FS they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha K not over FS they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha K not over FS they're the same
+high frequency ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency ASM
+toote what happened was that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote what happened was that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote what happened was that as I
+increased the feedback I lopped off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the feedback I lopped off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the feedback I lopped off the
+low frequency gain which had the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency gain which had the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency gain which had the effect
+of making the frequency looked like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the frequency looked like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the frequency looked like it
+got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very
+big so pure wind no almost pure wi yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so pure wind no almost pure wi yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so pure wind no almost pure wi yes
+okay I've traded the trick is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've traded the trick is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've traded the trick is I've
+traded gain for bandwidth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded gain for bandwidth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded gain for bandwidth that's
+important because the folks who know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because the folks who know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because the folks who know how
+to microfabricate things know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to microfabricate things know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to microfabricate things know how to
+make things with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things with very high
+gain making things that are fast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain making things that are fast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain making things that are fast is
+harder this is a way that we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder this is a way that we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder this is a way that we can take
+advantage of the relative Simplicity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the relative Simplicity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the relative Simplicity of
+making things with High Gain to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things with High Gain to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making things with High Gain to make
+them behave as though they're fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them behave as though they're fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them behave as though they're fast
+okay you can see the same thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see the same thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see the same thing if you
+think about the response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the response in
+time if you think about the response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you think about the response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you think about the response in
+time we we're going to go from e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we're going to go from e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we're going to go from e to the
+minus Alpha T to I guess I didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha T to I guess I didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha T to I guess I didn't write
+it down it's going to be e to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down it's going to be e to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down it's going to be e to Theus
+alpha 1 plus beta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta K
+T same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T same
+factor it's going to get 10 the 5ifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it's going to get 10 the 5ifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor it's going to get 10 the 5ifth
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+faster again looks like pure win and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster again looks like pure win and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster again looks like pure win and but
+that's because I've cheated because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because I've cheated because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because I've cheated because I'm
+plotting via this normalized final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting via this normalized final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting via this normalized final value
+that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on
+beta if beta were zero the final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if beta were zero the final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta if beta were zero the final value
+is 2 * 10 5th if beta is anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 * 10 5th if beta is anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 * 10 5th if beta is anything else
+the final value is smaller if I plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value is smaller if I plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value is smaller if I plot it
+not normalized you get a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normalized you get a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normalized you get a kind of
+different picture so if you were to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture so if you were to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture so if you were to use
+it if you were use if you were to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you were use if you were to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you were use if you were to use
+the opamp open loop the response has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opamp open loop the response has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opamp open loop the response has a
+time constant of 1 over 40 as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 1 over 40 as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 1 over 40 as we said
+before if if you include feedback it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if if you include feedback it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if if you include feedback it
+decreases the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value but has the property that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but has the property that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but has the property that it does
+not change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change this
+slope so if you think about this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so if you think about this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so if you think about this this is
+the U this is an analytic expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U this is an analytic expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U this is an analytic expression for
+the closed loop step response right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop step response right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop step response right I
+get that by integrating um one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that by integrating um one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that by integrating um one of these
+Expressions I didn't write the beta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions I didn't write the beta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions I didn't write the beta one
+down I need the beta equivalent one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I need the beta equivalent one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I need the beta equivalent one of
+these if you write the beta equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you write the beta equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you write the beta equivalent
+one of these which is on a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these which is on a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these which is on a previous
+slide and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and integrate
+it you you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you you get this
+expression and the if you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the if you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and the if you differentiate
+this expression with regard to time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression with regard to time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression with regard to time to
+find the slope the slope at zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the slope the slope at zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the slope the slope at zero is
+unchanged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged by
+Beta because the exponent here 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta because the exponent here 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta because the exponent here 1 plus
+beta K has the same form as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta K has the same form as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta K has the same form as the
+denominator here so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here so when you
+differentiate it this comes down the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it this comes down the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it this comes down the two
+cancel and you end up with a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and you end up with a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and you end up with a slope
+that's independent of beta the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of beta the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of beta the effect of
+that is that if you change the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you change the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you change the final
+value it appears to go much faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it appears to go much faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it appears to go much faster so
+pure win no apparent win yes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure win no apparent win yes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure win no apparent win yes we've
+traded gain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded gain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded gain for
+Speed okay so that's ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speed okay so that's ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speed okay so that's ways that we can
+use feedback to improve the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use feedback to improve the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use feedback to improve the performance
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+opamp okay the the big performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp okay the the big performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp okay the the big performance
+parameters that I talked about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I talked about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I talked about today
+were bandwidth and speed you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bandwidth and speed you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bandwidth and speed you could do
+the same kind of analysis with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of analysis with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of analysis with many
+different kinds of metrics for opamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of metrics for opamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of metrics for opamps
+like output impedance input impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like output impedance input impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like output impedance input impedance
+Distortion reduction we'll do Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion reduction we'll do Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion reduction we'll do Distortion
+next time so there's lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so there's lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so there's lots of other
+things that um feedback improves I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that um feedback improves I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that um feedback improves I've
+Illustrated it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated it with
+two in both of those as will be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in both of those as will be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in both of those as will be the case
+in all of the others the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the others the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the others the effective
+feedback is to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is to trade
+gain for something else of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Interest okay the next example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest okay the next example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest okay the next example I want to
+think about is thinking about a um motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is thinking about a um motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is thinking about a um motor
+controller where what I want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller where what I want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller where what I want to think
+about is um changing the way we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is um changing the way we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is um changing the way we think
+about the input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input output
+relationship so I take a motor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I take a motor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so I take a motor that's
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+motor and what I want to do is have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor and what I want to do is have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor and what I want to do is have it
+control position so it's not too easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control position so it's not too easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control position so it's not too easy to
+see probably because it's so such a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see probably because it's so such a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see probably because it's so such a tiny
+little motor actually it's not a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motor actually it's not a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motor actually it's not a tiny
+little motor it's an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motor it's an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motor it's an enormous
+motor um so the red bar that's the shaft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor um so the red bar that's the shaft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor um so the red bar that's the shaft
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so the first question I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first question I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first question I want to
+think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is
+um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the
+relationship for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motor what's the relationship for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor what's the relationship for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor what's the relationship for the
+motor for the transformation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor for the transformation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor for the transformation from
+voltage to uh angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to uh angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to uh angle of the
+shaft so what's the relation between V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft so what's the relation between V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft so what's the relation between V
+of T and Theta of t for DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and Theta of t for DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and Theta of t for DC
+motor this is very much the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor this is very much the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor this is very much the same problem
+you worked in in the head turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in in the head turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in in the head turning
+problem in 601
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in 601
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in 601
+so you should be able to remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be able to remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be able to remember this
+answer from 601 what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from 601 what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from 601 what's the relationship
+between the voltage into a DC motor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voltage into a DC motor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voltage into a DC motor and
+the angle out is it uh one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle out is it uh one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle out is it uh one two three
+four or none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or none of the
+above talk to your neighbor or figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above talk to your neighbor or figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above talk to your neighbor or figure
+out the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the answer one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the answer one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the answer one two three four
+or none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above everybody
+vote you're on such a streak more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote you're on such a streak more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote you're on such a streak more than
+half the answers I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the answers I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the answers I really don't
+like okay so we'll do a demo and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so we'll do a demo and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so we'll do a demo and we'll
+figure out so the question is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out so the question is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out so the question is what is
+the relationship between voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between voltage and
+speed so I've got a motor and I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so I've got a motor and I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed so I've got a motor and I've got a
+knob that controls the voltage that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob that controls the voltage that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob that controls the voltage that goes
+to the motor okay so now I turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor okay so now I turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor okay so now I turn the
+motor on and nothing happens because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor on and nothing happens because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor on and nothing happens because I
+preset the voltage to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset the voltage to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset the voltage to be
+zero uh now I'll turn the voltage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh now I'll turn the voltage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh now I'll turn the voltage to the
+right to make the voltage a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to make the voltage a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to make the voltage a bit
+positive more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive more
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+back toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward
+zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+negative more negative okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative more negative okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative more negative okay so what's
+the relationship between voltage and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle so V is voltage sorry V is voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so V is voltage sorry V is voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so V is voltage sorry V is voltage
+Theta is angle angle so here's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is angle angle so here's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is angle angle so here's zero
+here's 90 here's uh so here's 0 Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 90 here's uh so here's 0 Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 90 here's uh so here's 0 Pi / 2
+pi right the the question is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right the the question is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right the the question is what's the
+relationship between the voltage input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the voltage input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the voltage input
+of the motor and the angle of the shaft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor and the angle of the shaft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor and the angle of the shaft
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output and now the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay the number correct has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the number correct has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the number correct has not
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+so so tell me in words forget the 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so tell me in words forget the 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so tell me in words forget the 1 two
+3 4 what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 4 what's the relationship
+between voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between voltage and
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is proportional to
+voltage angular velocity is so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage angular velocity is so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage angular velocity is so how do I
+get angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity so I'm giving you the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so I'm giving you the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so I'm giving you the angle
+Theta of T how do I get angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity take the derivative yes so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity take the derivative yes so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity take the derivative yes so what
+I want is thata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want is thata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want is thata
+dot proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot proportional to
+V okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay
+which of those relationships say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those relationships say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those relationships say that
+none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of
+them okay it was a trick question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay it was a trick question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay it was a trick question of
+course so what do I want to have as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so what do I want to have as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so what do I want to have as my
+model for the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the DC
+motor I want my model to take a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor I want my model to take a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor I want my model to take a voltage
+in and give me Theta out what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and give me Theta out what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and give me Theta out what should be
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model k it's always good to throw a K in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model k it's always good to throw a K in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model k it's always good to throw a K in
+that always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always
+works excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works excellent
+answer K always works sure in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer K always works sure in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer K always works sure in any
+physical system you never get one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system you never get one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system you never get one right
+yeah you're going to need an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're going to need an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're going to need an integrator
+exactly right so it's going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so it's going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so it's going to need
+something like I think I called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I think I called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I think I called it
+gamma a being the accumulator guy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma a being the accumulator guy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma a being the accumulator guy right
+uh a different way of saying that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a different way of saying that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a different way of saying that would
+be write it in terms of Lao transforms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be write it in terms of Lao transforms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be write it in terms of Lao transforms I
+would get gamma over s so if I put V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get gamma over s so if I put V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get gamma over s so if I put V in
+and I want to get Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out right I need to put it through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right I need to put it through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right I need to put it through an
+integrator so uh so the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator so uh so the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator so uh so the idea is that if
+I put a constant voltage in say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a constant voltage in say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a constant voltage in say the
+voltage is zero Theta was flat but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is zero Theta was flat but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is zero Theta was flat but if I
+put a voltage at the Blue Line Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a voltage at the Blue Line Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a voltage at the Blue Line Theta
+increased at some rate and if I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased at some rate and if I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased at some rate and if I changed
+it to Red it increased faster just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Red it increased faster just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Red it increased faster just like
+integrator would do so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator would do so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator would do so what I want to do
+is think about the motor being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about the motor being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about the motor being an
+integrator okay that lets me then cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay that lets me then cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay that lets me then cast
+the motor which is a physical thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor which is a physical thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor which is a physical thing into
+63 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 terms
+again so now I can think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so now I can think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so now I can think about the
+problem i' really like it not to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i' really like it not to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i' really like it not to be a
+speed controller I'd really like it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed controller I'd really like it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed controller I'd really like it to
+be a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a position
+controller so uh feedback to the rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so uh feedback to the rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so uh feedback to the rescue
+what I'll do is I'll put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll put it in a
+loop so the idea is going to be that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the idea is going to be that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the idea is going to be that I
+take my motor which looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my motor which looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my motor which looks like an
+integrator gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator gamma
+a feed back a signal that's proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed back a signal that's proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed back a signal that's proportional
+to the angle which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle which I
+derive by having a potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive by having a potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive by having a potentiometer
+strapped to the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped to the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped to the back of the
+shaft so there's a pot I've taken off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft so there's a pot I've taken off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft so there's a pot I've taken off
+the little stop so that it spins around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little stop so that it spins around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little stop so that it spins around
+doesn't hit the stop right otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit the stop right otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit the stop right otherwise it
+would be kind of bad for the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of bad for the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of bad for the first part
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+demo so it's a surgically altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo so it's a surgically altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo so it's a surgically altered
+potentiometer that spins around forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer that spins around forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer that spins around forever
+but over most of the range it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over most of the range it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over most of the range it's
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+angle so that's the way I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so that's the way I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so that's the way I get this
+feedback loop in and then I put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop in and then I put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop in and then I put it into
+this thing which is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which is really just a
+741 wired up like I showed in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+741 wired up like I showed in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+741 wired up like I showed in the first
+example so that it would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that it would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that it would take the
+difference between two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two things the
+desired input which is a potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired input which is a potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired input which is a potentiometer
+that I'm turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm turning
+here and the actual position which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the actual position which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the actual position which is
+the potentiometer up here the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentiometer up here the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentiometer up here the same kind
+of potentiometer just one that I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potentiometer just one that I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of potentiometer just one that I turn
+the other that the motor turns and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that the motor turns and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other that the motor turns and the
+amp figures out the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp figures out the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp figures out the difference
+multiplies it by a gain Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies it by a gain Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies it by a gain Alpha and
+presents it to the motor that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it to the motor that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it to the motor that's the
+idea and if you just think about3 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and if you just think about3 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and if you just think about3 it's
+pretty easy to see that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to see that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to see that you can
+represent this relationship by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this relationship by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this relationship by a single
+pole right there's some annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole right there's some annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole right there's some annoying
+constants right you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants right you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants right you have to worry about
+the gain of the amplifier the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the amplifier the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the amplifier the gain of
+the motor and how much feedback that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor and how much feedback that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor and how much feedback that's
+Alpha Beta gamma but pretty much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma but pretty much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma but pretty much it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+pole so what happens then as you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole so what happens then as you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole so what happens then as you change
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gain well if the gain is zero the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain well if the gain is zero the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain well if the gain is zero the pole
+so if the gain beta is zero the pole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the gain beta is zero the pole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the gain beta is zero the pole is
+at zero okay it works just like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrator that's what we said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator that's what we said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator that's what we said before
+that's a sanity check right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sanity check right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sanity check right when you
+check something you already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check something you already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check something you already know the
+answer to right so if you set beta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to right so if you set beta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to right so if you set beta to
+zero you get that the transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get that the transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you get that the transformation is
+an integrator good if you set beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator good if you set beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrator good if you set beta and
+anything else what's happens well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else what's happens well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else what's happens well the
+pole goes screaming out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole goes screaming out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole goes screaming out that
+way that's good right remember good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's good right remember good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's good right remember good is
+that way right that's not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way right that's not always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way right that's not always true
+but when you're trying to make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're trying to make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're trying to make something
+work fast that's the rule right fast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fast that's the rule right fast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fast that's the rule right fast is
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there so um the idea then would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um the idea then would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um the idea then would be that
+if I hook up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hook up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hook up this
+circuit right I take the feedback run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right I take the feedback run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right I take the feedback run it
+into an OP multiply use that to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an OP multiply use that to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an OP multiply use that to control
+the motor instead of my turning the knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor instead of my turning the knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor instead of my turning the knob
+then this thing should have the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing should have the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing should have the behavior
+that uh the pole uh goes from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the pole uh goes from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the pole uh goes from the origin
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+right so the question is uh if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is uh if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is uh if that
+happened what would happen okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what would happen okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what would happen okay just
+doing the same sign kind of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same sign kind of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same sign kind of analysis
+that we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did for the
+opamp the step response goes from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp the step response goes from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opamp the step response goes from being
+the response of a pole which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of a pole which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of a pole which is an
+integrator to being this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator to being this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator to being this kind of a
+response which has a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which has a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which has a final
+value that converts it from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that converts it from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that converts it from being
+voltage to Velocity into voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to Velocity into voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to Velocity into voltage to
+angle does that make sense it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle does that make sense it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle does that make sense it used to
+when the when the feedback was Zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the feedback was Zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the feedback was Zero the
+pole was at zero so the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole was at zero so the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole was at zero so the output
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+Rose there was no steady state position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose there was no steady state position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose there was no steady state position
+but now with feedback I get a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with feedback I get a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with feedback I get a step
+response that has a final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that has a final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that has a final value
+the effect of moving the pole is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of moving the pole is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of moving the pole is the
+same as the effect of moving the pole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the effect of moving the pole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the effect of moving the pole in
+the opamp example I get a step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opamp example I get a step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opamp example I get a step response
+that becomes increasingly like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes increasingly like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes increasingly like a
+step it goes from being a sluggy step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it goes from being a sluggy step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step it goes from being a sluggy step to
+a fast step okay so that's the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast step okay so that's the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast step okay so that's the way I
+use3 to use feedback to fix the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use3 to use feedback to fix the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use3 to use feedback to fix the motor
+and I've done that so I have to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've done that so I have to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've done that so I have to move the
+input to the amplifier from my pot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the amplifier from my pot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the amplifier from my pot to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+opamp which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+hopefully so now when I turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully so now when I turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully so now when I turn it
+on it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it becomes a
+position okay and I can test that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay and I can test that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay and I can test that by
+turning the pot and in fact when I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the pot and in fact when I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the pot and in fact when I turn
+the pot the motor moves wonderful voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot the motor moves wonderful voila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot the motor moves wonderful voila
+I won right great yes yes Applause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won right great yes yes Applause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won right great yes yes Applause
+please come on come on come on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come on come on come on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come on come on come on exactly
+exactly okay well pretty wimpy actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay well pretty wimpy actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay well pretty wimpy actually
+um because I've got this motor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I've got this motor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I've got this motor that
+weighs about I don't know 3 lb and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs about I don't know 3 lb and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs about I don't know 3 lb and it's
+exerting about a quarter of an ounce of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting about a quarter of an ounce of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting about a quarter of an ounce of
+torque it's not really very impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque it's not really very impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque it's not really very impressive
+uh so how do I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what do I do how do I fix it I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do I do how do I fix it I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what do I do how do I fix it I have a
+wimpy controller yes more more gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpy controller yes more more gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpy controller yes more more gain of
+course so so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so so remember that
+response so now I turn off the the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so now I turn off the the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so now I turn off the the motor
+and increase the gain by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase the gain by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase the gain by a factor of
+three and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the answer
+is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much
+better well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well
+maybe so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so what do I
+do more gain of course so another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more gain of course so another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more gain of course so another factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+three much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three much
+better well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well
+maybe so another Gap factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three okay another factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three another factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three some of you close may hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three some of you close may hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three some of you close may hear that
+there's a little buzzing sound now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little buzzing sound now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little buzzing sound now I can
+hear it that's the opamp killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself okay it's not working why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay it's not working why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay it's not working why is it
+not so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so is it
+working I just gave it away it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I just gave it away it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I just gave it away it's not
+working how do I know it's not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working how do I know it's not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working how do I know it's not working
+here's my theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my theory
+here's my answer how do they match or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my answer how do they match or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my answer how do they match or
+mismatch is it an angle controller yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch is it an angle controller yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch is it an angle controller yes
+or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no
+yes yeah it's an angle controller what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah it's an angle controller what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah it's an angle controller what's
+different about this behavior and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior there's oscillation right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there's oscillation right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there's oscillation right this
+thing turn it back on let the thing kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing turn it back on let the thing kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing turn it back on let the thing kill
+itself there's an oscillation turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's an oscillation turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's an oscillation turn the
+gain down so doesn't kill itself quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain down so doesn't kill itself quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain down so doesn't kill itself quite
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+quickly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's
+oscillating watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating watch the
+oscillation right think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right think about
+characterizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the
+oscillation make the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation make the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation make the gain
+smaller that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about the
+oscillation still oscillating factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation still oscillating factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation still oscillating factor
+three smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three smaller
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+oscillating that doesn't oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating that doesn't oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating that doesn't oscillate
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong okay so The $64,000 Question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so The $64,000 Question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so The $64,000 Question what
+did I do wrong right the goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I do wrong right the goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I do wrong right the goal was to
+make a model with the motor analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a model with the motor analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a model with the motor analyze the
+model figure out how to put feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model figure out how to put feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model figure out how to put feedback
+around it make it perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I made too simple of a model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I made too simple of a model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I made too simple of a model for the
+motor I ignored inertia I ignored all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor I ignored inertia I ignored all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor I ignored inertia I ignored all
+manner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of
+things I IGN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I IGN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I IGN
+friction uh so how how can you tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction uh so how how can you tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction uh so how how can you tell that
+I ignored those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ignored those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ignored those
+things so one way you can tell let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so one way you can tell let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so one way you can tell let's see
+so if I is it off or on it's on so turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I is it off or on it's on so turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I is it off or on it's on so turn
+it off go back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off go back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off go back to the original
+configuration where it's a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration where it's a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration where it's a speed
+controller turn the speed on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller turn the speed on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller turn the speed on a little
+bit turn it off grab it with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit turn it off grab it with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit turn it off grab it with my
+fingers turn it on now release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what did did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what did did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what did did you
+see grab it with my fingers turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grab it with my fingers turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grab it with my fingers turn it on
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go we're trying to poke a hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're trying to poke a hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're trying to poke a hole in
+this there's my model my model's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's my model my model's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's my model my model's
+wrong I claim I just told you the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I claim I just told you the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I claim I just told you the key
+experiment for figuring out why my model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for figuring out why my model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for figuring out why my model
+was wrong now you have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong now you have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong now you have to figure out how
+to interpret that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret that experiment
+so what does my theory say would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does my theory say would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does my theory say would
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+if I turn on the power hold the bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I turn on the power hold the bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I turn on the power hold the bar and
+release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it should instantly reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should instantly reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should instantly reach the
+terminal velocity what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal velocity what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal velocity what's it
+doing it's ramping up that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's ramping up that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's ramping up that's what's
+wrong with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with my
+model okay so the model is too simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so the model is too simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so the model is too simple
+it's not just an integrator it's a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just an integrator it's a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just an integrator it's a slow
+integrator okay I can model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay I can model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator okay I can model that
+too if I model the slow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too if I model the slow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too if I model the slow uh
+integration I can think about the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I can think about the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I can think about the motor
+doesn't really behave like an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really behave like an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really behave like an integrator
+it works like a sluggish um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrator uh it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator uh it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator uh it might be a little
+easier to see if I write that in s so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see if I write that in s so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see if I write that in s so uh
+that's the same as um gamma p over s+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as um gamma p over s+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as um gamma p over s+
+gamma no s times no close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong so it used to be gamma over s now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it used to be gamma over s now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it used to be gamma over s now
+it's gamma over S S Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gamma over S S Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gamma over S S Plus
+P okay so I'm replacing what had been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so I'm replacing what had been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so I'm replacing what had been an
+integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator
+here with a sluggish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a sluggish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a sluggish
+integrator sluggish is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator sluggish is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator sluggish is another
+pole so instead of representing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole so instead of representing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole so instead of representing it by
+single pole at the origin I represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole at the origin I represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole at the origin I represent it
+by Two Poles if you calculate the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Two Poles if you calculate the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Two Poles if you calculate the step
+response for the single pole at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the single pole at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the single pole at the
+origin you get the straight line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you get the straight line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you get the straight line that
+was model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was model
+one if you calculate the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you calculate the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you calculate the step response
+for the modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the modified
+model that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's this
+one ultimately they become parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ultimately they become parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ultimately they become parallel so
+the speed becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed becomes the
+same but there sluggishness because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but there sluggishness because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but there sluggishness because of
+inertia and so forth so that it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and so forth so that it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia and so forth so that it takes a
+while for the real motor to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for the real motor to achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for the real motor to achieve that
+so you can see that in the model 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in the model 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that in the model 2
+response because the the angle does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because the the angle does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because the the angle does not
+immediately change when I let go of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately change when I let go of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately change when I let go of
+it it takes a while for it to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes a while for it to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes a while for it to start to
+change that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's an
+nura so um if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nura so um if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nura so um if I put
+that model model two into the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model model two into the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model model two into the feedback
+loop then I make a different prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop then I make a different prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop then I make a different prediction
+about the way things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way things should
+work that prediction is showed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that prediction is showed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that prediction is showed here
+right that's just thinking about system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just thinking about system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's just thinking about system
+functions saying that I've got two poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions saying that I've got two poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions saying that I've got two poles
+doing the figure out where the poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the figure out where the poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the figure out where the poles are
+figuring out what the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the time domain
+response is integrating it to turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is integrating it to turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is integrating it to turn it
+into a step response do all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a step response do all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a step response do all those things
+um and you get a um response the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you get a um response the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you get a um response the point
+is that the new model looks like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the new model looks like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the new model looks like two
+Poes and when you analyze the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poes and when you analyze the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poes and when you analyze the root
+Locus those poles move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus those poles move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locus those poles move
+when you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change the
+feedback so as I change the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so as I change the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback so as I change the feedback
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+beta as beta goes from zero to Big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as beta goes from zero to Big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as beta goes from zero to Big the
+poles go toward each other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles go toward each other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles go toward each other and then
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+off that's just math that's the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's just math that's the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's just math that's the math
+that was showed over here all I did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was showed over here all I did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was showed over here all I did was
+write the SEC the second model up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the SEC the second model up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the SEC the second model up there
+figure out the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the system
+function find the poles of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function find the poles of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function find the poles of the system
+function they depend on beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they depend on beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they depend on beta
+that dependence is shown here and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dependence is shown here and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dependence is shown here and so the
+response then that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then that's where the
+oscillations come from if the gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations come from if the gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations come from if the gain is
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+enough I get a pair of poles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I get a pair of poles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I get a pair of poles that are
+off the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the real
+axis the fact that they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the fact that they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the fact that they have an
+imaginary component the poles means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary component the poles means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary component the poles means that
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+oscillation and what happens is I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and what happens is I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and what happens is I change
+the feedback is not that the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback is not that the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback is not that the oscillation
+goes away in fact the real part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away in fact the real part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away in fact the real part of the
+envelope doesn't change that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't change that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't change that's roughly
+what I was seeing here if you watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was seeing here if you watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was seeing here if you watched
+what was going on in the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in the closed loop
+configuration it always oscillated for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it always oscillated for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it always oscillated for a
+couple of seconds like a second or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of seconds like a second or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of seconds like a second or two
+seconds or three seconds that second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or three seconds that second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or three seconds that second or
+two seconds didn't change what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds didn't change what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds didn't change what did
+change was the bumps how fast how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change was the bumps how fast how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change was the bumps how fast how many
+bumps there were in the two seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps there were in the two seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps there were in the two seconds and
+that's what the theory says as you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the theory says as you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the theory says as you so
+because the real part of the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the real part of the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the real part of the imaginary
+pair of poles doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of poles doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of poles doesn't change the
+envelope doesn't change but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't change but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope doesn't change but because the
+imaginary part does change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part does change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part does change the
+oscillation frequency does change so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency does change so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency does change so the
+result then is something whose envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then is something whose envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then is something whose envelope
+doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improve so that model then to a first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so that model then to a first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so that model then to a first to
+to a large extent does predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large extent does predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large extent does predict the
+behavior that I've measured and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that I've measured and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that I've measured and then
+what that motivates is if I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that motivates is if I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that motivates is if I want to make
+the motor work better I need some even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor work better I need some even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor work better I need some even
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+because my simple proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my simple proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my simple proportional
+controller that's as good as it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that's as good as it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that's as good as it's going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay so what what I tried to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what I tried to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what I tried to illustrate
+today was ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was ways of thinking about
+feedback to enhance performance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to enhance performance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to enhance performance we
+looked at an op amp and saw how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at an op amp and saw how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at an op amp and saw how you
+could think about feedback increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about feedback increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about feedback increasing
+the bandwidth or making it faster we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth or making it faster we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth or making it faster we
+looked at a motor and found out how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a motor and found out how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a motor and found out how you
+could think about changing the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about changing the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about changing the motor
+from being a voltage controlled velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a voltage controlled velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a voltage controlled velocity
+to a voltage controlled position and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a voltage controlled position and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a voltage controlled position and we
+saw how the feedback could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how the feedback could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how the feedback could be used for
+both of them those next time we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them those next time we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them those next time we'll look
+at a couple uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple uh other
+examples thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6T13yRjtd-o.txt b/6T13yRjtd-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe82d4f7d9a12168e92a4dd2d0dc7e7fa80c47a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6T13yRjtd-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+what I want to work on is using what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to work on is using what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to work on is using what we
+know about Matrix M matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Matrix M matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about Matrix M matrix
+multiplication and finding inverses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and finding inverses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and finding inverses of
+matrices to solve a system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to solve a system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices to solve a system of equations
+so we've set up the system already as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've set up the system already as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've set up the system already as if
+it's already in Matrix form what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already in Matrix form what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already in Matrix form what I'd
+like us to do is for this particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is for this particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us to do is for this particular a
+this 3x3 Matrix a solve find a vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x3 Matrix a solve find a vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x3 Matrix a solve find a vector X
+so that a x equals B where B is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a x equals B where B is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a x equals B where B is equal to
+these two things so you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things so you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things so you're going to do
+two problems you're going to do when b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems you're going to do when b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems you're going to do when b
+equals 1 23 and they going to do when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 23 and they going to do when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 23 and they going to do when B
+is equal to 0 0 0 so you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 0 0 so you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 0 0 so you want to find
+Vector X so that ax equals this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X so that ax equals this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector X so that ax equals this value
+here and what I'd like you to do is I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what I'd like you to do is I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what I'd like you to do is I'd
+like you to use the strategy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to use the strategy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to use the strategy that you
+saw in the lecture which is find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the lecture which is find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the lecture which is find a
+inverse and then and then take a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and then and then take a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and then and then take a inverse
+B so we really want to practice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we really want to practice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we really want to practice um
+understanding how to find the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to find the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to find the inverse of
+a matrix so why don't you work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix so why don't you work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix so why don't you work on this
+pause the video when you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video when you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video when you feel
+comfortable confident that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable confident that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable confident that you have the
+right answer then bring the video back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer then bring the video back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer then bring the video back
+up and you can compare your work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mine okay welcome back well hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay welcome back well hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay welcome back well hopefully
+you were able to to make some Headway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to to make some Headway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to to make some Headway
+and you feel confident in your answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel confident in your answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel confident in your answers
+for for one and two I am going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for one and two I am going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for one and two I am going to uh
+find the inverse of the Matrix a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse of the Matrix a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse of the Matrix a first
+and then solve the problem and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve the problem and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve the problem and um
+because there's a lot of computation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of computation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of computation I
+may make a mistake so I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make a mistake so I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make a mistake so I'm going to have
+to check every once in a while that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check every once in a while that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check every once in a while that I'm
+doing okay so hopefully hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so hopefully hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so hopefully hopefully it's
+too bad you can't tell me if I've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad you can't tell me if I've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad you can't tell me if I've made a
+mistake but hopefully my studio audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but hopefully my studio audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake but hopefully my studio audience
+will help me out so the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me out so the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me out so the first thing I
+need to do is I need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is I need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is I need to find the
+determinant of a so I'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a so I'm going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a so I'm going to do that
+first and then I'm going to find the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'm going to find the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'm going to find the The
+co-actor Matrix and go from there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor Matrix and go from there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor Matrix and go from there so if
+I want to find the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a I'm GNA use I guess I'll just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm GNA use I guess I'll just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm GNA use I guess I'll just use the
+uh the first row here because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first row here because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first row here because it's
+pretty easy so the determinant of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy so the determinant of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy so the determinant of a is
+going to be three times the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three times the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three times the determinant
+of this Matrix this 2x two Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix this 2x two Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix this 2x two Matrix so
+it's going to be three times and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be three times and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be three times and then I
+get a 2 * 1 which is -2 and then minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 * 1 which is -2 and then minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 2 * 1 which is -2 and then minus 0
+so I get a 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a 3 *
+-2 oops and I was about to write plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 oops and I was about to write plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 oops and I was about to write plus
+but I should write minus I take minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I should write minus I take minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I should write minus I take minus
+one times because this is my minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times because this is my minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times because this is my minus I
+take negative of this thing times The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take negative of this thing times The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take negative of this thing times The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+that is these two components in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is these two components in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is these two components in the
+First Column and these two components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and these two components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and these two components in
+the second column right we take away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column right we take away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column right we take away uh
+the column and the row that the one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column and the row that the one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column and the row that the one is
+contained in and we look at what Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in and we look at what Remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in and we look at what Remains
+the 2x2 matrix that remains we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x2 matrix that remains we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x2 matrix that remains we find the
+determinant of that so we get1 * -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that so we get1 * -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that so we get1 * -1
+which gives me a one and then uh 1 * 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me a one and then uh 1 * 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me a one and then uh 1 * 0
+gives me a zero so I just have thetive 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a zero so I just have thetive 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a zero so I just have thetive 1
+from the from the row one column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the row one column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the row one column two
+spot and then the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and then the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and then the determinant of the
+Matrix That Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix That Remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix That Remains
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one okay of the minor Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay of the minor Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay of the minor Matrix that
+remains and then the last one I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains and then the last one I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains and then the last one I should
+put a plus but notice that it is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus but notice that it is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus but notice that it is a minus
+already so I'm going to put just minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so I'm going to put just minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so I'm going to put just minus
+one times what remains what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times what remains what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times what remains what's the what's
+this minor this one is this 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minor this one is this 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minor this one is this 2x two
+Matrix I'm looking at right so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm looking at right so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm looking at right so I need to
+take the determinant of this 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the determinant of this 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the determinant of this 2x two
+Matrix and multiply it by that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and multiply it by that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and multiply it by that negative
+1 to get the third component here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to get the third component here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to get the third component here I have
+to add in -1 * -1 is 1 and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in -1 * -1 is 1 and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in -1 * -1 is 1 and then I
+subtract 1 * 2 so this is where I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 1 * 2 so this is where I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract 1 * 2 so this is where I got to
+be careful it's 1 - -2 so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful it's 1 - -2 so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful it's 1 - -2 so I'm going to
+get a three okay one here minus a -2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three okay one here minus a -2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three okay one here minus a -2 so
+1 plus 2 I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 I'm going to get a
+three okay and so -6 - 1 - 3 looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and so -6 - 1 - 3 looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay and so -6 - 1 - 3 looks like
+I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get
+-10 that's good because I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-10 that's good because I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-10 that's good because I think that's
+what I'm supposed to get okay now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm supposed to get okay now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm supposed to get okay now what I
+want to do is I want to find the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to find the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to find the Matrix
+of minors for a and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors for a and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors for a and then I'm going to
+find so I'm going to find the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so I'm going to find the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so I'm going to find the Matrix of
+minors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors
+first and then I'm going to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'm going to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'm going to switch the
+signs appropriately so I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs appropriately so I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs appropriately so I get the
+co-actors correct okay so some of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors correct okay so some of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors correct okay so some of them I
+already have but um the the whole Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have but um the the whole Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have but um the the whole Matrix
+of minors I'm going to just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors I'm going to just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors I'm going to just go through
+and do it again to be to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it again to be to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it again to be to be very careful
+so the first one I delete for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one I delete for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one I delete for the first
+row and column spot I delete Row one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column spot I delete Row one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column spot I delete Row one and
+column one and I look at the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and I look at the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one and I look at the determinant
+of that Matrix that's 2 * 1 is -2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix that's 2 * 1 is -2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix that's 2 * 1 is -2 minus
+0 so I get a -2 there the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so I get a -2 there the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so I get a -2 there the first row
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+column I come back and I'm now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I come back and I'm now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I come back and I'm now again
+looking I'm deleting this column and row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I'm deleting this column and row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I'm deleting this column and row
+and so I'm looking at the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm looking at the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm looking at the determinant of
+this Matrix so I get 1 * 1 is 1 minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so I get 1 * 1 is 1 minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so I get 1 * 1 is 1 minus 0
+so I get a one again I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a one again I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a one again I'm going to change
+all the signs later so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs later so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs later so I'm going to do
+that in the second step now I'm in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the second step now I'm in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the second step now I'm in row
+one column 3 so I'm going to delete Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column 3 so I'm going to delete Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column 3 so I'm going to delete Row
+1 column 3 and look at the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 column 3 and look at the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 column 3 and look at the determinant
+of that Matrix I get1 * 1 is 1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix I get1 * 1 is 1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix I get1 * 1 is 1 minus the
+-2 so there's my three those I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so there's my three those I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so there's my three those I already
+knew but I I didn't want to just plop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but I I didn't want to just plop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but I I didn't want to just plop
+them in from here but notice that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in from here but notice that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in from here but notice that is
+what you get here -2 one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get here -2 one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get here -2 one and three
+that's exactly where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly where they come from
+right we we got them by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we got them by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we got them by the same
+method okay and so now I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay and so now I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay and so now I want to find
+the minors for the rest of it so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minors for the rest of it so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minors for the rest of it so let's
+look at when I delete uh row two column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at when I delete uh row two column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at when I delete uh row two column
+one I'm left with one negative 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm left with one negative 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm left with one negative 1 here
+negative 1 negative 1 here right so 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 negative 1 here right so 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 negative 1 here right so 1
+time negative 1 is negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time negative 1 is negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time negative 1 is negative 1
+and then Nega negative is positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Nega negative is positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Nega negative is positive so
+it's -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1
+minus1 so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so I get
+-2 that one was a lot of signs so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 that one was a lot of signs so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 that one was a lot of signs so you
+might want to check maybe I should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to check maybe I should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to check maybe I should check
+okay maybe I should check I'm deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I should check I'm deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I should check I'm deleting
+this column and this row so I get 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and this row so I get 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and this row so I get 1 *
+negative 1 that's a negative 1 righta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 that's a negative 1 righta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 that's a negative 1 righta 1
+minus 1 * NE 1 is 1 and so it's 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 * NE 1 is 1 and so it's 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 * NE 1 is 1 and so it's 1 minus
+1 that looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that looks good
+-2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 right
+yeah okay and then I'm looking at uh Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then I'm looking at uh Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then I'm looking at uh Row
+2 column 2 so now I'm deleting this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 column 2 so now I'm deleting this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 column 2 so now I'm deleting this row
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+column right and so I have these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right and so I have these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right and so I have these sort of
+diagonals here that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals here that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals here that's what I'm
+interested in right so I get 3 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in right so I get 3 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in right so I get 3 * 1
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+-3 and then minus 1 because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 and then minus 1 because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 and then minus 1 because I have
+negative 1 * NE 1 is posi 1 so -3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 * NE 1 is posi 1 so -3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 * NE 1 is posi 1 so -3 minus
+1 so I should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I should get
+-4 right and then I'm over here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 right and then I'm over here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 right and then I'm over here so I
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+delete this column and this row so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this column and this row so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this column and this row so I get
+3 * NE 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * NE 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * NE 1
+is3 minus a negative 1 it's plus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is3 minus a negative 1 it's plus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is3 minus a negative 1 it's plus one so
+-3 + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 + 1 is
+uh 2 and before I go on I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 and before I go on I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 and before I go on I'm going to
+check those first two rows because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check those first two rows because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check those first two rows because if I
+made a mistake now it's only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake now it's only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a mistake now it's only going to
+get worse what did I have yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse what did I have yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse what did I have yes okay so
+far so good all right next final row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so good all right next final row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so good all right next final row
+okay final row is I'm going to delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay final row is I'm going to delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay final row is I'm going to delete
+this column and and row here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and and row here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and and row here and I'm
+looking at this Matrix 1 * 0 0 2 * 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Matrix 1 * 0 0 2 * 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Matrix 1 * 0 0 2 * 1 is
+Nega 1 but I subtract that so it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega 1 but I subtract that so it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nega 1 but I subtract that so it's 0
+minus -2 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus -2 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus -2 so it's
+2 and then Row three column two so Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then Row three column two so Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then Row three column two so Row
+three I delete row row three in column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I delete row row three in column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I delete row row three in column
+two 3 * 0 is 0 0 - 1 * 1 is 1 so 0 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 * 0 is 0 0 - 1 * 1 is 1 so 0 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 * 0 is 0 0 - 1 * 1 is 1 so 0 - 1
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+1 and then the last spot I'm deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then the last spot I'm deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then the last spot I'm deleting
+this row and this column so 3 * 2 is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row and this column so 3 * 2 is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row and this column so 3 * 2 is 6
+minus1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I get
+seven all right let's check that Row 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven all right let's check that Row 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven all right let's check that Row 2
+NE 17 okay I have not done the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE 17 okay I have not done the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE 17 okay I have not done the co-actor
+Matrix yet because now I need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yet because now I need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yet because now I need to change
+the appropriate signs okay so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate signs okay so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate signs okay so if this is
+the Matrix of minors then if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of minors then if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix of minors then if I want to
+change it to the co-actor Matrix what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it to the co-actor Matrix what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it to the co-actor Matrix what do
+I have to do I'm going to scratch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do I'm going to scratch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to do I'm going to scratch this
+out and write the co co-actor Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and write the co co-actor Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and write the co co-actor Matrix so
+that we can just change the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can just change the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can just change the signs
+appropriately I'm going to do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately I'm going to do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately I'm going to do it all
+right here and how does it work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and how does it work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and how does it work well
+remember I'm going to go plusus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to go plusus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to go plusus plus
+minus plusus plusus plus I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plusus plusus plus I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plusus plusus plus I have to do
+this grid that starts with plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid that starts with plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid that starts with plus and
+alternates minus so this sign stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates minus so this sign stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates minus so this sign stays the
+same this sign switches this sign stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this sign switches this sign stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this sign switches this sign stays
+the same that's the plus minus plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that's the plus minus plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that's the plus minus plus this
+one's going to be minus plus minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to be minus plus minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's going to be minus plus minus so
+the minus switches that plus keeps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus switches that plus keeps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus switches that plus keeps that
+the same minus switches that and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same minus switches that and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same minus switches that and then I
+was at minus plus minus so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at minus plus minus so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at minus plus minus so I'm going to
+have plusus plus and so these two stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plusus plus and so these two stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plusus plus and so these two stay
+the same and this one switches so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and this one switches so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and this one switches so a lot
+of things that were negative became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that were negative became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that were negative became
+positive and I had to change maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I had to change maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I had to change maybe I
+threw in one negative maybe not but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw in one negative maybe not but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw in one negative maybe not but so
+all the signs I kept this one stayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs I kept this one stayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs I kept this one stayed the
+same this one stayed the same this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this one stayed the same this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this one stayed the same this one
+stayed the same these two stayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same these two stayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed the same these two stayed the
+same and then these four switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then these four switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and then these four switched
+because it's the plus minus plus um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the plus minus plus um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the plus minus plus um sort
+of grid that I have to put on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grid that I have to put on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grid that I have to put on top of
+this okay so that's the co-actor Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so that's the co-actor Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so that's the co-actor Matrix
+we're getting closer okay now we need uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting closer okay now we need uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting closer okay now we need uh
+the transpose of this right so if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this right so if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this right so if I look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+transpose actually you know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose actually you know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose actually you know what I'm
+going to do because I'm I'm also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do because I'm I'm also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do because I'm I'm also just
+going to have to take the transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take the transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take the transpose and
+then multiply by one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply by one over the
+determinant I'm going to do that all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'm going to do that all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant I'm going to do that all at
+once okay because we can do that all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay because we can do that all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once okay because we can do that all at
+once and then we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and then we don't have to worry
+about it so a inverse I know is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so a inverse I know is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so a inverse I know is going to
+be negative 1110th because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 1110th because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 1110th because the
+determinant was minus 10 so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant was minus 10 so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant was minus 10 so it's one
+over the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the determinant
+times the transpose of this Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transpose of this Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transpose of this Matrix so
+the transpose of this Matrix remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this Matrix remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this Matrix remember
+what I'm going to do is essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is essentially you
+f fix the diagonal and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f fix the diagonal and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f fix the diagonal and you're going to
+flip that's really what in the Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that's really what in the Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that's really what in the Square
+Matrix that's how you can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's how you can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's how you can think about it
+but every column is going to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every column is going to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every column is going to become a
+row so I'm going to write this as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so I'm going to write this as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so I'm going to write this as my
+first row this First Column is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row this First Column is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row this First Column is going to
+become my first row so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become my first row so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become my first row so it's going to be
+-2 2 two as my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 2 two as my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 2 two as my first
+row and then the next column is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and then the next column is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and then the next column is going to
+be- 1-4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be- 1-4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be- 1-4
+1 I mean next row I I will take a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I mean next row I I will take a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I mean next row I I will take a column
+and change it to a row the next row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change it to a row the next row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change it to a row the next row is
+going to be -1 -4 1 and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be -1 -4 1 and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be -1 -4 1 and then the last
+one I take this column and I change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take this column and I change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take this column and I change it
+to a row it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+327 okay and because again I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+327 okay and because again I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+327 okay and because again I want to
+make sure this one's really messy I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure this one's really messy I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure this one's really messy I want
+to make sure I have something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I have something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I have something similar
+for that or exactly that okay I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that or exactly that okay I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that or exactly that okay I think
+I'm still doing all right now let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still doing all right now let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still doing all right now let's get
+to solving the problem because so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving the problem because so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving the problem because so far we
+just were finding the inverse Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just were finding the inverse Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just were finding the inverse Matrix so
+I'm going to leave it in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave it in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave it in this form
+instead of dividing by 10 in every spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of dividing by 10 in every spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of dividing by 10 in every spot
+because that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that'll be
+annoying so let's think about how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so let's think about how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so let's think about how do I
+want to solve this system that I had I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this system that I had I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this system that I had I
+had ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ax equals
+B and actually I mean my strategy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and actually I mean my strategy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and actually I mean my strategy is to
+find the inverse Matrix I didn't talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse Matrix I didn't talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the inverse Matrix I didn't talk to
+you about why we know the inverse Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about why we know the inverse Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about why we know the inverse Matrix
+actually exists But ultimately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists But ultimately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists But ultimately you
+haven't even seen this yet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even seen this yet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even seen this yet in the
+lecture videos really except that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos really except that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos really except that you
+know that the determinant of of a being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the determinant of of a being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the determinant of of a being
+non zero gives you an inverse Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero gives you an inverse Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero gives you an inverse Matrix
+that's all you know I think at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you know I think at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you know I think at this
+point you have the determinant a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have the determinant a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have the determinant a of a
+it's non zero so you can find an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non zero so you can find an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non zero so you can find an inverse
+Matrix makes sense based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix makes sense based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix makes sense based on the
+formulation you have because if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation you have because if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation you have because if if the
+determinant zero then this quantity one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero then this quantity one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero then this quantity one
+over the determinant of a you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the determinant of a you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the determinant of a you run into
+quite a bit of trouble so that's just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of trouble so that's just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of trouble so that's just as
+a little sidebar we know the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little sidebar we know the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little sidebar we know the inverse
+Matrix exists for a so what we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix exists for a so what we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix exists for a so what we do this
+is again the strategy you multiply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the strategy you multiply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the strategy you multiply a
+inverse a * X on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a * X on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a * X on the left side
+o is equal to sorry that should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is equal to sorry that should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is equal to sorry that should be the
+lowercase b should be a vector there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase b should be a vector there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase b should be a vector there is
+equal to a inverse B on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a inverse B on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a inverse B on the right hand
+side and you notice it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you notice it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you notice it's very important
+in the matrix multiplication video we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix multiplication video we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the matrix multiplication video we
+saw that it's very important the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that it's very important the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that it's very important the order
+in which you multiply matrices and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you multiply matrices and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you multiply matrices and so
+since I'm putting a inverse on the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm putting a inverse on the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm putting a inverse on the far
+left of this side of the the equality I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this side of the the equality I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this side of the the equality I
+have to put on the far left of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put on the far left of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put on the far left of the right
+hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the
+equality right and in fact you would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality right and in fact you would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality right and in fact you would run
+into trouble if you tried to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble if you tried to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble if you tried to switch the
+order of these okay we wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of these okay we wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of these okay we wouldn't be able
+to multiply them all right so a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply them all right so a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply them all right so a inverse
+a we know is just the identity Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we know is just the identity Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we know is just the identity Matrix so
+you get the identity Matrix time x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the identity Matrix time x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the identity Matrix time x is
+equal to a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a inverse
+B so you can find X by finding a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you can find X by finding a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you can find X by finding a inverse
+time B right and so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B right and so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B right and so now we have a
+inverse let's see if we can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let's see if we can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse let's see if we can solve the
+problem one point I want to make is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one point I want to make is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem one point I want to make is that
+now now that you have a inverse I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that you have a inverse I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that you have a inverse I I
+tried to ask you to solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to ask you to solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to ask you to solve the problem
+for two different BS you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two different BS you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two different BS you don't have to
+go and find a inverse again right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and find a inverse again right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and find a inverse again right you're
+you're done finding a inverse you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done finding a inverse you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done finding a inverse you just
+now have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to do the
+multiplication so now for number one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so now for number one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so now for number one we
+had B was equal to I'm going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had B was equal to I'm going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had B was equal to I'm going to write it
+here so I don't have to keep looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I don't have to keep looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I don't have to keep looking
+over 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 2
+-3 so a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 so a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 so a inverse
+B is going to be equal to well I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is going to be equal to well I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is going to be equal to well I should
+get a uh another Vector so I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a uh another Vector so I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a uh another Vector so I should just
+have three components here here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three components here here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three components here here and I'm
+probably going to have to write out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to have to write out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to have to write out what
+I get because it might be long but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get because it might be long but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get because it might be long but let's
+see actually you know what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually you know what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually you know what I'm going to
+do to make it easier because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make it easier because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make it easier because there's a
+lot of junk going on here so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of junk going on here so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of junk going on here so what I'm
+going to do to make it easier is put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to make it easier is put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to make it easier is put the
+negative 11/10 in front to start because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 11/10 in front to start because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 11/10 in front to start because
+that negative one10 is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative one10 is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative one10 is going to come
+along with every term so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with every term so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with every term so I'm just going
+to put the negative 1/10th in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the negative 1/10th in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the negative 1/10th in front and
+deal with it at the end okay so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it at the end okay so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it at the end okay so now I'm
+just going to multiply B which is this 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to multiply B which is this 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to multiply B which is this 1
+23 by this big Matrix here without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 by this big Matrix here without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 by this big Matrix here without
+without the 1/10 in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the 1/10 in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the 1/10 in front
+okay so let's look at that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at that we're just
+going to have first row times the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have first row times the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have first row times the column
+and that's going to give me the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give me the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give me the first
+position so -2 * 1 it's -2 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so -2 * 1 it's -2 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so -2 * 1 it's -2 I'm going to
+write them all down plus 2 * 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them all down plus 2 * 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them all down plus 2 * 2 is
+4 + 2 * -3 is -6 so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 2 * -3 is -6 so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 + 2 * -3 is -6 so that's the first
+position we'll simplify in a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we'll simplify in a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we'll simplify in a moment so
+the next one I get 1 * 1 that's 1 then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one I get 1 * 1 that's 1 then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one I get 1 * 1 that's 1 then I
+get -4 * 2 that's 8 so - 8 and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get -4 * 2 that's 8 so - 8 and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get -4 * 2 that's 8 so - 8 and then I
+get 1 * -3 so -3 so we've got two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 * -3 so -3 so we've got two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 * -3 so -3 so we've got two of the
+rows done we just have to simplify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows done we just have to simplify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows done we just have to simplify them
+in a moment and now we just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and now we just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and now we just do this
+third component so it's the third row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component so it's the third row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component so it's the third row of
+a inverse without that scaler in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse without that scaler in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse without that scaler in front
+times the only column of B to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the only column of B to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the only column of B to give me
+the last position right so 3 * 1 is 3 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last position right so 3 * 1 is 3 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last position right so 3 * 1 is 3 +
+2 * 2 is 4 so I get 3 + 4 and then 7 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2 is 4 so I get 3 + 4 and then 7 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 2 is 4 so I get 3 + 4 and then 7 *
+-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3
+is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -
+21 okay so what do I get when I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 okay so what do I get when I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 okay so what do I get when I write it
+all out get 1110th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out get 1110th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out get 1110th and
+then 8+ 4 that looks like a minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 8+ 4 that looks like a minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 8+ 4 that looks like a minus 4
+right 8 9 10 11 12 that looks like a -12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 8 9 10 11 12 that looks like a -12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 8 9 10 11 12 that looks like a -12
+it's a lot of adding for me I make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of adding for me I make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of adding for me I make a lot
+of adding mistakes so we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding mistakes so we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding mistakes so we should be
+careful this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful this looks like
+-4 okay so this is a is a a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 okay so this is a is a a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 okay so this is a is a a matrix
+that's it's just a vector right all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's just a vector right all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's just a vector right all the
+negative signs will drop out I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative signs will drop out I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative signs will drop out I'll get
+some some fractions but if it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some fractions but if it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some fractions but if it is the
+correct answer which I'm really hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer which I'm really hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer which I'm really hoping
+it is because I just did this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because I just did this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because I just did this whole
+problem and I hope it's the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I hope it's the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I hope it's the correct
+answer if it's the correct answer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if it's the correct answer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if it's the correct answer then
+what should it do when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it do when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it do when I take the
+original a that I had and I multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a that I had and I multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a that I had and I multiply it
+by this I should get B I should get 1 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I should get B I should get 1 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I should get B I should get 1 23
+so you can check your work very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check your work very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can check your work very easily
+to see if it works you can take a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it works you can take a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it works you can take a times
+this and see if you get B right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see if you get B right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see if you get B right and then
+then you'll know if this is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll know if this is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll know if this is this this is
+the X we were looking for okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X we were looking for okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X we were looking for okay and then
+let's look at number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at number
+two I just said let b equal 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just said let b equal 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just said let b equal 0 0
+0 and the point I want to make there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the point I want to make there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the point I want to make there is
+that since this has an inverse a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since this has an inverse a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since this has an inverse a inverse
+since a has an inverse a inverse B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a has an inverse a inverse B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a has an inverse a inverse B is
+going to be in this case a inverse time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this case a inverse time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this case a inverse time
+0 0 0 which is going to give you 0 0 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 which is going to give you 0 0 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 which is going to give you 0 0 Z
+so the only solution we have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only solution we have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only solution we have in this
+case because a inverse if I look and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because a inverse if I look and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because a inverse if I look and I
+try and multip mply every row by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and multip mply every row by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and multip mply every row by this
+column right I'm going to get zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right I'm going to get zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column right I'm going to get zero in
+the first spot zero in the second spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first spot zero in the second spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first spot zero in the second spot
+and zero in the third spot so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero in the third spot so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero in the third spot so the
+solution I get the X I'm looking for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I get the X I'm looking for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I get the X I'm looking for so
+that ax equals 00 0 is 00 0 and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax equals 00 0 is 00 0 and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ax equals 00 0 is 00 0 and what you
+should just what I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just what I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just what I just want to mention
+to you is that that is true because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that that is true because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that that is true because a is
+invertible if a were not invertible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if a were not invertible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if a were not invertible you
+could get other Solutions other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get other Solutions other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get other Solutions other things
+might work and that's also true actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work and that's also true actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work and that's also true actually
+in this case as well but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case as well but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case as well but it's a little
+harder to see that it's that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see that it's that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see that it's that could be
+potentially a weird thing the it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a weird thing the it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a weird thing the it's to
+solve axal Z equal 00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve axal Z equal 00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve axal Z equal 00
+0 it's sort of like naturally we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's sort of like naturally we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's sort of like naturally we see
+0000 as a solution right away you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 as a solution right away you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 as a solution right away you can
+see that and that's one that we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and that's one that we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and that's one that we get the
+point I want to make is because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is because a is
+invertible that's the only solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible that's the only solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible that's the only solution and
+if a were not invertible you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a were not invertible you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a were not invertible you could get
+other solutions to that so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solutions to that so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solutions to that so that that's
+something that we haven't seen yet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we haven't seen yet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we haven't seen yet and
+we haven't dealt with yet but that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't dealt with yet but that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't dealt with yet but that that
+is something that can happen so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that can happen so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that can happen so I just
+want to point out that there could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that there could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that there could be an
+odity if a were not invertible but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odity if a were not invertible but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odity if a were not invertible but since
+a is invertible we get just one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is invertible we get just one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is invertible we get just one solution
+for both of these things okay so um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these things okay so um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these things okay so um I'm
+going to go back and just remind you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back and just remind you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back and just remind you a
+few things of how we found the found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things of how we found the found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things of how we found the found the
+inverse Matrix and then I will stop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix and then I will stop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix and then I will stop so
+we were given a matrix a and to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given a matrix a and to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were given a matrix a and to go
+through the steps of finding the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps of finding the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps of finding the inverse
+Matrix what did we do the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what did we do the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what did we do the first thing we
+did was we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we found the
+determinant then we found the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant then we found the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant then we found the Matrix of
+minors and then I just took that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors and then I just took that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minors and then I just took that Matrix
+of minors put the plus minus grid on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors put the plus minus grid on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minors put the plus minus grid on top
+of it so that I got the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that I got the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that I got the co-actor
+Matrix right and then once I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right and then once I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right and then once I had the
+co-actor Matrix you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor Matrix you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor Matrix you just have to
+transpose it so I came over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it so I came over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it so I came over here I
+transpose that and I put one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that and I put one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that and I put one over the
+determinant of a in in front so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a in in front so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a in in front so the
+scalar is one over the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar is one over the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar is one over the determinant of a
+times the transpose of the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transpose of the co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the transpose of the co-actor
+Matrix and that's what gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that's what gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that's what gives me a
+inverse so there are a fair number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so there are a fair number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so there are a fair number of
+steps but you can do them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but you can do them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but you can do them very
+systematically and then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and then you have the
+inverse Matrix that you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix that you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix that you're looking for
+and then you can solve for uh X when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can solve for uh X when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can solve for uh X when
+you're looking for axal B and you know B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for axal B and you know B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for axal B and you know B
+and you know a and you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a and you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a and you do the same
+process we just outlined here again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we just outlined here again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we just outlined here again and
+that gives it to you okay I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives it to you okay I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives it to you okay I think I'll
+stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7RrVVji3pH8.txt b/7RrVVji3pH8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a189dfe59c95766833fbd02fcaf75230435dda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7RrVVji3pH8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,976 @@
+PROFESSOR: Alright, lecture
+12 is about tensegrities,
+
+like this one which you saw.
+
+And when they're rigid--
+infinitesimal rigidity,
+
+and carpenter's rule theorem,
+all in one quick lecture.
+
+So, just a couple questions
+about tensegrities.
+
+Well first is about
+infinitesimal rigidity
+
+in general.
+
+This is sort of extra, bonus.
+
+I talked about one reason why
+this dot product condition
+
+is the right thing, which
+is based on projection.
+
+But there are other
+ways to think about it.
+
+So let's say we
+have an edge, vw--
+
+actually I think I'll
+draw it w on the left.
+
+So here's vw.
+
+We would think of
+this point is being
+
+c of w, that's
+your configuration.
+
+This point is c of e.
+
+Then we were talking about
+when, if you have a velocity
+
+vector, d of w, and
+a velocity vector--
+
+Say something like
+this, d of v, when
+
+it preserves the length of
+this bar to the first order.
+
+And the condition we had was c
+of v minus c of w dot product
+
+with d of v minus
+d of w equals 0.
+
+So the question--
+so the way we said
+
+in class this works is if
+you look at the projected
+
+length of this vector
+onto the segment,
+
+that's essentially
+how much shorter,
+
+in this case it gets
+shorter, in this case
+
+this is how much
+longer the segment
+
+gets to the first order.
+
+And that corresponds to d of v
+dot product with this vector,
+
+because this vector,
+c of v minus c of w
+
+is this direction here.
+
+c of v minus c of w.
+
+So if you take the dot
+product with this vector,
+
+you get that projected length.
+
+You want those two dot
+products to be equal.
+
+And so you want the
+difference to be 0.
+
+That's one way to
+think about it.
+
+But, in fact, this quantity
+also has an intuitive notion,
+
+if you've done some
+basic mechanics.
+
+This is the relative motion
+of v with respect to w.
+
+So it's like-- well
+imagine w is not moving.
+
+To do that you just subtract
+d of w from all motions.
+
+Then w will remain stationary
+to the first order,
+
+so all first order motions.
+
+So then what's the motion of v?
+
+Well, it's going to be
+d of v minus d of w,
+
+because everything get's
+subtracted by d of w.
+
+So that it is-- minus d of
+w corresponds to drawing
+
+that vector in the
+other direction,
+
+and then adding that
+to d of w corresponds
+
+to this kind of picture.
+
+This is minus d of w.
+
+And so this vector is
+d of v minus d of w.
+
+That's the sum of
+those two vectors.
+
+And the claim is what we
+want is for these two vectors
+
+to be perpendicular
+to each other.
+
+The edge and the motion.
+
+And this makes a lot of sense,
+because we're imagining w
+
+as not moving, so
+it's just v moving.
+
+And we want the motion of v
+to be perpendicular locally,
+
+to the segment, because that's
+going to preserve the length.
+
+So that's actually, I think,
+an even more intuitive way
+
+to see it.
+
+And since this video,
+this lecture video,
+
+has been online for
+two years, every year
+
+so I get an email saying
+hey, you asked what is d of w
+
+minus d of w mean?
+
+And, yes, I didn't
+realize it at the time,
+
+but it's just relative motion.
+
+And so, yeah.
+
+It's like if you're
+moving along this circle,
+
+centered at w, that's where you
+want to be, either straight up
+
+or straight down.
+
+Clear?
+
+Some bonus intuition.
+
+It's a little harder to
+see the other conditions
+
+from this perspective, at
+least I find it harder to see.
+
+But I guess I shouldn't
+claim that, or else I'm
+
+going to get more
+emails in the future.
+
+Let's see, if you
+want it to be--
+
+what does the dot product being
+greater or equal to 0 mean?
+
+It probably means
+that this angle
+
+is obtuse, which means that
+the lengths getting longer.
+
+And less than or
+equal to 0 means
+
+that the angle is
+getting non-obtuse.
+
+And if the dot product rule
+of the cosine of the angle,
+
+you should be able
+to figure that out.
+
+But it's a little bit
+less memorized in my head.
+
+Whereas dot product
+equals 0, everyone
+
+remembers that's
+being perpendicular.
+
+So this was struts and cables.
+
+Next question was, a
+couple questions here.
+
+One is how can you say the
+tensegrity you showed is rigid?
+
+Because you can flex it.
+
+This doesn't look very
+rigid, this guy here.
+
+It looks quite flexible.
+
+And then there was another
+question, by someone else,
+
+saying why did you use
+springs to represent bars?
+
+And these are sort
+of the same question.
+
+This is flexible because
+the springs are flexible.
+
+The idea with the
+springs, I mean
+
+I'm just guessing why this
+model is made this way,
+
+springs are nice because they do
+have a natural resting length.
+
+So in that sense, they
+want to be a given length.
+
+And if you pull on them they try
+to restore the original length.
+
+Also if you push on
+them, you can do it,
+
+but they try to restore
+to there resting length.
+
+And right now these guys are
+all on their resting length.
+
+And what's cool
+about this is you
+
+could kind of feel
+the resistance.
+
+I mean this is what happens in
+any material, you pull on it,
+
+it can maybe pull a
+little bit, but it
+
+gives a lot of force going
+back to its original state.
+
+These-- I don't know,
+these cables, probably you
+
+could stretch that material
+and very tiny amount.
+
+I could feel the force,
+it's a little less visible.
+
+Here you can actually
+see the force
+
+and, because it's
+so much smaller,
+
+it's easier to feel
+what's going on in here.
+
+I think that's the intuition.
+
+You could, of course, construct
+these with steel bars.
+
+It's just then it
+wouldn't move, it
+
+would be a little less exciting.
+
+So it's up to you, of course.
+
+But this is just one way to
+build models of tensegrities.
+
+But it's also why
+it's so flexible,
+
+because these bars
+are not super strong.
+
+But what's kind of fun is you
+feel the equilibrium stress
+
+here, that things go back to
+where they were originally.
+
+They kind of hold
+in position there,
+
+because all the stresses
+here balance out.
+
+And one more kind of question is
+about-- sculpture-- tensegrity
+
+sculptures are cool so I
+thought I'd show you a few more
+
+examples.
+
+The sort of-- the master
+here is Kenneth Snelson.
+
+I think he possibly
+invented tensegrities.
+
+And I showed one
+example in lecture,
+
+but these are many more.
+
+He's been doing
+it since the '60s.
+
+Some of them are very big, I
+have some measurements here.
+
+This guy is 85 feet long and
+rests on these three posts.
+
+And it's a little hard
+to see the cables here,
+
+but it's all struts and cables.
+
+So using these bars
+to be-- actually
+
+they might be bars
+in this picture.
+
+I think they might be rigid
+even when they're struts.
+
+And some more.
+
+This is one of the
+longest, at 72 feet.
+
+And this is the
+tallest, at 90 feet.
+
+Pretty impressive.
+
+This is a taller version of the
+one that I showed last time,
+
+or in lecture.
+
+So I'm not sure how he designs
+them, he's an artist by trade.
+
+Whether he uses computational
+tools, or gadgets,
+
+or I'm not sure, it would
+be interesting to talk
+
+to him, actually.
+
+But if you want to see more
+examples of this sculpture,
+
+this is just a piece of
+it, go to his website.
+
+On the design side, our
+good friend, Tomohio Tachi,
+
+who do the origami
+Origamizer Bunny,
+
+has also done a
+tensegrity bunny.
+
+And he didn't design this by
+hand, as you might imagine.
+
+He designed it with a new piece
+of software that hasn't yet
+
+been released, called
+Freeform Tensegrity.
+
+You start with a
+polyhedron, and there's
+
+a few different initial
+constructions that kind of
+
+set that thing up as
+a kind of tensegrity.
+
+And then it solves
+to make it balance,
+
+to have an equilibrium stress.
+
+And on the right is the stress.
+
+These are what a
+structural engineer
+
+would call force polygons.
+
+It's essentially the-- it's
+like if you take this graph
+
+and you rotate-- this is all
+in 3D, by the way, so a little
+
+tricky.
+
+That's rotating.
+
+In this case he's
+pulling on things,
+
+trying to force vertices
+to come together.
+
+And the whole thing is updating.
+
+And as long as this number
+down here is close to 0,
+
+here it's 10 to
+the minus 20, it's
+
+a pretty good
+approximation of 0,
+
+then this thing
+is in equilibrium.
+
+It's again, solving
+all those constraints
+
+like we have before.
+
+So force polygons.
+
+You take every edge, you
+rotate it 90 degrees,
+
+and then sort of con-- imagine
+constructing a little polygon
+
+around each face.
+
+So you scale the edge
+by the stress in there,
+
+and those polygons should close
+up to be 0, if, at the vertex,
+
+you satisfy equilibrium.
+
+And you can draw
+all those polygons.
+
+Those polygons can
+be joined together
+
+to make one kind of graph.
+
+And if that graph
+closes up, then you
+
+have an equilibrium stress.
+
+So it's kind of a
+neat way to visualize
+
+that the thing is rigid.
+
+Or rather that it would hold all
+of these edges at fixed length,
+
+and you have to verify that
+the bar structure is rigid,
+
+but this is
+presumably constructed
+
+to have that property.
+
+So hopefully this software
+will be released at some point.
+
+It definitely looks
+like a cool way
+
+to play around with
+tensegrities and design things.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there
+any way to see
+
+what happens to the equilibrium
+stresses [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Uh.
+
+I see, yeah.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+So can you see what happens if
+I-- like when that one, when
+
+I tweak it and then wobbles.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It would be nice to see that
+in simulation, definitely.
+
+This software is based on
+free form origami designer,
+
+and that has the
+two modes, right?
+
+One where you can change
+the crease pattern,
+
+and one where it tries
+to stay, keep it fixed.
+
+So I'm not sure whether the
+software has the same two
+
+modes, but it certainly could,
+that's definitely computable.
+
+You could basically ignore
+the concerns for awhile,
+
+pull on something, then let go,
+let it restore the constraints
+
+without it changing
+the tensegrity,
+
+like it's doing here.
+
+And you should see it wobble.
+
+In fact, in that
+case you'd probably
+
+want to use a less
+good numerical method.
+
+Because you don't want it
+to stabilize as quickly,
+
+you'd like to see it
+jiggle for a while.
+
+So it should be doable.
+
+Could be an interesting
+project to extend the software,
+
+if it hasn't been
+implemented yet.
+
+I could ask him.
+
+I asked him last night, he say
+that the plan is to release it
+
+at some point, but not quite
+ready for prime time yet.
+
+Other questions about this?
+
+So I think this would
+be fun to play with.
+
+If you want to build
+some tensegrities
+
+there's a couple descriptions
+of how to do this out
+
+of various, easy to find,
+household objects like straws,
+
+or with these wove rubber
+bands, things like that.
+
+So you can check
+out-- George Hart
+
+has two construction
+web pages about them.
+
+They're linked from this slide,
+if you go to the lecture.
+
+That was all I
+had for questions.
+
+Any more questions
+about this lecture?
+
+All perfectly clear?
+
+We'll be seeing a lot more
+stuff about locked linkages,
+
+the carpenter's
+rule part, which is
+
+at the end of class in the
+next two-three lectures.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain
+how infinitesimal motions--
+
+Well, in general,
+a linear program
+
+is something like--
+you have a matrix
+
+and you multiply it by a vector.
+
+And then you have, let's say,
+in our case we have greater than
+
+or equal to 0.
+
+So when I say 0 I mean 0 0 0.
+
+The dual of a linear
+program is what
+
+you get by transposing
+the matrix, basically.
+
+So you get-- you
+rotate it 90 degrees,
+
+or actually flip around that
+diagonal, so all the columns
+
+become rows, rows
+become columns.
+
+So now you've got
+some other thing here,
+
+which is going to be this big.
+
+It's probably going to be less
+than or equal to something
+
+that big.
+
+So this is a
+transpose, this is y,
+
+and this is usually
+called c, this is,
+
+in general called little b.
+
+And they are relations
+between these two things,
+
+is the short version.
+
+But you can kind of
+see-- so in principle,
+
+if we take-- this
+is, in our case,
+
+this is basically
+the rigidity matrix.
+
+This is rigidity matrix
+prime, in the lecture.
+
+Because if we want to write
+greater than or equal to 0,
+
+struts are just fine.
+
+Cables we negate
+everything in the row.
+
+Bars, where we have equality, we
+need both the original version
+
+and the negated
+version of that row.
+
+But if we just imagine
+struts for the moment,
+
+because I mean subsets
+everything-- well,
+
+can be simulated by struts
+and negative struts, struts
+
+and cables.
+
+Then we had the
+number of rows here,
+
+this was essentially the
+number of edges in our linkage.
+
+And the number of columns
+here was d times n,
+
+this was the number
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+These are the coordinates
+of all of our things.
+
+And then x here was actually
+our velocity vectors, and so on.
+
+Well, actually, I should
+probably write that.
+
+So this, what we're calling
+velocity vector's, d.
+
+This is our-- It's
+like conflict.
+
+This is different d.
+
+These are the d vectors,
+the derivatives.
+
+So, what would these things be?
+
+Well the columns here
+are going to be edges.
+
+And the rows are going
+to be coordinates.
+
+And remember equilibrium
+stress looks like this.
+
+Basically for every
+vertex we have
+
+sum over all other
+vertices, let's say
+
+v w is an edge of, what
+is it, stress of vw times
+
+c of-- I forget whether c of
+v minus c of w or the reverse,
+
+equals 0.
+
+So this should look good.
+
+The number of these
+constraints is-- well here
+
+it says it's the
+number of vertices.
+
+But in fact, when you say equals
+zero, this is a vector sum,
+
+so this has d coordinates.
+
+When you say that equals
+0, that's d constraints.
+
+So they're d times
+n constraints.
+
+And how many things are
+involved in the constraints?
+
+Well essentially the edges,
+every edge has a term in here.
+
+So that's kind of
+why that looks right.
+
+You have to go
+through the algebra
+
+and exactly what's written here,
+to see that when you transpose
+
+it, you do exactly
+get this constraint.
+
+And there's the issue
+of equals 0, versus
+
+greater than or equal to 0.
+
+So that's a little
+bit more subtle.
+
+But that's the short version.
+
+And you also have to check that
+the-- when your strut or cable,
+
+you get just a sign
+constraint on this thing.
+
+That's maybe a
+little less obvious.
+
+But at least a high
+level, this looks right.
+
+And the relations
+about the primal
+
+and the dual linear
+program about--
+
+So for example,
+this linear program,
+
+which is characterizing
+all infinitesimal motions,
+
+if you find an infinitesimal
+motion, twice that vector
+
+or the set of vectors is
+also an infinitesimal motion.
+
+So the solution space
+to this linear program
+
+is what's called a
+convex polyhedral cone.
+
+Meaning-- I mean this is sort
+of the beginning of a cone,
+
+but it goes off to infinity.
+
+You could take any
+motion you find
+
+and scale it off to infinity.
+
+You always include
+the origin 0, 0, 0.
+
+Because you can
+always do no motion.
+
+But any motion can be scaled up.
+
+So if this thing has a solution
+at all, other than the 0, 0, 0,
+
+motion, it's an unbounded lp,
+meaning you go off to infinity.
+
+And when the primal
+lp is unbounded
+
+you know things about
+the dual, which I forget.
+
+But you cannot have one being
+unbound and the other being
+
+something else.
+
+And so that guarantees that
+there's an equilibrium stress.
+
+That's roughly how it works.
+
+Are there questions?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/82JCqqjnAgI.txt b/82JCqqjnAgI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..882b39cf2669b72a432519b04369869296c58759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/82JCqqjnAgI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we like to do is think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we like to do is think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we like to do is think of the
+components of a cell as being composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a cell as being composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a cell as being composed
+of mechanical devices including Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical devices including Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical devices including Motors
+and filaments and uh things that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filaments and uh things that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filaments and uh things that get
+produced and built and things that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and built and things that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and built and things that get
+broken down all these things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down all these things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down all these things happen
+inside a cell as it goes about its Daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell as it goes about its Daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell as it goes about its Daily
+Business if we can understand what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business if we can understand what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business if we can understand what are
+the key mechanical actions inside a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key mechanical actions inside a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key mechanical actions inside a cell
+uh that cause it to move or that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cause it to move or that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that cause it to move or that that uh
+you know maybe you have a motor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you have a motor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you have a motor that's
+overactive uh then you can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overactive uh then you can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overactive uh then you can go in and
+disrupt this and so it's giving us new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt this and so it's giving us new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt this and so it's giving us new
+targets for drugs that's how mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets for drugs that's how mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets for drugs that's how mechanical
+engineering comes in and uh starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in and uh starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in and uh starts
+solving problems in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering my lab is an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering my lab is an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering my lab is an experimental
+lab where we have a number of tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab where we have a number of tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab where we have a number of tools that
+are key for measuring proteins at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key for measuring proteins at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key for measuring proteins at the
+single molecule level these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule level these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule level these tools
+include Optical tweezers and single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Optical tweezers and single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Optical tweezers and single
+molecule fluoresence and what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule fluoresence and what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule fluoresence and what we've done
+is we've developed instrumentation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've developed instrumentation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've developed instrumentation which
+combines these two into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines these two into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines these two into one
+microscope one of the key interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope one of the key interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope one of the key interactions
+that we're interested in is actin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in is actin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in is actin
+filaments we are creating structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments we are creating structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments we are creating structures
+that are mimicking what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mimicking what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mimicking what's going on
+inside a cell and we can control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell and we can control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a cell and we can control the
+environment very precisely and use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment very precisely and use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment very precisely and use these
+tools that are applying forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are applying forces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are applying forces and
+measuring the biomechanics of filaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the biomechanics of filaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the biomechanics of filaments
+and also reporting on the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reporting on the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reporting on the structures
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+fluoresence another aspect is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence another aspect is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence another aspect is that we
+have mathematical tools to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mathematical tools to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mathematical tools to go in and
+model structures model them as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model structures model them as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model structures model them as being
+composed of thousands of Springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of thousands of Springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of thousands of Springs and
+dashpots and levers and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashpots and levers and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashpots and levers and they're
+wonderful for modeling structures inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for modeling structures inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for modeling structures inside
+cells One Direction that manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells One Direction that manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells One Direction that manufacturing
+is going is is uh to to go smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going is is uh to to go smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going is is uh to to go smaller and
+smaller and this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and this is what we call
+nanotechnology um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology um and
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+biology has tremendous nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology has tremendous nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology has tremendous nanotechnology
+going on right in front of our eyes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right in front of our eyes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right in front of our eyes when
+we look at a cell uh we see structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a cell uh we see structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a cell uh we see structures
+that can copy themselves with very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can copy themselves with very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can copy themselves with very very
+low error rates uh we see structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low error rates uh we see structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low error rates uh we see structures
+that can move uh we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can move uh we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can move uh we see
+specific binding that occurs so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific binding that occurs so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific binding that occurs so one
+thing that mechanical engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that mechanical engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that mechanical engineering is
+looking towards biology is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking towards biology is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking towards biology is to understand
+how these structures work and and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these structures work and and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these structures work and and think
+of them in terms of nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in terms of nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in terms of nanotechnology
+because it's really presenting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really presenting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really presenting a
+wonderful framework for us to move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful framework for us to move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful framework for us to move into
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+area
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/843TkmUy0Yw.txt b/843TkmUy0Yw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..902a9d96dbd45d062e295f0fcad1d88907b8c26a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/843TkmUy0Yw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+JOHN DOLHUN: You got the sock?
+
+OK.
+
+So I'm just going to put
+the sock in here.
+
+He's going to catch it.
+
+[LOUD POPPING NOISE]
+
+There it goes.
+
+Let's check his sock out.
+
+Is it still OK?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+NARRATOR: It's day one.
+
+MIT instructor John Dolhun
+introduces the course.
+
+JOHN DOLHUN: You're going to
+learn basic skills that will
+
+form building blocks in your
+future adventures at MIT and
+
+outside of MIT.
+
+NARRATOR: That is,
+if you pass.
+
+And what exactly
+does that take?
+
+JOHN DOLHUN: You're going to get
+about 14 hours of lecture,
+
+about 52 to 75 hours of lab.
+
+We only have two and
+a half weeks.
+
+You have to be able to think out
+of the box, be creative,
+
+and most importantly, be mindful
+of your mistakes.
+
+PHIL: The hoods are
+over there...
+
+NARRATOR: Next, safety
+training.
+
+Remember, for many of the
+students this is their first
+
+time in the lab.
+
+No flip-flops, no shorts, no
+skirts, but most importantly,
+
+gloves and goggles starting
+tomorrow.
+
+PHIL: They tell you to wear
+goggles and everything.
+
+And you don't really realize the
+importance until you have
+
+a piece of glass flying
+at your face.
+
+NARRATOR: After four hours of
+lecture, the students finally
+
+check into the lab.
+
+TENGFEI: My name is Tengfei.
+
+And this is Phil.
+
+And we will be the TAs
+for this class.
+
+This is all the equipment you
+should have in your drawer and
+
+the cabinet.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+Nevermind.
+
+ETHAN: I guess I get the antique
+shelf or something.
+
+But we'll work around it.
+
+NARRATOR: After checking in, the
+students get introduced to
+
+a technique called
+nuclear magnetic
+
+resonance, or NMR for short.
+
+NMR helps chemists piece
+together a molecule structure.
+
+The students put their mystery
+molecule into a thin tube and
+
+lower it into a very powerful
+magnetic field.
+
+This forces certain atoms in the
+sample to align themselves
+
+either with or against
+the field.
+
+Aligning with the field
+takes less energy.
+
+So there are a few more
+atoms aligned with
+
+than against the field.
+
+A pulse of energy makes the
+extra atoms aligned with the
+
+field flip.
+
+The computer measures how much
+energy this takes and produces
+
+a spectrum.
+
+The amount of energy it takes
+to flip an atom depends on
+
+what other atoms
+are next to it.
+
+That means you can tell which of
+the atoms are connected and
+
+put together a picture of what
+the whole molecule looks like.
+
+That's the theory.
+
+But the students are about to
+learn that dealing with a real
+
+live machine is not so simple.
+
+ANNE RACHUPKA: Awful lot
+we're going to go over.
+
+These are live magnets.
+
+They are in field
+at all times.
+
+You cannot go anywhere near it
+with iPod, iPhone, any USB
+
+storage devices, no push pins,
+no staples, no bobby pins.
+
+We have our little sample?
+
+I have taken people to the
+hospital because they've put
+
+an NMR tube through
+their hand.
+
+Definitely don't bring your
+wallet anywhere near the
+
+instrument.
+
+This costs probably more than
+one year tuition to MIT.
+
+Obviously, this is not
+going to work.
+
+Do not, under any circumstances,
+insert your
+
+sample without the air on.
+
+You guys have any burning
+questions?
+
+You're all going to be experts
+the first time you sit down
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Right?
+
+LEALIA: We were all like, uh--
+
+ANTHONY: Mmm.
+
+ETHAN: Oh dear God.
+
+JULIE: Can we just not talk
+about this anymore?
+
+NARRATOR: The day
+is finally over.
+
+And it's time to head home.
+
+IKE: It was pretty intimidating
+because I walked
+
+into this class with all
+these smart people.
+
+ETHAN: I felt, I guess, a
+little bit overwhelmed.
+
+I wasn't exactly sure what
+to expect from 5.301.
+
+EMILY: I didn't expect it
+to be this much work.
+
+I'm kind of doubting whether I
+made the right choice to take
+
+this class.
+
+ETHAN: Oh my God, what
+have I gotten into ?
+
+ANTHONY: I am going to
+fail this class.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+SPEAKER: I've always been
+a fan of cupcakes.
+
+But now that they're popular,
+I'm a big fan of cupcakes.
+
+ANTHONY: Oh, can you
+make us dessert?
+
+SPEAKER: No.
+
+ANTHONY: Why not?
+
+SPEAKER: What is this, like
+an ice cream social?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eab54e4ade86873ed1aedb3778b439927156c191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8gOVW9fKOcY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2931 @@
+PROFESSOR: Let the minutes of
+the proceeding show that I
+
+re-entered the room
+at 3:00 and 12
+
+seconds, true to my word.
+
+OK, I wanted to give you one
+example of a screw axis that
+
+you're probably familiar
+with in everyday life.
+
+That was a telephone pole that
+I was very familiar with when
+
+I was a little kid because we
+used to love to wait until it
+
+got dark and our parents
+couldn't see us.
+
+And then, we'd climb
+up the thing.
+
+And wow, you could see all over
+the whole neighborhood.
+
+I'm surprised nobody
+said, what?
+
+They had electricity when
+you were a little kid?
+
+Yes, they did.
+
+But now it's all underground.
+
+So kids, I don't know
+what they do for
+
+recreation these days.
+
+OK, let me pursue this question
+of screw axes.
+
+We've seen what a 2 sub 1
+screw access looks like.
+
+I just erased it.
+
+But it consists of objects of
+the same chirality extending
+
+left and right on either side
+of the principal axis.
+
+The symbol for a twofold
+axis is this.
+
+The symbol for a twofold screw
+axis is the symbol for a
+
+twofold access with alternate
+sides extended like a
+
+propeller, a very descriptive
+symbol.
+
+The thing is rotating around.
+
+And you can think of these as
+the little ribbons that you
+
+used to have on the handle bars
+of your bike when you
+
+were a little kid.
+
+And as you pedaled along, these
+things fluttered out
+
+behind, and it was
+really cool.
+
+OK, let's move on to the next
+family of screw axes.
+
+And let me look at an operation
+A2 pi over 3 with a
+
+translation component, tau.
+
+And these things are going
+to get awfully
+
+cumbersome to draw.
+
+So let me use a device--
+
+I wish I could claim
+credit for it.
+
+But actually, a student in my
+class one year said, hey, I've
+
+got a really cool way to draw
+these things for you.
+
+Let's imagine that this
+is a screw axis.
+
+We put a cylinder of paper
+around the screw.
+
+And then, let's divide up the
+surface of the paper in terms
+
+of end segments.
+
+So if this were a threefold
+screw axis, these would be 120
+
+degrees segments.
+
+And then, let's draw horizontal
+lines on the sides
+
+of the cylinder.
+
+Then, if we want to see how the
+screw axis reproduces a
+
+pattern from a given motif, you
+just fill in these boxes.
+
+And then when you're all done,
+cut the cylinder and you can
+
+draw the pattern quite nicely on
+a two dimensional surface.
+
+So this is what I call the
+unrolled cylinder device.
+
+Somebody very imaginative
+invented it.
+
+His name, unfortunately,
+is lost to history.
+
+But I didn't want to claim
+credit for it myself.
+
+So what is the pattern
+of a threefold screw
+
+axis going to be?
+
+Let's let the difference
+between boxes be the
+
+translation component, tau.
+
+And so what we will do is take
+an initial motif, rotate it
+
+120 degrees, slide it up by tau
+relative to the axis about
+
+which we're rotating.
+
+Performing the operation again
+would involve rotating 120
+
+degrees, sliding up by tau.
+
+Doing it yet get again brings
+us back down full circle.
+
+So this would be the
+translational periodicity
+
+along the direction
+of the screw axis.
+
+And this would be the value
+of tau equal to 1/3 of the
+
+translation.
+
+So that is what a threefold
+screw access would look like.
+
+And the pattern obviously, if
+we would keep repeating it,
+
+would do something like this--
+
+so perfectly interpretable,
+easy to draw.
+
+But things are actually more
+interesting and more
+
+complicated than this.
+
+We are stating two things
+about this operation.
+
+We're specifying
+a translation.
+
+But then the other thing that
+we're specifying is the
+
+translation component tau.
+
+And why should we be constrained
+to say that tau
+
+can only be one nth of
+the translation?
+
+If we do the operation n
+times, then doing the
+
+operation n times would
+give us a total
+
+translation of n tau.
+
+But there's no reason why that
+has to be one translation.
+
+Why not two?
+
+Why not three?
+
+Why not four?
+
+So the only real constraint is
+that n tau has to be some
+
+integer, m, times the
+translation that is parallel
+
+to the screw axis.
+
+And this means that the value
+of tau is not just
+
+equal to 1 nth of--
+
+restricted to 1 nth--
+
+of t.
+
+Tau can be m/n times T.
+
+And that is perfectly
+compatible.
+
+You do the operation n times.
+
+You're going to be directly
+above where you started.
+
+That's going to be a
+translation vector.
+
+But why not two translations, or
+three translations, or four
+
+translations?
+
+So there are infinitely more
+screw axes than just the n
+
+subscript something
+translations.
+
+So let's look at some of
+the possibilities.
+
+For a threefold screw axis, tau
+could be equal to 0T Tau
+
+could be equal to 1/3 of T. Tau
+could be equal to 2/3 of a
+
+translation.
+
+Tau could be equal to 3/3 of the
+translation, 4/3, 5/3, and
+
+so on, on and on and on.
+
+We could fill the whole board
+with possible screw axes
+
+having different
+values of tau.
+
+Now, let me convince you,
+hopefully easily, that if tau
+
+is equal to 3/3 t, tau would
+be an integral number of
+
+translations--
+
+in this case, one.
+
+Down here, 6/3 t would
+be two translations.
+
+We're already going to have
+those operations in the
+
+pattern when tau was
+equal to 0T.
+
+So let me show you what I
+mean if it's not clear.
+
+Here's a trio of objects on
+either side of the rotation
+
+part of the operation.
+
+So what I'm saying is tau
+would be equal to two
+
+translations.
+
+That would, for some perverse
+reason, defining this as the
+
+pitch of the screw.
+
+Is it clear that that is going
+to be an operation that I
+
+already have when I say there's
+a threefold axis and a
+
+translation, T, parallel
+to that threefold axis?
+
+That's going to give all sorts
+of screw operations.
+
+But they are going to be
+integral multiples of the
+
+translation that's parallel
+to the axis.
+
+So the rule is that we can
+always subtract off one
+
+translation from any of these
+definitions of tau and reduce
+
+it to something smaller.
+
+So we can always define tau
+less than or equal to T
+
+without any change or artificial
+restrictedness on
+
+the nature of the pattern.
+
+So that says that for a
+threefold screw, for a
+
+threefold screw axis,
+there are only three
+
+that we should consider.
+
+Tau equal to 0, and that's a
+pure threefold rotation axis.
+
+tau could be equal to 1/3
+of a translation.
+
+And now, we introduce
+the notation used
+
+to designate screws.
+
+If n tau was equal to mT, the
+symbol for the screw axis is
+
+n, the rank of the axis,
+with m as a subscript.
+
+So the pattern that we just drew
+here would be designated
+
+3 subscript 1.
+
+And that's says automatically
+that the value of tau was
+
+equal to 1/3 of the
+translation that's
+
+parallel to the axis.
+
+So the only other ones we have
+to consider besides 3 and 3
+
+sub 1 is 3 sub 2, where tau
+would be equal to 2/3 of T.
+
+Let's see what that looks like
+by quickly drawing it out
+
+again using this dandy little
+unrolled cylinder device.
+
+Let's let this be
+my first motif.
+
+And I'll take this as the value
+of tau, two boxes up.
+
+So I rotate, slide up by tau,
+rotate, slide up by tau,
+
+rotate, slide up by tau,
+and I'm back up here.
+
+And here is my translation.
+
+tau is equal to 2/3
+of a translation.
+
+And my translation, then,
+should be equal
+
+to 3/2 times tau.
+
+But this is supposed to
+be the translation.
+
+And there's nothing
+in this box.
+
+OK, this introduces another very
+important aspect of the
+
+patterns produced
+by screw axes.
+
+And it's sufficiently important
+we must use first
+
+the basic screw operation, A
+alpha tau and the translation
+
+in terms of which we
+have defined tau.
+
+So use the spiral that you
+have defined by stating A
+
+alpha tau is the basic
+operation.
+
+But then, don't quit.
+
+You're saying another thing,
+that tau is a certain fraction
+
+of a translation.
+
+And you have to use that
+translation to generate
+
+additional objects
+in the pattern.
+
+So in this pattern that we've
+drawn here, this is supposed
+
+to be a translation.
+
+So I have to take this one and
+slide it up by T. I have to
+
+take this one and slide it up by
+T. I have to take this one
+
+and slide it down by T. So I'm
+using a different kind of
+
+shading to indicate the ones I
+produced by A alpha tau and
+
+the ones that I produced from
+that helix by using the
+
+translation, T.
+
+So this is the final pattern.
+
+It has a basic screw operation
+that's equal to 2/3 of the
+
+translation.
+
+And it has a translation
+that's 3/2 of tau.
+
+So everything's fine.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: For the very top one
+where you have it colored in,
+
+[? should that stay ?]
+outside the box?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, well, it's
+supposed to be another row.
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't that be
+a box lower [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, it
+should indeed.
+
+Thank you.
+
+When your nose is right in the
+middle of the thing, sometimes
+
+you don't notice that
+as readily as
+
+somebody in the audience.
+
+OK, so that's the pattern
+of 3 sub 2.
+
+And now, if we realize that
+we must use both the basic
+
+operation, A alpha tau, and
+translation to fill things in,
+
+it's clear that if we try to
+have tau greater than the
+
+translation, the translations,
+when we apply them, would give
+
+us a screw that had the
+possibility of being redefined
+
+in terms of a shorter tau.
+
+OK, one thing that is apparent
+if you look at this pattern is
+
+that 3 sub 2 produces the same
+sort of helix but in an
+
+enantiomorphic sense.
+
+This one is a spiral
+that goes this way.
+
+And this one increases when we
+rotate in a clockwise fashion.
+
+So are they distinct?
+
+Yeah, they really are because
+you can have both the left
+
+handed spiral and the right
+handed spiral together in the
+
+same space group.
+
+I don't remember whether that's
+true for the threefold
+
+screw axes or not.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+I have to check that.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So really
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+enantiomorphic because they're
+all left handed.
+
+So it's just minus
+1, isn't it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good for you.
+
+I was about to make
+that point.
+
+The sense of the spiral is
+enantiomorphic in the sense
+
+that this one is a right
+handed spiral.
+
+This one is a left
+handed spiral.
+
+But they're not truly
+enantiomorphic patterns
+
+because if we start with a right
+handed motif, this one
+
+also has a right handed motif.
+
+So I should qualify that
+statement, which I
+
+was about to do.
+
+It's the sense of the spiral
+which is enantiomorphic.
+
+This is not to say that one has
+motifs of one chirality
+
+and the other one has to have
+the opposite chirality.
+
+AUDIENCE: Couldn't you
+just [INAUDIBLE]
+
+being minus 1?
+
+Just [INAUDIBLE] minus 1?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I could do
+that, I could do that.
+
+And remember that we can add or
+subtract a translation at
+
+will from tau.
+
+And if I took a full translation
+and subtracted it
+
+from 3 sub 1, I would get--
+
+I get tau equal to minus 2.
+
+Nope, doesn't work that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's the
+same tau but in the
+
+opposite sense, yeah.
+
+OK, so what comes out of this is
+that there are three kinds
+
+of axes that involve a
+120 degree rotation.
+
+Three, which we can view as
+3 sub 0, 3 sub 1, 3 sub 2.
+
+The symbols that are used for
+them now, we know and love the
+
+triangle that represents the
+locus of a threefold axis.
+
+Four 3 sub 1 and 3 sub 2, what
+one does is to extend the
+
+edges of the triangle.
+
+There's the streamers on
+the bike handle again.
+
+And if you look down on the
+pattern and use a right handed
+
+spiral, then you extend the
+streamers, the edges of the
+
+triangle, that goes down into
+the board this way.
+
+And 3 sub 2 would--
+
+if it was in the same pattern--
+you would indicate
+
+by extending the opposite pair
+of the opposite set of edges.
+
+AUDIENCE: So would they be
+different space groups?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, there
+is a P3 sub 1.
+
+And there is a P3 sub 2.
+
+And they are distinct
+space groups.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how can you
+distinguish [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You would find
+out where the atoms sit.
+
+And in one case, the spiral
+would occur in a
+
+right handed fashion.
+
+And in the other one, from
+a left handed fashion.
+
+You can determine the position
+of the atoms unambiguously.
+
+OK, let's do one that's more
+interesting where the rank of
+
+the rotation part of the
+operation is higher.
+
+And let's look at fourfold
+screw axes.
+
+So here, we would consider tau
+equal 0, tau equals 1/4 of a
+
+translation, tau equal to 2/4
+of a translation, and tau
+
+equal to 3/4 of a translation.
+
+So let's take our cylinder
+that was formerly wrapped
+
+around the rotation access,
+straighten it out.
+
+And I won't bother to draw the
+pattern for a fourfold access.
+
+But for a 4 sub1 1 screw axis,
+this would be tau.
+
+And that would be one, two,
+three, one quarter of a
+
+translation that's
+parallel to tau.
+
+Or conversely, so T
+is equal to 4 tau.
+
+Or conversely, how is equal
+to one quarter of the
+
+translation.
+
+So start with a first motif,
+rotate 90 degrees, slide up by
+
+one quarter of the
+translation.
+
+Rotate and slide, rotate
+and slide.
+
+Now I've come full circle.
+
+Rotate and slide.
+
+So this, then, is the pattern
+for the screw axis that I'll
+
+label as 4 sub 1 by analogy to
+what I've done with threefold
+
+screw axes.
+
+Over here, let me immediately
+jump to 4 sub 3.
+
+I'm going to have to be a little
+more stingy with the
+
+spacing of my boxes or I'm
+going to run out of room.
+
+So if this is 4 sub 3, turns out
+that tau should be equal
+
+to 3/4 of a translation.
+
+And conversely, the translation
+should equal to
+
+4/3 of tau.
+
+So that's the situation that
+I would obtain if one, two,
+
+three boxes gives me the length
+of tau and four boxes
+
+give me the length of
+the translation.
+
+OK, so again I'll use different
+sorts of shading to
+
+indicate which way I
+have gotten this.
+
+I would rotate 90 degrees.
+
+I would jump up one,
+two, three boxes.
+
+So here's the next one.
+
+Rotate, one, two, three boxes
+up brings me to here.
+
+Rotate, one, two, three boxes
+brings me up to here.
+
+Rotating again, sliding up three
+boxes brings me to here.
+
+OK, so there's the
+basic helix.
+
+And how is indeed equal to
+4/3 of the translation.
+
+But I can't quit yet.
+
+I've used the basic operation,
+A alpha tau.
+
+Now, I've got to fill
+in with translation.
+
+And according to my rule, the
+translation should be
+
+equal to 4/3 of--
+
+I'm sorry, this should be the
+translation is 4/3 of tau.
+
+So this should be the
+translation running up one,
+
+two, three, four boxes.
+
+So that's--
+
+I'll use a different
+shading here.
+
+That would fill in one here.
+
+One, two, three, four boxes
+up brings me to here.
+
+One, two, three, four boxes
+up would bring me to here.
+
+Go down by four-- one,
+two, three, four--
+
+brings me to here.
+
+And let me use still a different
+shading here.
+
+One, two, three, four brings
+me down to here.
+
+Filling in quickly, one,
+two, three, four.
+
+Another one would sit here.
+
+One, two, three, four, another
+one would sit here.
+
+One, two, three, four, another
+one would sit here.
+
+And you can see what is
+happening here, that 4 sub 3
+
+looks exactly like 4 sub 1 but
+in the opposite sense.
+
+So it's the same relation as
+between 3 sub 1 and 3 sub 2.
+
+What do we use as symbols?
+
+This is a 4 sub 1 screw.
+
+And again, if we look down on
+the pattern from the top, use
+
+a right handed rule and extend
+every edge of the square, that
+
+would be the symbol
+for 4 sub 1.
+
+4 sub 3 is the same sort
+of spiral, but in
+
+the opposite direction.
+
+So we will, with a right handed
+rule and going between
+
+neighboring closest motifs, we
+would extend this, extend
+
+this, and extend this.
+
+So that's the symbol
+for 4 sub 3.
+
+With that, we come back
+over to here.
+
+And that is everything
+except 4 sub 2.
+
+And again, I'll mark up a
+cylinder that's been split
+
+into quadrants, draw reference
+horizontal lines.
+
+This is 4 sub 2.
+
+And we define this as tau.
+
+Then, the translation, this
+should be equal to 1/4 of the
+
+translation parallel
+to the axis.
+
+And conversely, the translation
+
+should be four halves.
+
+So let's draw the pattern.
+
+This was the first one.
+
+Rotate, slide up by tau.
+
+This is the next one.
+
+Rotate and slide, rotate
+and slide.
+
+Rotate and slide begin,
+rotate and slide.
+
+So this turns out to be the
+nature of the helix that is
+
+produced by A pi over 2 tau.
+
+But this is not yet a pattern
+that has the translational
+
+periodicity that
+I have claimed.
+
+That's supposed to be
+the translation,
+
+twice tau, up to here.
+
+So I would have two slide
+this one up to here.
+
+I'd have to slide this
+one up to here.
+
+I'd have to slide this
+one up to here.
+
+And something's wrong here--
+one, two, three, four.
+
+I think I went too far
+up for one of them.
+
+This one was one, two, three.
+
+This one, I went up too far.
+
+I skipped one.
+
+What did I do wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: You did the
+rotation wrong.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: The two [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let me do
+this all over again.
+
+Again, I can't see standing
+right on top of it.
+
+It's not a very good attempt
+to make it look easy.
+
+Let's split this up into
+four quadrants.
+
+If this one comes out quite
+differently, I'll make sure I
+
+have it right.
+
+So this is my translation,
+one, two, three.
+
+This is the translation.
+
+And that should be equal
+to four halves of tau.
+
+So this, then, is
+my value of tau.
+
+It should go up two
+boxes to here.
+
+And that should be equal to 1/2
+of T. So I want to rotate,
+
+slide up two boxes, rotate,
+slide up two boxes, rotate,
+
+slide up two boxes, rotate,
+slide up two boxes, rotate,
+
+and slide up two boxes.
+
+And now, I have to fill
+in with translation.
+
+So I will take this one and go
+up one, two, three, four
+
+translations.
+
+That's what I did wrong.
+
+I'll take this one and go down
+one, two, three, four
+
+translations.
+
+Take this one and go up one,
+two, three, four translations.
+
+Take this one and go one, two,
+three, four translations.
+
+Take this one and go one, two,
+three, four translations.
+
+And now, lo and behold, what I
+have is one, two, three, four.
+
+Curious sort of thing--
+
+I have two motifs
+at every level.
+
+And they are 180
+degrees apart.
+
+So a 4 sub 2 screw axis
+produces a pattern
+
+that looks like this.
+
+Pair of motifs like this 180
+degrees apart, pair of motifs
+
+skewed by 90 degrees to that
+pair, another pair
+
+translationally equivalent
+to the first.
+
+But what is the chirality
+of this spiral?
+
+3 sub 1 was right handed.
+
+4 sub 1 was right handed.
+
+4 sub 3 was left handed.
+
+4 sub 2 was right
+in the middle.
+
+Is that right handed
+or left handed?
+
+The answer is it's both.
+
+It's both.
+
+There's one spiral that
+goes up this way.
+
+And there's another spiral
+that goes up in
+
+the opposite sense.
+
+So it's both.
+
+It's a left handed spiral and a
+right handed spiral together
+
+in the same pattern.
+
+And the pattern for this screw
+axis, the symbol for this
+
+screw axis if it occurs in a
+pattern, is every other edge
+
+of the square extended.
+
+Which do you extend?
+
+Well, it really doesn't matter
+because it's both left handed
+
+and right handed
+simultaneously.
+
+So you can use either one.
+
+Yes, a couple questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain
+why you explain
+
+you did that shading?
+
+PROFESSOR: I just wanted
+to differentiate
+
+the ones that I used.
+
+They're all the same.
+
+And where they come from doesn't
+affect what the basic
+
+pattern looks like.
+
+But I tried to make clear which
+ones I got by using the
+
+operation A alpha tau.
+
+And for 4 sub 2, which I just
+did twice, once correctly and
+
+once incorrectly, these with
+shading were produced by the
+
+operation of rotating and
+sliding up by 1/2 of the
+
+translation.
+
+The other ones, the ones for
+which I used this shading, I
+
+filled in by using what
+the translation was,
+
+namely twice tau.
+
+So it's just a way of keeping
+track of what operations I
+
+used to produce everything
+that's in the pattern.
+
+And for 4 sub 3, I had to use
+three kinds of shading.
+
+Yes, sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: Should I [INAUDIBLE]
+the fact that this was
+
+actually two superimposed
+twofold axis
+
+separated by 1/2 T?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, you could
+read that into it.
+
+And you would be very observant
+because a 4 sub 2
+
+screw axis contains a twofold
+rotation as a subgroup.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: And since you were
+shrewd enough to deduce this--
+
+we ask the question with glide
+planes when we're dealing with
+
+two dimensional plane groups.
+
+Is a glide plane a candidate
+location
+
+for a special position?
+
+In other words, if I move the
+atom directly onto a glide
+
+plane, is there coalescence?
+
+The answer was no.
+
+Suppose I asked the same
+question now of a screw axis.
+
+Is a screw axis a candidate
+location
+
+for a special position?
+
+The answer is sometimes
+yes, sometimes no.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, only if
+you have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so actually if
+I move the atom, the first
+
+atom, onto the locus of the
+rotation part of the
+
+operation, I get pairwise
+coalescence.
+
+And instead of getting all of
+these, I'll have just a string
+
+of single atoms separated
+by half a
+
+translation, half as many.
+
+So that's a special position.
+
+I don't get the full number out
+when I throw one into the
+
+space group.
+
+Now, there are an infinite
+number of screw axes.
+
+My old friend, the saguaro
+cactus, which has a 19 to
+
+maybe 23-fold rotational
+component to its symmetry,
+
+does not, if I look at it
+carefully, have the same thing
+
+on every one of these ribs
+because the tufts of spines
+
+spiral up like this.
+
+So a saguaro cactus, if I take
+the spines into account,
+
+doesn't have 22-fold rotational
+symmetry.
+
+It has some sort of 22-fold
+screw axis.
+
+And I've never been determined
+enough to risk puncturing my
+
+finger by going down around a
+saguaro and seeing if there's
+
+some other tuft at the same
+level and whether it's a 22
+
+subscript 3 or 22 subscript
+2 screw axis.
+
+But a saguaro cactus does
+have a screw axis as
+
+its symmetry element.
+
+OK, let us generalize
+on the basis of what
+
+we've done so far.
+
+For any screw axis whatsoever,
+crystallographic or not, we
+
+will have an n sub 1 screw, an
+n sub 2 screw, where tau is
+
+equal to 1 nth of a translation,
+tau equal to 2
+
+nths of a translation.
+
+And we will go all the way
+up n sub n minus 1,
+
+n sub n minus 2.
+
+And always, regardless of n, the
+ones at either end tend to
+
+be spirals in an enantiomorphic
+sense.
+
+And n sub 2 and an n sub
+n minus 2 are spirals.
+
+If you end up with an odd one
+in the middle, this has no
+
+chirality to the spiral.
+
+There's a left handed one
+and a right handed one.
+
+On the other hand, for something
+like two and four
+
+and six, the ones at opposite
+ends of the series are
+
+enantiomorphs in the sense
+of the rotation.
+
+For any six-fold screw axis--
+
+and I will pass out the nature
+of the pattern without taking
+
+time to draw it--
+
+6 sub 1 and 6 sub 5 are
+enantiomorphous.
+
+6 sub 2 and 6 sub 4 are
+enantiomorphous.
+
+And 6 sub 3 stands alone.
+
+6 sub 3 consists of a pattern of
+three objects on a triangle
+
+pointing in one sense, three on
+a triangle pointing in the
+
+opposite sense.
+
+This is the value of tau.
+
+And that is equal to 3/6
+of the translation.
+
+So no left handed or
+right handed sense.
+
+6 sub 2 consist of
+pairs of objects
+
+separated by 60 degrees.
+
+6 sub 4, exactly the same pairs,
+but they go in the
+
+opposite sense.
+
+6 sub 1 is just a single spiral
+going up with atoms at
+
+intervals of 1/6 of
+the translation.
+
+6 sub 5, a spiral in
+the opposite sense.
+
+OK, with that, let me pass out a
+sheet that has patterns done
+
+in a decent fashion
+for all of the
+
+crystallographic screw axes.
+
+Bear in mind that there are
+fascinating, interesting, and
+
+intriguing patterns for
+
+non-crystallographic screw axes.
+
+And let me say a few words about
+the symbol used in the
+
+space group for glide planes.
+
+Any questions on this,
+by the way?
+
+I don't want to have beat
+it into the ground.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question
+on symbols.
+
+How do you know which way the
+arrows point on the triangle
+
+or the squares?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Probably the best thing to do
+is to look at the patterns
+
+that I just passed around
+if you got one yet.
+
+If you look at 3 sub 1 and look
+down on it from the top
+
+and indicate the sense of
+rotation that gets you from
+
+the one above to the one that's
+directly below, your
+
+hand will curl around in
+a clockwise fashion.
+
+And the little tails on the
+symbol for the threefold axis
+
+trail out behind the way in
+which you're rotating.
+
+If you look at 3 sub 2 and look
+down on it, you would
+
+have to, using your right
+hand, rotate in a
+
+counterclockwise sense.
+
+And therefore, the streamers
+go out again in
+
+the opposite direction.
+
+Same for 4 sub 1.
+
+There, every edge of the
+square is enclosed.
+
+If you look at how you have to
+rotate to get from the one on
+
+top to the one immediately below
+using your right hand,
+
+again, you have to rotate
+in a clockwise sense.
+
+And therefore, the edges that
+are elongated trail out in the
+
+opposite direction.
+
+And finally, drawn in a decent
+fashion are 6 sub 1, 6 sub 5,
+
+which are spirals in
+the opposite sense.
+
+6 sub 2, 6 sub 4, pairs of
+things at each level.
+
+And the level is 1/3
+of the translation.
+
+6 sub 3, triangles of objects at
+intervals that are equal to
+
+1/2 of T, 3/6 of T. OK,
+does that answer?
+
+That is really a convention
+of some higher order.
+
+But nevertheless, it is
+a convention and it is
+
+consistent.
+
+Other questions about
+screw axes?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in nature, is there
+a difference between the
+
+right handed screw
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's like asking
+is there something like a
+
+Coriolis effect in crystals.
+
+You know the Coriolis effect
+that if you're in the southern
+
+hemisphere, the water gurgles
+down the drain one direction.
+
+If you're in the northern
+hemisphere,
+
+the opposite direction?
+
+There was actually a very
+famous scientist,
+
+what was his name?
+
+I think it was Serret.
+
+Serret, so famous I can't
+think of his name.
+
+I remembers his name, Serret
+He developed a very famous
+
+theorem in kinetics, and that
+was thermal migration,
+
+migration driven not by a
+chemical potential gradient
+
+but by a temperature gradient.
+
+And it's very difficult
+to measure.
+
+And only recently have people
+been testing that theory and
+
+making measurements.
+
+He asked this very
+same question.
+
+And he said, I think it was
+potassium chlorate that he
+
+looked at which has no mirror
+plane or inversion in it.
+
+So it occurs in left handed
+and right handed forms.
+
+He asked, is there something
+like a Coriolis effect that
+
+would give you more right
+handed crystals in the
+
+northern hemisphere and more
+left handed crystals in the
+
+southern hemisphere?
+
+So what he'd do, he drew
+a lot of crystals.
+
+And he started counting.
+
+And he counted, and he
+counted, and counted.
+
+And he couldn't tell if there
+was a difference.
+
+And counted, counted, counted.
+
+And still, after lots and lots
+of counting, still could not
+
+get a result that was
+statistically significant.
+
+And he went nuts.
+
+Sorry to tell you this.
+
+So I think it remains to be seen
+whether there is indeed a
+
+Coriolis effect in
+crystal shapes.
+
+And that's true.
+
+It's tragic.
+
+We're all laughing
+at the poor guy.
+
+But he actually just
+couldn't stand it.
+
+He counted so many
+crystals, poof!
+
+That's a true, unfortunate
+story.
+
+No, I don't think there is any
+difference between left handed
+
+crystals or right
+handed crystals.
+
+Remember my story about sugar
+and its chirality and the
+
+little bugs that can only
+eat one chirality.
+
+Other questions of the less
+frivolous nature?
+
+That was not frivolous.
+
+That was a good question.
+
+OK, well let's say a little bit
+about glide planes and how
+
+they appear in space groups.
+
+Things were very easy in two
+dimensions because the glide
+
+plane was a glide line.
+
+And everything had to
+be confined to a
+
+two dimensional space.
+
+So we used a solid line to
+indicate a mirror plane, the
+
+locus of the operation, sigma.
+
+And we use a dashed line to
+indicate the locus of an
+
+operation, sigma tau.
+
+And tau was in the direction
+of the dashes.
+
+Well, I've given it all away
+with the little diagram that I
+
+passed around.
+
+Things are much more complicated
+in three
+
+dimensions.
+
+If this is the locus of a glide
+plane and this is the
+
+direction of tau in a space
+group, we could be looking at
+
+that glide plane in a total
+of four different ways.
+
+We could be looking at the glide
+plane from the side,
+
+edge on, and perpendicular
+to tau.
+
+We could be looking at the glide
+plane edge on and along
+
+the direction of tau.
+
+Or we could be between these two
+orientations and looking
+
+at the glide plane edge on but
+in between normal to tau and
+
+parallel to tau.
+
+And finally, we could look
+at the glide plane
+
+down from the top.
+
+If we view the glide plane
+from above, for example
+
+suppose we have a monoclinic
+crystal and we put a glide
+
+plane in the base of the cell
+which has tau in this
+
+direction, the way you indicate
+that is with a little
+
+chevron off to the side.
+
+And if this is the direction of
+tau, you put a little barb
+
+on the chevron that indicates
+the direction of tau.
+
+So the three possibilities for
+a monoclinic crystal is that
+
+how could be this way, in
+which case you use a
+
+chevron like this.
+
+Or how could be in
+this direction.
+
+And then, you use a chevron
+with a barb
+
+attached like this.
+
+Or how could be a diagonal
+glide, in which case the atoms
+
+would be up and opposite
+chirality and
+
+down and back up again.
+
+In that case, you add a little
+barb in between the two
+
+directions to indicate
+the direction of tau.
+
+We put some labels on this,
+this a and this b.
+
+This situation would be a tau
+that is equal to 1/2 of b.
+
+In this case, how would
+be equal to 1/2 of a.
+
+In this case, how would be
+equal to 1/2 of a plus b.
+
+This is designated
+as a b glide.
+
+And rather than having the
+symbol n appear in the symbol
+
+for the space group,
+a b would appear.
+
+This is an a glide.
+
+And the a would appear
+in the symbol.
+
+And this is a diagonal glide.
+
+And that, for reasons that I
+have never found anyone able
+
+to explain to me, is
+called an n glide.
+
+I know of no language in which
+the word for diagonal
+
+begins with an n.
+
+But that's what it's called.
+
+Now, those same glides can be
+viewed from directions that
+
+are parallel to the plane
+of the glide plane.
+
+Looking normal to tau is exactly
+the same situation we
+
+had in plane groups.
+
+So one uses the dash.
+
+If you're looking along the
+glide plane end on but in the
+
+direction of tau, you
+use a dotted line.
+
+It's easy to keep straight
+which is which.
+
+If there's a little arrow in
+there and you look at it from
+
+the side, you see
+a line segment.
+
+If you look at it from the
+end, you see a dot.
+
+So it's easy to remember
+this convention.
+
+If you're neither perpendicular
+to nor parallel
+
+to the glide plane, you just
+mix the two symbols.
+
+So you use a dashed dot line.
+
+So those are the symbols
+for glide.
+
+Glide plane is something
+like a piece of wood.
+
+It's got grain to it.
+
+The direction of the grain
+is the direction of
+
+tau, if you'd like.
+
+All right, in the hand out, I
+give you some examples of the
+
+way in which a pattern of
+objects that has glide in it
+
+would be interpreted in terms
+of a geometric symbol.
+
+At the bottom right of the page,
+the left hand diagram
+
+has atoms related by a glide
+plane in the base of the cell
+
+where tau is running
+left to right.
+
+And so you have a chevron
+with an arrow on
+
+the right hand branch.
+
+If you have atoms alternately
+left handed, right handed at a
+
+level and 1/2 plus that
+elevation, then you're looking
+
+at a glide plane edge on
+and down along the
+
+direction of tau.
+
+So you would indicate the locus
+of that glide plane by a
+
+series of dots.
+
+What other type of glide plane
+is possible, not for
+
+monoclinic, but for lattices
+that have a centered lattice
+
+point in the middle
+of the cell?
+
+So this takes a special type
+of Bravais lattice.
+
+And this would be a lattice, for
+example, that had lattice
+
+points at the corners of the
+cell and another lattice point
+
+in the middle of the cell.
+
+One face of the cell
+is centered.
+
+Then, you have not only
+translations a, b, and a plus
+
+b, which can serve as directions
+for glide.
+
+But you have another translation
+that is not
+
+present in the primitive
+lattice.
+
+And this is 1/2 of
+a plus 1/2 of b.
+
+And if that's a translation, you
+could have a glide plane
+
+parallel to the base of the cell
+and have tau equal to 1/2
+
+of 1/2 of a plus b, namely have
+this little vector in
+
+here be tau.
+
+And the symbol for that
+kind of glide is d.
+
+And I do know what
+that stands for.
+
+That stands for a diamond glide
+because diamond, one of
+
+the very simple structures for
+an element or any compound and
+
+one of the early structures to
+be determined experimentally,
+
+does have a d glide in it.
+
+So the name of the compound,
+diamond, gave its name to the
+
+type of glide plane.
+
+OK, I've got still
+10 more minutes.
+
+What I would like to do next
+is to look at some of the
+
+other monoclinic space groups
+and also examine the way in
+
+which this information is
+presented for you in the
+
+international tables.
+
+So I've got a big, fat pack of
+material that shows you all of
+
+the monoclinic space group,
+that is the space groups
+
+derived from point group two,
+the space groups with point
+
+group m, and the space groups
+with point group 2/m.
+
+And we've done a few of these.
+
+But what we haven't looked at
+is the Shcoenflies notation
+
+for the result or the way in
+which this information is
+
+presented in the international
+tables.
+
+To introduce you to these
+gradually, this is the
+
+monoclinic space group--
+
+these are the monoclinic space
+groups as presented in the old
+
+international tables for
+x-ray crystallography.
+
+A little bit later, I will pass
+out to you a few higher
+
+symmetry space groups that are
+represented in both the old
+
+international tables and the
+new international tables.
+
+And as I indicated somewhat
+disparagingly earlier on,
+
+there is so much information
+in the new version that
+
+they're very, very
+hard to use.
+
+But OK, if you open the hand
+out, you find space group P2.
+
+So that's a twofold
+axis added to a
+
+primitive monoclinic axis.
+
+You see on the left hand page
+this situation, this
+
+ridiculous situation, that
+exists only for monoclinic
+
+crystals the first setting,
+where the axes are a on the
+
+left hand side running down, and
+b on the top running from
+
+left to right, and c coming
+straight up out of the page.
+
+And the second setting, where
+the unique axis is b, and that
+
+means if you're going to draw
+the space group with c coming
+
+up, a down, and b to the right,
+b now is the direction
+
+of the twofold axis.
+
+So the diagram looks completely
+different.
+
+But it's the same space group
+except that the first setting
+
+is tilted on its side so that
+a comes down, b is from left
+
+to right, and c, which is now
+not a direction of the twofold
+
+axis, comes out.
+
+So there's some jargon here,
+that geometric jargon.
+
+The atoms occur at different
+elevations.
+
+So in these two cases, the atoms
+occur only at elevations
+
+plus z or minus z.
+
+And you see next to the little
+circles that represent the
+
+symmetry equivalent
+positions for the
+
+general position a plus.
+
+And that means elevation
+plus z.
+
+And for the first setting,
+all the atoms occur at an
+
+elevation plus z for the
+general position.
+
+For the second setting in the
+right hand diagram, you're
+
+looking at the twofold
+axis from the side.
+
+And therefore, one atom
+is at plus z.
+
+The one that's related by
+symmetry gets rotated
+
+down to minus z.
+
+So you see a little plus next
+to one atom, a little minus
+
+next to the next to it.
+
+We need a symbol for a view
+down along the locus of a
+
+twofold axis.
+
+And that's the little pointed
+oval that we became familiar
+
+with with the plane groups.
+
+When you're looking at the
+twofold axis from the side,
+
+how are you going to
+indicate that?
+
+Well, the convention
+is to use an arrow.
+
+And that's what you see on the
+right hand side for the second
+
+setting of P2.
+
+If this were not a twofold axis
+but a 2 sub 1 screw axis,
+
+it would be a one-sided barb.
+
+So looking down at these two
+axes with rotations of 180
+
+degrees, this is the symbol for
+two viewed from the side.
+
+And a one-sided barb would
+be the symbol for a
+
+2 sub 1 screw axis.
+
+Mercifully, these are the only
+screw axes that need to be
+
+depicted in a view
+from the side.
+
+So there's no standard symbol
+for a sixfold access or a
+
+fourfold axis looked
+at from the side.
+
+In boldface, in the outer corner
+of these pages, you see
+
+the international symbol, which
+is what we used for the
+
+plane groups, the symbol for the
+lattice type, primitive,
+
+except now we use uppercase
+symbols for the lattice type
+
+to distinguish the space groups
+from the plane groups.
+
+Underneath it, you see
+a C2 superscript 1.
+
+This is the Schoenflies
+symbol.
+
+You'll recognize C2 as the
+Schoenflies symbol for a
+
+twofold axis.
+
+Schoenflies' symbol for the
+space group was to add a
+
+superscript, namely the first
+one that old [? Artur ?]
+
+got, the second one that
+[? Artur ?] got from this
+
+point group, the third one
+he got from the point
+
+group, and so on.
+
+So it's pretty much an arbitrary
+order, except he
+
+starts with, as you'll see, a
+twofold access, then replaces
+
+the twofold axis with
+a screw access.
+
+So if you turn to the next page,
+you see symbols for not
+
+twofold axes, but 2 sub
+1 screw axes along the
+
+edges of the cell.
+
+You see now a different sort of
+symbol alongside the atoms.
+
+There's one at plus z.
+
+That's the representative
+one at x, y, z.
+
+If you repeat it by a screw
+rotation, you rotate it 180
+
+degrees and slide it up
+by 1/2 of [? c. ?]
+
+So you see the symbol
+1/2 plus.
+
+So plus is plus z.
+
+1/2 plus is 1/2 plus z.
+
+Over to the second settings,
+trying not to sneer too
+
+vigorously, you'll see
+pointed barbs.
+
+That's the symbol for
+a twofold axis
+
+viewed from the side.
+
+And then, one of them is plus.
+
+The one that's a little long
+parallel to the 2 sub 1 screw
+
+axis goes to the other side and
+goes from plus z down to
+
+the minus z.
+
+Let me ask you a question which
+people usually don't
+
+think about.
+
+If you look at the first setting
+and ask, what are the
+
+lengths of the translations?
+
+That's a.
+
+And that's so many angstroms.
+
+And that's b.
+
+That's so many angstroms.
+
+If I ask you that for the second
+setting, the answer is
+
+a little trickier.
+
+What is the length of
+this translation?
+
+That's b.
+
+What is the length of
+this translation?
+
+I'm sorry, that's c.
+
+And this translation
+is a, right?
+
+Wrong.
+
+That is no longer a.
+
+And the reason for that is that
+when you have a cell with
+
+non-orthogonal angles in it, let
+me indicate for the most
+
+general case for a triclinic
+crystal.
+
+So this is a.
+
+This is b.
+
+And then the third translation
+normal to that plane is c.
+
+And if we have a structure with
+atoms in these locations
+
+and we want to project the
+structure along c, you do
+
+exactly that.
+
+You don't plop the atoms down
+onto the base of the cell when
+
+you project it because if you
+did so, the atom that is up in
+
+the neighboring unit cell
+would come down
+
+to a different location.
+
+And you would not have a pattern
+that was periodic
+
+based on a lattice.
+
+You get that only if, when
+you're projecting in an
+
+oblique lattice, you project
+along the translation.
+
+And then, and only then, can you
+end up with a pattern that
+
+looks like it has translational
+periodicity and
+
+really does.
+
+So if a cell is oblique, you
+do not project just by
+
+plopping the atoms down on
+the base of the cell.
+
+You project them parallel to the
+translation that extends
+
+up above the direction onto
+which you're projecting.
+
+So if our cell in the second
+setting is monoclinic and this
+
+is a and this b and c comes up,
+if we look at that cell
+
+from the side as is done in
+the depiction on the right
+
+hand, then we let this be
+the direction of b.
+
+So that is b.
+
+But the thing that is at right
+angles to b is going to be a
+
+times the cosine of beta.
+
+And it's not a itself.
+
+So this is a right angle.
+
+But this is not the lattice
+translation.
+
+It is the lattice translation
+times a
+
+trigonometric function.
+
+The triclinic case
+is a hairy beast.
+
+To calculate the length of these
+axes and projection,
+
+it's clear what they are.
+
+But to get these values
+involves alpha
+
+and beta and gamma.
+
+And it's a very, very
+complicated function.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the angle between
+a and c in general is not 90
+
+degrees in monoclinics?
+
+PROFESSOR: The angle between
+depends on how
+
+you label your axes.
+
+For monoclinic, if you do the
+first setting, then by
+
+definition this is a, and this
+is b, and this is c.
+
+So these are always by
+definition 90 degrees.
+
+If you use the second setting,
+then this is the
+
+direction of b.
+
+And this is the direction
+of a.
+
+And this is the direction
+of c.
+
+That keeps the system
+right handed.
+
+Then, this is a right angle and
+this is a general angle.
+
+AUDIENCE: But all you're doing
+is taking that top one and
+
+just [? tilting it over ?].
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I'm doing more
+than that because if there
+
+were a twofold axis, that would
+be the direction of the
+
+twofold axis.
+
+Now, this is the direction
+of the twofold axis.
+
+The other thing that happens
+is the symbols
+
+for the glides change.
+
+So if you look at space group
+number seven, which is a case
+
+where the mirror plane has been
+replaced by a b glide in
+
+the first setting, and that
+means the glide is
+
+perpendicular to the
+twofold axis.
+
+If the twofold axis is now the
+direction of b, the glide
+
+plane turns into a b glide.
+
+But let's just thumb through
+them quickly.
+
+And then, we're actually two
+minutes past my promised
+
+quitting hour.
+
+First one, P2.
+
+Then, replace the twofold access
+by a 2 sub 1 screw.
+
+So that's Schoenflies symbol
+C2 superscript 2.
+
+Then, do this with centered
+lattices.
+
+The international table
+chooses to use a
+
+side centered cell.
+
+So that's the third one you can
+get from a twofold axis.
+
+So Schoenflies calls it C
+subscript 2 superscript 3.
+
+And if you add that to a side
+centered lattice, you get
+
+screw axes interleaved between
+the twofold axes.
+
+Put it on its side, it stays
+C2 superscript 3 in the
+
+Schoenflies notation.
+
+But the side centered d become
+side centered c because it's b
+
+that comes out of
+the oblique net.
+
+So the international
+symbol tells you
+
+exactly what you have.
+
+The Schoenflies symbol
+is arbitrary.
+
+It tells you the point group and
+it tells you the order in
+
+which Schoenflies
+derived them.
+
+But that non-informative
+nature to the
+
+symbol has a blessing.
+
+And that is it doesn't change
+with different labellings of
+
+a, b, and c.
+
+It doesn't change with a being
+shortest, b being shortest.
+
+It just sits there and its dumb,
+uninformative fashion.
+
+And that is nice.
+
+So both of them have survived.
+
+OK, so could we get another
+space group out of this by
+
+replacing the twofold
+axis by a 2 sub 1?
+
+No, because we've already got
+2 sub 1 screw axes in C2
+
+superscript 3.
+
+So then, Schoenflies moves on
+and begins to work with
+
+symmetry planes.
+
+So number six puts a mirror
+plane in the primitive
+
+monoclinic lattice.
+
+That becomes CS.
+
+That's the Schoenflies symbol
+for point group m.
+
+And it's the first thing
+you can get.
+
+Another piece of convention
+for displaying the
+
+representative pattern of atoms,
+in the first setting,
+
+the two atoms sit directly
+above one another.
+
+So there are two new
+things here.
+
+A vertical line through the atom
+indicates that there are
+
+two of them that are
+superimposed in projection.
+
+And moreover, the little tadpole
+has appeared inside
+
+the frog eggs in the
+left hand part.
+
+So this says on the right hand
+side of that split circle, the
+
+atom is at plus z.
+
+On the left hand side with the
+comment to indicate an
+
+enantiomorph is 1 at minus
+z that sits directly
+
+below the first one.
+
+And you'll notice in the
+diagram of the symmetry
+
+elements is a chevron working
+off the lower right hand
+
+corner of the cell.
+
+And that's the symbol for a
+mirror plane that's being
+
+viewed directly from above.
+
+And then I'll just
+go a couple more.
+
+You could replace the mirror
+plane with a glide plane.
+
+And that's a b glide.
+
+Now, you can see the atoms
+going up at plus z, slide
+
+along by 1/2 z, and popped down
+to minus z, going down to
+
+an enantiomorph, so there's
+a comma inside the circle.
+
+The chevron in the lower right
+hand corner of the diagram of
+
+symmetry elements now has
+acquired an arrow, a barb,
+
+that indicates the
+direction of tau.
+
+The second setting, again, flops
+the thing on its side so
+
+that you're looking now down
+along the b glide.
+
+And so you see a dotted line
+that indicates a glide plane
+
+viewed edge on in the
+direction of tau.
+
+Then, you can put a mirror plane
+for number eight into a
+
+side centered b lattice.
+
+And that gives you another
+space group.
+
+And then, you can put a glide
+plane into the b lattice.
+
+And that, interestingly, gives
+you a different space group.
+
+Number eight has an alternating
+mirror plane with
+
+an axial glide.
+
+Number nine has an alternating
+axial glide alternating with a
+
+diagonal glide-- two
+glide planes.
+
+Not a mirror plane and a glide,
+but two different kinds
+
+of glide planes.
+
+And then, you've used up all the
+tricks you can pull there.
+
+So now, we take the last
+monoclinic point group, 2/m,
+
+drop it into a primitive
+lattice.
+
+Replace the twofold axis with
+a 2 sub 1 screw axis.
+
+That gives you P2
+sub 1 over m.
+
+Then, leave the twofold axis
+alone and leave the plane
+
+alone and put 2/m in a
+side centered cell.
+
+And then, replace the mirror
+plane by a glide.
+
+That's number 13.
+
+And then finally, the summa cum
+ultra, replace the twofold
+
+axis y a 2 sub 1 screw and
+replace the mirror plane with
+
+a glide, number 14.
+
+And then, do the same thing
+in a centered lattice.
+
+So we get a total of 13
+different space groups from
+
+two lousy kinds of lattices
+and three
+
+possible point groups.
+
+You get 13 different distinct
+space groups.
+
+OK, that's a quick overview.
+
+Notice that just as was the case
+for the plane groups, the
+
+tables go on to list the way in
+which atoms are related by
+
+symmetry and the number per
+cell and the site symmetry
+
+just as in the plane groups.
+
+And the way a three dimensional
+structure is going
+
+to be described to you is
+exactly analogous to what we
+
+did with two dimensions.
+
+Magnesium in position 3b,
+symmetry 6/m, oxygen in
+
+position 12d, symmetry 1.
+
+And then, the tables give you
+the coordinates of all the
+
+symmetry S atoms.
+
+OK, thank you for
+your patience.
+
+That was a long stretch
+in one shot.
+
+I'll say a little bit, very
+little, next Tuesday about the
+
+convention for orthorhombic
+space groups because there, no
+
+one direction is any more or
+less special than any other.
+
+So the symbol for the space
+group changes all over the
+
+place when the axes
+take on different
+
+lengths, relative lengths.
+
+But the symmetry is
+exactly the same.
+
+So we'll see you--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ACDxurDAmyg.txt b/ACDxurDAmyg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eca6e09979be4b8ab3baba0fd90e64280c50e7aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ACDxurDAmyg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the force on a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the force on a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the force on a liquid
+dialectric results in a Visual Evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric results in a Visual Evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric results in a Visual Evidence
+for molecular polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a pair of capacitor plates are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of capacitor plates are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of capacitor plates are going to
+be dipped into a dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dipped into a dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dipped into a dialectric
+fluid with the application of a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid with the application of a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid with the application of a voltage
+the fluid is drawn upward into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid is drawn upward into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid is drawn upward into the
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between to be sure that the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between to be sure that the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between to be sure that the displacement
+is due to the polarization induced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the polarization induced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the polarization induced in
+the fluid by the field care must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid by the field care must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid by the field care must be
+taken to avoid having an electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to avoid having an electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to avoid having an electrically
+induced Force density associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced Force density associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced Force density associated with
+unpaired or free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges such a force density is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges such a force density is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges such a force density is the
+result of the force transmitted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the force transmitted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the force transmitted to the
+liquid by unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid by unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid by unpaired
+charges each subject to an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges each subject to an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges each subject to an electric
+force each transfers a force equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force each transfers a force equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force each transfers a force equal to
+its charge times the average electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field this force is transmitted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this force is transmitted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this force is transmitted to the
+liquid in which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in which it is
+entrained the positive charges trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained the positive charges trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained the positive charges trans
+transferring a force in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a force in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring a force in the direction of
+the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field the negative charges transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the negative charges transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the negative charges transmitting
+a force in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction for there to be a net force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for there to be a net force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction for there to be a net force
+density due to these unpaired charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density due to these unpaired charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density due to these unpaired charges
+there must be a net unpaired charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a net unpaired charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a net unpaired charge
+density Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subu in our experiment the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subu in our experiment the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subu in our experiment the applied
+voltage is AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is AC
+The Source has a sufficiently high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Source has a sufficiently high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Source has a sufficiently high
+frequency that the unpaired charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that the unpaired charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that the unpaired charge
+density throughout the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible the polarization Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible the polarization Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible the polarization Force
+density is proportional to the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is proportional to the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is proportional to the square of
+the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied
+field thus the AC field produces a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field thus the AC field produces a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field thus the AC field produces a force
+density that has time average and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that has time average and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that has time average and second
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+Parts the frequency is high enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts the frequency is high enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts the frequency is high enough and
+the liquid viscous enough that the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid viscous enough that the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid viscous enough that the fluid
+only responds to the time average force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only responds to the time average force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only responds to the time average force
+it responds to the root mean square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to the root mean square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to the root mean square of
+the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field even with essentially no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field even with essentially no net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field even with essentially no net
+charge density anywhere in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density anywhere in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density anywhere in the liquid
+there is a force density due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a force density due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a force density due to
+molecular dipoles induced by the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dipoles induced by the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dipoles induced by the applied
+field the dipole can be modeled as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the dipole can be modeled as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the dipole can be modeled as a
+pair of equal charges of opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign in a non-uniform electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in a non-uniform electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in a non-uniform electric
+field the force on one of these charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the force on one of these charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the force on one of these charges
+differs from that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from that on the
+other thus in a non-uniform electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thus in a non-uniform electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thus in a non-uniform electric
+field there's a net force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dipole when there's a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole when there's a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole when there's a distribution of
+such dipoles in a material this force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such dipoles in a material this force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such dipoles in a material this force is
+transmitted to the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to the surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted to the surrounding
+material rather than having particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material rather than having particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material rather than having particles
+carrying a net charge transfer their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a net charge transfer their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a net charge transfer their
+Force to the material it is the dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the material it is the dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to the material it is the dipoles
+which transfer their Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the result is a polarization Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is a polarization Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is a polarization Force
+density that is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is proportional to the
+gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E with P the polarization density it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with P the polarization density it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with P the polarization density it is
+p.de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e in our experiment the non-uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in our experiment the non-uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in our experiment the non-uniform
+electric field experienced by the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field experienced by the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field experienced by the liquid
+is the fringing field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus dipoles in the fringing field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus dipoles in the fringing field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus dipoles in the fringing field are
+attracted into the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted into the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted into the field
+region for example this one is attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region for example this one is attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region for example this one is attracted
+upward the vertical fields on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the vertical fields on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward the vertical fields on each
+charge are of opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are of opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge are of opposite
+sign but then so are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but then so are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but then so are the
+charges so the net force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here's the
+experiment the plates are made from tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the plates are made from tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the plates are made from tin
+oxide coated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide coated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide coated
+glass so that they are conducting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so that they are conducting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so that they are conducting and
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+transparent so we be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent so we be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent so we be able to see the
+liquid through the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid through the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid through the front
+plate the plates used to apply the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the plates used to apply the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the plates used to apply the field
+are closer together at the left so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer together at the left so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closer together at the left so the
+field will be more intense there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're set in a shallow dish of corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're set in a shallow dish of corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're set in a shallow dish of corn
+oil which is then placed in a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil which is then placed in a nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil which is then placed in a nitrogen
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+chamber 25 KT AC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applied polarization forces push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied polarization forces push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied polarization forces push the
+fluid upward between the plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the field intensity is greatest at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field intensity is greatest at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field intensity is greatest at the
+left about 100 kts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CM the polarization Force density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the polarization Force density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the polarization Force density that
+pushes the liquid upward between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the liquid upward between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the liquid upward between the
+plates is also responsible for the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates is also responsible for the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates is also responsible for the net
+upward force on this dialectric slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this upward electrical force on the slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upward electrical force on the slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upward electrical force on the slab
+can be derived using the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be derived using the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be derived using the principle of
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+conservation here we've divided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation here we've divided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation here we've divided the
+force by the area CA of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by the area CA of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by the area CA of the top
+slab the force per unit area is 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab the force per unit area is 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slab the force per unit area is 1/2 of
+the square of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the electric field
+intensity between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity between the
+plates multiplied by the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates multiplied by the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates multiplied by the difference in
+permitivity between the slab and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity between the slab and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity between the slab and free
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our experiment this Force per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our experiment this Force per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our experiment this Force per unit
+area is equal to the gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is equal to the gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is equal to the gravitational force
+acting on a column of liquid having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a column of liquid having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a column of liquid having the
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C mass density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row where G is the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row where G is the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row where G is the gravitational
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also in our experiment the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in our experiment the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in our experiment the distance
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+plates is a function of radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the spacing
+a is equal to the angle Alpha times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the angle Alpha times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the angle Alpha times the
+distance R from the imaginary line where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R from the imaginary line where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R from the imaginary line where
+the plates would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+join thus the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join thus the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join thus the height of
+Rise is inversely proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rise is inversely proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rise is inversely proportional to the
+square of the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance the height of Rise is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the height of Rise is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the height of Rise is inversely
+proportional to the square of the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance this experiment teaches an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this experiment teaches an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this experiment teaches an
+important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lesson
+the force density associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force density associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force density associated with
+polarization is not equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is not equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is not equal to the
+polarization charge density times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density times the
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+intensity in our experiment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in our experiment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in our experiment this is
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+evident because the primitivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident because the primitivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident because the primitivity is
+uniform throughout the liquid volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform throughout the liquid volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform throughout the liquid volume the
+polarization charge density is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density is zero
+throughout the volume of the liquid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the volume of the liquid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the volume of the liquid the
+only place where there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place where there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place where there could be a
+polarization charge giving rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge giving rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge giving rise to a
+vertical Force density is at the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Force density is at the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Force density is at the gas
+liquid interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid interface
+but the field is tangential to the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the field is tangential to the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the field is tangential to the gas
+liquid interface and so the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid interface and so the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid interface and so the surface
+polarization charge density is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization charge density is zero
+there so Rosa p is zero throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so Rosa p is zero throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so Rosa p is zero throughout the
+liquid even at the interface and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid even at the interface and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid even at the interface and it's
+clear that the force density Rosa PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the force density Rosa PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that the force density Rosa PE
+cannot be the force density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be the force density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be the force density that
+accounts for what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen the rise of the liquid between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the rise of the liquid between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the rise of the liquid between the
+plates is due to the force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates is due to the force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates is due to the force on the
+dipoles a force that can exist even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles a force that can exist even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles a force that can exist even even
+where there is no net unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no net unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no net unpaired
+charge a force that is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a force that is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a force that is proportional to
+the dipole polarization density p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole polarization density p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole polarization density p and
+the gradient of E
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ATkGXyfuJqs.txt b/ATkGXyfuJqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7c12e0de5457100acd2c3a31c0b8e4d404112fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ATkGXyfuJqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well I don't have a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I don't have a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I don't have a lecture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh good I have a random question great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good I have a random question great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good I have a random question great
+so you've been a teacher for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've been a teacher for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've been a teacher for a very long
+time have you noticed any um patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have you noticed any um patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have you noticed any um patterns in
+students over the years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students over the years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students over the years or
+decades have I noticed any pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades have I noticed any pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades have I noticed any pattern in
+students yeah or like like like U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students yeah or like like like U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students yeah or like like like U
+intellectual patterns or things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual patterns or things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual patterns or things people
+interested in just anything well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+few the foreigners seem better educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few the foreigners seem better educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few the foreigners seem better educated
+than the Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are more
+girls uh when I came to MIT it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls uh when I came to MIT it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls uh when I came to MIT it was about
+20% and I think now it's 53% does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+48 I I read that it actually went past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 I I read that it actually went past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 I I read that it actually went past
+50 for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh
+no I think I've complained about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think I've complained about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think I've complained about the
+future though which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future though which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future though which is
+that uh a large proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a large proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a large proportion of
+my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh
+students by students I mean the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students by students I mean the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students by students I mean the ones
+whose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose uh
+thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis
+I I hate to say supervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hate to say supervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hate to say supervised
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in the case of Pat Winston for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of Pat Winston for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of Pat Winston for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+I learned much more than I or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+susman but most of the uh students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susman but most of the uh students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susman but most of the uh students
+became uh researchers or faculty members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh researchers or faculty members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh researchers or faculty members
+eventually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually and
+uh now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now a
+very now very few of them do that's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very now very few of them do that's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very now very few of them do that's be
+I'm not sure of all the reasons but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure of all the reasons but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure of all the reasons but the
+um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+1960s which is a long time ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s which is a long time ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s which is a long time ago the
+universities were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities were still
+growing uh as a after effect of World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing uh as a after effect of World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing uh as a after effect of World
+War II I suppose I really don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II I suppose I really don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II I suppose I really don't know
+uh what caused these major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what caused these major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what caused these major
+Trends but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends but
+uh there were a lot of also a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of also a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of also a lot of uh
+career research search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career research search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career research search
+institutions that uh were large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that uh were large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions that uh were large and
+growing uh even General Motors at places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing uh even General Motors at places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing uh even General Motors at places
+where there was some basic research IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was some basic research IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was some basic research IBM
+was a a big research laboratory that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a big research laboratory that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a big research laboratory that uh
+was supporting some very abstract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supporting some very abstract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supporting some very abstract and
+uh basic research of various sorts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic research of various sorts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic research of various sorts I
+don't think there's very much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's very much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's very much of that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh even CBS laboratory Westinghouse was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even CBS laboratory Westinghouse was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even CBS laboratory Westinghouse was
+doing interesting Robotics and um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing interesting Robotics and um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing interesting Robotics and um of
+course Stanford Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Stanford Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Stanford Research
+Institute uh which had no relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute uh which had no relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute uh which had no relation to
+Stanford uh still exists and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford uh still exists and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford uh still exists and it's uh
+still pretty good but it at in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good but it at in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty good but it at in those
+early days it was um one of the three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days it was um one of the three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days it was um one of the three or
+four richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four richest
+uh computer science and artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer science and artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer science and artificial
+intelligence research places there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence research places there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence research places there was a
+place called the rant corporation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place called the rant corporation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place called the rant corporation which
+I think still exists does anybody yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still exists does anybody yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think still exists does anybody yeah I
+don't know what it does any idea they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it does any idea they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it does any idea they do
+govern sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things basically war games but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically war games but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically war games but not
+necessarily about war sort of economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily about war sort of economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily about war sort of economy
+games or politics games but in the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or politics games but in the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or politics games but in the U
+in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+60s it was it had a lot of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it was it had a lot of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it was it had a lot of basic
+research it had new and Simon and uh me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it had new and Simon and uh me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it had new and Simon and uh me
+and uh a few other people and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a few other people and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a few other people and we just
+went there and uh you could walk on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there and uh you could walk on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there and uh you could walk on the
+beach in Santa Monica and go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach in Santa Monica and go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach in Santa Monica and go to your
+office and talk and do things and no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and talk and do things and no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and talk and do things and no one
+ever bothered us and we wrote lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever bothered us and we wrote lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever bothered us and we wrote lots of
+little pap papers and anyway Grumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pap papers and anyway Grumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pap papers and anyway Grumble
+Grumble another feature was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumble another feature was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumble another feature was that
+uh places like the National Institute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh places like the National Institute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh places like the National Institute of
+Health had fiveyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health had fiveyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health had fiveyear
+fellowships and now you have to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships and now you have to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellowships and now you have to renew
+there are very few appointments of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very few appointments of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very few appointments of that
+sort anywhere and uh usually you're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort anywhere and uh usually you're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort anywhere and uh usually you're no
+sooner do you get funded than you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner do you get funded than you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner do you get funded than you're
+starting to write proposals for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to write proposals for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to write proposals for the
+next year and uh some people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and uh some people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and uh some people want
+reports every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports every
+quarter and Neil gershenfeld who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and Neil gershenfeld who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and Neil gershenfeld who was
+running a big lab here wanted reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a big lab here wanted reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a big lab here wanted reports
+every month and some of us finally gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and some of us finally gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month and some of us finally gave
+up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+that that's a long answer but uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a long answer but uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a long answer but uh so if
+you want a career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a career
+in uh being a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh being a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh being a professor
+it's just harder to find now than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just harder to find now than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just harder to find now than it was
+then and so a lot of people recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and so a lot of people recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and so a lot of people recognize
+this pretty early and find some place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty early and find some place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty early and find some place to
+work in Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Wall Street
+and stuff like that there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that there are lots of
+jobs for smart people but uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for smart people but uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs for smart people but uh then you
+have to sneak your research in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side anybody can think of a way to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side anybody can think of a way to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side anybody can think of a way to fix
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the last 20 years Taiwan made a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 20 years Taiwan made a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 20 years Taiwan made a 100
+new math departments I read somewhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new math departments I read somewhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new math departments I read somewhere I
+don't know if any of you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any of you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if any of you know anything
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Taiwan I just wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan I just wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan I just wonder if
+that yeah yes were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successful is is there a lot of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is is there a lot of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is is there a lot of research
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+no very often when a government decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no very often when a government decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no very often when a government decides
+on the right thing to do it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I had some friends in Italy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had some friends in Italy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had some friends in Italy who
+were trying to start an AI group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to start an AI group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to start an AI group and
+they had accumulated a critical mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had accumulated a critical mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had accumulated a critical mass in
+uh what's the big city in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the big city in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the big city in the
+north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north
+Milan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan and
+uh then some government committee said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then some government committee said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then some government committee said
+oh there's some bunch of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's some bunch of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's some bunch of computer
+scientists there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists there
+but there's no good computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no good computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no good computer scientists
+in Pisa and Verona so the government can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pisa and Verona so the government can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pisa and Verona so the government can
+order a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a professor
+to leave one place and go somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave one place and go somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave one place and go somewhere else
+so the next year there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next year there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next year there were no
+groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and
+uh occasionally there are people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh occasionally there are people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh occasionally there are people like
+Isaac Newton who like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+but I got the impression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got the impression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got the impression that
+the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the
+Italian researchers diminished after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian researchers diminished after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian researchers diminished after
+that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong how about a more technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question you had a complicated diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you had a complicated diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you had a complicated diagram
+concerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning
+story you call the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you call the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you call the many
+layers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers uh
+yeah was that meant to be a bir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was that meant to be a bir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was that meant to be a bir
+directional diagram um does it work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional diagram um does it work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional diagram um does it work in
+the bottom the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the top
+down I'm confused about whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm confused about whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'm confused about whether that
+let's see if I can find it why did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can find it why did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I can find it why did this
+shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down do I dare press start it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down do I dare press start it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down do I dare press start it's
+live oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live oh my
+gosh I never saw that phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on what did it go on it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person get up oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it might be in this random lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I how do I get rid of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there's a sort of bug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+toolbox thing on the Macintosh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox thing on the Macintosh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox thing on the Macintosh which is
+if you make one of these too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make one of these too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make one of these too long
+there's no way to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to get rid of it
+except toh restart the machine in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except toh restart the machine in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except toh restart the machine in some
+other mode I can't catch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway maybe this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+diagram um there's two hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um there's two hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um there's two hierarchical
+diagrams the theme of the emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the theme of the emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the theme of the emotion
+machine book is mostly the six layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine book is mostly the six layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine book is mostly the six layers of
+um you know instinctive built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know instinctive built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know instinctive built-in
+reactions learned conditioned reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions learned conditioned reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions learned conditioned reactions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um going up to reflective and self for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going up to reflective and self for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going up to reflective and self for
+reflective and so on and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective and so on and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective and so on and the other
+diagram starts out with the just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram starts out with the just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram starts out with the just a
+neural net and then things like K lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net and then things like K lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net and then things like K lines
+which are ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are ways to
+organize uh groups of activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize uh groups of activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize uh groups of activities and
+then frames and trans frames the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then frames and trans frames the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then frames and trans frames the
+transframe is uh a way of representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe is uh a way of representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe is uh a way of representing
+knowledge in terms of how a action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in terms of how a action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in terms of how a action
+affects a situation or a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects a situation or a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects a situation or a particular
+situation in an action produces a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in an action produces a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in an action produces a new
+one and then a story is usually a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a story is usually a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a story is usually a chain
+of trans frames and of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trans frames and of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trans frames and of course a
+meaningful story is one U which I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful story is one U which I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful story is one U which I didn't
+have a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a level
+for good good stories and useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good good stories and useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good good stories and useless
+stories um so somewhere at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level we all have knowledge of if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we all have knowledge of if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we all have knowledge of if you're
+facing some sort of problem what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing some sort of problem what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing some sort of problem what kind of
+Str strategy uh might be good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str strategy uh might be good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str strategy uh might be good for
+solving that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that kind of
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and in that case each layer is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case each layer is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case each layer is made of
+things in the lower layer it's whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the lower layer it's whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the lower layer it's whereas
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+U Society of Mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Society of Mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Society of Mind
+hierarchy uh each layer does different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy uh each layer does different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy uh each layer does different
+things that operates on the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that operates on the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that operates on the result of
+the other layers so there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other layers so there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other layers so there's sort
+of I guess if you look at any mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess if you look at any mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess if you look at any mechanism
+you'll have a diagram of what the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a diagram of what the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a diagram of what the parts
+do and how they relate and you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and how they relate and you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and how they relate and you'll have a
+diagram of which isn't in the Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of which isn't in the Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of which isn't in the Machinery
+of what are the functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the functions of the
+different sets of parts and how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of parts and how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sets of parts and how are
+those functions related so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions related so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions related so
+I that might be a bug in both books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that might be a bug in both books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that might be a bug in both books that
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um drew the diagrams to look pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drew the diagrams to look pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drew the diagrams to look pretty
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+and it's a bad analogy yeah looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bad analogy yeah looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bad analogy yeah looking at
+it it it's something like was a stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's something like was a stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it's something like was a stimulus
+response model where if you ped aor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response model where if you ped aor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response model where if you ped aor into
+it beneath it were the interpretive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it beneath it were the interpretive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it beneath it were the interpretive
+mechanisms but does it does it flow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but does it does it flow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but does it does it flow the
+other way is it generative from bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way is it generative from bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way is it generative from bottom
+to top as well well in some sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to top as well well in some sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to top as well well in some sense this
+transframe is says uh here's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe is says uh here's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transframe is says uh here's a piece of
+knowledge which says if you're in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which says if you're in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which says if you're in such a
+situation this is a way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is a way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is a way to get to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+situation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in the
+um traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um traditional
+behavioristic behaviorist is a word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioristic behaviorist is a word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioristic behaviorist is a word for
+the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+of generations of psychologists who try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generations of psychologists who try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generations of psychologists who try
+to explain behavior just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain behavior just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain behavior just in terms of
+reacting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+and uh that wasn't connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to what am I trying to say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what am I trying to say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what am I trying to say in
+in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard
+behaviorist models which were sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist models which were sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorist models which were sort of
+occupied most of Psychology from the N8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied most of Psychology from the N8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied most of Psychology from the N8
+19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+century uh up to the 1950s when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh up to the 1950s when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh up to the 1950s when when
+modern cognitive psychology really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cognitive psychology really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cognitive psychology really
+started you just looked at the animal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you just looked at the animal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you just looked at the animal as
+a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of
+reactions and then in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and then in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and then in cognitive
+psychology you start to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology you start to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology you start to look at the
+animal as having goals and and problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal as having goals and and problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal as having goals and and problems
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+some Machinery is used to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Machinery is used to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Machinery is used to go
+from your Des the way you describe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your Des the way you describe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your Des the way you describe your
+situation to generating a plan for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to generating a plan for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to generating a plan for what
+you're going to do about that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do about that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do about that and then
+the plan ends up being made of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan ends up being made of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan ends up being made of little
+actions of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions of course but
+um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before
+1950 there were only a few psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 there were only a few psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 there were only a few psychologists
+who and philosophers I should say going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and philosophers I should say going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and philosophers I should say going
+all the way back to uh people like David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to uh people like David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to uh people like David
+Hume who and Spinosa and maybe Emanuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hume who and Spinosa and maybe Emanuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hume who and Spinosa and maybe Emanuel
+Kant they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kant they made
+up if you read their stuff and ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you read their stuff and ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you read their stuff and ignore
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+philosophy you see that there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy you see that there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy you see that there was a very
+slow progress over really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow progress over really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow progress over really three
+centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries
+of trying to get from logic which sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to get from logic which sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to get from logic which sort
+of first appears around the time of Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first appears around the time of Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first appears around the time of Li
+nits when is liveit 1650 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's about round yes they never met I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about round yes they never met I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about round yes they never met I
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+uh so a lot of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has what I don't know how to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what I don't know how to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what I don't know how to describe
+the rest of it but a lot of it is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it but a lot of it is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it but a lot of it is making
+trying to make high level theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make high level theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make high level theories of
+how thinking works and it's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking works and it's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking works and it's of course
+mixed with all sorts of problems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with all sorts of problems about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed with all sorts of problems about
+why the world exists and ethics and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the world exists and ethics and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the world exists and ethics and and
+what are good things to do and bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are good things to do and bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are good things to do and bad and
+uh all sorts of mixed up things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of mixed up things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all sorts of mixed up things and
+psychology doesn't appear I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology doesn't appear I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology doesn't appear I don't think
+there's a name for that field until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for that field until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for that field until
+the 1880s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s or
+so who's the first psychologist you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who's the first psychologist you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who's the first psychologist you can
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+of William James William James is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of William James William James is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of William James William James is around
+1890 uh there's a guy named V in Austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890 uh there's a guy named V in Austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890 uh there's a guy named V in Austria
+I think Sigman Freud starts publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Sigman Freud starts publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Sigman Freud starts publishing
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+1890 Francis gton in England is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890 Francis gton in England is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890 Francis gton in England is maybe
+the first recognizable psychologist he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first recognizable psychologist he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first recognizable psychologist he
+has a big book called an inquiry into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big book called an inquiry into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big book called an inquiry into
+human faculty which makes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human faculty which makes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human faculty which makes good
+reading uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh right
+now uh because it has each chapter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh because it has each chapter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh because it has each chapter is
+about a different aspect of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a different aspect of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a different aspect of what would
+be called modern cognitive psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called modern cognitive psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called modern cognitive psychology
+how do how do people recognize things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how do people recognize things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how do people recognize things
+uh what kinds of memory cues do you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kinds of memory cues do you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kinds of memory cues do you use
+to retrieve stuff all sorts of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retrieve stuff all sorts of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to retrieve stuff all sorts of sort of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're like term papers the chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like term papers the chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like term papers the chapters
+some little Theory and you'd say I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little Theory and you'd say I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little Theory and you'd say I can
+do better than that and indeed you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than that and indeed you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than that and indeed you could
+but uh at that time no one could yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at that time no one could yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at that time no one could yes
+feel like psychology just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like psychology just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like psychology just thinking about
+how people think I think people been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people think I think people been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people think I think people been
+doing lot Aristotle has more good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lot Aristotle has more good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lot Aristotle has more good ideas
+than as as far as I'm concerned everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as as far as I'm concerned everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as as far as I'm concerned everyone
+else put together uh uh for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else put together uh uh for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else put together uh uh for the next
+thousand years it's just very remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years it's just very remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years it's just very remarkable
+and we don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know anything
+about that because there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because there are no
+manuscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody there's that wonderful play by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody there's that wonderful play by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody there's that wonderful play by
+uh who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian
+what no no recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no he contemporary uh oh well anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no he contemporary uh oh well anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no he contemporary uh oh well anyway
+it's a he has a play about searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a he has a play about searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a he has a play about searching for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost
+uh there's some record that Aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some record that Aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some record that Aristotle
+had a book of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a book of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a book of
+jokes or or rather a uh a book he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes or or rather a uh a book he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes or or rather a uh a book he has
+books on ethics and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on ethics and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on ethics and things like that and
+there's a book about humor which is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book about humor which is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a book about humor which is lost
+and most Scholars think it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most Scholars think it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most Scholars think it it's not
+important because if you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because if you look at the uh
+10 existing books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 existing books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 existing books on
+Aristotle I think there's about 10 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle I think there's about 10 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aristotle I think there's about 10 by
+allegedly bu them there students notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly bu them there students notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly bu them there students notes
+and almost every subject appears in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost every subject appears in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost every subject appears in uh
+at least two of them anyway so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two of them anyway so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two of them anyway so one
+conjecture is that there really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is that there really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is that there really isn't
+any very much lost from um ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any very much lost from um ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any very much lost from um ancient
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+um anyway it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it you
+it it's uh if you ever read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh if you ever read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh if you ever read
+books you might as well read one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you might as well read one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you might as well read one or two
+of Aristotle's because it's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Aristotle's because it's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Aristotle's because it's uh the
+translations I'm told are pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations I'm told are pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations I'm told are pretty good
+and uh you can actually get ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can actually get ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you can actually get ideas from
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yes uh I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh I don't know if you
+ever heard about the of J HTO Echo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard about the of J HTO Echo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard about the of J HTO Echo is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer
+sorry how does memory work something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how does memory work something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry how does memory work something
+something about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about your
+expression sorry Julio like he tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression sorry Julio like he tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression sorry Julio like he tries to
+explain Consciousness but you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain Consciousness but you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain Consciousness but you say that
+Consciousness is a sweet case word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is a sweet case word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is a sweet case word but
+uh I don't quite agree with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't quite agree with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't quite agree with his
+definition but like basically his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but like basically his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but like basically his
+definition is that uh the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that uh the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that uh the more the
+information is integrated the more conss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is integrated the more conss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is integrated the more conss
+uh uh being is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh being is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh being is
+and the more information you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more information you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more information you have the
+more integrated the information is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more integrated the information is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more integrated the information is so
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example uh I don't know he he's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I don't know he he's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh I don't know he he's example
+of a Macbook that has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Macbook that has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Macbook that has a lot of
+information that's not integrated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's not integrated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's not integrated like
+is not correlated and so is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not correlated and so is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not correlated and so is not very
+cous that that sounds like an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cous that that sounds like an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cous that that sounds like an important
+idea and there there ought to be a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and there there ought to be a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and there there ought to be a name
+for it yeah it has a name I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it yeah it has a name I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it yeah it has a name I think it's
+it and this guy is like a neuroscientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this guy is like a neuroscientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this guy is like a neuroscientist
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+psychologist and like he sees some edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist and like he sees some edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist and like he sees some edge
+cases of like people that is the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of like people that is the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of like people that is the brain
+in in half and it seems that like both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in half and it seems that like both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in half and it seems that like both
+halves are kind of conscious but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves are kind of conscious but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves are kind of conscious but like I
+don't because that people they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't because that people they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't because that people they still
+have the information that's integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information that's integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the information that's integrated
+but it seems that they are not conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that they are not conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that they are not conscious
+so there must be like some action into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be like some action into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be like some action into
+that information even if it's passive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information even if it's passive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information even if it's passive or
+active but it seems very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active but it seems very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active but it seems very interesting
+well which of my 30 features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which of my 30 features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which of my 30 features
+of that go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that go into that
+suitcase do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitcase do they
+have it doesn't make any sense to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it doesn't make any sense to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it doesn't make any sense to say
+something is conscious or not not does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is conscious or not not does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is conscious or not not does
+it you just said it yourself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that there's some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there's some degree of
+integration perhaps yeah uh but can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration perhaps yeah uh but can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration perhaps yeah uh but can you
+say what what you mean by integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what what you mean by integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what what you mean by integration
+you probably need to say 20 things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably need to say 20 things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably need to say 20 things and
+they might many of them might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so here's an example of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+people in the 1950s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the 1950s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the 1950s and
+60s it was very popular to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it was very popular to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s it was very popular to talk about
+the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and right
+brain have you heard people say What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain have you heard people say What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain have you heard people say What's
+the difference between the left brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the left brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the left brain
+and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+creational rational versus emotional or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creational rational versus emotional or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creational rational versus emotional or
+now I haven't heard anybody discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't heard anybody discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't heard anybody discuss that
+for the last 15 or 20 years as although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 15 or 20 years as although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last 15 or 20 years as although
+it seems to be become really a mes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be become really a mes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be become really a mes
+popular culture now like if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture now like if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture now like if you ask
+anybody what they know about the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what they know about the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody what they know about the brain
+one of the first things they'll say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things they'll say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first things they'll say is
+well I'm more of a r brain person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm more of a r brain person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm more of a r brain person or
+left person that seems to be a sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left person that seems to be a sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left person that seems to be a sticking
+thing they used to but I haven't heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they used to but I haven't heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they used to but I haven't heard
+that for at least 15 years I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for at least 15 years I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for at least 15 years I have not
+heard a single person psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a single person psychologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a single person psychologist
+mention it have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it have you
+I think fmri has all but obsoleted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory there's one thing it's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory there's one thing it's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory there's one thing it's good for
+it's disproving that anyway I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disproving that anyway I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disproving that anyway I mentioned
+in the Society of mind I think I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Society of mind I think I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Society of mind I think I had a
+Grumble about it which is that as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumble about it which is that as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grumble about it which is that as far as
+I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can
+tell uh it appears to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh it appears to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh it appears to be true
+that uh language is located in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language is located in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language is located in most
+people in two very definite areas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in two very definite areas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in two very definite areas in the
+left brain but occasionally in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brain but occasionally in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brain but occasionally in the right
+brain of some people but other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of some people but other than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of some people but other than that
+as far as I can see when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can see when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can see when you actually
+catalog the differences that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the differences that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog the differences that the uh
+psychologists reported in the 1960s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists reported in the 1960s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists reported in the 1960s and
+7s then the things in the left brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s then the things in the left brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7s then the things in the left brain
+were largely adult kinds of thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were largely adult kinds of thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were largely adult kinds of thinking and
+the things in the right brain were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in the right brain were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in the right brain were
+largely childish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely childish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely childish
+not it wasn't that they were rational or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it wasn't that they were rational or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it wasn't that they were rational or
+not it was that they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was that they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was that they weren't
+very uh hierarchical and Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh hierarchical and Tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh hierarchical and Tower
+likee and uh I think there was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likee and uh I think there was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likee and uh I think there was a nice
+romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic
+idea uh of contrasting emotions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh of contrasting emotions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea uh of contrasting emotions and
+intellect and uh all those uh dumbbell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect and uh all those uh dumbbell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect and uh all those uh dumbbell
+uh distinctions and projecting them onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distinctions and projecting them onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distinctions and projecting them onto
+the brain but I don't know how I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain but I don't know how I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain but I don't know how I what
+started me on that track but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started me on that track but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started me on that track but it's
+interesting that it was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it was very very
+popular and psychologists talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and psychologists talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and psychologists talked about
+it all the time in when I was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time in when I was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time in when I was a student
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it I haven't seen it mentioned in by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I haven't seen it mentioned in by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I haven't seen it mentioned in by any
+cognitive psychologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for yeah and uh so like he mentioned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah and uh so like he mentioned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah and uh so like he mentioned his
+theory but uh we don't I believe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but uh we don't I believe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but uh we don't I believe we
+don't pass our the with edge cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass our the with edge cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass our the with edge cases so
+like mental ill people or like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mental ill people or like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mental ill people or like I don't
+know people that probably there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that probably there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that probably there are a
+lot of people that like not a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that like not a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people that like not a lot but
+some percentage of people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some percentage of people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some percentage of people that are
+mentally you or like don't have I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally you or like don't have I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally you or like don't have I don't
+know you don't form so well some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't form so well some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't form so well some part of
+the brain and maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and maybe we
+can have some idea of like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some idea of like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some idea of like I don't know
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+Consciousness is just by seeing I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is just by seeing I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is just by seeing I don't
+know people that don't have some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that don't have some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that don't have some part of
+the brain that might interfere with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that might interfere with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that might interfere with like
+something I don't know that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know that like the
+split brain uh may may give a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split brain uh may may give a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split brain uh may may give a reason why
+like what's conscious is because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's conscious is because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's conscious is because like
+maybe some half of brain like both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some half of brain like both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some half of brain like both
+halves are conscious and well but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves are conscious and well but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves are conscious and well but I
+don't understand what you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what you're you're
+trying to do we study you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do we study you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do we study you're trying to
+construct a meaning for the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a meaning for the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a meaning for the word
+Consciousness well ton is definitely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness well ton is definitely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness well ton is definitely on
+to something interesting and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something interesting and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something interesting and I think the
+reason that he uses the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that he uses the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that he uses the word
+Consciousness is that it's in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is that it's in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness is that it's in the sense
+that people talk about losing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people talk about losing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people talk about losing or
+regaining it and so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regaining it and so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regaining it and so you can actually
+experimentally test this Theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally test this Theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally test this Theory um
+people who are asleep or in coma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are asleep or in coma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are asleep or in coma or
+Dreaming or locked in in a persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreaming or locked in in a persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dreaming or locked in in a persistent
+vegetative state and at each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative state and at each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative state and at each of those
+cases his theory actually agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases his theory actually agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases his theory actually agrees with
+sort of the Common Sense idea of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Common Sense idea of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the Common Sense idea of whether
+this person is conscious in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is conscious in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is conscious in a in a
+temporary way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary way but
+then is that different from if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that different from if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that different from if you use
+the word thinking instead you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word thinking instead you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word thinking instead you could say
+when somebody's in a coma they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody's in a coma they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody's in a coma they're not
+thinking and when they're I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and when they're I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and when they're I I don't
+think that it's good for him to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's good for him to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's good for him to use the
+word Consciousness and I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Consciousness and I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Consciousness and I think that the
+word Consciousness to many people refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Consciousness to many people refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Consciousness to many people refers
+to a lot of things that his theory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of things that his theory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of things that his theory does
+not treat at all see it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not treat at all see it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not treat at all see it's really
+dangerous if you if like is it Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if you if like is it Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if you if like is it Pinker
+who likes I forget yeah uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who likes I forget yeah uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who likes I forget yeah uh it's
+dangerous to feel sure that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to feel sure that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous to feel sure that this is a
+that there's something very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something very important
+and a central mystery and the diff What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a central mystery and the diff What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a central mystery and the diff What
+does he call it the hard problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he call it the hard problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he call it the hard problem of
+psychology and so here's a really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and so here's a really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and so here's a really very
+smart guy uh Steven Pinker and as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart guy uh Steven Pinker and as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart guy uh Steven Pinker and as far as
+I can see he does nothing but harm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see he does nothing but harm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see he does nothing but harm to
+the people he talks to because he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people he talks to because he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people he talks to because he gets
+them to do bad experiments and waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do bad experiments and waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do bad experiments and waste
+their time so instead of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time so instead of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time so instead of trying to
+revive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revive
+Consciousness it's worth considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness it's worth considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness it's worth considering
+that might be a very bad thing to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a very bad thing to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a very bad thing to do to
+yourself and other people uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and other people uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and other people uh what
+problem are you trying to solve is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are you trying to solve is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are you trying to solve is there
+any way or the problem of qualia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way or the problem of qualia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way or the problem of qualia for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+because uh the standard View and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the standard View and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the standard View and this is
+something that still uh is a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that still uh is a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that still uh is a serious
+disease even today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease even today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease even today in
+philosophy that is the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy that is the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy that is the idea that the
+redness of red things is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redness of red things is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redness of red things is a very
+fundamental thing it's indivisible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing it's indivisible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing it's indivisible it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+describable it's like to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable it's like to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describable it's like to those
+philosophers that's just as important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers that's just as important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers that's just as important as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+when who was the Greek democratus was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when who was the Greek democratus was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when who was the Greek democratus was it
+who discovered Adams yeah democratus too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered Adams yeah democratus too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered Adams yeah democratus too
+the idea of atoms was an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of atoms was an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of atoms was an enormous
+breakthrough of course it took uh 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough of course it took uh 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough of course it took uh 2,000
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+before people realized that yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people realized that yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before people realized that yes there
+are atoms and they're not uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are atoms and they're not uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are atoms and they're not uh they're
+actually complicated systems made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complicated systems made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complicated systems made of
+quarks and uh five or 10 other things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and uh five or 10 other things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and uh five or 10 other things uh
+so now we don't have atoms anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we don't have atoms anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we don't have atoms anymore but
+uh but uh I think Pinker has the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh I think Pinker has the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh I think Pinker has the idea
+that red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that red is
+irreducible and you can't describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible and you can't describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible and you can't describe it
+it's it's it's like the atom of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like the atom of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like the atom of thought
+and these qualia are the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these qualia are the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these qualia are the fundamental
+problem of psychology to me it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of psychology to me it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of psychology to me it's exactly
+the opposite why do we have a word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite why do we have a word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite why do we have a word for
+it uh when I say red do you experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh when I say red do you experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh when I say red do you experience
+the same thing as anyone else who says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as anyone else who says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as anyone else who says
+red and it seems to me that uh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and it seems to me that uh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and it seems to me that uh somebody
+who got sick after eating a tomato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got sick after eating a tomato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got sick after eating a tomato
+are has a different qualia for red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are has a different qualia for red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are has a different qualia for red and
+uh you know blood violent things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know blood violent things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know blood violent things
+bad maybe another child has all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad maybe another child has all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad maybe another child has all sorts of
+pleasant associations with things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant associations with things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant associations with things that
+are red and the concept of red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are red and the concept of red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are red and the concept of red
+is it's not that it's inexpressible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not that it's inexpressible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not that it's inexpressible
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's
+indivisible it's inexpressible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible it's inexpressible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible it's inexpressible because
+it's connected with thousands of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with thousands of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with thousands of other
+other ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ideas and
+experiences and therefore there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and therefore there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and therefore there's no way
+to make a compact definition of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a compact definition of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a compact definition of it but
+it's exactly the opposite it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the opposite it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the opposite it's not the
+hard problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology it's
+uh it's not a problem of it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a problem of it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a problem of it's something
+that will fall out automatically without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will fall out automatically without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will fall out automatically without
+any effort when you have a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort when you have a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort when you have a pretty good
+theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of
+psychology but why do we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do we have descriptions of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have descriptions of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have descriptions of things
+because the animals that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the animals that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the animals that don't have
+compact descriptions of things get eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact descriptions of things get eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact descriptions of things get eaten
+very quickly because they they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because they they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly because they they can't
+recognize things that might hurt them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize things that might hurt them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize things that might hurt them
+it's very important to have machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to have machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to have machinery
+for recognizing real things and real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for recognizing real things and real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for recognizing real things and real
+things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have
+features in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in
+fact there is such a thing as redness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is such a thing as redness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is such a thing as redness
+namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the
+the frequencies of light of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of light of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of light of what
+around 400 nanometers what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 400 nanometers what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 400 nanometers what's what's the
+Frequency what other end 700 n that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frequency what other end 700 n that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frequency what other end 700 n that far
+that's that's infrared isn't it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's infrared isn't it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's infrared isn't it a little
+bit 650 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit 650 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit 650 68
+anyway one of the things somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway one of the things somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway one of the things somebody
+pointed out to me in later life is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out to me in later life is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out to me in later life is that
+there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one
+yellow there a lot of shades of red but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow there a lot of shades of red but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow there a lot of shades of red but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+interesting how tiny the yellow spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how tiny the yellow spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how tiny the yellow spectrum
+is I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means if you look around a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you look around a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you look around a room
+there I don't see a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't see a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't see a single
+one you saw it might be a lion is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you saw it might be a lion is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you saw it might be a lion is there
+what it might be a lion oh a lion yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might be a lion oh a lion yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might be a lion oh a lion yes
+does anybody see anything yellow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see anything yellow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see anything yellow in
+here really hard toate the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really hard toate the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really hard toate the frequency of
+yell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make yes what element has a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yes what element has a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yes what element has a bright
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line sodium sodium it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sodium sodium it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sodium sodium it's yeah
+orangish yellow is the sun yes maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orangish yellow is the sun yes maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orangish yellow is the sun yes maybe
+that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very
+important probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right it's in the
+bin that's great light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so this this color is called War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white in the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qual Warm White Warm White what is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qual Warm White Warm White what is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qual Warm White Warm White what is it in
+Finland I don't know it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland I don't know it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland I don't know it's called
+the light like that which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light like that which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light like that which comes from the
+tungsten the awful Outlaw tungsten light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bulbs yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulbs yes that's
+right I've stocked up on 20 watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've stocked up on 20 watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've stocked up on 20 watt
+tungsten bulbs cuz my house is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten bulbs cuz my house is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten bulbs cuz my house is full of
+fluorescent bulbs that are remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs that are remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulbs that are remote
+controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by
+things and if there's no incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if there's no incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and if there's no incandescent
+bulb in one of the sockets then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb in one of the sockets then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb in one of the sockets then the
+remote controller breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the things you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things you buy
+with what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called little units that X10 X10 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little units that X10 X10 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called little units that X10 X10 right
+the old X10 units are the receivers burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old X10 units are the receivers burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old X10 units are the receivers burn
+out if there's no resistive load on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if there's no resistive load on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if there's no resistive load on
+them so I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I I have
+to have enough incandescent bulbes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough incandescent bulbes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough incandescent bulbes for
+the next 20 years or get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x10s I think they're illegal in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10s I think they're illegal in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x10s I think they're illegal in Japan
+aren't have have in Japan they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't have have in Japan they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't have have in Japan they still
+okay they're still there yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're still there yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're still there yeah you can
+buy you can still findy them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you can still findy them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you can still findy them in some
+shops and people buy them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I bought a lot of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bought a lot of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bought a lot of L
+light bulbs at the U swap Fest the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day back to
+AI profess so in the reading you seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI profess so in the reading you seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI profess so in the reading you seem to
+imply that uh evolution is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that uh evolution is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that uh evolution is a bad
+strategy for traing AI because one it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for traing AI because one it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for traing AI because one it'll
+take a lot of time and two because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of time and two because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lot of time and two because it'll
+get stuck in local Minima and Maxima but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in local Minima and Maxima but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in local Minima and Maxima but
+if we had infinite time and enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had infinite time and enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had infinite time and enough
+mutation do you think it' be possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation do you think it' be possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation do you think it' be possible to
+create a good artificial intelligence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a good artificial intelligence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a good artificial intelligence is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+evolution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution well
+the if there's somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if there's somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if there's somebody in
+charge if you organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if you organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if you organic
+EV if you have Evolution like on a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV if you have Evolution like on a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV if you have Evolution like on a big
+planet then you get a lot of life forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet then you get a lot of life forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet then you get a lot of life forms
+and so uh the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the problem is that
+uh you might have some really stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might have some really stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might have some really stupid
+life form that's that eats the Smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life form that's that eats the Smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life form that's that eats the Smart
+Ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ones so
+but I have a more serious objection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a more serious objection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a more serious objection to
+Evolution see uh there have been several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution see uh there have been several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution see uh there have been several
+projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in the
+last well since computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last well since computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last well since computer science
+started uh of trying to make problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh of trying to make problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh of trying to make problem
+solvers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers um
+smart by imitating Evolution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart by imitating Evolution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart by imitating Evolution which is
+variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and
+selection so I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection so I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection so I know of
+about five or six such projects which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six such projects which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six such projects which
+were fairly well-funded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fairly well-funded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fairly well-funded and
+serious um this most interesting maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious um this most interesting maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious um this most interesting maybe
+was the one of Doug lenets which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one of Doug lenets which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one of Doug lenets which was
+just uh him by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh him by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh him by
+himself uh so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh so if you look
+up uh Douglas lenn's thesis which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh Douglas lenn's thesis which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh Douglas lenn's thesis which was
+called forgot the name am am automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called forgot the name am am automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called forgot the name am am automated
+mathematician and a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician and a second
+publication called Uris e r i KO those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication called Uris e r i KO those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication called Uris e r i KO those
+were projects in which he U did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were projects in which he U did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were projects in which he U did
+variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and
+selection and he imitated chromosomes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and he imitated chromosomes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and he imitated chromosomes by
+having strings of uh simple operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having strings of uh simple operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having strings of uh simple operations
+which uh were usually things like adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh were usually things like adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh were usually things like adding
+and subtracting and conditional jump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting and conditional jump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting and conditional jump and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+forth uh but there's several bugs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh but there's several bugs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh but there's several bugs with
+organic evolution and the most serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic evolution and the most serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic evolution and the most serious
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+which U is that Evolution doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which U is that Evolution doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which U is that Evolution doesn't
+remember what killed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what killed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what killed the
+losers so uh there's no record in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so uh there's no record in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers so uh there's no record in the
+genes of the mutations which were lethal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes of the mutations which were lethal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes of the mutations which were lethal
+and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+it's uh it's almost the opposite I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's almost the opposite I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's almost the opposite I'm
+told that in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that in the human
+genome uh I believe is it still 90% %
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh I believe is it still 90% %
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome uh I believe is it still 90% %
+doesn't do anything some large fractur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything some large fractur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything some large fractur
+think they didn't think do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they didn't think do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they didn't think do something
+actually you do stuff but they once did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you do stuff but they once did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you do stuff but they once did
+presumably about 90% of the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably about 90% of the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably about 90% of the human genome
+and lot of other animals is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lot of other animals is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lot of other animals is not
+transcribed into proteins and a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed into proteins and a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed into proteins and a fair
+amount of it is old uh inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of it is old uh inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of it is old uh inactive
+viruses uh so it has you know maybe 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses uh so it has you know maybe 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses uh so it has you know maybe 90%
+of some really deadly virus that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some really deadly virus that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some really deadly virus that got
+incorporated into the genome and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the genome and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the genome and gets
+copied so the big bug in evolution to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied so the big bug in evolution to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied so the big bug in evolution to me
+is is that if you're uh if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that if you're uh if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that if you're uh if you're going
+to build a system that's going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a system that's going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a system that's going to try to
+develop a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a new kind of
+program uh by trial and error the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh by trial and error the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh by trial and error the
+standard approach is to is to imitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach is to is to imitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard approach is to is to imitate
+Darwin and uh you mutate these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin and uh you mutate these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin and uh you mutate these programs
+you give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them a
+test um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test um and you
+then copy the programs that pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then copy the programs that pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then copy the programs that pass the
+test and repeat the cycle so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and repeat the cycle so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and repeat the cycle so what
+happens is you collect because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you collect because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you collect because you're
+mutating them as you go along you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating them as you go along you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating them as you go along you're
+collecting genes that help solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting genes that help solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting genes that help solve
+problems but you're not collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you're not collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you're not collecting
+information about genes that make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about genes that make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about genes that make the
+animal worse or make it fail to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal worse or make it fail to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal worse or make it fail to solve
+problems so this is true of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so this is true of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so this is true of all of
+evolution as far as I can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution as far as I can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution as far as I can see that
+there's no record kept of the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no record kept of the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no record kept of the worst
+things that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can happen
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh every lethal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every lethal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every lethal
+mutation uh eventually kills someone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation uh eventually kills someone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation uh eventually kills someone a
+lethal mutation is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal mutation is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal mutation is one
+uh you know you have two copies of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you have two copies of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you have two copies of every
+Gene from one from a mother and one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene from one from a mother and one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene from one from a mother and one from
+a father and um if you get two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a father and um if you get two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a father and um if you get two copies of
+the same gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and most genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and most genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and most genes
+are have uh a lot of genes are recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have uh a lot of genes are recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have uh a lot of genes are recessive
+in the sense that unless you get two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that unless you get two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that unless you get two of
+them they're not expressed if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not expressed if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not expressed if you have a
+lethal recessive gene that usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal recessive gene that usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal recessive gene that usually means
+that you can have one of that Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have one of that Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have one of that Gene and
+you're not sick but if you have two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sick but if you have two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sick but if you have two of
+them it eventually kills you and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it eventually kills you and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it eventually kills you and it
+might kill you before birth uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kill you before birth uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kill you before birth uh so you
+don't even get an embryo or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even get an embryo or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even get an embryo or it might
+might kill you when you're 40 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kill you when you're 40 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might kill you when you're 40 years old
+as in that horrible Huntington's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in that horrible Huntington's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in that horrible Huntington's disease
+where you can carry one and not suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can carry one and not suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can carry one and not suffer
+but if you get two it kills you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get two it kills you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get two it kills you in
+middle age which is very expensive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle age which is very expensive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle age which is very expensive for
+society anyway there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society anyway there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society anyway there's no
+record what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record what you want to do is
+uh for each Problem Solver that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for each Problem Solver that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for each Problem Solver that doesn't
+work you want your um EV Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you want your um EV Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you want your um EV Evolution
+program to see why it doesn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to see why it doesn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to see why it doesn't work and
+uh not make that kind of Gene again or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not make that kind of Gene again or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not make that kind of Gene again or
+whatever was responsible for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was responsible for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was responsible for it so
+that's a big bug in darwinian evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big bug in darwinian evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big bug in darwinian evolution
+and the interesting fact is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting fact is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting fact is that every
+lethal recessive gene will eventually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal recessive gene will eventually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal recessive gene will eventually on
+the average kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average kill
+someone this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone this is not a
+well-known do you see the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known do you see the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known do you see the arithmetic
+because it has to wait till there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to wait till there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to wait till there are
+two of them and then it then it kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them and then it then it kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them and then it then it kills
+that person and if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and if you calculate the
+probabilities that there's a half chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that there's a half chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that there's a half chance
+of getting each of them each in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting each of them each in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting each of them each in each
+generation uh the math shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh the math shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh the math shows that
+eventually uh there's one premature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh there's one premature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh there's one premature
+death for each uh recessive gene it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for each uh recessive gene it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death for each uh recessive gene it's
+kind of funny so it would be nice if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny so it would be nice if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny so it would be nice if we
+had some way to uh to clean them up once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some way to uh to clean them up once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some way to uh to clean them up once
+and for all and then uh everybody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all and then uh everybody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all and then uh everybody would
+be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot
+healthier I bet with within the next 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier I bet with within the next 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthier I bet with within the next 20
+or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30
+years uh we'll see some project which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh we'll see some project which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh we'll see some project which is
+to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid
+of just take somebody's genome uh sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just take somebody's genome uh sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just take somebody's genome uh sweep
+out all the lethal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the lethal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the lethal
+recessives and get rid of 100 diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessives and get rid of 100 diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessives and get rid of 100 diseases
+or more and uh suddenly everybody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more and uh suddenly everybody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more and uh suddenly everybody will
+live to be 150 years instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live to be 150 years instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live to be 150 years instead of
+100 something like that ought to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 something like that ought to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 something like that ought to happen
+yeah there's some theories about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some theories about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some theories about why
+recess gen stay in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recess gen stay in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recess gen stay in the population
+despite killing off people and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite killing off people and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite killing off people and there's
+some genes for which it seems to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genes for which it seems to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genes for which it seems to be the
+case that you know when you get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you know when you get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you know when you get through
+recessive gen you die but having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive gen you die but having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive gen you die but having the
+heterozygous combination gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous combination gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous combination gives you some
+benefit gives you benefit against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit gives you benefit against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit gives you benefit against a
+different disease and that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disease and that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disease and that's why they
+persist so just getting rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist so just getting rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist so just getting rid of all the
+recessive Leal GS might cause problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive Leal GS might cause problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive Leal GS might cause problems
+wow I hadn't thought of that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I hadn't thought of that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I hadn't thought of that are there
+some examples yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples yeah
+yeah CLE cell anemia malaria so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah CLE cell anemia malaria so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah CLE cell anemia malaria so if you
+have the you have CLE cell you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you have CLE cell you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you have CLE cell you cannot
+get malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get malaria
+if cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cell
+disease but that's not very beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but that's not very beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but that's not very beneficial
+because you usually die when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you usually die when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you usually die when you're
+around 40 no no if you're heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 40 no no if you're heterozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 40 no no if you're heterozygous
+for Cle cell disease oh then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Cle cell disease oh then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Cle cell disease oh then you don't
+have CLE cell disease but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CLE cell disease but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CLE cell disease but you have
+benefits against the letter oh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits against the letter oh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits against the letter oh I didn't
+know that this that's the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this that's the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this that's the example
+commonly given in like all biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly given in like all biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly given in like all biology
+classes but I'm sure there must be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but I'm sure there must be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but I'm sure there must be other
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+I never took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so we could probably find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we could probably find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we could probably find one
+that we just have to tailor it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just have to tailor it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just have to tailor it a little
+bit Yeah so the mosquitoes don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Yeah so the mosquitoes don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Yeah so the mosquitoes don't like
+it is that what it is or it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that what it is or it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that what it is or it's it's just
+bad enough blood that the mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad enough blood that the mosquitoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad enough blood that the mosquitoes
+will ignore you but not bad enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ignore you but not bad enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ignore you but not bad enough that
+you die Wonder does it keep the mosquito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die Wonder does it keep the mosquito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you die Wonder does it keep the mosquito
+from biting you or does it make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biting you or does it make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biting you or does it make the
+mosquito sick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito sick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito sick or
+what it's just yeah yeah um some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just yeah yeah um some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just yeah yeah um some stuff
+I've read about viruses you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read about viruses you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read about viruses you know people
+changing their theory about viruses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their theory about viruses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their theory about viruses and
+one thing is that you know maybe in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is that you know maybe in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing is that you know maybe in some
+sense we're symbiotic with viruses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we're symbiotic with viruses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we're symbiotic with viruses you
+know in some sense and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some sense and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in some sense and that you know
+like you say the jump uh comes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you say the jump uh comes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you say the jump uh comes in the
+Gill and maybe some process takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gill and maybe some process takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gill and maybe some process takes
+adantage so one thought I had maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adantage so one thought I had maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adantage so one thought I had maybe the
+viruses are the things that remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are the things that remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are the things that remember
+what the losers remember why the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the losers remember why the losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the losers remember why the losers
+lost that's a good point there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's a good point there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost that's a good point there's still
+lots of things we don't know and wrongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+believe with the synthetic life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe with the synthetic life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe with the synthetic life
+will also they're two groups starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also they're two groups starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also they're two groups starting to
+make maybe more they're probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make maybe more they're probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make maybe more they're probably some
+secret groups trying to make them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret groups trying to make them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret groups trying to make them too
+also I mean in some sense of uh like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I mean in some sense of uh like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I mean in some sense of uh like you
+know the the bacteria that live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the bacteria that live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the bacteria that live in the
+human body way you know far more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body way you know far more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body way you know far more than
+you know the cells that are really yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cells that are really yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cells that are really yours
+and so forth and so you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so you know they
+starting to think that maybe the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to think that maybe the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to think that maybe the entire
+Genome of all the bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome of all the bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome of all the bacteria that
+colonized you were also part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized you were also part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized you were also part of that
+equation in some way so you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in some way so you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in some way so you know it
+could be that some of the uh genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that some of the uh genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that some of the uh genetic
+information and evolution is not kept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and evolution is not kept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and evolution is not kept in
+your own genome but kept in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own genome but kept in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own genome but kept in all the
+organisms that are you know that live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that are you know that live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that are you know that live
+with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what is there anix for that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is there anix for that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is there anix for that yes
+there is that somebody is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that somebody is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that somebody is trying to
+sequence the bacterio miic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the bacterio miic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the bacterio miic yeah
+I biologist do you know what that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I biologist do you know what that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I biologist do you know what that that's
+called how many different trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called how many different trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called how many different trying to
+sequence every Genome of everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence every Genome of everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence every Genome of everything that
+lives in your gut and you know yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in your gut and you know yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in your gut and you know yeah how
+many I understand they're more bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I understand they're more bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I understand they're more bacterial
+cells than somatic cells by factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells than somatic cells by factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells than somatic cells by factor of a
+100 or something because bacteria are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or something because bacteria are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or something because bacteria are so
+small but how many different bacteria in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but how many different bacteria in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but how many different bacteria in
+infests a person is it hundreds or tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infests a person is it hundreds or tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infests a person is it hundreds or tens
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+thousands I guess that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands I guess that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands I guess that's what they're
+trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yeah so when you say like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah so when you say like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah so when you say like like
+evoltion would be nice if we had like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoltion would be nice if we had like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoltion would be nice if we had like if
+you have like everything went B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like everything went B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like everything went B and then
+you said and then could analyze it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and then could analyze it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and then could analyze it to
+see what went wrong right but like isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what went wrong right but like isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what went wrong right but like isn't
+it that when we're doing like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that when we're doing like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that when we're doing like I don't
+know Evolution or anything gentic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Evolution or anything gentic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Evolution or anything gentic like
+that we don't have a clear idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have a clear idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have a clear idea of what
+helps and what doesn't help to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps and what doesn't help to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps and what doesn't help to solve the
+problem so even though we have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so even though we have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so even though we have like the
+the information of the the software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information of the the software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information of the the software that
+didn't don't work like we're we if we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't work like we're we if we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't work like we're we if we I
+feel like if we had a way to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if we had a way to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if we had a way to know what
+went wrong then we would already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong then we would already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong then we would already have
+like information enough to know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like information enough to know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like information enough to know what is
+right and like you know oh yes uh so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like you know oh yes uh so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like you know oh yes uh so how
+do you decide I was thinking of a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide I was thinking of a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you decide I was thinking of a fairly
+high level system because when lennet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level system because when lennet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level system because when lennet or
+uh Larry Fogle that was another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Larry Fogle that was another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Larry Fogle that was another one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um learning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning by
+Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+um I'm I'm not suggesting that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm not suggesting that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm not suggesting that we could
+make a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a simple
+uh Evolution simulation that would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Evolution simulation that would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Evolution simulation that would think
+of reasons why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasons why it
+failed so this would be a high level one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed so this would be a high level one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed so this would be a high level one
+if you're writing a big AI program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing a big AI program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're writing a big AI program for
+example uh when you're when you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when you're when you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when you're when you learn
+arithmetic after a while you learn not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic after a while you learn not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic after a while you learn not
+to not to divide by zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to divide by zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not to divide by zero or
+so what what do what do we call negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge the what are the Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the what are the Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the what are the Common Sense
+things is there name for the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is there name for the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is there name for the things you
+should never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never
+do because well when people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because well when people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because well when people talk about
+you know they sech trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they sech trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they sech trees and
+possibilities you prune the trees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you prune the trees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you prune the trees you
+prune the tree right but you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the tree right but you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the tree right but you know we
+have rule-based systems and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rule-based systems and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rule-based systems and they got
+very popular around 1980 and wiped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular around 1980 and wiped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular around 1980 and wiped out
+most of uh symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of uh symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of uh symbolic
+AI uh for a long time but there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh for a long time but there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh for a long time but there aren't
+any rules that say don't do X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules that say don't do X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules that say don't do X
+sure not are they ever do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure not are they ever do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure not are they ever do they have
+some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some
+system okay so the question is when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so the question is when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so the question is when are
+they in vote in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in vote in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in vote in a certain
+situation turn off this bank bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation turn off this bank bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation turn off this bank bank of
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe so I'm not suggesting that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so I'm not suggesting that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so I'm not suggesting that that
+you could make a very simple system do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make a very simple system do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make a very simple system do
+that because in fact figuring out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in fact figuring out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because in fact figuring out why
+the why this mutation was would might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why this mutation was would might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why this mutation was would might be
+very hard problem but as you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem but as you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem but as you build
+smarter and smarter ones then you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and smarter ones then you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and smarter ones then you then
+you want to put well uh what what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put well uh what what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put well uh what what I
+called critics or what I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called critics or what I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called critics or what I don't know if
+Freud had a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud had a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud had a name for
+them um at some point you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um at some point you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um at some point you want to have
+prohibited actions and in sigman's Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited actions and in sigman's Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited actions and in sigman's Freud
+Sigman Freud's uh early model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigman Freud's uh early model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigman Freud's uh early model of
+psychology there was a place for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology there was a place for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology there was a place for uh
+things that you would go away from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would go away from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would go away from or
+not do and uh these inhib sensors he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do and uh these inhib sensors he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do and uh these inhib sensors he
+called them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them and
+uh they never appeared in the main line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they never appeared in the main line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they never appeared in the main line
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+psychology when they threw out Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology when they threw out Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology when they threw out Freud
+they who had a few bad ideas they threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they who had a few bad ideas they threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they who had a few bad ideas they threw
+out all his good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all his good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all his good ideas
+practically you might be pleased to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically you might be pleased to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically you might be pleased to hear
+that some of the monkey neuroscientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the monkey neuroscientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the monkey neuroscientists
+are starting to find some critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to find some critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to find some critics
+and it's it's pretty handwavy stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's pretty handwavy stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's pretty handwavy stuff as
+of now but at least they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now but at least they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of now but at least they're thinking
+about it um there's certain tasks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um there's certain tasks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um there's certain tasks where
+the monkey is cued to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey is cued to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey is cued to pay attention to
+one thing or another um usually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing or another um usually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing or another um usually I think
+it's color versus orientation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's color versus orientation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's color versus orientation and what
+they found is that orientation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found is that orientation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found is that orientation has
+dominance and so when the Q is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance and so when the Q is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance and so when the Q is telling
+the monkey that they have to ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey that they have to ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey that they have to ignore the
+orientation and pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and pay attention to the
+color the part of the those neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the part of the those neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the part of the those neurons
+which are responsible for looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for looking at the
+ient ation are being actively inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ient ation are being actively inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ient ation are being actively inhibited
+by another group of neurons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another group of neurons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another group of neurons which
+they're now calling a Critic are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now calling a Critic are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now calling a Critic are these
+in the same organ or is it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same organ or is it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same organ or is it a little
+nearby nucleus that's inhibit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby nucleus that's inhibit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby nucleus that's inhibit that's
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+so that would be a good place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U is there a word for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is there a word for negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is there a word for negative
+knowledge you can call it negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you can call it negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you can call it negative
+knowledge it would have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge it would have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge it would have too many
+different senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different senses
+but advice not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take so this question would imply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so this question would imply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so this question would imply that
+there's a metric for intelligence but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a metric for intelligence but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a metric for intelligence but is
+there a limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a limit to
+intelligence as is it possible to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence as is it possible to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence as is it possible to say
+one day we have this artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we have this artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we have this artificial
+intelligence that is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence that is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence that is the most
+intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+possible seems unlikely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible seems unlikely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible seems unlikely because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably
+the the survival value of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the survival value of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the survival value of a particular
+system depends on the world the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system depends on the world the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system depends on the world the thing is
+in uh it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh it might be
+that for all really for all worlds above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all really for all worlds above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all really for all worlds above
+a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+complexity maybe there are some overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity maybe there are some overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity maybe there are some overall
+strategies that that are universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that that are universally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that that are universally
+better than others or something but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than others or something but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than others or something but but
+uh measuring intelligence doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measuring intelligence doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measuring intelligence doesn't make
+any sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense because
+you'd I think you have to go the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd I think you have to go the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd I think you have to go the way
+Howard Gardner did and say well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard Gardner did and say well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard Gardner did and say well there's
+social intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I don't know can anybody rattle off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know can anybody rattle off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know can anybody rattle off
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+list what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list what are
+the what are his eight ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just look up Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gardner so amount of intelligence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardner so amount of intelligence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gardner so amount of intelligence is
+clearly it's a useful intuitive idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it's a useful intuitive idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it's a useful intuitive idea
+that uh for any particular machine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for any particular machine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for any particular machine you
+could imagine another one that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine another one that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine another one that can do
+everything that one can do and more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that one can do and more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that one can do and more but
+but you're going to get a lattice not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to get a lattice not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to get a lattice not an
+ordered ordered thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered ordered thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered ordered thing and
+the lattice won't at some point it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice won't at some point it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice won't at some point it'll
+start getting inconsistent and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting inconsistent and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting inconsistent and this will
+be better than that one for this and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that about nine different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about nine different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about nine different types of
+intelligences according to his Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligences according to his Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligences according to his Wikipedia
+article um logical mathematical spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um logical mathematical spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article um logical mathematical spatial
+linguistic B aesthetic musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic B aesthetic musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic B aesthetic musical
+interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic
+and existential there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and existential there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and existential there you
+go and if you take any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and if you take any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and if you take any one of
+those when I was a mathematician I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when I was a mathematician I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when I was a mathematician I was
+really good at topology but not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at topology but not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at topology but not at
+algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and
+uh at some point that stopped me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point that stopped me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some point that stopped me from
+being even better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being even better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being even better at
+topology so if you take any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so if you take any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology so if you take any one of
+those I think Howard wants to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I think Howard wants to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I think Howard wants to keep it
+simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but
+uh I wonder if he has a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wonder if he has a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wonder if he has a sub
+psychologist who's chopped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who's chopped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who's chopped up
+mathematics into the right what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics into the right what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics into the right what are the
+right eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feet how many of you are bad at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet how many of you are bad at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet how many of you are bad at some
+kind of mathematics and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why really bad for series just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why really bad for series just because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why really bad for series just because I
+don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I wonder what Newton would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I wonder what Newton would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I wonder what Newton would have
+thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them in my PhD thesis I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it was it was mostly about neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was it was mostly about neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it was it was mostly about neural
+networks and there were some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and there were some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and there were some people who
+thought that you could put information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that you could put information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that you could put information
+if you had a bunch of neurons in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a bunch of neurons in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a bunch of neurons in a
+circle then you could put in a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then you could put in a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then you could put in a string of
+signals of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals of different
+durations and um and store the bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations and um and store the bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations and um and store the bits in
+this uh circular thing because in World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh circular thing because in World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh circular thing because in World
+War II uh there were no digital computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II uh there were no digital computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II uh there were no digital computer
+memories but there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but there were some
+computer-like things that stored signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-like things that stored signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-like things that stored signals
+in a tube of mercury with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tube of mercury with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tube of mercury with a with a
+speaker and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and a
+microphone and it was possible to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and it was possible to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and it was possible to store
+a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of information
+in sort of analog bits for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of analog bits for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of analog bits for a long time
+but what you would do is you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you would do is you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you would do is you would have
+something that would regenerate them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would regenerate them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would regenerate them and
+synchronize them with a clock each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize them with a clock each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize them with a clock each time
+around and uh I was trying to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh I was trying to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh I was trying to prove a
+theorem that uh given what we knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that uh given what we knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that uh given what we knew about
+the delay in neurons if you stimulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay in neurons if you stimulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay in neurons if you stimulate a
+neuron very strongly it reacts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron very strongly it reacts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron very strongly it reacts more
+quickly than if you just stimulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly than if you just stimulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly than if you just stimulate a
+little bit above threshold told that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit above threshold told that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit above threshold told that it
+takes a longer time to fire so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a longer time to fire so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a longer time to fire so I was
+trying to prove that in neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove that in neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove that in neural networks
+in the in something like a human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in something like a human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in something like a human brain
+you couldn't store a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't store a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't store a lot of information
+in circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circular
+loops and I kept having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and I kept having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and I kept having
+trouble approving that and I ran it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble approving that and I ran it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble approving that and I ran it to
+John Nash who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Nash who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Nash who
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+another student a bit ahead of me and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student a bit ahead of me and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another student a bit ahead of me and he
+listened to me for a minute and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to me for a minute and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to me for a minute and he said
+expanded in Furia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in Furia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in Furia
+series and after about two days I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and after about two days I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and after about two days I
+figured out what he probably meant and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what he probably meant and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what he probably meant and I
+proved this nice theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it turned out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turned out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it turned out as
+also and it had been discovered a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and it had been discovered a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and it had been discovered a long
+time ago was called a lipshits condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago was called a lipshits condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago was called a lipshits condition
+uh and if you have a certain condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you have a certain condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you have a certain condition
+like this then uh the information will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then uh the information will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then uh the information will
+go away but if you don't uh you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away but if you don't uh you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away but if you don't uh you can keep
+the information around for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information around for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information around for a very long
+time so uh in this case um the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh in this case um the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh in this case um the proof
+showed that you couldn't store unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that you couldn't store unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that you couldn't store unless
+you had a renormalize or a clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a renormalize or a clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a renormalize or a clock
+somewhere you couldn't store circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you couldn't store circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you couldn't store circular
+information in in a mamalian brain very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in in a mamalian brain very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in in a mamalian brain very
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's a nice example of something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice example of something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice example of something where
+one person had a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person had a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person had a different way of
+looking at it uh Nasha was pretty famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh Nasha was pretty famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh Nasha was pretty famous
+for uh his results in Game Theory but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh his results in Game Theory but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh his results in Game Theory but I
+suspect he might have been responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect he might have been responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect he might have been responsible
+for five or 10 other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he Norbert weiner had this habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Norbert weiner had this habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Norbert weiner had this habit of
+talking to his student and he says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to his student and he says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to his student and he says what
+are you working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you working on
+and the student would explain it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the student would explain it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the student would explain it and
+Weiner said oh will you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weiner said oh will you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weiner said oh will you just do
+this and I was present at a meeting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I was present at a meeting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I was present at a meeting of
+the I was in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was in the math
+department where they had a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department where they had a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department where they had a meeting
+about who would tell weer not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who would tell weer not to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who would tell weer not to do that
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore some student had oh well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore some student had oh well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore some student had oh well it's a
+true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wonder what else I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forgotten yes you say this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten yes you say this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten yes you say this could be
+updated with a clock is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated with a clock is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated with a clock is there any
+evidence that suggest that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggest that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that suggest that U
+biologically one could or could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically one could or could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically one could or could not
+construct a clock they're full there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a clock they're full there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a clock they're full there
+lots of clocks um I suspect that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clocks um I suspect that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clocks um I suspect that if I
+had thought about more I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought about more I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought about more I would have
+uh because I'm talking the N Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I'm talking the N Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I'm talking the N Middle
+1950s and uh people knew a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and uh people knew a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and uh people knew a lot about
+brain waves and uh you know there three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain waves and uh you know there three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain waves and uh you know there three
+or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four
+fairly large act synchronous activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large act synchronous activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large act synchronous activities
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+brain and I don't think anybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I don't think anybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and I don't think anybody knows
+much about what they're for do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about what they're for do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about what they're for do you know
+have you heard any rumors of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you heard any rumors of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you heard any rumors of what is the
+Delta wave for well actually the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta wave for well actually the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta wave for well actually the uh the
+monkey experiment I was just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey experiment I was just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey experiment I was just talking
+about relies on sort of assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about relies on sort of assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about relies on sort of assumption that
+um the beta wave is for suppression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beta wave is for suppression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the beta wave is for suppression and
+the alpha wave is for Activation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha wave is for Activation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha wave is for Activation and I
+think people are still sort of debating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are still sort of debating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are still sort of debating
+about the Delta and theta waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Delta and theta waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Delta and theta waves
+MH the alpha W what's the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH the alpha W what's the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH the alpha W what's the 10
+per I think that's the big one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per I think that's the big one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per I think that's the big one and it
+goes away when you are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away when you are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away when you are thinking
+hard that is is if you're if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that is is if you're if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that is is if you're if you're not
+focusing much on anything then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing much on anything then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing much on anything then it's
+fairly nice regular 10 per second and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly nice regular 10 per second and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly nice regular 10 per second and if
+if anything gets your attention and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything gets your attention and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything gets your attention and you
+focus on it uh then the alpha wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on it uh then the alpha wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on it uh then the alpha wave
+pretty much gets noisy and disappears I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much gets noisy and disappears I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much gets noisy and disappears I
+think I don't know what the other what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know what the other what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't know what the other what
+the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do is that a correlated with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that a correlated with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that a correlated with any
+event the usual room shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down I brought all this but I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I brought all this but I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I brought all this but I decided
+not to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to use it
+anyway I think it's correlated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think it's correlated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I think it's correlated with a
+certain period of time after the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time after the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time after the signal
+from the computer stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the computer stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the computer stops
+changing Oh you mean it might wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Oh you mean it might wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Oh you mean it might wake up
+again no it just down the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no it just down the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no it just down the same time
+class it's not always the same time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not always the same time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not always the same time it's
+usually at 8:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he stopped using the ear correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he stopped using the ear correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he stopped using the ear correlation
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causation I wonder if Steve Jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation I wonder if Steve Jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation I wonder if Steve Jobs
+had this little thing has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this little thing has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this little thing has two
+batteries and at one end there's a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries and at one end there's a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries and at one end there's a DOT
+and the other end there's a slot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other end there's a slot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other end there's a slot which
+is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a
+screwdriver but it's also the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver but it's also the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdriver but it's also the minus sign
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+battery it's it could have been plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery it's it could have been plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery it's it could have been plus
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but actually for a quarter what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually for a quarter what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually for a quarter what's that
+it's for a quarter so you can put a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for a quarter so you can put a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for a quarter so you can put a coin
+in any coin actually yeah so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any coin actually yeah so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any coin actually yeah so you don't
+actually need a screwdriver I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need a screwdriver I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need a screwdriver I don't have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coin of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually
+one it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's it's
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+somewhere no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere no
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tips good question yeah uh do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips good question yeah uh do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips good question yeah uh do you think
+artificial will ever be elected as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial will ever be elected as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial will ever be elected as a
+leader of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+government in most science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in most science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in most science fiction
+stories it doesn't give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice the Moon is a harsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the Moon is a harsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the Moon is a harsh
+mistresses that was Robert heinlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistresses that was Robert heinlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistresses that was Robert heinlin
+wasn't it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it it
+had a really smart computer emerged from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really smart computer emerged from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really smart computer emerged from
+the internet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet on the
+moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes um I was curious whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I was curious whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I was curious whether you have
+any ideas how we can attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas how we can attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas how we can attempt to
+determine the representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the representations of
+information either people or animals use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information either people or animals use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information either people or animals use
+to solve problems is clearly this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems is clearly this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems is clearly this is a
+crucial problem to intelligence and L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial problem to intelligence and L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial problem to intelligence and L of
+AI has gone into various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI has gone into various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI has gone into various ways of
+representing information um but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing information um but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing information um but it would
+be really interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really interesting to
+see how it's done and I was wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it's done and I was wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it's done and I was wondering if
+you had ideas of how that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ideas of how that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ideas of how that could be
+tested that's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what are the cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psychologists doing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists doing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists doing about
+representations have you run across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations have you run across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations have you run across
+any they study reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any they study reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any they study reaction
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation you know they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you know they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you know they don't have
+very good ways of studying that directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good ways of studying that directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good ways of studying that directly
+from experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments
+yeah right the rule-based systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the rule-based systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the rule-based systems are
+still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the
+I haven't read a modern cognitive psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't read a modern cognitive psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't read a modern cognitive psych
+has anybody read a modern cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody read a modern cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody read a modern cognitive
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+book do they have trans frames or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scripts what's happening in that Realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I guess I've never seen any Winston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I guess I've never seen any Winston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I guess I've never seen any Winston
+like diagrams in anything but AI but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diagrams in anything but AI but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diagrams in anything but AI but
+there must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some
+somewhere it's 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who has taken a psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that
+true what's in it uh they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what's in it uh they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what's in it uh they talk about
+babies a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nowaday well there's a little industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowaday well there's a little industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowaday well there's a little industry
+of trying to show that P was wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to show that P was wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to show that P was wrong is
+that what they say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they say about
+babies when do babies get conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies when do babies get conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies when do babies get conservation
+of quantity or something yeah basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity or something yeah basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantity or something yeah basically
+just go throughout the whole development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go throughout the whole development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go throughout the whole development
+stage and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but I have not seen Winston and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I have not seen Winston and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I have not seen Winston and
+they have my psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+readings well the there is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings well the there is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings well the there is a problem
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the the low resolution of brain scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the low resolution of brain scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the low resolution of brain scanning
+so that if you can only tell when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you can only tell when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you can only tell when
+a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a
+a square centimeter of brain is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square centimeter of brain is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square centimeter of brain is more
+active than another part then it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active than another part then it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active than another part then it's hard
+to imagine how you could look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine how you could look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine how you could look for the
+representation of an arch as a block on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an arch as a block on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an arch as a block on
+top of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of two
+others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you should be able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should be able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should be able to make a
+hypothesis about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about a
+representation and then design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then design an
+experiment in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which you
+show a picture of an arch and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a picture of an arch and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a picture of an arch and then
+quickly show a picture where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly show a picture where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly show a picture where there's a
+little space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space between
+the so it's not being supported by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so it's not being supported by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so it's not being supported by and
+blink those on and off and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink those on and off and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink those on and off and see if
+different kinds of changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of changes in the
+representation cause different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation cause different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation cause different kinds of
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+activity but I suspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but I suspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but I suspect that
+most most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most uh
+experiments on watching brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on watching brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on watching brain activity
+are from giving a stimulus and not a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from giving a stimulus and not a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from giving a stimulus and not a not
+a pair of quickly changing ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of quickly changing ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of quickly changing ones
+maybe so you you want to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so you you want to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so you you want to find out what
+parts of the brain are activated when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain are activated when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain are activated when a
+certain kind of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of difference
+appears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears and
+that's it shouldn't be hard to make such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it shouldn't be hard to make such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it shouldn't be hard to make such
+experiments but my impression is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but my impression is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but my impression is that
+they don't do that so much as you show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that so much as you show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that so much as you show a
+certain face for a couple of seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain face for a couple of seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain face for a couple of seconds and
+then you show something else and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you show something else and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you show something else and you
+look to see if the activity moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if the activity moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see if the activity moves
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+but if your resolution is low maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if your resolution is low maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if your resolution is low maybe you
+should be putting in stimuli that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so that you're finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so that you're finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so that you're finding the
+response of the changes it's just a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the changes it's just a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the changes it's just a one
+of the problems is that there is a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems is that there is a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems is that there is a delay
+you can you can brain waves you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can brain waves you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can brain waves you can get
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+a you can get more real time reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can get more real time reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can get more real time reaction
+but yeah it usually takes several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it usually takes several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it usually takes several
+seconds to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to get
+anything you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you have to
+do you'd have to repeat it many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'd have to repeat it many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'd have to repeat it many times
+and I think it still takes several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it still takes several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it still takes several
+seconds to get any information doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to get any information doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to get any information doesn't
+it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the first brain wave experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first brain wave experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first brain wave experiments
+were in the late n in the 1940s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the late n in the 1940s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the late n in the 1940s and
+that uh Englishman gray Walter who also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Englishman gray Walter who also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Englishman gray Walter who also
+made that first robot turtle and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that first robot turtle and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that first robot turtle and things
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was
+just just reading some of the biog some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just reading some of the biog some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just reading some of the biog some
+papers he wrote in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1950s they're not very Illuminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s they're not very Illuminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s they're not very Illuminating
+about AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI
+but they show you what some people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they show you what some people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they show you what some people were
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+in the days before computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+science yeah uh when you talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science yeah uh when you talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science yeah uh when you talk about in
+your book about y networks and uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book about y networks and uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book about y networks and uh big
+machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that
+accumulate huge libraries of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate huge libraries of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate huge libraries of statistical
+data use that they they cannot develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data use that they they cannot develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data use that they they cannot develop
+much coverance because they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much coverance because they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much coverance because they don't have
+U this sorry the uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh because they don't have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh because they don't have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh because they don't have higher
+reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective
+levels what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highle well that's thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highle well that's thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highle well that's thinking about what
+you were thinking a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were thinking a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were thinking a minute
+ago you know you think something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know you think something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know you think something and
+then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you
+say that was a bad idea why did I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that was a bad idea why did I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that was a bad idea why did I get
+that or now I realize I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or now I realize I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or now I realize I didn't
+understand something I've wasted 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something I've wasted 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something I've wasted 5
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+because reflective thinking is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because reflective thinking is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because reflective thinking is just
+thinking about your recent thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your recent thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your recent thoughts
+maybe all thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all thinking
+is any coherent train of thinking each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any coherent train of thinking each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any coherent train of thinking each
+each thought is something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thought is something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thought is something about the
+previous thought but it doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thought but it doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thought but it doesn't have the
+word i in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word i in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word i in
+it you know you say why did I waste so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know you say why did I waste so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know you say why did I waste so
+much time why why did I focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time why why did I focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time why why did I focus on this
+rather than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what did that person say maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did that person say maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what did that person say maybe I
+missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe most of you are thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe most of you are thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe most of you are thinking is
+what did I just think maybe I missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I just think maybe I missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I just think maybe I missed the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+yeah so here we often talk a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here we often talk a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here we often talk a lot about
+uh cognitive science and psychology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cognitive science and psychology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cognitive science and psychology and
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+curious how important do you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how important do you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how important do you think you
+bring Cog science and psychology are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring Cog science and psychology are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring Cog science and psychology are the
+field of AI and whether the right way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of AI and whether the right way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of AI and whether the right way of
+trying to build intelligent machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build intelligent machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build intelligent machines and
+understanding intelligence is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding intelligence is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding intelligence is through
+understanding what we've already seen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what we've already seen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what we've already seen or
+it's playing around with computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's playing around with computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's playing around with computers and
+trying to make systems to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make systems to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make systems to solve the
+problems we want to solve I'm glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we want to solve I'm glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we want to solve I'm glad you
+asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh I don't think it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think it's very important
+because I think we all we've got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think we all we've got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think we all we've got to the
+point where we know that people solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we know that people solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we know that people solve
+problems and we all know how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we all know how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we all know how to think
+about how we solved some problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we solved some problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we solved some problems we
+don't know the details of how we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the details of how we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the details of how we did it
+but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think
+uh you know if you look at uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you look at uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you look at uh what's
+been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in
+AI it's it's more than clear enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI it's it's more than clear enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI it's it's more than clear enough uh
+where the present system stopped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and uh where they fail and we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh where they fail and we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh where they fail and we keep
+thinking ways to fix them and uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ways to fix them and uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ways to fix them and uh we get
+sidetracked because that's you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidetracked because that's you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidetracked because that's you get some
+idea and it's too hard to program and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it's too hard to program and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it's too hard to program and uh
+somebody says use C++ and uh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says use C++ and uh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says use C++ and uh somebody
+else says why don't you go back to lisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else says why don't you go back to lisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else says why don't you go back to lisp
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+uh guess my answer is I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guess my answer is I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh guess my answer is I don't think we
+need desperately to know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need desperately to know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need desperately to know more about
+psychology because we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology because we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology because we already have
+programs that are pretty good at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that are pretty good at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that are pretty good at things
+and we can see where they get stuck but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see where they get stuck but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see where they get stuck but
+uh it would be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be nice
+if if there were a community out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there were a community out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there were a community out there
+helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping
+us because uh the AI groups are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because uh the AI groups are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because uh the AI groups are all
+alone and uh they don't communicate very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and uh they don't communicate very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and uh they don't communicate very
+well with each other and U they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with each other and U they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with each other and U they're not
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+supported but uh I bet I bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported but uh I bet I bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported but uh I bet I bet
+as the as we make machines smarter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as we make machines smarter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as we make machines smarter the
+psychologists will pay more attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists will pay more attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists will pay more attention
+and they'll come back and tell us better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll come back and tell us better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll come back and tell us better
+things and uh eventually there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh eventually there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh eventually there'll be a
+real cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+science sort of like physics physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sort of like physics physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science sort of like physics physics uh
+got very well with Newton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very well with Newton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very well with Newton and
+Galileo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo and
+uh quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantum
+mechanics but uh now they have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but uh now they have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but uh now they have a great
+community and when some serious problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and when some serious problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and when some serious problem
+comes up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up uh
+somebody spend a billion dollars for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody spend a billion dollars for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody spend a billion dollars for a
+new accelerator or something there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new accelerator or something there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new accelerator or something there's
+nothing like that in AI if you say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that in AI if you say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that in AI if you say why
+did the new Simon General Problem Solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the new Simon General Problem Solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the new Simon General Problem Solver
+get stuck on the missionary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck on the missionary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck on the missionary and
+cannibals uh somebody should say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibals uh somebody should say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibals uh somebody should say well
+here's a billion dollars I know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a billion dollars I know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a billion dollars I know it's not
+enough but maybe you can make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but maybe you can make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but maybe you can make it a
+little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little
+smarter nobody's nobody's offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this two somewhat I guess somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two somewhat I guess somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two somewhat I guess somewhat
+related questions so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related questions so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related questions so first
+uh since AI is mostly an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since AI is mostly an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since AI is mostly an engineering
+discipline there a question of how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline there a question of how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline there a question of how can
+we make machines that solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make machines that solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make machines that solve these
+problems that look intelligent do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that look intelligent do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that look intelligent do you
+think this is going to lead to a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to lead to a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to lead to a better
+understanding of intelligence and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of intelligence and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of intelligence and how
+important do you think that is to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important do you think that is to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important do you think that is to this
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+I guess mostly scientific but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess mostly scientific but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess mostly scientific but also
+slightly philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly philosophical
+question I think it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think it's just an
+engineering question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering question that
+uh there just isn't a way to get bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there just isn't a way to get bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there just isn't a way to get bright
+people to enough bright people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to enough bright people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to enough bright people to
+compete with each other to make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with each other to make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with each other to make better
+AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+systems it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it's
+U anybody have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anybody have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anybody have a
+theory you see I'm I'm speaking from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you see I'm I'm speaking from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you see I'm I'm speaking from the
+point of view feeling that there hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view feeling that there hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view feeling that there hasn't
+been much progress in in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much progress in in recent years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much progress in in recent years
+and uh maybe I'm wrong and there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maybe I'm wrong and there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maybe I'm wrong and there's a lot
+of great stuff just ready to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great stuff just ready to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great stuff just ready to be
+exploited but I I don't see it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited but I I don't see it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited but I I don't see it I think
+we're kind of in a in a a natur delum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in a in a a natur delum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in a in a a natur delum of
+sorts where uh people are doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts where uh people are doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts where uh people are doing a lot of
+the work in terms of for instance tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work in terms of for instance tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work in terms of for instance tuning
+the parameters and choosing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and choosing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and choosing machine
+learning approximations in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approximations in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning approximations in order to
+solve problems that there are incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems that there are incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problems that there are incentives
+out there to solve and in in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to solve and in in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to solve and in in principle
+if we had AI that was good the AI would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had AI that was good the AI would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had AI that was good the AI would
+do that work instead of programmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that work instead of programmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that work instead of programmers
+having to tune parameters and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to tune parameters and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to tune parameters and figure out
+which algorithms are good for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which algorithms are good for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which algorithms are good for different
+problems but as of now the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but as of now the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but as of now the way the
+incentives are structured it it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are structured it it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are structured it it's going
+to take a big energy push to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a big energy push to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a big energy push to sort of get
+over the hump of uh actually creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the hump of uh actually creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the hump of uh actually creating
+the infrastructure that's necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure that's necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure that's necessary for
+that stuff to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+automatically yeah there are AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically yeah there are AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically yeah there are AI
+groups there a few people at Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups there a few people at Georgia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups there a few people at Georgia
+Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech
+and Carnegie melon although my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carnegie melon although my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carnegie melon although my
+impression is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression is that they're
+mostly playing robot soccer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly playing robot soccer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly playing robot soccer or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+and so a lot of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of the people
+who are empowered to do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are empowered to do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are empowered to do the right thing
+are I mean look at Stanford it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean look at Stanford it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean look at Stanford it's
+wonderful to make these self-driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful to make these self-driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful to make these self-driving
+cars but I don't think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars but I don't think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars but I don't think a
+single thing has been learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that maybe a little has been learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe a little has been learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe a little has been learned
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Watson
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+but they won give out the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they won give out the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they won give out the source
+code right and if they did I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right and if they did I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right and if they did I think they
+could read the Society of Mind that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read the Society of Mind that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read the Society of Mind that says
+have a lot of different methods and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different methods and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different methods and find
+some way to integr them what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to integr them what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to integr them what's missing
+in the Society of Mind is better ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Society of Mind is better ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Society of Mind is better ideas
+on how to integrate them and Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to integrate them and Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to integrate them and Watson
+might have some but on the other hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some but on the other hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have some but on the other hand it
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+not maybe if it can end up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe if it can end up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe if it can end up with an
+answer that's one word like a person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's one word like a person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's one word like a person or
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+sport uh then it's done and so it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport uh then it's done and so it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport uh then it's done and so it may be
+that we know it's at the lower levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know it's at the lower levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know it's at the lower levels
+and we don't know what's at the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what's at the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know what's at the higher
+levels and maybe it's no good on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and maybe it's no good on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and maybe it's no good on the
+other hand maybe there are 10 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand maybe there are 10 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand maybe there are 10 very
+important ideas there and you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ideas there and you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ideas there and you'd have to
+read that long paper and try to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that long paper and try to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that long paper and try to guess
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+were do we have a spy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are they telling us something oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they telling us something oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they telling us something oh I
+get little bits and pieces about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean I think it is kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I think it is kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I think it is kind of you
+know I think the good news about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the good news about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think the good news about that is
+it has made some progress and it is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has made some progress and it is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has made some progress and it is kind
+of a society of models and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a society of models and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a society of models and they have
+some uh supervisory processes that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh supervisory processes that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh supervisory processes that try
+to figure out which actually the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which actually the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which actually the most
+important thing they do is try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing they do is try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing they do is try to figure
+out which method are good for which kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which method are good for which kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which method are good for which kind
+of questions that would be good so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that would be good so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions that would be good so say
+that's so they might have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so they might have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so they might have some good
+critics and selectors like things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics and selectors like things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics and selectors like things yeah
+so there's there's some of that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's some of that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's some of that I think
+in there I I don't think there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I I don't think there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there I I don't think there are a lot
+of very brand new techniques but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very brand new techniques but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very brand new techniques but I think
+you know or some of that yeah they fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or some of that yeah they fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or some of that yeah they fired
+their other AI group but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other AI group but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other AI group but I don't think
+it was getting very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was getting very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was getting very far
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the you know the one I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the one I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the one I mean
+the Eric Muller and no he's he moved he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eric Muller and no he's he moved he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eric Muller and no he's he moved he
+worked on the Watson no I mean Doug Rens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the Watson no I mean Doug Rens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the Watson no I mean Doug Rens
+R Group it was doing more mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Group it was doing more mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Group it was doing more mathematical
+AI than than heuristic AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI than than heuristic AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI than than heuristic AI
+any other company doing anything what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other company doing anything what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other company doing anything what
+are the common sense groups in Korea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the common sense groups in Korea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the common sense groups in Korea and
+places like that well I'll find out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like that well I'll find out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like that well I'll find out in
+December when I go there Henry's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December when I go there Henry's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December when I go there Henry's going
+to visit some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them the mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+East yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East yes
+so has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long there has been like machines trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there has been like machines trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there has been like machines trying
+to build like reflective layer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build like reflective layer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build like reflective layer right
+they have critics and even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have critics and even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have critics and even though the
+idea died out in but then there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea died out in but then there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea died out in but then there's still
+some machines like maybe Watson has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some machines like maybe Watson has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some machines like maybe Watson has some
+critics but the like reflective layer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics but the like reflective layer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics but the like reflective layer I
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+things so what do you think is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what do you think is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what do you think is missing
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I'm not sure what you you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there is Pat Winston's group working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is Pat Winston's group working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is Pat Winston's group working
+on stories and my impression is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stories and my impression is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stories and my impression is that
+that's that's making definite progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's making definite progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's making definite progress
+and uh if he can integrate it with Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if he can integrate it with Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if he can integrate it with Henry
+liberman's kind of large Common Sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman's kind of large Common Sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberman's kind of large Common Sense
+knowledge base maybe something grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base maybe something grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge base maybe something grade
+will happen but progress is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen but progress is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen but progress is a little bit
+slow um Jerry sesman is still full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow um Jerry sesman is still full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow um Jerry sesman is still full of
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but he keeps teaching courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he keeps teaching courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but he keeps teaching courses in
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+physics and he's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and he's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and he's out there
+fixing fixing telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing fixing telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing fixing telescopes
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+and he's absolutely a prodigy and uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's absolutely a prodigy and uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's absolutely a prodigy and uh now
+he's working on this uh theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's working on this uh theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's working on this uh theory of
+propagators which he claims is relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators which he claims is relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators which he claims is relevant
+to Ai and I don't understand it yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ai and I don't understand it yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ai and I don't understand it yet but
+uh it's good what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's good what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's good what I
+swear uh I'd like to see it solve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear uh I'd like to see it solve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swear uh I'd like to see it solve some
+interesting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh so we have a lot of resources here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a lot of resources here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have a lot of resources here
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um if you look at the world as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whole yeah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole yeah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole yeah for
+example um you talked about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you talked about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you talked about how we
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+combine the recep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the recep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the recep
+group with the knowled Bas right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group with the knowled Bas right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group with the knowled Bas right so I
+feel like doing that there's we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like doing that there's we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like doing that there's we need
+like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some
+new newly invented like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new newly invented like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new newly invented like
+missionary yeah to what extent is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary yeah to what extent is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary yeah to what extent is well
+if you would like to work on it please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to work on it please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like to work on it please
+come see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me it's a very Lively group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's happening to lenet group is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to lenet group is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to lenet group is he
+just hiding or is he no I think Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hiding or is he no I think Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hiding or is he no I think Doug
+Leonard is you know the site project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard is you know the site project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard is you know the site project and
+it's been uh steadily growing and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been uh steadily growing and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been uh steadily growing and um uh
+and I think one thing that so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think one thing that so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think one thing that so uh what
+was he had a very interesting article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he had a very interesting article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he had a very interesting article
+recently about using it for common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about using it for common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about using it for common sense
+for uh medical query so the Watson guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh medical query so the Watson guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh medical query so the Watson guys
+said that you know they want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you know they want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you know they want to apply
+Watson to medicine but I think lat had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson to medicine but I think lat had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson to medicine but I think lat had a
+really good article about applying it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good article about applying it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good article about applying it to
+Medical queries it was things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical queries it was things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical queries it was things like uh
+you know so the doctors would ask um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the doctors would ask um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the doctors would ask um
+things like uh which operations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh which operations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh which operations you know
+for some disease or something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some disease or something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some disease or something you know
+had complications and the system would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had complications and the system would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had complications and the system would
+have to understand what's a complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what's a complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what's a complication
+right and a complication is when things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a complication is when things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and a complication is when things
+don't go right you know so uh having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go right you know so uh having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go right you know so uh having a
+drug reaction could be a comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug reaction could be a comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug reaction could be a comp
+complication uh leaving a scal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication uh leaving a scal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication uh leaving a scal in the
+patient could be a comp complication uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient could be a comp complication uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient could be a comp complication uh
+you know so you have to understand some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you have to understand some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you have to understand some
+of the ideas of U uh you know Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideas of U uh you know Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideas of U uh you know Common
+Sense ideas of what might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense ideas of what might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sense ideas of what might be a
+complication or what might uh cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication or what might uh cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication or what might uh cause
+trouble or you know those kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble or you know those kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble or you know those kind of things
+and I thought that was uh he did a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought that was uh he did a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought that was uh he did a very
+nice uh system for the Cleveland Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh system for the Cleveland Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh system for the Cleveland Clinic
+and the doctors loved it and they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctors loved it and they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the doctors loved it and they wrote
+about it in neon magazine I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in neon magazine I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in neon magazine I thought that
+was a a real success oh I haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a real success oh I haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a real success oh I haven't seen
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+lennett I think the problem is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennett I think the problem is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lennett I think the problem is uh the
+reason that you haven't heard a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you haven't heard a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you haven't heard a lot a
+lot of applications for pych for so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications for pych for so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications for pych for so long
+is because they were funded you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they were funded you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they were funded you know for
+decades by you know threel agencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades by you know threel agencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades by you know threel agencies in
+the government and they did I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government and they did I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government and they did I think they
+did actually quite good work for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually quite good work for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually quite good work for them
+because otherwise the wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise the wouldn't have
+continued for 25 years uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued for 25 years uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued for 25 years uh but the
+problem is you know when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you know when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you know when they do
+something good for you know the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good for you know the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good for you know the secret
+agencies nobody else finds out about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies nobody else finds out about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies nobody else finds out about it
+doesn't Advance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel I have a great story about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I have a great story about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I have a great story about that
+which is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost
+unbelievable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable which
+is I was at a meeting with Doug lennet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I was at a meeting with Doug lennet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I was at a meeting with Doug lennet
+this is a long time ago when it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a long time ago when it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a long time ago when it was just
+starting and this was in a building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and this was in a building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and this was in a building a
+block from the White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from the White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from the White
+House and it had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House and it had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House and it had all
+these people from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people from some
+agency about whether AI could help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency about whether AI could help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency about whether AI could help them
+with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+somebody pulled out some slides and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody pulled out some slides and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody pulled out some slides and was
+about to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to give a
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+and but the shelf that had the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the shelf that had the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the shelf that had the projector
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it had hinges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had hinges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had hinges
+and and all the screws were missing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all the screws were missing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all the screws were missing on
+one side and fell down like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and fell down like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and fell down like this and
+they fussed for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh couldn't get the projector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh couldn't get the projector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh couldn't get the projector to
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+up and then I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing and I took three screws out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I took three screws out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I took three screws out of
+that had three hinges and I took three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had three hinges and I took three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had three hinges and I took three
+screws out of here and uh put the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws out of here and uh put the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws out of here and uh put the in
+here and here and here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and here and then the
+Shelf stayed up and then the show went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf stayed up and then the show went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf stayed up and then the show went
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and you know it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's like the
+joke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+anyway so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so they were
+astounded because I actually fixed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounded because I actually fixed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounded because I actually fixed this
+stupid thing and they I said well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing and they I said well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing and they I said well why
+didn't you and they said we asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you and they said we asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you and they said we asked to
+maintenance three weeks ago and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance three weeks ago and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance three weeks ago and they
+never got around to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got around to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got around to it
+and I said this is the a agency and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said this is the a agency and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said this is the a agency and they
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and
+uh then they said but why did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they said but why did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they said but why did you have
+that thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with
+you today you never get past the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector when I was a kid I heard some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector when I was a kid I heard some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector when I was a kid I heard some
+story oh never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story oh never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story oh never
+mind about fix when a car wheel rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about fix when a car wheel rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about fix when a car wheel rolls
+off you take one screw from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you take one screw from each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you take one screw from each of the
+other three so I was doing exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other three so I was doing exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other three so I was doing exactly that
+and these agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these agency
+people had never thought of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had never thought of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had never thought of doing it
+themselves because so what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because so what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because so what does it mean
+when you have a government run by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a government run by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a government run by people
+who can't fix us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hinge I once met a freshman who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge I once met a freshman who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge I once met a freshman who didn't
+know which way to turn a screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+MIT how many of you have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the left
+hand some rule right not do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand some rule right not do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand some rule right not do the right
+tidy left anymore yeah well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidy left anymore yeah well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidy left anymore yeah well if you're
+screwing in weird angles like set pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing in weird angles like set pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing in weird angles like set pieces
+and stuff yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right enough
+stories are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are you
+sure so has he oh can you send us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so has he oh can you send us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so has he oh can you send us a
+pointer to that paper lennet oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to that paper lennet oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to that paper lennet oh yeah
+sure that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that would be
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+he's one of the great pioneers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AI I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+could but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but maybe
+probably also it's probably done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also it's probably done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also it's probably done the
+reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective
+ler um so how do you think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ler um so how do you think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ler um so how do you think it does
+that how do you retrieve your knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you retrieve your knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do you retrieve your knowledge
+how do you turn an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into how do you learn from an experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do you learn from an experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how do you learn from an experience
+yeah you you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you do something
+and then you get some knowledge where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get some knowledge where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get some knowledge where do
+you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it a lot of experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we could answer that we could all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we could answer that we could all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we could answer that we could all
+quit and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and go
+home you're you're asking the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you're you're asking the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home you're you're asking the central
+problem of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of how do
+you how do you learn from experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you learn from experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you learn from experience and
+later retrieve how you learned I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later retrieve how you learned I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later retrieve how you learned I just
+can't think of any way to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of any way to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of any way to answer that
+except write a whole book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except write a whole book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except write a whole book
+and then have everybody find out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have everybody find out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have everybody find out what's
+wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah is science is making the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistakes if you make a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes if you make a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes if you make a really good
+mistake then somebody will fix it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake then somebody will fix it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake then somebody will fix it and
+you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+progress if you make a silly mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress if you make a silly mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress if you make a silly mistake
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gained maybe we should have to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained maybe we should have to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained maybe we should have to search
+into how make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how make better
+mistakes well how do you decide what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes well how do you decide what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes well how do you decide what to
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's my complaint about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's my complaint about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's my complaint about the
+probabilistic methods because if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic methods because if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic methods because if there
+are a lot of well I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of well I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of well I talked about the
+other day if there are a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day if there are a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day if there are a lot of uh
+different aspects of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of a
+situation like 100 then there's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like 100 then there's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like 100 then there's two to
+the 100th conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100th conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100th conditional
+probabilities to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to think
+about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh probabilistic learning machines work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probabilistic learning machines work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probabilistic learning machines work
+wonderfully well on uh small problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully well on uh small problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully well on uh small problems
+with these search trees aren't too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these search trees aren't too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these search trees aren't too big
+but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+don't but the hard problem is what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but the hard problem is what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but the hard problem is what to do
+when there's a lot of lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a lot of lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a lot of lot of different
+factors and you don't know which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and you don't know which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and you don't know which are
+important and in lots of situations just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in lots of situations just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and in lots of situations just
+first order correlations so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correlations so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order correlations so there are
+100 factors and you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 factors and you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 factors and you just look at the
+probabilities of each of them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each of them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each of them and then
+there's 10,000 5,000 pairs of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10,000 5,000 pairs of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10,000 5,000 pairs of things and
+uh you look at the 5,000 joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at the 5,000 joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at the 5,000 joint
+conditional probabilities of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities of two things
+and maybe five of them pop up and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe five of them pop up and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe five of them pop up and you've
+only got five things to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got five things to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got five things to look at and
+that's where that kind of uh AI system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that kind of uh AI system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that kind of uh AI system
+works and it's become immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's become immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's become immensely
+popular and the trouble is it'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and the trouble is it'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and the trouble is it'll never
+get smarter because um if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smarter because um if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smarter because um if you have to
+look five steps ahead then the instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look five steps ahead then the instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look five steps ahead then the instead
+of 10 possibilities you have 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+anyway my concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway my concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway my concern is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are quite a lot of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are quite a lot of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are quite a lot of millions of
+dollars going into AI research but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars going into AI research but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars going into AI research but most
+of it is going into dead ends so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going into dead ends so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going into dead ends so it's
+not as though there weren't maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as though there weren't maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as though there weren't maybe maybe
+there is enough money but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is enough money but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is enough money but it's
+it's going to the easy problems instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to the easy problems instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to the easy problems instead
+of the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones who has an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who has an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who has an easy
+question easy question so a lot of smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question easy question so a lot of smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question easy question so a lot of smart
+people like to play games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to play games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to play games and
+procrastinate you think artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinate you think artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinate you think artificial
+intelligence will also like to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will also like to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will also like to play
+games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procrastinate well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinate well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinate well there's
+there's the opposite thing opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the opposite thing opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the opposite thing opposite
+question I got a message from somebody I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I got a message from somebody I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I got a message from somebody I
+don't remember who I had complained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember who I had complained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember who I had complained that
+uh nobody's been able to get push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody's been able to get push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody's been able to get push
+things AI program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things AI program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things AI program to
+work and somebody suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what1
+yeah and somebody suggested that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and somebody suggested that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and somebody suggested that I
+forget the name there's some uh group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the name there's some uh group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the name there's some uh group of
+people who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like
+problems and I can't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I can't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I can't remember what
+it it's just some uh bunch of people out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just some uh bunch of people out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just some uh bunch of people out
+on the web who like to solve programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web who like to solve programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web who like to solve programming
+problems and this person suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this person suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and this person suggested
+sending the code to that group of couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the code to that group of couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the code to that group of couple
+of thousand people and maybe they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand people and maybe they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand people and maybe they would
+self-organize to try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organize to try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organize to try to figure out how
+it works and fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and fix it
+so do you think that would could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think that would could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think that would could that
+work yeah we have we have a big bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah we have we have a big bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah we have we have a big bunch of
+code it's partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's partly
+commented could we get a thousand really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented could we get a thousand really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented could we get a thousand really
+aimless hackers out there with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimless hackers out there with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimless hackers out there with lots of
+abilities to so maybe I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it danger with that is that they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it danger with that is that they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it danger with that is that they might
+have their own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own code
+or their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their own
+sections well if they're self-organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections well if they're self-organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections well if they're self-organizing
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+uh I mean if an individual tries to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean if an individual tries to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean if an individual tries to fix
+it that's fine but maybe these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fine but maybe these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fine but maybe these people
+know how to work together so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to work together so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to work together so they could
+chop it up and talk to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop it up and talk to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop it up and talk to each other and
+agree on it doesn't have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on it doesn't have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on it doesn't have to be the same
+as pushes it just has I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pushes it just has I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pushes it just has I don't know if
+you've seen the movie I'll bring it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the movie I'll bring it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the movie I'll bring it next
+time uh he had a robot coming to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh he had a robot coming to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh he had a robot coming to try to
+screw the legs on onto a table but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the legs on onto a table but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw the legs on onto a table but the
+robot has only one hand so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot has only one hand so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot has only one hand so there's
+another robot over there the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another robot over there the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another robot over there the first one
+says help and the other one figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says help and the other one figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says help and the other one figures out
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+enough to come over and pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come over and pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come over and pick up the
+other end of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the table
+so as far as I know this thesis only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as far as I know this thesis only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as far as I know this thesis only
+worked out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out one
+example yeah actually was the the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah actually was the the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yeah actually was the the trick
+part in that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in that was that
+when the when the other Rob said help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the other Rob said help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the when the other Rob said help
+the other one was looking away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was looking away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was looking away so
+uh yeah you well you know this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you well you know this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you well you know this but
+people know so the other one turn there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know so the other one turn there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know so the other one turn there
+and then at first the other robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at first the other robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at first the other robot
+incorrectly thought the first robot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly thought the first robot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly thought the first robot is
+trying to take the table apart yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take the table apart yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take the table apart yes so
+then you have to second Rob doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to second Rob doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to second Rob doing that
+and then you have to correct that no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to correct that no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to correct that no and
+then you go back and you show that fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go back and you show that fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go back and you show that fix
+it right and the first the first robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and the first the first robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and the first the first robot
+just says no which the other robot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says no which the other robot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says no which the other robot has
+to be very stupid to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very stupid to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very stupid to be able to
+interpret that as exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as exactly
+one one thing not to do if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing not to do if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing not to do if it were
+smarter it probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter it probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter it probably wouldn't
+work but anyway uh I'll bring the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but anyway uh I'll bring the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but anyway uh I'll bring the movie
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh have you have you looked at the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have you have you looked at the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have you have you looked at the code
+yeah I have a little bit although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a little bit although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a little bit although I
+haven't really myself looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard I probably have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I probably have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I probably have M
+machine my favorite story which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine my favorite story which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine my favorite story which I think
+is true is that slagle's program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true is that slagle's program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true is that slagle's program
+for uh doing integration for yeah uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh doing integration for yeah uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh doing integration for yeah uh was
+about five pages of lisp and Joel Moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five pages of lisp and Joel Moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five pages of lisp and Joel Moses
+told said that it took in several weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told said that it took in several weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told said that it took in several weeks
+to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+out because slagel was blind and had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because slagel was blind and had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because slagel was blind and had to
+program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in
+Braille so uh Joel said that he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille so uh Joel said that he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Braille so uh Joel said that he made the
+most intricate convoluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intricate convoluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intricate convoluted
+Expressions uh so that he wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions uh so that he wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions uh so that he wouldn't have
+to type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much and then Joel so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and then Joel so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and then Joel so that was the first
+I had written program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had written program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had written program that
+differentiated algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated algebraic
+expressions and that was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and that was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and that was a great
+breakthrough although it was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough although it was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough although it was completely
+trivial namely I just put in the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial namely I just put in the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial namely I just put in the letter
+d and if it saw an expression x * y it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and if it saw an expression x * y it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and if it saw an expression x * y it
+would say x Dy * dy+ y * DX and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say x Dy * dy+ y * DX and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say x Dy * dy+ y * DX and there
+are only four or five such rules then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only four or five such rules then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only four or five such rules then
+just sweep through until it had this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sweep through until it had this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sweep through until it had this big
+long expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long expression and
+that turned out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turned out to be the
+derivative but then Joel wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but then Joel wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but then Joel wrote the
+trouble is it was too long and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is it was too long and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is it was too long and then
+Moses wrote something to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moses wrote something to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moses wrote something to simplify
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and uh then slagel wrote a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then slagel wrote a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then slagel wrote a simple
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+program and then Moses wrote a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then Moses wrote a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then Moses wrote a really
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple of other mathematicians studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other mathematicians studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of other mathematicians studied
+that and extended it and worked out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and extended it and worked out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and extended it and worked out a
+theory of um for the final integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of um for the final integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of um for the final integration
+program that could Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that could Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that could Pro
+that that could integrate any expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could integrate any expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could integrate any expression
+that had an integral in closed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had an integral in closed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had an integral in closed to
+algebraic form which means a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic form which means a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic form which means a function of
+exponents signs and cosiness and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents signs and cosiness and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents signs and cosiness and uh and
+pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the result of that was a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of that was a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of that was a sort of
+nice story which is that the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice story which is that the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice story which is that the American
+mathematical Society had a a big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Society had a a big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Society had a a big uh
+Suite of rooms in Providence their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite of rooms in Providence their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite of rooms in Providence their
+headquarters where they had collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters where they had collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters where they had collected
+all the integrals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the integrals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the integrals that were
+known for hundreds of years ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for hundreds of years ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for hundreds of years ever since
+Newton did the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton did the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton did the first
+ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and
+there were rooms full of so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were rooms full of so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were rooms full of so every time
+somebody found a new integral they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody found a new integral they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody found a new integral they would
+write it up and send it to the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it up and send it to the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it up and send it to the American
+math society and it would get cataloged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math society and it would get cataloged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math society and it would get cataloged
+there and they had raised funds for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they had raised funds for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they had raised funds for it
+was called the baitman manuscript copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the baitman manuscript copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called the baitman manuscript copy
+and there was a fund for organizing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a fund for organizing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a fund for organizing all
+this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data
+and the minute the program came out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minute the program came out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minute the program came out uh
+the baitman manuscript project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baitman manuscript project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baitman manuscript project was
+terminated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+because and um I think Maxima had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and um I think Maxima had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and um I think Maxima had the
+solution in it and Mathematica is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in it and Mathematica is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in it and Mathematica is the
+sort of big successor to that but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big successor to that but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big successor to that but it was
+a nice piece of History spread over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice piece of History spread over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice piece of History spread over
+about five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five or six
+years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and
+uh I don't know that anybody works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know that anybody works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know that anybody works on
+that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we had a couple of PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had a couple of PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had a couple of PhD
+thesis starting of uh trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis starting of uh trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis starting of uh trying to solve
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations and uh they didn't get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important looks like lemelson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important looks like lemelson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important looks like lemelson is
+over it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's the
+elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator
+P do you think they actually awarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P do you think they actually awarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P do you think they actually awarded
+one yeah probably they do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah probably they do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah probably they do they
+do every year well they have they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do every year well they have they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do every year well they have they have
+100K every year I think the elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100K every year I think the elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100K every year I think the elevator
+contest as separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest as separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest as separate
+things oh there's three parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+back oh way back do you think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back oh way back do you think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back oh way back do you think there's
+ever going to be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be way
+to Crow Source a research at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Crow Source a research at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Crow Source a research at all
+like that's what I meant that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what I meant that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's what I meant that's the
+expression I was looking for for fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I was looking for for fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I was looking for for fixing
+the push thesis but it would be nice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push thesis but it would be nice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the push thesis but it would be nice it
+wouldn't be a self organizing thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a self organizing thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a self organizing thing like
+someone would have to I mean that I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would have to I mean that I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would have to I mean that I feel
+like that would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would not be
+hard for people to self organize to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for people to self organize to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for people to self organize to like
+do that but if there were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if there were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if there were already
+structure and like that minimal piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and like that minimal piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and like that minimal piece
+that like everyone could do for AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like everyone could do for AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like everyone could do for AI
+research was like already defined like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was like already defined like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research was like already defined like
+do you think AI research is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think AI research is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think AI research is like
+structured in a way that could ever be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured in a way that could ever be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured in a way that could ever be
+broken down well don't these crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down well don't these crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down well don't these crowd
+things usually start with some they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things usually start with some they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things usually start with some they must
+start with some some sort of leader but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some some sort of leader but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some some sort of leader but
+uh then they become self-organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they become self-organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then they become self-organizing
+or I mean they they work because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean they they work because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean they they work because every
+participant has like a specific has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant has like a specific has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant has like a specific has like
+a specific and distin has like basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific and distin has like basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific and distin has like basically
+the same small Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same small Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same small Ro
+and you I mean they don't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I mean they don't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you I mean they don't they don't
+become like more complex than that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like more complex than that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become like more complex than that I
+mean Community whatever it doesn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Community whatever it doesn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Community whatever it doesn't you
+know like idea lowering the floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like idea lowering the floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like idea lowering the floor of
+like doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doing like
+research so that more people can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so that more people can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so that more people can like
+contribute so nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute so nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute so nice
+question well let's think about it if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well let's think about it if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well let's think about it if we
+take this PhD thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it wouldn't be much good to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it wouldn't be much good to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it wouldn't be much good to send the
+whole thing to everyone well of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing to everyone well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing to everyone well of course
+it wouldn't cost anything to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't cost anything to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't cost anything to do that but
+you need somebody to make a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need somebody to make a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need somebody to make a first
+passage chopping it up into saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage chopping it up into saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage chopping it up into saying look
+this function didn't work maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function didn't work maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function didn't work maybe there's
+some missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some missing
+and so you you might need a person or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you you might need a person or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you you might need a person or a
+couple of people to to sort of organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of people to to sort of organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of people to to sort of organize
+the project but once you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project but once you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project but once you got a
+community uh it might they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh it might they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh it might they
+might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooperate they might do without a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate they might do without a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate they might do without a leader
+uh once the problems became clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once the problems became clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once the problems became clear
+enough because I would say that um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because I would say that um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because I would say that um I
+mean there are some crowd Source AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are some crowd Source AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are some crowd Source AI
+projects certainly if you go to Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects certainly if you go to Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects certainly if you go to Source
+Forge or the restaurant game of Jeet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forge or the restaurant game of Jeet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forge or the restaurant game of Jeet
+pork and an autb that's their crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork and an autb that's their crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pork and an autb that's their crowd
+Source you can think of that as a crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source you can think of that as a crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source you can think of that as a crowd
+Source they are problem but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source they are problem but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source they are problem but I don't
+think the crowd sourcing is really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the crowd sourcing is really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the crowd sourcing is really great
+for problems that demand a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems that demand a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems that demand a lot of
+creativity you know it's uh commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity you know it's uh commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity you know it's uh commands
+that are projects that are labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are projects that are labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are projects that are labor
+intensive it's good for like SE at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive it's good for like SE at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive it's good for like SE at home
+that kind of thing but uh for projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing but uh for projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing but uh for projects
+that demand a lot of creativity and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that demand a lot of creativity and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that demand a lot of creativity and you
+know it kind of RS my heart almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it kind of RS my heart almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it kind of RS my heart almost
+because if you look at like the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at like the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at like the open
+source work on Unix you know they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source work on Unix you know they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source work on Unix you know they've
+done a great job in organizing people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a great job in organizing people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a great job in organizing people to
+work on Unix and three versions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Unix and three versions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Unix and three versions you know
+Linux and three versions of Unix but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux and three versions of Unix but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux and three versions of Unix but on
+the other hand you know this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you know this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you know this the
+software isn't very Innovative you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software isn't very Innovative you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software isn't very Innovative you know
+they they just Implement you know 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just Implement you know 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just Implement you know 60
+versions of the mail pram you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the mail pram you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the mail pram you know the
+Unix interface hasn't changed since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix interface hasn't changed since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unix interface hasn't changed since the
+1960s pretty much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s pretty much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s pretty much so
+you know it's everybody still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's everybody still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's everybody still
+programming on Terminal windows so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on Terminal windows so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on Terminal windows so I
+think it's crowdsourcing is mainly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's crowdsourcing is mainly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's crowdsourcing is mainly good
+for projects that are labor intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for projects that are labor intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for projects that are labor intensive
+but I think AI needs you know individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think AI needs you know individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think AI needs you know individual
+creativity more it's like McCarthy said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity more it's like McCarthy said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity more it's like McCarthy said
+that needs you know 2.3 Einstein and 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs you know 2.3 Einstein and 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs you know 2.3 Einstein and 1.7
+projects uh that you know uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh that you know uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh that you know uh it's
+probably good for the manhatt projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good for the manhatt projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good for the manhatt projects
+but not for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for the
+Young on the other hand given the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young on the other hand given the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young on the other hand given the we
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+movie it might be that the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it might be that the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it might be that the problem of
+getting this code to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this code to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this code to make that
+movie isn't so creative you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie isn't so creative you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie isn't so creative you could you
+could see you could find out start it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see you could find out start it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see you could find out start it up
+and see where it gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see where it gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see where it gets stuck
+and it's worth possibility is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth possibility is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth possibility is if you
+have something along the lines of wat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something along the lines of wat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something along the lines of wat
+that incorporates lots and lots of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates lots and lots of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates lots and lots of small
+programs you can have people contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs you can have people contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs you can have people contribute
+small programs they're good or bad this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small programs they're good or bad this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small programs they're good or bad this
+hasn't been figured out in the more well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been figured out in the more well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been figured out in the more well
+in some sense Watson was crowdsourced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense Watson was crowdsourced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense Watson was crowdsourced
+because you know it wasn't only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it wasn't only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it wasn't only
+developed by that IBM group that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by that IBM group that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by that IBM group that they
+had lots of collaborators in uh isi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lots of collaborators in uh isi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lots of collaborators in uh isi and
+CMU and other places and they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU and other places and they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU and other places and they they they
+crowdsourced them by giving them little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsourced them by giving them little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdsourced them by giving them little
+research grants to integrate their part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research grants to integrate their part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research grants to integrate their part
+of the research into Watson I see so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research into Watson I see so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research into Watson I see so I
+think you could argue that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could argue that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could argue that that that
+actually was crowdsourced another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was crowdsourced another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was crowdsourced another thing
+we haven't tried is called throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't tried is called throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't tried is called throwing
+money at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at it
+right if we suppose we got $5,000 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we suppose we got $5,000 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we suppose we got $5,000 or
+1,000 and told some programmer can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 and told some programmer can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 and told some programmer can you
+get this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work well if you have put enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well if you have put enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well if you have put enough
+descriptions of of various small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of of various small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of of various small
+programs that you can use for problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that you can use for problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that you can use for problem
+solving then um I think that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving then um I think that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving then um I think that part of the
+problem with creativity be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with creativity be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with creativity be solved
+because some parts or programs would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some parts or programs would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some parts or programs would be
+more stupid and as long as you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stupid and as long as you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stupid and as long as you have a
+good description of what that program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what that program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what that program is
+doing then you would have some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing then you would have some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing then you would have some really
+creative program that's that might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative program that's that might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative program that's that might use
+those stupid programs part of but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stupid programs part of but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stupid programs part of but you
+part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning but you don't so many if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but you don't so many if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but you don't so many if you
+organiz yeah I just labeled World of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz yeah I just labeled World of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz yeah I just labeled World of
+Warcraft 10 leak it on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warcraft 10 leak it on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warcraft 10 leak it on the internet
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grandson was suspended from Warcraft for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandson was suspended from Warcraft for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandson was suspended from Warcraft for
+three weeks because he hacked the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks because he hacked the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks because he hacked the thing
+to get a higher priority on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something I think he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think he was
+not do you know how old he was har yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you know how old he was har yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you know how old he was har yeah
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+miles no I think he was about 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles no I think he was about 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles no I think he was about 10 or
+12 and he had actually managed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and he had actually managed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and he had actually managed to get
+into the thing and get instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+service he was very proud of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service he was very proud of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service he was very proud of being
+banned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give
+up any any last request or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea thanks for coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AUBkR1-8fLY.txt b/AUBkR1-8fLY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8cbbe0dff1aa12f440963fbe22508910fa9da54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AUBkR1-8fLY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8264 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so
+today it's sort of my favorite topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's sort of my favorite topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's sort of my favorite topic
+Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think the main point I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the main point I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the main point I'm going to
+be making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making is
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+Dynamics to explore what's in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to explore what's in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics to explore what's in an
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+hamiltonian we don't observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we don't observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we don't observe
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+directly and that's sort of the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and that's sort of the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and that's sort of the nature
+of the game for frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game for frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game for frequency domain
+spectroscopy you measure a spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you measure a spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you measure a spectrum and
+you fit it and once you have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit it and once you have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit it and once you have done that
+you have an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an effective
+hamiltonian and once you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and once you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and once you have an
+effective hamiltonian you often don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian you often don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian you often don't
+know what's in it it's a fit model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's in it it's a fit model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's in it it's a fit model it
+can tell you a lot about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you a lot about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you a lot about what the
+molecule is actually doing it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is actually doing it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is actually doing it takes the
+ingredients you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients you put into
+it and uh transforms them into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh transforms them into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh transforms them into something
+more than you knew initially what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you knew initially what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you knew initially what is an
+effective hamiltonian it's a zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian it's a zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonian it's a zero order
+model and it's some couplings now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's some couplings now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's some couplings now there
+are many possible zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many possible zero order
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+and uh the nice thing about an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the nice thing about an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the nice thing about an effective
+hamiltonian is that it provides a fit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is that it provides a fit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is that it provides a fit to
+observations to the Spectrum it accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to the Spectrum it accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to the Spectrum it accounts
+for Everything You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Everything You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Everything You
+observe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe and
+uh and that's all you ask of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's all you ask of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's all you ask of it but
+then you've got this thing and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got this thing and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got this thing and uh it
+might be able to tell you about ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to tell you about ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to tell you about ways to
+De to design clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De to design clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De to design clever
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+controlling uh or Vis controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling uh or Vis controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling uh or Vis controlling the
+Dynamics of the system or visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system or visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system or visualizing
+what's going on observing the emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on observing the emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on observing the emergence
+of qualitatively new classes of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitatively new classes of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitatively new classes of motion
+in the molecule and it's really a to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the molecule and it's really a to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the molecule and it's really a to me
+an amazing thing that a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing thing that a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing thing that a stupid
+model can uh convey deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can uh convey deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can uh convey deep
+insights that uh were not explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that uh were not explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights that uh were not explicitly
+sought when you create constructed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought when you create constructed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought when you create constructed the
+model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and
+so what I'm going to do is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is really an
+unconventional lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconventional lecture
+because uh most of the the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh most of the the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh most of the the time when
+people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about
+Dynamics the Dynamics are the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the Dynamics are the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the Dynamics are the thing that
+uh one measures or it's the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one measures or it's the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one measures or it's the end point
+rather than uh rather than a byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than uh rather than a byproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than uh rather than a byproduct
+of what we do in the Spectrum and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do in the Spectrum and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do in the Spectrum and so um
+anyway we'll see whether I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll see whether I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we'll see whether I can give you
+some surprising insights okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surprising insights okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surprising insights okay so what
+I'm going to do is just on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is just on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is just on the first
+page of the notes is kind of an outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the notes is kind of an outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of the notes is kind of an outline
+of all of the things that I plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the things that I plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the things that I plan to
+touch on and let's uh uh and let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on and let's uh uh and let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on and let's uh uh and let's talk
+through this the first dynamical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this the first dynamical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this the first dynamical example
+is quantum beats because a Quantum beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantum beats because a Quantum beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantum beats because a Quantum beat
+is the first and simplest case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first and simplest case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first and simplest case where you
+have a two-level system and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-level system and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two-level system and it does
+something which is different from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is different from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is different from an
+igen State and there's a lot of insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State and there's a lot of insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State and there's a lot of insights
+from that and the next key thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and the next key thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and the next key thing is to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+the concept of a bright State and a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a bright State and a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a bright State and a dark
+State there is nothing absolute about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State there is nothing absolute about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State there is nothing absolute about
+brightness and darkness it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness and darkness it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness and darkness it depends on
+the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment some of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment some of the most important
+developments in small and medium-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in small and medium-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in small and medium-sized
+molecule spectroscopy come from ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopy come from ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule spectroscopy come from ways in
+which uh people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh people have
+uh cleverly created new classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cleverly created new classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cleverly created new classes of
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+States because uh each class of bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because uh each class of bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because uh each class of bright
+State uh enables a very specific pluck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh enables a very specific pluck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh enables a very specific pluck
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+system and then you can observe how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you can observe how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then you can observe how the
+the pluck uh how the system responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluck uh how the system responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluck uh how the system responds to
+that pluck and that can provide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pluck and that can provide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pluck and that can provide uh
+insights into important coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into important coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights into important coupling
+mechanisms but also can reveal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but also can reveal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms but also can reveal energy
+flow Pathways the the uh occurrence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow Pathways the the uh occurrence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow Pathways the the uh occurrence of
+unexpected things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected things and
+uh uh the experiment that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the experiment that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the experiment that uh
+um well I mean there's several kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I mean there's several kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I mean there's several kinds of
+plucks one kind of pluck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plucks one kind of pluck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plucks one kind of pluck
+involves uh large amplitude local mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh large amplitude local mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves uh large amplitude local mode
+excitations which is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations which is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations which is what people
+initially did in the early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially did in the early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially did in the early days of
+Dynamics when people were trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics when people were trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics when people were trying to do
+bondp specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bondp specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bondp specific
+chemistry and there were all of these R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there were all of these R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there were all of these R
+stretches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches that
+appeared uh in the visible region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared uh in the visible region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared uh in the visible region and
+there was a belief that if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a belief that if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a belief that if you could
+just use those to put a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use those to put a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use those to put a lot of energy
+into a uh a single vibrational mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a uh a single vibrational mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a uh a single vibrational mode and
+that would activate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would activate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would activate the
+molecule for uh chemistry at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for uh chemistry at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for uh chemistry at that
+location and uh uh that went for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and uh uh that went for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and uh uh that went for a long
+way but stretching motions especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but stretching motions especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but stretching motions especially on
+the periphery periphery of a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periphery periphery of a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periphery periphery of a molecule
+are not very strongly coupled into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very strongly coupled into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very strongly coupled into the
+many body dynamics that a molecule can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body dynamics that a molecule can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body dynamics that a molecule can
+undergo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo and
+so I invented stimulated Mission pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invented stimulated Mission pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I invented stimulated Mission pumping
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+enabled uh a bright state that involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled uh a bright state that involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled uh a bright state that involved
+uh large amplitude skeletal modes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large amplitude skeletal modes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large amplitude skeletal modes and uh
+uh instead of just being able to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of just being able to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of just being able to excite
+High overtones of R8 stretches you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High overtones of R8 stretches you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High overtones of R8 stretches you could
+excite several different classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite several different classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite several different classes of
+modes and you could even know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and you could even know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and you could even know what the
+nature of that was initially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that was initially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that was initially because
+it's governed by the Frank Comon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's governed by the Frank Comon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's governed by the Frank Comon
+principle Brooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Brooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Brooks
+Pate uh had a kind of pluck that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pate uh had a kind of pluck that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pate uh had a kind of pluck that had to
+do with knowing the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with knowing the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with knowing the rotational constant
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+isomers and so by uh look look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers and so by uh look look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomers and so by uh look look at the
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+Spectrum in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in the uh
+uh region of the rotational constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh region of the rotational constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh region of the rotational constants
+for different uh isomers he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different uh isomers he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different uh isomers he's
+visualizing different part you he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing different part you he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing different part you he he
+separates one isomer from another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates one isomer from another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates one isomer from another and
+that's really to me a mind-blowing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really to me a mind-blowing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really to me a mind-blowing uh
+sort of pluck okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the concept of bright and dark States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concept of bright and dark States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concept of bright and dark States
+is going to be really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be really important
+then there's another issue and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another issue and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another issue and that is
+non-radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radiative
+Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay
+um there was around the time that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was around the time that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was around the time that I was
+starting my scientific career there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting my scientific career there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting my scientific career there was
+an enormous dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous dispute
+about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what
+do uh polyatomic molecules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh polyatomic molecules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh polyatomic molecules that are
+electronically excited do they uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited do they uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited do they uh you
+you know you've exed a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've exed a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've exed a certain number of
+them with by AB when you absorb photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with by AB when you absorb photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with by AB when you absorb photons
+and when you do that you expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you expect a
+certain number of photons out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of photons out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of photons out and you
+also expect a certain Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect a certain Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also expect a certain Decay
+rate and molecules seemed to Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and molecules seemed to Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and molecules seemed to Decay
+faster than you expected and the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you expected and the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you expected and the quantum
+yields were very small and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields were very small and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields were very small and there was a
+huge controversy about what is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge controversy about what is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge controversy about what is what is
+the reason for this and one uh the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this and one uh the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this and one uh the best
+thing that people could come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was that polyatomic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that polyatomic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that polyatomic molecules
+electronically excited are exceptionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited are exceptionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically excited are exceptionally
+sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+quenching and all of these issues these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching and all of these issues these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching and all of these issues these
+photochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical
+issues uh could be resolved simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh could be resolved simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh could be resolved simply by
+going to lower low enough pressure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower low enough pressure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower low enough pressure that
+eventually would get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually would get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually would get out of the
+quenching regime and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching regime and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching regime and all of these
+anomalies would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies would be
+resolved and that turns out to be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and that turns out to be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and that turns out to be wrong
+but the people who believed in quenching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people who believed in quenching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people who believed in quenching
+collisional quenching were exceedingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional quenching were exceedingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional quenching were exceedingly
+resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant
+because if if there's this idea that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if if there's this idea that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if if there's this idea that a
+molecule is exceptionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is exceptionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is exceptionally
+sensitive well then you can never Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive well then you can never Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive well then you can never Pro
+you're wrong because you could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong because you could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong because you could just say
+well it's more sensitive and you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's more sensitive and you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's more sensitive and you haven't
+gone to low enough pressure and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to low enough pressure and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to low enough pressure and as you
+go to low lower and lower pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to low lower and lower pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to low lower and lower pressure
+signal goes away and so one needed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes away and so one needed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes away and so one needed an
+answer to this an explanation that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this an explanation that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this an explanation that says
+we can account for these phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can account for these phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can account for these phenomena and
+that's Bix and Jord Theory and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Bix and Jord Theory and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Bix and Jord Theory and we'll
+talk about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit um maybe I should just launch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um maybe I should just launch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um maybe I should just launch into
+the actual discussion rather than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual discussion rather than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual discussion rather than uh
+talking through the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking through the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking through the outline
+so so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's talk
+about here we have some igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here we have some igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here we have some igen
+State and uh an igen state is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and uh an igen state is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and uh an igen state is stationary
+we I've said this many many times it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I've said this many many times it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I've said this many many times it
+does not Decay and uh uh so we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not Decay and uh uh so we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not Decay and uh uh so we could say
+that we have a a solution to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a a solution to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a a solution to the time
+dependent Sher equation which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent Sher equation which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent Sher equation which is really
+the only equation there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only equation there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only equation there is that
+corresponds to a single vibrationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a single vibrationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a single vibrationally
+pure State and so that would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure State and so that would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure State and so that would then be
+just the vibrationally pure state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this exponential Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this exponential Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this exponential Factor
+but we can ask well is this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can ask well is this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can ask well is this going to
+Decay well the way you ask that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay well the way you ask that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay well the way you ask that is you
+just calculate the uh the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the uh the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the uh the probability of
+finding the system in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state and uh so what you end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and uh so what you end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and uh so what you end up getting
+is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the original
+state and this means take the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and this means take the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and this means take the complex
+conjugate this means integrate over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate this means integrate over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate this means integrate over all
+coordinates and so the time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so the time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and so the time dependence
+is going is gone away and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going is gone away and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going is gone away and so the
+probability of finding the system in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the system in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the system in an
+igen State even if you do time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State even if you do time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen State even if you do time dependent
+quantum mechanics is one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is one it's
+independent of time um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh does it move well one way of asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does it move well one way of asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does it move well one way of asking
+if it moves you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it moves you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it moves you just take the
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacement and uh so if it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and uh so if it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and uh so if it's a single
+I single vibrational ion State well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I single vibrational ion State well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I single vibrational ion State well then
+uh this thing has a selection rule Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing has a selection rule Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this thing has a selection rule Delta
+V of plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of plus and minus
+one and so not only does the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so not only does the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so not only does the time
+dependence go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence go
+away but uh this thing results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but uh this thing results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but uh this thing results in
+zero it if you're asking is there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it if you're asking is there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it if you're asking is there if you
+had a pure vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a pure vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a pure vibrational
+State time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State time
+dependent uh is there motion well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh is there motion well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent uh is there motion well not
+only is there no motion the system is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is there no motion the system is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is there no motion the system is at
+uh has an expectation value of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an expectation value of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an expectation value of position
+of zero well why is that it's a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero well why is that it's a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero well why is that it's a harmonic
+oscillator it's in a symmetric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator it's in a symmetric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator it's in a symmetric potential
+symmetric about zero of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about zero of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about zero of course the
+average position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position is
+zero well suppose it's not in a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well suppose it's not in a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well suppose it's not in a pure
+vibrational I State suppose it's in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational I State suppose it's in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational I State suppose it's in a a
+state which is a mixture of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is a mixture of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is a mixture of two
+vibrational levels so we could say s j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels so we could say s j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels so we could say s j
+is a little bit of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of s
+v u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u
+5V uh + 1 - alpha s square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5V uh + 1 - alpha s square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5V uh + 1 - alpha s square root
+V +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 okay well if we do this these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay well if we do this these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay well if we do this these are not
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+vibrational uh I vibrational basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh I vibrational basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational uh I vibrational basis
+States we have nice selection rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we have nice selection rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we have nice selection rules of
+the coordinate operator for these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate operator for these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate operator for these things
+we can write the time dependent wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the time dependent wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the time dependent wave
+function and when we evaluate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when we evaluate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when we evaluate what
+happens we find that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we find that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we find that uh um
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the expectation value of the
+coordinate is not equal to zero but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is not equal to zero but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is not equal to zero but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+moving now that's telling you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving now that's telling you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving now that's telling you that we
+can create a wave packet in any position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a wave packet in any position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a wave packet in any position
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+uh by making a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by making a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by making a linear combination of
+zero order vibrational States but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we don't get motion unless we make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't get motion unless we make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't get motion unless we make uh
+make a superposition of igen States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a superposition of igen States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a superposition of igen States as
+opposed to a superposition of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a superposition of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a superposition of basis
+functions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Quantum beats suppose you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Quantum beats suppose you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Quantum beats suppose you have a a
+three system like this and you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three system like this and you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three system like this and you have a a
+short pulse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulse of
+radiation the foe transform limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the foe transform limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the foe transform limit of the
+short pulse is sufficiently Broad as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulse is sufficiently Broad as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulse is sufficiently Broad as to
+overlap the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so now you
+have and let's say one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and let's say one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and let's say one of
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are two igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two igen
+states but they could have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but they could have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but they could have come
+from uh two zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh two zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh two zero order
+States uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh that that
+interacted and repel each other so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted and repel each other so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted and repel each other so this
+is uh let's say this is fi bright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's say this is fi bright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's say this is fi bright and
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+fi dark and there's some coupling Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi dark and there's some coupling Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi dark and there's some coupling Matrix
+element between them giving to give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between them giving to give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element between them giving to give rise
+to two igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two igen
+states so what that just means is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so what that just means is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so what that just means is we
+have a bright state which has an allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bright state which has an allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bright state which has an allowed
+transition from the initial State and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial State and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial State and we
+have a dark state that has a forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dark state that has a forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dark state that has a forbidden
+transition from the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the initial
+State this is all very familiar but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is all very familiar but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is all very familiar but I
+think it you know it's it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it you know it's it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it you know it's it's important to
+view this in a in a a picture of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this in a in a a picture of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this in a in a a picture of of
+increasing complexity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing complexity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing complexity so
+if the nature of the experiment is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the nature of the experiment is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the nature of the experiment is a
+short uh uh time pluck you pluck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh uh time pluck you pluck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short uh uh time pluck you pluck the
+bright state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so what you make at T equals z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what you make at T equals z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what you make at T equals z is the
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+state which is not an IG State it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is not an IG State it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which is not an IG State it's
+expressed as a linear combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of two
+igen states and uh uh what did I yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states and uh uh what did I yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen states and uh uh what did I yes so
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so if we constru our experiment PLU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if we constru our experiment PLU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if we constru our experiment PLU
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system exploiting a particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system exploiting a particular state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system exploiting a particular state
+which we have decided as bright and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have decided as bright and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have decided as bright and we
+have to express that as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to express that as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to express that as a linear
+combination of igen states and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of igen states and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of igen states and then we
+know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what
+s of T is so s of T is going to be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of T is so s of T is going to be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of T is so s of T is going to be alpha
+s j e to the minus I EJ T over h plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s j e to the minus I EJ T over h plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s j e to the minus I EJ T over h plus 1
+- Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Alpha
+2 uh s k e minus i e k e over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh s k e minus i e k e over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh s k e minus i e k e over H
+bar and so now we have a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so now we have a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so now we have a wave function
+which has two different times evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has two different times evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has two different times evolving
+factors and if we ask well what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density so if we ask the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if we ask the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if we ask the probability
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+uh no integration we're going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no integration we're going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no integration we're going to get an
+alpha squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha squar
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+time I j^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I j^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I j^
+2 and we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we'll have
+a 1 - Alpha 2 Factor time S k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 - Alpha 2 Factor time S k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 - Alpha 2 Factor time S k^
+2 and then we'll have some cross terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we'll have some cross terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then we'll have some cross terms
+and as long as uh we're not integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as uh we're not integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as uh we're not integrating
+over uh coordinates the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh coordinates the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh coordinates the fact that this
+and this are different IG states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this are different IG states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this are different IG states that
+are necessarily orthogonal there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessarily orthogonal there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessarily orthogonal there will be
+something that survives and so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that survives and so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that survives and so we'll get
+two because we have two different cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because we have two different cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because we have two different cross
+terms um and uh well actually I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and uh well actually I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and uh well actually I don't
+want to write it that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so
+um we have a a complex conjugate of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a a complex conjugate of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a a complex conjugate of this
+and so we'll have Alpha star i j star e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have Alpha star i j star e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have Alpha star i j star e
+to the uh plus I EJ T over H bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh plus I EJ T over H bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh plus I EJ T over H bar and
+then a one - Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a one - Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a one - Alpha
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+U square root S K star and now overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U square root S K star and now overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U square root S K star and now overall
+we have the uh i e j minus E K T over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar oops no complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar oops no complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar oops no complex conjugate
+here and then we have the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have the other term
+which is the complex conjugate of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the complex conjugate of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the complex conjugate of that
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so we do a little algebra here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do a little algebra here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do a little algebra here and we
+what we can do is we can separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can separate the
+sum of these two terms into a real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two terms into a real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these two terms into a real and
+an imaginary part and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we end up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we end up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we end up just
+getting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this problem we we get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem we we get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem we we get uh
+some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant
+Stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuff
+Plus twice the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus twice the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus twice the real part
+of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha
+star 1 - Alpha squar square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root s j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root s j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root s j
+star k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cosine Omega KJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Omega KJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine Omega KJ
+T minus or plus + 2 * the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus or plus + 2 * the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus or plus + 2 * the imaginary part
+of the same thing times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same thing times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same thing times
+s Omega K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JT so we get motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this probability density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this probability density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this probability density is a
+complicated thing it's it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing it's it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing it's it's a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+coordinate uh it's got a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh it's got a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh it's got a constant
+function of coordinates then it's got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinates then it's got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinates then it's got uh
+the function of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the coordinates
+multiplied by two different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two different time
+dependent factors now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent factors now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent factors now uh
+often uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh we have a
+hamiltonian uh which enables us to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh which enables us to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh which enables us to say
+everything is real so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is real so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is real so there is no
+imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+part but often the nature of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but often the nature of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but often the nature of the problem
+when there isn't just a single bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there isn't just a single bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there isn't just a single bright
+state but there's say two bright States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but there's say two bright States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but there's say two bright States
+or several partially bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or several partially bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or several partially bright
+States uh there there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh there there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh there there's many
+possibilities for or uh what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for or uh what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for or uh what these
+mixing coefficients can be okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients can be okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients can be okay so we've
+been talking about this quantity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this quantity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about this quantity but
+what about the quantity of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the quantity of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the quantity of what is the
+probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+system in the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State okay so this is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay so this is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State okay so this is a probability
+density it's a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it's a function of time and
+position this is going to be simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is going to be simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is going to be simply a
+function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+and so that involves calculating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that involves calculating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that involves calculating a
+different quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantity which
+is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh
+probability so we have the time evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so we have the time evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so we have the time evolving
+wave function and we have the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and we have the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and we have the initial
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+State and uh so this is what this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and uh so this is what this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and uh so this is what this symbol
+means it says what is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it says what is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it says what is the probability of
+the time evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time evolving
+State overlapping with the zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State overlapping with the zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State overlapping with the zero order
+bright State and we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State and we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State and we know that this is
+going to start at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at one
+and it's going to oscillate and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to oscillate and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to oscillate and so we
+can calculate that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate that and uh
+um so um and uh well so a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um and uh well so a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um and uh well so a trivial
+calculation gives uh that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation gives uh that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation gives uh that this
+is going to I don't want to write all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to I don't want to write all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to I don't want to write all
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+um well let's do it anyway one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's do it anyway one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's do it anyway one plus
+Twice The Mixing coefficients of the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twice The Mixing coefficients of the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twice The Mixing coefficients of the 4th
+power minus 2 * the mixing coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power minus 2 * the mixing coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power minus 2 * the mixing coefficient
+squared so that's the time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's the time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's the time independent
+factor and then we have the cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then we have the cross term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then we have the cross term
+which is 2 Alpha 2 1- Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 Alpha 2 1- Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 Alpha 2 1- Alpha
+2 cine Omega k j of T so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cine Omega k j of T so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cine Omega k j of T so the probability
+the time evolving probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time evolving probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time evolving probability of this
+Quantum beating system is is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum beating system is is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum beating system is is uh a
+constant term and an oscillatory term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term and an oscillatory term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term and an oscillatory term
+now it's a probability so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a probability so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a probability so what do we
+know about probabilities one they're NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about probabilities one they're NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about probabilities one they're NE
+never negative two they're real they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never negative two they're real they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never negative two they're real they're
+never greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never greater than
+one and so this thing ought to behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this thing ought to behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so this thing ought to behave in
+such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that
+uh uh the this oscillate somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the this oscillate somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the this oscillate somewhere
+between zero and one and it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and it has this
+this periodicity which is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodicity which is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodicity which is determined by
+the separation between the two zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between the two zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation between the two zero
+order two igen states that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two igen states that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two igen states that are present
+in the bright State okay well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bright State okay well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bright State okay well I'm going
+to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an
+assertion the modulation depth of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion the modulation depth of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion the modulation depth of this
+thing is greatest when Alpha is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is greatest when Alpha is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is greatest when Alpha is equal to
+plus or minus 1 or squ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two when that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when that's true
+uh this what what we get is 12 * 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this what what we get is 12 * 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this what what we get is 12 * 1 +
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Omega k j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega k j
+t and this in fact oscillates between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and this in fact oscillates between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and this in fact oscillates between 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one and at T equals 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at T equals 0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at T equals 0 it's
+one and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh
+um the you can figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you can figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you can figure out what the
+period of this is and so it returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this is and so it returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this is and so it returns to
+one uh at every period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh at every period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh at every period of the
+oscillation at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation at Omega
+KJ and uh and so this leads to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ and uh and so this leads to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ and uh and so this leads to the idea
+of population Quantum beats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population Quantum beats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population Quantum beats or
+so Quantum beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Quantum beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Quantum beats
+um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we
+have a bright State and a dark State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bright State and a dark State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bright State and a dark State
+well then this looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then this looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then this looks like the
+system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+periodically uh it starts out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically uh it starts out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically uh it starts out in the
+bright State because we know that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State because we know that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright State because we know that's what
+we plucked it leaves the bright State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plucked it leaves the bright State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plucked it leaves the bright State
+and it comes back and so we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes back and so we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes back and so we have what's
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population Quantum
+beets and if it's a bright State you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beets and if it's a bright State you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beets and if it's a bright State you've
+excited this Quantum beating system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited this Quantum beating system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited this Quantum beating system it's
+going to flues and the fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flues and the fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flues and the fluoresence
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+be decreasing exponentially but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decreasing exponentially but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be decreasing exponentially but it's
+going to have superimposed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have superimposed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have superimposed on the
+exponential decay it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay it's going to have
+whoops it's going to have 100% Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+so um and no matter how you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and no matter how you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and no matter how you look at this
+if you excite a bright State you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you excite a bright State you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you excite a bright State you you can
+look at the fluoresence from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fluoresence from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the fluoresence from any
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+and by choosing some direction and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by choosing some direction and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by choosing some direction and some
+polarization nothing changes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization nothing changes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization nothing changes you have
+100% amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% amplitude
+beats uh um and uh but then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats uh um and uh but then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats uh um and uh but then there's
+another thing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization Quantum beats I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization Quantum beats I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization Quantum beats I mean
+suppose you have say m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have say m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have say m equals
+zero and you have uh uh you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you have uh uh you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you have uh uh you use
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+polarization and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and you
+excite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh
+to M =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M =
+minus1 and M equal + one so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and M equal + one so suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and M equal + one so suppose you
+had X or Y polarization well then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X or Y polarization well then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had X or Y polarization well then a
+pulse could produce two levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse could produce two levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse could produce two levels of
+different m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so then depending on how you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then depending on how you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then depending on how you look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fluorescence uh in what direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence uh in what direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence uh in what direction with
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+polarization you will see beats always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you will see beats always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization you will see beats always
+at the same frequency but the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency but the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency but the amplitude
+of the the uh the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh the amplitude of the
+modulation will depend on uh uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation will depend on uh uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation will depend on uh uh what
+polarization State you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization State you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization State you're looking
+at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and
+so uh what happens is for polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what happens is for polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what happens is for polarization
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+beats um the angular distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats um the angular distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats um the angular distribution of the
+fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence
+uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not
+isotropic the total intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic the total intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic the total intensity of the
+fluoresence as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence as a function of time
+is uh simple exponential but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh simple exponential but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh simple exponential but because
+you've excited the sample an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've excited the sample an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've excited the sample an
+isotropically it's a beacon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically it's a beacon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically it's a beacon that's
+rotating and you're seeing how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and you're seeing how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and you're seeing how this
+thing is moving so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is moving so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is moving so there's
+there's this simple idea that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this simple idea that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this simple idea that came from
+some of the earliest time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest time dependent
+experiments where one observed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where one observed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where one observed two
+classes of quantum beat one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of quantum beat one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of quantum beat one where the
+fluoresence was turning on and off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence was turning on and off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence was turning on and off the
+other where the fluoresence was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other where the fluoresence was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other where the fluoresence was moving
+around in a in a complicated angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in a in a complicated angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in a in a complicated angular
+way and uh a lot of a lot was learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh a lot of a lot was learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh a lot of a lot was learned
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so so I've been talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so so I've been talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so so I've been talking about a
+Quantum beating system where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum beating system where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum beating system where we have
+have two states one state does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states one state does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states one state does not
+radiate now uh it does not radiate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate now uh it does not radiate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate now uh it does not radiate at
+all as opposed to it does not radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as opposed to it does not radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as opposed to it does not radiate
+into your detector I mean you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your detector I mean you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your detector I mean you could have
+a detector which is sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detector which is sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a detector which is sensitive to
+radiation from one of the igen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from one of the igen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from one of the igen states
+and not from the other as opposed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from the other as opposed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from the other as opposed to uh
+a system where the there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system where the there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system where the there is no
+fluorescence from one of the two state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from one of the two state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from one of the two state
+two zero order States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero order States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero order States
+because let's say it's a singlet and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say it's a singlet and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because let's say it's a singlet and a
+triplet and the triplet has a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and the triplet has a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and the triplet has a long
+Lifetime and the singlet has a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and the singlet has a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and the singlet has a short
+Lifetime and so to a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and so to a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and so to a good approximation
+one radiates the other one doesn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one radiates the other one doesn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one radiates the other one doesn't and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you
+knew the radiative Decay rates for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the radiative Decay rates for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the radiative Decay rates for the
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+State and the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States what would you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what would you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what would you see in the
+fluoresence What would would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence What would would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence What would would be the
+modulation depth what would be the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation depth what would be the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation depth what would be the uh
+decay of the uh the non-beating part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the uh the non-beating part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the uh the non-beating part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fluorescence and what would be the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and what would be the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence and what would be the Decay
+rate of the uh uh beat so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the uh uh beat so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the uh uh beat so you can
+express everything in terms of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express everything in terms of the uh
+two-level problem and the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem and the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem and the properties of
+these two zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and I don't recommend I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and I don't recommend I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and I don't recommend I'm not
+going to require you to hand this in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require you to hand this in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require you to hand this in but
+I do recommend that you explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do recommend that you explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do recommend that you explore this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh there's going to be something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to be something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's going to be something about
+the decay of the non-beating part which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay of the non-beating part which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decay of the non-beating part which
+is built from these the lifetimes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built from these the lifetimes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built from these the lifetimes of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+states and there's going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and there's going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and there's going to be something
+about the decay of the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the decay of the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the decay of the quantum
+beating uh uh part of the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating uh uh part of the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating uh uh part of the system the
+fluoresence which is built from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence which is built from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence which is built from these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+lifetimes and you have an overdetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes and you have an overdetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes and you have an overdetermined
+system that if you know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that if you know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that if you know something about
+the um it's really two levels one bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um it's really two levels one bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um it's really two levels one bright
+one dark uh um you should be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dark uh um you should be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dark uh um you should be able to to
+develop a relationship between the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a relationship between the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a relationship between the decay
+of the beat and the decay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+non-beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-beat
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean you could also do a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could also do a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could also do a problem where
+you have two bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two bright
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+one they both radiate at different rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they both radiate at different rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they both radiate at different rates
+but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one
+radiates uh at a at a uh in a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates uh at a at a uh in a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates uh at a at a uh in a wavelength
+region that your detector sees and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that your detector sees and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that your detector sees and one
+radiates in a wavelength region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates in a wavelength region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates in a wavelength region the
+detector doesn't see and again how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector doesn't see and again how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector doesn't see and again how would
+that uh translate into the observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh translate into the observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh translate into the observable
+decays of the non-beat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays of the non-beat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays of the non-beat and
+beat okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat okay so
+now non-radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Decay and as I said the 1960s were was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and as I said the 1960s were was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and as I said the 1960s were was a
+period where people were fighting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where people were fighting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where people were fighting about
+non-r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-r
+Decay so thermodynamically you can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay so thermodynamically you can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay so thermodynamically you can know
+the energy at which a molecule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy at which a molecule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy at which a molecule a
+polyatomic molecule will break either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule will break either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule will break either by
+dissociating or by ionizing and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociating or by ionizing and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociating or by ionizing and so if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+excite from the ground state to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from the ground state to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from the ground state to some
+excited state and up here is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and up here is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and up here is the lowest
+fragmentation Channel either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation Channel either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation Channel either
+dissociation or ionization so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation or ionization so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation or ionization so if you
+excite from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite from here to
+here you know you're making something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know you're making something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know you're making something
+that isn't going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't going to go
+away and uh uh you also know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and uh uh you also know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and uh uh you also know that you
+can measure the absorption coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the absorption coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the absorption coefficient
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+transition and people did that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and people did that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and people did that a
+lot up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot up
+until well people continue to do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until well people continue to do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until well people continue to do it but
+it was it was one of the standard things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was one of the standard things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was one of the standard things
+you could do and so you did it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do and so you did it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do and so you did it because
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+and so up until the the mid-60s there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so up until the the mid-60s there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so up until the the mid-60s there
+were an awful lot of measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an awful lot of measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an awful lot of measurements of
+absolute absorption coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute absorption coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute absorption coefficients for
+polyatomic molecules and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecules and there's a
+simple theory that relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theory that relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theory that relates the
+absorption coefficient which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient which is an
+Einstein B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein B
+coefficient to the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient to the Decay
+rate which is an i' say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is an i' say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is an i' say a
+coefficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and
+uh one can do the theory well enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can do the theory well enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can do the theory well enough so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if you know what the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what the absorption
+coefficient is and you know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is and you know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is and you know that this
+thing can only radiate to uh levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can only radiate to uh levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can only radiate to uh levels that
+you have understood then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have understood then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have understood then you can
+calculate what it's uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it's uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what it's uh what the
+radiative lifetime will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative lifetime will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative lifetime will
+be and there isn't any any slop about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there isn't any any slop about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there isn't any any slop about
+that and if you know what the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you know what the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if you know what the absorption
+coefficient is and you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is and you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is and you know what the
+pressure is you know how many molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is you know how many molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is you know how many molecules
+you've excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've excited
+so you can measure the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can measure the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can measure the fluorescence
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+yield and you can do it the absolute way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and you can do it the absolute way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and you can do it the absolute way
+where you can measure the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can measure the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can measure the number of
+photons in and the number of photons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in and the number of photons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in and the number of photons out
+or you can measure it a clever way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can measure it a clever way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can measure it a clever way which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+predicted so you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted so you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted so you can have the
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+radiative Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative Decay
+rate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plus
+total Decay rate this ratio is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Decay rate this ratio is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Decay rate this ratio is the is
+the Quantum yield also so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quantum yield also so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quantum yield also so we have a
+radiative plus non-radiative Decay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative plus non-radiative Decay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative plus non-radiative Decay this
+is radiative plus non-radiative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is radiative plus non-radiative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is radiative plus non-radiative this is
+just one of the two but before people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the two but before people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the two but before people
+admitted there could be a non-radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted there could be a non-radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted there could be a non-radiative
+Decay the only thing people did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay the only thing people did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay the only thing people did was to
+measure photons in photons out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure photons in photons out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure photons in photons out and
+measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured
+lifetimes and what they found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes and what they found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes and what they found was that
+the lifetimes for or the uh the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetimes for or the uh the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetimes for or the uh the Decay
+rate for fluoresence from a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for fluoresence from a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for fluoresence from a polyatomic
+molecule excited uh to a non-fragmenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule excited uh to a non-fragmenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule excited uh to a non-fragmenting
+state was always faster short the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state was always faster short the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state was always faster short the
+lifetime was always shorter than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime was always shorter than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime was always shorter than what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+calculate and the quantum yield was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and the quantum yield was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and the quantum yield was
+always less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than
+one and usually by enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and usually by enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and usually by enormous
+factors and so the question was well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and so the question was well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and so the question was well why
+is this and at that time you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and at that time you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and at that time you know the
+igen state picture was the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen state picture was the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen state picture was the whole story
+and igen State's you know all an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen State's you know all an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen State's you know all an igen
+State can do it's not really an Igan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can do it's not really an Igan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can do it's not really an Igan
+state if it feses but so we fix that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if it feses but so we fix that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if it feses but so we fix that up
+we say Ian states can flues by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Ian states can flues by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Ian states can flues by some
+magic uh but then you know it was A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic uh but then you know it was A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic uh but then you know it was A
+Simple Theory and uh why did this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory and uh why did this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory and uh why did this happen
+and so uh there was a group of people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there was a group of people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there was a group of people of
+whom the person who taught me quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the person who taught me quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom the person who taught me quantum
+mechanics Martin Gutterman was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Martin Gutterman was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics Martin Gutterman was the
+leader believed that this was all due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader believed that this was all due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader believed that this was all due to
+collisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quenching and uh Along came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching and uh Along came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching and uh Along came
+vixon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jord there was a lot there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jord there was a lot there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jord there was a lot there were a lot of
+people and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and there's
+actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clemer all of them made contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clemer all of them made contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clemer all of them made contributions
+the first one was probably Wills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was probably Wills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was probably Wills
+Robinson but the person the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson but the person the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robinson but the person the people who
+got credit for this idea was uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got credit for this idea was uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got credit for this idea was uh were
+Bixon and jortner and what Bixon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bixon and jortner and what Bixon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bixon and jortner and what Bixon and
+jortner said is let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalize on uh Quantum beats suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize on uh Quantum beats suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize on uh Quantum beats suppose
+you have a bright state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bright state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bright state
+and you have a dense manifold of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a dense manifold of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a dense manifold of dark
+States not one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States not one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States not one but
+many and in order there this was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and in order there this was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and in order there this was before
+we had good computers e also so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had good computers e also so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had good computers e also so it was
+necessary to write this problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to write this problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to write this problem in a
+form where you could solve it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where you could solve it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where you could solve it exactly
+without using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without using a
+computer and so what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and so what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and so what they did is they
+said okay we have a dense manifold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we have a dense manifold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we have a dense manifold of
+dark States equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark States equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark States equally
+spaced and they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and they all have the same
+coupling Matrix element with the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Matrix element with the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Matrix element with the bright
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+this is an exactly soluble toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exactly soluble toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exactly soluble toy
+problem and uh so one can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh so one can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh so one can then
+uh uh distribute the bright character so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh distribute the bright character so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh distribute the bright character so
+you get a new manifold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new manifold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new manifold of
+States where there's one more one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States where there's one more one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States where there's one more one more
+State than than dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State than than dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State than than dark
+states and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and their
+bright uh character is distributed in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright uh character is distributed in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright uh character is distributed in in
+a lorenzian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and uh so if you were to excite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh so if you were to excite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and uh so if you were to excite it
+with a short pulse you would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short pulse you would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short pulse you would make a
+coherent superposition of many igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent superposition of many igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent superposition of many igen
+states so many igen states well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so many igen states well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so many igen states well they're
+they're so densely packed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so densely packed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so densely packed that this
+would be have this would have Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be have this would have Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be have this would have Quantum
+beats but the density of States was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats but the density of States was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats but the density of States was so
+high that the quantum beats would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that the quantum beats would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that the quantum beats would be at
+a long time compared to the radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time compared to the radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time compared to the radiative
+lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+and so you don't see any Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't see any Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't see any Quantum
+beats so what ends up happening is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats so what ends up happening is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats so what ends up happening is you
+create this uh coherent superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this uh coherent superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this uh coherent superposition of
+many zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zero order
+States and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and it
+defaces and that def phasing time means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaces and that def phasing time means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaces and that def phasing time means
+that the brightness has you started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brightness has you started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the brightness has you started out
+phasing up you have a bright State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasing up you have a bright State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasing up you have a bright State the
+brightness goes away it doesn't go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness goes away it doesn't go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness goes away it doesn't go away
+it just def phases and so that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just def phases and so that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just def phases and so that instead
+of having all of your brightness working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having all of your brightness working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having all of your brightness working
+for you you've got you've divided up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you've got you've divided up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you've got you've divided up
+into many little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many little
+pieces and so each of these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so each of these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and so each of these states
+decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays
+slowly uh and but that's going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly uh and but that's going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly uh and but that's going in the
+wrong direction because we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction because we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction because we want the
+lifetime the lifetime to be short but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime the lifetime to be short but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime the lifetime to be short but
+the brightness is distributed over a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brightness is distributed over a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brightness is distributed over a big
+spectral width and we forget the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width and we forget the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width and we forget the fact
+that it's discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's discreet
+and so what ends up happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what ends up happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what ends up happening is that
+the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for a
+transform of uh what you see is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of uh what you see is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of uh what you see is and then
+maybe at at because the levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at at because the levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe at at because the levels are
+closely spaced there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced there's a little bit of
+you know there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a little bit of
+oscillation at long time uh but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation at long time uh but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation at long time uh but mostly
+the fluoresence is you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoresence is you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluoresence is you know the the
+bright character is Def phased before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright character is Def phased before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright character is Def phased before
+you get any kind of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence and this explains so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and this explains so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and this explains so we have
+the uh the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the quantum
+yield is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield is going to be the
+radiative over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative over the
+non-radiative plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radiative plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-radiative plus
+radiative and this explains the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative and this explains the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative and this explains the quantum
+yield number of photons out compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield number of photons out compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield number of photons out compared to
+the number of photons in you it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of photons in you it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of photons in you it's really
+not quite right because all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right because all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right because all of the
+photons will come out but they come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons will come out but they come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons will come out but they come out
+after the molecules hit the wall or left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the molecules hit the wall or left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the molecules hit the wall or left
+the field of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of view and
+so you've uh uh they explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've uh uh they explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've uh uh they explained
+everything and they explained it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and they explained it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and they explained it in the
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's another way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's another way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's another way of dealing with
+uh problems like this I Bixon and Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems like this I Bixon and Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems like this I Bixon and Jordan
+said we had a bright State and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we had a bright State and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we had a bright State and we had a
+dense manifold of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States you can treat this in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you can treat this in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you can treat this in a different
+way you can say we have two states we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can say we have two states we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can say we have two states we
+have uh a state that is uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a state that is uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a state that is uh I'm going to
+draw the the width like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the the width like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the the width like
+this we have two states one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two states one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two states one
+sharp one Broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp one Broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp one Broad
+and we have instead of a many level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have instead of a many level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have instead of a many level
+problem we have a two-l problem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have a two-l problem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have a two-l problem we have
+a hamiltonian that involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian that involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian that involves the
+interaction between two states that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two states that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between two states that have
+each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have
+width that one does this by making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width that one does this by making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width that one does this by making the
+hamiltonian have complex diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian have complex diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian have complex diagonal
+elements so what you say is uh well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so what you say is uh well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so what you say is uh well you
+know that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the uh
+uh decay of an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decay of an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decay of an igen
+State uh is given by uh or the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh is given by uh or the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh is given by uh or the the time
+dependence is eus i h i i t over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is eus i h i i t over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is eus i h i i t over H bar
+so in the diagonal representation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the diagonal representation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the diagonal representation this
+is just uh the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh the diagonal
+energy uh and uh so this is not decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and uh so this is not decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and uh so this is not decaying
+this is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if we say hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we say hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we say hi
+II is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II is
+e0i or E EI uh minus I gamma I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 then I switched from I to J sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then I switched from I to J sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then I switched from I to J sorry
+about that um j j j j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um j j j j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um j j j j
+j um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j um
+then what you find is s star J of t s j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you find is s star J of t s j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you find is s star J of t s j
+t becomes S j^ 2 e minus gamma T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R be because you have made the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R be because you have made the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R be because you have made the energy
+complex and this exponential Factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and this exponential Factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and this exponential Factor here
+has an i in front front of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an i in front front of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an i in front front of it this
+one does the usual thing when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does the usual thing when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does the usual thing when you take
+the comp complex conjugate and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp complex conjugate and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp complex conjugate and so when
+you take the uh Square modulus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the uh Square modulus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the uh Square modulus the
+energy factors cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy factors cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy factors cancel
+out but uh this cancels the I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but uh this cancels the I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but uh this cancels the I and
+converts an exponential Factor an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts an exponential Factor an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts an exponential Factor an
+oscillating exponential to a decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating exponential to a decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating exponential to a decaying
+exponential and so and the factor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so and the factor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so and the factor you
+have a factor of two here is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a factor of two here is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a factor of two here is just to
+make it come out so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it come out so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it come out so that the the
+lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+probability is G so the the radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is G so the the radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is G so the the radiative
+lifetime is going to be HR over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma and so and this is the width and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so and this is the width and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so and this is the width and
+so a uh large width corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a uh large width corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a uh large width corresponds to a
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+Lifetime and so this is a way of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and so this is a way of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lifetime and so this is a way of taking
+a many Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a many Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a many Lev
+problem and converting it to a twole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and converting it to a twole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and converting it to a twole
+problem because what you do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because what you do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because what you do is you can
+say okay I have a bright State and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I have a bright State and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I have a bright State and it's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+sharp whether it's infinitely sharp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp whether it's infinitely sharp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp whether it's infinitely sharp or
+slightly sharp it doesn't matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly sharp it doesn't matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly sharp it doesn't matter and
+it's interacting with a dark state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interacting with a dark state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interacting with a dark state which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Broad and so what you've done is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad and so what you've done is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broad and so what you've done is you've
+taken the dense manifold of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the dense manifold of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the dense manifold of dark
+States and made it into one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and made it into one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and made it into one state
+and so now we have a two-l problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a two-l problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a two-l problem where
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+E1 minus I Gamma 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 minus I Gamma 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 minus I Gamma 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 - I gamma 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 - I gamma 2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 - I gamma 2 over 2
+V12 B12 that's the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian and so you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and so you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and so you can find the
+energy levels and uh and igen states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and uh and igen states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and uh and igen states of
+this twole problem and so you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this twole problem and so you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this twole problem and so you can you
+can see see that you know from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see see that you know from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see see that you know from what you
+know about the two-l problem that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the two-l problem that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the two-l problem that when
+there is an interaction between level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an interaction between level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an interaction between level
+one and level two in addition to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and level two in addition to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and level two in addition to uh
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+repulsion we uh we and level mixing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion we uh we and level mixing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion we uh we and level mixing we
+get a sharing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+width the problem is that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the problem is that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the problem is that there's two
+limits there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits there's a
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+coupling and weak coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and weak coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and weak coupling
+limits in the strong coupling limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits in the strong coupling limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits in the strong coupling limit
+which corresponds to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to where
+V is large compared to the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is large compared to the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is large compared to the difference in
+widths then everything you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths then everything you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths then everything you know from the
+two-l problem goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-l problem goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-l problem goes
+over the widths get shared the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the widths get shared the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the widths get shared the levels
+repel everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel everything is
+simple however in the we coupling limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple however in the we coupling limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple however in the we coupling limit
+when the coupling Matrix element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the coupling Matrix element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the coupling Matrix element is
+small compared to the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the difference in the
+width what you have is a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width what you have is a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width what you have is a complete
+completely different system that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different system that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different system that you're
+unexpected that is unexpected but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected that is unexpected but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected that is unexpected but is
+also correct based on uh uh calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also correct based on uh uh calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also correct based on uh uh calculations
+where you don't make this uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't make this uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't make this uh complex
+hamiltonian so you have a broad State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so you have a broad State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so you have a broad State
+and you have a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a sharp
+State and so you can arrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so you can arrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so you can arrange the
+relative energies of the broad State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative energies of the broad State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative energies of the broad State and
+the sharp State Say by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharp State Say by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharp State Say by changing
+rotational quantum number and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational quantum number and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational quantum number and what you
+see is that the broad State the sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the broad State the sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the broad State the sharp
+State can through the broad State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can through the broad State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can through the broad State
+without any sharing of width and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any sharing of width and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any sharing of width and without
+any level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any level
+repulsion and this is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and this is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and this is completely
+unexpected and it leads to a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and it leads to a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and it leads to a profound
+change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics which is actually true and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which is actually true and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which is actually true and it's
+a very useful thing when you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful thing when you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful thing when you're dealing
+with many many level systems it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many level systems it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many many level systems it's often
+a wonderful thing to map that onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful thing to map that onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful thing to map that onto a
+exactly soluble problem and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly soluble problem and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly soluble problem and you get
+insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights
+and uh it turns out the algebra for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it turns out the algebra for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it turns out the algebra for s
+for solving this two-level problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving this two-level problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving this two-level problem with
+complex diagonal elements is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex diagonal elements is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex diagonal elements is not so
+trivial it is Trivial in the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial it is Trivial in the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial it is Trivial in the strong
+coupling limit in the weak coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling limit in the weak coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling limit in the weak coupling
+limit you have to do things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit you have to do things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit you have to do things a little bit
+carefully and but it is a 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and but it is a 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and but it is a 2 by two
+problem and you can ask a computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you can ask a computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you can ask a computer to
+solve it or you can do the algebra it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it or you can do the algebra it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it or you can do the algebra it's
+all in my book so I like that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in my book so I like that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in my book so I like that because it
+provides a way of solving a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a way of solving a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a way of solving a complicated
+Problem by reducing it to a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problem by reducing it to a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problem by reducing it to a standard
+problem okay so now we're done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so now we're done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so now we're done with the
+introductory material and what time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material and what time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material and what time is
+it I mean this is really two lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean this is really two lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean this is really two lectures so
+I I do plan to talk to 559 five after 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do plan to talk to 559 five after 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do plan to talk to 559 five after 59
+59 okay so let me just say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59 okay so let me just say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59 okay so let me just say a few words
+and then we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with a
+spectrum and we fit that Spectrum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we fit that Spectrum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we fit that Spectrum to
+some effective hamiltonian model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effective hamiltonian model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effective hamiltonian model that's
+what we do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do as
+spectroscopist and what you often find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist and what you often find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist and what you often find
+is when you attempt to fit the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you attempt to fit the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you attempt to fit the Spectrum
+to an effect of hamiltonian there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an effect of hamiltonian there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an effect of hamiltonian there are
+things that that don't work there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that don't work there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that don't work there are
+discrepancies and so you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies and so you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies and so you add
+some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+terms and you have a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you have a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and you have a more complicated
+effect of hamiltonian and there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian and there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of hamiltonian and there's two
+classes of things one is local where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of things one is local where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of things one is local where
+there's an accidental degeneracy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an accidental degeneracy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an accidental degeneracy so you
+just put in a a two-level system and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put in a a two-level system and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put in a a two-level system and you
+you you patch it up and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you patch it up and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you patch it up and the other is
+global and one example of a Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global and one example of a Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global and one example of a Global
+Effect is polyads where there's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect is polyads where there's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect is polyads where there's a group
+of vibrational levels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibrational levels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vibrational levels that are
+systematically near togenerate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically near togenerate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically near togenerate and
+they're coupled by a relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled by a relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coupled by a relatively low
+order and harmonic term in the Hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and harmonic term in the Hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and harmonic term in the Hamilton
+tonian and so when you have these Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonian and so when you have these Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonian and so when you have these Global
+things you get what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get what are called
+polyads and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anharmonic resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic resonance
+interactions so you stay you throw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so you stay you throw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so you stay you throw them
+in you throw them in usually you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you throw them in usually you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you throw them in usually you start
+out there's only one anharmonic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's only one anharmonic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's only one anharmonic coupling
+term and most of the uh you know most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and most of the uh you know most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and most of the uh you know most of
+the early examples of anharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early examples of anharmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early examples of anharmonic
+couplings in infrared spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings in infrared spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings in infrared spectroscopy
+there's just a single anharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single anharmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single anharmonic
+coupling term but so you there's one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling term but so you there's one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling term but so you there's one you
+you patch it up there's another one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you patch it up there's another one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you patch it up there's another one you
+throw it in and soon you've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it in and soon you've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it in and soon you've got an
+effective hamiltonan it fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonan it fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective hamiltonan it fits the
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+perfectly but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but you don't
+know anything more than it fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything more than it fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything more than it fits the
+Spectrum and so you really want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and so you really want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and so you really want some
+tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpret HF or to to devise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret HF or to to devise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret HF or to to devise
+experiments that will enable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that will enable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that will enable you
+to make assignments that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assignments that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assignments that you couldn't
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+otherwise so there'll be diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so there'll be diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so there'll be diagnostic
+patterns in certain Spectra that explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in certain Spectra that explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in certain Spectra that explore
+that are produced by selecting certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by selecting certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by selecting certain
+bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright
+States and you can uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you can uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you can uh you can do
+experiments based on the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on the effect of
+hamiltonian and choice of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and choice of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and choice of different
+bright states that will enable you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright states that will enable you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright states that will enable you to
+make assignments and you could also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assignments and you could also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assignments and you could also uh
+uh do this to control the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do this to control the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do this to control the Dynamics
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh I mean you you might want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean you you might want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean you you might want to create a
+lot of exitation in a particular part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exitation in a particular part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exitation in a particular part of
+the molecule and how's this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and how's this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule and how's this going to
+happen so you have a a group of strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you have a a group of strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so you have a a group of strongly
+coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled
+States uh you could couple you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh you could couple you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh you could couple you could
+excite this one or this one this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite this one or this one this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite this one or this one this one you
+could excite some linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could excite some linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could excite some linear combination of
+them what will happen well that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what will happen well that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what will happen well that's what
+the dynamic tools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic tools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic tools are
+for it's not that we observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's not that we observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's not that we observe the
+Dynamics we observe in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we observe in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we observe in the frequency
+domain the consequence of the D Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the consequence of the D Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the consequence of the D Dynamics
+this frequency domain tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency domain tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency domain tells us what
+happened and we can use the dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we can use the dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we can use the dynamical
+tools on the effect of hamiltonian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on the effect of hamiltonian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on the effect of hamiltonian that
+has been determined from the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been determined from the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been determined from the frequency
+domain Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain Spectrum
+to learn stuff to learn whether there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn stuff to learn whether there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn stuff to learn whether there is
+something that happened in our effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happened in our effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happened in our effective
+hamiltonian that we ought to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we ought to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we ought to know about
+other than just some numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just some numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just some numerical
+representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the
+spectrum and so there's two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so there's two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so there's two kinds of
+dynamical measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical measures
+Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics
+in uh coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and and that's I uh tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and that's I uh tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and that's I uh tomorrow
+morning I will go through a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I will go through a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I will go through a large number
+of these dynamical measures and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dynamical measures and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dynamical measures and talk
+about what they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they tell
+us but the thing that's unique about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but the thing that's unique about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but the thing that's unique about the
+way I'm going to do it is that I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to do it is that I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to do it is that I a
+spectroscopist I have determined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist I have determined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist I have determined the
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+hamiltonian and I'm now probing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and I'm now probing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and I'm now probing it to
+find out what what it's made out of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what what it's made out of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what what it's made out of what
+does it really tell us it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really tell us it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it really tell us it's more than
+just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of
+numbers so anyway that's what I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so anyway that's what I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so anyway that's what I hope to
+do and there are a lot of dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and there are a lot of dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and there are a lot of dynamical
+measures they look similar but they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures they look similar but they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures they look similar but they tell
+you different things and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different things and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you different things and I don't know
+how far I'm going to get but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far I'm going to get but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far I'm going to get but that's what
+I plan to do
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BJXCf6pFrhA.txt b/BJXCf6pFrhA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d01644387781f8ebd0b84fda4d6f4b1de4c7af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BJXCf6pFrhA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4057 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today
+what we want to do
+
+is use the two papers that
+you read as kind of a backdrop
+
+to try to think something
+about the regulation of genes
+
+in response to
+changing environments.
+
+So there's the
+Mitchell paper that
+
+is talking about this idea
+of anticipatory regulation,
+
+whereby if the
+environmental changes have
+
+some typical pattern, then maybe
+the cells can take advantage
+
+of that and start preparing
+for environment number two
+
+when the cell sees
+environment number one.
+
+But in other cases, it may be
+that the environment fluctuates
+
+in ways that are really
+fundamentally unpredictable.
+
+In that case, you can't use the
+sort of anticipatory regulation
+
+strategy, but instead,
+there may be a way
+
+that you can just
+stochastically switch
+
+between the different strategies
+and implement what's known
+
+as a bet hedging strategy.
+
+And this is modeled
+largely on the work
+
+that you just read about in
+the Kussell paper, Science
+
+maybe May 2005.
+
+I do want to stress,
+however, that if you observe
+
+phenotypic heterogeneity
+in a clonal population,
+
+that does not necessarily mean
+that the cell or the population
+
+is implementing one of these
+bet hedging strategies.
+
+In particular, I would
+argue rather strongly
+
+that there are other
+possible evolutionary drivers
+
+for such phenotypic
+heterogeneity
+
+in the population.
+
+First of all, just
+because you see
+
+some phenomena does not mean
+it is necessarily selected for.
+
+So it's possible that it's a
+side effect of something else.
+
+However, if you're looking
+for an evolutionary kind
+
+of explanation for
+something like this,
+
+bet hedging is not the only one.
+
+In particular,
+we'll talk about two
+
+other possible
+explanations, and they both
+
+have to do with kind
+of game dynamics
+
+that we might illuminate
+or talk about.
+
+But I guess our game
+theory talk was--
+
+that was a week and a
+half ago, almost two weeks
+
+ago now-- so maybe you've
+forgotten all the game
+
+theory that we discussed.
+
+But in particular,
+it could be that
+
+the phenotypic heterogeneity
+might be the implementation
+
+of a mixed strategy.
+
+Or possibly it could be
+an example of some sort
+
+of altruistic self-sacrifice.
+
+And we'll try to explain
+the theory behind each
+
+of these three things as well
+as possible biological examples
+
+of each of the three.
+
+In this case, we may
+think about bet hedging
+
+as maybe an explanation
+for antibiotic persistence,
+
+this idea that cells can
+switch into these slow-growing
+
+persister states
+in which they're
+
+resistant to antibiotics
+and other stresses.
+
+Mixed strategies
+could be-- well,
+
+we're going to argue
+it could be implemented
+
+in the context of mixed
+sugar environments.
+
+And altruistic
+self-sacrifice may
+
+be the explanation behind
+colicin production in bacteria,
+
+so it's a toxin.
+
+So I want to start by
+thinking about this thing
+
+about adaptive prediction
+of environmental changes
+
+by Mitchell.
+
+I think this is a
+very interesting paper
+
+in a number of different ways.
+
+One is, I think that it's
+sort of a big idea that
+
+can be explored in these
+simple experiments.
+
+I think that it's an
+exceptionally clear paper
+
+in some ways, and
+that they really say,
+
+oh, we're going to propose
+that this strategy should
+
+be characterized by
+these three things.
+
+And then they go and they try
+to show you the three things.
+
+The figures, I think,
+are also very nice,
+
+in the sense that
+in many of the cases
+
+you could have shown the data
+just in the context of a table,
+
+where you said, oh, for
+each of these strains, this
+
+is the up regulation or so.
+
+But if you had done that,
+it would've been much,
+
+I think, less compelling,
+even though of course it's
+
+the same data.
+
+So I think this is a neat
+paper, in my opinion,
+
+both from the standpoint of the
+ideas that are being explored,
+
+but also because it
+highlights some of the things
+
+that you should be
+thinking about when
+
+you're writing your own papers.
+
+You want to try to make the
+ideas as clear as possible.
+
+You want to lay
+the groundwork so
+
+that what you're
+about to show is
+
+going to be-- the
+reader's going to feel
+
+is a really important thing.
+
+And then you want to take
+nice advantage of color
+
+and some legends that are there.
+
+So we'll kind of talk about
+all these issues as we go.
+
+But before we get
+started, can somebody--
+
+there's a very real sense
+that in this field of decision
+
+making and systems biology that
+a lot of this research program
+
+is kind of driven by
+following classic ideas
+
+from other fields.
+
+And what would be the
+corresponding classic idea
+
+this paper is exploring?
+
+AUDIENCE: Conditioning.
+
+PROFESSOR: Conditioning.
+
+Right.
+
+And whose name do we associate
+with conditioning typically?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pavlov.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pavlov.
+
+All right.
+
+So I have not ever
+read these studies.
+
+Pavlovian conditioning.
+
+And I think that this is
+just-- it's good to highlight.
+
+This is something
+that you might have
+
+learned in your high
+school psychology class.
+
+And it's, again, a big idea,
+but it's not the kind of thing--
+
+we've all heard--
+well, we're going
+
+to talk about this in a moment.
+
+Many of us, I think,
+have heard of this.
+
+But this is an example
+of how you take something
+
+that you learned in
+high school and you
+
+make it useful to your daily
+life, or pseudo daily life.
+
+Because I think you'll see that
+there are many kind of examples
+
+of this throughout
+this literature,
+
+where someone takes an
+idea that is, in some ways,
+
+you open up a random textbook
+in introductory psychology,
+
+and you can just
+march through and try
+
+to see to what degree the
+ideas that were developed
+
+in the context of
+humans or animals,
+
+to what degree might they be
+relevant in the context of cell
+
+decision making?
+
+Can somebody just say what is
+this Pavlovian conditioning
+
+idea?
+
+Did you guys take high
+school psychology?
+
+I'm sure somebody did.
+
+No.
+
+All right.
+
+Well, incidentally,
+I recommend everybody
+
+should take a solid
+introductory psychology
+
+class if you have not done so.
+
+We offer a class 900.
+
+I'm sure that it's
+good and interesting.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So there's two
+different events or stimuli,
+
+and in Pavlovian conditioning
+you give one and then
+
+always give the
+other one following.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So there's some sense
+that what we might call--
+
+there are two
+events of some sort.
+
+One is following the other one,
+so it's A and then followed
+
+by B. And people have done many
+different examples of this,
+
+but what's the one
+that we typically--
+
+what's the classic
+experiment that Pavlov did?
+
+AUDIENCE: You ring a bell,
+and then you get food.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Right.
+
+So you ring a bell and then
+you give-- and this is dogs,
+
+at least in the
+version I remember.
+
+So you have some dogs,
+you do this thing
+
+where you ring the bell and
+then you give them the food.
+
+And what's the response
+that you're supposed to get?
+
+AUDIENCE: Drooling.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, right.
+
+So the dog is supposed
+to start salivating.
+
+OK.
+
+So you might think
+your experiments
+
+are gross, but-- right.
+
+So ring a bell, and the idea
+is that you can train the dog
+
+to start salivating in response
+to the bell, rather than,
+
+of course, if you
+give the food they're
+
+going to start salivating.
+
+But here you can train the
+dog to start salivating
+
+in response to the food.
+
+So now, with training,
+this results in salivation.
+
+And did Pavlov show there was
+a fitness benefit associated
+
+with the salivation?
+
+Not that I'm not I'm aware of.
+
+But this is the classic
+story that we learned
+
+in introductory psychology.
+
+And the question is, can
+we apply a similar idea
+
+in the case of microbial
+decision making?
+
+Now was this-- can
+somebody say what
+
+they think was the
+author's contribution
+
+to the literature in the
+sense of-- via a vis this?
+
+How much of what-- well, we
+can be maybe more concrete.
+
+In the case of E. coli,
+what was known-- or maybe
+
+we should describe the
+experiment once more
+
+and then try to figure out
+what they did that was new new.
+
+At least can somebody kind
+of summarize the basic idea
+
+with E. coli?
+
+AUDIENCE: We know that they have
+a certain metabolic life cycle
+
+and that they exist in
+different environments.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So that E. coli existent
+in different environments.
+
+And what environments
+are you referring to?
+
+AUDIENCE: Gut and outside.
+
+PROFESSOR: Gut and outside.
+
+So if this is
+true-- then what is
+
+going to be your next
+statement based on this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, going
+through mammalian guts
+
+there's always a certain
+sequence of events.
+
+At the beginning, there's
+some acid, and then
+
+less acid and more food,
+and stuff like that.
+
+PROFESSOR: RIght.
+
+So in the context of E.
+coli, there's this idea
+
+that part of the
+life cycle of E. coli
+
+and some other of
+these microbes is
+
+to live inside the
+gut of mammals.
+
+And we're going to
+focus in particular
+
+on this aspect, the part of the
+life cycle that is in the gut.
+
+So let's just imagine, so E.
+coli in gut or entering gut,
+
+going through the gut,
+they might encounter
+
+some sort of typical
+environmental cues,
+
+or maybe orders of
+environmental exposure.
+
+And actually, even
+before this paper,
+
+there was another paper that was
+published by Saeed Tavazoie--
+
+hard name to pronouce-- who
+was at Princeton at the time.
+
+So he had published a
+Science paper just the year
+
+before-- well, couple years
+before-- demonstrating
+
+a related phenomenon.
+
+What was it that this other
+paper had demonstrated?
+
+Does anybody remember
+from the introduction?
+
+So it wasn't the experiment
+that these guys did.
+
+But in the
+introduction they spent
+
+half of a paragraph describing
+this other experiment.
+
+Another kind of
+environmental cue
+
+that E. coli get when
+they enter the gut.
+
+So what's-- yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't there a
+temperature increase and oxygen
+
+decrease?
+
+PROFESSOR: Temperature
+increase and oxygen decrease.
+
+So temperature goes up
+and oxygen goes down.
+
+And this makes sense.
+
+The inside of our
+bodies typically
+
+warmer than outside our body.
+
+Also, it's a relatively
+anaerobic environment
+
+inside the gut as compared
+to the ready availability
+
+of oxygen outside.
+
+So what is it that this
+other paper then showed?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I think
+they were trying
+
+to show a symmetric
+response [INAUDIBLE].
+
+If adaptation in one
+situation occurred,
+
+then-- if it received
+one stimulus,
+
+it would adapt to both.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+And the word adapt, we always
+have to be very careful,
+
+because it could mean two
+very different things.
+
+And in some cases, it might
+be that both-- possibly it
+
+might be true, but when
+you say that it receives
+
+one stimuluss-- so
+this we might call S1,
+
+and this is S2-- so these
+are stimuli that the cell
+
+senses-- are you saying
+that it might sense one,
+
+and then it adapts to both.
+
+When you say adapt,
+are you referring
+
+to evolutionary adaptation
+or something else?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm referring
+to a single cell
+
+implementing the
+appropriate metabolic--
+
+PROFESSOR: That sort of
+cell level adaptation.
+
+The sort of default thing
+is you might, say, well,
+
+if you get the stimuli one
+and increase the temperature,
+
+you should implement the program
+one or the response one that
+
+corresponds to some set
+of genes that are required
+
+to grow in high temperature.
+
+Now similarly with stimulus
+2-- well, we'll say this is R2.
+
+So these could, in principal,
+have different gene network
+
+responses to these two
+environmental changes.
+
+But what they found is that
+actually, if you take E. coli
+
+and you expose it to
+increase in temperature,
+
+then not only does it
+activate the genes required
+
+to handle high temperature,
+but also activates
+
+the genes required handle
+low oxygen, and vice versa.
+
+Now there's a question, though.
+
+If you see this, it
+could just be the case
+
+that you've mislabeled
+what really is R1, R2.
+
+Maybe it's just a single
+R, single response
+
+that allows the population
+to adapt to both
+
+of those environmental changes.
+
+Does anybody remember
+what the authors
+
+did to show that that was
+maybe not what was going on?
+
+You can look at your sheet
+of paper while I--I just want
+
+to write down the reference
+in case anybody wants to look
+
+at this more.
+
+This is Tagkopoulos,
+Science 2008.
+
+What would you do if
+you wanted to show
+
+that this was a real
+regulatory strategy,
+
+this so-called symmetric
+anticipatory regulation?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would it
+be you could measure
+
+genes' pressure
+somehow, and then you
+
+could get the function of each
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you could expose
+to this stimulus,
+
+measure gene expression, expose
+to this stimulus, measures gene
+
+expression, and try
+to figure out, maybe,
+
+based on the difference
+which genes were more
+
+or less-- but the
+argument was somehow
+
+that in response to stimulus
+1, there were some genes that
+
+were really unnecessary.
+
+So I guess you could
+go and you could
+
+do knockouts of each
+of these 100 genes,
+
+and then try to
+measure the effects.
+
+And that would be
+a nice direct--
+
+and it's related to something
+that they did in this paper
+
+with the yeast.
+
+They went and looked at the
+gene expression profiles.
+
+What they did in
+this paper by Saeed
+
+was that they took
+the E. coli that
+
+displayed this, what they're
+arguing is a symmetric--
+
+and based on some
+previous studies, I think,
+
+saying that, oh, this had
+been annotated to be good
+
+for temperature but not
+for oxygen and vice versa.
+
+So there were already hints
+that this kind of made sense.
+
+But what they did is they
+evolved the populations
+
+in just one of
+these environments
+
+and showed that they
+could decouple them.
+
+So that's at least
+making you feel
+
+that it's a little bit--
+that maybe this was not
+
+due to just some sense that
+it's the same genes that
+
+are required for protection
+against these two environments,
+
+but rather that because they
+had evolved in this environment
+
+where, when they see an
+increase in temperature,
+
+they often see a
+decrease in oxygen.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when
+you say decoupled,
+
+you mean you evolve them in
+high-temperature environments?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: You expose
+them to decreased oxygen,
+
+and then they die?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, no, no.
+
+So just, they showed that
+if you evolve the population
+
+so that it receives this
+stimulus without this stimulus,
+
+then it removes
+this arrow, that it
+
+stops activating these genes.
+
+And then I think
+they also did look
+
+at the functional consequences.
+
+But the first
+order thing is just
+
+that they saw that
+they could remove
+
+one of these arrows, which is
+related to something that they
+
+do here as well.
+
+Now I think that
+it's worth thinking
+
+about the question of
+whether this study, published
+
+in Science in 2008,
+do you think that it's
+
+a complete scoop of the
+paper that you just read,
+
+which is Amir Mitchell's paper
+published in Nature in 2009?
+
+No.
+
+OK.
+
+And on one level you
+say, well, they still
+
+got it published in Nature, so
+therefore it was not a scoop.
+
+But I can tell you that
+Amir was very worried,
+
+because he had been working
+on this paper for many years.
+
+And they really studied
+both E. coli and yeasts.
+
+It was a major thing.
+
+And then this paper
+came out, and I'm
+
+sure that he was despondent.
+
+And there will be
+times where you
+
+feel despondent as a
+result of something
+
+like this coming out, because it
+really is a very similar idea.
+
+The E. coli stuff
+is very similar,
+
+because it's same organism--
+the idea is, in the gut.
+
+So in what ways do you think
+that their paper is different,
+
+and also, what
+strategies did they
+
+follow in order to
+differentiate their paper?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe
+potentially trying
+
+to find differing regulation
+mechanisms, so they said, well,
+
+there's a symmetric
+regulation mechanism
+
+that someone talked
+about last year,
+
+and we've got the
+asymmetric one.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+And I think that
+this is-- of course,
+
+we cannot replay history.
+
+But I think that they do a
+very nice thing in figure one
+
+of laying the groundwork
+to make it very clear
+
+that their work is
+different from Saeed's work.
+
+And the thing is that if
+this had not been published,
+
+they maybe would have framed
+their work differently.
+
+They might not have
+had this difference
+
+between a symmetrical
+anticipatory regulation
+
+and the asymmetrical.
+
+But by laying
+things out that way,
+
+it clarifies that, oh yeah,
+these are different things.
+
+And they're going
+to explore this one,
+
+whereas Saeed's
+group had explored
+
+a rather different mechanism.
+
+But then, of course, depending
+on how you look at it,
+
+they're either more
+or less similar.
+
+But I think that they do a
+very nice job of kind of right
+
+at the beginning setting
+out how their work is
+
+going to be different.
+
+So they explained that there's
+the simple direct sensing
+
+mechanisms.
+
+You'd say that you just
+have different stimuli that
+
+lead to different responses.
+
+That's fine.
+
+They also have the
+stochastic switching, which
+
+we're going to talk about more.
+
+The idea here is
+that even though we
+
+might be getting different
+stimuli at some rates,
+
+we would still switch into
+these different responses.
+
+And we'll talk about various
+reasons that this might happen.
+
+Incidentally, these
+things don't have
+
+to happen at the same rates.
+
+So it could be that stimulus
+one it primarily does R1,
+
+whereas stimulus 2 primarily
+does R2, for example.
+
+If you'd like, these arrows
+could have different strengths.
+
+But then what they do is they
+point out that there really
+
+are-- well, this symmetric
+anticipatory regulation,
+
+where it's crossed,
+maybe I'll just
+
+write out the asymmetric one.
+
+Can somebody say
+why it is that we
+
+might want to do the
+asymmetrical as compared
+
+to the symmetrical?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If both of the stimuli
+are appearing at the same time,
+
+then you might want to have
+a symmetric anticipatory
+
+regulation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+So the important thin
+is here that this
+
+is, because it's at the same
+time, the two stimuli kind
+
+of come together, or very
+similar times, whereas this,
+
+if there's a clear
+temporal order.
+
+But you could think about
+this in some other way
+
+as well, maybe.
+
+Can somebody--
+
+AUDIENCE: It's along
+the same lines,
+
+but there's a cost to
+having S2 also performing.
+
+Then if you ever use that--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So depending on
+the costs, it could
+
+change what's sort of
+optimal, perhaps, right?
+
+And I think it's also
+perhaps worth just saying
+
+that it may also depend
+upon how frequent
+
+these different environmental
+perturbations are,
+
+because you can also
+imagine situations
+
+where it's very common that
+the temperature goes up,
+
+but it's very rare
+that oxygen goes down.
+
+But there could be a sense
+in which this is, basically,
+
+based on the logic
+I just said, this
+
+would be then less
+predictive of this
+
+than this would be of this.
+
+Do you guys see what I'm saying?
+
+Because it could be the case
+that any time that oxygen goes
+
+down, then you really know that
+that means that you're entering
+
+somebody's gut and you
+also better activate this,
+
+whereas it could also be
+the case that if you sit out
+
+in the sun, you get
+hot, it doesn't mean
+
+that oxygen's going to go down.
+
+So it could be that there
+is more or less information,
+
+or that each of the stimuli
+have more or less information
+
+about another stimuli.
+
+So even if there's
+no temporal order,
+
+it could be the case
+that something like that
+
+could lead to a situation
+where this might be optimal.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems
+people try to make
+
+formal statements about
+information in this context,
+
+just like they did in the
+context of stochastic theory.
+
+PROFESSOR: So
+there's some of it.
+
+I haven't seen anything
+that's quite as
+
+clear and formal as what Edo
+Kussell did in that Science
+
+paper you guys just read.
+
+But for example,
+Amir did do a paper,
+
+he wrote a PNAS paper basically
+laying out this model that's
+
+sort of sketched at the end
+of this paper a little bit
+
+in more detail in
+terms of explaining,
+
+depending on the probability
+that something occurs
+
+and the time, so
+kind of exploring
+
+this a bit more,
+but not as formal
+
+in terms of information as--
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's
+not quite clear to me
+
+why you would have a symmetric
+anticipatory regulation
+
+comparing direct sensing.
+
+If you have direct sensing,
+you can do the same thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+I think it's true.
+
+But it could also be that
+because these things are
+
+both fluctuating and
+they are measured
+
+with some noise and
+the environment,
+
+there could be a sense that--
+because you can imagine
+
+a world in which
+these two things are
+
+both uncertain predictors of
+whether you're in the gut.
+
+But if they both
+go, then that really
+
+means something, in which
+case then it would make sense
+
+to really look at both of them
+and activate both more strongly
+
+as a result of seeing both.
+
+AUDIENCE: But it
+could also make you
+
+more susceptible to
+trigger a response that you
+
+don't necessarily want.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+But if you say, oh, well
+this happens at a low rate
+
+and this happens
+at a low rate, then
+
+the probability that both of
+them happen at the same time
+
+would be very small.
+
+So your rate of false
+positive, in that sense,
+
+would be-- you can really reduce
+the rate of false positives
+
+by integrating both
+pieces of information.
+
+And this paper, just
+to remind ourselves,
+
+this paper is
+primarily exploring
+
+the idea of asymmetrical
+anticipatory regulation.
+
+And their argument
+is because there's
+
+a typical temporal order to
+how E. Coli that are ingested
+
+encounter different sugar.
+
+And the claim in the paper is
+that bacteria will typically
+
+see what before what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Lactose
+before maltose.
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct.
+
+So the claim is that in the gut,
+the bacteria will see lactose
+
+before they see maltose.
+
+Now in order to evolve this
+asymmetrical anticipatory
+
+regulation, does it have to
+be that you kind of always
+
+see lactose before
+you see maltose?
+
+So let's imagine that only 10%
+of the time that the bacteria
+
+see lactose-- or sorry,
+only 10% of the time
+
+that the bacteria encounter
+maltose that they actually saw
+
+lactose before.
+
+Since 10% is much less
+than 1, should that totally
+
+scotch this whole mechanism?
+
+No.
+
+And can you say why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: Every time they
+see lactose they see maltose.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+In some ways, that's
+not the right way
+
+to think about it, but in
+terms of a cost-benefit type
+
+argument, why is it that
+maybe it's OK in principle
+
+that maltose is frequently
+observed without lactose?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no difference
+between the two strains
+
+if you see maltose that way.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And I think this is a kind of
+an interesting, important point,
+
+which is that if you imagine a
+competition between the strain
+
+that just does, we can imagine,
+direct sensing versus we'll
+
+call that AAR.
+
+So direct sensing versus
+asymmetrical anticipatory
+
+regulation.
+
+Now if you imagine the
+situation where you encounter
+
+maltose without encountering
+lactose, then these two
+
+strategies behave
+essentially identically,
+
+because they both
+just see the maltose,
+
+they're both surprised.
+
+They both activate the mall
+genes, everything's fine.
+
+However, it's in
+this other direction
+
+that you have to think about it.
+
+So the real question is,
+when you encounter lactose,
+
+you want to think about, well,
+what fraction of the time
+
+and how long a delay is there
+before you encounter maltose?
+
+Because if it's the case that
+you encounter lactose a lot,
+
+and only infrequently do
+you then come on to maltose,
+
+that's going to be a
+problem for evolving this
+
+into asymmetrical
+anticipatory regulation,
+
+or it would not necessarily
+be optimal to do so,
+
+because in that case you're
+going to be activating
+
+all those mall genes in
+advance, and frequently it
+
+won't be useful.
+
+And this is relevant, perhaps,
+just because what fraction
+
+of the time do you think
+that E. coli going to the gut
+
+will encounter lactose?
+
+We should be able to make a
+reasonable estimate of this,
+
+is my claim.
+
+All right.
+
+Where does lactose come from?
+
+Lactose comes from milk.
+
+Which animals drink milk?
+
+Well, right, OK.
+
+So we're thinking about mammals.
+
+Just take a random
+mammal of your choice.
+
+You might want to
+not choose humans
+
+just because we're a little
+bit atypical in this regard,
+
+although even there
+I think the numbers
+
+end up being kind of the same.
+
+But imagine a dog or a bear
+or your favorite mammal.
+
+Which of them are drinking milk?
+
+The young, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So there's some period of one's
+life where you drink milk,
+
+and then as an adult
+you typically don't.
+
+I guess all I'm
+saying is that if you
+
+imagine the bacteria entering
+into a mammalian gut,
+
+it might be 20%.
+
+I don't know what,
+but it's basically
+
+proportional to the years.
+
+The kids, they may
+eat more dirty things.
+
+So you have to wait or whatever.
+
+The point is that they're
+going to encounter lactose
+
+if they enter the gut of
+a baby or young child,
+
+whereas if you enter an adult,
+then you won't see lactose,
+
+and you'll just maybe then
+directly see the maltose.
+
+But there's no real
+cost associated
+
+with missing that
+signal vis a vis
+
+the so-called direct strategy.
+
+I think that they do lay out
+some other kind of conditions
+
+that they think would be
+reasonable to demonstrate
+
+if you want to do the
+asymmetrical anticipatory
+
+regulation.
+
+And once again, I think
+that this is both very clear
+
+and also just lays
+the groundwork
+
+for the reader in the
+sense that they tell you
+
+what they would need to show in
+order for you to be convinced.
+
+And then they go and
+they do those things.
+
+Now in principle,
+you could argue
+
+about one or the other things.
+
+But I think they
+do such a nice job
+
+of being clear about what would
+be needed that you don't even
+
+think to object about any of it.
+
+And of course they're not going
+to bring up the three things
+
+that they would
+need to demonstrate
+
+unless they actually were able
+to demonstrate those three
+
+things.
+
+So the three things
+that they claim
+
+is that for this to have been an
+evolved trait that pre-exposure
+
+to S1 increases the
+fitness under S2 or R2--
+
+I guess in this
+case-- that's right.
+
+So getting S1 helps you in S2.
+
+So seeing lactose
+helps you in maltose.
+
+Indeed they're
+going to show that.
+
+Second, that there's
+some cost associated
+
+with up regulating
+that, in this case
+
+up regulating the mall genes.
+
+And third, there's this
+idea of specificity.
+
+Now the claim is
+that it's really
+
+S1 that is activating
+this R2 response,
+
+and that various other S's, in
+this case other sugar sources,
+
+maybe should not pre-activate.
+
+Now in figure 1,
+they basically are
+
+exploring the difference
+between this arrow and this one.
+
+So if you expose
+the cells to maltose
+
+you activate the mall
+genes at a high level.
+
+Is it required that
+exposure to lactose up
+
+regulates the mall genes to
+the same level as maltose?
+
+No.
+
+Was it at the same
+level as maltose?
+
+No.
+
+But the idea is it up
+regulates it some, as compared
+
+to other carbon sources.
+
+Now they also made a comment
+about whether this arrow,
+
+the so-called
+anticipatory regulation,
+
+whether it was specific
+to their E. coli strain,
+
+and their claim was
+that it was or was not?
+
+Would it be good for it to
+be specific to their strain,
+
+or bad?
+
+Probably bad, although the
+fact that-- but then they
+
+say, oh, it's not
+specific to our strain.
+
+And then they cite another
+paper, which-- and this
+
+is, again, a nice
+way of phrasing
+
+it because they're adding
+strength to their paper
+
+because they're saying, oh,
+it's not just our strain.
+
+It's in other strains as well.
+
+So you read that sentence
+and say yes, that's good.
+
+Of course you could
+read that sentence
+
+and say, oh, but somebody
+else already showed this?
+
+But this is, again--
+and I don't have
+
+any real complaint about that,
+because I think what they've
+
+done is they've really
+brought a set of measurements
+
+together in one
+conceptual framework
+
+that I think is
+rather compelling.
+
+Now of course, you
+can always argue about
+
+whether each of
+these examples really
+
+did evolve for this purpose
+or not and so forth.
+
+But just because
+somebody else had
+
+seen that there was some
+cross-regulation of the mall
+
+genes in response to lactose.
+
+Doesn't mean that this
+paper is worthless.
+
+But it is interesting to note
+that somebody else had already
+
+seen this.
+
+Moreover, in figure
+one they compare
+
+this asymmetrical anticipatory
+regulation for their wild type
+
+strain as compared
+to another strain.
+
+And what other
+strain did they use?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You didn't
+expose the cells to maltose
+
+after the lactose [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+They evolved the cells in
+lactose for 500 generations.
+
+And then what did they see?
+
+AUDIENCE: The arrow.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+When they saw was that
+evolution-- and this
+
+is in lactose-- removed that.
+
+Now 500 generations,
+how long do you think
+
+this is going to take them?
+
+AUDIENCE: A few months.
+
+PROFESSOR: A few months.
+
+Have you guys ever
+heard of any other paper
+
+where they evolved E. coli in
+lactose for 500 generations
+
+in your extensive
+reading of the literature
+
+that you've engaged
+in over this semester?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+cost-benefit paper.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+cost-benefit paper.
+
+So it's fascinating to note
+that this sentence, they said,
+
+"We have examined
+laboratory-evolved strains
+
+of E. coli.
+
+Did they say that they
+did the evolution?
+
+No, they didn't.
+
+And indeed, if you follow
+Citation 14 over here,
+
+you can say, oh, right.
+
+So it's another paper
+by Uri and company.
+
+So I don't know if it was
+the exact same experiment,
+
+but the idea is
+that-- so I think
+
+what they did is, they
+took the strains that
+
+were evolved for another
+purpose, and that's fine.
+
+If somebody else already
+did the daily dilutions
+
+for three months that is the
+exact same that you were going
+
+to do, then you
+might as well just
+
+analyze their evolved
+strains, right?
+
+There's nothing that says you
+have to go and repeat the work.
+
+You would get the same
+thing, maybe, presumably.
+
+So this is just
+worth highlighting.
+
+But it makes the
+paper much stronger
+
+that they were able to do that.
+
+So it's good to keep in mind
+that in some cases, what you
+
+need to do to make your
+point has already been done
+
+or has already been
+evolved and so forth.
+
+So now what we
+have is a situation
+
+where somebody else,
+maybe, has already seen
+
+that lactose activates maltose.
+
+Somebody else already did
+this evolution on lactose.
+
+They didn't yet show that
+this regulation was removed.
+
+So that was something
+that these guys had to do,
+
+and indeed, it looks
+like it's removed.
+
+But once again, I think there's
+a sense that they're really
+
+looking at this problem
+from kind of a new, maybe
+
+comprehensive way
+that allows them
+
+to see the connections
+between all
+
+these different experiments.
+
+And then they are
+doing new measurements.
+
+But the measurements themselves
+are perhaps relatively simple,
+
+but the trick is knowing
+what measurements
+
+you need to do in
+order to say something
+
+that's very interesting.
+
+So in figure three, what
+they went and they did is
+
+they asked about this question
+of whether there really
+
+is a fitness benefit
+associated with it.
+
+Now I think this is
+another case where
+
+you could have made this
+figure in the form of a table,
+
+and it just would not
+be very compelling.
+
+So you'd look at it and you just
+wouldn't be very excited by it,
+
+whereas in this case, they
+have the figure, which
+
+are these fitness advantages
+associated with whether you
+
+take the strains, you first
+expose them to lactose and then
+
+go to maltose, or
+you go from maltose
+
+to lactose, or in this case GAL
+to maltose, sucrose to maltose.
+
+What they showed was it was
+a selective benefit there,
+
+that the cells really only gain
+the benefit of pre-exposure
+
+to a sugar if it's lactose.
+
+And they show that for
+the evolved strain,
+
+not only does it no
+longer have that arrow
+
+in the sense of the response,
+but it also no longer
+
+has the benefit.
+
+It's good to do both
+of those measurements
+
+because it's possible you
+might have missed something.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So but like, it's for
+one protocol going from lactose
+
+to maltose.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+Yep.
+
+And this is the
+nature of science,
+
+or in particular this
+kind of science, I think,
+
+that you can
+collect data that is
+
+consistent with
+this interpretation,
+
+but it does not at all prove
+that this is not gut, either.
+
+And so you could have
+imagined experiments
+
+where you maybe mixed
+two strains that
+
+follow this direct
+versus the AAR,
+
+and you mix them together
+50-50 in the gut.
+
+And then you go and you
+do sequencing later.
+
+And actually, people do
+such kinds of experiments,
+
+and in some cases, amazingly,
+sometimes something
+
+comes out the other end
+that is interesting.
+
+I couldn't help myself.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+So yes.
+
+One other point on this
+paper, or this figure,
+
+that they even color
+code the data points.
+
+So they have their main
+thing in this black,
+
+but then the other ones
+are red, yellow, blue.
+
+it's telling us that this
+thing is directional.
+
+It's S1, S2, S2, S1,
+specificity, extinction.
+
+So they are even
+kind of telling us
+
+what each of those
+data points mean.
+
+And you might say, oh,
+that's kind of overkill.
+
+But given that it's just
+so important that you're
+
+keeping track of why we're
+doing each of these measurements
+
+and what it's supposed to
+tell us about the big story,
+
+I think that it's really just
+wonderful to be reminded,
+
+OK, what is this controlling
+for, or what not.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I like the colors
+too, but they don't stand out
+
+very well in black and white.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, well, OK.
+
+So we can lead entire
+discussions about both
+
+how to write a paper
+and how to read a paper.
+
+How to read a paper is
+that you should just
+
+get a color printer, OK?
+
+So that's the advice.
+
+In terms of how
+to write a paper,
+
+I would say, though,
+that it's always
+
+good-- you should take
+advantage of colors,
+
+but you should choose the
+color scheme/scale such
+
+that it is legible or
+compelling in both color
+
+and black and white.
+
+And actually there's
+a very nice set
+
+of articles written by Wong,
+who's a graphic artist that
+
+works at the Broad.
+
+He wrote maybe 15 different kind
+of one- or two-page articles
+
+for Nature Methods,
+basically just
+
+about how to write figures.
+
+And he talks about these
+different color scales.
+
+You know, there's-- what
+do the words mean when
+
+there's brightness?
+
+Color, hue, saturation.
+
+I can't remember what all
+these things mean anymore.
+
+But that's why you
+should read the articles.
+
+And it's fascinating
+stuff, actually.
+
+So this is the basic argument
+they made in this paper,
+
+that because E. coli are exposed
+to a typical order of carbon
+
+sources in the mammalian
+gut, that that's
+
+the possible explanation for
+why this thing evolved that they
+
+can measure
+experimentally, which
+
+is that when, these E.
+coli, they see lactose,
+
+they start activating the
+mall genes but not vice versa.
+
+Now, like always,
+you can't prove
+
+that this is what's going on.
+
+I think very interesting
+set of ideas.
+
+Some of the people that
+study gut microbes just
+
+think that it's implausible that
+this would actually work out
+
+in the sense that the fitness
+cost benefits, et cetera,
+
+would be relevant.
+
+Do we know that the time
+scales even work out?
+
+I don't know how-- so
+there are a bunch of things
+
+that you could worry about.
+
+And I would say I don't
+know enough about what
+
+goes on in the gut to
+actually have an educated
+
+opinion on that point.
+
+But I think it's a very kind of
+clear exposition of the ideas.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you
+have a sense for what
+
+fraction of E. coli bacteria
+are in the gut of animals?
+
+Do you see what I mean?
+
+Because it's just a
+very small fraction.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+Yeah, and I guess--
+so I myself definitely
+
+do not know what fraction
+of E.coli are in the gut as
+
+compared to in the
+soil or in the--
+
+it's not that E. coli are the
+dominant bacteria in our gut,
+
+either.
+
+It's just that they do
+enter the gut at some rate.
+
+And then the question is,
+if we knew the answer,
+
+I don't even know if it
+would tell us-- I mean,
+
+it gives some guidance.
+
+But there's also a
+question of where
+
+is it that cells are
+actually dividing,
+
+because it could be the
+case that the life cycle is
+
+that they go in the
+gut, and that's where
+
+they're dividing and happy.
+
+And then they end up
+in some soil somewhere,
+
+and they're in some stationary
+phase, and maybe most of them
+
+are dying at some small rate.
+
+Eventually some of
+them get uptaken again
+
+and then they divide,
+divide, divide.
+
+So it could be the cases that
+only 0.1% of all E. coli,
+
+or 01% of the time.
+
+It could be a very small
+amount of time or something,
+
+and they're in the
+gut, but it could still
+
+be the dominant
+event in their lives.
+
+So I just don't know.
+
+I think I'm maybe going to skip
+the second half of the talk,
+
+or second half of the
+paper, where they discuss
+
+this idea of the typical
+order of events in which yeast
+
+in the context of
+fermentation and making wine
+
+might encounter or experience
+different environmental
+
+assaults.
+
+And it's a similar kind of
+idea of cross-protection
+
+against different assaults.
+
+But in some ways,
+this is really sort
+
+of two mini-papers
+that tie together
+
+in this general thing of
+anticipatory regulation.
+
+Are there any questions
+about this before we move on?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a
+question about when
+
+the baby males grow up.
+
+Do they need this mechanism?
+
+Do E. coli?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So your question is whether
+E. coli in the gut of adults
+
+have this.
+
+I don't know, but my feeling is
+that these things are probably
+
+fairly transient in the
+sense that you probably
+
+don't have-- well, certainly,
+from the standpoint of entering
+
+the gut, the bacteria
+don't have any choice
+
+about whose gut they enter.
+
+So it probably is going
+to be the case that they
+
+have to have a
+basic strategy that
+
+is going to work across
+both adults and the kids,
+
+although it's true that
+the gut communities in kids
+
+are different from adults.
+
+But it's hard to know
+what to make of that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So here they
+decouple the two responses.
+
+Are there any examples of
+researchers coupling them,
+
+like Pavlov's?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+I know that I've heard
+people talking about it,
+
+but I can't point to
+a specific example
+
+of where it's been convincing.
+
+That doesn't mean it's
+not out there, though.
+
+It's a very important,
+interesting question.
+
+So what we want to now
+is kind of switch gears
+
+a little bit and switch
+to this topic of-- it's
+
+going to be kind of partly
+about phenotypic heterogeneity,
+
+but partly again about
+fluctuating environments.
+
+And the way that those
+two topics are related
+
+is via bet hedging,
+but I just want
+
+to highlight that bet
+hedging is a way of using
+
+phenotypic heterogeneity in
+order to survive fluctuating
+
+environments, whereas it's
+not the only explanation
+
+for this phenotypic
+heterogeneity.
+
+So yeah, I think maybe
+we'll-- so first of all,
+
+on the topic of
+phenotypic heterogeneity,
+
+when we say that we are often
+referring to the fact that even
+
+clonal populations can be
+remarkably heterogeneous
+
+in a given environment.
+
+So we'll say phenotypic
+heterogeneity
+
+in clonal populations,
+because of course,
+
+if there's a lot of genetic
+diversity in the population,
+
+then it's not, perhaps,
+a surprise there would
+
+be phenotypic heterogeneity.
+
+What we're going to do
+is go through these three
+
+different possible explanations
+and discuss, maybe,
+
+canonical biological
+examples of each.
+
+And the examples that
+we're going to give-- well,
+
+the classic example is in the
+context of seed germination.
+
+But more recently
+there's this question
+
+of the persister cells, or
+the persistence phenotype.
+
+Now in both of these
+cases, it's really
+
+a way in which a
+clonal population can
+
+send a small population
+of either seeds or cells
+
+into a protected state that's
+protected against some assault.
+
+So seed germination,
+this is a case
+
+where the seed, if
+it doesn't germinate,
+
+it's protected against draughts.
+
+Draught.
+
+And this one, maybe,
+is antibiotics.
+
+What I want to do
+is just make sure
+
+that we understand the
+seed germination idea.
+
+And so this is, from the
+standpoint of ecology,
+
+these ideas came out
+in the '70s, at least.
+
+So what we can imagine is a
+situation where you are some,
+
+maybe, desert annual.
+
+And so you send out these seeds.
+
+Now most of the time,
+you get enough rain,
+
+the seeds are fine.
+
+They can germinate, sprout
+the little seedlings,
+
+and they'll be able
+to grow up just fine.
+
+But at some rate there
+might be a severe drought
+
+that would kill all the cells
+that actually germinated.
+
+So the question is, what
+might be the optimal strategy?
+
+So for example,
+let's just imagine
+
+that we live in a world
+in which 75% of the time
+
+there's rain, 25% of the
+time there's no rain.
+
+Now if you germinate--
+so a particular seed,
+
+if it germinates,
+it pops out-- then
+
+it will expect to send two
+seeds to the following year,
+
+whereas as it germinates
+and there's no rain,
+
+then it only has a 10%
+probability of surviving,
+
+or that it could on
+average send 1/10 of a seed
+
+to the next generation.
+
+Now of course, you
+don't have to germinate.
+
+If you don't germinate,
+then what happens
+
+is that you just send one
+seed to the next year.
+
+If you'd like, you can
+include some probability
+
+that the seed doesn't survive,
+but for simplicity, we
+
+can do that.
+
+So the idea is that you don't
+know whether it's going to rain
+
+or not.
+
+But what you can do is you
+can either germinate or not
+
+germinate.
+
+And then this tells us
+how many seeds make it
+
+to the following year.
+
+Do you understand the framework?
+
+So the question is, which
+one of these strategies
+
+has a higher long
+term growth rate
+
+in terms of the number
+of seeds that you
+
+have in the population?
+
+I'm going to give
+you 30 seconds just
+
+to kind of think
+about this, play
+
+with the numbers a little bit.
+
+And the question
+is, should you just
+
+have a strategy where you
+germinate or don't germinate?
+
+And then what we're
+going to find,
+
+maybe, is that the
+optimal strategy is
+
+to do this probabilistically.
+
+But it's useful to just
+play with such numbers
+
+for a little bit.
+
+The physics office,
+unfortunately,
+
+is trying to steal our cards
+from us, so we don't have them.
+
+But what we're
+going to instead do
+
+is, if you think you
+want to germinate
+
+you raise your left hand.
+
+If you don't want to germinate,
+raise your right hand.
+
+OK.
+
+Ready, 3, 2, 1.
+
+So we have a fair
+distribution of-- it really
+
+is kind of 50-50.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+All right, let's go ahead and--
+yeah, let's spend a minute.
+
+Turn to your neighbor and try to
+convince them that it's either
+
+better to germinate or not.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+You can start with 100 of one,
+100 of another, and then just--
+
+AUDIENCE: Start with 100
+and then you just go--
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+say 10 to the 4.
+
+So we're trying to
+not think about this--
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+So there's another
+question about short term
+
+versus long term.
+
+And we're actually trying
+to not worry about that.
+
+So you can think about large
+populations, so it's really--
+
+AUDIENCE: This is
+after one year.
+
+You will maximize
+your expected value.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's why
+I said the long term
+
+growth of the population.
+
+So if we just compare--
+so why don't we reconvene.
+
+Various people have been
+talking about the question
+
+of how many seeds
+you're starting with,
+
+what the population
+size is, because you
+
+have to worry about extinction.
+
+And that's another kind
+of interesting question
+
+of short term versus long
+term payouts of fitness.
+
+That's actually not
+the effect that we're
+
+trying to get at right now.
+
+So we can even think about
+this in the limit of just
+
+large population sizes.
+
+And we want to compare
+the two strategies.
+
+And for any strategy
+you choose, including
+
+the probabilistic
+strategies, there's
+
+going to be a long term
+growth rate of the population.
+
+So it will grow or shrink
+exponentially over time.
+
+And what you want
+to do is you want
+
+to find the strategy, in
+the context of bet hedging,
+
+you want to find the strategy
+that maximizes this long term
+
+growth rate of the population.
+
+And this is essentially what
+Edo talks about in his paper,
+
+but in a more mathematical,
+general-- because he's talking
+
+about n different
+phenotypes and environments
+
+and arbitrary switching rates.
+
+And it's beautiful and general
+and he makes nice connections
+
+to information theory.
+
+But it's possible to read
+that paper and then not
+
+actually understand
+what bet hedging,
+
+or what any of these
+things are, quite.
+
+So it's good to take
+the simple thing,
+
+and then it's also good to
+know that somebody like Edo
+
+has thought about
+this very deeply
+
+and figured out all
+these beautiful things.
+
+And I know that paper was hard,
+so don't-- but it's really like
+
+a two-page paper if
+you look at the text.
+
+So it shouldn't take
+too much time just
+
+to get a sense of what
+he's thinking about.
+
+But then it's good, also, to be
+concrete in a simple situation.
+
+So what we want to know is
+that, over the long term--
+
+then what you can do
+is you can just say,
+
+well, the ratios of rain,
+no rain over the long term
+
+will be 3 to 1, because
+it's over a long term.
+
+It doesn't matter what
+order they come in
+
+because over the long run
+it's all going to average out.
+
+We're assuming we're a
+large population size,
+
+so we don't have to worry
+about stochastic extinction.
+
+The question is,
+since we don't have
+
+to worry about
+stochastic extinction,
+
+then can we just
+say that we just
+
+calculate, for example,
+the mean weighted
+
+by these fractions
+of these numbers?
+
+And actually, the
+subtle possible thing
+
+is that it's the geometric
+mean that is relevant,
+
+not the normal mean.
+
+And that's somehow tricky
+when given these numbers.
+
+But it's sort of obvious if
+you just switch this to a 0.
+
+Because if this is a
+0, then is germinate
+
+going to be a good strategy?
+
+No, right?
+
+Because what that would mean
+is that if everybody always
+
+germinates, it may be that
+this number could be 1,000,
+
+and it's wonderful except
+that if, at some low rate,
+
+there's no rain and this is a
+0, then the population's dead.
+
+And you'll always
+encounter that eventually.
+
+So that just
+highlights that it's
+
+the geometric mean you
+want to be focusing on.
+
+And in particular, we know that
+on average, over the long term,
+
+there are going to be three
+of these years for each
+
+of these years.
+
+So we can just
+multiply the numbers.
+
+So it's really going to be
+there's going to be three times
+
+where you double for each one
+time that you divide by 10.
+
+What you see is that
+over the long run,
+
+this population shrinks, whereas
+in this case it's 1 times
+
+1 times 1 times 1.
+
+So the long term
+growth rate/shrinking
+
+rate of these populations
+is that in the long run
+
+this population does
+not change in size,
+
+whereas over the long run,
+this population shrinks.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the geometric
+mean the expected change
+
+in the log population, which
+is also the expected percentage
+
+change in the population.
+
+Is that right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So I think that if
+you take the logs,
+
+it ends up being equivalent.
+
+But you have to make
+sure you just do it all.
+
+And I guess what I want to
+highlight in this case is that,
+
+A, you have to be careful
+of taking averages, but B,
+
+to get the intuition
+behind the situations
+
+where bet hedging, I
+think, is really valuable,
+
+it's situations where
+this thing gets very small
+
+and this might
+become rather large.
+
+So you can imagine
+that this could be 200
+
+and this could be
+10 to the minus 9.
+
+Or if you'd like, you
+could say that's 0.
+
+And it's clear that
+if this is 0, then
+
+you can't germinate
+all the time,
+
+because then the
+population's definitely
+
+going to go extinct
+over the long run.
+
+But this is also
+a situation where
+
+there's real tension between
+long term and short term
+
+situations if this
+probability is very small.
+
+But it's in these
+situations that it
+
+pays, in terms of the long run
+growth rate of the population,
+
+to do this some
+fraction of the time.
+
+And it could be very small.
+
+It could be that only one
+in 10 to the 4 of the cells
+
+enter this persister state that
+is resistant to antibiotics.
+
+But it can maximize
+the long term growth
+
+rate of the population.
+
+There are various
+models that you
+
+can write down for either seed
+germination or this or that.
+
+But the relevant thing is, for
+example, in the persister case,
+
+it might be that the rate
+of persister formation
+
+might only be one cell in
+10 to the 5 or 10 to the 6.
+
+So a very small
+sub-population of the cells
+
+are in this so-called
+persister state.
+
+But those cells, they have
+a couple of properties.
+
+One is that they
+are dividing slowly.
+
+That means there really is a
+cost to entering that persister
+
+state, but if it's only
+one of 10 to the 5,
+
+that means that it's really
+a rather small cost in terms
+
+of decreasing the growth
+of the population.
+
+And those cells also could
+be resistant to antibiotics.
+
+So you can select
+for them in the sense
+
+that you add a
+bunch of antibiotics
+
+and maybe only the persister
+cells are left after 12 hours.
+
+But even though I say
+you selected for them,
+
+it's not a true antibiotic
+resistance kind of mutation,
+
+because if you take that
+persister population,
+
+you let it grow
+back up, what you
+
+find is that it is still
+sensitive to the antibiotic.
+
+Now it's also possible that
+at some low rate, maybe one
+
+in 10 to the 8, you evolve
+resistance to an antibiotic.
+
+That's genetic resistance
+that stays with you,
+
+whereas the persister
+kind of resistance, this
+
+is something that is
+a phenotypic switch.
+
+And when it grows
+back up, it kind of
+
+reverts back to the
+original phenotype,
+
+which is being sensitive
+to the antibiotic.
+
+So that's the classic
+way that you distinguish
+
+between genetic resistance
+and this persister-based or
+
+phenotypic resistance.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What would
+be the mechanism
+
+of something like that?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So people argue a fair
+amount about this.
+
+And there's a thought
+that there are
+
+these toxin, anti-toxin modules
+in bacteria that are normally
+
+suppressed but can be
+triggered, and then
+
+can lead to these
+states entering,
+
+although this ends up kind of
+a muddy debate/subject somehow.
+
+But the idea is that there's
+something in the cell that
+
+is normally repressed,
+but then at some rate
+
+activates and causes the
+cell to-- and of course,
+
+you can always argue, OK, did it
+evolve for this purpose or not?
+
+Because also, if
+you're dividing slowly,
+
+then you're going to be
+resistant to many things.
+
+But then there's also arguments
+that there are somehow
+
+more specific
+persister-type states
+
+against particular assaults
+or particular antibiotics.
+
+So I think that there
+are many subtleties
+
+to this whole debate.
+
+Any other questions about
+this idea of bet hedging?
+
+So I think that bet
+hedging is indeed
+
+one possible way
+in which evolution
+
+could select for phenotypic
+heterogeneity in a population.
+
+So this is a population of seeds
+that are all, in principle,
+
+identical.
+
+You put them out and
+you plant them all
+
+and they see the
+same environment.
+
+They don't all germinate.
+
+But it's not that all those
+seeds that didn't germinate
+
+are dead, because actually,
+the following year, they still
+
+go back and they can follow
+some stochastic strategy.
+
+So I just want to stress
+that right now we're
+
+considering the two extremes,
+but for bet hedging,
+
+you say probability germinate,
+1 minus p, don't germinate.
+
+And those are, in general, going
+to be some probability p that
+
+can be non-0 that
+maximizes long term growth
+
+rate of the population.
+
+But I do want to talk about two
+other possible explanations,
+
+which is this idea of mixed
+strategies and altruism.
+
+Now mixed strategies,
+in some ways,
+
+is an obvious one,
+because we just
+
+got done talking about mixed
+strategies in game theory,
+
+where there is this notion
+that in a given game,
+
+sometimes this Nash equilibrium
+was a pure strategy,
+
+or the evolutionary
+stable state.
+
+But sometimes at the
+equilibrium there
+
+was coexistence of
+these two strategies,
+
+and that could be
+either implemented
+
+by two different genotypes, or
+by one genotype implementing
+
+both phenotypes.
+
+So this was the classic
+game that people talk about
+
+in this area is
+this hawk dove game.
+
+We talked about this just
+a little bit in class.
+
+So this is a model
+of animal conflict.
+
+And the idea is the
+animals can either
+
+be-- so the idea is that
+there are two animals
+
+and they come across
+some resource.
+
+And the resource could
+be food or it could
+
+be a mate or something else.
+
+And the question is,
+should those animals
+
+fight for the resource
+or should they back down?
+
+Now the assumption
+in all this is
+
+that the hawk is the strategy
+that fights and the dove
+
+is the strategy that backs down.
+
+Now the question
+is, how do we assign
+
+some sort of costs and benefits
+to these various strategies?
+
+Again, where this is
+the situation where
+
+we take the two-player
+game and then
+
+we'll kind of generalize
+it to the population.
+
+Well, if two doves
+encounter each other,
+
+then they don't need
+to fight at all,
+
+and they just split the benefit.
+
+So there's some benefit
+to the resource,
+
+and they each get half of it.
+
+Now of course, if a
+hawk meets a dove,
+
+the hawk actually does better,
+because then the hawk gets
+
+the entire benefit, doesn't
+have to pay the cost.
+
+So already we can see from
+what I've said so far,
+
+is dove a Nash equilibrium?
+
+No, because you can already
+see that if your opponent is
+
+a dove, it's better for you.
+
+If you start in the
+situation where everybody's
+
+a dove, so everybody's
+getting b over 2,
+
+then one individual
+has the incentive
+
+to change strategies and
+get the full benefit.
+
+That hawk never has to fight
+anybody because they will all
+
+back down.
+
+Now of course this
+dove that fought
+
+that hawk doesn't get
+any of the resource,
+
+but also doesn't have to fight.
+
+However, question is, what
+happens if two hawks meet?
+
+And that's a situation
+where they really go at it.
+
+And what you might say is,
+then, there's a 50-50 shot,
+
+that each individual has a 50%
+chance of getting the benefit,
+
+but then also has
+to pay this cost.
+
+And then you can
+decide whether you
+
+want to have-- so I think
+it's normally parameterized
+
+to b minus c over 2.
+
+The idea here is that you
+have a 50% chance of getting
+
+the benefit, but you have a 50%
+chance of getting beaten up.
+
+OK.
+
+Very simple model.
+
+Now the way that we
+normally parameterize
+
+this is that-- let's say
+that we want the hawk-- wait,
+
+hold on a second.
+
+Under which circumstances
+will the hawk strategy
+
+be a Nash equilibrium?
+
+AUDIENCE: If b is larger than c.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+If b is larger than
+c, then the hawk
+
+would be a Nash equilibrium,
+which is actually what
+
+we don't want in this game.
+
+So what we typically
+assume is that the benefit
+
+is less than the cost.
+
+So in that sense, it's somehow
+not worth fighting for.
+
+And that means that neither
+strategy is a Nash equilibrium.
+
+So neither the hawk nor the
+dove is a Nash equilibrium.
+
+And indeed you can calculate
+what the Nash equilibrium is,
+
+and the Nash equilibrium is
+to follow a mixed strategy
+
+with some probability p star
+that is, I think, b over c.
+
+So if there's a
+bigger benefit, p star
+
+is the probability of
+following the hawk strategy.
+
+But as the costs grow, then this
+Nash equilibrium probability
+
+decreases.
+
+So this is a case where
+it's a mixed strategy that
+
+is this Nash equilibrium.
+
+And so this is a
+situation that displays
+
+what we call negative
+frequency dependent selection.
+
+You can see that the
+rare strategies do better
+
+than common strategies.
+
+The key way to
+think about this is
+
+that if you have a
+population of doves,
+
+then a rare hawk does better.
+
+However, if you have
+a population of hawks,
+
+then it's a rare dove
+that does better.
+
+And it's that kind of negative
+frequency of dependence
+
+that pushes the population
+towards some equilibrium
+
+between the
+phenotypes, or it could
+
+be equilibrium between genotypes
+as well, because you could have
+
+pure strategists of a hawk and
+a dove, so different genotypes
+
+that just are different.
+
+And the differences in
+fitness will naturally
+
+lead to evolution to
+an equilibrium hawk
+
+kind of frequency
+in the population
+
+that is equal to this.
+
+So this tells us either about
+the equilibrium frequency
+
+of the genotype of
+hawk in the population.
+
+Or it could be that it's
+a single genotype that
+
+implements these two strategies
+with some frequency that
+
+is b over c.
+
+So I'd say that this is a simple
+idea from the context of game
+
+theory, and the question
+is, what circumstances
+
+might this actually arise
+in kind of real populations.
+
+Oh, before I say
+anything else, I
+
+do want to stress
+that all of you
+
+have played mixed strategies
+before, because in the Rock
+
+Paper Scissors game, which
+we're going to be talking about
+
+more in the coming week or
+so-- you guys all know this,
+
+that rock beats-- not paper--
+but rock beats scissors,
+
+scissors beats paper,
+paper beats rock--
+
+so the Nash equilibrium of that
+game is to do 1/3 1/3, 1/3,
+
+because if everybody's
+following that strategy,
+
+nobody has the incentive
+to change strategies.
+
+Definition of the
+Nash equilibrium.
+
+Is that the optimal strategy
+against any opponent?
+
+No.
+
+And this is very
+important to point out,
+
+because when you think
+about these Nash equilibrium
+
+and everything in
+abstract terms,
+
+it's easy to get
+confused about--
+
+when we say that it's--
+sometimes we say optimal,
+
+or it's the solution
+to the game,
+
+that doesn't mean that it's
+the best response to any given
+
+strategy.
+
+And you know that,
+because if you
+
+know that your little brother
+is going to play rock, then
+
+you know-- well,
+depending on whether you
+
+want to make him happy or not,
+you decide what to do, right?
+
+So it's clear that this
+1/3, 1/3, 1/3 thing
+
+is, it can be the solution
+to the game of the Nash
+
+equilibrium without being the
+best response to any given
+
+strategy.
+
+So one of things that
+we're doing in my group,
+
+actually, is we're arguing
+that in the case of yeasts that
+
+are exposed to mixed
+sugar environments--
+
+so yeast in environments that
+contain a little bit of glucose
+
+and a little bit of galactose--
+what we and actually
+
+other people have found is that
+there's a bimodal response.
+
+So if you look at the number of
+cells as a function of the GAL
+
+operon expression, so
+GAL is the expression
+
+of the genes required to break
+down galactose, what you see
+
+is that some of the cells
+activate the GAL genes highly,
+
+some don't activate it at all.
+
+So the question
+is, what might be
+
+an explanation for this
+phenotypic heterogeneity
+
+observed in a clonal population?
+
+And one way to
+think about this is
+
+that it could be
+the implementation
+
+of some sort of foraging game.
+
+So you can imagine a
+population of animals that want
+
+to go and eat some berries.
+
+So there are two
+different food sources--
+
+say there are blueberries
+and there are red berries.
+
+You can imagine this is
+the kind of situation that
+
+would lead to negative
+frequency dependence,
+
+because if everybody
+else goes and eats--
+
+I guess this was the blueberry--
+so if everybody else goes
+
+and eats the blueberries,
+then it's better for you
+
+to eat the red berry
+because you don't have
+
+to share with anyone, whereas
+if everyone else goes and eats
+
+the red berries, then
+it's better for you
+
+to eat the blueberries.
+
+So that's the kind of
+situation that would naturally
+
+lead to the so-called negative
+frequency dependent selection,
+
+in which coexistence
+of the phenotypes
+
+is somehow the
+equilibrium condition,
+
+and that can be implemented
+either by different genotypes
+
+or it can be implemented
+by a single genotype that
+
+follows both phenotypes.
+
+Incidentally, is
+this equilibrium--
+
+does it maximize the
+fitness of the population?
+
+No.
+
+So what is it that
+would maximize
+
+the fitness of the population?
+
+If everybody were a dove,
+because-- and you can
+
+you go ahead and do
+this calculation,
+
+find out what the
+fitness of everybody is,
+
+but what you'll see is that p
+star does not maximize fitness,
+
+ford not maximize payoff.
+
+So in these games, the
+equilibrium is not necessarily
+
+fitness maximizing.
+
+So so far what
+we've done is we've
+
+given two examples of
+different evolutionary drivers
+
+for phenotypic heterogeneity
+in a population.
+
+And I just want
+to highlight what
+
+I think is maybe the last big
+one, which would be altruism.
+
+And sometimes people call
+it division of labor,
+
+or sacrifice or so.
+
+And a nice example of this
+is colicin production.
+
+The idea is that
+in many bacteria,
+
+they express these
+colicin, which are toxins.
+
+And we're going to read
+more about this later.
+
+So colicin is a toxin.
+
+And the perhaps
+surprising thing is
+
+that in many gram-negative
+bacteria, like E. coli, when
+
+they make this colicin,
+the only way it's released
+
+is cell lysis.
+
+Now the question is, why
+would I possibly do this?
+
+And the answer is,
+perhaps, that if there's
+
+a plasmid that encodes the
+genes to make this toxin,
+
+it also encodes an
+immunity protein.
+
+What that means is that
+if one cell lyses--
+
+so it bursts open and
+releases the colicin--
+
+it will inhibit other
+bacteria, but not
+
+the bacteria that are the
+clone mates that are related,
+
+so not the bacteria that
+also carry that plasmid.
+
+So it's important to
+note there that now when
+
+we talk about kin
+selection or relatedness,
+
+we're talking about the other
+cells that carry that gene.
+
+So what's relevant is that the
+plasma that encodes this toxin
+
+will inhibit other bacteria
+that do not encode the toxin.
+
+Now you can see that this
+kind of lysis behavior
+
+has to be stochastic,
+so there has
+
+to be phenotypic heterogeneity.
+
+And why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Everyone always lyses.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+If this plasmid always
+makes everybody lyse,
+
+then it's not going to
+get very far, right?
+
+But you can kind of
+imagine situations
+
+where, if you just
+1% of the population
+
+lyses but then
+inhibits the cells that
+
+don't care that plasmid,
+then the plasmid
+
+can spread in the population.
+
+So this has to be stochastic.
+
+So I think that this is
+another general explanation
+
+for why there might be
+phenotypic heterogeneity
+
+in the population.
+
+All of these three explanations
+are both conceptually different
+
+and they're
+experimentally different.
+
+They make different
+falsifiable predictions
+
+about what's driving that
+phenotypic heterogeneity.
+
+In this field, I think
+often when people
+
+see phenotypic heterogeneity,
+they immediately
+
+assume that it's bet
+hedging, but these other two
+
+explanations, I think,
+are just as general
+
+and may be just as common.
+
+So we really have to go
+and make measurements
+
+to try to elucidate what's
+going on in each case.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BYhaXjwgn5I.txt b/BYhaXjwgn5I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50eddb25fb9c60c0407828a8da5e2a0df481813c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BYhaXjwgn5I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way we teach the courses we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we teach the courses we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we teach the courses we show
+them that all of these chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that all of these chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that all of these chemical
+transformations can be described by ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations can be described by ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations can be described by ten
+simple pretty simple steps and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pretty simple steps and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pretty simple steps and if you
+understand the basic chemistry of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic chemistry of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic chemistry of these
+simple steps you can really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steps you can really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steps you can really understand
+almost all of the kinds of inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the kinds of inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the kinds of inter
+conversions you see and basic metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions you see and basic metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions you see and basic metabolism
+and what you'll see is while this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is while this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is while this looks
+overwhelming really with a few central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming really with a few central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming really with a few central
+pathways which is what we focus on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways which is what we focus on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways which is what we focus on in
+this course glycolysis fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course glycolysis fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course glycolysis fatty acid
+oxidation biosynthesis sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation biosynthesis sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation biosynthesis sugar
+biosynthesis as well as degradation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis as well as degradation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis as well as degradation the
+krebs cycle which feeds into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle which feeds into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle which feeds into the
+respiratory chain knowing those central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory chain knowing those central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory chain knowing those central
+reactions almost everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions almost everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions almost everything and
+metabolism feeds in and out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism feeds in and out of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism feeds in and out of these
+pathways and so then it really is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and so then it really is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and so then it really is sort
+of a question of what is the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a question of what is the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a question of what is the environment
+like and how do you you know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how do you you know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how do you you know how do you
+enhance breakdown under the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance breakdown under the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance breakdown under the appropriate
+buy of sugar under the appropriate vs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy of sugar under the appropriate vs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy of sugar under the appropriate vs.
+synthesize sugar under a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize sugar under a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize sugar under a different
+environment so then it's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so then it's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so then it's a question of
+regulation so what you're gonna learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so what you're gonna learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so what you're gonna learn in
+this course is really sort of focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is really sort of focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is really sort of focused on
+central metabolism and it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central metabolism and it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central metabolism and it doesn't matter
+whether you study a bacterial or a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you study a bacterial or a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you study a bacterial or a human
+the central metabolism is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central metabolism is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central metabolism is pretty much
+the same that the thing that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that the thing that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that the thing that's different
+is the detailed regulation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the detailed regulation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the detailed regulation and the
+complexity of the regulation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the regulation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the regulation and we
+don't really talk that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really talk that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really talk that much about
+regulation in 507 what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in 507 what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in 507 what we do is
+introduce you to five or six basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to five or six basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to five or six basic
+regulatory mechanisms that are used over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms that are used over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms that are used over
+and over again but then regulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again but then regulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again but then regulation is
+really distinct even between organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really distinct even between organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really distinct even between organisms
+and so then that becomes much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that becomes much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that becomes much more
+complicated and when you go off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and when you go off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and when you go off and
+become a biochemist you've gotta you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a biochemist you've gotta you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a biochemist you've gotta you got
+to study your own system and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study your own system and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study your own system and figure out
+what the environment is
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C1mHR4mkjd8.txt b/C1mHR4mkjd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43cc6d6aae29313ca087342901211047162025ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C1mHR4mkjd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8520 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay today we're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay today we're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay today we're going to uh
+talk about uh the what do the Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh the what do the Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh the what do the Spectra
+look like what are the typical shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what are the typical shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what are the typical shapes
+and sizes and uh what do you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sizes and uh what do you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sizes and uh what do you really need
+to know about uh the various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about uh the various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about uh the various kinds of
+Spectra that you will encounter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that you will encounter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra that you will encounter this
+isn't going to be about the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be about the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to be about the theory of
+the interaction of radiation with matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of radiation with matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of radiation with matter
+this is going to be just a users's guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be just a users's guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be just a users's guide
+to what do you expect to see and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do you expect to see and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do you expect to see and so we
+have three kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of
+Spectra and they look very different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and they look very different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra and they look very different and
+the strategy that you use to assign them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy that you use to assign them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy that you use to assign them
+is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different
+and there's a sociological aspect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sociological aspect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sociological aspect to
+that this is why people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is why people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is why people who are
+microwave spectroscopists very seldom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopists very seldom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopists very seldom
+are interested in the other areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in the other areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in the other areas and
+each of these the Spectra are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these the Spectra are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these the Spectra are so
+different in first appearance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in first appearance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in first appearance and the
+approach to them that there tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to them that there tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to them that there tends to be
+no crossover between these very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no crossover between these very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no crossover between these very closely
+related areas of small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related areas of small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related areas of small molecule
+spectroscopy so I'm going to try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so I'm going to try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy so I'm going to try to give
+a sense of these the uh a quick overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of these the uh a quick overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of these the uh a quick overview
+of these three different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three different kinds of
+spectroscopy what are the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy what are the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy what are the uh the uh
+patterns that are you'll find in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are you'll find in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are you'll find in the
+Spectrum and what are the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and what are the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and what are the typical
+sizes of things uh and how do you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of things uh and how do you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of things uh and how do you make
+assignments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments uh
+okay so we we spent a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we spent a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we spent a fair amount of
+time talking about the the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about the the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about the the central
+equation that governs the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that governs the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that governs the intensity of
+transitions uh and the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh and the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh and the same equation
+applies for all three kinds of Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for all three kinds of Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for all three kinds of Spectra
+but the there different terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the there different terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the there different terms that are
+important uh in the rotational Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the spectral region is uh uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microwave and millimeter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and millimeter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave and millimeter wave
+region and one thing makes this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and one thing makes this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and one thing makes this really
+special is that in these spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is that in these spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is that in these spectral
+regions you don't use an a hot wire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you don't use an a hot wire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you don't use an a hot wire or
+some kind of incoherent Source you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of incoherent Source you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of incoherent Source you use
+an electronic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic oscillator
+and so the Spectra are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Spectra are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Spectra are generally
+recorded in absorption except if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in absorption except if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in absorption except if you're
+looking at the stars then you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the stars then you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the stars then you then
+you're looking in emission uh but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking in emission uh but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking in emission uh but uh uh
+the um the device you use to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the device you use to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the device you use to record the
+spectrum is an oscillator that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is an oscillator that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is an oscillator that is
+electronically controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically controlled
+and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+beautiful uh consequence of that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh consequence of that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful uh consequence of that an
+oscillator is tunable over maybe 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is tunable over maybe 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is tunable over maybe 10 or
+20% of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of its
+bandwidth and so uh because of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and so uh because of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth and so uh because of that you
+can't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see a
+pattern you're generally going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you're generally going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you're generally going to be
+only able to observe a little tiny piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only able to observe a little tiny piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only able to observe a little tiny piece
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+spectrum and normally when you assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and normally when you assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and normally when you assign a
+spectrum you see a big pattern there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you see a big pattern there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you see a big pattern there's
+some repetitions there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repetitions there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repetitions there's some
+characteristic shape but in a microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape but in a microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape but in a microwave
+or pure rotation Spectrum you just see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pure rotation Spectrum you just see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pure rotation Spectrum you just see a
+couple of lines and you have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines and you have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines and you have to somehow
+figure out what to do with those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what to do with those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what to do with those lines
+and that's really different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really different from the
+vibration rotation in the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration rotation in the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration rotation in the electronic
+spectrum and so I'll talk about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so I'll talk about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and so I'll talk about that and
+I'll talk about what appears in the in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about what appears in the in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about what appears in the in a
+microwave spectrum and and how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectrum and and how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectrum and and how does it
+depend on things that you can control in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on things that you can control in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on things that you can control in
+a vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibration
+Spectrum it's really trivial because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum it's really trivial because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum it's really trivial because the
+source you use generally to record a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you use generally to record a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you use generally to record a
+vibration rotation spectrum is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration rotation spectrum is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration rotation spectrum is an
+incoherent hot wire or some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent hot wire or some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent hot wire or some kind of a
+glow bar or something that emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow bar or something that emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow bar or something that emits a
+Continuum and you absorb the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum and you absorb the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum and you absorb the radiation
+and you see you can have as broad a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see you can have as broad a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see you can have as broad a
+bandwidth as you want and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth as you want and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth as you want and you can see
+the whole characteristic pattern and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole characteristic pattern and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole characteristic pattern and the
+pattern is really simple uh and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is really simple uh and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is really simple uh and so here
+you have no pattern for the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no pattern for the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no pattern for the vibration
+rotation Spectrum you see a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum you see a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum you see a pattern
+which practically assigns itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which practically assigns itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which practically assigns itself
+because nothing is covered that the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing is covered that the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing is covered that the key
+regions of the spectrum are in the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the spectrum are in the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the spectrum are in the open
+and you can simply count lines and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simply count lines and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can simply count lines and you
+can say well this is the r branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well this is the r branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well this is the r branch and
+this is the P branch and uh uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the P branch and uh uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the P branch and uh uh it's not
+hard uh of course every time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh of course every time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh of course every time you know
+whenever something is easy you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever something is easy you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever something is easy you go to a
+bigger molecule or you do something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger molecule or you do something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger molecule or you do something and
+you make it hard because it you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it hard because it you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it hard because it you know if
+it's easy well why bother I mean leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy well why bother I mean leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy well why bother I mean leave
+that for people who are not educated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for people who are not educated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for people who are not educated at
+MIT I mean here uh uh so um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I mean here uh uh so um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I mean here uh uh so um but it
+starts out being simple the key patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out being simple the key patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out being simple the key patterns
+are present in an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in an electronic
+spectrum because of something stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because of something stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum because of something stupid
+that the rotational constants for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotational constants for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotational constants for the
+Upper State and the Lower State are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State and the Lower State are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State and the Lower State are very
+different the spectrum is really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the spectrum is really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the spectrum is really hard to
+assign because bands overlap each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign because bands overlap each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign because bands overlap each each
+other and you can't follow branches back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you can't follow branches back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and you can't follow branches back
+to the the beginning that you are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the beginning that you are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the beginning that you are stuck
+with having to make other kinds of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having to make other kinds of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having to make other kinds of uh uh
+use other kinds of Tricks so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use other kinds of Tricks so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use other kinds of Tricks so these are
+three tactically very different sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tactically very different sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tactically very different sorts of
+problems and that also is why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that also is why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that also is why people
+don't tend to work on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay so let's begin with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation single Prime that means Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation single Prime that means Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation single Prime that means Upper
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+double Prime that means Lower State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime that means Lower State I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime that means Lower State I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+why uh but that's what it means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh but that's what it means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh but that's what it means and
+there's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing
+Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first whenever you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first whenever you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first whenever you're talking about a
+transition doesn't matter whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition doesn't matter whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition doesn't matter whether it's
+done in absorption or emission you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in absorption or emission you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in absorption or emission you're
+supposed to say the Upper State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say the Upper State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say the Upper State
+first and and sometimes you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and sometimes you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and sometimes you can use
+words like from and to to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like from and to to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like from and to to distinguish
+absorption or emission but usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption or emission but usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption or emission but usually the
+important thing is you know if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you know if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is you know if you say
+the Upper State first then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upper State first then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upper State first then a
+spectroscopist will be able to load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist will be able to load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist will be able to load the
+information you're giving them if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're giving them if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're giving them if you
+say it the other way around they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it the other way around they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it the other way around they have to
+somehow stop and and reload and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow stop and and reload and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow stop and and reload and and it's
+very very annoying uh so we have oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very annoying uh so we have oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very annoying uh so we have oper
+State first we have single Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State first we have single Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State first we have single Prime and
+double Prime what else do we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime what else do we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime what else do we have here
+uh we have the alphabet for branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the alphabet for branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have the alphabet for branches
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches
+um rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rotational
+branches uh there's a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches uh there's a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches uh there's a lot of information
+in the way you label a rotational Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way you label a rotational Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way you label a rotational Branch
+but generally what you do is you say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally what you do is you say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally what you do is you say I'm
+going to label a line in a br Branch by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label a line in a br Branch by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label a line in a br Branch by
+some pattern forming quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pattern forming quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pattern forming quantum number
+which is usually J but doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually J but doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually J but doesn't have to
+be and so we have uh a Delta uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so we have uh a Delta uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so we have uh a Delta uh well
+let's call it Delta Z because Z is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Delta Z because Z is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Delta Z because Z is never
+used as a pattern forming quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a pattern forming quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a pattern forming quantum number
+and uh uh and so uh two that means Z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and so uh two that means Z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and so uh two that means Z for
+the eer state is larger than that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eer state is larger than that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eer state is larger than that for
+the Lower State that would be called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State that would be called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State that would be called uh
+an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S
+branch and Delta Z of + one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and Delta Z of + one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and Delta Z of + one would be
+called an R Branch zero would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an R Branch zero would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an R Branch zero would be called
+a q Branch Min - one p minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q Branch Min - one p minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q Branch Min - one p minus 2
+O it's boring you know but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O it's boring you know but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O it's boring you know but it's
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh
+you uh you're able to to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you're able to to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you're able to to talk about the
+most important thing in the Spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing in the Spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing in the Spectrum and
+you give it a letter and everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it a letter and everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it a letter and everybody knows
+what it means and it doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means and it doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means and it doesn't require
+that you know what the quantum number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what the quantum number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what the quantum number is
+just that there is some pattern forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that there is some pattern forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that there is some pattern forming
+quantum number that that comes in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that that comes in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number that that comes in in uh
+uh an expression like uh well I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an expression like uh well I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an expression like uh well I'll do
+this where you have a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have a constant times
+this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+and in various hun cases this is J or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various hun cases this is J or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in various hun cases this is J or n
+or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else
+but uh the thing that's easy to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the thing that's easy to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the thing that's easy to know is
+how does the pattern forming quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the pattern forming quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the pattern forming quantum
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+now photons have an angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now photons have an angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now photons have an angular momentum of
+one and so you expect that J can be J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you expect that J can be J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you expect that J can be J is
+the total angular momentum the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total angular momentum the molecule
+eats a photon it can change its angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats a photon it can change its angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats a photon it can change its angular
+momentum by plus or minus one or zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum by plus or minus one or zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum by plus or minus one or zero so
+why am I putting two and minus two and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I putting two and minus two and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I putting two and minus two and I
+could go further because it's not J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go further because it's not J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go further because it's not J
+always and that's one of the beauties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and that's one of the beauties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always and that's one of the beauties of
+spectroscopy you eventually you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you eventually you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you eventually you know you
+put labels on things and sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put labels on things and sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put labels on things and sometimes you
+say I'm done and sometimes I you you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm done and sometimes I you you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm done and sometimes I you you say
+I need to know more but I have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know more but I have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to know more but I have something
+that I really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really do
+know and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and one of the
+really uh the things that I I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the things that I I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh the things that I I consider
+to be beautiful about spectroscopy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be beautiful about spectroscopy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be beautiful about spectroscopy is
+how the notation is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the notation is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the notation is capable of
+describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete
+information that or incomplete knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that or incomplete knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that or incomplete knowledge
+and that as you know more you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that as you know more you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that as you know more you you can
+then go deeper into the notation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go deeper into the notation so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go deeper into the notation so it's
+it's a it's a special thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a special thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a special thing
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the smallest of the things that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest of the things that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest of the things that a
+molecule can do that we that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do that we that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do that we that they
+generally do not so we're excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do not so we're excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do not so we're excluding
+hyperfine is rotation and the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperfine is rotation and the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperfine is rotation and the expression
+for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation
+is generally F and you put a v on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally F and you put a v on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally F and you put a v on there
+to say it's a particular vibrational you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's a particular vibrational you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's a particular vibrational you
+might put another index to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might put another index to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might put another index to say what
+electronic state it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state it is um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the rotational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels generally go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels generally go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels generally go like
+that and uh so if we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh so if we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh so if we're going to be
+observing a rotational transition we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a rotational transition we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing a rotational transition we're
+going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at
+FV of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FV of
+J minus f v of J minus one and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus f v of J minus one and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus f v of J minus one and you can
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+algebra uh and you get 2 P J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh and you get 2 P J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh and you get 2 P J
+minus for J cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D now so the transitions that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now so the transitions that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now so the transitions that you expect
+in a rotational spect are going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rotational spect are going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rotational spect are going to uh
+follow this nice rule where uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this nice rule where uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this nice rule where uh the
+difference the the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the the transition
+frequencies are given by a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are given by a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are given by a constant
+times the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the higher
+J now what about this can we ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now what about this can we ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now what about this can we ignore it
+well D we we had we derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well D we we had we derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well D we we had we derived from
+perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+for uh uh B Cubed over Omega 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh B Cubed over Omega 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh uh B Cubed over Omega 2 the
+crer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crer
+relationship so B is one and Omega is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so B is one and Omega is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so B is one and Omega is a
+th so this is on the order of 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th so this is on the order of 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th so this is on the order of 10us
+6 so this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 so this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 so this is always
+ignorable if you're looking for patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorable if you're looking for patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorable if you're looking for patterns
+it's not ignorable if you're looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ignorable if you're looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ignorable if you're looking to
+be correct but it's ignorable if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correct but it's ignorable if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correct but it's ignorable if you're
+starting to put labels on things this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to put labels on things this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to put labels on things this so
+you're looking for a pattern of lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a pattern of lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a pattern of lines in
+the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's 2B that's 2B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 2B that's 2B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 2B that's 2B that's
+2B and so there'll be a pattern of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and so there'll be a pattern of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and so there'll be a pattern of lines
+and let's say here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so the microwave Spectrum would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the microwave Spectrum would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the microwave Spectrum would
+be if you could look at all of it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you could look at all of it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you could look at all of it would
+be a series of equally spaced lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a series of equally spaced lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a series of equally spaced lines
+separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by
+2B and if that were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and if that were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and if that were true
+then uh there would be no challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there would be no challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there would be no challenge
+whatsoever uh because this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever uh because this spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever uh because this spectrum
+would assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assign
+itself because not only is there a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because not only is there a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because not only is there a a
+unique thing at zero like nothing uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique thing at zero like nothing uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique thing at zero like nothing uh but
+the you know the Spectrum starts at 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the Spectrum starts at 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the Spectrum starts at 2B
+and so what you want to know is B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you want to know is B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you want to know is B and
+there's no ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ambiguity
+but because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of
+the limitations of electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of electronic
+oscillators you can only scan over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators you can only scan over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators you can only scan over a
+small piece of the spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the spectrum and
+usually uh you uh the oscillator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh you uh the oscillator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh you uh the oscillator the
+region that you're able to access with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that you're able to access with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that you're able to access with
+the oscillator is sufficiently wide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillator is sufficiently wide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillator is sufficiently wide that
+you'll catch one rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll catch one rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll catch one rotational
+line and it's very hard to see a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it's very hard to see a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it's very hard to see a pattern
+with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one
+thing so what do you do how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what do you do how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so what do you do how do you know
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a you're operating in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a you're operating in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a you're operating in a world
+where people do know stuff and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people do know stuff and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people do know stuff and you know
+a typical value for Bond lengths and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical value for Bond lengths and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical value for Bond lengths and you
+know what the masses are you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the masses are you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the masses are you may not
+know which molecule you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which molecule you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which molecule you're looking at
+because sometimes when you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes when you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes when you generate
+molecules you do it in a discharge or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you do it in a discharge or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you do it in a discharge or in
+some sort of a violent way and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a violent way and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a violent way and so you
+don't really know what you made uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what you made uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what you made uh and
+so you don't really know what molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't really know what molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't really know what molecule
+this line that you observed in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line that you observed in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line that you observed in your
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+is uh but what you generally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but what you generally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but what you generally do
+especially for microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for microwave
+spectroscopy is that you say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is that you say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is that you say well what
+is it likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it likely to
+be and what is the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and what is the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and what is the rotational constant
+that uh this molecule is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this molecule is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this molecule is likely to
+have and if that's true what J does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and if that's true what J does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and if that's true what J does that
+line belong to or what J to J J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line belong to or what J to J J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line belong to or what J to J J minus
+one the J does it belong to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the J does it belong to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the J does it belong to and
+so really you want to know what 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really you want to know what 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really you want to know what 2B
+is and so you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so you make a
+hypothesis and then it tells you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and then it tells you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and then it tells you okay
+let's look at the next line up or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the next line up or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the next line up or the
+next line down by buying another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line down by buying another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line down by buying another
+oscillator or Bing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or Bing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or Bing
+one and so you make a predic ition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you make a predic ition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so you make a predic ition uh
+this this line is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this line is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this line is at
+6B and so the next line up will be at 8B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6B and so the next line up will be at 8B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6B and so the next line up will be at 8B
+so at uh uh 4/3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at uh uh 4/3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at uh uh 4/3 the
+frequency of this one uh and so but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this one uh and so but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of this one uh and so but if
+you're wrong then you won't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong then you won't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong then you won't see anything
+here okay so that you there is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that you there is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that you there is you know
+because the pattern you see only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pattern you see only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pattern you see only a
+little bit but the pattern is so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but the pattern is so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but the pattern is so simple
+you you generally make some sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you generally make some sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you generally make some sort of a a
+prediction and then you have to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and then you have to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and then you have to verify
+the prediction and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction and one of the things
+about spectroscopy that's really special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy that's really special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy that's really special
+and I think unique in physical chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think unique in physical chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think unique in physical chemistry
+is that when you have the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you have the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you have the correct
+assignment you are 100% certain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you are 100% certain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you are 100% certain that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+correct because if you can observe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because if you can observe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because if you can observe these
+two the second line or a confirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the second line or a confirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the second line or a confirming
+transition whether it's the next one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition whether it's the next one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition whether it's the next one up
+or one you know an earlier just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one you know an earlier just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one you know an earlier just any
+other oscillator that produces another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other oscillator that produces another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other oscillator that produces another
+line in the same Spectrum then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the same Spectrum then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the same Spectrum then you know
+for sure what the fre what B is what J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what the fre what B is what J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what the fre what B is what J
+is and knowing B you have a pretty damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and knowing B you have a pretty damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and knowing B you have a pretty damn
+good idea of what the molecule was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of what the molecule was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of what the molecule was if
+you didn't know I mean if it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know I mean if it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know I mean if it's just a
+permanent gas well it's easy but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent gas well it's easy but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent gas well it's easy but you
+know people did all the permanent gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people did all the permanent gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people did all the permanent gases
+in the early days of micro spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of micro spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of micro spectroscopy
+and and so and so there wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and so there wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and so there wasn't really
+much to do to earn a living if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to do to earn a living if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to do to earn a living if you don't
+do something violent where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something violent where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something violent where you don't
+know what the molecule is okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the molecule is okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the molecule is okay so but
+there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more
+details these are some of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details these are some of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details these are some of something
+that's really beautiful about microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really beautiful about microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really beautiful about microwave
+spectroscopy is okay here's the V equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is okay here's the V equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is okay here's the V equal
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+level and here is a v equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and here is a v equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and here is a v equals one
+level and this has rotational spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and this has rotational spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and this has rotational spectrum
+and this has a rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a rotational
+spectrum and the rotational constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the rotational constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the rotational constant for
+V equal 1 is just a little bit smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal 1 is just a little bit smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal 1 is just a little bit smaller
+than for V equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 uh so b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh so b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh so b
+v is b e minus Alpha E V plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is b e minus Alpha E V plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is b e minus Alpha E V plus a
+half and Alpha is usually about 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and Alpha is usually about 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and Alpha is usually about 1% of
+B so D is usually you know uh a part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so D is usually you know uh a part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so D is usually you know uh a part in
+a million of B but Alpha is 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly and uh now this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and uh now this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and uh now this is going to be a
+big energy difference compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KT and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and so if you're
+working uh in an equilibrium system then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh in an equilibrium system then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh in an equilibrium system then
+uh you're going to you you you you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to you you you you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to you you you you may
+not see any hot bands that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see any hot bands that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see any hot bands that's what
+they're called but you may see hot bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called but you may see hot bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called but you may see hot bands
+they'll be very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be very weak
+and so what you'll see is your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you'll see is your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you'll see is your your
+normal rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rotational
+transition and then uh uh next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and then uh uh next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and then uh uh next to it
+you'll see a really weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a really weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a really weak
+line uh which say is 1% the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh which say is 1% the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh which say is 1% the uh the uh
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e to
+Theus H Omega over KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus H Omega over KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus H Omega over KT
+on the order of 01 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 01 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 01 or something like
+that so you could figure out what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could figure out what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could figure out what what
+sort of temperature what sort of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of temperature what sort of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of temperature what sort of Omega
+but I mean you're going to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean you're going to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean you're going to see these
+weak lines they're going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak lines they're going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak lines they're going to be really
+weak but one of the beautiful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but one of the beautiful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but one of the beautiful things
+about microwave spectroscopy is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microwave spectroscopy is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microwave spectroscopy is it's
+very sensitive and so if you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive and so if you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive and so if you have really
+good signal to noid you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal to noid you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good signal to noid you're going to see
+a hot band can you use anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot band can you use anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot band can you use anything about
+the observed intensity that does say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed intensity that does say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed intensity that does say we
+were talking before how of intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking before how of intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking before how of intensities
+are really hard yes but is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really hard yes but is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really hard yes but is that
+different in myr where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in myr where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in myr where you
+can well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well if you have
+equilibrium well yeah I mean that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well yeah I mean that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well yeah I mean that's one
+of the things about having different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things about having different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things about having different
+spectroscopies that don't cross-link so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies that don't cross-link so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopies that don't cross-link so
+a microwave spectroscopist might say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microwave spectroscopist might say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microwave spectroscopist might say I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to since I know the temperature I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to since I know the temperature I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to since I know the temperature I'm
+going to use this int this relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this int this relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this int this relative
+intensity to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity to determine
+Omega the vibrational frequency well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the vibrational frequency well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the vibrational frequency well you
+know that's got to be be crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's got to be be crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's got to be be crazy
+or and this is not crazy they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and this is not crazy they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and this is not crazy they use
+this you measure the centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you measure the centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you measure the centrifugal
+Distortion remember you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion remember you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion remember you can measure
+microwave transitions to easily aart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave transitions to easily aart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave transitions to easily aart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and so if you you measure two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and so if you you measure two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and so if you you measure two
+rotational transitions you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational transitions you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational transitions you've got a
+pretty good purchase on D and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good purchase on D and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good purchase on D and if this
+equation which comes from perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which comes from perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which comes from perturbation
+theory is valid then you have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is valid then you have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is valid then you have a pretty
+good measure of of Omega and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good measure of of Omega and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good measure of of Omega and so
+microwave spectroscopists often claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopists often claim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave spectroscopists often claim to
+measure vibrational frequencies I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure vibrational frequencies I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure vibrational frequencies I think
+that's ridiculous but it's much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ridiculous but it's much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ridiculous but it's much less
+ridiculous than getting it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity okay so there are these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity okay so there are these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity okay so there are these these
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+bands we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands we also
+have uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh other
+isotopomers I mean the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomers I mean the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopomers I mean the rotational
+constant is proportional to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is proportional to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is proportional to uh
+mu/ R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu/ R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu/ R
+2 and so that's the internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so that's the internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so that's the internuclear
+distance this is the reduced mass and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this is the reduced mass and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this is the reduced mass and so
+if you have a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a heavy
+isotope that means mu will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that means mu will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that means mu will be
+bigger than for the normal isotope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than for the normal isotope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than for the normal isotope and
+that will make B smaller and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make B smaller and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make B smaller and so there
+also going to be some things over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be some things over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be some things over here
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isotopic they're not temp temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependent so if you could change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so if you could change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so if you could change the
+temperature by a factor of two uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by a factor of two uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by a factor of two uh or
+whatever Factor you're going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Factor you're going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Factor you're going to change
+the hot band intensities relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot band intensities relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot band intensities relative to the
+cold bands but you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold bands but you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold bands but you're not going to
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+isotopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bands of course you might introduce new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands of course you might introduce new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands of course you might introduce new
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+BS you you will introduce new hot bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS you you will introduce new hot bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS you you will introduce new hot bands
+but since the rotational constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the rotational constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the rotational constant
+depends on V linearly the next hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on V linearly the next hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on V linearly the next hot
+band's going to be down here and here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band's going to be down here and here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band's going to be down here and here so
+you you know so you will see more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so you will see more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so you will see more than
+one hot bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hot bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hot bin
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one more thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one more thing I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+oh two more things about pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh two more things about pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh two more things about pure rotation
+Spectre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um suppose we're observing A J minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we're observing A J minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose we're observing A J minus one
+to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J
+transition what will be the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+so the the transition the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the transition the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the transition the absorption
+depends on the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the difference in
+population it depends on the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it depends on the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it depends on the difference
+in population between J and M levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in population between J and M levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in population between J and M levels
+because you have a particular JM you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a particular JM you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a particular JM you're
+going to another a different J same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another a different J same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to another a different J same
+M and so uh you want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and so uh you want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and so uh you want to know what is the
+difference in population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in population
+between uh J levels for given M so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh J levels for given M so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh J levels for given M so that
+tells you what you do with the boltzman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what you do with the boltzman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what you do with the boltzman
+degeneracy the 2J +1 degeneracy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy the 2J +1 degeneracy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy the 2J +1 degeneracy you
+forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about
+it okay so what is you know so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what is you know so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what is you know so what does
+temperature do well one thing it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do well one thing it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do well one thing it does is
+it says uh the fraction of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh the fraction of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says uh the fraction of the uh the
+molecules in the sample that are in J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the sample that are in J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the sample that are in J
+equals uh J or J minus one decreases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh J or J minus one decreases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh J or J minus one decreases as
+the temperature goes up because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature goes up because the
+rotational partition function increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational partition function increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational partition function increases
+and so uh there's going to be fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's going to be fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's going to be fewer
+molecules in the 2J levels you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the 2J levels you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in the 2J levels you care
+about as you go up in J and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as you go up in J and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as you go up in J and so you're
+going to get a one over J depend a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a one over J depend a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a one over J depend a one
+overt dependence for that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt dependence for that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt dependence for that and then
+there's a difference in boltzman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference in boltzman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference in boltzman
+population between these two levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population between these two levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population between these two levels and
+she'll get another one over T dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll get another one over T dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll get another one over T dependence
+so you ought to be able to derive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you ought to be able to derive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you ought to be able to derive that
+so the sensitivity of microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sensitivity of microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sensitivity of microwave
+spectroscopy is very much compromised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is very much compromised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy is very much compromised by
+going to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to higher
+temperature now we do experiments in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now we do experiments in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now we do experiments in our
+lab at a tempure temperature of 5 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at a tempure temperature of 5 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at a tempure temperature of 5 Kelvin
+or something like that and uh uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and uh uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and uh uh that's
+because we use a supersonic jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use a supersonic jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we use a supersonic jet
+but it it's awfully tempting to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's awfully tempting to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's awfully tempting to say well
+suppose we photoe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we photoe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we photoe a
+molecule instead of using an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule instead of using an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule instead of using an equilibrium
+system we're making molecules in uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're making molecules in uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're making molecules in uh uh
+rotation and vibrationally hot levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and vibrationally hot levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and vibrationally hot levels
+because of some falsis event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some falsis event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some falsis event
+well first of all they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all they're not going to
+be busman but they're going to be hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be busman but they're going to be hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be busman but they're going to be hot
+there's going to be most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be most of the
+population in relatively High J and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in relatively High J and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in relatively High J and so
+uh microwave spectroscopy is a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microwave spectroscopy is a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microwave spectroscopy is a fantastic
+tool but you have to keep in mind this 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool but you have to keep in mind this 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool but you have to keep in mind this 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+t^2 and if if if you sort of approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 and if if if you sort of approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 and if if if you sort of approximate
+the rotational population of a fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational population of a fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational population of a fragment
+as a million degrees you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a million degrees you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a million degrees you know you're
+you're really in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but another thing that's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but another thing that's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but another thing that's wonderful
+about microwave spectroscopy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microwave spectroscopy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microwave spectroscopy is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+suppose you have a nice equilibrium a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a nice equilibrium a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a nice equilibrium a
+non-equilibrium source uh discharge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium source uh discharge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-equilibrium source uh discharge or
+photolysis and you make molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolysis and you make molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolysis and you make molecules in
+many vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+well Mr microwave says okay I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Mr microwave says okay I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Mr microwave says okay I like that
+that I'm going to have now real spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have now real spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have now real spectrum
+because a whole be a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a whole be a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a whole be a whole bunch of
+lines all of the J to j+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines all of the J to j+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines all of the J to j+ one
+transitions regardless of V will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions regardless of V will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions regardless of V will be
+roughly in the same oscillator and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in the same oscillator and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in the same oscillator and so
+you will you'll be able to see a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you'll be able to see a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will you'll be able to see a whole
+bunch of Transitions and they'll more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Transitions and they'll more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Transitions and they'll more or
+less assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less assign
+themselves and the the intensities will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the the intensities will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the the intensities will
+tell you what the population was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the population was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the population was in the
+initial uh vibrational level and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh vibrational level and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh vibrational level and that's
+telling you something about the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you something about the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you something about the Dynamics
+and so this is a fantastic tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a fantastic tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a fantastic tool for
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+dynamics that has not really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that has not really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that has not really been
+exploited how do they assign themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited how do they assign themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited how do they assign themselves
+uh absolute positions well if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute positions well if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolute positions well if it's a
+diatomic molecule it's really trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule it's really trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule it's really trivial
+because the rotational uh constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rotational uh constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rotational uh constant
+depends linearly on V it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends linearly on V it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends linearly on V it decreases
+linearly in V so whatever the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in V so whatever the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in V so whatever the first one
+isum as V Zer generally you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isum as V Zer generally you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isum as V Zer generally you can do that
+yes pop uh it's very rare that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes pop uh it's very rare that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes pop uh it's very rare that and that
+you you don't have V equals zero but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have V equals zero but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't have V equals zero but I
+mean uh it's possible but you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it's possible but you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh it's possible but you see a
+sequence of transitions of uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of transitions of uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of transitions of uh that are
+more or less equally spaced and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less equally spaced and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less equally spaced and you
+pretty much know those are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much know those are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much know those are different
+vibrational levels now in polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels now in polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels now in polyatomic
+molecules uh you will have each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh you will have each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh you will have each of the
+vibrational modes changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes changing the
+rotational constants in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants in in different
+ways but each linearly so it'll it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but each linearly so it'll it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but each linearly so it'll it'll be
+a a little bit more complicated there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little bit more complicated there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a little bit more complicated there'll
+be families of related transitions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be families of related transitions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be families of related transitions but
+it would be it's a it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be it's a it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be it's a it's a wonderful
+thing and this is a this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this is a this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this is a this is something
+that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exploiting and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting and uh
+um but it you know it doesn't push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it you know it doesn't push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it you know it doesn't push the
+technology of microwave spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of microwave spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of microwave spectroscopy
+because all of these transitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of these transitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of these transitions are
+pretty close but if you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close but if you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close but if you have really
+accurate measures of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate measures of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate measures of the relative
+intensities of lines then you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of lines then you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of lines then you really
+have accurate measures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accurate measures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have accurate measures of the
+populations because the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations because the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations because the only difference
+the what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you need to
+know is what is the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what is the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what is the dipole moment
+permanent dipole moment and what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment and what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent dipole moment and what what is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+population and that's what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that's what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that's what you want to
+measure you measure the intensity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you measure the intensity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you measure the intensity and so
+you get that now the dipole moment might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that now the dipole moment might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that now the dipole moment might
+change with vibrational exitation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with vibrational exitation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with vibrational exitation but
+you can also measure that by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also measure that by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also measure that by doing the
+Stark effect or you can ask a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect or you can ask a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark effect or you can ask a Quantum
+chemist to calculate got to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to calculate got to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist to calculate got to keep them
+employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so let's stop talking about microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's stop talking about microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's stop talking about microwave
+spectroscopy I love microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I love microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy I love microwave
+spectroscopy and you know I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you know I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and you know I don't really
+like vibration rotation spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vibration rotation spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vibration rotation spectroscopy
+which is what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to talk about
+next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that depends on the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that depends on the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that depends on the dipole moment
+function uh being different from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh being different from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh being different from zero
+and and so if you have a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you have a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you have a polyatomic
+molecule some vibrations might have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule some vibrations might have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule some vibrations might have a uh
+uh uh nonzero uh dipole derivative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh nonzero uh dipole derivative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh nonzero uh dipole derivative but
+for a datomic molecule if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a datomic molecule if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a datomic molecule if it's a
+heteronuclear molecule this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear molecule this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteronuclear molecule this will be
+nonzero and if it's homonuclear it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and if it's homonuclear it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and if it's homonuclear it will
+be zero uh so if we want to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero uh so if we want to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero uh so if we want to look at a
+rotation vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation vibration
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum
+um we we need to know an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we need to know an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we need to know an expression for
+the vibrational energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh uh we already know the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we already know the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh we already know the expression
+for the rotational energy level so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rotational energy level so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rotational energy level so I
+won't write it down and we know that b v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write it down and we know that b v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write it down and we know that b v
+is be e minus Alpha e v+ a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be e minus Alpha e v+ a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be e minus Alpha e v+ a
+half now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half now
+one little note of this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little note of this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little note of this is a single
+symbol it's not a product of two symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it's not a product of two symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it's not a product of two symbols
+in polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polyatomic
+molecules although we use models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules although we use models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules although we use models
+diatomic like models for them we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic like models for them we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic like models for them we call
+this first anharmonicity constant X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first anharmonicity constant X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first anharmonicity constant X and
+it doesn't have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have a minus
+sign so it would just be plus x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it would just be plus x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it would just be plus x times
+this but for diatomic Mo I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but for diatomic Mo I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but for diatomic Mo I don't know
+why uh it's called Omega e exe y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh it's called Omega e exe y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh it's called Omega e exe y for
+things but you know you get to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know you get to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you know you get to say it
+really fast and you know it's does the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and you know it's does the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and you know it's does the E
+stand for something equilibrium but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand for something equilibrium but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand for something equilibrium but you
+know the real thing you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real thing you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the real thing you're supposed
+to you call these things Omega e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you call these things Omega e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you call these things Omega e and
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+XE and so that's what you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XE and so that's what you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XE and so that's what you're supposed to
+say I don't know why maybe it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know why maybe it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know why maybe it's part of
+the the rhythm of the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rhythm of the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rhythm of the language that
+gives you a chance to resolve the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a chance to resolve the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a chance to resolve the the
+various elements okay so we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various elements okay so we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various elements okay so we have these
+things the typical rotational constant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the typical rotational constant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the typical rotational constant I
+said before was about one reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before was about one reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before was about one reciprocal
+centimeter the typical vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter the typical vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter the typical vibrational
+constant is around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is around a
+th okay and you know you can have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th okay and you know you can have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th okay and you know you can have you
+can have a big range and I I CH I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a big range and I I CH I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a big range and I I CH I gave
+examples in the notes of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the notes of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the notes of things that are
+really small and really large for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and really large for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small and really large for
+example uh a vibrational frequency for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a vibrational frequency for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh a vibrational frequency for a
+molecule with heavy atoms and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with heavy atoms and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with heavy atoms and a very
+large Bond length will be really low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bond length will be really low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bond length will be really low and
+cesium has a 42 wave number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium has a 42 wave number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cesium has a 42 wave number by
+vibrational frequency and iodine has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency and iodine has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequency and iodine has a
+215 wave number and hydrogen has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+215 wave number and hydrogen has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+215 wave number and hydrogen has a
+4,400 what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,400 what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,400 what it's
+41 it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 it depends
+uh it may be but I don't know where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may be but I don't know where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may be but I don't know where I
+got 4,400 but I'm sure that I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4,400 but I'm sure that I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4,400 but I'm sure that I had a
+reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so uh uh we have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so uh uh we have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so uh uh we have a simple
+expression for the energy levels and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy levels and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy levels and uh
+let me draw the standard diagram for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw the standard diagram for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw the standard diagram for a
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so let's let me leave some room we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so let's let me leave some room we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so let's let me leave some room we
+have the rotational manifold and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rotational manifold and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the rotational manifold and a big
+step in a vibrational so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in a vibrational so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in a vibrational so here's one
+vibrational level here's the next almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level here's the next almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level here's the next almost
+identical and uh so uh what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and uh so uh what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and uh so uh what we would
+like to know is what is the lowest J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know is what is the lowest J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know is what is the lowest J uh
+well what what kind of branches do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what kind of branches do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what kind of branches do you
+have you have R branches and we have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have R branches and we have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have R branches and we have P
+branches for a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches for a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches for a diatomic
+molecule uh you uh the uh transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh you uh the uh transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh you uh the uh transition
+moment is in the Z Direction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is in the Z Direction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is in the Z Direction and so
+Delta Omega has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega has to be equal to
+zero and so when Delta Omega is zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so when Delta Omega is zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so when Delta Omega is zero uh
+there's no Q branches well what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Q branches well what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Q branches well what would it
+mean to have a Q Branch anyway well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have a Q Branch anyway well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have a Q Branch anyway well
+actually that's would be we could have q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's would be we could have q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's would be we could have q
+branches but uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but uh uh so
+weak Q branches I meant to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Q branches I meant to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak Q branches I meant to say that
+about rotational Spectra you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotational Spectra you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotational Spectra you shouldn't
+have q branches in rotational Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have q branches in rotational Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have q branches in rotational Spectra
+but how could you have a Q Branch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how could you have a Q Branch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how could you have a Q Branch here
+but if you had had a Omega not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had had a Omega not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had had a Omega not equal to
+zero State then you could have a Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero State then you could have a Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero State then you could have a Q
+Branch it would be but it would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch it would be but it would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch it would be but it would be at
+very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Okay so
+we have weak or absent Q branches and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have weak or absent Q branches and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have weak or absent Q branches and so
+the first uh we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convention so here's a it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention so here's a it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention so here's a it's going to
+become a spectrum and we have herzberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a spectrum and we have herzberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a spectrum and we have herzberg's
+rule red on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right people don't really follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people don't really follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people don't really follow
+that you're supposed to do do do you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're supposed to do do do you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're supposed to do do do you you
+supposed to I I do when I think of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to I I do when I think of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to I I do when I think of it uh
+I mean I have spoken in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+herburger things that I don't take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herburger things that I don't take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herburger things that I don't take as
+care do as carefully as most but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care do as carefully as most but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care do as carefully as most but you
+know I'm you know so readed on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm you know so readed on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm you know so readed on the right
+so let's put but if you're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put but if you're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put but if you're going to talk
+to physicist right do you bother with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physicist right do you bother with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physicist right do you bother with
+that say well you see if I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say well you see if I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say well you see if I'm going to be
+truculent when I write a review I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truculent when I write a review I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truculent when I write a review I often
+you know will say Well they're violating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know will say Well they're violating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know will say Well they're violating
+these herban rules and you so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these herban rules and you so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these herban rules and you so anyway so
+we're going to do red on the right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do red on the right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do red on the right but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it actually
+helps but uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps but uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps but uh okay
+so we have red over here and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have red over here and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have red over here and we have the
+possibility of a p Branch or an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a p Branch or an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a p Branch or an R
+Branch so a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch so a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch so a p
+Branch uh let's this is Jal 01 2 A P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch uh let's this is Jal 01 2 A P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch uh let's this is Jal 01 2 A P
+Branch the first P Branch well we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch the first P Branch well we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch the first P Branch well we can't
+have a p Branch from J equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a p Branch from J equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a p Branch from J equal
+Z so the first P Branch will be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so the first P Branch will be this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so the first P Branch will be this one
+so let's just erase that and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just erase that and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just erase that and that would
+be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called
+P1 because we label the branches by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 because we label the branches by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 because we label the branches by the
+Lower State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State
+J or the Lower State pattern from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J or the Lower State pattern from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J or the Lower State pattern from
+equ and uh and so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ and uh and so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ and uh and so here's a
+line and the next p Branch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the next p Branch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the next p Branch will
+be P2 and there's a line here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P2 and there's a line here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P2 and there's a line here and so
+there'll be a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines the first our Branch will be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the first our Branch will be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the first our Branch will be from
+Z equal 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal 0 to
+1 and I should have drawn it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I should have drawn it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and I should have drawn it a little
+farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther
+over so I should have drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I should have drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so I should have drawn it
+there uh and uh the next our Branch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh and uh the next our Branch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh and uh the next our Branch will
+be from uh from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from uh from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from uh from one to
+two and it will be line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it will be line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it will be line here
+so what you see there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see there's a there's a
+gap and there's a place where a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and there's a place where a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and there's a place where a line
+should have been if the pattern were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been if the pattern were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been if the pattern were uh
+uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were
+regular and these lines are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and these lines are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and these lines are separated by
+by approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2B and so this is why a micro vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and so this is why a micro vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B and so this is why a micro vibration
+rotation Spectrum assigns itself if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum assigns itself if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum assigns itself if you
+have reasonable resolution there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reasonable resolution there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reasonable resolution there will be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+gap in the middle or Gap somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the middle or Gap somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in the middle or Gap somewhere and
+that will be where the q0 line would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be where the q0 line would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be where the q0 line would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+been except q0 is is is illegal uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been except q0 is is is illegal uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been except q0 is is is illegal uh and
+so you can see that to the red will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that to the red will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that to the red will be
+the P branch and to the right blue will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P branch and to the right blue will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P branch and to the right blue will
+be the the r branch and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the the r branch and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the the r branch and they are
+relatively evenly spaced lines you drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively evenly spaced lines you drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively evenly spaced lines you drew
+them with equal intensity I drew them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with equal intensity I drew them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with equal intensity I drew them on
+a strip uh I didn't I wasn't saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strip uh I didn't I wasn't saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strip uh I didn't I wasn't saying
+anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about
+intensity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the
+intensity uh for these transitions since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh for these transitions since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh for these transitions since
+the upper state is usually empty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper state is usually empty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper state is usually empty the
+intensity is going to be given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is going to be given by the
+rotational line strength factor and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength factor and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational line strength factor and by
+the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational
+populations so if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations so if I were
+drawing population of the Lower State of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing population of the Lower State of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing population of the Lower State of
+the Lower State and so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State and so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State and so and and
+regardless of what the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the rotational
+population is the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is the most important thing
+is the degeneracy here and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degeneracy here and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degeneracy here and so you have
+Branch branches that sort of open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch branches that sort of open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch branches that sort of open up
+like that and you get this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you get this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you get this double
+hump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspect so the most important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so the most important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so the most important thing is
+that there's a gap here and you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a gap here and you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a gap here and you know how
+to start numbering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start numbering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start numbering
+things and the Gap is also the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the Gap is also the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the Gap is also the energy of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vibrational the you know the J equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational the you know the J equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational the you know the J equals 0
+to J equals 0 vibrational uh transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J equals 0 vibrational uh transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J equals 0 vibrational uh transition
+and so you get a pure vibrational bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get a pure vibrational bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get a pure vibrational bit of
+information from this pattern and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from this pattern and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from this pattern and that's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+nice especially when you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice especially when you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice especially when you are going to
+see what happens in an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum so these really do assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so these really do assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so these really do assign
+themselves because you get you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because you get you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because you get you see the
+whole all enough of the pattern to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole all enough of the pattern to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole all enough of the pattern to know
+what it is and now you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and now you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and now you don't necessarily
+know that this is V = 0 to V = 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is V = 0 to V = 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is V = 0 to V = 1 but
+what else could it be I mean V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could it be I mean V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could it be I mean V the
+vibrational energies are really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energies are really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational energies are really big
+compared to KT generally and so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to KT generally and so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to KT generally and so and and
+the different vibrational bands are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different vibrational bands are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different vibrational bands are near
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other and so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so you're going to have
+another vibrational band much like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vibrational band much like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vibrational band much like this
+but with maybe 1% the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with maybe 1% the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with maybe 1% the
+intensity and it's going to be shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and it's going to be shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and it's going to be shifted
+where well uh what usually happens is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where well uh what usually happens is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where well uh what usually happens is as
+you go up in vibrational energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up in vibrational energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up in vibrational energy the
+levels start to get closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels start to get closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels start to get closer and closer
+together because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because of this
+sky and so the next vibrational band was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and so the next vibrational band was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky and so the next vibrational band was
+going to look just like this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look just like this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look just like this one but
+it's going to be shifted a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be shifted a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be shifted a little bit to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+red by 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red by 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red by 2 Omega
+XE and uh almost everything in it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XE and uh almost everything in it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XE and uh almost everything in it is
+going to be pretty much the same uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty much the same uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty much the same uh but
+it'll will be shifted and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll will be shifted and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll will be shifted and it'll be
+weaker so it's really hard to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so it's really hard to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so it's really hard to imagine
+getting a vibrational assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a vibrational assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a vibrational assignment
+wrong uh uh but people can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh uh but people can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong uh uh but people can be quite
+resourceful okay what else do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say so in the infrared or vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so in the infrared or vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so in the infrared or vibration
+rotation Spectrum they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation Spectrum they're going to be
+hot bands and they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot bands and they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot bands and they're going to be
+isotope bands and the isotope bands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope bands and the isotope bands uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope bands and the isotope bands uh
+uh uh there's two different scalings one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's two different scalings one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh there's two different scalings one
+is again B goes as one over the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again B goes as one over the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again B goes as one over the reduced
+mass and Omega goes as one over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and Omega goes as one over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and Omega goes as one over square
+root of the reduced mass and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the reduced mass and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the reduced mass and so there's
+going to be isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isotope
+information uh and you can make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh and you can make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh and you can make use of
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+so goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so goodness
+gracious I thought I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracious I thought I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracious I thought I wouldn't have
+anything to saying I'm just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to saying I'm just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to saying I'm just so
+loquacious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I'm an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm an electronic
+spectroscopist I don't know why but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist I don't know why but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist I don't know why but
+that's what I started out doing and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I started out doing and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I started out doing and I I
+I I think electronic spectroscopy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think electronic spectroscopy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think electronic spectroscopy is
+really a wonderful way to uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a wonderful way to uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a wonderful way to uh look at
+molecules and so let's simplify as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so let's simplify as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so let's simplify as much
+as we can to the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can to the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can to the simplest possible
+transition now for electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now for electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition now for electronic
+transitions the states that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the states that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the states that you can see
+are limited by the symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are limited by the symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are limited by the symmetry of the
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+state so in vibrational Spectre you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in vibrational Spectre you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in vibrational Spectre you have
+a propensity rule for vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propensity rule for vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propensity rule for vibrational
+transitions Delta V of one that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions Delta V of one that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions Delta V of one that comes
+from the first deriva of the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first deriva of the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first deriva of the dipole
+moment function and Delta V of 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function and Delta V of 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment function and Delta V of 2 is
+really weak that comes from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak that comes from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak that comes from uh the
+second derivative of the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the dipole moment
+function or some uh mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or some uh mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or some uh mechanical
+anharmonicity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonicity or
+both and uh but you don't normally see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and uh but you don't normally see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both and uh but you don't normally see a
+long progression of vibrational bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long progression of vibrational bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long progression of vibrational bands
+here we have a selection rule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a selection rule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a selection rule on
+electronic states that you can see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states that you can see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states that you can see but
+uh depending on the shapes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on the shapes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on the shapes of the
+potential curves there's no propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves there's no propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves there's no propensity
+rule or selection rule for vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or selection rule for vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or selection rule for vibration
+there are just Frank con factors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just Frank con factors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just Frank con factors which
+you can calculate if you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate if you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate if you know what the
+shapes of the potential are or uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the potential are or uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the potential are or uh you
+can model the Frank Condon factors by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model the Frank Condon factors by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model the Frank Condon factors by uh
+having some sort of crude uh model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some sort of crude uh model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some sort of crude uh model that
+you fit to the Spectrum I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit to the Spectrum I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit to the Spectrum I mean if you
+can determine B Omega and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine B Omega and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can determine B Omega and Omega
+X then you have a Morse potential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you have a Morse potential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then you have a Morse potential you
+could say I'm going to determine the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to determine the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I'm going to determine the uh
+constants of a Morse Potential from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of a Morse Potential from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of a Morse Potential from this
+and uh so you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can then
+uh derive Morse potentials for the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derive Morse potentials for the Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derive Morse potentials for the Upper
+State and the Lower State and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the Lower State and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the Lower State and you can
+calculate front Condon factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate front Condon factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate front Condon factors
+analytically if you want to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically if you want to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically if you want to we have
+other techniques other things and I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other techniques other things and I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other techniques other things and I am
+going to give a lecture on the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a lecture on the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give a lecture on the ridberg
+Klein Reese method for deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klein Reese method for deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klein Reese method for deriving
+potential curves analytically from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves analytically from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves analytically from
+Spectra using semiclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra using semiclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra using semiclassical
+approximation but that's not for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but that's not for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but that's not for today
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+have vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibrational
+complexity but the worst thing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but the worst thing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity but the worst thing is we
+have rotational complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because um let me just write out the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um let me just write out the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um let me just write out the the
+equations for the R and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the R and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the R and P
+branches and uh so an our Branch we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and uh so an our Branch we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and uh so an our Branch we have
+the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+origin uh and then we have a J squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh and then we have a J squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh and then we have a J squar
+Term Delta B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Term Delta B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Term Delta B
+j^2 and uh then we have a term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2 and uh then we have a term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2 and uh then we have a term that's
+linear in J and that's going to be 2 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in J and that's going to be 2 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in J and that's going to be 2 D
+prime plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Delta
+B J and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B J and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B J and then
+to B Prime and for the P Branch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B Prime and for the P Branch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B Prime and for the P Branch these
+you could derive these equations very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could derive these equations very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could derive these equations very
+easily new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily new
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh plus Delta B J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus Delta B J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus Delta B J
+2 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um
+minus to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to B
+Prime minus Delta B J so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime minus Delta B J so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime minus Delta B J so these are the
+formulas for the r and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the r and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the r and the P
+branches and uh so the quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and uh so the quadratic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and uh so the quadratic term
+the difference in B is smaller than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in B is smaller than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in B is smaller than say
+2B now in vibration rotation transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B now in vibration rotation transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2B now in vibration rotation transitions
+Delta B is so small that you ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta B is so small that you ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta B is so small that you ignore it
+or you almost ignore it and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you almost ignore it and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you almost ignore it and so you
+wouldn't ever write the energ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't ever write the energ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't ever write the energ the
+expression for the r and the P branch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the r and the P branch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the r and the P branch in
+this way but because Delta B for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but because Delta B for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but because Delta B for um for
+an electronic transition can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic transition can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic transition can be quite
+large and it's multiplied by J squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's multiplied by J squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it's multiplied by J squ
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+J it can be the dominant expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J it can be the dominant expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J it can be the dominant expression in
+this in this Branch formula at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this Branch formula at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this Branch formula at at
+thermally accessible JS and so what ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally accessible JS and so what ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally accessible JS and so what ends
+up happening is that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that both of these
+branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch
+es uh um well this Branch starts going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es uh um well this Branch starts going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es uh um well this Branch starts going
+to the blue because it's got a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue because it's got a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the blue because it's got a positive
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+here this Branch starts going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this Branch starts going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this Branch starts going to the
+red because it's got a negative term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red because it's got a negative term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red because it's got a negative term but
+then this term gets big and uh uh if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term gets big and uh uh if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term gets big and uh uh if uh
+depending on the sign of Delta B uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of Delta B uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of Delta B uh or
+depending on the sign of Delta B here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of Delta B here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sign of Delta B here
+the this can make it turn around and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this can make it turn around and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this can make it turn around and go
+the other direction and similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and similarly here
+so what what these equations tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what these equations tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what these equations tell you
+the S of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of Delta
+B uh determines whether the r Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh determines whether the r Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh determines whether the r Branch
+will just continue on going like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just continue on going like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just continue on going like this or
+come around and come around go that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around and come around go that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around and come around go that way
+and walk over the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk over the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk over the P
+branch and so when you have these band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so when you have these band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so when you have these band
+heads that occur uh uh you the line get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that occur uh uh you the line get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads that occur uh uh you the line get
+closer and closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer and closer together
+you can't resolve them and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't resolve them and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't resolve them and then they
+turn around and you've lost track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and you've lost track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and you've lost track and
+then they walk over the the zero gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they walk over the the zero gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they walk over the the zero gap
+which is the thing that you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing that you want it to
+see and then they walk over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then they walk over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then they walk over the other
+branch and so it makes a signing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so it makes a signing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so it makes a signing the
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+hard but not impossible in fact pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but not impossible in fact pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but not impossible in fact pretty
+trivial I'll talk about that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial I'll talk about that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial I'll talk about that next time
+uh but it's it's a kind of a tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's it's a kind of a tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's it's a kind of a tedious
+thing you sort of think well why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you sort of think well why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you sort of think well why should
+I be bothering myself something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I be bothering myself something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I be bothering myself something like
+that because we just looked at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we just looked at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we just looked at two
+different kinds of Spectra and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Spectra and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Spectra and it's
+trivial but now these simple formulas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but now these simple formulas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but now these simple formulas uh
+but it says big trouble so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says big trouble so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says big trouble so anyway
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+transitions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have what so uh both so if you expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what so uh both so if you expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what so uh both so if you expand
+the 2B plus Delta BJ terms down for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2B plus Delta BJ terms down for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2B plus Delta BJ terms down for both
+r&p Branch yes both of them have a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r&p Branch yes both of them have a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r&p Branch yes both of them have a Delta
+BJ term that goes the same way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ term that goes the same way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ term that goes the same way right
+that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter right I mean one the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right I mean one the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right I mean one the difference
+between the r and the P branches is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the r and the P branches is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the r and the P branches is one
+has a 2B Prime J and the other has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 2B Prime J and the other has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 2B Prime J and the other has a
+minus 2B Prime J but both have the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2B Prime J but both have the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2B Prime J but both have the Delta
+B terms going in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction yeah um I may have made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yeah um I may have made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction yeah um I may have made an
+algebraic mistake I don't think so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic mistake I don't think so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic mistake I don't think so um
+the Delta B can have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta B can have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta B can have either
+sign and and and the important thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and and and the important thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and and and the important thing it
+doesn't really matter what this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter what this is the
+important thing is that this Delta b j s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that this Delta b j s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that this Delta b j s
+is going to get big compared to 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get big compared to 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get big compared to 2B
+before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+does oh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does oh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does oh because it's
+adjacent right and and as a as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent right and and as a as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent right and and as a as a result
+the the sign of Delta B determines what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of Delta B determines what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sign of Delta B determines what
+the band will look like and it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band will look like and it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band will look like and it because
+Delta B is larger than 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta B is larger than 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta B is larger than 1%
+of the value of B which would be for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the value of B which would be for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the value of B which would be for a
+vibrational transition because Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational transition because Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational transition because Alpha is
+1% this could be half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% this could be half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% this could be half of
+B uh and so um you get branches you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands
+that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+this or like that this is right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like that this is right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or like that this is right on the
+right and so this is called Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degraded and this is called red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degraded this is the more usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded this is the more usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded this is the more usual
+situation this means B Prime is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this means B Prime is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this means B Prime is less
+than bble Prime and this means B Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bble Prime and this means B Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bble Prime and this means B Prime
+is greater than bble Prime why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than bble Prime why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than bble Prime why is it
+usually when you excite from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when you excite from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually when you excite from the ground
+state to a higher excited that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to a higher excited that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to a higher excited that you've
+reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the
+bonding it's usually a bonding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding it's usually a bonding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding it's usually a bonding to
+non-bonding or a bonding to anti-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding or a bonding to anti-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bonding or a bonding to anti-bonding
+so it's very common that the Upper State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very common that the Upper State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very common that the Upper State
+B value is like this so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B value is like this so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B value is like this so one of the
+things that you get for free when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you get for free when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you get for free when you
+look at a band in the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a band in the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a band in the electronic
+spectrum is is B Prime larger or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is is B Prime larger or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is is B Prime larger or smaller
+than bble Prime but that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bble Prime but that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than bble Prime but that's all
+everything beyond that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything beyond that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything beyond that you have to
+really work for because somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work for because somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work for because somewhere
+lurking in here is the band origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking in here is the band origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurking in here is the band origin
+covered up by the most dense forest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered up by the most dense forest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered up by the most dense forest of
+lines and because the band a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and because the band a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and because the band a branch
+turned around and came back on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around and came back on itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around and came back on itself
+you lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost
+count so you can't and you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so you can't and you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so you can't and you don't know
+where this is relative to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is relative to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is relative to the origin
+although it's a common approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's a common approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's a common approximation to
+say Well since this is something I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Well since this is something I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Well since this is something I can
+measure really well because it's a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure really well because it's a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure really well because it's a sharp
+structure I I I'm going to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I I I'm going to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I I I'm going to measure the
+band heads rather than the band Origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band heads rather than the band Origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band heads rather than the band Origins
+but that just folds some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that just folds some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that just folds some unknown
+rotational information into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational information into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational information into the
+expressions for the vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the vibrational levels
+so the way you assign these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you assign these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you assign these things is
+that you resolve the individual lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you resolve the individual lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you resolve the individual lines
+and you look for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotational combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences and there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they're Upper State rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're Upper State rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're Upper State rotational
+combination differences and Lower State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences and Lower State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences and Lower State
+rotational combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational combination
+differences and it they basically say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I you have
+this sort of situation that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of situation that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of situation that's a
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+difference or you have this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or you have this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or you have this kind of a
+situation that's a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's a combination
+difference okay but now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay but now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay but now if you think
+about this for a second you'll say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for a second you'll say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for a second you'll say what
+good does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good does that do
+me I mean I I look at bunch of lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean I I look at bunch of lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I mean I I look at bunch of lines in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Spectrum and certainly a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and certainly a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and certainly a combination
+difference is a difference in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is a difference in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is a difference in frequency
+of two lines which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to well it's it's cheating because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well it's it's cheating because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well it's it's cheating because
+there's no repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no repetition
+here now if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now if you know the
+rotational uh constant of the Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh constant of the Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational uh constant of the Lower
+State well then it's Child's Play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well then it's Child's Play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well then it's Child's Play
+because then you do know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you do know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you do know what
+combination differences you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you could have
+and then you go looking for them and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go looking for them and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go looking for them and if
+your resolution and uh uh uh uh and de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resolution and uh uh uh uh and de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resolution and uh uh uh uh and de
+ision is sufficient then you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ision is sufficient then you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ision is sufficient then you can make
+assignments but usually you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments but usually you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments but usually you don't know
+and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have
+to build up an assignment by saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up an assignment by saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up an assignment by saying okay
+we have two different vibrational bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two different vibrational bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two different vibrational bands
+with a vibrational level in common and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vibrational level in common and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vibrational level in common and
+then there will be one combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be one combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be one combination
+difference in you know a duplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in you know a duplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in you know a duplication of
+combination differences between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences between these
+two bands but you don't know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bands but you don't know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bands but you don't know when you
+record a spectrum whether they're linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a spectrum whether they're linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a spectrum whether they're linked
+so it says I'm really in trouble here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says I'm really in trouble here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says I'm really in trouble here I
+can't make any sense of this until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any sense of this until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any sense of this until
+something lucky happens or until I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something lucky happens or until I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something lucky happens or until I go
+through the most incredible Dunkey work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the most incredible Dunkey work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the most incredible Dunkey work
+to find you know these repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find you know these repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find you know these repeated
+intervals and it's really really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and it's really really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and it's really really hard
+and boring and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring and so
+uh next time I will take you into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time I will take you into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time I will take you into the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the Heart of Darkness I I couldn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heart of Darkness I I couldn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heart of Darkness I I couldn't come
+up with it uh and I will show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with it uh and I will show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with it uh and I will show you the
+method called the logist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the logist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called the logist
+strip and this is not a burlesque show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and this is not a burlesque show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip and this is not a burlesque show
+this is a magical method that Anthony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a magical method that Anthony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a magical method that Anthony
+Mir also uses you've probably some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir also uses you've probably some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir also uses you've probably some of
+you saw Anthony sitting in the uh lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw Anthony sitting in the uh lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw Anthony sitting in the uh lab
+and ass signing Spectre using a a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ass signing Spectre using a a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ass signing Spectre using a a piece
+of paper and a ruler that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and a ruler that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper and a ruler that's called the
+logist STP and uh um I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist STP and uh um I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logist STP and uh um I will tell you
+about that and other methods and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and other methods and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and other methods and then
+the next lecture I will show you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I will show you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I will show you how you
+get the same information much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same information much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same information much more
+easily using laser tricks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CXKoCMVqM9s.txt b/CXKoCMVqM9s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1465e86a8c1f1e3270a5208a8f911fc140eafd67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CXKoCMVqM9s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7592 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah so we're going to
+continue to talk about trig uh integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk about trig uh integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to talk about trig uh integrals
+and trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trig
+substitutions uh this is maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions uh this is maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions uh this is maybe the most
+technical part of this course which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical part of this course which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical part of this course which
+maybe is why Professor jarrison decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is why Professor jarrison decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is why Professor jarrison decided
+to just take a Leo a wall just now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take a Leo a wall just now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take a Leo a wall just now and
+let me take over for him but I'll do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take over for him but I'll do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take over for him but I'll do my
+best to uh help you learn this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to uh help you learn this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to uh help you learn this technique
+and um it'll be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it'll be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it'll be useful for
+you so we've talked about uh trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so we've talked about uh trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so we've talked about uh trig
+integrals involving signs and cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving signs and cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving signs and cosiness
+yesterday and there's another whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and there's another whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and there's another whole
+world out there that involves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world out there that involves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world out there that involves these
+other trig trig uh uh polinomial trig uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trig trig uh uh polinomial trig uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trig trig uh uh polinomial trig uh
+functions secant and tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions secant and tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions secant and tangent
+and let me just make a little table to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just make a little table to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just make a little table to
+remind you what they are because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what they are because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what they are because I have
+trouble remembering myself so I enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble remembering myself so I enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble remembering myself so I enjoy
+the opportunity to go back and remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to go back and remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to go back and remind
+myself of this stuff let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself of this stuff let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself of this stuff let's see the
+secant is one over one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant is one over one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant is one over one of those things
+which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is
+it it's weird it's one over the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's weird it's one over the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's weird it's one over the cosine
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+cosecant is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant is one over the
+S of course the tangent you know is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of course the tangent you know is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of course the tangent you know is uh
+the S over the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S over the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S over the cosine
+and the coent is the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around so when you put a CO in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so when you put a CO in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so when you put a CO in front of
+it a changes it it it exchanges s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a changes it it it exchanges s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a changes it it it exchanges s and
+cosine well I have a few identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine well I have a few identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine well I have a few identities
+involving tangent and secant up there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving tangent and secant up there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving tangent and secant up there uh
+in that little prepared Blackboard up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that little prepared Blackboard up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that little prepared Blackboard up
+above maybe I'll just go through and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above maybe I'll just go through and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above maybe I'll just go through and um
+and check them out to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check them out to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check them out to make sure that
+we're all on the same page with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the same page with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the same page with
+them so I'm going to claim that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I'm going to claim that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I'm going to claim that there's
+this trig identity at the top secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trig identity at the top secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trig identity at the top secant
+squ is 1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is 1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is 1 plus the
+tangent so let's just check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so let's just check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so let's just check that
+out so the secant is one over the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the secant is one over the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the secant is one over the cosine
+so secant squar is one over cosine squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so secant squar is one over cosine squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so secant squar is one over cosine squar
+and then whenever you see a one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whenever you see a one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whenever you see a one in
+trigonometry you'll always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry you'll always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry you'll always have the
+option of writing it as cosine squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of writing it as cosine squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of writing it as cosine squar
+plus the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ and if I do that then I can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and if I do that then I can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and if I do that then I can um
+divide the cosine squar into that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the cosine squar into that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the cosine squar into that first
+um term and I get 1 + sin^2 over cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um term and I get 1 + sin^2 over cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um term and I get 1 + sin^2 over cosine
+squ which is the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ which is the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ which is the tangent
+squared so there you go that checks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so there you go that checks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so there you go that checks the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+one that's the main trig identity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the main trig identity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the main trig identity that's
+going to be behind what I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be behind what I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be behind what I talk about
+today that's the trigonometry identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's the trigonometry identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that's the trigonometry identity
+part how about this piece of um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part how about this piece of um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part how about this piece of um this
+piece of calculus can we calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of calculus can we calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of calculus can we calculate what
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+of the tangent of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tangent of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tangent of X
+is um actually I'm going to do that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um actually I'm going to do that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um actually I'm going to do that on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board well so the the tangent of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board well so the the tangent of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board well so the the tangent of X is
+sinx / cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx / cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx / cosine
+X so I think I was with you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I think I was with you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I think I was with you when we
+learned about the uh quotient rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the uh quotient rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about the uh quotient rule
+Computing the derivative of a quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the derivative of a quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the derivative of a quotient
+and um the rule is you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the rule is you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the rule is you take the
+numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator
+and you multi sorry you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multi sorry you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multi sorry you take the
+derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the
+numerator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator which is
+cosine and you multiply it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and you multiply it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and you multiply it by the
+denominator so that gives you cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so that gives you cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so that gives you cosine
+squared and then you take the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then you take the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then you take the numerator
+you take minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take minus the
+numerator and multiply that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and multiply that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and multiply that by the
+derivative of the denominator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the denominator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the denominator which is
+minus s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of
+X and you put all that over the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you put all that over the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you put all that over the square
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+denominator and now I look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and now I look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and now I look at that and
+um before my eyes I see this same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before my eyes I see this same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before my eyes I see this same uh
+trig identity cosine squar plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identity cosine squar plus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identity cosine squar plus sin
+squar is one appearing there this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is one appearing there this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is one appearing there this is one
+over cosine squ of x which is the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine squ of x which is the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine squ of x which is the secant
+squ and um good so that's what the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and um good so that's what the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and um good so that's what the claim
+was the derivative of the tangent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the derivative of the tangent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the derivative of the tangent is the
+secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+squar that immediately gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that immediately gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that immediately gives you an
+integral namely the integral of secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral namely the integral of secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral namely the integral of secant
+squared is the tangent that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the tangent that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the tangent that's the
+fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of
+calculus so we verified the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so we verified the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so we verified the first
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+there well let's just do the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well let's just do the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well let's just do the second one
+as well so if I want to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so if I want to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so if I want to differentiate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secant uh derivative of the secant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant uh derivative of the secant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant uh derivative of the secant so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+DDX of one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of one over the
+cosine and again I have a quotient this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and again I have a quotient this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and again I have a quotient this
+one's a little easier because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little easier because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little easier because the
+numerator is so simple so I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is so simple so I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is so simple so I take the
+derivative of the numerator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the numerator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the numerator which is
+zero and then I take the numerator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I take the numerator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then I take the numerator I
+take minus the numerator times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take minus the numerator times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take minus the numerator times the
+derivative of the denominator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the denominator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the denominator which is
+minus sin of X and put all that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin of X and put all that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin of X and put all that over the
+square of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the same
+denominator so one minus same sign came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so one minus same sign came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so one minus same sign came
+from the quotient Rule and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the quotient Rule and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the quotient Rule and the other one
+came because that's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came because that's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came because that's the derivative of
+the cosine but they cancel and so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine but they cancel and so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine but they cancel and so I get
+S over cosine SAR which is s over cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S over cosine SAR which is s over cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S over cosine SAR which is s over cosine
+* 1 cosine and so that's the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 cosine and so that's the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 cosine and so that's the secant
+that's one over the cosine times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one over the cosine times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one over the cosine times the
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X so not hard uh that verifies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so not hard uh that verifies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so not hard uh that verifies that the
+C derivative of secant is secant tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C derivative of secant is secant tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C derivative of secant is secant tangent
+and it tells you uh that the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you uh that the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you uh that the integral of
+that weird thing in case you ever want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird thing in case you ever want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird thing in case you ever want
+to know the integral of the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the integral of the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the integral of the secant
+tangent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent is the
+secant well there are a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant well there are a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant well there are a couple more
+integrals that I want to do for you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that I want to do for you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that I want to do for you that
+um that where I can't sort of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that where I can't sort of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that where I can't sort of work
+backwards like that let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards like that let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards like that let's calculate the
+derivative of the T let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the T let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the T let's calculate the
+integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent just do this straight out so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent just do this straight out so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent just do this straight out so the
+tangent is the sign divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and
+um now there's a habit of mind that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's a habit of mind that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's a habit of mind that I
+hope you get into U when you see the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you get into U when you see the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you get into U when you see the co
+and you're working in an try calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're working in an try calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're working in an try calculating
+an integral like this it's useful to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral like this it's useful to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral like this it's useful to to
+remember what the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the derivative of the
+cosine is because maybe it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is because maybe it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is because maybe it shows up
+somewhere else in the integral and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the integral and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the integral and that
+happens here so that suggests we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so that suggests we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so that suggests we make a
+substitution U equals the cosine of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution U equals the cosine of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution U equals the cosine of x
+which means du is minus the S of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means du is minus the S of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means du is minus the S of X DX
+that's the numerator except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the numerator except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the numerator except for the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and
+um so I can rewrite this as under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution I can rewrite this as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I can rewrite this as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I can rewrite this as minus
+du that's the numerator sinx DX is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du that's the numerator sinx DX is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du that's the numerator sinx DX is minus
+du divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du divided
+U huh well I know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U huh well I know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U huh well I know how to do that
+integral too U that gives me the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral too U that gives me the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral too U that gives me the natural
+log doesn't it so this is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log doesn't it so this is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log doesn't it so this is minus the
+natural log of U Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of U Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of U Plus
+constant I'm not quite done I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm not quite done I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm not quite done I have to
+back substitute and replace this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitute and replace this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitute and replace this new
+variable that I made up called U with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I made up called U with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I made up called U with
+what it is and what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is minus the natural log of the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the natural log of the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the natural log of the cosine
+of x so the integral of the tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so the integral of the tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so the integral of the tangent is
+minus log cosine now uh I don't uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log cosine now uh I don't uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log cosine now uh I don't uh you
+find these tables of integrals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these tables of integrals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these tables of integrals in the
+back of the book and things like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the book and things like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the book and things like that uh
+I'm not sure how much memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how much memorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how much memorization
+Professor Jaron is going to ask of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Jaron is going to ask of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Jaron is going to ask of you
+but uh there is a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there is a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there is a certain amount of
+memorization that goes on in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization that goes on in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization that goes on in calculus
+and this is one of the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the kinds of things
+that you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably want to
+know let me do one more integral uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me do one more integral uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me do one more integral uh I
+think I'm making my way through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm making my way through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm making my way through a
+prepared board here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared board here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared board here let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+good so the integral of the tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the integral of the tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the integral of the tangent is
+minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine I'd also like to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine I'd also like to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine I'd also like to know what the
+integral of the secant of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the secant of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the secant of X
+is and uh I don't know a way to go kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh I don't know a way to go kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh I don't know a way to go kind
+of go straight at this but let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go straight at this but let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go straight at this but let me show
+you a way to uh think your way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a way to uh think your way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a way to uh think your way through
+to it if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it if I take
+um these two facts tangent Prime is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two facts tangent Prime is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two facts tangent Prime is what
+is what it is and secant Prime is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and secant Prime is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and secant Prime is what
+it is and add them together I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and add them together I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and add them together I get this
+fact that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the derivative
+of the secant of X plus the tangent of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secant of X plus the tangent of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secant of X plus the tangent of X
+is well um it's the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well um it's the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well um it's the sum of these two
+things secant secant squ plus secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things secant secant squ plus secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things secant secant squ plus secant
+tangent and there's a secant that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and there's a secant that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and there's a secant that occurs
+in both one both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both one both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both one both of those
+terms so I'll Factor it out and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so I'll Factor it out and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so I'll Factor it out and that
+gives me uh I'll put put it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me uh I'll put put it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me uh I'll put put it over here
+there's the secant of X that occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the secant of X that occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the secant of X that occurs in
+both terms and then in one term there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both terms and then in one term there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both terms and then in one term there's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+secant and in the other term there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant and in the other term there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant and in the other term there's a
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's interesting somehow because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting somehow because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting somehow because
+this same term appears on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same term appears on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same term appears on both sides of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write U for that secant x plus tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write U for that secant x plus tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write U for that secant x plus tangent
+of X and so the equation that I get is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and so the equation that I get is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and so the equation that I get is U
+Prime equals U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equals U
+* the secant of X of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've just made a just made a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just made a just made a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just made a just made a direct
+substitution just decide that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution just decide that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution just decide that I'm going
+to write U for that single thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write U for that single thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write U for that single thing that
+occurs on both sides of the equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on both sides of the equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on both sides of the equation so
+U Prime is on the left and U * secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime is on the left and U * secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime is on the left and U * secant of
+X is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is on the
+right well there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well there's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well there's my
+secant that I was trying to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant that I was trying to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant that I was trying to integrate
+and what it tells you is that the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it tells you is that the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it tells you is that the secant
+of X is U Prime uh divided by U just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is U Prime uh divided by U just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is U Prime uh divided by U just
+divide both sides by U and I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by U and I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides by U and I get this
+equation U Prime divided U that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation U Prime divided U that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation U Prime divided U that has a
+name I'm not sure that uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I'm not sure that uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name I'm not sure that uh Professor
+Jaris has used this in this class but U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jaris has used this in this class but U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jaris has used this in this class but U
+Prime over U we've actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over U we've actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime over U we've actually used
+something like that it's on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it's on the board
+right now it's a logarithmic derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's a logarithmic derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's a logarithmic derivative
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative of the natural logarithm of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the natural logarithm of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the natural logarithm of U
+maybe it's easier to read this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to read this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to read this from
+right to left if I want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left if I want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left if I want to calculate the
+derivative of the logarithm well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the logarithm well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the logarithm well the
+chain rule says I get the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule says I get the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule says I get the derivative of
+U times the derivative of the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times the derivative of the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times the derivative of the log
+function which is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is one over
+U so often U Prime over U is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so often U Prime over U is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so often U Prime over U is called the
+logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative but it's done what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's done what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's done what I wanted
+because it's expressed the secant as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expressed the secant as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expressed the secant as a
+der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der
+ative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ative and
+um I guess I should put in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I should put in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I should put in what
+that what U is it's um this the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what U is it's um this the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what U is it's um this the secant
+plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent and so that implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and so that implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and so that implies that the
+integral integrate both sides that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral integrate both sides that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral integrate both sides that says
+that the integral of the secant of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of the secant of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of the secant of X DX
+is the natural logarithm of the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural logarithm of the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural logarithm of the secant
+of X plus the tangent of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the last line in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the last line in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the last line in this little
+memo that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo that I
+created that we can use now for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that we can use now for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that we can use now for the rest
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+class okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay any questions about that
+trick it's just make it's a trick I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's just make it's a trick I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick it's just make it's a trick I have
+nothing more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more to say about
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um the next thing I oh yes so now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing I oh yes so now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing I oh yes so now I want
+to make the point that using these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the point that using these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the point that using these rules
+and some some um some thought you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some um some thought you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some um some thought you can
+you can now integrate most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now integrate most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now integrate most um
+trigonometric pols most things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric pols most things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric pols most things that
+involve powers of signs and cosines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve powers of signs and cosines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve powers of signs and cosines and
+tangents and secants and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents and secants and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents and secants and everything else
+for example let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's try to
+integrate the integral of secant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the integral of secant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the integral of secant to the
+4th of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th of x
+big Power of the secant function well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Power of the secant function well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Power of the secant function well
+there are too many secants there for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many secants there for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many secants there for me
+so let's take some away and I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take some away and I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take some away and I can take
+them away by using that trig identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away by using that trig identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away by using that trig identity
+secant squ is 1 plus tangent squar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ is 1 plus tangent squar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squ is 1 plus tangent squar so
+I'm going to replace two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to replace two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to replace two of those
+secants by 1 + tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ that leaves me with two left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ that leaves me with two left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ that leaves me with two left
+over now there was method to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now there was method to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over now there was method to my
+madness because I've got a secant squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness because I've got a secant squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness because I've got a secant squ
+left over there and secant squ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over there and secant squ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over there and secant squ is the
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+tangent so that suggests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution namely let's say let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution namely let's say let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution namely let's say let's let
+U be the tangent of X so that du is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U be the tangent of X so that du is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U be the tangent of X so that du is
+secant s of X DX and I have both terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant s of X DX and I have both terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant s of X DX and I have both terms
+that occur in my um in my integral um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur in my um in my integral um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur in my um in my integral um
+sitting there very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was this the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was this the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was this the possibility of
+making this substitution and seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this substitution and seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this substitution and seeing a
+secant squared appear as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squared appear as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squared appear as part of the
+differential here that's why it's a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential here that's why it's a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential here that's why it's a it
+was a good idea for me to take two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good idea for me to take two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good idea for me to take two of
+the secants and write them as 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secants and write them as 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secants and write them as 1 plus
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+squar so now I can continue this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so now I can continue this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so now I can continue this uh
+under that substitution um I get one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that substitution um I get one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under that substitution um I get one oh
+yeah and I should add the other uh fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I should add the other uh fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I should add the other uh fact
+that um um well I guess uh it's obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um well I guess uh it's obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um well I guess uh it's obvious
+that tangent s is u^2 so I get 1 + u^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangent s is u^2 so I get 1 + u^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangent s is u^2 so I get 1 + u^
+2 and then du uh the secant squ x plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then du uh the secant squ x plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then du uh the secant squ x plus x
+* DX that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Du well that's pretty easy to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du well that's pretty easy to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du well that's pretty easy to integrate
+so I get U + U Cub over 3 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get U + U Cub over 3 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get U + U Cub over 3 plus a
+constant and then I just have to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then I just have to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then I just have to back
+substitute put things back in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute put things back in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute put things back in terms of
+the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+variables and that gives me uh tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and that gives me uh tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and that gives me uh tangent
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X Plus tangent cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus tangent cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus tangent cubed over
+three and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer so we could spend a lot more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we could spend a lot more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we could spend a lot more time
+doing more examples of of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more examples of of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more examples of of this kind of
+trig polinomial trig thing uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig polinomial trig thing uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig polinomial trig thing uh it's
+probably best for you to do uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best for you to do uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best for you to do uh some
+practice on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on your
+own because I want to talk about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own because I want to talk about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own because I want to talk about other
+things also and uh what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also and uh what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also and uh what I want to talk
+about is the use of these trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the use of these trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the use of these trig
+identities in making really trig trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in making really trig trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in making really trig trig
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration so we've did we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so we've did we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so we've did we did a little
+bit of this yesterday and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this yesterday and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this yesterday and I'll show you
+some more examples today let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples today let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more examples today let's start
+with a pretty hard example right off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pretty hard example right off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pretty hard example right off the
+bat so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat so this is going to be
+uh the integral of DX over x² times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integral of DX over x² times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integral of DX over x² times the
+square root of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 okay it's pretty bad looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay it's pretty bad looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 okay it's pretty bad looking
+integral so how can we approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so how can we approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so how can we approach this
+well um the square root is the ugliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the square root is the ugliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the square root is the ugliest
+part of the integral I think um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral I think um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral I think um what we
+should try to do is uh write this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to do is uh write this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to do is uh write this square
+root in some nicer way that is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in some nicer way that is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root in some nicer way that is figure
+out a way to write 1 + x^2 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to write 1 + x^2 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to write 1 + x^2 as a
+square that will get rid of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that will get rid of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that will get rid of the square
+root so there is an example of uh a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so there is an example of uh a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so there is an example of uh a way
+to write one plus something squared in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write one plus something squared in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write one plus something squared in a
+different way and it's right up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and it's right up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and it's right up there
+secant squar is 1 plus tangent squar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squar is 1 plus tangent squar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant squar is 1 plus tangent squar so
+I want to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use that
+idea and when I see this form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and when I see this form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and when I see this form that
+suggests that we make a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that we make a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that we make a trig
+substitution and write X as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and write X as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and write X as the
+tangent of some new variable which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of some new variable which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of some new variable which you
+might as well call Theta because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well call Theta because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well call Theta because it's
+like an angle uh then 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 is the secant squared according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 is the secant squared according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 is the secant squared according to
+that trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trig
+identity and so the square root of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so the square root of 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so the square root of 1 +
+x^2 is the secant of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's the that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the that's the way
+reason this this identity is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this this identity is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this this identity is the reason
+that this substitution is going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this substitution is going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this substitution is going to help
+us because it gets rid of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because it gets rid of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us because it gets rid of the square
+root and replaces it by some other trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and replaces it by some other trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and replaces it by some other trig
+function I'd better be able to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'd better be able to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'd better be able to get rid
+of the DX too that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DX too that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DX too that's part of the
+substitution process but we do we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution process but we do we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution process but we do we can do
+that because I know what the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I know what the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I know what the derivative
+of the tangent is it's secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tangent is it's secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tangent is it's secant
+squared so DX D Theta is cant squ Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so DX D Theta is cant squ Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so DX D Theta is cant squ Theta
+so DX is secant of secant s Theta time D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX is secant of secant s Theta time D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DX is secant of secant s Theta time D
+Theta so let's just substitute all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so let's just substitute all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so let's just substitute all that
+stuff in and rewrite the entire integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in and rewrite the entire integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in and rewrite the entire integral
+in terms of our new variable Theta so DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our new variable Theta so DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our new variable Theta so DX
+is in the numerator that's secant s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the numerator that's secant s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the numerator that's secant s
+Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+Theta and then the denominator well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then the denominator well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then the denominator well it
+has an X squ that's tangent squar Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an X squ that's tangent squar Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an X squ that's tangent squar Theta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then uh there's the square root and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there's the square root and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh there's the square root and and
+we know what that is in terms of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what that is in terms of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what that is in terms of theta
+it's secant secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay
+now we've replaced we've done the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've replaced we've done the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've replaced we've done the the
+trig substitution I've gotten rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig substitution I've gotten rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig substitution I've gotten rid of the
+square root I've got everything in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root I've got everything in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root I've got everything in terms
+of trig functions of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trig functions of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trig functions of a new
+variable pretty complicated trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable pretty complicated trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable pretty complicated trig
+function this often happens you wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this often happens you wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this often happens you wind up
+with a complete scattering of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complete scattering of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complete scattering of different
+trig functions in the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig functions in the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig functions in the numerator and
+denominator and everything a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and everything a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and everything a systematic
+thing to do here is to put every in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do here is to put every in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do here is to put every in
+terms of ss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosines unless you can see right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines unless you can see right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines unless you can see right away
+how it's going to simplify a systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to simplify a systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to simplify a systematic
+thing to do is to rewrite in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to rewrite in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to rewrite in terms of
+signs and cosines so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and cosines so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and cosines so let's do
+that so let's see the secant squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see the secant squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's see the secant squared
+secant is one over cosine so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant is one over cosine so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant is one over cosine so I'm going
+to put a cosine squared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a cosine squared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a cosine squared in the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+oh I guess the first thing I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I guess the first thing I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I guess the first thing I can do is
+cancel let's do that that's clever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel let's do that that's clever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel let's do that that's clever you
+were all thinking that too cancel those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all thinking that too cancel those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all thinking that too cancel those
+so now I just get one coine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just get one coine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just get one coine in the
+denominator from the secant there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator from the secant there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator from the secant there in the
+numerator it's still pretty complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator it's still pretty complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator it's still pretty complicated
+secant over tangent squared who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant over tangent squared who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant over tangent squared who knows
+well we'll find out because the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll find out because the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll find out because the tangent
+is s over cosine so I should put a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s over cosine so I should put a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s over cosine so I should put a s
+squared where the tangent was and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where the tangent was and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where the tangent was and a
+cosine squared up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squared up there
+and I still have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still have D
+Theta and now you see some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now you see some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now you see some more
+cancellation occurs that's the virtue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation occurs that's the virtue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation occurs that's the virtue of
+writing things out that in this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things out that in this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing things out that in this way so
+now the square here cancels with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the square here cancels with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the square here cancels with this
+cosine and I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and I'm left
+with cosine Theta D Theta /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine Theta D Theta /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine Theta D Theta /
+sin^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2
+Theta that's a little simpler and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's a little simpler and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's a little simpler and it
+puts me in a position to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts me in a position to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts me in a position to use the same
+idea I just used um I see the sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I just used um I see the sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I just used um I see the sign here
+I might look around in this integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might look around in this integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might look around in this integral to
+see if its derivative occurs anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if its derivative occurs anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if its derivative occurs anywhere
+the differential of the sign is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of the sign is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of the sign is the
+cosine and so I I'm I'm very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and so I I'm I'm very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and so I I'm I'm very much
+inclined to make another substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to make another substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to make another substitution
+say u a direct substitution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u a direct substitution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u a direct substitution this
+time and say U is the cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and say U is the cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and say U is the cosine of theta
+because then du oh I'm sorry say U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then du oh I'm sorry say U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then du oh I'm sorry say U is
+the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S of
+theta because then du is cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta because then du is cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta because then du is cosine of theta
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and then this integral becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then this integral becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then this integral becomes
+well the numerator just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the numerator just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the numerator just is
+Du the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du the denominator is
+u^2 and I think we can break out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u^2 and I think we can break out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u^2 and I think we can break out the
+champagne because um we can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne because um we can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne because um we can integrate
+that one finally get rid of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one finally get rid of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one finally get rid of the integral
+sign yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir okay how do I know to make U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay how do I know to make U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay how do I know to make U equal
+to S rather than cosine uh because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S rather than cosine uh because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S rather than cosine uh because I
+want to see du appear up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see du appear up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see du appear up
+here if I'd had a sign up here uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I'd had a sign up here uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I'd had a sign up here uh that
+would be a signal to me that maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a signal to me that maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a signal to me that maybe I
+should say let U be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say let U be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say let U be the
+cosine okay also because this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay also because this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay also because this thing in
+the denominator is something I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is something I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is something I want to
+get rid of it's in the denominator at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it's in the denominator at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it's in the denominator at so
+I'll get rid of it by wishful thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get rid of it by wishful thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get rid of it by wishful thinking
+and just call it something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call it something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call it something else
+it's and it it it works pretty well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it it it works pretty well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it it it works pretty well in
+this case wishful thinking doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case wishful thinking doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case wishful thinking doesn't
+always work so well but so I integrate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work so well but so I integrate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work so well but so I integrate U
+to the minus 2 du and I get minus one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2 du and I get minus one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2 du and I get minus one/
+U plus a constant and I'm done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a constant and I'm done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a constant and I'm done with the
+calculus part of this problem I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus part of this problem I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus part of this problem I've done
+the integral now gotten rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral now gotten rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral now gotten rid of the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+sign but I'm not quite done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but I'm not quite done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign but I'm not quite done with the
+problem yet because I have to work my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yet because I have to work my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yet because I have to work my
+way back through two substitutions first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back through two substitutions first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back through two substitutions first
+this one and then this one so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and then this one so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and then this one so this this
+first substitution isn't so bad to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first substitution isn't so bad to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first substitution isn't so bad to get
+rid of to undo to back substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of to undo to back substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of to undo to back substitute
+because uh U was just the S of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh U was just the S of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh U was just the S of theta and
+so one over U is I guess a fancy WR way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over U is I guess a fancy WR way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over U is I guess a fancy WR way
+to write it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it is the
+cosecant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of
+theta right one over the S is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right one over the S is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right one over the S is the
+cosecant so I get minus the cosecant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant so I get minus the cosecant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant so I get minus the cosecant of
+theta plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a question in the back yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir I'm sorry my ear hearing is so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I'm sorry my ear hearing is so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir I'm sorry my ear hearing is so bad
+how do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should how did I know this substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should how did I know this substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should how did I know this substitution
+in the first place the only thing in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place the only thing in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place the only thing in so
+it's because of the 1 plus x^2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the 1 plus x^2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the 1 plus x^2 and I
+want to make use of the trig identity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make use of the trig identity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make use of the trig identity in
+the upper left hand corner I'll make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left hand corner I'll make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left hand corner I'll make you
+a table in a few minutes that will we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table in a few minutes that will we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table in a few minutes that will we'll
+uh put all this in a bigger context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put all this in a bigger context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put all this in a bigger context and
+I think it'll help you then okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+promise so what I want to try try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise so what I want to try try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise so what I want to try try to
+talk about right now is how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about right now is how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about right now is how to how to
+rewrite a term like this a trig term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite a term like this a trig term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite a term like this a trig term
+like this back in terms of X so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this back in terms of X so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this back in terms of X so I want
+to undo this trig substitution this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undo this trig substitution this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to undo this trig substitution this is a
+trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sub and what I want to do now is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub and what I want to do now is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub and what I want to do now is try to
+undo that trigger sub and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo that trigger sub and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo that trigger sub and I'll show you
+a general method for undoing trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general method for undoing trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general method for undoing trig
+substitutions this happens quite often I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions this happens quite often I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions this happens quite often I
+don't know what the cosecant of theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the cosecant of theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the cosecant of theta is
+but I do know what the tangent of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know what the tangent of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do know what the tangent of theta
+is so I want to make a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I want to make a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I want to make a relation between
+them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undoing Subs trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing Subs trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing Subs trig
+Subs so let's go back to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so let's go back to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs so let's go back to where
+trigonometry always comes comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry always comes comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry always comes comes from
+this right angled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right angled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right angled
+triangle with a Theta in the corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle with a Theta in the corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle with a Theta in the corner and
+then these three sides this one's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these three sides this one's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these three sides this one's called
+the hypotenuse this is one is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse this is one is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse this is one is called the
+adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+side and that one's called the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side now let's find out where X lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let's find out where X lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let's find out where X lies in
+this triangle let's try to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle let's try to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle let's try to write the
+sides of this triangle in terms of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this triangle in terms of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this triangle in terms of X and
+what I know is X is the tangent of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is X is the tangent of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is X is the tangent of theta
+so the tangent of theta tangent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangent of theta tangent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangent of theta tangent of this
+angle is opposite divided by adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is opposite divided by adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is opposite divided by adjacent
+did you learn SOA TOA okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you learn SOA TOA okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you learn SOA TOA okay so it's
+opposite divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite divided by
+adjacent is the tangent so um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent is the tangent so um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent is the tangent so um there
+different there are different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there are different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there are different ways to do
+that but why not just do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but why not just do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but why not just do it in the
+simplest way and suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way and suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way and suppose that the
+adjacent is one and the opposite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X this is a correct Now isn't it I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is a correct Now isn't it I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this is a correct Now isn't it I get
+the correct uh value for the tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct uh value for the tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct uh value for the tangent of
+theta by by saying that the lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta by by saying that the lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta by by saying that the lengths of
+those are 1 and x and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are 1 and x and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are 1 and x and that means that
+the hypotenuse has length 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse has length 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotenuse has length 1 +
+x^2 well here's a triangle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 well here's a triangle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 well here's a triangle I'm
+interested in Computing the cosecant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Computing the cosecant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Computing the cosecant of
+theta where does that appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Triangle Well let's see the cosecant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle Well let's see the cosecant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle Well let's see the cosecant of
+theta is one over the sign and the s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is one over the sign and the s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is one over the sign and the s is
+um opposite over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opposite over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opposite over
+hypotenuse right so the cosecant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse right so the cosecant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse right so the cosecant is
+hypotenuse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+right and the hypotenuse is the sare <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the hypotenuse is the sare <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the hypotenuse is the sare <
+TK of 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 1 +
+x^2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and the
+opposite is X and so I've done it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is X and so I've done it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is X and so I've done it I've
+undone the tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone the tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone the tri
+substitution I figured out what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I figured out what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I figured out what this
+cosecant of theta is in terms of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of theta is in terms of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of theta is in terms of X and
+so the final answer is minus the < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final answer is minus the < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final answer is minus the < TK of
+1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x^2
+overx plus a constant and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx plus a constant and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx plus a constant and there's an
+answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the
+original original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay this was a a pretty this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay this was a a pretty this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay this was a a pretty this
+took two boards to go through this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two boards to go through this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took two boards to go through this uh I
+Illustrated several things um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated several things um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated several things um actually
+this three three half boards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three three half boards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three three half boards I
+Illustrated this use of trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated this use of trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated this use of trig
+substitution and I'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and I'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and I'll come back to that
+in a second um I Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second um I Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second um I Illustrated
+patience I Illustrated uh rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience I Illustrated uh rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience I Illustrated uh rewriting
+things in terms of signs and cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of signs and cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of signs and cosiness
+and then making a direct substitution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then making a direct substitution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then making a direct substitution to
+evaluate an integral like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an integral like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an integral like this and then
+there's this undoing all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this undoing all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this undoing all of those
+substitutions and it culminated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and it culminated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions and it culminated with
+undoing the trig sub so let me uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing the trig sub so let me uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoing the trig sub so let me uh let's
+play a game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game here
+um why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't
+we play the game where you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play the game where you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we play the game where you give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a a step in here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a step in here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a step in here that I
+should have done I should have said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done I should have said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done I should have said this
+is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the
+cosecant of the arct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of the arct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of the arct
+tangent of theta plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of theta plus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of theta plus a constant
+the most straightforward thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most straightforward thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most straightforward thing you can
+do is to say since X is the tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say since X is the tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to say since X is the tangent of
+theta that means that that that sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that means that that that sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that means that that that sorry if
+x that means that Theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that means that Theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that means that Theta is the
+arctangent of X and so let's just put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent of X and so let's just put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent of X and so let's just put in
+Theta as the arctangent of X and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as the arctangent of X and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as the arctangent of X and that's
+what you get so really what I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get so really what I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get so really what I just did
+for you was to show you a way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you was to show you a way to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you was to show you a way to compute
+some trig Pol trig function applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trig Pol trig function applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some trig Pol trig function applied to
+the inverse of another trig function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of another trig function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of another trig function
+right I computed cosecant of the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I computed cosecant of the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I computed cosecant of the arc
+tangent by this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent by this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent by this trick
+so now let's play the game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's play the game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's play the game where you
+give me a a trig trig function and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a a trig trig function and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a a trig trig function and an
+inverse trig function and I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse trig function and I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse trig function and I try to
+compute what the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so who can give me a trig function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who can give me a trig function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who can give me a trig function
+has to be one of these F standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one of these F standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one of these F standard
+ones T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones T
+tangent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent all
+right how about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how about another
+one sign sign sign do we have agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sign sign sign do we have agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sign sign sign do we have agreement
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+CCE CC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCE CC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCE CC
+C all right CSC has the best cheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right CSC has the best cheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right CSC has the best cheer
+all right so that's the game we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the game we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's the game we have to
+compute try to compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute try to compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute try to compute that
+composite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite all
+right something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+answer it what does acceptable mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it what does acceptable mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it what does acceptable mean
+don't you think that so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think that so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think that so the question is
+isn't this a perfectly acceptable final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a perfectly acceptable final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a perfectly acceptable final
+answer it's a correct final answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's a correct final answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's a correct final answer but
+this is much more uh insightful and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more uh insightful and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more uh insightful and um
+after all the original thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the original thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the original thing was
+involving square roots and things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving square roots and things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving square roots and things this
+is the kind of thing you might hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of thing you might hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of thing you might hope for
+as an answer this is just a nicer answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an answer this is just a nicer answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an answer this is just a nicer answer
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+sure and likely to be more useful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and likely to be more useful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and likely to be more useful to you
+when you go on and use that answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go on and use that answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go on and use that answer for
+something else okay okay so let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay okay so let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay okay so let's try to
+do this this uh undo undo a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this uh undo undo a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this uh undo undo a trig
+substitution that involved a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that involved a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that involved a
+cosecant and I manipulate around and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant and I manipulate around and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant and I manipulate around and I
+find myself trying to find out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find myself trying to find out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find myself trying to find out what's
+the tangent of theta so here's how we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of theta so here's how we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of theta so here's how we go
+about it I draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I draw this
+triangle um Theta is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um Theta is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle um Theta is the angle
+here um this is the adjacent opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this is the adjacent opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this is the adjacent opposite
+hypotenuse so the first thing is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so the first thing is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so the first thing is how can
+I make the cosecant appear here cosecant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the cosecant appear here cosecant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the cosecant appear here cosecant
+of X what dimensions should I give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what dimensions should I give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what dimensions should I give to
+the sides in order for the cosecant of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides in order for the cosecant of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides in order for the cosecant of x
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to
+to sorry in order in order for Theta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sorry in order in order for Theta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sorry in order in order for Theta to
+be the cosecant of X this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cosecant of X this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cosecant of X this thing is
+Theta so that means that the co that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that means that the co that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so that means that the co that
+means that the uh that means that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh that means that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the uh that means that the uh
+that the see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the see that the
+cosecant of x uh that means the cosecant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of x uh that means the cosecant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of x uh that means the cosecant
+of theta should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X Theta is the arc cosecant so X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Theta is the arc cosecant so X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Theta is the arc cosecant so X is the
+cosecant of theta so what will I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of theta so what will I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant of theta so what will I take
+these sides to be to get the cosecant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sides to be to get the cosecant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sides to be to get the cosecant
+cosecant is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosecant is one over the
+S uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign and the sign is the opposite over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the sign is the opposite over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and the sign is the opposite over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hypotenuse so I get hypotenuse over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so I get hypotenuse over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse so I get hypotenuse over
+opposite and that's supposed to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and that's supposed to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and that's supposed to be what
+x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is
+okay so I could make the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could make the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could make the opposite
+anything I want but the simplest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I want but the simplest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I want but the simplest thing
+is to make it one let's do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it one let's do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it one let's do that and then
+what does that mean about the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean about the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean about the rest of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sides hypotenuse better be X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides hypotenuse better be X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides hypotenuse better be X and then
+I've recovered this so here's a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've recovered this so here's a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've recovered this so here's a triangle
+that exhibits the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exhibits the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exhibits the correct
+angle this remaining side is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this remaining side is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this remaining side is going to be
+useful to us and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to us and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to us and it
+is > of x^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is > of x^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is > of x^2 minus
+one so I've got a triangle of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I've got a triangle of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I've got a triangle of of the
+correct anglea and now I want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct anglea and now I want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct anglea and now I want to compute
+the tangent of that angle well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of that angle well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of that angle well that's
+easy that's opposite divid adjacent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that's opposite divid adjacent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy that's opposite divid adjacent and
+so I get 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get 1 over
+theun of x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theun of x^2 -
+1 very flexible tool that'll be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 very flexible tool that'll be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 very flexible tool that'll be useful
+to you in many different different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in many different different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in many different different times
+whenever you have to undo a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have to undo a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have to undo a trig
+substitution uh this is likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful okay that was a good game no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay that was a good game no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay that was a good game no
+winners in this game we're all winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners in this game we're all winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners in this game we're all winners
+no losers we're all winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+good yeah so let me make this table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah so let me make this table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah so let me make this table of
+the different trig substitutions uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different trig substitutions uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different trig substitutions uh and
+how they can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summary of trig substitutions so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of trig substitutions so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of trig substitutions so over
+here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+have if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if your integrand integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution um to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if your integrant contains um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your integrant contains um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your integrant contains um I'll
+write these things out as square roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these things out as square roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these things out as square roots
+if it contains the in square root of a^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it contains the in square root of a^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it contains the in square root of a^2
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+X2 this is what we talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 this is what we talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 this is what we talked about on
+Thursday when I was trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when I was trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when I was trying to find the
+area of that piece of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of that piece of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of that piece of a
+circle there I suggested that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle there I suggested that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle there I suggested that we should
+make the substitution X is a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the substitution X is a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the substitution X is a times the
+cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta
+or X is a * time the S of theta either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X is a * time the S of theta either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X is a * time the S of theta either
+one um works just as well and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um works just as well and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um works just as well and there's no
+way to prefer one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and when you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and when you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and when you make this
+substitution X is equal to a Time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution X is equal to a Time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution X is equal to a Time the
+cosine of theta you get a^ 2 minus a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta you get a^ 2 minus a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta you get a^ 2 minus a 2
+cosine squ Theta 1us cosine squ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squ Theta 1us cosine squ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squ Theta 1us cosine squ is the
+sin squar and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squar and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squar and so you get
+a s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta so I've so this this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so I've so this this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so I've so this this expression
+becomes equal to this expression under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes equal to this expression under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes equal to this expression under
+that identif under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identif under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identif under that
+substitution and then you go on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then you go on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then you go on then
+you've gotten rid of the square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten rid of the square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten rid of the square root and
+you've got a trigonometric integral that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a trigonometric integral that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a trigonometric integral that
+you have to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to
+do if you made the substitution a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you made the substitution a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you made the substitution a sin
+Theta you'd get a^ 2 minus a a a^ 2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you'd get a^ 2 minus a a a^ 2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you'd get a^ 2 minus a a a^ 2 sin
+s which is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is a *
+cosine and then you can go ahead as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and then you can go ahead as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and then you can go ahead as
+well we just saw another example namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just saw another example namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just saw another example namely
+if you have a 2 + x^2 that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a 2 + x^2 that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a 2 + x^2 that's like the
+example we had up here a is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had up here a is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had up here a is equal to 1
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+example what did we do we set we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what did we do we set we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what did we do we set we tried
+the substitution X is a tangent of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution X is a tangent of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution X is a tangent of theta
+and the reason is that I can plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that I can plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that I can plug into
+the trig identity up here in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trig identity up here in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trig identity up here in the upper
+left and replace a^2 + x^2 by a * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and replace a^2 + x^2 by a * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and replace a^2 + x^2 by a * the
+secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of
+theta square root of the secant squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one more thing in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing in this table
+sort of the only remaining uh sum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the only remaining uh sum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the only remaining uh sum or
+difference of terms like this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of terms like this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of terms like this and that's
+what happens if you have x^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you have x^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you have x^2 minus
+a^2 so there I think we could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 so there I think we could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a^2 so there I think we could make a
+substitution a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution a times the
+secant of theta because after all secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of theta because after all secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of theta because after all secant
+s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+theta so x^2 - A8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so x^2 - A8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so x^2 - A8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's see what happens when I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's see what happens when I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's see what happens when I make
+that substitution x^2 - a^ 2 is uh a^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitution x^2 - a^ 2 is uh a^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substitution x^2 - a^ 2 is uh a^ 2
+secant 2 Theta minus a 2 Under This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant 2 Theta minus a 2 Under This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant 2 Theta minus a 2 Under This
+substitution that's secant squ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that's secant squ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that's secant squ minus
+one well put the one on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well put the one on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well put the one on the other side
+and you find tangent squar coming out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find tangent squar coming out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find tangent squar coming out so
+this is a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a^
+stimes the tangent squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimes the tangent squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimes the tangent squ
+of theta and so that's what you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and so that's what you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and so that's what you get a
+times the tangent of theta after I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tangent of theta after I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tangent of theta after I take
+the square root I get a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root I get a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root I get a times the
+tangent of theta so these are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of theta so these are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent of theta so these are the basic
+the three basic trig substitution forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three basic trig substitution forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three basic trig substitution forms
+where trig substitutions are useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where trig substitutions are useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where trig substitutions are useful to
+get rid of expressions like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of expressions like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of expressions like this and
+replace them by trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them by trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace them by trigonometric
+Expressions okay and then you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions okay and then you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions okay and then you use this
+trick you do the integral if you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you do the integral if you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you do the integral if you can and
+then you use this trick to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use this trick to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use this trick to get rid of
+the Theta at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the last thing I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the last thing I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the last thing I want to say
+talk about today is called completing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is called completing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today is called completing
+the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes in
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+unfortunately not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not
+everything not every quad square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything not every quad square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything not every quad square root of
+a quadratic has such a simple form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic has such a simple form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic has such a simple form you
+will often encounter things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often encounter things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often encounter things like that
+are not just the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just the square root of
+something simple like one of these forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple like one of these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simple like one of these forms
+like there might be a middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there might be a middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there might be a middle
+term in there and I have an I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in there and I have an I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in there and I have an I um
+yeah I don't actually have time to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't actually have time to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't actually have time to show
+you an example uh of how this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example uh of how this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example uh of how this comes out
+in a sort of practical example but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of practical example but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sort of practical example but it
+does happen uh quite frequently and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen uh quite frequently and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen uh quite frequently and so I
+want to show you how to deal with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how to deal with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how to deal with things
+like the following example let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following example let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the following example let's try to
+integrate DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate DX
+over x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x^2 +
+4x the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x the square root
+of x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 +
+4x so there's a square root of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x so there's a square root of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x so there's a square root of something
+some Square some quadratic it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Square some quadratic it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Square some quadratic it's very
+much like this business but it isn't of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this business but it isn't of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this business but it isn't of
+any of these forms and so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these forms and so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these forms and so what I want to
+do is show you how to rewrite it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show you how to rewrite it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show you how to rewrite it in one
+of those forms using substitution again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those forms using substitution again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those forms using substitution again
+all this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is about
+substitution so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to
+rewrite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadratic as something like X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic as something like X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic as something like X plus
+something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or
+other plus some other constant so write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus some other constant so write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus some other constant so write
+it try to write it in the form a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to write it in the form a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it try to write it in the form a square
+plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or
+minus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and then we'll go on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then we'll go on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then we'll go on from
+there so let's do that in this case x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do that in this case x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do that in this case x to
+the 2 x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 x^2 +
+4x well if you square this form out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x well if you square this form out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x well if you square this form out then
+the middle term is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle term is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle term is going to be 2
+ax and so that since I I have a middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and so that since I I have a middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax and so that since I I have a middle
+term here I pretty much know what a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here I pretty much know what a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here I pretty much know what a has
+to be the only choice in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only choice in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the only choice in order to get
+something like x^2 + 4x out of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like x^2 + 4x out of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like x^2 + 4x out of this is
+to take a to be two because then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a to be two because then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a to be two because then this is
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+get this isn't quite right yet but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this isn't quite right yet but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this isn't quite right yet but let's
+compute what I have here x^2 + 4x so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what I have here x^2 + 4x so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what I have here x^2 + 4x so far
+so good plus 4 and I don't have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good plus 4 and I don't have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good plus 4 and I don't have a plus
+four here so I have to fix that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here so I have to fix that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here so I have to fix that by
+subtracting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four so that's what I mean I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so that's what I mean I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so that's what I mean I've
+completed the square the word for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the square the word for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed the square the word for this
+uh process of of eliminating the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process of of eliminating the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process of of eliminating the middle
+term by using the square of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by using the square of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by using the square of an
+expression like that that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like that that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like that that's called
+completing the square and we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square and we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing the square and we can use
+that process to compute this integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process to compute this integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process to compute this integral so
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+that so I can rewrite this integral I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can rewrite this integral I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can rewrite this integral I
+rewrite this denominator like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this denominator like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this denominator like this but
+um but um uh but I think it's but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um uh but I think it's but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um uh but I think it's but and
+then I'm going to try to use one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to try to use one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to try to use one of
+these forms over here so in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms over here so in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms over here so in order to get
+a single variable there instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single variable there instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single variable there instead of
+something complicated like x + 2 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something complicated like x + 2 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something complicated like x + 2 I'm
+inclined to come up with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to come up with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to come up with another
+variable name and write you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and write you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and write you write it
+equal write X plus 2 as that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal write X plus 2 as that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal write X plus 2 as that other
+variable name so here's another little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name so here's another little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name so here's another little
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you
+is x + 2 figure out what du is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x + 2 figure out what du is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x + 2 figure out what du is that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy and then rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then rewrite the
+integral in those terms so DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in those terms so DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in those terms so DX is
+Du and then in the denominator I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du and then in the denominator I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Du and then in the denominator I have
+well I have the square root of that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have the square root of that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have the square root of that oh
+yeah um so I think as part of this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so I think as part of this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so I think as part of this I'll
+write out what uh x^2 + 4x is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what uh x^2 + 4x is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what uh x^2 + 4x is the point
+is it's equal to U ^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 4X x^2 + 4x is u^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 there's the data a data box uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 there's the data a data box uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 there's the data a data box uh
+containing this the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing this the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing this the substitution
+data and uh so now I can put that in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and uh so now I can put that in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and uh so now I can put that in I
+have x^2 + 4x there in terms of U that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x^2 + 4x there in terms of U that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x^2 + 4x there in terms of U that's
+u^2 - 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now I'm in a happier position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I'm in a happier position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I'm in a happier position
+because I can look for u^2 minus 4 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can look for u^2 minus 4 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can look for u^2 minus 4 for
+something like that in my table here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in my table here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in my table here and
+it actually sits down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually sits down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually sits down
+here so except for the use of the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so except for the use of the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so except for the use of the letter
+X here instead of U over there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here instead of U over there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here instead of U over there that
+tells me what I want so to handle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what I want so to handle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what I want so to handle this
+what I should use is is a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and the trig substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the trig substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the trig substitution
+that's suggested is according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suggested is according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's suggested is according to the
+bottom line with a equal to 2 so a^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line with a equal to 2 so a^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line with a equal to 2 so a^2 is
+4 the suggestion is I should take X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the suggestion is I should take X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the suggestion is I should take X but
+I better not use the letter X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore um oh but I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um oh but I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um oh but I don't have the
+letter X I have the letter U I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X I have the letter U I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X I have the letter U I should
+take U equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take U equal to 2
+secant and then some letter I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant and then some letter I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant and then some letter I haven't
+used before and Theta is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before and Theta is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before and Theta is available
+okay I've this is a lookup table process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've this is a lookup table process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've this is a lookup table process
+I see this square root of U ^2 minus 4 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see this square root of U ^2 minus 4 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see this square root of U ^2 minus 4 I
+see that that's of this form I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's of this form I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's of this form I'm
+instructed to make this substitution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to make this substitution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to make this substitution and
+that's what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I just
+did let's see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did let's see how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did let's see how it works
+out so that means the DU is to okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that means the DU is to okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that means the DU is to okay uh
+what's the derivative of the secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of the secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of the secant
+secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant
+tangent so du is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so du is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so du is
+twice secant Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice secant Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice secant Theta
+tangent Theta and U ^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta and U ^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent Theta and U ^2 minus
+4 is here's the payoff uh I'm supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is here's the payoff uh I'm supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is here's the payoff uh I'm supposed
+to be able to rewrite that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to rewrite that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to rewrite that in terms of
+the tangent according to this u^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent according to this u^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent according to this u^2 minus
+4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is
+uh um 4 secant squ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um 4 secant squ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um 4 secant squ minus
+4 and secant squ minus 1 is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and secant squ minus 1 is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and secant squ minus 1 is tangent
+squar so this is 4 * the tangent squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so this is 4 * the tangent squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so this is 4 * the tangent squar
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+theta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and now I'll square root it and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'll square root it and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'll square root it and I'll
+get a two and this tangent will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away so there's my data box for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution and let's go on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and let's go on to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and let's go on to to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board so um where I'm at is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so um where I'm at is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so um where I'm at is the integral
+of du over the square root of U ^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of du over the square root of U ^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of du over the square root of U ^2 minus
+4 and and I have all the I have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and and I have all the I have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and and I have all the I have all the
+data I need here to rewrite that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I need here to rewrite that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I need here to rewrite that in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+theta so du is 2 secant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so du is 2 secant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so du is 2 secant
+Theta tangent Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta tangent Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta tangent Theta D
+Theta and the denominator is T twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the denominator is T twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the denominator is T twice the
+tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta ha well so some very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta ha well so some very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta ha well so some very nice
+simplification happens here the twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification happens here the twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification happens here the twos
+cancel and the tangents cancel cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and the tangents cancel cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and the tangents cancel cancel
+and I'm left with trying to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm left with trying to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm left with trying to work with
+the integral of the secant of theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the secant of theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the secant of theta D
+Theta and luckily enough at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and luckily enough at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and luckily enough at the very
+beginning of the hour I worked out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the hour I worked out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the hour I worked out how
+to compute the integral of the secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the integral of the secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the integral of the secant of
+theta and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and there it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so this is the natural logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the natural logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the natural logarithm of the
+secant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant of
+theta plus the tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus the tangent of
+theta plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and we're done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we're done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we're done with the
+calculus part there's no more integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus part there's no more integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus part there's no more integral
+there but I still am not quite done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I still am not quite done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I still am not quite done with
+the problem because again I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem because again I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem because again I have these
+two substitutions to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two substitutions to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two substitutions to try to
+undo so let's undo them uh one by one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo so let's undo them uh one by one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo so let's undo them uh one by one um
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+see I have this trig substitution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have this trig substitution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I have this trig substitution here
+and I could use my triangle trick if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could use my triangle trick if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could use my triangle trick if I
+need to but maybe I don't need to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but maybe I don't need to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but maybe I don't need to let's
+see do I know what the secant of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do I know what the secant of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do I know what the secant of theta
+is in terms of U well I do so I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of U well I do so I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of U well I do so I get the
+natural logarithm of U over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural logarithm of U over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural logarithm of U over
+two do I know what the tangent is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do I know what the tangent is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do I know what the tangent is in
+terms of U well I do it's here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of U well I do it's here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of U well I do it's here so I
+lucked out in this case and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucked out in this case and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucked out in this case and I don't have
+to go through and use that triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and use that triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and use that triangle
+trick so the tangent of theta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so the tangent of theta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so the tangent of theta is the
+square < TK of U ^2 minus 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two good so I've undone this trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two good so I've undone this trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two good so I've undone this trig
+substitution not quite done yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution not quite done yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution not quite done yet because
+my answer is involved with u and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer is involved with u and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer is involved with u and what I
+wanted originally was X but this direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted originally was X but this direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted originally was X but this direct
+substitution in the in the that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in the in the that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in the in the that I
+started with is real easy to deal with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with is real easy to deal with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with is real easy to deal with I
+can just put X plus 2 every time I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put X plus 2 every time I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put X plus 2 every time I see a
+u and so this is the natural logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and so this is the natural logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and so this is the natural logarithm
+of X plus 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus 2 over
+two plus the square root what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus the square root what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus the square root what's going to
+happen when I put X+ 2 in place for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I put X+ 2 in place for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when I put X+ 2 in place for you
+here you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know what you
+get you get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get exactly
+what we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started
+with right if I put X plus 2 in place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right if I put X plus 2 in place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right if I put X plus 2 in place of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+U here I get x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4x so I've gotten back to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x so I've gotten back to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x so I've gotten back to a function
+purely in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay that's a good place to quit have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that's a good place to quit have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that's a good place to quit have
+a great uh little one day break I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh little one day break I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh little one day break I guess
+this class doesn't meet on Monday any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class doesn't meet on Monday any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class doesn't meet on Monday any
+anyway but
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D6Rd1K93nSA.txt b/D6Rd1K93nSA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f51a7ea95f94e8b822e12769a2bbabc19b7b45e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D6Rd1K93nSA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone welcome back so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone welcome back so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone welcome back so today we're
+going to take a look at a problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a look at a problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a look at a problem uh
+with partial fractions and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with partial fractions and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with partial fractions and specifically
+how to use these partial fractions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use these partial fractions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use these partial fractions to
+compute llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute llast
+inverses so just as a warm-up uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses so just as a warm-up uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses so just as a warm-up uh we're
+asked to recall what the formula is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to recall what the formula is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to recall what the formula is for
+the llas transform of fime uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform of fime uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform of fime uh in terms
+of the llast transform of f in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the llast transform of f in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the llast transform of f in the
+second part uh we're asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part uh we're asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part uh we're asked to find the
+inverse llas transform for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse llas transform for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse llas transform for three
+different functions the first one is 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions the first one is 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions the first one is 1/
+s^2 - 4 s^2 / s^2 + 4 eus 5S / s^2 - 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 - 4 s^2 / s^2 + 4 eus 5S / s^2 - 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 - 4 s^2 / s^2 + 4 eus 5S / s^2 - 4
+and notice how we don't have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice how we don't have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice how we don't have any of
+these formulas or sorry none of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas or sorry none of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas or sorry none of these uh
+functions appear in the lookup table for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions appear in the lookup table for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions appear in the lookup table for
+llas transform so in each case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform so in each case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform so in each case we have
+to use partial fractions uh to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use partial fractions uh to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use partial fractions uh to convert
+it or massage these functions into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or massage these functions into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or massage these functions into
+something which we do know the llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we do know the llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we do know the llast
+transform inverse for and then lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform inverse for and then lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform inverse for and then lastly
+for the third part problem we're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third part problem we're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third part problem we're asked
+to write down the partial fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the partial fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the partial fracture
+partial fraction decomposition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction decomposition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction decomposition of this
+function 1 s^2 * s^2 + 4 * s + 1 * s + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 s^2 * s^2 + 4 * s + 1 * s + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 s^2 * s^2 + 4 * s + 1 * s + 3
+and specifically when we do the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically when we do the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically when we do the partial
+fraction decomposition we're just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition we're just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition we're just uh
+going to leave the coefficients uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave the coefficients uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave the coefficients uh the
+UN undetermined coefficients uh unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN undetermined coefficients uh unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN undetermined coefficients uh unknown
+we're not actually going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to solve for
+them okay so I'll let you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I'll let you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I'll let you think about
+this problem and I'll be back in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and I'll be back in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and I'll be back in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back okay so for
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+one uh we're just asked to recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we're just asked to recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh we're just asked to recall the
+lass transform of fime in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of fime in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of fime in terms of the
+lass transform of f so the lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of f so the lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of f so the lass
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+frime we can write down as s times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frime we can write down as s times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frime we can write down as s times the
+lass transform of f which I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of f which I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass transform of f which I'll use
+capital f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus F evaluated at the lower bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F evaluated at the lower bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F evaluated at the lower bound of
+the laas transform integral which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laas transform integral which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laas transform integral which in
+this case is just 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is just 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is just 0
+minus okay so this is just part one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so this is just part one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so this is just part one this
+is a warm-up problem for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a warm-up problem for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a warm-up problem for part
+two we're asked to find the uh inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we're asked to find the uh inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we're asked to find the uh inverse
+llas transform for three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform for three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform for three different
+functions the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the first
+one is 1/ s s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 1/ s s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 1/ s s minus
+4 and we see here that we can Factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and we see here that we can Factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and we see here that we can Factor the
+denominator into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator into
+1 / s - 2 * 1 s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / s - 2 * 1 s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / s - 2 * 1 s +
+2 which means that we can use a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which means that we can use a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which means that we can use a partial
+fraction uh decomposition which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction uh decomposition which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction uh decomposition which has the
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+a times or divided by s- 2 plus b / s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and now we need to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now we need to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now we need to solve for the
+coefficients A and B so one way to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients A and B so one way to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients A and B so one way to solve
+for the coefficients A and B is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coefficients A and B is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the coefficients A and B is just to
+multiply both sides of of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of of this equation
+through by the factors s- 2 and s+ 2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the factors s- 2 and s+ 2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the factors s- 2 and s+ 2 we
+can then plug in values of s and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then plug in values of s and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then plug in values of s and solve
+for A and B there's another way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A and B there's another way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A and B there's another way which is
+sometimes referred to as a coverup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as a coverup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as a coverup
+method and in this case what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and in this case what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and in this case what we do is we
+pick for example say one of the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for example say one of the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick for example say one of the one of
+the places where the denominator blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places where the denominator blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places where the denominator blows
+up so for example if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so for example if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so for example if we look at this
+Factor uh s minus 2 this Factor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh s minus 2 this Factor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh s minus 2 this Factor uh
+diverges when s approaches two so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges when s approaches two so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges when s approaches two so then
+what we do is we go back to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we go back to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we go back to our original
+function we cover up the term s minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we cover up the term s minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we cover up the term s minus 2
+where it diverges and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it diverges and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it diverges and then in the
+remaining term we plug in the value of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining term we plug in the value of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining term we plug in the value of s
+uh which causes the Factor s minus 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which causes the Factor s minus 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which causes the Factor s minus 2 to
+di diverge so in this case uh s minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di diverge so in this case uh s minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di diverge so in this case uh s minus 2
+diverges at two so we would cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges at two so we would cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges at two so we would cover this
+Factor up and then plug in s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor up and then plug in s is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor up and then plug in s is equal to
+two and this would give us the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this would give us the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this would give us the value of
+a so for this problem a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for this problem a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for this problem a is equal to
+2 + 2 which is just 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 2 which is just 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 2 which is just 1 over
+4 for B we we look at uh plugging in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 for B we we look at uh plugging in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 for B we we look at uh plugging in s
+equal -2 so we cover up the factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal -2 so we cover up the factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal -2 so we cover up the factor that
+diverges in the original function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges in the original function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges in the original function
+plugging inal -2 gives me2 - -2 so B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just4 so this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just4 so this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just4 so this function
+is4 1 / s -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is4 1 / s -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is4 1 / s -
+2 - 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 1/4
+1/ s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ s +
+2 and when we take the inverse llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and when we take the inverse llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and when we take the inverse llas
+transform so the inverse lass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so the inverse lass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so the inverse lass transform
+of 1 s^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 s^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 s^2 -
+4 is going to be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is going to be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is going to be 1 over
+4 the inverse llast transform of s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the inverse llast transform of s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the inverse llast transform of s minus
+2 is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is e to the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-2t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t uh
+minus oh sorry plus 2T the second factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh sorry plus 2T the second factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh sorry plus 2T the second factor
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+-14 uh e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T and this concludes uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and this concludes uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and this concludes uh the first
+problem for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the second
+function we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have
+S2 / s^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 / s^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 / s^2 +
+4 so again this function is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so again this function is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so again this function is not in the
+correct form uh to use a laass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct form uh to use a laass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct form uh to use a laass transform
+lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+table but what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but what we can do is we can
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide
+uh long division of pols uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh long division of pols uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh long division of pols uh the
+numerator out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator out by the
+denominator so when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we end up with 1 - 4 / s^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we end up with 1 - 4 / s^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we end up with 1 - 4 / s^2 +
+4 so when we take the inverse llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so when we take the inverse llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so when we take the inverse llast
+transform of S2 / S2 + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're left with the inverse llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with the inverse llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with the inverse llast
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+one minus the inverse llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the inverse llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the inverse llast
+transform of 4 / s^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 and if we use our lookup table we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and if we use our lookup table we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and if we use our lookup table we know
+that the inverse lass transform of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse lass transform of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse lass transform of one
+is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function uh meanwhile uh the inverse L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh meanwhile uh the inverse L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh meanwhile uh the inverse L
+plast transform of some number divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plast transform of some number divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plast transform of some number divided
+by s^2 + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s^2 + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by s^2 + 4
+uh looks like s of in this case s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like s of in this case s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looks like s of in this case s of
+2T now we needed two upstairs so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T now we needed two upstairs so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T now we needed two upstairs so this is
+going to give us 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us 2 *
+s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T and I I obtain this by noting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and I I obtain this by noting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and I I obtain this by noting that
+the llas transform of sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform of sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the llas transform of sin Omega
+T is equal to Omega / s^2 + Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to Omega / s^2 + Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to Omega / s^2 + Omega 2
+so that's how I went from this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how I went from this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how I went from this formula
+or this this function llast transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this this function llast transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this this function llast transform
+inverse to 2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to 2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to 2 sin
+2T lastly for part three the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem we're asked for the inverse lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're asked for the inverse lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're asked for the inverse lass
+transform of e to - 5S / s^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 now note that we already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 now note that we already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 now note that we already know the
+inverse llas transform to 1 s^2 - 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse llas transform to 1 s^2 - 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse llas transform to 1 s^2 - 4 in
+this case it's just we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's just we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's just we're just
+multiplying uh s 1 S2 - 4 by e - 5 S so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh s 1 S2 - 4 by e - 5 S so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh s 1 S2 - 4 by e - 5 S so
+we can use the shift formula uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the shift formula uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the shift formula uh in
+addition to what we already computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to what we already computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to what we already computed the
+inverse lli transform to 1/ s^2 minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse lli transform to 1/ s^2 minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse lli transform to 1/ s^2 minus 4
+to compute this inverse lass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this inverse lass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this inverse lass
+transform so the shift formula says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so the shift formula says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so the shift formula says that
+we need to multiply by the step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply by the step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply by the step function
+T minus 5 so we're shifting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 5 so we're shifting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus 5 so we're shifting uh
+with the step function and then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the step function and then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the step function and then what we
+do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we want to
+shift the inverse LL transform of 1 s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the inverse LL transform of 1 s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the inverse LL transform of 1 s^2
+- 4 so the inverse lli transform to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 4 so the inverse lli transform to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 4 so the inverse lli transform to 1
+s^2 - 4 is 2 t - 5 so if we shift T by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 - 4 is 2 t - 5 so if we shift T by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 - 4 is 2 t - 5 so if we shift T by
+five we end up with 1/4 e to the 2 tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we end up with 1/4 e to the 2 tus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we end up with 1/4 e to the 2 tus
+5us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5us
+1/4 eus 2 tus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 eus 2 tus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 eus 2 tus 5
+so again just to reiterate when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just to reiterate when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just to reiterate when we have
+an exponential e to the minus say 5T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential e to the minus say 5T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential e to the minus say 5T or
+5s and we already know the inverse lli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5s and we already know the inverse lli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5s and we already know the inverse lli
+transform of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of everything
+else we just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we just uh
+multiply uh by the step function U T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh by the step function U T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh by the step function U T
+minus 5 the same shift and then wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 the same shift and then wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5 the same shift and then wherever
+we see the T in the inverse llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the T in the inverse llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the T in the inverse llast
+transform we just replace it with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we just replace it with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we just replace it with t
+minus5 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 in this
+case okay and now lastly for part three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and now lastly for part three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and now lastly for part three
+we're just asked to uh to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just asked to uh to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just asked to uh to write down the
+decomposition uh for this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large uh function the partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh function the partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh function the partial fraction
+uh decomposition of this large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decomposition of this large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decomposition of this large
+function so it's s^2 * S2 + 1 * s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's s^2 * S2 + 1 * s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's s^2 * S2 + 1 * s
++ 1 * s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 let me just double check S2 + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and unfortunately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately this
+function's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function's going to be a little
+ugly we're going to have a constant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly we're going to have a constant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly we're going to have a constant a
+divid s plus b divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid s plus b divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid s plus b divid
+s^2 so these first two terms come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 so these first two terms come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 so these first two terms come from
+this term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right
+here for the S s+ 4 term we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the S s+ 4 term we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the S s+ 4 term we're going to
+seek a c * S Plus D so we need both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek a c * S Plus D so we need both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek a c * S Plus D so we need both
+factors uh CS + D / s^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors uh CS + D / s^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors uh CS + D / s^2 +
+4 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 we have
+e ID s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e ID s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e ID s +
+one and then plus F / s+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so just to
+associate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate each
+factor or each factor in the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor or each factor in the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor or each factor in the partial
+fraction decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition
+uh with the original function I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the original function I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the original function I've just
+drawn some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn some
+arrows okay and then lastly although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows okay and then lastly although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows okay and then lastly although I
+didn't State this in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't State this in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't State this in the original
+problem we can also just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we can also just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we can also just write down the
+inverse laass transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse laass transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse laass transform of this
+entire uh mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh mess
+uh without actually determining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without actually determining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without actually determining the
+constants we can just keep the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants we can just keep the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants we can just keep the constants
+in so if we wanted to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if we wanted to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so if we wanted to compute the
+inverse La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform well it would just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well it would just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform well it would just be a
+because inverse plus transform of 1 / s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because inverse plus transform of 1 / s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because inverse plus transform of 1 / s
+is 1 plus b inversal plus transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 plus b inversal plus transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 plus b inversal plus transform of
+s^2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s^2 is
+t plus now this part has two terms c s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus now this part has two terms c s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus now this part has two terms c s
+uh divid S2 + 4 that's going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divid S2 + 4 that's going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divid S2 + 4 that's going to give us
+C * cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * cosine of
+2T uh the D / S2 + 4 is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T uh the D / S2 + 4 is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T uh the D / S2 + 4 is going to give us
+well we need to multiply upstairs by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to multiply upstairs by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to multiply upstairs by two
+and divide by down uh downstairs by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by down uh downstairs by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by down uh downstairs by two
+so we get two or sorry D divided by of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get two or sorry D divided by of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get two or sorry D divided by of
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+2T uh this term e is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T uh this term e is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T uh this term e is going to give us
+e times the exponential of uh T negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and then f is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then f is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and then f is going to give
+us or the last term is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or the last term is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or the last term is going to give us
+s uh F uh times eus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh F uh times eus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh F uh times eus 3
+t Okay so uh just as a quick wrap up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so uh just as a quick wrap up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so uh just as a quick wrap up in
+this problem we've computed uh partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we've computed uh partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem we've computed uh partial
+fraction decompositions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decompositions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decompositions of several
+functions and the reason we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the reason we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the reason we've done this
+is because uh we often end up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh we often end up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh we often end up in a
+situation when we want to solve an OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when we want to solve an OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when we want to solve an OD
+using llas transforms where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using llas transforms where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using llas transforms where we have some
+complicated uh function and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh function and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh function and we need to
+use partial fraction decomposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use partial fraction decomposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use partial fraction decomposition to
+write down simpler functions in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down simpler functions in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down simpler functions in which
+case we can then use the laass inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can then use the laass inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we can then use the laass inverse
+formula on each of the simpler functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on each of the simpler functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on each of the simpler functions
+okay so I'll just conclude here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just conclude here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just conclude here and I'll
+see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DE9TnscEmtw.txt b/DE9TnscEmtw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5329d4bf7d7803c2935620a748d21b566b4b3fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DE9TnscEmtw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we focused on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we focused on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we focused on how
+the corporation is changing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation is changing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation is changing in the
+United States but what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but what about
+corporations around the world turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations around the world turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations around the world turns out
+there's quite a bit of variation both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of variation both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's quite a bit of variation both
+across countries and over time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across countries and over time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across countries and over time so let's
+take a brief tour of what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a brief tour of what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a brief tour of what's happening in
+other places corporations in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places corporations in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places corporations in the United
+Kingdom Canada Australia tend to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom Canada Australia tend to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom Canada Australia tend to follow
+the u.s. model of putting shareholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. model of putting shareholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. model of putting shareholder
+value very high in their priorities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value very high in their priorities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value very high in their priorities but
+they haven't gone quite as far for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't gone quite as far for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't gone quite as far for
+example CEOs aren't paid as as much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example CEOs aren't paid as as much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example CEOs aren't paid as as much in
+those countries as in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those countries as in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those countries as in the United States
+so the gap between CEO pay and average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gap between CEO pay and average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gap between CEO pay and average
+worker pay isn't nearly as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker pay isn't nearly as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker pay isn't nearly as much as we
+have in the United States but some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the United States but some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the United States but some other
+countries like Germany and Norway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Germany and Norway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Germany and Norway and
+Sweden have tended to take much more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden have tended to take much more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden have tended to take much more of
+a multiple stakeholder views of the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple stakeholder views of the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple stakeholder views of the firm
+and its responsibilities we can best see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its responsibilities we can best see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its responsibilities we can best see
+this as the way the companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the way the companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the way the companies are
+organized in Germany so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in Germany so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized in Germany so let's take a
+look at Germany in Germany the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Germany in Germany the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Germany in Germany the board of
+supervisors equivalent to boards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors equivalent to boards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors equivalent to boards of
+directors in the United States is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors in the United States is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors in the United States is made
+up of large representatives of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of large representatives of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of large representatives of large
+financial institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions and
+representatives of employees sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of employees sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives of employees sometimes
+equal numbers and sometimes different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers and sometimes different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers and sometimes different
+percentages but employees play a role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages but employees play a role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages but employees play a role in
+corporate governance directly in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate governance directly in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate governance directly in Germany
+at the workplace level there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the workplace level there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the workplace level there are
+consultative bodies called works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultative bodies called works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultative bodies called works
+councils elected bodies elected by blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+councils elected bodies elected by blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+councils elected bodies elected by blue
+collar workers production workers white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar workers production workers white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar workers production workers white
+collar workers managers and supervisors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar workers managers and supervisors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar workers managers and supervisors
+all there to provide advice to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there to provide advice to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there to provide advice to the
+company on its human resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company on its human resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company on its human resource and
+employment practices and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment practices and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment practices and in fact the
+company has to listen to the works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has to listen to the works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has to listen to the works
+council when it makes changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council when it makes changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council when it makes changes in
+employment policies then corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment policies then corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment policies then corporations
+are also very active in training working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also very active in training working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also very active in training working
+together at the regional level with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the regional level with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at the regional level with
+vocational schools and with labor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational schools and with labor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocational schools and with labor to
+build apprenticeship programs so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build apprenticeship programs so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build apprenticeship programs so that
+they have an adequate supply of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an adequate supply of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an adequate supply of workers
+for today's economy and for tomorrow's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's economy and for tomorrow's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's economy and for tomorrow's
+technology and economy so in Germany and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and economy so in Germany and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and economy so in Germany and
+in European countries you tend to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in European countries you tend to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in European countries you tend to see
+much more of the corporation taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of the corporation taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of the corporation taking
+sponsible role for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsible role for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsible role for these kinds of
+activities let's look at another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities let's look at another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities let's look at another example
+Japan Japan has corporate boards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan Japan has corporate boards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan Japan has corporate boards that
+have basically three groups first they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically three groups first they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically three groups first they
+have the investors the banks secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the investors the banks secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the investors the banks secondly
+they have suppliers in the network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have suppliers in the network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have suppliers in the network of
+suppliers that firms have long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers that firms have long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers that firms have long term
+relationships with and third they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with and third they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with and third they have
+internal corporate executives and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal corporate executives and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal corporate executives and in
+fact often the most influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact often the most influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact often the most influential
+executive in Japanese corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive in Japanese corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive in Japanese corporations
+sitting on these boards is the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on these boards is the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on these boards is the human
+resource executive and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource executive and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource executive and that's one of the
+reasons why we see longer term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we see longer term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we see longer term
+Employment Security part of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Employment Security part of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Employment Security part of the Japanese
+tradition we see much more investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition we see much more investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition we see much more investment in
+training and development of employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and development of employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and development of employees
+from within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from within
+now these practices are changing Japan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these practices are changing Japan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these practices are changing Japan's
+economy has been struggling to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy has been struggling to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy has been struggling to adapt to
+a more innovative flexible economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more innovative flexible economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more innovative flexible economy and
+so some corporations open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some corporations open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some corporations open to
+international competition have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international competition have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international competition have moved
+more toward the American model in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more toward the American model in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more toward the American model in recent
+years so nothing is cut in stone changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so nothing is cut in stone changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so nothing is cut in stone changes
+happen from time to time as the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from time to time as the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from time to time as the economy
+changes now here's another example Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes now here's another example Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes now here's another example Korea
+also in the throes of change Korea also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the throes of change Korea also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the throes of change Korea also
+has a long history of very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a long history of very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a long history of very large
+corporations very paternalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations very paternalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations very paternalistic
+long-term employment security but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term employment security but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term employment security but as
+Korea has made a very strong effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea has made a very strong effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea has made a very strong effort to
+become more flexible more innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more flexible more innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more flexible more innovative
+some of these traditions are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these traditions are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these traditions are changing
+and that's led to a lots of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's led to a lots of conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's led to a lots of conflict
+over the appropriate role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the appropriate role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the appropriate role of the
+corporation in Korea so there's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation in Korea so there's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation in Korea so there's in a
+country that is in the throes of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is in the throes of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that is in the throes of change
+we'll have to wait and see how it plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to wait and see how it plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to wait and see how it plays
+out some companies in various countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some companies in various countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some companies in various countries
+have charted their own course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have charted their own course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have charted their own course
+independent of what the government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what the government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what the government is
+doing for example in Brazil there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for example in Brazil there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for example in Brazil there's a
+very famous company called Semco that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous company called Semco that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous company called Semco that in
+the 1980s a new CEO took over by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s a new CEO took over by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s a new CEO took over by the
+name of richard Semler and he helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of richard Semler and he helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of richard Semler and he helped
+grow that company from about 2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that company from about 2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow that company from about 2 million
+dollars in revenue to over 200 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue to over 200 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in revenue to over 200 million
+dollars in about a decade and what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in about a decade and what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in about a decade and what did
+he do he said let's democratize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do he said let's democratize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do he said let's democratize the
+organization let's let workers shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization let's let workers shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization let's let workers shape
+their own jobs let's let workers help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own jobs let's let workers help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own jobs let's let workers help us
+to figure out how we can expand into new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we can expand into new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we can expand into new
+industries and diversify this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and diversify this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries and diversify this company
+and become part of the world economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become part of the world economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and become part of the world economy and
+in fact he's been recognized for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he's been recognized for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact he's been recognized for his
+leadership and his vision by the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and his vision by the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership and his vision by the World
+Economic Forum which described him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Forum which described him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Forum which described him and
+gave him an award as one of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him an award as one of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him an award as one of the global
+leaders of tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of tomorrow
+likewise in Finland accompanied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise in Finland accompanied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise in Finland accompanied by the
+name of Nokia known well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Nokia known well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Nokia known well in the
+telecommunications industry and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications industry and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications industry and in the
+phone business had very difficult time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone business had very difficult time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone business had very difficult time
+adjusting to changes in its markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting to changes in its markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting to changes in its markets and
+so it's had to restructure and lay off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's had to restructure and lay off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's had to restructure and lay off a
+lot of workers but as it did so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of workers but as it did so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of workers but as it did so it
+decided that it would allow workers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that it would allow workers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that it would allow workers to
+take some of the product development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the product development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of the product development
+ideas that they have been working on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that they have been working on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that they have been working on in
+some of their own ideas for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own ideas for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own ideas for new
+directions for the company and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for the company and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for the company and start
+their own companies and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own companies and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own companies and they would
+support these employees during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support these employees during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support these employees during this
+transition period so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition period so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition period so you can see that
+companies can shape their own corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can shape their own corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can shape their own corporate
+governance arrangements even within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance arrangements even within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance arrangements even within a
+national government well what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government well what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government well what can we
+learn from this very quick survey around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this very quick survey around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this very quick survey around
+the world of how corporations structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of how corporations structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of how corporations structure
+themselves I think there are two lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I think there are two lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I think there are two lessons
+first there's no one best way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's no one best way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's no one best way the
+American mantra of profits over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American mantra of profits over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American mantra of profits over
+everything else isn't necessarily copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else isn't necessarily copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else isn't necessarily copied
+around the world there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world there are different
+approaches and the second thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and the second thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and the second thing to
+recognize is that these all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that these all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that these all have to
+adapt over time to changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt over time to changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt over time to changes in the
+economy to changes in the workplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to changes in the workplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to changes in the workplace
+issues that we are facing and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we are facing and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we are facing and so we can
+change our corporate governance policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our corporate governance policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our corporate governance policies
+even within a country when necessary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within a country when necessary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even within a country when necessary and
+so I think this is good news it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is good news it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is good news it means
+there is no one best model it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no one best model it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no one best model it means that
+we can adapt over time and it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can adapt over time and it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can adapt over time and it means that
+we have some choice over how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some choice over how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some choice over how we
+structure the role of the corporation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the role of the corporation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the role of the corporation in
+response to its shareholders and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to its shareholders and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to its shareholders and other
+stakeholders in society so let's get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in society so let's get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in society so let's get on
+with thinking about what role do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking about what role do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with thinking about what role do we want
+the corporation in our society to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation in our society to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation in our society to play
+today and tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DVRjcfMwAkk.txt b/DVRjcfMwAkk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0675884795c36528866fdb64fc8b6388d6fc0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DVRjcfMwAkk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3420 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So today hopefully
+we will finally
+
+calculate some exponents.
+
+We've been writing,
+again and again,
+
+how to calculate partition
+functions for systems,
+
+such as a magnet, by
+integrating over configurations
+
+of all shapes of a
+statistical field.
+
+And we have given weights
+to these configurations that
+
+are constructed as some
+kind of a function [? l ?]
+
+of these configurations.
+
+And the idea is that
+presumably, if I could do this,
+
+then I could figure out
+the singularities that
+
+are possible at a place
+where, for example, I
+
+go from an unmagnetized
+to a magnetized case.
+
+Now, one of the first
+things that we noted
+
+was that in general, I can't
+solve the types of Hamiltonians
+
+that I would like.
+
+And maybe what I should
+do is to break it into two
+
+parts, a part that I will
+treat perturbatively,
+
+and a part-- sorry,
+a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+part that I can
+calculate exactly,
+
+and a contribution that I can
+then treat as a perturbation.
+
+Now, we saw that there
+were difficulties
+
+if I attempted
+straightforward perturbation
+
+type of calculations.
+
+And what we did
+was to replace this
+
+with some kind of a
+renormalization group approach.
+
+The idea was
+something like this,
+
+that these statistical field
+theories that we write down
+
+have been obtained by averaging
+true microscopic degrees
+
+of freedom over some
+characteristic landscape.
+
+So this field m
+certainly does not
+
+have fluctuations that
+are very short wavelength.
+
+And, for example, if we
+were to describe things
+
+in the perspective of
+Fourier components,
+
+presumably the variables
+that I would have
+
+would have some maximum,
+q, that is related
+
+to the inverse of
+the wavelength.
+
+So there is some lambda.
+
+And if I were to in fact Fourier
+transform my modes in terms
+
+of q, then these modes will be
+defined [INAUDIBLE] this space.
+
+And for example,
+my beta is zero.
+
+In the language of Fourier
+modes would be the part
+
+that I can do exactly, which
+is the part that is quadratic
+
+and Gaussian.
+
+And the q vectors would
+be between the interval 0
+
+to whatever this lambda is.
+
+And the kind of thing
+that I can do exactly
+
+are things that are quadratic.
+
+So I would have m of q squared.
+
+And then some
+expansion, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of q, that has a
+constant plus tq squared
+
+and potentially higher
+order [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this is the Gaussian
+theory that I can calculate.
+
+Problem with this
+Gaussian theory
+
+is that it only is
+meaningful for t positive.
+
+And in order to go to the
+space where t is negative,
+
+I have to include higher order
+terms in the magnetization,
+
+and those are non-perturbative.
+
+And for example, if I go back to
+the description in real space,
+
+I was writing something
+like um to the fourth
+
+plus higher order terms for
+the expansion of this u.
+
+When we attempted to do
+straightforward perturbative
+
+calculations, we encountered
+some singularities.
+
+And the perturbation
+didn't quite make sense.
+
+So we decided to combine
+that with the idea
+
+of renormalization group.
+
+The idea there was to basically,
+rather than integrate over
+
+all modes, to subdivide
+the modes into two
+
+classes, the modes that
+are long wavelength
+
+and I would like
+to keep, and I'll
+
+call that m tilde, and the
+modes that are sitting out here
+
+that I'm not interested
+in because they give rise
+
+to no singularities that I
+would like to get rid of.
+
+So my integration over
+all set of configurations
+
+is really an integration
+over both this m tilde
+
+and the sigma.
+
+And if I regard m tilde as
+a span over wave numbers
+
+to either be m tilde or
+sigma, I can basically
+
+write this as m
+tilde plus sigma,
+
+and this is m tilde
+plus sigma also.
+
+So this is just a rewriting
+of the partition function
+
+where I have just changed
+the names of the modes.
+
+Now, the first step in
+the renormalization group
+
+is the coarse graining, which
+is to average out fluctuations
+
+that have scale between a, and
+let's say this in Fourier space
+
+is lambda over b, in real
+space would be b times whatever
+
+your original base
+scale was for average.
+
+So getting rid of
+those modes would
+
+amount to basically changing
+the scale over which
+
+you're averaging
+by a factor of b.
+
+Once I do that, if I
+can do the integration,
+
+what I will be left if
+I integrate over sigma
+
+is just an integral
+over m tilde.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, what would be the
+form of this integration?
+
+The result.
+
+Well, first of all,
+if I take the Gaussian
+
+and separate it out between
+zero to lambda over b and lambda
+
+over b2 lambda and integrate
+over the modes between lambda
+
+over b and lambda, just as
+if I had the Gaussian, then
+
+I would get essentially
+the contribution
+
+of the logarithm of
+the determinants of all
+
+of these Gaussian
+types of variances.
+
+So there will be a contribution
+to the free energy that
+
+is effectively independent
+of m tilde will depend
+
+on the rescaling factor
+that you are looking at.
+
+But it's a constant.
+
+It doesn't depend on the
+different configurations
+
+of the field m tilde.
+
+The other part of the
+Gaussian-- so essentially,
+
+I wrote the Gaussian
+as 0 to lambda
+
+over b and lambda
+over b2 lambda.
+
+The part that is 0 over
+lambda b will simply remain,
+
+so I will have [? beta 8 ?] 0.
+
+That now depends only
+on these m tildes.
+
+Well, what do I have
+to do with this term?
+
+So it's an integration over
+sigma that has to be performed.
+
+I did the integration
+by taking out this them
+
+as if it was a Gaussian.
+
+So effectively, the result
+of the remaining integration
+
+is the average of
+e to the minus u.
+
+And when I take it to the
+log, I will get plus log of e
+
+to the minus u, which is a
+function of m tilde and sigma,
+
+where I have integrated
+out the modes that
+
+are out here, the sigmas.
+
+So it's only a
+function of m tilde.
+
+They have been integrated
+out using a Gaussian weight,
+
+such as the one that
+I have over here.
+
+So that's formally exact.
+
+But it hasn't given
+me any insights
+
+because I don't know
+what that entity is.
+
+What I can do with
+that entity is
+
+to make an expansion
+powers of u.
+
+So I will have a minus
+the average of u.
+
+And then the next term
+would be the variance of u.
+
+So I will have the average of u
+squared, average of u squared,
+
+and then higher order terms.
+
+So basically, this term can
+be expanded as a power series
+
+as I have indicated.
+
+And again, just to make
+sure, these averages
+
+are performed with
+this Gaussian weight.
+
+And in particular, we've seen
+that when we have a Gaussian
+
+weight, the different components
+and the different q values
+
+are independent of each other.
+
+So I get here a delta alpha
+beta, I get a delta of q plus q
+
+prime, and I will get
+t plus k q squared
+
+and potentially higher
+order powers of q
+
+that will appear in this series.
+
+Now, we kind of
+started developing
+
+a diagrammatic perspective
+on all of this.
+
+Something is m to
+the fourth, since it
+
+was the dot product of
+two factors of m squared,
+
+we demonstrate it as
+a graph such as this.
+
+And we also introduced
+a convention
+
+where there solid lines
+would correspond to m tilde.
+
+Let's say wavy lines
+would correspond to sigma.
+
+And essentially,
+what I have to do
+
+is to write this
+object according
+
+to this, where each
+factor of m is replaced
+
+by two factors, which is the sum
+of this entity and that entity
+
+diagrammatically.
+
+So that's two to the four,
+or 16 different possibilities
+
+that I could have
+once I expand this.
+
+And what was the answer that
+we got for the first term
+
+in the series?
+
+So if I take u0 average, the
+kind of diagrams that I can get
+
+is essentially keeping
+this entity as it is.
+
+So essentially, I will get the
+original potential that I have.
+
+Rather than m to the
+fourth, I will simply
+
+have the equivalent m
+tilde to the fourth.
+
+So basically,
+diagrammatically this
+
+would correspond to this entity.
+
+There was a whole bunch
+of things that cancel out
+
+to zero in the diagram that
+I had with only one leg
+
+when I took the average
+because I had a leg by itself,
+
+which would make it an odd
+average, would give me zero.
+
+So I didn't have to
+put any of these.
+
+And then I had
+diagrams where I had
+
+two of the lines
+replaced by wavy lines.
+
+And so then I would get
+a contribution to u.
+
+There was a factor of 4n
+plus-- sorry, 2n plus 4.
+
+That came from
+diagrams in which I
+
+took two of the legs
+that were together,
+
+and the other two I made wavy,
+and I joined them together.
+
+And essentially,
+I had the choice
+
+of picking this pair of
+legs or that pair of legs,
+
+so that gave me a factor of two.
+
+And something that we will
+see again and again, whenever
+
+we have a loop that
+goes around by itself,
+
+it corresponds to something
+like a delta alpha alpha,
+
+which, when you sum over alpha,
+will give you a factor of n.
+
+The other
+contribution, the four,
+
+came from diagrams
+in which I had
+
+two wavy lines on
+different branches.
+
+And since they came originally
+from different branches,
+
+there wasn't a repeated helix to
+sum and give me a factor of n.
+
+So I just have as
+a factor of two
+
+from choice of one branch
+or the other branch.
+
+So that was a factor of four.
+
+And then associated with
+each one of these diagrams,
+
+there was then an integration
+over the index, k,
+
+that characterized
+these m tildes,
+
+in fact, the sigmas that
+had been integrated over.
+
+So I would have an integral
+from lambda over b2 lambda.
+
+Let's call that
+dbk 2 pi to the d 1
+
+over the variance, which
+is what I have here,
+
+t plus k, k squared,
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+There are diagrams then with
+three wavy lines, which again
+
+gave me zero because
+the average of three--
+
+average of an odd number with
+a Gaussian weight is zero.
+
+And then there were
+a bunch of things
+
+that would correspond
+to all legs being wavy.
+
+There was something
+like this, and there
+
+was something like this.
+
+And basically, I didn't
+really have to calculate them.
+
+So I just wrote the
+answer to those things
+
+as being a contribution
+to the free energy
+
+and overall constant,
+such as the constant
+
+that I have over here, but
+not at the next order in u,
+
+but independent of
+the configurations.
+
+So this was straightforward
+perturbation.
+
+I forgot something
+very important
+
+here, which is that this
+entire coefficient was also
+
+coupled to these solid lines,
+whose meaning is that it
+
+is an integral over q 2 pi to
+the d m tilde of q squared,
+
+where the waves and
+numbers that are sitting
+
+on these solid lines naturally
+run from 0 to lambda.
+
+So we can see that if I were to
+add this to what I have above,
+
+I see that my z has
+now been written
+
+as an integral over
+these modes that I'm
+
+keeping of a new weight that
+I will call beta h tilde,
+
+depending on these m tildes.
+
+Where this beta h tilde is,
+first of all, these terms
+
+that are proportional.
+
+That's with a v here also.
+
+To contributions of
+the free energy coming
+
+from the modes that I
+have integrated out,
+
+either at the zero order or
+at the first order so far.
+
+I have the u, exactly the
+same u as I had before,
+
+but now acting on m tilde.
+
+So four factors of m tilde.
+
+The only thing that happened is
+that the Gaussian contribution
+
+now running from 0
+to lambda over b,
+
+that is proportional to
+m tilde of q squared,
+
+is now still a series, such
+as the one that I had before,
+
+where the coefficient that
+was a constant has changed.
+
+All the other terms
+in the series,
+
+the term that is
+proportional to q squared,
+
+q to the fourth, et cetera,
+are left exactly as before.
+
+So what happened is that this
+beta h tilde pretty much looks
+
+like the beta h
+that I started with,
+
+with the only difference
+being that t tilde is
+
+t plus essentially
+what I have over there,
+
+4u n plus 2 integral
+lambda over b2 lambda
+
+ddk 2 pi to the d, 1 over t
+plus k, k squared, and so forth.
+
+But quite importantly,
+the parameter
+
+that I would associate with
+coefficient of q squared
+
+is left unchanged.
+
+If I had a coefficient
+of q to the fourth,
+
+its coefficient
+would be unchanged.
+
+And I have a coefficient for u.
+
+Its coefficient
+is unchanged also.
+
+So the only thing
+that happened is
+
+that the parameter that
+corresponded to t got modified.
+
+And you actually
+should recognize this
+
+as the inverse
+susceptibility, if I
+
+were to integrate all
+the way from 0 to lambda.
+
+And when we did that, this
+contribution was singular.
+
+And that's why straightforward
+perturbation theory
+
+didn't make sense.
+
+But now we are not
+integrating to 0,
+
+which would have
+given the singularity.
+
+We are just integrating
+over the shell
+
+that I have indicated outside.
+
+So this step was the first
+step of renormalization group
+
+that we call coarse graining.
+
+But rg had two other steps.
+
+That was rescale.
+
+Basically, the
+theory that I have
+
+has a cut-off that
+is lambda over b.
+
+So it looks grainier
+in real space.
+
+So what I can do in real
+space is to shrink it.
+
+In Fourier space, I have
+to blow up my momenta.
+
+So essentially,
+whenever I see q,
+
+I replace it with the
+inverse q prime so
+
+that q prime, that is bq, runs
+from zero to lambda, restoring
+
+the cut-off that
+I had originally.
+
+And the next step
+was to renormalize,
+
+which amounted to replacing the
+field m tilde with a new field
+
+m prime after multiplying or
+rescaling by a factor of z
+
+to be determined.
+
+Now, this amounts to simple
+dimensional analysis.
+
+So I go back into my equation,
+and whenever I see q,
+
+I replace it with
+b inverse q prime.
+
+So from the integration, I get
+a factor of b to the minus d,
+
+multiplying t tilde, replace
+m tilde by z times m prime.
+
+So that's two factors of z.
+
+So what I get is that t prime
+is z squared b to the minus d,
+
+this t tilde that I
+have indicated above.
+
+Now, k prime is
+also something that
+
+appears in the Gaussian term.
+
+So it has a z squared.
+
+It came from two factors of m.
+
+But because it had an
+additional factor of q squared
+
+rather than b to the minus d,
+it is b to the minus d minus 2.
+
+And I can do the same analysis
+for higher order terms going
+
+with higher powers of
+q in the expansion that
+
+appears in the Gaussian.
+
+But then we get to
+the non-linear terms,
+
+and the first linearity that
+we have kept is this u prime.
+
+And what we see is it goes
+with four factors of m.
+
+So there will be
+z to the fourth.
+
+If I write things
+in Fourier space,
+
+m to the fourth in real
+space in Fourier space
+
+would involve m of
+g1, m of q2, m of q3.
+
+And the fourth m, that is
+minus q1, minus q2, minus q3.
+
+But there will be
+three integrations
+
+over q, which gives me three
+factors of b to the minus 3.
+
+So these are pretty much
+exactly what we had already
+
+seen for the Gaussian model--
+forgot the k-- except that we
+
+replaced this t that was
+appearing for the Gaussian
+
+model with t tilde which
+is what I have up here.
+
+Now, you have to choose
+z such that the theory
+
+looks as much as possible as
+the original way that I had.
+
+And as I mentioned,
+our anchoring point
+
+would be the Gaussian.
+
+So for the Gaussian
+model, we saw
+
+that the appropriate choice,
+so that ultimately we
+
+were left with the right
+number of relevant directions
+
+was to set this
+combination to 1, which
+
+means that I have
+to choose z to be
+
+v to the power of
+1 plus d over 2.
+
+Now, once I choose
+that factor for z,
+
+everything else
+becomes determined.
+
+This clearly has two factors of
+b with respect to the original.
+
+So this becomes b squared.
+
+This you have to do
+a little bit of work.
+
+Z to the fourth
+would be b to the 4
+
+plus 2d, then minus 3d
+gives me b to the 4 minus d.
+
+And I can similarly determine
+what the dimensions would
+
+be for additional terms
+that appear in the Gaussian,
+
+as well as additional
+nonlinearities that
+
+could appear here.
+
+All of them, by this analysis,
+I can assign some power of b.
+
+So this completes
+the rg in the sense
+
+that at least at this order
+in perturbation theory,
+
+I started with my
+original theory,
+
+and I see how the
+parameters of the new theory
+
+are obtained if I were to
+rescale and renormalize
+
+by this factor of b.
+
+Now, we did one thing else,
+which is quite common,
+
+which is rather than
+choosing factors
+
+like b equals to 2 or 3, making
+b to be infinitesimally small,
+
+at least on the picture
+that I have over there.
+
+What I'm doing is I'm
+making this b very close
+
+to 1, which means
+that effectively I'm
+
+putting the modes
+that I'm getting
+
+rid of in a tiny
+shell around lambda.
+
+So I have chosen b to be
+slightly larger than 1
+
+by an amount delta l.
+
+And I expect that
+all of the parameters
+
+will also change
+very slightly, such
+
+that this t prime
+evaluated at scale v
+
+would be what I had
+originally, plus something
+
+that vanishes as
+delta l goes to zero
+
+and presumably is linear
+in delta l dt by dl.
+
+And similarly, I can
+do the same thing for u
+
+and all the other
+parameters of the theory.
+
+Once I do that, these
+jumps from one parameter
+
+to another parameter can
+be translated into flows.
+
+And, for example, dt by
+dl gets a contribution
+
+from writing b squared
+as 1 plus 2 delta l.
+
+That is proportional
+to 2 times t.
+
+And then there's
+another contribution
+
+that is order of delta l.
+
+Clearly, if b equals to 1,
+this integral would vanish.
+
+So if b is very close
+to 1, this integral
+
+is off the order of delta l.
+
+And what it is is just
+evaluating the integrand when
+
+k equals to lambda at the
+shell, and then multiplying
+
+by the volume of
+that shell, which
+
+is the surface area
+times the thickness.
+
+So I will get from here a
+contribution order of delta l.
+
+I have divided through by
+delta l, which is 4u m plus 2 1
+
+over t plus k lambda squared
+[INAUDIBLE] integrand.
+
+And then I have the surface
+area divided by 2 pi to the d
+
+that we have always called kd.
+
+And then lambda to
+the d is the product
+
+of lambda to the d
+minus 1 and lambda
+
+delta l, which comes
+from the thickness.
+
+The delta l I have taken out.
+
+And this whole thing is the
+order of u contribution.
+
+And then they had
+a term that is du
+
+by dl, which is 4
+minus d times u.
+
+So this is the result of
+doing this perturbative rg
+
+to the lowest order
+in this parameter u.
+
+Now, these things are really
+the important parameters.
+
+There will be other parameters
+that I have not specifically
+
+written down.
+
+And next lecture, we will
+deal with all of them.
+
+But let's focus on these two.
+
+So I have one
+parameter, which is
+
+t, the other
+parameter, which is u.
+
+But u can only be positive
+for the theory to make sense.
+
+I said that originally the
+Gaussian theory only makes
+
+sense if t is positive because
+once t becomes negative,
+
+then the weight gets shifted
+to large values of m.
+
+It is unphysical.
+
+So for physicalness of
+the Gaussian theory,
+
+I need to confine myself
+to the t positive plane.
+
+Now that I have u, I can
+have t that is negative
+
+and um to the fourth,
+as long as u positive,
+
+will make the
+weight well behaved.
+
+So this entire plane
+is now accessible.
+
+Within this plane,
+there is a point
+
+which corresponds to
+a fixed point, a point
+
+that if I'm at that location,
+then the parameters no longer
+
+change.
+
+Clearly, if u does not change, u
+at the fixed point should be 0.
+
+If u at the fixed point is
+0 and t does not change,
+
+t at the fixed point is 0.
+
+So this is the fixed point.
+
+Since I'm looking at a
+two-dimensional projection,
+
+there will be two
+eigendirections associated
+
+with moving away from
+this fixed point.
+
+If I stick with the
+axis where u is 0,
+
+you can see that u will stay 0.
+
+But then dt by dl is 2t.
+
+So if I'm on the axis
+that u equals to 0,
+
+I will stay on this axis.
+
+So that's one of
+my eigendirections.
+
+And along this
+eigendirection, I will
+
+be flowing out with
+an eigenvalue of 2.
+
+Now, in general however, let's
+say if I go to t equals to 0,
+
+you can see that if t is
+0, but u positive dt by dl
+
+is positive.
+
+So basically, the
+u direction you
+
+will be going if you start
+on the t equals to 0 axis,
+
+you will generate a positive t.
+
+And the typical
+flows that you would
+
+have would be in this direction.
+
+Actually, I should draw
+it with a different color.
+
+So quite generically,
+the flows are like this.
+
+But there is a direction along
+which the flow is preserved.
+
+So there is a straight line.
+
+This straight line you can
+calculate by setting dt
+
+by dl divided by du by dl
+to be the ratio of t over u.
+
+You can very easily
+find that it corresponds
+
+to a line of t
+being proportional
+
+to u with a negative slope.
+
+And the eigenvalue
+along that direction
+
+is determined by 4 minus d.
+
+So that the picture that I
+have actually drawn for you
+
+here corresponds to
+dimensions greater than four.
+
+In dimensions greater than four
+along this other direction,
+
+you will be flowing
+towards the fixed point.
+
+And in general, the flows
+look something like this.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Again, the whole thing
+that we wrote down
+
+was supposed to
+describe something
+
+like a magnet at
+some temperature.
+
+So when I fix my
+temperature of the magnet,
+
+I presumably reside at
+some particular point
+
+on this diagram.
+
+Let's say in the
+phase that is up here,
+
+eventually I can see that I
+go to large t and u goes to 0.
+
+So the eventual weight is
+very much like a Gaussian,
+
+e to the tm squared over 2.
+
+So this is essentially
+independent patches
+
+of the system randomly pointing
+to different directions.
+
+If I change my system to
+have a lower temperature,
+
+I will be looking at
+a point such as this.
+
+As I lower the
+temperature, I will
+
+be looking at some
+other point presumably.
+
+But all of these
+points that correspond
+
+to lowering
+temperatures, if I also
+
+now look at increasing land
+scale, will flow up here.
+
+Presumably, if I
+go below tc, I will
+
+be flowing in the other
+direction, where t is negative,
+
+and then the u is
+needed for stability,
+
+which means that I have
+to spontaneously choose
+
+a direction in which
+I order things.
+
+So the benefit of doing this
+renormalization and this study
+
+was that in the absence
+of u, I could not
+
+achieve the low temperature
+part of the system.
+
+With the addition of u, I
+can describe both sides,
+
+and I can see on the
+rescaling which set of points
+
+go to what is the analog of
+the high temperature, which
+
+set of points go to what is
+the analog of low temperature.
+
+And the point that
+corresponds to the transition
+
+between the two is on the basing
+of attraction of the Gaussian
+
+fixed point that
+is asymptotically,
+
+the theory would be described
+by just gradient of m squared.
+
+But this picture does
+not work if I go too
+
+d that is less than four.
+
+And d less than four,
+I can again draw u.
+
+I can draw t.
+
+And I will again find
+the fixed point at 0, 0.
+
+I will again find
+an eigendirection,
+
+at u equals to 0, which pushes
+things out along the u equals
+
+to 0 axis.
+
+Going from d of above
+four to d of below four
+
+does not really
+materially change
+
+the location of this other
+eigendirection by much.
+
+It pretty much
+stays where it was.
+
+The thing that it does
+change is the eigenvalue.
+
+So basically, here I
+will find that the flow
+
+is in this direction.
+
+And if I were to generalize
+the picture that I have,
+
+I would get things that
+would be going like this
+
+or going like this.
+
+Once again, there are
+a set of trajectories
+
+that go on one side,
+a set of trajectories
+
+that go on the other side.
+
+And presumably, by
+changing temperature,
+
+I will cross from one
+set of trajectories
+
+to the other set
+of trajectories.
+
+But the thing is
+that the point that
+
+corresponds to hitting the
+basin that separates the two
+
+sets of trajectories, I don't
+know what it corresponds to.
+
+Here, for d greater
+than 4, it went
+
+to the Gaussian fixed point.
+
+Here currently, I don't
+know where it is going.
+
+So I have no understanding at
+this level of what the scale
+
+invariant properties are
+that describe magnets
+
+in three dimensions at
+their critical temperature.
+
+Now, the thing is that the
+resolution and everything
+
+that we need comes from
+staring more at this expansion
+
+that we had.
+
+We can see that this is an
+alternating theory because I
+
+started with e to the minus u.
+
+And so the next term is likely
+to have the opposite sign
+
+to the first term.
+
+So I anticipate that at the end
+of doing the calculation, if I
+
+go to the next order,
+there will be a term here
+
+that is minus vu squared.
+
+Actually, there will be a
+contribution to dt by dl also
+
+that is minus, let's
+say, au squared.
+
+So I expect that if I were to
+do things at the next order,
+
+and we will do that
+in about 15 minutes,
+
+I will get these kinds of terms.
+
+Once I have that
+kind of term, you
+
+can see that I anticipate
+then a fixed point occurring
+
+at the location u star, which
+is 4 minus d divided by b.
+
+And then, by looking in the
+vicinity of this fixed point,
+
+I should be able to
+determine everything
+
+that I need about
+the phase transition.
+
+But then you can ask, is this
+a legitimate thing to do?
+
+I have to make sure I do
+things self consistently.
+
+I did a perturbation
+theory assuming
+
+that u is a small quantity,
+so that I can organize things
+
+in power of u, u
+squared, u cubed.
+
+But what does it mean that I
+have control over powers of u?
+
+Once I have landed at this
+fixed point, where at the fixed
+
+point, u has a value that
+is fixed and determined.
+
+It is this 4 minus d over b.
+
+So in order for the series
+to make sense and be
+
+under control, I
+need this u star
+
+to be under control
+as a small parameter.
+
+So what knob do I have
+to ensure that this u
+
+star is a small parameter?
+
+Turns out that practically
+the only knob that I have
+
+is that this 4 minus
+d should be small.
+
+So I can only make this
+into a systematic theory
+
+by making it into an expansion
+in a small quantity, which
+
+is 4 minus d.
+
+Let's call that epsilon.
+
+And now we can hopefully,
+at the end of the day,
+
+keep track of appropriate
+powers of epsilon.
+
+So the Gaussian theory
+describes properly
+
+the behavior at four dimensions.
+
+At 4 minus epsilon
+dimensions, I can
+
+figure out where
+this fixed point is
+
+and calculate things correctly.
+
+All right?
+
+So that means that I need
+to do this calculation
+
+of the variance of u.
+
+So what I will do here
+is to draw a diagram
+
+to help me do that.
+
+So let's do something like this.
+
+OK, let's do
+something like this.
+
+Six, seven rows
+and seven columns.
+
+The first row is to just tell
+you what we are going to plot.
+
+So basically, I need
+a u squared average,
+
+which means that I need
+to have two factors of u.
+
+Each one of them depends
+on m tilde and sigma.
+
+And so I will
+indicate the two sets.
+
+Actually already,
+we saw when we were
+
+doing the case of the
+first order calculation,
+
+how to decompose this
+object that has four lines.
+
+And we said, well, the first
+thing that I can do is to just
+
+use the m's.
+
+The next thing
+that I can do is I
+
+could replace one of
+the m's with a sigma.
+
+And there was a choice
+of four ways to do so.
+
+Or I could choose to replace
+two of the m's with wavy lines.
+
+And question was, the right
+branch or the left branch?
+
+So there's two of these.
+
+I could put the wavy lines
+on two different branches.
+
+And there was four
+ways to do this one.
+
+I could have three wavy
+lines, and the one solid line
+
+could then be in one
+of four positions.
+
+Or I had all wavy
+lines, so there is this.
+
+So that's one of my factors of u
+on the vertical for this table.
+
+On the horizontal, I
+will have the same thing.
+
+I will have one of these.
+
+I will have four of these.
+
+I will have two of these.
+
+I will have four of these.
+
+I will have four of these, and
+one which is all wavy lines.
+
+Now I have to put
+two of these together
+
+and then do the average.
+
+Now clearly, if I put
+two of these together,
+
+there's no average to be done.
+
+I will get something that
+is order of m to the fourth.
+
+But remember that I'm
+calculating the variance.
+
+So that would subtract
+from the average squared
+
+of the same quantity.
+
+It's a disconnected piece.
+
+And I have stated that
+anything that is disconnected
+
+will not contribute.
+
+And in particular, there is no
+way to join this to anything.
+
+So everything that we
+log here in this row
+
+would correspond
+to no contribution
+
+once I have subtracted out
+the average of u squared.
+
+And there is symmetry
+in this table.
+
+So the corresponding
+column is also
+
+all things that are
+disconnected entities.
+
+All right.
+
+Now let's see the next one.
+
+I have a wavy line here, a
+sigma here, and a sigma here.
+
+I can potentially
+join them together
+
+into a diagram that looks
+something like this.
+
+So I will have this, this.
+
+I have a leg here.
+
+I will have this line
+gets joined to that line.
+
+And then I have
+this, this, this.
+
+Now, what is that beast?
+
+It is something that has
+six factors of m tilde.
+
+So this is something
+that is order
+
+of m tilde to the sixth power.
+
+So the point is
+that we started here
+
+saying that I should
+put every term that
+
+is consistent with symmetry.
+
+I just focused on the
+first fourth order term,
+
+but I see this is one
+of the things that
+
+happens under
+renormalization group.
+
+Everything that is
+consistent with symmetry,
+
+even if you didn't put it
+there at the beginning,
+
+is likely to appear.
+
+So this term appeared
+at this order.
+
+You have to think of
+ultimately whether that's
+
+something to worry about or not.
+
+I will deal with that next time.
+
+It is not something
+to worry about.
+
+But let's forget about
+that for the time being.
+
+Next term, I have one wavy line
+here and two wavy lines there.
+
+So it's something
+that is sigma cubed.
+
+Against the Gaussian
+weight, it gives me 0.
+
+So because of it being an odd
+term, I will get a 0 here.
+
+What color [INAUDIBLE] a 0 here.
+
+Somehow I need this row
+to be larger in connection
+
+with future needs.
+
+Next one is also
+something that involves
+
+three factors of sigma,
+so it is 0 by symmetry.
+
+And again, since this
+is a diagram that
+
+has symmetry along the diagonal,
+there will be 0's over here.
+
+Next diagram.
+
+I can somehow join
+things together
+
+and create something
+that has four legs.
+
+It will look
+something like this.
+
+I will have this leg.
+
+This leg can be joined,
+let's say, with this leg,
+
+giving me something out here.
+
+And these two wavy lines
+can be joined together.
+
+That's a possibility.
+
+You say, OK.
+
+This is a diagram
+that corresponds
+
+to four factors of m tilde.
+
+So that should
+contribute over here.
+
+Actually, the answer
+is that diagram is 0.
+
+The reason for that
+is the following.
+
+Let's look at this
+vortex over here.
+
+It describes four momenta
+that have come together.
+
+And the sum of the
+four has to be 0.
+
+Same thing holds here.
+
+The sum of these
+four has to be 0.
+
+Now, if we look at
+this diagram, once I
+
+have joined these
+two together, I
+
+have ensured that the
+sum of these two is 0.
+
+The sum of all of four is 0.
+
+The sum of these two is 0.
+
+So the sum of these
+two should be 0 too.
+
+But that's not allowed.
+
+Because one of them is outside
+this shell, and the other
+
+is inside the shell.
+
+So just kinematically,
+there's no choice of momenta
+
+that I could make that would
+give a contribution to this.
+
+So this is 0 because
+of what I will
+
+write as momentum
+type of conservation.
+
+Again, because of that, I
+will have here as 0 momentum
+
+down here.
+
+The next diagram has one sigma
+from here and four sigmas.
+
+So that's an odd
+number of sigmas.
+
+So this will be 0
+too, just because
+
+of up-down symmetry in m tilde.
+
+So we are gradually getting
+rid of places in this table.
+
+But the next one is
+actually important.
+
+I can take these two and
+join them to those two
+
+and generate a diagram
+that looks like this.
+
+So I have these two hands.
+
+These two hands get joined to
+the corresponding two hands.
+
+And I have a diagram
+such as this.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] Is
+there another way for them
+
+to join also?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+there is another way
+
+which suffers exactly
+the same problem.
+
+Ultimately, because you
+see the problem is here.
+
+I will have to join
+two of them together,
+
+and the other two
+will be incompatible.
+
+Now, just to sort of give you
+ultimately an idea, associated
+
+with this diagram there will be
+a numerical factor of 2 times 2
+
+from the horizontal times
+the vertical choices.
+
+But then there's
+another factor of 2
+
+because this diagram
+has two hands.
+
+The other diagram has two hands.
+
+They can either join like this,
+or they can join like this.
+
+So there's two possibilities
+for the crossing.
+
+If you kind of look ahead to
+the indices that carry around,
+
+these two are part
+of the same branch.
+
+They carry the same index.
+
+These two would be carrying
+the same index, let's say j.
+
+These two would be carrying
+the same index, j prime.
+
+So when I do the sum, I
+will have a sum over j
+
+and j prime of delta j, j prime.
+
+I will have a sum
+over j delta jj, which
+
+will give me a factor of n.
+
+Any time you see a closed loop,
+you generate a factor of n,
+
+just like we did over here.
+
+It generated a factor of n.
+
+OK, so there's that.
+
+The next diagram looks
+similar, but does not
+
+have the factor of n.
+
+I have from over there the two
+hands that I have to join here.
+
+I have to put my
+hands across, and I
+
+will get something like this.
+
+So it's a slightly
+different-looking diagram.
+
+The numerical factor that goes
+with that is 2 times 4 times 2.
+
+There is no factor of n.
+
+Now, again, because
+of symmetry, there's
+
+a corresponding entity
+that we have over here.
+
+If I just rotate that,
+I will essentially
+
+have the same diagram.
+
+Opposite way, I have
+essentially that.
+
+The two hands reach
+across to these
+
+and give me something
+that is like this.
+
+To that, sorry.
+
+They join to that one.
+
+And the corresponding
+thing here looks like this.
+
+Numerical factors, this
+would be 2 times 4 times 2.
+
+It is exactly the same as this.
+
+This would be 4 times 4 times 2.
+
+At the end of the day,
+I will convince you
+
+that this block of four diagrams
+is really the only thing
+
+that we need to compute.
+
+But let's go ahead and
+see what else we have.
+
+If I take this thing
+that has two hands,
+
+try to join this thing
+that has three hands,
+
+I will get, of course,
+0, based on symmetry.
+
+If I take this term
+with two hands,
+
+join this thing
+with four hands, I
+
+will generate a
+bunch of diagrams,
+
+including, for
+example, this one.
+
+I can do this.
+
+There are other diagrams also.
+
+So these are ultimately diagrams
+with two hands left over.
+
+So they will be contributions
+to m tilde squared.
+
+And they will indeed
+give me modifications
+
+of this term over here.
+
+But we don't need
+to calculate them.
+
+Why?
+
+Because we want to do
+things consistently
+
+to order of epsilon.
+
+In the second equation, we
+start already with epsilon u.
+
+So this term was order
+of epsilon squared.
+
+Since u star will
+be order of epsilon,
+
+this term will be
+epsilon squared.
+
+The two terms I
+have to evaluate,
+
+they are both of the same order.
+
+But in the first
+equation, I already
+
+have a contribution that
+is order of epsilon.
+
+If I'm calculating things
+consistently to lowest order,
+
+I don't need to calculate
+this explicitly.
+
+I would need to
+calculate it explicitly
+
+if I wanted to calculate
+things to order
+
+of epsilon squared, which
+I'm not about to do.
+
+But to our order,
+this diagram exists,
+
+but we don't need to evaluate.
+
+Again, going because of the
+symmetry along the diagonal
+
+of the diagram, we
+have something here
+
+that is order of m tilde
+squared that we don't evaluate.
+
+OK, let's go further.
+
+Over here, we have two
+hands, three hands.
+
+By symmetry, it will be zero.
+
+Over here, we have
+two hands, four hands.
+
+I will get a whole
+bunch of other things
+
+that are order of
+m tilde squared.
+
+So there are other terms that
+are of this same form that
+
+would modify the
+factor of a, which
+
+I don't need to
+explicitly evaluate.
+
+All right.
+
+What do we have left?
+
+There is a diagram here
+that is interesting
+
+because it also gives
+me a contribution that
+
+is order of m tilde squared,
+which we may come back to
+
+at some point.
+
+But for the time being,
+it's another thing
+
+that gives us a
+contribution to a.
+
+Here, what do we have?
+
+We have three hands, four
+hands, zero by symmetry,
+
+zero by symmetry.
+
+Down here, we have
+no solid hands.
+
+So we will get a whole
+bunch of diagrams,
+
+such as this one, for
+example, other things, which
+
+collectively will
+give a second order
+
+correction to the free energy.
+
+It's another constant that
+we don't need to evaluate.
+
+So let's pick one of
+these diagrams, this one
+
+in particular, and
+explicitly see what that is.
+
+It came out of putting
+two factors of u together.
+
+Let's be explicit.
+
+Let's call the momenta
+here q1, q2, and k1, k2.
+
+And the other u here came
+from before I joined them,
+
+there was a q3, q4.
+
+There was a k1 prime, k2 prime.
+
+So let's say the first
+u-- this is a diagram that
+
+will contribute at
+order of u squared.
+
+Second order terms
+in the series all
+
+come with a factor of one half.
+
+It is u to the n
+divided by n factorial.
+
+So this would be explicitly
+u squared over 2.
+
+For the choice of
+the left diagram,
+
+we said there were
+two possibilities.
+
+For the choice of
+right diagram, there
+
+were two branches, one of
+which I could have taken.
+
+In joining the two
+hands together,
+
+I had a degeneracy of two,
+so I have all of that.
+
+A particular one of these
+is an integral over q1, q2.
+
+And from here, I would have
+integrations over q3, q4.
+
+These are all
+integrations that are
+
+for variables that are
+in the inner shell.
+
+So this is lambda
+to lambda over b.
+
+I have integrations from
+lambda over v2 lambda
+
+for the variables k1,
+k2, k1 prime, k2 prime.
+
+And if I explicitly
+decided to write all four
+
+momenta associated with
+a particular index,
+
+I have to explicitly include
+the delta functions that
+
+say the sum of the momenta
+has to add up to 0.
+
+Now, what I did was to drawing
+these two sigmas together.
+
+So I calculated one of
+those Gaussian averages
+
+that I have over there.
+
+Actually, before
+I do that, I note
+
+that these pairs
+are dotted together.
+
+So I have m tilde of
+q1 dotted with m tilde
+
+of q3, m tilde of q4 dotted
+with m tilde of q1, q2, q3, q4.
+
+These two are dot products.
+
+These two are dot products.
+
+Here, I joined the
+two sigmas together.
+
+The expectation
+value gives me 2 pi
+
+to the d at delta
+function k1 plus k1
+
+prime divided by t plus k,
+k1 squared, and so forth.
+
+And the delta
+function, if I call
+
+these indices j, j,
+j prime, j prime,
+
+I will have a delta j j prime.
+
+And from the lower two that
+I have connected together,
+
+I have 2 pi to the d delta
+function k2 plus k2 prime.
+
+Another delta j j prime, t plus
+k, k2 squared, and so forth.
+
+Now I can do the integrations.
+
+But first of all, numerical
+factors, I will get 4u squared.
+
+As I told you, delta j
+j prime, delta j j prime
+
+will give me delta jj.
+
+Sum over j, I will
+get a factor of n.
+
+That's the n that I
+anticipated and put over there.
+
+I have the integrations 0 to
+lambda over v, ddq1, ddq2,
+
+ddq3, ddq4, 2 pi to the 4d.
+
+And then this m tilde
+q1 m tilde q2 m tilde q3
+
+dotted with m tilde q4.
+
+Now, note the following.
+
+If I do the integration
+over k1 prime,
+
+k1 prime is set to minus k1.
+
+If I do the integration
+over k2 prime,
+
+k2 prime is set to minus k2.
+
+If I now do the
+integration over k2,
+
+k2 is set to minus q1
+minus q2 minus k1, which
+
+if I insert over here, will give
+me a delta function that simply
+
+says that the four external
+q's have to add up to 0.
+
+So there is one integration
+that is left, which is over k1.
+
+So I have to do
+the integral lambda
+
+over v2 lambda, dd
+of k1 2 pi to the d.
+
+So basically, there's k1 running
+across the upper line gives me
+
+a factor of 1 over t plus
+k, k1 squared, and so forth.
+
+And then there is
+what is running
+
+along the bottom line,
+which is k2 squared.
+
+And k2 squared is the
+same thing as q1 plus q2
+
+plus k1, the whole
+thing squared.
+
+So the outcome of
+doing the averages that
+
+appear in this
+integral is to generate
+
+a term that is proportional
+to m to the fourth, which
+
+is exactly what we
+had, with one twist.
+
+The twist is that
+the coefficient that
+
+is appearing here actually
+depends on q1 and q2.
+
+Of course, q1 and q2
+being inner momenta
+
+are much smaller than k1, which
+is one of the shared momenta.
+
+So in principle,
+I can expand this.
+
+I can expand this as
+ddk 2 pi to the d lambda
+
+over b2 lambda, 1 over
+t plus k, k squared.
+
+I've renamed k1 to k squared to
+lowest order in q, this is 0.
+
+And then I can expand this thing
+as 1 plus k q1 plus q2 squared
+
+and so forth,
+divided by t plus k k
+
+squared raised to
+the minus 1 power.
+
+Point is that if I
+set the q's to 0,
+
+I have obtained a
+constant addition
+
+to the coefficient of
+my m to the fourth.
+
+But I see that further
+down, I have generated also
+
+terms that depend on q.
+
+What kind of terms
+could these be?
+
+If I go back to
+real space, these
+
+are terms that are
+after order of m
+
+to the fourth, which was, if you
+remember, m squared m squared.
+
+But carry additional
+gradients with them.
+
+So, for example, it could
+be something like this.
+
+It has two factors of
+q, various factors of n.
+
+Or it could be something like m
+squared gradient of m squared.
+
+The point is that we have
+again the possibility, when
+
+we write our most general
+term, to introduce
+
+lots and lots of non-linearities
+that I didn't explicitly
+
+include.
+
+But again, I see, if I
+forget them at the beginning,
+
+the process will
+generate them for you.
+
+So I should have really
+included these types of terms
+
+in the beginning because they
+will be generated under the RG,
+
+and then I can track
+their evolution of all
+
+of the parameters.
+
+I started with 0 for
+this type of parameter.
+
+I generated it out of nothing.
+
+So I should really go
+back and put it there.
+
+But for the time being,
+let's again ignore that.
+
+And next time, I'll
+see what happens.
+
+So what we find at
+the end of evaluating
+
+all of these diagrams is that
+this beta h tilde evaluated
+
+at the second
+order, first of all,
+
+has a bunch of constants
+which in principle, now
+
+we can calculate
+to the next order.
+
+Then we find that
+we get terms that
+
+are proportional to m tilde
+squared, the Gaussian.
+
+And I can get the terms that
+I got out of second order
+
+and put it here.
+
+So I have my
+original t tilde now
+
+evaluated at order of u squared.
+
+Because of all those diagrams
+that I said I have to do.
+
+I will get a k tilde q
+squared and so forth,
+
+all of them multiplying
+m tilde squared.
+
+And I see that I
+generated terms that
+
+are of the order of m
+tilde to the fourth.
+
+So I have ddq1,
+ddq4, 2 pi to the 4d,
+
+2 pi to the d delta function,
+q1, q4, m tilde q1, m tilde q2,
+
+m tilde q3, m tilde q4.
+
+And what I have to
+lowest order is u.
+
+And then I have a
+bunch of terms that
+
+are of the form
+something like this.
+
+So they are corrections
+that are proportional
+
+to the integral lambda
+over b lambda ddk 2 pi
+
+to the d, 1 over t plus
+k, k squared squared.
+
+So essentially, I took
+this part of that diagram.
+
+That diagram has a
+contribution at order
+
+of u squared, which is 4n.
+
+So if I had written it
+as u squared over 2,
+
+I would have put
+8n, the 8 coming
+
+from just the multiplication
+that I have there, 2 times
+
+2 times 2 times n.
+
+Now, if you calculate
+the other three diagrams
+
+that I have boxed,
+you'll find that they
+
+give exactly the same
+form of the contribution,
+
+except that the numerical
+factor for them is different.
+
+I will get 16, 1632, adding
+up together to a factor of 64
+
+here.
+
+And then the point is that I
+will generate additional terms
+
+that are, let's say,
+order of q squared
+
+and so forth,
+Which are the kinds
+
+of terms that I
+had not included.
+
+So what we find is
+that-- question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where did
+you add the t total?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's maybe write
+this explicitly.
+
+So what would be the coefficient
+that I have to put over here?
+
+I have t at the 0-th order.
+
+At order of u, I calculated
+4u n plus 2 integral.
+
+The point is that when I
+add up all of those diagrams
+
+that I haven't
+explicitly calculated,
+
+I will get a correction
+here that is order
+
+of u squared whose
+coefficient I will call a.
+
+But then this is the 0-th
+order in the momenta,
+
+and then I have to
+go and add terms
+
+that are at the order of q
+squared and higher order terms.
+
+So this was, again, the
+course graining step
+
+of RG, which is the hard part.
+
+The rescaling and
+renormalization are simple.
+
+And what they give me
+at the end of the day
+
+are the modifications
+to dt by dl and du
+
+by dl that we expected.
+
+dt by dl we already wrote.
+
+0-th order is 2t.
+
+First order is a correction.
+
+4u n plus 2 integral, which,
+when evaluated on the shell,
+
+gives me kt lambda to
+the d t plus k lambda
+
+squared and so forth.
+
+Now, this a here would
+involve an integration.
+
+Again, this integration
+I evaluated on the shell.
+
+So the answer will
+be some a that
+
+will depend on t,
+k, and other things,
+
+would be a contribution
+that is order of u squared.
+
+I haven't explicitly
+calculated what this a is.
+
+It will depend on all of
+these other parameters.
+
+Now, when I calculate the u
+by dl, I will get this 4 minus
+
+d times u to the lowest order.
+
+To the next order, I
+essentially get this integral.
+
+So I have minus 4n minus
+4n plus 8 u squared.
+
+Evaluate that
+integral on the shell.
+
+kd lambda to the
+d t plus k lambda
+
+squared and so forth squared.
+
+And presumably,
+both of these will
+
+have corrections at
+higher orders, order
+
+of u squared, et cetera.
+
+So this generalizes the
+picture that we had over here.
+
+Now we can ask, what
+is the fixed point?
+
+In fact, there will
+be two of them.
+
+There is the old Gaussian
+fixed point at t star
+
+u star equals to 0.
+
+Clearly, if I said t and u
+equals to 0, I will stay at 0.
+
+So the old fixed
+point is still there.
+
+But now I have a
+new fixed point,
+
+which is called the ON fixed
+point because it explicitly
+
+depends on the
+symmetry of the order
+
+parameter, the number
+of components, n,
+
+as well as dimensionality.
+
+It's called the ON fixed point.
+
+So setting this to 0, I will
+find that u star is essentially
+
+epsilon divided by
+whatever I have here.
+
+I have 4n plus 8
+kd lambda to the d.
+
+In the numerator,
+I would have t star
+
+plus k lambda squared squared.
+
+And then I can
+substitute that over here
+
+to find what t star is.
+
+So t star would be minus 2
+n plus 2 kd lambda to the d
+
+divided by t star
+plus k lambda squared,
+
+et cetera, times u star, which
+is what I have the line above,
+
+which is t star plus
+k lambda squared,
+
+et cetera, squared, divided by
+4n plus 8 kd lambda to the t.
+
+Now, over here,
+this is in principle
+
+an implicit equation for t star.
+
+But I forgot the epsilon
+that I have here.
+
+But it is epsilon multiplying
+some function of t star.
+
+So clearly, t star
+is order of epsilon.
+
+And I can set t star equal to
+0 in all of the calculation,
+
+if I'm calculating things
+consistently to epsilon.
+
+You can see that this kd
+lambda to the d cancels that.
+
+One of these factors cancels
+what I have over here.
+
+At the end of the day, I will
+get minus n plus 2 divided
+
+by n plus 8 k lambda
+squared epsilon.
+
+And similarly, over here
+I can get rid of t star
+
+because it's already
+order of epsilon,
+
+and I have epsilon out here.
+
+So the answer is going
+to be k squared lambda
+
+to the power of 4 minus
+d divided by 4n plus
+
+8 kd lambda to the d.
+
+Presumably, both of these
+plus order of epsilon squared.
+
+So you can see that,
+as anticipated,
+
+there's a fixed
+point at negative 2 t
+
+star and some particular u star.
+
+There was a question.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What is unnecessary?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: You already
+did 4 minus [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: The u started.
+
+Yeah, that one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Erase it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh,
+lambda to the d is 0.
+
+Right.
+
+Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE: For t star,
+does factor of 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: t star, does
+it have a factor of 2?
+
+Yes, 2 divided by 4.
+
+There is a factor of 2 here.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Look at this.
+
+You don't really see
+much to recommend it.
+
+The interesting
+thing is to find what
+
+happens if you are not
+exactly at the fixed point,
+
+but slightly shifted.
+
+So we want to see what happens
+if t is t star plus delta t,
+
+u is u star plus delta u,
+if I shift a little bit.
+
+If I shift a little bit,
+linearizing the equation
+
+means I want to know
+how the new shifts are
+
+related to the old shift.
+
+And essentially doing
+things at the linear level
+
+means I want to construct a
+two-by-two matrix that relates
+
+the changes delta t delta
+u to the shifts originally
+
+of delta t and delta u.
+
+What do I have to
+do to get this?
+
+What I have to do is to take
+derivatives of the terms for dt
+
+by dl with respect to
+t, with respect to u.
+
+Take the derivative
+with respect to t.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I will get two.
+
+I will get minus 4u n plus 2
+kd lambda to the father of d
+
+divided by t plus k
+lambda squared squared.
+
+So the derivative of 1 over t
+became minus 1 over t squared.
+
+There is a second order term.
+
+So there will be a derivative
+of that with respect
+
+to t multiplying u squared.
+
+I want you to calculate it.
+
+Delta u, if I make
+a change in u,
+
+there will be a shift
+here, which is 4n
+
+plus 2 kd lambda
+to the d divided
+
+by t plus k lambda squared.
+
+From the second order
+term, I will get minus 2au.
+
+For the second equation,
+if I take the derivative
+
+of this variation in t, I will
+get a plus 4n plus 8u squared
+
+kd lambda to the d t
+plus k lambda squared
+
+and so forth cubed.
+
+And the fourth place, I will
+get epsilon minus 8 n plus 8 kd
+
+lambda to the d u divided
+by t plus k lambda
+
+squared and so forth squared.
+
+Now, I want to evaluate this
+matrix at the fixed point.
+
+So I have to linearize in
+the vicinity of fixed point.
+
+Which means that I put the
+values of t star and u star
+
+everywhere here.
+
+And then I have to calculate
+the eigenvalues of this matrix.
+
+Now, note that this
+element of the matrix
+
+is proportional
+to u star squared.
+
+So this is certainly
+evaluated at the fixed point
+
+order of epsilon squared.
+
+Order of epsilon
+squared to me is zero.
+
+I don't see order
+of epsilon squared.
+
+So I can get rid of this.
+
+Think of a zero
+here at this order.
+
+Which means that
+the matrix now has
+
+zeroes on one side of
+the diagonal, which
+
+means that what
+is appearing here
+
+are exactly the eigenvalues.
+
+Let's calculate
+the eigenvalue that
+
+corresponds to this element.
+
+I will call it yu.
+
+It is epsilon minus 8 n plus
+8 kd lambda to the d t star.
+
+Well, since I'm calculating
+things to order of epsilon,
+
+I can ignore that
+t star down there.
+
+I have k squared lambda
+to the four or k squared,
+
+lambda squared, and
+so forth squared.
+
+Multiplied by u star.
+
+Where is my u star?
+u star is here.
+
+So it is multiplied by n plus 2.
+
+Sorry, my u star is up here.
+
+k squared lambda to the 4
+minus d 4 n plus 8 kd epsilon.
+
+Right.
+
+Now the miracle happens.
+
+So k squared cancels
+the k squared.
+
+Lambda to the four
+and lambda to the d
+
+cancel this lambda
+to the four minus d.
+
+The kd cancels the kd.
+
+The n plus 8 cancels
+the n plus a.
+
+8 cancels the 2.
+
+The answer is epsilon
+minus 2 epsilon,
+
+which is minus epsilon.
+
+OK?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+So this direction has
+become irrelevant.
+
+The epsilon here turn
+to a minus epsilon.
+
+This irrelevant
+direction disappeared.
+
+There is this relevant
+direction that is left,
+
+which is a slightly
+shifted version of what
+
+my original [INAUDIBLE]
+direction was.
+
+And you can calculate yt.
+
+So you go to that
+expression, do the same thing
+
+that I did over here.
+
+You'll find that at
+the end of the day,
+
+you will find 2 minus n plus
+2 over n plus 8 epsilon.
+
+All these unwanted things, like
+kd's, these lambdas, et cetera,
+
+disappear.
+
+You expected at the end of
+the day to get pure numbers.
+
+The exponents are pure numbers.
+
+They don't depend on anything.
+
+So we had to carry
+all of this baggage.
+
+And at the end of the day, all
+of the baggage miraculously
+
+disappears.
+
+We get a fixed point that has
+only one relevant direction,
+
+which is what we always wanted.
+
+And once we have
+the exponent, we
+
+can calculate
+everything that we want,
+
+like the exponent for
+divergence of correlation length
+
+is the inverse of that.
+
+You can calculate how it
+has shifted from one half.
+
+It is something like n plus
+2 over n plus 8 epsilon.
+
+And we see that the exponents
+now explicitly depend
+
+on dimensionality of space
+because of this epsilon.
+
+They explicitly
+depend on the number
+
+of components of your
+order parameter n.
+
+So we have managed, at least
+in some perturbative sense,
+
+to demonstrate that there exists
+a kind of scale invariance
+
+that characterizes this
+ON universality class.
+
+And we can calculate
+exponents for that, at least
+
+perturbatively.
+
+In the process of
+getting that number,
+
+I did things rapidly
+at the end, but I also
+
+swept a lot of
+things under the rug.
+
+So the task of next lecture is
+to go and look under the rug
+
+and make sure that we haven't
+put anything that is important
+
+away.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DmvaOb1xb1o.txt b/DmvaOb1xb1o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deb5aeadcac4b0a0b805de2cc7f8fc9180314d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DmvaOb1xb1o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+reaction workup one extracting washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction workup one extracting washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction workup one extracting washing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drying as all chemists quickly learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying as all chemists quickly learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying as all chemists quickly learn it
+is very rare for a chemical reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very rare for a chemical reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very rare for a chemical reaction to
+provide only the one compound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide only the one compound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide only the one compound that
+you're looking for even highly selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for even highly selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for even highly selective
+reactions generate the desired product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions generate the desired product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions generate the desired product
+as a crude mixture containing byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a crude mixture containing byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a crude mixture containing byproducts
+and unreacted starting materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unreacted starting materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unreacted starting materials and
+reagents liquid liquid extraction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents liquid liquid extraction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents liquid liquid extraction is the
+most common technique for separating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common technique for separating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common technique for separating a
+compound from a comp Lex mixture in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from a comp Lex mixture in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from a comp Lex mixture in an
+extraction you can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction you can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction you can take advantage of
+differing solubilities to selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing solubilities to selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing solubilities to selectively
+separate the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the different
+components by carefully planning out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by carefully planning out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by carefully planning out an
+extraction and washing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence
+otherwise known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a
+workup the desired product can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup the desired product can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup the desired product can usually
+be separated from The Unwanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be separated from The Unwanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be separated from The Unwanted
+impurities this video will illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities this video will illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities this video will illustrate
+the proper technique involved in working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper technique involved in working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper technique involved in working
+up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction in an Ideal World World each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in an Ideal World World each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in an Ideal World World each
+chemical reaction in the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction in the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction in the laboratory
+would provide only the desired product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide only the desired product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would provide only the desired product
+in its pure form in reality the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its pure form in reality the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its pure form in reality the product
+is almost always generated as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always generated as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always generated as part of a
+messy mixture of byproducts and side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy mixture of byproducts and side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy mixture of byproducts and side
+products in short garbage liquid liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in short garbage liquid liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in short garbage liquid liquid
+extraction is a useful technique used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction is a useful technique used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction is a useful technique used to
+isolate the desired compound from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the desired compound from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the desired compound from a
+complex mixture in an extraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mixture in an extraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mixture in an extraction the
+mixture is partitioned between two imiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture is partitioned between two imiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture is partitioned between two imiss
+solvents in a separatory funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents in a separatory funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents in a separatory funnel
+otherwise known as a sep funnel the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a sep funnel the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a sep funnel the key
+is that the two solvents are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the two solvents are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the two solvents are mutually
+insoluble so they form two distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble so they form two distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble so they form two distinct
+layers one of the solvents is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers one of the solvents is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers one of the solvents is almost
+always water and the other is an organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always water and the other is an organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always water and the other is an organic
+solvent of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent of your
+choice the different components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the different components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice the different components of the
+mixture are selectively distributed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture are selectively distributed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture are selectively distributed in
+one solvent or the other depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solvent or the other depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solvent or the other depending on
+their different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different
+solubilities in this way you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilities in this way you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubilities in this way you can take
+advantage of differing solubilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of differing solubilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of differing solubilities to
+selectively trans Port solutes from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively trans Port solutes from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively trans Port solutes from one
+layer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another in most cases but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in most cases but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in most cases but not all
+neutral organic molecules prefer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral organic molecules prefer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral organic molecules prefer the
+organic phase while charged molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic phase while charged molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic phase while charged molecules
+and inorganic salts prefer the aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inorganic salts prefer the aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inorganic salts prefer the aquous
+layer by carefully planning out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer by carefully planning out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer by carefully planning out an
+extraction and washing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence
+otherwise known as a reaction workup the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a reaction workup the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a reaction workup the
+desired compound can usually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired compound can usually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired compound can usually be
+separated from most of the unwanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from most of the unwanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from most of the unwanted
+impurities this brings up an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities this brings up an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities this brings up an important
+Point what is the difference between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what is the difference between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what is the difference between an
+extraction and a wash these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and a wash these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and a wash these terms
+describe similar but fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe similar but fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe similar but fundamentally
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+operations an extraction involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations an extraction involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations an extraction involves
+pulling the desired compound out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the desired compound out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the desired compound out of a
+mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of
+compounds whereas in a wash you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds whereas in a wash you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds whereas in a wash you are
+pulling unwanted impurities away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling unwanted impurities away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling unwanted impurities away from
+the desired product in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired product in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired product in other words you
+always keep the extracts and trash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep the extracts and trash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep the extracts and trash the
+washes this might sound confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washes this might sound confusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washes this might sound confusing but
+but it will hopefully become clear as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will hopefully become clear as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will hopefully become clear as we
+continue the first step in an extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the first step in an extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the first step in an extraction
+and washing sequence once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and washing sequence once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and washing sequence once you have
+decided on the appropriate solvents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the appropriate solvents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided on the appropriate solvents of
+course is filling the sep bunnel it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is filling the sep bunnel it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is filling the sep bunnel it is a
+good idea to use an iron ring and a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to use an iron ring and a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to use an iron ring and a nice
+cushy cork ring to safely support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy cork ring to safely support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy cork ring to safely support the
+sep funnel before you add any solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep funnel before you add any solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep funnel before you add any solvent
+close the Stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the Stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the Stop
+coock and place a clean dry flask under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock and place a clean dry flask under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock and place a clean dry flask under
+the sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sep
+funnel this will prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel this will prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel this will prevent you from
+dumping precious material all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping precious material all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping precious material all over the
+dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty
+bench the flask will save you if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench the flask will save you if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench the flask will save you if the
+funnel leaks or the stopcock somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel leaks or the stopcock somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel leaks or the stopcock somehow
+opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened
+itself when the stopcock is safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when the stopcock is safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when the stopcock is safely
+closed and the flask is in place pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and the flask is in place pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and the flask is in place pour
+your two solvents into the sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two solvents into the sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two solvents into the sep
+funnel use a sep funnel large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel use a sep funnel large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel use a sep funnel large enough
+that you don't fill it more than 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't fill it more than 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't fill it more than 3/4
+full if it is too full you won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full if it is too full you won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full if it is too full you won't be able
+to efficiently mix the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficiently mix the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficiently mix the solvent
+this brings us to The Next Step mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings us to The Next Step mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brings us to The Next Step mixing
+and venting it is important to mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and venting it is important to mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and venting it is important to mix the
+two solvents very well this increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solvents very well this increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solvents very well this increases
+the contact surface area and allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact surface area and allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact surface area and allows the
+distribution of solutes to occur very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of solutes to occur very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of solutes to occur very
+rapidly but use caution mixing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly but use caution mixing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly but use caution mixing will
+frequently cause pressure to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently cause pressure to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently cause pressure to build up
+inside of the sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the sep
+funnel pressure buildup is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel pressure buildup is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel pressure buildup is especially
+common when you were using particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when you were using particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common when you were using particularly
+volatile solvents like diethylether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or compounds that can generate gas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compounds that can generate gas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compounds that can generate gas like
+sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bicarbonate under acidic conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate under acidic conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate under acidic conditions
+sodium bicarbonate will release gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium bicarbonate will release gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium bicarbonate will release gaseous
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+dioxide before any vigorous mixing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide before any vigorous mixing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide before any vigorous mixing it is
+a good idea to gently swirl and invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to gently swirl and invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to gently swirl and invert
+the sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sep
+funnel then invert the sep funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel then invert the sep funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel then invert the sep funnel
+holding the stopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the stopper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the stopper
+tightly allow the liquid to drain away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly allow the liquid to drain away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly allow the liquid to drain away
+from the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stop
+topcock and point the tip of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topcock and point the tip of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topcock and point the tip of the set
+funnel away from yourself and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel away from yourself and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel away from yourself and other
+people slowly open the stop coock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people slowly open the stop coock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people slowly open the stop coock to
+allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow
+venting now you're ready to really mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venting now you're ready to really mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venting now you're ready to really mix
+it up hold the sep funnel firmly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up hold the sep funnel firmly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up hold the sep funnel firmly and
+Shake It vigorously for several seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shake It vigorously for several seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shake It vigorously for several seconds
+once again invert the funnel and vent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again invert the funnel and vent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again invert the funnel and vent it
+carefully repeat the shaking and venting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully repeat the shaking and venting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully repeat the shaking and venting
+until you no longer hear gas Escape when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you no longer hear gas Escape when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you no longer hear gas Escape when
+you open the stopcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the stopcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the stopcock
+then set your funnel down and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then set your funnel down and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then set your funnel down and let the
+layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settle ideally two layers with a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle ideally two layers with a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle ideally two layers with a nice
+clean interface should form very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly unfortunately things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly unfortunately things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly unfortunately things don't
+always go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoothly a thick cloudy layer called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly a thick cloudy layer called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly a thick cloudy layer called an
+Emulsion can sometimes form between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emulsion can sometimes form between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emulsion can sometimes form between the
+two solvent layers an Emulsion is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solvent layers an Emulsion is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solvent layers an Emulsion is a
+colloidal mix mixture of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloidal mix mixture of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colloidal mix mixture of the two
+solvents and is frequently caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents and is frequently caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents and is frequently caused by the
+presence of fine particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of fine particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of fine particles in the
+solution getting rid of an emolion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution getting rid of an emolion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution getting rid of an emolion can
+take some time so if you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time so if you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time so if you know that you
+are likely to generate one your best bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to generate one your best bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to generate one your best bet
+is to take pains to prevent it ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take pains to prevent it ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take pains to prevent it ahead of
+time for example gently swirling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example gently swirling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example gently swirling and
+inverting your sep bunnel will rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting your sep bunnel will rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting your sep bunnel will rarely
+cause an Emulsion to form you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause an Emulsion to form you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause an Emulsion to form you will have
+to spend more time mixing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend more time mixing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend more time mixing because
+swirling is not as efficient as shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling is not as efficient as shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling is not as efficient as shaking
+but it may be worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may be worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may be worth it
+don't worry if you unwittingly generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry if you unwittingly generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry if you unwittingly generated
+a monster Emulsion you still have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monster Emulsion you still have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monster Emulsion you still have a few
+options first you can just sit and wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options first you can just sit and wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options first you can just sit and wait
+it might clear itself up even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might clear itself up even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might clear itself up even if it
+takes a few hours if you don't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few hours if you don't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few hours if you don't have all
+day to finish your extraction try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to finish your extraction try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to finish your extraction try
+swirling the mixture gently and stirring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling the mixture gently and stirring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling the mixture gently and stirring
+the Emulsion with a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emulsion with a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emulsion with a glass
+rod if this doesn't work add several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod if this doesn't work add several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod if this doesn't work add several
+milliliters of saturated sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of saturated sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of saturated sodium chloride
+solution to the funnel and swirl to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the funnel and swirl to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the funnel and swirl to mix
+the sodium chloride increases the ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium chloride increases the ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium chloride increases the ionic
+strength of the aquous layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the aquous layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the aquous layer and
+decreases the solubility of the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the solubility of the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the solubility of the organic
+solvent in the water as a last resort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in the water as a last resort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in the water as a last resort
+you may need to use vacuum filtration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to use vacuum filtration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to use vacuum filtration to
+filter your entire mixture through a pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter your entire mixture through a pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter your entire mixture through a pad
+of sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sea
+light when you are carrying out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light when you are carrying out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light when you are carrying out an
+extraction and washing sequence it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction and washing sequence it is
+very important that you keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that you keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that you keep track of
+which layer is which and what compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which layer is which and what compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which layer is which and what compounds
+are dissolved in each layer this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dissolved in each layer this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dissolved in each layer this means
+that you constantly need to be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you constantly need to be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you constantly need to be asking
+yourself which layer is on the top which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself which layer is on the top which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself which layer is on the top which
+layer is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is on the
+bottom one way to keep track of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom one way to keep track of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom one way to keep track of this is
+to know something about the densities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about the densities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about the densities of
+the solvents you are using in every case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvents you are using in every case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvents you are using in every case
+the solvent with the lowest density will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent with the lowest density will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent with the lowest density will
+be on top and the solvent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on top and the solvent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on top and the solvent with the
+highest density will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest density will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest density will be on the
+bottom this is helpful because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom this is helpful because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom this is helpful because you can
+generally assume that dilute aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally assume that dilute aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally assume that dilute aquous
+Solutions have a density around 1 G per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions have a density around 1 G per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions have a density around 1 G per
+Mill similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill similar to
+water the organic solvent will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the organic solvent will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the organic solvent will be in the
+top layer if it has a density less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top layer if it has a density less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top layer if it has a density less than
+1 gr per milliliter such as hexane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 gr per milliliter such as hexane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 gr per milliliter such as hexane
+diethyl ether or ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diethyl ether or ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diethyl ether or ethyl
+acetate the organic solvent will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate the organic solvent will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate the organic solvent will be the
+bottom layer if it has a density greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom layer if it has a density greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom layer if it has a density greater
+than 1 gr per milliliter such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 gr per milliliter such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 gr per milliliter such as
+methylene chloride or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene chloride or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene chloride or
+chloroform but be careful high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroform but be careful high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroform but be careful high
+concentrations of solutes can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of solutes can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of solutes can sometimes
+drastically affect the density of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically affect the density of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically affect the density of a
+solvent if you're having trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if you're having trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent if you're having trouble
+figuring out which layer is which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out which layer is which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out which layer is which you
+may need to perform a quick solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test take a couple of drops of the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test take a couple of drops of the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test take a couple of drops of the layer
+in question and add them to a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question and add them to a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in question and add them to a small
+amount of water in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tube if the drops dissolve without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube if the drops dissolve without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube if the drops dissolve without
+turning the water cloudy then the drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the water cloudy then the drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the water cloudy then the drops
+were from the aquous layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the solution turns cloudy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the solution turns cloudy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the solution turns cloudy or the
+drops form an insoluble layer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops form an insoluble layer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops form an insoluble layer on the
+bottom or an insoluble layer on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or an insoluble layer on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom or an insoluble layer on the top
+then the drops are from the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer but even if you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but even if you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but even if you think you know
+which layer is which do not discard any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which layer is which do not discard any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which layer is which do not discard any
+of the layers until you are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layers until you are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layers until you are absolutely
+sure that you have isolated all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material once you have a good idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once you have a good idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once you have a good idea of
+where your material is it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your material is it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your material is it's time to
+separate the layers before you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the layers before you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the layers before you do
+anything place a clean dry labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything place a clean dry labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything place a clean dry labeled
+Beaker under the step funnel and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker under the step funnel and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker under the step funnel and remove
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stopper if you don't do this you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper if you don't do this you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper if you don't do this you'll have
+some trouble getting any liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drain with the stopper off open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain with the stopper off open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain with the stopper off open the
+stopcock and allow the bottom layer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and allow the bottom layer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and allow the bottom layer to
+drain into the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take it slow when you get near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it slow when you get near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it slow when you get near the
+interface so that you can close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so that you can close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface so that you can close the
+valve precisely in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers once you have drained the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers once you have drained the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers once you have drained the bottom
+layer you have a few options if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you have a few options if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you have a few options if you
+still need to perform a wash or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to perform a wash or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to perform a wash or an
+extraction with the top layer then leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction with the top layer then leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction with the top layer then leave
+it in the funnel pour in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the funnel pour in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the funnel pour in the second
+solvent and proceed to mix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and proceed to mix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent and proceed to mix and
+vent if you are done with the top layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent if you are done with the top layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent if you are done with the top layer
+then pick up the funnel and pour it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pick up the funnel and pour it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pick up the funnel and pour it into
+a second clean dry labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beaker here is a little bit of sep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker here is a little bit of sep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beaker here is a little bit of sep
+funnel etiquette to follow when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel etiquette to follow when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel etiquette to follow when you are
+separating the layers always drain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the layers always drain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the layers always drain the
+bottom layer through the stopcock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom layer through the stopcock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom layer through the stopcock and
+pour the top layer through the top this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour the top layer through the top this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour the top layer through the top this
+will minimize recontamination of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material before we move on to proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material before we move on to proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material before we move on to proper
+post extraction procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post extraction procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post extraction procedures
+let's walk through a sample reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's walk through a sample reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's walk through a sample reaction
+workup similar to one you might use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup similar to one you might use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup similar to one you might use in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+laboratory let's say that you performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory let's say that you performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory let's say that you performed
+an isolation reaction to generate feny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isolation reaction to generate feny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isolation reaction to generate feny
+acetate at the end of the reaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate at the end of the reaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate at the end of the reaction you
+were left with a solution containing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were left with a solution containing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were left with a solution containing a
+lot more than the material you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than the material you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than the material you were
+looking for so what do you do first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so what do you do first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so what do you do first you
+know that feny acetate is soluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that feny acetate is soluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that feny acetate is soluble in
+diethyl ether and that diethyl ether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diethyl ether and that diethyl ether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diethyl ether and that diethyl ether is
+insoluble in water therefore in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water therefore in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water therefore in your
+workup you will use diyl ether as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup you will use diyl ether as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup you will use diyl ether as the
+organic layer and wash it with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic layer and wash it with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic layer and wash it with different
+aquous solutions to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solutions to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solutions to remove the
+impurities now it is time to plan out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities now it is time to plan out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities now it is time to plan out
+the washes it is important that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washes it is important that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washes it is important that you use
+what you know about the impurities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the impurities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about the impurities to
+decide on appropriate aquous washes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on appropriate aquous washes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on appropriate aquous washes for
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+mixture keep in mind that the washes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture keep in mind that the washes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture keep in mind that the washes
+should only be 10 to 50% of the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only be 10 to 50% of the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only be 10 to 50% of the volume
+of the solution that you are washing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution that you are washing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solution that you are washing and
+make sure to repeat each wash two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to repeat each wash two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to repeat each wash two or
+three times to wash away as much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times to wash away as much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times to wash away as much of the
+impurities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible your crude mixture contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible your crude mixture contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible your crude mixture contains
+acetic acid a fairly strong acid and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic acid a fairly strong acid and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic acid a fairly strong acid and two
+weak bases triethylamine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak bases triethylamine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak bases triethylamine and
+dmap to get rid of the acetic acid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmap to get rid of the acetic acid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmap to get rid of the acetic acid you
+need to wash the solution with a mild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to wash the solution with a mild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to wash the solution with a mild
+base that will deprotonate the acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that will deprotonate the acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base that will deprotonate the acid and
+pull the charged acetate ion into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the charged acetate ion into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the charged acetate ion into the
+aquous layer saturated sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous layer saturated sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous layer saturated sodium
+bicarbonate works very well for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate works very well for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate works very well for this
+purpose add the sodium bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose add the sodium bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose add the sodium bicarbonate
+solution and mix well make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and mix well make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and mix well make sure that you
+vent frequently to release the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent frequently to release the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vent frequently to release the carbon
+dioxide gas that is generated finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gas that is generated finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gas that is generated finally
+drain away the aquous solution that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain away the aquous solution that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain away the aquous solution that now
+contains the sodium acetate and repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the sodium acetate and repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the sodium acetate and repeat
+the wash two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times to get rid of the weak bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to get rid of the weak bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to get rid of the weak bases
+triethylamine and dmap you need to wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triethylamine and dmap you need to wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triethylamine and dmap you need to wash
+with a dilute solution of a strong acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dilute solution of a strong acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dilute solution of a strong acid
+that will protonate the bases and pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will protonate the bases and pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will protonate the bases and pull
+them into the aquous layer a 10% aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the aquous layer a 10% aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the aquous layer a 10% aquous
+solution of HCL works well for this once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of HCL works well for this once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of HCL works well for this once
+again add the wash and mix and vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again add the wash and mix and vent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again add the wash and mix and vent
+well drain the aquous layer containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well drain the aquous layer containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well drain the aquous layer containing
+the protonated amines and repeat two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protonated amines and repeat two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protonated amines and repeat two
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times so far this looks like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so far this looks like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so far this looks like a pretty
+effective reaction workup but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective reaction workup but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective reaction workup but there is
+one more thing to keep in mind water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing to keep in mind water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing to keep in mind water is
+slightly soluble in ether not to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly soluble in ether not to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly soluble in ether not to a large
+extent but there is some water hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but there is some water hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but there is some water hanging
+around in the organic layer one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the organic layer one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the organic layer one way to
+pull some of the water out is to wash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull some of the water out is to wash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull some of the water out is to wash it
+with saturated sodium chloride otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saturated sodium chloride otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with saturated sodium chloride otherwise
+known as brine the high ionic strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as brine the high ionic strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as brine the high ionic strength
+of the salt solution decreases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the salt solution decreases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the salt solution decreases the
+solubility of the aquous layer in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the aquous layer in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the aquous layer in The
+Ether effectively washing away some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether effectively washing away some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether effectively washing away some of
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voila now that you have done all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila now that you have done all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila now that you have done all you can
+with your sep funnel it's time to dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your sep funnel it's time to dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your sep funnel it's time to dry
+your organic layer even more with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organic layer even more with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your organic layer even more with a
+drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agent magnesium sulfate is one popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent magnesium sulfate is one popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent magnesium sulfate is one popular
+drying agent because it is quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying agent because it is quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying agent because it is quick and
+effective it is also a very fine powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it is also a very fine powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective it is also a very fine powder
+so take care that you don't leave any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take care that you don't leave any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take care that you don't leave any of
+your desired material absorbed onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desired material absorbed onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desired material absorbed onto the
+surface when you discard it keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface when you discard it keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface when you discard it keep in mind
+that magnesium sulfate is also slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnesium sulfate is also slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magnesium sulfate is also slightly
+acidic so it may not be suitable for use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic so it may not be suitable for use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic so it may not be suitable for use
+with compounds that are sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with compounds that are sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with compounds that are sensitive to
+acid to dry the organic layer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to dry the organic layer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to dry the organic layer with
+magnesium sulfate add a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate add a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate add a small amount of
+the powder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powder and
+swirl incrementally add more drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl incrementally add more drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirl incrementally add more drying
+agent and swirl until you get the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and swirl until you get the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and swirl until you get the snow
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+effect there should be free unclump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there should be free unclump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there should be free unclump
+powder in the flask even after letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder in the flask even after letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder in the flask even after letting
+it sit for a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sodium sulfate is another common drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium sulfate is another common drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium sulfate is another common drying
+agent although it is slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent although it is slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent although it is slower than
+magnesium sulfate it is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate it is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate it is effectively
+neutral and in its granular form will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and in its granular form will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and in its granular form will
+absorb less of your desired material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb less of your desired material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb less of your desired material
+onto its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto its
+surface drying the organic layer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface drying the organic layer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface drying the organic layer with
+sodium sulfate is similar to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium sulfate is similar to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium sulfate is similar to using
+magnesium sulfate except you may need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate except you may need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium sulfate except you may need to
+look a bit closer to see whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a bit closer to see whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a bit closer to see whether there
+is free unclump drying agent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free unclump drying agent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is free unclump drying agent in the
+flask it is also a good idea to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it is also a good idea to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask it is also a good idea to let the
+solution dry for 5 or 10 minutes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dry for 5 or 10 minutes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dry for 5 or 10 minutes before
+removing the drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the drying
+agent to remove the drying agent perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent to remove the drying agent perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent to remove the drying agent perform
+a gravity filtration with fluted filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravity filtration with fluted filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gravity filtration with fluted filter
+paper once you have filtered the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper once you have filtered the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper once you have filtered the entire
+solution be sure to rinse the drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution be sure to rinse the drying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution be sure to rinse the drying
+agent very well so that you don't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent very well so that you don't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent very well so that you don't leave
+any product stuck to the surface it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any product stuck to the surface it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any product stuck to the surface it is a
+good idea to rinse the drying agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to rinse the drying agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to rinse the drying agent
+three times with clean dry solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times with clean dry solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times with clean dry solvent
+adding each of these rinses to the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you are confident that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you are confident that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you are confident that you have
+transferred all of the desired material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred all of the desired material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred all of the desired material
+to the round bottom flask you are ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the round bottom flask you are ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the round bottom flask you are ready
+to proceed to the rotovap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed to the rotovap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed to the rotovap and
+concentrate the solution in vacuo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate the solution in vacuo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate the solution in vacuo for
+detailed information on proper use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information on proper use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information on proper use of
+the rotovap you can watch the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap you can watch the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap you can watch the second
+reaction workup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video remember this video is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video remember this video is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video remember this video is intended to
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you prepare for lab by providing a
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the proper experimental
+technique it is not intended as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it is not intended as a
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement for reading your lab manual
+or the supplementary material in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the supplementary material in order
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a great experimentalist it is
+important that you understand both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you understand both
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and technique now it's your turn
+good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E16wcCKx89w.txt b/E16wcCKx89w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83ad7ac445c971ba9c9b22a17504dd0102f88d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E16wcCKx89w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll try to make
+predictions for the 2012-2013 season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the 2012-2013 season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the 2012-2013 season
+we'll need to load our test set because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to load our test set because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to load our test set because
+our training set only included data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our training set only included data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our training set only included data from
+1980 up until the 2011-2012 season so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 up until the 2011-2012 season so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 up until the 2011-2012 season so
+let's call it NBA test and we'll read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it NBA test and we'll read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it NBA test and we'll read it
+in the same way as always read CSB NBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as always read CSB NBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as always read CSB NBA
+underscore test dot CSV all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore test dot CSV all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore test dot CSV all right so now
+let's try to project using our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to project using our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to project using our model
+that we made in the previous video how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made in the previous video how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made in the previous video how
+many points we'll see in the 2012-2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points we'll see in the 2012-2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points we'll see in the 2012-2013
+season let's call this points prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we use the predict command here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we use the predict command here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we use the predict command here
+and we give it the previous model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give it the previous model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give it the previous model that
+we made we'll give it points rigged for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made we'll give it points rigged for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made we'll give it points rigged for
+because that was the model we determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the model we determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the model we determined
+at the end to be the best one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to be the best one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to be the best one and the
+new data which is NBA test okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data which is NBA test okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data which is NBA test okay so now
+that we have our prediction how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have our prediction how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have our prediction how good is
+it we can compute the out-of-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can compute the out-of-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can compute the out-of-sample
+r-squared this is a measurement of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared this is a measurement of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared this is a measurement of how
+well the model predicts on test data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the model predicts on test data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the model predicts on test data the
+r-squared value we had before from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared value we had before from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared value we had before from our
+model the zero point eight nine nine one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the zero point eight nine nine one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the zero point eight nine nine one
+you might remember is the measure of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember is the measure of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember is the measure of an
+in-sample R squared which is how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-sample R squared which is how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-sample R squared which is how well
+the model fits the training data but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model fits the training data but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model fits the training data but to
+get a measure of the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of the predictions
+goodness-of-fit we need to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness-of-fit we need to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness-of-fit we need to calculate the
+r out-of-sample r squared so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r out-of-sample r squared so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r out-of-sample r squared so let's do
+that here we need to compute the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here we need to compute the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here we need to compute the sum of
+squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this here is just the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here is just the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here is just the sum of the
+predicted amount minus the actual amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted amount minus the actual amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted amount minus the actual amount
+of points squared and summed and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points squared and summed and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points squared and summed and we need
+the total sums of squares which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sums of squares which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sums of squares which is just
+the sum of the average number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus the test actual number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the r-squared here then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r-squared here then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the r-squared here then it's
+calculated as usual one minus the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated as usual one minus the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated as usual one minus the sum of
+squared errors divided by the total sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors divided by the total sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared errors divided by the total sums
+of squares and we see that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares and we see that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squares and we see that we have an
+r-squared value of zero point eight one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared value of zero point eight one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared value of zero point eight one
+two seven we can also calculate the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seven we can also calculate the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seven we can also calculate the root
+mean squared error the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error the same way as
+before my mean squared error is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my mean squared error is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my mean squared error is going to
+be the square root of the sum of squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the square root of the sum of squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the square root of the sum of squared
+errors divided by n which is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors divided by n which is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors divided by n which is the number
+of rows in our test dataset okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in our test dataset okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rows in our test dataset okay and the
+root mean squared error here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean squared error here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean squared error here is one
+hundred ninety six point three seven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety six point three seven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety six point three seven so
+it's a little bit higher than before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit higher than before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit higher than before but
+it's not too bad we're making an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad we're making an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad we're making an average
+error of about 196 points we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of about 196 points we'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of about 196 points we'll stop
+here for now good luck with the homework
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E33i67e_X9Q.txt b/E33i67e_X9Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13076982c1f192f666904da480fb174ba18e7c69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E33i67e_X9Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right, welcome back to graphs. This will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, welcome back to graphs. This will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, welcome back to graphs. This will
+be our last lecture that's fully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our last lecture that's fully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our last lecture that's fully about
+graphs. Um, and we're going to move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Um, and we're going to move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Um, and we're going to move away
+from what we've been talking about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've been talking about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've been talking about for
+the last three lectures, simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three lectures, simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three lectures, simple
+undirected graphs, and move to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs, and move to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs, and move to the other
+kind of graph we talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graph we talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graph we talk about in this
+class, which is directed graphs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we sometimes shorten to diagraph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, from now on, we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from now on, we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from now on, we're going to have to
+be explicit. Every time we talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit. Every time we talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit. Every time we talk about a
+graph, we should say directed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, we should say directed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, we should say directed or
+undirected. Simple is implicit when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected. Simple is implicit when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected. Simple is implicit when we
+say undirected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say undirected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say undirected.
+But uh we should distinguish. Uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we should distinguish. Uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we should distinguish. Uh so the
+motivation is uh what if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is uh what if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation is uh what if your
+connections only go in one direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections only go in one direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections only go in one direction,
+right? Maybe uh you have one-way roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Maybe uh you have one-way roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Maybe uh you have one-way roads
+like all of Boston or you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of Boston or you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all of Boston or you have uh
+one-way follow relationships instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way follow relationships instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way follow relationships instead of
+friendships uh or you have network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships uh or you have network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships uh or you have network
+connections you can only send in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections you can only send in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections you can only send in one
+direction. those do exist though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. those do exist though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. those do exist though they're
+less common and so directed graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common and so directed graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common and so directed graphs are
+going to model that for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model that for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model that for us.
+Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things are going to look very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to look very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to look very similar
+to the old definition uh just the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the old definition uh just the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the old definition uh just the edges
+are different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you may recall we had this cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you may recall we had this cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you may recall we had this cross
+productduct notation. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct notation. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productduct notation. I'm going to
+remind you so we can compare. uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you so we can compare. uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you so we can compare. uh this is
+a set of ordered pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ordered pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ordered pairs of
+vertices in this case. Uh so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in this case. Uh so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in this case. Uh so very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+uh property here edges were unordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property here edges were unordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh property here edges were unordered
+sets of two vertices here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of two vertices here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of two vertices here they are
+ordered pairs of two vertices. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered pairs of two vertices. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered pairs of two vertices. Uh the
+other difference is here we forbade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other difference is here we forbade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other difference is here we forbade
+having a loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh here we allow it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was
+not allowed over here but allowed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed over here but allowed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed over here but allowed over
+here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um
+still uh we over here we forbade uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh we over here we forbade uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh we over here we forbade uh two
+edges connecting the same two vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges connecting the same two vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges connecting the same two vertices.
+Uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here we
+allow uh two edges going in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh two edges going in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh two edges going in opposite
+directions. Uh so this was a no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Uh so this was a no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Uh so this was a no.
+uh we still forbid in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still forbid in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we still forbid in this picture
+having two edges going in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two edges going in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two edges going in the same
+direction between the same two vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction between the same two vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction between the same two vertices.
+Okay, that's a consequence because uh E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a consequence because uh E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a consequence because uh E
+is a set. You're only allowed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set. You're only allowed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set. You're only allowed to have
+one of each.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each.
+So that's the definition. Very simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the definition. Very simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the definition. Very simple.
+Uh here's a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+six vertices. It's a floating vertex out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six vertices. It's a floating vertex out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six vertices. It's a floating vertex out
+here f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here f.
+Uh so you see uh you can have sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you see uh you can have sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you see uh you can have sometimes
+you can have an edge that goes in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an edge that goes in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an edge that goes in both
+directions. Sometimes you have an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Sometimes you have an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Sometimes you have an edge
+that only goes in one direction. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only goes in one direction. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only goes in one direction. Uh
+maybe sometimes you add a loop. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes you add a loop. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe sometimes you add a loop. I think
+I wanted one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted one here.
+And I should have written it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I should have written it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I should have written it over here
+that just looks like da d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there you go. Okay. Uh now the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there you go. Okay. Uh now the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there you go. Okay. Uh now the first
+part of today is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today is just going to be
+porting over all the definitions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porting over all the definitions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porting over all the definitions from
+last class into this model. Most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class into this model. Most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class into this model. Most of the
+things we talked about behave similarly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about behave similarly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talked about behave similarly.
+Some of them behave different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them behave different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of them behave different in
+interesting ways. So bear with me while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways. So bear with me while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways. So bear with me while
+we define a few things. Um the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define a few things. Um the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define a few things. Um the very
+first thing is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is what about
+degrees?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees?
+So that's uh way back in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's uh way back in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's uh way back in the beginning
+of graphs we talked about the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs we talked about the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs we talked about the degree of
+a vertex was the number of incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex was the number of incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex was the number of incident
+edges. But now a vertex can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. But now a vertex can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. But now a vertex can have two
+types of incident edges. It can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of incident edges. It can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of incident edges. It can have
+some incoming edges and it can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incoming edges and it can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incoming edges and it can have some
+outgoing edges. So in general of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges. So in general of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges. So in general of a
+vertex V, it's going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V, it's going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V, it's going to have some
+incoming guys and some outgoing. We call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming guys and some outgoing. We call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming guys and some outgoing. We call
+this the in degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we call this the outderee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this the outderee.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this the outderee.
+We don't define degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't define degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't define degree
+because it's confusing and ambiguous. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's confusing and ambiguous. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's confusing and ambiguous. So
+in degree for example of a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree for example of a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree for example of a vertex
+is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+sorry not the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not the sum
+the cardality of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardality of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardality of the set of
+uh edges uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edges uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edges uv
+that are in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in e
+where u is some vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where u is some vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where u is some vertex.
+So this is just counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just counting the number of
+edges going into V and the outderee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going into V and the outderee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going into V and the outderee is
+symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This would be like V comma U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Before we only had one type of edge. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we only had one type of edge. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we only had one type of edge. So
+uh there was only one notion. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was only one notion. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was only one notion. Sometimes
+these are called degree plus and degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called degree plus and degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called degree plus and degree
+minus or degree sub in sub out. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or degree sub in sub out. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or degree sub in sub out. I can
+never remember which is plus and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never remember which is plus and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never remember which is plus and which
+is minus. So I always write in degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus. So I always write in degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus. So I always write in degree
+and outderee. Uh you can choose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outderee. Uh you can choose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outderee. Uh you can choose your own
+adventure. Um a related thing to degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure. Um a related thing to degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure. Um a related thing to degree
+is the handshaking lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who remembers what the handshaking lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who remembers what the handshaking lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who remembers what the handshaking lema
+was for undirected graphs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That was ages ago before spring break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. The sum of the degrees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The sum of the degrees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The sum of the degrees of the
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh twice the number of edges. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh twice the number of edges. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh twice the number of edges. I think
+you said over two but close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said over two but close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said over two but close.
+Um so in this world this was in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in this world this was in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in this world this was in some
+sense because every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because every edge
+uh was getting counted twice right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was getting counted twice right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was getting counted twice right you
+count if you sum the degrees of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if you sum the degrees of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count if you sum the degrees of of this
+vertex and of this vertex you count this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and of this vertex you count this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and of this vertex you count this
+edge once from this side and once from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge once from this side and once from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge once from this side and once from
+this side. Uh now we have distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Uh now we have distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Uh now we have distinguished
+in some sense each end of each edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense each end of each edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense each end of each edge.
+There's the in edge and the out edge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the in edge and the out edge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the in edge and the out edge or
+I guess call this the in edge and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess call this the in edge and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess call this the in edge and this
+is the it comes out of B and goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it comes out of B and goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it comes out of B and goes into
+D. So if we write the sum of say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if we write the sum of say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. So if we write the sum of say in
+degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this was just remembering undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the directed case we have uh sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the directed case we have uh sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the directed case we have uh sum over
+all vertices of inderee equals exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices of inderee equals exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices of inderee equals exactly
+the number of edges and also equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges and also equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges and also equals the
+sum of the outdrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because now our edges are directed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because now our edges are directed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because now our edges are directed.
+I have an arrow. And so if we sum the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an arrow. And so if we sum the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an arrow. And so if we sum the in
+degrees, we will only count this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees, we will only count this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees, we will only count this edge
+from this side when we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side when we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this side when we're looking at
+this vertex. If we sum the outderees,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex. If we sum the outderees,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex. If we sum the outderees,
+we'll only count count this edge once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll only count count this edge once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll only count count this edge once
+from this vertex. So these two sums are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this vertex. So these two sums are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this vertex. So these two sums are
+the same and they both give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and they both give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and they both give you the
+number of edges. So in some sense, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. So in some sense, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. So in some sense, a
+little cleaner than what we had from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cleaner than what we had from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cleaner than what we had from
+undirected graphs because we split each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs because we split each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs because we split each
+edge and uh or we've distinguished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and uh or we've distinguished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and uh or we've distinguished the
+two sides of the edge, I should say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides of the edge, I should say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides of the edge, I should say.
+All right, let's catch up to last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's catch up to last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's catch up to last
+lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which is
+was all about locks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this definition is actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this definition is actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this definition is actually it's
+pretty much exactly the same. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly the same. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much exactly the same. Just
+repeat it so we remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it so we remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it so we remember.
+We had a sequence of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had a sequence of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had a sequence of vertices
+where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each
+uh vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi
+to vi + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi + one
+is an edge. But before we had curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an edge. But before we had curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an edge. But before we had curly
+braces here saying the order didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces here saying the order didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braces here saying the order didn't
+matter because edges were undirected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because edges were undirected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because edges were undirected.
+Now we have parenthesis saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have parenthesis saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have parenthesis saying this is
+an ordered pair. You have to go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered pair. You have to go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered pair. You have to go forward
+along each edge. So that's a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each edge. So that's a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each edge. So that's a crucial
+distinction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction.
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+uh go forward along the edge. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go forward along the edge. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go forward along the edge. In other
+words, you have to respect the arrows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this graph uh we could start at A and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph uh we could start at A and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph uh we could start at A and go
+to C and then go to E. That would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and then go to E. That would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and then go to E. That would be an
+example of not just a walk but a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of not just a walk but a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of not just a walk but a path
+which has no repeated vertices or edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or
+we could go from A to B to A to B to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go from A to B to A to B to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go from A to B to A to B to A
+to B to D to D to D to D to D to E. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B to D to D to D to D to D to E. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B to D to D to D to D to D to E. That
+would be an example of a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of a walk
+exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting.
+I should say these structures should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say these structures should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say these structures should
+look familiar. If you can remember even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look familiar. If you can remember even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look familiar. If you can remember even
+farther back to lecture four which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther back to lecture four which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther back to lecture four which was
+about state machines, these are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about state machines, these are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about state machines, these are exactly
+state machines. Like the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machines. Like the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machines. Like the only difference
+is in directed graphs we usually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in directed graphs we usually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in directed graphs we usually think
+about finite graphs and with state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite graphs and with state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite graphs and with state
+machines we're often thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines we're often thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines we're often thinking about
+infinite machines but uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite machines but uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite machines but uh this is the
+same setup. This definition mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same setup. This definition mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same setup. This definition mirrors
+exactly um state machines and walks. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um state machines and walks. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um state machines and walks. The
+only difference another difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference another difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference another difference is
+state machine had an initial state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine had an initial state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine had an initial state.
+There's no notion of initial state here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no notion of initial state here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no notion of initial state here.
+But a walk is just like an execution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But a walk is just like an execution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But a walk is just like an execution in
+a state machine. So unifying all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state machine. So unifying all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state machine. So unifying all that
+terminology. We didn't have a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. We didn't have a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. We didn't have a notion of
+path or anything. We just had walks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or anything. We just had walks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or anything. We just had walks.
+Okay. Uh as before, a walk like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh as before, a walk like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh as before, a walk like this is
+from v 0 to vk and k is the length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v 0 to vk and k is the length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v 0 to vk and k is the length.
+Length always counts the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length always counts the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length always counts the number of edges
+not vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vertices.
+Uh then we had the closed notion. there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we had the closed notion. there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we had the closed notion. there
+was a closed walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a closed walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a closed walk
+uh and in particular a cycle. Closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular a cycle. Closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular a cycle. Closed
+meant the v 0 equals vk and cycle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the v 0 equals vk and cycle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the v 0 equals vk and cycle was
+essentially the closed version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the closed version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the closed version of a
+path. So this was closed walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+length greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length greater than zero
+with no other repeated vertices or edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than the first equaling the last.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the first equaling the last.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the first equaling the last.
+Okay. The difference is um in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The difference is um in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The difference is um in an
+undirected graph, the shortest cycle had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph, the shortest cycle had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph, the shortest cycle had
+length three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length three.
+We could make a cycle like this, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could make a cycle like this, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could make a cycle like this, a
+triangle. Uh we weren't allowed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle. Uh we weren't allowed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle. Uh we weren't allowed to make
+a cycle with a single edge because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle with a single edge because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle with a single edge because then
+you'd necessarily repeat that edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd necessarily repeat that edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd necessarily repeat that edge.
+Where's my red?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where's my red?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where's my red?
+In an undirected graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an undirected graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an undirected graph,
+this was forbidden.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was forbidden.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was forbidden.
+But in a directed graph it's possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in a directed graph it's possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in a directed graph it's possible.
+Uh if we have the edge uv and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we have the edge uv and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we have the edge uv and we have
+the edge vu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge vu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge vu
+then there is a two cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a two cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is a two cycle
+like that goes u vu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's even a one cycle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's even a one cycle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's even a one cycle right
+because we can have loops. So here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can have loops. So here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can have loops. So here for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+D to D is a length one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to D is a length one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to D is a length one cycle
+in this notation. Okay so a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this notation. Okay so a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this notation. Okay so a little
+different than what we had before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what we had before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what we had before a
+little more general but turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more general but turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more general but turns out this
+notion of cycle is still interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of cycle is still interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of cycle is still interesting for
+directed graphs. All right let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs. All right let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs. All right let's move on
+to connectivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Before we had a nice notion of U and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we had a nice notion of U and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we had a nice notion of U and V
+being connected to each other and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being connected to each other and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being connected to each other and it was
+symmetric. U is connected to V if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. U is connected to V if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. U is connected to V if and
+only if V is connected to U. Now it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if V is connected to U. Now it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if V is connected to U. Now it's no
+longer symmetric and we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer symmetric and we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer symmetric and we're going to use
+a different term for it to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different term for it to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different term for it to make that
+clear. So we'll say v is reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from u or u can reach v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u or u can reach v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u or u can reach v
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+uh there exists a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exists a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exists a walk
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+u to v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to v.
+Okay. So this looks like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this looks like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this looks like the same
+definition of uv connected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uv connected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uv connected in the
+undirected case. But now because walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected case. But now because walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected case. But now because walks
+can't be reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be reversed
+because if you reverse a walk uh if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you reverse a walk uh if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you reverse a walk uh if I go
+from VK back to V0 then I'm using all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VK back to V0 then I'm using all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VK back to V0 then I'm using all
+the edges in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges in the opposite direction and
+that's not in general allowed unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in general allowed unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in general allowed unless you
+happen to have a graph where every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a graph where every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a graph where every edge
+is doubled. You won't be able to reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doubled. You won't be able to reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doubled. You won't be able to reverse
+your walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your walk.
+Uh so this is no longer equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is no longer equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is no longer equivalent to
+there existing a walk from V to U. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existing a walk from V to U. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existing a walk from V to U. But
+it is still equivalent to there existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still equivalent to there existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still equivalent to there existing
+a path from V to U from U to V sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path from V to U from U to V sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path from V to U from U to V sorry
+that part is still true. The proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part is still true. The proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part is still true. The proof is
+actually exactly the same. You take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the same. You take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly the same. You take a
+shortest walk from U to V and uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk from U to V and uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk from U to V and uh if it's
+not a path then it has some loop in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a path then it has some loop in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a path then it has some loop in it
+some cycle essentially and then you omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cycle essentially and then you omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cycle essentially and then you omit
+that cycle and you get a shorter walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cycle and you get a shorter walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cycle and you get a shorter walk
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+Okay. So same exactly the same proof as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So same exactly the same proof as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So same exactly the same proof as
+before still respects the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before still respects the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before still respects the edge
+directions which is nice. So uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions which is nice. So uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions which is nice. So uh for the
+purpose of reachability now uh walks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of reachability now uh walks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of reachability now uh walks and
+paths are the same. So we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are the same. So we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths are the same. So we can assume
+whichever one is more convenient. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is more convenient. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one is more convenient. Um
+this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation
+uh is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is still
+this you know reachability property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know reachability property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know reachability property is
+still reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reflexive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reflexive
+and transitive. Remind you what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitive. Remind you what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitive. Remind you what those
+mean. uh reflexive means V can reach V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. uh reflexive means V can reach V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. uh reflexive means V can reach V
+for any vertex V you can always get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertex V you can always get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any vertex V you can always get to
+yourself you just don't do anything u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you just don't do anything u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you just don't do anything u
+and it's still transitive meaning if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still transitive meaning if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still transitive meaning if you
+can get from A to B and u B can reach if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from A to B and u B can reach if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from A to B and u B can reach if
+A can reach B and B can reach C then A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A can reach B and B can reach C then A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A can reach B and B can reach C then A
+can reach C you can still concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach C you can still concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach C you can still concatenate
+paths together and that's fine okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths together and that's fine okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths together and that's fine okay but
+uh no longer symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no longer symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no longer symmetric
+already said this a couple times but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said this a couple times but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said this a couple times but if
+you If a can a can reach b, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you If a can a can reach b, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you If a can a can reach b, we don't
+necessarily have b can reach a. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have b can reach a. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have b can reach a. So that
+makes things more interesting. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things more interesting. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things more interesting. In
+particular, what does it mean for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, what does it mean for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, what does it mean for the
+whole graph to be connected? Uh for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph to be connected? Uh for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole graph to be connected? Uh for that
+it's useful to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a very strong notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a very strong notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a very strong notion of
+connectivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity.
+First uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First uh
+say two vertices u and v are strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two vertices u and v are strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two vertices u and v are strongly
+connected in a directed graph. if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a directed graph. if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a directed graph. if uh
+they're mutually reachable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In other words, uh U can reach V and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, uh U can reach V and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, uh U can reach V and V
+can reach U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach U.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach U.
+Okay. Uh this behaves symmetrically. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh this behaves symmetrically. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh this behaves symmetrically. If
+U and V are strongly connected, then V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V are strongly connected, then V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V are strongly connected, then V
+and U are also strongly connected sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U are also strongly connected sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U are also strongly connected sort
+of by definition. It's like U can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by definition. It's like U can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by definition. It's like U can reach
+V and V can reach U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and in particular we call the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular we call the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular we call the entire
+graph strongly connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if everything can reach everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If uh for all u all vertices u and v um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh for all u all vertices u and v um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh for all u all vertices u and v um
+u can reach v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or in other words uh for all u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words uh for all u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words uh for all u and v
+uh u and v are strongly connected. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u and v are strongly connected. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u and v are strongly connected. So
+again the pairwise relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these graphs are nice because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs are nice because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs are nice because you can
+start anywhere and get anywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start anywhere and get anywhere else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start anywhere and get anywhere else.
+you never get stuck. But in general in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get stuck. But in general in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never get stuck. But in general in a
+directed graph, you could walk and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph, you could walk and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph, you could walk and not
+be able to return. So for example, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to return. So for example, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to return. So for example, in
+this graph, uh maybe you walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, uh maybe you walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, uh maybe you walk around
+like you do take one of the walks that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do take one of the walks that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do take one of the walks that I
+drew, but once you end up in E, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew, but once you end up in E, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew, but once you end up in E, you're
+stuck. Or if you start in E, you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Or if you start in E, you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Or if you start in E, you can't
+get anywhere except E itself. Start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere except E itself. Start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere except E itself. Start in
+F, you also can't go anywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F, you also can't go anywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F, you also can't go anywhere.
+But that's a little less exciting. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a little less exciting. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a little less exciting. So
+that graph obviously is not strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph obviously is not strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph obviously is not strongly
+connected. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Um,
+maybe I'll draw an example of one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll draw an example of one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll draw an example of one that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This graph is strongly connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's also oileran.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also oileran.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also oileran.
+So remember uh an oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a closed walk. It visits every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a closed walk. It visits every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a closed walk. It visits every edge
+exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and visits every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once.
+So this graph is orarian. I drew it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this graph is orarian. I drew it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this graph is orarian. I drew it in
+an orarian way, but I will also redraw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orarian way, but I will also redraw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orarian way, but I will also redraw a
+path here. Uh, you can go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here. Uh, you can go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here. Uh, you can go around the
+outside. Notice now I'm respecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. Notice now I'm respecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. Notice now I'm respecting the
+edge directions. That's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge directions. That's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge directions. That's a little
+different from the example we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the example we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the example we saw last
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I got all the edges exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got all the edges exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I got all the edges exactly
+once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once.
+So, uh, again, you might ask when which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, again, you might ask when which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, again, you might ask when which
+graphs are. We did the really long proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are. We did the really long proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are. We did the really long proof
+last class and it turns out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and it turns out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class and it turns out um
+there's a very similar characterization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very similar characterization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very similar characterization.
+So, oiler tour exists if and only if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, oiler tour exists if and only if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, oiler tour exists if and only if uh
+your graph is strongly connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh for every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for every vertex
+the in degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in degree
+equals the outderee.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's another there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's another there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's another there's a similar
+characterization for oiler walks instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization for oiler walks instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization for oiler walks instead
+of oiler tours. It's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oiler tours. It's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oiler tours. It's just a little
+uglier. So I won't go into it. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uglier. So I won't go into it. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uglier. So I won't go into it. It's just
+you allow these to differ by one for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow these to differ by one for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow these to differ by one for a
+couple vertices in a particular way. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple vertices in a particular way. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple vertices in a particular way. Um
+so in particular if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if you look at this
+example it should be every vertex either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it should be every vertex either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it should be every vertex either
+has two in two out. This one has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two in two out. This one has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two in two out. This one has two
+coming in two going out or one in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in two going out or one in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in two going out or one in one
+out. And in general, if you have k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And in general, if you have k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And in general, if you have k
+incoming edges, you should have also k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, you should have also k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, you should have also k
+outgoing edges in order to have an oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges in order to have an oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges in order to have an oiler
+tour. Why? Uh because what goes in must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour. Why? Uh because what goes in must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour. Why? Uh because what goes in must
+come out. Uh similar all the proofs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out. Uh similar all the proofs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out. Uh similar all the proofs here
+are similar to what we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to what we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to what we did for
+undirected graphs. Um before we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs. Um before we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs. Um before we are
+saying the number of edges at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the number of edges at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the number of edges at each
+vertex had to be even because every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex had to be even because every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex had to be even because every time
+we enter the vertex, we also had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enter the vertex, we also had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we enter the vertex, we also had to
+leave. But this is the directed version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave. But this is the directed version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave. But this is the directed version
+of that where every time you come in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that where every time you come in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that where every time you come in,
+you must also exit. if you have a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must also exit. if you have a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must also exit. if you have a closed
+loop, if you have a a closed walk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop, if you have a a closed walk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop, if you have a a closed walk that
+visits all these edges. Uh so certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits all these edges. Uh so certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits all these edges. Uh so certainly
+this is necessary. Strong connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is necessary. Strong connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is necessary. Strong connectivity
+is also necessary because the oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also necessary because the oiler tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also necessary because the oiler tour
+gives you a way to get from anywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a way to get from anywhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a way to get from anywhere to
+anywhere. It's like a giant subway line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. It's like a giant subway line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. It's like a giant subway line.
+You can get on whenever you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get on whenever you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get on whenever you want and
+follow it until you get to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it until you get to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it until you get to whatever
+vertex you want. Because we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you want. Because we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you want. Because we said the
+oiler tour visits every vertex, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler tour visits every vertex, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler tour visits every vertex, that's a
+way to get from anywhere to anywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from anywhere to anywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from anywhere to anywhere.
+Might take a while, but you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Might take a while, but you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Might take a while, but you'll get
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Uh, and what else? Yeah, the proof again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and what else? Yeah, the proof again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and what else? Yeah, the proof again
+is similar. If you want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar. If you want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar. If you want to show that
+these properties are sufficient, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are sufficient, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are sufficient, you
+take the longest possible trail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest possible trail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest possible trail that
+visits every edge at most once and argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits every edge at most once and argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits every edge at most once and argue
+that it's closed for the same reasons as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's closed for the same reasons as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's closed for the same reasons as
+before and that it actually has to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that it actually has to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that it actually has to visit
+every edge because otherwise you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge because otherwise you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge because otherwise you could
+make it longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it longer.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+I think we're pretty much through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're pretty much through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're pretty much through the
+the main repetition from before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main repetition from before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main repetition from before.
+There's one more related notion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more related notion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one more related notion to
+connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity
+uh which is connected components. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is connected components. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is connected components. We
+talked about connected components a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about connected components a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about connected components a
+little bit for undirected graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for undirected graphs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for undirected graphs.
+They're a little more interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're a little more interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're a little more interesting for
+directed graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+in particular they mainly make sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they mainly make sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular they mainly make sense for
+strong connectivity. We don't define any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong connectivity. We don't define any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong connectivity. We don't define any
+other types. uh it's not surprising.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So strong connected component or sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So strong connected component or sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So strong connected component or sec
+of a vertex V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vertex V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vertex V
+is the uh graph induced. This is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh graph induced. This is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh graph induced. This is similar
+to how we set it up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we set it up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we set it up before
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the vertices that are strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices that are strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices that are strongly
+connected to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's look at an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This example it's a little a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This example it's a little a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This example it's a little a bit
+interesting. So for example, what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So for example, what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So for example, what is the
+strongly connected component of A? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component of A? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component of A? I
+haven't made this too ugly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made this too ugly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made this too ugly.
+Redraw this a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What vertices are strongly connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What vertices are strongly connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What vertices are strongly connected to
+A?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Shout them out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B can I can definitely get to B and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can I can definitely get to B and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can I can definitely get to B and B
+can get back to A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C. Uh, I can get from A Oh, no. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh, I can get from A Oh, no. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Uh, I can get from A Oh, no. I can
+get from A to C this way. And C can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from A to C this way. And C can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from A to C this way. And C can get
+to A via B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A via B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A via B.
+Anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No.
+Turns out if you if you follow any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out if you if you follow any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out if you if you follow any of
+these edges any of these two edges,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges any of these two edges,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges any of these two edges,
+you're never getting back. And also f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never getting back. And also f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never getting back. And also f is
+neither reachable is not reachable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither reachable is not reachable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither reachable is not reachable from
+a in either direction. So uh this chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in either direction. So uh this chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in either direction. So uh this chunk
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is a strongly connected component. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strongly connected component. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strongly connected component. And
+again when I say the graph induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I say the graph induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when I say the graph induced by
+these three vertices, so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vertices, so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three vertices, so this is the
+graph induced by ABC,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph induced by ABC,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph induced by ABC,
+I mean that's my vertex set. I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's my vertex set. I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's my vertex set. I take
+those three vertices, none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three vertices, none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three vertices, none of the
+others, and I take all the edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others, and I take all the edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others, and I take all the edges that
+were in my original graph among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in my original graph among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in my original graph among those
+three vertices and throw away everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices and throw away everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices and throw away everything
+outside. So that boxed region is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. So that boxed region is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. So that boxed region is the
+strongly connected component of A. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component of A. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component of A. It's
+also the strongly connected component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the strongly connected component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the strongly connected component of
+B and the strongly connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the strongly connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the strongly connected component
+of C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C.
+What's the strongly connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the strongly connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the strongly connected component
+of D?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D?
+Just D. So this is in a strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just D. So this is in a strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just D. So this is in a strongly
+connected component by itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component by itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component by itself.
+and E similarly and F similarly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+in general we get a bunch of strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we get a bunch of strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we get a bunch of strongly
+connected components and before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components and before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components and before it was
+very clean, right? Everything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean, right? Everything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean, right? Everything like
+anything you could possibly touch was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you could possibly touch was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you could possibly touch was in
+one strongly connect was when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strongly connect was when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strongly connect was when one
+connected component and every vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component and every vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component and every vertex and
+every edge fell into one connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge fell into one connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge fell into one connected
+component. That was the situation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. That was the situation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. That was the situation for
+undirected graphs. We said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs. We said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs. We said that
+connected components partitioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components partitioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components partitioned the
+graph. Everything appeared exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Everything appeared exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. Everything appeared exactly once
+in one of the pieces. Now it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the pieces. Now it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the pieces. Now it's not so
+clean. The vertices get partitioned.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean. The vertices get partitioned.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean. The vertices get partitioned.
+There's some vertices in this component,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some vertices in this component,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some vertices in this component,
+some in this, some in this, some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in this, some in this, some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in this, some in this, some in
+this. Every vertex is in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Every vertex is in exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Every vertex is in exactly one
+strongly connected component. But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component. But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component. But for
+directed graphs, there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs, there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs, there are also some
+edges between components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between components.
+That's a little more interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a little more interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a little more interesting.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+one strongly connected component. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strongly connected component. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strongly connected component. But uh
+we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some
+edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a nice way to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice way to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a nice way to kind of
+organize this which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize this which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize this which we call
+condensation graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh condensation graph of a graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is another graph H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another graph H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another graph H
+vertex set C and edge set F. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set C and edge set F. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set C and edge set F. These are
+just some madeup letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some madeup letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some madeup letters
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is
+I forgot some notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot some notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot some notation.
+So the strongly connected component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the strongly connected component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the strongly connected component of
+vertex V I'm going to call square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V I'm going to call square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V I'm going to call square
+bracket V probably just for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket V probably just for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket V probably just for this lecture
+but it's convenient to have some name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's convenient to have some name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's convenient to have some name
+for the strongly connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the strongly connected component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the strongly connected component
+that contains V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains V.
+And C is going to be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And C is going to be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And C is going to be the set of all
+strongly connected components. So now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected components. So now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected components. So now I
+can write it as square bracket V for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as square bracket V for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it as square bracket V for all
+vertices V and V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V and V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V and V.
+Okay. So in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this example
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+a graph over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this was G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was G.
+H is going to have one vertex for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is going to have one vertex for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is going to have one vertex for this
+strongly connected component. One for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component. One for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component. One for
+this one, one for this one, one for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, one for this one, one for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one, one for this one, one for this
+one. So four vertices. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So four vertices. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So four vertices. I'm going to
+label them with the vertices that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label them with the vertices that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label them with the vertices that in the
+original graph that they came from. Got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph that they came from. Got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph that they came from. Got
+D up here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D up here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D up here,
+E roughly over here, and F over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E roughly over here, and F over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E roughly over here, and F over here.
+Okay. Now, what are the edges?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what are the edges?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, what are the edges?
+Well, the edges are just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the edges are just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the edges are just going to
+correspond to uh whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to uh whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to uh whenever
+uh I want to read this from right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to read this from right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to read this from right to
+left. So, let me write it first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, whenever I have an edge UV in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, whenever I have an edge UV in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, whenever I have an edge UV in the
+original graph, I want to draw an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph, I want to draw an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph, I want to draw an edge
+uh between the corresponding strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the corresponding strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between the corresponding strongly
+connected components. the strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components. the strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components. the strongly
+connected component containing U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component containing U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component containing U to the
+strongly connected component containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component containing
+V. Uh except I don't want edges from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Uh except I don't want edges from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. Uh except I don't want edges from a
+strongly connected component to itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component to itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly connected component to itself.
+Uh just because it's cleaner that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh just because it's cleaner that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh just because it's cleaner that way.
+So uh this will represent exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh this will represent exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh this will represent exactly the
+edges between components, right? There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between components, right? There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between components, right? There
+are some edges within components which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some edges within components which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some edges within components which I
+kind of want to ignore because I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to ignore because I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to ignore because I can get
+anywhere within this component. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within this component. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within this component. So it's
+for from a connectivity standpoint, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from a connectivity standpoint, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from a connectivity standpoint, from
+a reachability standpoint, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reachability standpoint, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reachability standpoint, I don't
+really care about the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the distinction
+between A, B, and C. They're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A, B, and C. They're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A, B, and C. They're all
+essentially the same. If I'm at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same. If I'm at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same. If I'm at any of
+them, I can go to any other. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, I can go to any other. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, I can go to any other. But then
+there's these edges between components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these edges between components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these edges between components
+that are interesting. Highlight them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting. Highlight them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interesting. Highlight them
+here in bold. So we've got ABC to D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in bold. So we've got ABC to D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in bold. So we've got ABC to D.
+We've got ABC to E. We've got D to E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got ABC to E. We've got D to E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got ABC to E. We've got D to E.
+And that's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's it.
+So this is the condensation graph. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the condensation graph. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the condensation graph. And
+so if you want to know uh reachability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know uh reachability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know uh reachability
+between two vertices in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two vertices in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two vertices in the original
+graph, you can figure it out by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, you can figure it out by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, you can figure it out by looking
+at reachability within H. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reachability within H. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at reachability within H. So if
+everything's strongly connected, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's strongly connected, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's strongly connected, you're
+in one big component. That's easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one big component. That's easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one big component. That's easy.
+Answer is always yes. Otherwise, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Answer is always yes. Otherwise, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Answer is always yes. Otherwise, you
+have to look at walks in the cond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at walks in the cond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at walks in the cond
+condensation graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next topic. And actually the last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic. And actually the last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic. And actually the last topic
+which we'll spend a bunch of time on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll spend a bunch of time on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll spend a bunch of time on is
+much more interesting than last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting than last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting than last time is
+asyclic graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graphs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graphs.
+So what would you call an undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asyclic graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anyone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember
+if we mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we mentioned it
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+what you're gonna say uh actually trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're gonna say uh actually trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're gonna say uh actually trees
+are connected undirected as cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected undirected as cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected undirected as cyclic
+graphs. So almost so we we may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So almost so we we may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So almost so we we may not have
+even mentioned it here but we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mentioned it here but we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mentioned it here but we use the
+word forest for the general case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word forest for the general case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word forest for the general case when
+you're not necessarily connected. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not necessarily connected. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not necessarily connected. So in
+the undirected case a forest is just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undirected case a forest is just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undirected case a forest is just any
+asyclic graph. Each of its connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graph. Each of its connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graph. Each of its connected
+components is a tree but it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is a tree but it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is a tree but it might have
+more than one. Okay. Uh today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one. Okay. Uh today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one. Okay. Uh today we're
+going to talk about directed as cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about directed as cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about directed as cyclic
+graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel like there should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature-based pun for directed as cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based pun for directed as cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature-based pun for directed as cyclic
+graphs, but instead they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, but instead they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, but instead they're just
+commonly called DAGs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly called DAGs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly called DAGs
+uh for directed as cyclic graph. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for directed as cyclic graph. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for directed as cyclic graph. So it's
+kind of boring. Sometimes I've seen dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boring. Sometimes I've seen dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boring. Sometimes I've seen dog
+like D- AWG. That's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like D- AWG. That's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like D- AWG. That's another type of
+graph which we won't get into. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which we won't get into. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which we won't get into. So that's
+nature based I guess. Um all right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature based I guess. Um all right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature based I guess. Um all right. So
+what's an example of a directed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of a directed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of a directed as
+cyclic graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic graph?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic graph?
+Have we seen any in this class?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A terminating state machine. Yeah. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A terminating state machine. Yeah. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A terminating state machine. Yeah. uh
+maybe not all terminating state machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not all terminating state machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not all terminating state machines
+but the ones that we the method we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that we the method we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that we the method we use
+to prove them. So like a state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove them. So like a state machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove them. So like a state machine.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+oh maybe yeah maybe all terminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe yeah maybe all terminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe yeah maybe all terminating
+state machines actually but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machines actually but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machines actually but in
+particular those with uh strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular those with uh strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular those with uh strictly
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+uh derived variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's strictly decreasing then you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly decreasing then you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strictly decreasing then you can't
+make any cycles. I think even conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any cycles. I think even conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any cycles. I think even conversely
+if you made a cycle then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you made a cycle then that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you made a cycle then that would be
+repeating that cycle over and over would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that cycle over and over would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that cycle over and over would
+be a non-terminating execution. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a non-terminating execution. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a non-terminating execution. So
+indeed or terminating state machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good. Um another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Um another one
+is this graph the condensation graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph the condensation graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graph the condensation graph we
+just defined maybe not obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are just examples. Uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are just examples. Uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are just examples. Uh of course
+there are many directed asyclic graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many directed asyclic graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many directed asyclic graphs
+but there's no definition here. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no definition here. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no definition here. I mean
+the definition is directed as cyclic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is directed as cyclic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is directed as cyclic and
+graph or I guess as cyclic you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or I guess as cyclic you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or I guess as cyclic you might say
+as cyclic diagramraph given the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclic diagramraph given the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclic diagramraph given the terms
+we've used but it's always written d a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used but it's always written d a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used but it's always written d a g
+so there you go uh condensation graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go uh condensation graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go uh condensation graph is
+also always as cyclic because if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also always as cyclic because if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also always as cyclic because if there
+was a cycle like if I could get from ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cycle like if I could get from ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cycle like if I could get from ABC
+to D to E back to ABC well then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D to E back to ABC well then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D to E back to ABC well then these
+three should actually all be in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three should actually all be in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three should actually all be in one
+uh strongly connected component right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strongly connected component right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strongly connected component right so
+there can't be any cycles in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any cycles in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any cycles in this graph
+otherwise I would collapsed further.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there we go. Uh the what makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there we go. Uh the what makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there we go. Uh the what makes the
+condensation graph interesting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph interesting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph interesting in some
+sense is it becomes a cyclic. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is it becomes a cyclic. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is it becomes a cyclic. You can
+track all the cycles into one vertex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track all the cycles into one vertex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track all the cycles into one vertex or
+each cycle into one vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cycle into one vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cycle into one vertex.
+All right. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh
+I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a
+quote practical example here. You'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote practical example here. You'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote practical example here. You'll see
+you see why I'm laughing in a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So directed as cyclic graphs come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So directed as cyclic graphs come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So directed as cyclic graphs come up
+naturally a lot. I mean you can make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally a lot. I mean you can make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally a lot. I mean you can make any
+graph a cyclic by constructing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a cyclic by constructing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a cyclic by constructing the
+condensation graph. But uh where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph. But uh where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation graph. But uh where they're
+quite common is in a set of constraints.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite common is in a set of constraints.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite common is in a set of constraints.
+Suppose you have a bunch of tasks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you have a bunch of tasks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you have a bunch of tasks you
+need to do and there's some precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and there's some precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and there's some precedence
+constraints. This has to happen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. This has to happen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. This has to happen before
+that. This has to happen before that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This has to happen before that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This has to happen before that.
+You could imagine project management or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could imagine project management or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could imagine project management or
+whatever. I'm going to give a very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. I'm going to give a very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. I'm going to give a very real
+world example you do every single day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world example you do every single day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world example you do every single day I
+hope. uh which is getting dressed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope. uh which is getting dressed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope. uh which is getting dressed.
+So suppose you have some socks you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have some socks you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have some socks you want
+to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on
+and you may know that socks come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may know that socks come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may know that socks come before
+shoes. I've tried it the other way. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes. I've tried it the other way. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes. I've tried it the other way. It
+doesn't work so well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well.
+And uh usually I put one sock on at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh usually I put one sock on at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh usually I put one sock on at a
+time. So there's your left sock and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So there's your left sock and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So there's your left sock and your
+right sock. Uh apologies for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock. Uh apologies for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock. Uh apologies for people who
+have different number of feet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different number of feet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different number of feet.
+uh like dogs, it's even more annoying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like dogs, it's even more annoying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like dogs, it's even more annoying.
+Um but uh these are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but uh these are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but uh these are examples of
+precedence relations. You want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence relations. You want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence relations. You want to put
+the left sock on before you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sock on before you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sock on before you put your
+left shoe on. You want to put your right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left shoe on. You want to put your right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left shoe on. You want to put your right
+sock on before you put your right shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock on before you put your right shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock on before you put your right shoe
+on. But you don't really care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. But you don't really care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. But you don't really care about the
+ordering between these two sides. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering between these two sides. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering between these two sides. I
+could do both of these and then do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do both of these and then do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do both of these and then do both
+of these. Or I could do both socks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. Or I could do both socks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. Or I could do both socks and
+then both shoes. I could do left, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both shoes. I could do left, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both shoes. I could do left, right,
+right, left. There are lots of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, left. There are lots of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, left. There are lots of possible
+orderings that are valid here. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings that are valid here. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings that are valid here. You can
+add more fun things like uh pants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more fun things like uh pants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more fun things like uh pants.
+Those have to happen before your shoes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those have to happen before your shoes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those have to happen before your shoes.
+And I don't know, you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know, you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know, you probably want to
+put a shirt on. And maybe you have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a shirt on. And maybe you have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a shirt on. And maybe you have uh a
+jacket on top of that. And you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket on top of that. And you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket on top of that. And you have a
+belt, which you should put on before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt, which you should put on before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt, which you should put on before
+after your pants, let's say. And maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your pants, let's say. And maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your pants, let's say. And maybe
+like a winter coat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a winter coat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a winter coat.
+Still kind of winter, maybe. We'll see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still kind of winter, maybe. We'll see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still kind of winter, maybe. We'll see.
+Uh, and if you're really cold, maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and if you're really cold, maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and if you're really cold, maybe you
+want a scarf. And I've heard debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a scarf. And I've heard debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a scarf. And I've heard debates
+about which of these goes first, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which of these goes first, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which of these goes first, but
+let's say scarf before coat. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say scarf before coat. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say scarf before coat. Uh,
+certainly after your jacket and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly after your jacket and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly after your jacket and maybe
+you want a hat on, but that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a hat on, but that could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a hat on, but that could happen
+pretty much anytime after your jacket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anytime after your jacket.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much anytime after your jacket.
+So something like this. I think those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like this. I think those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So something like this. I think those
+are all the all the annotations I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the all the annotations I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the all the annotations I had
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+And now you'd like to find a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you'd like to find a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now you'd like to find a valid
+ordering. If you want to find a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. If you want to find a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. If you want to find a valid
+ordering, there better not be any cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering, there better not be any cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering, there better not be any cycles
+here because then you could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because then you could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because then you could never
+resolve that cycle. If you have a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that cycle. If you have a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that cycle. If you have a cycle
+of precedence constraints and A has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precedence constraints and A has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precedence constraints and A has to
+happen before B, B has to happen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before B, B has to happen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before B, B has to happen before
+C and C has to happen before A, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C has to happen before A, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and C has to happen before A, then
+nothing, none of A, B and C could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing, none of A, B and C could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing, none of A, B and C could happen
+first. So that would be bad. So in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So that would be bad. So in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So that would be bad. So in any
+kind of uh precedence constraint graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh precedence constraint graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh precedence constraint graph
+like this, you want to have no cycle. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you want to have no cycle. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you want to have no cycle. So
+this is practical motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical motivation for
+directed asyclic graphs. And now we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed asyclic graphs. And now we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed asyclic graphs. And now we'd
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+let's define a notion of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a notion of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a notion of um
+topological ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a DAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DAG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a DAG
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordering
+of all the vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all vertices it can reach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give it a name. So I'll call it V here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a name. So I'll call it V here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a name. So I'll call it V here.
+So for example, uh pants has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, uh pants has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, uh pants has to happen
+before belt, but also pants has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before belt, but also pants has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before belt, but also pants has to
+happen before your winter coat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before your winter coat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen before your winter coat because
+of these two connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two connections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two connections.
+And pants has to happen before shoe. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And pants has to happen before shoe. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And pants has to happen before shoe. So
+pants should be listed earlier in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants should be listed earlier in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants should be listed earlier in your
+sequence before your right shoe, before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence before your right shoe, before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence before your right shoe, before
+your left shoe, before your winter coat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left shoe, before your winter coat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left shoe, before your winter coat,
+before your belt, before uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your belt, before uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your belt, before uh that's
+that's it for pants. Okay. Okay. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for pants. Okay. Okay. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for pants. Okay. Okay. And if
+we can find an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an ordering
+uh that satisfies that property, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that satisfies that property, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that satisfies that property, then
+that would be a legitimate way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a legitimate way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a legitimate way to
+execute this these set of tasks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this these set of tasks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this these set of tasks.
+And the next thing I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the next thing I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the next thing I'd like to do is
+prove that topological orderings always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that topological orderings always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that topological orderings always
+exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+Seems reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems reasonable
+in a DAG.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If, as I said before, if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If, as I said before, if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If, as I said before, if you have a
+cyclic graph, these don't exist. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic graph, these don't exist. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic graph, these don't exist. That's
+a little less exciting. As long as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less exciting. As long as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less exciting. As long as your
+graph is a cyclic, you can always find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a cyclic, you can always find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a cyclic, you can always find a
+topological order. And there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order. And there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order. And there's a nice
+way to do it. Uh let me first define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it. Uh let me first define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it. Uh let me first define a
+couple of useful terms. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of useful terms. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of useful terms. One is
+source. This is for any directed graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. This is for any directed graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. This is for any directed graph.
+A source is a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A source is a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A source is a vertex
+of in degree zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is going to act kind of like a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to act kind of like a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to act kind of like a leaf
+for us and that we had for trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and that we had for trees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and that we had for trees.
+Remember uh directly cyclic graphs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember uh directly cyclic graphs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember uh directly cyclic graphs here
+are sort of our analogy of trees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of our analogy of trees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of our analogy of trees or
+forests more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests more generally
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+degree one vertices. Well, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one vertices. Well, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one vertices. Well, there's no
+notion of degree here anymore. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of degree here anymore. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of degree here anymore. We just
+have inderee and outderee. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inderee and outderee. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inderee and outderee. So instead of
+degree one vertices we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one vertices we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one vertices we're going to look
+at inderee zero. So for example, left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at inderee zero. So for example, left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at inderee zero. So for example, left
+sock is a source, right sock is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock is a source, right sock is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock is a source, right sock is a
+source, pants is a source and shirt is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, pants is a source and shirt is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source, pants is a source and shirt is a
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and the complimentary notion now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the complimentary notion now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the complimentary notion now is
+sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a vertex
+of outderee zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this graph
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+few of them also left shoe is a sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them also left shoe is a sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them also left shoe is a sink
+right shoe is a sink I have no outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shoe is a sink I have no outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right shoe is a sink I have no outgoing
+edges winter coat is a sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges winter coat is a sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges winter coat is a sink
+and hat is a sink these were sinks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then there are some vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then there are some vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then there are some vertices
+that are neither. Probably in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neither. Probably in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are neither. Probably in general
+most of them are neither. But uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are neither. But uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are neither. But uh what we
+do know like the fact that every tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know like the fact that every tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know like the fact that every tree
+with at least two vertices has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least two vertices has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least two vertices has at least
+two leaves. We know that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves. We know that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leaves. We know that every
+DAG has at least one source and at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAG has at least one source and at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DAG has at least one source and at least
+one sync.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sync.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sync.
+So if you're wondering why two leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're wondering why two leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're wondering why two leaves
+for a tree, this is kind of why. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tree, this is kind of why. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a tree, this is kind of why. Maybe
+this is uh distinguishing the two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh distinguishing the two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh distinguishing the two two
+ends. And the proof is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends. And the proof is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends. And the proof is actually very
+similar. So let's do lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every DAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every DAG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every DAG
+has a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a source
+and a sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+I don't know if you remember the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you remember the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you remember the proof
+that every tree has at least two leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every tree has at least two leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every tree has at least two leaves.
+Uh it was take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it was take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it was take
+a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path or walk. Uh maybe it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or walk. Uh maybe it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or walk. Uh maybe it's worth
+mentioning for DAGs, walks and paths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning for DAGs, walks and paths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning for DAGs, walks and paths are
+the same thing because the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing because the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing because the thing we're
+worried about with paths is do you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about with paths is do you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about with paths is do you ever
+cycle? Do you ever repeat a vertex? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle? Do you ever repeat a vertex? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle? Do you ever repeat a vertex? But
+if there's no cycles, you can't. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no cycles, you can't. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no cycles, you can't. So for
+DAGs, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walks equal paths,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks equal paths,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks equal paths,
+which is nice. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice. So
+for the rest of today, I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of today, I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of today, I don't have to
+reme remember which is which, but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reme remember which is which, but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reme remember which is which, but I'll
+try to be a little bit careful if I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be a little bit careful if I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be a little bit careful if I need
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+So uh let's just take the longest or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's just take the longest or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's just take the longest or a
+longest path in the DAG. So let's say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in the DAG. So let's say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in the DAG. So let's say it
+starts at v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at v 0
+to v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v1
+and goes up to v k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes up to v k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes up to v k
+as usual. Then the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, V 0 is a sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and VK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VK
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+backwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards.
+E0 is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E0 is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E0 is a source
+and VK is a sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VK is a sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VK is a sync
+and that so then we found it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that so then we found it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that so then we found it.
+Okay. Why? Uh, let me do a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why? Uh, let me do a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Why? Uh, let me do a proof by
+picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is our
+hypothetical longest path and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical longest path and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical longest path and I want to
+claim for example that v 0 is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim for example that v 0 is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim for example that v 0 is a source
+meaning there is no incoming edge into v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there is no incoming edge into v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there is no incoming edge into v
+0 in degree is zero. Well let's prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in degree is zero. Well let's prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in degree is zero. Well let's prove it
+by contradiction. Suppose there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction. Suppose there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction. Suppose there was some
+vertex here u and there was an edge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here u and there was an edge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here u and there was an edge from
+u to v 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to v 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to v 0.
+This is for contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for contradiction.
+Imagine that this happens. Well, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that this happens. Well, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that this happens. Well, then
+that looks like a longer path in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a longer path in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a longer path in the
+graph. How could it not be a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. How could it not be a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. How could it not be a longer
+path? Well, maybe it cycles. Maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path? Well, maybe it cycles. Maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path? Well, maybe it cycles. Maybe this
+vertex u was actually one of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u was actually one of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex u was actually one of these other
+visi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visi.
+Uh but it can't be because our graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it can't be because our graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but it can't be because our graph is
+as cyclic. So either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclic. So either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclic. So either
+uh we get a cycle which contradicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a cycle which contradicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get a cycle which contradicts that
+we're a DAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or we get a longer path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we get a longer path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we get a longer path
+in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+which contradicts that we were longest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So either way we get a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either way we get a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either way we get a contradiction
+and that proves uh that v 0 is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves uh that v 0 is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves uh that v 0 is a source
+and exactly symmetric argument proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly symmetric argument proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly symmetric argument proves
+that vk is a sync. Cool. So these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vk is a sync. Cool. So these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vk is a sync. Cool. So these things
+exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+Now let's use them to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's use them to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's use them to construct
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+an order to getting dressed. I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order to getting dressed. I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order to getting dressed. I know you
+you've been wondering this the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been wondering this the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been wondering this the answer to
+this gripping question. How should I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gripping question. How should I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gripping question. How should I get
+dressed every morning? Finally in 61200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed every morning? Finally in 61200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed every morning? Finally in 61200
+I learned how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned how to do it
+for any graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any graph.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+the idea algorithmically is very simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea algorithmically is very simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea algorithmically is very simple.
+If you want a topological order for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you want a topological order for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you want a topological order for your
+graph, what should I start with? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, what should I start with? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, what should I start with? A
+source seems good. Source has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source seems good. Source has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source seems good. Source has nothing
+that has to come before it. So any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to come before it. So any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to come before it. So any one
+of these would be a valid first step. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these would be a valid first step. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these would be a valid first step. So
+the algorithm is just take any source,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is just take any source,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is just take any source,
+do that first, then conceptually remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first, then conceptually remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first, then conceptually remove
+that vertex to represent that it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex to represent that it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex to represent that it's been
+finished and then find another source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and then find another source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished and then find another source.
+And because from this lema there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because from this lema there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because from this lema there's
+always a source, you never get stuck. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a source, you never get stuck. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a source, you never get stuck. So
+you can just keep going and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just keep going and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just keep going and eventually
+you'll have done executed every task. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have done executed every task. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have done executed every task. So
+for let's do it um briefly on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's do it um briefly on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's do it um briefly on this
+example. Say we uh we do right sock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Say we uh we do right sock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Say we uh we do right sock
+first and we up we see if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and we up we see if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and we up we see if there are any
+new sources. Uh I think there are not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources. Uh I think there are not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources. Uh I think there are not.
+This is still not a source because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is still not a source because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is still not a source because it
+has an incoming edge one left. Uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an incoming edge one left. Uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an incoming edge one left. Uh then
+maybe we do our pants. Put those on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we do our pants. Put those on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we do our pants. Put those on.
+Seems like a good idea. Now we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like a good idea. Now we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like a good idea. Now we can put
+on our right shoe. Finally. Been waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our right shoe. Finally. Been waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our right shoe. Finally. Been waiting
+for that right shoe because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that right shoe because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that right shoe because there's no
+more incoming edges because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more incoming edges because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more incoming edges because we've
+eliminated we've finished the tasks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated we've finished the tasks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated we've finished the tasks from
+before. So, if I write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. So, if I write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. So, if I write down the
+ordering, it would be right sock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering, it would be right sock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering, it would be right sock,
+then pants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pants.
+Uh, now I'm going to do right shoe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, then I don't know, I'm lazy. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, then I don't know, I'm lazy. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, then I don't know, I'm lazy. Let's
+do left sock and left shoe next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then, uh, let's see the at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, uh, let's see the at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, uh, let's see the at this point
+I've eliminated the left half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated the left half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated the left half of the
+graph. only source is shirt. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. only source is shirt. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. only source is shirt. So I have
+to do shirt next. I had a lot of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do shirt next. I had a lot of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do shirt next. I had a lot of choices
+up till now but that that choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till now but that that choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till now but that that choice is
+forced. Uh after I've eliminated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced. Uh after I've eliminated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced. Uh after I've eliminated these
+two this becomes a source and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this becomes a source and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this becomes a source and this
+becomes a source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source.
+So I can choose belt or jacket first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can choose belt or jacket first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can choose belt or jacket first.
+Let's do belt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do belt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do belt.
+Still can't do uh winter coat because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still can't do uh winter coat because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still can't do uh winter coat because I
+need to do scarf before it. Uh so jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do scarf before it. Uh so jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do scarf before it. Uh so jacket
+is the only source at this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only source at this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only source at this point.
+So do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think you get the idea. Now I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you get the idea. Now I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you get the idea. Now I could do
+hat for example both the source and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat for example both the source and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat for example both the source and a
+sync. Um I can do scarf and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync. Um I can do scarf and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync. Um I can do scarf and then finally
+I can do winter coat. So that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do winter coat. So that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do winter coat. So that was a
+valid execution order or valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid execution order or valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid execution order or valid
+topological ordering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological ordering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological ordering.
+Cool. Let's uh prove that this always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Let's uh prove that this always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Let's uh prove that this always
+works a little more carefully uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a little more carefully uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a little more carefully uh using
+induction instead of an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction instead of an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction instead of an algorithm
+because this is more of a math class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more of a math class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more of a math class
+than a algorithms class though of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a algorithms class though of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a algorithms class though of course
+we talk about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about both
+but I think it's good to get more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's good to get more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's good to get more uh
+induction practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in particular induction with graphs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular induction with graphs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular induction with graphs is
+still a pretty new thing. But again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a pretty new thing. But again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a pretty new thing. But again,
+induction about graphs is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction about graphs is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction about graphs is always
+induction or some regular induction over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or some regular induction over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or some regular induction over
+natural numbers. So we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers. So we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers. So we're going to do
+induction on the number of vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on the number of vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on the number of vertices in
+the graph, which is how we normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph, which is how we normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph, which is how we normally do
+it. So our uh p of n is that every dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So our uh p of n is that every dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So our uh p of n is that every dag
+with n vertices has a topological order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices has a topological order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices has a topological order.
+We're going to assume by induction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to assume by induction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to assume by induction that
+all smaller n have this property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all smaller n have this property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all smaller n have this property and
+prove it for n or prove it for v size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for n or prove it for v size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for n or prove it for v size of
+v. So what is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. So what is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. So what is the smallest
+that size of V can be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size of V can be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size of V can be?
+Uh well I didn't put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well I didn't put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well I didn't put it in the
+definition but I meant to say V has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but I meant to say V has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but I meant to say V has to
+be at least one as before. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least one as before. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least one as before. We don't
+allow the empty graph with no vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the empty graph with no vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the empty graph with no vertices.
+You have to have at least one vertex. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to have at least one vertex. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to have at least one vertex. So
+smallest graph has one vertex. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest graph has one vertex. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest graph has one vertex. So here
+it is. Uh I guess yeah uh I mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Uh I guess yeah uh I mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Uh I guess yeah uh I mean in a
+directed graph you could have a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph you could have a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph you could have a loop
+here but that's that's a cycle. So not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but that's that's a cycle. So not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but that's that's a cycle. So not
+allowed. In a DAG, there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed. In a DAG, there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed. In a DAG, there's only one
+graph of one vertex. It's that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of one vertex. It's that one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of one vertex. It's that one.
+Let's call this A. The ordering is A. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call this A. The ordering is A. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call this A. The ordering is A. It
+satisfies all the properties. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all the properties. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all the properties. Okay,
+that's their topological order. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their topological order. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their topological order. So, this
+is easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+More interesting is the induction step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More interesting is the induction step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More interesting is the induction step.
+So, uh now we can assume that D is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh now we can assume that D is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh now we can assume that D is at
+least two bigger than the base case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two bigger than the base case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two bigger than the base case.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so what should we do? Well, we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should we do? Well, we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should we do? Well, we have this
+nice lema that tells us there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice lema that tells us there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice lema that tells us there's a
+source. So whereas the algorithm took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. So whereas the algorithm took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. So whereas the algorithm took a
+source and then had to do more work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then had to do more work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then had to do more work to
+continue, we can just take one source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, we can just take one source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, we can just take one source
+and then use induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use induction.
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+by the lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a source
+let's call it s and the intuition is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it s and the intuition is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it s and the intuition is I
+want to do s first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do s first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do s first.
+Okay. But to figure out how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But to figure out how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But to figure out how to do the
+rest of the graph, I can use induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the graph, I can use induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the graph, I can use induction.
+So let's uh let G prime be G minus S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh let G prime be G minus S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh let G prime be G minus S.
+Remember this was the graph. G minus S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this was the graph. G minus S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this was the graph. G minus S
+was the graph induced by the subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the graph induced by the subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the graph induced by the subset of
+vertices. That's everything except S. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. That's everything except S. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. That's everything except S. So
+in other words, erase the vertex S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words, erase the vertex S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words, erase the vertex S and
+all of its incident edges, which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its incident edges, which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its incident edges, which in this
+case will only be outgoing edges. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will only be outgoing edges. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will only be outgoing edges. So
+here we have s and there's some outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have s and there's some outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have s and there's some outgoing
+edges into g prime and g is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges into g prime and g is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges into g prime and g is this whole
+graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph.
+Okay so the point is um number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so the point is um number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so the point is um number of
+vertices in g prime is one less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in g prime is one less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in g prime is one less than the
+number of vertices in g. We just removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in g. We just removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in g. We just removed
+s everyone else is there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s everyone else is there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s everyone else is there.
+Uh but in particular g prime is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but in particular g prime is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but in particular g prime is smaller
+than g was. So we can use induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than g was. So we can use induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than g was. So we can use induction
+by the induction hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh G prime satisfies this. I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh G prime satisfies this. I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh G prime satisfies this. I guess we
+also need to check G prime is a DAG. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to check G prime is a DAG. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to check G prime is a DAG. But
+if you remove a vertex, you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove a vertex, you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove a vertex, you're not going
+to add any cycles. So that's cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add any cycles. So that's cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add any cycles. So that's cool.
+Uh so G prime is a smaller DAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+according to the measure of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the measure of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the measure of number of
+vertices. So by induction hypothesis, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So by induction hypothesis, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So by induction hypothesis, it
+has a topological order. G prime has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a topological order. G prime has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a topological order. G prime has
+topological order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order.
+Let's call it uh vub1 v2 up to v sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it uh vub1 v2 up to v sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it uh vub1 v2 up to v sub I
+guess number of vertices minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess number of vertices minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess number of vertices minus one.
+That's how many vertices there are. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how many vertices there are. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how many vertices there are. So I
+can you by induction I get an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you by induction I get an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you by induction I get an explicit
+ordering of all those vertices. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of all those vertices. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering of all those vertices. And now
+I just put s first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put s first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put s first
+before all of those. So we get s comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all of those. So we get s comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all of those. So we get s comma
+v1 v2 and so on v sub v minus one. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 v2 and so on v sub v minus one. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 v2 and so on v sub v minus one. Uh
+this is a topological order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a topological order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a topological order
+of g and this is where I guess you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g and this is where I guess you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g and this is where I guess you have
+to actually check something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually check something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually check something.
+So I claim it's okay to put s before all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I claim it's okay to put s before all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I claim it's okay to put s before all
+these other vertices and that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other vertices and that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other vertices and that will be a
+valid ordering. uh intuitively because S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ordering. uh intuitively because S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ordering. uh intuitively because S
+has nothing that has to happen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing that has to happen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing that has to happen before
+it. So if you check the constraint of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you check the constraint of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So if you check the constraint of a
+topological ordering, every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological ordering, every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological ordering, every vertex
+that's listed must appear before all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's listed must appear before all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's listed must appear before all
+vertices that it can reach. Well, S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that it can reach. Well, S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that it can reach. Well, S
+definitely appears before all vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely appears before all vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely appears before all vertices
+it can reach because it appears before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can reach because it appears before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can reach because it appears before
+all vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices.
+And the other vertices are also okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other vertices are also okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other vertices are also okay
+like V2 or V1 let's say appears before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like V2 or V1 let's say appears before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like V2 or V1 let's say appears before
+all the vertices it can reach because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices it can reach because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices it can reach because
+all the vertices it can reach it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices it can reach it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices it can reach it's
+inside G prime. Once you're inside G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside G prime. Once you're inside G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside G prime. Once you're inside G
+prime, you can't escape. you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, you can't escape. you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime, you can't escape. you can't get
+back to S,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to S,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to S,
+right? It's like in a different strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's like in a different strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's like in a different strongly
+connected component. Uh any vertex down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. Uh any vertex down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. Uh any vertex down
+here, which is all of the V1 through VV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is all of the V1 through VV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is all of the V1 through VV
+minus one, cannot reach S because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, cannot reach S because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, cannot reach S because it
+only has outgoing edges. And so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has outgoing edges. And so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has outgoing edges. And so they
+also appear before all the vertices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appear before all the vertices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appear before all the vertices they
+can reach because all the vertices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach because all the vertices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reach because all the vertices they
+can reach are within G prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So great. Now given a set of tasks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So great. Now given a set of tasks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So great. Now given a set of tasks with
+precedence constraints, you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence constraints, you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence constraints, you can find a
+valid ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ordering
+so you can get dressed in the morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get dressed in the morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get dressed in the morning.
+But uh you know we're most of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh you know we're most of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh you know we're most of us are
+computer scientists and so often we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists and so often we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists and so often we're
+not just one computer or one uh agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one computer or one uh agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one computer or one uh agent
+executing a bunch of tasks but maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing a bunch of tasks but maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing a bunch of tasks but maybe we
+have many computers to execute our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many computers to execute our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many computers to execute our
+tasks. What if we allow parallelism? Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. What if we allow parallelism? Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. What if we allow parallelism? Can
+we do this any faster? You imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this any faster? You imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this any faster? You imagine you
+want to get dressed, but you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get dressed, but you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get dressed, but you have a
+crazy uh Rube Goldberg style machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy uh Rube Goldberg style machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy uh Rube Goldberg style machine
+that can put on many garments all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can put on many garments all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can put on many garments all at
+once. So maybe then you can do left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. So maybe then you can do left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. So maybe then you can do left and
+right sock in parallel. If I had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock in parallel. If I had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock in parallel. If I had four
+arms, I would do that. Maybe even three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms, I would do that. Maybe even three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms, I would do that. Maybe even three
+arms. I don't know. That's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms. I don't know. That's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms. I don't know. That's a good
+question. Okay. So let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. So let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Okay. So let's think about
+that version where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version where
+uh we can do parallel task execution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can do parallel task execution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can do parallel task execution.
+Then I'd like to do it as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'd like to do it as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I'd like to do it as fast as
+possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible.
+If I'm just a measly single processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm just a measly single processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm just a measly single processor
+and I want to execute the tasks in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to execute the tasks in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to execute the tasks in this
+graph, well, the number of steps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, well, the number of steps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, well, the number of steps it
+takes me is exactly the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me is exactly the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me is exactly the number of
+vertices. No matter how I do it, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. No matter how I do it, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. No matter how I do it, it
+doesn't really matter which ordering I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which ordering I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which ordering I
+choose in terms of speed, assuming, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in terms of speed, assuming, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose in terms of speed, assuming, I
+don't know, assuming instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, assuming instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, assuming instantaneous
+switching time between different tasks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching time between different tasks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching time between different tasks.
+Okay. But with parallel task scheduling,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But with parallel task scheduling,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But with parallel task scheduling,
+you can do more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me first define the problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me first define the problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me first define the problem a
+little bit um and then we'll prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um and then we'll prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um and then we'll prove a
+nice theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I want to define a schedule to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to define a schedule to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to define a schedule to say
+basically what order you should do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what order you should do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what order you should do the
+tasks in. But now I'm allowing multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks in. But now I'm allowing multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks in. But now I'm allowing multiple
+tasks to be scheduled at the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to be scheduled at the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to be scheduled at the same time.
+So a schedule is going to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a schedule is going to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a schedule is going to assign
+what time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh t of v it's going to be a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t of v it's going to be a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t of v it's going to be a natural
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh to each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it needs to satisfy the property that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to satisfy the property that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to satisfy the property that uh
+if u can reach V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and U does not equal V,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U does not equal V,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U does not equal V,
+then uh the time that we schedule U has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the time that we schedule U has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the time that we schedule U has
+to be strictly less than the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strictly less than the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strictly less than the time we
+schedule V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule V.
+This is the analog of topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the analog of topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the analog of topological
+ordering except now I can assign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering except now I can assign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering except now I can assign the
+same time to multiple tasks. So maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to multiple tasks. So maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time to multiple tasks. So maybe I
+do a bunch of tasks at test at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bunch of tasks at test at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a bunch of tasks at test at time zero
+as long as none of them has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as none of them has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as none of them has to happen
+before another. Then I could do a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before another. Then I could do a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before another. Then I could do a bunch
+of tasks at time one, a bunch of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks at time one, a bunch of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks at time one, a bunch of tasks
+at time two, and so on. And the um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time two, and so on. And the um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time two, and so on. And the um I'll
+call it the span of the schedule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the span of the schedule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the span of the schedule is the
+number of distinct times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t of v. So I can look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v. So I can look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v. So I can look at all the
+different times assigned to the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times assigned to the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times assigned to the vertices
+and if I use 17 different times, my span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I use 17 different times, my span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I use 17 different times, my span
+is 17. span is a measure of how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 17. span is a measure of how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 17. span is a measure of how long it
+takes to execute schedule. Uh here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to execute schedule. Uh here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to execute schedule. Uh here I'm
+assuming an unlimited number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming an unlimited number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming an unlimited number of
+processors. I can do all the tasks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors. I can do all the tasks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors. I can do all the tasks at
+once if I need if I'm allowed to. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once if I need if I'm allowed to. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once if I need if I'm allowed to. If I
+have no edges in my graph, I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no edges in my graph, I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no edges in my graph, I'll just do
+everything in time zero and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in time zero and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in time zero and it'll be
+done. And that will be a span of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And that will be a span of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And that will be a span of one.
+There's only one time that value that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one time that value that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one time that value that I
+needed. But in general, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. But in general, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. But in general, we're going to
+need more, right? I can't do left sock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more, right? I can't do left sock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more, right? I can't do left sock
+and left shoe at the same time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left shoe at the same time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left shoe at the same time because
+left sock has to happen strictly before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sock has to happen strictly before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sock has to happen strictly before
+left shoe. That's what this says. If one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left shoe. That's what this says. If one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left shoe. That's what this says. If one
+vertex can reach another vertex that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex can reach another vertex that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex can reach another vertex that's
+different, then the time assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, then the time assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, then the time assigned to the
+the earlier precedent has to be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier precedent has to be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier precedent has to be strictly
+less than the later one. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the later one. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the later one. Okay, so that's
+the definition of the problem. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the problem. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the problem. And now
+there's a nice theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice theorem
+says uh the minimum possible span of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh the minimum possible span of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh the minimum possible span of any
+schedule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So certainly a schedule like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So certainly a schedule like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So certainly a schedule like this
+exists, right? We could do the one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists, right? We could do the one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists, right? We could do the one given
+by the topological order. We could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the topological order. We could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the topological order. We could do
+right sock in time zero, pants in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock in time zero, pants in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sock in time zero, pants in time
+one, right shoe in time two. Like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right shoe in time two. Like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right shoe in time two. Like we
+could do this sequentially, one task at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this sequentially, one task at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this sequentially, one task at
+a time. But if I want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time. But if I want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time. But if I want to minimize the
+span, I want to do lots of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span, I want to do lots of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span, I want to do lots of things in
+parallel. Uh this is equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel. Uh this is equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel. Uh this is equal to the number
+of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices
+in a longest path in the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a longest path in the graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a longest path in the graph.
+So very simple characterization of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So very simple characterization of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So very simple characterization of how
+long this takes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this takes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this takes.
+Uh in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the longest path is shirt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the longest path is shirt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the longest path is shirt to
+jacket to scarf to coat. So that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket to scarf to coat. So that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket to scarf to coat. So that was uh
+that's a path of length one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a path of length one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a path of length one,
+two, three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three.
+But what I wrote there is not the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what I wrote there is not the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what I wrote there is not the length
+of the path. I wrote the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path. I wrote the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path. I wrote the number of
+vertices in the path and that's four. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the path and that's four. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the path and that's four. So
+this is the one time when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one time when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one time when we want to
+count vertices, not edges. So I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count vertices, not edges. So I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count vertices, not edges. So I write
+number of vertices in the longest path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in the longest path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices in the longest path.
+It was shirt, jacket, scarf, winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was shirt, jacket, scarf, winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was shirt, jacket, scarf, winter
+coat. So that's four. And so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat. So that's four. And so I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat. So that's four. And so I claim
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this set of tasks can be executed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of tasks can be executed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of tasks can be executed in
+just four steps, four rounds of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just four steps, four rounds of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just four steps, four rounds of parallel
+execution. Namely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution. Namely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution. Namely,
+I think I need another color. Let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need another color. Let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I need another color. Let me see
+what I brought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, purple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so how I do it is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so how I do it is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so how I do it is actually pretty
+intuitive. I just want to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. I just want to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. I just want to take all the
+sources at each step. So in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at each step. So in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at each step. So in the
+beginning I had four sources. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I had four sources. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I had four sources. I'm going
+to do all of those at time zero. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all of those at time zero. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all of those at time zero. Then
+what's the source? Uh this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the source? Uh this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the source? Uh this becomes a
+source because both left sock and pants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source because both left sock and pants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source because both left sock and pants
+were done in the previous step. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done in the previous step. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done in the previous step. This
+becomes a source because right sock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source because right sock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source because right sock and
+pants were done in the previous step. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants were done in the previous step. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants were done in the previous step. Uh
+this becomes a source and this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a source and this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a source and this becomes a
+source. I think that's it. So then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. I think that's it. So then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. I think that's it. So then in
+the second step I'm going to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step I'm going to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step I'm going to do all
+these everything above that purple line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these everything above that purple line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these everything above that purple line.
+And then uh hat becomes a source, scarf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh hat becomes a source, scarf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh hat becomes a source, scarf
+becomes a source, but winter coat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source, but winter coat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a source, but winter coat is
+still being annoying. So we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being annoying. So we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being annoying. So we do
+everything above that line. And then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above that line. And then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything above that line. And then in
+the fourth round, we just do winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth round, we just do winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth round, we just do winter
+coat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat.
+Okay, so that's the algorithm. But let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the algorithm. But let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the algorithm. But let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's prove it's not obvious that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove it's not obvious that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove it's not obvious that this
+algorithm takes exactly the longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes exactly the longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes exactly the longest path
+time. And there's a nice elegant proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And there's a nice elegant proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And there's a nice elegant proof
+of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it.
+Let's go back here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um in general when we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um in general when we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um in general when we want to prove
+that two numbers are equal usually we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two numbers are equal usually we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two numbers are equal usually we do
+it in two parts. We prove that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two parts. We prove that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two parts. We prove that one
+number is greater than equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is greater than equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is greater than equal to the
+other and the one number is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the one number is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the one number is less than or
+equal to the other. seen that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the other. seen that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the other. seen that a couple
+of times I think and this is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I think and this is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I think and this is definitely
+one of those situations. So first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those situations. So first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those situations. So first let's
+think about why is the minimum span of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why is the minimum span of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why is the minimum span of a
+schedule at least the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule at least the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule at least the number of vertices
+in the longest path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the longest path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the longest path.
+Well that makes sense because if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well that makes sense because if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well that makes sense because if I just
+think about uh this longest path you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh this longest path you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh this longest path you
+know it's some sequence of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's some sequence of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's some sequence of vertices
+and let's say it has length L. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say it has length L. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say it has length L. So we
+start at number one or it has L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at number one or it has L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at number one or it has L
+different vertices in it. Well, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vertices in it. Well, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vertices in it. Well, in the
+first round, uh, just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round, uh, just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first round, uh, just looking at this
+path, the first round, the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, the first round, the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, the first round, the only thing I
+can do is the first vertex in the path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is the first vertex in the path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is the first vertex in the path.
+In the second round, the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the second round, the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the second round, the only thing I
+can do is the second one. Like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is the second one. Like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is the second one. Like to
+execute this path clearly requires at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this path clearly requires at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this path clearly requires at
+least L time steps, right? So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least L time steps, right? So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least L time steps, right? So, this is
+just to schedule the longest path,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to schedule the longest path,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to schedule the longest path,
+you certainly need the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly need the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly need the number of
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+of that path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that path.
+That's a bit handwavy, but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a bit handwavy, but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a bit handwavy, but pretty
+intuitive. The interesting part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. The interesting part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. The interesting part is the
+other direction. So let's suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction. So let's suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction. So let's suppose I
+found the longest path and it has L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the longest path and it has L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the longest path and it has L
+vertices. I claim that I can achieve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. I claim that I can achieve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. I claim that I can achieve I
+can find a schedule that does that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a schedule that does that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a schedule that does that that
+is that fast. And here it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fast. And here it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that fast. And here it is.
+Given a vertex, we're going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given a vertex, we're going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given a vertex, we're going to define
+its depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its depth
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+uh the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length
+of longest path ending at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or say I guess 2V. So it can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say I guess 2V. So it can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or say I guess 2V. So it can start
+anywhere, but I want the a longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere, but I want the a longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere, but I want the a longest path
+that ends at V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at V.
+Okay. Okay. And I'm going to here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And I'm going to here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And I'm going to here I'll
+use length measuring the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use length measuring the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use length measuring the number of edges
+as usual because it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual because it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual because it doesn't really
+matter. So I claim uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. So I claim uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. So I claim uh
+that uh depth is a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that it has the right span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it has the right span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it has the right span
+uh because depth assigns a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because depth assigns a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because depth assigns a natural
+number 012 whatever uh to every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 012 whatever uh to every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 012 whatever uh to every vertex
+and I claim it is a valid schedule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim it is a valid schedule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim it is a valid schedule.
+Let's prove that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what does it mean to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does it mean to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does it mean to be a valid
+schedule? It says that uh if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule? It says that uh if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule? It says that uh if I have two
+vertices u and v where u can reach v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices u and v where u can reach v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices u and v where u can reach v and
+u is different from v then I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is different from v then I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is different from v then I have to
+prove that depth of u is less than depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that depth of u is less than depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that depth of u is less than depth
+of v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v.
+So uh suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh suppose
+uh u can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u can reach
+v and suppose v does not equal u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and suppose v does not equal u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and suppose v does not equal u.
+We want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to show
+uh depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depth
+of u is strictly less than depth of v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u is strictly less than depth of v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u is strictly less than depth of v.
+This is what it means to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what it means to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what it means to be a valid
+schedule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh what does it mean that U can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh what does it mean that U can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh what does it mean that U can
+reach V?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach V?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach V?
+We still have the definition over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We still have the definition over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We still have the definition over here.
+V is reachable from U or U can reach V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is reachable from U or U can reach V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is reachable from U or U can reach V
+if there exists a walk from U to V or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a walk from U to V or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a walk from U to V or
+for DAGs it's the same as or in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DAGs it's the same as or in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DAGs it's the same as or in general
+it's the same as there exists a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as there exists a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as there exists a path
+from U to V. So uh we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V. So uh we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V. So uh we know that there
+exists a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a path
+let's call it uh p uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it uh p uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it uh p uv
+from u to v that's the meaning of ukv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+we also know that it has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that it has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that it has length
+greater than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero.
+Why? Because these vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because these vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because these vertices are
+different and there are no cycles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and there are no cycles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and there are no cycles.
+uh I guess the only way to have a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess the only way to have a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess the only way to have a length
+zero path is if you start and end at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero path is if you start and end at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero path is if you start and end at the
+same vertex but if v is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex but if v is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex but if v is different from
+you that path has to have uh nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that path has to have uh nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that path has to have uh nonzero
+length this will be important in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this will be important in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this will be important in a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+okay let's see what else do we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see what else do we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see what else do we know we
+also know uh or we know that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know uh or we know that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know uh or we know that there's a
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+uh there's a longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pu to uh to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pu to uh to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pu to uh to u
+my my words are starting to sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my words are starting to sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my words are starting to sound like
+numbers. Uh this to o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Uh this to o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Uh this to o
+um right that's the definition of depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right that's the definition of depth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right that's the definition of depth.
+Depth is the length of the longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depth is the length of the longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depth is the length of the longest path
+that ends at that vertex. So let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at that vertex. So let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at that vertex. So let's just
+take that longest path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that longest path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that longest path.
+Uh so this one has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this one has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this one has length
+exactly depth of u. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly depth of u. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly depth of u. That's the
+definition of depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It might be zero. Maybe the longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might be zero. Maybe the longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might be zero. Maybe the longest path
+that ends at U. If U is a source, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at U. If U is a source, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends at U. If U is a source, it's
+just the path that starts at U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the path that starts at U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the path that starts at U and
+doesn't do anything. But it's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything. But it's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything. But it's there is
+this path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path.
+All right. Now, my big idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, my big idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, my big idea is
+concatenate these two paths because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate these two paths because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate these two paths because here
+we have a path that ends at U and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a path that ends at U and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a path that ends at U and here
+we have a path that starts at U and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a path that starts at U and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a path that starts at U and goes
+to V. So, obvious thing to do is glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. So, obvious thing to do is glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. So, obvious thing to do is glue
+them together. Uh, so let's concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I'll call this p subv is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll call this p subv is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll call this p subv is going to
+be uh p sub u comma p subuv. So do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh p sub u comma p subuv. So do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh p sub u comma p subuv. So do
+follow the path pu follow the path puv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path pu follow the path puv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path pu follow the path puv
+and the length of this path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the length of this path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the length of this path.
+So first of all it's a path because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all it's a path because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all it's a path because this
+one ended at u and this one starts at u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ended at u and this one starts at u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ended at u and this one starts at u.
+So you can actually concatenate them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can actually concatenate them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can actually concatenate them.
+The length is just going to be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The length is just going to be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The length is just going to be the sum
+of these two lengths.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two lengths.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two lengths.
+So it's it starts with a depth of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it starts with a depth of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it starts with a depth of view
+number of edges and then it has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and then it has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges and then it has at least
+one more. So the length is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more. So the length is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more. So the length is strictly
+greater than depth of U because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than depth of U because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than depth of U because it's
+just the sum of these two numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of these two numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of these two numbers.
+Okay. Now what do I know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what do I know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what do I know about this
+path? It is a path that ends at V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PV ends at V, right? Because if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV ends at V, right? Because if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV ends at V, right? Because if you look
+at the last vertex it visits, it's V. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last vertex it visits, it's V. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last vertex it visits, it's V. So
+this is a path that ends at V and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path that ends at V and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path that ends at V and it's
+its length is this greater than depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length is this greater than depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length is this greater than depth of
+U. Now depth of V is the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U. Now depth of V is the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U. Now depth of V is the length of the
+longest path that ends at V. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path that ends at V. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path that ends at V. And the
+longest path is it greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path is it greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path is it greater than or equal
+to any particular path. So I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particular path. So I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particular path. So I found a
+path here. That means that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here. That means that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here. That means that uh the
+longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is greater than or equal to this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's strictly greater than depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's strictly greater than depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's strictly greater than depth
+of U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U.
+And the length of the longest path here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the length of the longest path here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the length of the longest path here
+is equal to depth of V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to depth of V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to depth of V.
+So I've proved that depth of V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've proved that depth of V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've proved that depth of V is
+strictly greater than depth of U because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than depth of U because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than depth of U because
+I found a path that was longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a path that was longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a path that was longer than
+depth of U. Therefore, depth of V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of U. Therefore, depth of V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of U. Therefore, depth of V is
+greater than depth of U. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than depth of U. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than depth of U. Okay,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's cool. Uh there's one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool. Uh there's one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool. Uh there's one last thing
+to check here. So I I proved that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check here. So I I proved that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check here. So I I proved that this
+is a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a schedule
+that it it processes things in a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it processes things in a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it processes things in a valid
+order. But we also need to check uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. But we also need to check uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. But we also need to check uh how
+many time steps does it take?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many time steps does it take?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many time steps does it take?
+Why is it the number of vertices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it the number of vertices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it the number of vertices in the
+longest path and not the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path and not the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path and not the number of edges
+for example?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example?
+Okay, the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the span
+of depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depth
+I claim is one plus uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is one plus uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is one plus uh the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one plus the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the length
+of longest path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is what I wanted to prove because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what I wanted to prove because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what I wanted to prove because
+length counts edges. So if I add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length counts edges. So if I add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length counts edges. So if I add one
+more, that's the number of vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, that's the number of vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, that's the number of vertices in
+the path. And that's exactly what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path. And that's exactly what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path. And that's exactly what this
+theorem says. Uh why? Uh because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says. Uh why? Uh because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says. Uh why? Uh because if you
+look at all the possible depths, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the possible depths, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the possible depths, they
+start at zero, right? All the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero, right? All the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero, right? All the sources
+are going to get depth zero. Uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get depth zero. Uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get depth zero. Uh and they
+go one, two, and so on. And I claim they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one, two, and so on. And I claim they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one, two, and so on. And I claim they
+end at the length of the longest path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? Because what are the depths? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because what are the depths? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because what are the depths? The
+depths are the length of the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths are the length of the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths are the length of the longest
+path ending at a particular vertex. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path ending at a particular vertex. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path ending at a particular vertex. And
+we do this for all the vertices. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this for all the vertices. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this for all the vertices. And so
+the maximum value this is going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value this is going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value this is going to take
+on is just whatever the globally longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is just whatever the globally longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is just whatever the globally longest
+path is. It ends anywhere. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is. It ends anywhere. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is. It ends anywhere. Okay? So
+that's why we max out here. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we max out here. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we max out here. And it's
+plus one because we started at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we started at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because we started at zero and
+we ended here. So we have one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended here. So we have one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended here. So we have one through
+length of longest path. That's length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of longest path. That's length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of longest path. That's length of
+longest path. But then we have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path. But then we have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path. But then we have a plus
+one for zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? So that proves this theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So that proves this theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So that proves this theorem and
+tells us how to optimally schedule if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how to optimally schedule if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how to optimally schedule if we
+have an infinite number of processors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite number of processors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an infinite number of processors or
+not infinite but enough that we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinite but enough that we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infinite but enough that we could do
+all the tasks at once if we wanted to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+recast these results in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast these results in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recast these results in a slightly
+different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form
+that's interesting and we'll connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting and we'll connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting and we'll connect to
+the next lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give a couple of terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple of terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a couple of terms that are
+uh concept called partial order which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept called partial order which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept called partial order which
+we'll talk about next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next time
+and they let us think about these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they let us think about these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they let us think about these kinds
+of precedence relations in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precedence relations in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precedence relations in a different
+way. So in particular there's this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So in particular there's this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So in particular there's this idea
+that okay uh left sock and left shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh left sock and left shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh left sock and left shoe
+they're related. Left sock has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related. Left sock has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related. Left sock has to happen
+before left shoe. Uh right shoe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before left shoe. Uh right shoe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before left shoe. Uh right shoe and
+pants are also related. Right shoe has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants are also related. Right shoe has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants are also related. Right shoe has
+to happen after pants. Also winter coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen after pants. Also winter coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen after pants. Also winter coat
+has to happen after pants. But for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen after pants. But for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen after pants. But for
+example pants and shirt are unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pants and shirt are unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pants and shirt are unrelated
+either. They could happen in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. They could happen in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. They could happen in either
+order. There's no path from pants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. There's no path from pants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. There's no path from pants to
+shirt. There's no path from shirt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt. There's no path from shirt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt. There's no path from shirt to
+pants. So let's define uh a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants. So let's define uh a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants. So let's define uh a notion of
+comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+meaning they are there is a precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they are there is a precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they are there is a precedence
+relation between them in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between them in one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between them in one direction
+or the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So either U is reachable from V or V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either U is reachable from V or V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either U is reachable from V or V is
+reachable from U. In either case, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable from U. In either case, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable from U. In either case, we
+call U and V comparable and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call U and V comparable and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call U and V comparable and otherwise
+they're not comparable. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not comparable. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not comparable. These are
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So there's two complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So there's two complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So there's two complimentary
+notions I want to define. Chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions I want to define. Chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions I want to define. Chain
+is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of
+pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise
+or mutually comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mutually comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mutually comparable
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And an anti-chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a set of pair-wise incomparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we're thinking about sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're thinking about sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're thinking about sets of
+vertices, subsets of the whole graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices, subsets of the whole graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices, subsets of the whole graph
+that are either all mutually related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either all mutually related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either all mutually related
+like they they have a defined sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they they have a defined sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they they have a defined sequence
+for them or not. So for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them or not. So for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them or not. So for example,
+uh where's my purple?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Need even more colors. Hopefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Need even more colors. Hopefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Need even more colors. Hopefully this
+will still be clear. Uh so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be clear. Uh so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be clear. Uh so for example
+if I take shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take shirt
+and jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jacket
+and winter coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and winter coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and winter coat
+these are three vertices and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three vertices and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three vertices and I claim
+they form a chain because these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a chain because these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a chain because these two are
+related. These two are related. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. These two are related. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. These two are related. These
+two are related. All pairs of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related. All pairs of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related. All pairs of them are
+related. And in fact they they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. And in fact they they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related. And in fact they they have a
+fixed order right? Shirt has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed order right? Shirt has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed order right? Shirt has to happen
+before jacket. Jacket has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before jacket. Jacket has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before jacket. Jacket has to happen
+before winter coat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before winter coat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before winter coat.
+I happen to skip scarf but I could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to skip scarf but I could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I happen to skip scarf but I could also
+put scarf in. that would also that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put scarf in. that would also that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put scarf in. that would also that would
+be a longer chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a longer chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a longer chain.
+Okay, chains basically correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, chains basically correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, chains basically correspond to
+paths except you can throw some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths except you can throw some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths except you can throw some of the
+vertices away. So that's why I left a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices away. So that's why I left a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices away. So that's why I left a
+blank line here. This is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank line here. This is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank line here. This is basically a
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+of a path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every chain is going to be a subset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every chain is going to be a subset of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every chain is going to be a subset of a
+path. An anti-chain though is is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. An anti-chain though is is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path. An anti-chain though is is sort of
+the interesting new notion here. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting new notion here. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting new notion here. That's
+going to be a set of vertices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of vertices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of vertices that are
+mutually incomparable. For example, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually incomparable. For example, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually incomparable. For example, all
+the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources
+by definition, you can't reach any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition, you can't reach any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition, you can't reach any of
+them for any other because you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for any other because you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for any other because you if you
+start at a source, you can't get to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a source, you can't get to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a source, you can't get to any
+sorry if you start outside you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you start outside you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you start outside you can never
+get to a source. That's what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a source. That's what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a source. That's what I want to
+say unless you started at that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unless you started at that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unless you started at that exact
+source. So all the circled red vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. So all the circled red vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. So all the circled red vertices
+for the sources are an anti-chain. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sources are an anti-chain. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sources are an anti-chain. So
+are all the squared ones at the bottom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the squared ones at the bottom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the squared ones at the bottom.
+Those are the syncs. There are four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the syncs. There are four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are the syncs. There are four of
+them. Those are form an anti-chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Those are form an anti-chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Those are form an anti-chain.
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+I claim anti-chains are really what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim anti-chains are really what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim anti-chains are really what's
+going on in the scheduling problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the scheduling problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the scheduling problem
+in the sense that all the tasks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that all the tasks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that all the tasks that are
+done at the same time must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the same time must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the same time must be an
+anti-chain. So if you look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. So if you look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. So if you look at all the
+things that happen at time zero those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen at time zero those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen at time zero those
+are the sources those have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sources those have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sources those have to be an
+anti-chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain.
+uh all the things done at time 53 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the things done at time 53 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the things done at time 53 also
+have to be an anti-chain because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an anti-chain because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an anti-chain because if
+there's any relation between them if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any relation between them if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any relation between them if one
+of them had to precede another if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had to precede another if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had to precede another if there
+was a path between two of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a path between two of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a path between two of the vertices
+done at time I then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at time I then that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at time I then that would be
+invalid you're not allowed to do that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid you're not allowed to do that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid you're not allowed to do that if
+two if things if u and v have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if things if u and v have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if things if u and v have a
+reachability relationship they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability relationship they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability relationship they must be
+done at different times okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at different times okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at different times okay so the
+things you do at a particular time form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you do at a particular time form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you do at a particular time form
+an anti-chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti-chain
+and so by that exact theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by that exact theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by that exact theorem
+We get this correlary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way to look at a schedule is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at a schedule is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at a schedule is it's
+partitioning the vertices. The vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning the vertices. The vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning the vertices. The vertices
+are all the tasks I have to do and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the tasks I have to do and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the tasks I have to do and into
+the fewest number of anti-chains.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest number of anti-chains.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest number of anti-chains.
+Anti-chain is a set of vertices I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-chain is a set of vertices I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-chain is a set of vertices I can do
+at the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time.
+So the number of steps I need the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of steps I need the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of steps I need the span
+of that schedule is exactly the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that schedule is exactly the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that schedule is exactly the number
+of anti-chains I need to cover all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anti-chains I need to cover all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anti-chains I need to cover all the
+vertices to execute all the tasks. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to execute all the tasks. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to execute all the tasks. Okay,
+this the theorem is this has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the theorem is this has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the theorem is this has the same
+size as the size of the partition. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as the size of the partition. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as the size of the partition. And
+the number of anti-chains you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of anti-chains you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of anti-chains you need
+is uh the longest chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, the proof is exactly you you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the proof is exactly you you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the proof is exactly you you apply
+the schedule and then your anti-chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule and then your anti-chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedule and then your anti-chains
+are all the things I do at time zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the things I do at time zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the things I do at time zero,
+that's one anti-chain. All the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one anti-chain. All the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one anti-chain. All the things I
+do at time one, that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at time one, that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at time one, that's another
+anti-chain. And so this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. And so this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. And so this is kind of a
+neat connection between these are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat connection between these are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat connection between these are kind
+of dual notions. one you want lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dual notions. one you want lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dual notions. one you want lots of
+comparisons possible and the anti-chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons possible and the anti-chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons possible and the anti-chain
+you want no comparisons possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want no comparisons possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want no comparisons possible
+and this is saying that they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is saying that they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is saying that they're related
+in that if I try to split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that if I try to split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that if I try to split into
+anti-chains the number of anti-chains I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains the number of anti-chains I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains the number of anti-chains I
+need to cover everything is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover everything is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover everything is equal to the
+longest chain turns out the reverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain turns out the reverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain turns out the reverse is
+also true the if I take if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true the if I take if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true the if I take if I want to
+partition into the fewest chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into the fewest chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into the fewest chains
+uh the number of chains I need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of chains I need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of chains I need is the
+same as the longest anti-chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the longest anti-chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the longest anti-chain
+kind of cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool.
+I guess this should technically be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this should technically be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this should technically be the
+largest because it's a set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, what else do I want to say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can use this to prove some fun facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can use this to prove some fun facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can use this to prove some fun facts
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's always a large chain or a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a large chain or a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a large chain or a large
+anti-chain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain.
+So for example for any t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example for any t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example for any t
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+there exists a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a chain
+of length or of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length or of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length or of size
+uh greater than t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than t
+or there exists an anti-chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+at least n / t or size of vertices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least n / t or size of vertices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least n / t or size of vertices over
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+Okay, this just follows from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this just follows from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this just follows from that
+thinking about the partitions. If you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the partitions. If you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the partitions. If you if
+you know that all the chains are small,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that all the chains are small,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that all the chains are small,
+suppose all the chains have size at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose all the chains have size at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose all the chains have size at most
+t then you know that the partition into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then you know that the partition into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then you know that the partition into
+anti-chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains
+or sorry uh yeah one one way or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry uh yeah one one way or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry uh yeah one one way or the
+other uh if I know all the chains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh if I know all the chains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh if I know all the chains are
+small then I know I can partition into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then I know I can partition into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then I know I can partition into
+anti-chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chains
+uh with that number. So I can partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with that number. So I can partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with that number. So I can partition
+into t anti-chains if all the chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into t anti-chains if all the chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into t anti-chains if all the chains
+have length at most t. And that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length at most t. And that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length at most t. And that means
+that uh the longest anti-chain has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the longest anti-chain has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the longest anti-chain has to be
+at least v over t because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least v over t because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least v over t because all the
+vertices get covered by the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices get covered by the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices get covered by the partition
+and so the biggest one is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the biggest one is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the biggest one is going to be uh
+bigger than the average. So you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the average. So you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the average. So you can use
+it to do that. You can use it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do that. You can use it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to do that. You can use it to do
+other fun things like have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fun things like have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fun things like have you ever
+wondered I don't know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered I don't know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered I don't know what your
+calendar looks like but for me I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar looks like but for me I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar looks like but for me I have
+lots of conflicting events. I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of conflicting events. I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of conflicting events. I have to be
+in many places at the same time. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places at the same time. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places at the same time. It's
+pretty annoying and partly because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty annoying and partly because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty annoying and partly because I
+have many calendars all displayed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many calendars all displayed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many calendars all displayed in the
+same place. And so, have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place. And so, have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place. And so, have you ever
+wondered how do you display a calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered how do you display a calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered how do you display a calendar
+like this? Well, for for one event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this? Well, for for one event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this? Well, for for one event that
+appear that occurs strictly before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear that occurs strictly before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear that occurs strictly before
+another, uh, I'll draw an edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, uh, I'll draw an edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, uh, I'll draw an edge.
+Okay. So, uh, here's an edge there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh, here's an edge there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh, here's an edge there.
+There's an edge there. Uh, some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an edge there. Uh, some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an edge there. Uh, some of these
+have edges, some don't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges, some don't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edges, some don't.
+Then in particular if I look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in particular if I look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then in particular if I look at two
+conflicting events they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting events they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting events they will be
+incomparable according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable according to this
+definition. There'll be no path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. There'll be no path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. There'll be no path from
+this vertex to this vertex or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex to this vertex or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex to this vertex or this
+vertex to that vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to that vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to that vertex.
+And so what I'm looking at here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what I'm looking at here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what I'm looking at here is a
+partition into chains. Each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into chains. Each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into chains. Each of these
+chains has to be nicely ordered. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains has to be nicely ordered. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains has to be nicely ordered. And I
+want to know how many different chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many different chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many different chains
+do I need? Well, it turns out the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need? Well, it turns out the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need? Well, it turns out the answer
+is exactly the size of the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the size of the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the size of the largest
+anti-chain. In other words, the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. In other words, the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-chain. In other words, the size of
+the largest set of events that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest set of events that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest set of events that are
+pair-wise conflicting, which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise conflicting, which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise conflicting, which is sort of
+the best you could hope for, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you could hope for, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you could hope for, right? I
+need exact I need at least one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need exact I need at least one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need exact I need at least one column
+for each of these guys if they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these guys if they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these guys if they're all
+conflicting with each other. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting with each other. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting with each other. And it
+turns out you can always achieve that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can always achieve that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can always achieve that.
+And that's how calendars draw their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's how calendars draw their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's how calendars draw their
+events. All right, that's it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EGhRQTbtyAQ.txt b/EGhRQTbtyAQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b55e3bf0f9733f37d95e726442576ab1da8d8c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EGhRQTbtyAQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rotation of an insulating rod in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation of an insulating rod in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation of an insulating rod in a
+steady current gives physical evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady current gives physical evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady current gives physical evidence
+for how the laws of steady conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the laws of steady conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how the laws of steady conduction
+determine the distribution of fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the distribution of fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the distribution of fields and
+charge densities in a system composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge densities in a system composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge densities in a system composed of
+a homogeneous conductor and an insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the conductor is a liquid Corno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor is a liquid Corno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor is a liquid Corno
+oil the insulator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the insulator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the insulator is
+Teflon a pair of plates is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teflon a pair of plates is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Teflon a pair of plates is used to
+impose a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference this insulating cylinder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this insulating cylinder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this insulating cylinder is
+free to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's centered between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered between these
+electrodes which will be used to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes which will be used to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes which will be used to impose
+an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electric
+field transverse to the axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation the electrodes and cylinder are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the electrodes and cylinder are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the electrodes and cylinder are
+immersed in slightly conducting Corno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in slightly conducting Corno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in slightly conducting Corno
+oil as we apply the potential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil as we apply the potential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil as we apply the potential to the
+plates the threshold of about 20 KS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates the threshold of about 20 KS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates the threshold of about 20 KS is
+reached And the cylinder begins to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotate which direction is a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate which direction is a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate which direction is a matter of
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you need two more pieces of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two more pieces of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need two more pieces of information
+to explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain this
+experiment the Teflon rotor is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the Teflon rotor is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the Teflon rotor is a very
+good insulator compared to the corn oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good insulator compared to the corn oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good insulator compared to the corn oil
+and the oil has a relaxation time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oil has a relaxation time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oil has a relaxation time on the
+same order as the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order as the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order as the period of
+rotation the rotor acts as an insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the rotor acts as an insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the rotor acts as an insulator
+in series with the regions of conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series with the regions of conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series with the regions of conducting
+liquid adjacent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid adjacent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid adjacent to the
+electrodes as surface charges build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes as surface charges build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes as surface charges build up
+on the electrodes they induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electrodes they induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electrodes they induce
+neighboring surface charges of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring surface charges of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring surface charges of the same
+same sign on the rotor liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign on the rotor liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign on the rotor liquid
+interface a perturbation of the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface a perturbation of the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface a perturbation of the static
+cylinder carries these charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder carries these charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder carries these charges
+along the motion affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the motion affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the motion affects the
+field in return there is a repulsion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in return there is a repulsion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in return there is a repulsion of
+the light charges that tends to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light charges that tends to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light charges that tends to sustain
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rotation the field affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion steady rotation is maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion steady rotation is maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion steady rotation is maintained
+because the convection of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the convection of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the convection of the surface
+charge is just compensated by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is just compensated by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is just compensated by its
+relaxation through conduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation through conduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation through conduction in the
+corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn
+oil the cylinder begins to rotate only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the cylinder begins to rotate only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil the cylinder begins to rotate only
+because there is both an effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is both an effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is both an effect of the
+field on the motion and of the motion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the motion and of the motion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the motion and of the motion on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field the rotation Alters the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the rotation Alters the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the rotation Alters the charge
+distribution because the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because the ratio of
+relaxation time in the oil to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time in the oil to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time in the oil to the time
+required for a point on the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for a point on the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for a point on the cylinder
+surface to make one Revolution is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Unity the field induced rotations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity the field induced rotations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity the field induced rotations of the
+cylinder also are responsible for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion these cells of fluid are spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion these cells of fluid are spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion these cells of fluid are spinning
+on the free surface of Corno oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fluid is contained in this box which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid is contained in this box which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid is contained in this box which
+has two electrodes lying flat on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom they're separated by about 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in bubbles injected on the surface show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bubbles injected on the surface show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bubbles injected on the surface show
+how the rotations develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passage of current through the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of current through the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of current through the oil
+results in a potential drop along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface from above we see the charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface from above we see the charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface from above we see the charges
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+electrodes and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface any slight fluid rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface any slight fluid rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface any slight fluid rotation
+results in charge redistribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in charge redistribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in charge redistribution which
+encourages further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages further
+rotation the interface is unstable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the interface is unstable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation the interface is unstable to
+Cellular motions in its own plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cellular motions in its own plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cellular motions in its own plane and
+the resulting cell pattern is one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting cell pattern is one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting cell pattern is one which
+reduces viscous drag to a minimum
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EQYlOQjzYOA.txt b/EQYlOQjzYOA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14ea355b2892c438fbb14ab401ef31878a43d8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EQYlOQjzYOA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's build the document turn matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's build the document turn matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's build the document turn matrix
+for our corpus so we'll create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our corpus so we'll create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our corpus so we'll create a
+variable called DTM that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called DTM that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called DTM that contains the
+document term matrix just passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix just passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix just passed the
+corpus and the corpus has already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus and the corpus has already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus and the corpus has already had
+all the pre-processing run on it so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pre-processing run on it so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pre-processing run on it so to
+get the summary statistics about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the summary statistics about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the summary statistics about the
+document turn matrix we'll just type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document turn matrix we'll just type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document turn matrix we'll just type in
+the name of our variable DTM what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our variable DTM what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of our variable DTM what we can
+see is that even though we have only 855
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that even though we have only 855
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that even though we have only 855
+emails and the corpus we've over 22,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and the corpus we've over 22,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and the corpus we've over 22,000
+terms that showed up at least once which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that showed up at least once which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that showed up at least once which
+is clearly too many variables for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly too many variables for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly too many variables for the
+number of observations we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observations we have so we
+want to remove the terms that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remove the terms that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remove the terms that don't
+appear too often in our data set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear too often in our data set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear too often in our data set and
+we'll do that using the remove sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that using the remove sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that using the remove sparse
+terms function and we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms function and we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms function and we're gonna have to
+determine the sparsity so we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sparsity so we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sparsity so we'll say that
+will remove any term that doesn't appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remove any term that doesn't appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remove any term that doesn't appear
+in at least 3% of the documents to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least 3% of the documents to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at least 3% of the documents to do
+that what passes your point nine seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what passes your point nine seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what passes your point nine seven
+to remove sparse terms now we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove sparse terms now we can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove sparse terms now we can take a
+look at the summary statistics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summary statistics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the summary statistics for the
+document term matrix and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix and we can see that
+we've decreased the number of terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decreased the number of terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've decreased the number of terms to
+788 which is a much more reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+788 which is a much more reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+788 which is a much more reasonable
+number so let's build a data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so let's build a data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so let's build a data frame
+called labelled terms out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called labelled terms out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called labelled terms out of this
+document term matrix so to do this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix so to do this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document term matrix so to do this we'll
+use as data frame as matrix applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as data frame as matrix applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as data frame as matrix applied to
+DTM the document term matrix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTM the document term matrix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTM the document term matrix so this
+data frame is only including right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame is only including right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame is only including right now
+the frequencies of the words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of the words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of the words that
+appeared in at least three percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in at least three percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in at least three percent of
+the documents but in order to run our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents but in order to run our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents but in order to run our
+text analytics models we're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text analytics models we're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text analytics models we're also going
+to have the outcome variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the outcome variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the outcome variable which is
+whether or not each email was responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not each email was responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not each email was responsive
+so we need to add in this outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to add in this outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to add in this outcome
+variable so we'll create labeled terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we'll create labeled terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we'll create labeled terms
+dollar sign responsive and we'll simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive and we'll simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign responsive and we'll simply
+copy over the responsive variable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy over the responsive variable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy over the responsive variable from
+the original emails data frame so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original emails data frame so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original emails data frame so it's
+equal to emails dollar sign responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to emails dollar sign responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to emails dollar sign responsive
+all right so finally let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so finally let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so finally let's take a look
+at our newly constructed data frame with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our newly constructed data frame with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our newly constructed data frame with
+the STR function so as we expect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function so as we expect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function so as we expect there
+are an awful lot of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an awful lot of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an awful lot of variables
+789 in total 788 of those variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+789 in total 788 of those variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+789 in total 788 of those variables are
+the frequencies of various words and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of various words and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies of various words and the
+emails and last one is responsive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and last one is responsive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails and last one is responsive the
+outcome variable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EuVpZmQ5v6A.txt b/EuVpZmQ5v6A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46364152ec89de91a4c7ef2f930288e25c256b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EuVpZmQ5v6A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9152 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the ferris scene lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the ferris scene lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the ferris scene lecture
+um we are going to do a demonstration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are going to do a demonstration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are going to do a demonstration at
+the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start
+because i'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm going to be talking about
+additional reactions during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reactions during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional reactions during this
+during this lecture and i want you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this lecture and i want you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this lecture and i want you to to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+see one happen so i've got amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one happen so i've got amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one happen so i've got amanda
+traynor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traynor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traynor
+who's manning the fire extinguisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's manning the fire extinguisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's manning the fire extinguisher
+amanda just had her fire extinguisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amanda just had her fire extinguisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amanda just had her fire extinguisher
+testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+so she is ready to go and dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she is ready to go and dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she is ready to go and dr
+sarah hewitt will actually assist me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hewitt will actually assist me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hewitt will actually assist me
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+with the bromine that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bromine that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bromine that we're using
+bromine and me go way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine and me go way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine and me go way back
+because i made bromine when i was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i made bromine when i was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i made bromine when i was in
+high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school
+and the parents of my in my parents home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parents of my in my parents home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parents of my in my parents home
+in the basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basement
+the whole place filled up with reddish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole place filled up with reddish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole place filled up with reddish
+brown gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown gas and
+back in those days the chemistry sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days the chemistry sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in those days the chemistry sets
+had real chemicals in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had real chemicals in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had real chemicals in them
+so so what we're going to do is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we're going to do is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we're going to do is we are
+going to cook some bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cook some bacon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cook some bacon
+and we are going to crack the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to crack the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to crack the glycerol
+and we're going to make this unsaturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make this unsaturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make this unsaturated
+compound acrolein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound acrolein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound acrolein
+then we're going to throw it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to throw it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to throw it into the
+bromine and the bromine should add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine and the bromine should add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine and the bromine should add
+across the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the double
+bond an addition reaction this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond an addition reaction this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond an addition reaction this is the uh
+acrid uh smelly stuff that you smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrid uh smelly stuff that you smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrid uh smelly stuff that you smell
+when you cook bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cook bacon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cook bacon
+this is the burned burn bacon fat smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the burned burn bacon fat smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the burned burn bacon fat smell
+that you smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you smell
+it's colorless flammable and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's colorless flammable and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's colorless flammable and very
+poisonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisonous
+so um let's go we're going to start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's go we're going to start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's go we're going to start this
+so i'm using a uh creme brulee torch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm using a uh creme brulee torch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm using a uh creme brulee torch
+it's my wife's she's probably out of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my wife's she's probably out of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my wife's she's probably out of her
+mind now looking for it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind now looking for it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind now looking for it but
+uh so we're cooking the bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're gonna get that that bacon fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna get that that bacon fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna get that that bacon fat
+the glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycerol
+broken down ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down ready
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've thrown the bacon into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've thrown the bacon into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've thrown the bacon into the
+bromine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine
+you can start to see the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to see the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to see the color
+disappearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing
+color is adding across the double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is adding across the double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is adding across the double bond
+of the bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i present to you bacon dibromide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i present to you bacon dibromide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i present to you bacon dibromide
+good stuff thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i actually don't eat a lot of bacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually don't eat a lot of bacon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually don't eat a lot of bacon
+anymore after doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore after doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore after doing this
+this demo knowing that that stuff is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demo knowing that that stuff is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demo knowing that that stuff is so
+nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty
+and a cancer producer too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cancer producer too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cancer producer too so
+all right let me get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me get this
+hot lab coat off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so emo fisher and geoffrey wilkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so emo fisher and geoffrey wilkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so emo fisher and geoffrey wilkinson
+win the nobel prize in chemistry back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the nobel prize in chemistry back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the nobel prize in chemistry back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their independent work looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their independent work looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their independent work looking at
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+organometallic sandwich-like compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organometallic sandwich-like compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organometallic sandwich-like compounds
+it all started here in 1951
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all started here in 1951
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all started here in 1951
+with a paper published by paulson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paper published by paulson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a paper published by paulson and
+keeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeley
+in nature where they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature where they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature where they took a
+grignard-like reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grignard-like reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grignard-like reagent
+cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienyl magnesium bromide
+and they tried to get an oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tried to get an oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tried to get an oxidative
+coupling of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of this
+ring hoping to make fovalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring hoping to make fovalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring hoping to make fovalene
+instead they got this stable orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they got this stable orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they got this stable orange
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+empirical formula h10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical formula h10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical formula h10
+fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right after this paper came out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this paper came out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after this paper came out the
+fellow on the right geoffrey wilkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow on the right geoffrey wilkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow on the right geoffrey wilkinson
+who was at mit had just moved to harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was at mit had just moved to harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was at mit had just moved to harvard
+and both him and woodward at harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both him and woodward at harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both him and woodward at harvard
+looked at this paper and said wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this paper and said wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this paper and said wait a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+you know with with these sigma metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with with these sigma metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with with these sigma metal
+carbon bonds they're saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bonds they're saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bonds they're saying that this
+this complex actually is stable at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex actually is stable at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex actually is stable at very
+high temperatures up to 400 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures up to 400 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperatures up to 400 degrees
+so that these bonds would disintegrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these bonds would disintegrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these bonds would disintegrate
+at those temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those temperatures
+so they were skeptical of this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were skeptical of this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were skeptical of this structure
+so they immediately said well let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they immediately said well let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they immediately said well let's do
+an addition reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition reaction
+look at all the double bonds here should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the double bonds here should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the double bonds here should
+easily be able to do an addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be able to do an addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily be able to do an addition
+reaction and add across those double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and add across those double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and add across those double
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+they got no reaction so then they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got no reaction so then they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got no reaction so then they said
+okay just for the fun let's try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just for the fun let's try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just for the fun let's try a
+substitution reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution reaction
+for a substitution reaction you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a substitution reaction you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a substitution reaction you need an
+aromatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such as benzene an electrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as benzene an electrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as benzene an electrophilic
+aromatic substitution reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution reaction
+involves an electrophile which simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an electrophile which simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an electrophile which simply
+substitutes itself for a hydrogen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes itself for a hydrogen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes itself for a hydrogen on the
+aromatic ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic ring
+and gives you your product so they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you your product so they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you your product so they tried
+a substitution reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitution reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substitution reaction
+and they actually got a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now they were a little bit more puzzled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were a little bit more puzzled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were a little bit more puzzled
+because look at cyclopentadiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at cyclopentadiene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at cyclopentadiene
+is it aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many pi electrons are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pi electrons are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pi electrons are there
+four good and what is huckel's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four good and what is huckel's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four good and what is huckel's rule
+anyone know huckel's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know huckel's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know huckel's rule
+yeah sean my electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sean my electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sean my electrons are
+anti-aromatic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's one way to to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one way to to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one way to to look at it
+so huckel's rule is four n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huckel's rule is four n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huckel's rule is four n plus
+plus two right four n plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two right four n plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two right four n plus two
+pi electrons where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi electrons where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi electrons where
+n is a uh either zero or any positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is a uh either zero or any positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is a uh either zero or any positive
+integer from one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer from one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer from one up
+if you put zero in there you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put zero in there you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put zero in there you get two
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+that obviously has four if you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously has four if you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obviously has four if you put one
+in there you get six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you get six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you get six
+so this definitely does not observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this definitely does not observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this definitely does not observe
+huckel's rule it's not aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckel's rule it's not aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckel's rule it's not aromatic
+most of these types of hydrocarbons like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these types of hydrocarbons like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these types of hydrocarbons like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+have pkas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are greater than 50 but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than 50 but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than 50 but it turns
+out that cyclopentadiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that cyclopentadiene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that cyclopentadiene
+has these hydrogens on there that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these hydrogens on there that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these hydrogens on there that are
+that are slightly acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are slightly acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are slightly acidic
+because its conjugate base is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its conjugate base is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its conjugate base is very
+stable stabilized by resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stabilized by resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stabilized by resonance
+so if we take a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a um
+from my chalk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we take a base here come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a base here come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a base here come in and
+abstract one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract one of those
+one of those protons what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those protons what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those protons what we're going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this anion and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anion and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anion and this is the
+cyclopentadienide anion this has six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anion this has six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anion this has six
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+now if you if you look at this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of these sp2 hybridized carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now have electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have electron density
+that they can share all around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can share all around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can share all around that
+entire ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire ring
+so this this this is an aromatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this this is an aromatic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this this is an aromatic system
+and what what joffrey wilkinson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what joffrey wilkinson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what joffrey wilkinson and
+woodward said was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodward said was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodward said was okay
+so let's take two of these make kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take two of these make kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take two of these make kind of
+like a sandwich structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sandwich structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sandwich structure
+six electrons on the bottom six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six electrons on the bottom six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six electrons on the bottom six
+electrons on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the top
+and six d electrons from iron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six d electrons from iron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six d electrons from iron in the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+so you've got 18 electrons that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got 18 electrons that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got 18 electrons that's kind
+of a magic number for an inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magic number for an inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magic number for an inorganic
+chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist
+because it's got that noble gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got that noble gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got that noble gas
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+so the d electrons from the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the d electrons from the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the d electrons from the iron
+are pi bonding with the p electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pi bonding with the p electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pi bonding with the p electrons from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hydrocarbons this is a complete reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons this is a complete reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbons this is a complete reversal
+of the classical way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical way of looking at
+ligand metal bond coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand metal bond coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand metal bond coordination
+every everybody used the sigma bonds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everybody used the sigma bonds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everybody used the sigma bonds you
+know no one ever thought about pi bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no one ever thought about pi bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no one ever thought about pi bonds
+can i have two volunteers yes come on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i have two volunteers yes come on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i have two volunteers yes come on up
+go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can come over
+to the front of the table here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front of the table here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front of the table here and you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+aisha and maya okay aisha and maya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisha and maya okay aisha and maya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisha and maya okay aisha and maya
+so let's see what mama packed me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what mama packed me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what mama packed me for
+lunch today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch today
+oh good i got two pieces of bread here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good i got two pieces of bread here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good i got two pieces of bread here
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so aisha why don't you hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aisha why don't you hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aisha why don't you hold the
+bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+one hand like that and stagger the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand like that and stagger the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand like that and stagger the other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and yeah put a space between it and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah put a space between it and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah put a space between it and turn
+turn toward this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn toward this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn toward this way
+yeah turn turn so it's yeah put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah turn turn so it's yeah put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah turn turn so it's yeah put the
+crust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust
+facing the audience on one and away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the audience on one and away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the audience on one and away from
+the audience on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience on the other
+maya take the orange and now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya take the orange and now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya take the orange and now let's see
+let's fix this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix this a little bit
+so there we go and go down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we go and go down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we go and go down a little bit
+now maya come in put the orange right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maya come in put the orange right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maya come in put the orange right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+there it is a molecular sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is a molecular sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is a molecular sandwich
+that's ferrocene the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ferrocene the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ferrocene the two
+cyclopentadienide anions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anions
+and the iron atom in the middle pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the iron atom in the middle pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the iron atom in the middle pi
+bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding
+with all their electrons congratulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all their electrons congratulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all their electrons congratulations
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+maya do you like the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya do you like the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya do you like the orange
+sure thank you i know you don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure thank you i know you don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure thank you i know you don't want the
+bread but oh look there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread but oh look there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread but oh look there's something else
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we just
+figured out how ferrocene is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how ferrocene is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how ferrocene is put
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+now we have to make it and to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to make it and to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to make it and to make
+ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+you need cyclopentadiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need cyclopentadiene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need cyclopentadiene
+but this stuff is not commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this stuff is not commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this stuff is not commercially
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+because it has a half-life of 12 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a half-life of 12 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a half-life of 12 hours
+what it does is it spontaneously adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it spontaneously adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it spontaneously adds to
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+in this reverse diels-alder type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this reverse diels-alder type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this reverse diels-alder type
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to make the dimer so let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the dimer so let's let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the dimer so let's let's look at
+the diels-alder reaction for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're taking organic now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking organic now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking organic now this is the
+mona lisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mona lisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mona lisa
+of all organic reactions discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all organic reactions discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all organic reactions discovered by
+auto deals and kurt alder in 1928
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto deals and kurt alder in 1928
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto deals and kurt alder in 1928
+and they both won the nobel prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both won the nobel prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both won the nobel prize in
+1950.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950.
+you need a diene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unsaturated hydrocarbon with two
+double bonds and a dienophile a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and a dienophile a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and a dienophile a
+substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted
+alkene to make this substituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkene to make this substituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkene to make this substituted
+cyclohexy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclohexy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclohexy
+type derivative what you've got is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type derivative what you've got is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type derivative what you've got is four
+pi electrons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi electrons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi electrons here
+two pi electrons here and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi electrons here and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi electrons here and this is called
+a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four
+plus two cyclo addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two cyclo addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two cyclo addition
+and um this reaction just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this reaction just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this reaction just goes
+you don't have to do it you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it you put them
+together and it goes because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it goes because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it goes because you're
+making these sigma bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these sigma bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these sigma bonds
+which are much more energetically stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are much more energetically stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are much more energetically stable
+than the pi bonds you're starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pi bonds you're starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the pi bonds you're starting with
+but look at our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at our system
+we have these these two cyclopenidine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these these two cyclopenidine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these these two cyclopenidine
+rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings
+we don't have a dienophile we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a dienophile we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a dienophile we've got
+we've got two dienes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two dienes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two dienes here
+and this thing still goes spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing still goes spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing still goes spontaneously
+adds to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to itself
+to produce the dimer and other higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce the dimer and other higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce the dimer and other higher
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how are we going to make this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to make this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to make this we're
+going to crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crack
+the dicyclopentadiene in the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dicyclopentadiene in the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dicyclopentadiene in the hood
+the tas are going to do this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tas are going to do this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tas are going to do this for you
+it's highly flammable the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly flammable the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly flammable the product
+cyclopentadiene is highly flammable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadiene is highly flammable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadiene is highly flammable so
+they're going to cool it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to cool it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to cool it in
+ice the other thing is this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice the other thing is this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice the other thing is this is very
+smelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelly
+so don't wear your silk clothes and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't wear your silk clothes and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't wear your silk clothes and your
+wool clothes to lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wool clothes to lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wool clothes to lap
+when you're making this stuff so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making this stuff so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're making this stuff so you're
+going to be going over to the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going over to the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going over to the hood
+to get your allocation the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your allocation the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your allocation the the main
+thing you have to be aware of is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to be aware of is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to be aware of is when
+you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your
+needle and you put it in and you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle and you put it in and you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle and you put it in and you pull
+your 0.3 mils whatever you need for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 0.3 mils whatever you need for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 0.3 mils whatever you need for your
+reaction vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction vessel
+that you don't grab onto the syringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't grab onto the syringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't grab onto the syringe
+with your fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your fingers
+because the warmth of your fingers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the warmth of your fingers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the warmth of your fingers will
+will dimerize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dimerize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will dimerize this
+right right in the syringe before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in the syringe before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in the syringe before you
+inject it into your reaction vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to heat this up to about 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to heat this up to about 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to heat this up to about 180
+degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+collect the fraction that comes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the fraction that comes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the fraction that comes over
+between 38 and 41 degrees that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 38 and 41 degrees that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 38 and 41 degrees that's our
+that's our cyclopentadiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to be using no air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be using no air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be using no air
+techniques in some of the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in some of the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in some of the experiments
+that we're doing why do you think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing why do you think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing why do you think we
+need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use
+no air techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good there's oxygen in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good there's oxygen in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good there's oxygen in the air
+that's very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very reactive
+so some of the chemicals you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the chemicals you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the chemicals you're using
+like iron chloride tetrahydrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like iron chloride tetrahydrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like iron chloride tetrahydrite
+tetrahydrate could be oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrate could be oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrate could be oxidized
+we've also got this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also got this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also got this that
+cyclopentadienide anion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadienide anion here
+which uh this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh this guy
+which actually which actually decomposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually which actually decomposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually which actually decomposes
+in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in air
+so it's very important to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important to have this
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+so how are you going to do that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you going to do that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you going to do that pretty
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+we're going to be working with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working with these
+little vessels they're called asym vials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vessels they're called asym vials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vessels they're called asym vials
+they have septums on them so you'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have septums on them so you'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have septums on them so you'll put
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+react reactants in there and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react reactants in there and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react reactants in there and then you'll
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+take a vent needle put a vent needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vent needle put a vent needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vent needle put a vent needle
+in into the septum don't push the vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into the septum don't push the vent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into the septum don't push the vent
+needle down too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle down too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle down too
+far if you push it down too far your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if you push it down too far your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if you push it down too far your
+liquid might shoot up through the vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid might shoot up through the vent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid might shoot up through the vent
+needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle
+then you're going to go over to the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to go over to the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to go over to the hood
+you're going to pull out the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull out the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pull out the nitrogen
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+nitrogen will be flowing you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen will be flowing you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen will be flowing you'll you'll
+stick the nitrogen line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the nitrogen line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the nitrogen line
+in now you're bubbling nitrogen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now you're bubbling nitrogen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now you're bubbling nitrogen in
+and this can go down into the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can go down into the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can go down into the liquid
+bubble it get it refreshed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it get it refreshed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it get it refreshed
+then you're you're pushing out the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're pushing out the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you're pushing out the air
+through the vent needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the vent needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the vent needle
+after a couple minutes take the vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a couple minutes take the vent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a couple minutes take the vent
+needle out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then pull out the nitrogen line now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pull out the nitrogen line now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pull out the nitrogen line now
+you effectively have a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you effectively have a nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you effectively have a nitrogen
+atmosphere for your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the reaction scheme for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reaction scheme for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the reaction scheme for the
+synthesis of ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of ferrocene
+notice there are two reactions going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are two reactions going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are two reactions going on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you'll actually have two two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually have two two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually have two two of these
+little asymptotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asymptotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little asymptotes
+in one of them you're going to have koh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of them you're going to have koh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of them you're going to have koh
+and dimethoxyethane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimethoxyethane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimethoxyethane
+the koh you'll have to mass out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the koh you'll have to mass out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the koh you'll have to mass out at the
+balance area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance area
+and you've got to work kind of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to work kind of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to work kind of quickly
+with this because koh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because koh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this because koh
+is very hygroscopic it picks up water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hygroscopic it picks up water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very hygroscopic it picks up water
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+in the other vessel you're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other vessel you're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other vessel you're going to put
+iron chloride tetrahydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron chloride tetrahydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron chloride tetrahydrate
+dimethylsulfoxide and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethylsulfoxide and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethylsulfoxide and then you're going
+to shake those vessels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake those vessels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shake those vessels
+you're going to work out in the lab you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work out in the lab you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work out in the lab you
+seriously you will be you'll you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously you will be you'll you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously you will be you'll you'll be
+sore after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sore after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sore after
+after this lab for about an hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this lab for about an hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this lab for about an hour of
+working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out
+once you shake them well your iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you shake them well your iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you shake them well your iron
+chloride tetrahydrate should dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride tetrahydrate should dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride tetrahydrate should dissolve
+but the koh will not dissolve so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the koh will not dissolve so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the koh will not dissolve so don't
+worry about that if you see koh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that if you see koh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that if you see koh it's
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+once you get everything dissolved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get everything dissolved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get everything dissolved you
+take your iron chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your iron chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your iron chloride
+or your koh dimethoxyethane vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your koh dimethoxyethane vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your koh dimethoxyethane vessel
+over to the hood and you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the hood and you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the hood and you get your
+cyclopentadiene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadiene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclopentadiene
+and you inject it you put that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you inject it you put that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you inject it you put that back
+under an inner atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an inner atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an inner atmosphere
+and then you start shaking it some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start shaking it some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you start shaking it some more
+after about five minutes you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about five minutes you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after about five minutes you have this
+beautiful pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful pink
+color which is your cyclopentadienide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color which is your cyclopentadienide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color which is your cyclopentadienide
+anion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion
+sometimes called the cp ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the cp ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the cp ligand
+that that's forming in your flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's forming in your flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's forming in your flask
+let's let's just stand back for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just stand back for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just stand back for a moment
+and take a look at that top reaction who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at that top reaction who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at that top reaction who
+can tell me the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me the driving force
+of that reaction why does that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction why does that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that reaction why does that reaction
+go alex it's an acid-base reaction yup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go alex it's an acid-base reaction yup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go alex it's an acid-base reaction yup
+yup else up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yup else up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yup else up there
+do you see that just pushes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that just pushes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that just pushes that
+so fast alex resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast alex resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast alex resonance
+okay yeah you're making something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah you're making something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah you're making something that
+that has that has resonance forms yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that has resonance forms yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that has resonance forms yes
+you sell right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell right
+yes you're creating an aromatic ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're creating an aromatic ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're creating an aromatic ring
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+so you're going from a non-aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going from a non-aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going from a non-aromatic
+system to an aromatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to an aromatic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to an aromatic system
+that is a big push okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a big push okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a big push okay
+so once you once you make this then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you once you make this then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you once you make this then what
+you're going to do is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+take your other vessel with the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your other vessel with the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your other vessel with the iron
+chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride
+dimethylsulfoxide and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethylsulfoxide and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethylsulfoxide and you're going to
+start doing injections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing injections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing injections
+going to do four injections into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do four injections into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do four injections into this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+after each injection when i did this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each injection when i did this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each injection when i did this i
+usually put my system back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually put my system back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually put my system back
+under an inner atmosphere and then i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an inner atmosphere and then i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under an inner atmosphere and then i'd
+shake it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it
+then i do another injection shake it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i do another injection shake it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i do another injection shake it
+inert atmosphere and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert atmosphere and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert atmosphere and so on and then
+finally what you've made is you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what you've made is you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what you've made is you made
+pharisee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharisee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharisee
+so once you get down here you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get down here you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get down here you're you're
+ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to
+uh to take a look at that pharisee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to take a look at that pharisee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to take a look at that pharisee
+so what you what you're going to need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you what you're going to need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you what you're going to need is
+you're going to need a small beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need a small beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need a small beaker
+about a 30 ml beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you you half fill it with ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you half fill it with ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you half fill it with ice
+so we're going to have ice in the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you're going to add to the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to add to the beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to add to the beaker
+about 4.5 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4.5 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4.5 mils
+of 6 molar hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you'll add your ferrocene from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll add your ferrocene from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll add your ferrocene from
+your asymptile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your asymptile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your asymptile
+you're going to add your ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you do that you stir it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you stir it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you stir it up with
+it with your stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with your stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with your stir
+bar and you can use a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and you can use a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and you can use a little bit of
+dimethoxyethane to wash out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethoxyethane to wash out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethoxyethane to wash out your
+asymph vial get everything out washed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymph vial get everything out washed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymph vial get everything out washed
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+into that beaker and your orange crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that beaker and your orange crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that beaker and your orange crystal
+should float to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should float to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should float to the top
+once you get your orange crystals you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get your orange crystals you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get your orange crystals you're
+going to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set up
+a little mini buchner funnel system such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little mini buchner funnel system such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little mini buchner funnel system such
+as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this
+and inside of this there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside of this there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside of this there's a there's a
+baby piece of filter paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby piece of filter paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby piece of filter paper
+you want to be sure that you wet this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be sure that you wet this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be sure that you wet this
+filter paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter paper
+and put it in wet otherwise if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in wet otherwise if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in wet otherwise if you don't
+if it's dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's dry
+your product will go under it and end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product will go under it and end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product will go under it and end up
+in the flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flask
+so wet the filter paper pour your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wet the filter paper pour your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wet the filter paper pour your
+product in this is hooked up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this is hooked up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this is hooked up to the
+vacuum in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum in the lab
+and it will just uh it'll just dry your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will just uh it'll just dry your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will just uh it'll just dry your
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and you'll have your filtrate will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have your filtrate will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have your filtrate will come
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+now the filtrate that's coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the filtrate that's coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the filtrate that's coming through
+is going to be a bluish green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bluish green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bluish green
+color what do you think the filtrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what do you think the filtrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what do you think the filtrate
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone i know you know alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone else alex go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else alex go for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else alex go for it
+iron three oxidized ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron three oxidized ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron three oxidized ferrocene
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you actually started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+and you've got some hcl in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got some hcl in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got some hcl in there so
+you've got chloride there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got chloride there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got chloride there
+so what we've made here is you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've made here is you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've made here is you've made
+what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ferrocynium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocynium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocynium
+chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you think that we made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that we made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that we made that
+what does that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like we lost some ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we lost some ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we lost some ferrocene
+probably because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because we didn't
+you know keep that right inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know keep that right inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know keep that right inner
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+all along the way so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along the way so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along the way so um
+think about how you would take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how you would take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how you would take this
+and get ferrocene back from it i'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get ferrocene back from it i'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get ferrocene back from it i'll let
+you think about that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that a little bit
+if anybody comes up with a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody comes up with a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody comes up with a great idea
+and wants to do this on day four when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to do this on day four when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to do this on day four when
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+no lab going on let me know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lab going on let me know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lab going on let me know what you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we've made our pharisee we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've made our pharisee we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've made our pharisee we've got
+our crude pharisee and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our crude pharisee and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our crude pharisee and we're going to
+purify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify it
+and we're going to purify by sublimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to purify by sublimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to purify by sublimation
+definition of sublimation is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of sublimation is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of sublimation is the amount
+of energy in kilojoules per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in kilojoules per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in kilojoules per mole
+that we need to add to one mole of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to add to one mole of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to add to one mole of a
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+to take it from the solid to the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it from the solid to the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it from the solid to the gas
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+hess's law defines the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hess's law defines the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hess's law defines the enthalpy of
+sublimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation
+as the enthalpy of melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the enthalpy of melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the enthalpy of melting
+plus the enthalpy of vaporization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the enthalpy of vaporization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the enthalpy of vaporization but
+for this to hold both of these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to hold both of these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to hold both of these steps
+would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be
+taking place at the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place at the same temperature
+otherwise hess's law is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise hess's law is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise hess's law is just an
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+i brought some carbon dioxide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you see this it's subliming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see this it's subliming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see this it's subliming
+it's going from the solid and i'm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going from the solid and i'm this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going from the solid and i'm this
+is very cold stuff this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very cold stuff this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very cold stuff this is about
+minus 78 degrees i'm going to burn my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 78 degrees i'm going to burn my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 78 degrees i'm going to burn my
+hands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so
+i'm doing this very quickly okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing this very quickly okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing this very quickly okay you
+can't see the sublimation when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the sublimation when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the sublimation when it gets
+into the air but i'm going to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the air but i'm going to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the air but i'm going to put it in
+this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cylinder
+so you can actually see the bubbles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually see the bubbles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually see the bubbles of
+sublimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation
+that are that are taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's another there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another there's another
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+sublimation that we can we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation that we can we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sublimation that we can we can use
+uh we can define it as heating a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can define it as heating a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can define it as heating a solid
+below its triple point to the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below its triple point to the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below its triple point to the gas
+and then collecting that that vapor on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then collecting that that vapor on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then collecting that that vapor on a
+cold surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold surface
+and that's exactly what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you're going to
+do with your crude pharisee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your crude pharisee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your crude pharisee
+you're going to take a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a biological
+culture dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture dish
+sprinkle some of your ferrocene in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkle some of your ferrocene in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkle some of your ferrocene in there
+cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover it
+put it on a hot plate and then fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a hot plate and then fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on a hot plate and then fill up
+a beaker with ice put the beaker on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beaker with ice put the beaker on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beaker with ice put the beaker on top
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+turn the heat on stay keep it under 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the heat on stay keep it under 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the heat on stay keep it under 100
+degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+and after a few minutes you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after a few minutes you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after a few minutes you'll see
+orange ferrocene start to sublime up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange ferrocene start to sublime up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange ferrocene start to sublime up
+inside of the uh culture dish and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the uh culture dish and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the uh culture dish and then
+your crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystals
+will will form on the bottom of the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will form on the bottom of the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will form on the bottom of the cold
+part of the dish and hang off the dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the dish and hang off the dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the dish and hang off the dish
+it's quite a dramatic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a dramatic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a dramatic reaction
+and this sublimation is really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sublimation is really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sublimation is really great
+because oftentimes the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oftentimes the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oftentimes the things that
+you're trying to purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to purify
+are more volatile than the impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more volatile than the impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more volatile than the impurities
+that they contain so it's very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they contain so it's very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they contain so it's very clean
+to actually get a pure substance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get a pure substance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get a pure substance from
+sublimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couple precautions when this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple precautions when this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple precautions when this reaction is
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+if you take your your beaker like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your your beaker like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your your beaker like this
+and you lift it up you're going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lift it up you're going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lift it up you're going to lose
+all your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your product
+it'll fall right off you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll fall right off you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll fall right off you'll have to
+start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over
+so the trick is to slide the beaker off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick is to slide the beaker off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick is to slide the beaker off
+very gently the other thing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gently the other thing you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very gently the other thing you don't
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+is you don't want to open this dish when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't want to open this dish when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't want to open this dish when
+it's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot
+why wouldn't we want to open this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't we want to open this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't we want to open this when
+it's hot alexa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot alexa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hot alexa
+yeah the toxic pharisee would go up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the toxic pharisee would go up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the toxic pharisee would go up all
+around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us
+we'd be breathing it in so keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be breathing it in so keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd be breathing it in so keep this
+close till it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close till it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close till it's cool
+then open it up scrape your crystals off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open it up scrape your crystals off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open it up scrape your crystals off
+now you've made your ferrous scene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've made your ferrous scene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've made your ferrous scene so
+what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like
+we'd like to do is we'd like to uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is we'd like to uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is we'd like to uh write
+a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+and then you're going to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to calculate the
+limiting reagent the theoretical yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent the theoretical yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting reagent the theoretical yield
+from your starting materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your starting materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your starting materials
+you'll take your actual yield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take your actual yield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take your actual yield and
+calculate a percent yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a percent yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a percent yield
+let's just do a just to review a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do a just to review a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do a just to review a general
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll do 2a plus b going to c plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do 2a plus b going to c plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do 2a plus b going to c plus d
+and i'm going to have 0.9 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to have 0.9 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to have 0.9 moles
+of a and 0.5 moles of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and 0.5 moles of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and 0.5 moles of b
+and i want to know how much c can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know how much c can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know how much c can be
+formed theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed theoretically
+from my starting materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my starting materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my starting materials
+first thing to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do is look at the
+equation the equation is talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the equation is talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the equation is talking to you
+what is it saying it says for every 2a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it saying it says for every 2a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it saying it says for every 2a
+i need one b all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need one b all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need one b all right
+how much b do i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.5 so how much a do i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so how much a do i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 so how much a do i need
+one i don't have enough that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i don't have enough that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i don't have enough that's your
+that's your limiting reagent right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your limiting reagent right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your limiting reagent right it's
+going to run out before anything else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out before anything else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out before anything else so
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is going to determine your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to determine your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to determine your product
+so now again take a look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now again take a look at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now again take a look at the equation
+it's talking for every 2a you make one c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much c am i going to make from 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much c am i going to make from 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much c am i going to make from 0.9
+moles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of a
+0.45 very good so my my theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.45 very good so my my theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.45 very good so my my theoretical
+yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be 0.45 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 0.45 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be 0.45 moles
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what you can do now is you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do now is you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do now is you you're
+gonna you're going to actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you're going to actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you're going to actually do the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+you'll you'll mass out how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll mass out how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll mass out how much you
+actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got
+so you'll know what your actual yield is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll know what your actual yield is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll know what your actual yield is
+so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+calculate a percent yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over your theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times a hundred pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hundred pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hundred pretty simple
+you're also going to have to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have to determine
+the melting point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the
+ferrocene and i'm going to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene and i'm going to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene and i'm going to tell you that
+if you take your melting point tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your melting point tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take your melting point tube
+and you stick it in the melt temp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stick it in the melt temp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stick it in the melt temp and
+you're watching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it
+you'll never see it melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think about that think about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that think about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that think about what you
+you're going to have to do before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do before you
+put that mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that mouth
+melting tube into the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting tube into the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting tube into the melting point
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+because you know ferrocene sublimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know ferrocene sublimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know ferrocene sublimes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+just going to disappear on you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to disappear on you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to disappear on you think
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we are going to take our ferrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are going to take our ferrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are going to take our ferrous
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+and we're going to do a friedel-crafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do a friedel-crafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do a friedel-crafts
+electrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophilic
+aromatic substitution reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution reaction
+we're going to take the ferrocene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the ferrocene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the ferrocene and
+we're going to acetylate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to acetylate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to acetylate it
+and normally this friedel-crafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally this friedel-crafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally this friedel-crafts
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+is usually done with a very strong lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done with a very strong lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done with a very strong lewis
+acid usually they use aluminum chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid usually they use aluminum chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid usually they use aluminum chloride
+but aluminum chloride is very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aluminum chloride is very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but aluminum chloride is very difficult
+to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with
+you take that stuff and you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that stuff and you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that stuff and you you're
+walking around with it in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around with it in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around with it in the lab
+it's producing hydrochloric acid gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing hydrochloric acid gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing hydrochloric acid gas
+so it reacts with the water vapor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reacts with the water vapor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reacts with the water vapor in the
+air it's nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it's nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air it's nasty
+so we we have decided to use a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we have decided to use a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we have decided to use a much
+weaker lewis acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker lewis acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker lewis acid
+phosphoric acid the good thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid the good thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid the good thing is that
+this cyclopentadienide anion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cyclopentadienide anion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cyclopentadienide anion
+is more reactive than benzene so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more reactive than benzene so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more reactive than benzene so we can
+get away with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with this
+weaker weaker lewis acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker weaker lewis acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker weaker lewis acid
+so we've got acetic anhydride phosphoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got acetic anhydride phosphoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got acetic anhydride phosphoric
+acid there are no solvents in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid there are no solvents in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid there are no solvents in this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+we're reacting these two things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reacting these two things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reacting these two things with the
+ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+what do you think the phosphoric acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the phosphoric acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the phosphoric acid is
+reacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's it's actually it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's it's actually it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's it's actually it's actually
+activating something to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating something to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating something to produce
+an electrophile which is good and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrophile which is good and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electrophile which is good and that's
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+we need for this reaction so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for this reaction so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for this reaction so it's
+actually reacting with the acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reacting with the acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reacting with the acetic
+anhydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride
+and here it is here you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is here you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is here you can see the
+mechanism of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of this
+pretty simple the acetic anhydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple the acetic anhydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple the acetic anhydride
+phosphoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric
+acid react and you make you make acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid react and you make you make acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid react and you make you make acetic
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+vinegar that's one of the products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar that's one of the products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar that's one of the products and
+then you also make this very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also make this very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also make this very stable
+as psyllium ion and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as psyllium ion and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as psyllium ion and this this
+psyllium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyllium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psyllium ion
+is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's resonance stabilized so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's resonance stabilized so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's resonance stabilized so we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+take a pair of electrons from oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a pair of electrons from oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a pair of electrons from oxygen
+come down here and we can throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and we can throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down here and we can throw the
+the positive charge out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onto the oxygen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the oxygen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the oxygen here
+this is a this is a very stable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a very stable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a very stable system
+this is your active electrophile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your active electrophile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your active electrophile for
+this electrophilic aromatic substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electrophilic aromatic substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electrophilic aromatic substitution
+it's it's your it's it's your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's your it's it's your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's your it's it's your uh
+your carbonium ion so here we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbonium ion so here we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbonium ion so here we've got the
+carbonium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonium ion
+and here's our cyclopentadienide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's our cyclopentadienide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's our cyclopentadienide the
+carban ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carban ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carban ion
+and this carbanion literally throws its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this carbanion literally throws its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this carbanion literally throws its
+electron density out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density out
+to that acidium ion and captures it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that acidium ion and captures it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that acidium ion and captures it
+by the normal steps of electrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the normal steps of electrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the normal steps of electrophilic
+aromatic substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic substitution
+you're just substituting an electrophile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just substituting an electrophile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just substituting an electrophile
+for a hydrogen on the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hydrogen on the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hydrogen on the ring
+and and you you potentially can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you you potentially can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you you potentially can make
+these two products so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two products so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two products so what
+what you've got here is you you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got here is you you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got here is you you've got
+you either could make the monoacetylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either could make the monoacetylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either could make the monoacetylated
+or the diacetylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now after you see this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after you see this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now after you see this mechanism
+let's go back here one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back here one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back here one more time
+what why can't we put more than one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why can't we put more than one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why can't we put more than one of
+these axle groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axle groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axle groups
+on the on these rings why can we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on these rings why can we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on these rings why can we only
+make the mono and the dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mono and the dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mono and the dye
+as potential products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good the the acyl group is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good the the acyl group is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good the the acyl group is an
+electron withdrawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron withdrawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron withdrawing
+so so if you can imagine the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you can imagine the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you can imagine the these
+groups pulling electrons away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups pulling electrons away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups pulling electrons away from the
+ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring
+it's creating all these positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's creating all these positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's creating all these positive
+positions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions here
+and the electrophile is positive so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrophile is positive so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrophile is positive so the
+electrophiles would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophiles would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophiles would be
+repelled away from the other positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled away from the other positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled away from the other positions
+this is a deactivating group here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deactivating group here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deactivating group here
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we've got our we've got our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got our we've got our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got our we've got our products
+but we'd like to know how many products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd like to know how many products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd like to know how many products
+we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+did we make the monoacetylated or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we make the monoacetylated or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we make the monoacetylated or the
+diacetylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacetylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacetylated
+so what we're going to use is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to use is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to use is we're
+going to use a technique called thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a technique called thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a technique called thin
+layer chromatography how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer chromatography how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer chromatography how many of you
+have done thin layer chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done thin layer chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done thin layer chromatography
+oh wow number of you okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow number of you okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wow number of you okay so what
+what we've got is we've got these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got is we've got these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got is we've got these little
+slides they're almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides they're almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides they're almost like
+microscope slides they're they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slides they're they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slides they're they have a
+nice clear surface on one side on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear surface on one side on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear surface on one side on the
+other side they have a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side they have a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side they have a solid
+adsorbent and the solid adsorbents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbent and the solid adsorbents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbent and the solid adsorbents that
+that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use
+are alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+al2o3 and silica gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sio2 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 times x
+water you notice both of these solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you notice both of these solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you notice both of these solid
+adsorbents have polar bonds you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbents have polar bonds you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbents have polar bonds you've got
+alo bonds here you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alo bonds here you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alo bonds here you've got
+s-i-o bonds here what that means is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-i-o bonds here what that means is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-i-o bonds here what that means is the
+solid adsorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid adsorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid adsorbent
+is going to any polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to any polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to any polar
+system that you put on this plate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you put on this plate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you put on this plate is
+going to stick to that solid absorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to that solid absorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to that solid absorbent
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+we're also going to have a mobile phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to have a mobile phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to have a mobile phase
+that's going to carry our components by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to carry our components by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to carry our components by
+capillary action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary action
+up the plate we're going to be spotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the plate we're going to be spotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the plate we're going to be spotting
+this plate with our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plate with our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plate with our product
+and then we're going to watch the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to watch the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to watch the spots
+move up the plate and separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up the plate and separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up the plate and separate
+by partitioning and what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partitioning and what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partitioning and what does that mean
+in in all of these chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all of these chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all of these chromatic
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+it's all about the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the distribution of the
+solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute
+between the the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the stationary
+solid adsorbent and the mobile phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid adsorbent and the mobile phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid adsorbent and the mobile phase
+and so you can get this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can get this distribution
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+which which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which actually
+should be a constant ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a constant ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a constant ideally
+over a wide range of solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a wide range of solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a wide range of solute
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+if we had let's say we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had let's say we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had let's say we had a
+distribution constant that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution constant that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution constant that was
+that was very high what would that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very high what would that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very high what would that mean
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+the spot on the plate yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot on the plate yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot on the plate yes
+august
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good it wouldn't move very far on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it wouldn't move very far on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it wouldn't move very far on this
+plate would be sitting there attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate would be sitting there attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate would be sitting there attached to
+that solid adsorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid adsorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid adsorbent
+and if you had a column and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had a column and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had a column and you were
+trying to separate the material it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to separate the material it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to separate the material it would
+move slowly through that column as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move slowly through that column as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move slowly through that column as well
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what we're going to do i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're going to do i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we're going to do i'm
+going to use a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a little
+jar like this to run these tlc plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar like this to run these tlc plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar like this to run these tlc plates
+let me just get some wood here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just get some wood here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just get some wood here
+so you are going to take a tlc plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and about one centimeter from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about one centimeter from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about one centimeter from the bottom
+you're going to draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw a line
+with a pencil a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pencil a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pencil a straight line
+so use a ruler because if the line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a ruler because if the line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so use a ruler because if the line is
+crooked your spots are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked your spots are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked your spots are going to be
+going in different directions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in different directions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in different directions we have
+rulers in the stock room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulers in the stock room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulers in the stock room
+and then what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you're going to do is
+you're going to take uh a spatula tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take uh a spatula tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take uh a spatula tip
+of your pharisee and a spatula tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your pharisee and a spatula tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your pharisee and a spatula tip
+of your diacetyl pharisee and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your diacetyl pharisee and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your diacetyl pharisee and you put
+them into two little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into two little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into two little
+scintillation vials and you go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation vials and you go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation vials and you go over to
+the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood
+what you're going to do is you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+to get some dichloromethane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some dichloromethane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some dichloromethane
+and you're going to put a few drops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to put a few drops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to put a few drops of
+dichloromethane into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichloromethane into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichloromethane into your
+to dissolve your spatula tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve your spatula tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve your spatula tip
+and then you'll use the capillary tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll use the capillary tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll use the capillary tube
+to draw that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw that up
+and you'll come back and you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll come back and you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll come back and you'll you'll
+spot your plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot your plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot your plate
+with the smallest spot that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smallest spot that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smallest spot that you can make
+and the darkest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the spots will be at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the spots will be at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the spots will be at least one
+will be ferrocene and one will be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ferrocene and one will be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ferrocene and one will be your
+acetylated ferrocene mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylated ferrocene mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylated ferrocene mixture
+that way you can see if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can see if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can see if there's any
+ferrocene still inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene still inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene still inside of your
+acetylation product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylation product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylation product
+and then you're going to take tweezers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take tweezers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take tweezers
+and you'll lower this into the jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll have your solvent in the jar put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have your solvent in the jar put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have your solvent in the jar put
+about two to three ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two to three ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two to three ml
+of solvent don't put more than two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solvent don't put more than two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solvent don't put more than two to
+three mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mils
+i've seen students put five ten fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen students put five ten fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen students put five ten fifteen
+mils in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mils in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mils in
+it's way too much and then when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way too much and then when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way too much and then when this
+goes down into the jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down into the jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down into the jar
+the solvent cannot come up and touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent cannot come up and touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent cannot come up and touch
+your spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spots
+or your line if it if it does you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your line if it if it does you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your line if it if it does you've got
+to start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start over
+so you'll put it in the jar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll put it in the jar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll put it in the jar and then
+you'll you'll kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll kind of just
+close it and you'll watch it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it and you'll watch it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it and you'll watch it you'll
+watch the solvent move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the solvent move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the solvent move up
+and then suddenly it's going to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suddenly it's going to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suddenly it's going to reach
+up here somewhere then you pull it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here somewhere then you pull it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here somewhere then you pull it out
+with your tweezers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your tweezers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your tweezers
+and you draw you draw another straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw you draw another straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw you draw another straight
+line this is the solvent front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is the solvent front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is the solvent front
+and what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is we're
+going to calculate what's known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate what's known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate what's known as an
+rf value it's called a retardation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf value it's called a retardation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf value it's called a retardation
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and it's a unitless number you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a unitless number you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a unitless number you'll
+measure from the starting line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from the starting line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from the starting line to the
+spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot
+and then from this to the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this to the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from this to the center of the
+spot and the starting line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and the starting line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and the starting line to the
+solvent front line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent front line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent front line
+you'll divide that you'll get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll divide that you'll get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll divide that you'll get this this
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ideally we would like rf values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we would like rf values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we would like rf values
+somewhere between 0.15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 0.15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 0.15
+and 0.85 which means that we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.85 which means that we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.85 which means that we want to get
+our spots off the starting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spots off the starting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our spots off the starting line
+but not all the way up to the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all the way up to the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all the way up to the solvent
+front line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to pick the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's start out by picking maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's start out by picking maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's start out by picking maybe
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+nonpolar like hexa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar like hexa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar like hexa
+purely nonpolar c6814
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely nonpolar c6814
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely nonpolar c6814
+if we pick hexane as our eluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick hexane as our eluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick hexane as our eluent
+what do you think is going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is going to happen to
+the polar component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar component
+that's sitting on your line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who said that sean it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said that sean it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said that sean it's not going to
+move at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at all
+that's right because it's it's affixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because it's it's affixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right because it's it's affixed
+to that solid adsorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that solid adsorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that solid adsorbent
+and it's it's polar it's not doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's polar it's not doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's polar it's not doesn't
+like this polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this polar
+non-polar solvent so it's going to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar solvent so it's going to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar solvent so it's going to sit
+on the starting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the starting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the starting line
+so this would not be a good choice how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would not be a good choice how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would not be a good choice how
+about if we pick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we pick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we pick um
+something more moderately polar like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more moderately polar like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more moderately polar like
+ethyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl acetate
+here here's ethyl acetate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's ethyl acetate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's ethyl acetate okay
+so we're going to take this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to take this and now
+we're going to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run the
+run the plate with this what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the plate with this what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the plate with this what's going to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+to the nonpolar component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonpolar component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonpolar component
+think about this now you've got ethel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this now you've got ethel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this now you've got ethel
+acetate for your eluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate for your eluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate for your eluent
+you've got a polar solid absorbent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a polar solid absorbent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a polar solid absorbent and
+your non-polar component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your non-polar component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your non-polar component
+what will happen to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any of the tas want to chime in on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sean maybe it's too close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sean maybe it's too close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sean maybe it's too close to the
+south in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south in front
+yes it's gonna it's gonna zoom all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's gonna it's gonna zoom all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's gonna it's gonna zoom all the
+way up to the solvent front very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the solvent front very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the solvent front very good
+sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean
+that's exactly what's going to happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what's going to happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what's going to happen so
+that wouldn't be good would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be good would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be good would it
+we want something in between we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something in between we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something in between we want to
+separate them but don't want them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but don't want them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them but don't want them all
+the way to the solvent front or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the solvent front or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the solvent front or don't
+want them off the starting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them off the starting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them off the starting line
+so here's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i want you to do is i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is i want you to
+try a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a combination
+of ethyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and hexane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll do like a 1-1 mix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do like a 1-1 mix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do like a 1-1 mix and then
+then do a 4-1 mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a 4-1 mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a 4-1 mix
+and then try a 1 4 mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you to see which combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see which combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see which combination
+gives you the best separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the best separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the best separation
+on on your plate and once you once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your plate and once you once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your plate and once you once you
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+then we're going to use that solvent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use that solvent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use that solvent to
+run the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the column
+tlc is just going to tell us how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tlc is just going to tell us how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tlc is just going to tell us how many
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+are in our mixture the column will let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in our mixture the column will let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in our mixture the column will let
+us separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us separate them
+so we're actually going to fill a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to fill a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to fill a column
+with aluminum oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aluminum oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aluminum oxide
+and collect our fractions here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect our fractions here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect our fractions here's a
+here's a typical column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a typical column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a typical column
+let's pretend we have ferrocene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pretend we have ferrocene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pretend we have ferrocene and
+acetyl phariseen in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl phariseen in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl phariseen in there
+one of them is polar one is nonpolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is polar one is nonpolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is polar one is nonpolar
+which color is the ferrous scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which color is the ferrous scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which color is the ferrous scene
+yes jesse yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pharisee is blue good the nonpolar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharisee is blue good the nonpolar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharisee is blue good the nonpolar is
+coming through first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through first
+because it's not bound to the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not bound to the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not bound to the solid
+adsorbent and it's just flowing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbent and it's just flowing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adsorbent and it's just flowing right
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+and your acetyl ferrocene comes after so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your acetyl ferrocene comes after so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your acetyl ferrocene comes after so
+what you're going to do is you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+to make a mini column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mini column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mini column
+here's an example you're going to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example you're going to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example you're going to fill
+this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with
+alumina about seven to eight centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina about seven to eight centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina about seven to eight centimeters
+of dry alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dry alumina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dry alumina
+and then you're going to put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to put a little
+layer of sand on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of sand on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of sand on top of it
+about five millimeters or so of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five millimeters or so of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five millimeters or so of sand
+you can see it here get an idea what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it here get an idea what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it here get an idea what to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and then you're going to dry load your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to dry load your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to dry load your
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+on top of the sand so how do we dry load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the sand so how do we dry load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the sand so how do we dry load
+our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample
+so what you're going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're going to do is you're
+going to take your acetylated product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take it over the hood and you mix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it over the hood and you mix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it over the hood and you mix in
+about 50 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milligrams
+of alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you you get our old friend out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you get our old friend out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you get our old friend out
+dichloromethane this is nasty stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichloromethane this is nasty stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichloromethane this is nasty stuff
+it causes all kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes all kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes all kind of uh
+all kind of cancers and animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of cancers and animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of cancers and animals
+laboratory animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory animals
+liver uh lungs everything so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver uh lungs everything so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver uh lungs everything so you've
+gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta
+don't breathe this stuff we're keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't breathe this stuff we're keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't breathe this stuff we're keeping
+it under the hood so you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under the hood so you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under the hood so you add
+you know minimal amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minimal amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minimal amount of
+dichloromethane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to get this all wet and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get this all wet and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get this all wet and in
+a slurry and then you use a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slurry and then you use a nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slurry and then you use a nitrogen
+line to air dry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to air dry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to air dry it
+to get a nice powdery air dried product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a nice powdery air dried product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a nice powdery air dried product
+and then you're going to pour your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to pour your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to pour your
+product on top of that top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on top of that top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product on top of that top
+the layer of sand there and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer of sand there and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer of sand there and then you're
+going to put another layer of sand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put another layer of sand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put another layer of sand on
+top of your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your product
+the final layer and then you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final layer and then you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final layer and then you're ready to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+what you're going to do is you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+to add your solvent that you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add your solvent that you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add your solvent that you picked
+from tlc that gave you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tlc that gave you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tlc that gave you the best
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+because we want to separate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to separate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to separate these
+components apart so we can collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components apart so we can collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components apart so we can collect them
+and the thing to remember is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to remember is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to remember is when you
+add your solvent you're ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your solvent you're ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your solvent you're ready to go
+open the stopcock here otherwise nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the stopcock here otherwise nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the stopcock here otherwise nothing
+is going to nothing is going to flow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to nothing is going to flow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to nothing is going to flow out
+and the other thing i suggest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing i suggest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing i suggest is
+get little scintillation vials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get little scintillation vials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get little scintillation vials
+or use the baby erlenmeyer flasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use the baby erlenmeyer flasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use the baby erlenmeyer flasks
+and make sure you weigh them and tear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure you weigh them and tear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure you weigh them and tear
+them before you do this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before you do this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before you do this reaction
+because you may have so little product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may have so little product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may have so little product
+it'll be very hard for you to scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be very hard for you to scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be very hard for you to scrape
+it out to get a weight at the end but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to get a weight at the end but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out to get a weight at the end but if
+you weigh the empty vial first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weigh the empty vial first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weigh the empty vial first
+then you can weigh it and get a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can weigh it and get a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can weigh it and get a weight
+on it and you'll know your mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you'll know your mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you'll know your mass
+so you can calculate your yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate your yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate your yield
+some things that can happen if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that can happen if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that can happen if you have
+bubbles in your column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in your column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in your column
+start over because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over because they're going to
+distort your bands coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your bands coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your bands coming through
+if you don't keep the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't keep the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't keep the solvent
+on top of the top layer of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the top layer of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the top layer of sand
+throughout the whole run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole run
+you have to keep a cushion of solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep a cushion of solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep a cushion of solvent
+flowing keep it above that top layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing keep it above that top layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing keep it above that top layer of
+sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand
+your column will dry out it'll crack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your column will dry out it'll crack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your column will dry out it'll crack and
+your bands will flow together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bands will flow together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bands will flow together
+it'll make it difficult to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make it difficult to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make it difficult to separate the
+different colored bands coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored bands coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored bands coming through
+the other thing is when you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is when you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is when you make your
+column what i do is tap it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what i do is tap it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what i do is tap it a little bit
+each time you put the sand and alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you put the sand and alumina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you put the sand and alumina
+and make it level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it level
+so you don't have these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have these kind of
+irregular surfaces that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular surfaces that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular surfaces that can
+cause distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're going to take your melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take your melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take your melting
+point calculate your percent yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point calculate your percent yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point calculate your percent yields
+determine the mass of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the mass of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the mass of the components
+and that's that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's pretty much
+all you need to do for that now i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to do for that now i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to do for that now i want
+to show you what's happening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what's happening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what's happening with
+ferrocene today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene today
+this is really really something what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really really something what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really really something what's
+what's going on it's been what how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's been what how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's been what how many
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+51 it's been almost 70 years right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 it's been almost 70 years right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 it's been almost 70 years right
+okay some people have taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some people have taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some people have taken the
+penicillinic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillinic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillinic acid
+shell that was synthesized here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that was synthesized here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that was synthesized here at mit
+by john sheehan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by john sheehan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by john sheehan
+in the 1950s and they've acetylated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s and they've acetylated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s and they've acetylated it
+with ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ferrocene
+making ferrocenyl penicillin and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ferrocenyl penicillin and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ferrocenyl penicillin and it
+actually overcomes some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overcomes some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overcomes some of the
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+that's developed by the penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developed by the penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developed by the penicillin
+antibiotics that have been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics that have been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics that have been around for
+decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades
+another thing someone has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing someone has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing someone has taken
+tamoxifen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamoxifen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamoxifen
+breast cancer drug has been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer drug has been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer drug has been around for
+decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades
+it's become resistant to a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become resistant to a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become resistant to a lot of the
+breast cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancers
+it's used on they've taken the phenyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used on they've taken the phenyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used on they've taken the phenyl
+group off here put ferrocene on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group off here put ferrocene on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group off here put ferrocene on
+added an oah group and created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added an oah group and created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added an oah group and created
+hydroxyfurosephene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyfurosephene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyfurosephene
+which is also overcoming some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also overcoming some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also overcoming some of the
+resistant breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant breast cancer
+it's it's really incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really incredible
+this is one of my favorites what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorites what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my favorites what's the
+most vicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vicious
+animal on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the mosquito exactly i mean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosquito exactly i mean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosquito exactly i mean there are
+two million deaths by these mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million deaths by these mosquitoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two million deaths by these mosquitoes
+with malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with malaria
+every year chloroquine has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year chloroquine has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year chloroquine has been the
+the source but it was discovered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source but it was discovered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source but it was discovered in the
+30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s
+so a lot of resistance right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of resistance right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of resistance right so what
+they've done to chloroquine is they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done to chloroquine is they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done to chloroquine is they've
+taken the scaffold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the scaffold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the scaffold here
+and they split it open and inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they split it open and inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they split it open and inserted
+ferrocene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferrocene
+made made made pharaoh queen this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made made made pharaoh queen this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made made made pharaoh queen this is our
+fairy queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairy queen
+that's a good yeah ferroquine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good yeah ferroquine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good yeah ferroquine
+this could be the first organometallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the first organometallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the first organometallic
+antibiotic on the market santa fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic on the market santa fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic on the market santa fe
+aventis has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aventis has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aventis has
+pushed us through stage two clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed us through stage two clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed us through stage two clinical
+trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials
+i'm not sure where it is now but i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure where it is now but i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure where it is now but i got
+this most recent paper here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most recent paper here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this most recent paper here
+so this looks very promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+testosterone dihydroxy testosterone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone dihydroxy testosterone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone dihydroxy testosterone the
+nemesis of all men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nemesis of all men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nemesis of all men
+because the prostate gland it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prostate gland it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prostate gland it
+it grows and then you get cancer all men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and then you get cancer all men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows and then you get cancer all men
+will get cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get cancer
+if you live long enough so what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you live long enough so what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you live long enough so what they've
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+is they've made ferrocene derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they've made ferrocene derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they've made ferrocene derivatives of
+these hormones that block the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hormones that block the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hormones that block the receptor
+site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site
+to stop the the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop the the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop the the growth
+this is a good one this just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good one this just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good one this just this is
+just happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happening
+they took cedaxane and they they removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took cedaxane and they they removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took cedaxane and they they removed
+this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group
+and attached ferrocene and created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attached ferrocene and created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attached ferrocene and created
+sodexacine this is an anti-fungal agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodexacine this is an anti-fungal agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodexacine this is an anti-fungal agent
+and it's it's relatively non-toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's relatively non-toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's relatively non-toxic
+and i mean you know these funguses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you know these funguses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you know these funguses are
+out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of control
+they there's they've reached the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's they've reached the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's they've reached the end of
+the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+on these fungicides that can stop them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these fungicides that can stop them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these fungicides that can stop them
+so this is a great addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a great addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a great addition
+i'm not sure where this is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure where this is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure where this is going to go
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+here's ferrocene attached to a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ferrocene attached to a zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ferrocene attached to a zinc
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+and um and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and this this
+rivals the dis the drug cisplatin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals the dis the drug cisplatin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivals the dis the drug cisplatin
+in terms of these mcf7 breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these mcf7 breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these mcf7 breast cancer
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+knocking them knocking them out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking them knocking them out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking them knocking them out so
+there's a lot of good stuff happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of good stuff happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of good stuff happening
+with pharisee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pharisee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pharisee
+and be sure to take a look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be sure to take a look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be sure to take a look at the the
+safety on the chemicals here the tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety on the chemicals here the tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety on the chemicals here the tas
+will go over this with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over this with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go over this with you
+and we'll see you on thursday for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see you on thursday for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see you on thursday for a very
+important lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lecture
+probably the most important lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important lecture in
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+how to write a lab report it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write a lab report it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write a lab report it's all about
+lab reports and dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab reports and dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab reports and dr
+sarah ewart will be giving that thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FEmDxtkee_0.txt b/FEmDxtkee_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e8d78ec4d7d833c2ddaaadfd6cf343d1ddcd37c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FEmDxtkee_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2943 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hey, everybody.
+
+Welcome to 6.849, Geometric
+Folding Algorithms.
+
+I am Erik Demaine.
+
+You can call me Erik.
+
+And we have as TA Jayson
+Lynch, who's right there.
+
+And this class is a bit
+unusual, at least for me,
+
+because I'm trying for the first
+time a new experiment, which
+
+is inverted lecturing.
+
+And I wrote this on the
+poster for the class,
+
+and everyone started asking
+me, what's inverted lectures?
+
+Well, it's not a new idea, but
+I've never tried it before.
+
+The concept is to make these
+in-class times, where we're
+
+all here together,
+more interactive
+
+by taking the lecture component
+of the class, which is covering
+
+all the material into videos
+that you watch online.
+
+So this class is basically
+going to alternate
+
+between real in-person things,
+as you are here-- of course,
+
+we are also being
+video recorded,
+
+so slightly a
+contradiction in terms--
+
+but that's for the
+people in the interwebs
+
+to be able to watch this.
+
+So we'll alternate between the
+real in-class part and video
+
+lectures from the
+last time I taught
+
+this class, which was fall 2010.
+
+So this is actually
+what the course web
+
+page looks like
+as of an hour ago.
+
+So we've got these-- L01,
+L02, L03-- those are lectures.
+
+That's content, lots
+of material packed
+
+in there, which is how I'm
+used to teaching a class-- put
+
+as much material as
+I can for a lecture.
+
+Those are already available.
+
+You can start
+watching those videos.
+
+Lecture one is optional.
+
+I'm going to basically cover a
+shorter version of that today.
+
+It says right there, optional.
+
+Then the Cs, which
+don't exist yet,
+
+because we're
+doing it right now.
+
+The Cs are the in-class
+sessions, the contact hours.
+
+Some of those may be
+recorded, like this one,
+
+we're going to record.
+
+But some will not be, and
+you need to attend both.
+
+So you've got to
+watch the videos,
+
+and you've got attend
+all the classes.
+
+That's the set up.
+
+So this is a bit unusual, so
+I'll spend a few more minutes
+
+on how this class is formatted.
+
+So-- requirements.
+
+We've got-- watch
+video lectures.
+
+I'll talk a little bit
+about timing of that.
+
+And then we've got
+attend classes.
+
+And then to the actual
+material, a regular part
+
+of the class that
+you'll be graded on
+
+consists of two parts:
+problem sets and a project.
+
+The project also
+has a presentation.
+
+This is a project focus class,
+so the bulk of your grade
+
+is based on the project
+and presentation.
+
+Project can take on
+many different forms.
+
+This is a theoretical
+computer science class,
+
+so there's the typical
+kinds of projects, like,
+
+to read a bunch of papers and
+summarize them, survey them.
+
+Though we ask that you
+keep them disjoint,
+
+more or less-- avoid
+stuff that is well
+
+covered in this book,
+Geometric Folding Algorithms,
+
+or in the class itself.
+
+But otherwise you
+can survey material.
+
+In addition to the
+standard survey paper,
+
+or instead of a
+standard survey paper,
+
+you can write a bunch
+of Wikipedia articles
+
+about folding stuff.
+
+So where survey stuff
+should be new material
+
+that you haven't
+seen, Wikipedia stuff
+
+could be material that
+you've seen in this class
+
+but is not well
+covered in Wikipedia.
+
+And that will help take over
+the world, our usual goal.
+
+If you see a cool
+algorithm, in this class
+
+you could implement
+it if you're a coder
+
+and see how it
+actually works, make it
+
+demoable, which will be fun.
+
+Or you can work on
+an open problem.
+
+So if there's
+interest, we'll run
+
+an optional open problem-solving
+session, where we'll all
+
+get together and try
+to solve open problems.
+
+I might also do them
+in these class times,
+
+because now we have a lot of
+freedom to be more attractive,
+
+to actually fold paper
+or to have fun in class.
+
+And instead of me trying
+to pack as much material
+
+as I can-- because
+that's already
+
+been done in the videos-- you
+could pose an open problem.
+
+Especially if you come
+from another field,
+
+you may have some interesting
+folding-related problems.
+
+Those could be really cool.
+
+Or you could build something,
+a physical sculpture,
+
+physical structure of
+some kind, furniture,
+
+architecture, whatever.
+
+Or you could do it
+in a virtual world
+
+and just design
+something interesting.
+
+Though there you might
+want to do more than one,
+
+make it harder for yourself.
+
+All of these are
+possible projects.
+
+There's a lot of different
+options for different types
+
+of people, different
+backgrounds, whatever.
+
+Then we'll also have problem
+sets, which are weekly,
+
+roughly, and they
+shouldn't be too long.
+
+And they will also
+have an option
+
+of not doing all the problems.
+
+So every problem
+set will probably
+
+have the rule that
+you can drop, we
+
+will drop the
+lowest grade on one
+
+of the problems that's
+on the problem set.
+
+So that means if you just
+don't want to do a problem,
+
+you can skip it
+and your grade will
+
+be determined by the others.
+
+If you want you could
+try to do all of them,
+
+and we'll just drop
+the lowest grade.
+
+So if there's some problems
+are easier for you,
+
+harder for others,
+you can mix and match.
+
+Cool.
+
+There's a lot more details
+about this stuff on the website.
+
+If you click on
+Project, you'll get
+
+lots of details about these
+different styles of project
+
+implementation-- survey,
+open problems, whatever.
+
+Because what I said
+was pretty brief.
+
+So look at that
+for more details.
+
+Project, you don't have
+to worry about right away,
+
+but one of the luxuries
+of having video lectures
+
+is you could skip
+ahead a little bit
+
+to see what looks
+interesting to you
+
+and work on a project
+related to that.
+
+I wanted to briefly show you a
+little bit about this website
+
+and how it works, so
+you get a flavor for it.
+
+So let's say the
+very next thing you
+
+should do, right after you
+leave here, sometime between now
+
+and noon on Monday, you
+should watch lecture two.
+
+So you can just click on
+lecture two here on the left.
+
+And this is the way it's set up.
+
+You could zoom to fit
+everything on your screen.
+
+On the upper left
+you've, got your video.
+
+And this should start playing.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-All right, welcome
+back to 6.849.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Hey it's me.
+
+I'm even wearing
+the right t-shirt.
+
+I had a coincidence.
+
+The fun thing about these
+videos, as a few nice features.
+
+One is as you jump
+around in the video,
+
+you see the slide down here
+in the lower left updates
+
+to whatever I'm covering.
+
+And also if I jump farther,
+the page handwritten
+
+notes that I'm covering
+on the right changes.
+
+So as I scrabble around, I think
+is the term-- too many buttons.
+
+Who designed this website?
+
+All right, I forgot this.
+
+Reload.
+
+So to jump around.
+
+I'll turn down the volume.
+
+You can also speed up the video.
+
+This can be pretty entertaining
+if you go really fast.
+
+But you can go 1.1, 1.2,
+that's pretty comfortable.
+
+1.5.
+
+Yesterday I listened to a video
+to at 2x. it's interesting.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-In general, when
+I make that fold,
+
+it might come out of here.
+
+I'd have to wrap around
+that [? cone ?], sometimes.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Thankfully, I do
+not sound like a Chipmunk.
+
+But if you haven't seen lecture
+before, it's a little harder.
+
+But I'll be watching
+the lectures with you,
+
+experiencing the same
+total number of hours
+
+you have to experience,
+So we're in this together.
+
+Let me know if you have any
+comments on the website.
+
+It's all been done by
+hand, so if there's
+
+anything you want changed,
+it's easy to change.
+
+You can also do fun things.
+
+Like when it's paused,
+you can jump around
+
+in pages on the right and
+say, oh, yeah, I didn't really
+
+understand that page.
+
+And you click on
+this time, and it
+
+will start playing
+from that time.
+
+At full speed.
+
+We could slow it
+down, too, which
+
+can be pretty entertaining.
+
+Anyway, you get the idea.
+
+Let me know how it goes.
+
+I want to make it
+as easy as possible.
+
+In fact, if you don't
+like my software,
+
+you can just skip it
+all, download this video,
+
+like 720p version
+or the 360p version.
+
+Play it in VLC with whatever
+fancy speed up, speed downs,
+
+you want to use, or put on your
+iPad or other tablet, whatever.
+
+This page should
+work on an iPad,
+
+but I haven't tested it lately.
+
+If it doesn't, let me know.
+
+Cool.
+
+So that's what it looks like.
+
+And then at the
+top of this page,
+
+you see here a link
+to completion form.
+
+When you finish watching the
+video, you click on this form.
+
+It's pretty minimal.
+
+You enter basically
+your name, your username
+
+or your email address, you
+say yes, I watched the video,
+
+and then that's all that's
+required, you click Submit.
+
+But we highly
+encourage you to say
+
+what you think at this point.
+
+If you have any questions about
+the lecture, that wasn't clear,
+
+or anything you
+didn't understand.
+
+Or I a briefly mention something
+that sounded cool to you,
+
+and you want to
+know more about it.
+
+This is your chance to
+influence what I cover in class,
+
+and this is why
+you have to submit
+
+this form by noon
+the previous day.
+
+So watching video lectures
+and filling out that form
+
+is due by noon on
+Mondays and Wednesdays,
+
+the day before class.
+
+That will give me 22 hours
+to prepare class, which
+
+should be enough,
+we'll find out.
+
+And so I can adapt
+the in-class time
+
+to be whatever people
+care about most.
+
+So it's kind of like a poll.
+
+If lots of people say I didn't
+understand x, I will cover x.
+
+If lots of people are curious
+about y, I will cover y.
+
+So whatever you
+want to know about,
+
+typically related things, but
+if you have unrelated things you
+
+want to bring up as well,
+feel free to put it in there.
+
+And we'll try to schedule it in
+when it's time or when it fits.
+
+Yeah, that's the plan.
+
+I've never done this before,
+so if you don't like the form,
+
+tell me.
+
+Anything you don't like or think
+should change, just send email.
+
+Or put it in the form,
+but email's good, too.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I noticed
+you have a "no" option.
+
+Is that for, like, oh,
+shoot, it's 11:45 on Monday,
+
+and I haven't watched this.
+
+Should I still submit
+the form and say, "no?"
+
+PROFESSOR: Interesting.
+
+You're so honest.
+
+Why would you fill
+out "no" on this form?
+
+I guess so.
+
+You can fill out the
+form multiple times.
+
+So you could you could say
+no and give your excuse here,
+
+if you want it.
+
+I'll watch it tomorrow,
+maybe, and then
+
+later on fill it in with yes.
+
+So in particular, if
+you also have questions,
+
+like you watched the video
+early on and then later
+
+on you have a question about
+it, if it's still before class
+
+time, feel free to
+fill this out again.
+
+It just makes another
+entry in our table.
+
+This is a Google form.
+
+Another question?
+
+I guess that's
+the reason for no.
+
+Maybe also we couldn't
+put a single option.
+
+No, it's to force you
+to claim, honestly.
+
+This all honor
+system, right, so this
+
+is like forcing you to make
+a decision to be dishonest,
+
+I guess.
+
+Or to be honest, rather.
+
+Cool.
+
+To make this work, you've
+got to ask questions,
+
+you've got a request topics.
+
+Otherwise I'll just fill your
+class times with more material.
+
+That would be my
+natural temptation,
+
+so you've got to hold me back
+and ask lots of questions.
+
+One particular request
+I wanted to highlight
+
+is to send me cool
+things to cover.
+
+In particular, you
+all surf the web.
+
+And if you see cool
+folding things, or any kind
+
+of folding-related thing,
+on the web, send it to me.
+
+By email.
+
+And the plan is to do one
+a day, or maybe two a day,
+
+for in class time.
+
+There's lots of fun
+things out there,
+
+and it's hard to see it all.
+
+So when you discover
+things, tell
+
+me and I will schedule it
+in throughout the semester.
+
+You can think of this as a
+standing homework problem.
+
+You should do it sometime
+before the end of semester.
+
+Another experiment.
+
+I think to be fun.
+
+That is the end of the
+class organizationally.
+
+Unless there are any questions
+about requirements or style
+
+or format.
+
+Then in the rest of this class,
+I'm going to cover, as I said,
+
+a short version of
+lecture one, which is just
+
+an overview of the whole class.
+
+So I want to give you a flavor
+of what the course is about,
+
+what kind of theorems we
+prove, what kind of algorithms
+
+we develop, so you can
+decide whether you are
+
+interested in this class,
+whether to take it.
+
+There is also a
+survey that, where
+
+you put your name,
+email address,
+
+will add you to
+the mailing list.
+
+And I announce every
+lecture, so if you're
+
+listening to the
+class, you just want
+
+to listen to things
+you're interested in,
+
+come to class for
+interesting things,
+
+just listen to that email and
+see when cool things come up.
+
+And also there's a little
+survey on that piece of paper.
+
+Does anyone not have
+the piece of paper?
+
+Couple people, so we
+will get them to you.
+
+A little survey just
+to get your background.
+
+There's no required
+background for this class,
+
+because lots of people
+come from different areas.
+
+Hopefully, you know at least
+one of the background areas,
+
+but anything can
+kind of be filled in.
+
+And one of the points
+of this questionnaire
+
+is if there's something
+you don't understand, like,
+
+oh, gosh I should
+know XYZ algorithm,
+
+and you assumed it in
+lecture, but I don't know it,
+
+could you cover it?
+
+And if enough people
+request that, I will.
+
+So that's the format.
+
+Out of curiosity, how many
+people here are a course six?
+
+And how many people
+are course 18?
+
+And how many people are other?
+
+OK.
+
+So reasonably balanced.
+
+A lot of 6, though.
+
+So we are talking about
+geometric folding algorithms.
+
+So there's geometry,
+there's folding,
+
+and there's algorithms.
+
+Algorithms are how we compute
+things at least theoretically,
+
+and in general what
+this field is about
+
+is both mathematics
+and computer science.
+
+Say, the mathematics
+and algorithms
+
+that underlie how things fold.
+
+And the technical term for
+things is geometric objects.
+
+And we're interested
+not only in how
+
+they fold, but also
+how they unfold.
+
+In general, you have
+some geometric structure
+
+they can reconfigure,
+like, my arm here
+
+can reconfigure in
+interesting ways.
+
+We want to know-- what are all
+the ways they can reconfigure,
+
+what all the way it could fold?
+
+This piece of paper is
+another geometric object.
+
+We want to know what all
+the ways that it can fold.
+
+Before I talk about more
+formally what this means,
+
+I want to show you that
+folding comes up everywhere,
+
+pretty much.
+
+Almost any discipline
+you can name,
+
+there's some, if it involves
+physical things at least,
+
+has geometric objects.
+
+Geometric objects
+tend to comply.
+
+Even if you're working with
+completely rigid objects,
+
+you don't want them to fold.
+
+That's a folding problem.
+
+So I have here a list of a bunch
+of different application areas,
+
+and I'm going to show you some
+pictures and videos related
+
+to them.
+
+So the first one is robotics.
+
+So if you have things
+like a robotic arm,
+
+it starts in one configuration.
+
+You want to continuously
+move it to reach
+
+some other configuration,
+so it can pick up somebody,
+
+drop it off over here.
+
+I want to know,
+how should I plan
+
+the motion of my robotic arm?
+
+A different kind of
+robotic application
+
+is to make sheets of
+material that are themselves
+
+robots that told
+themselves into origami.
+
+This is a self folding sheet
+developed by collaboration
+
+with MIT and Harvard.
+
+And you just send a little
+bit of electrical current.
+
+These little metal
+pieces heat up,
+
+which causes them to pull
+the creases shut, and, boom,
+
+you get your origami boat--
+with no origamist required.
+
+The same sheet can fold
+into many different shapes,
+
+and the underlying
+algorithm here,
+
+or the underlying
+mathematics, is
+
+that this pattern of
+creases, square grid
+
+with altering
+diagonals, can fold
+
+into essentially any shape
+that is made out of cubes.
+
+Here we're making a paper
+plane out of the same sheet,
+
+sending it different signals.
+
+It does not fly but
+probably floats.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+And you can imagine a
+sheet like this could just
+
+be arbitrarily reprogrammed
+to fold into this gadget,
+
+so I don't have to bring
+around so many gadgets.
+
+Maybe my laptop
+could fold smaller,
+
+and later could unfold in
+something to my desktop.
+
+And I don't know, my
+phone could reconfigure
+
+into something else.
+
+That's the vision.
+
+This is what we call
+programmable matter, where
+
+you can change shape.
+
+In the same way that
+we program software,
+
+we want to be able
+to program shape.
+
+Obviously, we're just
+getting there now.
+
+So that's robotics.
+
+Next up is graphics.
+
+One example is you want
+to animate a character
+
+from one position to another.
+
+That's a key frame animation
+that's a folding problem.
+
+I have here an example of
+the two dimensional analog,
+
+where you have one polygon
+and another polygon,
+
+and you want to
+morph continuously
+
+from one to the other.
+
+And these animations
+are all found
+
+by algorithms that are
+motivated by folding stuff
+
+that we will cover
+in this class.
+
+And that's not so easy, but
+it's lots of fun things.
+
+All of these motions
+avoid collision,
+
+and they approximately preserve
+the edge lengths, also,
+
+if it's possible.
+
+If they match on the
+left and the right,
+
+they will preserve
+those edge links.
+
+So that's graphics, morphing.
+
+Mechanics motivated a lot of
+mechanical linkage problems.
+
+In particular is this
+great book from 1877
+
+called How to Draw
+a Straight Line.
+
+You may think you know how
+to draw a straight line,
+
+but the point of this
+book is to figure out--
+
+by turning a circular crank,
+can I draw a straight line?
+
+And this is motivated by steam
+engines, where you have a steam
+
+piston is moving up and
+down in a straight line,
+
+and you want to turn
+a wheel on your train.
+
+So how do you do that?
+
+Well, these are two
+old ways to do it,
+
+and here's what they look like
+this in computational land.
+
+These are the original drawings.
+
+So we have on the top a design
+by Watt, the unit, in 1784,
+
+and it's approximately straight.
+
+It's not perfect, but this
+highlighted point moves
+
+along a circle,
+and the green point
+
+moves along the figure eight.
+
+And the figure eight is fairly
+straight here in the middle.
+
+So if you just use that
+part, it works pretty well.
+
+You lose a little
+bit from the wiggle,
+
+but it was used in a lot
+of locomotive engines.
+
+Down here, you have the
+first correct solution
+
+by [? Percy ?] in 1864,
+almost 100 years later,
+
+and if you move the highlighted
+a point along the circle,
+
+this point moves
+along the red line.
+
+And there's a whole bunch of
+mathematics related to this,
+
+generalizing this result, and
+we will cover it in this class.
+
+Next up, we have manufacturing.
+
+This is a fun example of
+bending a piece of wire.
+
+This is a machine called DIWire,
+do-it-yourself wire bending.
+
+So you can build one
+of these machines.
+
+Here, it's making
+a planar shape.
+
+You can also make
+three-dimensional shapes.
+
+Lots of things are possible.
+
+This is a recent machine.
+
+There's actually a
+lot of wire bending
+
+machines that are out there.
+
+This is a nice and simple one.
+
+But can you make everything?
+
+No, because this piece of
+wire can't collide with itself
+
+and can't collide
+with the machine.
+
+That's a constraint.
+
+And you want to figure out,
+what shapes can you make?
+
+Can I make my pair of glasses,
+or am I limited somehow?
+
+That's a folding problem,
+which we will talk about.
+
+Next up, medical.
+
+So one example of a
+medical application
+
+is to build a stent.
+
+This is called an origami
+stent, developed at Oxford
+
+about two years ago.
+
+And the idea is you want to do
+non-intrusive heart surgery,
+
+so you want to take
+this big thing,
+
+fold it down really small,
+like this, and stick it
+
+through some small blood
+vessels in your body
+
+until you get up near
+your heart where you've
+
+got nice big vessels
+you want to de-clog.
+
+And so you want to expand it
+back out to its larger size.
+
+So it's essentially a
+transportation problem.
+
+You want to make
+something small,
+
+until it gets where you need
+it, and then you make it big.
+
+That's one example of
+a medical application.
+
+Related to that kind of
+transportation problem,
+
+you also have
+motivation of aerospace.
+
+So you want to send a
+large object into space,
+
+and your space shuttle
+isn't big enough to do it.
+
+You'd like to fold it
+down to become smaller.
+
+This is an example by Robert
+Lang, who is pictured here,
+
+leading origami designer.
+
+And this is a prototype.
+
+It's only five meters in size.
+
+The goal is to make 100-meter
+telescope lens, which
+
+definitely does not fit
+in your space station.
+
+So you do lots of
+foldings like this,
+
+until it fits in
+your space shuttle.
+
+Send it out.
+
+When you're in space,
+you've got lots of room,
+
+and you can unfold out.
+
+And you get your giant lens,
+much larger than Hubble's lens,
+
+for example.
+
+In general, this area is
+called deployable structures,
+
+when you want to make something
+small for transportation.
+
+Then we have biology.
+
+Protein folding
+is a big problem.
+
+A lot of people work on it.
+
+And a protein folds kind of like
+a robotic arm, geometrically.
+
+It's a little different , and
+it's not fully understood how
+
+it works.
+
+But there's a lot of cool
+folding problems, geometry
+
+problems, that we've studied,
+motivated by how proteins fold
+
+and figuring that out.
+
+Applications, things
+like drug design,
+
+you want to kill a virus
+without killing the host.
+
+Design a proteins that
+folds into the right shape,
+
+so it kills one thing
+and not the other.
+
+That's the sort of general
+goal, and have some cool things
+
+which we will cover in
+this class related to that.
+
+Next is sculpture,
+and origami design
+
+is an obvious motivation
+for why you might be here.
+
+This is why we initially
+got interested.
+
+Origami has reached
+incredible heights.
+
+Both of these are folded
+from one square, no cuts.
+
+So just one square paper, you
+can make a three headed dog.
+
+You can make, I guess I
+shouldn't call him a man,
+
+but you can make a
+Nazgul on his horse.
+
+Or is it one entity?
+
+I don't know.
+
+But it's one square
+paper, that much I know.
+
+This is designed
+by Jason Ku who's
+
+the President of the origami
+club at MIT, OrigaMIT, which
+
+you should all check out.
+
+They meet on Sundays at 3:00.
+
+I know there's a bunch
+of origami people here.
+
+So how are these possible?
+
+These are possible through
+mathematics and kind
+
+of algorithms that we
+will cover in this class.
+
+In fact there, is
+a guest lecture
+
+by Jason Ku, which you'll
+be watching, I think,
+
+in lecture six.
+
+And he's not actually
+in town, but still he
+
+can give the video lecture,
+because he already gave it.
+
+It's like time travel.
+
+I have just a few examples
+of some of our sculpture.
+
+This is with Martin Demaine,
+who's your cameraman here.
+
+And these are based on
+curve creases, which
+
+we may talk about to some
+extent in this class.
+
+And we didn't talk about
+it too much two years ago,
+
+but a little bit.
+
+Curve creases are not very
+well understood mathematically.
+
+Almost everything we will cover
+is based on straight crease
+
+design, like most origami.
+
+Curve creases are
+pretty amazing, though.
+
+They do some really cool
+shapes, and we're still
+
+trying to figure them out-- how
+to design them algorithmically.
+
+These pieces are
+on display in DC
+
+right now if you want
+to check them out,
+
+for the next several months.
+
+These pieces of paper are
+circles with a circular hole,
+
+and there's more than one.
+
+This has two pieces.
+
+This has three.
+
+This has, I think, five.
+
+OK.
+
+So that was a brief
+sculpture origami design.
+
+Lots of different other possible
+sculptures, kinetic sculpture,
+
+you might want to try building.
+
+Also architecture,
+reconfigurable architecture.
+
+I think this is an
+underexplored area.
+
+How many people here
+are from architecture?
+
+A few.
+
+You might want to make some
+reconfigurable buildings.
+
+Hoberman is one example of
+someone embracing this a lot.
+
+He started in
+folding toy design,
+
+but now he does mostly
+folding architecture.
+
+This is one example, from his
+company Hoberman Associates,
+
+from the winter Olympics
+in Salt Lake City 2002.
+
+It's very dramatic.
+
+You have this folding structure
+they can almost completely
+
+close up, except for
+a little circle here,
+
+and when it opens up,
+you've got this huge stage.
+
+You can see the
+scale, of people.
+
+He co-designed this
+giant U2 stage.
+
+If you've seen U2 any time in
+the last few years, like I did.
+
+This incredible
+folding structure
+
+is based on similar principles.
+
+And Chuck Hoberman is
+actually teaching a class
+
+at the Graduate School of Design
+at Harvard on Monday afternoon,
+
+and I think anyone's welcome
+if you want to check it out.
+
+You should go see it.
+
+Talk about his techniques.
+
+Maybe we'll get them
+to do a guest lecture.
+
+We'll see.
+
+So that was a brief
+overview of a bunch
+
+of different applications.
+
+There's tons more.
+
+In fact, if you have more,
+please send them to me.
+
+I know a bunch more,
+and we will get to them,
+
+but this is a little
+survey of different fields
+
+that folding touches on.
+
+Now I'm gonna switch over to
+more mathematical stuff, which
+
+is the bulk of the class.
+
+Unless there are questions?
+
+Cool.
+
+So we move to what
+kind of things
+
+we're interested in, in folding.
+
+There are essentially
+three types.
+
+Linkages, which we
+usually think of as one
+
+dimensional structures.
+
+So we have one dimensional,
+usually straight segments,
+
+connected together at
+hinges, and here I've
+
+drawn it in two dimensions.
+
+It could also live
+in three dimensions.
+
+Like-- my arm is made up
+of one dimensional bones,
+
+and then there's
+sockets for them
+
+to join, essentially
+universal joints.
+
+How can those things fold?
+
+What shapes can they fold into?
+
+General constraints
+here are that the edges
+
+should stay the same length--
+I can't stretch my arm longer--
+
+and they have to stay
+connected at the joints.
+
+I can't detach my elbow
+and later reattach it,
+
+at least not ideally.
+
+The mathematical version
+is you're not allowed to.
+
+One dimension up, we have
+sheet folding, which we usually
+
+refer to as paper
+folding, but it
+
+could be sheet metal, anything.
+
+You have your sheet
+of material, and you
+
+want to fold into things like
+origami, like space stations,
+
+like telescope lenses, whatever.
+
+General rules here.
+
+Like this piece of paper,
+you cannot stretch the paper.
+
+It can't get any longer.
+
+It can't collide with itself,
+and you can't tear the paper.
+
+You're not allowed to
+cut it, because that
+
+tends to make things too easy.
+
+So the sort of
+mathematically pure version,
+
+and also the modern
+origami pure version,
+
+is that you're not allowed
+to cut your piece of paper.
+
+So just folding, no
+stretching no crossing.
+
+If you want to go
+another dimension up,
+
+we typically call this
+polyhedron folding.
+
+So a polyhedron is made up of a
+bunch of polygons, like a cube.
+
+And typically we're interested
+in unfolding a polyhedron.
+
+So think of this as just a
+surface that's hollow inside.
+
+If you wanted to
+build that surface,
+
+you'd like to find a shape,
+like this cross, that
+
+folds into that cube.
+
+Because if you have
+sheet material,
+
+you want to start from
+some original shape that's
+
+flat that can fold
+into your shape.
+
+You can also consider
+the reverse problem,
+
+which is folding.
+
+Suppose I give you this cross,
+what shapes can it fold into?
+
+And we've looked
+at both, and I'll
+
+talk about them in a second.
+
+So in general, for each
+of these categories,
+
+and you'll see these
+categories over and over
+
+because they're on the book.
+
+Here it says linkages,
+origami, and polyhedra.
+
+And there's three
+parts to the book.
+
+There's linkages,
+origami, and polyhedra.
+
+Part one, part two, part three.
+
+It's just like this.
+
+Our class will not follow
+this order, though.
+
+After today, I think we'll
+talk about paper for a while,
+
+then go to linkages
+for a while, then
+
+go to polyhedra for a while,
+and then we'll repeat,
+
+go to paper for a
+while, and so on.
+
+Different parts will be of
+interest to different people,
+
+so we'll do lots of
+different coverage.
+
+But I think paper's the most
+exciting, so we'll start there.
+
+In general, for
+each of these types
+
+of things you want
+to fold, there
+
+are two kinds of problems
+we're generally interested in.
+
+And based around the
+idea that, well, there's
+
+some folding structure
+that you're interested in,
+
+and then there's
+the way it can fold.
+
+And you can start
+from either one.
+
+If you start from a
+folding structure,
+
+and you want to know
+what it can fold into,
+
+this we typically call
+a foldability problem,
+
+or you could call it
+an analysis problem.
+
+I have something
+like this, and I
+
+want to know what
+it can fold into.
+
+That's an example.
+
+What can the cross fold into?
+
+Or I have some linkage,
+and I have a robotic arm.
+
+It's already fixed.
+
+I've already designed
+it, built it.
+
+What shapes can it fold into?
+
+The reverse problem is a design
+problem or synthesis problem.
+
+So there I start with what
+foldings I would like to have.
+
+So for example, I want
+to fold the butterfly.
+
+So I design a butterfly,
+and then I'd say,
+
+well, I have a rectangle paper,
+can I fold it into a butterfly?
+
+So that's a design problem.
+
+Here you want to design
+a folding structure that
+
+achieves your goals, like shape.
+
+So that's generically
+what we like to do.
+
+And then there's three types
+of results we typically get.
+
+I'm giving a super
+high level first,
+
+and then we'll get to
+some actual examples.
+
+So these are typical results.
+
+So three types are universality,
+decision, and hardness,
+
+and these relate to
+what is possible.
+
+In particular, is
+everything possible?
+
+And this makes sense both
+from a foldability standpoint
+
+and from a design standpoint.
+
+If I give you a robotic
+arm, I'd like to know,
+
+can it folding to all the
+possible configurations,
+
+or are there some
+that it can't reach?
+
+That, if they can
+reach all of them,
+
+we have a universality result.
+
+Typically when you can prove
+that you can make anything,
+
+you actually get an
+algorithm to do it.
+
+So you could say, oh,
+well, how do I fold into x?
+
+Well, here's how you do it.
+
+There's an algorithm to
+compute that for you.
+
+Also, in design,
+I'd like to know,
+
+OK, I can make a butterfly,
+and I can make a Nazgul.
+
+Can I make everything?
+
+If yes, you get a
+universality result.
+
+That's a design universality.
+
+If universality is not true,
+if you can't make everything,
+
+the next best thing
+you could hope
+
+for is a decision
+algorithm, an algorithm
+
+that tells you quickly, is this
+possible, is this impossible.
+
+So this is like a
+characterization
+
+of what's possible, and what's
+impossible using algorithms.
+
+Sometimes, though,
+that's not possible.
+
+There is no good algorithm
+to tell whether something's
+
+foldable, and then
+we aim for hardness
+
+result to prove that
+there is no good algorithm
+
+to solve your problem.
+
+So that gets in
+complexity theory.
+
+Not everyone's
+going to know that.
+
+We will be reviewing it
+in the video lectures,
+
+and in here as needed.
+
+So those are the sort
+of typical outcomes
+
+for any of these
+kinds of problems.
+
+Let's see some
+examples, unless there
+
+are generic questions
+at this point,
+
+only generic questions
+about generic material.
+
+Next we'll get to
+specific material,
+
+and you can ask
+specific questions.
+
+So first up is linkages.
+
+And, of course,
+there's lots of results
+
+in each of these fields.
+
+I'm just going to show
+you a couple in each.
+
+And the first question
+you are typically
+
+interested in about a
+linkage is, is it rigid?
+
+Does it move it all?
+
+Let me give you some
+examples of this.
+
+Do a little pop quiz.
+
+It's OK to get it wrong.
+
+Just makes for some
+fun interaction.
+
+So, yes or no, is this rigid?
+
+Or, rigid or flexible,
+I should say.
+
+AUDIENCE: Rigid.
+
+PROFESSOR: Rigid.
+
+Everyone agrees.
+
+Good.
+
+Correct.
+
+Rigid or flexible?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Flexible?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Depends
+on the dimension.
+
+Very good.
+
+It's rigid or flexible.
+
+It depends.
+
+It's rigid in 2D, because
+these are triangles.
+
+But it's flexible
+in 3D, because you
+
+can rotate one triangle
+around this hinge.
+
+And this is rigid or flexible?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Flexible.
+
+Everyone agrees and is correct.
+
+In general, given a
+structure like this linkage,
+
+you want to know, is it
+rigid or is it flexible?
+
+This has lots of applications.
+
+Like, you want to
+build a bridge,
+
+you don't want it to move.
+
+You're building a building,
+you don't want it to move.
+
+So here's the mathematical
+state of affairs.
+
+Distinguishing this boundary,
+which is a rigid in 2D
+
+versus flexible in 2D, we
+understand super well as
+
+great algorithms to do it.
+
+We will cover them.
+
+This boundary between rigid
+in 3D and flexible in 3D,
+
+we don't really understand.
+
+And there aren't great
+algorithms to solve it.
+
+It's a little disconcerting
+given the number
+
+buildings and
+bridges we live in,
+
+but that's the
+state of the world.
+
+And we will talk about all that.
+
+So that is rigidity.
+
+Next up we have universality.
+
+So this is the robotic
+arm question I mentioned.
+
+I have a robotic arm.
+
+Does it fold into
+everything, into
+
+every possible configuration?
+
+And the answer, again, depends
+what dimension you live in.
+
+In two dimensions,
+there are cool ways
+
+to reconfigure your robotic arm.
+
+So this is actually a polygon,
+a closed arm, if you will,
+
+a closed chain, and this
+is one way to unfold it.
+
+And then, in
+principle, you could
+
+refold that into any
+other shape you want.
+
+And we will cover-- this
+is one algorithm to do it.
+
+There's actually three
+algorithms to do this.
+
+This is the most recent one.
+
+This was originally
+my Ph.D. thesis,
+
+to figure out whether
+this was possible.
+
+It's called the
+carpenter's rule problem.
+
+This algorithm preserves the
+fivefold rotational symmetry
+
+of the polygon,
+which is pretty cool.
+
+And in general, you
+take any 2D polygon,
+
+you can unfold it while
+preserving all the edge
+
+lengths, keeping
+all the connections,
+
+and avoiding collision.
+
+I'll show you some
+other fun examples.
+
+This is a kind of
+spider, 500 vertices.
+
+We're kind of zooming out.
+
+As we expand here, you can see
+the lengths get really tiny,
+
+but, in reality, all the
+lengths are staying the same
+
+throughout time.
+
+And we fold.
+
+So this is the state
+of affairs in 2D.
+
+We have good algorithms.
+
+It's always possible.
+
+Universality.
+
+So what about 3D?
+
+3D is harder, in particular
+because of examples like this.
+
+We call this knitting needles.
+
+You've got two blue
+segments, which
+
+you can think of
+as long needles,
+
+and then a short, purple
+thread connecting them.
+
+And there's no way to undo this.
+
+In particular, if you started
+with a straight, robotic arm,
+
+you could not hold it in
+the shape, or vice versa.
+
+We call this a
+locked configuration,
+
+and in general lock
+configurations exist,
+
+obviously.
+
+And we don't know how to
+distinguish good or bad.
+
+So here, we actually don't know
+whether there's a good decision
+
+algorithm or hardness, but
+it's definitely not universal.
+
+And 3D's very
+interesting, because it
+
+relates to robotic arms
+in real life and protein
+
+folding and all these things.
+
+I'll be talking about that.
+
+In 4D.
+
+If you're lucky enough to
+live in four dimensions,
+
+you get universality,
+everything's great.
+
+And we'll talk about that too.
+
+So next up, we
+have paper folding.
+
+That was our brief
+overview of linkages.
+
+So paper folding.
+
+I'm gonna mention one problem
+in the foldability world
+
+and some problems
+in the design world.
+
+This is probably my favorite
+are of paper, origami design.
+
+But foldability's
+interesting, too.
+
+The obvious and
+the first question
+
+you might wonder about
+in origami foldability
+
+is, if what crease
+patterns fold flat?
+
+So if you take a classic
+flapping bird, you unfold it,
+
+these are the creases you get.
+
+But in general, if I gave you
+some pattern of creases drawn
+
+on your piece of paper,
+does it fold into anything?
+
+And here, to make it
+interesting, we say,
+
+does it fold into anything flat?
+
+Flat origami.
+
+You have to fold
+along all the creases.
+
+Sadly, deciding this is a
+problem that we call NP-hard.
+
+So there's basically no good
+algorithm to solve this,
+
+and we will prove that in a
+few classes, a few lectures.
+
+So that was the
+foldability problem.
+
+Now onto design.
+
+If I give you a square paper,
+what shapes can I make?
+
+That's the obvious
+origami design problem.
+
+And it turns out you
+can make any polygon,
+
+so you can make any
+flat shape you want.
+
+If you have a piece of paper
+that's white on one side,
+
+and patterned or colored
+black on the other,
+
+you can make any two-color
+pattern you want.
+
+If it's polygonal, it's
+made of straight sides.
+
+If you want to make
+a 3D thing, you
+
+could make any 3D
+polyhedron, also
+
+with two color patterns,
+whatever you want.
+
+We proved this way back in 1999.
+
+I think it was actually
+the first paper
+
+to use the term
+"computational origami."
+
+And it's not hard to prove.
+
+We'll prove it in a couple
+of lectures, I think.
+
+We don't have a
+practical way to do this.
+
+There is an algorithm here, but
+it doesn't give you a good way
+
+to fold anything.
+
+And so the quest continues for
+a good way to fold everything.
+
+And one such approach
+is called Origamizer.
+
+You give it an
+arbitrary 3D surface,
+
+it designs a crease pattern.
+
+This, you fold from a square
+piece of paper-- solids are
+
+mountains, dashed are valleys--
+and you get this bunny.
+
+This is a classic model in
+computer graphics called
+
+the Stanford bunny, and this
+takes about 10 hours to fold.
+
+If you're Tomohiro
+Tachi, who designed it.
+
+And there's free
+software available
+
+called Origamizer by Tomohiro.
+
+And he was just here
+a couple weeks ago,
+
+and we've been proving that
+this algorithm always works.
+
+And it also seems very
+practical, most of the material
+
+here gets used in the surface.
+
+You don't need a very
+large square of paper
+
+to make your bunny.
+
+I have one little
+example here, sort
+
+of classic in the
+origami world, which
+
+is to make a checkerboard.
+
+And this is a four-by-four
+checkerboard, obviously not
+
+the full eight-by-eight.
+
+But you can fold
+an eight-by-eight.
+
+We'll talk about
+different ways to do it.
+
+This one is folded
+from one square paper,
+
+white on one side,
+green on the other.
+
+And, actually, it has a
+pretty good scale factor,
+
+just collapses by
+factor of two here.
+
+See if I can get it
+back into correct state.
+
+So there you go.
+
+You can make your own
+origami checkerboards
+
+if you ran out of your
+regular wooden ones.
+
+Next example is what
+we call maze folding.
+
+This is the poster.
+
+If you saw it, this is a
+folding of this crease pattern,
+
+and the design was-- In general,
+you take any orthogonal graph,
+
+meaning horizontal and
+vertical lines on a grid,
+
+and you want to extrude
+that graph out of the plane,
+
+then there's an algorithm.
+
+It's online.
+
+You can play with it.
+
+I think erikdemaine.org/maze
+will get you there.
+
+You just draw that pattern.
+
+It will give you
+this crease pattern.
+
+You print it out, and--
+eight hours, maybe-- you
+
+can fold it into realities.
+
+So this is by [? Jenny ?] and
+[? Eli, ?] who I think are
+
+students in this class.
+
+They got started a little early.
+
+And I didn't bring it
+here, but at some point
+
+I will bring to the real 3D one.
+
+So that's maze folding.
+
+And the next one I have
+is called folding cut.
+
+This is actually the first
+problem we worked on, so kind
+
+of a personal favorite.
+
+You take a rectangle of paper,
+and then you fold it flat,
+
+and you take your scissors and
+make one complete straight cut.
+
+This is a magic trick
+performed by Harry Houdini
+
+and other magicians, and you
+get, in this case, two pieces.
+
+And the question is,
+what shapes can you
+
+make by folding and
+one straight cut?
+
+Here I made a little one.
+
+OK, you're not impressed,
+so I'll do a harder one.
+
+This one is actually
+quite challenging to cut.
+
+I was folding it as you were
+arriving, as you probably saw.
+
+That's about right.
+
+It's a little hard
+to open up, but this
+
+should be the MIT logo.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Good.
+
+AUDIENCE: [APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's the idea.
+
+You can impress
+all your friends.
+
+Print these out, and fold them.
+
+It's a good challenge to fold
+along the crease pattern,
+
+and as you might guess
+there's an algorithm here.
+
+Given any polygon or
+collection of polygons,
+
+you can fold a piece
+of paper to line up
+
+all the edges in that polygon,
+cut along it, you're done.
+
+OK, that is paper
+
+Next I want to briefly
+mention polyhedra.
+
+Actually, I have a
+polyhedra right over here.
+
+Let's just go there.
+
+So, again, there's an unfolding
+problem, and a folding problem.
+
+And I'll start by
+showing you a little bit
+
+about the folding problem.
+
+Oh, this shows a
+little bit of both.
+
+This a video we
+made back in '99.
+
+I was a grad student.
+
+I had lots of hours to
+make videos, animations.
+
+So this is one example of
+an unfolding of a cube.
+
+But the unfolding we
+want to consider here
+
+is this cross unfolding
+that I keep talking about.
+
+It's kind of a classic
+so fun to analyze.
+
+So if you take that
+cross shape, you
+
+want to know what other shapes,
+what other convex polyhedra,
+
+can it fold into?
+
+And here the rules are little
+different from origami.
+
+You have to get exactly the
+surface you want no, overlap.
+
+Here we happen to get a doubly
+covered quadrilateral, which
+
+is kind of a convex surface.
+
+A little bit cheating.
+
+But if we change the
+creases in this way,
+
+we get a five-sided polyhedron
+with a plane of symmetry
+
+down this axis.
+
+Or we can change the creases in
+this way and get a tetrahedron.
+
+And it's exact coverage,
+so this little tab
+
+fits into exactly that pocket.
+
+Exactly what you want.
+
+As you might guess,
+there's an algorithm
+
+that will enumerate all
+the different convex
+
+polyhedra you can make from
+a given polygon of paper.
+
+And it's based on a
+theorem in Russian
+
+by Alexandrov, which is
+in the background here.
+
+If you're curious what the
+Cyrillic background is,
+
+this theorem is the
+key to the algorithm.
+
+So that's what's possible
+by folding a given polygon,
+
+and then you can
+ask about unfolding.
+
+Let me give you
+a brief overview.
+
+Unfolding.
+
+So when you're
+unfolding, you might
+
+be interested in
+only cutting along
+
+the edges of the
+surface, which is what
+
+happened in this
+cross unfolding.
+
+Cut along these edges.
+
+Or you might allow cutting
+anywhere on the surface.
+
+And the answers depend
+on those two versions.
+
+You could try to
+convex polyhedra,
+
+or you could try to do
+arbitrary polyhedra.
+
+So here's the story.
+
+This one, we don't know.
+
+This one, we don't know.
+
+This one, the answer is yes.
+
+We'll prove it.
+
+This one, the answer is no.
+
+We'll prove it.
+
+In fact, I can show
+you some examples.
+
+This is an edge unfolding
+of a convex polyhedron.
+
+The oldest set that we know
+this from this 1525 book
+
+by Albrecht Duerer.
+
+And this is a snub cube.
+
+He didn't have
+Wikipedia at the time.
+
+You couldn't just look
+at the image and draw it.
+
+He had to build
+a physical model.
+
+And so he cut out pieces of
+paper to build physical models,
+
+so he could paint it.
+
+And various of his prints
+have convex polyhedra in them.
+
+And this is an example
+of this open problem,
+
+which we don't
+know the answer to.
+
+Can you edge unfold
+convex polyhedra?
+
+If you want to take non-convex
+polyhedra you cannot always do
+
+it.
+
+This is an example of a spiky
+tetrahedron that cannot be edge
+
+unfolded.
+
+We'll prove that.
+
+But it can be
+generally unfolded.
+
+If you can cut anywhere, you
+can find a one-piece unfolding.
+
+And so big open
+problem is, can you
+
+do any polyhedron
+with general cuts?
+
+I think the answer is yes.
+
+Very cool problem.
+
+And that's polyhedra.
+
+And the last thing I wanted to
+show you is hinged dissection.
+
+This is one more thing.
+
+After one, two, and three, we
+have four, hinged dissection.
+
+This is a chain of blocks, which
+are kind of two dimensional,
+
+but it's not really
+paper folding.
+
+So it's like a thick
+linkage between one and two,
+
+if you will.
+
+And this chain folds into
+an equilateral triangle
+
+or a square, and it's
+over 100 years old.
+
+Can you do anything?
+
+Turns out there's a
+universality result.
+
+This is just a picture of
+part of the proof, which
+
+we will cover in
+a later lecture.
+
+But you can fold, you can
+take any set of polygons
+
+of the same area, there's
+one chain of blocks which
+
+will fold into each
+of those polygons.
+
+So you can get a
+universality result.
+
+You can do an equilateral
+triangle to a regular hexagon
+
+to a swan to whatever.
+
+As long as they're all the
+same area, you can do it.
+
+And this also generalizes to 3D.
+
+We use that to make a
+little sculpture here,
+
+little sculpture.
+
+About 1,000 blocks, you pick up
+with your gloves, these blocks,
+
+rearrange them.
+
+And the theorem is, you can
+make any shape you want out
+
+of the blocks by this
+kind of intersection.
+
+And that was a brief overview
+of a few of the results
+
+that we'll be talking
+about in this class.
+
+There's a lot more.
+
+And you can check
+out the 2010 web page
+
+if you really want to know
+everything that's covered,
+
+but we'll be posting
+lectures up there.
+
+And let me know if you
+have any questions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FT0ptFu6dVA.txt b/FT0ptFu6dVA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e71e9a3e387124e8a151256d83cc9a37acb2670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FT0ptFu6dVA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are now ready to move on to a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now ready to move on to a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now ready to move on to a model
+which is quite interesting and quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite interesting and quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite interesting and quite
+realistic this is a model in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic this is a model in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic this is a model in which we
+have an unknown parameter model it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unknown parameter model it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unknown parameter model it is a
+random variable that we try to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that we try to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that we try to estimate
+this is the random variable theta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the random variable theta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the random variable theta and we
+have multiple observations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple observations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple observations of that
+random variable each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable each one of those
+observations is equal to the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations is equal to the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations is equal to the unknown
+random variable plus some additive noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable plus some additive noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable plus some additive noise
+this is a model that appears quite often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a model that appears quite often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a model that appears quite often
+in practice it is often the case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it is often the case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it is often the case that we
+are trying to estimate a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to estimate a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to estimate a certain
+quantity but we can only observe values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but we can only observe values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but we can only observe values
+of that quantity in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that quantity in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that quantity in the presence of
+noise and because of the noise what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and because of the noise what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and because of the noise what we
+want to do is to try to measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to try to measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to try to measure it
+multiple times and so we have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times and so we have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times and so we have multiple
+such measurement equations and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such measurement equations and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such measurement equations and then we
+want to combine all the observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to combine all the observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to combine all the observations
+together to come up with a good estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to come up with a good estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to come up with a good estimate
+of that parameter the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parameter the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parameter the assumptions that
+we will be making are that theta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be making are that theta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be making are that theta is a
+normal random variable it has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable it has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variable it has a certain
+mean that we denote by x0 the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we denote by x0 the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we denote by x0 the reason for
+the strange notation will be seen later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strange notation will be seen later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strange notation will be seen later
+and it also has a certain variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also has a certain variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also has a certain variance the
+noise terms are also normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise terms are also normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise terms are also normal random
+variables with zero mean and a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with zero mean and a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with zero mean and a certain
+variance and finally we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and finally we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and finally we assume that
+these basic random variables that define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basic random variables that define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basic random variables that define
+our model are all independent based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model are all independent based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model are all independent based on
+these assumptions now we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions now we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions now we would like to
+estimate theta on the basis of the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate theta on the basis of the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate theta on the basis of the X's
+and as usual in the Bayesian setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual in the Bayesian setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual in the Bayesian setting
+what we want to do is to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is to calculate the
+posterior distribution of theta given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+the XS the Bayes rule has the usual form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XS the Bayes rule has the usual form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XS the Bayes rule has the usual form
+for the case of continuous random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of continuous random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of continuous random
+variables the only remark that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the only remark that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the only remark that needs to
+be made is that in this case there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made is that in this case there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made is that in this case there are
+multiple X's so X up here stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple X's so X up here stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple X's so X up here stands for the
+vector of the observations that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the observations that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of the observations that we have
+obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained
+and similarly little X will stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly little X will stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly little X will stand for
+the vector of the values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of the values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector of the values of these
+observations so we need now to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so we need now to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so we need now to start
+making some progress towards calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some progress towards calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some progress towards calculating
+this term here what is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here what is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here what is the distribution
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+door of measurements given theta before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door of measurements given theta before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door of measurements given theta before
+we move to the vector case let us look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move to the vector case let us look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move to the vector case let us look
+at one of the measurements in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of the measurements in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one of the measurements in isolation
+this is something that we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that we have already
+seen if I tell you the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if I tell you the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen if I tell you the value of the
+random variable theta which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta which is what
+happens in this conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this conditional universe
+when you condition on the value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you condition on the value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you condition on the value of theta
+then in that universe the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that universe the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that universe the random
+variable X I is equal to the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X I is equal to the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X I is equal to the numerical
+value that you gave me for theta plus WI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you gave me for theta plus WI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you gave me for theta plus WI
+and because WI is independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because WI is independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because WI is independent from the
+random variable theta knowing the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta knowing the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable theta knowing the value
+of the random variable theta does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable theta does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable theta does not
+change the distribution of WI it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the distribution of WI it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the distribution of WI it will
+still have this normal distribution so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this normal distribution so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this normal distribution so X
+I is a normal of this kind plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is a normal of this kind plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is a normal of this kind plus a
+constant and so X I is a normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so X I is a normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so X I is a normal random
+variable with mean equal to the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with mean equal to the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with mean equal to the constant
+that we added and variance equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we added and variance equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we added and variance equal to the
+original variance of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original variance of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original variance of the random variable
+WI and so we can now write down the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WI and so we can now write down the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WI and so we can now write down the PDF
+the conditional PDF of X I there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of X I there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF of X I there's going
+to be a normalizing constant and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normalizing constant and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normalizing constant and then
+the usual exponential term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual exponential term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual exponential term which is
+going to be X I minus the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X I minus the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X I minus the mean of the
+distribution which is theta and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is theta and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is theta and then we
+divide by the usual variance term let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the usual variance term let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the usual variance term let us
+move next to this distribution here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move next to this distribution here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move next to this distribution here this
+is a shorthand notation for the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shorthand notation for the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a shorthand notation for the joint
+PDF of the random variables x1 up to X n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the random variables x1 up to X n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of the random variables x1 up to X n
+conditional on the random variable theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the random variable theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the random variable theta
+so it's really a function of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a function of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really a function of multiple
+variables and how do we proceed now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and how do we proceed now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and how do we proceed now here
+is the crucial observation if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crucial observation if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crucial observation if I tell you
+the value of the random variable capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the random variable capital
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+as before then you argue as follows all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before then you argue as follows all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before then you argue as follows all
+these random variables are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables are independent
+so if I tell you the value of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you the value of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I tell you the value of the random
+variable theta this does not change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta this does not change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta this does not change the
+Joint Distribution of the W is the Wis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Distribution of the W is the Wis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint Distribution of the W is the Wis
+were independent when we started so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were independent when we started so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were independent when we started so they
+remain independent in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain independent in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain independent in the conditional
+universe and since the W is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and since the W is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and since the W is are
+independent and the x i's are obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the x i's are obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the x i's are obtained
+from the Wis by just adding a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Wis by just adding a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Wis by just adding a constant
+this means that the x i's are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the x i's are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the x i's are also
+independent in this conditional universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in this conditional universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in this conditional universe
+once I tell you the value of theta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I tell you the value of theta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I tell you the value of theta then
+because the noises are independent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the noises are independent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the noises are independent the
+observations are also independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are also independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are also independent but
+this means that the joint PDF factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the joint PDF factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the joint PDF factors
+has a product of the individual marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a product of the individual marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a product of the individual marginal
+PDFs of the x i's and these pdfs we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs of the x i's and these pdfs we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs of the x i's and these pdfs we have
+already found so now we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found so now we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found so now we can put
+everything together to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together to write down a
+formula for the posterior PDF using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the posterior PDF using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the posterior PDF using the
+Bayes rule we have this denominator term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule we have this denominator term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule we have this denominator term
+which I will write first and which term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will write first and which term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will write first and which term
+we do not need to evaluate then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not need to evaluate then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not need to evaluate then we have
+the marginal PDF of theta now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal PDF of theta now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal PDF of theta now since
+theta is normal with these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is normal with these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is normal with these parameters
+this is of the form e to the minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of the form e to the minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of the form e to the minus theta
+minus x0 squared over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x0 squared over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x0 squared over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+and then we have this joint density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this joint density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this joint density of
+the axis conditioned on theta which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis conditioned on theta which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis conditioned on theta which we
+have already found it is this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already found it is this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already found it is this product
+here it's a product of n terms one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a product of n terms one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a product of n terms one for
+each observation and each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each observation and each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each observation and each one of these
+terms is what we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is what we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is what we have found
+earlier so I'm just substituting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so I'm just substituting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so I'm just substituting this
+expression up here now once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up here now once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up here now once we have
+obtained the observations so the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the observations so the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the observations so the value
+of the random variable capital X that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable capital X that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable capital X that is
+the value little X is fixed once it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value little X is fixed once it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value little X is fixed once it is
+fixed then the X's that appear here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then the X's that appear here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then the X's that appear here are
+constant so in particular this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in particular this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in particular this term here
+is a constant we do not bother with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant we do not bother with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant we do not bother with it
+and what we have is a constant times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have is a constant times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have is a constant times an
+exponential in terms that are quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in terms that are quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in terms that are quadratic
+in theta so we recognize this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theta so we recognize this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theta so we recognize this kind of
+expression it has to correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it has to correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression it has to correspond to a
+normal distribution and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and this is the
+first conclusion of this exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first conclusion of this exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first conclusion of this exercise that
+is the posterior PDF of the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the posterior PDF of the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the posterior PDF of the parameter
+theta given our observations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given our observations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given our observations this
+posterior PDF is normal we have e to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior PDF is normal we have e to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior PDF is normal we have e to a
+quadratic function in theta and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function in theta and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function in theta and that
+quadratic function also involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function also involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function also involves the
+specific values of the axes that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific values of the axes that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific values of the axes that we have
+obtained let us copy what we have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained let us copy what we have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained let us copy what we have found
+and rearrange it once more we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearrange it once more we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearrange it once more we have a
+constant then the exponential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then the exponential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then the exponential of the
+negative of some quadratic function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of some quadratic function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of some quadratic function in
+theta and the specific quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and the specific quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and the specific quadratic
+function that we calculated just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we calculated just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we calculated just before
+takes this particular form what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form what is the
+mean of this normal distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of this normal distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of this normal distribution the
+mean is the same as the peak and to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the same as the peak and to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the same as the peak and to find
+the peak the location at which this PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak the location at which this PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak the location at which this PDF
+is largest what we do is we try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largest what we do is we try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largest what we do is we try to find
+the place at which this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place at which this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place at which this quadratic
+function is smallest so what we do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is smallest so what we do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is smallest so what we do is to
+take the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+theta of this quadratic and set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of this quadratic and set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta of this quadratic and set it to
+zero this gives us a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this gives us a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this gives us a sum
+terms the derivative of the typical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the derivative of the typical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the derivative of the typical term
+is going to be theta minus X I divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be theta minus X I divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be theta minus X I divided
+by Sigma I squared and this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sigma I squared and this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Sigma I squared and this expression
+must be equal to zero if theta is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to zero if theta is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to zero if theta is at the
+peak of the posterior distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the posterior distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the posterior distribution and
+so we now rearrange this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now rearrange this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now rearrange this equation we
+split and take first the term involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and take first the term involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and take first the term involving
+theta and gives us a contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and gives us a contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and gives us a contribution of
+this kind and we move the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind and we move the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind and we move the terms
+involving X s to the other side and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving X s to the other side and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving X s to the other side and this
+gives us this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally we take this sum here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we take this sum here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we take this sum here and
+send it to the denominator of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the denominator of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to the denominator of the other
+side and this gives us the final form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this gives us the final form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and this gives us the final form of
+the solution the peak of the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the peak of the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the peak of the posterior
+distribution which is also the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is also the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which is also the same as
+the conditional expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectation of the
+posterior distribution whenever we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution whenever we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution whenever we have
+a normal distribution the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal distribution the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal distribution the expected value
+is the same as the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the place where the
+distribution is largest let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is largest let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is largest let us now
+conclude with a few comments and words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with a few comments and words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with a few comments and words
+about how to interpret the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to interpret the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to interpret the result that
+we found first let me emphasize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found first let me emphasize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found first let me emphasize that the
+same conclusion that we have obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion that we have obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion that we have obtained
+for the case of a single observation go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of a single observation go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of a single observation go
+through in this case as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in this case as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in this case as well the
+posterior distribution of the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of the unknown
+parameter is still a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is still a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is still a normal distribution
+our state of knowledge about theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our state of knowledge about theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our state of knowledge about theta
+after we obtain the observations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtain the observations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtain the observations is
+described by a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a normal distribution
+because it is a normal distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a normal distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a normal distribution the
+location of its peak is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of its peak is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of its peak is the same as the
+expected value and for this reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and for this reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and for this reason the
+conditional expectation estimate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimate and the
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum a-posteriori probability
+estimates coincide and finally the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates coincide and finally the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates coincide and finally the form
+of the estimates that we get is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimates that we get is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the estimates that we get is a linear
+function in the x i's and this linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the x i's and this linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the x i's and this linearity
+is a very convenient property to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very convenient property to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very convenient property to have
+because it allows further analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows further analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows further analysis of
+these ways of obtaining estimates how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways of obtaining estimates how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ways of obtaining estimates how do
+we interpret this formula what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interpret this formula what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interpret this formula what we have
+here is the following each one of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the following each one of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the following each one of the x
+i's gets multiplied by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's gets multiplied by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i's gets multiplied by a certain
+coefficient which is 1 over the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is 1 over the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is 1 over the variance
+and in the denominator we have the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the denominator we have the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the denominator we have the sum
+of all those coefficients so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those coefficients so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all those coefficients so what we
+really have here is a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have here is a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have here is a weighted average
+of the x i's now keep in mind that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x i's now keep in mind that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x i's now keep in mind that those
+x i's are not all of them of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's are not all of them of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's are not all of them of the same
+kind one term is x0 which is the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind one term is x0 which is the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind one term is x0 which is the prior
+mean whereas the remaining x i's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean whereas the remaining x i's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean whereas the remaining x i's are the
+values of the observations so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the observations so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the observations so there's
+something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting
+opening here we combine the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening here we combine the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening here we combine the values of
+the observations with the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations with the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations with the value of the
+prior mean and in some sense the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior mean and in some sense the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior mean and in some sense the prior
+mean is treated as just one more piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is treated as just one more piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is treated as just one more piece
+of information available to us and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information available to us and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information available to us and it is
+treated in the sort of equal way as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the sort of equal way as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the sort of equal way as the
+other observations the weight that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observations the weight that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observations the weight that we
+have in these weighted average are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in these weighted average are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in these weighted average are that
+each X I gets divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X I gets divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X I gets divided by the
+corresponding variance does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding variance does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding variance does this make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+well suppose that Sigma I squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose that Sigma I squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose that Sigma I squared is
+large this means that the noise term WI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this means that the noise term WI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this means that the noise term WI
+is very large so X I is very noisy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large so X I is very noisy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large so X I is very noisy and
+so it's not a useful observation to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a useful observation to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a useful observation to have
+and in that case it gets a small weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the weights are determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weights are determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the weights are determined by the
+variances in a way that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances in a way that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances in a way that is quite
+sensible those observations that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible those observations that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible those observations that will
+get the most weight will be those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most weight will be those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the most weight will be those
+observations for which the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for which the corresponding
+noise variance is small so the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise variance is small so the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise variance is small so the solution
+to this estimation problem that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this estimation problem that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this estimation problem that we just
+went through has many nice properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through has many nice properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through has many nice properties
+first we stay within the world of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we stay within the world of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we stay within the world of normal
+random variables because even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables because even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables because even the
+posterior is normal we stay within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior is normal we stay within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior is normal we stay within the
+world of linear functions of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of linear functions of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of linear functions of normal
+random variables and the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the form of the
+formula that we have itself has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we have itself has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we have itself has an
+appealing intuitive content
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FbP7q5m05pI.txt b/FbP7q5m05pI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10fa3cc6af611b89af2a1ccf7c27d5beced4b457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FbP7q5m05pI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a lot of the women in this Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the women in this Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of the women in this Village
+about 20 of them are part of this Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 of them are part of this Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 of them are part of this Co-op
+um called the solar woman of to Gala and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called the solar woman of to Gala and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called the solar woman of to Gala and
+these women basically um they get grants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women basically um they get grants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women basically um they get grants
+from different funding sources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different funding sources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different funding sources to
+research uh sustainable energy options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh sustainable energy options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh sustainable energy options
+so one of the things that they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that they do is
+they make their own solar panels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make their own solar panels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make their own solar panels and the
+people in the village can buy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the village can buy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the village can buy these
+either with money or with hours spend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either with money or with hours spend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either with money or with hours spend uh
+like working in the co-op so we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working in the co-op so we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like working in the co-op so we decided
+that um even though they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um even though they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um even though they're making
+UH 60 W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UH 60 W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UH 60 W
+panels okay this does not match that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels okay this does not match that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels okay this does not match that but
+even though they're making 60 W panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're making 60 W panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're making 60 W panels
+like these um they also all have cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these um they also all have cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these um they also all have cell
+phones but a lot of them are off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones but a lot of them are off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones but a lot of them are off the
+grid so they also need ways of charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so they also need ways of charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so they also need ways of charging
+these and we thought that solar power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we thought that solar power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we thought that solar power
+was a good way of doing this so um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good way of doing this so um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good way of doing this so um what
+they're doing right now to make these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right now to make these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right now to make these is
+um this is a poor image but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a poor image but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a poor image but basically
+they take the smaller cells which about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the smaller cells which about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the smaller cells which about
+8 by 15 cm and um these are reject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by 15 cm and um these are reject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by 15 cm and um these are reject so
+they're not as efficient as as um as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as efficient as as um as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as efficient as as um as as
+standard cells that we might use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard cells that we might use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard cells that we might use here
+but they're much cheaper so they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're much cheaper so they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're much cheaper so they use
+those they my hand solder them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they my hand solder them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they my hand solder them all
+together line them up um Put liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together line them up um Put liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together line them up um Put liquid
+silicone over them and then put a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicone over them and then put a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicone over them and then put a glass
+piece over it and then encapsulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece over it and then encapsulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece over it and then encapsulate it
+all and make it look much nicer like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and make it look much nicer like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and make it look much nicer like the
+ones you saw in the previous slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you saw in the previous slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you saw in the previous slide so
+this is like you know a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like you know a much smaller
+much nicer looking one that is made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer looking one that is made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer looking one that is made in
+China and imported but it's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and imported but it's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and imported but it's available
+for $20 in managa which is about 3 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $20 in managa which is about 3 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $20 in managa which is about 3 hours
+from the town we we stayed in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the town we we stayed in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the town we we stayed in and so
+these are very difficult to get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very difficult to get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very difficult to get and
+they're pretty expensive ensive but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty expensive ensive but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty expensive ensive but um
+they also would like to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also would like to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also would like to be able to make
+them there so that it's about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there so that it's about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there so that it's about the same
+price but it's more um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but it's more um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but it's more um kind of
+accessible it employs some people and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it employs some people and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible it employs some people and is
+in general just more sustainable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general just more sustainable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general just more sustainable so
+that's what we set out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we set out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we set out to
+do um so as was mentioned uh they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so as was mentioned uh they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so as was mentioned uh they do
+have access to uh solo cells and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to uh solo cells and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to uh solo cells and so but
+unfortunately what happens right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately what happens right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately what happens right now is
+to make um the cell phone charger they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make um the cell phone charger they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make um the cell phone charger they
+need to cut the cells and what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut the cells and what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut the cells and what they do
+is basically they cut one the cells into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically they cut one the cells into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically they cut one the cells into
+four BS and attach them in series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four BS and attach them in series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four BS and attach them in series so
+that the voltages add up so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltages add up so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltages add up so you can get
+up to 6 volts uh unfortunately with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 6 volts uh unfortunately with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 6 volts uh unfortunately with this
+process what ends up happening is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what ends up happening is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what ends up happening is you
+end up losing a lot of the cells just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up losing a lot of the cells just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up losing a lot of the cells just
+because uh the way the method that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the way the method that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the way the method that they
+use to cut them is not fullprof and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to cut them is not fullprof and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to cut them is not fullprof and so
+you end up cracking a lot of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up cracking a lot of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up cracking a lot of the cells
+and when we talk to them we realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we talk to them we realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we talk to them we realize that
+they waste about half the cells they cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they waste about half the cells they cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they waste about half the cells they cut
+uh which means that if they wanted to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that if they wanted to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which means that if they wanted to if
+they needed to use nine cells they end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to use nine cells they end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to use nine cells they end
+up using 18 because they waste half uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up using 18 because they waste half uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up using 18 because they waste half uh
+and so we figured that if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we figured that if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we figured that if we could
+somehow Step Up the voltage given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow Step Up the voltage given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow Step Up the voltage given by
+three original cells they call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three original cells they call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three original cells they call these
+original cells if you could step up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cells if you could step up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cells if you could step up the
+voltage given by three original cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage given by three original cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage given by three original cells to
+the required 5 volts to charge a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required 5 volts to charge a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the required 5 volts to charge a cell
+phone without cutting them it would save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone without cutting them it would save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone without cutting them it would save
+them a lot of time and money and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of time and money and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot of time and money and so what
+we decided to do was uh connect three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to do was uh connect three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to do was uh connect three of
+these cells in series so you get a 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells in series so you get a 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells in series so you get a 1.5
+Vol output and then have that output run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol output and then have that output run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol output and then have that output run
+through U your circuit which steps it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through U your circuit which steps it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through U your circuit which steps it up
+to 5 volts now the circuit basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 volts now the circuit basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 volts now the circuit basically
+works like this you have uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works like this you have uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works like this you have uh so this is
+your input you have uh you have current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input you have uh you have current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input you have uh you have current
+inputting here at 1.5 volt it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting here at 1.5 volt it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting here at 1.5 volt it goes
+through your off that steps it up to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your off that steps it up to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your off that steps it up to 1
+25 uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh or
+3.3 uh depending on how it's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3 uh depending on how it's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3 uh depending on how it's connected
+and for for our purposes we needed five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for our purposes we needed five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for for our purposes we needed five
+so we connected it accordingly uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we connected it accordingly uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we connected it accordingly uh these
+are capacitors an inductor and a Xeno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capacitors an inductor and a Xeno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capacitors an inductor and a Xeno
+diod the Xeno diode is used to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diod the Xeno diode is used to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diod the Xeno diode is used to make sure
+that the voltage goes in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltage goes in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the voltage goes in One Direction
+only um and then so basically these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um and then so basically these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um and then so basically these two
+beads have a voltage difference of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads have a voltage difference of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads have a voltage difference of 5
+volts across them uh when connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts across them uh when connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts across them uh when connected to
+solar panels in optimal lighting uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels in optimal lighting uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels in optimal lighting uh and
+what we did was we then so this is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we then so this is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we then so this is uh we
+we surveyed what kind of cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we surveyed what kind of cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we surveyed what kind of cell phones
+they use and realized that for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use and realized that for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use and realized that for the most
+part they're noas and this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they're noas and this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they're noas and this is the most
+common type of phone that's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common type of phone that's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common type of phone that's available
+there uh and we got the the adapter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh and we got the the adapter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh and we got the the adapter that
+they used to charge this um cut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to charge this um cut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to charge this um cut off the
+C and attached it here if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and attached it here if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and attached it here if you look at
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+prototype you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype you notice that
+so so the orange and black wires are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the orange and black wires are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the orange and black wires are
+these basically and then they connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically and then they connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically and then they connect to
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+Port uh and then basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port uh and then basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port uh and then basically the idea is
+that you plug it in put it on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you plug it in put it on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you plug it in put it on in
+sunlight and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight and you use
+this as a way to make sure that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a way to make sure that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a way to make sure that uh
+you're always facing the sun optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always facing the sun optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always facing the sun optimally
+uh but there a lot notches along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there a lot notches along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there a lot notches along the
+sides and so basically you wedge this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and so basically you wedge this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and so basically you wedge this in
+uh and then you can change the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can change the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you can change the at the
+angle of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of your
+panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is just a very rudimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is just a very rudimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is just a very rudimentary
+cost breakdown of uh what our we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost breakdown of uh what our we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost breakdown of uh what our we
+estimate our um cell phone charger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate our um cell phone charger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate our um cell phone charger to
+cost them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them um
+basically a lot of I mean finally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lot of I mean finally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a lot of I mean finally like
+we this is the number that we came we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is the number that we came we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is the number that we came we we
+were trying to shoot for $20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to shoot for $20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to shoot for $20
+and we're slightly above that but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're slightly above that but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're slightly above that but we
+figured that there's two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that there's two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that there's two ways to
+optimize uh costs and uh that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh costs and uh that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh costs and uh that is very
+viable for them to get this below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable for them to get this below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable for them to get this below
+$20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20
+um yeah basically this is just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah basically this is just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah basically this is just to give
+you an idea of um how expensive all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of um how expensive all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea of um how expensive all the
+components are I don't want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are I don't want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are I don't want to run
+through each one of them just but sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each one of them just but sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each one of them just but sorry
+just mention a really quick thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention a really quick thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention a really quick thing we're
+also including four dolls for labor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also including four dolls for labor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also including four dolls for labor so
+if we so even though it is a littleit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we so even though it is a littleit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we so even though it is a littleit
+more expensive it is produced locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive it is produced locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive it is produced locally
+and it is providing employment whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is providing employment whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is providing employment whereas
+the the internet the China made one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internet the China made one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the internet the China made one we
+not providing any employment for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing any employment for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not providing any employment for the
+community right exactly like in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community right exactly like in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community right exactly like in China
+made one sell for uh $20 but like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one sell for uh $20 but like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made one sell for uh $20 but like one
+said they don't provide any source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they don't provide any source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they don't provide any source of
+income to the people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the people uh
+in uh and um yeah so this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and um yeah so this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and um yeah so this is just to
+give you uh an idea of the cost break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh an idea of the cost break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh an idea of the cost break
+down um this is just a blown up U image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um this is just a blown up U image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um this is just a blown up U image
+of again just to give you an IDE of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of again just to give you an IDE of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of again just to give you an IDE of the
+components that we used uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we used uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we used uh essentially
+like this circuit is enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this circuit is enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this circuit is enclosed
+by this casing right here so it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this casing right here so it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this casing right here so it's that
+circuit basically underneath this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit basically underneath this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit basically underneath this which
+you can see in which you which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in which you which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in which you which you can
+see in that image the next image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in that image the next image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in that image the next image right
+there um right so I mean like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um right so I mean like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um right so I mean like I said
+this is your output from the solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your output from the solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your output from the solar cells
+uh which go into your circuit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which go into your circuit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which go into your circuit and then
+go and charge uh cell phone and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and charge uh cell phone and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and charge uh cell phone and um the
+actual circuitry so just to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual circuitry so just to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual circuitry so just to talk a
+little about like why we made circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about like why we made circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about like why we made circuit
+like this uh we decided to use a Bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh we decided to use a Bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh we decided to use a Bread
+Board because when we talk to Maro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board because when we talk to Maro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board because when we talk to Maro uh
+who's our community partner who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our community partner who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our community partner who's who's
+one of the Community Partners there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Community Partners there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Community Partners there um
+he told us that they do have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told us that they do have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told us that they do have access to
+bread boards but don't have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread boards but don't have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread boards but don't have access to
+Proto boards which we were initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proto boards which we were initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proto boards which we were initially
+planning on using uh and so we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on using uh and so we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on using uh and so we decided
+to stick with Bread Board a model um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with Bread Board a model um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with Bread Board a model um and
+we also like we we figured we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also like we we figured we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also like we we figured we asked
+about the various components and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the various components and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the various components and they
+are available the only component that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available the only component that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available the only component that we
+we potentially see having to be shipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we potentially see having to be shipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we potentially see having to be shipped
+Shi there is this but since they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shi there is this but since they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shi there is this but since they already
+ship solar cells there uh it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship solar cells there uh it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship solar cells there uh it would just
+be another added component to ship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another added component to ship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another added component to ship and
+it's not very buy so we think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very buy so we think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very buy so we think it's
+definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+viable um so that's that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable um so that's that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable um so that's that's why we
+decided to go with the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go with the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go with the design
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that talk about this um well before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about this um well before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about this um well before that
+I kind of just want to just speak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of just want to just speak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of just want to just speak a
+little bit about the design in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design in general
+why we chose to build it the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we chose to build it the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we chose to build it the way we did
+um first of all it's made out of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all it's made out of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all it's made out of wood
+because it's a really locally viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a really locally viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a really locally viable
+material um so first of all let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so first of all let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um so first of all let's talk
+about the solar panel so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the solar panel so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the solar panel so this is the
+solar panel um because we didn't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel um because we didn't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel um because we didn't have I
+guess easy access to liquid silicone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess easy access to liquid silicone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess easy access to liquid silicone and
+aluminum and glass which they use we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and glass which they use we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and glass which they use we
+instead use um acrylic and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use um acrylic and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead use um acrylic and a different
+method to to glue the cells um in n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to to glue the cells um in n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to to glue the cells um in n in
+Nicaragua they make these differently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua they make these differently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua they make these differently in
+the custom it for every application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the custom it for every application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the custom it for every application and
+so when we were talking to him on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we were talking to him on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we were talking to him on the
+phone he already had to made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone he already had to made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone he already had to made some
+changes to the initial design we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the initial design we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the initial design we had
+made and he said he would like change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and he said he would like change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and he said he would like change
+the hinges and everything um so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinges and everything um so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinges and everything um so it would
+be made out of aluminum um and so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made out of aluminum um and so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made out of aluminum um and so yeah
+so so we decided to originally we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we decided to originally we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we decided to originally we wanted
+to make like leg stance so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make like leg stance so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make like leg stance so we could
+change the angle and not just here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle and not just here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle and not just here but
+then we realized that we wanted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we realized that we wanted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we realized that we wanted we
+realize it might be easier to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it might be easier to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it might be easier to put
+something in here instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in here instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in here instead of having to
+have legs so we just came over with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have legs so we just came over with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have legs so we just came over with the
+notches and a small just pce cut PCV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notches and a small just pce cut PCV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notches and a small just pce cut PCV
+pipe and then you can change the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and then you can change the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and then you can change the angle
+moreover we wanted to create a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we wanted to create a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover we wanted to create a way to
+protect the circuit so we just encased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the circuit so we just encased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the circuit so we just encased
+it around this this aluminum frame with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around this this aluminum frame with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around this this aluminum frame with
+the two wires hanging hanging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two wires hanging hanging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two wires hanging hanging out
+additionally these are really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally these are really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally these are really easy to
+switch so if you do have another cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so if you do have another cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so if you do have another cell
+phone you could switch the charger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone you could switch the charger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone you could switch the charger and
+install another cell phone and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install another cell phone and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install another cell phone and another
+oh another reason why this this is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh another reason why this this is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh another reason why this this is over
+here just in case of rain I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in case of rain I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just in case of rain I mean
+hopefully you have it outside and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have it outside and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you have it outside and you'll
+be looking it out so if in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking it out so if in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking it out so if in the case of
+rains this is waterproof and it'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains this is waterproof and it'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains this is waterproof and it'll also
+protect the cell phone and the charger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the cell phone and the charger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the cell phone and the charger
+for at least enough time for you to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least enough time for you to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least enough time for you to come
+and get it if it's raining really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it if it's raining really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get it if it's raining really hard
+and raining sideways then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raining sideways then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raining sideways then it's going to
+get wet but for the enough of time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet but for the enough of time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet but for the enough of time if
+you realize it's raining it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize it's raining it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize it's raining it should be
+protected right and just and like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected right and just and like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected right and just and like one
+said um so like you said we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um so like you said we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um so like you said we could also
+have another adapter going out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another adapter going out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another adapter going out from the
+same leads and uh we actually do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leads and uh we actually do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leads and uh we actually do have a
+USB adapter that runs out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB adapter that runs out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USB adapter that runs out the same
+voltage that we did test um but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we did test um but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we did test um but for the
+purpose of the demonst we decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the demonst we decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the demonst we decided to go
+with the N just because it's the more U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the N just because it's the more U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the N just because it's the more U
+locally available phone so but but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally available phone so but but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally available phone so but but we
+could potentially have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially have a number of
+different adapters shooting out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adapters shooting out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adapters shooting out from
+here which all running the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which all running the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which all running the same
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so we were doing some testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we were doing some testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so we were doing some testing the
+past couple of days to re to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple of days to re to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple of days to re to see how
+much power we could get out of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power we could get out of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much power we could get out of the cell
+phone um using the lamp over there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone um using the lamp over there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone um using the lamp over there you
+can test it we can show you a demo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test it we can show you a demo of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can test it we can show you a demo of
+how actually actually it working cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually actually it working cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how actually actually it working cuz it
+does work um do you want to actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work um do you want to actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work um do you want to actually I
+think this get stretch do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this get stretch do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this get stretch do you want to
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+get so um here is the of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so um here is the of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so um here is the of course the
+solar panel sorry that's light you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel sorry that's light you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel sorry that's light you can
+make it incident to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you connect
+it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is
+charging so it does work um um we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging so it does work um um we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging so it does work um um we got
+scared for a second there like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared for a second there like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared for a second there like well
+there's no way to say charging it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to say charging it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to say charging it just
+has the little charging symbol right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the little charging symbol right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the little charging symbol right um
+so yeah so it does work however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so it does work however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so it does work however we
+wanted to see how efficient it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see how efficient it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see how efficient it is and
+how fast we could get it to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast we could get it to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast we could get it to actually
+work we did some we realized that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we did some we realized that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we did some we realized that um
+Boston May sun is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston May sun is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston May sun is not the same as
+Nicaragua the sun in the Equator so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua the sun in the Equator so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua the sun in the Equator so um
+we conducted the test with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conducted the test with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conducted the test with a lot of
+different lights and light outputs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lights and light outputs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lights and light outputs um
+this is the output power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the output power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the output power of the
+of the light of the of the solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light of the of the solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light of the of the solar panels
+calculated by just measuring the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by just measuring the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated by just measuring the current
+and the voltage at the same time out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltage at the same time out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voltage at the same time out of
+the solar panel and oh that's thep power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panel and oh that's thep power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panel and oh that's thep power
+sorry and the output power is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and the output power is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and the output power is the output
+power out of these two leads calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of these two leads calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of these two leads calculated
+by measuring the current and the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring the current and the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring the current and the voltage
+at the same time so as so we don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so as so we don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so as so we don't um
+get any side effects um this then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any side effects um this then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any side effects um this then we
+then um so we then make estimate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so we then make estimate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um so we then make estimate for the
+efficiency and we and this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we and this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we and this is for the
+Boston sun and the power we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston sun and the power we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston sun and the power we're getting
+right now if we estimated for Nicaraguan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if we estimated for Nicaraguan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if we estimated for Nicaraguan
+Sun we would be getting around 65%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun we would be getting around 65%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun we would be getting around 65%
+efficiency right now we're getting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right now we're getting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right now we're getting about
+2 amps in Boston I mean yeah right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 amps in Boston I mean yeah right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 amps in Boston I mean yeah right uh
+200 no 002 amps 20 milliamps yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 no 002 amps 20 milliamps yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 no 002 amps 20 milliamps yeah in
+Boston if we if we extrapolated for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston if we if we extrapolated for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston if we if we extrapolated for how
+we get in Nicaragua with the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get in Nicaragua with the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get in Nicaragua with the power
+available in Nicaragua we'll be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in Nicaragua we'll be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in Nicaragua we'll be getting
+around 80 to 100 80 to 100 m um milliam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 80 to 100 80 to 100 m um milliam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 80 to 100 80 to 100 m um milliam
+which in the cell phone batteries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the cell phone batteries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the cell phone batteries are
+about 800 yeah 800 M 800 milliamp so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 800 yeah 800 M 800 milliamp so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 800 yeah 800 M 800 milliamp so it
+would take about 10 hours to charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take about 10 hours to charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take about 10 hours to charge the
+cell phone which is not ideal because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone which is not ideal because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone which is not ideal because we
+were aiming for at the beginning was 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aiming for at the beginning was 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aiming for at the beginning was 4
+to8 four 4 hours 5 hours we're expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to8 four 4 hours 5 hours we're expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to8 four 4 hours 5 hours we're expecting
+200 the circuit said that 200 milliamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 the circuit said that 200 milliamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 the circuit said that 200 milliamps
+would be outputed from the circuit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be outputed from the circuit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be outputed from the circuit but
+instead we're getting 90 to 100 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're getting 90 to 100 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we're getting 90 to 100 so it's
+not as efficient as we would like but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as efficient as we would like but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as efficient as we would like but it
+still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work
+and right and just to explain why so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and just to explain why so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and just to explain why so the
+scatter blood has a point actually above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter blood has a point actually above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter blood has a point actually above
+the 100% efficiency Mark which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100% efficiency Mark which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100% efficiency Mark which is
+theoretically impossible uh but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically impossible uh but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically impossible uh but that was
+just um it was probably some it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um it was probably some it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um it was probably some it was one
+of the times we were using the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times we were using the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times we were using the actual
+sun and so it probably changed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and so it probably changed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and so it probably changed a little
+bit in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in between so
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's it thank you very much very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's it thank you very much very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's it thank you very much very
+much it if you guys have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it if you guys have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it if you guys have any questions
+uh so how did you estimate the nicar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how did you estimate the nicar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so how did you estimate the nicar
+roban St uh we took measurements while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roban St uh we took measurements while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roban St uh we took measurements while
+we were there as far as like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were there as far as like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were there as far as like what
+voltage and current output each cell was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current output each cell was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and current output each cell was
+at around like 1:00 okay and then next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around like 1:00 okay and then next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around like 1:00 okay and then next
+shop we do that yeah u based on what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop we do that yeah u based on what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop we do that yeah u based on what we
+think how much St that would delay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how much St that would delay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how much St that would delay to
+okay um with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um with the the
+10hour issue um the the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10hour issue um the the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10hour issue um the the only thing I
+think of is that the sun moves in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that the sun moves in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that the sun moves in 10
+hours so the user would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so the user would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so the user would have to
+understand that they they would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they they would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that they they would have to
+move the so it might actually be longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the so it might actually be longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the so it might actually be longer
+than 10 hour you know in optimal on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 hour you know in optimal on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 hour you know in optimal on it's
+10 hours might be more like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 hours might be more like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 hours might be more like the one
+thing we noticed was when talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we noticed was when talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we noticed was when talking to
+people they usually didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they usually didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they usually didn't actually
+charge it from completely discharged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it from completely discharged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it from completely discharged to
+charged they usually charge from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged they usually charge from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged they usually charge from about
+half charged so it would be more like 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half charged so it would be more like 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half charged so it would be more like 5
+hours which is more reasonable cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours which is more reasonable cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours which is more reasonable cuz
+that's more like the span that sun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like the span that sun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more like the span that sun is
+usable in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable in a
+day um how long does the cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um how long does the cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um how long does the cell phone
+battery last we got mixed answers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery last we got mixed answers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery last we got mixed answers on
+that when we like we did about 10 to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we like we did about 10 to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we like we did about 10 to 15
+interviews of people and asked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews of people and asked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews of people and asked that
+question and most people I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and most people I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and most people I think on
+average said they charge it about once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average said they charge it about once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average said they charge it about once a
+week um there was one person who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um there was one person who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um there was one person who said
+one us every 15 days once once said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one us every 15 days once once said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one us every 15 days once once said like
+every 3 days it just depends on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 3 days it just depends on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 3 days it just depends on how much
+they use it it also I think depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it it also I think depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it it also I think depends on
+how many cell phones they have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cell phones they have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cell phones they have in the
+family uh because we noticed that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh because we noticed that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh because we noticed that like
+one a certain family had one cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a certain family had one cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a certain family had one cell phone
+for the entire family so it obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire family so it obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire family so it obviously
+drained out faster but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drained out faster but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drained out faster but if you have
+individual cell phones uh they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell phones uh they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell phones uh they tend to
+last longer because you're only uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last longer because you're only uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last longer because you're only uh and
+so it it really depends but for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it really depends but for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it really depends but for the most
+part like Li said I I feel once a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part like Li said I I feel once a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part like Li said I I feel once a week
+was a very reasonable maybe twice a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very reasonable maybe twice a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very reasonable maybe twice a week
+I guess on average not not they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess on average not not they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess on average not not they don't
+use it a lot and most of them just um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it a lot and most of them just um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it a lot and most of them just um we
+noticed just from living with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed just from living with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed just from living with the
+families a lot of the times the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families a lot of the times the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families a lot of the times the cell
+phone just stays at the house so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone just stays at the house so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone just stays at the house so that if
+they receive a call so they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive a call so they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive a call so they can actually
+still be sort of using it while it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be sort of using it while it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be sort of using it while it's in
+like charge cuz they'll be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like charge cuz they'll be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like charge cuz they'll be within
+hearing shot so if they get a call they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing shot so if they get a call they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing shot so if they get a call they
+can unplug in and answer it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can unplug in and answer it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can unplug in and answer it but they
+can't like call with it while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like call with it while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like call with it while it's
+charging right I mean essentially sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging right I mean essentially sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging right I mean essentially sorry
+essentially they uh use a lot of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they uh use a lot of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they uh use a lot of cell
+phones as landlines um just because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones as landlines um just because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones as landlines um just because they
+don't have landline connectivity so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just a little bit about the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a little bit about the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a little bit about the community
+partner we worked with they are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner we worked with they are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner we worked with they are called
+the saiser they're a human development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saiser they're a human development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saiser they're a human development
+NGO based in Santa Anna they work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGO based in Santa Anna they work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NGO based in Santa Anna they work in
+rural areas and um try to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas and um try to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas and um try to improve the
+quality of life through environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life through environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life through environmental
+and nutritional education also micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nutritional education also micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nutritional education also micro
+credit opportunities and general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunities and general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit opportunities and general
+Community Development um one of saar's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Development um one of saar's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Development um one of saar's
+current projects is in introducing rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current projects is in introducing rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current projects is in introducing rice
+cultivation in El Salvador uh both as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation in El Salvador uh both as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation in El Salvador uh both as a
+source of nutrition but also as income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of nutrition but also as income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of nutrition but also as income
+generation and in order to prepare us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and in order to prepare us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and in order to prepare us
+for consumption it needs to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption it needs to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption it needs to be um
+threshed and also dehusked and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshed and also dehusked and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshed and also dehusked and current
+methods that the community uses are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that the community uses are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that the community uses are very
+time and money intensive so our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and money intensive so our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and money intensive so our design
+challenge is um to develop a cheap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is um to develop a cheap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is um to develop a cheap and
+local process that de husks rice more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local process that de husks rice more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local process that de husks rice more
+successfully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and
+conveniently uh the most important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently uh the most important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently uh the most important uh
+product attributes that we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product attributes that we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product attributes that we focused on
+were the efficiency and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the efficiency and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the efficiency and the a
+affordability of the product uh we our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability of the product uh we our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability of the product uh we our
+goal was to make sure that more than 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to make sure that more than 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal was to make sure that more than 90%
+of the rice was successfully dehusked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rice was successfully dehusked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rice was successfully dehusked
+while keeping the price of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping the price of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping the price of the product
+under $2 we also looked at cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under $2 we also looked at cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under $2 we also looked at cost and
+durability and safety of the product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durability and safety of the product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durability and safety of the product and
+so after um extensive research and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after um extensive research and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after um extensive research and some
+brainstorming exercises we concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming exercises we concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming exercises we concluded
+that the best approach to this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best approach to this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best approach to this design
+challenge is to modify an existing Molin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to modify an existing Molin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is to modify an existing Molin
+which is a corn Mill currently used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a corn Mill currently used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a corn Mill currently used in
+the communities the advantages are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities the advantages are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities the advantages are that
+it's already available and it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already available and it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already available and it's being
+supplied by our community partner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by our community partner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by our community partner and
+essentially what we're proposing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're proposing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're proposing is
+inserting another material between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting another material between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting another material between the
+two metal plates of the Molino that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two metal plates of the Molino that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two metal plates of the Molino that
+would uh provide enough friction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh provide enough friction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh provide enough friction to
+dehusk the rice grains but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehusk the rice grains but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehusk the rice grains but at the same
+time prevent them for from being broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time prevent them for from being broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time prevent them for from being broken
+and some of the challenges that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges that we're
+dealing with are um the lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with are um the lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with are um the lack of
+precision of the Molino and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of the Molino and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of the Molino and then also
+the fact that um it has friction so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that um it has friction so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that um it has friction so that
+it wears the materal Cals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wears the materal Cals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wears the materal Cals
+down so I'm going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I'm going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I'm going to talk about the
+experimentation process so initially our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation process so initially our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation process so initially our
+first problem was to decide what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem was to decide what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem was to decide what kind of
+insert we wanted to use so we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert we wanted to use so we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert we wanted to use so we looked at
+metal various types of rubber and foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal various types of rubber and foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal various types of rubber and foam
+and leather and when we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leather and when we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leather and when we were looking at
+these materials we really evaluated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials we really evaluated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials we really evaluated them
+on their cost how much R to do they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their cost how much R to do they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their cost how much R to do they were
+going to leave on the rice how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave on the rice how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave on the rice how long it
+was going to last so how durable and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to last so how durable and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to last so how durable and how
+available the material was so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the material was so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the material was so when we
+did our experiments there are two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our experiments there are two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our experiments there are two main
+variables that we were looking at were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we were looking at were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we were looking at were
+essentially the type of material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the type of material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the type of material and
+also the tightness of the Molina so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the tightness of the Molina so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the tightness of the Molina so
+essentially the tightness was how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the tightness was how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the tightness was how much
+space was going to exist in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was going to exist in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was going to exist in between the
+insert and the metal plates to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and the metal plates to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and the metal plates to provide
+the adequate friction and when we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adequate friction and when we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adequate friction and when we did
+our uh methodology our experiments first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh methodology our experiments first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh methodology our experiments first
+we inserted the material and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inserted the material and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we inserted the material and we
+controlled the spacing by uh screwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the spacing by uh screwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the spacing by uh screwing
+the um tab all the way in until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um tab all the way in until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um tab all the way in until we
+couldn't turn it any Tighter and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't turn it any Tighter and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't turn it any Tighter and then we
+turned it a certain number of turns back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it a certain number of turns back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it a certain number of turns back
+out so we knew how much space there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we knew how much space there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we knew how much space there
+existed in between the insert in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in between the insert in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in between the insert in the
+space and then we ran the rice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then we ran the rice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then we ran the rice through
+the Molino and after we ran the rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Molino and after we ran the rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Molino and after we ran the rice
+through we uh SE uh winnowed it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we uh SE uh winnowed it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we uh SE uh winnowed it and we
+separated the rice into husk um but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the rice into husk um but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated the rice into husk um but when
+it was still husk and if it had been be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still husk and if it had been be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still husk and if it had been be
+husk or broken or um the rice particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husk or broken or um the rice particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husk or broken or um the rice particles
+or the leftover husk are the three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leftover husk are the three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leftover husk are the three um
+particals we were left with and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particals we were left with and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particals we were left with and these
+pictures show the various types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures show the various types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures show the various types of
+experiments we really did and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we really did and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we really did and it was
+quite an extensive process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an extensive process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an extensive process we
+experimented with various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with various different
+types of materials um we would use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of materials um we would use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of materials um we would use one
+material and Vary the number turns we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and Vary the number turns we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and Vary the number turns we
+might insert multiple layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might insert multiple layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might insert multiple layers of the
+material to see if that changed anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see if that changed anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see if that changed anything
+and also we would run the material uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we would run the material uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we would run the material uh
+the rice through twice and see if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rice through twice and see if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rice through twice and see if that
+changed the efficiency of the rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the efficiency of the rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the efficiency of the rice
+itself and ultimately what we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and ultimately what we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and ultimately what we decided
+was that leather was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that leather was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that leather was the most
+appropriate insert for us um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate insert for us um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate insert for us um because
+when we did different material inserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did different material inserts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did different material inserts
+we essentially found out that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially found out that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially found out that it wasn't
+so much the material that matters but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the material that matters but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the material that matters but it
+was the number of turns that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of turns that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of turns that was really
+would um change the process in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um change the process in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um change the process in the
+efficiency and we knew that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we knew that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and we knew that this
+material had to be soft enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material had to be soft enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material had to be soft enough so that
+the frictional and um the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frictional and um the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frictional and um the torque
+wouldn't break the material and but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't break the material and but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't break the material and but we
+also knew it had to be very durable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knew it had to be very durable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knew it had to be very durable
+because we didn't want it to wear away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want it to wear away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want it to wear away
+so leather was the best option for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leather was the best option for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leather was the best option for us
+okay so when we were looking at leather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were looking at leather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were looking at leather
+we um first decided that we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um first decided that we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um first decided that we wanted to do
+unattached um without having to glue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattached um without having to glue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattached um without having to glue or
+adhere the leather to the Molino it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere the leather to the Molino it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhere the leather to the Molino it
+allowed for flexibility for the molo use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for flexibility for the molo use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed for flexibility for the molo use
+and um it had pretty similar results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it had pretty similar results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it had pretty similar results and
+it wasn't hazardous if we not some toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't hazardous if we not some toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't hazardous if we not some toxic
+blue um we also decided with brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um we also decided with brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue um we also decided with brown
+organic leather um we didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic leather um we didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic leather um we didn't want
+anything that was too processed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that was too processed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that was too processed or
+patented or anything and um we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented or anything and um we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented or anything and um we thought
+that one piece might be acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece might be acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece might be acceptable
+because it was similar we had similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was similar we had similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was similar we had similar
+results as two or more pieces um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as two or more pieces um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as two or more pieces um it's
+obviously cheaper if it's only one pce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cheaper if it's only one pce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cheaper if it's only one pce
+to and it's less hazardous if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it's less hazardous if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and it's less hazardous if we're not
+gluing our hearing it together again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluing our hearing it together again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluing our hearing it together again um
+so we actually were worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually were worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually were worried about
+toxicity after we learned that tanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity after we learned that tanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity after we learned that tanning
+was kind of um chemical intensive um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of um chemical intensive um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of um chemical intensive um we
+concluded that the no dangerous exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the no dangerous exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that the no dangerous exposure
+because chromium 6 is the most hazardous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chromium 6 is the most hazardous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chromium 6 is the most hazardous
+um chemical that's being used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical that's being used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical that's being used in
+treatment and chro it's actually broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and chro it's actually broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and chro it's actually broken
+down into chromium 3 which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into chromium 3 which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into chromium 3 which is an
+essential nutrient um in your body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient um in your body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient um in your body so
+when it's inhaled it's okay um the OA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's inhaled it's okay um the OA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's inhaled it's okay um the OA
+says that 100 mcog of chromium perer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that 100 mcog of chromium perer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that 100 mcog of chromium perer
+drinking water is acceptable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water is acceptable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking water is acceptable and we
+found that that's equ to eating SE seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that's equ to eating SE seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that's equ to eating SE seven
+of these inserts a day so we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these inserts a day so we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these inserts a day so we don't think
+anyone's going to do that um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's going to do that um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's going to do that um we also
+found that there's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there's not really
+significant Leather wear um we processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Leather wear um we processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Leather wear um we processed
+about 7 and2 kg of rice which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 and2 kg of rice which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 7 and2 kg of rice which is a
+family's wealthy rice consumption I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's wealthy rice consumption I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family's wealthy rice consumption I'm
+using this insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this insert
+and but this is a new one compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but this is a new one compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but this is a new one compared to
+the one that we process so you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we process so you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we process so you can tell
+it it's stretched a little bit but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's stretched a little bit but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's stretched a little bit but other
+than that there's no real we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that there's no real we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that there's no real we that we
+found um so we wanted to optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found um so we wanted to optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found um so we wanted to optimize the
+process after we completed that leather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process after we completed that leather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process after we completed that leather
+was our um material and so we processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our um material and so we processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our um material and so we processed
+about 1 and a half liters at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 and a half liters at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 and a half liters at a time and
+we did a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a whole bunch of different
+experiments um we really focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um we really focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments um we really focused on the
+optimal tightness of the Lena and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal tightness of the Lena and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal tightness of the Lena and we did
+this by looking at the percent that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by looking at the percent that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by looking at the percent that was
+hust in the broken range and how fast we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hust in the broken range and how fast we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hust in the broken range and how fast we
+could do um do the one and half L um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do um do the one and half L um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do um do the one and half L um and
+then we also attached five washers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also attached five washers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also attached five washers to
+the side Ms um this allowed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side Ms um this allowed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side Ms um this allowed for
+stability from L allowed us to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability from L allowed us to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability from L allowed us to better
+control the spacing between the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the spacing between the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the spacing between the metal
+and the leather so we could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the leather so we could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the leather so we could really
+optimize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize our
+tightness um so this is the data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness um so this is the data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness um so this is the data from
+our experimentation so we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experimentation so we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experimentation so we found that
+using the one piece of leather we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the one piece of leather we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the one piece of leather we could
+get 94 to 96% P which is really good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 94 to 96% P which is really good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 94 to 96% P which is really good um
+and so our optimal outcome was one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our optimal outcome was one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our optimal outcome was one piece
+to another unattached four to five turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another unattached four to five turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another unattached four to five turns
+out looking at our original project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking at our original project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking at our original project
+project specifications um we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project specifications um we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project specifications um we found that
+this was very comparable to what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very comparable to what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very comparable to what we had
+wanted and um the durability we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and um the durability we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and um the durability we are
+positive that it will last 160 lbs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that it will last 160 lbs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that it will last 160 lbs but
+we um estimated that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um estimated that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um estimated that was our
+minimum um so our final conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um so our final conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum um so our final conclusion is
+that one piece of leather unattached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece of leather unattached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one piece of leather unattached to
+luno is the best um 4 and a half to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luno is the best um 4 and a half to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luno is the best um 4 and a half to five
+turns but the user can vary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but the user can vary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but the user can vary that
+depending on what they want as um broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they want as um broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they want as um broken
+versus deut scens um it's very minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus deut scens um it's very minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus deut scens um it's very minimal
+cost it's about 50 50 cents per insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's about 50 50 cents per insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's about 50 50 cents per insert
+um it's durable again we expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's durable again we expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's durable again we expect it to
+wear normally but not too much and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear normally but not too much and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear normally but not too much and it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+toxic so now that you've heard a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic so now that you've heard a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic so now that you've heard a little
+bit of the decisions uh behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the decisions uh behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the decisions uh behind the
+process I just want to take you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I just want to take you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I just want to take you a little
+bit through what it might look like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit through what it might look like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit through what it might look like for
+someone that's in the community and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that's in the community and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that's in the community and what
+they would have to do to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have to do to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have to do to be able to use
+um this process so first they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this process so first they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this process so first they would have
+to get a hold of a piece of leather and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hold of a piece of leather and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hold of a piece of leather and
+cut it to the donnut shape that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it to the donnut shape that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it to the donnut shape that would
+fit into U the shaft um and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into U the shaft um and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into U the shaft um and if the
+Molino body wasn't set up already they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molino body wasn't set up already they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molino body wasn't set up already they
+would you know put it on the stand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know put it on the stand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know put it on the stand and
+proceed to um put the leather on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to um put the leather on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to um put the leather on on the
+shaft and put that into through the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft and put that into through the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft and put that into through the main
+body um and then continue by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um and then continue by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body um and then continue by you know
+adding the reservoir up on top as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the reservoir up on top as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the reservoir up on top as well
+as the handle on the side um then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the handle on the side um then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the handle on the side um then the
+next the next thing would be um to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next thing would be um to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next thing would be um to add
+these washers so that the this brace can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these washers so that the this brace can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these washers so that the this brace can
+hold the shaft in the main body but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the shaft in the main body but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the shaft in the main body but it
+can still be tighten enough and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be tighten enough and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be tighten enough and still
+leave enough space um for the leather to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave enough space um for the leather to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave enough space um for the leather to
+fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+inside then they would um turn the knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside then they would um turn the knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside then they would um turn the knob
+all the way in and then un and then turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way in and then un and then turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way in and then un and then turn
+out the specified four and a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the specified four and a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the specified four and a half to
+five turns um or according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five turns um or according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five turns um or according to their
+preference um whether they wanted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um whether they wanted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference um whether they wanted uh
+broken rice or more broken rice or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken rice or more broken rice or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken rice or more broken rice or more
+unhusked rice and um would then crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhusked rice and um would then crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhusked rice and um would then crank
+away and put the rice in and process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and put the rice in and process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and put the rice in and process and
+from there take uh separate the husks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there take uh separate the husks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there take uh separate the husks
+from the grains by winwing it um using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the grains by winwing it um using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the grains by winwing it um using
+their preferred method meod and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferred method meod and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferred method meod and from
+there um just as a side note we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um just as a side note we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um just as a side note we also
+found that when we're when we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when we're when we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that when we're when we're doing
+our more detailed experiments we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our more detailed experiments we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our more detailed experiments we found
+that or to separate the broken Rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or to separate the broken Rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or to separate the broken Rice
+versus the whole grains we found that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the whole grains we found that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the whole grains we found that um
+when we were shaking it back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were shaking it back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were shaking it back and forth
+in the in the uh cves the UN hus rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh cves the UN hus rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh cves the UN hus rice
+actually came up to the top just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up to the top just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came up to the top just because
+it's a little bit larger and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit larger and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit larger and so that
+sort of give a natural separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give a natural separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give a natural separation
+between the ones that still had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ones that still had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ones that still had the
+husks on and the ones that didn't and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husks on and the ones that didn't and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husks on and the ones that didn't and so
+from there we um so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we um so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we um so what we're going to
+be suggesting is to you know put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be suggesting is to you know put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be suggesting is to you know put the
+wined rice into a into a container and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wined rice into a into a container and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wined rice into a into a container and
+shake it back and forth a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it back and forth a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake it back and forth a little bit and
+from there the rice will then um collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there the rice will then um collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there the rice will then um collect
+to the top and get be able to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top and get be able to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top and get be able to sort of
+scoop it out and that's what gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop it out and that's what gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoop it out and that's what gives us
+our 96% um efficiency and that's um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 96% um efficiency and that's um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 96% um efficiency and that's um the
+other contribution to the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other contribution to the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other contribution to the process so
+from there um the rice is ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there um the rice is ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there um the rice is ready to go
+and um they just it would just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they just it would just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they just it would just have to
+be washed before it's uh eaten so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be washed before it's uh eaten so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be washed before it's uh eaten so we
+just like to thank other proar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to thank other proar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like to thank other proar and the
+daab staff for helping us out and for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab staff for helping us out and for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab staff for helping us out and for uh
+will Floyd from W rice for giving us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Floyd from W rice for giving us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Floyd from W rice for giving us our
+rice so if you guys have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice so if you guys have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice so if you guys have any questions
+just thank you for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listening we did a good job avilable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening we did a good job avilable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening we did a good job avilable
+with mother so um we visited or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mother so um we visited or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mother so um we visited or I guess
+I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't
+um um went went to um a store in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um went went to um a store in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um went went to um a store in one of
+the towns nearby these communities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towns nearby these communities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towns nearby these communities and
+it was a SHO store that just sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a SHO store that just sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a SHO store that just sold
+leather in all types of quantities so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leather in all types of quantities so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leather in all types of quantities so it
+it is available and the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is available and the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is available and the community
+partner that we worked with um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner that we worked with um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner that we worked with um actually
+they were the ones who brought us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the ones who brought us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the ones who brought us there
+so they would be able to supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be able to supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would be able to supply the
+communities with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with the
+Lea what fraction of your R remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea what fraction of your R remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea what fraction of your R remain
+broken at the end it's probably about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken at the end it's probably about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken at the end it's probably about a
+third I mean what we were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I mean what we were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I mean what we were really
+concerned with was um how much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with was um how much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with was um how much like the
+percentage of husk to like DEH huster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of husk to like DEH huster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of husk to like DEH huster
+cuz like you can eat rice is not as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz like you can eat rice is not as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz like you can eat rice is not as like
+it's not as nice you like would rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as nice you like would rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as nice you like would rather
+not eat it but um for the most part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eat it but um for the most part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not eat it but um for the most part we
+would rather ER on the side of the huspy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rather ER on the side of the huspy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rather ER on the side of the huspy
+most of the rice versus leaving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rice versus leaving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rice versus leaving it
+huskin hole so it was probably about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huskin hole so it was probably about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huskin hole so it was probably about a
+third of it was probably broken we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of it was probably broken we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of it was probably broken we lost
+maybe about uh maybe about like between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about uh maybe about like between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about uh maybe about like between
+5 and 10% of it was like just like sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and 10% of it was like just like sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and 10% of it was like just like sand
+grainy size so it was it's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grainy size so it was it's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grainy size so it was it's pretty good
+but it's also something that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also something that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also something that people can
+adjust the turns too so if they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the turns too so if they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the turns too so if they would
+prefer having more hus rice and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer having more hus rice and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer having more hus rice and just
+pull it out themselves then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out themselves then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it out themselves then it would
+probably be less broken rice cuz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be less broken rice cuz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be less broken rice cuz it's
+not going to be as tight and not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as tight and not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as tight and not be
+crushing it as much and something also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing it as much and something also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing it as much and something also
+we learned from the Community Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from the Community Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from the Community Partners
+that currently when they they currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that currently when they they currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that currently when they they currently
+bring it to a mill to have it de husk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to a mill to have it de husk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to a mill to have it de husk
+and when they get it back some pieces do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they get it back some pieces do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they get it back some pieces do
+still have husks on and some pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have husks on and some pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have husks on and some pieces are
+broken so it's not um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so it's not um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so it's not um what they
+currently have is something similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have is something similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have is something similar to
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+and they could theoretically cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could theoretically cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could theoretically cycle the
+the non husk stuff back that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non husk stuff back that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non husk stuff back that's what we
+found was really nice about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was really nice about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was really nice about it we
+weren't quite expecting this but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't quite expecting this but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't quite expecting this but when we
+were shaking well look at that like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shaking well look at that like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shaking well look at that like all
+the H rice is like right in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H rice is like right in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H rice is like right in the center
+so like okay so we just scooped it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like okay so we just scooped it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like okay so we just scooped it all
+out we just put it back with the rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we just put it back with the rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we just put it back with the rice
+that hasn't been processed yet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't been processed yet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't been processed yet and the
+SV that you used um is are those yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV that you used um is are those yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SV that you used um is are those yeah so
+the sves the fact that it's a Civ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sves the fact that it's a Civ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sves the fact that it's a Civ is
+sort of irrelevant like we were just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of irrelevant like we were just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of irrelevant like we were just we
+just happened to use the Civ so um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to use the Civ so um yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to use the Civ so um yes
+you were using the C to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were using the C to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were using the C to take out the
+broken R exactly yeah and so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken R exactly yeah and so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken R exactly yeah and so it would
+just be a a like a fairly shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a a like a fairly shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a a like a fairly shallow
+container so the fact that it's a siiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container so the fact that it's a siiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container so the fact that it's a siiv
+doesn't really it it isn't the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really it it isn't the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really it it isn't the one
+that's causing it to we did realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing it to we did realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing it to we did realize
+though it was really important that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was really important that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was really important that like
+the bottom was relatively flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom was relatively flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom was relatively flat and
+sturdy and that the sides wouldn't bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturdy and that the sides wouldn't bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturdy and that the sides wouldn't bend
+so you wouldn't want like a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't want like a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't want like a plastic
+container because you can't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container because you can't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container because you can't get the
+right motion for the shaking back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right motion for the shaking back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right motion for the shaking back and
+forth for it to separate so some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth for it to separate so some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth for it to separate so some kind of
+like but we just actually Ed the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but we just actually Ed the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but we just actually Ed the same
+container that we were winnowing in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that we were winnowing in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that we were winnowing in so
+um we could I mean we didn't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could I mean we didn't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we could I mean we didn't we don't
+have the huge uh like platters that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the huge uh like platters that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the huge uh like platters that they
+sort of use but um that would definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use but um that would definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use but um that would definitely
+be something that we'll suggest ASO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that we'll suggest ASO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that we'll suggest ASO
+proar and try and have them try it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar and try and have them try it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar and try and have them try it out
+to see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works good afternoon everyone thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works good afternoon everyone thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works good afternoon everyone thank you
+for coming our group project is Barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming our group project is Barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming our group project is Barrel
+on fire charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire charcoal
+desire my name is Jess gz and along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire my name is Jess gz and along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire my name is Jess gz and along with
+Vian and Kurt SW we went to saan Grande
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vian and Kurt SW we went to saan Grande
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vian and Kurt SW we went to saan Grande
+in nicara and we reintroduced and reh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nicara and we reintroduced and reh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nicara and we reintroduced and reh
+helped the women make charcoal out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the women make charcoal out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped the women make charcoal out of
+Agro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agro
+waste so for context of charcoal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so for context of charcoal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so for context of charcoal in the
+community of Sal in about 2009 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of Sal in about 2009 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of Sal in about 2009 a
+Professor Amy Bart um visited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Amy Bart um visited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Amy Bart um visited the
+community and introduced charcoal over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and introduced charcoal over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and introduced charcoal over
+the years um the knowledge was lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years um the knowledge was lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years um the knowledge was lost the
+women lost practice they got CH they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women lost practice they got CH they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women lost practice they got CH they had
+challenges they didn't yield briquettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges they didn't yield briquettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges they didn't yield briquettes
+when they tried to make it they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they tried to make it they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they tried to make it they were
+getting less than 10 betet per his you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less than 10 betet per his you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less than 10 betet per his you
+so we went this spring break to nicara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went this spring break to nicara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went this spring break to nicara
+we reintroduced the process to Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reintroduced the process to Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reintroduced the process to Four
+Women whom we now call the charal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women whom we now call the charal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women whom we now call the charal
+captains and uh when we were there our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains and uh when we were there our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains and uh when we were there our
+yield were our yield of burns were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield were our yield of burns were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield were our yield of burns were
+coming up to around 80 buetts per burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up to around 80 buetts per burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up to around 80 buetts per burn
+since then we came back we redesigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then we came back we redesigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then we came back we redesigned
+the charcoal making process we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal making process we made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal making process we made the
+Innovation sent them back our feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sent them back our feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sent them back our feedback
+and results and when they've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and results and when they've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and results and when they've done it
+with our new designs they're getting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our new designs they're getting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our new designs they're getting up
+to 110 briquettes per burn so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 110 briquettes per burn so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 110 briquettes per burn so the
+project is looking commercially viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is looking commercially viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is looking commercially viable
+for them they're looking at making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them they're looking at making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them they're looking at making the
+charcoal for the restaurant that on site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal for the restaurant that on site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal for the restaurant that on site
+to fuel and to cook with they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fuel and to cook with they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fuel and to cook with they're going
+to be making charcoal to sell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be making charcoal to sell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be making charcoal to sell to the
+community and they're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they're actually going to
+be displaying it in their Community th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displaying it in their Community th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displaying it in their Community th
+this in mid May um on how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mid May um on how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mid May um on how to make
+charcoal and how to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so the way that we uh identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the way that we uh identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the way that we uh identified the
+problem was um looking at the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was um looking at the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was um looking at the current
+charcoal burning process it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burning process it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burning process it requires
+lighting this oil drum on fire which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting this oil drum on fire which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting this oil drum on fire which is
+packed with dry biomass and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed with dry biomass and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed with dry biomass and then um
+sealing both the bottom and the top so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing both the bottom and the top so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealing both the bottom and the top so
+this process right now with the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process right now with the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process right now with the barrel
+Standing On Top of the three bricks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standing On Top of the three bricks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standing On Top of the three bricks is
+optimized for cost so this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for cost so this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for cost so this is the most
+low cost way to do it however we felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost way to do it however we felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost way to do it however we felt
+like we could add improvements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could add improvements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could add improvements that
+would uh be justified in their cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be justified in their cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be justified in their cost
+because this has two main problems one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has two main problems one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has two main problems one
+is the issue of heat exposure so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the issue of heat exposure so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the issue of heat exposure so um the
+user actually has to get quite close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user actually has to get quite close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user actually has to get quite close to
+the barrel to be able to kick out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel to be able to kick out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel to be able to kick out the
+bricks from the bottom and the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks from the bottom and the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks from the bottom and the second is
+the safety issue where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety issue where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety issue where um
+the uh where in sealing the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh where in sealing the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh where in sealing the bottom of
+the barrel you have to tip it and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel you have to tip it and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel you have to tip it and this
+could result in some accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so as you can see there are Flames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so as you can see there are Flames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so as you can see there are Flames
+coming out of the bottom of the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the bottom of the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the bottom of the barrel
+as they're doing this so that's the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're doing this so that's the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're doing this so that's the heat
+problem and then as they're tipping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then as they're tipping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then as they're tipping it
+the uh the barrel fell over and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the barrel fell over and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the barrel fell over and um and
+almost land on one of the woman so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost land on one of the woman so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost land on one of the woman so this
+is a uh a safety concern and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh a safety concern and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh a safety concern and there was
+also a lot of bi Mass to the left of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of bi Mass to the left of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of bi Mass to the left of uh
+the barrel so it could have lit all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel so it could have lit all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel so it could have lit all that
+on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too right so how do we solve this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right so how do we solve this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right so how do we solve this our
+solution consists of a circular Dugout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution consists of a circular Dugout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution consists of a circular Dugout
+that is slightly smaller in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is slightly smaller in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is slightly smaller in
+circumference than the barrel um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference than the barrel um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference than the barrel um and
+within that dug it stems um three air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that dug it stems um three air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that dug it stems um three air
+channels and within each three within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and within each three within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and within each three within
+each air channel is UM are two bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each air channel is UM are two bricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each air channel is UM are two bricks
+that are embedded and the barrel simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are embedded and the barrel simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are embedded and the barrel simply
+sits on top of the ground and on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on top of the ground and on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on top of the ground and on top of
+the bricks for um like a very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bricks for um like a very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bricks for um like a very stable
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+um when we tested our solution we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we tested our solution we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we tested our solution we wanted
+to make sure that the biomass could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the biomass could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the biomass could
+still be lit pretty easily through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be lit pretty easily through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be lit pretty easily through the
+bottom and what we found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and what we found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and what we found was that
+biomass is actually it's a lot easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass is actually it's a lot easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass is actually it's a lot easier
+because um the air channels actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the air channels actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um the air channels actually
+block any wind that could interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block any wind that could interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block any wind that could interfere with
+interfere with the process um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the process um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the process um we also
+calculated the the size of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the the size of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the the size of the air
+channels needed to be to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels needed to be to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels needed to be to allow the
+necessary air flow for a very thorough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary air flow for a very thorough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary air flow for a very thorough
+burn um you can see on the sides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn um you can see on the sides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn um you can see on the sides that
+the barrel is sealed at the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel is sealed at the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel is sealed at the ground
+except for by the air channels and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for by the air channels and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for by the air channels and um
+because the ground because the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ground because the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ground because the barrel
+sits on ground level we eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on ground level we eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on ground level we eliminate the
+risk of having to tip over the barrel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of having to tip over the barrel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of having to tip over the barrel or
+having to handle or move the barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to handle or move the barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to handle or move the barrel
+while it's on fire um eventually you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's on fire um eventually you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's on fire um eventually you'll
+need to cut off the air supply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut off the air supply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cut off the air supply to the
+burnt biomass to allow it to carbonized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnt biomass to allow it to carbonized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burnt biomass to allow it to carbonized
+and so the way we figured we would seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way we figured we would seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way we figured we would seal
+these air channels is through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these air channels is through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these air channels is through these
+metal plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plates
+um so the idea behind these plates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea behind these plates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea behind these plates is
+for the user to be able to slide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the user to be able to slide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the user to be able to slide the
+metal plate from a distance keeping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plate from a distance keeping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plate from a distance keeping a
+safe distance so that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe distance so that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe distance so that they're not
+exposed to the heat as much and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the heat as much and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to the heat as much and um
+through several design iterations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several design iterations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several design iterations this
+is our final design we came up with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our final design we came up with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our final design we came up with it's
+um you can check it out um it's made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can check it out um it's made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can check it out um it's made of
+one piece of sheet metal um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of sheet metal um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of sheet metal um which is
+very readily AA available in Nicaragua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very readily AA available in Nicaragua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very readily AA available in Nicaragua
+and um the handle is made by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the handle is made by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the handle is made by making
+slits in the sheet metal and curving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits in the sheet metal and curving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits in the sheet metal and curving it
+around and riveting it to connect at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and riveting it to connect at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and riveting it to connect at the
+top and riveting is very available Ina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and riveting is very available Ina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and riveting is very available Ina
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well um so yeah we just use metal shears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so yeah we just use metal shears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so yeah we just use metal shears
+to cut the sheet metal so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the sheet metal so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the sheet metal so it's pretty
+simple um if you we have a video of Kurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um if you we have a video of Kurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um if you we have a video of Kurt
+demonstrating use of these new metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating use of these new metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating use of these new metal
+Seals All right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filming so you can see he does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming so you can see he does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming so you can see he does this
+pretty easily maintains a safe distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily maintains a safe distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily maintains a safe distance
+and it's pretty quick go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is our solution um a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is our solution um a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is our solution um a big
+question that came up when sealing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up when sealing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that came up when sealing the
+barrel was whether or not we should seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel was whether or not we should seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel was whether or not we should seal
+the bottom first or the top first and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom first or the top first and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom first or the top first and we
+found through experimentation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found through experimentation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found through experimentation that it
+was easiest to First seal using metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easiest to First seal using metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easiest to First seal using metal
+seals so we cut off air flow so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seals so we cut off air flow so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seals so we cut off air flow so the
+Flames aren't as intense coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames aren't as intense coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flames aren't as intense coming out of
+the top and then you can throw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then you can throw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and then you can throw on the
+lid on the top and then that allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid on the top and then that allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid on the top and then that allows for
+smoke to come out of any air air gaps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke to come out of any air air gaps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke to come out of any air air gaps or
+air holes so you can so you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air holes so you can so you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air holes so you can so you know where
+exactly to plug sand in so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to plug sand in so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to plug sand in so other
+solution we actually delivered this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we actually delivered this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we actually delivered this to
+the m artist and Jessica will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m artist and Jessica will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m artist and Jessica will tell you
+about the feedback we got so our group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feedback we got so our group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feedback we got so our group
+is unique in that we are able to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique in that we are able to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique in that we are able to have a
+native speaker me communicate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native speaker me communicate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native speaker me communicate with the
+women constantly we kept communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women constantly we kept communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women constantly we kept communication
+with them through emails phone calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them through emails phone calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them through emails phone calls to
+their cell phones to various um women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones to various um women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones to various um women
+and men on site um and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men on site um and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and men on site um and so this is a
+picture of when they did their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of when they did their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of when they did their own
+Barrel Dugout again we had our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrel Dugout again we had our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barrel Dugout again we had our design
+and we submitted it to them on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we submitted it to them on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we submitted it to them on you know
+a document of here's what you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a document of here's what you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a document of here's what you should do
+new and Innovative and so so they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and Innovative and so so they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and Innovative and so so they did
+the barrel Dugout and they tried it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel Dugout and they tried it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel Dugout and they tried it they
+made their own sheet metal designs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their own sheet metal designs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their own sheet metal designs to
+cover the barrel so we only sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the barrel so we only sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the barrel so we only sent
+pictures of ours but they went ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of ours but they went ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of ours but they went ahead and
+they said we're already going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're already going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're already going to make
+another design iteration we love the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design iteration we love the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design iteration we love the
+idea we asked them questions about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we asked them questions about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we asked them questions about you
+know how do you feel about the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you feel about the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you feel about the safety
+risk and they said there's no risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and they said there's no risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and they said there's no risk of
+the barrel falling over now which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel falling over now which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel falling over now which was
+just as important as the heat um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as important as the heat um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as important as the heat um we
+asked them uh how how do you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them uh how how do you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them uh how how do you like
+cooking with the charcoal now they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the charcoal now they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with the charcoal now they said
+I cooked tortillas which is one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cooked tortillas which is one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cooked tortillas which is one of their
+most valued foods and they said with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valued foods and they said with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valued foods and they said with the
+charcoal we made the tortillas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal we made the tortillas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal we made the tortillas were
+delicious I made aicha with a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious I made aicha with a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicious I made aicha with a charcoal
+they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be
+using is like a bread like a rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is like a bread like a rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is like a bread like a rice
+pudding um they're going to be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding um they're going to be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pudding um they're going to be using the
+charcoal now that they feel safe enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal now that they feel safe enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal now that they feel safe enough
+to continue to use it they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to use it they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to use it they're going to
+be using it in the in the community fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using it in the in the community fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using it in the in the community fair
+this miday and lighting the biomass was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this miday and lighting the biomass was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this miday and lighting the biomass was
+also an added Advantage because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an added Advantage because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an added Advantage because it was
+very fast they all I had to do was align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast they all I had to do was align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast they all I had to do was align
+the bottom of the the holes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the the holes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the the holes on the
+bottom of the barrel with the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the barrel with the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the barrel with the air
+channels and now when they went to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and now when they went to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and now when they went to light
+it it was easier to light cuz it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was easier to light cuz it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was easier to light cuz it was
+wind protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind protection
+so in conclusion in summary we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in conclusion in summary we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in conclusion in summary we've taken
+the charcoal making process and added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal making process and added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal making process and added
+Four Points of making it easier four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four Points of making it easier four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four Points of making it easier four
+Innovative points to the process we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative points to the process we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative points to the process we made
+the lighting of the barrel easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting of the barrel easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting of the barrel easier
+because now when you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now when you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now when you're getting the
+match under the barrel it's wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match under the barrel it's wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match under the barrel it's wind
+protected so the wind won't put it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected so the wind won't put it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected so the wind won't put it out
+um now while the barrel is burning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now while the barrel is burning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now while the barrel is burning for
+those 15 sometimes 25 minutes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 15 sometimes 25 minutes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 15 sometimes 25 minutes it's
+cooler uh the Flames aren't coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler uh the Flames aren't coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler uh the Flames aren't coming out
+from under the bottom radial out towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from under the bottom radial out towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from under the bottom radial out towards
+your feet now the uh the ceiling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet now the uh the ceiling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet now the uh the ceiling of the
+barrel is safer because there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel is safer because there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel is safer because there's no no
+longer a tip and kick method all you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a tip and kick method all you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a tip and kick method all you got
+to do is use the metal sheets and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use the metal sheets and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use the metal sheets and it's
+faster to um to seal as well because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to um to seal as well because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster to um to seal as well because it
+doesn't require coordination and all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require coordination and all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require coordination and all you
+got to do is slit the metal sheet like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do is slit the metal sheet like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do is slit the metal sheet like
+you saw in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video so throughout the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so throughout the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so throughout the process of
+developing the solution we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the solution we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the solution we did some
+experiments around where the heat was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments around where the heat was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments around where the heat was
+coming from and we discovered that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and we discovered that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and we discovered that most
+of it was coming from a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was coming from a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was coming from a thermal
+radiation from the barrel so we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from the barrel so we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation from the barrel so we thought
+okay a way that we could improve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a way that we could improve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a way that we could improve our
+solution even more is to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution even more is to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution even more is to develop
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+Shields and the uh kind of the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields and the uh kind of the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shields and the uh kind of the gold
+standard of radiation Shields is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of radiation Shields is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of radiation Shields is
+aluminum tin foil but we ruled this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum tin foil but we ruled this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum tin foil but we ruled this out
+because it is just too brittle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is just too brittle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is just too brittle and
+wouldn't be able to withstand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to withstand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to withstand the
+thermal cycles of a barrel burning again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal cycles of a barrel burning again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal cycles of a barrel burning again
+and again so we experimented with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again so we experimented with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again so we experimented with two
+others as well uh here you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well uh here you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well uh here you have like
+window screening this is made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window screening this is made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window screening this is made out of
+aluminum and galvanized steel like metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and galvanized steel like metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and galvanized steel like metal
+mesh and the conclusion was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and the conclusion was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and the conclusion was that it
+wouldn't be it wouldn't just justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be it wouldn't just justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be it wouldn't just justify the
+cost the heat reduction would justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the heat reduction would justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the heat reduction would justify
+the cost so what you see in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so what you see in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so what you see in this graph
+is uh the cost of insulation going up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the cost of insulation going up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the cost of insulation going up on
+the xais and that's as measured by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xais and that's as measured by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xais and that's as measured by more
+and more layers of either the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more layers of either the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more layers of either the metal
+sheet or the window um or the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet or the window um or the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet or the window um or the window
+screen and on the y- AIS you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and on the y- AIS you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and on the y- AIS you have
+percentage of heat reduction so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of heat reduction so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of heat reduction so you do
+see a positive correlation the more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a positive correlation the more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a positive correlation the more of
+that insulation that you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insulation that you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that insulation that you see that that
+you put on the more heat reduction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on the more heat reduction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on the more heat reduction you
+get however spending upwards of $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get however spending upwards of $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get however spending upwards of $15
+doesn't even get you 40% reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat so where does this leave our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so where does this leave our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so where does this leave our
+solution well we think that the Dugout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well we think that the Dugout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well we think that the Dugout
+and metal play seals really represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal play seals really represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal play seals really represent
+kind of a sweet spot like in a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sweet spot like in a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sweet spot like in a range of
+solutions at the very top you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions at the very top you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions at the very top you just have
+the tip tip and kick method and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip tip and kick method and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip tip and kick method and then you
+uh you know you can introduce the Dugout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can introduce the Dugout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can introduce the Dugout
+and just seal the holes with sand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just seal the holes with sand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just seal the holes with sand but
+that's uh that wouldn't give you as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that wouldn't give you as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that wouldn't give you as much
+heat reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat reduction
+and rs is medium cost the sheet metal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rs is medium cost the sheet metal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rs is medium cost the sheet metal is
+not that expensive to make the plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that expensive to make the plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that expensive to make the plates
+out of and it gets you a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of and it gets you a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of and it gets you a significant
+heat reduction and finally adding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat reduction and finally adding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat reduction and finally adding some
+kind of radiation shields uh is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of radiation shields uh is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of radiation shields uh is pretty
+high cost but doesn't and gives you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost but doesn't and gives you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost but doesn't and gives you more
+reduction in heat but we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in heat but we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in heat but we don't think
+that it really justifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really justifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really justifies the
+cost so we have a lot of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so we have a lot of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so we have a lot of people to
+think I won't read them all out cu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I won't read them all out cu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I won't read them all out cu I
+think we are just about done but um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are just about done but um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are just about done but um we
+are looking forward to your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking forward to your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking forward to your questions
+and any feedback you might have do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any feedback you might have do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any feedback you might have do you
+have an estimate on how much each metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an estimate on how much each metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an estimate on how much each metal
+sheet would cost and how long you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet would cost and how long you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet would cost and how long you think
+it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would
+last that's a great question we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last that's a great question we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last that's a great question we thought
+about that a lot um but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a lot um but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a lot um but when we
+introduced so we don't but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so we don't but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so we don't but when we
+introduced the sheet metal they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the sheet metal they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the sheet metal they said
+sure we'll do it and again they made one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we'll do it and again they made one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we'll do it and again they made one
+set of this design of a sheet metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this design of a sheet metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this design of a sheet metal and
+they're ready to make another set um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to make another set um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to make another set um
+with another with so another another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another with so another another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another with so another another
+batch of supplies to make another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of supplies to make another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch of supplies to make another set of
+she Metals so it doesn't seem like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she Metals so it doesn't seem like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she Metals so it doesn't seem like it's
+a restrictive cost for them yeah we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restrictive cost for them yeah we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restrictive cost for them yeah we like
+we are that is one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are that is one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are that is one thing that we
+neglected to look into um and but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected to look into um and but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected to look into um and but we
+know it's there on site because they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's there on site because they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's there on site because they use
+this type of sheet metal for their solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of sheet metal for their solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of sheet metal for their solar
+Ops so we know they can obtain it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ops so we know they can obtain it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ops so we know they can obtain it and
+they I don't think they had to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think they had to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I don't think they had to go out
+and buy it for anything because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy it for anything because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy it for anything because they
+already had it in their Center so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had it in their Center so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had it in their Center so our
+BAS our case is kind of special and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAS our case is kind of special and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BAS our case is kind of special and that
+they do have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have these
+resources it seems like the topping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it seems like the topping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources it seems like the topping
+method still involves getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method still involves getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method still involves getting close to
+the barrel where everything else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel where everything else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel where everything else you
+maintain the distance from the barrel if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the distance from the barrel if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the distance from the barrel if
+you consider just putting a pop riveting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider just putting a pop riveting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider just putting a pop riveting
+a small handle on top of the top piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small handle on top of the top piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small handle on top of the top piece
+so that you could also put that on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could also put that on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could also put that on with
+your stick that's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stick that's really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stick that's really interesting
+they actually um in the design that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually um in the design that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually um in the design that the
+women made uh that's a good question by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women made uh that's a good question by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women made uh that's a good question by
+the way in the design that the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in the design that the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in the design that the women
+made in narwa they put a handle on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in narwa they put a handle on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in narwa they put a handle on their
+metal sheet and they said that for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal sheet and they said that for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal sheet and they said that for our
+second iteration that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration that they're going to
+make they're going to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they're going to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they're going to take out the
+handle because they realize it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle because they realize it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle because they realize it's it's
+unnecessary it's they said it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary it's they said it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary it's they said it's not that
+hard you can get close to it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you can get close to it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you can get close to it and just
+insert it with your hand that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it with your hand that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it with your hand that's what
+they're doing so theirs doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing so theirs doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing so theirs doesn't even
+have the little hole or the lip handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the little hole or the lip handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the little hole or the lip handle
+that we've made for our designs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've made for our designs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've made for our designs so
+they're they're okay without a handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're okay without a handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're okay without a handle
+wait I think you were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I think you were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I think you were talking about the
+top right yeah they have one where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right yeah they have one where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right yeah they have one where it's
+like the circular metal plate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the circular metal plate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the circular metal plate that we
+have here and there's like basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and there's like basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and there's like basically
+like a pot handle over it and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pot handle over it and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pot handle over it and they just
+stick the stick stick put it over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the stick stick put it over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the stick stick put it over so
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+that okay we are tight on time so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we are tight on time so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we are tight on time so I'm
+going to cancel questions thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel questions thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel questions thank you very
+much guys you know where to find this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much guys you know where to find this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much guys you know where to find this if
+you have anymore we're in the corner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have anymore we're in the corner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have anymore we're in the corner so
+come ask us questions thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks for coming team OJ first like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for coming team OJ first like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for coming team OJ first like to
+introduce the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the team
+I'm I'm Emily Rosser and Carter Chang um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm Emily Rosser and Carter Chang um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm Emily Rosser and Carter Chang um
+so our project is uh sealing a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our project is uh sealing a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our project is uh sealing a plastic
+bag sealer um to that we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealer um to that we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sealer um to that we developed
+during our trip down to nicara over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our trip down to nicara over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our trip down to nicara over
+spring break we fact finding and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break we fact finding and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break we fact finding and uh
+analyzing four different projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing four different projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing four different projects that
+we were looking at and we chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at and we chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at and we chose to
+develop this one for the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this one for the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this one for the remainder of
+the semester um vary reg regions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester um vary reg regions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester um vary reg regions uh
+first I'd like to describe the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to describe the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to describe the situation
+we found in El which is the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in El which is the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in El which is the community
+that we visited in Nicaragua um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we visited in Nicaragua um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we visited in Nicaragua um they
+have a large orange uh crop that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large orange uh crop that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large orange uh crop that they
+get couple twice a year and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get couple twice a year and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get couple twice a year and it's very
+imaginable that every Community every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable that every Community every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginable that every Community every
+similar Community has that same orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Community has that same orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar Community has that same orange
+crop so they can't really sell those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop so they can't really sell those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop so they can't really sell those
+oranges um on any type of Market cu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges um on any type of Market cu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges um on any type of Market cu the
+Market's flooded uh so the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's flooded uh so the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's flooded uh so the goal is to
+basically develop a way for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically develop a way for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically develop a way for them to
+preserve that orange product and for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve that orange product and for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve that orange product and for us
+it's in the form of juice uh so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the form of juice uh so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the form of juice uh so they can
+sell when there is a market for uh ores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell when there is a market for uh ores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell when there is a market for uh ores
+um so uh we presented this project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh we presented this project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh we presented this project was
+uh first developed in last year's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first developed in last year's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first developed in last year's class
+and we presented uh that version uh in L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we presented uh that version uh in L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we presented uh that version uh in L
+to the woman of the community who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman of the community who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman of the community who will
+be using in this product um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using in this product um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using in this product um and the
+presentation though we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation though we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation though we had some
+technical difficulties because we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties because we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties because we went
+down expecting to be able to run the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down expecting to be able to run the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down expecting to be able to run the uh
+the device off of a 12vt car battery but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device off of a 12vt car battery but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device off of a 12vt car battery but
+uh when we got there uh we realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we got there uh we realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we got there uh we realized that
+since the last group had gone down last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the last group had gone down last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the last group had gone down last
+spring break they had just installed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break they had just installed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break they had just installed a
+Micro Hydro grid and they now had 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Hydro grid and they now had 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micro Hydro grid and they now had 120
+volts ac coming out of the wall socket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts ac coming out of the wall socket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts ac coming out of the wall socket
+and so nobody really had uh 12V car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody really had uh 12V car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so nobody really had uh 12V car
+batteries for us to power the device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries for us to power the device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries for us to power the device so
+we strung up a bunch of AA and AAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we strung up a bunch of AA and AAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we strung up a bunch of AA and AAA
+batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+to be able to do a couple bag seals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do a couple bag seals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do a couple bag seals um
+and there was a lot of excitement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a lot of excitement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a lot of excitement about
+this um device while we were down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um device while we were down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um device while we were down there
+you can see um then we gathered around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see um then we gathered around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see um then we gathered around
+and um but we can only do a couple bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but we can only do a couple bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um but we can only do a couple bag
+sealers for the double a batteries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealers for the double a batteries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealers for the double a batteries that
+we just happen to have in our backpacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just happen to have in our backpacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just happen to have in our backpacks
+or totally drained um so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or totally drained um so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or totally drained um so um that's
+basically gist of the project to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gist of the project to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gist of the project to be able
+to create something that they can use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create something that they can use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create something that they can use in
+this community and also be adapted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community and also be adapted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community and also be adapted to
+other communities so that they can seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other communities so that they can seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other communities so that they can seal
+these orange juice or whatever kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orange juice or whatever kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orange juice or whatever kind of
+thing they're trying to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're trying to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're trying to preserve
+um in the community and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the community and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the community and they have a
+pasteurization process that comes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasteurization process that comes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasteurization process that comes before
+this bag ceiling um that they uh use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag ceiling um that they uh use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag ceiling um that they uh use so
+this bag ceiling is the second step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag ceiling is the second step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bag ceiling is the second step of
+that um process and we work with alsoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um process and we work with alsoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um process and we work with alsoo
+Phoenix um there Nicaraguan NGO they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um there Nicaraguan NGO they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um there Nicaraguan NGO they do
+sustainable development and energy work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development and energy work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development and energy work
+with many rural communities uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many rural communities uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many rural communities uh in the
+area and we pass off the roster okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and we pass off the roster okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and we pass off the roster okay um
+so AO Phoenix uh we're incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AO Phoenix uh we're incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AO Phoenix uh we're incredibly
+grateful for and helped us out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful for and helped us out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful for and helped us out a lot
+however they rendered the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they rendered the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they rendered the first
+prototype oete obsolete so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype oete obsolete so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype oete obsolete so we had a
+couple improvements to make after those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple improvements to make after those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple improvements to make after those
+after this this was the first version um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this this was the first version um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this this was the first version um
+as you can see a kind of prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see a kind of prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see a kind of prominent
+circuit uh that they was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit uh that they was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit uh that they was uh
+pre-fabricated uh the most expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-fabricated uh the most expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-fabricated uh the most expensive
+part of the entire device a hinge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the entire device a hinge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the entire device a hinge that
+they had bought and a lat that was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had bought and a lat that was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had bought and a lat that was kind
+of sticky to pool um therefore we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sticky to pool um therefore we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sticky to pool um therefore we wanted
+to kind of fix the or remedy this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fix the or remedy this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of fix the or remedy this in
+version 2.0 um we also wanted to uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 2.0 um we also wanted to uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 2.0 um we also wanted to uh kind
+of incorporate a few of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incorporate a few of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incorporate a few of the things that
+we learned in Nicaragua a that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in Nicaragua a that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in Nicaragua a that there is
+not really a reliable power source we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a reliable power source we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a reliable power source we
+wanted to meet both DC and AC needs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to meet both DC and AC needs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to meet both DC and AC needs um
+to do this we hooked up a uh or we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we hooked up a uh or we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we hooked up a uh or we got a
+adapter that can go from the wall outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter that can go from the wall outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter that can go from the wall outlet
+or wall AC power and output 12 DC volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wall AC power and output 12 DC volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wall AC power and output 12 DC volts
+um also you could just take those lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also you could just take those lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also you could just take those lead
+same leads and hook them up to a 12 DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leads and hook them up to a 12 DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same leads and hook them up to a 12 DC
+volt battery and achieve the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt battery and achieve the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt battery and achieve the same effect
+um second off was this pasteurization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second off was this pasteurization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second off was this pasteurization
+process um we didn't really know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um we didn't really know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um we didn't really know about
+it about much about it for the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about much about it for the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about much about it for the initial
+prototype but after going to um elbl we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype but after going to um elbl we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype but after going to um elbl we
+did learn that the pasteurization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did learn that the pasteurization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did learn that the pasteurization
+process is there we just have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is there we just have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is there we just have to get the
+oxygen out um so we you know had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen out um so we you know had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen out um so we you know had these
+two parameters in place while we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters in place while we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters in place while we were
+trying to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of a
+design um so the air removal process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um so the air removal process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um so the air removal process
+getting all the air out and ergonomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the air out and ergonomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the air out and ergonomics
+were also factors in the design and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also factors in the design and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also factors in the design and this
+would lead to us kind of exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to us kind of exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to us kind of exploring
+several different orientations uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different orientations uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different orientations uh first
+off a vertical sealer whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a vertical sealer whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a vertical sealer whether it was
+hanging off from the ET of table or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off from the ET of table or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off from the ET of table or
+dismounted like that um it wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismounted like that um it wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismounted like that um it wasn't really
+conducive to user friendliness you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive to user friendliness you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive to user friendliness you had
+to hold the bag in place it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the bag in place it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the bag in place it was kind of
+difficult to get a um you know clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a um you know clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to get a um you know clean
+seal without any air in it um it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal without any air in it um it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal without any air in it um it it
+wasn't really the best uh next a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really the best uh next a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really the best uh next a
+handheld device kind of like a clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld device kind of like a clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld device kind of like a clamp
+that you can just put in place on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just put in place on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just put in place on the
+hanging bag um it had a lot of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging bag um it had a lot of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging bag um it had a lot of moving
+parts we felt it wouldn't be the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we felt it wouldn't be the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we felt it wouldn't be the easiest
+thing to scr for those parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to scr for those parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to scr for those parts in
+Nicaragua it was you know kind of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua it was you know kind of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua it was you know kind of kind
+of a lot of fabrication involved um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of fabrication involved um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of fabrication involved um last
+but not least we had a horizontal sealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not least we had a horizontal sealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not least we had a horizontal sealer
+uh most similar to version 1.0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most similar to version 1.0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most similar to version 1.0 of
+prototype last year um our biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype last year um our biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype last year um our biggest
+problem with this was a it was messy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this was a it was messy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this was a it was messy it
+got uh arms juice that was running off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh arms juice that was running off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh arms juice that was running off
+everywhere and it was harder to get a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and it was harder to get a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and it was harder to get a um
+airtight seal as a result um also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight seal as a result um also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight seal as a result um also just
+ergonomics pressing on it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ergonomics pressing on it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ergonomics pressing on it again and
+again and again was kind of difficult um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again was kind of difficult um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again was kind of difficult um
+so in order to kind of make the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to kind of make the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to kind of make the best of
+both worlds we decided to combine both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both worlds we decided to combine both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both worlds we decided to combine both
+vertical ceiling and horizontal ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ceiling and horizontal ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ceiling and horizontal ceiling
+the two most feasible and put it at 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most feasible and put it at 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most feasible and put it at 45°
+perfect split of the options anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect split of the options anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect split of the options anyway um
+so this this is the cad model of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is the cad model of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is the cad model of our
+design um the reason we wanted to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um the reason we wanted to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um the reason we wanted to put it
+at 45° was to allow kind of a path for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 45° was to allow kind of a path for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 45° was to allow kind of a path for
+the runoff to go into a bowl underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runoff to go into a bowl underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runoff to go into a bowl underneath
+hence also why it's elevated um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence also why it's elevated um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence also why it's elevated um also
+it's kind of easier to smooth out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of easier to smooth out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of easier to smooth out the
+bag and get all the air out uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and get all the air out uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag and get all the air out uh when
+you're doing this a lot easier to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this a lot easier to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this a lot easier to kind
+of chop at the water level or put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chop at the water level or put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chop at the water level or put the
+air arm down at the water level and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air arm down at the water level and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air arm down at the water level and get
+all the air uh air out so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the air uh air out so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the air uh air out so with this
+design in mind we uh eventually led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in mind we uh eventually led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in mind we uh eventually led to
+our final product a uh so this is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final product a uh so this is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final product a uh so this is as you
+can see our final product uh we decid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see our final product uh we decid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see our final product uh we decid on
+we decided on the 45° angle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided on the 45° angle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided on the 45° angle for
+usability and um just for functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and um just for functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and um just for functionality
+uh one of our great improvements is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of our great improvements is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of our great improvements is the
+latch um so originally the latch was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch um so originally the latch was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch um so originally the latch was a
+wire that was hanging out that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that was hanging out that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that was hanging out that people
+would have to manually pull with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to manually pull with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to manually pull with a
+significant amount of force but um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of force but um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of force but um in
+this orientation we have a easy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation we have a easy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation we have a easy uh
+spring uh spring held uh latch where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring uh spring held uh latch where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring uh spring held uh latch where all
+you have to do is quick light push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is quick light push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is quick light push it
+opens the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens the the
+ojc um and another Improvement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ojc um and another Improvement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ojc um and another Improvement is the
+circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry
+um so the first of all I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first of all I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first of all I want to talk
+about the um the power adapter we as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um the power adapter we as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um the power adapter we as you
+can see we just bought a um plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we just bought a um plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see we just bought a um plug into
+the wall power adapter we did look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall power adapter we did look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall power adapter we did look into
+like making our own or running things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making our own or running things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making our own or running things um
+without bringing the power down but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bringing the power down but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bringing the power down but we
+found that this was the by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this was the by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this was the by far the
+simplest option and comparable in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest option and comparable in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest option and comparable in price
+to any others so we ended up going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any others so we ended up going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any others so we ended up going with
+the buying and pre-made one um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buying and pre-made one um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buying and pre-made one um the
+circuit in the previous design was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in the previous design was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in the previous design was very
+expensive it was a pre-made timing board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it was a pre-made timing board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive it was a pre-made timing board
+um and one of the places that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the places that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the places that the other
+team had actually um thought of as place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team had actually um thought of as place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team had actually um thought of as place
+for improvement was to design a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement was to design a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improvement was to design a separate
+timing circuit so we did that um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing circuit so we did that um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing circuit so we did that um we've
+put it on the side here so that the LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the side here so that the LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the side here so that the LED
+is visible um it's just a lm555 timer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is visible um it's just a lm555 timer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is visible um it's just a lm555 timer um
+if anyone's familiar with those and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone's familiar with those and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone's familiar with those and the
+circuitry to make it so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry to make it so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry to make it so that we can
+change the um time from about 3 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the um time from about 3 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the um time from about 3 seconds
+to about 30 seconds for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 30 seconds for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 30 seconds for different
+temperatures of juice and um thicknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of juice and um thicknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of juice and um thicknesses
+of plastic and stuff um so the the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic and stuff um so the the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic and stuff um so the the wheel
+for um changing it is actually in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um changing it is actually in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um changing it is actually in there
+so you would set it get it right for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would set it get it right for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would set it get it right for one
+day and then put it back up and you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then put it back up and you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and then put it back up and you turn
+it on by hitting a button um that sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on by hitting a button um that sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on by hitting a button um that sets
+off the timer there's a light here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the timer there's a light here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the timer there's a light here that
+would go on um we've actually got it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go on um we've actually got it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go on um we've actually got it so
+the timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer
+um turns on the the nyr heating element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns on the the nyr heating element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns on the the nyr heating element
+for a certain amount of time which melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain amount of time which melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain amount of time which melts
+the bag and then the LED will stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and then the LED will stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and then the LED will stay on
+for about 5 seconds after the um nikrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 5 seconds after the um nikrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about 5 seconds after the um nikrom
+heat has turned off because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat has turned off because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat has turned off because you're
+supposed to waiting 5 seconds is good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to waiting 5 seconds is good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to waiting 5 seconds is good so
+that the plastic um isn't like still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plastic um isn't like still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plastic um isn't like still
+partly melted when you're trying to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly melted when you're trying to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly melted when you're trying to pick
+it up and so you don't frame yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and so you don't frame yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and so you don't frame yourself
+and we found that counting it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that counting it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we found that counting it on your
+own was very difficult especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own was very difficult especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own was very difficult especially if
+you're excited about stealing your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited about stealing your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited about stealing your first
+bags of juice and stuff so we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags of juice and stuff so we made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags of juice and stuff so we made the
+LED stay on longer to um give it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED stay on longer to um give it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED stay on longer to um give it very
+clear this is when you take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is when you take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear this is when you take it out
+looking at the cost of the our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the cost of the our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the cost of the our product
+um originally the version 1.0 cost about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um originally the version 1.0 cost about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um originally the version 1.0 cost about
+$56 for all the materials we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$56 for all the materials we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$56 for all the materials we were able
+to cut that in half with the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut that in half with the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut that in half with the additional
+uh functionality of our product uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functionality of our product uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functionality of our product uh we
+are able to ensure the airtight seal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to ensure the airtight seal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to ensure the airtight seal in
+addition to have a very um usable latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to have a very um usable latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to have a very um usable latch
+system in addition to a great timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in addition to a great timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in addition to a great timing
+circuit compatible with their um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit compatible with their um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit compatible with their um their
+AC uh power down down there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC uh power down down there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC uh power down down there um
+in addition to that uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that uh in terms of
+implementation uh we plan to deliver our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation uh we plan to deliver our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation uh we plan to deliver our
+product to AA Phoenix um via Amy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to AA Phoenix um via Amy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to AA Phoenix um via Amy in
+August I believe um we'll bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August I believe um we'll bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August I believe um we'll bring the
+product down there in addition to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product down there in addition to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product down there in addition to that
+we will have um a user manual in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have um a user manual in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have um a user manual in English
+and Spanish with user specs um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Spanish with user specs um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Spanish with user specs um in
+addition to additional circuits just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to additional circuits just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to additional circuits just in
+case uh we repairs and then also F will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh we repairs and then also F will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh we repairs and then also F will
+help distribute it to the end users um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help distribute it to the end users um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help distribute it to the end users um
+we'd like to thank um AA Phoenix um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to thank um AA Phoenix um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to thank um AA Phoenix um our
+Mentor Ken am am dlab MIT as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor Ken am am dlab MIT as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor Ken am am dlab MIT as well as the
+uh Microsoft no designer for allowing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Microsoft no designer for allowing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Microsoft no designer for allowing us
+to use their venues are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions do you have bags can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do you have bags can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do you have bags can
+you um if we can get a oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sweet everything let's move their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet everything let's move their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet everything let's move their
+awwesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually someone else been terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone else been terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone else been terrible
+this is our homemade nicar wag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our homemade nicar wag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our homemade nicar wag and
+orange juice flown in fresh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning so we have the uh o in the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so we have the uh o in the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so we have the uh o in the bag
+we want to put a bowl here just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put a bowl here just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to put a bowl here just in case
+there's excess spill so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excess spill so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excess spill so we have this
+wire that's obviously we're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that's obviously we're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that's obviously we're not using
+all the heating capacity because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heating capacity because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the heating capacity because we
+don't know what size of bags that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what size of bags that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what size of bags that
+they'll actually use they could be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually use they could be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually use they could be doing
+personal size bags if they sell on buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal size bags if they sell on buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal size bags if they sell on buses
+or uh other similar situations or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh other similar situations or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh other similar situations or could
+making kind of like more wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making kind of like more wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making kind of like more wholesale
+leader size bags that they sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader size bags that they sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader size bags that they sell to
+restaurants or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants or
+something so that's the reason for so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's the reason for so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's the reason for so we
+have the long nyron wire place the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the long nyron wire place the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the long nyron wire place the bag
+here we have a little guiding arm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a little guiding arm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a little guiding arm so
+this lever doesn't this arm doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lever doesn't this arm doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lever doesn't this arm doesn't uh
+jiggle back and forth um so we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggle back and forth um so we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggle back and forth um so we create
+airtight seal by sealing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight seal by sealing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight seal by sealing through the
+juice down here with the excess juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice down here with the excess juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice down here with the excess juice
+come out into the bowl you press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out into the bowl you press the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out into the bowl you press the
+button he goes on and you just wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button he goes on and you just wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button he goes on and you just wait for
+it to tells when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready so we've uh adjusted the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so we've uh adjusted the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so we've uh adjusted the timing
+because we've been playing with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've been playing with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've been playing with these
+bags all day uh the idea being that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags all day uh the idea being that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags all day uh the idea being that you
+won't have to adjust it if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to adjust it if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have to adjust it if you're doing
+kind of large batches of bagging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of large batches of bagging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of large batches of bagging your
+juice um we haven't adjusted it since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice um we haven't adjusted it since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice um we haven't adjusted it since we
+left MIT this morning yeah it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left MIT this morning yeah it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left MIT this morning yeah it's been
+completely fine so goes off yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fine so goes off yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fine so goes off yeah the
+attometer is inside that housing though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attometer is inside that housing though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attometer is inside that housing though
+so seal and there is the light of orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seal and there is the light of orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seal and there is the light of orange
+juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time where do the bags come from uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where do the bags come from uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where do the bags come from uh so
+there bags uh the plastic bags that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there bags uh the plastic bags that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there bags uh the plastic bags that we
+found um they're similar thickness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found um they're similar thickness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found um they're similar thickness to
+the bags that were provided to us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bags that were provided to us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bags that were provided to us by
+alsoa Phoenix and by the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alsoa Phoenix and by the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alsoa Phoenix and by the community
+partner or the uh community in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner or the uh community in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner or the uh community in
+L you can purchase you purchase long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you can purchase you purchase long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you can purchase you purchase long
+tubes and you would seal up the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and you would seal up the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes and you would seal up the bottom
+and then put the juice in it and seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put the juice in it and seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put the juice in it and seal
+the so they would seal the bottom using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so they would seal the bottom using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so they would seal the bottom using
+this yes so or even just sheet plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so or even just sheet plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes so or even just sheet plastic
+that's all you four sides we made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you four sides we made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you four sides we made some
+and how long um how many bags do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long um how many bags do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long um how many bags do you
+have to go through in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through in the in the
+adjustment process to get it to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment process to get it to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment process to get it to get it
+to um I think I did about three seals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um I think I did about three seals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um I think I did about three seals
+this morning to get it set up right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning to get it set up right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning to get it set up right um
+and that was you could do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was you could do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was you could do that with
+water theoretically you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water theoretically you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water theoretically you could do that
+with water the the I mean it was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water the the I mean it was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water the the I mean it was this
+morning I discovered the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I discovered the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I discovered the temperature of
+the juice we had like fresh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juice we had like fresh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juice we had like fresh from the
+store juice and it was all cold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store juice and it was all cold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store juice and it was all cold that
+added about 5 Seconds to the time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added about 5 Seconds to the time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added about 5 Seconds to the time um so
+yeah it took us like yeah pre tries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it took us like yeah pre tries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it took us like yeah pre tries so
+there are a couple variables you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple variables you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple variables you have to
+juggle there's the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggle there's the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggle there's the thickness of the
+plastic the temperature of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic the temperature of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic the temperature of the liquid
+inside also we found really pulpy juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside also we found really pulpy juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside also we found really pulpy juice
+uh kind of adds to the time as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of adds to the time as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of adds to the time as well um
+hopefully they wouldn't waste too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they wouldn't waste too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they wouldn't waste too much
+plastic in the process uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the process uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the process uh what we
+eventually ended up doing was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually ended up doing was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually ended up doing was kind of
+making a seal seeing if it worked if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a seal seeing if it worked if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a seal seeing if it worked if
+it's nope pull it down an inch make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nope pull it down an inch make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nope pull it down an inch make
+another seal see if it worked so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another seal see if it worked so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another seal see if it worked so we
+didn't waste that much plastic over yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't waste that much plastic over yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't waste that much plastic over yeah
+it was like three seals on one bag on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like three seals on one bag on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like three seals on one bag on
+one bag yeah so there was one bag that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bag yeah so there was one bag that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bag yeah so there was one bag that
+was like not as pretty but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like not as pretty but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like not as pretty but still
+functionable how are you protecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionable how are you protecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionable how are you protecting the
+cry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry
+so we have it uh we used um silicon base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have it uh we used um silicon base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have it uh we used um silicon base
+adhesive around the base uh we and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive around the base uh we and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive around the base uh we and we
+add that adhesive around sorry we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that adhesive around sorry we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that adhesive around sorry we add
+that adhesive around the LEDs and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adhesive around the LEDs and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adhesive around the LEDs and the uh
+switch a PVC pipe PVC pipe that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch a PVC pipe PVC pipe that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch a PVC pipe PVC pipe that's been
+stra baed and a post clamp and cap we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stra baed and a post clamp and cap we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stra baed and a post clamp and cap we've
+got it Loose right now so we can pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it Loose right now so we can pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it Loose right now so we can pull it
+off but the area be tighten it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but the area be tighten it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but the area be tighten it down and
+you just uh put a flathead screwdriver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just uh put a flathead screwdriver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just uh put a flathead screwdriver
+on it and tighten so it's um water tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and tighten so it's um water tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and tighten so it's um water tight
+uh you can pour water on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can pour water on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can pour water on
+it yeah we decided Ed on using PVC since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah we decided Ed on using PVC since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah we decided Ed on using PVC since
+that was actually one of the most cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually one of the most cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually one of the most cheap
+component one of the cheapest components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one of the cheapest components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one of the cheapest components
+we encountered in hardware stores in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encountered in hardware stores in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encountered in hardware stores in
+Nicaragua um it was something like 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua um it was something like 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua um it was something like 2
+cents per PVC connectors and I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per PVC connectors and I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per PVC connectors and I'm sure
+pipe is equally cheap so um again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe is equally cheap so um again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe is equally cheap so um again just
+keeping the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the local
+materials and and is the idea they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and and is the idea they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and and is the idea they would
+make the circuitry themselves or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the circuitry themselves or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the circuitry themselves or um
+people in communties probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in communties probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in communties probably wouldn't
+um as Phoenix has an electrical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as Phoenix has an electrical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as Phoenix has an electrical engineer
+who could probably um make more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could probably um make more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could probably um make more or
+figure out the best way for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the best way for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the best way for it to be
+made in Thea we have a circuit diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Thea we have a circuit diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in Thea we have a circuit diagram
+that would be send them as well and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be send them as well and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be send them as well and that
+would be stif be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stif be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be stif be part of the
+US is there any safety on it to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US is there any safety on it to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US is there any safety on it to make it
+so you won't bur yourself to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't bur yourself to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you won't bur yourself to be like
+next to the or does it get so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the or does it get so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the or does it get so I guess
+the hope is that you wouldn't plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope is that you wouldn't plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hope is that you wouldn't plug it in
+until you're ready to use it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you're ready to use it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you're ready to use it and then
+you would follow the light cues but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would follow the light cues but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would follow the light cues but I
+guess if you're moving it around you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you're moving it around you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if you're moving it around you do
+press the button actually only would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the button actually only would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the button actually only would go
+um the nice thing is that you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing is that you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing is that you know when
+it's pressed in place um it's it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pressed in place um it's it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pressed in place um it's it's you
+know pretty much completely sealed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty much completely sealed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty much completely sealed and
+uh this is Teflon tape and the NCR wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is Teflon tape and the NCR wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is Teflon tape and the NCR wire
+itself pulls off pretty easily Teflon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself pulls off pretty easily Teflon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself pulls off pretty easily Teflon
+tape like doesn't cool toat at all um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape like doesn't cool toat at all um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape like doesn't cool toat at all um we
+we've kind of been touching this all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of been touching this all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of been touching this all day
+right after it been sailing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it been sailing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it been sailing you can
+easily hold this down and hold this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily hold this down and hold this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily hold this down and hold this like
+with a front grip while it's on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a front grip while it's on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a front grip while it's on and
+still you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you not
+you if it does if it does get turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it does if it does get turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it does if it does get turned on
+accidentally if you were touching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally if you were touching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally if you were touching it
+while it got turned on couple seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it got turned on couple seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it got turned on couple seconds to
+get to temper befor there's not like way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to temper befor there's not like way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to temper befor there's not like way
+like it doesn't turn on if Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it doesn't turn on if Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it doesn't turn on if Farm
+as would be a possible Improvement if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as would be a possible Improvement if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as would be a possible Improvement if
+the arm is open for it to not turn on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm is open for it to not turn on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm is open for it to not turn on if
+they wanted to connect it to a 12vt DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to connect it to a 12vt DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to connect it to a 12vt DC
+battery what would they do um we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery what would they do um we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery what would they do um we've got
+these today for Simplicity strung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these today for Simplicity strung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these today for Simplicity strung
+together but you just take these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you just take these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you just take these two
+leads and instead of soldering attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and instead of soldering attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and instead of soldering attaching
+them to wires out of an adapter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to wires out of an adapter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to wires out of an adapter um
+attach them to to the battery
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HGB8VlcFVzU.txt b/HGB8VlcFVzU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f8ff86a3526fdd9c6979d5ca5dc705daf76f962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HGB8VlcFVzU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu that is the point here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu that is the point here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu that is the point here this
+is not a heavy math uh uh derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a heavy math uh uh derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a heavy math uh uh derivation
+kind of thing right this is not we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right this is not we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right this is not we are
+not going to go into great mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into great mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into great mathematical
+detail in quantum mechanics now we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in quantum mechanics now we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in quantum mechanics now we will
+show some equations we'll work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some equations we'll work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some equations we'll work with
+equations because I want you to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because I want you to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because I want you to know
+what they are you got to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are you got to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are you got to know what's
+under the hood but we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood but we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood but we're not going to go
+into like sort of gory detail in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like sort of gory detail in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like sort of gory detail in solving
+complex Quantum problems on paper that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Quantum problems on paper that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Quantum problems on paper that's
+where the tools you know sort of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tools you know sort of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tools you know sort of help
+lift you away from that and it also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift you away from that and it also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift you away from that and it also is
+kind of the the flavor of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the flavor of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the flavor of this class
+which is that you know this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you know this is about
+practice this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this is about
+applying you know learning the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying you know learning the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying you know learning the kind of
+basic concepts and then applying them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts and then applying them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts and then applying them to
+a real problems and materials and my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problems and materials and my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problems and materials and my my
+enjoyment is in energy so the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment is in energy so the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment is in energy so the problems
+we'll do in this part are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do in this part are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do in this part are going to be
+energy related problems okay um how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy related problems okay um how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy related problems okay um how many
+of you had have had quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you had have had quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you had have had quantum
+mechanics I wouldn't have expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I wouldn't have expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I wouldn't have expected that
+many how many of you have never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many of you have never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many of you have never seen
+quantum mechanics in any form raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics in any form raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics in any form raise your
+hands cuz it's good it's good we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands cuz it's good it's good we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands cuz it's good it's good we're
+going to start you know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start you know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start you know we're going to
+we're going to do quantum mechanics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do quantum mechanics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do quantum mechanics uh
+we're going to kind of do a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do a couple
+lectures here oh this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures here oh this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures here oh this is what we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do that's our outline for the class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's our outline for the class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's our outline for the class for
+the second half and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half and you can see that
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+kind of gently learn the key aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gently learn the key aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gently learn the key aspects of
+quantum mechanics that I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics that I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics that I'd like you to
+know for the modeling that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the modeling that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the modeling that we're going
+to do of materials um and and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do of materials um and and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do of materials um and and then we're
+going to actually apply we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually apply we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually apply we're going to
+stop right here in the derivations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right here in the derivations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right here in the derivations and
+the kind of theory and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of theory and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of theory and then we're going
+to start applying that to real energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start applying that to real energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start applying that to real energy
+problems so then we're going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so then we're going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so then we're going to do two
+lectures on how to apply what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to apply what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to apply what we just
+learned to two different energy topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to two different energy topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to two different energy topics
+one solar thermal fuels very cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solar thermal fuels very cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solar thermal fuels very cool and
+exciting material and another hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting material and another hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting material and another hydrogen
+storage also very cool and exciting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage also very cool and exciting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage also very cool and exciting um
+then we're going to turn to how you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to turn to how you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to turn to how you go
+from modeling atoms to modeling solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from modeling atoms to modeling solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from modeling atoms to modeling solids
+with quantum mechanics where different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics where different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics where different
+things happen how many of you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen how many of you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen how many of you have heard
+of a band structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a band structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a band structure
+yeah now how many of you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now how many of you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now how many of you can tell me
+from the band structure why silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the band structure why silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the band structure why silicon
+solar cells are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells are too
+expensive yeah you will be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive yeah you will be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive yeah you will be able to tell
+me that right here we're going to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that right here we're going to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that right here we're going to know
+okay and and that's a really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's a really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's a really exciting
+thing because it's all in the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's all in the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's all in the band
+structure that answer is all in the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that answer is all in the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that answer is all in the band
+structure right so many properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so many properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so many properties of
+materials come out of um these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials come out of um these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials come out of um these sort of
+basic quantum mechanical property maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic quantum mechanical property maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic quantum mechanical property maps
+that you get okay so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get okay so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get okay so that's what we're
+going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here
+and then we'll we'll sort of go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll sort of go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll we'll sort of go more
+General and do applications in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and do applications in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and do applications in sort of
+nanotechnology and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology and more
+broadly how many of you have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly how many of you have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly how many of you have heard of
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+confinement that's down here do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement that's down here do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinement that's down here do you know
+what it is somebody tell me what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is somebody tell me what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is somebody tell me what it is
+yeah so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so oh
+yeah yeah that's what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have take a small section it's like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have take a small section it's like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have take a small section it's like so
+small that different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that different colors
+yeah that's exactly right now but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right now but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly right now but why
+you have electrons and holes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electrons and holes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electrons and holes which are
+just positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just positive and negative
+charges right you talked about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges right you talked about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges right you talked about that and
+then you make it small and it emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make it small and it emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make it small and it emits a
+different color light what emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color light what emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color light what emits a
+different color light quantum dot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color light quantum dot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color light quantum dot for
+example now why anybody tell can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now why anybody tell can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now why anybody tell can anybody
+tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+why from a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why from a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why from a certain
+why changes the fundamental Gap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why changes the fundamental Gap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why changes the fundamental Gap of the
+material but why right it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but why right it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but why right it's something
+called Quantum confinement actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum confinement actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Quantum confinement actually it's
+nothing more than what that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than what that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than what that those two
+words say Quantum confinement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words say Quantum confinement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words say Quantum confinement is the
+squeezing of quantum things and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing of quantum things and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing of quantum things and in this
+case our Quantum things are positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case our Quantum things are positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case our Quantum things are positive and
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+charges right and if I and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges right and if I and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges right and if I and it turns out
+when you when you make an exitation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you make an exitation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you make an exitation the
+positive and negative charge like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charge like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charge like to be
+kind of close to each other they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close to each other they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of close to each other they don't
+like to go away necessarily sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go away necessarily sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go away necessarily sometimes
+they like to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to stay
+close but they don't like to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but they don't like to get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close but they don't like to get too
+close so if you make the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so if you make the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so if you make the material
+smaller than the closeness they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the closeness they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the closeness they like to
+get then they're squeezed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get then they're squeezed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get then they're squeezed they're
+confined and when you confine Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined and when you confine Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined and when you confine Quantum
+things you get interesting effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get interesting effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you get interesting effects
+that's why I can take something that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I can take something that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I can take something that say
+ordinarily looks like this and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily looks like this and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily looks like this and take a
+small piece of it and all of a sudden it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of it and all of a sudden it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of it and all of a sudden it
+turns blue like how cool is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns blue like how cool is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns blue like how cool is that you
+change the color just by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the color just by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the color just by changing the
+size that's Quantum confinement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's Quantum confinement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size that's Quantum confinement that's
+something that has everything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has everything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has everything to do with
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanics right electrons and holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right electrons and holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right electrons and holes
+positive and negative charges you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charges you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative charges you're not
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+that you're not getting that over here M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not getting that over here M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not getting that over here M
+that's part one now we're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part one now we're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part one now we're going to go to
+Quantum Mechanics because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Mechanics because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Mechanics because you can't
+simulate electrons and holes in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate electrons and holes in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate electrons and holes in part one
+but now you can't well you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can't well you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you can't well you will be able
+to and we're going to actually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and we're going to actually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and we're going to actually you're
+going to be able to tell me what color a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to tell me what color a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to tell me what color a
+quantum dot could be just by solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot could be just by solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot could be just by solving
+these equations on a computer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations on a computer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations on a computer because
+now we're to capture quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're to capture quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're to capture quantum mechanics
+and apply it to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it to things like
+nanotechnology okay so that's just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology okay so that's just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology okay so that's just kind
+of a flavor of where we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flavor of where we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flavor of where we're going to go
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions it's a Quantum world that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's a Quantum world that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's a Quantum world that's
+where we're going to start and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to start and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to start and the
+reason I put this is because you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put this is because you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put this is because you can do
+Shakespeare very quickly um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare very quickly um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare very quickly um there are
+people who have been doing it for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been doing it for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have been doing it for a long
+time reducing expectations for over 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducing expectations for over 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducing expectations for over 20
+years I just like that quote um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I just like that quote um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I just like that quote um there is
+something called the reduced Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the reduced Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the reduced Shakespeare
+company and that's what I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and that's what I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and that's what I'm going to try
+to do today we're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today we're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today we're going to go through
+the basics of quantum mechanics in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of quantum mechanics in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics of quantum mechanics in one
+lecture that's not really meant to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's not really meant to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's not really meant to teach
+you too much about quantum mechanics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much about quantum mechanics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much about quantum mechanics or
+go too much into depth again I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too much into depth again I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too much into depth again I want to
+go through some of the key aspects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through some of the key aspects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through some of the key aspects but
+really to get a sense for it not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get a sense for it not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to get a sense for it not to go
+into great mathematical depth okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into great mathematical depth okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into great mathematical depth okay that
+that's what you take a Quantum course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you take a Quantum course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you take a Quantum course
+for okay but I need you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay but I need you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay but I need you to understand
+some of the key aspects of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects of quantum
+before we embark on modeling quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we embark on modeling quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we embark on modeling quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+um and uh and and so I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and so I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and so I want to start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+why and you know why did we even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and you know why did we even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and you know why did we even need
+this Theory and so we'll we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory and so we'll we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Theory and so we'll we'll talk a
+little bit about that and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that and then we'll
+talk about sort of some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of some of the key
+aspects which is the this wave particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects which is the this wave particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects which is the this wave particle
+duality and and then this is it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality and and then this is it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality and and then this is it right
+here that's the equation we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the equation we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the equation we're going to
+be solving for all of part two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solving for all of part two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solving for all of part two the
+shorting equation has anybody seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation has anybody seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation has anybody seen the
+shorting equation yeah a little bit have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation yeah a little bit have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation yeah a little bit have
+it of you solved it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of you solved it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of you solved it for
+a I saw a Soo a little kind of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I saw a Soo a little kind of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I saw a Soo a little kind of like you
+sort of solved it what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of solved it what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of solved it what happened
+there okay I'll take that that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'll take that that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'll take that that's good
+and who what else what other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who what else what other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who what else what other problems
+have you solve with a shorting equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you solve with a shorting equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you solve with a shorting equation
+yeah hydrogen atom hydrogen atom okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hydrogen atom hydrogen atom okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hydrogen atom hydrogen atom okay
+that's where we'll sort of end today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we'll sort of end today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we'll sort of end today but
+still listen because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still listen because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still listen because it's going to be
+really interesting any other who else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting any other who else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting any other who else
+has solved the sh equation yeah particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has solved the sh equation yeah particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has solved the sh equation yeah particle
+in the Box particle in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Box particle in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Box particle in the Box
+periodic potential periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic potential periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic potential periodic
+potential any any others yeah Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential any any others yeah Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential any any others yeah Quantum
+tunneling Quantum tunneling cool anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Quantum tunneling cool anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling Quantum tunneling cool anyone
+else Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's what we're going to do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's what we're going to do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's what we're going to do at
+the very end that's a Hy it's a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end that's a Hy it's a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end that's a Hy it's a harmonic
+potential somebody said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential somebody said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential somebody said something
+else it's not quite a harmonic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's not quite a harmonic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's not quite a harmonic potential
+but any other cat in the Box I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any other cat in the Box I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any other cat in the Box I've got a
+cat in the box today for you I put a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in the box today for you I put a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in the box today for you I put a cat
+in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the thing is what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing is what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing is what's interesting about
+all those examples you all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said yeah they're all like kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah they're all like kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah they're all like kind of what
+exactly solvable exactly solvable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solvable exactly solvable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solvable exactly solvable and
+simple and therefore to someone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and therefore to someone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and therefore to someone in
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+three right that's that's where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right that's that's where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right that's that's where we have
+change so much in what we can do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much in what we can do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so much in what we can do because
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+computation okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation okay so now
+because of the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the the the
+approximations that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that you're going to
+learn in the next couple of lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in the next couple of lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in the next couple of lectures and
+the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of
+computers we can actually solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers we can actually solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers we can actually solve the
+Shing equation for realistic materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing equation for realistic materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing equation for realistic materials
+okay that's why we can have this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we can have this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we can have this class
+we would not be having this class no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not be having this class no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would not be having this class no we
+wouldn't be having part two of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be having part two of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be having part two of this
+class back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class back in the
+1970s 1980s oh that reminds me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s 1980s oh that reminds me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s 1980s oh that reminds me you
+should go to uh Bernie Alder are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to uh Bernie Alder are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to uh Bernie Alder are all of
+you aware of Bernie alder's talk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aware of Bernie alder's talk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aware of Bernie alder's talk is
+really one of the um the key foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the um the key foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the um the key foundations
+of computational Science in this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational Science in this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational Science in this in in
+in this country and in the world and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and in the world and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this country and in the world and he
+he contributed to some of the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he contributed to some of the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he contributed to some of the very first
+molecular Dynamic simulations ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulations ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamic simulations ever done
+and really helped in that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really helped in that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really helped in that was in the
+1950s he's going to be a speaker who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s he's going to be a speaker who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s he's going to be a speaker who can
+tell me when tomorrow at 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me when tomorrow at 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me when tomorrow at 4
+where somewhere on this campus Bernie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somewhere on this campus Bernie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somewhere on this campus Bernie
+Alder will be speaking at 4 please find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alder will be speaking at 4 please find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alder will be speaking at 4 please find
+him and go if you can he's just really U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and go if you can he's just really U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and go if you can he's just really U
+you know made some really important key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know made some really important key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know made some really important key
+contributions um to this field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions um to this field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions um to this field and
+helped to launch it it gave credibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to launch it it gave credibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to launch it it gave credibility
+right he saw in molecular dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he saw in molecular dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he saw in molecular dynamic
+simulations in the 1950s he could see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations in the 1950s he could see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations in the 1950s he could see um
+really interesting phenomena phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting phenomena phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting phenomena phase
+transitions happening in materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions happening in materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions happening in materials
+really helped to to launch the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped to to launch the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped to to launch the field of
+computation in in materials okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in in materials okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in in materials okay okay so
+let's go so so here you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go so so here you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go so so here you've seen this
+picture in the first part and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in the first part and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture in the first part and you've
+also seen this and see this is what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seen this and see this is what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also seen this and see this is what in
+part one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah forcefield Leonard Jones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah forcefield Leonard Jones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah forcefield Leonard Jones and
+where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you get
+that because you need it right can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you need it right can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you need it right can you
+do part one without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do part one without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do part one without
+that no so where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no so where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no so where do you get
+it well you could or you could get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you could or you could get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you could or you could get it
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+where experiment let see if I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where experiment let see if I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where experiment let see if I'm making
+new materials that that have never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new materials that that have never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new materials that that have never been
+made right or if I'm making materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right or if I'm making materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right or if I'm making materials
+where interactions are happening that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where interactions are happening that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where interactions are happening that I
+can't really measure because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really measure because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really measure because they're
+really hard to measure then where could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to measure then where could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to measure then where could
+you get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get something like
+this you can't do the experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can't do the experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can't do the experiment that's
+where we can go all the way down to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can go all the way down to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can go all the way down to here
+and that's another place where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's another place where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's another place where this
+whole realm of quantum modeling is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of quantum modeling is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of quantum modeling is going
+to be important so that's where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important so that's where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important so that's where we are
+the bottom of the barrel but not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the barrel but not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the barrel but not any
+less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just you know this has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you know this has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you know this has nothing
+to do with quantum mechanics at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quantum mechanics at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quantum mechanics at all but
+I thought it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was pretty
+cool right this is just a guy who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right this is just a guy who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right this is just a guy who has
+this he's got a camera pointing that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's got a camera pointing that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's got a camera pointing that way
+and then he's got a little projector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's got a little projector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's got a little projector and
+a very specialized material here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very specialized material here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very specialized material here and
+he's projecting the image onto his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's projecting the image onto his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's projecting the image onto his uh
+jacket and so it looks like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and so it looks like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket and so it looks like he's
+transparent but the point being that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but the point being that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but the point being that I
+thought it was kind of a cool idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was kind of a cool idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was kind of a cool idea I
+guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um
+um kind of interesting you see like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of interesting you see like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of interesting you see like the
+car is sort of there but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is sort of there but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car is sort of there but I don't think
+the car is really there anyway he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is really there anyway he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car is really there anyway he needs
+to focus it but weird things happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus it but weird things happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus it but weird things happen in
+quantum mechanics really really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics really really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics really really weird
+things and it is a very Quantum world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it is a very Quantum world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it is a very Quantum world if
+we understand those basic particles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand those basic particles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand those basic particles like
+electrons then we can almost understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons then we can almost understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons then we can almost understand
+everything almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything almost everything
+seriously okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay
+so if you want to know the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know the properties
+like mechanical properties and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mechanical properties and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mechanical properties and you have
+a good potential of this piece of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good potential of this piece of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good potential of this piece of iron
+for this piece of iron you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this piece of iron you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this piece of iron you could do
+classical mechanics but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics but if you want to
+understand the mechanical properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mechanical properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mechanical properties and
+you don't have a good potential well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a good potential well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a good potential well you
+may need quantum mechanics and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need quantum mechanics and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need quantum mechanics and certainly
+if you want to understand the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to understand the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to understand the electrical
+Properties or the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties or the optical
+properties can you do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can you do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can you do that with
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+potentials tell me why why can't I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials tell me why why can't I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials tell me why why can't I get
+electrical properties with classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials yeah because you're modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials yeah because you're modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials yeah because you're modeling
+entire atoms you're just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire atoms you're just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire atoms you're just basically
+considering the nucleus and not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the nucleus and not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the nucleus and not really
+talking about the electrons exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the electrons exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the electrons exactly and
+what do I need for electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need for electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need for electrical
+properties you got to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you got to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you got to know about the
+electrons band structures band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons band structures band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons band structures band
+structures will tell us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will tell us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures will tell us about the
+electrical properties okay you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties okay you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties okay you will
+learn to see it's like the Matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to see it's like the Matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to see it's like the Matrix you
+will learn to read band structures as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn to read band structures as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn to read band structures as
+whole cities to explore that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cities to explore that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cities to explore that tell you
+all about things like this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about things like this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about things like this and this
+okay it's it's really powerful and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's it's really powerful and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's it's really powerful and it
+tells you and so all we need to do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you and so all we need to do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you and so all we need to do is go
+down one more scale because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one more scale because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one more scale because this is
+where you've been and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've been and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've been and this is where
+we're going okay we're going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay we're going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay we're going here
+right do electrons actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbit what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit what do they
+do they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they go
+around they fly around sounds better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they fly around sounds better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they fly around sounds better
+what they have their orbitals they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have their orbitals they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have their orbitals they can
+that there's a probability that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a probability that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a probability that they'll
+yeah oh yeah that's where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah that's where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah that's where we're going
+why do we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we call them
+orbitals why do we call them orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals why do we call them orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals why do we call them orbitals
+we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to
+that here's another motivation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's another motivation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's another motivation and and
+this is really this is a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really this is a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really this is a great example
+of what I was just talking about in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was just talking about in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was just talking about in in
+that potential if I have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential if I have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential if I have the right
+potential and I do my classical force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I do my classical force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and I do my classical force
+field calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field calculations
+and and I can I can feel like pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can I can feel like pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can I can feel like pretty
+golden about simulating the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden about simulating the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden about simulating the behavior of
+materials like how it cracks did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like how it cracks did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like how it cracks did you
+guys do crack propagation oh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys do crack propagation oh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys do crack propagation oh Professor
+ber likes crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber likes crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ber likes crack
+propagation there are not many people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation there are not many people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation there are not many people on
+the planet who know more about crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet who know more about crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet who know more about crack
+propagation than Professor ber but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation than Professor ber but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation than Professor ber but look
+at this I've cracked this piece of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I've cracked this piece of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this I've cracked this piece of what
+is this graphine let's say silicon oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graphine let's say silicon oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this graphine let's say silicon oh
+silicon this is silicon just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is silicon just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is silicon just looked at
+from the side yep there they are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side yep there they are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side yep there they are two
+I've cracked this piece of silicon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've cracked this piece of silicon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've cracked this piece of silicon I
+guess I could of red silicon there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I could of red silicon there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I could of red silicon there and
+know and I can't measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can't measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can't measure it
+experimentally and so I crack it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and so I crack it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and so I crack it in the
+computer with something called an edip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer with something called an edip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer with something called an edip
+potential that was fit to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that was fit to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that was fit to certain
+experimental parameters and then I crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental parameters and then I crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental parameters and then I crack
+it in the computer with a tip binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the computer with a tip binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the computer with a tip binding
+model and look at the difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and look at the difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and look at the difference is that
+the same crack is that the same property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same crack is that the same property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same crack is that the same property
+is is it happening the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it happening the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it happening the same way
+absolutely not it's completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not it's completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely not it's completely different
+qualitatively quantitatively the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively quantitatively the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively quantitatively the results
+you'll get and the findings you publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get and the findings you publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get and the findings you publish
+will be totally different depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be totally different depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be totally different depending on
+which potential you choose choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which potential you choose choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which potential you choose choose so
+that's a really um you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really um you know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really um you know this is the
+kind of reason why we need these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reason why we need these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reason why we need these more
+accurate a way at least to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate a way at least to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate a way at least to get more
+accurate potentials and then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate potentials and then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate potentials and then you can get
+these other properties as I said so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other properties as I said so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other properties as I said so you
+can get things like where the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get things like where the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get things like where the electrons
+are you can model things like Raman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can model things like Raman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can model things like Raman
+Spectra which have to do with electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra which have to do with electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra which have to do with electrons
+and light you can model things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light you can model things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light you can model things like
+reactions okay now sometimes potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay now sometimes potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay now sometimes potentials
+like especially react did you run reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like especially react did you run reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like especially react did you run reacts
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+reacts the name reacts makes me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts the name reacts makes me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts the name reacts makes me think
+reaction does it make you think that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction does it make you think that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction does it make you think that so
+they're actually modeled for reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually modeled for reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually modeled for reactions
+and that means that they can break bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that they can break bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that they can break bonds
+however there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there are plenty of
+reactions salute where reacts can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions salute where reacts can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions salute where reacts can
+actually not get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not get the
+right physics the right structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right physics the right structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right physics the right structure of the
+potential why well take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential why well take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential why well take a look at this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is badine plus ethylene going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is badine plus ethylene going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is badine plus ethylene going to
+cycle heex hexine it's it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle heex hexine it's it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle heex hexine it's it's one of the
+simplest ways you can actually make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest ways you can actually make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest ways you can actually make a
+ring watch those electrons those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring watch those electrons those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring watch those electrons those are the
+electrons okay of the sort of part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay of the sort of part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay of the sort of part of
+the system that's doing the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that's doing the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that's doing the reaction
+that's where the electrons are and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the electrons are and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the electrons are and where
+those electrons are is what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are is what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons are is what determines
+everything about the reaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the reaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the reaction the
+barrier right whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier right whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier right whether it
+happens um and let's see if I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um and let's see if I can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens um and let's see if I can get it
+to play and now watch them watch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play and now watch them watch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play and now watch them watch them
+it's like balloon animals see they pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like balloon animals see they pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like balloon animals see they pop
+up on the top and then they flow across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the top and then they flow across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the top and then they flow across
+right and then they do a big shape shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they do a big shape shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they do a big shape shift
+as the reaction actually happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reaction actually happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the reaction actually happens right
+and they kind of curve back around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of curve back around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they kind of curve back around and
+they Bubble Up on top and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Bubble Up on top and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Bubble Up on top and that's the
+final position probability of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final position probability of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final position probability of those
+electrons it's a very simple reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's a very simple reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's a very simple reaction
+but the behavior is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the behavior is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the behavior is extremely
+complex so when you fit a potential this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so when you fit a potential this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so when you fit a potential this
+is what you're ignoring all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're ignoring all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you're ignoring all of that
+complexity right and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity right and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity right and you're trying to
+fit it to some functional form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit it to some functional form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit it to some functional form and
+reacts has a whole lot of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts has a whole lot of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts has a whole lot of degrees of
+freedom so it actually can fit some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so it actually can fit some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so it actually can fit some of
+this complexity very well but that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity very well but that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity very well but that just
+gives you a sense of the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense of the the kind of
+thing that's happening and why you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's happening and why you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's happening and why you can
+miss important important aspects um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss important important aspects um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss important important aspects um with
+potentials so in the sort of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so in the sort of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so in the sort of standard
+model um atoms are made by these massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um atoms are made by these massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um atoms are made by these massive
+Point like nuclei that's what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like nuclei that's what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point like nuclei that's what you've
+been doing and now they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and now they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and now they're going to be
+surrounded by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by these
+electrons and you're going to have core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you're going to have core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you're going to have core
+electrons and then you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then you're going to have
+the veence electrons which do sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence electrons which do sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence electrons which do sort of
+all the work they're the ones that bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work they're the ones that bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work they're the ones that bind
+together and do all the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and do all the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and do all the interesting
+stuff somebody tell me who who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff somebody tell me who who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff somebody tell me who who knows
+about the chemistry like SPD filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry like SPD filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry like SPD filling
+good um somebody tell me how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um somebody tell me how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um somebody tell me how many
+electrons are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are there in
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+six and how many are core and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and how many are core and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and how many are core and how many
+are veence what are what's what there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are veence what are what's what there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are veence what are what's what there
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+four okay so it goes 1 S 2 s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so it goes 1 S 2 s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so it goes 1 S 2 s that's
+four 2p how many are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 2p how many are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 2p how many are in the
+2p four two how many two like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p four two how many two like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p four two how many two like that
+that's good now um what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silicon which number is that oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which number is that oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which number is that oh we
+really like materials we material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like materials we material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like materials we material
+scientists really like Silicon it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists really like Silicon it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists really like Silicon it's good
+material 14 how many electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 14 how many electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 14 how many electrons are in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valence yeah it's so same because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence yeah it's so same because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence yeah it's so same because in
+carbon you see you had the 2s and the 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon you see you had the 2s and the 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon you see you had the 2s and the 2p
+four electrons in the valence and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons in the valence and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons in the valence and in
+silic You' got the 3s and the 3p four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic You' got the 3s and the 3p four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silic You' got the 3s and the 3p four
+electrons in the valence right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the valence right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the valence right but you
+see here's carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2p okay and now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silicon right this is 1 s 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right this is 1 s 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right this is 1 s 2s
+2p is this making sense to people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p is this making sense to people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p is this making sense to people how
+many of you have not seen this it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have not seen this it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have not seen this it's okay
+we'll we'll talk a little bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk a little bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk a little bit about this
+so these are filled filled and so on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are filled filled and so on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are filled filled and so on up
+to here and then you got these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and then you got these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and then you got these guys and
+this is the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the veence
+and this is the valence those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the valence those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the valence those are the
+electrons that do all of the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that do all of the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that do all of the interacting
+those are the ones that do the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that do the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that do the chemical
+bonding they're the ones that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding they're the ones that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding they're the ones that we're
+going to care about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about in this
+class right we are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we are not going to be
+working with these core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with these core
+electrons those are core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons those are core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons those are core
+electrons so we're going to freeze those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we're going to freeze those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so we're going to freeze those
+out because they don't really play much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they don't really play much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they don't really play much
+of a role in the kinds of properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a role in the kinds of properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a role in the kinds of properties
+we're going to actually care about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually care about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually care about in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+okay um and I won't talk much about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I won't talk much about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I won't talk much about how
+we do that we do that with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we do that with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we do that with something
+called pseudo potentials okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pseudo potentials okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pseudo potentials okay which
+model the core uh part of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the core uh part of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the core uh part of the of the
+electrons so this part we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this part we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this part we're going to
+kind of get rid of now somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get rid of now somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get rid of now somebody tell me
+why in looking at this why we are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in looking at this why we are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in looking at this why we are made
+out of carbon and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silicon the valence electrons look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the valence electrons look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon the valence electrons look
+pretty similar don't they you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar don't they you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar don't they you got a
+couple of s and a couple of p in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of s and a couple of p in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of s and a couple of p in each
+case Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean or metallic maybe except silic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or metallic maybe except silic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or metallic maybe except silic is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+metallic what is that more reactive more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic what is that more reactive more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic what is that more reactive more
+reactive not sure about that could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive not sure about that could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive not sure about that could you
+could argue that if you think about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that if you think about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that if you think about sort
+of the alkalis you're think thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alkalis you're think thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alkalis you're think thinking in
+that way um that it wants to lose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um that it wants to lose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way um that it wants to lose these
+electrons more carbon can be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons more carbon can be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons more carbon can be a very
+reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+atom actually the bond in diamond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom actually the bond in diamond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom actually the bond in diamond is
+considerably higher energy than the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably higher energy than the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably higher energy than the bond
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Silicon so why are we made out of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so why are we made out of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so why are we made out of carbon
+and not silicon come back to that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not silicon come back to that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not silicon come back to that think
+about it cheap it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it cheap it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it cheap it's
+cheaper it's cost efficient actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper it's cost efficient actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper it's cost efficient actually
+nature is always really good about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is always really good about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is always really good about that
+um not quite the answer it's real these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite the answer it's real these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite the answer it's real these
+electrons that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we're going to be
+simulating they they exist they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating they they exist they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating they they exist they can be
+seen and look at that complex structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and look at that complex structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and look at that complex structure
+right that's the complexity of a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the complexity of a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the complexity of a bond
+measured in experiment that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in experiment that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in experiment that's a real
+experimental Bond and it shows where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Bond and it shows where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Bond and it shows where
+that electron density is in the bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron density is in the bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron density is in the bond and
+look at how complicated that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how complicated that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how complicated that is and
+that's what I'm talking about and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm talking about and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm talking about and we can
+calculate that well this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that well this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that well this is a different
+material but you can see similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you can see similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but you can see similar sort of
+complexity we can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity we can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity we can calculate that
+complexity with quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity with quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity with quantum mechanics and
+you can see again while looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see again while looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see again while looking at this
+look at this I mean there's like a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I mean there's like a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this I mean there's like a ball
+underneath a donut and a teardrop and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath a donut and a teardrop and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath a donut and a teardrop and a
+donut and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and a
+ball is does did your classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is does did your classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is does did your classical
+potential get all of that no way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential get all of that no way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential get all of that no way it's
+just averaging over this right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just averaging over this right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just averaging over this right and so
+once we go to trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we go to trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we go to trying to calculate
+properties of materials that are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of materials that are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of materials that are this
+complex electrons we really got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex electrons we really got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex electrons we really got to get
+it right okay and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right okay and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right okay and that's what the
+shorting or equation will do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting or equation will do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting or equation will do so
+now um why is this important to solve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um why is this important to solve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um why is this important to solve on
+the computer well it's sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer well it's sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer well it's sort of the same
+reasons for you these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for you these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for you these are the same
+reasons for classical you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for classical you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for classical you know first
+part of the class um it provides us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the class um it provides us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the class um it provides us with
+a microscopic understanding it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscopic understanding it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microscopic understanding it has
+predictive power and in this case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power and in this case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power and in this case we can
+really say it's first principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it's first principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it's first principles and
+what you hear this word first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you hear this word first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you hear this word first principles
+how many of you have heard first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have heard first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have heard first
+principles what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean take a guess from the basic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean take a guess from the basic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean take a guess from the basic like
+from basic a not assuming very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic a not assuming very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from basic a not assuming very much
+exactly and in this case what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and in this case what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and in this case what are we
+going to assume what is the only input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume what is the only input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume what is the only input
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+simulation well what's the only input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation well what's the only input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation well what's the only input
+into the simulation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the simulation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the simulation of that
+equation the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the atom
+what like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like the
+at yeah which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yeah which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yeah which is what
+just the atom the atom number and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the atom the atom number and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the atom the atom number and maybe
+it's position that's important like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's position that's important like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's position that's important like
+where the atom is right and the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the atom is right and the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the atom is right and the charge
+the charge on the atom is it ionized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the atom is it ionized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the atom is it ionized is
+it not and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not and that's
+it not really H because we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not really H because we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not really H because we have to make
+approximations but ideally that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations but ideally that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations but ideally that's all we
+would need to put in to solve first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put in to solve first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put in to solve first
+principles that is to solve without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that is to solve without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that is to solve without any
+other fits or inputs just the atom which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fits or inputs just the atom which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fits or inputs just the atom which
+atom is it and where is it is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is it and where is it is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is it and where is it is what you
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+in and the challenges we have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the challenges we have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the challenges we have is that
+this is a very uh this is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very uh this is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very uh this is a much more
+computationally intensive kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally intensive kind of
+simulation so how long so who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so how long so who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so how long so who's who's
+saying that it was too long nanohub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it was too long nanohub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it was too long nanohub
+classical yeah how long was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical yeah how long was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical yeah how long was it
+taken 6 hours and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms one atom
+no 150,000 okay good so if we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 150,000 okay good so if we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 150,000 okay good so if we tried to
+simulate 150,000 atoms that's not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate 150,000 atoms that's not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate 150,000 atoms that's not even a
+sentence I can start actually in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I can start actually in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I can start actually in quantum
+mechanics you can't even get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you can't even get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you can't even get close to
+that so if you try to do 150 atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you try to do 150 atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you try to do 150 atoms in
+quantum mechanics it could EAS take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics it could EAS take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics it could EAS take you
+six hours and it could take you even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hours and it could take you even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hours and it could take you even
+much more um our goal in the homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more um our goal in the homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more um our goal in the homeworks
+will be to make sure the simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to make sure the simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to make sure the simulations
+take as long as possible I'm kidding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as long as possible I'm kidding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as long as possible I'm kidding but
+we'll make sure that they don't take too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make sure that they don't take too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make sure that they don't take too
+long but they will but they're slow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but they will but they're slow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but they will but they're slow and
+painful and you will feel that pain not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and you will feel that pain not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful and you will feel that pain not
+because we're going to make problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to make problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to make problems
+where you have to simulate for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to simulate for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to simulate for a long
+time but because you know you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but because you know you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but because you know you'll just
+see you be like wait a second I only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you be like wait a second I only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you be like wait a second I only got
+two atoms in here why did this take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms in here why did this take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms in here why did this take an
+hour well it's because the even with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour well it's because the even with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour well it's because the even with all
+the approximations the computer Compu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximations the computer Compu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approximations the computer Compu
+speed it just takes longer to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it just takes longer to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it just takes longer to do these
+kinds of calculations they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of calculations they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of calculations they're more
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+okay how many knew how many people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many knew how many people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many knew how many people know
+where the fastest computer in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fastest computer in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fastest computer in the world
+is I asked this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I asked this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I asked this question
+already you know the answer where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you know the answer where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you know the answer where is it
+Google how many people know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google how many people know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google how many people know how many
+times I've asked them for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I've asked them for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I've asked them for an
+account it's many they never give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's many they never give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account it's many they never give it to
+me I would love to run on Google's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I would love to run on Google's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I would love to run on Google's
+computers okay classical mechanics goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay classical mechanics goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay classical mechanics goes
+back a long way this is what you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a long way this is what you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a long way this is what you've been
+solving you've been doing a lot of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving you've been doing a lot of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving you've been doing a lot of f
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+Ma and there are problems with it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma and there are problems with it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma and there are problems with it that
+led to Quantom mechanics I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to Quantom mechanics I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to Quantom mechanics I'm just going
+to give you a couple of examples because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a couple of examples because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a couple of examples because
+they're fun and then I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fun and then I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fun and then I'm going to show
+you a really goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really goofy
+movie has anybody seen the really goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie has anybody seen the really goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie has anybody seen the really goofy
+Quantum movie that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum movie that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum movie that I'm going to
+show it's not Dr Quantum but that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's not Dr Quantum but that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it's not Dr Quantum but that sounds
+cool maybe it's Dr no I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool maybe it's Dr no I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool maybe it's Dr no I don't think it's
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+Quantum has anybody seen really goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum has anybody seen really goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum has anybody seen really goofy
+Quantum movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum movies
+I love Goofy movies if you had me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Goofy movies if you had me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Goofy movies if you had me for
+3012 you know I like kind of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 you know I like kind of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 you know I like kind of strange
+movies it's a little thing but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's a little thing but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's a little thing but and
+there're just a couple so I promise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're just a couple so I promise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there're just a couple so I promise you
+there won't be too many one I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be too many one I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there won't be too many one I'll show
+you today and one I'll show you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today and one I'll show you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today and one I'll show you on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+um some of the problems that led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the problems that led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the problems that led to the
+need to develop a new Theory were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to develop a new Theory were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to develop a new Theory were the
+classical atom the quantization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical atom the quantization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical atom the quantization of
+properties the wave aspect of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the wave aspect of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties the wave aspect of matter
+we'll talk about those and then body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about those and then body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about those and then body
+radiation which I won't talk about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which I won't talk about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which I won't talk about but
+that's a really cool one because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really cool one because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really cool one because of the
+word they use to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word they use to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word they use to describe the
+failure how many people know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure how many people know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure how many people know what I'm
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's called the
+ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet
+catastrophe I love it you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe I love it you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe I love it you can't really
+call theories today a catastrophe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call theories today a catastrophe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call theories today a catastrophe it's
+uh you got to have a lot of you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you got to have a lot of you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you got to have a lot of you know but
+that was a catastrophe that was really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a catastrophe that was really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a catastrophe that was really a
+catastrophe because you know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe because you know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe because you know the energy
+that was going to be emitted from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to be emitted from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to be emitted from a
+black body just kept going up up and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body just kept going up up and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body just kept going up up and up
+and up and up and it doesn't do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up and up and it doesn't do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up and up and it doesn't do that in
+experiment right that's a catastrophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right that's a catastrophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right that's a catastrophe
+that catastrophe when you use words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catastrophe when you use words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catastrophe when you use words like
+that you know you need a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you need a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you need a new
+Theory a lot of people um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory a lot of people um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory a lot of people um a lot of
+really really really smart people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really smart people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really smart people were
+thinking about these problems they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems they were
+aware of them they knew they had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of them they knew they had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of them they knew they had these
+problems back at the time and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems back at the time and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems back at the time and they were
+they were really working intensely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really working intensely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really working intensely on
+saying well why why are we having all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well why why are we having all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well why why are we having all
+these problems describing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems describing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems describing the world
+we've been good to go for 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been good to go for 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been good to go for 400
+years and now this 350 years what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and now this 350 years what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and now this 350 years what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+um in the classical atom the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the classical atom the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the classical atom the problem
+there is that you see if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you see if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that you see if you think about
+a hydrogen atom as a plus charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom as a plus charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom as a plus charge
+surrounded by a negative charge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a negative charge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a negative charge that's
+the nucleus and there's the the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and there's the the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and there's the the proton
+and there's the electron and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the electron and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the electron and if it's
+orbiting then it has to be accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting then it has to be accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting then it has to be accelerating
+and we know that an accelerating charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that an accelerating charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that an accelerating charge
+is going to give off energy in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give off energy in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give off energy in the form
+of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation
+right well if that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if that were
+true and we know it is true right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we know it is true right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we know it is true right in
+some situations they knew it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations they knew it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations they knew it very well
+to be true right that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true right that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true right that's what a
+synchrotron is um but then this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron is um but then this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron is um but then this should
+just spiral right and it should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spiral right and it should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spiral right and it should just
+collapse into the into the center here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse into the into the center here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse into the into the center here
+right why doesn't it do that do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why doesn't it do that do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why doesn't it do that do you know
+how long an a hydrogen atom should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long an a hydrogen atom should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long an a hydrogen atom should be
+stable according to that classical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable according to that classical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable according to that classical world
+that classical picture of accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that classical picture of accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that classical picture of accelerating
+charge it's accelerating by the way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's accelerating by the way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's accelerating by the way just
+to stay on course around this circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay on course around this circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay on course around this circle so
+it's giving off radiation losing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving off radiation losing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving off radiation losing energy
+meaning its orbit it should come closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning its orbit it should come closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning its orbit it should come closer
+and closer to the center how long would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the center how long would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the center how long would
+that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be
+stable what fraction give me a 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what fraction give me a 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what fraction give me a 10 to the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+something yeah right around there 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah right around there 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah right around there 10us
+10 10 12 that's how long hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 12 that's how long hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 12 that's how long hydrogen atoms
+would be in existence if classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in existence if classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in existence if classical
+physics described them which it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics described them which it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics described them which it doesn't
+Okay and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay and then there was
+this and um this was a really cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um this was a really cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um this was a really cool thing
+that also could not be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also could not be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also could not be described by
+classical the classical World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the classical World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the classical World
+um and again you know I'm this is my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again you know I'm this is my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again you know I'm this is my uh
+reduced Shakespeare version of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced Shakespeare version of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced Shakespeare version of quantum
+so you know we're I'm covering these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we're I'm covering these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we're I'm covering these
+very general very interesting topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general very interesting topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general very interesting topics
+just to give you a flavor and a feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a flavor and a feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a flavor and a feeling
+and then you know if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if you want to learn
+more there's just so much you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's just so much you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's just so much you can read
+about these they're really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these they're really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these they're really cool
+experiments that were done this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that were done this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that were done this is the
+this is the experiment that won Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the experiment that won Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the experiment that won Einstein
+the Nobel Prize okay um it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize okay um it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize okay um it's very
+important work but it's probably one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important work but it's probably one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important work but it's probably one of
+his least profound pieces of work um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his least profound pieces of work um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his least profound pieces of work um but
+it was very important to uh again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important to uh again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important to uh again to
+start to understand this Duality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to understand this Duality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to understand this Duality between
+waves and particles which I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles which I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles which I'll talk
+about about in a few minutes and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about in a few minutes and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about in a few minutes and what he
+found is that if you take a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that if you take a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that if you take a piece of
+metal okay and you shine light on it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay and you shine light on it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay and you shine light on it the
+the energy from the light can kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy from the light can kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy from the light can kick
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+out okay but what was thought is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but what was thought is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay but what was thought is that if
+you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the
+intensity of the light that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light that you'd
+increase how much energy these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how much energy these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how much energy these particles
+get kicked out by you just increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kicked out by you just increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kicked out by you just increase the
+intensity of the light right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light right and then
+you could get these things to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get these things to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get these things to come out
+um at at higher and higher energies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at at higher and higher energies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at at higher and higher energies but
+if you plot the if you plot the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the if you plot the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the if you plot the energy
+of an electron coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron coming out of the
+metal versus the intensity of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal versus the intensity of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal versus the intensity of the light
+it's a flat line it does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flat line it does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a flat line it does not depend on
+the intensity of light you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of light you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of light you get more
+electrons out but you don't get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out but you don't get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out but you don't get them to
+be any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any more
+energetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic and
+that had to lead to a picture of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to lead to a picture of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to lead to a picture of light
+not necessarily being a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily being a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily being a wave
+because instead what you find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead what you find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead what you find is that
+there is this very strong direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very strong direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very strong direct
+dependence of the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the energy of the
+electrons that come out when you shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that come out when you shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that come out when you shine
+light on a piece of metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a piece of metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a piece of metal and the
+frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the
+light and so what Einstein said is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so what Einstein said is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so what Einstein said is well
+maybe light can be thought of as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe light can be thought of as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe light can be thought of as sort of
+particles right that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right that have an
+energy that depends on their frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that depends on their frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that depends on their frequency
+and he wrote this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote this thing
+down right so they have an energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so they have an energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so they have an energy that
+depends on this plank constant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this plank constant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this plank constant this
+thing here this H or H bar do you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here this H or H bar do you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here this H or H bar do you like a
+bar do you not you know do you like Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar do you not you know do you like Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar do you not you know do you like Pi
+do you like two Pi do you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you like two Pi do you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you like two Pi do you want to write
+that not you know this is all it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not you know this is all it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not you know this is all it's it's
+a free world and you guys can write H or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free world and you guys can write H or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free world and you guys can write H or
+H bar however you want that's my feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar however you want that's my feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar however you want that's my feeling
+about it no stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it no stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it no stop
+there H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there H bar
+h 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h 2
+pi okay but you'll need to you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay but you'll need to you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay but you'll need to you know get
+it right for like solving problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right for like solving problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right for like solving problems right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but this is the energy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the energy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the energy and it's
+quantized well no sorry it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized well no sorry it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized well no sorry it's not
+quantized yet I didn't say that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized yet I didn't say that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized yet I didn't say that but it's
+a particle it's based on the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle it's based on the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle it's based on the frequency
+the energy is goes as the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is goes as the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is goes as the frequency of
+the light and that's what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and that's what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light and that's what was
+measured kind of building on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured kind of building on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured kind of building on the
+understanding of what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what's going on and
+this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great
+one when you look out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you look out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you look out you
+see what if you if you excite an atom if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what if you if you excite an atom if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what if you if you excite an atom if
+you excite the electron in an atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excite the electron in an atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you excite the electron in an atom and
+you let it go back down so if you excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it go back down so if you excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it go back down so if you excite
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+electron let's say of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron let's say of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron let's say of a hydrogen
+atom here's your hydrogen atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here's your hydrogen atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here's your hydrogen atom and
+here's your that electron that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your that electron that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your that electron that's
+orbiting that's not orbiting but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting that's not orbiting but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiting that's not orbiting but we're
+going to say it's orbiting and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it's orbiting and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it's orbiting and you
+excite it up in energy and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite it up in energy and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite it up in energy and then it goes
+back down it emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down it emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down it emits
+light and so you can look out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so you can look out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and so you can look out into the
+world which is a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is a whole lot of
+hydrogen and you can say well what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you can say well what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you can say well what kind
+of light do I see and you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light do I see and you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light do I see and you would think
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+classical physics the classical World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics the classical World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics the classical World
+said well it could be excited to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well it could be excited to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well it could be excited to any
+amount for different reasons can excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for different reasons can excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for different reasons can excite
+an electron we'll talk about that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron we'll talk about that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron we'll talk about that now
+instead you look out and you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you look out and you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you look out and you see what
+wavelengths of light are coming at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light are coming at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light are coming at you
+from hydrogen in space and you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hydrogen in space and you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hydrogen in space and you don't see
+a continuous Spectrum at all you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Spectrum at all you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous Spectrum at all you see
+only very very certain wavelengths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very very certain wavelengths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very very certain wavelengths okay
+so why how could that possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why how could that possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why how could that possibly
+be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right
+right that was you know I mean now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was you know I mean now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was you know I mean now we
+say well it's just quantization particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's just quantization particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's just quantization particle
+in a box which I'll you know get to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box which I'll you know get to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box which I'll you know get to in a
+sec but back then they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec but back then they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec but back then they didn't have
+particle in the Box they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the Box they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the Box they didn't have
+shorting her they didn't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting her they didn't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting her they didn't even really
+know whether light was a particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether light was a particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether light was a particle or
+wave or what they were really grappling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or what they were really grappling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or what they were really grappling
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now
+um and and it actually is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it actually is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it actually is even more
+complex and we'll see this complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and we'll see this complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and we'll see this complexity in
+in the next couple lectures we be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next couple lectures we be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next couple lectures we be able
+to actually calculate this if we want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually calculate this if we want um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually calculate this if we want um
+then just those those discret energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just those those discret energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just those those discret energies
+there were these sort of big jumps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these sort of big jumps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these sort of big jumps and
+then there were these little jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were these little jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there were these little jumps
+what's what's up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's up with
+that right they didn't just see discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they didn't just see discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they didn't just see discreet
+things they saw them sort of bundled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they saw them sort of bundled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they saw them sort of bundled up
+and then if you if you were lucky enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you if you were lucky enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you if you were lucky enough
+to have looked at one of these series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have looked at one of these series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have looked at one of these series
+and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were
+like I got the green one then you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got the green one then you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got the green one then you got it
+to be named after you if it was like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be named after you if it was like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be named after you if it was like one
+of the first five or six and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first five or six and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first five or six and that's why
+they have names and then they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have names and then they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have names and then they stopped
+naming them because they were like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming them because they were like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming them because they were like well
+okay we kind of get it already you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we kind of get it already you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we kind of get it already you know
+like I don't know if there's a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know if there's a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know if there's a name for
+the six one maybe there is does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six one maybe there is does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six one maybe there is does anybody
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+yeah see now I could take that as agism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see now I could take that as agism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah see now I could take that as agism
+but I won't because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't because you know
+um now uh kiding my group makes fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh kiding my group makes fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh kiding my group makes fun of
+my age very often um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my age very often um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my age very often um
+now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay
+this is the time to put down your pdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time to put down your pdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the time to put down your pdas
+if you're in the back and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the back and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the back and looking at
+them and and to pay attention because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and to pay attention because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and and to pay attention because
+this is a really fun movie and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really fun movie and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really fun movie and I
+wouldn't want you to miss it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want you to miss it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want you to miss it just
+because you're texting somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're texting somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're texting somebody
+um is that Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that Quantum
+guy Quantum weirdness the infamous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Quantum weirdness the infamous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Quantum weirdness the infamous
+double slip experiment got to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slip experiment got to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slip experiment got to know about
+the double understand this experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double understand this experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double understand this experiment we
+first need to see how particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first need to see how particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first need to see how particles or
+little balls of matter T if we randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls of matter T if we randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls of matter T if we randomly
+shoot a small object say a marble at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a small object say a marble at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a small object say a marble at the
+screen we see a pattern on the back wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see a pattern on the back wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see a pattern on the back wall
+where they went through the slit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they went through the slit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they went through the slit that
+hit now if we add a second slit we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit now if we add a second slit we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit now if we add a second slit we would
+expect to see a second band duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a second band duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a second band duplicated
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's look at
+waves the waves hit the slip and radiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the waves hit the slip and radiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the waves hit the slip and radiate
+out striking the back wall wall with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out striking the back wall wall with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out striking the back wall wall with the
+most intensity directly in line with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intensity directly in line with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intensity directly in line with the
+SLP the line of brightness on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLP the line of brightness on the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLP the line of brightness on the back
+screen shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen shows that
+intensity this is similar to the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity this is similar to the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity this is similar to the line
+the marbles make but when we add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marbles make but when we add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marbles make but when we add the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+SLP something different happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLP something different happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLP something different happens if the
+top of one wave meets the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of one wave meets the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of one wave meets the bottom of
+another wave they cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave they cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another wave they cancel each other
+out so now there is an interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now there is an interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so now there is an interference
+pattern on the back wall places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the back wall places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on the back wall places where
+the two tops meet are the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two tops meet are the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two tops meet are the highest
+intensity the bright lines and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the bright lines and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity the bright lines and where
+they cancel there is nothing so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel there is nothing so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel there is nothing so when we
+throw things that is matter through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw things that is matter through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw things that is matter through two
+slits we get this two bands of hits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we get this two bands of hits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits we get this two bands of hits and
+with waves we get an interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waves we get an interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waves we get an interference
+pattern of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of many
+bands good so far now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands good so far now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands good so far now let's go
+Quantum now that's what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum now that's what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum now that's what I'm talking
+about an electron is a tiny tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an electron is a tiny tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an electron is a tiny tiny bit of
+matter like a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like a tiny
+marble let's fire a stream through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble let's fire a stream through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble let's fire a stream through one
+slit it behaves just like the marble a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit it behaves just like the marble a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit it behaves just like the marble a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+band so if we shoot these tiny bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so if we shoot these tiny bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so if we shoot these tiny bits
+through two slits we should get like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two slits we should get like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two slits we should get like the
+marbles two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles two
+bands what an interference pattern we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands what an interference pattern we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands what an interference pattern we
+fired electrons tiny bits of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired electrons tiny bits of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired electrons tiny bits of matter
+through we get a pattern like waves not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we get a pattern like waves not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we get a pattern like waves not
+like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little
+marles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marles
+how how could pieces of matter create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how could pieces of matter create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how could pieces of matter create an
+interference pattern like a wave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern like a wave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern like a wave it
+doesn't make sense but physicists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense but physicists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense but physicists are
+clever they thought maybe those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they thought maybe those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever they thought maybe those little
+balls are bouncing off each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are bouncing off each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are bouncing off each other and
+creating that pattern so they decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that pattern so they decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that pattern so they decide to
+shoot electrons through one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot electrons through one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot electrons through one at a time
+this is cool there is no way they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cool there is no way they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is cool there is no way they can
+interfere with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each
+other but after an hour of this the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but after an hour of this the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but after an hour of this the same
+interference pattern has seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern has seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern has seemed to
+emerge the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge the conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge the conclusion is
+inescapable the single electron leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inescapable the single electron leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inescapable the single electron leaves
+as a particle becomes a wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particle becomes a wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a particle becomes a wave of
+potentials goes through both slits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials goes through both slits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials goes through both slits and
+interferes with itself to hit the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with itself to hit the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with itself to hit the wall
+like a paracle but mathematically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a paracle but mathematically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a paracle but mathematically it's
+even stranger it goes through both slits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even stranger it goes through both slits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even stranger it goes through both slits
+and it goes through neither and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes through neither and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes through neither and it goes
+through just one and it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just one and it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through just one and it goes through
+just the other all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the other all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the other all of these
+possibilities are in superposition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are in superposition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are in superposition with
+each other but physicists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but physicists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but physicists were
+completely baffled by this so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely baffled by this so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely baffled by this so they
+decided to peek and see which slit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to peek and see which slit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to peek and see which slit it
+actually goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through
+they put a measuring device by one slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a measuring device by one slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a measuring device by one slit
+to see which one it went through and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see which one it went through and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see which one it went through and let
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+fly but the quantum world is far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but the quantum world is far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but the quantum world is far more
+mysterious than they could have imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious than they could have imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious than they could have imagined
+when they observed the electron went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they observed the electron went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they observed the electron went
+back to behaving like a little marble It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to behaving like a little marble It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to behaving like a little marble It
+produced a pattern of two bands not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a pattern of two bands not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a pattern of two bands not an
+interference pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of
+many the very Act of measuring or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the very Act of measuring or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many the very Act of measuring or of
+observing which slit it went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing which slit it went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing which slit it went through
+meant it only went through one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it only went through one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it only went through one not
+both the electron decided to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the electron decided to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the electron decided to act
+differently as though it was aware it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently as though it was aware it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently as though it was aware it
+was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being
+watched it was here that physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it was here that physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it was here that physicists
+stepped forever into the strange never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped forever into the strange never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped forever into the strange never
+world of quantum events what is matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of quantum events what is matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of quantum events what is matter
+marbles or waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles or waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles or waves
+and waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waves of
+what and what does an observer have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what does an observer have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and what does an observer have to
+do with any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with any of
+this The Observer collapsed the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this The Observer collapsed the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this The Observer collapsed the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by
+observing nice that's pretty cool I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing nice that's pretty cool I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing nice that's pretty cool I mean
+it's a little bit it so but that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit it so but that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit it so but that's like
+does that blow you away seriously I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that blow you away seriously I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that blow you away seriously I mean
+I I so here's the thing I I strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I so here's the thing I I strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I so here's the thing I I strongly
+recommend you take this movie out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you take this movie out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you take this movie out the
+next time you go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time you go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time you go to a
+bar and just you know when you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just you know when you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and just you know when you're at the
+table maybe you're on your second round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table maybe you're on your second round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table maybe you're on your second round
+wait I keep doing this you guys turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I keep doing this you guys turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I keep doing this you guys turn to
+be drinking sorry I keep making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drinking sorry I keep making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be drinking sorry I keep making this
+mistake okay you're drinking tomato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay you're drinking tomato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay you're drinking tomato
+juice and and you bust out this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice and and you bust out this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice and and you bust out this movie
+you're going to blow people away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to blow people away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to blow people away and
+it's a really great it's a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really great it's a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really great it's a conversation
+starter it's a great it's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter it's a great it's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter it's a great it's a you know
+it's an icebreaker um because and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an icebreaker um because and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an icebreaker um because and that's
+why Neil's Bor said anyone who is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Neil's Bor said anyone who is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Neil's Bor said anyone who is not
+shocked by quantum theory has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked by quantum theory has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked by quantum theory has not
+understood it and here's what's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it and here's what's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it and here's what's amazing
+about it this is real stuff that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is real stuff that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is real stuff that matters
+a lot for Material Science and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot for Material Science and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot for Material Science and every
+other discipline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other discipline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other discipline in
+engineering this is not just some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this is not just some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this is not just some sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+theoretical very super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave
+right so um and that's what as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um and that's what as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um and that's what as I said
+dictates so many of the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates so many of the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictates so many of the properties of
+materials that we care about especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we care about especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that we care about especially
+in energy which we'll spend some time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy which we'll spend some time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy which we'll spend some time in
+this part of the class talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the class talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the class talking about
+okay so the I I got to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the I I got to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the I I got to talk about
+shinger cat how many of you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger cat how many of you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger cat how many of you know about
+shinger cat what do you do who who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger cat what do you do who who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger cat what do you do who who can
+tell me what you do with this poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you do with this poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you do with this poor
+guy go ahead somebody who who said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy go ahead somebody who who said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy go ahead somebody who who said they
+knew about sher's cat what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about sher's cat what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about sher's cat what's the
+experiment yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yeah so
+you put a cat in the box and put a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a cat in the box and put a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a cat in the box and put a cat
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+box and you have some sort of uh um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you have some sort of uh um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you have some sort of uh um you
+know radioactive element or like just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know radioactive element or like just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know radioactive element or like just a
+you know particle or whatever um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know particle or whatever um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know particle or whatever um and you
+have like a Geer counter or something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a Geer counter or something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a Geer counter or something to
+measure it that will break a vial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it that will break a vial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it that will break a vial of
+poison if it detects the radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison if it detects the radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison if it detects the radiation and
+won't if it doesn't right and so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't if it doesn't right and so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't if it doesn't right and so if it
+radiates then the cat you know then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates then the cat you know then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates then the cat you know then it
+breaks the poison and the cat dies if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the poison and the cat dies if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the poison and the cat dies if it
+doesn't radiate and the cat survives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't radiate and the cat survives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't radiate and the cat survives but
+until you observe it it sort of hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you observe it it sort of hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you observe it it sort of hasn't
+done either so the cat's both alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done either so the cat's both alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done either so the cat's both alive and
+dead at the same time that's and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead at the same time that's and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead at the same time that's and that
+was you see that's exactly right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you see that's exactly right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you see that's exactly right very
+nice and you know that is um and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you know that is um and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you know that is um and and the
+the rest of that is you you sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that is you you sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that is you you sort of say
+Well it you put it so that it has a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it you put it so that it has a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it you put it so that it has a half
+life or you know something like an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or you know something like an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or you know something like an hour
+um between roughly between when it emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between roughly between when it emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between roughly between when it emits
+a particle and and so then you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and and so then you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and and so then you measure
+so after an hour there's sort of a 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after an hour there's sort of a 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after an hour there's sort of a 50/50
+chance the cat is has been killed or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance the cat is has been killed or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance the cat is has been killed or or
+is alive but the key point is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alive but the key point is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alive but the key point is what you
+said there which is that until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there which is that until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there which is that until you
+measure it you see the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it you see the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it you see the little
+radioactive thing is a very quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive thing is a very quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive thing is a very quantum
+mechanical particle so until you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical particle so until you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical particle so until you measure
+it as with the electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as with the electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as with the electron it's
+everywhere right it's both it's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right it's both it's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right it's both it's both
+emitted and released the poison and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and released the poison and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and released the poison and not
+right the state is quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the state is quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the state is quantum mechanical
+and so what Schrodinger did is he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what Schrodinger did is he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what Schrodinger did is he said
+well that's absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's absurd
+because then if you take that up to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you take that up to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you take that up to kind
+of the macroscopic levels you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the macroscopic levels you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the macroscopic levels you can get
+these sort of absurdities and this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of absurdities and this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of absurdities and this why
+he came up with this actually to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this actually to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he came up with this actually to make a
+point that we don't understand this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we don't understand this yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we don't understand this yet
+right that was really the point here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was really the point here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was really the point here and
+this Paradox has has been and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradox has has been and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradox has has been and so you
+know because the point being the cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because the point being the cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because the point being the cat is
+both dead and alive according to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both dead and alive according to Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both dead and alive according to Quantum
+Mechanics it is both it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics it is both it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics it is both it is a
+superposition of dead and alive until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of dead and alive until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of dead and alive until
+you open the box in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the box in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the box in which case you
+collapse the wave function Because You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the wave function Because You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the wave function Because You
+observe it right um that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it right um that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it right um that would be really
+what quantum mechanics tells you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum mechanics tells you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum mechanics tells you and and
+this has led this Paradox has been sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has led this Paradox has been sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has led this Paradox has been sort
+of this the one of the central talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the one of the central talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the one of the central talking
+points of quantum mechanics or examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of quantum mechanics or examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of quantum mechanics or examples
+used um um to illustrate how strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um um to illustrate how strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um um to illustrate how strange
+quantum mechanics is um for many decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is um for many decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is um for many decades
+and it's also led to a lot of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also led to a lot of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also led to a lot of discussion
+on how we should actually interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we should actually interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we should actually interpret
+quantum mechanics right this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics right this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics right this is called
+The Copenhagen interpretation for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Copenhagen interpretation for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Copenhagen interpretation for those
+of you who are interested in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are interested in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are interested in reading
+more um but there are many many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um but there are many many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um but there are many many others
+and I have a a sheet at the end I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a a sheet at the end I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a a sheet at the end I'm not
+going to go through where I lists like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through where I lists like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through where I lists like
+you know 10 or 15 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 or 15 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 or 15 different
+interpretations of quantum mechanics how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of quantum mechanics how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of quantum mechanics how
+cool is that like we really still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool is that like we really still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool is that like we really still don't
+know what this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this all
+means right and that's pretty neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right and that's pretty neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right and that's pretty neat
+actually shinger I think he he made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shinger I think he he made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shinger I think he he made this
+statement which I thought was funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which I thought was funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which I thought was funny
+about his Paradox I don't like it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his Paradox I don't like it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his Paradox I don't like it and
+I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with
+it um because I think you know it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um because I think you know it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um because I think you know it got
+taken out of context a lot as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out of context a lot as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out of context a lot as well and
+you know the whole killing cats is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole killing cats is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole killing cats is not a
+very PC but he very carefully said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very PC but he very carefully said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very PC but he very carefully said
+pardon my you know in his paper sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon my you know in his paper sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon my you know in his paper sorry
+for being so crude about talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being so crude about talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being so crude about talking about
+dead cats and the final one to look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead cats and the final one to look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead cats and the final one to look into
+but I won't talk about more is is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't talk about more is is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't talk about more is is called
+the epr Paradox and and this stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epr Paradox and and this stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epr Paradox and and this stands for
+Einstein pelski and Rosen and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein pelski and Rosen and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein pelski and Rosen and it's a
+very interesting Paradox again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting Paradox again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting Paradox again that
+comes out of quantum mechanics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of quantum mechanics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of quantum mechanics which is
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+entangle uh uh the states of say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle uh uh the states of say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle uh uh the states of say a
+particle of two particles together let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of two particles together let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of two particles together let's
+say the spin so that it's it's Z its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the spin so that it's it's Z its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the spin so that it's it's Z its
+total is zero but one is one and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is zero but one is one and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is zero but one is one and one is
+minus one and now as you separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and now as you separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and now as you separate them
+because they were entangled at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were entangled at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were entangled at one point
+you can separate them to very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate them to very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate them to very long
+distances and according to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and according to Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and according to Quantum
+Mechanics they both have to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics they both have to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics they both have to really be
+both one cannot be one and one minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one cannot be one and one minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one cannot be one and one minus one
+The Collection is zero but one cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Collection is zero but one cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Collection is zero but one cannot be
+one and one minus one until you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one minus one until you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one minus one until you measure
+one and then that one is something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that one is something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that one is something and
+the other one is the other something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the other something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the other something
+right and that actually leads to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that actually leads to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that actually leads to some
+very interesting paradoxes involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting paradoxes involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting paradoxes involving
+information because you've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because you've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because you've sort of
+gotten information about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten information about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten information about something
+that's more than the speed of light away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than the speed of light away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more than the speed of light away
+right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that
+possible wonderful discussions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wonderful discussions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wonderful discussions about
+this kind of stuff that I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff that I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff that I won't go into
+um okay so now we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now we're going to get to
+kind of the um you know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the um you know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the um you know we're going to
+sort of move those those S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move those those S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move those those S
+motivations this is what everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations this is what everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations this is what everybody was
+you know at the time grappling with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the time grappling with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the time grappling with is
+how can we explain these these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we explain these these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we explain these these uh these
+things and and what it really came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and what it really came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and what it really came down
+to is that particles can be both waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that particles can be both waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that particles can be both waves
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+everything can be both waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can be both waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can be both waves and
+particles but especially when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but especially when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but especially when you get
+down to very small masses um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to very small masses um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to very small masses um the the
+wave nature can dominate okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave nature can dominate okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave nature can dominate okay and that
+is the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case for
+electrons okay so for waves they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so for waves they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so for waves they have
+particle like properties and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle like properties and for
+particles they can have wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles they can have wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles they can have wav like
+properties okay that was that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay that was that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay that was that's really
+the key observation that's the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key observation that's the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key observation that's the wave
+particle duality and as you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle duality and as you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle duality and as you saw in the
+video you know what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you know what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you know what that means is that
+like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a
+wave a wave is a wave which means it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave a wave is a wave which means it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave a wave is a wave which means it can
+have um both you know it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um both you know it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um both you know it can have
+interference as you saw the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference as you saw the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference as you saw the electron
+they shoot it one at a time not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shoot it one at a time not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shoot it one at a time not
+interfering with another electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with another electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with another electron it's
+literally interfering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally interfering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally interfering with
+itself right and and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right and and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right and and you can see that
+you can actually get interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get interference
+patterns and that the fraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and that the fraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and that the fraction pattern
+that you see on the plate in the two SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see on the plate in the two SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see on the plate in the two SL
+experiment is a measurable wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is a measurable wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is a measurable wav like
+property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the
+electron you know what I love so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you know what I love so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you know what I love so much
+about that is I don't know if you caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is I don't know if you caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is I don't know if you caught
+it but it's shot out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's shot out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's shot out as a
+particle it's got to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's got to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's got to go through the
+slits as a wave there's no other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits as a wave there's no other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits as a wave there's no other way to
+explain it okay if you don't observe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it okay if you don't observe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it okay if you don't observe it
+it goes through as a wave but then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through as a wave but then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through as a wave but then in
+order to the the original experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to the the original experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to the the original experiments
+were done with a a photographic plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done with a a photographic plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done with a a photographic plate
+that can only be uh the track can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only be uh the track can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only be uh the track can only
+be made if it's a particle right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made if it's a particle right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made if it's a particle right the
+position of the electron has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the electron has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the electron has to be a
+particle to make the dot on the plate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to make the dot on the plate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle to make the dot on the plate so
+goes from particle to wave to particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from particle to wave to particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from particle to wave to particle
+and that's really the nature of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the nature of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really the nature of quantum
+mechanics you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you have to be able to
+describe particles as waves and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe particles as waves and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe particles as waves and so we
+start seeing effects like this where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing effects like this where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing effects like this where you
+can get constructive interference for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get constructive interference for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get constructive interference for a
+particle right that's that's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right that's that's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right that's that's really cool
+and that's what we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we need to be able to
+describe to describe the quantum World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to describe the quantum World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to describe the quantum World
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+computer that's real that's a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's real that's a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's real that's a water
+dropping to make waves this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping to make waves this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping to make waves this is actually
+an electron these are the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron these are the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron these are the way this is
+where an electron sits on her surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an electron sits on her surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where an electron sits on her surface
+okay that's a Quantum I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a Quantum I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a Quantum I think that's a
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral
+um and it's been measured experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's been measured experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's been measured experimentally
+um this is the experimental setup um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the experimental setup um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the experimental setup um
+it's been measured experimentally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been measured experimentally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been measured experimentally for
+for bigger things than electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bigger things than electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bigger things than electrons you
+think electrons are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think electrons are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think electrons are really
+tiny oh you know Grossman onlya cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny oh you know Grossman onlya cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny oh you know Grossman onlya cares
+about them for his electronics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them for his electronics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them for his electronics and
+Optics but yeah I care about bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics but yeah I care about bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics but yeah I care about bigger
+things like ferin well if you take ferin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ferin well if you take ferin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like ferin well if you take ferin
+and you shoot them through two slits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shoot them through two slits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shoot them through two slits you
+also get a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get a defraction
+pattern this is real stuff it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this is real stuff it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern this is real stuff it happens
+for real bigger things okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real bigger things okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real bigger things okay but now
+could I go through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I go through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I go through two
+slits is that possible am I quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical I
+am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+I I don't have a good response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't have a good response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't have a good response that
+question but um I am not observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but um I am not observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but um I am not observing
+myself and no one else is am I quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and no one else is am I quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and no one else is am I quantum
+mechanical yeah why don't I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical yeah why don't I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical yeah why don't I create
+defraction patterns wherever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns wherever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patterns wherever I
+go too big don't read ahead why am I too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big so where does this stuff end right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so where does this stuff end right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so where does this stuff end right
+do are you always a wave no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are you always a wave no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are you always a wave no matter how
+big you are and and that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you are and and that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you are and and that's where we're
+missing something missing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing something missing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing something missing something
+really important the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important the answer is
+absolutely I am a wave and I'm proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I am a wave and I'm proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I am a wave and I'm proud of
+it my arm right now is the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my arm right now is the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my arm right now is the quantum
+mechanical this is a wave this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical this is a wave this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical this is a wave this is not a
+particle if I throw this chalk that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if I throw this chalk that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if I throw this chalk that was
+fun that's not a particle that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that's not a particle that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that's not a particle that was a
+wave I just threw right it has a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I just threw right it has a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I just threw right it has a wave
+associated with it it is very wavelike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it it is very wavelike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it it is very wavelike
+but if I throw chalk through two slits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I throw chalk through two slits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I throw chalk through two slits
+will I get a defraction pattern no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I get a defraction pattern no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I get a defraction pattern no and
+now we're going to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to see why
+when is a particle like a wave well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is a particle like a wave well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is a particle like a wave well it
+always is but to varying degrees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is but to varying degrees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is but to varying degrees and
+that's where deogi came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where deogi came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where deogi came in and
+generalized what Einstein had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized what Einstein had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized what Einstein had been
+working on and others and said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and others and said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and others and said look
+everything has a wave everything is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a wave everything is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a wave everything is both
+a wave and a particle everything okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave and a particle everything okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave and a particle everything okay
+and and he he said and and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he said and and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he he said and and we can
+associate we can calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate we can calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate we can calculate a
+wavelength to these things here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength to these things here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength to these things here's the
+electron the wavelength of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the wavelength of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the wavelength of the electron
+is 10 theus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 theus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 theus1
+m now why is that a distance that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m now why is that a distance that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m now why is that a distance that is
+like making electrons really quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making electrons really quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making electrons really quantum
+mechanical or why can't I describe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical or why can't I describe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical or why can't I describe them
+classically at that distance what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically at that distance what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically at that distance what's that
+distance it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's an
+angstrom what happens at the angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom what happens at the angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom what happens at the angstrom
+level like what's an anstrom what's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like what's an anstrom what's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like what's an anstrom what's four
+angstroms what's two .44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms what's two .44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms what's two .44
+angstroms carbon yeah shows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms carbon yeah shows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms carbon yeah shows in
+carbon um so that's the level of bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon um so that's the level of bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon um so that's the level of bonds
+right this is it man this is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is it man this is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is it man this is like this
+is where that wavelength is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where that wavelength is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where that wavelength is like the
+same size as the kind of like distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size as the kind of like distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size as the kind of like distances
+that matter to an electron like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter to an electron like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter to an electron like the
+distance from one atom to another it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from one atom to another it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from one atom to another it's
+the same so that means because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that means because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that means because the
+wavelength is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is so
+similar to like the world of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to like the world of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to like the world of the
+electron on then that that Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on then that that Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on then that that Quantum
+effect is going to be really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is going to be really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is going to be really important
+and you know the wavelength is 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the wavelength is 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the wavelength is 100 times
+smaller for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller for a
+ferine um which means that it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferine um which means that it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferine um which means that it's maybe
+less important for things we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important for things we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important for things we do with
+ferin like what do we do with ferin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin like what do we do with ferin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin like what do we do with ferin by
+the way has anybody done anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way has anybody done anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way has anybody done anything with
+ferin probably not but what could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin probably not but what could we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin probably not but what could we do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ferin we're still working on it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin we're still working on it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferin we're still working on it make
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+soccer balls soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer balls soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer balls soccer
+balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls
+um you can make high you can make pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can make high you can make pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can make high you can make pretty
+high temperature superconductors what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature superconductors what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature superconductors what
+would have been considered very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been considered very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been considered very high
+temperature before high TC came on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature before high TC came on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature before high TC came on um
+you can also make uh solar cells you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also make uh solar cells you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also make uh solar cells you can
+make Electronics you can make all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Electronics you can make all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Electronics you can make all kinds
+of interesting chemistries um and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting chemistries um and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting chemistries um and most
+of the time the quantum mechanics won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the quantum mechanics won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time the quantum mechanics won't
+matter but that experiment showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but that experiment showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but that experiment showed that
+you can still measure it now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still measure it now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still measure it now I have a
+baseball and here's the wavelength of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and here's the wavelength of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and here's the wavelength of a
+baseball can I measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball can I measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball can I measure that
+right but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it has a
+wavelength right and and it's just and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right and and it's just and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right and and it's just and
+so do I so do you it's just that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I so do you it's just that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do I so do you it's just that this is
+20 orders of magnitude smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 orders of magnitude smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 orders of magnitude smaller than the
+diameter of the nucleus of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the nucleus of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the nucleus of an
+atom that's how tiny the wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that's how tiny the wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that's how tiny the wavelength is
+associated with these more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these more kind of
+larger objects so you see these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger objects so you see these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger objects so you see these are very
+quantum mechanical and they do have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical and they do have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical and they do have they
+would be able to give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to give you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to give you the same
+effect if you could pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if you could pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect if you could pick
+up if you could measure is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you could measure is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you could measure is that
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we have in
+um what we have in classical versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we have in classical versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we have in classical versus
+quantum is that we have to describe in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum is that we have to describe in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum is that we have to describe in a
+computer the mechanics of waves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the mechanics of waves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the mechanics of waves as
+opposed to the mechanics of particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the mechanics of particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the mechanics of particles so
+what we had before okay so that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before okay so that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before okay so that way
+we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to
+describe the wave and the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the wave and the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the wave and the particle
+Behavior what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior what we had
+before was this this is the mechanic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was this this is the mechanic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was this this is the mechanic of
+a particle and you all did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and you all did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and you all did a lot of
+simulating of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating of this
+right did you guys do um so did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you guys do um so did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you guys do um so did you do
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+Dynamics yeah so you know about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics yeah so you know about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics yeah so you know about that and
+you did that with like velocity relet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that with like velocity relet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that with like velocity relet
+Lea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea
+frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+no uh how did you integrate that did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh how did you integrate that did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh how did you integrate that did you
+just did you did you pick an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did you did you pick an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did you did you pick an integration
+scheme how did you solve that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme how did you solve that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme how did you solve that equation
+you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click
+simulate but there are probably yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but there are probably yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but there are probably yeah go
+ahead he show us one scheme where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead he show us one scheme where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead he show us one scheme where we
+used uh I think like uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh I think like uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh I think like uh the two
+subsequent positions sort of got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent positions sort of got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent positions sort of got an
+average velocity out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity out of that
+and great got it from there yeah and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and great got it from there yeah and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and great got it from there yeah and so
+there right so here's the thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so here's the thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so here's the thing there
+are many ways to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways to solve this equation
+right um and some are more efficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and some are more efficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and some are more efficient to
+put on a computer than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a computer than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a computer than others
+um but none of them are really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but none of them are really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but none of them are really you know
+very complicated we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated we're going to have the
+same thing with comp with with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with comp with with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with comp with with quantum
+mechanics it just gets a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it just gets a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it just gets a little more
+complicated because the equation is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the equation is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the equation is more
+complicated okay we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay we're going to have the
+same thing we'll have an equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we'll have an equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we'll have an equation for
+quantum mechanics and there'll be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and there'll be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and there'll be many
+ways to solve it and we're going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to solve it and we're going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to solve it and we're going to kind
+of learn a little bit about them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learn a little bit about them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learn a little bit about them and
+then just kind of move on and apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just kind of move on and apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just kind of move on and apply it
+apply it but we'll learn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it but we'll learn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it but we'll learn a little bit
+about the different ways to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different ways to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different ways to solve
+it so this wave is now you see instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this wave is now you see instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this wave is now you see instead
+of being a particle it's it's now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being a particle it's it's now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being a particle it's it's now an
+exitation it's a vibration so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation it's a vibration so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation it's a vibration so what we
+need to know about a wave oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about a wave oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about a wave oh yeah
+sigh sigh that's like when you see sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh sigh that's like when you see sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh sigh that's like when you see sigh
+that's like quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like quantum
+mechanics right or fraternity I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right or fraternity I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right or fraternity I don't
+know is it but anyway here it's quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it but anyway here it's quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it but anyway here it's quantum
+mechanics and S is the function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and S is the function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and S is the function that's
+it that's what we want to know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what we want to know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's what we want to know that's
+the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave
+function okay that's what we're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's what we're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay that's what we're solving
+for for the next so many weeks five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the next so many weeks five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the next so many weeks five
+weeks six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks six weeks
+um we're going to be solving for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to be solving for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to be solving for this
+this is the wave function this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave function this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave function this is what
+tells us um where those electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us um where those electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us um where those electrons are
+going to be and how they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and how they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and how they're going to
+behave and so the simplest way to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and so the simplest way to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and so the simplest way to write
+down a wave is is what's called a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a wave is is what's called a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a wave is is what's called a plane
+wave which is just a cosin and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is just a cosin and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is just a cosin and it's a
+cosine plus sign okay where you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plus sign okay where you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plus sign okay where you have an
+amplitude and then you have um this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and then you have um this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and then you have um this kind
+of vector k do the do the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector k do the do the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector k do the do the spatial
+position and then this frequency times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then this frequency times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then this frequency times
+the time right this this is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right this this is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right this this is the simplest
+way to write a wave and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write a wave and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write a wave and you can find
+little nice animations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nice animations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nice animations on
+Wikipedia of what a wave like that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia of what a wave like that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia of what a wave like that would
+look like that's a plane wave okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that's a plane wave okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that's a plane wave okay and
+you can see that you know it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know it's called a
+plane wave because you can you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave because you can you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave because you can you can sort
+of look at it as these moving planes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at it as these moving planes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at it as these moving planes of
+of some sort of constant magnitude right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort of constant magnitude right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some sort of constant magnitude right
+it's a very simple way of describing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple way of describing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple way of describing um
+this there more complex ways but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there more complex ways but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there more complex ways but this is
+going to be one that we like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one that we like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one that we like in this
+class now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now
+that what I was telling you about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I was telling you about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I was telling you about before
+is what de broi did which he he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what de broi did which he he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what de broi did which he he said
+look everything can be described as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look everything can be described as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look everything can be described as a
+wave everything can have a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave everything can have a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave everything can have a wavelength
+and the wavelength associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength associated with
+anything is going to be uh look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is going to be uh look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is going to be uh look like
+this did I put it here yeah it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did I put it here yeah it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did I put it here yeah it's going
+to go as H divided by the momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go as H divided by the momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go as H divided by the momentum the
+mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+velocity okay um so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay um so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay um so there is a
+wavelength that can be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that can be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that can be associated with
+anything that's what de us said so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's what de us said so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's what de us said so he
+generalized what what Einstein had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized what what Einstein had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized what what Einstein had been
+working on with light to say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on with light to say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on with light to say that this
+would be um something that anything can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um something that anything can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um something that anything can
+have it can have a description that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it can have a description that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it can have a description that is
+can be described by a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by a wave
+function okay and that's what Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and that's what Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and that's what Einstein
+already did this he did that part he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did this he did that part he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did this he did that part he
+said the energy of that wave would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the energy of that wave would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the energy of that wave would be
+proportional to its frequency that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its frequency that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its frequency that was
+part of the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the photoelectric
+effect okay so how do we describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay so how do we describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay so how do we describe it
+okay so in the last um 10 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the last um 10 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the last um 10 15 minutes
+we'll we'll just we'll say this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll just we'll say this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll just we'll say this is it
+this is where this is where we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this is where we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where this is where we've been
+building to because we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to because we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to because we're going to end
+with sort of what we need to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of what we need to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of what we need to do in this
+class which is solve an equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is solve an equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is solve an equation right
+we're going to we're going to end just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to end just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to end just
+with a little bit of feeling of RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of feeling of RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of feeling of RF
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+Ma and RF equals ma is the shorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma and RF equals ma is the shorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ma and RF equals ma is the shorer
+equation and I won't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I won't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I won't talk about
+um about how it was derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about how it was derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about how it was derived
+um it's actually it's a wonderful story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually it's a wonderful story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually it's a wonderful story
+that he he was was very frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he was was very frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he he was was very frustrated
+because this didn't actually agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this didn't actually agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this didn't actually agree with
+some of the work that was being done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that was being done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that was being done on
+relativistic effects solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic effects solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic effects solving this
+equation and so he refused to publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so he refused to publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so he refused to publish
+actually his his equation for for quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his his equation for for quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his his equation for for quite
+a time and he took a retreat to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and he took a retreat to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and he took a retreat to his
+cabin and apparently came back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin and apparently came back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin and apparently came back and
+decided he would he would publish I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided he would he would publish I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided he would he would publish I I
+love I love reading these stories you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I love reading these stories you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I love reading these stories you
+know those were the days like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those were the days like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those were the days like people
+really published like when they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really published like when they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really published like when they really
+had something important to say that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something important to say that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had something important to say that was
+that's cool um and and that was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool um and and that was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool um and and that was it was
+just really neat to watch like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really neat to watch like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really neat to watch like the
+communication between Schrodinger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between Schrodinger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between Schrodinger and
+Einstein and and you know all these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and and you know all these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and and you know all these all
+these just brilliant people of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these just brilliant people of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these just brilliant people of the
+time this is our equation this is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is our equation this is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is our equation this is a wave
+equation this tells us this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this tells us this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this tells us this tells us
+what we need to know right this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to know right this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to know right this tells us
+how this function evolves in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this function evolves in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this function evolves in time and
+space okay and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and the key
+here is that this side here has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this side here has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this side here has the
+terms okay this has uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay this has uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay this has uh what's the
+momentum squared term which you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared term which you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared term which you can look
+at the previous page when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the previous page when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the previous page when you look at
+the broi and um Einstein right H H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broi and um Einstein right H H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broi and um Einstein right H H bar
+Omega is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the
+energy um from the frequency and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um from the frequency and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um from the frequency and then
+the momentum then you can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum then you can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum then you can go back and
+see why these things make a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why these things make a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why these things make a lot of sense
+okay but this is this is going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is this is going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is this is going to be um
+this second derivative here spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second derivative here spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second derivative here spatial
+derivative is going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is going to give you the
+momentum squared so that looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared so that looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum squared so that looks kind of
+like a kinetic energy term right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a kinetic energy term right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a kinetic energy term right and
+that's the kinetic energy plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kinetic energy plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kinetic energy plus the
+potential energy times the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy times the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy times the wave function
+gives you um uh something that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you um uh something that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you um uh something that's equal
+to the time dependence of that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time dependence of that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time dependence of that wave
+function okay the time derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the time derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the time derivative of the
+wave function that's the shorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's the shorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's the shorting
+equation and for this class we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and for this class we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and for this class we will
+consider that that leftand part that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that that leftand part that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that that leftand part that has
+this um that has the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um that has the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um that has the parts
+that give you the potential energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you the potential energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give you the potential energy and
+the kinetic energy that's basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that's basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that's basically how
+you can think of this of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this of the particle
+okay but that's the but oh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the but oh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the but oh that's the
+kinetic energy of the particle but for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the particle but for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the particle but for a
+wave right and again you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and again you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and again you can see why
+because you can go back and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go back and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go back and see what
+this gives you what K this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you what K this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you what K this gives you
+right so that's uh that's the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's uh that's the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's uh that's the kinetic
+energy but it's it's meant for a wave um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's it's meant for a wave um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's it's meant for a wave um
+and if we assume that this part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we assume that this part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we assume that this part this
+energy part doesn't depend on time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy part doesn't depend on time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy part doesn't depend on time then
+the shorting equation is much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorting equation is much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorting equation is much easier to
+solve and we get something that's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we get something that's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we get something that's time
+independent and that's what we'll do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that's what we'll do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that's what we'll do in
+this class so because we can separate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so because we can separate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so because we can separate it
+into a a spatial part and a time part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a spatial part and a time part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a spatial part and a time part
+and then we can just ignore the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just ignore the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just ignore the time
+part and we can call both of the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we can call both of the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we can call both of the both
+sides equal to a constant right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides equal to a constant right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides equal to a constant right this is
+just some very simple uh algebra and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some very simple uh algebra and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some very simple uh algebra and if
+we do that we can set them both equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we can set them both equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we can set them both equal to
+some constant let's call it e which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant let's call it e which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant let's call it e which is
+there's a reason for that um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that um and then
+this full s with the time will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this full s with the time will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this full s with the time will depend on
+the spatial part times this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial part times this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial part times this exponential
+and we'll just ignore this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just ignore this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just ignore this for this
+class we're just going to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're just going to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're just going to care about
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+okay um okay so let's end with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay so let's end with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay so let's end with just
+these couple of examples that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of examples that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of examples that some of
+you have seen how many of you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen how many of you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen how many of you have not
+seen particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box couple people okay but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box couple people okay but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box couple people okay but if you have
+seen it you know this is still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it you know this is still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it you know this is still going to
+be fun because particle in a Box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fun because particle in a Box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fun because particle in a Box is
+always fun right so what all particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun right so what all particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fun right so what all particle in
+the box is is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is is it's the
+spatial part of the shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial part of the shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial part of the shinger equation
+okay um solved for one of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um solved for one of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um solved for one of the simplest
+uh systems you can imagine which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems you can imagine which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems you can imagine which is that
+you have some quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some quantum mechanical
+particle that can exist inside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that can exist inside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that can exist inside of this
+region but and so in this region there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but and so in this region there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but and so in this region there's
+no potential energy it's just a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential energy it's just a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential energy it's just a free
+particle right it's a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right it's a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right it's a free
+wave but then it has these boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but then it has these boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but then it has these boundaries
+that go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to
+infinity and because it has a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and because it has a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and because it has a potential
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+infinite at the boundaries there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite at the boundaries there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite at the boundaries there's only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+solution um here which is that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um here which is that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um here which is that the wave
+function has to be zero okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be zero okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has to be zero okay and you can
+convince yourself of that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself of that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself of that just by
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+right if this is Infinity S has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is Infinity S has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is Infinity S has to be
+zero okay it's the only solution so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay it's the only solution so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay it's the only solution so um
+so here's what becomes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what becomes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what becomes really
+interesting about this so you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this so you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this so you have if
+you look at this equation okay you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this equation okay you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this equation okay you say
+well okay uh outside so so you have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay uh outside so so you have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay uh outside so so you have sort
+of two equations you can write one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two equations you can write one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two equations you can write one where
+there's a v but it's infinite in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a v but it's infinite in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a v but it's infinite in this
+case and one where V is zero in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and one where V is zero in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and one where V is zero in which
+case that part drops out and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that part drops out and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that part drops out and this is the
+equation you're solving and this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you're solving and this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you're solving and this has a
+general solution which looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution which looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution which looks like this
+it's a sign plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sign plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sign plus a
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+okay and from this General solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from this General solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from this General solution you
+can actually write down what e is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down what e is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down what e is okay
+that's actually very fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually very fairly simple
+algebra to get to that but what becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to get to that but what becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to get to that but what becomes
+really interesting and exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and exciting
+is when you apply the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you apply the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you apply the boundary
+conditions so when you look at what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so when you look at what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so when you look at what has
+to happen here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen here you have
+constraints and those constraints lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and those constraints lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and those constraints lead
+to something really important that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something really important that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something really important that was
+really really frustrating all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really frustrating all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really frustrating all these
+people what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what is
+it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to
+quantization that's it that's the ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization that's it that's the ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization that's it that's the ticket
+it's when you put boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you put boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you put boundary
+conditions on a on the simplest Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on a on the simplest Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on a on the simplest Quantum
+particle Quantum thing imaginable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Quantum thing imaginable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Quantum thing imaginable a
+thing in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a box
+you quantize it you quantize it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantize it you quantize it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantize it you quantize it because
+you see when I put these boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when I put these boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see when I put these boundary
+conditions on I'm saying that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on I'm saying that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on I'm saying that there are
+only certain allowable values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain allowable values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain allowable values for
+this because this because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this because of this
+okay so um and so the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and so the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and so the boundary
+conditions cause quantization and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions cause quantization and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions cause quantization and that's
+what gives rise to the whole thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to the whole thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to the whole thing I
+mean that's what gives rise to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what gives rise to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what gives rise to to this
+whole whole sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole sort of
+world of energy levels and and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of energy levels and and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of energy levels and and a lot of
+the things that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we talked about in the
+beginning that were so challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that were so challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that were so challenging to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+okay so you have quantization you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have quantization you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have quantization you also
+have normalization we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normalization we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normalization we're not going to
+you know go through this in in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go through this in in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go through this in in great
+detail but that also um helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but that also um helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but that also um helps you
+understand what a is um but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a is um but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a is um but you see
+there that has to be K can only be n pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that has to be K can only be n pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that has to be K can only be n pi
+over l or n is some integer it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l or n is some integer it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l or n is some integer it can only
+be that because of those bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that because of those bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that because of those bound
+and you can see if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see if you go back to the
+previous page you can see why so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page you can see why so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page you can see why so now
+your energy which was nice and general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy which was nice and general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy which was nice and general
+as K going as k s can only go as n^2 h s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as K going as k s can only go as n^2 h s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as K going as k s can only go as n^2 h s
+pi Square so it can only go at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Square so it can only go at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi Square so it can only go at certain
+values it cannot be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it cannot be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it cannot be anything
+else okay and what you get then is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay and what you get then is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay and what you get then is you
+get energies so you get energies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energies so you get energies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get energies so you get energies that
+have very discrete values and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very discrete values and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very discrete values and that
+starts to remind me of what what experim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photoelectric okay and what else where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric okay and what else where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric okay and what else where
+you only saw discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only saw discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only saw discret
+values the Spectra the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the Spectra the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the Spectra the
+Spectra the lines you only saw discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra the lines you only saw discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra the lines you only saw discret
+colors you only see discret colors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you only see discret colors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors you only see discret colors you
+guys can take a telescope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can take a telescope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can take a telescope and
+look and you'll only see discrete colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you'll only see discrete colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and you'll only see discrete colors
+now it also gives you something else it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it also gives you something else it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it also gives you something else it
+gives you s which gives you these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you s which gives you these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you s which gives you these curves
+right so you see for the first solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see for the first solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see for the first solution
+n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+1 you get a side that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you get a side that looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you get a side that looks like that
+but for the next allowed value you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the next allowed value you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the next allowed value you get a
+different shape for S and for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shape for S and for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shape for S and for the next
+allowed value you get yet another shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed value you get yet another shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed value you get yet another shape
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+S oh boy is this important seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S oh boy is this important seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S oh boy is this important seriously
+check this out okay because now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this out okay because now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this out okay because now okay so
+that helps explain this right it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps explain this right it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps explain this right it looks
+like it might and now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might and now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might and now we're going to do
+it for V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for V
+equals uh uh something that looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh uh something that looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh uh something that looks more
+like a harmonic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to get equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get equations that
+look like this you see we get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this you see we get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this you see we get energy
+levels quantized energy levels that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels quantized energy levels that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels quantized energy levels that look
+like this and we get size that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we get size that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we get size that look like
+this and these are size squares which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these are size squares which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these are size squares which
+I'll tell you about in a minute um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about in a minute um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about in a minute um and
+that starts to look a whole lot do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to look a whole lot do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to look a whole lot do I
+have it that starts to look a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it that starts to look a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it that starts to look a whole lot
+like the hydrogen atom right you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hydrogen atom right you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hydrogen atom right you see you
+you see look at these size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see look at these size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see look at these size
+look at the shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the shapes of
+those those have structure and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those have structure and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those have structure and they also
+have zeros they have places where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros they have places where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zeros they have places where they
+go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to
+zero now here's the critical thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now here's the critical thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now here's the critical thing the
+shape of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the S
+squared is the answer it's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the answer it's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the answer it's where the
+electron's going to be it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron's going to be it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron's going to be it is the
+probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+electron anywhere in space s squ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron anywhere in space s squ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron anywhere in space s squ is the
+probability of finding a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding a quantum
+mechanical particle anywhere in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical particle anywhere in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical particle anywhere in space
+right it is the wave function and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is the wave function and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is the wave function and it is
+also where the particle will be with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where the particle will be with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where the particle will be with a
+given probability so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probability so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probability so the probability of
+finding this this particle in a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this this particle in a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this this particle in a harmonic
+well is going to be largest here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is going to be largest here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is going to be largest here and
+then almost zero there and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then almost zero there and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then almost zero there and then it's
+going to go up again right further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up again right further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up again right further out
+and you have these different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have these different solutions
+that only happen for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only happen for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only happen for certain
+energies that is exactly what's observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that is exactly what's observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that is exactly what's observed
+so the so the sze squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the sze squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the sze squared
+is the probability to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle s we don't know what it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle s we don't know what it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle s we don't know what it is we
+don't know what s is does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what s is does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what s is does anybody know
+what s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what s
+is no that's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no that's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no that's s
+squared s is what we solve for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared s is what we solve for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared s is what we solve for in the
+shinger equation that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation that's what we're going
+to solve for in this class s squar gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for in this class s squar gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for in this class s squar gives
+us the probability of finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the probability of finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the probability of finding that
+particle what is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guesses the square of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses the square of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses the square of it is the
+probability that you can find a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you can find a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you can find a particle
+anywhere but what is sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but what is sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but what is sigh
+itself people have struggled with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself people have struggled with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself people have struggled with this
+um a lot and you know what I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot and you know what I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot and you know what I think I
+think people have given up because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have given up because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have given up because when
+you read old textbooks old Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read old textbooks old Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read old textbooks old Quantum
+textbook I'm talking like from the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook I'm talking like from the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook I'm talking like from the 30s
+and 40s they talk about that a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40s they talk about that a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 40s they talk about that a whole lot
+and when you read new Quantum textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you read new Quantum textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you read new Quantum textbooks
+they don't talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't talk about it
+anymore because we just don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because we just don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because we just don't really
+know is the answer what is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the answer what is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the answer what is the physical
+meaning of sign isn't that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of sign isn't that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of sign isn't that so
+cool right we don't we don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right we don't we don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right we don't we don't really have
+a good grip on it there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good grip on it there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good grip on it there's a lot of
+different discussions around what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discussions around what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discussions around what it
+could be but this is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but this is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but this is the thing that
+means something we can measure directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something we can measure directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something we can measure directly
+it's the distribution of where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distribution of where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distribution of where that
+particle is you see so so this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is you see so so this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is you see so so this is it
+right this is an electron around H this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an electron around H this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an electron around H this
+is the electron of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron of
+hydrogen and you see when that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you see when that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and you see when that electron
+is in let's take a look at this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in let's take a look at this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in let's take a look at this this is
+really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important when that electron is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when that electron is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when that electron is in this
+shell we already know that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell we already know that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell we already know that's called the
+1s the Sigh for that first allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s the Sigh for that first allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s the Sigh for that first allowed
+energy level right right that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level right right that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level right right that first
+alloted energy level has a shape to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloted energy level has a shape to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloted energy level has a shape to it
+and it's spherical it looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spherical it looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spherical it looks like that
+and therefore that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that is the
+probability distribution of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the electron
+that's where it can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it can be in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I
+measure where that electron is where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where that electron is where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where that electron is where is
+it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah I mean if you measure it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah I mean if you measure it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah I mean if you measure it you're
+going to get back some position for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back some position for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back some position for it
+and it's going to be at that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be at that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be at that position
+and I love that if I measure it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love that if I measure it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I love that if I measure it it will
+be where I measure it which is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I measure it which is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I measure it which is true and
+that's actually the right answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the right answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the right answer but
+where will it be according to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will it be according to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will it be according to that
+picture how can I use this picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture how can I use this picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture how can I use this picture to
+tell me where it where it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be that is size squared for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that is size squared for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that is size squared for the electron
+of hydrogen in the first level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it'll give you a guess as to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it'll give you a guess as to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it'll give you a guess as to where
+it will be within within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be within within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be within within
+that yeah I mean basically you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean basically you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean basically you know the
+answer is that it it tells me where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it it tells me where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that it it tells me where it
+is more or less likely to be but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less likely to be but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less likely to be but it
+doesn't tell me where it will be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me where it will be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me where it will be it
+can't tell me that s squ only tells me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell me that s squ only tells me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell me that s squ only tells me a
+probability it only tells me it can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it only tells me it can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it only tells me it can tell
+me where it can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where it can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me where it can never
+be right that's what these are those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right that's what these are those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right that's what these are those are
+those zeros when s squ is zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeros when s squ is zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeros when s squ is zero that
+electron can never be there but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can never be there but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can never be there but it also
+can tell me with more likelihood or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me with more likelihood or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me with more likelihood or less
+where where I might find it so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where I might find it so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where I might find it so if I
+measure it 10 times well most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it 10 times well most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it 10 times well most of the
+time I'll find it in here maybe once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll find it in here maybe once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll find it in here maybe once I
+find it kind of about here right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it kind of about here right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it kind of about here right that's
+the nature of quantum mechanics that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of quantum mechanics that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of quantum mechanics that's
+the relationship between the Sigh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the Sigh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the Sigh that
+we're going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve for
+and and uh and the real you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and the real you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and the real you know the
+real deal now what what what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real deal now what what what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real deal now what what what you find
+then is see the 1s is here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is see the 1s is here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is see the 1s is here and then the
+2s is here so these are those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s is here so these are those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s is here so these are those right
+these are those allowable energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those allowable energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those allowable energy levels
+for the atom which we'll we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atom which we'll we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atom which we'll we'll start
+with that next time but wait don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that next time but wait don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that next time but wait don't go
+we're not done yet but right so now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done yet but right so now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done yet but right so now I've
+said that the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the system is
+quantized which means it can only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized which means it can only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized which means it can only have
+certain energies that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energies that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energies that's what the
+boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+do how does that solve my my classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how does that solve my my classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how does that solve my my classical
+atom problem the atom only living for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom problem the atom only living for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom problem the atom only living for 10
+Theus 12th seconds how does it solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically
+yeah um I it can't radiate away just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I it can't radiate away just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I it can't radiate away just a
+little bit of energy it can't like fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of energy it can't like fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of energy it can't like fall
+in just a little bit if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a little bit if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a little bit if it's going to
+radiate energy it has to fall down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate energy it has to fall down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate energy it has to fall down in
+entire level exactly yeah that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire level exactly yeah that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire level exactly yeah that's exactly
+right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons it solves the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it solves the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it solves the problem of the
+electron collapsing into the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collapsing into the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron collapsing into the core
+because it says the electron no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says the electron no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it says the electron no longer
+can collapse into the core basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collapse into the core basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collapse into the core basically
+we've quantized it so it just can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've quantized it so it just can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've quantized it so it just can't do
+that because you see the here's the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you see the here's the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you see the here's the 2s
+and and then the 2p you see there's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the 2p you see there's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then the 2p you see there's s
+and there's 2 s and then the 2p has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 2 s and then the 2p has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 2 s and then the 2p has some
+shape to it right I'm just going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it right I'm just going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to it right I'm just going to put
+Wiggles it's not just a sphere anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles it's not just a sphere anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles it's not just a sphere anymore
+it's got shape right when you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got shape right when you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got shape right when you go up
+higher in energy that that size squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy that that size squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy that that size squared
+has funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has funny
+shapes but the point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes but the point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes but the point is that the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution is maybe around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is maybe around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is maybe around
+here and it goes pretty much to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it goes pretty much to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it goes pretty much to zero
+goes very close to zero in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes very close to zero in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes very close to zero in between
+pretty much zero where the chance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much zero where the chance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much zero where the chance is
+like the age of the universe it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the age of the universe it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the age of the universe it won't
+happen and so what that says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so what that says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so what that says is that
+that electron is just not allowed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is just not allowed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is just not allowed to be
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it cannot be there physically it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be there physically it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be there physically it cannot
+be in that part of space how cool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that part of space how cool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that part of space how cool is
+that I mean how weird is that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean how weird is that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean how weird is that right the
+electrons simply cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons simply cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons simply cannot
+exist in between the 2s and the 1s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in between the 2s and the 1s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in between the 2s and the 1s they
+got to be at those energies they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be at those energies they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be at those energies they cannot
+ex you cannot give it an energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex you cannot give it an energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex you cannot give it an energy in
+between they won't take it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between they won't take it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between they won't take it because the
+allowed levels are quantized there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed levels are quantized there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed levels are quantized there is no
+in between bber was wrong how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between bber was wrong how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between bber was wrong how many of
+you know never mind nobody reads Boer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never mind nobody reads Boer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never mind nobody reads Boer
+philosopher so it's all in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher so it's all in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher so it's all in the in
+between never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between never mind
+um point being that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point being that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point being that that's really
+mind-blowing I think the electron cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing I think the electron cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-blowing I think the electron cannot
+now here's the question well how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the question well how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the question well how does it
+get from 2s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from 2s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from 2s to
+1s how does it get there if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s how does it get there if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s how does it get there if it's not
+allowed to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between okay these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay these are the
+interpretations we'll pick up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations we'll pick up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations we'll pick up with that
+on Thursday these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday these are the
+interpretations look at that it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations look at that it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations look at that it's like a
+whole world it's it's incredible all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world it's it's incredible all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world it's it's incredible all the
+discussion on how to interpret sigh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how to interpret sigh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how to interpret sigh and
+the different things and and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different things and and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different things and and this is a
+great one they don't know they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one they don't know they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great one they don't know they're doing
+quantum mechanics but that is a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics but that is a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics but that is a double
+slit kind of statement right um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit kind of statement right um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit kind of statement right um and uh
+and finally you know this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you know this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you know this is sort of
+what we talked about and there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about and there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about and there's there's
+some great books um there's also many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great books um there's also many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great books um there's also many
+many places on the web where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places on the web where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many places on the web where you can
+read more about this um and on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about this um and on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more about this um and on on
+Thursday we're going to start going more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're going to start going more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're going to start going more
+and more into sort of what how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more into sort of what how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more into sort of what how we can
+solve this for real materials which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for real materials which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for real materials which is
+where we're going to be in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to be in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to be in this part of
+the class okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HOXw6_ztAqQ.txt b/HOXw6_ztAqQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..025b5fc1a4aa33231f3788ea280b66c48eab6ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HOXw6_ztAqQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to do today is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is some kind of
+superficial overview and focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial overview and focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial overview and focusing on
+things that are important to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are important to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are important to consider
+when either designing experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either designing experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when either designing experiments that
+probe binding or also when reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe binding or also when reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe binding or also when reading about
+experiments done by others and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments done by others and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments done by others and and
+thinking about their data and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their data and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their data and how the
+data was fit so the readings this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was fit so the readings this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was fit so the readings this week
+were some excerpts from two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some excerpts from two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some excerpts from two different
+types of review articles so the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of review articles so the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of review articles so the web
+paper and the guide rock paper and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the guide rock paper and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the guide rock paper and I
+guess just to start like what what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess just to start like what what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess just to start like what what did
+you think about these readings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about these readings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about these readings and the
+review was you know kind of impressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review was you know kind of impressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review was you know kind of impressions
+did you like them or not like them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like them or not like them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you like them or not like them how
+are they different in the web though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different in the web though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they different in the web though in
+the Wed one challenges of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wed one challenges of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wed one challenges of different
+determining metal protein affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that's good a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's good a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's good a good good
+introduction to one one aspect of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to one one aspect of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to one one aspect of of the
+field of metal homeostasis yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of metal homeostasis yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of metal homeostasis yeah any
+other okay so what I would say in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so what I would say in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so what I would say in terms
+of why we selected excerpts from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we selected excerpts from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we selected excerpts from from
+these two papers one as Alex mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two papers one as Alex mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two papers one as Alex mentioned
+this review by wet it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this review by wet it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this review by wet it's extremely
+comprehensive and the introductory parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive and the introductory parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive and the introductory parts
+gives some really good just brief and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some really good just brief and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives some really good just brief and
+clear summary about considerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear summary about considerations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear summary about considerations and
+pitfalls that happen when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls that happen when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls that happen when people are
+studying metal protein interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying metal protein interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying metal protein interactions and
+so right off the bat there's an emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right off the bat there's an emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right off the bat there's an emphasis
+on you know some important things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know some important things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know some important things to
+think about when either designing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when either designing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when either designing your
+own experiment or reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experiment or reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experiment or reading about
+experiments done by others and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments done by others and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments done by others and then we
+didn't assign this whole paper but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't assign this whole paper but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't assign this whole paper but one
+of the great things about this review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great things about this review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great things about this review
+article is that there's the systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is that there's the systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is that there's the systematic
+consideration of many different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of many different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration of many different types of
+binding problems and the considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding problems and the considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding problems and the considerations
+are applicable to more than just a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applicable to more than just a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are applicable to more than just a metal
+protein interaction but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interaction but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interaction but if you think
+about biochemistry and broad terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry and broad terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biochemistry and broad terms
+there's many different types of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different types of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many different types of binding
+problems so it's just something to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so it's just something to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so it's just something to keep
+in mind for a resource if you ever need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind for a resource if you ever need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind for a resource if you ever need
+that down the road there and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down the road there and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down the road there and then the
+other one is very much looking at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is very much looking at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is very much looking at you
+know biological system and competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know biological system and competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know biological system and competition
+between host and microbe for metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between host and microbe for metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between host and microbe for metal
+nutrients and so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients and so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients and so there's a lot of
+questions involving metal protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions involving metal protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions involving metal protein
+thermodynamics so what are relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so what are relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics so what are relative
+affinities there's also questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities there's also questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities there's also questions about
+kinetics there that aren't they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics there that aren't they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics there that aren't they're not
+really addressed in this but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really addressed in this but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really addressed in this but a lot of
+effort these days is going towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort these days is going towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort these days is going towards
+trying to understand these metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand these metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand these metal
+transport systems and also host defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport systems and also host defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport systems and also host defense
+factors that that are involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that that are involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that that are involved in this
+tug-of-war and also it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug-of-war and also it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug-of-war and also it relates to
+topics that will come up in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that will come up in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that will come up in lecture
+Joann will be focusing on iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joann will be focusing on iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joann will be focusing on iron
+homeostasis and he but many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and he but many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and he but many of the
+concepts are similar and another nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are similar and another nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are similar and another nice
+thing about this Atok review and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this Atok review and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this Atok review and it's
+something that will come up as we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will come up as we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will come up as we talk
+about binding experiments more is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binding experiments more is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binding experiments more is this
+figure five so they're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five so they're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five so they're talking about a
+technique called isothermal titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called isothermal titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called isothermal titration
+calorimetry and using this method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry and using this method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimetry and using this method to
+determine binding affinities and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine binding affinities and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine binding affinities and they've
+done a lot of simulations right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of simulations right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of simulations right and so
+if you ever end up thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever end up thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever end up thinking about
+finding problems or doing experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding problems or doing experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding problems or doing experiments to
+look at binding you can begin to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at binding you can begin to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at binding you can begin to have a
+qualitative appreciation for what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative appreciation for what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative appreciation for what data
+mean by studying simulations like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by studying simulations like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by studying simulations like this
+one or in the packet I've made there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or in the packet I've made there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or in the packet I've made there's
+one looking at say optical absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looking at say optical absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looking at say optical absorption
+spectroscopy and what a titration curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and what a titration curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy and what a titration curve
+will look at for different systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at for different systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at for different systems that
+have different affinities between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different affinities between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different affinities between a
+metal and a ligand there so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and a ligand there so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and a ligand there so basically
+what we'll do is consider just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is consider just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is consider just a simple
+one-to-one by molecular complex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one by molecular complex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one by molecular complex in
+recitation today and talk about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation today and talk about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation today and talk about you know
+thinking about determining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about determining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about determining a
+dissociation constant value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant value which is
+often how biochemists measure KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often how biochemists measure KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often how biochemists measure KD
+different methods and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods and a lot of the
+things one needs to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one needs to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one needs to consider
+experimentally when when studying metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally when when studying metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally when when studying metal
+protein equilibria and again many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein equilibria and again many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein equilibria and again many of
+these aspects apply to other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects apply to other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aspects apply to other types of
+binding problems so it could be protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding problems so it could be protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding problems so it could be protein
+small molecule protein-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule protein-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule protein-protein
+interaction protein DNA some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction protein DNA some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction protein DNA some are
+specific to metals because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to metals because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to metals because they have
+have their unique characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their unique characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their unique characteristics and
+behavior okay so if we think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so if we think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay so if we think about a
+simple you know by molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one-to-one complex right we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one complex right we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-to-one complex right we have our
+metal em right and often we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal em right and often we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal em right and often we think about
+a medalist being a Lewis acid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medalist being a Lewis acid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medalist being a Lewis acid and then
+we have some ligand and we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some ligand and we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some ligand and we can think of
+that as a lewis base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a lewis base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a lewis base
+okay forming a complex so ml right often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forming a complex so ml right often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forming a complex so ml right often
+we talk about free versus bound so free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about free versus bound so free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about free versus bound so free
+metal is free ligand as med-alert ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is free ligand as med-alert ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is free ligand as med-alert ligand
+that's not complexed okay versus bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not complexed okay versus bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not complexed okay versus bound
+because it's in the complex okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the complex okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the complex okay and
+today we'll think about the ligand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll think about the ligand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll think about the ligand as
+being some protein that has a site for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some protein that has a site for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some protein that has a site for a
+metal but it could also be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal but it could also be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal but it could also be a small
+molecule for instance so in introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for instance so in introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule for instance so in introductory
+chemistry typically talk about affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry typically talk about affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry typically talk about affinity
+constants for equilibria and biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for equilibria and biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for equilibria and biochemical
+experiments people often report affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments people often report affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments people often report affinity
+as a KD so dissociation constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a KD so dissociation constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a KD so dissociation constant right
+so if we think about the equation for KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about the equation for KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about the equation for KD
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we have the concentration of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the concentration of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the concentration of the complex
+I'm sorry that's the K a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's the K a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's the K a concentration
+of the metal ligand over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal ligand over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metal ligand over the
+concentration of the complex okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the complex okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the complex okay so the
+KD also equals one over the KA and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD also equals one over the KA and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD also equals one over the KA and you
+can also think about the KD in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about the KD in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about the KD in terms of
+a ratio of the rate constants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of the rate constants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of the rate constants for
+dissociation and association here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation and association here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation and association here
+k off over can here just as different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k off over can here just as different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k off over can here just as different
+ways to show this right so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to show this right so if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to show this right so if we just
+look at this equation here the units for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation here the units for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this equation here the units for
+a dissociation constant our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dissociation constant our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dissociation constant our
+concentration right so units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration right so units
+you know it could be anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could be anything from
+millimolar micromolar nanomolar etc here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar micromolar nanomolar etc here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar micromolar nanomolar etc here
+and if we think about a system having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think about a system having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we think about a system having
+increased affinity so let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased affinity so let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased affinity so let's say the
+protein the protein affinity is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the protein affinity is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the protein affinity is high
+that is a lower KD so a protein with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a lower KD so a protein with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a lower KD so a protein with a
+nano molar KD value for a metal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar KD value for a metal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano molar KD value for a metal that
+higher affinity than a protein say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher affinity than a protein say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher affinity than a protein say with
+a micro molar and milli molar affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro molar and milli molar affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micro molar and milli molar affinity
+for that metal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that metal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that metal here
+so lower KD higher affinity okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lower KD higher affinity okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lower KD higher affinity okay so what
+is a common kind of data fitting that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a common kind of data fitting that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a common kind of data fitting that we
+might see in a textbook or in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see in a textbook or in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see in a textbook or in some
+experiments we think about it it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we think about it it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we think about it it's very
+similar to thinking about steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to thinking about steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to thinking about steady state
+kinetics in terms of the plot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics in terms of the plot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics in terms of the plot and the
+equation right so imagine we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so imagine we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so imagine we have some
+protein so we have our ligand and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we have our ligand and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we have our ligand and we
+titrate in some metal okay to say +2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrate in some metal okay to say +2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrate in some metal okay to say +2 and
+we have some measure of response to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some measure of response to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some measure of response to C
+formation of that complex so maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of that complex so maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of that complex so maybe it
+has a color like it's a protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a color like it's a protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a color like it's a protein that
+binds cobalt and cobalt gives some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds cobalt and cobalt gives some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds cobalt and cobalt gives some new
+d2d transitions that we can monitor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2d transitions that we can monitor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2d transitions that we can monitor or
+maybe it's some other other method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's some other other method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's some other other method here
+okay so we can have a response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can have a response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can have a response that
+tells us about formation of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about formation of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us about formation of the complex
+versus the concentration a free metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the concentration a free metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the concentration a free metal
+here and say we got something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say we got something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say we got something that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+okay what we can say is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we can say is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we can say is that the
+response equals a constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response equals a constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response equals a constant times the
+concentration of free metal over the KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal over the KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal over the KD
+plus the concentration of free metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the concentration of free metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the concentration of free metal
+here alright so effectively we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alright so effectively we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alright so effectively we got the
+KD okay so similar to thinking about km
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD okay so similar to thinking about km
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD okay so similar to thinking about km
+in steady-state kinetics but keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady-state kinetics but keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in steady-state kinetics but keep in
+mind the KD and km are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the KD and km are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the KD and km are two different
+things here okay for that so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here okay for that so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here okay for that so if we think
+about this type of plot and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this type of plot and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this type of plot and we think
+about setting up an experiment so say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about setting up an experiment so say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about setting up an experiment so say we
+have a protein and we want to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a protein and we want to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a protein and we want to determine
+its affinity for some metal what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its affinity for some metal what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its affinity for some metal what do we
+need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's for sure right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's for sure right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's for sure right so you
+need to know the concentration one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the concentration one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the concentration one of
+the protein in your cuvette or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein in your cuvette or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein in your cuvette or in
+whatever simple hold you're using and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever simple hold you're using and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever simple hold you're using and
+then the concentration of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the concentration of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the concentration of the metal
+you're titrating in right but beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating in right but beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating in right but beyond
+that based on this equation what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on this equation what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on this equation what do we
+need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is just I mean think back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just I mean think back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is just I mean think back
+to steady state kinetics right be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steady state kinetics right be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steady state kinetics right be there
+so right I'm just putting in a Zack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right I'm just putting in a Zack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right I'm just putting in a Zack
+because we don't know what this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know what this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know what this response
+is but imagine you normalize the data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but imagine you normalize the data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but imagine you normalize the data to
+one so it's that your maximum response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's that your maximum response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's that your maximum response
+is one B would be one yeah so metal-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one B would be one yeah so metal-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one B would be one yeah so metal-free
+so you just mentioned the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just mentioned the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just mentioned the concentration
+of metal you're adding in so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal you're adding in so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal you're adding in so let's say
+you add in one micromolar of a metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add in one micromolar of a metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add in one micromolar of a metal and
+you have 10 micromolar of protein what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 10 micromolar of protein what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 10 micromolar of protein what
+is your free metal concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right so the total is the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so the total is the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so the total is the metal
+going in and then you have free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and then you have free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and then you have free and
+bound is it easy always to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is it easy always to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is it easy always to know what
+this is you know not always right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know not always right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know not always right so and
+is there always free metal available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there always free metal available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there always free metal available
+right so this is something we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is something we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is something we're going
+to talk about a little bit moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a little bit moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a little bit moving
+forward and so what we'll see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and so what we'll see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and so what we'll see is that
+this equation is great in many instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is great in many instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is great in many instances
+it can't be used because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be used because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be used because we don't know
+what the free metal concentration is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the free metal concentration is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the free metal concentration is or
+we're in a regime where we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a regime where we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a regime where we don't have
+any free free metal concentration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no these these are thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no these these are thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no these these are thermodynamic
+measurements right so this let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right so this let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right so this let's say for
+instance let's say that there's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance let's say that there's a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance let's say that there's a system
+where and the absence of metal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and the absence of metal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and the absence of metal it's
+colorless all right and wonder one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless all right and wonder one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless all right and wonder one of
+the wonderful thing about many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful thing about many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful thing about many
+transition metal ions is that they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal ions is that they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal ions is that they give
+us color right so imagine you add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us color right so imagine you add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us color right so imagine you add in a
+metal and you end up getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and you end up getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and you end up getting some
+transition okay so perhaps this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay so perhaps this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition okay so perhaps this response
+is a max at each addition of metal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a max at each addition of metal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a max at each addition of metal right
+so some sort of colorimetric titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some sort of colorimetric titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some sort of colorimetric titration
+that's one example you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example you could also
+imagine using some sort of spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine using some sort of spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine using some sort of spectroscopy
+and say there's some specific signal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say there's some specific signal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say there's some specific signal for
+your metal bound protein that differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal bound protein that differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal bound protein that differs
+from the free metal there and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the free metal there and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the free metal there and then you
+could use that and quantify it so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that and quantify it so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that and quantify it so for
+instance EPR NMR any any method like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance EPR NMR any any method like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance EPR NMR any any method like
+that MCD here so no this is not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MCD here so no this is not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MCD here so no this is not like a
+right here this is a response versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is a response versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is a response versus the
+concentration of free metal and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal and you see
+as the concentration the free metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the concentration the free metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the concentration the free metal
+increases we're seeing an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases we're seeing an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases we're seeing an increase in
+whatever this observable is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this observable is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this observable is about the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+here so let's just consider a case let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's just consider a case let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's just consider a case let's
+just say we have something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we have something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say we have something like this
+some uv-vis titration and we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uv-vis titration and we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uv-vis titration and we have our
+ligand and we titrate in some metal ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand and we titrate in some metal ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand and we titrate in some metal ok
+and how do we often plot this let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we often plot this let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we often plot this let's say
+we have the ratio of metal over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ratio of metal over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ratio of metal over the
+ligand and here let's say we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand and here let's say we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand and here let's say we have some
+change in absorbance you know at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in absorbance you know at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in absorbance you know at some
+wavelength right like what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right like what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right like what we have here
+and we'll take one extreme case so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say you get data that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get data that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you get data that looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so you've done some titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so you've done some titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so you've done some titration
+you've added some aliquot of metal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added some aliquot of metal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've added some aliquot of metal you
+let the solution equilibrate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the solution equilibrate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the solution equilibrate and then
+you read the optical absorption spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the optical absorption spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the optical absorption spectrum
+and so what do we learn from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we learn from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we learn from something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do what do we see in these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so something's happening here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so something's happening here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so something's happening here right
+so what we see is that over this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see is that over this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see is that over this regime
+which as I've drawn this right we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as I've drawn this right we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as I've drawn this right we have a
+ratio of metal to ligand of one we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of metal to ligand of one we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of metal to ligand of one we see
+that you know this change in absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this change in absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know this change in absorption
+occurs right it's quite linear and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs right it's quite linear and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs right it's quite linear and then
+once we hit a ratio of 1 to 1 we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we hit a ratio of 1 to 1 we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we hit a ratio of 1 to 1 we see
+that there's no more increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no more increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no more increase in
+absorbent absorbance at that wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent absorbance at that wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent absorbance at that wavelength
+that plateaus so so what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plateaus so so what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plateaus so so what does that tell
+us about the interaction between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the interaction between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the interaction between this
+protein and the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right this tells us something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right this tells us something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right this tells us something about
+stoichiometry first of all that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry first of all that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry first of all that for
+whatever is causing this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is causing this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is causing this particular
+change in the spectrum we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the spectrum we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the spectrum we see that
+change happens to one equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change happens to one equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change happens to one equivalent of
+metal and stops which gives indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and stops which gives indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and stops which gives indication
+of a one-to-one stoichiometry here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one-to-one stoichiometry here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one-to-one stoichiometry here what
+else does this tell us so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else does this tell us so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else does this tell us so if you see
+something like this what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this what's happening in
+terms of the free metal concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the free metal concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the free metal concentration
+over this regime so when there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this regime so when there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this regime so when there's less
+than one equivalent of metal added where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one equivalent of metal added where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one equivalent of metal added where
+is that metal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that metal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that metal yeah
+right it's with the protein so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's with the protein so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's with the protein so it's
+bound effectively this is evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound effectively this is evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound effectively this is evidence for
+some sort of high affinity complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of high affinity complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of high affinity complex
+because what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you see is that the
+absorbance change occurs up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbance change occurs up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbance change occurs up to one
+equivalent and then it stops right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and then it stops right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and then it stops right so we
+can contrast that to something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contrast that to something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contrast that to something like you
+know a case where it's more of a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a case where it's more of a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a case where it's more of a curve
+like what we see up here where it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we see up here where it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we see up here where it takes
+more than one equivalent of metal to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one equivalent of metal to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one equivalent of metal to say
+that to saturate that site okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to saturate that site okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to saturate that site okay in this
+case maybe it's 1 to 1 stoichiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maybe it's 1 to 1 stoichiometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case maybe it's 1 to 1 stoichiometry
+maybe it's something else right you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's something else right you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's something else right you need
+to do some more experiments to see so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some more experiments to see so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some more experiments to see so if
+I say this is some high affinity complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have no or negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration of free metal question one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal question one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of free metal question one
+is what does high affinity mean in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does high affinity mean in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does high affinity mean in terms
+of a range of KD and secondly if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a range of KD and secondly if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a range of KD and secondly if there's
+no free metal what are we going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free metal what are we going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free metal what are we going to do in
+terms of determining a KD value right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of determining a KD value right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of determining a KD value right so
+what do we think of as high affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think of as high affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think of as high affinity
+binding yeah so that's pretty good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding yeah so that's pretty good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding yeah so that's pretty good right
+right nano molar or lower KD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nano molar or lower KD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nano molar or lower KD so
+something like this what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this what happens if you
+see data like this is that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see data like this is that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see data like this is that typically
+you'll say okay this indicates we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say okay this indicates we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say okay this indicates we have a
+one to one complex and the dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one complex and the dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one complex and the dissociation
+constant has an upper limit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has an upper limit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has an upper limit that's
+typically in the regime of 10 nano molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the regime of 10 nano molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the regime of 10 nano molar
+so that says the upper limit right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says the upper limit right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says the upper limit right it
+could be orders of magnitude lower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be orders of magnitude lower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be orders of magnitude lower but
+we can't see that in these data here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see that in these data here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't see that in these data here and
+so that's something to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something to watch out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something to watch out for
+when looking at how people analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at how people analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at how people analyze
+binding data because sometimes a KD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding data because sometimes a KD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding data because sometimes a KD is
+reported as an absolute value from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported as an absolute value from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported as an absolute value from a
+direct titration so this is what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titration so this is what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titration so this is what I would
+call a direct titration okay meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a direct titration okay meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a direct titration okay meaning
+that we only have the ligand here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only have the ligand here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we only have the ligand here and
+the metal is titrated in or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is titrated in or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is titrated in or whatever the
+binding partner is okay but if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding partner is okay but if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding partner is okay but if you're in
+a regime where you're just getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime where you're just getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime where you're just getting an
+upper limit that value is just an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit that value is just an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit that value is just an upper
+limit and it could be one nano molar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and it could be one nano molar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and it could be one nano molar it
+could be ten picomolar it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be ten picomolar it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be ten picomolar it could be
+thumb-2 molar there's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb-2 molar there's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb-2 molar there's some more
+experiments that need to be done to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that need to be done to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that need to be done to sort
+that out here so let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out here so let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a case where this KD is one nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a case where this KD is one nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a case where this KD is one nano
+molar okay thinking about this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar okay thinking about this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar okay thinking about this and what
+we know from steady state discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from steady state discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from steady state discussions
+earlier in this course and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this course and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this course and again this
+isn't the same thing but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the same thing but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the same thing but some of the
+same ideas apply what what concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ideas apply what what concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ideas apply what what concentration
+regime would you want to set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime would you want to set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime would you want to set up the
+experiment so say you think your protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so say you think your protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so say you think your protein
+has a KD for a metal of one nano molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a KD for a metal of one nano molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a KD for a metal of one nano molar
+what concentration of protein do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what concentration of protein do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what concentration of protein do you
+want to use in the titration high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use in the titration high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use in the titration high
+picomolar so why would you want high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar so why would you want high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar so why would you want high
+picomolar and what does high picomolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar and what does high picomolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar and what does high picomolar
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so typically you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so typically you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so typically you want to be a
+little you want to be around your KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you want to be around your KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you want to be around your KD
+so if the KD is 1 nano molar you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the KD is 1 nano molar you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the KD is 1 nano molar you want to
+be a bit below or a bit above and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit below or a bit above and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit below or a bit above and if
+you're really being rigorous try a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really being rigorous try a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really being rigorous try a few
+different concentrations right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations right because
+at the end of the day this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day this response
+should be independent of that within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be independent of that within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be independent of that within a
+range of error so so what's the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of error so so what's the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of error so so what's the issue
+let's say your KD is one animal or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your KD is one animal or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your KD is one animal or for
+that matter one picomolar and you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter one picomolar and you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter one picomolar and you'd like
+to set up an experiment and you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up an experiment and you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up an experiment and you need an
+observable for this response so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable for this response so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable for this response so this
+gets back to some of what Joann talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to some of what Joann talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to some of what Joann talked
+about in recitations two and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in recitations two and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in recitations two and three and
+needing a detectable signal in the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing a detectable signal in the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing a detectable signal in the pre
+steady state kinetic experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state kinetic experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state kinetic experiments that
+you have to work with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work with a high
+concentration of protein to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein to see
+something and so that becomes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so that becomes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so that becomes the same
+issue here right if your system would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here right if your system would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here right if your system would
+allow you to work at one animal or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to work at one animal or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to work at one animal or one
+picomolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picomolar
+to have an observable right you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an observable right you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an observable right you would be
+in a range where you can can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a range where you can can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a range where you can can see
+something other than this right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than this right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than this right but
+often whatever we're observing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often whatever we're observing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often whatever we're observing we need
+to work at a high protein concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at a high protein concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at a high protein concentration
+right because the extinction coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the extinction coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the extinction coefficient
+is weak or we just need a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak or we just need a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak or we just need a high
+concentration for whatever the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration for whatever the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration for whatever the type of
+signal is which is what can put us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is which is what can put us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is which is what can put us in
+this this regime here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this regime here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this regime here so that's
+something to think about so what can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about so what can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about so what can be
+done in order to get more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in order to get more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in order to get more information
+than what's shown here for a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's shown here for a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's shown here for a high
+affinity site so let's say you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity site so let's say you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity site so let's say you're not
+able to work at a concentration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work at a concentration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work at a concentration that's
+appropriate you know based on the KD of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate you know based on the KD of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate you know based on the KD of
+this high affinity site that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high affinity site that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high affinity site that you need to
+work at a higher concentration what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at a higher concentration what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at a higher concentration what can
+be done so effectively what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is often done is what I'll call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often done is what I'll call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often done is what I'll call an
+indirect approach okay another way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect approach okay another way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect approach okay another way this
+is described is to set up a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described is to set up a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described is to set up a competition
+titration where you take your ligand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration where you take your ligand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration where you take your ligand or
+protein of interest you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of interest you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of interest you take a
+competitor and you titrate in the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and you titrate in the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and you titrate in the metal
+okay so what is this competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is this competitor
+typically it's a small molecule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's a small molecule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's a small molecule okay
+with a known affinity so unknown KD for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a known affinity so unknown KD for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a known affinity so unknown KD for
+the metal of interest okay under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal of interest okay under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal of interest okay under the
+experimental conditions you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay and so there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so there's different
+flavors of using a competitor and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of using a competitor and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of using a competitor and I'll
+just highlight a few in passing so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just highlight a few in passing so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just highlight a few in passing so one
+way to use the competitor is to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use the competitor is to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to use the competitor is to use some
+small molecule ligand that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule ligand that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule ligand that allows you to
+buffer the free metal concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer the free metal concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer the free metal concentration so
+in these cases it's some sort of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases it's some sort of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases it's some sort of system
+that will not affect the readout of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not affect the readout of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will not affect the readout of say
+metal binding to your protein so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding to your protein so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding to your protein so you can
+imagine for instance using EDTA eg ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for instance using EDTA eg ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for instance using EDTA eg ta
+and ta like what's on the and I nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ta like what's on the and I nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ta like what's on the and I nickel
+nta columns for affinity chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nta columns for affinity chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nta columns for affinity chromatography
+and there are published affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are published affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are published affinity
+constants for these small molecules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for these small molecules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants for these small molecules for
+different metals and so you can set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals and so you can set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals and so you can set up a
+metal ion buffering system and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ion buffering system and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal ion buffering system and so the
+idea is that in addition to your normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in addition to your normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in addition to your normal
+buffer and we'll talk about more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and we'll talk about more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and we'll talk about more about
+buffers in a minute you have a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers in a minute you have a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers in a minute you have a very high
+total concentration of metal and a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of metal and a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of metal and a high
+total concentration of a key later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of a key later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of a key later and
+you can make these buffers such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make these buffers such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make these buffers such that the
+buffer will buffer the free metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer will buffer the free metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer will buffer the free metal
+concentration so you can buffer free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so you can buffer free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so you can buffer free
+metal say in the nano molar or sub nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal say in the nano molar or sub nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal say in the nano molar or sub nano
+molar regime so what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar regime so what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar regime so what does this mean
+your total metal concentration and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total metal concentration and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total metal concentration and total
+concentration of the competitor is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the competitor is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the competitor is much
+higher than the concentration of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the concentration of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the concentration of your
+protein and so when you introduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so when you introduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so when you introduce you
+know you set up your titration you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you set up your titration you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you set up your titration you have
+the protein and this buffer system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein and this buffer system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein and this buffer system the
+protein will bind some of the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein will bind some of the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein will bind some of the metal and
+then the buffer will adjust such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the buffer will adjust such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the buffer will adjust such that
+the free metal ion concentration you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free metal ion concentration you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free metal ion concentration you've
+said of that remains the same okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of that remains the same okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of that remains the same okay so
+that gives you a way to get free free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a way to get free free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a way to get free free
+metal concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal concentrations
+another approach that's often used you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach that's often used you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach that's often used you
+know it's also controlling your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's also controlling your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's also controlling your overall
+metal concentration but in a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal concentration but in a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal concentration but in a bit of a
+different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+is to take a competitor that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take a competitor that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take a competitor that is also
+some sort of colorimetric or fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of colorimetric or fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of colorimetric or fluorescent
+indicator of the metal and so in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the metal and so in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of the metal and so in effect
+what you do is you use the competitor as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you use the competitor as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you use the competitor as
+a readout for competition in the assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout for competition in the assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout for competition in the assay
+and so what you can do is ask okay under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you can do is ask okay under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you can do is ask okay under
+these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions
+when the metal bind to the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the metal bind to the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the metal bind to the protein
+there's no change in absorbance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no change in absorbance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no change in absorbance or
+fluorescence at some wavelength but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence at some wavelength but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence at some wavelength but
+there will be a change from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a change from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a change from the
+competitor at that wavelength so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor at that wavelength so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor at that wavelength so if you
+put these together you can ask okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these together you can ask okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these together you can ask okay as
+the metals titrated in where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals titrated in where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals titrated in where does the
+metal go do we see a response from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal go do we see a response from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal go do we see a response from the
+competitor or not if not it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor or not if not it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor or not if not it tells you
+that the protein 1 if yes and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the protein 1 if yes and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the protein 1 if yes and it's the
+same as the competitor in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the competitor in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the competitor in the absence of
+the protein the competitor 1 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein the competitor 1 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein the competitor 1 right so
+those are two cases of out competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two cases of out competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two cases of out competition
+where either the protein out competes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either the protein out competes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where either the protein out competes
+this competitor or the competitor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitor or the competitor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competitor or the competitor out
+competes the protein that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competes the protein that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competes the protein that's not very
+helpful for actually determining an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for actually determining an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful for actually determining an
+apparent dissociation constant value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent dissociation constant value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent dissociation constant value it
+will give you something information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something information
+about limits here but what you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about limits here but what you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about limits here but what you really
+want to have happen and as this name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen and as this name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen and as this name
+suggests is that you want the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests is that you want the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests is that you want the protein
+and this competitor to compete so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this competitor to compete so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this competitor to compete so
+effectively you see the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you see the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you see the response of the
+competitor attenuated compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor attenuated compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor attenuated compared to the
+response in the absence of protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the absence of protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the absence of protein so
+some metals here some metals there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metals here some metals there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metals here some metals there and
+then what you can do is a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you can do is a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you can do is a mathematical
+analysis to fit that data based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to fit that data based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to fit that data based on
+knowing the affinity of the competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the affinity of the competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the affinity of the competitor
+for the metal and knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metal and knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the metal and knowing the
+concentrations of the competitor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the competitor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the competitor in the
+ligand here ok so this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand here ok so this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand here ok so this is something that
+wed talks about quite a bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wed talks about quite a bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wed talks about quite a bit in the
+review that was assigned in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that was assigned in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that was assigned in terms of
+setting up these competition titrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up these competition titrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up these competition titrations
+here and so when done done well that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so when done done well that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so when done done well that can
+really be quite powerful here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's many other themes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many other themes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's many other themes and
+variations about how to do that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations about how to do that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations about how to do that but it's
+just to keep in mind if your binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to keep in mind if your binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to keep in mind if your binding
+event is too tight to measure by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is too tight to measure by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is too tight to measure by a
+direct titration you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titration you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titration you want to think about
+a way to do a competition titration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to do a competition titration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to do a competition titration here
+so in the packet I put in an excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the packet I put in an excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the packet I put in an excerpt
+from a paper that was published in 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a paper that was published in 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a paper that was published in 2003
+showing some titration curves like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some titration curves like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some titration curves like what
+I sketched here where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sketched here where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sketched here where there's some
+response to indicate how much is bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to indicate how much is bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to indicate how much is bound
+versus some concentration of metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus some concentration of metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus some concentration of metal and
+one of the reasons I really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons I really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons I really like this
+plot is that it gives a qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is that it gives a qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is that it gives a qualitative
+sense for KD values over a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for KD values over a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for KD values over a range of
+magnitudes and what that curve would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and what that curve would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and what that curve would
+look like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like here
+and just having a sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having a sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just having a sense of this
+qualitatively gives you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively gives you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively gives you a lot of
+leverage in terms of just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage in terms of just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage in terms of just looking at
+data and analyzing it whether it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and analyzing it whether it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and analyzing it whether it's your
+own or someone else's in terms of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or someone else's in terms of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or someone else's in terms of is
+this a high affinity site is this a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a high affinity site is this a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a high affinity site is this a low
+affinity site there likewise in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity site there likewise in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity site there likewise in this
+guide Rock review with a different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide Rock review with a different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide Rock review with a different type
+of method called ITC here okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of method called ITC here okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of method called ITC here okay so what
+we're gonna do is talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is talk a little bit
+about some general concepts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some general concepts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some general concepts and then
+some general considerations for say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general considerations for say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some general considerations for say
+setting up these types of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up these types of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up these types of experiments
+and so some of this relates to concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of this relates to concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of this relates to concepts
+in class so Joann talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class so Joann talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class so Joann talked about the
+Irving Williams series right so based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Williams series right so based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving Williams series right so based on
+that series if you're say looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series if you're say looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that series if you're say looking at
+some protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're interested say in the kd4 binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested say in the kd4 binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested say in the kd4 binding
+of manganese versus zinc what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manganese versus zinc what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manganese versus zinc what would you
+expect qualitatively so imagine each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect qualitatively so imagine each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect qualitatively so imagine each of
+these metals is bound at the same site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metals is bound at the same site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metals is bound at the same site
+right and today in class we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and today in class we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and today in class we talked about
+the different types of ligands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different types of ligands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different types of ligands that
+proteins use right so histidines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins use right so histidines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins use right so histidines or
+carboxylates or maybe a cysteine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylates or maybe a cysteine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylates or maybe a cysteine right
+we'll leave tyrosine out for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave tyrosine out for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave tyrosine out for the moment
+because but what would we expect which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but what would we expect which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because but what would we expect which
+metal will bind with higher affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal will bind with higher affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal will bind with higher affinity
+based on Irving Williams think right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Irving Williams think right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Irving Williams think right so
+as we march along the first row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we march along the first row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we march along the first row from
+manganese you know we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese you know we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese you know we see that the
+affinity increases and copper combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity increases and copper combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity increases and copper combined
+with higher affinity than zinc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher affinity than zinc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher affinity than zinc so
+there's a swap at the end right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a swap at the end right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a swap at the end right so
+that's what we would expect so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would expect so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would expect so what does
+that mean just in terms of reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean just in terms of reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean just in terms of reading
+something in the literature right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the literature right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the literature right if
+someone's reporting binding affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's reporting binding affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's reporting binding affinities
+for a protein and you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a protein and you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a protein and you see that the
+values are of a similar order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are of a similar order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are of a similar order of
+magnitude for manganese and zinc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for manganese and zinc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude for manganese and zinc you
+might want to scratch your head a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to scratch your head a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to scratch your head a little
+bit and ask what's going on right so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and ask what's going on right so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and ask what's going on right so is
+it a case where both metals are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a case where both metals are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a case where both metals are bound
+tightly and the titration didn't resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly and the titration didn't resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly and the titration didn't resolve
+a difference right because you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference right because you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference right because you're just
+done an upper limit if there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an upper limit if there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an upper limit if there's something
+unusual about this site that is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about this site that is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about this site that is causing
+the selectivity to be contrary to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectivity to be contrary to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selectivity to be contrary to what
+we expect based on the Irving Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect based on the Irving Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect based on the Irving Williams
+series there so the point is you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series there so the point is you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series there so the point is you can use
+those generalities as a guide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those generalities as a guide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those generalities as a guide and
+there's always exceptions to the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always exceptions to the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always exceptions to the rule
+I missed class on Wednesday did you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I missed class on Wednesday did you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I missed class on Wednesday did you go
+over hard soft acid base so have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over hard soft acid base so have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over hard soft acid base so have any of
+you heard about this hard soft acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about this hard soft acid base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about this hard soft acid base
+concept no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept no
+yes so like what's the hard hard soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so like what's the hard hard soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so like what's the hard hard soft
+acid-base theory I don't play no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base theory I don't play no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base theory I don't play no right
+so that's hopeful think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's hopeful think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's hopeful think about how
+polarizable it is but that's allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizable it is but that's allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizable it is but that's allowing
+the right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right track
+so basically we can classify different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can classify different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can classify different
+metals and different ligands as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and different ligands as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and different ligands as being
+relatively hard or relatively soft right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hard or relatively soft right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively hard or relatively soft right
+and then there can be the gray area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there can be the gray area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there can be the gray area in
+the middle which is called borderline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is called borderline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is called borderline so
+if we think about say you know a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about say you know a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about say you know a metal
+ion that's a hard lewis acid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that's a hard lewis acid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that's a hard lewis acid that's
+something like calcium for instance iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like calcium for instance iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like calcium for instance iron
+3 these types of metals like oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these types of metals like oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these types of metals like oxygen
+donors which are hard bases for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors which are hard bases for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors which are hard bases for instance
+you know often it's metal in a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often it's metal in a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often it's metal in a high
+oxidation state if that's an option so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state if that's an option so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state if that's an option so
+iron 3 versus iron to iron 3 is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 3 versus iron to iron 3 is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron 3 versus iron to iron 3 is more
+hard they're not very polarizable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they're not very polarizable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they're not very polarizable and so
+often hard metals are bound by hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often hard metals are bound by hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often hard metals are bound by hard
+acids so an example like Joanne brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so an example like Joanne brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids so an example like Joanne brought
+up in Tara backed in today in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Tara backed in today in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Tara backed in today in class and
+if you remember the structure from when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the structure from when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the structure from when
+we talked about sedara for biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about sedara for biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about sedara for biosynthesis
+it uses six oxygen donors to bind iron 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses six oxygen donors to bind iron 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses six oxygen donors to bind iron 3
+so from hard soft acid-base theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from hard soft acid-base theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from hard soft acid-base theory
+that's a sensible Lincoln set on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sensible Lincoln set on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sensible Lincoln set on the
+other extreme what's what's soft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme what's what's soft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other extreme what's what's soft so
+that's a soft acid some metal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a soft acid some metal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a soft acid some metal with a
+large ionic radius so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ionic radius so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large ionic radius so if we think about
+like to the right in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to the right in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to the right in the periodic table
+mercury cadmium copper one and they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury cadmium copper one and they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury cadmium copper one and they like
+soft ligands like cysteine so sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft ligands like cysteine so sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft ligands like cysteine so sulfur
+that's quite polarizable so soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite polarizable so soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite polarizable so soft
+typically lower oxidation state more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically lower oxidation state more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically lower oxidation state more to
+the right in the periodic table and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in the periodic table and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in the periodic table and then
+you get metals that are in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get metals that are in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get metals that are in the middle
+like zinc iron two cobalt two there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zinc iron two cobalt two there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zinc iron two cobalt two there so
+this gives you some indication of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you some indication of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you some indication of a
+guide and just why I bring this up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and just why I bring this up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide and just why I bring this up is
+you know we've talked about the Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've talked about the Irving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've talked about the Irving
+Williams theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams theory
+but depending on the ligand set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depending on the ligand set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depending on the ligand set that
+series might not make sense right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series might not make sense right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series might not make sense right so
+something like an EF hand domain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an EF hand domain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an EF hand domain that
+binds calcium ions it uses many oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds calcium ions it uses many oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds calcium ions it uses many oxygen
+donors it's going to prefer calcium say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors it's going to prefer calcium say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors it's going to prefer calcium say
+over copper even though calcium isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over copper even though calcium isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over copper even though calcium isn't
+another place in the periodic table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place in the periodic table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place in the periodic table and
+also not defined by that formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not defined by that formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not defined by that formally
+defined by the Irving Williams series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the Irving Williams series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the Irving Williams series
+there okay so that's something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's something you can
+keep in mind when when analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind when when analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind when when analyzing the
+data just qualitatively right and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data just qualitatively right and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data just qualitatively right and so in
+the guide rack review if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide rack review if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guide rack review if you look at
+those data it's the case and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data it's the case and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data it's the case and many of the
+systems where you know what's currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you know what's currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems where you know what's currently
+reported or reported at that time or KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported or reported at that time or KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported or reported at that time or KD
+values that are similar for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are similar for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are similar for certain
+metals that are separated along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that are separated along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals that are separated along the
+first row right so then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row right so then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row right so then the question is
+what what's really going on and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's really going on and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's really going on and some of
+it is an issue related to methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an issue related to methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an issue related to methods and
+experimental design in terms of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design in terms of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design in terms of finding
+conditions that allow high affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that allow high affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that allow high affinity
+binding to be studied here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to be studied here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to be studied here so let's
+consider just some some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just some some practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just some some practical
+considerations in terms of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in terms of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations in terms of experiments
+as we go forward so in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go forward so in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go forward so in the beginning of
+this wet paper he talks about a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wet paper he talks about a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wet paper he talks about a bunch of
+pitfalls that can come up in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls that can come up in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls that can come up in terms of
+experimental design any of you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design any of you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design any of you recall
+what some of these these problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some of these these problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some of these these problems are
+you know you know when he brings up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know when he brings up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know when he brings up on
+page well page two you know reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page well page two you know reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page well page two you know reliable
+evaluation and comparison of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and comparison of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation and comparison of metal
+binding affinities is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding affinities is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding affinities is important for
+quantitative understanding of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative understanding of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative understanding of metal
+selection and speciation right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and speciation right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and speciation right so that's
+central to everything that Joann has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to everything that Joann has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to everything that Joann has
+been talking about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about in terms of
+homeostasis the past two days in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis the past two days in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis the past two days in lecture
+and then what does he say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what does he say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what does he say you know
+however estimation of these metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however estimation of these metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however estimation of these metal
+binding constants is problematic at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding constants is problematic at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding constants is problematic at the
+moment as desperate values have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment as desperate values have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment as desperate values have been
+reported in the literature right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in the literature right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in the literature right and
+then he highlights a few examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he highlights a few examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he highlights a few examples that
+are illustrative of this wider wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illustrative of this wider wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illustrative of this wider wider
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+right and so what's striking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what's striking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what's striking about some
+of the these issues he shows in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these issues he shows in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the these issues he shows in that
+page too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page too
+at this review did these things concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this review did these things concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this review did these things concern
+you when when reading the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do these these highlight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do these these highlight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do these these highlight in
+general yeah so in terms of right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah so in terms of right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah so in terms of right in
+weds paper he begins this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weds paper he begins this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weds paper he begins this paper by
+citing a number of examples of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing a number of examples of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing a number of examples of problems
+in the literature and I guess I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature and I guess I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature and I guess I'm asking
+where these was were these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these was were these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these was were these problems
+striking to you and if so why and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking to you and if so why and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking to you and if so why and really
+what is the issue generally the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the issue generally the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the issue generally the issue
+here yeah right so these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah right so these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah right so these values are
+hugely different that he's citing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely different that he's citing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely different that he's citing here
+right I mean 10 orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean 10 orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean 10 orders of magnitude
+different you know reported cadiz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know reported cadiz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know reported cadiz that
+vary by six orders of magnitude right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by six orders of magnitude right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by six orders of magnitude right
+these are huge differences this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are huge differences this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are huge differences this is in
+you know one nano molar versus 10 nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one nano molar versus 10 nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one nano molar versus 10 nano
+molar this is hugely different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar this is hugely different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar this is hugely different and
+depending on what number you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what number you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what number you come up
+with there's huge implications for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there's huge implications for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there's huge implications for what
+that means in a biological system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in a biological system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in a biological system right
+so what are some of the reasons for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the reasons for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the reasons for why
+there may be so many discrepancies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be so many discrepancies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be so many discrepancies right
+and in each case we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each case we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each case we don't really know
+but what we're gonna do now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're gonna do now is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're gonna do now is just
+think about some of the aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of the aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of the aspects of
+experimental setup that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup that might be
+affecting you know determination of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting you know determination of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting you know determination of one
+of these values and how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values and how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values and how to think about
+these things so like in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so like in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so like in terms of
+pitfalls I'll begin with one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls I'll begin with one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls I'll begin with one which is
+just fitting the data in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fitting the data in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fitting the data in an
+inappropriate manner right so there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate manner right so there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate manner right so there's so
+many programs out there that will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many programs out there that will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many programs out there that will fit
+data but the end of the day you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but the end of the day you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but the end of the day you need to
+ask what does this fit mean is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what does this fit mean is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what does this fit mean is it
+meaningful for the system that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful for the system that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful for the system that's being
+studied right so did it take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied right so did it take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied right so did it take into
+account all parameters is it the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account all parameters is it the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account all parameters is it the correct
+stoichiometry do the numbers that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry do the numbers that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry do the numbers that come
+out make sense what other experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make sense what other experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out make sense what other experiments
+can be done to try to test that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done to try to test that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done to try to test that there
+and so that's a general issue and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a general issue and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a general issue and then
+as I've you know mentioned here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've you know mentioned here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've you know mentioned here in
+passing often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing often
+direct titrations are fit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titrations are fit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct titrations are fit and
+appropriately because this is concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately because this is concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately because this is concluded
+to mean some absolute KD when it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean some absolute KD when it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean some absolute KD when it doesn't
+okay it just gives you a limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just gives you a limit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just gives you a limit here
+so what about let's just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about let's just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about let's just think about
+taking a protein and titrating it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a protein and titrating it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a protein and titrating it with a
+metal right that experiment will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right that experiment will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right that experiment will happen
+in a buffer so do we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a buffer so do we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a buffer so do we need to think about
+the buffer right so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer right so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer right so that's the first
+question does the buffer influence metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does the buffer influence metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does the buffer influence metal
+speciation in the cubic by having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation in the cubic by having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation in the cubic by having some
+affinity for the metal of interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the metal of interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the metal of interest so
+from that perspective what buffers could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that perspective what buffers could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that perspective what buffers could
+be classified as problematic so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as problematic so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as problematic so you need
+to think about the chemical composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the chemical composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the chemical composition
+the chemical structure of the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical structure of the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical structure of the buffer
+yeah okay so EDTA could be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so EDTA could be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so EDTA could be in your
+buffer for some reason but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer for some reason but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer for some reason but that's not
+your buffer right so the buffer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buffer right so the buffer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your buffer right so the buffer is
+what's going to control the pH they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to control the pH they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to control the pH they're
+so so Tris is an example what are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Tris is an example what are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Tris is an example what are other
+examples of common buffers you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of common buffers you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of common buffers you know this
+trip others you know PBS so a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip others you know PBS so a phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip others you know PBS so a phosphate
+buffer that's often used and like tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer that's often used and like tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer that's often used and like tissue
+culture experiments and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture experiments and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture experiments and other
+experiments so let's start with the Tris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so let's start with the Tris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so let's start with the Tris
+buffer is it a good idea to do a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is it a good idea to do a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is it a good idea to do a metal
+binding titration where you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding titration where you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding titration where you want to get
+a KD in Tris buffer taking had no so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so right let's break break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so right let's break break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so right let's break break
+that down so one trip that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down so one trip that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down so one trip that has an
+affinity for certain metals right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for certain metals right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for certain metals right you
+have an amine based buffer so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amine based buffer so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amine based buffer so that's one
+issue and then the other thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then the other thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then the other thing you need
+to think about in this are what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in this are what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in this are what are the
+relative concentrations of the buffer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative concentrations of the buffer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative concentrations of the buffer to
+your protein of interest right so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein of interest right so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein of interest right so what's
+the typical Tris buffer concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical Tris buffer concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical Tris buffer concentration
+used say in protein purification or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used say in protein purification or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used say in protein purification or some
+type of experiment yeah typically higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experiment yeah typically higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of experiment yeah typically higher
+than 1 millimolar 2 right so maybe 20 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 millimolar 2 right so maybe 20 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 millimolar 2 right so maybe 20 75
+milli molar maybe even higher than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli molar maybe even higher than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli molar maybe even higher than that
+right so you have this substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have this substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have this substantial
+concentration of your Tris buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your Tris buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your Tris buffer
+compared to a protein concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a protein concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a protein concentration
+which if you have a micro molar KD you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you have a micro molar KD you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you have a micro molar KD you'd
+like to look at my micro molar rain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at my micro molar rain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at my micro molar rain that
+range of protein right so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of protein right so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of protein right so that will
+influence the metal binding equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the metal binding equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the metal binding equilibria
+in the experiment right so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment right so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the experiment right so then the
+question is if you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you're doing the
+titration under that type of condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration under that type of condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration under that type of condition
+are you taking that Tris metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking that Tris metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you taking that Tris metal
+interaction into account in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction into account in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction into account in the data
+analysis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right
+are there other buffers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there other buffers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there other buffers that are
+arguably more appropriate and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably more appropriate and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably more appropriate and the answer
+is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes
+so there's buffers like heaps these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's buffers like heaps these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's buffers like heaps these are
+buffers that are called good good buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers that are called good good buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers that are called good good buffer
+zwitterionic buffers that you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwitterionic buffers that you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwitterionic buffers that you know in
+general have lower metal affinities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general have lower metal affinities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general have lower metal affinities and
+are often used for titrations what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often used for titrations what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often used for titrations what about
+say metal contamination from the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say metal contamination from the buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say metal contamination from the buffer
+or from the water so what's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the water so what's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the water so what's important to
+think about there is that an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you need to think about the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you need to think about the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you need to think about the water
+you know where did this water come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where did this water come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where did this water come from
+where did your Tris come from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did your Tris come from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did your Tris come from or
+whatever other buffer right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other buffer right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other buffer right because
+again if you have a hundred milli molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have a hundred milli molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you have a hundred milli molar
+buffer it's not only the molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer it's not only the molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer it's not only the molecules that
+say heaps but it's whatever other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say heaps but it's whatever other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say heaps but it's whatever other
+contaminants are in there and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants are in there and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants are in there and there's a
+lot more of that than your protein right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of that than your protein right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of that than your protein right
+which gets into this you know issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets into this you know issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets into this you know issue of
+living William series and zinc so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living William series and zinc so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living William series and zinc so I
+think contamination is you everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think contamination is you everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think contamination is you everywhere
+zinc is everywhere so are you getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is everywhere so are you getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is everywhere so are you getting a
+zinc contamination say and your metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc contamination say and your metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc contamination say and your metal
+binding protein some portion of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein some portion of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein some portion of it is
+complexing zinc and you can't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexing zinc and you can't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexing zinc and you can't see that
+because link is spectroscopically silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because link is spectroscopically silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because link is spectroscopically silent
+right that's going to be a problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to be a problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to be a problem so
+that's something to think about and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to think about and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to think about and keep
+in mind so for rigorous work high purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so for rigorous work high purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so for rigorous work high purity
+buffers can be used or there are tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers can be used or there are tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers can be used or there are tricks
+out there to D metal 8 buffers those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to D metal 8 buffers those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there to D metal 8 buffers those
+tricks often have a few caveats as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks often have a few caveats as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks often have a few caveats as well
+for that but I don't think contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but I don't think contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but I don't think contamination
+is something to keep in mind and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something to keep in mind and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something to keep in mind and can be
+a bit of a nuisance but you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a nuisance but you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a nuisance but you just need to
+know how to look for it and deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to look for it and deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to look for it and deal with it
+and I mean also these contaminations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean also these contaminations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean also these contaminations it
+becomes an issue too in terms of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an issue too in terms of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an issue too in terms of what is
+your protein concentration right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein concentration right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein concentration right so if
+you have a one micromolar metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one micromolar metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a one micromolar metal
+contamination and you're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and you're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and you're working with
+one milli molar protein is probably okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one milli molar protein is probably okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one milli molar protein is probably okay
+right but if you're working with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're working with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're working with you
+know one or 10 micromolar protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one or 10 micromolar protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one or 10 micromolar protein and
+there's a problem right because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem right because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem right because you're
+gonna have more of that complexed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have more of that complexed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have more of that complexed there
+so why are we using the buffer we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we using the buffer we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we using the buffer we're
+using the buffer to control pH right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the buffer to control pH right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the buffer to control pH right so
+how do we want to think about pH from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we want to think about pH from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we want to think about pH from
+the standpoint of these titrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah are even histidine right that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are even histidine right that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are even histidine right that has a
+pka that you know isn't it in the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka that you know isn't it in the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka that you know isn't it in the regime
+right and cysteine right that that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and cysteine right that that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and cysteine right that that has
+the pKa so you know often we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa so you know often we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa so you know often we think about
+the pH of the buffer used in protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH of the buffer used in protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH of the buffer used in protein
+purification that will make the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification that will make the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification that will make the protein
+stay you know in a happy state but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay you know in a happy state but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay you know in a happy state but then
+the question is you know is that pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know is that pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know is that pH
+appropriate for the metal binding study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the metal binding study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the metal binding study
+what is the effect of that pH on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effect of that pH on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effect of that pH on the
+ligands and the primary coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands and the primary coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligands and the primary coordination
+sphere so are they protonated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so are they protonated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so are they protonated or
+deprotonated or a mixture of the two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated or a mixture of the two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated or a mixture of the two and
+then how does that affect the affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does that affect the affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does that affect the affinity
+itself right so these k ds will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right so these k ds will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right so these k ds will have a
+ph dependence based on PK's of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph dependence based on PK's of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph dependence based on PK's of the side
+chains here and i mean also are their pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains here and i mean also are their pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains here and i mean also are their pH
+requirements for the metal and is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the metal and is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for the metal and is your
+experimental set up such that the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental set up such that the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental set up such that the pH
+remains constant throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains constant throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains constant throughout the
+titration right so an example iron three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration right so an example iron three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titration right so an example iron three
+right so Joanne talked about iron three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Joanne talked about iron three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Joanne talked about iron three
+in class today and this ridiculously low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class today and this ridiculously low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class today and this ridiculously low
+KSP at pH 7 of 10 to the minus 18 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KSP at pH 7 of 10 to the minus 18 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KSP at pH 7 of 10 to the minus 18 right
+you can't just have your iron 3 stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just have your iron 3 stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just have your iron 3 stock
+solution at pH 7 and have much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at pH 7 and have much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at pH 7 and have much of
+anything soluble right so what do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything soluble right so what do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything soluble right so what do people
+do about that often the stock solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about that often the stock solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about that often the stock solution
+is stored in acid because it's soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored in acid because it's soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stored in acid because it's soluble
+there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right
+can you titrate that acidic solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you titrate that acidic solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you titrate that acidic solution
+directly into your protein right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into your protein right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into your protein right these
+are just things things to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just things things to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just things things to think about
+here what else can be in the buffer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what else can be in the buffer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what else can be in the buffer so
+thinking about anyone who's purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about anyone who's purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about anyone who's purified
+protein so you brought up EDTA right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so you brought up EDTA right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so you brought up EDTA right and
+that certainly would be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly would be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certainly would be something that
+would need to be taken into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to be taken into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to be taken into account
+right hopefully you would only have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hopefully you would only have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hopefully you would only have it
+present if you wanted to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present if you wanted to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present if you wanted to do something
+like a competition right otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a competition right otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a competition right otherwise
+that's going to be a major issue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a major issue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a major issue right
+in terms of sorting things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sorting things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sorting things out
+but what else might be in the buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what if your protein say as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if your protein say as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if your protein say as a
+cytoplasmic protein and it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic protein and it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic protein and it has a lot of
+cysteines are those systems likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines are those systems likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteines are those systems likely to be
+reduced or oxidized in the native form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced or oxidized in the native form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced or oxidized in the native form
+if it's a cytoplasmic protein yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a cytoplasmic protein yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a cytoplasmic protein yeah
+reduced right because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced right because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced right because that's the
+reducing environment and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing environment and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing environment and then you go
+into the periplasm or the ER which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the periplasm or the ER which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the periplasm or the ER which is
+where you find proteins that have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find proteins that have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find proteins that have more
+disulfide bonds so let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bonds so let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bonds so let's say your
+protein likes to have a bunch of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein likes to have a bunch of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein likes to have a bunch of reduced
+systems in it right chances are you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in it right chances are you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in it right chances are you have
+a reducing agent in the buffer you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reducing agent in the buffer you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reducing agent in the buffer you use
+for protein purification and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protein purification and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protein purification and maybe you
+need to keep that reducing agent around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep that reducing agent around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep that reducing agent around
+during an experiment or maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an experiment or maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an experiment or maybe you can
+work in an anaerobic chamber and get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in an anaerobic chamber and get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in an anaerobic chamber and get rid
+of it but let's just say the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but let's just say the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but let's just say the reducing
+agents present is that something we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents present is that something we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents present is that something we need
+to think about from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from the standpoint of
+the metal protein interaction so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal protein interaction so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal protein interaction so what
+are examples of these reducing agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t SEPs one yeah and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t SEPs one yeah and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t SEPs one yeah and we'll come back to
+that one in a minute what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one in a minute what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one in a minute what are some
+others yep and what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another Thyle based reducing agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Thyle based reducing agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Thyle based reducing agent
+commonly used in protein purification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dtt yeah dtt right so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtt yeah dtt right so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtt yeah dtt right so let's just
+consider say dtt and BM e together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say dtt and BM e together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say dtt and BM e together right
+or is there something we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something we need to
+consider there yes because depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider there yes because depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider there yes because depending on
+your metal these reducing agents will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal these reducing agents will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your metal these reducing agents will
+have some affinity right and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some affinity right and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some affinity right and often
+they're in very large excess over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in very large excess over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in very large excess over the
+concentration of protein so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of protein so it's a
+similar issue to like the Tris buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issue to like the Tris buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar issue to like the Tris buffer
+issue in terms of how are these reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in terms of how are these reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in terms of how are these reducing
+agents effecting metal speciation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents effecting metal speciation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents effecting metal speciation and
+metal binding equilibria and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding equilibria and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding equilibria and the
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+okay so tea SAP this is a carboxy ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tea SAP this is a carboxy ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tea SAP this is a carboxy ethyl
+phosphine so not as commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine so not as commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphine so not as commonly used in
+protein purification but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein purification but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein purification but it is a
+reducing agent that you commonly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agent that you commonly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agent that you commonly see
+used in certain metal binding titrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in certain metal binding titrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in certain metal binding titrations
+and that's because it's thought to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because it's thought to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because it's thought to cause
+less interference right so the affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less interference right so the affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less interference right so the affinity
+of that equilibrium constant is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equilibrium constant is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that equilibrium constant is much
+weaker so what is one of the pitfalls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so what is one of the pitfalls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker so what is one of the pitfalls of
+using t sub that people often run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using t sub that people often run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using t sub that people often run into
+do you know so if you just have t sup an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know so if you just have t sup an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know so if you just have t sup an
+aqueous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well it needs something to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well it needs something to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well it needs something to reduce
+rice so if you just have T sup and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice so if you just have T sup and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice so if you just have T sup and water
+is that neutral basic acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it's acidic and the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's acidic and the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's acidic and the manufacturer
+instructions say this pretty explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions say this pretty explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions say this pretty explicitly
+but often times they go unread right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often times they go unread right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often times they go unread right so
+if you end up working with quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up working with quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you end up working with quite a bit
+of tea sup in your experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tea sup in your experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tea sup in your experimental
+conditions the first thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the first thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the first thing you need to
+ask if is the buffer adequate to buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pH when t-stops added right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH when t-stops added right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH when t-stops added right you
+don't want the tea supp acidifying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the tea supp acidifying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the tea supp acidifying your
+buffer and then you're not working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and then you're not working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer and then you're not working at
+the pH you think you're working at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH you think you're working at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH you think you're working at so
+what does that mean you might want to pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you might want to pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean you might want to pH
+adjust your tea such solution before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust your tea such solution before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust your tea such solution before
+starting the experiment there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the experiment there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the experiment there that's
+just something to keep in mind I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to keep in mind I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to keep in mind I've seen
+that happen many many times in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen many many times in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen many many times in terms of
+the tea sent there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tea sent there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tea sent there okay
+temperature control right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature control right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature control right the
+equilibrium constants temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants temperature
+dependent so what if the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so what if the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so what if the temperature
+control throughout one experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control throughout one experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control throughout one experiment and
+then also if you're repeating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also if you're repeating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also if you're repeating this
+experiment over multiple days right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment over multiple days right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment over multiple days right
+because you want to get error analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to get error analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to get error analysis
+and show that it's reproducible is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's reproducible is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's reproducible is that
+temperature good for that so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature good for that so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature good for that so those are
+some key things and then I mean what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key things and then I mean what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key things and then I mean what do
+we need to think about in terms of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about in terms of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about in terms of using
+a competitor when setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor when setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor when setting up the
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one we need to know the KD value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one we need to know the KD value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one we need to know the KD value of
+the competitor for the medal of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitor for the medal of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitor for the medal of interest
+right and hopefully we know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and hopefully we know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and hopefully we know something
+about this system so we can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this system so we can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this system so we can make an
+appropriate choice right because as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice right because as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice right because as I
+said before we want to see competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before we want to see competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before we want to see competition
+there what could go wrong right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what could go wrong right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what could go wrong right and
+again this isn't meant to be all gloom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this isn't meant to be all gloom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this isn't meant to be all gloom
+and doom this is just you know you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doom this is just you know you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doom this is just you know you need
+to be aware of certain things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of certain things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of certain things that can
+happen in your experiments and know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in your experiments and know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in your experiments and know to
+look out for them so you can fix things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for them so you can fix things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for them so you can fix things
+as necessary right so what here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as necessary right so what here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as necessary right so what here we have
+the protein we have the competitor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we have the competitor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein we have the competitor we
+have the metal right and as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the metal right and as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the metal right and as I've
+described it we want the protein and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it we want the protein and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it we want the protein and the
+competitor to operate effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to operate effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to operate effectively
+independent of one another right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one another right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one another right so they
+can both bind the metal and somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can both bind the metal and somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can both bind the metal and somehow this
+metal is going to be distributed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is going to be distributed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is going to be distributed between
+the two based on the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two based on the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two based on the relative
+concentrations and the relative cádiz so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and the relative cádiz so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and the relative cádiz so
+what could muck that up that's the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could muck that up that's the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could muck that up that's the ideal
+scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we definitely know they both can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we definitely know they both can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we definitely know they both can
+write simultaneously so what would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write simultaneously so what would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write simultaneously so what would that
+be called yeah so that this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called yeah so that this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called yeah so that this can be a
+major headache right is what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major headache right is what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major headache right is what happens is
+that you get what's called a ternary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get what's called a ternary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get what's called a ternary
+complex right so you have the ligand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex right so you have the ligand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex right so you have the ligand the
+competitor in the metal as one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor in the metal as one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor in the metal as one so
+imagine that your protein has a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that your protein has a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that your protein has a metal
+site that's not coordinatively saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that's not coordinatively saturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that's not coordinatively saturated
+right and so as a result maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so as a result maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so as a result maybe you have
+the metal in this site but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal in this site but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal in this site but then the
+competitor also binds okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor also binds okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor also binds okay that's not
+good from the standpoint of setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good from the standpoint of setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good from the standpoint of setting up
+this competition right because how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competition right because how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this competition right because how do
+you parameterize for that so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you parameterize for that so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you parameterize for that so that that
+can be a big issue than something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a big issue than something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a big issue than something that
+you need to watch out for when designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to watch out for when designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to watch out for when designing
+the experiments could something happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments could something happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments could something happen
+between the competitor and the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the competitor and the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the competitor and the protein
+itself in the absence of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I could block her perturb right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could block her perturb right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could block her perturb right
+so what might happen I mean we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what might happen I mean we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what might happen I mean we can just
+imagine a scenario where this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a scenario where this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a scenario where this protein
+has some hydrophobic patch right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some hydrophobic patch right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some hydrophobic patch right and
+maybe this competitor has a fluorophore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this competitor has a fluorophore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this competitor has a fluorophore
+that's relatively hydrophobic or may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively hydrophobic or may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively hydrophobic or may be
+part of the ligand is hydrophobic and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ligand is hydrophobic and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ligand is hydrophobic and so
+you end up getting the competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up getting the competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up getting the competitor
+sticking to the protein okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the protein okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the protein okay that
+doesn't necessarily mean the competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean the competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean the competitor
+won't bind the metal but it will perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't bind the metal but it will perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't bind the metal but it will perturb
+how that competitor behaves it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that competitor behaves it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that competitor behaves it could
+perturb the optical readout it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the optical readout it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the optical readout it could
+perturb the metal affinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the metal affinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the metal affinity of the
+competitor so that's something to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor so that's something to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor so that's something to also
+watch out for right so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for right so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for right so we talked about
+like the buffer and contaminations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the buffer and contaminations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the buffer and contaminations in
+the buffer what about the competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer what about the competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer what about the competitor
+here so typically these small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so typically these small molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so typically these small molecules
+are coming from some commercial source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from some commercial source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from some commercial source
+right and so you have similar issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you have similar issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you have similar issues
+even though you're using a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're using a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're using a much smaller
+concentration and so don't always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and so don't always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and so don't always assume
+what you're getting is as pure as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're getting is as pure as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're getting is as pure as they
+tell you right and that could be organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you right and that could be organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you right and that could be organic
+impurity or it could be a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity or it could be a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity or it could be a metal
+contamination because these competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination because these competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination because these competitors
+are ligands right and they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ligands right and they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ligands right and they could have
+picked up some metal along the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up some metal along the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up some metal along the way so
+what can be problematic from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be problematic from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be problematic from the
+standpoint of say organic and purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of say organic and purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of say organic and purity
+here like one common example is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like one common example is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like one common example is that if
+you're using something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using something that's
+fluorescent or like brightly colored to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent or like brightly colored to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent or like brightly colored to
+have an optical readout maybe there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an optical readout maybe there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an optical readout maybe there's an
+impurity that wasn't removed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity that wasn't removed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity that wasn't removed in the
+synthesis and purification that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and purification that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and purification that's also
+very bright right so you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright right so you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bright right so you have something
+that's compromising the optical signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's compromising the optical signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's compromising the optical signal
+of the probe right and then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe right and then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe right and then there's also
+the possibility since these are ligands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility since these are ligands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility since these are ligands
+that there's a contaminant that can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a contaminant that can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a contaminant that can also
+bind a metal right so if there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind a metal right so if there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind a metal right so if there was some
+by-product that wasn't fully removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by-product that wasn't fully removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by-product that wasn't fully removed
+during purification if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during purification if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during purification if that's the case
+that will influence speciation as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will influence speciation as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will influence speciation as well
+there so what does one do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what does one do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what does one do in terms of
+gold standard and testing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard and testing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard and testing you need to
+know what the primary literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the primary literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the primary literature is
+about this competitor molecule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this competitor molecule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this competitor molecule and then
+effectively test your sample and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively test your sample and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively test your sample and make
+sure it has the expected optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it has the expected optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it has the expected optical
+properties and the expected behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the expected behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the expected behavior
+when binding the medal of interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when binding the medal of interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when binding the medal of interest and
+if that all looks good then can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that all looks good then can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that all looks good then can move
+forward right also just typical tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right also just typical tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right also just typical tests of
+purity like you know LCMS HPLC even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity like you know LCMS HPLC even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity like you know LCMS HPLC even with
+many of these if they're highly colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these if they're highly colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these if they're highly colored
+a simple TLC will give you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple TLC will give you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple TLC will give you a lot of
+information there so I'll close with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there so I'll close with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information there so I'll close with
+that and just would reiterate broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and just would reiterate broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and just would reiterate broadly
+that a lot of the topics discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the topics discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the topics discussed in
+the wet review and in the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wet review and in the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wet review and in the packet
+although from the perspective of metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although from the perspective of metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although from the perspective of metals
+and proteins it's more general on to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proteins it's more general on to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proteins it's more general on to any
+type of binding problem and if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of binding problem and if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of binding problem and if you need
+more resources in terms of like binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resources in terms of like binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resources in terms of like binding
+problems related to metals I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems related to metals I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems related to metals I highly
+recommend reviews by Wilcox and Kid Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend reviews by Wilcox and Kid Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend reviews by Wilcox and Kid Rock
+in addition to this review by wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to this review by wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to this review by wet
+they're so they talk a lot about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so they talk a lot about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so they talk a lot about you
+know aspects of experimental design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aspects of experimental design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know aspects of experimental design and
+certain methodologies there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HfRpkTG7Iow.txt b/HfRpkTG7Iow.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b2175104d3faed255be2aad88574172e8dd72a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HfRpkTG7Iow.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're gonna get into the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna get into the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna get into the most
+politically and emotionally fraught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically and emotionally fraught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically and emotionally fraught
+topic of this course for stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of this course for stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of this course for stuff on
+chemical and biological effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and biological effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and biological effects of
+radiation now that you know the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now that you know the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now that you know the units of
+dose background dose we're gonna talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose background dose we're gonna talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose background dose we're gonna talked
+about what ionizing radiation does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what ionizing radiation does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what ionizing radiation does in
+the body to cells to other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body to cells to other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body to cells to other things and
+we're gonna get into a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get into a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get into a lot of the
+feelings associated with it and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings associated with it and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings associated with it and by the
+end of this lecture or Thursday I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture or Thursday I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture or Thursday I'm
+gonna teach you guys how to smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna teach you guys how to smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna teach you guys how to smell
+ because we're gonna go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ because we're gonna go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ because we're gonna go through
+one of millions of Internet articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of millions of Internet articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of millions of Internet articles
+about things that cause cancer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that cause cancer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that cause cancer that
+don't cause cancer in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cause cancer in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cause cancer in this case it's
+gonna be radiation from cellphones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be radiation from cellphones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be radiation from cellphones so
+I'm gonna try to reserve at least 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to reserve at least 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to reserve at least 10
+minutes at the end of this class for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the end of this class for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the end of this class for us
+to go through a bunch of quote-unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a bunch of quote-unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through a bunch of quote-unquote
+studies and misinterpretations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and misinterpretations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and misinterpretations of those
+conclusions and I was going to pick my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and I was going to pick my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions and I was going to pick my
+favorite of the 44 studies and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite of the 44 studies and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite of the 44 studies and looking
+through them all my favorite are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them all my favorite are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them all my favorite are all of
+them so we'll see how many we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll see how many we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll see how many we can get
+through but let's get into the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but let's get into the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but let's get into the science
+first so you can understand a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so you can understand a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so you can understand a bit about
+what goes on with ionizing radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on with ionizing radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on with ionizing radiation
+like radiation damage in materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radiation damage in materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like radiation damage in materials
+radiation damage and biological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage and biological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage and biological systems
+is an extremely multi time scale process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an extremely multi time scale process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an extremely multi time scale process
+everything from the physical stage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the physical stage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the physical stage or
+the ballistic stage of radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ballistic stage of radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ballistic stage of radiation damage
+to biological tissues acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biological tissues acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biological tissues acting on
+femtoseconds where this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds where this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds where this is just the
+physical knocking about of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical knocking about of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical knocking about of atoms and
+creation of free radicals these ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of free radicals these ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of free radicals these ionized
+species which in metals you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which in metals you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species which in metals you wouldn't
+care about and biological organisms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and biological organisms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and biological organisms you
+do because then they undergo chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because then they undergo chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because then they undergo chemical
+reactions from the initial movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions from the initial movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions from the initial movement and
+creation of other strange radio lytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of other strange radio lytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of other strange radio lytic
+species and the diffusion and reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and the diffusion and reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and the diffusion and reaction
+of those things which happens starts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things which happens starts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things which happens starts and
+finishes in about a microsecond before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes in about a microsecond before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes in about a microsecond before
+most of these things are neutralized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things are neutralized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things are neutralized and
+then later on the build-up of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on the build-up of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later on the build-up of those
+oxidative byproducts of these chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts of these chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts of these chemical
+reactions undergo the biological stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions undergo the biological stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions undergo the biological stages
+of radiation damage like all of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage like all of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage like all of the free
+radicals with biological molecules have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals with biological molecules have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals with biological molecules have
+reacted within a millisecond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted within a millisecond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted within a millisecond so
+radiation goes in a millisecond later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation goes in a millisecond later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation goes in a millisecond later
+the damage is done then you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage is done then you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage is done then you start to
+affect let's say cell division it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect let's say cell division it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect let's say cell division it takes
+on average minutes for a rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average minutes for a rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average minutes for a rapidly
+dividing cell to undergo a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing cell to undergo a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing cell to undergo a division
+that's when the effects would first be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the effects would first be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the effects would first be
+manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest
+DNA mutation but then it take things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA mutation but then it take things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA mutation but then it take things
+like weeks or years for these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weeks or years for these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weeks or years for these sorts of
+things to manifest in a health related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to manifest in a health related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to manifest in a health related
+aspect so the division of one cancer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so the division of one cancer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so the division of one cancer a
+cell into two won't change the way your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell into two won't change the way your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell into two won't change the way your
+body functions but the doubling in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body functions but the doubling in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body functions but the doubling in size
+of a tumor that blocks are there tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tumor that blocks are there tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tumor that blocks are there tissue
+absolutely would and so it all starts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely would and so it all starts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely would and so it all starts in
+this sub femtosecond regime when most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub femtosecond regime when most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub femtosecond regime when most of
+you well you know for this entire year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you know for this entire year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you know for this entire year
+we've been approximating humans as water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been approximating humans as water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been approximating humans as water
+we're gonna continue to do so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna continue to do so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna continue to do so for the
+purposes of these biological effects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of these biological effects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of these biological effects so
+let's say you a giant sack of water gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you a giant sack of water gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you a giant sack of water gets
+irradiated by a gamma ray and that gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated by a gamma ray and that gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated by a gamma ray and that gamma
+ray undergoes Compton scattering which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray undergoes Compton scattering which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray undergoes Compton scattering which
+now you know how to tell what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how to tell what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how to tell what the energy
+of the Compton electron would be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Compton electron would be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Compton electron would be we
+never talked about what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked about what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked about what happens to the
+molecule where it came from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule where it came from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule where it came from that
+molecule remains ionized and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule remains ionized and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule remains ionized and since
+you're not especially electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not especially electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not especially electrically
+conductive they are not neutralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive they are not neutralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive they are not neutralized
+immediately and you can be left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you can be left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you can be left over
+with either a free radical or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either a free radical or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either a free radical or an
+electron in an excited state and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an excited state and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an excited state and then
+what happens next is the whole basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next is the whole basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens next is the whole basis of
+radiation damage to biological organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage to biological organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage to biological organisms
+these free radicals can then encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals can then encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals can then encounter
+other ones and let's say an h2o plus can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones and let's say an h2o plus can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones and let's say an h2o plus can
+very quickly find a neighboring water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly find a neighboring water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly find a neighboring water
+molecule which they're almost touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which they're almost touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which they're almost touching
+and form o H and h3o this is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form o H and h3o this is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form o H and h3o this is better
+known as h plus and that Oh H is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as h plus and that Oh H is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as h plus and that Oh H is a kind
+of unstable molecule and these excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unstable molecule and these excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unstable molecule and these excited
+electrons here can also become these h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here can also become these h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here can also become these h2o
+pluses leading to this cascade of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses leading to this cascade of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses leading to this cascade of what
+we call radiolysis reactions there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call radiolysis reactions there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call radiolysis reactions there's a
+few of them listed here things like an O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them listed here things like an O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them listed here things like an O
+h plus an aqueous electron which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus an aqueous electron which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus an aqueous electron which could
+come from anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from anywhere
+like Compton scattering like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Compton scattering like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Compton scattering like any other
+biological process that frees an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process that frees an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process that frees an
+electron could make another o H - so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could make another o H - so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could make another o H - so you
+can locally change the pH inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locally change the pH inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can locally change the pH inside the
+cell that you happen to be a radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that you happen to be a radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that you happen to be a radiating
+or let's say any of these oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say any of these oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say any of these oxidative
+byproducts could encounter DNA rip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts could encounter DNA rip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts could encounter DNA rip off
+or add an electron to one of the guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add an electron to one of the guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add an electron to one of the guanine
+thymine or other 2 or 3 bases and DNA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine or other 2 or 3 bases and DNA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine or other 2 or 3 bases and DNA or
+RNA then you've changed the genetic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA then you've changed the genetic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA then you've changed the genetic code
+of the cell and the progression of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and the progression of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and the progression of these
+radiolysis byproducts like I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis byproducts like I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis byproducts like I mentioned
+whether you go by excitation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you go by excitation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you go by excitation or
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+you start to build up these six speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build up these six speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to build up these six speech
+these five species tend to be or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five species tend to be or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five species tend to be or these
+six ones tend to be the ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ones tend to be the ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ones tend to be the ending
+byproducts of a whole host of radiolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of a whole host of radiolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of a whole host of radiolysis
+reactions and don't worry you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and don't worry you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and don't worry you're never
+gonna have to memorize all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to memorize all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to memorize all the
+radiolysis reactions because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis reactions because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis reactions because the
+mechanism math is fairly complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism math is fairly complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism math is fairly complicated and
+there are multiple routes to creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple routes to creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple routes to creating
+each one but the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but the ones that are
+highlighted here in these squares are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted here in these squares are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted here in these squares are
+the ones that end up building up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that end up building up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that end up building up in your
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+things like peroxide has anyone ever put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like peroxide has anyone ever put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like peroxide has anyone ever put
+peroxide on a wound before what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on a wound before what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide on a wound before what happens
+yellow no bubbles up what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow no bubbles up what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow no bubbles up what happens when
+you form peroxide in your body from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form peroxide in your body from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form peroxide in your body from
+radiation well luckily luckily it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation well luckily luckily it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation well luckily luckily it
+doesn't quite bubble up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite bubble up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite bubble up on the
+macroscale level but it does it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscale level but it does it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscale level but it does it is a
+vigorous oxidizer 90% h2o to is used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous oxidizer 90% h2o to is used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous oxidizer 90% h2o to is used as
+rocket fuel as the oxidizing species in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket fuel as the oxidizing species in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket fuel as the oxidizing species in
+rocket fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket fuel
+you don't make 90% h2o to from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make 90% h2o to from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make 90% h2o to from getting
+irradiated but every molecule counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated but every molecule counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated but every molecule counts
+things like oh - you're shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh - you're shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh - you're shifting the
+amount of oxygen in the cells and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of oxygen in the cells and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of oxygen in the cells and then
+there's things like these superoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like these superoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things like these superoxide
+radicals or h2o - h2o plus or all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals or h2o - h2o plus or all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals or h2o - h2o plus or all these
+other things that are available to rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are available to rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are available to rip
+off or add an electron to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or add an electron to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or add an electron to something else
+that normally wouldn't have it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normally wouldn't have it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that normally wouldn't have it and the
+list of these potential reactions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of these potential reactions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of these potential reactions as
+well as their equilibrium constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as their equilibrium constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as their equilibrium constants and
+activation energy is huge here's half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy is huge here's half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy is huge here's half of
+it notice a lot of these equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it notice a lot of these equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it notice a lot of these equilibrium
+constants shift really strongly one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants shift really strongly one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants shift really strongly one way
+or the other so just because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other so just because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other so just because these
+molecules are made doesn't mean that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are made doesn't mean that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are made doesn't mean that all
+of them end up staying and doing damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them end up staying and doing damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them end up staying and doing damage
+but unless these rate constants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unless these rate constants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unless these rate constants are
+either zero or infinity there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or infinity there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or infinity there's going to
+be some dynamic equilibrium of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some dynamic equilibrium of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some dynamic equilibrium of these
+reactions so once in a while some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so once in a while some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so once in a while some of
+these free radicals will escape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals will escape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals will escape the
+cloud of chemical change in charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of chemical change in charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud of chemical change in charge and
+get to something else here's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to something else here's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to something else here's the other
+half of the equation set and it's under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the equation set and it's under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the equation set and it's under
+debate just how many of these reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate just how many of these reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate just how many of these reactions
+there actually are like how often would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are like how often would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are like how often would
+you - radicals combine with water what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - radicals combine with water what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you - radicals combine with water what
+you can see is not quite said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is not quite said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is not quite said in the
+reaction to form 802 - and o - n H+ kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to form 802 - and o - n H+ kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to form 802 - and o - n H+ kind
+of a strange little reaction right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange little reaction right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange little reaction right there
+actually a lot of them are quite strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of them are quite strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot of them are quite strange
+you don't usually think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't usually think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't usually think of them
+happening because these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because these are very
+transient reactions whose byproducts do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient reactions whose byproducts do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient reactions whose byproducts do
+build up and that's the chemical basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and that's the chemical basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up and that's the chemical basis
+for radiation damage to biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation damage to biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for radiation damage to biological
+tissues now once those chemical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues now once those chemical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues now once those chemical process
+products form they have to move or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products form they have to move or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products form they have to move or
+diffuse so you can actually calculate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse so you can actually calculate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse so you can actually calculate or
+get diffusion coefficients for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diffusion coefficients for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diffusion coefficients for some of
+these oxidizing species as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oxidizing species as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these oxidizing species as well as
+compute an average radius that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an average radius that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an average radius that they'll
+will move before undergoing a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move before undergoing a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move before undergoing a reaction
+so this is part of the basis for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is part of the basis for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is part of the basis for why
+alpha radiation is a lot more damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha radiation is a lot more damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha radiation is a lot more damaging
+than gamma radiation chances are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gamma radiation chances are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gamma radiation chances are if you
+incorporate an alpha emitter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate an alpha emitter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate an alpha emitter into the
+cell it does a whole bunch of damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it does a whole bunch of damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it does a whole bunch of damage
+that damage consists of these oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that damage consists of these oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that damage consists of these oxidative
+chemical species that if they're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical species that if they're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical species that if they're that
+far away from neighboring atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from neighboring atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from neighboring atoms that
+happen to be in DNA they might do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in DNA they might do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in DNA they might do some
+damage whereas isolated compton scatters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage whereas isolated compton scatters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage whereas isolated compton scatters
+and photoelectric excitations from gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photoelectric excitations from gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photoelectric excitations from gamma
+radiation not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation not so much
+chances are you hit random water in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you hit random water in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you hit random water in the
+cell that isn't quite close to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that isn't quite close to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that isn't quite close to anything
+fragile and not much happens but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile and not much happens but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile and not much happens but you can
+also see this by looking at charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see this by looking at charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see this by looking at charged
+particle tracks these things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tracks these things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tracks these things can
+actually be experimentally measured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be experimentally measured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be experimentally measured by
+firing electrons into gel or film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing electrons into gel or film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing electrons into gel or film or
+something like that you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you can actually see
+tracks of ionization and watch them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks of ionization and watch them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks of ionization and watch them as a
+function of time in this case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time in this case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time in this case it's a
+simulation of a charged particle track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of a charged particle track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of a charged particle track
+at different time scales so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different time scales so right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different time scales so right here
+this 10 to the minus 12 or the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 to the minus 12 or the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 10 to the minus 12 or the time in
+seconds tells you where these radiolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds tells you where these radiolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds tells you where these radiolysis
+products are and the N number here tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are and the N number here tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are and the N number here tells
+you how many of those remain so after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many of those remain so after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many of those remain so after a
+picosecond you can pretty much just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picosecond you can pretty much just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picosecond you can pretty much just
+trace out the path that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace out the path that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace out the path that the electron
+took starts off right here what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took starts off right here what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took starts off right here what do you
+guys notice about the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys notice about the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys notice about the density of the
+charge particle track as it moves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle track as it moves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle track as it moves from
+the source to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's much more dense at the end and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more dense at the end and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more dense at the end and why
+do you think that is okay more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that is okay more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that is okay more than just
+yeah stopping power yes but fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stopping power yes but fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stopping power yes but fill in the
+beginning and end of that sentence Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end of that sentence Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and end of that sentence Chris
+you had your hand up that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your hand up that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had your hand up that's right
+so you're actually visualizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're actually visualizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're actually visualizing the
+change in stopping power as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in stopping power as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in stopping power as a function
+of charge particle energy it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge particle energy it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge particle energy it comes in
+has a very high energy and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very high energy and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very high energy and it might
+knock a little radiation damage cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock a little radiation damage cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock a little radiation damage cascade
+by hitting another electron which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hitting another electron which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hitting another electron which can
+have its own shower of ionization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its own shower of ionization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its own shower of ionization and
+then it moves while doing nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it moves while doing nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it moves while doing nothing in
+this straight line until it hits another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight line until it hits another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this straight line until it hits another
+one and notice right at the end that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and notice right at the end that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and notice right at the end that's
+where the densest amount of damage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the densest amount of damage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the densest amount of damage is
+done because that's where the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because that's where the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because that's where the stopping
+power is the highest it's also where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the highest it's also where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the highest it's also where the
+energy is the lowest so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the lowest so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the lowest so this is where
+the worlds of bio and physics collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds of bio and physics collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds of bio and physics collide
+you can actually visualize stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually visualize stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually visualize stopping
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+like actually visual visually in gel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually visual visually in gel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually visual visually in gel or
+on film or on a computer by watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on film or on a computer by watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on film or on a computer by watching
+these charged particle tracks and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charged particle tracks and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charged particle tracks and after
+10 to the minus 12 seconds all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 12 seconds all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 12 seconds all the
+ballistics are over then you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistics are over then you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistics are over then you end up with
+diffusion and reaction so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and reaction so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and reaction so it's going to
+be a balance between these charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a balance between these charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a balance between these charged
+particles moving away from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving away from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles moving away from each other
+and finding something else or finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding something else or finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding something else or finding
+each other and recombining and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and recombining and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and recombining and that's
+why as you go up in time scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as you go up in time scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as you go up in time scale the
+particle tracks get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tracks get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle tracks get more and more
+diffuse and the number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and the number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and the number of these
+remaining free radicals goes down until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining free radicals goes down until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining free radicals goes down until
+you level out at about a microsecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you level out at about a microsecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you level out at about a microsecond
+when all of the different particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the different particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the different particles are
+so spread out that there are none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spread out that there are none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spread out that there are none
+touching each other anymore to refresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching each other anymore to refresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching each other anymore to refresh
+your memory a bit from a few seconds ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory a bit from a few seconds ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory a bit from a few seconds ago
+take a look at some of the charge states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of the charge states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of the charge states
+of these oxidative byproducts some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these oxidative byproducts some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these oxidative byproducts some of
+them plus some of the - some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them plus some of the - some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them plus some of the - some of them
+excited all over the place so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited all over the place so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited all over the place so they can
+react with each other which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with each other which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with each other which is something
+you'd want to encourage so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to encourage so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to encourage so that they
+don't go and find something else causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go and find something else causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go and find something else causing
+biological damage there's a question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological damage there's a question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological damage there's a question on
+last year's OCW problem set that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's OCW problem set that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's OCW problem set that I'm not
+giving you for this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you for this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you for this one which is
+calculate the radiation resistance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radiation resistance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radiation resistance you
+would get by getting cryogenically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by getting cryogenically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by getting cryogenically
+frozen so here's a question that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen so here's a question that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen so here's a question that I don't
+think a lot of cryo genisys ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of cryo genisys ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot of cryo genisys ask
+themselves if you want to preserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if you want to preserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves if you want to preserve a
+human for 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human for 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human for 10,000
+and wake them up later how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wake them up later how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wake them up later how much
+radiation damage you're gonna get every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage you're gonna get every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage you're gonna get every
+think there's a cryogenic sister -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a cryogenic sister -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a cryogenic sister -
+themselves that question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that question I don't
+actually know but it's not a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know but it's not a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know but it's not a question
+I've ever heard before which is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever heard before which is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever heard before which is why I
+made it a problem set question because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a problem set question because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a problem set question because I
+know the answer is not out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer is not out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer is not out there
+I looked for a while let's switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked for a while let's switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked for a while let's switch
+particles for a second look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for a second look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for a second look at the
+charge particle tracks from a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle tracks from a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle tracks from a proton
+what differences do you see between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differences do you see between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differences do you see between the
+proton and the electron charge particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and the electron charge particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and the electron charge particle
+track so proton electron proton electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track so proton electron proton electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track so proton electron proton electron
+here's what it's straight why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it's straight why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it's straight why do you
+think it's straight why does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's straight why does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's straight why does anyone
+think it's straight they are bigger more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's straight they are bigger more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's straight they are bigger more
+massive so the same deflection the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive so the same deflection the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive so the same deflection the same
+transfer of momentum to an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of momentum to an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of momentum to an electron
+using our beloved hollow cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our beloved hollow cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our beloved hollow cylinder
+approximation thing causes less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation thing causes less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation thing causes less of a
+change in direction for a proton as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in direction for a proton as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in direction for a proton as it
+does an electron the forces are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron the forces are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron the forces are the same
+they're both just a plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both just a plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both just a plus or minus one
+hitting a plus or minus one charge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a plus or minus one charge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting a plus or minus one charge but
+the mass is quite different on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is quite different on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is quite different on the
+proton so it doesn't get deflected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so it doesn't get deflected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so it doesn't get deflected as
+much which is why the charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much which is why the charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much which is why the charged particle
+tracks are so straight now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks are so straight now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks are so straight now what are
+these things here what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things here what are those
+offshoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're secondary charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secondary charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secondary charged particle
+tracks so let's say a proton hits an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks so let's say a proton hits an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks so let's say a proton hits an
+electron that electron can have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that electron can have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that electron can have any
+amount of energy probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy probably going to be
+lower than the proton did and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the proton did and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the proton did and it's going
+to cause its own little damage cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause its own little damage cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cause its own little damage cascade
+right there and just like before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and just like before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and just like before you can
+track the amount of the number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the amount of the number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the amount of the number of these
+charged particle tracks moving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle tracks moving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle tracks moving from
+5,000 to about 1000 between let's say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 to about 1000 between let's say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 to about 1000 between let's say 10
+picoseconds and a little less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picoseconds and a little less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picoseconds and a little less than a
+microsecond and once these charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond and once these charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond and once these charged
+particles have spread out or diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have spread out or diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles have spread out or diffused
+away chances are recombination has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away chances are recombination has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away chances are recombination has gone
+down quite a bit and they're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down quite a bit and they're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down quite a bit and they're going to go
+react with other things and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with other things and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with other things and this is a
+perfect analogy to radiation damage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect analogy to radiation damage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect analogy to radiation damage in
+metals so radiation damage and biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals so radiation damage and biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals so radiation damage and biology
+is like radiation damage and material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like radiation damage and material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like radiation damage and material
+science you have this initial cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you have this initial cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you have this initial cluster of
+damage in materials it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in materials it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage in materials it's usually
+vacancies or interstitials in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or interstitials in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies or interstitials in biology
+it's charged particles but when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's charged particles but when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's charged particles but when they're
+in a dense cascade they can recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dense cascade they can recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dense cascade they can recombine
+with each other and the ones that miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and the ones that miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and the ones that miss
+each other go off to find either other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other go off to find either other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other go off to find either other
+defects in the material or other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in the material or other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in the material or other atoms
+in your cells it's a very fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cells it's a very fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cells it's a very fitting
+analogy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see I don't know if we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I don't know if we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I don't know if we see the
+whole charge particle track here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole charge particle track here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole charge particle track here you're
+right it doesn't look like the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't look like the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't look like the density
+changes very much it can't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very much it can't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very much it can't even really
+tell where the sources we may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell where the sources we may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell where the sources we may not be
+looking at the whole thing here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the whole thing here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the whole thing here's
+another question so it's a two MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question so it's a two MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question so it's a two MeV
+proton that scale bar is 0.1 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton that scale bar is 0.1 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton that scale bar is 0.1 microns
+let's do a quick simulation to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a quick simulation to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a quick simulation to verify
+this idea luckily we have the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea luckily we have the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea luckily we have the tools to
+do this as soon as I clone my screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this as soon as I clone my screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this as soon as I clone my screen
+let's use rim and find out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use rim and find out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use rim and find out what is the
+range of 2 MeV protons in water and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 2 MeV protons in water and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 2 MeV protons in water and if
+it's more than about a micron which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than about a micron which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than about a micron which is
+what's shown let's say that's 2 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's shown let's say that's 2 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's shown let's say that's 2 microns
+if it's more than 2 microns what's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's more than 2 microns what's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's more than 2 microns what's shown
+on the screen means we're not seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen means we're not seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen means we're not seeing the
+whole track rim good you can see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole track rim good you can see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole track rim good you can see it so
+let's say hydrogen at 2 MeV going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say hydrogen at 2 MeV going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say hydrogen at 2 MeV going into
+something consisting of H and O in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something consisting of H and O in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something consisting of H and O in a
+ratio of 2 to 1 make sure its density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of 2 to 1 make sure its density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of 2 to 1 make sure its density is
+correct for room temperature water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for room temperature water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for room temperature water and
+let's look at a range of 25 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a range of 25 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a range of 25 microns
+because I kind of already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I kind of already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I kind of already know the
+answer much more than 25 microns so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer much more than 25 microns so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer much more than 25 microns so our
+initial assertion was correct let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assertion was correct let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assertion was correct let's
+actually find out what the range is 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out what the range is 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out what the range is 40
+microns whoa that's a little more than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns whoa that's a little more than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns whoa that's a little more than I
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+protons and water at just 2 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and water at just 2 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and water at just 2 MeV
+let's fly tons of them we get about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fly tons of them we get about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fly tons of them we get about a
+thousand look at the range make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand look at the range make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand look at the range make it
+bigger so you can read it 75 microns 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you can read it 75 microns 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so you can read it 75 microns 75
+point 5 micron range so there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go back to the big one so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the big one so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the big one so there
+you go if this scale bar is 0.1 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go if this scale bar is 0.1 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go if this scale bar is 0.1 microns
+you're looking about two of the 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking about two of the 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking about two of the 75
+microns of charge particle track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns of charge particle track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns of charge particle track
+interesting no one picked up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting no one picked up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting no one picked up that
+question last year but I'm glad you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question last year but I'm glad you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question last year but I'm glad you did
+I'm glad you're able to we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you're able to we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you're able to we were able to
+show you where it comes from so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you where it comes from so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you where it comes from so this
+would look quite different if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look quite different if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look quite different if you're
+looking at the end of the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the end of the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the end of the charged
+particle track cool good question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle track cool good question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle track cool good question to
+look really really close up you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really really close up you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really really close up you see a
+lot more of this branching again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of this branching again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of this branching again
+so whenever a proton strikes let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever a proton strikes let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever a proton strikes let's say
+another atom or an electron you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom or an electron you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another atom or an electron you get your
+own little dense damage cascade and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little dense damage cascade and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own little dense damage cascade and look
+at that not much until the very end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that not much until the very end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that not much until the very end and
+you get this cloud of damage popping off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this cloud of damage popping off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this cloud of damage popping off
+at the end so yet more examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so yet more examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so yet more examples of the
+physics that you've learned popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you've learned popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you've learned popping up
+in biological systems the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biological systems the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biological systems the difference is
+its water not metal but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its water not metal but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its water not metal but otherwise
+everything's the same and then we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same and then we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same and then we get to
+what's called G values I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called G values I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called G values I don't know why
+it's called G but I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called G but I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called G but I'll tell you what
+they mean it's the number of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean it's the number of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean it's the number of each
+species per hundred MeV found later at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species per hundred MeV found later at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species per hundred MeV found later at
+let's say 0.28 microseconds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0.28 microseconds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0.28 microseconds are
+typically one microsecond for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one microsecond for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one microsecond for different
+particles of various energies these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of various energies these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of various energies these are
+relative effectiveness --is of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative effectiveness --is of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative effectiveness --is of these
+particles at different energies to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at different energies to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at different energies to leave
+oxidative byproducts by so there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts by so there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts by so there's a few
+things that are wrapped up into these G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are wrapped up into these G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are wrapped up into these G
+values so notice that for in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so notice that for in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so notice that for in this case
+there's a G value for electron energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a G value for electron energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a G value for electron energy at
+different energies you'll have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies you'll have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies you'll have different
+amounts of Oh H or h3o and such per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of Oh H or h3o and such per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of Oh H or h3o and such per
+hundred evie of energy so the conative G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred evie of energy so the conative G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred evie of energy so the conative G
+values here it's like number of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here it's like number of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here it's like number of chemical
+species per hundred e v of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species per hundred e v of energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species per hundred e v of energy so
+it's an energy normalized measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an energy normalized measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an energy normalized measure of the
+effectiveness of radiation making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of radiation making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of radiation making
+chemicals does that make sense to folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals does that make sense to folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals does that make sense to folks
+if not raise your hand I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not raise your hand I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not raise your hand I'll try to
+re-explain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-explain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-explain okay
+yep so a G value it's goat's got units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so a G value it's goat's got units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so a G value it's goat's got units
+in concentration per unit energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration per unit energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentration per unit energy and
+it's a measure of how many chemicals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of how many chemicals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of how many chemicals a
+given particle will make as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given particle will make as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given particle will make as a function
+of its energy and these particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its energy and these particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its energy and these particles are
+the ones that survive the recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that survive the recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that survive the recombination
+and end up diffusing to other species so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end up diffusing to other species so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end up diffusing to other species so
+these G values it's kind of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these G values it's kind of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these G values it's kind of like how
+many oxidative speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many oxidative speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many oxidative speed
+she's our maid that go off and damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's our maid that go off and damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's our maid that go off and damage
+other things let's look at some trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things let's look at some trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things let's look at some trends
+right here for things like o H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for things like o H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for things like o H for
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+what sort of patterns do you notice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of patterns do you notice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of patterns do you notice in
+the data and take a sec to parse some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and take a sec to parse some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and take a sec to parse some of
+these numbers just look at the top three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers just look at the top three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers just look at the top three
+rows what pattern do you see starts high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what pattern do you see starts high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what pattern do you see starts high
+goes low goes high again why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes low goes high again why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes low goes high again why do you
+think that is straight from the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at super low energies a hundred evey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at super low energies a hundred evey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at super low energies a hundred evey
+electron you'll make an average one o H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you'll make an average one o H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you'll make an average one o H
+radical for every hundred Evie of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical for every hundred Evie of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical for every hundred Evie of energy
+as you increase in energy you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase in energy you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase in energy you start
+making fewer and fewer per unit energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fewer and fewer per unit energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fewer and fewer per unit energy
+actually that's not the one I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not the one I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's not the one I want to
+look at that's a different species let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that's a different species let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that's a different species let's
+see no that is okay that follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no that is okay that follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no that is okay that follows the
+pattern that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that we're looking for
+oh yeah this is just total number from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is just total number from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is just total number from
+everything right it's just a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right it's just a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right it's just a number of
+each chemical species left over after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chemical species left over after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chemical species left over after a
+microsecond so what do you think could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond so what do you think could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond so what do you think could
+cause this initial increase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this initial increase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause this initial increase and then
+decrease and then increase part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and then increase part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and then increase part of it
+the cross sections that also go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross sections that also go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross sections that also go into the
+stopping power that's part of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power that's part of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power that's part of the answer
+so at really low energies you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at really low energies you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at really low energies you're already
+at your stopping power peak and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your stopping power peak and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your stopping power peak and that way
+for the little bit of energy you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the little bit of energy you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the little bit of energy you have
+chances are it's going to ionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it's going to ionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are it's going to ionize
+different things then as you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things then as you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things then as you increase
+your energy you have more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy you have more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy you have more and more of
+that range of the particle in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range of the particle in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range of the particle in the lower
+stopping power region so you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power region so you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power region so you'll have
+more of those e you'll have more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of those e you'll have more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of those e you'll have more and
+more of that particle Colette's limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that particle Colette's limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of that particle Colette's limit
+let me try and phrase this quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try and phrase this quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try and phrase this quite well
+let's go back to the charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the charged particle
+tracks for electrons and I'll get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks for electrons and I'll get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks for electrons and I'll get this
+yeah here we go so when your electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we go so when your electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we go so when your electron
+comes in at really really low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at really really low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at really really low energy
+you're in that region right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in that region right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in that region right there
+chances are you're going to make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you're going to make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you're going to make a lot
+of those oxidative byproducts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those oxidative byproducts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those oxidative byproducts and then
+as you go a little higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go a little higher in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go a little higher in energy
+you make fewer per unit distance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make fewer per unit distance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make fewer per unit distance you
+make fewer per unit energy you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fewer per unit energy you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fewer per unit energy you can think
+of that as the spread right there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as the spread right there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as the spread right there but
+then also as you go way higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also as you go way higher in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also as you go way higher in energy
+your ability to ionize increases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to ionize increases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to ionize increases so
+you've got that sort of 1 over e term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that sort of 1 over e term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that sort of 1 over e term in
+stopping power slowing thing making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power slowing thing making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power slowing thing making
+things worse and you've got that log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worse and you've got that log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things worse and you've got that log of
+e term and stopping power making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e term and stopping power making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e term and stopping power making things
+better and if we go back to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if we go back to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if we go back to the data
+right here for this top 3 or 4 it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for this top 3 or 4 it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here for this top 3 or 4 it tends
+to follow that trend pretty well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow that trend pretty well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow that trend pretty well now
+what about things like h2o 2 what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about things like h2o 2 what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about things like h2o 2 what sort
+of trend do you see there the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trend do you see there the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trend do you see there the opposite
+so since I'll give you a hint h2o 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I'll give you a hint h2o 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since I'll give you a hint h2o 2
+isn't directly made by radiolysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't directly made by radiolysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't directly made by radiolysis it
+tends to occur by reaction of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to occur by reaction of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to occur by reaction of other
+radiolysis products so it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis products so it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis products so it's like a
+secondary chemical not a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary chemical not a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary chemical not a primary
+produced chemical so why do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced chemical so why do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced chemical so why do you think
+h2o 2 follows the opposite trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure yeah so to rephrase what Sarah said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah so to rephrase what Sarah said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah so to rephrase what Sarah said
+in this energy range right here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this energy range right here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this energy range right here you're
+producing this fairly dense cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing this fairly dense cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing this fairly dense cascade of
+oxidative byproducts when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative byproducts when those
+reactions occur they tend to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions occur they tend to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions occur they tend to make things
+like h2o to something that's not made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like h2o to something that's not made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like h2o to something that's not made
+directly from radiolysis but indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from radiolysis but indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from radiolysis but indirectly
+from recombination of those chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from recombination of those chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from recombination of those chemicals
+and then as you raise the energy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you raise the energy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you raise the energy more
+and more to like 20 kV you start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more to like 20 kV you start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more to like 20 kV you start making
+those primary products more spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primary products more spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primary products more spread out
+they're not as close to each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as close to each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as close to each other they
+don't recombine as much they don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recombine as much they don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recombine as much they don't make
+as much h2o to they'll tend instead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much h2o to they'll tend instead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much h2o to they'll tend instead to
+spread out a little more so more will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out a little more so more will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out a little more so more will
+survive more of these primary ones will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive more of these primary ones will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive more of these primary ones will
+survive and not react to make as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and not react to make as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and not react to make as many of
+the secondary ones so how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary ones so how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary ones so how is that
+explanation fitting with you guys cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation fitting with you guys cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation fitting with you guys cool
+so it's a balance between at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a balance between at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a balance between at
+intermediate energies you make a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate energies you make a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate energies you make a whole
+lot of primary ones which are so close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of primary ones which are so close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of primary ones which are so close
+that they react to make the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they react to make the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they react to make the secondary
+species much more easily as you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species much more easily as you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species much more easily as you raise
+the energy of the particles going in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the particles going in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the particles going in you
+make more isolated primaries that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more isolated primaries that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more isolated primaries that can't
+find each other and they don't make as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find each other and they don't make as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find each other and they don't make as
+many secondaries per unit energy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many secondaries per unit energy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many secondaries per unit energy yeah
+it shows you it's less because wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you it's less because wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you it's less because wouldn't
+since it's making a lot of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's making a lot of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's making a lot of the initial
+primary you might accept at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary you might accept at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary you might accept at very low
+energies our idea of stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies our idea of stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies our idea of stopping power
+isn't quite as complete so what other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite as complete so what other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite as complete so what other by
+what other processes can electrons lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other processes can electrons lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other processes can electrons lose
+energy at really low energies you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at really low energies you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at really low energies you could
+have a deflection without an ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deflection without an ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deflection without an ionization
+right just a simple let's say you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just a simple let's say you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just a simple let's say you could
+have an excitation you can have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an excitation you can have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an excitation you can have just
+Coulomb deflection you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb deflection you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb deflection you can have
+neutralization you can have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization you can have all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization you can have all those
+really really low energy things that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really low energy things that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really low energy things that go
+on that don't end up producing as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that don't end up producing as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that don't end up producing as many
+ionizations because you need to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizations because you need to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizations because you need to produce
+an ionization or an excitation to kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionization or an excitation to kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionization or an excitation to kick
+off radiolysis so then when you get high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off radiolysis so then when you get high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off radiolysis so then when you get high
+enough in energy and chances are you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in energy and chances are you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in energy and chances are you'll
+ionize rather than undergo one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize rather than undergo one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize rather than undergo one of these
+really low energy and loss mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low energy and loss mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low energy and loss mechanisms
+then you start making more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start making more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start making more of the
+primaries but densely which make more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries but densely which make more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primaries but densely which make more of
+the secondaries then as you go even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondaries then as you go even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondaries then as you go even
+higher in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in energy
+you still make tons of primaries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still make tons of primaries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still make tons of primaries but
+since they're spread out more since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're spread out more since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're spread out more since the
+stopping power is lower they don't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is lower they don't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is lower they don't find
+each other and they don't make as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they don't make as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they don't make as many
+secondaries so let's look at some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondaries so let's look at some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondaries so let's look at some other
+numbers and trends different particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and trends different particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and trends different particles
+first of all for protons and for alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all for protons and for alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all for protons and for alpha
+particles note here that the scales are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles note here that the scales are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles note here that the scales are
+in MeV whereas the G values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MeV whereas the G values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in MeV whereas the G values for
+electrons in the sort of ke V range and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the sort of ke V range and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the sort of ke V range and
+for protons and the MeV range are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protons and the MeV range are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for protons and the MeV range are pretty
+much the same on the same order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same on the same order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same on the same order of
+magnitude anyone have any idea why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're heavier and then what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier and then what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier and then what does that
+lead to in terms of a stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're actually harder to stop if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually harder to stop if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually harder to stop if
+they're heavier then the deflection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier then the deflection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier then the deflection of
+an electron doesn't stop them as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron doesn't stop them as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron doesn't stop them as much
+and so that way more of these proton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that way more of these proton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that way more of these proton and
+alpha radiolysis products are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha radiolysis products are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha radiolysis products are going to
+be more spread out so you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more spread out so you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more spread out so you get the same
+number per hundred MeV in the MeV range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number per hundred MeV in the MeV range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number per hundred MeV in the MeV range
+as you do for electrons at a much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do for electrons at a much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do for electrons at a much lower
+energy but then alphas are also had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then alphas are also had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then alphas are also had this
+interesting thing that they're doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that they're doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing that they're doubly
+charged so that they are those Coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so that they are those Coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged so that they are those Coulomb
+forces remember it's by Z squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces remember it's by Z squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces remember it's by Z squared so
+it's four times as strong so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four times as strong so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four times as strong so let's see
+how do they compare yeah there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they compare yeah there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they compare yeah there are
+really enough data to draw those nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough data to draw those nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough data to draw those nice
+trends that you could see from electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that you could see from electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that you could see from electrons
+but we do have some other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do have some other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do have some other interesting
+trends in the G values as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends in the G values as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends in the G values as a function of
+temperature so these right here are G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so these right here are G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so these right here are G
+values for H and O H by gamma rays which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for H and O H by gamma rays which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for H and O H by gamma rays which
+are two primary species and here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two primary species and here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two primary species and here we've
+grasped them as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasped them as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasped them as a function of
+temperature why do you think the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature why do you think the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature why do you think the G
+values or the amount of radiolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or the amount of radiolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or the amount of radiolysis
+products that survive a microsecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that survive a microsecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that survive a microsecond
+increase with temperature what's this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with temperature what's this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with temperature what's this a
+competing force or a balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once these creates once these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once these creates once these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once these creates once these
+products are made what are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are made what are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are made what are the two
+things that they can do anyone recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can do anyone recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can do anyone recombine
+or defuse good what which of these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or defuse good what which of these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or defuse good what which of these will
+increase much more strongly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase much more strongly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase much more strongly with
+temperature diffusion if they spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature diffusion if they spread out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature diffusion if they spread out
+more at higher temperature then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at higher temperature then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at higher temperature then they'll
+separate from each other and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from each other and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from each other and not
+recombine as much so a whole bunch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine as much so a whole bunch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine as much so a whole bunch will
+be made no matter what in a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made no matter what in a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made no matter what in a matter of
+femtoseconds but at a higher temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds but at a higher temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+femtoseconds but at a higher temperature
+more of them diffuse away from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them diffuse away from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them diffuse away from each
+other and survive the Cascade rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and survive the Cascade rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and survive the Cascade rather
+than recombining and so that's why when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than recombining and so that's why when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than recombining and so that's why when
+you look at any primary species h2 or H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at any primary species h2 or H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at any primary species h2 or H
+or anything like that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that you're going to
+see an increase in G values with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an increase in G values with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an increase in G values with
+temperature what do you guys think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what do you guys think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature what do you guys think is
+gonna happen to these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to these secondary
+byproducts with temperature decrease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts with temperature decrease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts with temperature decrease and
+why do you say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if the primary ones are surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the primary ones are surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the primary ones are surviving
+more you're not going to make as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're not going to make as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you're not going to make as many
+secondary ones and that's just what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ones and that's just what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary ones and that's just what we
+see number of free electrons left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see number of free electrons left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see number of free electrons left or
+especially things like the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially things like the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially things like the amount of
+h2o2 it's all going to be in balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2o2 it's all going to be in balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2o2 it's all going to be in balance and
+if more primary survive you don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more primary survive you don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more primary survive you don't make
+as many secondaries as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many secondaries as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many secondaries as a function of
+temperature one these heavy ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature one these heavy ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature one these heavy ones are
+slower to diffuse but - they're not made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to diffuse but - they're not made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to diffuse but - they're not made
+as much because the primaries escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much because the primaries escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much because the primaries escape
+each others pull and go off the damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each others pull and go off the damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each others pull and go off the damage
+something else in a reactor this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in a reactor this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in a reactor this would
+be metals causing oxidation in a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metals causing oxidation in a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be metals causing oxidation in a body
+this would be you and so let's get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be you and so let's get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be you and so let's get into
+the materials aspect of this to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials aspect of this to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials aspect of this to give you
+a more let's you know less biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more let's you know less biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more let's you know less biologically
+damaging view of what can radiolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging view of what can radiolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging view of what can radiolysis
+really do it's quite relevant to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it's quite relevant to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it's quite relevant to all
+reactors including the Fukushima reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors including the Fukushima reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors including the Fukushima reactor
+the idea there is that the reactor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea there is that the reactor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea there is that the reactor was
+flooded with seawater which introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded with seawater which introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded with seawater which introduces
+chlorine which greatly changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine which greatly changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine which greatly changes the
+balance of Radiologic byproducts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of Radiologic byproducts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of Radiologic byproducts and
+this can actually be directly studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can actually be directly studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can actually be directly studied
+there's an experiment just a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an experiment just a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an experiment just a few years
+ago two years ago where they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago two years ago where they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago two years ago where they wanted to
+figure out what is the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the influence of
+radiolysis on corrosion if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis on corrosion if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis on corrosion if you're making
+all these H's and O H minuses and h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these H's and O H minuses and h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these H's and O H minuses and h2o
+pluses does it change the corrosion rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses does it change the corrosion rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses does it change the corrosion rate
+of materials in the reactor so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials in the reactor so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials in the reactor so they
+built a high pressure cell that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a high pressure cell that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a high pressure cell that they
+fill with high pressure high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill with high pressure high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill with high pressure high temperature
+water and they've got this little disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they've got this little disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they've got this little disk
+of metal with a thin membrane right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal with a thin membrane right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal with a thin membrane right
+there it's thin enough that protons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's thin enough that protons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's thin enough that protons can
+pass through it and cause radiolysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through it and cause radiolysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through it and cause radiolysis to
+occur right in this little pocket where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur right in this little pocket where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur right in this little pocket where
+the water is and so where the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is and so where the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is and so where the protons
+are you get radiolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you get radiolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you get radiolysis
+where the protons aren't you get regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the protons aren't you get regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the protons aren't you get regular
+old water corrosion and the results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old water corrosion and the results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old water corrosion and the results are
+pretty astounding you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty astounding you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty astounding you can see the
+irradiated zone in extra oxide thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated zone in extra oxide thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated zone in extra oxide thickness
+so you can see where the protons work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see where the protons work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see where the protons work
+because radiolysis sped up the corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because radiolysis sped up the corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because radiolysis sped up the corrosion
+rate as a single effect right nearby not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as a single effect right nearby not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as a single effect right nearby not
+hundred microns away was the same water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred microns away was the same water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred microns away was the same water
+at the same temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature and pressure
+just no protons and no radiolysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no protons and no radiolysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no protons and no radiolysis to
+look at a cross-section you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a cross-section you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a cross-section you can very
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly
+see the difference in oxide thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference in oxide thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the difference in oxide thickness
+way out in the on irradiated zone or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out in the on irradiated zone or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out in the on irradiated zone or in
+the irradiated zone and you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irradiated zone and you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irradiated zone and you can tell
+right here how many protons there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here how many protons there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here how many protons there were
+until right over here where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right over here where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right over here where there were
+none so it's a very striking example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so it's a very striking example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so it's a very striking example of
+well this is what radiolysis does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is what radiolysis does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is what radiolysis does in
+reactors and we actually do things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and we actually do things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and we actually do things in
+reactors to suppress radiolysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors to suppress radiolysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors to suppress radiolysis we
+inject hydrogen gas though there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject hydrogen gas though there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject hydrogen gas though there's a
+hydrogen gas overpressure injected one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas overpressure injected one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas overpressure injected one
+of the main reasons is to suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main reasons is to suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main reasons is to suppress
+radiolysis because if I jump back to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis because if I jump back to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis because if I jump back to any
+of these reactions a lot of them involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these reactions a lot of them involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these reactions a lot of them involve
+h2 and if you dump a whole bunch of h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 and if you dump a whole bunch of h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 and if you dump a whole bunch of h2
+into the reactor you push the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reactor you push the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the reactor you push the reaction
+backwards in the other direction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in the other direction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in the other direction from
+straight-up chemistry if you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight-up chemistry if you add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight-up chemistry if you add a
+reactant or I add a product you push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant or I add a product you push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant or I add a product you push the
+equilibrium in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the other direction
+that's why we do this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we do this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we do this in terms of
+injecting hydrogen into light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting hydrogen into light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting hydrogen into light water
+reactors and if you look at the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and if you look at the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and if you look at the amount
+of hydrogen injected in a in a PWR a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen injected in a in a PWR a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen injected in a in a PWR a
+pressurized water reactor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized water reactor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized water reactor which
+comprises two-thirds of the reactors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprises two-thirds of the reactors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprises two-thirds of the reactors in
+the country it's like 20 to 30 cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country it's like 20 to 30 cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country it's like 20 to 30 cubic
+centimeters per kilogram of dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per kilogram of dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters per kilogram of dissolved
+hydrogen that's quite a bit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that's quite a bit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that's quite a bit and the
+whole idea there is to suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea there is to suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea there is to suppress
+radiolysis and suppress corrosion so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis and suppress corrosion so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis and suppress corrosion so I
+find it'd be pretty cool so a knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it'd be pretty cool so a knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it'd be pretty cool so a knowledge
+of G values can keep your reactor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G values can keep your reactor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G values can keep your reactor from
+corroding then let's get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroding then let's get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroding then let's get into the
+biological effects in the end for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological effects in the end for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological effects in the end for the
+for the long-term effect it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long-term effect it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long-term effect it's all about
+what happens to DNA because if a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to DNA because if a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to DNA because if a cell
+mutates it can either kill the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates it can either kill the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates it can either kill the cell so
+that it can't replicate or you can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't replicate or you can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't replicate or you can cause
+a mutation that might make some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutation that might make some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutation that might make some sort of
+a change and change the cell's function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change and change the cell's function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change and change the cell's function
+and so you may imagine if a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may imagine if a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may imagine if a lot of this
+stuff is done in le t linear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is done in le t linear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is done in le t linear energy
+transfer again another word for stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer again another word for stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer again another word for stopping
+power if you look at the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if you look at the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if you look at the density of
+these damage cascades as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these damage cascades as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these damage cascades as a function of
+stopping power le T you can see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power le T you can see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power le T you can see that for
+high energy electrons or beta particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electrons or beta particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy electrons or beta particles
+they just bounce around with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just bounce around with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just bounce around with a lot of
+distance between interactions causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between interactions causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between interactions causing
+very relatively little damage on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relatively little damage on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very relatively little damage on the way
+for O'Shay electrons again electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for O'Shay electrons again electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for O'Shay electrons again electrons but
+at a much lower energy there at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much lower energy there at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much lower energy there at the end
+of their stopping power curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their stopping power curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their stopping power curve
+and they caused a lot more damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they caused a lot more damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they caused a lot more damage
+wherever they're emitted because already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they're emitted because already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they're emitted because already
+they're gonna make a much denser damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna make a much denser damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna make a much denser damage
+cascade alpha particles just go slamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade alpha particles just go slamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade alpha particles just go slamming
+through it's like rolling a tank through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's like rolling a tank through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's like rolling a tank through
+yourself pretty much because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself pretty much because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself pretty much because there's
+gonna be a ton of interactions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a ton of interactions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a ton of interactions from
+charge particle interactions you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle interactions you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle interactions you won't
+really change the path of that alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change the path of that alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change the path of that alpha
+because an electron imparts very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an electron imparts very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an electron imparts very little
+momentum to an alpha particle and if DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to an alpha particle and if DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to an alpha particle and if DNA
+happens to be in the way it's gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be in the way it's gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be in the way it's gonna get
+damaged this is a lot of the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged this is a lot of the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged this is a lot of the reason why
+there is relative effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is relative effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is relative effectiveness of
+different types of radiation we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of radiation we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of radiation we talked
+last week about these quality factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week about these quality factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week about these quality factors
+gamma rays are one electrons tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays are one electrons tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays are one electrons tend to be
+pretty close to one alphas tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one alphas tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one alphas tend to be
+twenty because the same energy alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty because the same energy alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty because the same energy alpha
+particle will impart a ton more damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will impart a ton more damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will impart a ton more damage
+locally than the same energy beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally than the same energy beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally than the same energy beta
+particle so can you guys see visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so can you guys see visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so can you guys see visually
+where these quality factors come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these quality factors come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these quality factors come from
+cool and there's two types of DNA damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and there's two types of DNA damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and there's two types of DNA damage
+direct and indirect direct damage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and indirect direct damage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and indirect direct damage is
+what you might think radiation comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might think radiation comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might think radiation comes in
+and ionizes something in the DNA either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ionizes something in the DNA either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ionizes something in the DNA either
+causing let's say a tooth I mean based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing let's say a tooth I mean based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing let's say a tooth I mean based
+bridge like a kink in the DNA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge like a kink in the DNA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge like a kink in the DNA or
+destroying it or doing anything but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying it or doing anything but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying it or doing anything but most
+of the damage is done indirectly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage is done indirectly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage is done indirectly because
+the amount of volume of DNA in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of volume of DNA in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of volume of DNA in your
+cells is extremely low does anyone ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is extremely low does anyone ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is extremely low does anyone ever
+done the old high school bio experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the old high school bio experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the old high school bio experiment
+where you extract DNA from onions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you extract DNA from onions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you extract DNA from onions
+strawberries anything so how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries anything so how did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries anything so how did you do
+it anyone remember how this was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you take let's say an onion mix it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take let's say an onion mix it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take let's say an onion mix it in
+solution with a bunch of stuff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with a bunch of stuff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with a bunch of stuff and you
+end up with this gigantic booger which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this gigantic booger which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this gigantic booger which
+happens to be DNA it's like a three-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be DNA it's like a three-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be DNA it's like a three-foot
+it's not thing but what was the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not thing but what was the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not thing but what was the volume
+of the DNA compared to the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA compared to the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA compared to the volume of the
+onion it's quite small there's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion it's quite small there's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion it's quite small there's not a lot
+of DNA in cells so the direct damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in cells so the direct damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA in cells so the direct damage
+route while still there comprises very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route while still there comprises very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route while still there comprises very
+little of the damage done to tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of the damage done to tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of the damage done to tissue
+mostly it's indirect because surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's indirect because surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's indirect because surrounding
+all DNA is the rest of your cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all DNA is the rest of your cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all DNA is the rest of your cellular
+fluid which consists mostly of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which consists mostly of water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which consists mostly of water and
+as we've seen all today water undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen all today water undergoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen all today water undergoes
+radiolysis those radio lytic byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis those radio lytic byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiolysis those radio lytic byproducts
+can diffuse find their way to DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse find their way to DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can diffuse find their way to DNA and
+cause the same sort of ionization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the same sort of ionization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the same sort of ionization that
+direct radiation would do and since that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct radiation would do and since that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct radiation would do and since that
+volume is much larger let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is much larger let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is much larger let's say the
+hollow cylinder of water surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder of water surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder of water surrounding
+your DNA this is the most likely route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA this is the most likely route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA this is the most likely route
+to cellular damage and actually I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cellular damage and actually I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cellular damage and actually I want
+to skip ahead to something real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip ahead to something real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip ahead to something real quick
+you can actually use that to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually use that to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually use that to your
+advantage because it can kill tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because it can kill tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because it can kill tumor
+cells so tumors are rapidly dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so tumors are rapidly dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so tumors are rapidly dividing
+masses of cancer cells if those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of cancer cells if those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses of cancer cells if those cells
+are rapidly dividing then DNA is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rapidly dividing then DNA is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rapidly dividing then DNA is being
+replicated much more readily so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated much more readily so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated much more readily so you can
+inject something that will bind to DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject something that will bind to DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject something that will bind to DNA
+like this little chemical right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this little chemical right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this little chemical right here
+this iodine 125 whatever whatever which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iodine 125 whatever whatever which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iodine 125 whatever whatever which
+mimics thymidine something that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics thymidine something that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics thymidine something that would be
+found near DNA but absorbs radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found near DNA but absorbs radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found near DNA but absorbs radiation
+much better so you can inject this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better so you can inject this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better so you can inject this
+iodine containing organic molecule which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine containing organic molecule which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine containing organic molecule which
+binds somehow to DNA I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds somehow to DNA I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds somehow to DNA I'm not going to
+even guess how it works but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guess how it works but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guess how it works but if you want
+this to get damaged then you want let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get damaged then you want let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to get damaged then you want let's
+say your DNA to get preferably damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your DNA to get preferably damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your DNA to get preferably damaged
+the tumors are replicating faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors are replicating faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors are replicating faster
+they're going to incur more damage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to incur more damage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to incur more damage from
+the same amount of radiation so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of radiation so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of radiation so the same
+process that causes cancer can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that causes cancer can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that causes cancer can be used
+to cure cancer interestingly enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cure cancer interestingly enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cure cancer interestingly enough and
+so good we have we do have about 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we have we do have about 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we have we do have about 10 or
+12 minutes to talk pseudoscience so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minutes to talk pseudoscience so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 minutes to talk pseudoscience so now
+that you know a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a little bit about how
+radiation can cause cancer and mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation can cause cancer and mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation can cause cancer and mutations
+and you know a lot of the physics behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a lot of the physics behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a lot of the physics behind
+how much energy do you need to cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you need to cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you need to cause an
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+let's start knocking off these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start knocking off these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start knocking off these questions
+one by one so this field more than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one so this field more than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one so this field more than any
+is fraught with garbage absolute garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fraught with garbage absolute garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fraught with garbage absolute garbage
+science I won't even say pseudoscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I won't even say pseudoscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I won't even say pseudoscience
+because that almost makes it sound half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that almost makes it sound half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that almost makes it sound half
+legit garbage misinterpretations lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legit garbage misinterpretations lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legit garbage misinterpretations lies
+poorly done studies misinterpretations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly done studies misinterpretations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly done studies misinterpretations
+of abstracts and conclusions and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstracts and conclusions and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstracts and conclusions and today
+I'd like to focus on cell phones and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to focus on cell phones and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to focus on cell phones and do
+they cause cancer very hot topic there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause cancer very hot topic there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause cancer very hot topic there's
+lots of people with predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people with predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people with predetermined
+agendas that want to say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agendas that want to say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agendas that want to say all
+electromagnetic radiation is bad and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation is bad and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation is bad and we
+should go back to an agrarian society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back to an agrarian society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back to an agrarian society
+where nothing happened well I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where nothing happened well I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where nothing happened well I'll give
+you a hint Cambodia tried that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint Cambodia tried that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint Cambodia tried that and it
+didn't turn out too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't turn out too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't turn out too well
+people have interesting notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have interesting notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have interesting notions of
+what's real and what's not so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's real and what's not so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's real and what's not so let's
+start looking at some of these there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at some of these there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at some of these there's
+an article written by this fellow Lloyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article written by this fellow Lloyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article written by this fellow Lloyd
+Burrell around November 2014 which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burrell around November 2014 which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burrell around November 2014 which looks
+like it was republished somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was republished somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was republished somewhere in
+2016 let's just start looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 let's just start looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 let's just start looking at the
+effects so what I want to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what I want to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what I want to start doing
+here is cultivating your nose to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is cultivating your nose to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is cultivating your nose to be able
+to smell because this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smell because this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smell because this is a lot
+of what you're going to be doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you're going to be doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you're going to be doing in
+terms of public outreach as nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of public outreach as nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of public outreach as nuclear
+scientist you will be called on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you will be called on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist you will be called on to
+provide expert advice and say whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide expert advice and say whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide expert advice and say whether
+things are real or not explain why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are real or not explain why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are real or not explain why and
+do it in an empathetic way so as not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in an empathetic way so as not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in an empathetic way so as not to
+make people feel stupid because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people feel stupid because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people feel stupid because it's
+very easy for someone to read this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for someone to read this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for someone to read this and
+think yeah I should be afraid cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I should be afraid cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah I should be afraid cell
+phones cause cancer it's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones cause cancer it's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones cause cancer it's a natural
+reaction to feel let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to feel let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to feel let's take a look at
+some of these facts cell phones emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these facts cell phones emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these facts cell phones emit
+microwave radio frequency radiation true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radio frequency radiation true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave radio frequency radiation true
+or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true yeah these are microwave emitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah these are microwave emitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah these are microwave emitters
+they're RF emitters what sort of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're RF emitters what sort of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're RF emitters what sort of energy
+is microwave radiation a minute I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is microwave radiation a minute I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is microwave radiation a minute I just
+give me an order of magnitude MeV evey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an order of magnitude MeV evey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an order of magnitude MeV evey
+ke V little MeV fractions of an Eevee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V little MeV fractions of an Eevee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke V little MeV fractions of an Eevee
+it's far beyond the visible range in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far beyond the visible range in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far beyond the visible range in the
+lower energy spectrum can a milli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy spectrum can a milli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy spectrum can a milli
+electron volt photon cause an ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt photon cause an ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt photon cause an ionization
+directly no microwaves and RF are na na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly no microwaves and RF are na na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly no microwaves and RF are na na
+na is the ionizing radiation they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na is the ionizing radiation they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na is the ionizing radiation they can
+cook things by heating up water but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook things by heating up water but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook things by heating up water but they
+do not cause ionizations the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not cause ionizations the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not cause ionizations the way that
+ionizing radiation does this radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing radiation does this radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing radiation does this radiation
+has an ability to penetrate our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ability to penetrate our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an ability to penetrate our bodies
+true or false true it gets through us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false true it gets through us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false true it gets through us
+right radio waves are going through us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right radio waves are going through us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right radio waves are going through us
+all the time our governments do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time our governments do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time our governments do
+virtually nothing to protect us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing to protect us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing to protect us from
+these dangers technically true yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dangers technically true yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dangers technically true yeah so
+this is a classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a classic example of
+fear-mongering taking a bunch of facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear-mongering taking a bunch of facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear-mongering taking a bunch of facts
+putting them together to elicit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together to elicit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them together to elicit an
+emotional response that is incorrect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional response that is incorrect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional response that is incorrect and
+because the emotional part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the emotional part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the emotional part of the brain
+kicks in far faster than logical part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in far faster than logical part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in far faster than logical part of
+the brain that's how we're wired it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that's how we're wired it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that's how we're wired it
+elicits a reaction with a predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicits a reaction with a predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicits a reaction with a predetermined
+conclusion and yet there is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and yet there is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and yet there is strong
+evidence multiple peer-reviewed studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence multiple peer-reviewed studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence multiple peer-reviewed studies
+I'm not even gonna read the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even gonna read the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not even gonna read the rest of the
+sentence because I don't want to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence because I don't want to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence because I don't want to go on
+record saying it as if it were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record saying it as if it were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record saying it as if it were true
+let's instead look at the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instead look at the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instead look at the studies
+because that is the stuff that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is the stuff that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is the stuff that we should
+trust initial 44 studies cited and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust initial 44 studies cited and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust initial 44 studies cited and let's
+look at some of the reasons let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the reasons let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the reasons let's see
+there's a little bit have to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit have to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit have to make it a
+little smaller can you guys still read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smaller can you guys still read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little smaller can you guys still read
+that at the back or actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the back or actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the back or actually you know
+you know make a little bigger and forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make a little bigger and forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make a little bigger and forget
+the side bar yeah that's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side bar yeah that's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side bar yeah that's better
+okay I was gonna pick a couple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I was gonna pick a couple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I was gonna pick a couple of these
+to show you and I started going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you and I started going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you and I started going through
+them and my favorite ones are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and my favorite ones are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and my favorite ones are all of
+them most of the studies are perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them most of the studies are perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them most of the studies are perfectly
+legitimate some of them are not most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate some of them are not most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate some of them are not most of
+the interpretations by this Lloyd fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretations by this Lloyd fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretations by this Lloyd fellow
+are absolutely wrong and either done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely wrong and either done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely wrong and either done
+ignorantly which somewhat forgivable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorantly which somewhat forgivable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorantly which somewhat forgivable it
+can be hard to parse these studies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard to parse these studies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hard to parse these studies or
+intentionally we don't know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally we don't know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally we don't know which one
+let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+here telecoms giant etc commissioned an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here telecoms giant etc commissioned an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here telecoms giant etc commissioned an
+independent study 404 not found let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent study 404 not found let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent study 404 not found let's go
+to the next one we can't conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one we can't conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one we can't conclude
+anything from that the Interphone study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from that the Interphone study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from that the Interphone study
+found that regular cellphone use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that regular cellphone use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that regular cellphone use
+significantly increased the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly increased the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly increased the risk of
+gliomas some type of tumour by 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliomas some type of tumour by 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gliomas some type of tumour by 40%
+the 1640 hours or more of use let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1640 hours or more of use let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1640 hours or more of use let's look
+at the key figure taken from this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the key figure taken from this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the key figure taken from this paper
+and blow it up so you can see it what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow it up so you can see it what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow it up so you can see it what do
+you guys notice about this figure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys notice about this figure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys notice about this figure okay
+forget the low-resolution we can't knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the low-resolution we can't knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the low-resolution we can't knock
+Doc's it might be a copy no error bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doc's it might be a copy no error bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doc's it might be a copy no error bars
+and what does most of this cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does most of this cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does most of this cell phone
+use and the the unit not shown here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the the unit not shown here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the the unit not shown here is
+let's I think it's like hours of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah except for this one blue line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah except for this one blue line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah except for this one blue line is
+odds ratio a lot of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio a lot of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio a lot of these things are
+given in Oro or odds ratio let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in Oro or odds ratio let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in Oro or odds ratio let's say the
+fractional or let's say the multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional or let's say the multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional or let's say the multiplying
+factor for increased risk of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for increased risk of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for increased risk of finding
+cancer in the variable group compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer in the variable group compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer in the variable group compared to
+the control group and control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group and control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control group and control and
+variable are interesting topics I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are interesting topics I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable are interesting topics I want
+to make sure people have so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure people have so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure people have so we have the
+Interphone study cited in many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interphone study cited in many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interphone study cited in many of these
+papers let's say okay garbage garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers let's say okay garbage garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers let's say okay garbage garbage
+opinions opinions let's go find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions opinions let's go find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions opinions let's go find the
+study this is something I wish people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this is something I wish people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this is something I wish people
+did more is go to the study itself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did more is go to the study itself yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did more is go to the study itself yeah
+the Interphone study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they make this bigger to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make this bigger to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make this bigger to make it more
+obvious so many people this articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so many people this articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so many people this articles
+been sighted almost 500 times I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sighted almost 500 times I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been sighted almost 500 times I don't
+know in what capacity cuz I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in what capacity cuz I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in what capacity cuz I haven't
+looked up every citation but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up every citation but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up every citation but a lot of
+what this site and other sites do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this site and other sites do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this site and other sites do is
+cite the Interphone study to say cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite the Interphone study to say cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite the Interphone study to say cell
+phones cause cancer read the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so this study is not a bogus study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this study is not a bogus study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this study is not a bogus study
+the study was done correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study was done correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study was done correctly
+reporting bars these odds ratios with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting bars these odds ratios with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting bars these odds ratios with
+95% confidence intervals if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence intervals if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence intervals if you just
+look at the numbers itself oh man 1.15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers itself oh man 1.15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers itself oh man 1.15
+odds ratio 15% higher incidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio 15% higher incidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio 15% higher incidence of
+cancer with a confidence interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer with a confidence interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer with a confidence interval that
+includes less and more so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes less and more so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes less and more so you cannot
+conclude with 95% confidence that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with 95% confidence that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude with 95% confidence that this
+data is correct and the authors very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is correct and the authors very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is correct and the authors very
+honestly say no conclusion can be drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly say no conclusion can be drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly say no conclusion can be drawn
+require further investigation what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require further investigation what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require further investigation what does
+this Lloyd fellow say cancer yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lloyd fellow say cancer yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lloyd fellow say cancer yeah and
+either accidental or deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accidental or deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either accidental or deliberate
+misinterpretation of the data okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpretation of the data okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterpretation of the data okay let's
+go to numbers two and three I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to numbers two and three I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to numbers two and three I don't need
+those anymore let's say number two oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those anymore let's say number two oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those anymore let's say number two oh we
+did number two number three again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did number two number three again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did number two number three again from
+the Interphone study we can discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Interphone study we can discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Interphone study we can discount
+that because we've now read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we've now read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we've now read the
+conclusion of the study and look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the study and look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the study and look at a
+bit of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number four harmful association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four harmful association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four harmful association between
+cell phone risk and tumors let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again honest authors I applaud the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again honest authors I applaud the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again honest authors I applaud the
+authors for taking a controversial topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors for taking a controversial topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors for taking a controversial topic
+doing a fair bit of data with enough at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a fair bit of data with enough at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a fair bit of data with enough at
+least enough metadata analysis I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least enough metadata analysis I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least enough metadata analysis I think
+the sample size is okay and then saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample size is okay and then saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample size is okay and then saying
+higher level of evidence is needed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of evidence is needed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of evidence is needed what
+does the internet say that takes the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the internet say that takes the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the internet say that takes the one
+sentence that they want to support their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that they want to support their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that they want to support their
+predetermined conclusion very dishonest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined conclusion very dishonest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined conclusion very dishonest
+if you ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask me
+number five oh this is fun okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five oh this is fun okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five oh this is fun okay what
+does number five stay huh yes it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does number five stay huh yes it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does number five stay huh yes it does
+make me angry this is why I'm showing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me angry this is why I'm showing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make me angry this is why I'm showing it
+to you it's infuriating right but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's infuriating right but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's infuriating right but some
+of the some of the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some of the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some of the some of the
+comparisons between what the folks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between what the folks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between what the folks on
+the internet will say with the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet will say with the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet will say with the sentence
+that they want to say and then you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to say and then you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to say and then you go to
+the actual study which they do give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual study which they do give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual study which they do give you
+the link for a consistent pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link for a consistent pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link for a consistent pattern of
+increased risk associated with wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk associated with wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk associated with wireless
+phones what does the study say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a sec to parse this I'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sec to parse this I'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sec to parse this I'll make a
+little bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you see an odds ratio of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see an odds ratio of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see an odds ratio of let's say
+greater than one and you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and you see a
+confidence interval yeah again another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval yeah again another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval yeah again another
+odds ratio and another confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio and another confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratio and another confidence
+interval now their odds ratio another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now their odds ratio another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now their odds ratio another
+confidence intervals interesting the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals interesting the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals interesting the one
+interesting part is for what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is for what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part is for what they call
+it's a lateral cumulative use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lateral cumulative use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lateral cumulative use which
+means a tumor found on the same side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a tumor found on the same side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a tumor found on the same side of
+the head as the cellphone there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head as the cellphone there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head as the cellphone there's
+actually a confidence interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a confidence interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a confidence interval that
+seems to be significant so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be significant so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be significant so I'm not going
+to trash this study I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trash this study I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trash this study I'm going to say
+it's not quite conclusive it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite conclusive it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite conclusive it doesn't go
+out and say cell phones cause cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and say cell phones cause cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and say cell phones cause cancer
+despite this fellow coming out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite this fellow coming out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite this fellow coming out and
+saying cell phones cause cancer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying cell phones cause cancer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying cell phones cause cancer okay
+moving on to number six was a four oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to number six was a four oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to number six was a four oh
+four let's just confirm wasn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four let's just confirm wasn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four let's just confirm wasn't able to
+get it an hour ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it an hour ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it an hour ago
+oh it's back okay let's see what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's back okay let's see what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's back okay let's see what it does
+I don't even know what this one's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know what this one's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even know what this one's gonna
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hevy mobile phone use yeah well they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hevy mobile phone use yeah well they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hevy mobile phone use yeah well they'll
+define that somewhere in the article so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that somewhere in the article so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define that somewhere in the article so
+some of these studies it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies it's like okay
+there's interesting viewpoints to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interesting viewpoints to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interesting viewpoints to be
+seen they shouldn't be ignored just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they shouldn't be ignored just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen they shouldn't be ignored just
+because we have this predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this predetermined
+conclusion that cellphones don't cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that cellphones don't cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that cellphones don't cause
+cancer it's important to go and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer it's important to go and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer it's important to go and actually
+look at the studies and decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the studies and decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the studies and decide for
+yourself let's get into the fun ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself let's get into the fun ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself let's get into the fun ones
+number seven recent study on 790,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number seven recent study on 790,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number seven recent study on 790,000
+middle-aged women found that women who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-aged women found that women who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-aged women found that women who
+use cellphones for - and a hat for 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cellphones for - and a hat for 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cellphones for - and a hat for 10 or
+more years we're two-and-a-half times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years we're two-and-a-half times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more years we're two-and-a-half times
+more likely etc etc the risk increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely etc etc the risk increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely etc etc the risk increase
+with the number of years they use cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of years they use cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of years they use cell
+phones let's look at the study okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones let's look at the study okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones let's look at the study okay
+that's not the study so we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the study so we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the study so we need to go
+find the study and that's another news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the study and that's another news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the study and that's another news
+article about the study we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about the study we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about the study we need to go
+find the study ah finally the study read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the study ah finally the study read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the study ah finally the study read
+the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I don't think so either so the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think so either so the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't think so either so the best
+thing that you can conclude about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can conclude about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can conclude about these
+sorts of people is that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of people is that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of people is that they're not
+reading the studies and reporting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the studies and reporting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the studies and reporting on
+them if they are reading them and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they are reading them and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they are reading them and not
+gonna get right now not everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get right now not everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get right now not everyone can
+parse the science if they're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse the science if they're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse the science if they're reading
+them understanding them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understanding them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understanding them and
+cherry-picking the facts in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking the facts in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking the facts in order to
+support their conclusion that to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support their conclusion that to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support their conclusion that to me
+should be criminal we do live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be criminal we do live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be criminal we do live in a
+country where there's freedom of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country where there's freedom of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country where there's freedom of speech
+you're free to say whatever you want as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free to say whatever you want as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free to say whatever you want as
+long as it's not hate speech of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's not hate speech of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's not hate speech of various
+kinds doesn't have to be right you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds doesn't have to be right you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds doesn't have to be right you also
+don't have to listen so just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to listen so just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to listen so just because
+there are freedom to talk doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are freedom to talk doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are freedom to talk doesn't mean
+people have an obligation to listen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have an obligation to listen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have an obligation to listen and
+this is the problem with a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the problem with a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the problem with a lot of this
+so I think my yeah my notes for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think my yeah my notes for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think my yeah my notes for this
+study was just kind of the f word was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was just kind of the f word was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was just kind of the f word was
+how do you get the conclusion from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the conclusion from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the conclusion from this
+internet article of which wrote an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet article of which wrote an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet article of which wrote an
+article about an article about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about an article about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about an article about an
+article about a study when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about a study when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about a study when the
+conclusion says with an excellent sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion says with an excellent sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion says with an excellent sample
+size not associated okay let's we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not associated okay let's we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not associated okay let's we have
+like five or seven minutes left so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or seven minutes left so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or seven minutes left so let's
+skip ahead I had a fun one for number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead I had a fun one for number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip ahead I had a fun one for number
+twelve cancer with a pituitary gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve cancer with a pituitary gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve cancer with a pituitary gland
+I'm get rid of the other stuff oh does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm get rid of the other stuff oh does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm get rid of the other stuff oh does
+that look like a surprisingly familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like a surprisingly familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like a surprisingly familiar
+figure it's another article about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's another article about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's another article about the
+same study let's just confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same study let's just confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same study let's just confirm
+oh look at that that right there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at that that right there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look at that that right there was the
+article written about the study where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article written about the study where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article written about the study where
+the other link was an article written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other link was an article written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other link was an article written
+about the article written about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the article written about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the article written about the
+study okay what else next one let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay what else next one let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay what else next one let's just
+keep going in number order it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in number order it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going in number order it's really
+study about thyroid cancer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about thyroid cancer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about thyroid cancer okay
+this appears to be a blog so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears to be a blog so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appears to be a blog so let's
+search for the rear or Israel okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the rear or Israel okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the rear or Israel okay but
+first the news article so take a sec to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the news article so take a sec to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the news article so take a sec to
+parse some of this the incidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse some of this the incidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse some of this the incidence of
+thyroid cancer has been increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid cancer has been increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroid cancer has been increasing
+rapidly in many countries including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in many countries including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly in many countries including the
+US Canada and Israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean one thing to say let's say case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one thing to say let's say case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one thing to say let's say case
+control research on this topic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control research on this topic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control research on this topic is
+warranted sure no one's gonna no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted sure no one's gonna no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranted sure no one's gonna no one's
+gonna refute a claim that hey maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna refute a claim that hey maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna refute a claim that hey maybe we
+should study something properly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study something properly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study something properly right
+let's go a little further down let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go a little further down let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go a little further down let's try
+to find the actual study where is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the actual study where is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the actual study where is this
+study interesting the main point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study interesting the main point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study interesting the main point of this
+study is that thyroid cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is that thyroid cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is that thyroid cancer and
+cellphone usage are going up at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphone usage are going up at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphone usage are going up at the same
+time this is the point where I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the point where I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the point where I like to
+say correlation does not imply causation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say correlation does not imply causation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say correlation does not imply causation
+and Hamor that point home by going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hamor that point home by going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hamor that point home by going to
+one of my favorite blogs spurious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite blogs spurious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite blogs spurious
+correlations you can find any dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations you can find any dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations you can find any dataset
+that correlates with any other dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correlates with any other dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correlates with any other dataset
+let's look at some examples us spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples us spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples us spending
+on Science Space and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Science Space and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Science Space and Technology
+correlates with a ninety nine point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with a ninety nine point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with a ninety nine point
+seven nine percent correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven nine percent correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven nine percent correlation of
+suicides by hanging strangulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicides by hanging strangulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicides by hanging strangulation and
+suffocation correlated yes causal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffocation correlated yes causal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffocation correlated yes causal I
+don't think so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so yeah
+divorce rate in Maine correlates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce rate in Maine correlates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce rate in Maine correlates with
+per-capita consumption of margarine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per-capita consumption of margarine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per-capita consumption of margarine you
+can find a link between anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a link between anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a link between anything and
+anything else if you just search the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else if you just search the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else if you just search the
+data long enough without searching for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data long enough without searching for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data long enough without searching for a
+mechanism or a reason so okay age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or a reason so okay age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or a reason so okay age of
+Miss America correlates with murders by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss America correlates with murders by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss America correlates with murders by
+steam hot vapors clearly we should ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam hot vapors clearly we should ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam hot vapors clearly we should ban
+the Miss America pageant or make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Miss America pageant or make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Miss America pageant or make them
+older or the other other way around make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older or the other other way around make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older or the other other way around make
+them younger maybe this is why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them younger maybe this is why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them younger maybe this is why we have
+toddlers and tiaras is to stop murders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddlers and tiaras is to stop murders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toddlers and tiaras is to stop murders
+by steam oh my god okay so this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by steam oh my god okay so this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by steam oh my god okay so this is again
+the point where you have to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you have to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you have to ask yourself
+what are the other confounding variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other confounding variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other confounding variables
+in this study why else could thyroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study why else could thyroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study why else could thyroid
+cancer be going up anyone could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer be going up anyone could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer be going up anyone could probably
+come up with like a hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with like a hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with like a hundred different
+possible reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any sort of other chemicals let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of other chemicals let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of other chemicals let's say
+more industrial runoff more urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more industrial runoff more urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more industrial runoff more urbanization
+smog inhalation some amount let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smog inhalation some amount let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smog inhalation some amount let's say I
+don't know iodine released from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know iodine released from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know iodine released from
+Chernobyl making its way through no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl making its way through no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl making its way through no that
+would have had like 30 day half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had like 30 day half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had like 30 day half-life
+yeah that's that's also gotta pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's also gotta pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's also gotta pretty
+much decay by now yeah there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much decay by now yeah there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much decay by now yeah there could be
+any number of reasons and just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of reasons and just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of reasons and just to say
+cellphones and thyroid cancer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphones and thyroid cancer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphones and thyroid cancer are
+correlated is like saying this what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated is like saying this what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated is like saying this what else
+told oh this I think might actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told oh this I think might actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told oh this I think might actually have
+something to there might be a link here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to there might be a link here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to there might be a link here
+revenue generated by our kaise with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue generated by our kaise with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue generated by our kaise with
+computer science doctorates again just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science doctorates again just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science doctorates again just a
+correlation yeah look at the amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation yeah look at the amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation yeah look at the amazing
+it's got all the same humps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all the same humps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all the same humps and
+everything alright I think I've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything alright I think I've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything alright I think I've made the
+point let's go on to some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's go on to some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's go on to some of the other
+studies let's say number 15 out of 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies let's say number 15 out of 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies let's say number 15 out of 29
+cases of neuro epithelial melters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of neuro epithelial melters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of neuro epithelial melters
+cell phone users accounted for 11 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone users accounted for 11 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone users accounted for 11 of
+them 11 of the 29 people in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 11 of the 29 people in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 11 of the 29 people in the study
+that got this type of tumor used cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this type of tumor used cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got this type of tumor used cell
+phones what's wrong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no here I think the study is flawed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no here I think the study is flawed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no here I think the study is flawed
+what is the worst part about this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+29 cases sample size if you get 11 out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 cases sample size if you get 11 out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+29 cases sample size if you get 11 out
+of 29 and say half of the tumors we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 29 and say half of the tumors we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 29 and say half of the tumors we saw
+were attributed to cellphones that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attributed to cellphones that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attributed to cellphones that is
+not a proper conclusion let's see number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a proper conclusion let's see number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a proper conclusion let's see number
+17 ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 ah okay
+another Israeli study that talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Israeli study that talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Israeli study that talked about
+Pardo gland cancers and salivary gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardo gland cancers and salivary gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardo gland cancers and salivary gland
+cancers my note to this is read the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers my note to this is read the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers my note to this is read the last
+sentence the blog says cause cancer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the blog says cause cancer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence the blog says cause cancer the
+data says no causal association so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data says no causal association so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data says no causal association so again
+it's like it's almost criminally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's almost criminally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's almost criminally
+ignorant how many times did you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant how many times did you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorant how many times did you have to
+miss the last sentence the conclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the last sentence the conclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the last sentence the conclusion of
+the article to pick the part that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article to pick the part that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article to pick the part that you
+want all I can say is everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all I can say is everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all I can say is everything that
+you read on the Internet was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read on the Internet was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read on the Internet was written
+that's the best I can say number 20 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I can say number 20 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best I can say number 20 we
+don't even have to go to the study here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's check the study to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check the study to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check the study to make sure that
+the quote is actually correct but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote is actually correct but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote is actually correct but before
+for women yeah by the prestigious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women yeah by the prestigious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for women yeah by the prestigious
+publication in Dowie which sends me more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in Dowie which sends me more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in Dowie which sends me more
+emails than I read their articles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails than I read their articles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails than I read their articles so
+let's look at the abstract of all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the abstract of all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the abstract of all four
+cases there are a case studies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases there are a case studies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases there are a case studies so
+striking similarity how hard do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking similarity how hard do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking similarity how hard do you
+think it would be to find for women with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be to find for women with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be to find for women with
+a certain type of breast tumor there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type of breast tumor there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type of breast tumor there's a
+lot of women in the world right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of women in the world right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of women in the world right and
+breast cancer is one of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer is one of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer is one of the leading
+causes of cancer in women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of cancer in women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of cancer in women
+it wouldn't be hard to cherry-pick four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be hard to cherry-pick four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be hard to cherry-pick four
+people to get the same conclusion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get the same conclusion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get the same conclusion you
+want I mean there's another correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean there's another correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I mean there's another correlation
+out of a hundred and eight billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a hundred and eight billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a hundred and eight billion
+humans that have ever lived and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that have ever lived and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that have ever lived and have
+been exposed to ionizing radiation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to ionizing radiation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been exposed to ionizing radiation all
+of them died at some point at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them died at some point at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them died at some point at some point
+yeah every human that's ever lived has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah every human that's ever lived has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah every human that's ever lived has
+died and every human that's ever lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and every human that's ever lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and every human that's ever lived
+had been exposed to ionizing radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect correlation no causation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect correlation no causation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect correlation no causation let's
+see two more I think we have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two more I think we have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see two more I think we have time for
+two more this is kind of fun and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more this is kind of fun and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more this is kind of fun and I
+cancer study all right let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer study all right let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer study all right let's just go
+found elevated risk for exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found elevated risk for exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found elevated risk for exposure to
+radiofrequency transmitting devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sure the author's do get mad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the author's do get mad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the author's do get mad but
+what are you gonna do about some person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna do about some person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you gonna do about some person
+on the Internet right can send a nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Internet right can send a nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Internet right can send a nasty
+letter to the magazine which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to the magazine which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter to the magazine which might
+reject it as hate mail okay on the blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it as hate mail okay on the blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it as hate mail okay on the blog
+what does it say elevated risk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it say elevated risk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it say elevated risk for
+exposure in the study I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in the study I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure in the study I don't think I
+have to make my point anymore we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make my point anymore we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make my point anymore we've gone
+through about half of them I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through about half of them I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through about half of them I encourage
+the rest of you guys to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you guys to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you guys to go through the
+other half and to the people like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half and to the people like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other half and to the people like this
+Lloyd Borel I say check your facts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Borel I say check your facts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lloyd Borel I say check your facts what
+you're doing is criminally incompetent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is criminally incompetent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is criminally incompetent
+with the way that people are misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way that people are misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way that people are misleading
+the public to get whatever pre gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public to get whatever pre gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public to get whatever pre gone
+conclusions that they have from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that they have from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that they have from their
+emotions or their funding sources or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions or their funding sources or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions or their funding sources or
+whatever the reason to be by miss what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason to be by miss what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason to be by miss what
+is it by misquoting facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it by misquoting facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it by misquoting facts
+you're absolutely misleading people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely misleading people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely misleading people and
+spreading false science cuz to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading false science cuz to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading false science cuz to me the
+most exciting moments in science don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting moments in science don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting moments in science don't
+end with the words I told you so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with the words I told you so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with the words I told you so but
+start with the words that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the words that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the words that's interesting
+so just because the study is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because the study is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because the study is that you
+find don't support your predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find don't support your predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find don't support your predetermined
+conclusions doesn't mean you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions doesn't mean you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions doesn't mean you should
+reject them it means that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject them it means that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject them it means that you might have
+to change your idea so on that note I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your idea so on that note I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your idea so on that note I'd
+like to stop here we'll come back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to stop here we'll come back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to stop here we'll come back on
+Thursday and go over the short and long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and go over the short and long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and go over the short and long
+term biological effects of radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term biological effects of radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term biological effects of radiation and
+look at some more garbage science yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would just say go to the studies it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just say go to the studies it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just say go to the studies it's
+very easy to say put a bunch of rats on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to say put a bunch of rats on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to say put a bunch of rats on
+a cell phone charger turn it on and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell phone charger turn it on and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell phone charger turn it on and see
+what happens I mean the data doesn't lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens I mean the data doesn't lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens I mean the data doesn't lie
+the reason might be a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason might be a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason might be a little hard to
+figure out yeah yeah so there I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out yeah yeah so there I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out yeah yeah so there I mean
+there's another thing is when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing is when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing is when people
+have a predetermined conclude this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a predetermined conclude this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a predetermined conclude this I
+know it's a little past 10 but no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little past 10 but no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little past 10 but no one's
+gotten up so I'll keep ranting so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten up so I'll keep ranting so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten up so I'll keep ranting so a lot
+of this neo environmentalism going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neo environmentalism going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neo environmentalism going on
+has the predetermined conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the predetermined conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the predetermined conclusion that
+only sources of power light on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sources of power light on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only sources of power light on the earth
+like solar and wind that are renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solar and wind that are renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like solar and wind that are renewable
+and such are the ways to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such are the ways to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such are the ways to go and
+immediately dismissed nuclear is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dismissed nuclear is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately dismissed nuclear is not
+part of the environmental solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the environmental solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the environmental solution
+despite being part of the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being part of the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being part of the environmental
+solution a large source of power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a large source of power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a large source of power that's
+very efficient and doesn't emit any co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and doesn't emit any co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient and doesn't emit any co2
+it might surprise them to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might surprise them to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might surprise them to know that
+manufacturing wind turbines is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing wind turbines is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing wind turbines is a major
+source of radioactivity anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of radioactivity anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of radioactivity anyone want to
+guess where rare or yes thank you rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where rare or yes thank you rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where rare or yes thank you rare
+earth magnets a major cause of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth magnets a major cause of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth magnets a major cause of wind
+turbine failure in the last decade has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine failure in the last decade has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine failure in the last decade has
+been the gearboxes breaking down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the gearboxes breaking down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the gearboxes breaking down because
+in order to extract power you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to extract power you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to extract power you have to
+gear down those giant turbines by quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear down those giant turbines by quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear down those giant turbines by quite
+a bit and those gears 300 feet up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and those gears 300 feet up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and those gears 300 feet up in the
+air tend to break down they're hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air tend to break down they're hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air tend to break down they're hard to
+maintain how do you fix it make stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain how do you fix it make stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain how do you fix it make stronger
+magnets put in rare earth magnets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets put in rare earth magnets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets put in rare earth magnets that
+electromagnetically harvest the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetically harvest the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetically harvest the energy
+instead of gearing it down and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of gearing it down and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of gearing it down and doing the
+same and you don't have mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and you don't have mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and you don't have mechanical
+things grinding what are rare earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things grinding what are rare earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things grinding what are rare earth
+magnets made out of rare earths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets made out of rare earths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets made out of rare earths
+lanthanides which happened to be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides which happened to be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanthanides which happened to be found
+with actinides thorium whatever actinium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actinides thorium whatever actinium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actinides thorium whatever actinium
+exists radium uranium things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists radium uranium things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists radium uranium things with
+similar chemistry what do you do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar chemistry what do you do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar chemistry what do you do when
+you extract the rare earths that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract the rare earths that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extract the rare earths that you
+need from the rare earth or you ditch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need from the rare earth or you ditch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need from the rare earth or you ditch
+the remains which are concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remains which are concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remains which are concentrated
+sources of these radioactive byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of these radioactive byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of these radioactive byproducts
+we're the most radioactive I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the most radioactive I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the most radioactive I'm sorry
+we're the most rare earth magnets come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the most rare earth magnets come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the most rare earth magnets come
+from China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China
+pause China's record on environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause China's record on environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause China's record on environmental
+practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spotty at best yeah so again one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty at best yeah so again one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty at best yeah so again one of
+those things where people say oh wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where people say oh wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where people say oh wind
+power has absolutely no effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power has absolutely no effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power has absolutely no effect on the
+environment check the radioactivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment check the radioactivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment check the radioactivity of
+making windmills I don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making windmills I don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making windmills I don't know if the
+Sierra Club would listen I have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sierra Club would listen I have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sierra Club would listen I have heard
+murmurs or rumors of them coming around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murmurs or rumors of them coming around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murmurs or rumors of them coming around
+the idea of nuclear power there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of nuclear power there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of nuclear power there's an
+article that said they switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that said they switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that said they switched
+positions then there was a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then there was a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions then there was a counter
+article followed a day later that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article followed a day later that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article followed a day later that says
+no that was a rogue actor they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that was a rogue actor they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that was a rogue actor they don't
+reflect the views of the Sierra Club the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the views of the Sierra Club the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the views of the Sierra Club the
+problem is with all these neo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is with all these neo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is with all these neo
+environmentalists and cell phones cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists and cell phones cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentalists and cell phones cause
+cancer people and food irradiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer people and food irradiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer people and food irradiation is
+evil people you'll find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people you'll find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people you'll find them
+cherry-picking data to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking data to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry-picking data to support the
+conclusion that they already felt they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that they already felt they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that they already felt they
+wanted and when confronted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and when confronted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted and when confronted with
+overwhelming evidence to the contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming evidence to the contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming evidence to the contrary
+they don't change their view and that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't change their view and that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't change their view and that to
+me is the best thing about science if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the best thing about science if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is the best thing about science if
+you prove to me that you're wrong I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove to me that you're wrong I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove to me that you're wrong I will
+say thank you not so there you go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you not so there you go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thank you not so there you go all
+right I'll see you guys on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I-DIXcoeaNQ.txt b/I-DIXcoeaNQ.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/I-DIXcoeaNQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just want to do an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to do an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to do an overview of
+healthc care lean for health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care lean for health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care lean for health care
+because you've learned a lot in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've learned a lot in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've learned a lot in the last
+couple days and how do you apply this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days and how do you apply this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days and how do you apply this at
+the at the front line at the front lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the front line at the front lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the front line at the front lines
+of hospital or Healthcare so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hospital or Healthcare so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hospital or Healthcare so just to
+give you a little bit of a overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of a overview of
+our company um our company station our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our company um our company station our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our company um our company station our
+the headquarters is in in Montana we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headquarters is in in Montana we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headquarters is in in Montana we
+worked with about 115 healthc Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with about 115 healthc Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with about 115 healthc Care
+organizations mostly hospitals we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations mostly hospitals we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations mostly hospitals we've had
+some other kinds of organizations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kinds of organizations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kinds of organizations like
+Johnson Johnson Blue Cross um Penn State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson Johnson Blue Cross um Penn State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson Johnson Blue Cross um Penn State
+some um universities as well as medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um universities as well as medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um universities as well as medical
+centers from 50 bed centers to 1200 bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers from 50 bed centers to 1200 bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers from 50 bed centers to 1200 bed
+centers so lean Works across the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers so lean Works across the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers so lean Works across the board
+in every Department in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every Department in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every Department in every
+organization in the healthc care system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in the healthc care system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in the healthc care system
+lean for healthcare Matthew May wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean for healthcare Matthew May wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean for healthcare Matthew May wrote a
+really nice little book and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice little book and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice little book and I was
+telling Earl about it at the break it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling Earl about it at the break it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling Earl about it at the break it's
+a little paperback book you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little paperback book you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little paperback book you can get it
+on Amazon for $2 it's called The Elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Amazon for $2 it's called The Elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Amazon for $2 it's called The Elegant
+Solution by Matthew May and it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by Matthew May and it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by Matthew May and it's about
+lean not only about lean for healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean not only about lean for healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean not only about lean for healthcare
+but it's an awesome little book takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an awesome little book takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an awesome little book takes
+about an hour and a half to read and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour and a half to read and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour and a half to read and M
+Matthew May says is lean doesn't light a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew May says is lean doesn't light a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew May says is lean doesn't light a
+fire under people it lights A Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire under people it lights A Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire under people it lights A Fire
+Within people because it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within people because it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within people because it's really an
+exciting thing to bring to a healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing to bring to a healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing to bring to a healthcare
+organization why lean because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization why lean because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization why lean because it's a
+great F fit for Health Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great F fit for Health Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great F fit for Health Care
+organizations it produces meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations it produces meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations it produces meaningful
+useful important results right away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful important results right away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful important results right away and
+it provides a power to change an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides a power to change an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides a power to change an entire
+culture of an organization if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of an organization if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of an organization if you do it
+right one of the things we have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the things we have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the things we have to ask
+ourselves in healthcare is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in healthcare is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in healthcare is is there a
+better way to do what we're doing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to do what we're doing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to do what we're doing so I
+put this this is my administr ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this this is my administr ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this this is my administr ation
+slide and this is how we do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and this is how we do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and this is how we do what we
+do and the answer we always get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the answer we always get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the answer we always get in
+healthcare is because that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is because that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare is because that's the way
+we've always done it so lean is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always done it so lean is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've always done it so lean is the
+systematic pursuit of perfection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic pursuit of perfection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic pursuit of perfection and
+it's a discipline of incremental changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a discipline of incremental changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a discipline of incremental changes
+one little step at a time you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little step at a time you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little step at a time you're not
+going to come in and change the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in and change the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in and change the world in
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+months taono who was the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months taono who was the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months taono who was the president of
+Toyota said it's better to make a 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota said it's better to make a 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota said it's better to make a 2%
+Improvement every month then a 24%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement every month then a 24%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement every month then a 24%
+Improvement one month and thenone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement one month and thenone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement one month and thenone the
+rest of the year because what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the year because what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the year because what happens is
+it doesn't embed the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't embed the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't embed the philosophy of
+continuous Improvement and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Improvement and continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Improvement and continuous
+change so you have to intermingle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you have to intermingle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you have to intermingle your
+rapid Improvement events with lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid Improvement events with lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid Improvement events with lean
+sustainability across the board as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability across the board as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability across the board as well
+really important and in our experience a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and in our experience a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and in our experience a
+lean transformation in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean transformation in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean transformation in healthcare
+organization takes four five six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization takes four five six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization takes four five six years
+at least depending on the the commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least depending on the the commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least depending on the the commitment
+of the administration and the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the administration and the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the administration and the ability to
+actually educate and train the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually educate and train the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually educate and train the staff
+there's no quick easy way people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no quick easy way people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no quick easy way people think
+of lean as a quick fix it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lean as a quick fix it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lean as a quick fix it's not it's
+good fix but it's not a quick fix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fix but it's not a quick fix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fix but it's not a quick fix it's
+learned through experiences clinical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through experiences clinical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through experiences clinical and
+operational experiences it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational experiences it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational experiences it takes
+practice practice and more practice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice practice and more practice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice practice and more practice one
+of the questions that came up is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions that came up is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions that came up is it's
+too risky I mean you know if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too risky I mean you know if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too risky I mean you know if you take a
+risk you might fail well yeah but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you might fail well yeah but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you might fail well yeah but if you
+don't take a risk you are going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take a risk you are going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take a risk you are going to fail
+so it's important to take some risks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to take some risks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to take some risks and
+give some new things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some new things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some new things to
+try Okay in order for lean to succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try Okay in order for lean to succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try Okay in order for lean to succeed
+and I'll intersperse this through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll intersperse this through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll intersperse this through my
+talk the entire Health Care team has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the entire Health Care team has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the entire Health Care team has to
+own it it's really bad for a CEO to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own it it's really bad for a CEO to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own it it's really bad for a CEO to hire
+a consultant to come in and fix things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consultant to come in and fix things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consultant to come in and fix things
+for you and then they leave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and then they leave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and then they leave okay
+everybody has to own it the senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to own it the senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to own it the senior
+administrators middle managers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators middle managers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators middle managers and the
+Frontline staff it has to be evident in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontline staff it has to be evident in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontline staff it has to be evident in
+everyday work somebody sees a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday work somebody sees a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday work somebody sees a problem
+let's do an A3 on that and fix it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an A3 on that and fix it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an A3 on that and fix it right
+now it has to be embedded and practiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it has to be embedded and practiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it has to be embedded and practiced
+by everyone in the organization ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by everyone in the organization ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by everyone in the organization ation
+and it has to be expected of everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to be expected of everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to be expected of everyone in
+the organization not just one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization not just one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization not just one or two
+activities but across the board I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but across the board I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but across the board I used
+to be a director years ago before I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a director years ago before I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a director years ago before I knew
+about lean and someone would come to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lean and someone would come to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lean and someone would come to me
+with a problem and I'd say don't come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a problem and I'd say don't come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a problem and I'd say don't come to
+me with a problem come to me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with a problem come to me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me with a problem come to me with a
+solution and that is the absolute wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that is the absolute wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and that is the absolute wrong
+thing to say come to me with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say come to me with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say come to me with what the
+issue is and background and we together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is and background and we together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is and background and we together
+will work on the solution that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work on the solution that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work on the solution that's how
+lean is so managers are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean is so managers are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean is so managers are no longer
+dictators managers become coaches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators managers become coaches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators managers become coaches and
+barrier removers that's how lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier removers that's how lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier removers that's how lean
+succeeds this is what we hear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds this is what we hear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds this is what we hear in
+healthcare because that's the way we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare because that's the way we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare because that's the way we've
+always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always done
+it and Mr Einstein said the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and Mr Einstein said the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and Mr Einstein said the significant
+problems we Face cannot be solved at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we Face cannot be solved at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we Face cannot be solved at the
+same level of thinking we were at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of thinking we were at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of thinking we were at when
+we created them okay why Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created them okay why Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created them okay why Toyota
+production system why why lean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system why why lean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system why why lean for
+healthcare they make cars we take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare they make cars we take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare they make cars we take care
+of people well first of all they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people well first of all they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people well first of all they're the
+most successful manufacturer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most successful manufacturer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most successful manufacturer in the
+world most people think can it work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world most people think can it work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world most people think can it work for
+healthcare let's see they have the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare let's see they have the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare let's see they have the best
+of introducing new technology well guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing new technology well guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing new technology well guess
+what we have a technological imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have a technological imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have a technological imperative
+in healthcare we have to do that best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in healthcare we have to do that best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in healthcare we have to do that best
+record of employee satisfaction we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of employee satisfaction we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record of employee satisfaction we have
+to keep our employees with us retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep our employees with us retention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep our employees with us retention
+happy ret employees who stay are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy ret employees who stay are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy ret employees who stay are
+important Relentless commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Relentless commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Relentless commitment to
+eliminating waste and heaven knows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating waste and heaven knows we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating waste and heaven knows we
+have a ton of waste in healthcare 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of waste in healthcare 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of waste in healthcare 1
+million suggestions a year Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million suggestions a year Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million suggestions a year Toyota
+expects from their employees and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects from their employees and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects from their employees and they
+Implement over 90% of their suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement over 90% of their suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement over 90% of their suggestions
+and those employees feel very valued and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those employees feel very valued and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those employees feel very valued and
+who better to tell us how to fix our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who better to tell us how to fix our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who better to tell us how to fix our
+system than the Frontline workers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system than the Frontline workers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system than the Frontline workers who
+better to tell us how to clean a bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to tell us how to clean a bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to tell us how to clean a bed
+than the cleaning lady who better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cleaning lady who better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cleaning lady who better to
+tell us how to prepare a tray than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to prepare a tray than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how to prepare a tray than
+somebody from the cafeteria not somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody from the cafeteria not somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody from the cafeteria not somebody
+from here who says I want you to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here who says I want you to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here who says I want you to deliver
+those trays better with hotter food we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trays better with hotter food we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trays better with hotter food we
+need to go ask them why is the food not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go ask them why is the food not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go ask them why is the food not
+hot okay features of Toyota production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot okay features of Toyota production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot okay features of Toyota production
+system AKA lean management is not topped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system AKA lean management is not topped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system AKA lean management is not topped
+down Healthcare has a traditional model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Healthcare has a traditional model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Healthcare has a traditional model
+of command and control can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of command and control can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of command and control can't do that
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+Toyota also has a model of employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota also has a model of employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota also has a model of employees
+being on the value Side Of The Ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the value Side Of The Ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being on the value Side Of The Ledger
+and not on the expense side even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not on the expense side even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not on the expense side even though
+they are an expense Healthcare we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are an expense Healthcare we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are an expense Healthcare we have
+just the opposite we put employees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite we put employees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the opposite we put employees on
+the expense side we need to cut budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense side we need to cut budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense side we need to cut budget
+we cut positions we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently we need to take the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we need to take the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we need to take the people
+who are doing the work and recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing the work and recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing the work and recognize
+them as the experts this is work we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as the experts this is work we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as the experts this is work we did
+at Mount Si in New York when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Mount Si in New York when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Mount Si in New York when they were
+implementing epic a big massive software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing epic a big massive software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing epic a big massive software
+U medical software program they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U medical software program they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U medical software program they wanted
+to fix their processes first their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix their processes first their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix their processes first their
+clinical processes and then do the Epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical processes and then do the Epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical processes and then do the Epic
+Builds based on their newly renovated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builds based on their newly renovated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builds based on their newly renovated
+clinical processes rather than building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical processes rather than building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical processes rather than building
+epic and then trying to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic and then trying to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic and then trying to fit the
+processes into those so we ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes into those so we ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes into those so we ask the
+people who are doing the work to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing the work to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing the work to do the
+mapping of their processes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of their processes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of their processes and we
+coached we had 56 nursing units to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coached we had 56 nursing units to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coached we had 56 nursing units to work
+with daunting task imagine what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with daunting task imagine what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with daunting task imagine what would
+happen in a hospital if every employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a hospital if every employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a hospital if every employee
+in that hospital was empowered to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that hospital was empowered to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that hospital was empowered to do
+lean to identify problems and issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean to identify problems and issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean to identify problems and issues
+every day to identify barriers to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to identify barriers to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day to identify barriers to them
+getting their work done to allow them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their work done to allow them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting their work done to allow them to
+make needed changes on a daily basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make needed changes on a daily basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make needed changes on a daily basis
+it's the power of a thousand or 2,000 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the power of a thousand or 2,000 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the power of a thousand or 2,000 or
+how many employees you have Bill Brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many employees you have Bill Brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many employees you have Bill Brad
+who's the CEO at Northern Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the CEO at Northern Arizona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the CEO at Northern Arizona
+healthc care calls lean the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care calls lean the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care calls lean the best thing
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+penicillin he says it's the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin he says it's the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin he says it's the best thing
+that ever happened to him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ever happened to him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ever happened to him as a
+CEO okay why lean lean gives employees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO okay why lean lean gives employees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO okay why lean lean gives employees a
+purpose a direction a sense of belonging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose a direction a sense of belonging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose a direction a sense of belonging
+a sense of contributing a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of contributing a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of contributing a different way
+to think and work and an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and work and an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think and work and an opportunity to
+build a better work environment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a better work environment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a better work environment I
+finished a project recently where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished a project recently where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished a project recently where a
+cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning
+lady discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady discovered
+$750,000 of waste getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$750,000 of waste getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$750,000 of waste getting rid of
+hazardous waste material that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous waste material that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous waste material that really
+wasn't hazardous hazardous waste a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hazardous hazardous waste a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't hazardous hazardous waste a
+cleaning lady who came to my class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning lady who came to my class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning lady who came to my class and
+said I don't think I have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I don't think I have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I don't think I have anything to
+offer hello it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer hello it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer hello it was
+amazing okay why lean for healthcare we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing okay why lean for healthcare we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing okay why lean for healthcare we
+talked about this earlier it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this earlier it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this earlier it's the
+largest industry in America and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industry in America and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industry in America and the cost
+is going up up and up and up and by 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up up and up and up and by 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up up and up and up and by 2019
+it's going to be almost 20% of our gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be almost 20% of our gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be almost 20% of our gross
+domestic product we can't do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product we can't do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic product we can't do that it's
+not sustainable what's happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable what's happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable what's happening is the
+reason this is going up so fast is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is going up so fast is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is going up so fast is we
+have job losses and people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have job losses and people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have job losses and people who were
+originally insured are now G Going On to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally insured are now G Going On to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally insured are now G Going On to
+Medicaid and we Baby Boomers some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid and we Baby Boomers some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid and we Baby Boomers some of us
+are starting to retire and moving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to retire and moving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to retire and moving from
+Blue Cross to Medicare costs money to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Cross to Medicare costs money to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue Cross to Medicare costs money to do
+that and it's going to increase 7.4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's going to increase 7.4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's going to increase 7.4%
+annually Medicare spending between 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually Medicare spending between 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annually Medicare spending between 2011
+and 2017 the big baby boomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2017 the big baby boomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2017 the big baby boomer
+surge we also have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge we also have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge we also have to figure out how
+we're going to take care of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take care of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take care of these
+different populations we've got baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations we've got baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different populations we've got baby
+boomers who pretty much believe anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boomers who pretty much believe anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boomers who pretty much believe anything
+the doctor tells them and we take advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor tells them and we take advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctor tells them and we take advice
+gen xer is a little bit more skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen xer is a little bit more skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen xer is a little bit more skeptical
+they're going to go on Google and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go on Google and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go on Google and look
+something up Millennials I have a 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up Millennials I have a 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up Millennials I have a 26
+year-old son who's going to come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-old son who's going to come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year-old son who's going to come with
+information and he's going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and he's going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and he's going to tell you
+what he needs done the digital natives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he needs done the digital natives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he needs done the digital natives
+who are the newest being born children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the newest being born children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the newest being born children
+want everything now at home online so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything now at home online so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everything now at home online so we
+have to figure out how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how we're going to
+deliver Healthcare why do I have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver Healthcare why do I have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver Healthcare why do I have to come
+into the hospital for my blood test can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hospital for my blood test can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hospital for my blood test can
+I just stick my finger into my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just stick my finger into my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just stick my finger into my computer
+and can it just draw my blood and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can it just draw my blood and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can it just draw my blood and give
+me a readout think about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a readout think about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a readout think about these things
+why not why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not why
+not okay why does this work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay why does this work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay why does this work for
+healthcare again massive waste in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare again massive waste in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare again massive waste in
+healthare it's estimated that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthare it's estimated that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthare it's estimated that everything
+we do in healthare between 50 to 60% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in healthare between 50 to 60% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in healthare between 50 to 60% of
+everything we do every day is waste 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do every day is waste 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do every day is waste 50
+to 60% excuse me lean is Rock Solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60% excuse me lean is Rock Solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60% excuse me lean is Rock Solid
+common sense it's very easy to learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense it's very easy to learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense it's very easy to learn and
+teach at the front line it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the front line it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the front line it's easy to
+apply at the front line where work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply at the front line where work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply at the front line where work is
+happening and Improvement occurs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and Improvement occurs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and Improvement occurs with
+the first application quick example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first application quick example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first application quick example I
+had a security guard in one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a security guard in one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a security guard in one of my
+classes and I always say to them pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and I always say to them pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and I always say to them pick
+something that drives you crazy every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that drives you crazy every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that drives you crazy every
+day when you come to work that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when you come to work that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when you come to work that's going
+to be your project not a person but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your project not a person but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your project not a person but a
+process and this security guard says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this security guard says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this security guard says
+okay taking in investigating lost false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay taking in investigating lost false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay taking in investigating lost false
+teeth right sounds funny hospital was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth right sounds funny hospital was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth right sounds funny hospital was
+spending 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending 3,000
+a week replacing lost false teeth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week replacing lost false teeth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week replacing lost false teeth and
+this guy was writing reports that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was writing reports that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was writing reports that went
+nowhere so the first thing we have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere so the first thing we have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere so the first thing we have them
+do is an observation exercise he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is an observation exercise he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is an observation exercise he went to
+gima looked around came back and said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gima looked around came back and said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gima looked around came back and said I
+think I figured it out every room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I figured it out every room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I figured it out every room is
+designed for a right-handed person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for a right-handed person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for a right-handed person so
+I'm in the bed I'm the patient I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the bed I'm the patient I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the bed I'm the patient I've got
+my bedside table my over bed table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bedside table my over bed table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bedside table my over bed table and
+the trash can so I'm grandma and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can so I'm grandma and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trash can so I'm grandma and I'm not
+really good at night when I take off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at night when I take off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at night when I take off my
+glasses take off my teeth go to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses take off my teeth go to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses take off my teeth go to put them
+on the table they fall in the trash can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table they fall in the trash can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table they fall in the trash can
+housekeeping comes in really quietly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping comes in really quietly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping comes in really quietly
+takes the bag throws it away gone never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the bag throws it away gone never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the bag throws it away gone never
+to be seen again so he said I mov the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seen again so he said I mov the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be seen again so he said I mov the
+trash cans on the left side of the bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash cans on the left side of the bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash cans on the left side of the bed
+this week and I watched we found teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and I watched we found teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and I watched we found teeth
+on the floor but we didn't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the floor but we didn't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the floor but we didn't lose
+any security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any security
+guard wasted time this is a study done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard wasted time this is a study done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard wasted time this is a study done
+by John kegi who's Boston based he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John kegi who's Boston based he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John kegi who's Boston based he
+actually lives in Belmont um Dr kegi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lives in Belmont um Dr kegi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lives in Belmont um Dr kegi and
+his group looked at 10 a thousand hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his group looked at 10 a thousand hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his group looked at 10 a thousand hours
+of nursing work across a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nursing work across a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nursing work across a number of
+organizations and what they found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and what they found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and what they found is
+only a third of nurses time is spent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a third of nurses time is spent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a third of nurses time is spent at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+bedside onethird another 24 25% is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedside onethird another 24 25% is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedside onethird another 24 25% is spent
+with administrative things paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with administrative things paperwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with administrative things paperwork
+medication reconciliation and 43% was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication reconciliation and 43% was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication reconciliation and 43% was
+pure waste clarifying hunting reworking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure waste clarifying hunting reworking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure waste clarifying hunting reworking
+redundancy checking waiting okay think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy checking waiting okay think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy checking waiting okay think
+what we could do at this time if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do at this time if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do at this time if we
+could capture it back if we can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture it back if we can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could capture it back if we can put it
+in here and get our patients out of bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and get our patients out of bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and get our patients out of bed
+and get them walking and do DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them walking and do DBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them walking and do DBT
+prevention and pressure sore prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention and pressure sore prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention and pressure sore prevention
+shorter lengths of stay better outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter lengths of stay better outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter lengths of stay better outcomes
+okay everything we do in lean and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everything we do in lean and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everything we do in lean and and
+and our Mantra and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Mantra and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Mantra and it should be
+everything we do in lean must be patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do in lean must be patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do in lean must be patient
+focused okay it's not about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused okay it's not about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused okay it's not about the
+physician it's not about the nurse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician it's not about the nurse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician it's not about the nurse it's
+not about the housekeeper it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the housekeeper it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the housekeeper it's about
+that patient because that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient because that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient because that's why we're
+there and the old mentality in healthc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the old mentality in healthc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the old mentality in healthc
+care is we worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is we worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is we worked in
+silos I worked in the Ed for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos I worked in the Ed for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silos I worked in the Ed for many years
+and was like oh my God this patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was like oh my God this patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was like oh my God this patient is
+going to die I just don't want him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die I just don't want him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die I just don't want him to
+die in my department let's get to the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in my department let's get to the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in my department let's get to the O
+I mean that that was the old thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that was the old thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that was the old thinking
+now we have to think this is our patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to think this is our patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to think this is our patient
+all of our patient so I have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our patient so I have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our patient so I have a little
+thing that I like it's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I like it's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I like it's a piece of
+artwork called a Mandela where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork called a Mandela where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork called a Mandela where every
+point in a circle is connected to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a circle is connected to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a circle is connected to every
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+point and this is why I like to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is why I like to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is why I like to think of
+how we need to think about Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we need to think about Healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we need to think about Healthcare
+with the patient in the middle supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient in the middle supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the patient in the middle supported
+by every single Department that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by every single Department that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by every single Department that's
+connected to every single department so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to every single department so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to every single department so
+it's no more their fault the ICU won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no more their fault the ICU won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no more their fault the ICU won't
+take my patient because the nurse is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my patient because the nurse is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my patient because the nurse is on
+break and we never get a break and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we never get a break and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we never get a break and we
+haven't had lunch for 3 months and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had lunch for 3 months and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't had lunch for 3 months and they
+go to lunch every day that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to lunch every day that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to lunch every day that that's the
+kind of thing that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that's got
+stu okay another Einstein I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu okay another Einstein I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu okay another Einstein I love this
+saying everything must be made as simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everything must be made as simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everything must be made as simple
+as possible but not one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible but not one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible but not one bit
+simpler so it needs to be a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so it needs to be a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so it needs to be a continuous
+flow without the workarounds the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow without the workarounds the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow without the workarounds the nurse
+goes into the room to do something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the room to do something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the room to do something the
+equipment isn't there she has to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment isn't there she has to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment isn't there she has to go to
+the supply room she go to the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply room she go to the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply room she go to the supply
+room it isn't there she has to go call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it isn't there she has to go call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room it isn't there she has to go call
+store room to get it she comes back she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store room to get it she comes back she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store room to get it she comes back she
+needs a medication she goes to the pixus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a medication she goes to the pixus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a medication she goes to the pixus
+it's not there these are all called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there these are all called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there these are all called
+workarounds which prevent us from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workarounds which prevent us from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workarounds which prevent us from that
+Continuous Flow and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuous Flow and that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuous Flow and that's what we're
+looking for in lean Continuous Flow Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in lean Continuous Flow Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in lean Continuous Flow Paul
+Balon is professor at Dartmouth who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balon is professor at Dartmouth who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balon is professor at Dartmouth who
+recently retired and um he said that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently retired and um he said that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently retired and um he said that and
+this is absolutely true everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely true everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely true everyone in
+healthcare must recognize that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare must recognize that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare must recognize that they have
+two jobs when they come to work every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jobs when they come to work every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two jobs when they come to work every
+day doing the work and improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day doing the work and improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day doing the work and improving the
+work so we all have to be looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we all have to be looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so we all have to be looking for
+Waste what can we do with lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste what can we do with lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste what can we do with lean
+Healthcare produce more defect free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare produce more defect free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare produce more defect free
+health care eliminate waste improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care eliminate waste improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care eliminate waste improve
+workplace appreciation for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace appreciation for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace appreciation for the people
+who do the work and it also strengthens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do the work and it also strengthens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who do the work and it also strengthens
+leadership because you have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership because you have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership because you have a common
+dialogue I'm going fast because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue I'm going fast because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue I'm going fast because I want
+to show you some examples as well so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some examples as well so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some examples as well so we
+need to ask ourselves every day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask ourselves every day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask ourselves every day in
+healthcare are there things happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare are there things happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare are there things happening to
+our patients that shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our patients that shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our patients that shouldn't be
+happening we also need to ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we also need to ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we also need to ask ourselves
+are there things not happening to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there things not happening to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there things not happening to our
+patients that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that should be
+happening every day ask yourself this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening every day ask yourself this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening every day ask yourself this
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+now what does defect free mean defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does defect free mean defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does defect free mean defect
+free means exactly what the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free means exactly what the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free means exactly what the patient
+needs when they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs when they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs when they need
+it without errors and that it's safe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without errors and that it's safe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without errors and that it's safe for
+the patients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients and the
+staff the mudas are pretty similar we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff the mudas are pretty similar we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff the mudas are pretty similar we've
+tweaked them a little bit for healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaked them a little bit for healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaked them a little bit for healthcare
+and every organization that deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every organization that deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every organization that deals with
+Healthcare has them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare has them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare has them a little bit
+differently but these are ours in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but these are ours in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but these are ours in my
+particular company they're pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company they're pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company they're pretty close
+to manufacturing most manufacturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacturing most manufacturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manufacturing most manufacturing and
+we've added the eighth one for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added the eighth one for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've added the eighth one for us is
+matching people's skills with the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching people's skills with the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching people's skills with the task
+because a study done by the Wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a study done by the Wisconsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a study done by the Wisconsin
+nursing intervention outcomes project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing intervention outcomes project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing intervention outcomes project
+over 20 years showed that 16% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 years showed that 16% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 years showed that 16% of
+everything nurses do clinically can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything nurses do clinically can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything nurses do clinically can be
+done by somebody else so can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by somebody else so can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by somebody else so can we do that
+can we reassign some work to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we reassign some work to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we reassign some work to make the
+right people be doing the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people be doing the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people be doing the right
+things okay confusion is a muda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay confusion is a muda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay confusion is a muda in
+healthcare these are just some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare these are just some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare these are just some examples
+clarifying Physicians orders medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying Physicians orders medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying Physicians orders medication
+reconciliation which is such a headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation which is such a headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation which is such a headache
+patients come in and we have to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients come in and we have to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients come in and we have to find out
+what medications are on this is grandma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what medications are on this is grandma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what medications are on this is grandma
+she comes in with a shot shopping bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she comes in with a shot shopping bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she comes in with a shot shopping bag
+and pours her meds some are old some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pours her meds some are old some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pours her meds some are old some are
+new from three differentes five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new from three differentes five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new from three differentes five
+different doctors who knows so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doctors who knows so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doctors who knows so you're
+spending hours and the average Med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending hours and the average Med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending hours and the average Med
+surgeoner spends about two hours doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeoner spends about two hours doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeoner spends about two hours doing a
+med reconciliation on one patient making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med reconciliation on one patient making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med reconciliation on one patient making
+phone calls it's crazy we have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls it's crazy we have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone calls it's crazy we have to figure
+out how to embed computer chips in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to embed computer chips in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to embed computer chips in
+people's ear so that anytime a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ear so that anytime a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ear so that anytime a
+medication changes it gets recorded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication changes it gets recorded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication changes it gets recorded on
+the chip or something motion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip or something motion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip or something motion this is
+waste in healthcare looking for supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in healthcare looking for supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in healthcare looking for supplies
+trying to find a chart multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a chart multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a chart multiple
+diagnostic tests in various locations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic tests in various locations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic tests in various locations so
+you come to get the patient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to get the patient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to get the patient uh
+Transportation comes oh they're an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation comes oh they're an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation comes oh they're an x-ray
+housekeeping or um uh dietary comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping or um uh dietary comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housekeeping or um uh dietary comes to
+deliver they're try oh they're in CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver they're try oh they're in CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver they're try oh they're in CT
+patients all over the place with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients all over the place with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients all over the place with no
+Central scheduling way to see where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central scheduling way to see where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central scheduling way to see where they
+are non-sensical staff assignments I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non-sensical staff assignments I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non-sensical staff assignments I've
+worked in the ER for 34 years there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the ER for 34 years there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in the ER for 34 years there was
+never a match between the physician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a match between the physician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a match between the physician
+schedule and the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule and the nurse
+schedule they were all different and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule they were all different and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule they were all different and so
+trying to work as a team it took so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work as a team it took so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to work as a team it took so much
+time to get everybody caught up at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get everybody caught up at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get everybody caught up at all
+the different changes of schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different changes of schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different changes of schedule
+and I have this really strong feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this really strong feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have this really strong feeling
+about nurses working 12-hour shifts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nurses working 12-hour shifts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nurses working 12-hour shifts but
+that's another band soap box for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another band soap box for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another band soap box for me it's
+horrible and not having the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and not having the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and not having the equipment
+you need these are all involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need these are all involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need these are all involved with
+motion waiting healthc care waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion waiting healthc care waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion waiting healthc care waiting
+waiting for appointments waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for appointments waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for appointments waiting for
+transport to arrive waiting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport to arrive waiting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport to arrive waiting for the
+surgeon to come so so that the O case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon to come so so that the O case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon to come so so that the O case
+can start waiting in an ed what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start waiting in an ed what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start waiting in an ed what's wrong
+with this oxymoron emergency room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this oxymoron emergency room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this oxymoron emergency room
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+room doesn't make sense does it waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doesn't make sense does it waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doesn't make sense does it waiting
+for discharge orders waiting for meds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discharge orders waiting for meds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discharge orders waiting for meds to
+R we wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we wait
+non-stop processing not having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop processing not having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop processing not having the
+things you need in the med container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need in the med container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need in the med container
+pixes complex and redundant paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixes complex and redundant paperwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixes complex and redundant paperwork
+have you ever gone to a doctor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever gone to a doctor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever gone to a doctor's
+appointment or the hospital and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment or the hospital and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment or the hospital and three
+people ask you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask you the same
+question processing that incorporates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question processing that incorporates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question processing that incorporates
+workarounds we just they're part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workarounds we just they're part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workarounds we just they're part of the
+plan we don't even realize it Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan we don't even realize it Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan we don't even realize it Insurance
+nuances the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuances the
+worst okay inventory big problem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst okay inventory big problem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst okay inventory big problem too
+much of one thing too little of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of one thing too little of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of one thing too little of another
+expir items not the right things or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expir items not the right things or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expir items not the right things or not
+in the right place my ER had nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place my ER had nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place my ER had nine
+different kinds of archial line trays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of archial line trays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of archial line trays
+everyone had to be calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had to be calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone had to be calibrated
+differently I had 97 nurses on my staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I had 97 nurses on my staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I had 97 nurses on my staff
+what do you think the expertise was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the expertise was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the expertise was in
+any nurse on any one of those trays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any nurse on any one of those trays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any nurse on any one of those trays and
+the Physicians complained I said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Physicians complained I said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Physicians complained I said okay
+let's get together you're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one sometimes you have to be a hard nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sometimes you have to be a hard nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sometimes you have to be a hard nose
+Okay defects or errors oh in the ihi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay defects or errors oh in the ihi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay defects or errors oh in the ihi
+report over a 100,000 hospital deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report over a 100,000 hospital deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report over a 100,000 hospital deaths
+each year due to errors that we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each year due to errors that we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each year due to errors that we make
+medication errors failure to rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication errors failure to rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication errors failure to rescue
+error my father went in for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error my father went in for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error my father went in for an
+outpatient procedure and died because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient procedure and died because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient procedure and died because
+something happened and they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and they kind of
+ignored it and did something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it and did something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it and did something else
+something that could have been rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could have been rectified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could have been rectified
+incorrect identifications two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect identifications two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect identifications two people
+with the same last name wrong site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same last name wrong site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same last name wrong site
+surgeries and it happens wrong leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeries and it happens wrong leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeries and it happens wrong leg
+amputated wrong arm wrong side falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated wrong arm wrong side falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated wrong arm wrong side falls
+falls happen all the time these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls happen all the time these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls happen all the time these are are
+major errors okay Healthcare is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major errors okay Healthcare is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major errors okay Healthcare is the
+largest industry in the world it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industry in the world it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest industry in the world it's also
+the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least
+reliable we have an extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable we have an extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable we have an extremely high
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+rate hospitals may be hazardous to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate hospitals may be hazardous to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate hospitals may be hazardous to your
+health seriously come in and the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health seriously come in and the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health seriously come in and the chances
+of you getting an infection are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you getting an infection are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you getting an infection are not
+slim okay Medicare has developed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slim okay Medicare has developed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slim okay Medicare has developed what
+they call never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call never
+events if something happens during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events if something happens during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events if something happens during your
+hospital stay and there's a big list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital stay and there's a big list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital stay and there's a big list
+these are examples they will not pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples they will not pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples they will not pay for
+that treatment of that particular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment of that particular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment of that particular thing
+urinary tract infections pressure sores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary tract infections pressure sores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary tract infections pressure sores
+Hospital acquired pneumonia different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital acquired pneumonia different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital acquired pneumonia different
+kinds of infections if this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of infections if this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of infections if this happens
+during the hospital stay Medicare will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the hospital stay Medicare will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the hospital stay Medicare will
+not pay for that treatment the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay for that treatment the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pay for that treatment the hospital
+has to suck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to suck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to suck it
+up and it's a good thing because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's a good thing because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's a good thing because they
+should never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never
+happen but why do they happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but why do they happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but why do they happen because
+people don't have time to attend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have time to attend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have time to attend to
+these things or we don't have standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things or we don't have standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things or we don't have standard
+ways we do our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another thing that's coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing that's coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing that's coming up
+that you may or may not have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may or may not have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may or may not have heard of
+it's called value based purchasing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called value based purchasing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called value based purchasing this
+is another new Medicare Medicaid idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another new Medicare Medicaid idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another new Medicare Medicaid idea
+it's scary because what they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scary because what they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scary because what they're going to
+do starting next year is a portion every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do starting next year is a portion every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do starting next year is a portion every
+patient is assigned a diagnostic Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is assigned a diagnostic Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is assigned a diagnostic Revenue
+group or drg and you get paid a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or drg and you get paid a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or drg and you get paid a set
+amount for that diagnosis they are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for that diagnosis they are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for that diagnosis they are going
+to withhold 1% of the drg payment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to withhold 1% of the drg payment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to withhold 1% of the drg payment from
+all hospitals and then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hospitals and then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hospitals and then it's going to be
+there's and this was authorized by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and this was authorized by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and this was authorized by an
+act it allows a portion of that Medicare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act it allows a portion of that Medicare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act it allows a portion of that Medicare
+and Medicaid payment to be withheld and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Medicaid payment to be withheld and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Medicaid payment to be withheld and
+then it will be reimbursed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be reimbursed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be reimbursed to the
+hospital later based on performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital later based on performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital later based on performance and
+the they'll get a score value based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they'll get a score value based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they'll get a score value based
+Revenue score and then they'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue score and then they'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue score and then they'll get
+incentives to get that money back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to get that money back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to get that money back so
+it's performance-based it'll include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance-based it'll include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's performance-based it'll include
+clinical measures 70% are clinical 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical measures 70% are clinical 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical measures 70% are clinical 30%
+are HC caps if you don't know what HC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are HC caps if you don't know what HC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are HC caps if you don't know what HC
+caps are that's the patients assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps are that's the patients assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps are that's the patients assessment
+of how their care went so if the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how their care went so if the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how their care went so if the patient
+doesn't say you did a good job guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say you did a good job guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say you did a good job guess
+what you're not going to get your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're not going to get your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're not going to get your money
+these are the big four that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big four that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the big four that they're
+starting with in 2013 heart fa um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with in 2013 heart fa um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with in 2013 heart fa um
+myocard infarction pneumonia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocard infarction pneumonia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocard infarction pneumonia and
+surgical care and the list is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical care and the list is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical care and the list is going to
+keep getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting
+bigger okay these are the proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger okay these are the proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger okay these are the proposed
+things for 2014 they're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for 2014 they're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for 2014 they're going to look at
+clinical outcomes patient safety issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcomes patient safety issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcomes patient safety issues
+operational throughput and mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational throughput and mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational throughput and mortality
+rates hospitals need to start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates hospitals need to start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates hospitals need to start to get
+better or continue to get better it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or continue to get better it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or continue to get better it's
+the lean imperative I have CEOs who say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lean imperative I have CEOs who say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lean imperative I have CEOs who say
+we really can't afford to do lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really can't afford to do lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really can't afford to do lean
+throughout the hospital and our response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the hospital and our response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the hospital and our response
+is you can't afford to not do lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can't afford to not do lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can't afford to not do lean
+because as the number of metrics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the number of metrics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the number of metrics and
+complexity of measures increases it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of measures increases it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of measures increases it'll
+be vital to learn to effectively design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vital to learn to effectively design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vital to learn to effectively design
+and manage overall Delivery Systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage overall Delivery Systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage overall Delivery Systems okay
+rather than targeting just select things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than targeting just select things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than targeting just select things
+like door to needle time that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like door to needle time that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like door to needle time that's great
+everybody does that or door to cat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that or door to cat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that or door to cat it's
+going to be the whole organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the whole organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the whole organization
+that's getting measured so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting measured so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting measured so the whole
+organization has to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has to figure out how to
+address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+this okay it's another I'm getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay it's another I'm getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay it's another I'm getting back
+to the mudas over production different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mudas over production different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mudas over production different
+people asking the same questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people asking the same questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people asking the same questions
+multiple forms requesting the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple forms requesting the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple forms requesting the same
+information unnecessary lab or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information unnecessary lab or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information unnecessary lab or
+diagnostic tests we have this a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic tests we have this a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic tests we have this a lot in
+academic center we workorder everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic center we workorder everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic center we workorder everything
+covering all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bases and over production again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and over production again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and over production again
+different oh did I just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oh did I just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oh did I just do that
+sorry excuse me ideal Health Care is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry excuse me ideal Health Care is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry excuse me ideal Health Care is
+exactly what the patient needs no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the patient needs no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the patient needs no more
+no less on demand exactly as requested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no less on demand exactly as requested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no less on demand exactly as requested
+with no waste it's an immediate response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no waste it's an immediate response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no waste it's an immediate response
+to a problem or a change if that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a problem or a change if that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a problem or a change if that happens
+and it's physically professionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's physically professionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's physically professionally
+emotionally safe for patients and staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally safe for patients and staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally safe for patients and staff
+those are the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ground
+rules okay now um in the um a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay now um in the um a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay now um in the um a lot of the
+lean um Sentinel papers that have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean um Sentinel papers that have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean um Sentinel papers that have come
+out um there's some really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um there's some really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um there's some really good
+information and Bowen and spear who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and Bowen and spear who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and Bowen and spear who are
+from this area um in their MBA work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this area um in their MBA work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this area um in their MBA work
+looked at the lean uh the Toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the lean uh the Toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the lean uh the Toyota
+production system and they said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system and they said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system and they said you know
+basically there are like four rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are like four rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there are like four rules
+Toyota is never a state them but bow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota is never a state them but bow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota is never a state them but bow and
+spear identified them so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear identified them so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear identified them so here are the
+four rules about lean all activities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four rules about lean all activities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four rules about lean all activities of
+work must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must be
+specified standard work content timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified standard work content timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified standard work content timing
+sequence and outcome let's standardize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and outcome let's standardize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and outcome let's standardize
+how you do an RT line how you admit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do an RT line how you admit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do an RT line how you admit a
+patient how you discharge a patient how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient how you discharge a patient how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient how you discharge a patient how
+you order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you order
+meds the second rule and we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meds the second rule and we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meds the second rule and we kind of
+looked at this and said how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this and said how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this and said how does this
+fit in every process in healthcare has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in every process in healthcare has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in every process in healthcare has a
+map a Val stream map across the top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a Val stream map across the top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map a Val stream map across the top is
+the request for that process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request for that process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request for that process and then
+across the the middle is the delivery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the the middle is the delivery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the the middle is the delivery of
+that process so we kind of interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process so we kind of interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process so we kind of interpreted
+this as rule number two has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as rule number two has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as rule number two has to do with
+the request for the process so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request for the process so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request for the process so in the
+request all connections of the request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request all connections of the request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request all connections of the request
+or service are simple and direct here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or service are simple and direct here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or service are simple and direct here's
+an example old way patient comes in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example old way patient comes in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example old way patient comes in they
+want care in the emergency room they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want care in the emergency room they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want care in the emergency room they
+come in the ER they wait they sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the ER they wait they sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the ER they wait they sign in
+they wait they go to the waiting room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they go to the waiting room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they go to the waiting room
+they wait they go to registration they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they go to registration they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait they go to registration they
+wait they see the tri nurse maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they see the tri nurse maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait they see the tri nurse maybe they
+go to an exam room maybe they wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an exam room maybe they wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an exam room maybe they wait
+that's the request before that patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the request before that patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the request before that patient
+even gets care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gets care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gets care
+what we need to do is look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is look at that
+request and say how can we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and say how can we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and say how can we get that
+patient who comes into the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who comes into the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who comes into the ER
+immediately through triage or back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately through triage or back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately through triage or back into
+a bed so how can we eliminate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bed so how can we eliminate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bed so how can we eliminate a lot of
+these steps and make it less complex can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps and make it less complex can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps and make it less complex can
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+that rule number three has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule number three has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule number three has to do with
+the actual steps in the process itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual steps in the process itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual steps in the process itself
+so rule number three is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rule number three is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rule number three is that all
+Pathways in the process to deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways in the process to deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways in the process to deliver the
+request are simple and involve as few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request are simple and involve as few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request are simple and involve as few
+steps as necessary do we need all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps as necessary do we need all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps as necessary do we need all these
+steps can one person be doing two tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps can one person be doing two tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps can one person be doing two tasks
+instead of one can we consolidate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one can we consolidate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one can we consolidate some
+can we change the order so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the order so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the order so again this is
+the example I gave you of the nurse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I gave you of the nurse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I gave you of the nurse you
+know if we map this nurse and how she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we map this nurse and how she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we map this nurse and how she's
+doing this procedure for the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this procedure for the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this procedure for the patient
+look at all the workarounds and how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the workarounds and how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the workarounds and how can
+we get rid of those workarounds and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of those workarounds and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get rid of those workarounds and make
+it simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simple and
+direct and Rule Number Four is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and Rule Number Four is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and Rule Number Four is that
+everything we do in lean needs to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do in lean needs to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do in lean needs to lead
+towards Improvement we don't change just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards Improvement we don't change just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards Improvement we don't change just
+for the cha sake of change and we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cha sake of change and we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cha sake of change and we've all
+been through Health Care where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through Health Care where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through Health Care where we've
+done some changes and nobody knows why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some changes and nobody knows why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some changes and nobody knows why
+we made that change okay so direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made that change okay so direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made that change okay so direct
+response to a problem as close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a problem as close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a problem as close to the
+problem as possible any change we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as possible any change we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as possible any change we make
+is first tested in a smaller area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first tested in a smaller area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is first tested in a smaller area or
+over a smaller period of time to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a smaller period of time to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a smaller period of time to see if
+it works and then all the redesign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then all the redesign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and then all the redesign is
+done by the people who actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the people who actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the people who actually do the
+work and supported by a coach this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and supported by a coach this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and supported by a coach this is
+huge in lean need a coach who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in lean need a coach who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in lean need a coach who's not
+directly involved in that project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved in that project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved in that project to
+help coach the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help coach the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help coach the people
+along okay now you've learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay now you've learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay now you've learned about
+value stre mapping and I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stre mapping and I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stre mapping and I'll go through
+that a little bit we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit we're also going to
+talk later today about A3 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later today about A3 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later today about A3 problem
+solving and people get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and people get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and people get a little bit
+confused so I say okay the forest is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so I say okay the forest is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused so I say okay the forest is the
+value stream map and the value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream map and the value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream map and the value stream
+map is when you analyze it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map is when you analyze it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map is when you analyze it is going to
+point to where there are problems it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to where there are problems it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to where there are problems it's
+not going to tell you how to fix them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you how to fix them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you how to fix them
+just points to the problems A3 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just points to the problems A3 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just points to the problems A3 problem
+solving is picking those trees or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving is picking those trees or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving is picking those trees or those
+problems and pulling them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and pulling them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and pulling them out and
+addressing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing each
+one okay so you're sort of dissecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so you're sort of dissecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so you're sort of dissecting
+your map and figuring out how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your map and figuring out how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your map and figuring out how you're
+going to address the problems okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to address the problems okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to address the problems okay we
+always use the scientific method in lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use the scientific method in lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use the scientific method in lean
+where you always have have to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you always have have to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you always have have to do an
+observation you can't make it up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you can't make it up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation you can't make it up in your
+head and I always know when my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and I always know when my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and I always know when my students
+have made up their bi stream map in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made up their bi stream map in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made up their bi stream map in
+their head because all of their data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head because all of their data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head because all of their data is
+divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by
+five 0 five 10 seconds not odd numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 0 five 10 seconds not odd numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 0 five 10 seconds not odd numbers
+and change is always done first as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change is always done first as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change is always done first as an
+experiment or a test okay we also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or a test okay we also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or a test okay we also use
+the Socratic method which Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Socratic method which Healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Socratic method which Healthcare
+people and I'm sure you are in uh used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I'm sure you are in uh used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I'm sure you are in uh used
+to as well when we ask why and we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as well when we ask why and we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as well when we ask why and we ask
+how do you know how to do your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know how to do your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know how to do your work
+what's the next thing that prompts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing that prompts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing that prompts you
+to do it why do you do it that way are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it why do you do it that way are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it why do you do it that way are
+there clear signals that cue you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there clear signals that cue you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there clear signals that cue you to the
+next thing um do all workers do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing um do all workers do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing um do all workers do the
+tasks the same way so we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks the same way so we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks the same way so we are going to
+constantly be asking why not only to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly be asking why not only to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly be asking why not only to get
+to root cause but to help the people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to root cause but to help the people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to root cause but to help the people we
+coaching learn critical thinking skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching learn critical thinking skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching learn critical thinking skills
+as well so that they also start to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so that they also start to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so that they also start to ask
+why okay and the the basic tenant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay and the the basic tenant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay and the the basic tenant of
+Toyota production system or lean is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production system or lean is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota production system or lean is to
+deeply understand how the work currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply understand how the work currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply understand how the work currently
+happens before you try to fix it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens before you try to fix it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens before you try to fix it this is
+really important pdca is the fix it part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important pdca is the fix it part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important pdca is the fix it part
+we need a little preliminary discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a little preliminary discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a little preliminary discussion
+about how it is now before we go to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it is now before we go to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it is now before we go to what
+what it's going to be and I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to be and I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to be and I'll explain
+that a little bit better in a minute you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit better in a minute you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit better in a minute you
+have to go and observe bottom line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and observe bottom line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and observe bottom line I
+love Yogi Bear he has some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Yogi Bear he has some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Yogi Bear he has some of the most
+awesome sayings you can observe a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome sayings you can observe a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome sayings you can observe a lot
+just by watching taono said he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by watching taono said he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by watching taono said he he
+challenges PE he challenged people to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges PE he challenged people to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges PE he challenged people to go
+stand in one spot for 30 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in one spot for 30 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in one spot for 30 minutes and
+write down 30 things you would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down 30 things you would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down 30 things you would change
+that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking
+at it's a challenge but it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it's a challenge but it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it's a challenge but it's interesting
+I did it in my kitchen and I was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it in my kitchen and I was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it in my kitchen and I was so
+surprised at how many things I needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised at how many things I needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised at how many things I needed to
+change okay we talked about gima going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay we talked about gima going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay we talked about gima going
+to look and see at the site with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look and see at the site with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look and see at the site with your
+eyes not only collecting data but using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes not only collecting data but using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes not only collecting data but using
+your qualitative sense of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your qualitative sense of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your qualitative sense of what's going
+on experience the environment immerse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on experience the environment immerse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on experience the environment immerse
+yourself in it ask questions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in it ask questions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in it ask questions of the
+people you're observing okay use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're observing okay use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're observing okay use an
+observation sheet use spaghetti diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation sheet use spaghetti diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation sheet use spaghetti diagrams
+whatever works for you and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever works for you and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever works for you and I'm going to
+show you a couple different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a couple different different
+methods that we used this is just we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we used this is just we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we used this is just we had
+um a client hospital where they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a client hospital where they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a client hospital where they had
+seven FLOTUS and four floors and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven FLOTUS and four floors and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven FLOTUS and four floors and they
+always had trouble getting their morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had trouble getting their morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had trouble getting their morning
+blood draws done and a lot of decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood draws done and a lot of decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood draws done and a lot of decisions
+for the day had to do with the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day had to do with the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day had to do with the morning
+blood results so we took a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood results so we took a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood results so we took a look at it
+and what happened was the the fotus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was the the fotus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was the the fotus
+would come to the lab pick up some pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to the lab pick up some pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to the lab pick up some pink
+slips which were the orders for labs go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips which were the orders for labs go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips which were the orders for labs go
+to the floor so here's the list photus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the floor so here's the list photus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the floor so here's the list photus
+who went to the second floor Drew three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to the second floor Drew three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who went to the second floor Drew three
+Bloods went back to the lab picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloods went back to the lab picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloods went back to the lab picked up
+more slips went to the third floor drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slips went to the third floor drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slips went to the third floor drew
+some Bloods went back to the lab so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Bloods went back to the lab so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Bloods went back to the lab so you
+can see that these seven FLOTUS were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that these seven FLOTUS were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that these seven FLOTUS were all
+over the place and until we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and until we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and until we actually
+Drew this they went oh no wonder it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew this they went oh no wonder it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew this they went oh no wonder it
+takes us so long we need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us so long we need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us so long we need to figure out
+how to get all those slips together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get all those slips together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get all those slips together and
+one FLOTUS go to each floor or maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one FLOTUS go to each floor or maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one FLOTUS go to each floor or maybe two
+if it's a busy floor but it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a busy floor but it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a busy floor but it was just
+like a lot of these things are you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of these things are you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of these things are you don't
+even realize it until you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize it until you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize it until you look at
+it here's another one this this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's another one this this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's another one this this is my
+very first on my own trauma lean project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first on my own trauma lean project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first on my own trauma lean project
+and I was at a hospital where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was at a hospital where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was at a hospital where they
+wanted to look at trauma patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at trauma patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at trauma patient
+throughput it was taking three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput it was taking three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput it was taking three to four
+hours to get a major trauma patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to get a major trauma patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to get a major trauma patient
+through the emergency department so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the emergency department so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the emergency department so we
+did a number of things but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a number of things but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a number of things but one of the
+things I wanted to look at is once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to look at is once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to look at is once we
+got the number of people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the number of people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the number of people in the room
+down to a reasonable number what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a reasonable number what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a reasonable number what were
+they doing so in order for me to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing so in order for me to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing so in order for me to do this
+so I had to look at six different trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had to look at six different trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I had to look at six different trauma
+cases and spaghetti map one individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and spaghetti map one individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and spaghetti map one individual
+at a time and then overlay them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and then overlay them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and then overlay them okay
+spaghetti mapping can teach you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti mapping can teach you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti mapping can teach you a lot
+what we learned what I learned from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned what I learned from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learned what I learned from this
+is this is a nurse in red you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a nurse in red you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a nurse in red you can see
+the colors too well this nurse was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors too well this nurse was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors too well this nurse was all
+over the room and four times had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the room and four times had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the room and four times had to
+leave leave the room so every time she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave leave the room so every time she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave leave the room so every time she
+left the room I said why are you leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the room I said why are you leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the room I said why are you leaving
+to get meds from the refrigerator to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get meds from the refrigerator to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get meds from the refrigerator to go
+get a warm blanket to get warm itions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a warm blanket to get warm itions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a warm blanket to get warm itions to
+use a phone because the phone's busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a phone because the phone's busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a phone because the phone's busy
+here okay looking at the motion why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay looking at the motion why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay looking at the motion why did
+this nurse have to go over here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nurse have to go over here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nurse have to go over here because
+the supplies here she needed was weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplies here she needed was weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supplies here she needed was weren't
+here why was there congestion coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why was there congestion coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why was there congestion coming
+down here never noticed this before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here never noticed this before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here never noticed this before we
+had one trash can one phone and one sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one trash can one phone and one sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one trash can one phone and one sink
+everybody was congregating to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was congregating to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was congregating to that
+corner so spaghetti mapping can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so spaghetti mapping can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner so spaghetti mapping can show you
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot and then this was one we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and then this was one we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and then this was one we did a
+little bit different observation um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different observation um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different observation um a
+hospital in rural Maine was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in rural Maine was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in rural Maine was having
+difficulty getting patients through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting patients through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting patients through
+nuclear treadmill test took too long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear treadmill test took too long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear treadmill test took too long and
+these these were the the mandatory steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these were the the mandatory steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these were the the mandatory steps
+and then the red is weit times so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the red is weit times so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the red is weit times so the
+person who came in this is before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who came in this is before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who came in this is before and
+after the person who came in first had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the person who came in first had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the person who came in first had
+the longest weight times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest weight times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest weight times of
+anybody okay now why was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay now why was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay now why was that they
+couldn't figure it out and they had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure it out and they had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't figure it out and they had one
+nuclear medicine Tech who was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear medicine Tech who was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear medicine Tech who was getting
+blamed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed for
+everything so they came to me they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so they came to me they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so they came to me they
+weren't in the class I was teaching but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in the class I was teaching but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in the class I was teaching but
+they said could you help us I said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said could you help us I said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said could you help us I said and
+they said we did a value stream map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we did a value stream map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we did a value stream map and
+they brought out this butcher paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they brought out this butcher paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they brought out this butcher paper that
+went around three walls of a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went around three walls of a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went around three walls of a room
+forther about might said whoa this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forther about might said whoa this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forther about might said whoa this is
+like input overload what we needed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like input overload what we needed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like input overload what we needed to do
+is take one patient and what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take one patient and what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take one patient and what happens to
+that one patient what has to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one patient what has to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one patient what has to happen to
+that one patient because everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one patient because everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one patient because everything is
+timed in nuclear medicine tribal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed in nuclear medicine tribal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timed in nuclear medicine tribal they
+come in they get an IV they get um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in they get an IV they get um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in they get an IV they get um some
+die they get a picture taken at so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die they get a picture taken at so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die they get a picture taken at so many
+minutes then they have to wait then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then they have to wait then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then they have to wait then they
+go to the treadmill they have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the treadmill they have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the treadmill they have so many
+minutes on a treadmill then they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on a treadmill then they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes on a treadmill then they have to
+wait so we mapped one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so we mapped one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait so we mapped one
+patient and what would happen with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and what would happen with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and what would happen with one
+patient okay when we put that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient okay when we put that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient okay when we put that second
+patient with the same steps next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with the same steps next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with the same steps next to it
+we realized we you can't schedule them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized we you can't schedule them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we realized we you can't schedule them
+at 30 minute increments because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 30 minute increments because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 30 minute increments because that's
+not the way it works for that one Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works for that one Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it works for that one Tech
+to be able to handle these so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle these so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to handle these so we started
+moving these things to stagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving these things to stagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving these things to stagger
+them and what we found out is you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what we found out is you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what we found out is you do a
+little bit of a stagger admission it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a stagger admission it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a stagger admission it
+works better and that some of the tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better and that some of the tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better and that some of the tasks
+like up here where's it right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up here where's it right here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up here where's it right here the
+Nuclear Med tap right here had to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear Med tap right here had to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuclear Med tap right here had to be in
+four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different
+places no wonder he wasn't getting his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places no wonder he wasn't getting his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places no wonder he wasn't getting his
+job done okay so what we did was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done okay so what we did was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done okay so what we did was we
+looked at what what job the med tech had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what what job the med tech had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what what job the med tech had
+that we could assign to someone else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could assign to someone else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could assign to someone else so
+basically it came down to three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it came down to three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it came down to three times
+during the schedule a nurse had to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the schedule a nurse had to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the schedule a nurse had to come
+down and start the IV everything else he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and start the IV everything else he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and start the IV everything else he
+could do what happened if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do what happened if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do what happened if you look at
+and the interesting thing was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing was this
+schedule was set up at the convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule was set up at the convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule was set up at the convenience
+of the doctor because they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor because they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doctor because they wanted to
+read all the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all the results
+sequentially without thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially without thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially without thinking about the
+patients waiting around forever so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients waiting around forever so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients waiting around forever so we
+met with the doctors as well and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met with the doctors as well and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met with the doctors as well and said
+okay if we spread these out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we spread these out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we spread these out a little bit
+so you have a few minutes between is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a few minutes between is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a few minutes between is
+that okay and they want to try it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and they want to try it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and they want to try it look
+what happened when we did this it opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when we did this it opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened when we did this it opened
+up all of this time they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of this time they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of this time they were able to
+schedule five additional nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule five additional nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule five additional nuclear
+medicine tests a day by just tweaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine tests a day by just tweaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine tests a day by just tweaking
+that schedule a little bit it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schedule a little bit it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that schedule a little bit it's an
+observation we didn't have to change how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we didn't have to change how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we didn't have to change how
+they did their work we just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did their work we just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did their work we just had to
+change how they scheduled their work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how they scheduled their work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change how they scheduled their work and
+some help for the people the one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some help for the people the one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some help for the people the one person
+who was trying to do it all so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was trying to do it all so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was trying to do it all so I mean
+they thought I walked on water and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought I walked on water and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought I walked on water and it
+wasn't it wasn't rocket science it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't rocket science it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't rocket science it was
+just sitting down and saying okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting down and saying okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting down and saying okay what
+did it take to get one patient through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take to get one patient through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it take to get one patient through
+and then how do we move the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do we move the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how do we move the other
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+through then of course in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then of course in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then of course in the middle of
+all this with all the excitement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this with all the excitement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this with all the excitement of
+opening up scheduling spaces because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up scheduling spaces because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up scheduling spaces because
+they had lots of patients in a queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots of patients in a queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots of patients in a queue
+there was a worldwide shortage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a worldwide shortage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a worldwide shortage of
+isotope so they couldn't put that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope so they couldn't put that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope so they couldn't put that many
+patients through they couldn't get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients through they couldn't get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients through they couldn't get them
+the die that they needed anyhow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the die that they needed anyhow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the die that they needed anyhow okay
+value stream mapping we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream mapping we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream mapping we talked about
+it's the view from 10,000 ft the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the view from 10,000 ft the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the view from 10,000 ft the big
+picture view all activities in the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture view all activities in the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture view all activities in the value
+stream appap once you get it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream appap once you get it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream appap once you get it are
+recognized as value or non-value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as value or non-value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as value or non-value added
+and as I said a value stream map doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said a value stream map doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said a value stream map doesn't
+tell you what to do it tells you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do it tells you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what to do it tells you where
+to look for issues and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for issues and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for issues and it's a
+springboard to a future state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springboard to a future state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springboard to a future state
+map so a value stream map as I said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map so a value stream map as I said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map so a value stream map as I said what
+we do is we do we we divide the to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we do we we divide the to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we do we we divide the to map
+into three across the top from right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three across the top from right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three across the top from right to
+left is the request all the Rays or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the request all the Rays or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the request all the Rays or
+requests can be made for whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests can be made for whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests can be made for whatever the
+process is whether it's a phone call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is whether it's a phone call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is whether it's a phone call an
+email um uh somebody coming and grabbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email um uh somebody coming and grabbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email um uh somebody coming and grabbing
+you in the hall all the ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the hall all the ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the hall all the ways the
+requests can be made the middle section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests can be made the middle section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests can be made the middle section
+is the actual steps to deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual steps to deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual steps to deliver the
+request and then the bottom was is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and then the bottom was is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request and then the bottom was is where
+you add your data on how long each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add your data on how long each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add your data on how long each of
+those process boxes takes okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those process boxes takes okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those process boxes takes okay so here's
+one that just shows you this is I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just shows you this is I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just shows you this is I didn't
+add data to this yet but this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add data to this yet but this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add data to this yet but this was a
+patient going from the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient going from the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient going from the emergency
+department to a floor once the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to a floor once the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to a floor once the decision
+was made for that patient to be admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made for that patient to be admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made for that patient to be admitted
+so we mapped out the process of what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mapped out the process of what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mapped out the process of what has
+to happen or what is happening currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen or what is happening currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen or what is happening currently
+and then we went back and looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went back and looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we went back and looked at it
+and said where are all the problem areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said where are all the problem areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said where are all the problem areas
+we call these storm clouds so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call these storm clouds so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call these storm clouds so we
+identified problem areas delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified problem areas delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified problem areas delayed
+information to the nurse delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the nurse delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the nurse delayed
+response nurse not available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response nurse not available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response nurse not available on the
+floor and each one of these storm clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and each one of these storm clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and each one of these storm clouds
+now becomes a topic for A3 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes a topic for A3 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes a topic for A3 problem
+solving so we're going to look at why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving so we're going to look at why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving so we're going to look at why is
+there a delayed response we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a delayed response we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a delayed response we're going to
+do why is the nurse not a available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do why is the nurse not a available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do why is the nurse not a available on
+the floor so you can chip away with six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor so you can chip away with six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor so you can chip away with six
+or seven a3s to come up with a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven a3s to come up with a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven a3s to come up with a really
+nice new VI stre map that works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice new VI stre map that works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice new VI stre map that works better
+okay the V stre map is going to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the V stre map is going to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the V stre map is going to identify
+every way a request can be made so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way a request can be made so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way a request can be made so this
+is one that we did in a trauma system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that we did in a trauma system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that we did in a trauma system um
+this is how the patient comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the patient comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the patient comes to the
+hospital this a trauma patient needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital this a trauma patient needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital this a trauma patient needing
+care so how do they get there they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so how do they get there they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so how do they get there they come
+by helicopter they come by ambulance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by helicopter they come by ambulance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by helicopter they come by ambulance
+helicopter radios into a medical control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter radios into a medical control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter radios into a medical control
+ambulance calls in or radios into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance calls in or radios into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance calls in or radios into
+Medical control medical control then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical control medical control then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical control medical control then
+calls the appropriate Hospital either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the appropriate Hospital either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the appropriate Hospital either by
+radio or by telephone the jagged line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or by telephone the jagged line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or by telephone the jagged line is
+an electronic communication that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic communication that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic communication that's the
+request what we forgot to add in on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request what we forgot to add in on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request what we forgot to add in on this
+one was the driveby the patients just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the driveby the patients just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the driveby the patients just
+came in a car and they dropped off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in a car and they dropped off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in a car and they dropped off and
+then what you need to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you need to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you need to do is look at the
+request are there any problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request are there any problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request are there any problems with the
+request because a lot of times your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request because a lot of times your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request because a lot of times your
+process is good but the request is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is good but the request is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is good but the request is all
+messed up and that's where the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up and that's where the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up and that's where the problem
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+okay so remember that you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember that you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember that you have to go
+look at the process and capture it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the process and capture it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the process and capture it I
+just take notes the first time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take notes the first time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take notes the first time I'm
+misseri I don't try to draw the map I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misseri I don't try to draw the map I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misseri I don't try to draw the map I
+take notes then I go back to my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes then I go back to my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take notes then I go back to my office
+draw the map and then bring it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the map and then bring it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the map and then bring it back to
+the people and say did I get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and say did I get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people and say did I get this right
+did I miss anything okay validate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I miss anything okay validate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I miss anything okay validate your
+map with the people doing the work make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map with the people doing the work make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map with the people doing the work make
+that's really an important step so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really an important step so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really an important step so in
+this particular Hospital these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular Hospital these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular Hospital these were the
+steps that they identified here comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that they identified here comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that they identified here comes
+the trauma patient now we're ready to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trauma patient now we're ready to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trauma patient now we're ready to do
+the process so the patients go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process so the patients go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process so the patients go to the
+trauma room in the emergency department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma room in the emergency department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma room in the emergency department
+they have assessments done they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have assessments done they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have assessments done they have
+procedures done they have blood work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures done they have blood work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures done they have blood work
+that's our blood that's coming they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our blood that's coming they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our blood that's coming they go
+to Imaging for CT scan or X-ray and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Imaging for CT scan or X-ray and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Imaging for CT scan or X-ray and then
+decisions are made about where they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are made about where they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are made about where they go
+that's how they mapped out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they mapped out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they mapped out their
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+okay value stream maps are very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay value stream maps are very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay value stream maps are very useful
+because it helps you understand every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it helps you understand every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it helps you understand every
+step of the process identify where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the process identify where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the process identify where there
+are problems it helps you launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are problems it helps you launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are problems it helps you launch
+specific problem solving if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem solving if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem solving if you have a
+current state map you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state map you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state map you can use that to
+orient new staff this is the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient new staff this is the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient new staff this is the way we do
+it and it clearly describes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it clearly describes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it clearly describes the the
+process to other departments if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to other departments if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to other departments if you
+going and saying you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and saying you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and saying you know we have a
+problem with the O and the Ed so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the O and the Ed so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the O and the Ed so let's
+bring the map together and take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the map together and take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the map together and take a look
+at it and it also shows regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and it also shows regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and it also shows regulatory
+authorities like Joint Commission loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities like Joint Commission loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities like Joint Commission loves
+these if you show them your work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you show them your work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you show them your work in
+progress they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress they're so
+impressed okay so here here's this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed okay so here here's this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed okay so here here's this map
+we went Al once we got it mapped we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went Al once we got it mapped we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went Al once we got it mapped we
+looked at 10 trauma cases now we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at 10 trauma cases now we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at 10 trauma cases now we like to
+do 30 sets of data but to collect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 30 sets of data but to collect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 30 sets of data but to collect data
+on 30 major trauma patients would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 30 major trauma patients would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 30 major trauma patients would have
+taken way too long so we thought 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken way too long so we thought 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken way too long so we thought 10
+would give us what we needed we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us what we needed we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us what we needed we looked
+at each process box 10 patients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each process box 10 patients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each process box 10 patients the
+highest in the trauma room was 235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest in the trauma room was 235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest in the trauma room was 235
+minutes almost 4 hours the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes almost 4 hours the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes almost 4 hours the lowest
+patient was we could get through in 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient was we could get through in 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient was we could get through in 36
+minutes and the average of all 10 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and the average of all 10 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and the average of all 10 was
+187 minutes so we didn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+187 minutes so we didn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+187 minutes so we didn't make any
+judgments yet we just went through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments yet we just went through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments yet we just went through and
+mapped how much time this time we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped how much time this time we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped how much time this time we use
+upside down Delta that's our own little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down Delta that's our own little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down Delta that's our own little
+quirky thing at lean Healthcare West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirky thing at lean Healthcare West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirky thing at lean Healthcare West
+Delta means change so we decided upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta means change so we decided upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta means change so we decided upside
+down Delta means no change when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Delta means no change when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Delta means no change when
+nothing's happening so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening so these are
+delays we did the map and then we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays we did the map and then we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays we did the map and then we put in
+the data and then as a team we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and then as a team we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and then as a team we looked at
+this map and said okay where do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map and said okay where do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map and said okay where do we need
+to work so they said there's too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so they said there's too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work so they said there's too much
+variability here okay we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here okay we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here okay we don't know what
+we have to do yet but we know we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do yet but we know we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do yet but we know we have to
+look here okay takes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here okay takes too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here okay takes too
+long okay too much variability in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay too much variability in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay too much variability in how
+the procedures are done or how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures are done or how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures are done or how long it
+takes that may be a factor of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that may be a factor of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that may be a factor of what
+procedures the patients need or not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures the patients need or not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures the patients need or not we
+don't know that yet okay once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that yet okay once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that yet okay once the
+decision was made it was taking too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision was made it was taking too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision was made it was taking too long
+to get the patients to bed more than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the patients to bed more than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the patients to bed more than an
+hour when they said this patient needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour when they said this patient needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour when they said this patient needs
+to go it took more than an hour so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go it took more than an hour so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go it took more than an hour so this
+gave us the basis for where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us the basis for where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us the basis for where we were
+going to do our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do our problem
+solving okay once you do your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving okay once you do your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving okay once you do your current
+state you want to draw a future state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you want to draw a future state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you want to draw a future state
+map what do you want it to look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map what do you want it to look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map what do you want it to look like and
+this is where you really need to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you really need to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you really need to push
+people to really push with what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to really push with what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to really push with what do you
+really want don't just put a Band-Aid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want don't just put a Band-Aid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want don't just put a Band-Aid on
+a leaky trash bag and move that trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaky trash bag and move that trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaky trash bag and move that trash
+bag to somebody else's Department what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag to somebody else's Department what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag to somebody else's Department what
+do you want and I always say if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want and I always say if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want and I always say if you were
+the Emperor or the emperess for the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emperor or the emperess for the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Emperor or the emperess for the day
+how would you want this to look they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you want this to look they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you want this to look they go
+oh we can't do I said just put it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can't do I said just put it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we can't do I said just put it down
+how would you want it to look and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you want it to look and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you want it to look and then
+let's compare your current state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare your current state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare your current state and
+future State and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future State and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future State and figure out what
+problems we have to solve to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have to solve to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have to solve to get you to
+your future State really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future State really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future State really important to
+have that Vision in future State and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that Vision in future State and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that Vision in future State and to
+push push for just not mediocre but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push push for just not mediocre but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push push for just not mediocre but
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+push okay so this is what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push okay so this is what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push okay so this is what happens you
+draw a current state map with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a current state map with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a current state map with all the
+ways of requests can be made and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of requests can be made and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of requests can be made and all the
+the process boxes then you draw a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process boxes then you draw a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process boxes then you draw a future
+state map what do you want it to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state map what do you want it to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state map what do you want it to look
+like and then you determine how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then you determine how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then you determine how do you
+get from here to Here by identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from here to Here by identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from here to Here by identifying
+problems you're going to solve so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you're going to solve so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you're going to solve so that
+then when you do that you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do that you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do that you have a new
+current state map and then you start all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state map and then you start all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state map and then you start all
+over again it's continuous then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again it's continuous then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again it's continuous then you
+tweak it some more and some more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak it some more and some more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak it some more and some more and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+more okay when you do particularly A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay when you do particularly A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay when you do particularly A3
+value stream especially but particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream especially but particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream especially but particularly
+A3 it involves anybody who has anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 it involves anybody who has anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 it involves anybody who has anything
+to do with that A3 any department has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with that A3 any department has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with that A3 any department has to
+be at the table when you do the A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the table when you do the A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the table when you do the A3
+problem solving you cannot solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving you cannot solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving you cannot solve a
+problem and then tell another department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then tell another department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then tell another department
+this is what you're going to do they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're going to do they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're going to do they'll
+totally turn off but if they're part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally turn off but if they're part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally turn off but if they're part of
+it they come up with some amazing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they come up with some amazing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they come up with some amazing and
+I'll show you some work that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some work that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some work that we did
+where some amazing creative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some amazing creative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some amazing creative things
+happened okay and Matthew may we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay and Matthew may we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened okay and Matthew may we use the
+what you have here this is the A3 form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here this is the A3 form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here this is the A3 form
+that we use to do a problem Matthew May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to do a problem Matthew May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to do a problem Matthew May
+says if you can't fit your problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you can't fit your problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you can't fit your problem on
+one page you haven't really done your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one page you haven't really done your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one page you haven't really done your
+thinking about what the problem is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the problem is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the problem is and
+sometimes I'll start doing an A3 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll start doing an A3 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll start doing an A3 it's
+too big and then I realize I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and then I realize I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big and then I realize I have to do
+we call it the mother bit and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the mother bit and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the mother bit and then we
+break it out into smaller ones because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it out into smaller ones because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it out into smaller ones because
+you really want to dig into that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to dig into that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to dig into that problem
+to get to root cause and fix it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to root cause and fix it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to root cause and fix it you're
+going to hear more about A3 later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear more about A3 later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hear more about A3 later so
+it's a that's a two-day workshop for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a that's a two-day workshop for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a that's a two-day workshop for me
+that we do and my corollary to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do and my corollary to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do and my corollary to all of
+this is if you ask the right questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if you ask the right questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is if you ask the right questions
+the answers will usually come easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers will usually come easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers will usually come easily
+it's knowing how to ask the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knowing how to ask the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's knowing how to ask the right
+questions to get to root cause really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to get to root cause really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to get to root cause really
+important and not going off on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and not going off on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and not going off on these
+tangents okay you heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents okay you heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangents okay you heard about the
+Jefferson Memorial but I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson Memorial but I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson Memorial but I'm going to tell
+you a little bit more in depth about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit more in depth about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit more in depth about
+this because it's a true story the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's a true story the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's a true story the
+Jefferson Memorial was having problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson Memorial was having problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson Memorial was having problems
+with cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cement
+falling and they were worried it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling and they were worried it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling and they were worried it was
+going to injure tourists because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to injure tourists because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to injure tourists because it's
+part of the national park system every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the national park system every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the national park system every
+monument has a manager so the whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument has a manager so the whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument has a manager so the whoever
+was doing the investigating went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing the investigating went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing the investigating went to the
+manager and said why is this cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and said why is this cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and said why is this cement
+falling here we have other monuments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling here we have other monuments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling here we have other monuments in
+the area the Jeff the Lincoln Memorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area the Jeff the Lincoln Memorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area the Jeff the Lincoln Memorial
+the Washington mon all around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Washington mon all around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Washington mon all around the same
+age all made with basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age all made with basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age all made with basically the same
+material they don't have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they don't have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they don't have a problem with
+the cement falling and the man said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cement falling and the man said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cement falling and the man said well
+the reason the cement's falling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the cement's falling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason the cement's falling is
+because the cleaning people are Wasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cleaning people are Wasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cleaning people are Wasing
+it all the time and the soap is we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time and the soap is we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time and the soap is we is
+mixing with the jet fuel from Reagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing with the jet fuel from Reagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing with the jet fuel from Reagan
+Airport which is right up the river and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport which is right up the river and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport which is right up the river and
+we think that the jet fuel is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that the jet fuel is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that the jet fuel is causing
+the soap and the the the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap and the the the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap and the the the combination of
+the soap and the jet fuel to cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap and the jet fuel to cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap and the jet fuel to cause the
+cement to corrode so he said we either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement to corrode so he said we either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement to corrode so he said we either
+need to move the airport or change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move the airport or change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move the airport or change the
+soap so whoever was on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap so whoever was on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap so whoever was on this
+investigating team said wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating team said wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating team said wait a minute
+let's go ask the people who are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ask the people who are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ask the people who are doing
+the work what's going on so they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work what's going on so they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work what's going on so they went to
+the cleaning people and they said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning people and they said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cleaning people and they said you
+know know you're cleaning this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know you're cleaning this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know know you're cleaning this really
+often why and they said because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often why and they said because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often why and they said because there's
+pigeon poop everywhere it looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon poop everywhere it looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon poop everywhere it looks really
+bad we have tourists so they brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad we have tourists so they brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad we have tourists so they brought in
+a bird expert an orthologist and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bird expert an orthologist and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bird expert an orthologist and said
+why is there pigeon poop here not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there pigeon poop here not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there pigeon poop here not in the
+Lincoln Memorial not not in the Washton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln Memorial not not in the Washton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln Memorial not not in the Washton
+mind but here and the bird expert looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but here and the bird expert looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but here and the bird expert looked
+and he said it's because the pigeons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it's because the pigeons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it's because the pigeons are
+coming to eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to eat the
+spiders so then they brought in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders so then they brought in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders so then they brought in an
+entomologist or whatever spider people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomologist or whatever spider people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entomologist or whatever spider people
+are called and the spider people person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called and the spider people person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called and the spider people person
+looked and said the spiders here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and said the spiders here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked and said the spiders here because
+they're coming to eat the midges these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming to eat the midges these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming to eat the midges these
+little gnats right and he said and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gnats right and he said and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gnats right and he said and the
+gnats hatch along the river they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnats hatch along the river they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gnats hatch along the river they don't
+have a very long halflife they hatch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very long halflife they hatch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very long halflife they hatch in
+the afternoon they fly around they lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon they fly around they lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon they fly around they lay
+eggs the eggs are fertilized they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs the eggs are fertilized they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs the eggs are fertilized they have a
+little Funtime frolicking and then right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Funtime frolicking and then right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Funtime frolicking and then right
+around dusk they die and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around dusk they die and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around dusk they die and they're
+attracted to light so these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to light so these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to light so these little
+midges saw these lights at the Jeff Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midges saw these lights at the Jeff Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midges saw these lights at the Jeff Jeff
+and Moro flood lights came on and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Moro flood lights came on and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Moro flood lights came on and they
+would fly there and they would Frolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fly there and they would Frolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fly there and they would Frolic
+and then they die okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they die okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they die okay and then the
+spiders would come to eat the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders would come to eat the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiders would come to eat the the
+pigeons would come to eat the spiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons would come to eat the spiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons would come to eat the spiders
+the spider the pigeons pooped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider the pigeons pooped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spider the pigeons pooped the
+cleaning people were washing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning people were washing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning people were washing and the
+cement was falling okay what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement was falling okay what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement was falling okay what they found
+out was the lights on the Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was the lights on the Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was the lights on the Jefferson
+Memorial were coming on an hour earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial were coming on an hour earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial were coming on an hour earlier
+than any of the other flood lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of the other flood lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of the other flood lights on
+the other monuments so what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other monuments so what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other monuments so what did they
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+do change the timing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do change the timing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do change the timing of the
+lights so this is the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so this is the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights so this is the importance of
+getting to root cause analysis really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to root cause analysis really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to root cause analysis really
+getting to root cause because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to root cause because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to root cause because the
+initial reaction was we need just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction was we need just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction was we need just need
+to change the soap so when I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the soap so when I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the soap so when I work with
+people and they're going off on tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they're going off on tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they're going off on tangents
+and coming up with ideas without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming up with ideas without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming up with ideas without doing
+root cause I always say you're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause I always say you're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause I always say you're changing
+the soap be disciplined to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap be disciplined to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soap be disciplined to go through
+the steps of A3 in the order they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps of A3 in the order they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps of A3 in the order they're
+presented and it will lead you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and it will lead you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and it will lead you to the
+right answer if you jump to a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer if you jump to a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer if you jump to a solution
+it may or may not be the right solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may or may not be the right solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may or may not be the right solution
+so be really careful about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be really careful about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be really careful about that okay
+Frontline workers can do a3s they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontline workers can do a3s they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontline workers can do a3s they're
+easy to teach they allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to teach they allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to teach they allow the
+organization to experiment more get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to experiment more get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to experiment more get
+faster results because they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster results because they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster results because they're doing
+small projects every day learning occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small projects every day learning occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small projects every day learning occurs
+in the course of work it generates ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of work it generates ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of work it generates ideas
+and those ideas can start to be clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those ideas can start to be clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those ideas can start to be clusters
+of ideas um and a3s can be organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas um and a3s can be organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideas um and a3s can be organization
+changing okay how do you select topics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay how do you select topics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay how do you select topics a
+lot of times if from the value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times if from the value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times if from the value stream
+map sometimes you just observe and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map sometimes you just observe and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map sometimes you just observe and you
+see a problem and you say Let's do an A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a problem and you say Let's do an A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a problem and you say Let's do an A3
+on that identify specific issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that identify specific issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that identify specific issues and
+then you just prioritize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just prioritize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just prioritize and
+begin okay it's a view with a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin okay it's a view with a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin okay it's a view with a microscope
+it's drilling down into variation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drilling down into variation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drilling down into variation it's
+documenting problem solving and it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting problem solving and it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documenting problem solving and it tells
+a story visually so on an A3 you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story visually so on an A3 you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story visually so on an A3 you'll have
+words and you'll have pictures it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and you'll have pictures it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and you'll have pictures it
+satisfies the people who are very right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the people who are very right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the people who are very right
+left brain who want to see words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brain who want to see words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brain who want to see words and
+numbers it satisfies the people like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it satisfies the people like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it satisfies the people like me
+who are right brain I want to see visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are right brain I want to see visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are right brain I want to see visual
+so it's a combination of both okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of both okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a combination of both okay and
+taono I I love him he's like my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taono I I love him he's like my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taono I I love him he's like my favorite
+philosopher and he's the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and he's the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and he's the president of
+Toyota he said always temper immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota he said always temper immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota he said always temper immediate
+knee-jerk reaction with root cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reaction with root cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee-jerk reaction with root cause
+analysis always resist drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis always resist drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis always resist drawing
+conclusions based on emotions Pati s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions based on emotions Pati s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions based on emotions Pati s
+this is me I would say oh patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me I would say oh patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me I would say oh patients are
+dying that was my line all the time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying that was my line all the time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying that was my line all the time with
+why I needed what I needed question hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I needed what I needed question hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I needed what I needed question hear
+stay and draw from experience but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and draw from experience but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay and draw from experience but be
+careful not to rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to rely on
+it okay we always when we do A3 use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay we always when we do A3 use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay we always when we do A3 use a
+pencil and paper pencil with an eraser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper pencil with an eraser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper pencil with an eraser
+there are electronic versions save them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are electronic versions save them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are electronic versions save them
+for later because if people start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later because if people start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for later because if people start doing
+electronic versions it becomes like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic versions it becomes like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic versions it becomes like a
+video game and they're not really paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game and they're not really paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game and they're not really paying
+attention to the content okay focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the content okay focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the content okay focus on
+problem solving and also if I do an A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and also if I do an A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and also if I do an A3
+and I'm going to go meet with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go meet with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go meet with the
+bloodbank and I bring my A3 ID is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodbank and I bring my A3 ID is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodbank and I bring my A3 ID is on
+paper with pencil and eraser it clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with pencil and eraser it clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with pencil and eraser it clearly
+gives them the message that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them the message that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives them the message that we can
+change this if we need to if I put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this if we need to if I put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this if we need to if I put it in
+an electronic version it almost gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic version it almost gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic version it almost gives a
+message please try not to change it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message please try not to change it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message please try not to change it I
+spent a long time on this okay so pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time on this okay so pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time on this okay so pencil
+paper really important I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper really important I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper really important I know that
+sounds crazy but it works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds crazy but it works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds crazy but it works it's
+non-threatening tool here's your A3 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-threatening tool here's your A3 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-threatening tool here's your A3 I'm
+just going to go through this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go through this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go through this very
+quickly you have it in front of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you have it in front of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you have it in front of you and
+the left side is all current state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is all current state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is all current state
+information the right side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the right side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the right side is the
+equivalent to pdsa or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to pdsa or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to pdsa or
+pdca okay so we always deeply understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdca okay so we always deeply understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdca okay so we always deeply understand
+the right the left side and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the left side and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the left side and I'll show
+you how to do that before you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that before you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that before you go to the
+right side in my classes that I teach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side in my classes that I teach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side in my classes that I teach I
+make them fold it back and no one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them fold it back and no one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them fold it back and no one is
+allowed to touch the right side until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to touch the right side until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to touch the right side until
+the left side is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side is totally
+Complete because if you don't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complete because if you don't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complete because if you don't follow
+this incrementally with discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incrementally with discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incrementally with discipline
+you're going to wind up changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to wind up changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to wind up changing the
+soap so this will lead you to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap so this will lead you to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap so this will lead you to where you
+need to go if you have have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go if you have have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go if you have have the
+discipline to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline to do
+it let me show you one this is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me show you one this is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me show you one this is and so
+you'll see on the left side the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see on the left side the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see on the left side the first
+category is issue always State the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category is issue always State the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category is issue always State the issue
+Through The Eyes of the customer or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Eyes of the customer or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Eyes of the customer or the
+patient when you can so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient when you can so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient when you can so here's an
+example this was one that one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was one that one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was one that one of my
+clients did the issue was they had fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients did the issue was they had fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients did the issue was they had fiber
+optic endoscopes that weren't available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic endoscopes that weren't available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic endoscopes that weren't available
+when they needed them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they needed them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they needed them because they
+either broken or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either broken or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either broken or being
+repaired problem that's the issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired problem that's the issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired problem that's the issue the
+next area is the background it says why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next area is the background it says why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next area is the background it says why
+is this an issue so explain why it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this an issue so explain why it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this an issue so explain why it's an
+issue if you have some measurements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue if you have some measurements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue if you have some measurements like
+50% of the time or two out of four cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the time or two out of four cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of the time or two out of four cases
+this happen put that here so in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen put that here so in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen put that here so in their
+background about the fiberoptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background about the fiberoptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background about the fiberoptic
+endoscopes they said from in one year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes they said from in one year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes they said from in one year's
+time they spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they spent
+$48,500 repairing and replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$48,500 repairing and replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$48,500 repairing and replacing
+fiberoptic endoscopes it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiberoptic endoscopes it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiberoptic endoscopes it's a lot of
+money okay in the current condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay in the current condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay in the current condition you
+draw a picture stick figure no rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture stick figure no rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture stick figure no rules
+just draw a picture of what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a picture of what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a picture of what the problem
+is okay you don't have to be Picasso so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you don't have to be Picasso so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you don't have to be Picasso so
+what they drew is here's the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they drew is here's the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they drew is here's the patient
+here's the doctor here's a cart with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the doctor here's a cart with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the doctor here's a cart with the
+endoscopes and big questions looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes and big questions looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes and big questions looking for
+the endoscopes right once you draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoscopes right once you draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoscopes right once you draw that
+picture you go back and you add storm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you go back and you add storm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you go back and you add storm
+clouds what's wrong with the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds what's wrong with the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds what's wrong with the picture
+endoscopes are broken when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes are broken when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes are broken when they're
+slammed in drawers or dropped on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slammed in drawers or dropped on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slammed in drawers or dropped on the
+floor Bingo anesthesiologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor Bingo anesthesiologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor Bingo anesthesiologists are
+searching for endoscopes they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for endoscopes they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for endoscopes they don't know
+excuse me if they're clean or dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me if they're clean or dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me if they're clean or dirty
+because they're put on the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're put on the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're put on the top of the
+cart that's scary okay and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that's scary okay and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart that's scary okay and there's a
+potential danger to patients so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential danger to patients so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential danger to patients so once you
+have have your storm clouds you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have your storm clouds you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have your storm clouds you can kind
+of combine some of them that are alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combine some of them that are alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combine some of them that are alike
+then what happens is you take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is you take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is you take those
+storm clouds and they drop down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm clouds and they drop down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm clouds and they drop down into the
+problem analysis analysis SE section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem analysis analysis SE section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem analysis analysis SE section and
+each one becomes the topic for A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one becomes the topic for A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one becomes the topic for A3
+problem solving so you're chipping away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving so you're chipping away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving so you're chipping away
+at what the issue is here okay now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the issue is here okay now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the issue is here okay now they
+combined some of theirs so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined some of theirs so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined some of theirs so in the
+problem section problem analysis you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem section problem analysis you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem section problem analysis you're
+going to ask the what's called five y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the what's called five y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask the what's called five y's
+keep asking why until you get to root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep asking why until you get to root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep asking why until you get to root
+cause you may only have to ask it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you may only have to ask it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause you may only have to ask it twice
+you may have to ask it 10 times but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to ask it 10 times but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to ask it 10 times but you
+keep going one of the things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going one of the things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going one of the things that I
+learned when you ask why is we indent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned when you ask why is we indent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned when you ask why is we indent
+like the anesthesiologist waste time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the anesthesiologist waste time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the anesthesiologist waste time
+searching for fiberoptic endoscopes why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for fiberoptic endoscopes why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for fiberoptic endoscopes why
+because fiberoptic endoscopes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fiberoptic endoscopes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fiberoptic endoscopes are not
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+available for me before I ask the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for me before I ask the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for me before I ask the next
+why I say why are fiber optic endoscopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I say why are fiber optic endoscopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I say why are fiber optic endoscopes
+not available because they're broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available because they're broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available because they're broken
+when they're slammed in doors or drawers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're slammed in doors or drawers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're slammed in doors or drawers
+why are they broken when they're slammed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they broken when they're slammed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they broken when they're slammed
+in doors or drawers because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doors or drawers because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doors or drawers because there's no
+designated place you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated place you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated place you know you have a
+root cause when you have an actionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause when you have an actionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause when you have an actionable
+item there's no designated place on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item there's no designated place on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item there's no designated place on the
+other side we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we're going to make a
+designated place okay so you indent your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated place okay so you indent your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated place okay so you indent your
+wise as You Follow That CH train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise as You Follow That CH train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise as You Follow That CH train of
+thought now there's a second train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought now there's a second train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought now there's a second train of
+thought under the anesthesiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought under the anesthesiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought under the anesthesiologist
+wasting time why because they're placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time why because they're placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time why because they're placed
+on top of the cart before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the cart before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the cart before and after
+procedures why because there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures why because there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures why because there's no way to
+tell if they're clean or dirty why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if they're clean or dirty why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if they're clean or dirty why
+because there's no designated location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no designated location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no designated location
+so some times your root causes came come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some times your root causes came come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some times your root causes came come
+out to the same thing sometimes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same thing sometimes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same thing sometimes you have
+different ones and then it's a danger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones and then it's a danger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones and then it's a danger to
+patients that stormcloud from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that stormcloud from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that stormcloud from above
+because there's confusion as to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's confusion as to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's confusion as to which
+ones are clean or dirty why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are clean or dirty why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are clean or dirty why because
+there's no designated location for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no designated location for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no designated location for
+cleans and dirties see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans and dirties see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleans and dirties see what's happening
+here you got your driver for what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you got your driver for what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you got your driver for what you're
+going to do in your countermeasure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in your countermeasure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in your countermeasure on
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+side okay root causes are actionable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay root causes are actionable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay root causes are actionable and
+most of the time root causes are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time root causes are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time root causes are because
+of violation rule number one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violation rule number one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violation rule number one not
+specified How We Do It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified How We Do It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified How We Do It
+I would say 80 to 90% of the time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say 80 to 90% of the time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say 80 to 90% of the time that's
+why you have a problem not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a problem not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a problem not been
+specified okay so once you complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified okay so once you complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified okay so once you complete the
+left side you go to the right side do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side you go to the right side do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side you go to the right side do
+not jump to the right side because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not jump to the right side because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not jump to the right side because the
+left side is giving you information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side is giving you information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side is giving you information
+stupidity is having an answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidity is having an answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidity is having an answer for
+everything the left side gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the left side gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the left side gives you the
+answer wisdom is having a question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer wisdom is having a question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer wisdom is having a question the
+left side forces you to ask those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side forces you to ask those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side forces you to ask those
+questions okay remember thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay remember thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay remember thousands of
+people saw the apple fall but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw the apple fall but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people saw the apple fall but only
+Newton asked why we need to start asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton asked why we need to start asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton asked why we need to start asking
+why okay so here's the whole the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so here's the whole the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay so here's the whole the whole
+A3 that they did this is a real one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 that they did this is a real one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 that they did this is a real one they
+had their counter their um root causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their counter their um root causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their counter their um root causes
+over here they drew a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they drew a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they drew a picture of what
+they wanted it to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted it to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted it to look
+like and they put fluffy clouds about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and they put fluffy clouds about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and they put fluffy clouds about
+what's good about this new picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's good about this new picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's good about this new picture that
+they what they wanted was a cart that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they wanted was a cart that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they wanted was a cart that
+had two separate places for endoscopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two separate places for endoscopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two separate places for endoscopes
+clean and dirty on the external part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and dirty on the external part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean and dirty on the external part of
+the cart they had dirty and clean were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart they had dirty and clean were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart they had dirty and clean were
+identified they saved money and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they saved money and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified they saved money and it was
+safer for patients okay so the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer for patients okay so the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer for patients okay so the counter
+measures how do you what are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how do you what are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how do you what are you doing
+with these root causes they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these root causes they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these root causes they were going
+to put two tubes on the side of the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put two tubes on the side of the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put two tubes on the side of the cart
+and identify clean and dirty they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify clean and dirty they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify clean and dirty they also
+had to contact Jal processing on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to contact Jal processing on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to contact Jal processing on how
+they would keep those tubes clean once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would keep those tubes clean once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would keep those tubes clean once
+you have your counter measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your counter measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your counter measures
+identified what's the plan to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what's the plan to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what's the plan to implement
+those counter measures what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those counter measures what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those counter measures what's going to
+happen who's going to do it by what date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen who's going to do it by what date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen who's going to do it by what date
+and what's the outcome accountability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the outcome accountability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the outcome accountability
+then you also have to say okay if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also have to say okay if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also have to say okay if we do
+this project what is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project what is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project what is it going to
+cost and if we do this project what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and if we do this project what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and if we do this project what are
+the benefits we're going to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits we're going to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits we're going to get out of
+it because that's how you sell this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's how you sell this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's how you sell this to
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+Administration okay then how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration okay then how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration okay then how are you
+going to test it so they decided they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test it so they decided they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test it so they decided they
+were going to test it for on One cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to test it for on One cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to test it for on One cart
+for a couple weeks the first day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple weeks the first day they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple weeks the first day they
+retrofitted the cart all the other NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitted the cart all the other NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitted the cart all the other NC
+theologists wanted the same thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologists wanted the same thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologists wanted the same thing they
+didn't want to wait two weeks so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to wait two weeks so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to wait two weeks so because
+it was just brilliant and the followup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just brilliant and the followup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just brilliant and the followup
+was um for the next six months they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um for the next six months they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um for the next six months they had
+zero broken fiberoptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero broken fiberoptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero broken fiberoptic
+endoscopes okay that's A3 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes okay that's A3 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoscopes okay that's A3 problem
+solving where can you use use A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving where can you use use A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving where can you use use A3
+thinking to do specific problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to do specific problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to do specific problem solving
+if you're doing a redesign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a redesign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a redesign of a
+department or a process you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department or a process you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department or a process you can use it
+you can document changes for regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can document changes for regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can document changes for regulatory
+bodies I like this for Capital Equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies I like this for Capital Equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies I like this for Capital Equipment
+requests do an A3 and tell me what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests do an A3 and tell me what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests do an A3 and tell me what your
+current state is and why you need it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state is and why you need it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state is and why you need it you
+can use it to run a meeting what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to run a meeting what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it to run a meeting what's the
+issue what's the background let's get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what's the background let's get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue what's the background let's get to
+some root cause and then come out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some root cause and then come out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some root cause and then come out with a
+plan facility design is being it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan facility design is being it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan facility design is being it's being
+used a lot now to redesign new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot now to redesign new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot now to redesign new
+facilities and and it's sort of endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and and it's sort of endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and and it's sort of endless
+what you can use these for here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can use these for here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can use these for here's an
+ambulance coming in with a TR trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance coming in with a TR trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance coming in with a TR trauma
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+problem I've got two trauma patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I've got two trauma patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I've got two trauma patients and
+look at the mob of people there and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the mob of people there and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the mob of people there and if I
+had sound there's all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sound there's all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sound there's all these people
+talking and there incredible noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and there incredible noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and there incredible noise and
+cacophony it's horrible okay this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cacophony it's horrible okay this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cacophony it's horrible okay this is my
+scene I've got a problem I have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I've got a problem I have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene I've got a problem I have trouble
+moving these patients through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving these patients through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving these patients through the
+department so what we did was we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so what we did was we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so what we did was we did
+again this is a different emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a different emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a different emergency
+department from the one I show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department from the one I show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department from the one I show you the
+um request for the service and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um request for the service and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um request for the service and then the
+actual service in this department they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual service in this department they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual service in this department they
+decided to have three boxes the trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have three boxes the trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have three boxes the trauma
+assessment and intervention moving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and intervention moving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and intervention moving them
+out to Imaging and then coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Imaging and then coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Imaging and then coming back to
+the Ed for uh disposition and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ed for uh disposition and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ed for uh disposition and then
+disposition so that didn't look too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition so that didn't look too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition so that didn't look too bad
+pretty simple ice Stream app but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple ice Stream app but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple ice Stream app but then we
+started adding data and holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started adding data and holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started adding data and holy
+mackerel look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mackerel look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mackerel look at this
+data you're dying 3 hours okay then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're dying 3 hours okay then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you're dying 3 hours okay then you
+have to wait 37 minutes till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 37 minutes till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait 37 minutes till the
+transport's ready to take you to x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport's ready to take you to x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport's ready to take you to x-ray
+then you get to X-ray and it takes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to X-ray and it takes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to X-ray and it takes over
+an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+then you wait again for them to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wait again for them to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wait again for them to bring
+you back to the ER then you wait again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the ER then you wait again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back to the ER then you wait again
+for the docs to make a decision and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the docs to make a decision and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the docs to make a decision and then
+you wait for the bed so they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait for the bed so they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait for the bed so they decided
+that there were a bunch of things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a bunch of things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a bunch of things here
+can't see this this go down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see this this go down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see this this go down a little bit
+lower okay what we did then was we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay what we did then was we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay what we did then was we said
+we know we have a problem here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we have a problem here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we have a problem here we don't
+know what it is so we had to go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is so we had to go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is so we had to go back in
+and look we did more observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look we did more observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look we did more observation and
+what we found is there were too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found is there were too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found is there were too many
+people in the room there were no defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room there were no defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room there were no defined
+roles of the people in the room we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the people in the room we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of the people in the room we had
+missing equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing equipment
+there were lots of students we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of students we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were lots of students we love
+students but they were taken up space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but they were taken up space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but they were taken up space so
+you couldn't move poor documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't move poor documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't move poor documentation
+poor communication between the O and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communication between the O and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communication between the O and the
+ICU delays in getting on negative blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICU delays in getting on negative blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICU delays in getting on negative blood
+John and Jane do patients that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Jane do patients that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John and Jane do patients that we
+couldn't do anything with until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do anything with until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do anything with until they
+were registered ex-ray delays so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were registered ex-ray delays so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were registered ex-ray delays so all of
+those things dropped down and became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things dropped down and became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things dropped down and became
+topics for A3 problem solving and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for A3 problem solving and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for A3 problem solving and we
+systematically went through this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically went through this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically went through this and
+waiting for an x-ray read became a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for an x-ray read became a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for an x-ray read became a topic
+for A3 slow decision making became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A3 slow decision making became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for A3 slow decision making became a
+topic we had a3s that we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we had a3s that we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we had a3s that we were going to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+this and they involved all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they involved all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they involved all different
+departments this is what we wanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments this is what we wanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments this is what we wanted it to
+look like so they said why does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so they said why does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so they said why does the
+patient come from the Ed into Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient come from the Ed into Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient come from the Ed into Imaging
+and then back to the Ed make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to the Ed make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to the Ed make a decision
+in imaging so they can go right to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in imaging so they can go right to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in imaging so they can go right to their
+bed so what they wanted it to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed so what they wanted it to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed so what they wanted it to look like
+was time in the ER time in imaging go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time in the ER time in imaging go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was time in the ER time in imaging go
+they wanted it to be under 60 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted it to be under 60 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted it to be under 60 minutes
+here under 10 minutes here for a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under 10 minutes here for a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under 10 minutes here for a total
+time of 70 minutes that was their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 70 minutes that was their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 70 minutes that was their future
+state plan how they were going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state plan how they were going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state plan how they were going to get
+there we didn't know yet but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we didn't know yet but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we didn't know yet but we were
+going to deal with those 15 or 14 a3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with those 15 or 14 a3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with those 15 or 14 a3s
+and these were all the good things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were all the good things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were all the good things about
+this new map so you have a vision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new map so you have a vision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new map so you have a vision about
+where you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to go
+to so I know you can't read these but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I know you can't read these but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I know you can't read these but I
+just want to show you this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you this was
+registering at John and Jane Doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering at John and Jane Doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering at John and Jane Doe
+patients one topic here's a patient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients one topic here's a patient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients one topic here's a patient the
+picture was here's the patient blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture was here's the patient blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture was here's the patient blood
+pressure 70 over 40 they're bleeding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure 70 over 40 they're bleeding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure 70 over 40 they're bleeding to
+death big stop sign because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death big stop sign because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death big stop sign because they don't
+have a hospital number we can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hospital number we can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hospital number we can't get
+x-rays lab blood or CT and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays lab blood or CT and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays lab blood or CT and here's the
+nurse manager out there trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse manager out there trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse manager out there trying to find
+out the patient's ID and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the patient's ID and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the patient's ID and here's a
+tombstone pretty I love dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tombstone pretty I love dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tombstone pretty I love dramatic
+pictures p going to die if we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures p going to die if we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures p going to die if we don't do
+the right thing we put in storm clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing we put in storm clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing we put in storm clouds
+about what's wrong with this picture did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's wrong with this picture did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's wrong with this picture did
+root cause analysis we worked on this A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause analysis we worked on this A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause analysis we worked on this A3
+with legal and the admissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legal and the admissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legal and the admissions and
+registration people and the Ed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration people and the Ed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration people and the Ed together
+and came out with a plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came out with a plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came out with a plan for
+pre-assigned trauma numbers you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-assigned trauma numbers you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-assigned trauma numbers you didn't
+have to have a name you just if you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a name you just if you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a name you just if you came
+in you didn't have a name you became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you didn't have a name you became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you didn't have a name you became
+trauma 101 and you had a piece of tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma 101 and you had a piece of tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma 101 and you had a piece of tape
+on your head and every single thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your head and every single thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your head and every single thing that
+we process for you was trauma 101 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we process for you was trauma 101 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we process for you was trauma 101 then
+when we found out your name we merged it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we found out your name we merged it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we found out your name we merged it
+with the so it worked really well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the so it worked really well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the so it worked really well this
+is one with too many people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one with too many people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one with too many people in the room
+huh so we had to figure out what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so we had to figure out what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh so we had to figure out what to do
+we wanted to have a team we also wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have a team we also wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have a team we also wanted
+to figure out what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what to do with the
+students so part of the process was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so part of the process was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so part of the process was to
+limit the number of people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the number of people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the number of people in the room
+by team assignment and then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by team assignment and then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by team assignment and then have the
+students there was a classroom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students there was a classroom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students there was a classroom right
+down the hall we U mounted an overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall we U mounted an overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hall we U mounted an overhead
+camera over the top so that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera over the top so that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera over the top so that they could
+see and hear what was going on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and hear what was going on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and hear what was going on they
+liked it better because they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it better because they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked it better because they said they
+could see better real time watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see better real time watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see better real time watching the
+trauma patient and we were able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma patient and we were able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma patient and we were able to get
+it down to or six people most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to or six people most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down to or six people most of the
+time everybody brought their buddies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time everybody brought their buddies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time everybody brought their buddies
+with them though when there was trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them though when there was trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them though when there was trauma
+we also had issues with overhead page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had issues with overhead page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also had issues with overhead page
+when the trauma was coming in so we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the trauma was coming in so we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the trauma was coming in so we did
+away with that because the whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with that because the whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with that because the whole world
+would come because they wanted to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come because they wanted to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come because they wanted to see
+yeah privac issues that with what Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah privac issues that with what Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah privac issues that with what Yeah
+we actually met with legal about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually met with legal about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually met with legal about that we
+didn't videotape them um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't videotape them um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't videotape them um the the
+students were allowed to be there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were allowed to be there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students were allowed to be there and so
+they the room was locked and they signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the room was locked and they signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the room was locked and they signed
+a privacy agreement and then every once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privacy agreement and then every once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privacy agreement and then every once
+in a while we would T tape the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while we would T tape the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while we would T tape the the um
+scenario and we used it at morbidity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and we used it at morbidity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and we used it at morbidity and
+mortality rounds which is legal it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rounds which is legal it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rounds which is legal it's not
+discoverable in court and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverable in court and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverable in court and then we
+destroyed the tapes afterwards so we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the tapes afterwards so we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed the tapes afterwards so we met
+with the legal department to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the legal department to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the legal department to give us
+advice on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice on how to do
+this because you can do a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you can do a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you can do a lot with
+teaching for teaching purposes okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for teaching purposes okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for teaching purposes okay um
+this one was not the right supplies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was not the right supplies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was not the right supplies or
+equipment in the room we met with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the room we met with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the room we met with the
+equipment people in central stores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment people in central stores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment people in central stores and
+they actually agreed to put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually agreed to put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually agreed to put together
+exchange carts that they would manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange carts that they would manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange carts that they would manage
+which was really cool um but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really cool um but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really cool um but because
+Central stores volunteered to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central stores volunteered to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central stores volunteered to do the
+exchange carts we didn't tell them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange carts we didn't tell them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange carts we didn't tell them to do
+it it worked really well then we wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it worked really well then we wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it worked really well then we wound
+up having to have two exchange carts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to have two exchange carts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to have two exchange carts
+because one made everybody still run all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one made everybody still run all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one made everybody still run all
+around the room and we decided to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and we decided to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and we decided to divide
+the equipment into side a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment into side a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equipment into side a side
+B and they took it when it was done they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and they took it when it was done they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and they took it when it was done they
+had backup carts they stocked it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had backup carts they stocked it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had backup carts they stocked it and
+they recorded everything they used we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recorded everything they used we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recorded everything they used we
+never had missing stuff okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had missing stuff okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had missing stuff okay um
+see oh negative blood my favorite one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh negative blood my favorite one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh negative blood my favorite one
+difficulty getting own negative blood we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting own negative blood we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting own negative blood we
+had patients who were dying this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had patients who were dying this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had patients who were dying this was
+sort of a knife and gun club Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a knife and gun club Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a knife and gun club Community
+the blood bank was across the street um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood bank was across the street um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood bank was across the street um
+it was closed at 5:00 at night and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was closed at 5:00 at night and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was closed at 5:00 at night and the
+nursing supervisor had to go get a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing supervisor had to go get a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing supervisor had to go get a key
+and go in and find the blood it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go in and find the blood it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go in and find the blood it was a
+mess so we sat down with bloodbank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess so we sat down with bloodbank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess so we sat down with bloodbank and
+they said why don't we put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said why don't we put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said why don't we put two
+refrigerators one in each of your trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators one in each of your trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators one in each of your trauma
+rooms we'll bolt them to the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms we'll bolt them to the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms we'll bolt them to the floor
+because things had a tendency to walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things had a tendency to walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things had a tendency to walk in
+this department we'll put four units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department we'll put four units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department we'll put four units of
+B negative blood in each refrigerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B negative blood in each refrigerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B negative blood in each refrigerator
+we'll put a lock on it and we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a lock on it and we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a lock on it and we will come
+every day and check it for um expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and check it for um expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and check it for um expiration
+date and if it's getting close we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and if it's getting close we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date and if it's getting close we'll put
+it back into the main now if we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the main now if we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the main now if we went to
+the blood bang and said we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood bang and said we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood bang and said we want you to
+put refrigerators in our room we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put refrigerators in our room we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put refrigerators in our room we want
+you to put four negative four units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to put four negative four units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to put four negative four units of
+blood we want you to come and check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood we want you to come and check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood we want you to come and check it
+every day they would say go away but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day they would say go away but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day they would say go away but
+because we sat at the table together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we sat at the table together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we sat at the table together
+they offered to do this there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered to do this there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they offered to do this there were a
+number of other a3s about obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other a3s about obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other a3s about obtaining
+X-rays and um communication breakdowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and um communication breakdowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X-rays and um communication breakdowns
+and so what happened after all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happened after all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happened after all of this
+it took about six months of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took about six months of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took about six months of really
+intensive work almost 6 months to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive work almost 6 months to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive work almost 6 months to the
+day we had our first trauma patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we had our first trauma patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we had our first trauma patient
+through in 60 minutes not 70 60 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in 60 minutes not 70 60 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in 60 minutes not 70 60 and
+there was a massive celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a massive celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a massive celebration
+throughout the whole hospital with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole hospital with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole hospital with every
+Department that was involved in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department that was involved in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department that was involved in any of
+these a3s we sent cakes to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a3s we sent cakes to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a3s we sent cakes to all the
+Departments it were just it was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments it were just it was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Departments it were just it was on the
+bulletin it was everywhere pretty proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulletin it was everywhere pretty proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulletin it was everywhere pretty proud
+team that did this together what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that did this together what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that did this together what we
+didn't do and which we should have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do and which we should have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do and which we should have done
+was track outcomes we did that later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was track outcomes we did that later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was track outcomes we did that later but
+in this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one we
+didn't can move quickly this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't can move quickly this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't can move quickly this is about
+rental isolates in a hospital that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental isolates in a hospital that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental isolates in a hospital that had
+capacity for 12 um they usually had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for 12 um they usually had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for 12 um they usually had an
+average of eight so they had um 10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of eight so they had um 10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of eight so they had um 10 of
+their own isolates and then they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own isolates and then they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own isolates and then they had to
+rent two anytime they had like twins or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent two anytime they had like twins or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent two anytime they had like twins or
+triplets born what happened was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets born what happened was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets born what happened was they
+rented the exact same isolettes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the exact same isolettes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the exact same isolettes so
+everybody would be familiar with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would be familiar with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would be familiar with them
+and they didn't mark them as rentals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't mark them as rentals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't mark them as rentals so
+when they were done with them they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were done with them they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were done with them they put
+them in the store room and every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the store room and every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the store room and every day
+they stayed in the store room the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stayed in the store room the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stayed in the store room the
+hospital was paying money for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital was paying money for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital was paying money for those
+rental isolates that weren't being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental isolates that weren't being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rental isolates that weren't being used
+so they spent about $35,000 more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they spent about $35,000 more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they spent about $35,000 more than
+they needed to on rental isolates and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to on rental isolates and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to on rental isolates and we
+do that with bariatric equipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with bariatric equipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with bariatric equipment and
+clinitron beds all the time so they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinitron beds all the time so they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinitron beds all the time so they came
+up with a really nice method with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a really nice method with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a really nice method with
+biomedical engineering how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering how to do that
+okay lean for facility design I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lean for facility design I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lean for facility design I'm going
+to finish in a couple minutes um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish in a couple minutes um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish in a couple minutes um this is
+a new thing for us in the last year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing for us in the last year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing for us in the last year and
+a half we've been getting called by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half we've been getting called by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half we've been getting called by
+Architects and designers because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects and designers because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects and designers because in the
+request for proposal for new buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for proposal for new buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for proposal for new buildings
+the hospitals are asking them to please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospitals are asking them to please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospitals are asking them to please
+have a lean component most hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lean component most hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lean component most hospitals
+don't know what that even means but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that even means but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that even means but they
+said we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we want it
+lean so we've been getting calls so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean so we've been getting calls so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean so we've been getting calls so what
+happens is we have them we work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we have them we work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we have them we work with the
+hospitals in advance to identify their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals in advance to identify their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals in advance to identify their
+current problem areas Department by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current problem areas Department by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current problem areas Department by
+Department we map their current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department we map their current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department we map their current and
+future states of what they want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states of what they want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future states of what they want it to
+look like and help them then design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and help them then design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and help them then design
+their a3s to fix it and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their a3s to fix it and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their a3s to fix it and then that
+information informs the design team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information informs the design team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information informs the design team
+about how to make the design rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make the design rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make the design rather than
+making a design and then trying to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a design and then trying to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a design and then trying to fit
+the work into the design so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work into the design so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work into the design so we have a
+process methodology where we do current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process methodology where we do current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process methodology where we do current
+states interviews utilization surveys we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states interviews utilization surveys we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states interviews utilization surveys we
+identify Pro problem processes in given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify Pro problem processes in given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify Pro problem processes in given
+departments we map the state we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments we map the state we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments we map the state we do
+future State we do A3 problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future State we do A3 problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future State we do A3 problem solving
+with them and then the future state maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and then the future state maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and then the future state maps
+inform the design team and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the design team and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the design team and then the
+design team will take that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design team will take that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design team will take that information
+create a design and then they bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a design and then they bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a design and then they bring a
+big floor layout with puzzle pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big floor layout with puzzle pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big floor layout with puzzle pieces and
+we allow the staff to move things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow the staff to move things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow the staff to move things around
+to see how it would work using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how it would work using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how it would work using their
+processes it's pretty cool and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes it's pretty cool and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes it's pretty cool and then some
+of the design teams actually do went a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design teams actually do went a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design teams actually do went a
+warehouse and do big gigantic realsize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and do big gigantic realsize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse and do big gigantic realsize
+mockups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockups
+okay okay here's an example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's an example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay here's an example in the
+emergency department a bunch of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department a bunch of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency department a bunch of problems
+that they identified okay these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they identified okay these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they identified okay these are the
+big issues so let's look at boarding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issues so let's look at boarding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issues so let's look at boarding and
+how that informs design so with boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that informs design so with boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that informs design so with boarding
+patients these are the a3s that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients these are the a3s that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients these are the a3s that they did
+no patient beds waiting for Diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no patient beds waiting for Diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no patient beds waiting for Diagnostic
+results inpatient discharge scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results inpatient discharge scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results inpatient discharge scheduling
+was a problem waiting for specialist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a problem waiting for specialist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a problem waiting for specialist and
+Equipment availability so then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment availability so then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment availability so then with
+design we picked one of those no beds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we picked one of those no beds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design we picked one of those no beds
+available and we then did some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and we then did some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and we then did some more
+digging to see how design could support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging to see how design could support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging to see how design could support
+fixing this based on the A3 they did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this based on the A3 they did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing this based on the A3 they did so
+can we consider a transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we consider a transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we consider a transition to
+admission unit do some chair Center Care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission unit do some chair Center Care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission unit do some chair Center Care
+not everybody has to be in a bed can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody has to be in a bed can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody has to be in a bed can we
+do teleconferencing with Consultants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do teleconferencing with Consultants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do teleconferencing with Consultants
+because we're waiting for them to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're waiting for them to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're waiting for them to come
+in can we bring the computer in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in can we bring the computer in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in can we bring the computer in the room
+and sort of do a Skype conference with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of do a Skype conference with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of do a Skype conference with
+the patient can we do some realtime bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient can we do some realtime bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient can we do some realtime bed
+tracking which wasn't happening and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking which wasn't happening and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking which wasn't happening and then
+can the design team also select finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the design team also select finishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the design team also select finishes
+that led to quicker cleaning so this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to quicker cleaning so this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to quicker cleaning so this all
+so we take each one step by step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take each one step by step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take each one step by step and
+deal with it here's another one with o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it here's another one with o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it here's another one with o
+lots of issues in the O than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of issues in the O than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of issues in the O than the one
+that we highlight here is room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we highlight here is room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we highlight here is room
+turnaround time in the O is huge so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround time in the O is huge so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround time in the O is huge so what
+are the things that prevent the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that prevent the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that prevent the room
+from being turned around these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being turned around these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being turned around these are all
+a3s that we worked on so let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3s that we worked on so let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3s that we worked on so let's take the
+top one anesthesiologist is not ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one anesthesiologist is not ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one anesthesiologist is not ready
+okay so how can we inform the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we inform the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we inform the design
+team about that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team about that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team about that well
+because the anesthesiologist's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the anesthesiologist's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the anesthesiologist's office
+space wasn't near the preoperative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space wasn't near the preoperative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space wasn't near the preoperative the
+peroperative and surgery Suite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroperative and surgery Suite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroperative and surgery Suite the
+peroperative suite and the surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroperative suite and the surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroperative suite and the surgery
+Suites were not close together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suites were not close together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suites were not close together the
+proximity they always had to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity they always had to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity they always had to go to the
+family waiting room that was not nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family waiting room that was not nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family waiting room that was not nearby
+so how do you design that so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you design that so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you design that so that this
+person not a a case cannot start unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person not a a case cannot start unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person not a a case cannot start unless
+this anesthesiologist is in the room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anesthesiologist is in the room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anesthesiologist is in the room so
+how do we make the design make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make the design make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we make the design make this
+happen so this all informs design it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so this all informs design it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so this all informs design it's
+pretty cool it's a lot of fun okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool it's a lot of fun okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool it's a lot of fun okay and
+the keys in design are participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys in design are participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys in design are participation
+from everyone in the staff valuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everyone in the staff valuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everyone in the staff valuing
+everybody's input anything goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's input anything goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's input anything goes in the
+room um we respect employees patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um we respect employees patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um we respect employees patients
+fames staff across the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fames staff across the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fames staff across the board
+collaboration between departments so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between departments so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration between departments so if
+we're working on an O thing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on an O thing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on an O thing but it
+involves an ER transfer or uh transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an ER transfer or uh transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an ER transfer or uh transport
+they come to the table and work on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to the table and work on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to the table and work on that
+same project together um and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same project together um and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same project together um and then um
+this becomes our patient not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes our patient not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes our patient not your
+patient and then a total commitment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and then a total commitment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and then a total commitment from
+Administration we always do a report out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration we always do a report out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration we always do a report out
+at the end of each day with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of each day with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of each day with
+Administration present to show them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration present to show them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration present to show them what
+they've come up with and then empowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've come up with and then empowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've come up with and then empowering
+staff to make those decisions really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to make those decisions really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff to make those decisions really
+important these are just some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these are just some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these are just some of the
+things we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done
+um there's there's like thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's like thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's like thousands of
+them but I want to to show you that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I want to to show you that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I want to to show you that it
+can go anywhere across the hospital with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go anywhere across the hospital with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go anywhere across the hospital with
+with value stre mapping and a3s from Med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with value stre mapping and a3s from Med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with value stre mapping and a3s from Med
+reconciliation to we had problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation to we had problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation to we had problems with
+DNR orders or FASTT tracks or lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNR orders or FASTT tracks or lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNR orders or FASTT tracks or lab
+turnaround times or poor signage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround times or poor signage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround times or poor signage or
+cluttered Halls wrongs side surgeries U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered Halls wrongs side surgeries U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluttered Halls wrongs side surgeries U
+coding issues link can work anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding issues link can work anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding issues link can work anywhere
+anywhere let the staff tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere let the staff tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere let the staff tell you where
+their problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problems are
+okay one of the things that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the things that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the things that's really
+important is if you're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is if you're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is if you're going to um
+prepare an organization for culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an organization for culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an organization for culture
+change you really have to prepare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you really have to prepare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you really have to prepare the
+soil for those seeds so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil for those seeds so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil for those seeds so that means
+working with senior leadership we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with senior leadership we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with senior leadership we do
+lots of work with senior leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work with senior leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of work with senior leadership
+overview of what lean is we spend a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what lean is we spend a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what lean is we spend a day
+just doing planning for roll out of lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing planning for roll out of lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing planning for roll out of lean
+who's going to be on that team who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be on that team who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be on that team who are
+the lean Champions you need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lean Champions you need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lean Champions you need to make sure
+there's some Physicians involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Physicians involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Physicians involved and
+they're the hardest group to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the hardest group to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the hardest group to get
+involved not because they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved not because they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved not because they don't want to
+be but because of time and then who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but because of time and then who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but because of time and then who are
+the informal leaders they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informal leaders they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informal leaders they're going to be
+people that start to rise to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that start to rise to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that start to rise to the surface
+managers and staff so you need a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and staff so you need a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and staff so you need a lean
+coordinator if you don't have a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator if you don't have a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator if you don't have a lean
+coordinator who's going to follow up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator who's going to follow up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator who's going to follow up on
+these projects and make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects and make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects and make sure they're
+working and make sure people have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and make sure people have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and make sure people have what
+they want it's not going to work so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want it's not going to work so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want it's not going to work so that
+lean coordinator or one or two or 10 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean coordinator or one or two or 10 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean coordinator or one or two or 10 are
+really important okay and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important okay and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important okay and instead of
+telling people what to do we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people what to do we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people what to do we're now
+saying no one knows this job better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no one knows this job better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no one knows this job better than
+you do how can I help you different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do how can I help you different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do how can I help you different way
+of thinking Healthcare has to be a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking Healthcare has to be a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking Healthcare has to be a place
+where good enough never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where good enough never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where good enough never
+is okay when you ask for change though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay when you ask for change though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay when you ask for change though
+you need to know because you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know because you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know because you have to be
+a little bit gutsy to be a lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit gutsy to be a lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit gutsy to be a lean
+proponent make sure it's change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent make sure it's change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponent make sure it's change that
+matters because change is scary and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because change is scary and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because change is scary and a
+lot of people are not going to like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are not going to like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are not going to like it
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+first and I like this one too this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and I like this one too this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and I like this one too this is an
+Air Force Mantra if you're taking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force Mantra if you're taking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air Force Mantra if you're taking too
+much Flack you know you're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Flack you know you're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Flack you know you're definitely
+over a high value Target so my advice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a high value Target so my advice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a high value Target so my advice to
+you is so when you're taking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is so when you're taking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is so when you're taking a lot of
+flu you either put your flock jacket on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu you either put your flock jacket on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu you either put your flock jacket on
+and stay the course or go choose another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay the course or go choose another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay the course or go choose another
+project it's your call okay why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's your call okay why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's your call okay why does
+lean fail in hospitals lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean fail in hospitals lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean fail in hospitals lack of
+leadership commitment is the biggest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership commitment is the biggest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership commitment is the biggest one
+when they just hire you to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they just hire you to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they just hire you to come in and
+do it but they're not committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but they're not committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but they're not committed
+inadequate resources incomplete lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate resources incomplete lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate resources incomplete lean
+education of the staff this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education of the staff this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education of the staff this is so
+important that there are no expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that there are no expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that there are no expectations
+placed on the staff that this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the staff that this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the staff that this is the way
+we're going to do business from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do business from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do business from now on
+and the absence of teamwork in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the absence of teamwork in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the absence of teamwork in the
+presence of silos this is why lean fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of silos this is why lean fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of silos this is why lean fails
+okay this is interesting 2004 Olympics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is interesting 2004 Olympics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is interesting 2004 Olympics
+in Athens the US 4X 100 relay teams men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Athens the US 4X 100 relay teams men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Athens the US 4X 100 relay teams men
+and women were projected to be by Far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women were projected to be by Far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and women were projected to be by Far
+and Away better than anybody else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Away better than anybody else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Away better than anybody else in the
+world they failed both teams because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they failed both teams because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world they failed both teams because
+they were all good at what they did but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all good at what they did but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all good at what they did but
+the handoffs were not good the Baton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handoffs were not good the Baton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handoffs were not good the Baton
+handoff Miss timing dropped baton it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff Miss timing dropped baton it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoff Miss timing dropped baton it's
+really important to synchronize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to synchronize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to synchronize those
+handoffs no matter how good you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoffs no matter how good you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handoffs no matter how good you are
+individually if your team isn't working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually if your team isn't working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually if your team isn't working
+well it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's going to
+fail okay so ending with what I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay so ending with what I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail okay so ending with what I started
+with Matthew May said lean doesn't light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Matthew May said lean doesn't light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Matthew May said lean doesn't light
+a fire under people it lights A Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire under people it lights A Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire under people it lights A Fire
+Within people and it's so exciting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within people and it's so exciting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within people and it's so exciting to
+watch a kitchen worker or a housekeeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a kitchen worker or a housekeeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a kitchen worker or a housekeeper
+or a security guard come up with ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a security guard come up with ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a security guard come up with ideas
+and be so proud of the ideas they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be so proud of the ideas they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be so proud of the ideas they come
+up with and own it and they become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and own it and they become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and own it and they become a
+part of that team so I challenge you CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that team so I challenge you CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that team so I challenge you CU
+Walt Disney said said why do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walt Disney said said why do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walt Disney said said why do we do this
+he said it's kind of fun to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said it's kind of fun to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said it's kind of fun to do the
+impossible and I think that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and I think that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and I think that's what we're
+facing in healthcare so let's fix what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in healthcare so let's fix what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in healthcare so let's fix what's
+wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with
+Healthcare just to show you we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare just to show you we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare just to show you we do have
+some resources if you want to go to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resources if you want to go to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resources if you want to go to our
+website we have some books some training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we have some books some training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website we have some books some training
+sessions we have some courses coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions we have some courses coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions we have some courses coming up
+we've got a conference please go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a conference please go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a conference please go on the
+website and check out anything and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and check out anything and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and check out anything and I'll
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+here I have them here oh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have them here oh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have them here oh and if
+anybody's interested in facility design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested in facility design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested in facility design
+I brought a few articles I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought a few articles I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought a few articles I don't have
+enough for everybody but it's about St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for everybody but it's about St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for everybody but it's about St
+Anthony's in Pendleton Oregon and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony's in Pendleton Oregon and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony's in Pendleton Oregon and how we
+did the facility design there so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the facility design there so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the facility design there so you
+I'll just pass it thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just pass it thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just pass it thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IWD-Aue6aIk.txt b/IWD-Aue6aIk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a4a381842e8cd735b0cb0511c9b58e31d196fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IWD-Aue6aIk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would not like to now analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not like to now analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would not like to now analyze the
+motion of a system of particles that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a system of particles that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a system of particles that has
+both translational and rotational motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both translational and rotational motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both translational and rotational motion
+so I'm going to consider a pulley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to consider a pulley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to consider a pulley and
+the pulley has radius R and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulley has radius R and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulley has radius R and there is a
+string wrapped around the pulley and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string wrapped around the pulley and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string wrapped around the pulley and a
+block of object one that's on a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of object one that's on a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of object one that's on a plane
+and another block of object 2 and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another block of object 2 and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another block of object 2 and as
+object 2 falls down the pulley rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object 2 falls down the pulley rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object 2 falls down the pulley rotates
+an object 1 moves to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object 1 moves to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object 1 moves to the right and
+there's a coefficient of friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a coefficient of friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a coefficient of friction
+between these block 1 and the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these block 1 and the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these block 1 and the surface
+now in order to analyze this problem I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to analyze this problem I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to analyze this problem I'm
+going to apply for the pulley our torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply for the pulley our torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply for the pulley our torque
+equals ICM alpha and for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ICM alpha and for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ICM alpha and for each of the
+blocks I'll apply f1 equals m1 a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I'll apply f1 equals m1 a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I'll apply f1 equals m1 a1
+and f2 equals m2 a2 but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f2 equals m2 a2 but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f2 equals m2 a2 but the important
+thing to realize is that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to realize is that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to realize is that these three
+quantities the acceleration of block 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities the acceleration of block 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities the acceleration of block 1
+the acceleration of block 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of block 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of block 2 and the
+angular acceleration the pulley are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration the pulley are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration the pulley are
+constrained because the string is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because the string is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because the string is not
+slipping around the pulley and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping around the pulley and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping around the pulley and so let's
+begin to analyze this type of problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to analyze this type of problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to analyze this type of problem so
+we'll start with the torque principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with the torque principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with the torque principle
+now what's crucial in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's crucial in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's crucial in all of these
+problems is that we're relating two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that we're relating two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is that we're relating two
+different quantities vectors on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantities vectors on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quantities vectors on both
+sides the physics quantities have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the physics quantities have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the physics quantities have
+definite direction and our alpha a1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite direction and our alpha a1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite direction and our alpha a1 and
+a2 as vectors are determined by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 as vectors are determined by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 as vectors are determined by our
+choice of coordinates so what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of coordinates so what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of coordinates so what I'd like
+to do is draw a coordinate system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is draw a coordinate system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is draw a coordinate system a
+rotational coordinate system now the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational coordinate system now the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational coordinate system now the way
+I'll do it is I'll draw an angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it is I'll draw an angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it is I'll draw an angle theta
+and now I have to draw a right-hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to draw a right-hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to draw a right-hand rule
+so my angle theta will look as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my angle theta will look as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my angle theta will look as though
+it's going into the plane of the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into the plane of the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going into the plane of the figure
+and so I right cross and hat right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I right cross and hat right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I right cross and hat right-hand
+rule and I'm gonna just define that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and I'm gonna just define that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and I'm gonna just define that to
+be K now what that allows me to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K now what that allows me to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be K now what that allows me to do when
+I write my point s here will be C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write my point s here will be C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write my point s here will be C
+so I'm gonna calculate this about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna calculate this about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna calculate this about the
+center of mass and I get ICM alpha as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and I get ICM alpha as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and I get ICM alpha as
+soon as I draw the coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I draw the coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I draw the coordinate system
+then this side becomes the vector alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this side becomes the vector alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this side becomes the vector alpha
+Z K hat where alpha Z is the Z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z K hat where alpha Z is the Z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z K hat where alpha Z is the Z component
+of the angular acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular acceleration and
+technically the reason this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically the reason this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically the reason this angle is
+there is because this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is because this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is because this is the second
+derivative of that angle and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that angle and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that angle and that's
+well-defined now so the next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined now so the next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined now so the next step is to
+define the force that do what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the force that do what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the force that do what we call a
+torque diagram so this is my rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque diagram so this is my rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque diagram so this is my rotational
+coordinate system the next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system the next step is to
+construct a torque diagram in the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a torque diagram in the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a torque diagram in the way we
+do that is we draw the object we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is we draw the object we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is we draw the object we
+indicate our rotational coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate our rotational coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate our rotational coordinate
+system I don't have to put the theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I don't have to put the theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I don't have to put the theta
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+now here's a subtle point I'm gonna draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a subtle point I'm gonna draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a subtle point I'm gonna draw
+the rope that is connected to the pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rope that is connected to the pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rope that is connected to the pulley
+as part of my system this is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of my system this is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of my system this is the part
+where the tension here I'll call that t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tension here I'll call that t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tension here I'll call that t2
+and over here this is the tension t1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here this is the tension t1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here this is the tension t1 now
+on the pulley there is a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pulley there is a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pulley there is a gravitational
+force and there's some pivot force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and there's some pivot force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and there's some pivot force on
+this pulley and now what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulley and now what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulley and now what I want to
+consider is the torque about the see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the torque about the see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is the torque about the see it
+now the pivot force of pivot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pivot force of pivot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pivot force of pivot and the
+gravitational fork force produce no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fork force produce no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fork force produce no
+torque about the pivot so I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the pivot so I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the pivot so I'm just gonna
+eliminate those for the moment and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate those for the moment and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate those for the moment and just
+focus on the torque due to t1 and t2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the torque due to t1 and t2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the torque due to t1 and t2 so
+I draw my vector R s t1 and my vector R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw my vector R s t1 and my vector R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw my vector R s t1 and my vector R
+st2 so this is what a torque diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st2 so this is what a torque diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st2 so this is what a torque diagram
+consists of let's summarize it it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of let's summarize it it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of let's summarize it it's our
+system the relevant forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the relevant forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the relevant forces that are
+producing torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing torque
+vectors from the point where calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the point where calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the point where calculating
+the torque RS is a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque RS is a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque RS is a little easier to
+write S is the center of mass and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write S is the center of mass and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write S is the center of mass and the
+vector from where we're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from where we're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from where we're calculating
+torque to where the force is acting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to where the force is acting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to where the force is acting and
+now when we calculate the cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we calculate the cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we calculate the cross product
+of our s and T we put these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our s and T we put these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our s and T we put these two vectors
+tail to tail and notice that this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail to tail and notice that this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail to tail and notice that this vector
+is giving us a torque out of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving us a torque out of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving us a torque out of the board
+our positive direction is into the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our positive direction is into the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our positive direction is into the board
+so over here we have minus t1 R where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here we have minus t1 R where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here we have minus t1 R where is
+t2 when we put these two vectors R as t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 when we put these two vectors R as t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 when we put these two vectors R as t2
+and we calculate that torque that torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we calculate that torque that torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we calculate that torque that torque
+is into the board which is our positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into the board which is our positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into the board which is our positive
+direction and so that's plus t2 r2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so that's plus t2 r2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so that's plus t2 r2 and
+now in our torque principle we set these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in our torque principle we set these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in our torque principle we set these
+two sides equal and we have minus t1 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides equal and we have minus t1 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides equal and we have minus t1 r
+plus t2 R equals ICM alpha Z now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t2 R equals ICM alpha Z now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t2 R equals ICM alpha Z now this is
+our first equation but it requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first equation but it requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first equation but it requires some
+type of thought for the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thought for the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thought for the first thing we
+see that the tension t2 is equal to IC M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the tension t2 is equal to IC M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the tension t2 is equal to IC M
+over R alpha Z plus t1 so the tensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R alpha Z plus t1 so the tensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R alpha Z plus t1 so the tensions
+on the side are not equal now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side are not equal now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side are not equal now when we
+studied pulleys earlier in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied pulleys earlier in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied pulleys earlier in the semester
+we imposed a condition that the pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we imposed a condition that the pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we imposed a condition that the pulley
+was frictionless which meant that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was frictionless which meant that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was frictionless which meant that the
+rope was sliding along the pulley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope was sliding along the pulley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope was sliding along the pulley and
+there was no rotation in the pulley so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no rotation in the pulley so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no rotation in the pulley so
+there was no contribution to alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no contribution to alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no contribution to alpha and
+in that case t2 would be equal to t1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case t2 would be equal to t1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case t2 would be equal to t1 we
+also could make a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could make a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could make a slightly different
+statement we could say suppose the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we could say suppose the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we could say suppose the mass
+of the pulley were very very small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pulley were very very small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pulley were very very small in
+extremely light pulley then ICM would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely light pulley then ICM would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely light pulley then ICM would be
+0 and again t2 would be equal to t1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and again t2 would be equal to t1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and again t2 would be equal to t1 so
+when we were dealing with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with either
+massless pulleys or ropes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless pulleys or ropes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless pulleys or ropes that were
+slipping frictionlessly along a pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping frictionlessly along a pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping frictionlessly along a pulley
+the tension on both sides was equal now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension on both sides was equal now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension on both sides was equal now
+something different is happening we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different is happening we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different is happening we need
+to apply a greater torque here than t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply a greater torque here than t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply a greater torque here than t1
+you know because there is rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because there is rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because there is rotational
+inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+we're causing the pulley to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're causing the pulley to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're causing the pulley to accelerate
+so this the torque from t2 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the torque from t2 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the torque from t2 has to be
+bigger than the torque from T 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the torque from T 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the torque from T 1 and
+therefore t 2 is bigger than T 1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore t 2 is bigger than T 1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore t 2 is bigger than T 1 so that
+is a very important way to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important way to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important way to apply the
+torque principle when T 2 is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque principle when T 2 is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque principle when T 2 is bigger than
+T 1 alpha will be positive and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 alpha will be positive and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1 alpha will be positive and a
+positive angular acceleration is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive angular acceleration is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive angular acceleration is giving
+a rotation in which our angle theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation in which our angle theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotation in which our angle theta is
+not only increasing but its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only increasing but its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only increasing but its second
+derivative is positive so that's crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is positive so that's crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is positive so that's crucial
+for beginning the analysis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beginning the analysis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beginning the analysis of this
+problem the next step is to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the next step is to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the next step is to analyze
+Newton's second law on both objects M 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law on both objects M 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law on both objects M 1
+and M 2 so I'll save our result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M 2 so I'll save our result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M 2 so I'll save our result here
+I'll erase what we don't need and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll erase what we don't need and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll erase what we don't need and then
+continue the analysis so returning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the analysis so returning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the analysis so returning to
+our analysis of a pulley with two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis of a pulley with two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis of a pulley with two masses
+and a string that's not slipping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a string that's not slipping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a string that's not slipping around
+the pulley I now want to begin analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulley I now want to begin analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulley I now want to begin analysis
+of F equals MA on object 1 so as usual I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F equals MA on object 1 so as usual I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F equals MA on object 1 so as usual I
+draw object 1 I'll choose I have 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw object 1 I'll choose I have 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw object 1 I'll choose I have 1/2
+point in the direction because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the direction because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the direction because I know
+it's going to go that way so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go that way so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go that way so my
+component acceleration will be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component acceleration will be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component acceleration will be positive
+and my force diagrams I have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my force diagrams I have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my force diagrams I have a normal
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+I have gravity the string is pulling t 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have gravity the string is pulling t 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have gravity the string is pulling t 1
+that's the same tension at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same tension at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same tension at the end of
+the string the tension in the string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string the tension in the string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string the tension in the string is
+not changing we're assuming it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing we're assuming it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing we're assuming it's a
+massless string and I have a friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string and I have a friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string and I have a friction
+force on object 1 just kinetic friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on object 1 just kinetic friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on object 1 just kinetic friction
+and now I can write down Newton's second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write down Newton's second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write down Newton's second
+law in the horizontal direction I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in the horizontal direction I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in the horizontal direction I could
+also call J hat 1 up and my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call J hat 1 up and my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call J hat 1 up and my two
+equations for Newton's second law is T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for Newton's second law is T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for Newton's second law is T 1
+minus FK is m1 a1 and n1 minus m1 G is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus FK is m1 a1 and n1 minus m1 G is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus FK is m1 a1 and n1 minus m1 G is 0
+now I also know that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I also know that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I also know that the kinetic
+friction FK is the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction FK is the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction FK is the coefficient of
+friction mu times N 1 so my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction mu times N 1 so my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction mu times N 1 so my next
+equation for F equals MA on object T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for F equals MA on object T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for F equals MA on object T 1
+is T 1 minus mu N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T 1 minus mu N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T 1 minus mu N 1
+equals m1 a1 now I have to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m1 a1 now I have to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m1 a1 now I have to apply the
+same analysis to to notice I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis to to notice I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis to to notice I'm not
+drawing my force diagram on my sketch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing my force diagram on my sketch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing my force diagram on my sketch I
+do a separate force diagram on to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a separate force diagram on to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a separate force diagram on to so
+here's two I have tension t2 and gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's two I have tension t2 and gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's two I have tension t2 and gravity
+and 2g now even though I chose a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2g now even though I chose a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2g now even though I chose a unit
+vector up here this choice of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector up here this choice of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector up here this choice of unit
+vectors is completely independent of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is completely independent of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is completely independent of how
+I choose unit vectors for - because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose unit vectors for - because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose unit vectors for - because
+object is moving down I would prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving down I would prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving down I would prefer to
+choose J hat - down my acceleration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose J hat - down my acceleration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose J hat - down my acceleration for
+this object will be positive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object will be positive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object will be positive and then
+when I apply F equals MA - object - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I apply F equals MA - object - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I apply F equals MA - object - I
+get m2 G minus t2 equals m2 a2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get m2 G minus t2 equals m2 a2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get m2 G minus t2 equals m2 a2 so that's
+now my third equation that m2 G minus t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my third equation that m2 G minus t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my third equation that m2 G minus t2
+equals m2 a2 and now I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m2 a2 and now I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m2 a2 and now I look at this
+system of equations and I have what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and I have what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations and I have what are
+my unknowns t1 t2 alpha a 1 a 2 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my unknowns t1 t2 alpha a 1 a 2 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my unknowns t1 t2 alpha a 1 a 2 5
+unknowns I'm treating properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I'm treating properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I'm treating properties of the
+system the radius mu ICM actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the radius mu ICM actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the radius mu ICM actually the
+and one because it's m1 G I can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one because it's m1 G I can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one because it's m1 G I can simplify
+this equation and replace this with m1 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where I'm already using the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm already using the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm already using the other
+Newton's second law so I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law so I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law so I have five
+equations I have three equations in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I have three equations in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I have three equations in five
+unknowns I cannot solve this system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I cannot solve this system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I cannot solve this system but
+in all of these problems there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these problems there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these problems there is
+constraint conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint conditions
+there's constraints between how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's constraints between how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's constraints between how the
+masses are moving and how the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are moving and how the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are moving and how the angular
+acceleration of pulley is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of pulley is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of pulley is related to the
+linear acceleration in the masses let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear acceleration in the masses let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear acceleration in the masses let's
+consider mass 1 and 2 they're attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider mass 1 and 2 they're attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider mass 1 and 2 they're attached
+by a string as mass 2 goes down mass 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a string as mass 2 goes down mass 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a string as mass 2 goes down mass 1
+goes to the right the string is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the right the string is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the right the string is not
+stretching so they're moving at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching so they're moving at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching so they're moving at the same
+rate so they have its same acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so they have its same acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so they have its same acceleration
+so my first constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a1 equals a2 now in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a1 equals a2 now in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a1 equals a2 now in general I
+have to be careful plus or minus why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful plus or minus why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful plus or minus why is
+it a plus sign and not a minus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a plus sign and not a minus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a plus sign and not a minus sign here
+it's a plus sign because I've chosen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a plus sign because I've chosen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a plus sign because I've chosen I
+hat to the right and I chosen J hat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat to the right and I chosen J hat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat to the right and I chosen J hat to
+downwards if I chosen them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards if I chosen them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards if I chosen them differently
+that sign could have varied now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sign could have varied now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sign could have varied now let's
+focus on the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the relationship between the
+angular acceleration of the pulley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration of the pulley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration of the pulley and
+m2 think about the string here we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 think about the string here we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 think about the string here we're on
+a point on the rim this is a distance R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on the rim this is a distance R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point on the rim this is a distance R
+and the string the pulley and the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string the pulley and the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string the pulley and the string
+are moving together so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving together so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving together so there's a
+tangential acceleration of the pulley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration of the pulley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration of the pulley
+equal to R alpha Z this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R alpha Z this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R alpha Z this is the
+tangential acceleration of pulley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration of pulley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential acceleration of pulley and
+string but the same string has a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but the same string has a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but the same string has a linear
+acceleration either a 1 or a 2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration either a 1 or a 2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration either a 1 or a 2 so this
+has to be equal to a 2 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to a 2 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to a 2 this is the
+linear acceleration of the string and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear acceleration of the string and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear acceleration of the string and so
+that's our last constraint v that a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our last constraint v that a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our last constraint v that a 1
+equals R alpha and now I have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R alpha and now I have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R alpha and now I have a system
+of five equations and 5 unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five equations and 5 unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five equations and 5 unknowns
+and the question is is how can I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is is how can I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is is how can I find
+the acceleration so in general when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration so in general when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration so in general when
+opposed to a system like that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a system like that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a system like that I want to
+have some strategy let's make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some strategy let's make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some strategy let's make a little
+space to clear for our algebra ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to clear for our algebra ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to clear for our algebra ok now
+I look at this system and I say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this system and I say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this system and I say to
+myself which equation do I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself which equation do I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself which equation do I want to use
+as a background my target is to find a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a background my target is to find a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a background my target is to find a1
+a1 is equal to a2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is equal to a2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 is equal to a2 now
+when I look at these equations t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I look at these equations t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I look at these equations t1
+depends on a 1 t2 depends on a 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a 1 t2 depends on a 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a 1 t2 depends on a 2 which
+is equal to a-1 and alpha is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a-1 and alpha is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a-1 and alpha is also
+related to a 1 so I can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a 1 so I can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a 1 so I can use this
+equation 1 as my backbone and substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 as my backbone and substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 as my backbone and substitute
+in T 1 T 2 and alpha into that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T 1 T 2 and alpha into that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T 1 T 2 and alpha into that equation
+and now let's do that so when I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's do that so when I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's do that so when I solve
+this equation for T 1 equal to m1 a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for T 1 equal to m1 a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for T 1 equal to m1 a1
+plus mu M 1 G with a minus sign I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu M 1 G with a minus sign I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu M 1 G with a minus sign I get
+minus m1 a1 plus mu M 1 G times R it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m1 a1 plus mu M 1 G times R it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m1 a1 plus mu M 1 G times R it's
+my first piece I solve for t2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first piece I solve for t2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first piece I solve for t2 which is
+m2 G minus m2 a so I get m2 G minus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 G minus m2 a so I get m2 G minus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 G minus m2 a so I get m2 G minus m2
+now a2 is equal to a-1 so I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a2 is equal to a-1 so I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a2 is equal to a-1 so I make my
+second substitution x R and that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second substitution x R and that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second substitution x R and that's equal
+to IC m and now I make my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to IC m and now I make my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to IC m and now I make my final
+substitution that alpha Z is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that alpha Z is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that alpha Z is equal to a
+1 over R so if I now can collect terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R so if I now can collect terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over R so if I now can collect terms
+minus minus over here but there's an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus over here but there's an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus over here but there's an R
+there and are there I'll divide through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are there I'll divide through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are there I'll divide through
+by r and bring my a 1 terms over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r and bring my a 1 terms over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r and bring my a 1 terms over to the
+other side and I'm left with minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and I'm left with minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and I'm left with minus mu
+and 1 g plus m2 G equals I see M over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 g plus m2 G equals I see M over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 g plus m2 G equals I see M over R
+squared that has the dimensions of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that has the dimensions of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that has the dimensions of mass
+because moment of inertia M R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because moment of inertia M R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because moment of inertia M R squared
+divided by R squared plus M 1 a 1 plus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by R squared plus M 1 a 1 plus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by R squared plus M 1 a 1 plus M
+2 A 1 and finally as a conclusion I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 A 1 and finally as a conclusion I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 A 1 and finally as a conclusion I now
+can solve for the acceleration of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for the acceleration of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for the acceleration of my
+system in terms of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of all of these
+quantities and let's just put it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and let's just put it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and let's just put it all the
+way down here at the bottom that a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down here at the bottom that a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down here at the bottom that a1
+equals m2 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m2 G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m2 G
+- Mew m1g / ICM R squared plus m1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Mew m1g / ICM R squared plus m1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Mew m1g / ICM R squared plus m1 plus
+m2 often in types of problems like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 often in types of problems like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 often in types of problems like these
+when there's a lot of sign errors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a lot of sign errors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a lot of sign errors you
+might end up with a minus or minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up with a minus or minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up with a minus or minus sign
+down here and if you looked at that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and if you looked at that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and if you looked at that that
+would imply that with the right choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that with the right choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that with the right choice
+of parameters this could be 0 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters this could be 0 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters this could be 0 and that
+would be an impossible solution so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an impossible solution so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an impossible solution so it's
+always a sign that there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a sign that there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a sign that there could be
+something wrong the other thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong the other thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong the other thing we want
+to check is when does it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check is when does it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check is when does it actually
+accelerate we have a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate we have a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate we have a condition
+so Inc we can conclude that if m2 G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Inc we can conclude that if m2 G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Inc we can conclude that if m2 G is
+bigger than you and 1 G then 2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you and 1 G then 2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you and 1 G then 2 will
+start to go downwards if m2 G were less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to go downwards if m2 G were less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to go downwards if m2 G were less
+than and 1 G then the problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and 1 G then the problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than and 1 G then the problem would be
+very different because 2 would not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different because 2 would not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different because 2 would not go
+downwards the friction would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards the friction would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards the friction would not be
+kinetic but would be static and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic but would be static and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic but would be static and that
+would vary depending on how much weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would vary depending on how much weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would vary depending on how much weight
+we're here so if you went from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here so if you went from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here so if you went from zero to
+mu + 1 G the static friction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu + 1 G the static friction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu + 1 G the static friction would
+depend on how much weight that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how much weight that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how much weight that's there
+so here is a full analysis of rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a full analysis of rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a full analysis of rotational
+and translational motion takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translational motion takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translational motion takes a little
+bit of time and a little bit of care but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time and a little bit of care but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time and a little bit of care but
+we've done it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IZaAUwW7OsU.txt b/IZaAUwW7OsU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23d8cf78d151806658fbb4d7b4fefe0592db4eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IZaAUwW7OsU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@
+OPERATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you may recall
+that, in the last lecture, we
+
+more or less solved the drunken
+student problem,
+
+looking at a random walk.
+
+I now want to move on and
+discuss some variants of the
+
+random walk problem that are
+collectively known as biased
+
+random walks.
+
+So the notion here is, the walk
+is still stochastic but
+
+there is some bias in the
+direction, so the movements
+
+are not uniformly distributed or
+equally distributed in all
+
+directions.
+
+As I go through this, I want
+you to sort of, think in
+
+advance about what the take-home
+message should be.
+
+One, and this is probably the
+most important part for today,
+
+is I want to illustrate how by
+designing our programs in a
+
+nice way around classes, we
+can change them to do
+
+something else writing a
+minimal amount of code.
+
+And the idea here is that
+classes are not there just to
+
+provide some syntax that makes
+life complicated, but to
+
+actually provide a mechanism
+that lets us structure our
+
+programs in a way that we
+can modify them later.
+
+I also want to give you a bit
+more experience looking at
+
+data, and understanding how,
+when you get the results of a
+
+simulation or anything else that
+provides you with data,
+
+you can plot, them study the
+plots, and try and use those
+
+to develop an understanding
+about what's going on.
+
+And finally, I want to just get
+you thinking more about
+
+random behavior.
+
+Because we're going to talk a
+lot more this semester and in
+
+general throughout your careers,
+you'll see a lot of
+
+uses of stochastic things.
+
+All right, so let's think about
+these biased walks.
+
+So for example, assume that
+the drunk grew up in South
+
+Florida, and really hates
+the New England winter.
+
+Well there might be a bias that
+even though the drunk is
+
+not in total control, she's kind
+of wandering southward.
+
+So there's a bias when taking a
+step to more likely go south
+
+than certainly north.
+
+Or imagine that the drunk is
+photosensitive and moves
+
+either towards the sun
+or away from the sun,
+
+or some such thing.
+
+So we're going to look at
+different things of that
+
+nature and think about, I'll
+come back to Chutes and
+
+Ladders later in the lecture,
+you can speculate
+
+on why this is here.
+
+And we'll look at that.
+
+So, this is on the front page
+of your handout here.
+
+I've taken the random walk
+program we looked at last time
+
+and changed it a bit.
+
+And in particular,
+I've changed the
+
+way the drunk works.
+
+So let's look at the code.
+
+Wow, haven't even done
+anything it's --
+
+see how this works.
+
+So now, drunk itself is a very
+small class, one I don't
+
+actually intend to
+ever instantiate.
+
+I've pared it down, it has
+only two methods in it.
+
+It has an init, which is the
+same as before, and a move
+
+which is the same as before,
+almost the same.
+
+Now I'm going to have the
+class usual drunk.
+
+That's the drunk we looked
+at the last time.
+
+And this usual drunk will behave
+just like the drunk we
+
+looked at last time.
+
+In here, I'm going to override
+the move method of the
+
+inherited superclass, and what
+this is going to do is, it's
+
+going to make the same random
+choice it made before and then
+
+it's going to call drunk
+dot move with
+
+the new compass point.
+
+So all I've done is, I've taken
+a couple of lines of
+
+code out of the previous
+implementation and moved it to
+
+the subclass.
+
+So it's now, excuse me, in the
+subclass I'm making the
+
+decision about which
+direction to move.
+
+Once I've made that decision,
+then I can call the drunk in
+
+the superclass.
+
+Notice here, when I've made
+the call, drunk dot move.
+
+So usually you're expecting
+me to write
+
+something like d dot move.
+
+The object.
+
+Here, instead I'm specifying
+which class to get the move
+
+from, So this is saying, don't
+call my local move, call the
+
+move from the superclass.
+
+There are a number of other
+syntaxes I could've used to
+
+accomplish the same thing.
+
+I used this because it seemed
+the most straightforward.
+
+Now let's compare the usual
+drunk to the cold drunk.
+
+So the cold drunk, again, I've
+overridden the move, and now
+
+it does something different.
+
+It gets the random compass point
+as before, but if it
+
+happens to be south, it
+calls drunk dot move
+
+with twice the distance.
+
+So whenever I get the notion
+I'm moving south, because I
+
+love the warmth, I actually move
+twice as fast. So instead
+
+of taking one step, which I do
+to the other compass points,
+
+if I happen to be going south
+I'll take two steps.
+
+So I'm biased towards
+moving southward.
+
+And then I call drunk
+dot move.
+
+Otherwise, I call drunk
+dot move with
+
+the distances before.
+
+So I've isolated into the
+subclass this notion of being
+
+heat-seeking.
+
+We've got a third sub class,
+ew drunk, known
+
+for east west drunk.
+
+And here, what I've done is, I
+choose to compass point and
+
+then while it's not either east
+or west, I choose again.
+
+So this drunk can only move
+eastward or westward.
+
+Can't move north or south.
+
+So again you'll see I'm able to
+have three kinds of drunks.
+
+Who as we will see, exhibit
+rather different behavior from
+
+each other with a minimal amount
+of change to the code.
+
+If we look down at the bottom,
+we'll see that the code is
+
+pretty much exactly what
+it was last time.
+
+By the way, this doesn't
+quite match the
+
+code in your handout.
+
+I decided to make the plots
+a little bit prettier with
+
+better titles and things, but
+when I tried to put these in
+
+your handouts it wouldn't fit.
+
+So I have a little more compact
+things, but this is, I
+
+think, a better way
+to write it.
+
+But essentially, perform trial,
+perform sim, answer
+
+quest, are all identical to
+what they were before.
+
+So because I structured my
+program in such a way that the
+
+drunk's behavior was independent
+of all the code
+
+for the generating the trials
+and plotting the results, I
+
+didn't have to change
+any of that.
+
+And this is the key
+to good design.
+
+Is to isolate decisions in small
+parts of your program,
+
+so when as inevitable happens,
+you want to enhance the
+
+program, or you discover you've
+done something wrong,
+
+the number changes you
+make is not large.
+
+OK, one thing we do need to look
+at down here is, it's not
+
+quite the same as before,
+because we'll see that there's
+
+an extra parameter to these
+things called drunk type.
+
+So if we start with answer
+question, it takes as before,
+
+the time, the number of trials,
+a title, and this one
+
+extra thing called
+the drunk type.
+
+And then when it goes on and
+it calls perform sim, it
+
+passes the drunk type.
+
+And this is the key line here.
+
+Before, you may recall
+we just said d equals
+
+drunk with the arguments.
+
+Here, I say d equals
+drunk type.
+
+So what is drunk type?
+
+Drunk type is itself a type.
+
+We can use types, you know
+variables can have as their
+
+values types, parameters can
+have as their values types.
+
+So I'm just passing the type
+around so that here, when it
+
+comes time to get a drunk,
+I get a drunk of
+
+the appropriate type.
+
+So I can now answer the question
+about a usual drunk,
+
+or a cold drunk,
+or a ew drunk.
+
+This is very common kind of
+programming paradigm.
+
+We've talked about it before,
+but this is yet another
+
+example of how we use
+polymorphism.
+
+Polymorphism.
+
+We write our code in such a way
+that it works with many
+
+types of objects.
+
+Here we're writing code
+that will work with
+
+any subtype of drunk.
+
+Now I'd better not
+pass it a float.
+
+You know, if I answer quest, and
+instead of something like
+
+usual drunk or cold drunk or e
+w drunk, I pass it float or
+
+int, the world will come
+crashing down around my head.
+
+But I haven't, so you'll see
+down here, I pass it num
+
+steps, number trials,
+and usual drunk.
+
+Which is the name of?
+
+A class.
+
+Any questions about this?
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Louder, please?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Good,
+good question.
+
+The question is, does a drunk
+type make a new drunk?
+
+Now, I have so much candy to
+choose from, I don't know what
+
+to throw you.
+
+Do you like Tootsie Rolls,
+Snickers, Tootsie Roll Pops,
+
+Dots, what's your choice?
+
+Snickers.
+
+OK, so what is it?
+
+Down here nothing is created
+when that call was made.
+
+It was if I had typed the
+word float or int.
+
+I'm merely saying, here is a
+type, and the parameter should
+
+now be bound to that type.
+
+Now any time you use the
+parameter, it's just as if you
+
+had written the string, in
+this case, usual drunk.
+
+So when I get up to here, think
+about, it will take, the
+
+variable drunk type, evaluate
+it, it will evaluate to a type
+
+usual drunk, say, in
+the first call.
+
+And then it will, just as if
+I had written usual drunk,
+
+invoke the init method of drunk,
+and create a new drunk,
+
+but this drunk will be
+of type usual drunk
+
+rather than a drunk.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+All right, so this avoids my
+having to write a whole bunch
+
+of tests, I could have passed
+a string, and said if the
+
+string said usual drunk, then
+d equals something.
+
+But here instead of
+that, I'm actually
+
+passing the type itself.
+
+OK?
+
+So other than the fact that I
+have to pass the type around,
+
+this is exactly the
+same as before.
+
+Now just for fun, we saw that
+last time when I asked you
+
+what did usual drunk do, there
+was some confusion.
+
+Not confusion, just a bad guess
+about how the drunk
+
+would wander.
+
+So, let's try it again.
+
+What do you think about
+the cold drunk?
+
+Will the cold drunk get further
+from the origin than
+
+the usual drunk?
+
+Not further from the origin?
+
+Who thinks the cold drunk
+will be further away
+
+the end of 500 steps?
+
+Who thinks the cold drunk will
+not be further away?
+
+And I'll bet we can all agr --
+got that right, I think -- and
+
+I'll bet you'll all agree that,
+with higher probability,
+
+the cold drunk will be south
+of the origin than north of
+
+the origin.
+
+More interesting, how
+about the ew drunk?
+
+So this is a drunk that only
+goes east or west, east or
+
+west. Will this drunk, well,
+first of all, what's the
+
+expected distance?
+
+Do you think it should
+be close to zero or
+
+not close to zero?
+
+Who thinks it should
+be close to 0?
+
+Who thinks it won't
+be close to 0?
+
+Well you guys have all fallen
+for the same trick you fell
+
+for last time.
+
+Fooled you twice.
+
+Be careful, one more
+and you're out.
+
+As we'll see.
+
+But it's interesting.
+
+So let's run this program
+and see what happens.
+
+I can take a just a second
+or two and we should
+
+get a bunch of plots.
+
+All right, so here's
+the usual drunk.
+
+100 trials and just as before,
+wandered away.
+
+Moderately smooth, but of course
+little ups and downs,
+
+maybe suggesting averaging
+over 100 trials
+
+is not quite enough.
+
+I felt a little better if it
+were smoother, but the trend
+
+is pretty clear here, I think
+we probably don't doubt it.
+
+Well, look at cold drunk.
+
+Like a shot heading south.
+
+So here we see, there's bias,
+that if you get south you go
+
+twice as far makes a
+huge difference.
+
+Instead of being roughly 20
+steps away, it's roughly 120
+
+steps away.
+
+So we see, and this is something
+to think about, a
+
+small bias can end up making a
+huge difference over time.
+
+This is why casinos
+do so well.
+
+They don't have to have a very
+much of a bias in their favor
+
+on each roll of the dice in
+order to accumulate a lot of
+
+money over time.
+
+It's why if you just weigh your
+dice a little bit, so
+
+that they're not fair, you'll
+do very very well.
+
+I'm not recommending that.
+
+Kind of interesting.
+
+The e w drunk is pretty much the
+same distance away as the
+
+usual drunk.
+
+This is why we run these
+simulations, is because we
+
+learn things.
+
+Now, I have to confess,
+it fooled me, too.
+
+The first time I ran this, I
+looked at this and said, wait
+
+a minute, that's not
+what I expected.
+
+So I scratched my head, and
+thought about, all right, why
+
+is it behaving this way?
+
+This happens me a lot in my own
+research, that I crunch
+
+some data, do some plots, look
+at it, get surprised, and on
+
+the basis of that I learned
+something about the underlying
+
+system I'm modeling.
+
+Because it provokes me to
+think in ways I had not
+
+thought before I saw the data.
+
+This is an important lesson.
+
+You don't ignore the data, you
+try and explain the data.
+
+So when I thought about what
+happened, I realize that while
+
+I might have started at the
+origin, and after the first
+
+step I'm equally likely
+to be here or here.
+
+Once I've taken the first step,
+now my expected location
+
+is not zero, right?
+
+The first step, my expected
+location was zero.
+
+Because equally likely to
+be plus 1 or minus 1.
+
+But once I've taken a step and
+I happen to be here, my
+
+expected location, if I'm here,
+is plus 1, it's not 0.
+
+Because half the time I'll get
+back to 0, but half the time
+
+I'll get to 2.
+
+So once I have moved away from
+where I've started, the
+
+expectation of where I'll
+end up has changed.
+
+This is kind of a profound thing
+to think about, because
+
+when we look at it, this kind of
+behavior explains a lot of
+
+surprising results in life.
+
+Where, if you get a small run of
+random events that take you
+
+far from where you started,
+it's hard to get back.
+
+So if you think about the stock
+market, for example, if
+
+you happen to get unlucky and
+have a few days or weeks or
+
+months, as the case may be,
+where you get a run of bad
+
+days, it's really hard to get
+back if all the movements
+
+after that are random.
+
+Because you've established
+a new baseline.
+
+And as we'll see later, when
+you start doing things at
+
+random, it's likely you'll get a
+few runs in one direction or
+
+another, and then you've got
+a new baseline, and it's
+
+unlikely to get back to where
+you were originally.
+
+We'll see a lot of
+examples of this.
+
+But that's what's happening
+here, and that's why it looks
+
+the way it does.
+
+That makes sense to people?
+
+Well, so I had this theory,
+as I often do when I have
+
+theories, I don't believe them,
+so I decided I better
+
+write some more code
+to check it out.
+
+So, what I did is, I took the
+previous simulation and now
+
+instead of looking at different
+kinds of drunks, I
+
+got more aggressive in
+thinking about my
+
+analysis of the data.
+
+So again, there's
+a lesson here.
+
+I decided I wanted to analyze
+my data in new ways.
+
+And the beauty of it was, I
+could do that without changing
+
+either any of the code about the
+drunk, or any they of the
+
+code about performing the
+simulation, really.
+
+All I had to do was do a
+different kind of analysis to
+
+a first approximation.
+
+So, let's look at what
+I've done here.
+
+What I've decided to do here is
+not only plot, and again, I
+
+think you'll see this code, not
+only plot how far from the
+
+origin the drunk is over time,
+but I'm going to actually plot
+
+two other things.
+
+I'm going to use a scatter plot,
+I think I use scatter in
+
+this one, I do, to show
+where the drunk is at
+
+each period of time.
+
+Actually, just all the
+places the drunk
+
+ends up in each trial.
+
+This will give me a visualized
+way just see, OK, in my, say,
+
+100 trials, how many the drunk
+ended up near the origin, how
+
+many of them ended up
+really far away?
+
+And just, allow me to visualize
+what's going on.
+
+And then I'm going to also use
+a histogram to sort of
+
+summarize some things.
+
+To get a look at the
+distribution of the data.
+
+We've been just looking at
+average results, but it's
+
+often the case that the average
+does not really tell
+
+the whole story.
+
+You want to ask, well, how many
+of the drunks ended up
+
+really far away?
+
+How many of the drunks ended
+up where they started?
+
+You can't tell that
+from the averages.
+
+So you use a distribution, which
+tells you information
+
+about how many people
+ended up where.
+
+So we again saw that, in a less
+pleasant context, maybe,
+
+in looking at the quizzes,
+remember I sent you some plots
+
+about the quizzes, and
+I didn't just say,
+
+here was the average.
+
+I showed you the distribution
+of grades.
+
+That allowed you to see, not
+only where you were relative
+
+to the average, but whether
+you were an outlier.
+
+Was your grade much better
+than the average?
+
+Or were there a whole bunch of
+people around where you are?
+
+So there's a lot of information
+there, that will
+
+help us understand what's
+really going on.
+
+So we'll run this now.
+
+Again, there's nothing very
+interesting here about how I
+
+did it, I just used some of
+these Pylab dot hist, which
+
+gives me a histogram, Pylab dot
+scatter, which gives me a
+
+scatter plot.
+
+I'll take 500 steps,
+400 trials.
+
+I've done some more trials here,
+so we get some smoother
+
+lines, better distributions.
+
+And then I'm going to look at
+the usual drunk and ew drunk
+
+only, just to save some time.
+
+At least I think I am.
+
+My computer runs faster
+when it's plugged in.
+
+All right, but we have
+our figures here,
+
+let's look at them.
+
+So here's figure one,
+the usual drunk.
+
+Well, all right, as we've
+seen this 1000
+
+times, or at least six.
+
+So doing what it usually
+does, not quite 20.
+
+This is kind of interesting.
+
+This is the final locations
+of the 400 trials
+
+of the usual drunk.
+
+So we see some information here,
+that we really couldn't
+
+get from the averages.
+
+That there are more of these
+points near the middle, but
+
+there are certainly plenty
+scattered around.
+
+And we get to see that, they're
+pretty much symmetric
+
+around where we started.
+
+This is what we would
+have hoped, right?
+
+If we had looked at it, and we
+had seen all the points up
+
+here, or most of them up here,
+we would have said, wait a
+
+minute, there's something
+wrong with my code.
+
+This was supposed to not
+be a biased walk,
+
+but an unbiased walk.
+
+And if I'd seen a bias in this
+population, I should have
+
+gotten nervous that I had
+some problems with my
+
+implementation.
+
+My simulation.
+
+So in addition to helping me
+understand results, this gives
+
+me some confidence that I really
+am doing an unbiased
+
+walk, right?
+
+Some over here, some
+over here.
+
+Not exactly the same, but
+close enough that I feel
+
+pretty comfortable.
+
+And if I look at the
+distribution, which probably I
+
+could've if I worked really
+hard, gotten from the scatter
+
+plot, but I really didn't want
+to, we'll see that most of the
+
+drunks actually do end up pretty
+close to the origin.
+
+But that there are a few that
+are pretty far away.
+
+And again, it's close to
+symmetric around zero.
+
+Which gives me a good feeling
+that things are working the
+
+way they should.
+
+This, by the way, is what's
+called a normal distribution.
+
+Because once upon a time, people
+believed this was the
+
+way things usually happened.
+
+This is called either
+normal or Gaussian.
+
+The mathematician Gauss was
+one of the first people to
+
+write about this distribution.
+
+We'll come back to this later,
+and among other things, we'll
+
+try and see whether normal
+is really normal.
+
+But you see it a lot of times.
+
+And basically what it says is
+that most of the values hang
+
+out around the average,
+the middle.
+
+And there are a few outliers,
+and as we get further and
+
+further out, fewer and
+fewer points occur.
+
+So you'll see these kind of
+curves, of distributions,
+
+occurring a lot.
+
+Again, we'll come back to
+distributions in a week, or
+
+actually in a lecture or two.
+
+See a little bit more today,
+and then more later on.
+
+All right, here's our east west
+drunk, again as before,
+
+drifting off to around 18.
+
+Well, look at these dots.
+
+Well, this makes me feel, that
+at least I know that the drunk
+
+is only moving east and west.
+And again you'll see, pretty
+
+dense in the middle and
+a few outliers.
+
+Managed to get a little further
+east than west, but
+
+that happens.
+
+East is always more
+attractive.
+
+What we might have guessed.
+
+And if we look at the
+distribution, again we can
+
+look at it, and I'm just giving
+you the east west
+
+values here, and again
+it's about the same.
+
+So, what do I want you to take
+away from these graphs?
+
+Different plots show you
+different things.
+
+So I'm not going to try and
+claim that of these three
+
+different plots we did, one
+is the right one to do.
+
+What I'm going to assert
+is that you want
+
+to do all of them.
+
+Try and visualize the data
+in multiple ways.
+
+And sometimes it's much easier
+to, even if different plots
+
+contain exactly the same
+information, and in some sense
+
+of the scatter plot and the
+histogram do contain exactly
+
+the same information.
+
+In fact, there's more
+information in the scatter
+
+plot, in some sense, because I
+see each one individually.
+
+But it's, for me, a
+lot harder to see.
+
+If I'd ask you from the
+scatter plot, are they
+
+normally distributed?
+
+You might have had a hard
+time answering it.
+
+Particularly for the usual
+drunk, where you just saw a
+
+lot of points.
+
+So the idea of some summarizing
+it in the
+
+histogram makes it much easier
+to make sense of the data, and
+
+see what you're doing, and to
+try and learn the lesson
+
+you're trying to learn.
+
+OK, this makes sense
+to people?
+
+All right, let's move on.
+
+Now we'll go back to this lovely
+picture we had before.
+
+Any of you ever play the game
+Chutes and Ladders?
+
+Raise your hand?
+
+OK, some things never
+go out of style.
+
+Well, imagine your poor drunk
+wandering through this board,
+
+and every once in a while,
+because I'm kind of a, not a
+
+nice person, I've eliminated all
+the ladders, and have only
+
+some chutes.
+
+And every once in a while
+the drunk hits a
+
+chute and goes whoosh.
+
+And in fact, let's, for the
+sake of simplicity here,
+
+assume that the chutes are
+going to, every once in a
+
+while, the drunk will hit a bad
+spot, and go right back to
+
+the origin.
+
+So this poor, say, heat-seeking
+drunk who's
+
+trying to head south, does it
+for a while and maybe gets
+
+zipped right back to where
+he or she started.
+
+All right, I've now told
+you I want to put
+
+some, make this happen.
+
+What part of the code do you
+think I should change?
+
+Somebody?
+
+STUDENT: The field.
+
+PROFESSOR: The field,
+absolutely.
+
+Those are good to throw
+short distances.
+
+The field, right, because what
+we're talking about here is
+
+not a property of the drunk,
+or a property of the
+
+simulation, but a property of
+the space in which the drunk
+
+is wandering.
+
+So again, we see that by
+structuring the initial
+
+program around the natural
+abstractions that occur in the
+
+problem, natural kinds of
+changes can be localized.
+
+So let's go and change
+the field.
+
+So I'm going to have the field
+I had before plus this thing
+
+called an odd field.
+
+Odd field will be a
+subclass of field.
+
+This is not odd as in
+odd or even, this
+
+is odd as in strange.
+
+So I'm going to first define
+where my chutes are.
+
+So is chute will take, will
+get the coordinates, and
+
+assign it to x and y, so it
+gets the coordinates of a
+
+place, and then will return
+abs x minus abs
+
+y is equal to zero.
+
+So, where are my chutes
+going to occur?
+
+Somebody?
+
+Yeah, kind of radiating
+out from the origin.
+
+Any place, so I'll have
+my origin, here.
+
+Got my graph.
+
+And all along here, any place
+x and y are equal,
+
+there'll be a chute.
+
+Now, I have to be a little bit
+careful that it doesn't happen
+
+here, or we won't
+get anywhere.
+
+So, and then move, in odd field,
+will call field dot
+
+move, which is unchanged from
+what it was before.
+
+And then it will say, if self
+dot is chute, set the location
+
+back to 0,0.
+
+So the poor drunk will move as
+before, and if he or she hits
+
+this wormhole, get instantly
+teleported back to the origin.
+
+Very small change, but it will
+give us rather different
+
+behaviors, at least
+I think it will.
+
+And then if we look at how we
+use it, not much changes.
+
+Except, what do you think is
+going to have to change?
+
+Where will I have to make
+the change, somebody?
+
+You can actually see
+the code here.
+
+I'll have to get a different
+field, right?
+
+So, at the place where I
+instantiate a field, instead
+
+of instantiating a field, I'll
+instantiate an odd field.
+
+Now if I'd had 16 different
+kinds of odd fields, or even
+
+two, I might well have done
+what I did with drunk.
+
+But in order to sort of minimize
+things, I've done
+
+something much smaller.
+
+So let's see, where did
+we get the field?
+
+I don't even remember.
+
+So, here's what I do when I'm
+looking at my program and I
+
+want to see where
+something is.
+
+I use the text editor, and I'm
+going to search for it.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Well, it's not there.
+
+There it is.
+
+So here when I get my field, I
+get my drunk, and then I get a
+
+field which is an odd field.
+
+All right, anyone want to
+speculate what will happen
+
+when I run this one?
+
+Think the drunk will be closer
+or further from the origin
+
+when we're done?
+
+Who thinks closer?
+
+Who thinks further?
+
+Who thinks no difference?
+
+Well, you're right, I mean it's
+sort of logical if we
+
+think about it, that if every
+once in a while you get to
+
+zipped, back it's going to be
+harder to get further away.
+
+We'll see different behaviors,
+by the way, it depends on the
+
+drunk, right?
+
+That's true for the usual drunk,
+but maybe not for the
+
+east west drunk.
+
+We can see what happens.
+
+So let's try some.
+
+We'll do it for the usual
+drunk, which is the more
+
+interesting case
+to start with.
+
+So you'll see whereas before we
+were up just shy of 20 most
+
+of the time, here we don't get
+very much much, further.
+
+We do get steadily further,
+but at a lot slower pace.
+
+What do you think it means that,
+before you remember, we
+
+saw a pretty smooth line.
+
+Here we see what may look you
+like a fat line, but is in
+
+fact a line with a lot
+of wiggles in it.
+
+What does that imply, about
+what's going on in the
+
+simulation, the fact that line
+is jagged rather than smooth
+
+as it was before?
+
+Pardon?
+
+Can't hear you?
+
+STUDENT: That it jumps.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, certainly it
+happens because of the jumps,
+
+but what else is going on?
+
+But what is it, sort of, imply
+more, whoa, sorry about that,
+
+more generally?
+
+Right, what it's saying, is
+that because of the jumps,
+
+there's a lot more variation
+from trial to trial.
+
+Not surprising, right, because
+you sometimes you hit these
+
+wormholes and sometimes
+you don't.
+
+So let's look at this
+other figure.
+
+This is kind of interesting.
+
+So here's the scatter plot.
+
+And if we zoom in on it, what
+we see here is, there are
+
+essentially holes, you
+know, these alleys
+
+where no points lie.
+
+Just as we might have
+guessed from here.
+
+The only way you would get a
+point lying on these alleys,
+
+if it happened to be the very
+last step of the simulation,
+
+not even then, because the last
+thing we do is go back to
+
+the origin.
+
+So we can look at this, and say,
+well, sure enough, this
+
+is keeping people off of a
+certain part of the field.
+
+All right, some of you will be
+happy to know we are, for the
+
+moment, actually maybe for the
+whole rest of the term,
+
+leaving the notion of drunks.
+
+Though not of random walks.
+
+All right, any questions about
+what's going on here?
+
+And again, I would urge you to
+sort of study the code and the
+
+way it's been factored to
+accomplish these things.
+
+And play with it, and look
+at what you get from the
+
+different plots.
+
+I now want to pull back from
+this specific example, and
+
+spend a few minutes talking
+about simulation in general.
+
+Computer simulation really grew
+hand in hand with the
+
+development of the computers,
+from the very beginning.
+
+The first large-scale deployment
+of computer
+
+simulation was as part of
+the Manhattan Project.
+
+This was done during the war
+to model the process of
+
+nuclear detonation.
+
+And, in fact, what they did was
+a simulation of 12 hard
+
+spheres, and what would
+happen when they would
+
+bump into each other.
+
+It was a huge step forward to
+do it with simulation, since
+
+the whole project had been
+stalled by their attempt to do
+
+this analytically.
+
+They were unable to actually
+solve the problem
+
+analytically.
+
+And it was only when they hit
+upon the notion of using a
+
+computer, a relatively new
+tool in those days, to
+
+simulate it, that they
+were able to get the
+
+answers they needed.
+
+And they did it using something
+called a Monte Carlo
+
+simulation.
+
+Now in fact, that's just what
+we've been doing with the
+
+random walk, the Monte Carlo
+simulation, and I'll come back
+
+to that in a minute.
+
+In general, the thing to think
+about, is we use simulation
+
+when we really can't get a
+closed form analytic solution.
+
+If you can put down a system of
+equations and easily solve
+
+it to get an answer, that's
+usually the right thing to do.
+
+But when we can't easily do
+that, the right thing to do is
+
+typically to fall back
+on simulation.
+
+Sometimes even when we can do
+it analytically, simulation
+
+has some advantages, as we'll
+be seeing as we go forward.
+
+What we're typically doing
+when we're simulating
+
+anything, is we're attempting
+to generate a sample of
+
+representative scenarios.
+
+Because an exhaustive
+enumeration of all possible
+
+states would be impossible.
+
+So again, if sometimes you can't
+solve it analytically,
+
+you can exhaustively enumerate
+the space and then see
+
+what's going on.
+
+But again, usually you can't.
+
+And so we look for a sample, and
+the key is, it's gotta be
+
+representative.
+
+Of what we would
+get in reality.
+
+We'll see an example
+of that shortly.
+
+So simulation attempts to build
+an experimental device
+
+that will act like the real
+system in important aspects.
+
+So I always think of
+a simulation as an
+
+experimental device.
+
+And every time I run it, I'm
+running an experiment designed
+
+to give me some information
+about the real world.
+
+These things are enormously
+popular, so if you were to get
+
+on Google and look
+at simulation.
+
+So for, example, we could Google
+simulation finance.
+
+You know, we see we get
+about 3,000,000 hits.
+
+We can do biology.
+
+We get twice as many hits,
+showing the relative
+
+importance in the world of
+biology and finance.
+
+For all you Course 7 majors,
+we should make sure that
+
+should compare biology
+to physics.
+
+Oh dear, we'll see that physics
+is even more important
+
+than biology.
+
+And I know we have a lot of
+Course 2 students in here, so
+
+let's try mechanical.
+
+Oh, lot of those, too.
+
+And if I did baseball, or
+football, we'd get more than
+
+any of them.
+
+Showing the real importance
+of things in the world.
+
+As we look at simulations, I
+want you to keep in mind that
+
+they are typically descriptive
+not prescriptive.
+
+So by that I mean, they describe
+a situation, they
+
+don't tell you what
+the answer is.
+
+So another way to think about
+this is, a simulation is not
+
+an optimization procedure.
+
+When we looked at optimization,
+that was
+
+prescriptive.
+
+We ran an optimization
+algorithm, and it gave us the
+
+best possible solution.
+
+A simulation typically doesn't
+give you this best possible
+
+solution, but if you give it
+the starting point, it will
+
+tell you the consequences
+of that.
+
+Now, can we use simulation
+to do optimization?
+
+Absolutely.
+
+For example, we can use it
+to do guess and check.
+
+Where we guess a, probably not
+to get a truly optimal
+
+solution, but to get a good
+solution, we can guess various
+
+possibilities, simulate
+them, and see.
+
+People do that all the time.
+
+If they want to see what's the
+right number of checkout
+
+counters at the supermarket,
+or what's the right airline
+
+schedule to use?
+
+They'll make a guess, they'll
+simulate it, and they'll say
+
+all right, this was better than
+this, so we'll choose it.
+
+All right, I'm going
+to stop here.
+
+Next time we're going to get
+more deeply into the actual
+
+stochastics, the probability
+distributions, and start
+
+understanding what's going
+on under the covers.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ImHAGH_OEow.txt b/ImHAGH_OEow.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0bb5ac68740932f6130be4d5bcfdb4ca63caccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ImHAGH_OEow.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8880 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable as many times as you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative
+at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what do i bring this up because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i bring this up because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i bring this up because then
+the taylor polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this function that i've written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function that i've written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function that i've written here
+at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the taylor polynomial at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taylor polynomial at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taylor polynomial at 0
+just equals again the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equals again the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equals again the sum of the
+derivatives evaluated at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives evaluated at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives evaluated at 0
+times x minus 0 to the k but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x minus 0 to the k but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x minus 0 to the k but all the
+derivatives are 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+the function is in fact equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is in fact equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is in fact equal to the
+remainder term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term
+near zero so you see the remainder term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero so you see the remainder term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero so you see the remainder term
+carries all of f so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries all of f so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries all of f so it doesn't
+necessarily need to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to be small
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and what i'm trying to say is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm trying to say is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm trying to say is that in
+general you can't just throw away this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't just throw away this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can't just throw away this
+remainder term and expect that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term and expect that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term and expect that to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+even near the point x some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even near the point x some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even near the point x some sort of
+faithful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful um
+representation of the function just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the function just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the function just by
+the taylor polynomial because as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taylor polynomial because as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taylor polynomial because as we see
+for this function the taylor polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function the taylor polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function the taylor polynomial
+is identically zero if i throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identically zero if i throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identically zero if i throw away the
+remainder term i would be saying f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term i would be saying f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder term i would be saying f is
+zero but it most certainly is not near x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it most certainly is not near x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it most certainly is not near x
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion
+so now let's uh give the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you see we're just going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you see we're just going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you see we're just going to kind
+of apply the mean value theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of apply the mean value theorem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of apply the mean value theorem um
+repeatedly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+higher derivatives of f but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher derivatives of f but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher derivatives of f but not
+necessarily of f but of a function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of f but of a function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of f but of a function we
+cook up out of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take two points x 0 and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take two points x 0 and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take two points x 0 and x
+not equal to each other of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to each other of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to each other of course if
+they're equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to each other
+we can take c to be whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take c to be whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take c to be whatever we want
+because then f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then f of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because then what we pick up is f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then what we pick up is f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then what we pick up is f of x
+equals f of x on the right hand side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x on the right hand side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of x on the right hand side so
+we can just consider the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just consider the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just consider the case that
+x0 does not equal x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so this is just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so this is just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so this is just a number
+depending on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on x
+and f zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over x minus x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x minus x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x minus x zero
+to the n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+p sub n this is again the taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sub n this is again the taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sub n this is again the taylor
+polynomial of degree n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of degree n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of degree n
+uh f of x minus p sub n of x over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x minus p sub n of x over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x minus p sub n of x over x
+minus x sub zero so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sub zero so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sub zero so this is just a
+number depending on x and x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh just rewriting this this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh just rewriting this this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh just rewriting this this means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+is equal to p sub n of x the taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p sub n of x the taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p sub n of x the taylor
+polynomial of n at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of n at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial of n at x
+plus m x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m x times
+m x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0
+times x minus x sub zero over n to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x minus x sub zero over n to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x minus x sub zero over n to the n
+plus one okay so now the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one okay so now the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one okay so now the goal
+is to show that in fact this number can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show that in fact this number can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show that in fact this number can
+be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+uh the n plus one derivative evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the n plus one derivative evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the n plus one derivative evaluated
+at some point over n plus one factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point over n plus one factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point over n plus one factorial
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shows there exists a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows there exists a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows there exists a c
+and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+m x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+equals f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f
+n plus one over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over c
+over n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n plus one
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh
+you know what is this defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is this defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is this defining
+characteristic of this taylor polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this taylor polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of this taylor polynomial
+at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+this nth order taylor polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nth order taylor polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nth order taylor polynomial
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to x0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point is is that this taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that this taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is is that this taylor
+polynomial agrees with f at x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agrees with f at x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agrees with f at x 0
+up to nth order up to n derivatives okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to nth order up to n derivatives okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to nth order up to n derivatives okay
+in other words if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the kth derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kth derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kth derivative
+of f and evaluated at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and evaluated at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f and evaluated at x0
+this is the same as taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as taking
+the kth derivative of the taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kth derivative of the taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kth derivative of the taylor
+polynomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and
+evaluating it at x0 so the taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at x0 so the taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at x0 so the taylor
+polynomial agrees with f up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agrees with f up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agrees with f up to n
+derivatives at the point x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives at the point x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives at the point x zero
+all right so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again this is
+the whole point of taylor polynomials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of taylor polynomials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of taylor polynomials is
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+at least at the point agree with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the point agree with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the point agree with f
+to nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nth order
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+doesn't mean they agree with f or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they agree with f or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they agree with f or even
+are a good representation of f away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a good representation of f away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a good representation of f away from
+x0 like we just saw but at least at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 like we just saw but at least at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 like we just saw but at least at x0
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+agree with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i'm going to define a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to define a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to define a new
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+which i'm going to start applying uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to start applying uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to start applying uh the
+mean value theorem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value theorem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value theorem too
+and hopefully come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this c
+it's g of s equals f of s minus p sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's g of s equals f of s minus p sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's g of s equals f of s minus p sub n
+of s minus this number from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s minus this number from earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s minus this number from earlier
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+s minus x zero to the n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus x zero to the n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus x zero to the n plus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and something to note is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something to note is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something to note is that this
+function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+whole function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole function
+so g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so g
+uh first off f is n plus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off f is n plus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first off f is n plus one times
+differentiable this is a polynomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable this is a polynomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable this is a polynomial so
+it's n plus one times differentiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n plus one times differentiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n plus one times differentiable and
+this is just just a polynomial also in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just just a polynomial also in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just just a polynomial also in s
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+n plus one times differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so ns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh
+let me draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have x0 and x at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have x0 and x at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have x0 and x at least in the
+picture x is bigger than x0 but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture x is bigger than x0 but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture x is bigger than x0 but that
+doesn't really matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter so
+what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about
+g of x0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of x0 well
+this is equal to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now when i stick in x 0 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when i stick in x 0 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when i stick in x 0 here
+uh i get 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now f of x 0 minus p n of x 0 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now f of x 0 minus p n of x 0 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now f of x 0 minus p n of x 0 again
+by this first thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this first thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this first thing here
+for k equals 0 this is equal to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equals 0 this is equal to 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equals 0 this is equal to 0.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now what do i know about g evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do i know about g evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what do i know about g evaluated
+at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to f of x minus p n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to f of x minus p n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to f of x minus p n of x
+remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable that i'm changing or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that i'm changing or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that i'm changing or at least
+the free variable there is s so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variable there is s so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free variable there is s so if i
+stick in x i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in x i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in x i get
+f of x minus p n of x minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus p n of x minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus p n of x minus m
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+constant from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i chose depending on x and x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i chose depending on x and x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i chose depending on x and x zero
+but using this relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using this relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using this relation here
+this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i have that the function g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have that the function g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have that the function g
+at x 0 and at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x 0 and at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x 0 and at x
+is 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.
+so by the mean value theorem or rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the mean value theorem or rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the mean value theorem or rolls
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by mean value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by mean value theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by mean value theorem
+there exists a point x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0x such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0x such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0x such that
+g prime of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime of x1
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember at x0
+or g prime of x one equals zero now at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or g prime of x one equals zero now at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or g prime of x one equals zero now at x
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have that
+so okay so at g prime of x one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so at g prime of x one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so at g prime of x one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so at x one g prime is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at x one g prime is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at x one g prime is zero
+but also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at the derivative of g at x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the derivative of g at x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the derivative of g at x 0
+this is equal to f prime of x 0 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to f prime of x 0 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to f prime of x 0 minus p
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+prime of x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of x 0
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+now here i'm working under the sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here i'm working under the sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here i'm working under the sum so
+just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for
+illustration purposes i'm assuming n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration purposes i'm assuming n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration purposes i'm assuming n is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know n is say bigger than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n is say bigger than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know n is say bigger than 2
+bigger than or equal to 2 at least from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to 2 at least from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to 2 at least from
+what i'm writing down right now but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm writing down right now but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm writing down right now but if i
+take the derivative of this and set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this and set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this and set in
+and plug in x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug in x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug in x0
+then i will also get 0 here so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will also get 0 here so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will also get 0 here so i just
+get f prime of x0 minus pn prime of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get f prime of x0 minus pn prime of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get f prime of x0 minus pn prime of zero
+so this equals zero yeah so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals zero yeah so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals zero yeah so i have
+um g prime of x one equals zero g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um g prime of x one equals zero g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um g prime of x one equals zero g prime
+of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is
+zero equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore by the mean value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the mean value theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the mean value theorem
+applied again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a point x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x0
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second derivative of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of g
+evaluated at x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+okay and now i just iterate this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now i just iterate this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now i just iterate this right
+because i still know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i still know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i still know
+at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0
+the second derivative of g is also 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of g is also 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of g is also 0
+as long as n is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as n is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as n is bigger than or equal to
+bigger than or equal to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'll get that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll get that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll get that there's a
+so there's x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's x1
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write here at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write here at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write here at this point we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+g equals 0 g prime equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals 0 g prime equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g equals 0 g prime equals 0
+and so on at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on at this point
+g prime equals 0 and then at x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so then the fact that g double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the fact that g double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the fact that g double
+prime here at this point is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at zero here we apply the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at zero here we apply the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at zero here we apply the mean value
+theorem again and we get a point x three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem again and we get a point x three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem again and we get a point x three
+in between them where now the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them where now the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between them where now the third
+derivative equals 0 and we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals 0 and we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals 0 and we can keep
+going on up until a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on up until a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on up until a certain point
+and what point is that that's when i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what point is that that's when i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what point is that that's when i've
+taken away n derivatives here and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away n derivatives here and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away n derivatives here and all
+that i have left here is s minus x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have left here is s minus x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have left here is s minus x0
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuing in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k between 0 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k between 0 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k between 0 and n
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+x 0 and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 and x
+such that the kth derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular at the end plus at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular at the end plus at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular at the end plus at the
+k equals end stage uh what do i have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals end stage uh what do i have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals end stage uh what do i have so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0
+x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+there's x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm just now going to repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just now going to repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just now going to repeat this
+argument one last time and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument one last time and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument one last time and we'll see
+where that leads us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+the nth derivative of g evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth derivative of g evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth derivative of g evaluated at
+x sub zero equals zero again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub zero equals zero again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub zero equals zero again this is
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation here
+so let me in fact write that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+pn of x0 and i'll even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn of x0 and i'll even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn of x0 and i'll even
+write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x
+x 0 n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 n plus 1
+factorial times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial times
+x 0 minus x 0. this is what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 minus x 0. this is what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 minus x 0. this is what happens when
+i take n derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take n derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take n derivatives
+of ns of this monomial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this of course is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we have that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have its
+equals 0 at this other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 at this other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 at this other point
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the mean value theorem now applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mean value theorem now applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mean value theorem now applied to
+g sub n g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sub n g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sub n g
+uh the nth derivative of g so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nth derivative of g so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nth derivative of g so
+when i write mean value theorem here i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i write mean value theorem here i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i write mean value theorem here i'm
+not applying it to the function g i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not applying it to the function g i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not applying it to the function g i'm
+applying it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+so here i was applying it just to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i was applying it just to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i was applying it just to g
+here i was applying the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i was applying the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i was applying the mean value
+theorem to the derivative of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the derivative of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the derivative of g
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here i'm now applying the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm now applying the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm now applying the mean value
+theorem to the nth derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the nth derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the nth derivative
+of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me make that perfectly clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a number c
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x0
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the n plus one the derivative of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus one the derivative of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus one the derivative of g
+uh the derivative of the nth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the derivative of the nth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the derivative of the nth order
+derivative of g so the n plus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of g so the n plus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of g so the n plus first
+derivative of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of g
+of c equals zero but what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c equals zero but what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c equals zero but what does this mean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives
+with respect to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to s
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+i get f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take n plus 1 derivatives of
+an int degree polynomial i get 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an int degree polynomial i get 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an int degree polynomial i get 0 right
+if i take two derivatives of a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two derivatives of a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take two derivatives of a degree
+one polynomial of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polynomial of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one polynomial of just
+which is just x i get zero if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x i get zero if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just x i get zero if i take
+three derivatives of a degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivatives of a degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three derivatives of a degree two
+polynomial i get zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial i get zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial i get zero uh
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+i get 0 for when i differentiate n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get 0 for when i differentiate n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get 0 for when i differentiate n plus
+1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times
+an nth degree polynomial minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nth degree polynomial minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nth degree polynomial minus
+m this constant again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this constant again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m this constant again
+times n plus 1 derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n plus 1 derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n plus 1 derivatives
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+monomial here in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember all these derivatives i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember all these derivatives i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember all these derivatives i'm
+writing down here these are all in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down here these are all in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down here these are all in terms
+of s okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s okay
+um times n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times n plus 1
+factorial and this equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this equals 0.
+right this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+expressed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this should be c i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be c i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should be c i'm sorry
+we're plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plugging in
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+but that means precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means precisely
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i
+wanted to show existed all right so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show existed all right so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show existed all right so at
+this point c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point c
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+constant from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which remember was defined in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is actually equal to the n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to the n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to the n plus one
+derivative of f evaluated at some c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f evaluated at some c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f evaluated at some c so
+and therefore f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore f of x
+is equal to p n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p n of x
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where c is between x and x 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again the the ta you know taylor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the ta you know taylor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the ta you know taylor's
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+says a couple of things but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a couple of things but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a couple of things but it doesn't
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+certain things right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things right um
+you know the mean value theorem as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean value theorem as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean value theorem as it's
+written says there exists some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written says there exists some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written says there exists some point in
+between so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so that uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the secant line from f of b to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the secant line from f of b to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the secant line from f of b to
+f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+is equal to the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the derivative of the
+function tangent to the graph at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tangent to the graph at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tangent to the graph at some
+point in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in between
+but it doesn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't you know
+tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that
+you know the function near a point can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the function near a point can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the function near a point can
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what am i trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what taylor's theorem does say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what taylor's theorem does say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what taylor's theorem does say
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um you can iterate the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can iterate the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can iterate the mean value
+theorem for higher order derivatives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for higher order derivatives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for higher order derivatives but
+what it doesn't say is that um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it doesn't say is that um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it doesn't say is that um this
+polynomial that you get over here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that you get over here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial that you get over here which
+you interpret you know kind of as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interpret you know kind of as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interpret you know kind of as an
+approximation of the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the function f
+near x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near x0
+it doesn't say that that approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that that approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that that approximation
+in this is necessarily good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is necessarily good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is necessarily good right
+because we just saw from this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just saw from this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just saw from this example
+that that remainder term may end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that remainder term may end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that remainder term may end up
+being the entire function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the entire function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the entire function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but still that doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still that doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still that doesn't uh
+you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still doesn't make it any less useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doesn't make it any less useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doesn't make it any less useful in
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's give a simple application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a simple application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give a simple application of
+taylor's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+had endless pro you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had endless pro you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had endless pro you know
+homework problems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems or
+exam problems on when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problems on when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam problems on when you
+back when you first took calculus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when you first took calculus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when you first took calculus and
+you know we're finding critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're finding critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're finding critical points
+and trying to characterize them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to characterize them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to characterize them as
+relative minimums or relative maximums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative minimums or relative maximums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative minimums or relative maximums
+we have the second derivative test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the second derivative test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the second derivative test which
+states the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the following
+which states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which states that
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have a function from the open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a function from the open interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a function from the open interval
+a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose this has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this has two
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this open interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a point in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the derivative equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative equals zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the second derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of f
+evaluated at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at 0
+x sub 0 is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 0 is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 0 is positive
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relative min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and i should say that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i should say that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i should say that this is a
+strict relative min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference between a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between a strict
+relative men and just a relative min a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative men and just a relative min a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative men and just a relative min a
+strict relative mean men i mean that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict relative mean men i mean that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict relative mean men i mean that if
+i'm at any point other than x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm at any point other than x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm at any point other than x0
+and i'm nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm nearby
+then uh f of x is bigger than f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh f of x is bigger than f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh f of x is bigger than f of x
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just write that here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that here that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+near x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh let's
+just briefly recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly recall what
+the definition of relative men is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of relative men is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of relative men is and
+this will allow me to to state what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow me to to state what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow me to to state what it
+means to be a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a strict
+relative min this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative min this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative min this means
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all x
+x minus x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f of x
+is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than
+f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the definition of strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the definition of strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the definition of strict
+relative men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative men
+a strict relative min is a relative min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict relative min is a relative min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict relative min is a relative min
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um what's the only thing missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the only thing missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the only thing missing
+from the definition of relative men is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition of relative men is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition of relative men is
+what happens if i evaluated x zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if i evaluated x zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if i evaluated x zero and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+at x zero we get f of x zero equals f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x zero we get f of x zero equals f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x zero we get f of x zero equals f of
+x zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a strict relative min is a relative min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's a little bit stronger because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit stronger because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit stronger because
+it's saying that as long as x is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that as long as x is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that as long as x is not
+equal to x0 meaning this thing is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x0 meaning this thing is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x0 meaning this thing is bigger
+than zero f of x is bigger than f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero f of x is bigger than f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero f of x is bigger than f of x
+zero not bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so i hate doing this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i hate doing this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i hate doing this but the
+theorem stated over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem stated over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem stated over there
+and now we need to go across the room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we need to go across the room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we need to go across the room to
+do the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+f has two continuous derivatives um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has two continuous derivatives um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has two continuous derivatives um
+on a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a b
+and therefore the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the second derivative is
+continuous at x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since the second derivative is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+we get that the limit as x goes to x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the limit as x goes to x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that the limit as x goes to x0
+or let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let me put
+instead of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of x
+let's say c uh this equals f double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say c uh this equals f double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say c uh this equals f double
+prime of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of x0
+which is positive right by assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive right by assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive right by assumption
+that's that's what we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+by an exercise in one of the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there exists
+a delta 0 positive such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+0 bigger than c bigger than x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact we can include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me see there exists delta zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see there exists delta zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see there exists delta zero
+positive such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive such that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for all c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+f prime of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of c
+is positive right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive right so
+all i'm saying is we have this point x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm saying is we have this point x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm saying is we have this point x 0
+x 0 plus delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 plus delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 plus delta 0
+x 0 minus delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 minus delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x 0 minus delta 0
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval
+f double prime of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f double prime of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f double prime of c
+is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right you prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you prove that
+in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in
+an assignment if the limit of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment if the limit of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment if the limit of a function
+as i approach a point equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i approach a point equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i approach a point equals
+l which is positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l which is positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l which is positive then
+near the point the function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point the function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point the function has to be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i have to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have to verify that
+what am i trying to do i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i trying to do i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i trying to do i'm trying to
+verify that i have a strict relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that i have a strict relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that i have a strict relative
+minimum so that there exists a delta i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so that there exists a delta i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so that there exists a delta i
+have this delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this delta 0
+which ensures that the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ensures that the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ensures that the second derivative
+is positive on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i say choose delta to be this delta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say choose delta to be this delta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say choose delta to be this delta 0
+and now i have to show that this delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to show that this delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i have to show that this delta
+works meaning for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works meaning for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works meaning for all x
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+satisfying that inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying that inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying that inequality
+i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x is bigger than f of x 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than f of x 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than f of x 0.
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+within delta distance to x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by taylor's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+between x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x
+and x 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x 0.
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's x
+there's this point c between x and x 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this point c between x and x 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this point c between x and x 0.
+um which i can always choose strictly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i can always choose strictly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which i can always choose strictly in
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+i have that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that f of x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+f of x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+f prime of x 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f prime of x 0 times
+c minus x 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus x 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus x 0
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+no this should be x sorry plus f double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this should be x sorry plus f double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this should be x sorry plus f double
+prime of c over 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of c over 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of c over 2 times
+x minus x 0 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+at the funk at x0 the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the funk at x0 the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the funk at x0 the derivative is
+assumed to be zero right we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be zero right we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be zero right we're assuming
+the derivative vanishes at x zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative vanishes at x zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative vanishes at x zero
+and um the second derivative is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the second derivative is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the second derivative is positive
+there so this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this equals
+f of x zero plus f prime of c over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x zero plus f prime of c over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x zero plus f prime of c over 2
+times x minus x 0 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+on this whole interval which is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this whole interval which is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this whole interval which is where
+i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+f double prime of c is positive so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f double prime of c is positive so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f double prime of c is positive so this
+thing here is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is positive
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as long as x minus x0 is not 0 as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as x minus x0 is not 0 as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as x minus x0 is not 0 as long
+as x is not equal to x0 this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x is not equal to x0 this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x is not equal to x0 this thing is
+positive this is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this is a square
+so this is strictly bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is strictly bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is strictly bigger than
+f of x 0 which is what i wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0 which is what i wanted to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x 0 which is what i wanted to prove
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i have proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x is bigger than f x 0 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than f x 0 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than f x 0 on
+this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval here
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course
+you know the picture that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the picture that goes along
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know let's say the point x zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say the point x zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say the point x zero is
+zero at least near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this point uh the derivative is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this point uh the derivative is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this point uh the derivative is zero
+the second derivative is positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is positive so
+this is how the function should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the function should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the function should look
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+uh concludes what we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concludes what we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concludes what we're going to say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differentiation
+um you know i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i have
+put in the assignment you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the assignment you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the assignment you know
+kind of the most useful version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most useful version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most useful version of
+l'hopital's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l'hopital's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l'hopital's rule
+uh which is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is kind of the
+only other main thing we're missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other main thing we're missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other main thing we're missing
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+from just the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just the theory of
+differentiation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but remember you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit of a miracle as i've said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a miracle as i've said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a miracle as i've said before
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+there exists continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists continuous functions
+and never have a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration which we're which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which we're which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which we're which is what
+we're moving on to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving on to now
+is not so much of a miracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+as we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll show
+every continuous function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a different limiting process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a different limiting process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a different limiting process so
+all of these things we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things we're talking about
+you know all of these notions continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these notions continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these notions continuity
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notion that involves limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that involves limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that involves limits
+differentiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is
+a process involving limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process involving limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process involving limits
+and integration is a process involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration is a process involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration is a process involving
+limits but somehow integration is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but somehow integration is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits but somehow integration is not as
+harsh a process as differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh a process as differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh a process as differentiation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we're moving on now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+riemann integral but i'll say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral but i'll say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral but i'll say right
+riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what is riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+you know you were told this in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you were told this in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you were told this in calculus
+but maybe in not so careful away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe in not so careful away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe in not so careful away
+this is a theory of what it means or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theory of what it means or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theory of what it means or
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number that we associate to a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we associate to a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we associate to a function
+that you interpret as the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you interpret as the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you interpret as the area
+underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not
+as maybe you're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow magically equal to the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow magically equal to the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow magically equal to the area
+underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+there is no notion of area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no notion of area underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no notion of area underneath
+the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+all right the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the riemann integral
+is a number which you interpret as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number which you interpret as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number which you interpret as the
+area underneath the curve because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve because it
+agrees with what you think the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what you think the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with what you think the area
+underneath the curve should be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve should be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve should be for
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+examples for example a half circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for example a half circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for example a half circle
+or you know just a box you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know just a box you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know just a box you know these
+two notions agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notions agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two notions agree
+and therefore you interpret the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you interpret the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you interpret the riemann
+integral which is a number obtained by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which is a number obtained by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which is a number obtained by a
+limiting process as the area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process as the area underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting process as the area underneath
+the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve
+it is not somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not somehow
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+out in the universe there is this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the universe there is this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the universe there is this notion
+of area underneath the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area underneath the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area underneath the curve and
+the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral
+magically coincides with that notion no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically coincides with that notion no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically coincides with that notion no
+it is a theory if you like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a theory if you like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a theory if you like of
+uh assigning a number that we interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assigning a number that we interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assigning a number that we interpret
+as the area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the area underneath the curve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's good for
+very good for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for um
+especially once we get to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially once we get to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially once we get to the real
+miracle of calculus the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle of calculus the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle of calculus the fundamental
+theorem of calculus which connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus which connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus which connects the
+derivative to integration you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to integration you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to integration you know it's
+fantastic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic in
+you know being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being able to
+in its ease of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its ease of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its ease of computing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know hopefully at some point you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully at some point you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully at some point you go
+on to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to learn about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the bag integration which is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integration which is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integration which is a much more
+versatile notion of area underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile notion of area underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile notion of area underneath the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a little bit more robust you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit more robust you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit more robust you have
+better theorems that you can then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better theorems that you can then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better theorems that you can then use
+and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove
+prove then use of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+riemann integration is a is a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration is a is a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration is a is a place to
+start and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and in fact
+you know and one in some treatments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and one in some treatments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and one in some treatments of
+lebaig integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the bag integration is treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bag integration is treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the bag integration is treated
+as the completion of riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the completion of riemann integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the completion of riemann integration
+just as the real numbers are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as the real numbers are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as the real numbers are you know
+the completion in some sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion in some sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion in some sense of the
+rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+okay so let's um set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some definitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions and
+notions that we'll need so i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that we'll need so i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that we'll need so i'm just
+going to be talking about riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about riemann
+integration of continuous functions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of continuous functions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of continuous functions this
+is the simplest way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest way to go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why not for you know some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not for you know some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not for you know some sense of
+general functions or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general functions or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general functions or something like that
+um because you know in general a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know in general a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you know in general a
+function does not have a riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not have a riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not have a riemann
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so you could try to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could try to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could try to ask
+can you characterize what functions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you characterize what functions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you characterize what functions do
+have a riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a riemann integral
+and the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that is
+functions which are continuous in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are continuous in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are continuous in a
+sense almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense almost everywhere
+almost everywhere though you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere though you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere though you don't know
+we don't have the length we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the length we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the length we don't have
+the machinery to describe that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery to describe that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery to describe that that's a
+measure theory course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theory course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure theory course
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+because you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or at least because we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least because we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least because we don't have the
+machinery to fully state what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to fully state what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to fully state what it means
+a precise you know if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise you know if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise you know if and only if
+statement about when a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about when a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about when a function is
+riemann integral i'm just going to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral i'm just going to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral i'm just going to do uh
+the riemann integral for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral for continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+which is nice and simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice and simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice and simple enough
+and still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still pretty
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me just introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some notation that i'll be using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some notation that i'll be using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some notation that i'll be using a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a b this is going to be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b this is going to be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b this is going to be the set of all
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+from a b to r so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b to r so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a b to r so f
+maybe to r f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as i said that we're going to associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said that we're going to associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said that we're going to associate
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+an interval and a function a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval and a function a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval and a function a number
+which we will later interpret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will later interpret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will later interpret as
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as the
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+you know a notion of area underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a notion of area underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a notion of area underneath the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+so this process is a limiting process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this process is a limiting process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this process is a limiting process
+where we're going to be taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to be taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to be taking the
+domain and cutting it up into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and cutting it up into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and cutting it up into smaller
+and smaller pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller pieces
+and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow
+writing down a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a number
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we think approximates the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think approximates the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think approximates the area
+is a good approximate area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good approximate area underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good approximate area underneath
+the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to assign some words to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assign some words to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assign some words to this
+breaking down process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval a b
+this is just a finite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x underline
+which i'll write in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll write in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll write in this way
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's a finite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finite set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finite set
+which i write x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i write x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i write x0
+x1 x2 up to xn with the property that x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 up to xn with the property that x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 up to xn with the property that x0
+is equal to a is less than x1 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a is less than x1 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a is less than x1 less than
+x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm
+of a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partition
+denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote
+with these uh two vertical lines on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these uh two vertical lines on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these uh two vertical lines on
+either side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of
+x underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x underline
+is uh by definition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by definition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh by definition uh
+the max of the differences between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the differences between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of the differences between these
+partition points okay so i refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points okay so i refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points okay so i refer to
+these points that are in the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points that are in the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points that are in the partition
+as partition points so this is x1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as partition points so this is x1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as partition points so this is x1 minus
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+so on xn minus xn minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+partition x bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition x bar
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+finite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xc so get used to some greek letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc so get used to some greek letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc so get used to some greek letters in
+your life xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life xc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life xc
+equals c1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c1 up to
+cn so as before in the partition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn so as before in the partition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn so as before in the partition we
+started off with a 0 here we start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with a 0 here we start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with a 0 here we start off
+with 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+each of these xc's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these xc's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these xc's
+lie between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie between
+partition points in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points in other words
+x0 is less than xc 1 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is less than xc 1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is less than xc 1 is less than
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is referred to as a tagged partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+although maybe it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although maybe it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although maybe it looks
+a little bit fancy it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit fancy it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit fancy it's not
+a partition is you take your interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition is you take your interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition is you take your interval a
+b and you cut it up into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and you cut it up into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and you cut it up into pieces
+with your first point always being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first point always being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first point always being a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+your last point always being b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last point always being b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last point always being b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because i can't draw n points i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can't draw n points i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i can't draw n points i'm going
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+i'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to draw
+you know four points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know four points
+x3 x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 x4
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's a partition of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a partition of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a partition of a b
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+you know think of these points as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think of these points as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think of these points as
+being the endpoints of little intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the endpoints of little intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the endpoints of little intervals
+that i've broken up the bigger interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've broken up the bigger interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've broken up the bigger interval
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+and the xcs are just points in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the xcs are just points in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the xcs are just points in each of
+these little intervals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little intervals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little intervals so
+c1 has to land there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 has to land there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 has to land there
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+xc 2 could land in the next one it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc 2 could land in the next one it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc 2 could land in the next one it could
+actually be the end point if we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xc3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc3
+let's say it's the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say xc4 is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say xc4 is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say xc4 is there
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh so
+you know the tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the tag
+tagged points are just lying in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged points are just lying in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged points are just lying in these
+smaller intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller intervals
+okay and at least in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at least in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at least in this picture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the biggest separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the biggest separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the biggest separation between
+partition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition points
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+something like x3 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+norm of a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a partition
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the length of the largest sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the length of the largest sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the length of the largest sub
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know i drew i drew kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know i drew i drew kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know i drew i drew kind of
+something abstract here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's make this more concrete let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this more concrete let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this more concrete let's say
+i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+write down a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a few examples
+let's say my interval is 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my interval is 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my interval is 1 3
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my partition it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partition it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partition it is
+are the points 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the points 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the points 1
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3
+and then my set of tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my set of tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my set of tags
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just the midpoints seven fourths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the midpoints seven fourths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the midpoints seven fourths
+five halves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five halves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five halves so
+my partition is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partition is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partition is one
+there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two
+three halves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are my partition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my partition points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my partition points
+and meanwhile my tags are the midpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile my tags are the midpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile my tags are the midpoints
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of
+this partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partition
+is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum
+of the lengths of these smaller sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lengths of these smaller sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lengths of these smaller sub
+intervals here not the ones using c but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals here not the ones using c but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals here not the ones using c but
+the one with the partition points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the partition points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the partition points so
+max the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+three half minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three half minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three half minus one
+two minus three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus three halves
+three minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minus two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+is one the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sub interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a
+tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag
+tagged partition we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged partition we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged partition we're going to
+associate a number to this tag partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a number to this tag partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a number to this tag partition
+which we interpret as an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we interpret as an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we interpret as an approximate
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a continuous function xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a tagged partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should say of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tag partition xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag partition xc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag partition xc
+is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s sub f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sub f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sub f
+of x bar i mean x underline xc underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x bar i mean x underline xc underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x bar i mean x underline xc underline
+which is the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum from
+k equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 0 to
+k equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to n
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+f of x c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x c k
+times xk minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times xk minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times xk minus
+xk minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk minus 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we interpret this number at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we interpret this number at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we interpret this number at
+so how do we interpret this number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we interpret this number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we interpret this number we
+interpret it as somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it as somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret it as somehow
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we give meaning to this number as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give meaning to this number as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give meaning to this number as an
+approximate area right if this is a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate area right if this is a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate area right if this is a b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a function
+f and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and let's say
+those are the partition points so x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the partition points so x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the partition points so x1
+x2 x3 so x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 x3 so x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 x3 so x4
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tag are just the right endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag are just the right endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag are just the right endpoints
+of each of these smaller intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these smaller intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these smaller intervals
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this number at least in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this number at least in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this number at least in terms of
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's a little off but anyways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i've shaded in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this riemann sum of f associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this riemann sum of f associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this riemann sum of f associated to
+um this tag here and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tag here and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tag here and let me
+go over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over again
+the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this number here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here which
+we've uh come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've uh come up with
+we interpret as somehow being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interpret as somehow being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interpret as somehow being an
+approximate area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate area
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again i i don't like saying area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i i don't like saying area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i i don't like saying area
+underneath the curve because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve because that
+presupposes that there is a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes that there is a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes that there is a notion of
+the area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve
+independent of what we're doing here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what we're doing here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what we're doing here but
+that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case
+we are in fact giving a theory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in fact giving a theory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in fact giving a theory a
+mathematical theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+area underneath the curve all right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve all right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve all right we
+are prescribing a number which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prescribing a number which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prescribing a number which we
+interpret as the area underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as the area underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as the area underneath the
+curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so
+these riemann sums we interpret as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums we interpret as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riemann sums we interpret as being
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+approximate areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate areas
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and so what we would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we would like to do is
+somehow take a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow take a limit
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the lengths of these sub intervals get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of these sub intervals get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of these sub intervals get
+smaller and smaller as the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller as the norm of the
+partitions go to zero and what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions go to zero and what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions go to zero and what we would
+like to say is that these approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say is that these approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say is that these approximate
+areas these are just numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas these are just numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas these are just numbers
+converge to some limiting number a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some limiting number a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some limiting number a say
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+we refer to the riemann integral we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the riemann integral we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the riemann integral we
+refer to as the riemann integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the riemann integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the riemann integral of f
+and we interpret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we interpret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we interpret as
+the area underneath the graph of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the graph of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the graph of f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now for this to work we have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this to work we have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this to work we have to show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as we take partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we take partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we take partitions
+with smaller and smaller norm where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with smaller and smaller norm where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with smaller and smaller norm where the
+intervals get smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals get smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals get smaller and smaller
+these approximate areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approximate areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approximate areas
+actually do converge to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do converge to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do converge to some number
+and that's going to be the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be the content of
+the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+uh in which we'll prove the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which we'll prove the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which we'll prove the existence of
+the riemann integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann integral
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh do some properties about but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do some properties about but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do some properties about but so
+so the take-home point is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home point is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home point is you know
+again there is no definition of area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is no definition of area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is no definition of area
+underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the curve
+independent of what we're doing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what we're doing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what we're doing it's not
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+out there in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the universe
+there's a notion of the area underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notion of the area underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notion of the area underneath
+the curve and when we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and when we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and when we compute the
+riemann integral magically those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral magically those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integral magically those two
+things those two numbers coincide no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those two numbers coincide no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those two numbers coincide no
+we are giving we are constructing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are giving we are constructing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are giving we are constructing a
+theory of the area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the area underneath the curve
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+for examples uh for example for a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examples uh for example for a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examples uh for example for a half
+circle or square or ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle or square or ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle or square or ellipse
+uh do in fact coincide with stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do in fact coincide with stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do in fact coincide with stuff you
+know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+ordinary geometry okay and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary geometry okay and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary geometry okay and therefore it
+gives a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a good
+theory of area underneath the curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of area underneath the curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of area underneath the curve you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in order for us to construct that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for us to construct that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for us to construct that theory
+or or our you know how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or our you know how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or our you know how we're
+constructing that theory is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that theory is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing that theory is for a
+continuous function we define a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function we define a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function we define a number
+associated to a partition which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to a partition which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to a partition which we
+interpret as approximate areas we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as approximate areas we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as approximate areas we would
+like to say these approximate areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say these approximate areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say these approximate areas
+converge to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some number
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions
+get finer and finer or as the norm gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get finer and finer or as the norm gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get finer and finer or as the norm gets
+smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+and that limiting number we interpret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that limiting number we interpret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that limiting number we interpret as
+the area underneath the curve and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area underneath the curve and so
+that'll be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be what
+we do next time is actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do next time is actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do next time is actually show
+the existence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of this
+limiting number which is the riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting number which is the riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting number which is the riemann
+integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f
+and we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JWrrPuJf2nA.txt b/JWrrPuJf2nA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7729085e1d97473e7d14325957381c3b337a96d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JWrrPuJf2nA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7616 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh review session on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh review session on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh review session on
+the first part of the 4A chapter these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the 4A chapter these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the 4A chapter these
+two topics that we've done and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two topics that we've done and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two topics that we've done and that
+homework is now coming on uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is now coming on uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is now coming on uh for a
+series The Classical uh facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Classical uh facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Classical uh facts
+plus paying attention to the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus paying attention to the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus paying attention to the rate of
+decay of the 48 coefficients there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the 48 coefficients there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the 48 coefficients there a
+aspect not always mentioned and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect not always mentioned and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect not always mentioned and uh the
+energy equality is important so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equality is important so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equality is important so it's not
+just here's the function find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here's the function find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here's the function find the
+coefficients that's not all every that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that's not all every that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that's not all every that's
+part of it but not all of it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but not all of it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but not all of it and then
+the discreet series uh we we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discreet series uh we we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discreet series uh we we're doing
+today okay so those are the two topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so those are the two topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay so those are the two topics
+for today and then the next review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and then the next review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and then the next review
+session which would be two weeks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session which would be two weeks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session which would be two weeks from
+now would focus especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now would focus especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now would focus especially on
+convolution and 4A integrals yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and 4A integrals yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and 4A integrals yeah okay
+so I'm open to questions on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm open to questions on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm open to questions on the homework
+or off the homework uh always fine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off the homework uh always fine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off the homework uh always fine uh
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+I don't I didn't I didn't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I didn't I didn't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I didn't I didn't know how many
+questions to ask you on the homework I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to ask you on the homework I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to ask you on the homework I
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to I wanted you to have enough practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I wanted you to have enough practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I wanted you to have enough practice
+doing this stuff because the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this stuff because the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this stuff because the time for
+this 48 part of the course is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 48 part of the course is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 48 part of the course is a little
+shorter Thanksgiving comes in into it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Thanksgiving comes in into it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter Thanksgiving comes in into it so
+uh uh needed to do some exercises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh needed to do some exercises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh needed to do some exercises and
+you've got a good question you thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number 18 on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yes
+okay right all right so that's a the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right all right so that's a the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right all right so that's a the the
+idea of that problem is I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of that problem is I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of that problem is I'm really
+asking you to read the two uh Pages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read the two uh Pages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read the two uh Pages the
+last two pages of the section that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two pages of the section that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two pages of the section that that
+use fora series to solve the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fora series to solve the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fora series to solve the heat
+equation so we've used briefly 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we've used briefly 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we've used briefly 4 a
+series to solve ll's equation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to solve ll's equation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to solve ll's equation so that
+was just to recall so F series to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just to recall so F series to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just to recall so F series to solve
+lass's equation was when the region was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass's equation was when the region was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lass's equation was when the region was
+a circle the function was given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle the function was given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle the function was given the
+boundary values were given it's 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary values were given it's 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary values were given it's 2 pi
+periodic because it is a circle and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic because it is a circle and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic because it is a circle and we
+solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved
+LL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LL
+inside because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside because on the
+boundary what the perfect thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary what the perfect thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary what the perfect thing we
+needed was the 4E series to match the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed was the 4E series to match the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed was the 4E series to match the B
+now I'm taking another classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm taking another classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm taking another classical
+classical application to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application to the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical application to the heat
+equation so and I made it the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so and I made it the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so and I made it the heat
+equation so here's this direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here's this direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here's this direction is
+time this direction is space the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this direction is space the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this direction is space the heat
+equation is U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is U equal
+uxx if the if the coefficient you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx if the if the coefficient you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uxx if the if the coefficient you you
+everybody here knows there would be a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here knows there would be a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody here knows there would be a c
+in there but uh let's take it to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there but uh let's take it to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there but uh let's take it to be one
+then uh what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what are the
+solutions and how does a 4 a series help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and how does a 4 a series help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and how does a 4 a series help
+you to match the initial function so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to match the initial function so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to match the initial function so I'm
+matching I'm given U of X and zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching I'm given U of X and zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching I'm given U of X and zero here
+okay along this is a Time Zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay along this is a Time Zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay along this is a Time Zero so that
+says at a time zero so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says at a time zero so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says at a time zero so I have a
+bar I have a conducting bar and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I have a conducting bar and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I have a conducting bar and this is
+like it's such a classical example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's such a classical example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's such a classical example that
+I didn't feel you could miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't feel you could miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't feel you could miss it
+completely uh even though we look for we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh even though we look for we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uh even though we look for we
+look Beyond formulas but here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Beyond formulas but here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Beyond formulas but here's one
+where the formula shows us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the formula shows us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the formula shows us something
+important okay so what are solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so what are solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so what are solutions to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation you look for Solutions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you look for Solutions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you look for Solutions so the
+classical idea of separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables look for solutions that are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables look for solutions that are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables look for solutions that are of
+the form some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form some function of
+t uh maybe I'll try to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh maybe I'll try to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh maybe I'll try to use the same
+letters as the text Su function of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters as the text Su function of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters as the text Su function of T
+times Su function of X okay and the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Su function of X okay and the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Su function of X okay and the text
+use uses look for Solutions U of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uses look for Solutions U of x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uses look for Solutions U of x and t
+that are of this form some function of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of this form some function of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are of this form some function of T
+darn I didn't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn I didn't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn I didn't remember
+it yeah it's a of x b of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay that's what I mean by separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's what I mean by separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's what I mean by separating
+so those will be specially Simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those will be specially Simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those will be specially Simple
+Solutions and when we go to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and when we go to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and when we go to match the
+initial condition I'll just plug in tals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition I'll just plug in tals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition I'll just plug in tals
+0 and I'll see the a of x's well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll see the a of x's well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll see the a of x's well what
+are they in this case so they're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they in this case so they're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they in this case so they're I
+function oh I have to tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function oh I have to tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function oh I have to tell you about the
+remaining boundary conditions don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining boundary conditions don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining boundary conditions don't I
+because that will decide what what the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will decide what what the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will decide what what the a
+ofx has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx has to
+satisfy uh and we'll decide what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh and we'll decide what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh and we'll decide what those
+igen functions are so let's see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions are so let's see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen functions are so let's see in this
+problem I Pi I think I picked uh uh free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I Pi I think I picked uh uh free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I Pi I think I picked uh uh free
+conditions so I made the interval minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I made the interval minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I made the interval minus
+pi to Pi that's a change minus pi to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi that's a change minus pi to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi that's a change minus pi to Pi
+just so we'd have nice 4 a series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we'd have nice 4 a series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we'd have nice 4 a series and
+here I have this boundary is free U du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have this boundary is free U du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have this boundary is free U du
+DX U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX U
+Prime at Z xal minus Pi for all time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime at Z xal minus Pi for all time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime at Z xal minus Pi for all time so
+up this line is zero and also so U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this line is zero and also so U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this line is zero and also so U Prime
+at plus pi at all time is zero so up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at plus pi at all time is zero so up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at plus pi at all time is zero so up
+those lines Heat's going out that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines Heat's going out that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines Heat's going out that's what
+that means is that what that means or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that what that means or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that what that means or
+does that mean heat can't go out no heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean heat can't go out no heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean heat can't go out no heat
+heat is yeah no so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is yeah no so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat is yeah no so what's happening
+heat's not going out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat's not going out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat's not going out is that
+right the slope is zero right the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the slope is zero right the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the slope is zero right the slope
+is the temperature gradient we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature gradient we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature gradient we're
+requiring the temperature gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the temperature gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the temperature gradient so
+the ends of the bar are insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the bar are insulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the bar are insulated
+so so this is insulated no no Passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is insulated no no Passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is insulated no no Passage
+through right is that what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right is that what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right is that what that means
+yeah it's like there's nobody it's cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like there's nobody it's cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like there's nobody it's cut
+off there there's nobody there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there there's nobody there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there there's nobody there's no no
+the rod isn't extended for heat to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod isn't extended for heat to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod isn't extended for heat to go
+further okay so that tells us that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further okay so that tells us that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further okay so that tells us that tells
+us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh X and the T what the a of X and B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X and the T what the a of X and B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X and the T what the a of X and B of
+T are so here's the point you plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T are so here's the point you plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T are so here's the point you plug that
+hoped for solution into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped for solution into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped for solution into the
+equation right so this is so I plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so this is so I plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so this is so I plug it
+in here what do I have on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here what do I have on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here what do I have on the left side
+just the time derivative so that's a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the time derivative so that's a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the time derivative so that's a * a
+of x b Prime of T you see taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b Prime of T you see taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x b Prime of T you see taking the
+time derivative doesn't touch a ofx on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative doesn't touch a ofx on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative doesn't touch a ofx on
+the right hand side I don't touch B of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side I don't touch B of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side I don't touch B of T
+but I have the second derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have the second derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have the second derivative of the
+of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X
+part so so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a little trick if I divide both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a little trick if I divide both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a little trick if I divide both
+sides by a and by B I get B Prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by a and by B I get B Prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by a and by B I get B Prime over
+B equaling a prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B equaling a prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B equaling a prime over
+a right just put the a under here put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right just put the a under here put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right just put the a under here put
+the B under here now what this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B under here now what this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B under here now what this is like
+neat because that function is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat because that function is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat because that function is only
+Depending on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on time
+this function depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function depends only on
+X so the the both sides have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so the the both sides have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so the the both sides have to be
+constant one couldn't couldn't it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one couldn't couldn't it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one couldn't couldn't it can't
+actually change with time because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change with time because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change with time because this
+side is not changing with time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not changing with time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is not changing with time and this
+couldn't actually change with X because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually change with X because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually change with X because
+that's not changing with X so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not changing with X so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not changing with X so those are
+both constants so both constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both constants so both constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both constants so both constants
+uh let's see maybe just put a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see maybe just put a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see maybe just put a constant
+and various constants are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various constants are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various constants are possible
+okay so now you see the point here now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you see the point here now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you see the point here now I
+have two separate equations I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two separate equations I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two separate equations I have an
+equation for the B Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the B Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the B Part
+dbdt B Prime if if I bring the B up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbdt B Prime if if I bring the B up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbdt B Prime if if I bring the B up
+there I have equals the constant times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have equals the constant times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have equals the constant times B
+and I know the solution to that b of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know the solution to that b of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know the solution to that b of
+T is as everybody knows what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is as everybody knows what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is as everybody knows what what's the
+solution to A first order constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to A first order constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to A first order constant
+coefficient equation just e to the CT B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient equation just e to the CT B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient equation just e to the CT B
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+zero good we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero good we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero good we've got
+B uh we've got a B of T that works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh we've got a B of T that works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh we've got a B of T that works and
+now what's the a that go also works that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the a that go also works that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the a that go also works that
+has a double Prime and I bring the a up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a double Prime and I bring the a up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a double Prime and I bring the a up
+so now I have a double Prime equals CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have a double Prime equals CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have a double Prime equals CA
+so the a that goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a that goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the a that goes with it
+is uh oh okay I've used a c there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oh okay I've used a c there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oh okay I've used a c there so
+what yeah what's the good H I want two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's the good H I want two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what's the good H I want two
+derivatives should bring down a c let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives should bring down a c let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives should bring down a c let me
+change C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change C to
+Lambda minus Lambda squar how about if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda squar how about if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda minus Lambda squar how about if I
+look ahead change this constant to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead change this constant to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ahead change this constant to minus
+Lambda squ because I want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squ because I want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squ because I want something
+where two derivatives bring down minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two derivatives bring down minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where two derivatives bring down minus
+Lambda squar and what's what will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar and what's what will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda squar and what's what will do
+that any any amount of cosine Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any any amount of cosine Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any any amount of cosine Lambda X
+right because two derivatives will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because two derivatives will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because two derivatives will bring
+down a minus Lambda squ and any amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a minus Lambda squ and any amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a minus Lambda squ and any amount
+of s Lambda X and this is now e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s Lambda X and this is now e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s Lambda X and this is now e to the
+minus Lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T I'm doing this fast but actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm doing this fast but actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm doing this fast but actually it's
+totally simple the conclusion is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally simple the conclusion is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally simple the conclusion is that I
+now have a bunch of solutions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a bunch of solutions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a bunch of solutions of this
+special separated form where B of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special separated form where B of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special separated form where B of T is
+could be that and a of X could be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that and a of X could be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that and a of X could be either
+of those or any combination of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those or any combination of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those or any combination of those and
+uh I have to use the same Lambda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to use the same Lambda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to use the same Lambda for
+each so that the two equations will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so that the two equations will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so that the two equations will will
+work in the original problem good now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the original problem good now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the original problem good now so
+so far no boundary conditions what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far no boundary conditions what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far no boundary conditions what I've
+got so far is just a lot of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far is just a lot of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far is just a lot of solutions
+these times that with any Lambda but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times that with any Lambda but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times that with any Lambda but of
+course the boundary conditions will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the boundary conditions will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the boundary conditions will tell
+me the lambdas first of all and what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the lambdas first of all and what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the lambdas first of all and what how
+do they tell me it's the the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they tell me it's the the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they tell me it's the the only
+boundary condition I have is this free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I have is this free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I have is this free
+stuff so that it's free the slope should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that it's free the slope should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so that it's free the slope should
+be zero at pi and zero at so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero at pi and zero at so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero at pi and zero at so that's the
+X Direction so that's going to tell me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction so that's going to tell me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction so that's going to tell me I
+forgotten do I want cosiness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten do I want cosiness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten do I want cosiness or
+signs cosiness I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs cosiness I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs cosiness I want the
+derivative to be zero at Pi y so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to be zero at Pi y so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to be zero at Pi y so I think
+I want cosiness good and then lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want cosiness good and then lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want cosiness good and then lambdas
+can't be anything at all because it's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be anything at all because it's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be anything at all because it's is
+should Lambda be an integer or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Lambda be an integer or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Lambda be an integer or something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that I think maybe Lambda should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think maybe Lambda should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think maybe Lambda should be an
+integer because I want to plug in pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer because I want to plug in pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer because I want to plug in pi so
+so let me take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take the second
+derivative is minus Lambda s cine Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is minus Lambda s cine Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is minus Lambda s cine Lambda
+X and then I want to plug in Lambda xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I want to plug in Lambda xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I want to plug in Lambda xal
+pi and I I want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so Lambda should be an integer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so Lambda should be an integer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so Lambda should be an integer is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right mult at multiples of Pi the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mult at multiples of Pi the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mult at multiples of Pi the cosine
+is zero yes is it no did I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yes is it no did I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yes is it no did I want
+signs maybe I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signs oh it's the first derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs oh it's the first derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs oh it's the first derivative I'm
+looking at ah thank you thank you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ah thank you thank you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ah thank you thank you okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+thanks okay now I've got it thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay now I've got it thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks okay now I've got it thank you
+and now I see Lambda should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I see Lambda should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I see Lambda should be an
+integer Lambda should be zero is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer Lambda should be zero is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer Lambda should be zero is yeah
+zero is all right that's a constant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is all right that's a constant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is all right that's a constant term
+yeah we need that 0 one two and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need that 0 one two and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need that 0 one two and so on so
+do you see that I've now got all let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that I've now got all let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that I've now got all let me
+write now the now I can take I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write now the now I can take I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write now the now I can take I've got a
+lot of solutions and I have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of solutions and I have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of solutions and I have a linear
+problem so I can take any combination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I can take any combination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I can take any combination so
+finally I have final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution is that U of x and t is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that U of x and t is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that U of x and t is any
+combination with coefficients I'm free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with coefficients I'm free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with coefficients I'm free
+to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+of uh a of X which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a of X which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a of X which is
+cosine of NX because Lambda had to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of NX because Lambda had to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of NX because Lambda had to be an
+n and n could be anywhere from zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n could be anywhere from zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n could be anywhere from zero on
+up times e to the minus Lambda is n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up times e to the minus Lambda is n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up times e to the minus Lambda is n so
+that's n^2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n^2 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n^2 t
+did I get that let me put it a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get that let me put it a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get that let me put it a circle
+and step back what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step back what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step back what's
+up I could have negative n's would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I could have negative n's would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I could have negative n's would they
+give they wouldn't give me anything new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give they wouldn't give me anything new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give they wouldn't give me anything new
+right I mean cosine of NX and cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean cosine of NX and cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean cosine of NX and cosine of
+minus NX or just just one's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NX or just just one's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus NX or just just one's just a
+negative of the other yeah yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the other yeah yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the other yeah yeah so this
+these are the good guys I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the good guys I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the good guys I've got a
+cosine series because I'm because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine series because I'm because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine series because I'm because I've
+got free ends right because of the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got free ends right because of the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got free ends right because of the bound
+conditions you see that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you see that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you see that that that's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+nice there's my a of X there's my B of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice there's my a of X there's my B of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice there's my a of X there's my B of T
+I can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take any
+combination usual stuff you get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination usual stuff you get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination usual stuff you get to that
+solution okay and now I have to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and now I have to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and now I have to meet the
+initial conditions right boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right boundary
+conditions are now built in because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are now built in because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are now built in because I
+chose cosiness or you it now now I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose cosiness or you it now now I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose cosiness or you it now now I now
+these this will tell me what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this will tell me what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this will tell me what the what
+the C's are I'm going to set T equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C's are I'm going to set T equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C's are I'm going to set T equals 0
+at t equal 0 I'm given the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t equal 0 I'm given the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t equal 0 I'm given the initial
+condition U of X and zero and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition U of X and zero and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition U of X and zero and I have the
+same sum of CN cos n x e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum of CN cos n x e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum of CN cos n x e to the
+0o so this will tell me the C's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o so this will tell me the C's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o so this will tell me the C's are the
+cosine coefficients of the given initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine coefficients of the given initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine coefficients of the given initial
+condition so I expand so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so I expand so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so I expand so here's the
+here's where for series is paid off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where for series is paid off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where for series is paid off
+expand the initial function fun in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the initial function fun in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the initial function fun in a
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+series and then go forward in time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then go forward in time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then go forward in time this
+is just the the old e to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T only the Lambda we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T only the Lambda we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T only the Lambda we're talking about
+here is minus n^2 and and it's fat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus n^2 and and it's fat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus n^2 and and it's fat you
+see what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening here
+the what's going to happen for a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's going to happen for a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's going to happen for a large
+time so this is a very physical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a very physical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is a very physical problem
+that that I think you cannot take 18085
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I think you cannot take 18085
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I think you cannot take 18085
+without seeing this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without seeing this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without seeing this problem
+you can't learn about 4A Series without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't learn about 4A Series without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't learn about 4A Series without
+using it for uh the initial value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for uh the initial value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for uh the initial value and
+then propagating in time with the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then propagating in time with the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then propagating in time with the usual
+exponentials for each one and and now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials for each one and and now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials for each one and and now as
+n increases what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n increases what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n increases what do I
+see faster and faster Decay for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see faster and faster Decay for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see faster and faster Decay for large
+n that these These are going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that these These are going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that these These are going to zero
+extremely fast so that what you see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fast so that what you see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fast so that what you see with
+with a with a with a solid bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a with a solid bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a with a solid bar
+which starts with the temperature starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts with the temperature starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts with the temperature starts
+with the temperature u in some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the temperature u in some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the temperature u in some uh some
+oh probably not negative unless it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh probably not negative unless it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh probably not negative unless it's a
+really cold bar but anyway uh it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold bar but anyway uh it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cold bar but anyway uh it starts
+with some initial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some initial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some initial uh
+temperature that flattens out fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that flattens out fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that flattens out fast the
+heat flows to equilibrate what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flows to equilibrate what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flows to equilibrate what I
+approach is the constant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is the constant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is the constant term
+c0 this approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 this approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 this approaches
+c0 because all these other n positives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 because all these other n positives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 because all these other n positives
+that they go to zero so so the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to zero so so the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to zero so so the heat
+distributes itself equal equally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes itself equal equally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes itself equal equally okay
+and now I guess the particular U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess the particular U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess the particular U of zero
+in the problem was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem was a
+Delta okay and the heat so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and the heat so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and the heat so the the
+particular U of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular U of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular U of zero
+was uh was all was was from that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh was all was was from that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh was all was was from that really
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+point so we know the coefficients we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we know the coefficients we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we know the coefficients we
+know the cosine coefficients for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cosine coefficients for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cosine coefficients for the
+Delta for the Delta function we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for the Delta function we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for the Delta function we know
+these C's and what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C's and what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C's and what were
+they 1 over 2 pi was c not and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they 1 over 2 pi was c not and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they 1 over 2 pi was c not and the other
+C's were one over Pi I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's were one over Pi I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's were one over Pi I think is that
+right maybe they're all one over two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe they're all one over two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe they're all one over two Pi
+maybe yeah whatever they disappear fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah whatever they disappear fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah whatever they disappear fast
+and this is what we approach that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we approach that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we approach that so the
+heat the the heat from the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the the heat from the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the the heat from the Delta
+function is yeah so that's is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is yeah so that's is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is yeah so that's is that
+everything the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wanted yeah yep that's I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted yeah yep that's I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted yeah yep that's I think we've
+done it we put in the CNS to to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it we put in the CNS to to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it we put in the CNS to to complete
+that picture into here and then C not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture into here and then C not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture into here and then C not is
+the one that survives over time yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that survives over time yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that survives over time yeah so
+that's the I guess you once I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I guess you once I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I guess you once I got
+rolling I couldn't stop and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling I couldn't stop and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling I couldn't stop and uh that's
+the that's you for investing time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's you for investing time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's you for investing time this
+afternoon you get a fast look at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon you get a fast look at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon you get a fast look at this uh
+classical classical problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical classical problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical classical problem of
+separating the variables using the Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the variables using the Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the variables using the Fier
+series for the initial function and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the initial function and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for the initial function and uh
+recognizing that we're doing this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we're doing this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we're doing this on a
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+interval if the in if if was the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if the in if if was the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if the in if if was the if the
+bar was infinitely long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar was infinitely long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar was infinitely long
+uh then we would be talking about fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we would be talking about fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we would be talking about fora
+integrals and that's what's coming up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and that's what's coming up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and that's what's coming up a
+bit later uh we would integrate instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later uh we would integrate instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later uh we would integrate instead
+of sum yeah but we but the idea would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum yeah but we but the idea would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sum yeah but we but the idea would
+not be different we would have if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be different we would have if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be different we would have if we had
+infinite bar then we would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite bar then we would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite bar then we would not be
+restricted to n equals 0 1 2 3 any Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to n equals 0 1 2 3 any Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to n equals 0 1 2 3 any Co
+any n any cosine wouldn't have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n any cosine wouldn't have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n any cosine wouldn't have to be an
+integer at all any number any frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer at all any number any frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer at all any number any frequency
+would be allowed and so we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be allowed and so we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be allowed and so we would have to
+integrate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them
+yeah and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's a
+classical problem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical problem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical problem too
+again it's come up in a modern way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's come up in a modern way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's come up in a modern way that
+the famous black skulls equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous black skulls equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous black skulls equation uh
+shall I just so we'll we the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just so we'll we the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just so we'll we the heat
+equation is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is for
+18086 here we brought it up because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 here we brought it up because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 here we brought it up because we
+could solve it fast but uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve it fast but uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve it fast but uh the the the
+the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+yeah the most important solution I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the most important solution I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the most important solution I could
+give you to the heat equation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you to the heat equation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you to the heat equation would be
+the one which starts from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which starts from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one which starts from that point
+source of heat but on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of heat but on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of heat but on the whole
+line the one that would be integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the one that would be integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the one that would be integrals
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+sums yeah so we we did a we came pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums yeah so we we did a we came pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums yeah so we we did a we came pretty
+close to solving the most important heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to solving the most important heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to solving the most important heat
+equation problem but we doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation problem but we doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation problem but we doing the
+periodic case with just cosiness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case with just cosiness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic case with just cosiness and
+the the infinite line case would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the infinite line case would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the infinite line case would be the
+most famous of all yeah and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous of all yeah and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous of all yeah and it has a
+beautiful form and I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful form and I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful form and I was going to say
+that it so the heat equation's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it so the heat equation's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it so the heat equation's pretty
+classical but my but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but my but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but my but
+uh let's see where shall I put where can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see where shall I put where can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see where shall I put where can
+I write the magic words black skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write the magic words black skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write the magic words black skulls
+yeah next sort of next to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah next sort of next to the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah next sort of next to the heat
+equation uh so that's the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so that's the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh so that's the heat equation
+but it's also do you know this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also do you know this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also do you know this these
+names black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls
+uh anybody in mathematics of Finance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody in mathematics of Finance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anybody in mathematics of Finance so
+the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these
+uh much despised option derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much despised option derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much despised option derivative
+options so people on Wall Street Traders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options so people on Wall Street Traders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options so people on Wall Street Traders
+will carry around a little um little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry around a little um little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will carry around a little um little
+calculator that solves the black skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator that solves the black skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator that solves the black skulls
+equation so they can price the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so they can price the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so they can price the options
+that they're bidding and bidding to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're bidding and bidding to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're bidding and bidding to buy
+and sell so they can price them fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell so they can price them fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sell so they can price them fast and
+that little calculator does a a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little calculator does a a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little calculator does a a finite
+differences or a 4A series solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences or a 4A series solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences or a 4A series solution to
+this black skulls equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black skulls equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black skulls equation which
+actually if they change variables on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if they change variables on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if they change variables on it
+is the heat equation so that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat equation so that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat equation so that what you
+see here is is actually important on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is actually important on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is is actually important on
+Wall Street except I it's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street except I it's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street except I it's probably not
+the right moment to mention it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right moment to mention it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right moment to mention it right
+because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these
+uh so you could blame the whole meltdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could blame the whole meltdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you could blame the whole meltdown
+on mathemat mathematicians but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mathemat mathematicians but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mathemat mathematicians but that
+wouldn't be entirely Fair uh how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be entirely Fair uh how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be entirely Fair uh how they
+didn't mean it anyway but uh that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean it anyway but uh that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean it anyway but uh that's been
+the biggest source of uh um employment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest source of uh um employment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest source of uh um employment I
+guess apart from teaching for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess apart from teaching for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess apart from teaching for in the
+last 10 years people who could work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years people who could work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years people who could work out
+the partial differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial differential equations and
+they get more complicated than the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get more complicated than the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get more complicated than the heat
+equation you can be sure uh and uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can be sure uh and uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can be sure uh and uh for
+what an opt so the classical one these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an opt so the classical one these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an opt so the classical one these
+guys are economists at MIT and Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are economists at MIT and Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are economists at MIT and Harvard
+or they were and uh I guess maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they were and uh I guess maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they were and uh I guess maybe the
+Nobel prize in economics came to part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize in economics came to part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize in economics came to part of
+that group and to also to Merton um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group and to also to Merton um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group and to also to Merton um
+maybe black possibly black died before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe black possibly black died before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe black possibly black died before
+the time of the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Nobel
+Prize anyway they were the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize anyway they were the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize anyway they were the first and
+it's beautiful paper beautiful paper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful paper beautiful paper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful paper beautiful paper to
+rec just to figure out how do you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rec just to figure out how do you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rec just to figure out how do you price
+the what's the value of an option to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the value of an option to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the value of an option to buy
+that allows you to buy or sell a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to buy or sell a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to buy or sell a stock
+at a later time yeah so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later time yeah so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a later time yeah so it's uh
+it's well of course you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well of course you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well of course you have to make
+assumptions on what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on what's going to happen
+over that time and that's where Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that time and that's where Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that time and that's where Wall
+Street came to grief I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street came to grief I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street came to grief I guess you could
+if you had to put it in a nutshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I I mean the the options the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I mean the the options the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I mean the the options the
+standard straightforward options those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard straightforward options those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard straightforward options those
+are fine using black schools and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine using black schools and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine using black schools and then
+the what's happened is they now price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's happened is they now price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's happened is they now price
+more and more complicated things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more complicated things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more complicated things to the
+point that the banks were buying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that the banks were buying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that the banks were buying and
+selling uh credit default swaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh credit default swaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling uh credit default swaps in
+insurrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurrance
+swaps that practically nobody understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps that practically nobody understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps that practically nobody understood
+what they were it's just assumed that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were it's just assumed that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were it's just assumed that if
+there was always a market for them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was always a market for them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was always a market for them like
+Insurance somehow it wouldn't happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance somehow it wouldn't happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance somehow it wouldn't happen and
+you get on but it happened so uh so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on but it happened so uh so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on but it happened so uh so now
+we're in trouble okay that's not 18085
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble okay that's not 18085
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in trouble okay that's not 18085
+fortunately or math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately or math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately or math but
+um anyway a lot of people got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway a lot of people got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway a lot of people got involved
+with things they didn't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things they didn't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things they didn't really know
+about and then we were selling them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then we were selling them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then we were selling them uh
+as well as of course the mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as of course the mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as of course the mortgage
+problems anyway I don't stop with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems anyway I don't stop with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems anyway I don't stop with that
+one okay uh ready for uh other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh ready for uh other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh ready for uh other questions
+on uh on our on our homework or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on our on our homework or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on our on our homework or these
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah have an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have an image of
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+yeah I I suppose if I had to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I suppose if I had to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I suppose if I had to have a
+picture of the discrete thing if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the discrete thing if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the discrete thing if my
+picture of the of the function case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the of the function case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the of the function case was
+a bunch of signs and cosine somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of signs and cosine somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of signs and cosine somehow
+adding up to my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up to my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up to my my
+function and if time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if time
+if I'm solving the heat equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm solving the heat equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm solving the heat equation then
+those separate waves are maybe decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separate waves are maybe decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those separate waves are maybe decaying
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+time here so that when I add them up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here so that when I add them up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here so that when I add them up at
+a later time I get something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time I get something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time I get something different
+or if it was the wave equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it was the wave equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it was the wave equation which is
+probably your image they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably your image they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably your image they're they're
+moving in time so they they add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in time so they they add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in time so they they add up to
+different things at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different times
+because they can move at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can move at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can move at different
+speeds yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds yeah so
+a function is a sum of waves right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is a sum of waves right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is a sum of waves right then
+what would the discret guy be be I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the discret guy be be I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the discret guy be be I guess
+I would just have to imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just have to imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just have to imagine the
+function as only having those n values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as only having those n values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as only having those n values
+and my wave would just be you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my wave would just be you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my wave would just be you know a
+wave might be just just n values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but but still as if if I have a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but still as if if I have a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but still as if if I have a Time
+dependent problem maybe though maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent problem maybe though maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent problem maybe though maybe
+that thing is pulsing up and down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is pulsing up and down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing is pulsing up and down it's
+just that it's only got a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that it's only got a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that it's only got a fixed number
+of points and I'm not looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points and I'm not looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points and I'm not looking at the
+whole wave on a yeah but I I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wave on a yeah but I I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole wave on a yeah but I I I don't
+think it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's essentially
+different uh and of course the Fastway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh and of course the Fastway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh and of course the Fastway
+transform and the discret case is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the discret case is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the discret case is used
+to approximate The Continuous one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate The Continuous one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approximate The Continuous one yeah
+yeah you could look in numerical recipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could look in numerical recipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could look in numerical recipes
+for a discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a discussion of
+approximating 4 a series by discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating 4 a series by discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating 4 a series by discrete 4A
+series I mean that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I mean that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I mean that's an important
+question because of course 4A Series has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because of course 4A Series has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because of course 4A Series has
+got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these
+integrals the coefficients are have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals the coefficients are have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals the coefficients are have come
+from an integral formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an integral formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an integral formula and
+uh oh we're not going to do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh we're not going to do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh we're not going to do those
+integrals exactly so we have to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals exactly so we have to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals exactly so we have to do them
+some approximate way and one way would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximate way and one way would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximate way and one way would
+be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to
+use equally spaced points and do the DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use equally spaced points and do the DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use equally spaced points and do the DFT
+yeah can you just remind me what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you just remind me what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you just remind me what that
+integral formula is I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral formula is I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral formula is I don't want you to
+it was on the board today what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on the board today what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on the board today what's the
+formula for the coefficient CK and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the coefficient CK and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the coefficient CK and the
+4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series I I'm really just asking you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I I'm really just asking you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I I'm really just asking you this
+because I think you should like have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think you should like have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think you should like have it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+some memory cache you know in fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memory cache you know in fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memory cache you know in fast
+memory rather than in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory rather than in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory rather than in the textbook
+okay so what's the formula for CK in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the formula for CK in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the formula for CK in in
+the 4 a series case everybody think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 a series case everybody think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 a series case everybody think
+about it I'm going to it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I'm going to it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I'm going to it's going to be
+an integral right and I'll take it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral right and I'll take it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral right and I'll take it over
+0 to 2 pi I don't mind or minus Pi Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2 pi I don't mind or minus Pi Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 2 pi I don't mind or minus Pi Pi
+and what do I integrate this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I integrate this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I integrate this is the
+three coefficients of the function f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coefficients of the function f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coefficients of the function f ofx
+so I take f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take f
+ofx i remember to divide by 2 pi I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx i remember to divide by 2 pi I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx i remember to divide by 2 pi I'm
+doing the continuous one what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the continuous one what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the continuous one what do I
+multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by
+to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+coefficient e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient e to the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ikx right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx right
+right so if I if you I forgotten whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I if you I forgotten whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I if you I forgotten whether
+I assigned some of these very early uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assigned some of these very early uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assigned some of these very early uh
+questions that just gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that just gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that just gave you the
+function and said what's the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and said what's the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and said what's the coefficient
+if I just look at one or two suppose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just look at one or two suppose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just look at one or two suppose my
+function is f ofx equal x i I guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is f ofx equal x i I guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is f ofx equal x i I guess in
+that problem in problem one I made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in problem one I made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem in problem one I made it
+minus pi to Pi suppose FX =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so so you have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so so you have to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so so you have to integrate
+x times e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX well you got an integral to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX well you got an integral to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX well you got an integral to do okay
+it's doable but not instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doable but not instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doable but not instantly
+doable uh let me ask you some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable uh let me ask you some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable uh let me ask you some questions
+and you tell me about it so draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell me about it so draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell me about it so draw the
+function the function is X from minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the function is X from minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the function is X from minus pi
+to Pi and tell me about the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi and tell me about the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi and tell me about the coefficients
+how quickly do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly do they
+Decay how quickly do the this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay how quickly do the this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay how quickly do the this is like
+some constant over K to some power p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant over K to some power p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant over K to some power p and
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P what rate of Decay are you expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P what rate of Decay are you expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P what rate of Decay are you expecting
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+coefficients well you say to yourself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well you say to yourself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well you say to yourself it
+looks like a pretty nice function smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a pretty nice function smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a pretty nice function smooth
+as can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+but what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the answer
+here the rate of Decay will be what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the rate of Decay will be what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the rate of Decay will be what will
+that that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that power
+be one because the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jumps the function has a jump there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps the function has a jump there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps the function has a jump there and
+the Fier coefficients have got to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier coefficients have got to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fier coefficients have got to deal
+with it so the Fier series for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so the Fier series for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so the Fier series for this is
+going to be if I took a 100 terms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if I took a 100 terms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be if I took a 100 terms it
+would be really close and then it'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really close and then it'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really close and then it'll go
+down here to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to the to
+the but it's got to get there and got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's got to get there and got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's got to get there and got to
+start and and pick up about below there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and and pick up about below there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and and pick up about below there
+so it's got the same uh issue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got the same uh issue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got the same uh issue that the
+uh Gibbs phenomenon that the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gibbs phenomenon that the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Gibbs phenomenon that the square wave
+had the it's got that jump so it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the it's got that jump so it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the it's got that jump so it'll be a
+it'll it'll go like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll go like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll go like one
+overk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk okay
+coming back Could you actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back Could you actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back Could you actually find
+those numbers and how do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and how do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and how do you remember
+how to do integral like that well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do integral like that well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do integral like that well look
+it up I guess is the best answer uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up I guess is the best answer uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up I guess is the best answer uh but
+whoever did it the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever did it the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever did it the first time
+well it's integration by parts somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's integration by parts somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's integration by parts somehow
+the derivative of this makes it real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this makes it real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this makes it real
+simple and this we can integrate really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and this we can integrate really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and this we can integrate really
+easily right so we integrate that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right so we integrate that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right so we integrate that take
+the derivative of that we get a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that we get a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that we get a boundary
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+uh and I don't so I don't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I don't so I don't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I don't so I don't exactly
+remember the formula but it will be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula but it will be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the formula but it will be not
+it'll have a couple of terms but not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a couple of terms but not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a couple of terms but not bad
+and we'll see this uh one over K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see this uh one over K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see this uh one over K okay
+and that's the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the formula
+right if I changed X to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I changed X to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I changed X to something else
+let's see what can I just as long as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what can I just as long as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what can I just as long as I'm
+looking at number one what if I took e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at number one what if I took e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at number one what if I took e
+to the X oh easy right e to the X yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X oh easy right e to the X yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X oh easy right e to the X yeah
+let's do e to the X cuz that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do e to the X cuz that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do e to the X cuz that's an easy
+one now e to the X looks like what is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now e to the X looks like what is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now e to the X looks like what is so
+what's my graph of e to the X it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my graph of e to the X it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my graph of e to the X it's quite
+small here at minus pi and pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small here at minus pi and pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small here at minus pi and pretty large
+at e to the PI what's the rate of decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at e to the PI what's the rate of decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at e to the PI what's the rate of decay
+of the 48 coefficients for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy same got to jump again drops down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy same got to jump again drops down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy same got to jump again drops down
+here so it'll be so let's find it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it'll be so let's find it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it'll be so let's find it well
+let's find those cor do that integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find those cor do that integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find those cor do that integral
+that's e to the xus i k e sorry let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the xus i k e sorry let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the xus i k e sorry let's
+put down what I'm integrating here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down what I'm integrating here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down what I'm integrating here I'm
+integrating e to the x * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating e to the x * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating e to the x * 1 -
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+right that's what I've got to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I've got to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what I've got to integrate
+the integral is the same thing divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is the same thing divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is the same thing divided
+by 1 - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1 - i
+k I plug in the end points minus pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k I plug in the end points minus pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k I plug in the end points minus pi and
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+and I've got the answer and I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got the answer and I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got the answer and I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi yeah so that's a totally doable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi yeah so that's a totally doable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi yeah so that's a totally doable one
+let's plug it in 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug it in 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug it in 1 over 2
+pi and then the denominator is this 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then the denominator is this 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then the denominator is this 1 -
+i k oh yeah well there you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i k oh yeah well there you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i k oh yeah well there you see it
+already right you see already the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right you see already the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already right you see already the one
+overk in the denominator that's giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk in the denominator that's giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk in the denominator that's giving
+us the slow Decay rate and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the slow Decay rate and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the slow Decay rate and now I'm
+plugging in x equal e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in x equal e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in x equal e to the
+Pi * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi * 1 -
+i - e Theus Pi 1us i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k so as K gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh this
+is this is slow Decay now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is slow Decay now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is slow Decay now what's
+happening here as K gets large oh K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here as K gets large oh K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here as K gets large oh K is
+multiplied by I there so this e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by I there so this e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by I there so this e to the
+pi i k is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi i k is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi i k is just
+sitting it may even be just one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting it may even be just one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting it may even be just one or
+something or minus one or whatever is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or minus one or whatever is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or minus one or whatever is it
+yeah K is just an integer this is K Pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah K is just an integer this is K Pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah K is just an integer this is K Pi I
+that's just minus one to something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just minus one to something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just minus one to something so
+all this is all that numerator is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is all that numerator is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is all that numerator is is
+minus1 to the to the K power or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to the to the K power or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to the to the K power or
+something uh times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh times e to the
+pi so e to the pi is the there e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so e to the pi is the there e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so e to the pi is the there e to the
+minus i k at e Theus I Pi K is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i k at e Theus I Pi K is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i k at e Theus I Pi K is just
+minus one and this is maybe e to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and this is maybe e to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and this is maybe e to Theus
+pi times the same e to the plus I Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times the same e to the plus I Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times the same e to the plus I Pi
+K I think that's minus one to the K well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I think that's minus one to the K well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I think that's minus one to the K well
+wait a minute I maybe they're not both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute I maybe they're not both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute I maybe they're not both
+whatever it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's a
+number it's a number that that's just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a number that that's just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a number that that's just of
+the size of the of this size there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the of this size there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the of this size there's the
+big number there's the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number there's the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number there's the small
+one and divided by that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and divided by that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and divided by that that's the
+that's the uh that's the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's the thing that
+shows us yes there is this jump right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us yes there is this jump right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us yes there is this jump right
+okay that's a couple of forier sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a couple of forier sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a couple of forier sets of
+48 coefficients you you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficients you you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficients you you could ask
+yourself because on the quiz there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because on the quiz there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself because on the quiz there'll
+probably be one and I'll try to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be one and I'll try to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be one and I'll try to pick a
+function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's
+interesting and I mean I don't plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and I mean I don't plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and I mean I don't plan to
+pick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick uh
+x e to the x or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay good yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks as that oh I don't know I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks as that oh I don't know I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks as that oh I don't know I guess
+H maybe we're talking about power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe we're talking about power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe we're talking about power and
+things like if we if we if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if we if we if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if we if we if we were
+dealing with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh
+uh El ronics I guess I would interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh El ronics I guess I would interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh El ronics I guess I would interpret
+that energy in terms of power so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy in terms of power so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy in terms of power so that's
+what I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd be
+seeing um yeah I'm not thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing um yeah I'm not thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing um yeah I'm not thinking of a
+really good answer to say well why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good answer to say well why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good answer to say well why is
+that energy equality but it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy equality but it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy equality but it's it's just
+it's really useful you know so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful you know so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really useful you know so much of
+signal processing and we'll do a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing and we'll do a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing and we'll do a bit of
+signal processing is simply based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing is simply based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing is simply based
+on that energy or equality quality there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that energy or equality quality there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that energy or equality quality there
+and the moving into frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moving into frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moving into frequency
+space and convolution actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and convolution actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and convolution actually that's
+they would call it filtering so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would call it filtering so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would call it filtering so we'll
+call it filtering when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it filtering when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it filtering when we use
+convolution but it's pure convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but it's pure convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but it's pure convolution
+it's pure linear algebra uh for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pure linear algebra uh for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pure linear algebra uh for these
+special uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special uh
+bases yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases yeah so
+okay I could try to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could try to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could try to come up with a
+better answer than or more focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer than or more focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer than or more focused
+answer than just to say power or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or point to a use an e you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or point to a use an e you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or point to a use an e you know an
+electric electric power word is is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric electric power word is is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric electric power word is is just
+one step yeah thanks yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes 4.38 and N let's just have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 4.38 and N let's just have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 4.38 and N let's just have a look
+and see what they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just some regular guys yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um okay let me look do you want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um okay let me look do you want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um okay let me look do you want me
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+438 my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+438 my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+438 my question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah ah yes good good question okay so 438
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah ah yes good good question okay so 438
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah ah yes good good question okay so 438
+gave a couple of vectors A little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a couple of vectors A little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a couple of vectors A little bit
+like the ones I did this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones I did this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones I did this morning
+I mean here the C and 438 has a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here the C and 438 has a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here the C and 438 has a couple
+of ones and this morning I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones and this morning I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones and this morning I just had a
+one z00 Z but no big deal now yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z00 Z but no big deal now yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one z00 Z but no big deal now yeah so so
+why is it so if if two vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so if if two vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so if if two vectors are
+orthogonal are their transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I think
+yes yes the 48 so the yeah uh so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the 48 so the yeah uh so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes the 48 so the yeah uh so maybe
+this is worth a moment here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth a moment here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth a moment here yeah
+because what do we let let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what do we let let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what do we let let me write down
+the the letters for my question and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the letters for my question and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the letters for my question and then
+answer the question okay so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question okay so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question okay so suppose I
+have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+c and d and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal and then I want to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and then I want to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and then I want to ask about
+their If I multiply by the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their If I multiply by the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their If I multiply by the fora
+matrices is this are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is this are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is this are those
+orthog that's that was that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthog that's that was that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthog that's that was that's sort of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+question so there here are the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there here are the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there here are the vectors
+in frequency space here they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency space here they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency space here they are in
+physical space I I don't mind if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space I I don't mind if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space I I don't mind if you
+started in physical space and went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in physical space and went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in physical space and went to
+frequency with f inverse same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with f inverse same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with f inverse same question
+does the forier Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the forier Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the forier Matrix
+preserve per angles does it preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve per angles does it preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve per angles does it preserve
+angles do or do these matrices do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles do or do these matrices do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles do or do these matrices do
+matrices and F wouldn't be the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and F wouldn't be the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and F wouldn't be the only one
+with this property do they they preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this property do they they preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this property do they they preserve
+length right if you preserve length do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right if you preserve length do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right if you preserve length do
+you preserve angles too preserve length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preserve angles too preserve length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preserve angles too preserve length
+you're just looking at one vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at one vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at one vector here
+we're looking we know that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking we know that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking we know that we know that
+we preserve length and and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we preserve length and and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we preserve length and and how do we
+know that let's just remember that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that let's just remember that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that let's just remember that so
+here's the length question and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the length question and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the length question and this will
+be the angle question so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angle question so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angle question so this is the
+this is the energy inequality coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy inequality coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy inequality coming
+back to that key thing this is c bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that key thing this is c bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that key thing this is c bar
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+C and over here we have FC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and over here we have FC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and over here we have FC
+FC and that this is what I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC and that this is what I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FC and that this is what I did this
+morning so that's cbar transpose fbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so that's cbar transpose fbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so that's cbar transpose fbar
+transpose f c right that's why the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose f c right that's why the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose f c right that's why the bar
+as well as the transpose transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the transpose transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the transpose transpose
+because we're doing complex okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing complex okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing complex okay let me
+make a little more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what did we do this morning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did we do this morning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did we do this morning we
+replaced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced that
+by well I wish it were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well I wish it were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well I wish it were the
+identity but it's n times it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but it's n times it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but it's n times it's a
+multiple of the identity that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the identity that's what
+matters so our this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so our this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so our this was
+n this is this is the identity with an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is this is the identity with an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is this is the identity with an n
+c bar transpose C so so the answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c bar transpose C so so the answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c bar transpose C so so the answer the
+conclusion was that this thing is just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was that this thing is just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was that this thing is just n
+times this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this thing
+well n times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well n times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well n times this
+length I'm expecting oh but over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I'm expecting oh but over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I'm expecting oh but over here we
+got a zero so my n is going to wash out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero so my n is going to wash out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a zero so my n is going to wash out
+okay let let's just do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let's just do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let's just do the same thing
+for angle this this is the Key Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angle this this is the Key Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for angle this this is the Key Energy
+inequality e equality for length and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality e equality for length and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality e equality for length and all
+I want to say is this this fre Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say is this this fre Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say is this this fre Matrix
+like other orthogonal matrices is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other orthogonal matrices is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other orthogonal matrices is just
+rotating the space it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the space it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the space it's it's sort of
+amazing to think you have one space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to think you have one space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to think you have one space
+physical space and you rotate it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space and you rotate it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space and you rotate it I'll
+use that word because somehow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word because somehow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word because somehow that's
+what an orthogonal Matrix does well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an orthogonal Matrix does well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an orthogonal Matrix does well it's
+complex and dimensional space sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and dimensional space sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and dimensional space sorry so
+it's not so easy to visualize rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to visualize rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to visualize rotations
+in CN but it's a rotation angles don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CN but it's a rotation angles don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in CN but it's a rotation angles don't
+change and let's just see why the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and let's just see why the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and let's just see why the inner
+product of this with this is C transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this with this is C transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of this with this is C transpose
+F Bar transpose because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Bar transpose because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Bar transpose because I have to
+transpose that times FD what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this one was C transpose D with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one was C transpose D with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one was C transpose D with
+zero you see you have it is again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see you have it is again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see you have it is again this
+fact that this rotation and inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this rotation and inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this rotation and inverse and
+the transpose is the identity apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose is the identity apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose is the identity apart from
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+N so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so again
+in products are multiplied by n not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in products are multiplied by n not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in products are multiplied by n not not
+just not only the length squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not only the length squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not only the length squared which
+is inner product with itself but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inner product with itself but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inner product with itself but all
+inner products are just multiplied by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner products are just multiplied by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner products are just multiplied by n
+so if they start zero they end up zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they start zero they end up zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they start zero they end up zero
+yeah that was your question right y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was your question right y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was your question right y
+right so if I have a couple of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a couple of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a couple of vectors
+as I guess that problem proposed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I guess that problem proposed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I guess that problem proposed it
+happened to propose two inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to propose two inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to propose two inputs that
+happen to be orthogonal then you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be orthogonal then you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be orthogonal then you're you
+should be able to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to see that the
+transforms are too yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms are too yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms are too yeah
+yeah can I ask you about question two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I ask you about question two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can I ask you about question two
+was that on the homework problem two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that on the homework problem two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that on the homework problem two in
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+4.3 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.3 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.3 was
+it all I want to say is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all I want to say is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all I want to say is that's
+a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+fact that let me just write that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that let me just write that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that let me just write that fact
+down so we're we're looking at that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we're we're looking at that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we're we're looking at that that
+fact if I look at the F Matrix it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I look at the F Matrix it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I look at the F Matrix it it's
+just it's so simple but it leads to lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's so simple but it leads to lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's so simple but it leads to lots
+of good lot it's just a key fact that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good lot it's just a key fact that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good lot it's just a key fact that if
+I look at my f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at my f
+Matrix uh am I looking at rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh am I looking at rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh am I looking at rows
+here yeah I I happen to look at rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I I happen to look at rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I I happen to look at rows
+columns would be the same it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns would be the same it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns would be the same it's symmetric
+so here's Row one here's row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Row one here's row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Row one here's row
+two I'm sorry that's row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm sorry that's row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm sorry that's row
+zero this is Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is Row
+one and let me look at row N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let me look at row N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let me look at row N
+minus1 this is w w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 this is w w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 this is w w to the
+nus1 W this was W2 this is W to the 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 W this was W2 this is W to the 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 W this was W2 this is W to the 2 N
+minus one and so on everybody's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and so on everybody's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and so on everybody's got the
+idea of the and then all these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the and then all these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the and then all these in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+rows 2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows 2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows 2 three
+Etc and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the question
+asks show that this and this are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks show that this and this are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks show that this and this are complex
+conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+that that row and that row are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that row and that row are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that row and that row are the same
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+conjugates so if we look at the no row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so if we look at the no row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so if we look at the no row
+number one in F we'll be looking at row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one in F we'll be looking at row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one in F we'll be looking at row
+number n minus one in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n minus one in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n minus one in F
+bar now why is that Row the conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar now why is that Row the conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar now why is that Row the conjugate of
+that row why is this the conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row why is this the conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row why is this the conjugate of
+this why why are those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjugates so I'm asking you to show to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so I'm asking you to show to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates so I'm asking you to show to
+explain to me why W bar is the Y is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to me why W bar is the Y is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to me why W bar is the Y is D
+the conjugate of w of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so it's just one more neat fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's just one more neat fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's just one more neat fact
+about the about these important crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about these important crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about these important crucial
+numbers W and and so how do I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers W and and so how do I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers W and and so how do I see this
+well that's what this is W to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what this is W to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's what this is W to this is
+one way to do it this is W the n * w -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it this is W the n * w -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it this is W the n * w -
+one and what's W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's W to the
+n one everybody knows W the nth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one everybody knows W the nth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one everybody knows W the nth is
+one so I have W I'm trying to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I have W I'm trying to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I have W I'm trying to show that
+well that we know that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that we know that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that we know that this is true
+that yeah yes so we we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah yes so we we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah yes so we we know that the
+conjugate of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of w
+right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's
+W here's its conjugate and it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W here's its conjugate and it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W here's its conjugate and it's also the
+inverse th this is this W is some e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse th this is this W is some e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse th this is this W is some e to
+the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I
+Theta this is some e to the I some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is some e to the I some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this is some e to the I some angle
+then always the it's sitting on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then always the it's sitting on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then always the it's sitting on the unit
+circle so it's it's reciprocal is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so it's it's reciprocal is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so it's it's reciprocal is also
+on the unit circle it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle it's it's the
+reciprocal it has e to the minus I Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal it has e to the minus I Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal it has e to the minus I Theta
+so it's just the conjugate that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the conjugate that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the conjugate that that's
+the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+fact that's the beautiful a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's the beautiful a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's the beautiful a beautiful
+fact about this all these W's and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about this all these W's and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about this all these W's and their
+powers conjugate and inverse the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers conjugate and inverse the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers conjugate and inverse the same
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+right so that was a key to problem two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was a key to problem two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that was a key to problem two I
+don't think I asked you to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I asked you to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I asked you to go through
+the all the steps of problem three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the steps of problem three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the steps of problem three but
+just in case you didn't read problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case you didn't read problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case you didn't read problem
+three let me tell you in one tiny space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let me tell you in one tiny space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let me tell you in one tiny space
+what happens in problem three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in problem three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in problem three you
+discover that the fourth power of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the fourth power of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the fourth power of f is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity except the the there's an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity except the the there's an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity except the the there's an N
+squar because from two FS we got an N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar because from two FS we got an N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar because from two FS we got an N so
+from four FS so that's another fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four FS so that's another fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four FS so that's another fantastic
+fact about the 4A Matrix that is fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the 4A Matrix that is fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about the 4A Matrix that is fourth
+power it must be somehow the fora Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it must be somehow the fora Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it must be somehow the fora Matrix
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+rotating yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating yeah
+somehow I don't know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I don't know how do you
+understand that the fora Matrix is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the fora Matrix is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that the fora Matrix is it's
+fourth power brings you back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power brings you back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power brings you back to the
+identity apart from we just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity apart from we just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity apart from we just didn't
+normalize it so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it so that we
+wouldn't to avoid that N squared so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't to avoid that N squared so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't to avoid that N squared so we
+have to use it yeah that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it yeah that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it yeah that's pretty
+amazing pretty amazing so if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing pretty amazing so if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing pretty amazing so if I had
+normalized it right I could if I took F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it right I could if I took F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it right I could if I took F
+over if I took F over the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if I took F over the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if I took F over the square root of
+n that's the real that's the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's the real that's the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's the real that's the exact
+normalization to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization to give me a
+to put the ends where they where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the ends where they where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the ends where they where they
+belong you could say then the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong you could say then the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong you could say then the fourth
+part of that Matrix is the identity yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that Matrix is the identity yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that Matrix is the identity yeah
+that's but new new math and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but new new math and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but new new math and new
+applications keep coming for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications keep coming for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications keep coming for these
+things yeah I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah I'll tell you
+actually you could tell me the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you could tell me the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you could tell me the igen
+values of this Matrix yeah this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this Matrix yeah this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this Matrix yeah this is a
+good question what are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question what are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question what are the igen values
+of a matrix whose fourth power is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix whose fourth power is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix whose fourth power is the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah one what else could the I value be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one what else could the I value be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one what else could the I value be
+if the fourth power of the Matrix is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the fourth power of the Matrix is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the fourth power of the Matrix is I
+what are the possible ion values so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible ion values so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible ion values so so
+let me let me so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me so that this
+Matrix is can I call it m for the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is can I call it m for the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is can I call it m for the or
+maybe U for the for the Matrix F so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe U for the for the Matrix F so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe U for the for the Matrix F so if
+if U to the 4th is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the igen values what could well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values what could well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values what could well
+of course U could be the identity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course U could be the identity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course U could be the identity but
+it's not it's for a matrix so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's for a matrix so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's for a matrix so what what
+other numbers than one could be so the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers than one could be so the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers than one could be so the I
+values could be one what else could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values could be one what else could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values could be one what else could they
+be minus one is possible because minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus one is possible because minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus one is possible because minus
+the identity that'd be fine I and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity that'd be fine I and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity that'd be fine I and minus
+I four possible I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I four possible I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I four possible I values
+and when the Matrix reaches I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Matrix reaches I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Matrix reaches I think the
+if you put the 4x4 for oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the 4x4 for oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the 4x4 for oh I don't
+know if you put about say put the 4x4 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you put about say put the 4x4 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you put about say put the 4x4 4A
+Matrix in the mat lab and see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the mat lab and see what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the mat lab and see what you
+get for igen values I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for igen values I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for igen values I don't know if you
+get one I've forgotten whether you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one I've forgotten whether you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one I've forgotten whether you get
+one of each of these or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each of these or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each of these or whether
+somebody's repeated at at the level four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's repeated at at the level four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's repeated at at the level four
+but then go up to five or six you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then go up to five or six you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then go up to five or six you'll see
+these guys start showing up different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys start showing up different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys start showing up different
+different mult multiplicity right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mult multiplicity right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mult multiplicity right if the
+1024 Matrix has got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 Matrix has got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 Matrix has got these
+guys some number of times adding up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys some number of times adding up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys some number of times adding up to
+1,24 right yeah so it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 right yeah so it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,24 right yeah so it's quite
+neat now here's a question which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat now here's a question which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat now here's a question which I
+actually just learned a good answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just learned a good answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just learned a good answer to
+what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen
+vectors what are the IG vectors it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what are the IG vectors it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what are the IG vectors it's you
+could give a sort of half-baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a sort of half-baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a sort of half-baked
+description because you know once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description because you know once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description because you know once you
+know the igen values but uh to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the igen values but uh to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the igen values but uh to really
+get a handle on the igen vectors has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a handle on the igen vectors has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a handle on the igen vectors has
+been a problem that was studied in i e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a problem that was studied in i e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a problem that was studied in i e
+transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions
+papers uh but not really the right not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh but not really the right not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh but not really the right not a
+nice specific description of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice specific description of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice specific description of the igen
+vectors and somebody was in my office uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and somebody was in my office uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and somebody was in my office uh
+this fall a guy postet Berkeley who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fall a guy postet Berkeley who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fall a guy postet Berkeley who's
+seen the right way to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the right way to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the right way to look at that
+problem uh and describe the igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and describe the igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and describe the igen vector
+of the Fier Matrix so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fier Matrix so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Fier Matrix so that's like
+amazing to me that such a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me that such a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing to me that such a fundamental
+question was waiting and turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was waiting and turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was waiting and turned out to
+involve quite important deep ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve quite important deep ideas yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve quite important deep ideas yeah
+okay okay ready for one more for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay ready for one more for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay ready for one more for today
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+any or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any or
+not okay so I hope you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I hope you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so I hope you're getting the
+the good stuff now on the 4 Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good stuff now on the 4 Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good stuff now on the 4 Series
+fora discreet trans transform please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora discreet trans transform please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora discreet trans transform please
+come on Friday because Friday will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on Friday because Friday will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on Friday because Friday will be
+the big day for convolution and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big day for convolution and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big day for convolution and that's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+essential that's the essential thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential that's the essential thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential that's the essential thing
+that we still have to do okay see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still have to do okay see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we still have to do okay see you
+Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JibVXBElKL0.txt b/JibVXBElKL0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6863a7647b76552a6099bcefdaa43a9c6281e04a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JibVXBElKL0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7017 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is lecture five in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture five in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture five in linear
+algebra and uh it will complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh it will complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and uh it will complete this
+chapter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of the
+book so the last section of this chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so the last section of this chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so the last section of this chapter
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2.7 that talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 that talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 that talks about
+permutations which finished the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations which finished the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations which finished the previous
+lecture and transposes which also came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and transposes which also came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and transposes which also came
+in the previous lecture there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture there's a little
+more to do with those guys permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do with those guys permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do with those guys permutations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+transposes but then the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes but then the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes but then the heart of the
+lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will
+be the beginning of what you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the beginning of what you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the beginning of what you could say
+is the beginning of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the beginning of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the beginning of linear
+algebra the beginning of real linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the beginning of real linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra the beginning of real linear
+algebra which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which
+is seeing a bigger picture with Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seeing a bigger picture with Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seeing a bigger picture with Vector
+spaces not just vectors but spaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces not just vectors but spaces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces not just vectors but spaces of
+vectors and subspaces of those spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and subspaces of those spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and subspaces of those spaces so
+we're a little ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little ahead of the
+syllabus which is good because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus which is good because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus which is good because we're
+coming to the place where uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the place where uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the place where uh there's a
+lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to
+do okay so to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so to begin with
+permutations can I just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations can I just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations can I just uh
+so so so these permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are matrices p and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are matrices p and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are matrices p and they
+execute row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges
+and we may need them we may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may need them we may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may need them we may have a
+perfectly good Matrix a perfect Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good Matrix a perfect Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good Matrix a perfect Matrix a
+that's invertible that we can solve ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's invertible that we can solve ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's invertible that we can solve ax
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+B but to do it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but to do it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but to do it I've
+got to allow myself that extra freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to allow myself that extra freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to allow myself that extra freedom
+that if a zero shows up in the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a zero shows up in the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a zero shows up in the pivot
+position I move it away I get a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I move it away I get a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I move it away I get a nonzero
+I get a proper pivot there by exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a proper pivot there by exchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a proper pivot there by exchanging
+from a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a row
+below and you've seen that already and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and you've seen that already and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and you've seen that already and I
+just want to collect the ideas together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to collect the ideas together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to collect the ideas together
+and in in principle I could even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in principle I could even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in principle I could even have to
+do that two times or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that two times or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that two times or more
+times so I have to allow to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I have to allow to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I have to allow to complete the
+the the the the the possibility that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the possibility that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the possibility that I
+take my Matrix a I start elimination I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my Matrix a I start elimination I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my Matrix a I start elimination I
+find out that I need row exchanges and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that I need row exchanges and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that I need row exchanges and I
+do it and continue and I finish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and continue and I finish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and continue and I finish okay
+then all I want to do is say and I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all I want to do is say and I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all I want to do is say and I won't
+make a big project out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big project out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big project out of
+this what happens to a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to a equal
+Lu so a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu so a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu so a equal
+luu Lu this this was a matrix L with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luu Lu this this was a matrix L with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luu Lu this this was a matrix L with
+ones on the diagonal and zeros above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones on the diagonal and zeros above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones on the diagonal and zeros above and
+multipliers below and this will U we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers below and this will U we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers below and this will U we
+know with zeros down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's only possible that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's only possible that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's only possible that that
+description of elimination assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of elimination assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of elimination assumes that
+we don't have a p that we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a p that we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a p that we don't have any
+row exchanges and now I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchanges and now I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row exchanges and now I just want to say
+okay how do I count for row exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do I count for row exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do I count for row exchanges
+because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+doesn't the p in this factorization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the p in this factorization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the p in this factorization is
+the identity Matrix the rows were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix the rows were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix the rows were in a
+good order we left them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good order we left them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good order we left them
+there maybe I'll just add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe I'll just add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe I'll just add a little
+moment of reality too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of reality too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of reality too
+about how matlb actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how matlb actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how matlb actually does
+elimination mat lab not only checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination mat lab not only checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination mat lab not only checks
+whether that pivot is not zero as as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that pivot is not zero as as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that pivot is not zero as as as
+every human would do it checks for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every human would do it checks for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every human would do it checks for is
+that pivot big enough because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pivot big enough because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pivot big enough because it doesn't
+like very very small pivots pivots close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very very small pivots pivots close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very very small pivots pivots close
+to zero are numerically bad so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero are numerically bad so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero are numerically bad so actually
+if we ask matlb to solve a system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask matlb to solve a system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask matlb to solve a system it
+will do some elimination some some row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some elimination some some row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some elimination some some row
+exchanges which we don't think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which we don't think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which we don't think are
+necessary algebra doesn't say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary algebra doesn't say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary algebra doesn't say they're
+necessary but uh accuracy numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but uh accuracy numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but uh accuracy numerical
+accuracy says they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy says they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy says they are
+well we're doing algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're doing algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're doing algebra
+so here we will say well what would what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we will say well what would what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we will say well what would what
+do row exchanges do but we won't do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do row exchanges do but we won't do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do row exchanges do but we won't do them
+unless we have to but we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have to but we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we have to but we may have
+to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and
+then the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result
+is it's hiding here it's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's hiding here it's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's hiding here it's the main
+fact this is the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is the description of
+elimination with row exchanges so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination with row exchanges so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination with row exchanges so a
+equal luu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes paal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lu this so This p is the Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu this so This p is the Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu this so This p is the Matrix that
+does the row exchanges and actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the row exchanges and actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the row exchanges and actually it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+them yeah it it it gets the rows into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah it it it gets the rows into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah it it it gets the rows into
+the right order into the good order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order into the good order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order into the good order
+where pivots will not where zeros won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where pivots will not where zeros won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where pivots will not where zeros won't
+appear in the pivot position where L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the pivot position where L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the pivot position where L and
+U will come out right as as up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U will come out right as as up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U will come out right as as up here so
+that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the
+point actually I don't want to labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually I don't want to labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually I don't want to labor
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point that a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that a permutation
+Matrix and you remember you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you remember you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and you remember you remember
+what those were can I just I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those were can I just I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those were can I just I'll remind
+you from last time of what the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from last time of what the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from last time of what the main
+points about permutation matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+and and then just leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then just leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then just leave this
+factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization
+as the general case this is this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the general case this is this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the general case this is this becomes
+this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a we get this for almost everyone we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we get this for almost everyone we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we get this for almost everyone we
+don't need a p but there's that handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a p but there's that handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a p but there's that handful
+that do need row exchanges and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do need row exchanges and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do need row exchanges and if we do
+need them there they are okay finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them there they are okay finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them there they are okay finally
+just to remember what P was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember what P was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remember what P was
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutations p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations p
+is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with reordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reordered
+rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows
+so well I include in reordering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I include in reordering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I include in reordering the
+possibility that you just leave them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you just leave them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you just leave them the
+same so the identity Matrix is is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the identity Matrix is is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the identity Matrix is is okay
+that's like the basic your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the basic your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the basic your basic
+permutation Matrix well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation Matrix well
+your your do nothing permutation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your do nothing permutation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your do nothing permutation Matrix
+is the identity and then there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity and then there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity and then there are the
+ones that exchange two rows and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that exchange two rows and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that exchange two rows and then the
+ones that exchange three rows and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that exchange three rows and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that exchange three rows and then
+the ones that exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that exchange
+four well it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well it gets a
+little the the it gets more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the the it gets more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the the it gets more interesting
+algebraically if you've got four rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically if you've got four rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically if you've got four rows
+you you might exchange them all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might exchange them all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might exchange them all in one
+big cycle 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4 4: 1 or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cycle 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4 4: 1 or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cycle 1: 2 2: 3 3: 4 4: 1 or you
+might have exchange one and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have exchange one and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have exchange one and two and
+three and four lots of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four lots of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four lots of possibilities
+there in fact how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibilities the answer was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the answer was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the answer was n
+factorial this is n * n -1 * N - 2 * 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is n * n -1 * N - 2 * 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial this is n * n -1 * N - 2 * 3 *
+2 * 1 that's the number of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 that's the number of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 that's the number of of this
+counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+the reorderings the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reorderings the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reorderings the possible
+reorderings so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counts all the N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutations and all those matrices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and all those matrices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and all those matrices have
+these have this nice property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have this nice property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have this nice property that
+they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+invertible because we can bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible because we can bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible because we can bring those
+rows back into the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows back into the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows back into the normal
+order and the Matrix that does that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the Matrix that does that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and the Matrix that does that is
+just p is just the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just p is just the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just p is just the same as the
+transpose you might take a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you might take a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you might take a permutation
+Matrix multiply by its transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply by its transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply by its transpose and
+you'll see how that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that the
+ones hit the ones and give the ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones hit the ones and give the ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones hit the ones and give the ones in
+the identity Matrix so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix so this is a
+we'll be highly interested in matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be highly interested in matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be highly interested in matrices
+that have nice properties and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nice properties and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have nice properties and one
+property that maybe I could rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that maybe I could rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that maybe I could rewrite that
+as P transpose p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as P transpose p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as P transpose p is the
+identity that tells me in in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that tells me in in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that tells me in in other words
+that that this is the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is the inverse of
+that okay we we'll be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we we'll be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we we'll be interested in
+matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that
+have ppose P equal the identity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ppose P equal the identity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ppose P equal the identity there
+there are more of them than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more of them than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more of them than just
+permutations but my point right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations but my point right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations but my point right now is
+the permutations are like a little group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations are like a little group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations are like a little group
+in the middle in the in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle in the in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle in the in the center
+of uh these matrice these special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these matrice these special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these matrice these special
+matrices okay so now we know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so now we know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so now we know how many
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are 24 in the case of there are 24 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 in the case of there are 24 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 24 in the case of there are 24 4x4
+permutations there are 5 factorial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations there are 5 factorial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations there are 5 factorial which
+is 120 5 * 24 would bump us up to 120 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 120 5 * 24 would bump us up to 120 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 120 5 * 24 would bump us up to 120 so
+listing all the 5 by5 permutations would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing all the 5 by5 permutations would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing all the 5 by5 permutations would
+be uh not so much fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh not so much fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh not so much fun
+okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's
+permutations now also in section 27 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations now also in section 27 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations now also in section 27 is
+some discussion of transposes and can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of transposes and can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discussion of transposes and can I
+just complete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete that
+discussion uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh first of
+all I haven't even transposed a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I haven't even transposed a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I haven't even transposed a matrix
+on the board here have I so I better do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board here have I so I better do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board here have I so I better do
+it so suppose I take a matrix like 1 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so suppose I take a matrix like 1 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so suppose I take a matrix like 1 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so I it's a rectangular Matrix 3x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I it's a rectangular Matrix 3x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so I it's a rectangular Matrix 3x two
+and I want to transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to transpose
+it so what's its I'll use I'll use a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's its I'll use I'll use a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what's its I'll use I'll use a t
+although mat lab would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although mat lab would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although mat lab would use a
+prime and and the result will be I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and and the result will be I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and and the result will be I'll
+write it here because this was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here because this was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here because this was three
+rows and two columns this was a 3x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and two columns this was a 3x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and two columns this was a 3x2
+matrix the transpose will be two rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the transpose will be two rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the transpose will be two rows
+and three columns 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three columns 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three columns 2
+by3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by3 so
+it's short and wider and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's short and wider and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's short and wider and of course that
+row that column becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that column becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that column becomes a
+row that column becomes the other row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at the same time that row became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time that row became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time that row became a
+column this row became a column oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this row became a column oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column this row became a column oh
+what's the general formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the general formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the general formula for the
+transpose so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose I you see you see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I you see you see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I you see you see it in
+numbers what I'm going to write is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what I'm going to write is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what I'm going to write is the
+same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in
+symbols the numbers are the clearest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the numbers are the clearest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols the numbers are the clearest of
+course but in symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but in symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but in symbols
+if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose and I ask what number is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I ask what number is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I ask what number is in
+row I and column J of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose well it came out of a it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well it came out of a it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well it came out of a it came
+out of a by this flip across the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a by this flip across the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a by this flip across the main
+diagonal and actually it was the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and actually it was the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and actually it was the number
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a which was in row J column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which was in row J column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which was in row J column
+I so the row and column IND in the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so the row and column IND in the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so the row and column IND in the row
+and column numbers just get reversed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column numbers just get reversed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column numbers just get reversed the
+row number becomes the column number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number becomes the column number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number becomes the column number the
+column number becomes the row number no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number becomes the row number no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number becomes the row number no
+problem okay now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay now a
+special the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special the best
+matrices we could say in in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we could say in in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we could say in in a lot of
+applications symmetric matrices show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications symmetric matrices show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications symmetric matrices show up
+so can I just call attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I just call attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I just call attention to
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices what does that mean what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what does that mean what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what does that mean what does
+that word symmetric mean it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word symmetric mean it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word symmetric mean it means that
+this transposing doesn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transposing doesn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transposing doesn't change the
+Matrix a transpose equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's take a
+matrix that's symmetric so whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's symmetric so whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's symmetric so whatever is
+sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the
+diagonal but now what's above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but now what's above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but now what's above the
+diagonal like a one had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal like a one had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal like a one had better be
+there a seven had better be here a nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a seven had better be here a nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a seven had better be here a nine
+had better be there there's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be there there's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be there there's a symmetric
+Matrix I I happen to use all positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I happen to use all positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I I happen to use all positive
+numbers as its entries that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as its entries that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as its entries that's not the
+point the point is that if I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is that if I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point is that if I transpose
+that Matrix I get it back again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix I get it back again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix I get it back again so
+symmetric matrices have this property a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices have this property a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices have this property a
+transpose equals a I guess at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals a I guess at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equals a I guess at this
+point I'm just asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm just asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm just asking you
+to notice this family of matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice this family of matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice this family of matrices that
+are unchanged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unchanged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unchanged by
+transposing and they're easy to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing and they're easy to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing and they're easy to identify
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course you know it's not maybe so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know it's not maybe so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know it's not maybe so easy
+before we had a case where the transp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had a case where the transp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had a case where the transp
+gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the
+inverse that's highly important but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's highly important but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse that's highly important but not
+so simple to see this is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple to see this is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple to see this is the case where
+the transpose gives the same Matrix back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose gives the same Matrix back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose gives the same Matrix back
+again that's totally simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's totally simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's totally simple to
+see okay and actually maybe I could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay and actually maybe I could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay and actually maybe I could even
+say when would we get such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when would we get such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when would we get such a
+matrix for example this that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for example this that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for example this that Matrix is
+absolutely far from symmetric right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely far from symmetric right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely far from symmetric right the
+transpose isn't even in the same shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose isn't even in the same shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose isn't even in the same shape
+because it's rectangular it turns the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's rectangular it turns the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's rectangular it turns the it
+turns on its lies down on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on its lies down on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on its lies down on its
+side but let me tell you a way to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but let me tell you a way to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but let me tell you a way to get a
+symmetric Matrix out of this multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix out of this multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix out of this multiply
+those together if if I multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together if if I multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together if if I multiply this
+rectangular so I call it R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular so I call it R for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular so I call it R for
+rectangular so that let that be r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular so that let that be r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular so that let that be r or
+rectangular Matrix and let that be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular Matrix and let that be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular Matrix and let that be our
+transpose which it is then I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which it is then I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which it is then I think that
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+multiply those together I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those together I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those together I get a
+symmetric Matrix can I just do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix can I just do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix can I just do it with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+numbers and then ask you why how did how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then ask you why how did how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then ask you why how did how
+did I know it would be symmetric so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I know it would be symmetric so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I know it would be symmetric so so
+I'm so my point is that R transpose R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+okay and I'm going to do it for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to do it for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to do it for that
+particular R transpose R which was let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular R transpose R which was let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular R transpose R which was let's
+see the column was 124
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+331 I called that one R transpose didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+331 I called that one R transpose didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+331 I called that one R transpose didn't
+I and I called this guy one two 4 331 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I called this guy one two 4 331 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I called this guy one two 4 331 I
+called that R should we just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that R should we just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that R should we just do that
+multiplication okay so up here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay so up here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay so up here I'm
+getting a 10 next to it I'm getting two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a 10 next to it I'm getting two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a 10 next to it I'm getting two
+and N I'm getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N I'm getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N I'm getting an
+11 next to that I'm getting four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 next to that I'm getting four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 next to that I'm getting four and
+three a 7 now what do I get there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a 7 now what do I get there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a 7 now what do I get there this
+11 came from 13 * 23 right Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 came from 13 * 23 right Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 came from 13 * 23 right Row one
+column two what goes here row two column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two what goes here row two column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two what goes here row two column
+one but no difference 13 23 or 23 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but no difference 13 23 or 23 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but no difference 13 23 or 23 13
+same thing it's going to be an 11 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's going to be an 11 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's going to be an 11 that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Symmetry I can continue to fill it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry I can continue to fill it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry I can continue to fill it out
+what oh let's get that seven that seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh let's get that seven that seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh let's get that seven that seven
+will show up down here too and then four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up down here too and then four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show up down here too and then four
+more numbers that seven will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers that seven will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers that seven will show up
+here because 13 * 41 gave the seven but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because 13 * 41 gave the seven but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because 13 * 41 gave the seven but
+also 41 * 13 will give that seven do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 41 * 13 will give that seven do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also 41 * 13 will give that seven do you
+see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it
+works actually do do you want to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works actually do do you want to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works actually do do you want to do you
+want to see it work also in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it work also in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it work also in Matrix
+language I mean that's quite convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I mean that's quite convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I mean that's quite convincing
+right that seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that seven
+is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no
+accident the 11 is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident the 11 is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident the 11 is no
+accident but just tell me how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident but just tell me how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident but just tell me how do I know
+if I transpose this guy how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose this guy how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose this guy how do I know
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+symmetric well I'm going to transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric well I'm going to transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric well I'm going to transpose
+it and when I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and when I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and when I transpose
+it I'm hoping I get the Matrix back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm hoping I get the Matrix back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm hoping I get the Matrix back
+again so can I transpose R transpose R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so can I transpose R transpose R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so can I transpose R transpose R
+so just so why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just so why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just so why why
+well my suggestion is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose that's the only way to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the only way to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's the only way to show it
+symmetric take the transpose and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric take the transpose and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric take the transpose and see
+that it didn't change okay so I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't change okay so I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't change okay so I take the
+transpose of R transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of R transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of R transpose
+R how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R how do I do
+that this is our little practice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our little practice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our little practice on the
+rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for
+transposes so the rule for transp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes so the rule for transp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes so the rule for transp
+oses is the order gets reversed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oses is the order gets reversed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oses is the order gets reversed just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+inverses which we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses which we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses which we did
+prove same rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove same rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove same rule for
+transposes and which we'll now use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes and which we'll now use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes and which we'll now use so
+the order gets reversed it's this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order gets reversed it's this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order gets reversed it's this it's
+the transpose of that that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that that comes
+first and the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the transpose of
+this that comes now is that yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that comes now is that yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that comes now is that yeah that's
+what I have to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to right
+right this is a product of two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a product of two matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a product of two matrices
+and I want it transpose so I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want it transpose so I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want it transpose so I put the
+matrices in the opposite order and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in the opposite order and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in the opposite order and I
+transpose them but what have I got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose them but what have I got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose them but what have I got here
+what is our transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose well don't all speak at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well don't all speak at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well don't all speak at
+once R transpose transpose I flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once R transpose transpose I flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once R transpose transpose I flipped
+over the diagonal I flipped over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the diagonal I flipped over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the diagonal I flipped over the
+diagonal again so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R and then that's just my point that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then that's just my point that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and then that's just my point that if
+I started with this Matrix I transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with this Matrix I transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with this Matrix I transposed
+it I got it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's the
+check without using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers but with it checked in two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but with it checked in two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but with it checked in two lines
+that I always get symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I always get symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I always get symmetric matrices
+this way and actually that's where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and actually that's where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and actually that's where they
+come from in so many practical applic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from in so many practical applic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from in so many practical applic
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay so now I've said something today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've said something today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've said something today
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+permutations and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and about
+transposes and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes and about
+Symmetry and I'm ready for chapter 3 can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and I'm ready for chapter 3 can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and I'm ready for chapter 3 can
+we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breath the tape won't take a breath but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath the tape won't take a breath but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath the tape won't take a breath but
+the lecturer will because to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecturer will because to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecturer will because to tell you
+about Vector space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Vector space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Vector space is
+is we really have to start now and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we really have to start now and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we really have to start now and think
+okay listen up what are vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subspaces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces okay
+so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the main operations that we do what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main operations that we do what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main operations that we do what do
+we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with
+vectors we add them we know how to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we add them we know how to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we add them we know how to add
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+vectors we multiply them by numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we multiply them by numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we multiply them by numbers
+usually called scalers if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called scalers if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called scalers if we have a
+vector we know what 3v is if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we know what 3v is if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we know what 3v is if we have a
+vector V and W we know what v+ w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V and W we know what v+ w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V and W we know what v+ w is
+those are the those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the those are the two
+operations that we've got to we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that we've got to we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that we've got to we've got
+to be able to do to legitimately talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do to legitimately talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do to legitimately talk
+about a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a space of
+vectors the requirement is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the requirement is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the requirement is that we
+should be able to add the things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to add the things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to add the things and
+multiply by numbers and that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by numbers and that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by numbers and that there
+should be some decent rules satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some decent rules satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some decent rules satisfied
+okay so let me start with examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me start with examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me start with examples so
+I'm talking now about Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces and I'm going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples let me say again what this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let me say again what this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let me say again what this word
+space is meaning when I say that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is meaning when I say that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is meaning when I say that word
+space that means to me that I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that means to me that I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that means to me that I've got a
+bunch of vectors A Space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors A Space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of vectors A Space of
+vectors but not just any bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but not just any bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but not just any bunch of
+vectors the it has to be a a a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the it has to be a a a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the it has to be a a a space of
+vectors has to be has to allow me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors has to be has to allow me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors has to be has to allow me to do
+the operations that vectors are for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations that vectors are for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations that vectors are for I
+have to be able to add vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to add vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to add vectors and
+multiply by numbers I have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by numbers I have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by numbers I have to be able to
+take linear combinations well where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations well where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations well where did
+we meet linear combinations we met them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet linear combinations we met them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet linear combinations we met them
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+in say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say in
+R2 so there's there's a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so there's there's a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so there's there's a vector space
+what's that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that Vector
+space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so
+R2 is telling me I'm talking about real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 is telling me I'm talking about real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 is telling me I'm talking about real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and I'm talking about two real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm talking about two real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm talking about two real numbers
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+all twodimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real such
+as well I'm not going to be able to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I'm not going to be able to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I'm not going to be able to list
+them all but let me put a few down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pi
+e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and it's
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+okay let's see I guess I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see I guess I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see I guess I should do
+Algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Algebra
+first algebra means what can I do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first algebra means what can I do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first algebra means what can I do to
+these vectors I can add them I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors I can add them I can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors I can add them I can add
+that to that and how do I do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that and how do I do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that and how do I do it a
+component at a time of course 32 added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component at a time of course 32 added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component at a time of course 32 added
+to 0 0 gives me uh 32 sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0 gives me uh 32 sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 0 gives me uh 32 sorry about that
+32 added to Pi e gives me 3 + Pi 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 added to Pi e gives me 3 + Pi 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 added to Pi e gives me 3 + Pi 2 plus
+e oh you know what it does and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e oh you know what it does and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e oh you know what it does and you know
+the picture that goes with it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that goes with it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that goes with it there's
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+32 and often the picture has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and often the picture has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and often the picture has an
+arrow the vector 0 0 which is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow the vector 0 0 which is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow the vector 0 0 which is a highly
+important Vector it's got like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Vector it's got like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Vector it's got like the most
+important here is there and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is there and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is there and of course
+it's not much of an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much of an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much of an arrow
+uh Pi E I have to remember Pi is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pi E I have to remember Pi is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Pi E I have to remember Pi is about
+three and a little more e is about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a little more e is about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a little more e is about two
+and a little more so maybe there's Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more so maybe there's Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more so maybe there's Pi
+E I never drew Pi E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I never drew Pi E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I never drew Pi E
+before the it's just natural to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the it's just natural to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the it's just natural to this
+this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component on the horizontal and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component on the horizontal and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component on the horizontal and this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component
+going up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up the
+vertical okay and the whole plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay and the whole plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay and the whole plane is
+R2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 so
+R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2
+is we could say the plane the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could say the plane the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could say the plane the XY
+plane that's what everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinks but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a vector space because all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector space because all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector space because all those
+vectors are in there if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are in there if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are in there if I
+removed one of them suppose I removed Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one of them suppose I removed Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one of them suppose I removed Z
+0 suppose I tried to take the considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 suppose I tried to take the considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 suppose I tried to take the considered
+the XY plane with a puncture with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane with a puncture with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane with a puncture with a
+point removed like the origin that' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point removed like the origin that' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point removed like the origin that' be
+like awful to take the origin away why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awful to take the origin away why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awful to take the origin away why
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that why do I need the origin there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do I need the origin there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do I need the origin there
+because I have to be allowed if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to be allowed if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to be allowed if I had
+these other vectors I have to be allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other vectors I have to be allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other vectors I have to be allowed
+to multiply 32 this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply 32 this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply 32 this was
+32 by anything by any scalar including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 by anything by any scalar including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 by anything by any scalar including
+zero I've got to be allowed to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I've got to be allowed to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I've got to be allowed to multiply
+by zero and and and and the results got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero and and and and the results got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero and and and and the results got
+to be there I can't do without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there I can't do without that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there I can't do without that
+point and I have to be able to add 32 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I have to be able to add 32 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I have to be able to add 32 to
+the the opposite guy Min -3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the opposite guy Min -3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the opposite guy Min -3
+-2 and if I add those I'm back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and if I add those I'm back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and if I add those I'm back to the
+origin again no way I can do without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin again no way I can do without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin again no way I can do without the
+origin every Vector space has got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin every Vector space has got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin every Vector space has got that
+zero Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector in
+it okay that's an easy Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's an easy Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that's an easy Vector space
+because we have a natural picture of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a natural picture of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a natural picture of it
+okay e similarly easy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R3 this would be all let me go up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 this would be all let me go up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 this would be all let me go up a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+here this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this would
+be R3 three would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R3 three would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be R3 three would be
+all threedimensional vectors or should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all threedimensional vectors or should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all threedimensional vectors or should I
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+with three real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components okay let me just just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure we're we're together let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're we're together let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're we're together let me take
+the vector 320
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a vector in R2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a vector in R2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a vector in R2 or
+R3 definitely it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 definitely it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 definitely it's an
+R3 that it's got three components one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 that it's got three components one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 that it's got three components one of
+them happens to be zero but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happens to be zero but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happens to be zero but that's
+perfectly okay number so that's a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay number so that's a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay number so that's a vector
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+R3 we don't we we don't want to mix up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 we don't we we don't want to mix up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 we don't we we don't want to mix up
+the I mean keep these vectors straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mean keep these vectors straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mean keep these vectors straight
+and keep RN straight so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep RN straight so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep RN straight so what's
+rn rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn rn
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+our big example is all vectors with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our big example is all vectors with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our big example is all vectors with n
+components and I'm making these darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I'm making these darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I'm making these darn
+things column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things column
+vectors can I can I try to follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors can I can I try to follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors can I can I try to follow that
+convention that they'll be column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that they'll be column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that they'll be column
+vectors and their components should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and their components should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and their components should be
+real real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real
+numbers later we'll need complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers later we'll need complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers later we'll need complex numbers
+and complex vectors but much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complex vectors but much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complex vectors but much
+later okay so that's a Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that's a Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that's a Vector
+space now let's see what's what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now let's see what's what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now let's see what's what do I
+have to tell you about Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces I said the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I said the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I said the most important thing
+which is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can
+add any two of these and we're still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any two of these and we're still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add any two of these and we're still in
+R2 we can multiply by any number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 we can multiply by any number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 we can multiply by any number and
+we're still in R2 we can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in R2 we can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in R2 we can take any
+combination and we're still in R2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and we're still in R2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and we're still in R2 and
+same goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goes for
+RN uh honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN uh honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN uh honest
+requires me to mention that this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires me to mention that this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires me to mention that this these
+operations of adding and multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of adding and multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of adding and multiplying
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+obey a few rules like we can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey a few rules like we can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey a few rules like we can't just
+arbitrarily say okay the sum of 32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily say okay the sum of 32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily say okay the sum of 32 and
+Pi e is 0 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e is 0 0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi e is 0 0 it's
+not the sum of 32 and minus 32 is 0 Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the sum of 32 and minus 32 is 0 Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the sum of 32 and minus 32 is 0 Z so
+oh I'm not going to the the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm not going to the the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm not going to the the book
+actually lists the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lists the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lists the eight
+rules that the addition and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that the addition and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that the addition and and
+multiplication have to satisfy but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication have to satisfy but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication have to satisfy but they
+do they certainly satisfy it in RN and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they certainly satisfy it in RN and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they certainly satisfy it in RN and
+and usually it's not those eight rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it's not those eight rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it's not those eight rules
+that are are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are in
+doubt what's what what the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt what's what what the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt what's what what the question
+is can we do those those additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we do those those additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we do those those additions and
+do we stay in the space let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we stay in the space let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we stay in the space let me show you
+a case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where you
+can't so suppose this is this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so suppose this is this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so suppose this is this is going
+to be not not a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space suppose I take the XY plane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space suppose I take the XY plane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space suppose I take the XY plane so
+that's R2 that is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R2 that is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R2 that is a vector
+space now suppose I just take part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now suppose I just take part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now suppose I just take part of
+it just this just this one just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just this just this one just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just this just this one just this is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+quarter of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space all the vectors with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all the vectors with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all the vectors with positive
+or at least not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least not negative
+components can I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can I add
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+safely yes if I add a vector with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely yes if I add a vector with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely yes if I add a vector with like
+two 32 to another Vector like 56 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 32 to another Vector like 56 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 32 to another Vector like 56 I'm
+still up in this quarter no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still up in this quarter no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still up in this quarter no problem with
+adding but there's a heck of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding but there's a heck of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding but there's a heck of a problem
+with multiplying by scalers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplying by scalers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplying by scalers because
+there's a lot of scalers that will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of scalers that will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of scalers that will take
+me out of this quarter plane like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out of this quarter plane like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out of this quarter plane like
+negative ones if I took 32 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ones if I took 32 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative ones if I took 32 and I
+multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by
+minus5 I'm way down here so that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 I'm way down here so that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 I'm way down here so that's not a
+vector space because it's not closed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space because it's not closed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space because it's not closed is
+the right word it's not closed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word it's not closed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word it's not closed under
+multiplication by all real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by all real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by all real
+numbers so a vector space has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so a vector space has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so a vector space has to be
+closed under multiplication and addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under multiplication and addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under multiplication and addition
+of vectors in other words linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors in other words linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vectors in other words linear
+combinations so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that if I give you a few vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I give you a few vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I give you a few vectors
+yeah look here's an important here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look here's an important here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look here's an important here now
+we're getting to some really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to some really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to some really important
+Vector spaces well RN like they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces well RN like they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces well RN like they are the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+important but we will be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we will be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but we will be interested in
+so in Vector spaces that are inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Vector spaces that are inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Vector spaces that are inside
+RN Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN Vector spaces
+that follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follow the
+rules but they we don't need all of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules but they we don't need all of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules but they we don't need all of of
+see there we we started with R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and took part of it and messed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and took part of it and messed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and took part of it and messed it
+up what we got was not a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what we got was not a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what we got was not a vector space
+now tell me a vector space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me a vector space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me a vector space that
+is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of
+R2 and is still safely we can multi mply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and is still safely we can multi mply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and is still safely we can multi mply
+we can add and we stay in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add and we stay in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add and we stay in the in this
+smaller Vector space so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Vector space so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Vector space so it's going to be
+called a Subspace so I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Subspace so I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Subspace so I'm going to change
+this bad example to a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad example to a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad example to a good
+one okay so I'm I'm going to start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm I'm going to start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm I'm going to start again
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+R2 but I'm going to take an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 but I'm going to take an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 but I'm going to take an example that
+is a vector space so it'll be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector space so it'll be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector space so it'll be a vector
+space inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 and we'll call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 okay what can I do it's got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 okay what can I do it's got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 okay what can I do it's got something
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+it suppose it's got this Vector in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose it's got this Vector in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suppose it's got this Vector in it
+okay if that Vector is in my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if that Vector is in my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if that Vector is in my little
+Subspace and it's a true Subspace then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and it's a true Subspace then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace and it's a true Subspace then
+there's got to be some more in it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some more in it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some more in it right
+I have to be able to multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to multiply that by
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and that and that double Vector has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that double Vector has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that double Vector has to
+be included have to be able to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included have to be able to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included have to be able to multiply
+by zero that vector or by a half or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero that vector or by a half or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero that vector or by a half or by
+3/4 all these vectors or by minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 all these vectors or by minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 all these vectors or by minus a half
+or by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by minus
+one I have to be able to multiply by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I have to be able to multiply by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I have to be able to multiply by any
+number so that is going to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that is going to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that is going to say that I
+have to have that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that whole
+line do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line do you see
+that once I get a vector in there I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I get a vector in there I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I get a vector in there I've
+got the whole line of all multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole line of all multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole line of all multiples of
+that Vector I can't I can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector I can't I can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector I can't I can't have a
+vector space without include without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space without include without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space without include without
+extending to to get those multiples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending to to get those multiples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending to to get those multiples in
+there now I still have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I still have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I still have to check
+addition but that comes out okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition but that comes out okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition but that comes out okay this
+line is going to work because I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to work because I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is going to work because I could
+add something on the line to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something on the line to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something on the line to something
+else on the line and I'm still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on the line and I'm still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else on the line and I'm still on the
+line so so example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so so example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so so example
+so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all
+examples example of a Subspace our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples example of a Subspace our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples example of a Subspace our
+example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a
+line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 actually not just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 actually not just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 actually not just any
+line if I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line would that so all the vectors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would that so all the vectors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line would that so all the vectors on
+that line so that vector and that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line so that vector and that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line so that vector and that vector
+and this vector and this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector and this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector and this vector
+so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in
+lighter type I'm drawing something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter type I'm drawing something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter type I'm drawing something that
+doesn't work it's not a Subspace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work it's not a Subspace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work it's not a Subspace the
+line in R2 to be a Subspace the line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in R2 to be a Subspace the line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in R2 to be a Subspace the line in
+R2 must go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 must go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 must go
+through the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector because why is this line no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector because why is this line no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector because why is this line no good
+let me do a dashed line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if I multiply that Vector on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I multiply that Vector on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I multiply that Vector on the
+dashed line by zero then I'm down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line by zero then I'm down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line by zero then I'm down here
+I'm not on the dashed line Zero's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not on the dashed line Zero's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not on the dashed line Zero's got to
+be every Subspace has got to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be every Subspace has got to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be every Subspace has got to contain
+zero because I must be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I must be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I must be allowed to
+multiply by zero and that will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by zero and that will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by zero and that will always
+give me the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the zero
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+okay now I was going to make create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I was going to make create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I was going to make create some
+subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+oh while I'm in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh while I'm in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh while I'm in R2
+why don't we think of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we think of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we think of all the
+possibilities R2 there can't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities R2 there can't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities R2 there can't be that
+many so what are the possible subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so what are the possible subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many so what are the possible subspaces
+of R2 let me list them so all sub so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R2 let me list them so all sub so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R2 let me list them so all sub so so
+I'm listing now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listing now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm listing now the
+subspaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 and one possibility that we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and one possibility that we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and one possibility that we always
+allow is all of R2 the whole thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow is all of R2 the whole thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow is all of R2 the whole thing the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+space that counts as a Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that counts as a Subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that counts as a Subspace of
+itself you always want to allow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you always want to allow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you always want to allow that
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are
+lines any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines any
+line a line meaning infinitely far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a line meaning infinitely far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line a line meaning infinitely far in
+both directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so that's a that's like the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's a that's like the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's a that's like the whole
+Space that's like whole 2D space this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space that's like whole 2D space this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space that's like whole 2D space this is
+like one dimension is is that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one dimension is is that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one dimension is is that is this
+line the same as R1 no I don't you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the same as R1 no I don't you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the same as R1 no I don't you could
+say it looks a lot like R1 R1 was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it looks a lot like R1 R1 was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it looks a lot like R1 R1 was just a
+line and this is a line but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this is a line but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this is a line but this is a
+line inside R2 this the vectors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line inside R2 this the vectors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line inside R2 this the vectors here
+have two components so that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two components so that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two components so that's not the
+same as R1 because there the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as R1 because there the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as R1 because there the vectors
+only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one
+component very close you could say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component very close you could say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component very close you could say but
+not no not the same okay and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no not the same okay and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no not the same okay and now there's
+a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility there's a third
+Subspace that's of R2 that's not uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that's of R2 that's not uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace that's of R2 that's not uh not
+the whole thing and it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing and it's not a
+line it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's even
+less it's just the zero Vector alone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less it's just the zero Vector alone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less it's just the zero Vector alone the
+zero Vector alone only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only I'll often call this Subspace Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'll often call this Subspace Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'll often call this Subspace Z
+just for zero here's a line L here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for zero here's a line L here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for zero here's a line L here's a
+plane all of our2 so do you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all of our2 so do you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all of our2 so do you see that the
+zero Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector is
+okay you would just to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you would just to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you would just to understand
+subspaces we have to know the rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces we have to know the rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces we have to know the rules and
+knowing the rules means that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the rules means that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the rules means that we have to
+see that yes the zero vector by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that yes the zero vector by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that yes the zero vector by
+itself just this guy alone satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself just this guy alone satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself just this guy alone satisfies the
+rules why is that oh it's too dumb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules why is that oh it's too dumb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules why is that oh it's too dumb to
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+you if I took that and added it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I took that and added it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if I took that and added it to
+itself I'm still there if I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm still there if I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm still there if I took that
+and multiply by 17 I'm still there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by 17 I'm still there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by 17 I'm still there so
+I've I've done the operations adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've done the operations adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've done the operations adding and
+multiplying by numbers that are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by numbers that are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by numbers that are required
+and I didn't go outside this one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so that's always that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's always that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's always that's the
+littlest Subspace the the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littlest Subspace the the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littlest Subspace the the largest
+Subspace is the whole thing and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace is the whole thing and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace is the whole thing and in
+between come all whatever is in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between come all whatever is in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between come all whatever is in between
+okay so for example what's in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example what's in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example what's in between
+for R3 so if I'm in ordinary three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R3 so if I'm in ordinary three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R3 so if I'm in ordinary three
+dimensions the subspaces are all of R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions the subspaces are all of R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions the subspaces are all of R3
+at one extreme the zero Vector at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one extreme the zero Vector at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one extreme the zero Vector at at the
+bottom uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh and
+then a plane a plane through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a plane a plane through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a plane a plane through the
+origin or a line a line through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or a line a line through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin or a line a line through the
+origin so with R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so with R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so with R3
+the subspaces were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subspaces were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subspaces were
+R3 plain through the origin blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 plain through the origin blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 plain through the origin blind
+through the origin and the zero vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and the zero vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and the zero vector
+by itself 0 0 0 Z just that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself 0 0 0 Z just that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself 0 0 0 Z just that single
+Vector okay you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea but the now comes the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but the now comes the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but the now comes the the the
+reality is what are these where do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is what are these where do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is what are these where do these
+subspaces come how do they come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces come how do they come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces come how do they come out of
+matrices and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and I want to
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+Matrix oh let me take that Matrix so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix oh let me take that Matrix so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix oh let me take that Matrix so I
+want to create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create some
+subspaces out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+Matrix well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well one
+Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from The
+Columns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the important
+Subspace the first important Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the first important Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the first important Subspace
+that comes from that Matrix I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from that Matrix I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from that Matrix I'm going
+let me call it a again back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it a again back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it a again back to
+uh okay I'm looking at The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I'm looking at The Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I'm looking at The Columns of
+a those are vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a those are vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a those are vectors in
+R3 so the columns are in R3 columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 so the columns are in R3 columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 so the columns are in R3 columns are
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R3 so I want those columns to be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace now I can't just put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace now I can't just put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace now I can't just put two
+columns in my Subspace and call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in my Subspace and call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns in my Subspace and call it a
+Subspace what do I have to throw in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I have to throw in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I have to throw in if
+I'm going to put those two columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put those two columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put those two columns in
+what else has got to be there to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else has got to be there to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else has got to be there to have a
+Subspace I must be able to add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I must be able to add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I must be able to add those
+things so the sum of those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the sum of those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the sum of those columns
+so these columns are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these columns are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these columns are in
+R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3
+and I have to be able I'm going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to be able I'm going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to be able I'm going to I
+want that to be in my Subspace I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be in my Subspace I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be in my Subspace I want
+that to be in my Subspace but therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be in my Subspace but therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be in my Subspace but therefore
+I have to be able to multiply them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to multiply them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to be able to multiply them by
+anything 0 z0 has got to be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything 0 z0 has got to be in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything 0 z0 has got to be in my
+Subspace I have to be able to add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I have to be able to add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I have to be able to add them
+so that four five5 is in the Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that four five5 is in the Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that four five5 is in the Subspace
+I've got to be able to add one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to be able to add one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to be able to add one of these
+plus three of these that'll give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three of these that'll give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three of these that'll give me some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+Vector I have to be able to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I have to be able to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I have to be able to take all the
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+combinations so so these are columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so so these are columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so so these are columns in
+in R3 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R3 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R3 and all
+their linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace what do I mean by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I mean by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what do I mean by linear
+combinations I mean multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations I mean multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations I mean multiply that by
+something multiply that by something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something multiply that by something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something multiply that by something and
+add the two operations of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the two operations of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the two operations of linear algebra
+multiplying by numbers and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by numbers and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by numbers and adding
+vectors and if I include all the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and if I include all the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and if I include all the results
+then I'm guaranteed to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm guaranteed to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm guaranteed to have a
+Subspace I'm I've done I've done my the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I'm I've done I've done my the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace I'm I've done I've done my the
+job and we'll give it a name the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and we'll give it a name the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and we'll give it a name the column
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+space and maybe I'll call it C of a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and maybe I'll call it C of a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and maybe I'll call it C of a c
+for column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space there's an idea there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's an idea there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's an idea there that you
+want that this is the like the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that this is the like the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that this is the like the central
+idea for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+is got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got a few
+vectors not satisfied with a few vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors not satisfied with a few vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors not satisfied with a few vectors
+we want a space of vectors the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a space of vectors the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a space of vectors the vectors
+are in these vectors in are in R3 so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in these vectors in are in R3 so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in these vectors in are in R3 so our
+space of vectors will be vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of vectors will be vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of vectors will be vectors in
+R3 the key ideas we have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 the key ideas we have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 the key ideas we have to be able to
+take their combinations so tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their combinations so tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their combinations so tell me
+geometrically if I drew all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically if I drew all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically if I drew all these
+things like if I drew 124 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if I drew 124 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if I drew 124 that would be
+somewhere maybe there if I drew 331 who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe there if I drew 331 who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere maybe there if I drew 331 who
+knows might be I don't know I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows might be I don't know I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows might be I don't know I'll say
+there for there's column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for there's column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for there's column
+one there's column two what else what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's column two what else what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's column two what else what's
+in the whole column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole column
+space how do I draw the whole column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how do I draw the whole column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how do I draw the whole column
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+now I take all combinations of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I take all combinations of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I take all combinations of those two
+vectors do I get well I guess I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do I get well I guess I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do I get well I guess I actually
+listed the possibilities do I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the possibilities do I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed the possibilities do I get the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+space do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space do I get a
+plane I get more than a line that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I get more than a line that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I get more than a line that's for
+sure and I certainly get more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I certainly get more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I certainly get more than the
+zero Vector but I do get the zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector but I do get the zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector but I do get the zero Vector
+included what do I get if I combine take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included what do I get if I combine take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included what do I get if I combine take
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+combinations of two vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R3 so I'm I've got all this stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 so I'm I've got all this stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 so I'm I've got all this stuff on
+that I get that that whole line gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get that that whole line gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get that that whole line gets
+filled out that whole line gets filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out that whole line gets filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out that whole line gets filled
+out but all in between gets filled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but all in between gets filled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but all in between gets filled out
+between the two lines because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two lines because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two lines because I I
+allowed to add something from one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to add something from one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to add something from one line
+something from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the other
+you see what's coming I'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane that's my and it's through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin those two
+vectors namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors namely
+124 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 and
+331 when I take all their combinations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+331 when I take all their combinations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+331 when I take all their combinations I
+fill out a whole plane please think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out a whole plane please think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out a whole plane please think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that that's the picture you have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the picture you have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the picture you have to see
+you sure have to see it in R3 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure have to see it in R3 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure have to see it in R3 because
+we're going to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it in
+r10 and we may take a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 and we may take a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 and we may take a combination of
+five vectors in r10 and what will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five vectors in r10 and what will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five vectors in r10 and what will we
+have uh God knows it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh God knows it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh God knows it's some
+Subspace we'll have five vectors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace we'll have five vectors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace we'll have five vectors they
+all have 10 components we take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have 10 components we take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have 10 components we take their
+combinations we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations we don't have
+R5 because our vectors have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R5 because our vectors have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R5 because our vectors have 10
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and we possibly have like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we possibly have like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we possibly have like some
+five-dimensional flat thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional flat thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional flat thing going
+through the origin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin for
+sure well of course if those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure well of course if those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure well of course if those five
+vectors were all on a line then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors were all on a line then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors were all on a line then we would
+only get that line so you see there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get that line so you see there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get that line so you see there like
+other possibilities here it depends what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities here it depends what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities here it depends what
+it depends on those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on those five
+vectors just like if our two columns had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors just like if our two columns had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors just like if our two columns had
+been on the same line then the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the same line then the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been on the same line then the column
+space would have been only a line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would have been only a line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space would have been only a line here
+it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to stop at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop at that point
+that's the central idea of the the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the central idea of the the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the central idea of the the great
+example of how to create a Subspace from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to create a Subspace from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how to create a Subspace from
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix take its columns take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix take its columns take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix take its columns take their
+combinations all their linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all their linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations all their linear
+combinations and you get the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and you get the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and you get the column
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+and that's the central sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the central sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the central sort
+of we're we're looking at linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're we're looking at linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we're we're looking at linear algebra
+at a higher level when I look at a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher level when I look at a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher level when I look at a I
+want to look at ax equal B that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at ax equal B that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at ax equal B that'll be
+the first thing in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing in the next
+lecture how is that how do I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how is that how do I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture how is that how do I understand
+ax equal B in this language in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B in this language in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B in this language in this new
+language of vector spaces and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of vector spaces and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of vector spaces and column
+spaces and what are other subspaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and what are other subspaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and what are other subspaces so
+the column space is a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space is a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column space is a big one
+there are others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others to
+come okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Jn-Bkwf77SQ.txt b/Jn-Bkwf77SQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e79c83a9b573c43b5d36ccb1312b234e0364ae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Jn-Bkwf77SQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're talking about the purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about the purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about the purine
+biosynthetic pathway here it's a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway here it's a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway here it's a pathway
+and I sort of told you in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sort of told you in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I sort of told you in this part of
+it we're going to go through so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to go through so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to go through so at least
+you saw with the steps in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw with the steps in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw with the steps in the pathway
+are the key thing is you start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key thing is you start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key thing is you start out with
+the ribose 5-phosphate and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose 5-phosphate and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribose 5-phosphate and then you
+build up the basis step at a time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up the basis step at a time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up the basis step at a time which
+is completely different from pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely different from pyramids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely different from pyramids
+where you make the base and then stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make the base and then stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make the base and then stick
+on the ribose 5-phosphate and I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ribose 5-phosphate and I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ribose 5-phosphate and I told you
+at the very beginning there were a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning there were a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very beginning there were a few
+interesting steps in this pathway that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting steps in this pathway that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting steps in this pathway that a
+universal you know almost all metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal you know almost all metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal you know almost all metabolic
+pathways and one of them we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and one of them we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and one of them we were going
+over two of them we already went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of them we already went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of them we already went over
+I'm gonna briefly go back over this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna briefly go back over this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna briefly go back over this but
+the role of glutamine and the purine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of glutamine and the purine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of glutamine and the purine and
+pyrimidine pathway as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine pathway as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine pathway as a source of
+nitrogen there are five of these enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen there are five of these enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen there are five of these enzymes
+okay that's not an accident glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not an accident glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not an accident glutamine
+delivers is one of the major ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers is one of the major ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers is one of the major ways you
+deliver ammonia into molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver ammonia into molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver ammonia into molecules and
+purines and pyrimidines both have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines both have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines and pyrimidines both have a lot
+of nitrogen's the second thing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen's the second thing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nitrogen's the second thing we were
+talking about and we had gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and we had gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and we had gone through
+the first few steps here was the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few steps here was the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few steps here was the second
+enzyme in the pathway where we use ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway where we use ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway where we use ATP
+and in this particular pathway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular pathway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular pathway this is
+the mammalian version of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammalian version of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mammalian version of the pathway
+which is pretty similar to the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty similar to the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty similar to the bacterial
+but there are five different steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are five different steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are five different steps that
+require ATP and so this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require ATP and so this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require ATP and so this pathway
+demonstrates where you'll see how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates where you'll see how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates where you'll see how you
+see ATP use over and over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ATP use over and over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ATP use over and over and over and
+over again so and there are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so and there are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again so and there are defined
+structures for the binding sites of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for the binding sites of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for the binding sites of the
+ATP's and so once you sort of have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's and so once you sort of have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's and so once you sort of have these
+in your brain it becomes easy you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain it becomes easy you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain it becomes easy you might
+not know which one of these mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know which one of these mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know which one of these mechanisms
+it is but after you do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but after you do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but after you do a little bit of
+reading or bioinformatics you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading or bioinformatics you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading or bioinformatics you can
+immediately tell what the enzyme what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tell what the enzyme what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tell what the enzyme what
+the structure of the enzymes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the enzymes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the enzymes actually
+are okay and then the other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and then the other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay and then the other thing we
+talked about already was the folate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already was the folate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already was the folate the
+role of folate so those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of folate so those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of folate so those are the three
+things I want you to get out of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want you to get out of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want you to get out of this and
+we're going to go through the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through the rest of
+that today and then we'll after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today and then we'll after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today and then we'll after we
+finish that we'll come back to the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that we'll come back to the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that we'll come back to the pure
+in is ohms which is the reason I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is ohms which is the reason I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is ohms which is the reason I chose
+this talk topic a long time ago because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk topic a long time ago because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talk topic a long time ago because
+speaks to the in question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the in question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the in question of the
+importance of transient protein-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of transient protein-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of transient protein-protein
+interactions in metabolism inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in metabolism inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in metabolism inside the
+self which has been something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self which has been something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self which has been something that
+people have been interested in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been interested in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been interested in for
+decades in this paper in 2008 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in this paper in 2008 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in this paper in 2008 that you
+read for recitation was very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for recitation was very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for recitation was very interesting
+to a lot of people and will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of people and will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of people and will come back
+and talk about that at the end okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about that at the end okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about that at the end okay so
+the first enzyme the names are horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first enzyme the names are horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first enzyme the names are horrible
+I gave you the names of all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you the names of all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you the names of all these things
+if you look at last year's exam you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at last year's exam you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at last year's exam you will
+have the purine pathway with the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the purine pathway with the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the purine pathway with the name
+stuck at the end I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at the end I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck at the end I don't expect you to
+remember this but we go from prpp we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this but we go from prpp we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this but we go from prpp we've
+already gone through this step and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through this step and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through this step and the
+enzyme is pure F I'm not gonna write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is pure F I'm not gonna write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is pure F I'm not gonna write it
+out it goes to PRA so the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it goes to PRA so the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it goes to PRA so the reason I'm
+writing that again is because a key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that again is because a key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that again is because a key a
+key reason that Bank of X lab and my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reason that Bank of X lab and my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key reason that Bank of X lab and my lab
+many years ago was focused on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago was focused on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago was focused on this is
+because of the instability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the instability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the instability of the
+intermediates in this pathway this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this pathway this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this pathway this guy
+has a half-life of 15 seconds at 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a half-life of 15 seconds at 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a half-life of 15 seconds at 37
+degrees so this is chemically unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so this is chemically unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so this is chemically unstable
+so this is enzyme one and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is enzyme one and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is enzyme one and this is the
+first place we saw glutamate glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we saw glutamate glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we saw glutamate glutamine
+going to glutamate as the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to glutamate as the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to glutamate as the source of
+ammonia and I wanted to go back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and I wanted to go back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and I wanted to go back and say
+one more thing about that so again there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing about that so again there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing about that so again there
+are two enzymes that use glutamine as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two enzymes that use glutamine as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two enzymes that use glutamine as a
+source of ammonia this one is simply if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ammonia this one is simply if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ammonia this one is simply if
+you look at the pathway displacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the pathway displacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the pathway displacing
+pyrophosphate ammonia you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate ammonia you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate ammonia you have a
+nucleophile displacing pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile displacing pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile displacing pyrophosphate
+which when complex to magnesium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when complex to magnesium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when complex to magnesium is a
+good leaving group and so the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good leaving group and so the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good leaving group and so the idea here
+is that all of these proteins and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these proteins and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these proteins and there
+are five of them in the purine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five of them in the purine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five of them in the purine and
+pyrimidine pathway okay you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine pathway okay you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine pathway okay you have two
+domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+sometimes the domains are separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the domains are separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the domains are separate
+polypeptides often they're linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides often they're linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides often they're linked
+together and so the glutamine A's domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the glutamine A's domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the glutamine A's domain
+it's in one of these domains and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one of these domains and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one of these domains and the
+where the chemistry goes away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chemistry goes away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chemistry goes away the
+ammonia is going to displace whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia is going to displace whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia is going to displace whatever
+the leaving group is and a second domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaving group is and a second domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaving group is and a second domain
+requiring a tunnel between that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring a tunnel between that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring a tunnel between that that
+varies from 25 to 40 angstroms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from 25 to 40 angstroms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies from 25 to 40 angstroms to
+actually mediate ammonia release okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mediate ammonia release okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mediate ammonia release okay
+and this is the Purell is the fifth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the Purell is the fifth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the Purell is the fifth and
+fourth enzyme in the pathway again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth enzyme in the pathway again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth enzyme in the pathway again
+here's the glue Tammany's domain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the glue Tammany's domain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the glue Tammany's domain it's
+upside down and here's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and here's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and here's where the
+chemistry occurs and the other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry occurs and the other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry occurs and the other and the
+other system okay so what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system okay so what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other system okay so what I wanted to
+say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that
+is that all of these enzymes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these enzymes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of these enzymes in the
+active site have a cysteine okay so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site have a cysteine okay so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site have a cysteine okay so all
+of these enzymes have a cysteine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these enzymes have a cysteine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these enzymes have a cysteine in the
+active site and you should go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and you should go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and you should go back and
+look at the PowerPoint cuz I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the PowerPoint cuz I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the PowerPoint cuz I'm not gonna
+write this out on the board you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out on the board you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out on the board you've seen
+this chemistry now over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chemistry now over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chemistry now over and over again
+but in some way the glutamine is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some way the glutamine is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some way the glutamine is going
+to be attached covalently with loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attached covalently with loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attached covalently with loss of
+ammonia to assisting in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia to assisting in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia to assisting in the active site
+so let me show you what the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you what the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you what the mechanism of
+that is okay so here's a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay so here's a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is okay so here's a generic
+mechanism but it could be a cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but it could be a cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but it could be a cysteine
+protease okay this is these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease okay this is these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease okay this is these are the same
+things you've seen over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've seen over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've seen over and over again
+so this should now be part of your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should now be part of your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should now be part of your your
+basic vocabulary okay so the gold man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic vocabulary okay so the gold man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic vocabulary okay so the gold man
+here's our glutamine is simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our glutamine is simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our glutamine is simply to
+liberate ammonia okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate ammonia okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate ammonia okay
+and so the cysteine needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cysteine needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cysteine needs to be
+activated somehow for nucleophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated somehow for nucleophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated somehow for nucleophilic
+attack how is that done normally with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack how is that done normally with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack how is that done normally with a
+histidine okay this this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine okay this this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine okay this this particular
+enzyme there are two super families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme there are two super families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme there are two super families of
+enzymes that do this this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that do this this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that do this this one doesn't
+use his city but it still needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his city but it still needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use his city but it still needs to be
+activated you go through a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated you go through a tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated you go through a tetrahedral
+transition state which collapses to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state which collapses to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state which collapses to form
+an isolated enzyme and in the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isolated enzyme and in the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an isolated enzyme and in the end you
+need to hydrolyze this off to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hydrolyze this off to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hydrolyze this off to give you
+gluten analysis okay so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluten analysis okay so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluten analysis okay so one of the
+reasons I wanted to go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I wanted to go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I wanted to go back to this
+again is because in the bank Bank of ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is because in the bank Bank of ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is because in the bank Bank of ik
+paper we talked about but didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we talked about but didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper we talked about but didn't go
+through in any detail the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in any detail the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in any detail the fact that in
+that paper to study whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper to study whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper to study whether these
+Pyrenees ohms could assemble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pyrenees ohms could assemble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pyrenees ohms could assemble and
+disassemble they use an inhibitor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble they use an inhibitor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble they use an inhibitor of the
+purine pathway which then should want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine pathway which then should want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine pathway which then should want
+the enzymes to assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes to assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes to assemble
+because they need to make purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to make purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need to make purines
+because you've blocked the pathway okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've blocked the pathway okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've blocked the pathway okay
+and the inhibitor they used is the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inhibitor they used is the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inhibitor they used is the small
+is a molecule that looks like this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule that looks like this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule that looks like this they
+used a Zathura but it has another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a Zathura but it has another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a Zathura but it has another
+methylene in it this is dawn and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene in it this is dawn and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene in it this is dawn and this is
+die a so ketone and this is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die a so ketone and this is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die a so ketone and this is a natural
+product and it was discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and it was discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and it was discovered by
+Buchanan's lab at MIT and it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan's lab at MIT and it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan's lab at MIT and it was the
+first is a compound that people had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a compound that people had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a compound that people had seen
+and inhibits all this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inhibits all this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inhibits all this is something
+that's important when thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important when thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important when thinking about
+what's happening when you're treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you're treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you're treating
+cells with it to stop purine metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with it to stop purine metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells with it to stop purine metabolism
+it inhibits all glutamine requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inhibits all glutamine requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inhibits all glutamine requiring
+enzymes because the mechanisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes because the mechanisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes because the mechanisms are
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+so the mechanism if you sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mechanism if you sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mechanism if you sit down and
+think about it is pretty simple you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is pretty simple you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is pretty simple you have
+a die as a group and now the proposal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die as a group and now the proposal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die as a group and now the proposal is
+that this needs to be protonated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this needs to be protonated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this needs to be protonated by the
+cysteine and the active site and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and the active site and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and the active site and now you
+have an end to that's dying to leave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an end to that's dying to leave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an end to that's dying to leave and
+to plus and so you just do an sn2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus and so you just do an sn2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus and so you just do an sn2
+reaction forming a covalent bond okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forming a covalent bond okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forming a covalent bond okay so
+that's the basis for how a caesarian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis for how a caesarian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis for how a caesarian in
+the bank of a paper works there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of a paper works there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of a paper works there was
+another way that they blocked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that they blocked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way that they blocked the
+pathway which hopefully we'll have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which hopefully we'll have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which hopefully we'll have time
+to come back to in the end so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to in the end so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to in the end so again this
+idea of coming together and going apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of coming together and going apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of coming together and going apart
+how do you preserve this one way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you preserve this one way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you preserve this one way they
+perturbed it was depletion of purines we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed it was depletion of purines we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed it was depletion of purines we
+discussed that we didn't really discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that we didn't really discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that we didn't really discuss
+this this particular step ok ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular step ok ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular step ok ok so the
+next step in this pathway the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway the next step
+of the pathway and now we have our which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway and now we have our which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathway and now we have our which
+is ribose 5-phosphate you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ribose 5-phosphate you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ribose 5-phosphate you're not going
+to write that out because every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that out because every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that out because every single
+step now has a ribose 5-phosphate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step now has a ribose 5-phosphate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step now has a ribose 5-phosphate as a
+scaffold and what we added was glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok and again here's the first time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and again here's the first time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and again here's the first time that
+we need to use ATP and P I and you lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to use ATP and P I and you lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to use ATP and P I and you lots
+of times you don't know when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you don't know when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you don't know when you look at
+this whether you're going to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether you're going to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether you're going to transfer
+pyrophosphate or are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate or are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate or are you going to
+phosphorylate so whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate so whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate so whether you have
+where you have a tack on your ATP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a tack on your ATP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a tack on your ATP okay
+almost all the enzymes but not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the enzymes but not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the enzymes but not all of
+them in the peering pathway have ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the peering pathway have ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the peering pathway have ATP
+going to ADP and so that tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ADP and so that tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ADP and so that tells you the
+attack has to be on the gamma position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack has to be on the gamma position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack has to be on the gamma position
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the first this is an ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first this is an ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first this is an ATP
+grasp super family member and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp super family member and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp super family member and they all
+go through the same mechanism which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the same mechanism which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the same mechanism which I
+briefly talked about last time so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talked about last time so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talked about last time so I'm
+not gonna write this out again but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write this out again but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write this out again but um
+basically you're going to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faso anhydride which is then attacked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faso anhydride which is then attacked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faso anhydride which is then attacked by
+a nucleophile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleophile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleophile
+okay so we're converting the hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're converting the hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're converting the hydroxyl
+group of the carboxylic acid into a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of the carboxylic acid into a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of the carboxylic acid into a good
+leaving group okay and you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group okay and you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group okay and you've seen this
+used over and over again over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used over and over again over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used over and over again over the course
+of the semester but over here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester but over here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester but over here you can
+just this is all written out for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is all written out for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is all written out for you
+okay so here we have glycine r is CH 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have glycine r is CH 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have glycine r is CH 2
+NH 2 you phosphorylate to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 2 you phosphorylate to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 2 you phosphorylate to form the
+anhydride you still need to neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride you still need to neutralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydride you still need to neutralize
+this to make it into a good leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make it into a good leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make it into a good leaving
+group which is done in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which is done in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group which is done in the active site
+and then you could have a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could have a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could have a variety of
+nucleophiles that could come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophiles that could come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophiles that could come in and
+attack to form the covalent linkage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack to form the covalent linkage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack to form the covalent linkage in
+this case the nucleophile is not the NH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the nucleophile is not the NH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the nucleophile is not the NH
+3 plus it needs to be converted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus it needs to be converted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus it needs to be converted to the
+NH 2 sorry this is not sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 2 sorry this is not sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH 2 sorry this is not sorry the
+nucleophile is over here it's possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile is over here it's possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile is over here it's possibly
+both so means so it's the NH 2 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so means so it's the NH 2 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so means so it's the NH 2 of the
+fossil ribose Allah mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil ribose Allah mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil ribose Allah mean that's
+attacking so again to be a nucleophile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking so again to be a nucleophile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking so again to be a nucleophile
+that's gonna be deprotonated hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be deprotonated hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be deprotonated hopefully
+you all know that at this stage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know that at this stage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know that at this stage okay
+okay so what are these enzymes look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are these enzymes look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are these enzymes look like
+they all look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all look the same
+so it turns out that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that if you look at
+globally purine biosynthesis not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally purine biosynthesis not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally purine biosynthesis not just
+focus on mammalian systems there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on mammalian systems there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on mammalian systems there are
+four or five enzymes that actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five enzymes that actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five enzymes that actually our
+ATP grass super family members in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP grass super family members in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP grass super family members in the
+peering pathway okay so and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway okay so and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway okay so and they all
+look like this okay they have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this okay they have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this okay they have a little
+domain with a lid and all the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain with a lid and all the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain with a lid and all the chemistry
+happens in between and lid open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between and lid open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between and lid open
+and closes okay and you can pick these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closes okay and you can pick these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closes okay and you can pick these
+out by bioinformatics okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by bioinformatics okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by bioinformatics okay so that's the
+second step in the pathway and this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step in the pathway and this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step in the pathway and this just
+shows what all of the products can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what all of the products can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what all of the products can be
+see if you go back and you pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you go back and you pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you go back and you pull out the
+pathway there are ATP grass super family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway there are ATP grass super family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway there are ATP grass super family
+members and these are the products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and these are the products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and these are the products that
+are formed by this common type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by this common type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by this common type of
+mechanism through a phosphoanhydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism through a phosphoanhydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism through a phosphoanhydride
+okay okay so the next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the next step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the next step in the
+pathway so now we've we formed the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so now we've we formed the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so now we've we formed the next
+step in this pathway I'll see if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this pathway I'll see if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in this pathway I'll see if I put
+this sorry I thought I put another copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry I thought I put another copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry I thought I put another copy
+of this in the next step in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the next step in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in the next step in the pathway
+is we need to formulate okay so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to formulate okay so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need to formulate okay so what do
+we use is formulation that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use is formulation that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use is formulation that's why we
+spent the introductory part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the introductory part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the introductory part of this
+course talking about foal weights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking about foal weights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking about foal weights which
+can transfer a carbon or three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer a carbon or three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transfer a carbon or three different
+oxidation levels so what you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation levels so what you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation levels so what you have here
+is and I'm not going to draw the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm not going to draw the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm not going to draw the whole
+thing out this is the part I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out this is the part I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out this is the part I told you
+was the business end so this is n Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the business end so this is n Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the business end so this is n Ken
+formal tetrahydrofolate so theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal tetrahydrofolate so theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal tetrahydrofolate so theoretically
+this could be either here here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be either here here and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be either here here and they
+can in chemistry chemically they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in chemistry chemically they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in chemistry chemically they can
+actually in to convert under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in to convert under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in to convert under certain
+kinds of conditions but we know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of conditions but we know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of conditions but we know for the
+peering all peering pathways that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering all peering pathways that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering all peering pathways that people
+looked at it's always the antenna okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it's always the antenna okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it's always the antenna okay
+and that's distinct from methylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's distinct from methylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's distinct from methylation
+where it's always from the N five so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's always from the N five so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's always from the N five so I
+don't know how things evolve but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how things evolve but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how things evolve but that's
+what the results are so so how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the results are so so how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the results are so so how does this
+happen hopefully you all know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen hopefully you all know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen hopefully you all know this
+without me having to write this down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me having to write this down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without me having to write this down but
+this needs to be a nucleophile so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs to be a nucleophile so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs to be a nucleophile so it
+needs to be deprotonated okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be deprotonated okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be deprotonated okay so you
+need a base to remove a proton and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a base to remove a proton and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a base to remove a proton and then
+you form a tetrahedral addict and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form a tetrahedral addict and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form a tetrahedral addict and then
+the tetrahedral at a high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tetrahedral at a high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tetrahedral at a high energy
+intermediate collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate collapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate collapses
+and the formal group that's transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal group that's transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal group that's transferred
+from here to here okay and so this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here okay and so this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here okay and so this then
+becomes a molecule it looks like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a molecule it looks like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a molecule it looks like that I
+just transferred the formal group which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just transferred the formal group which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just transferred the formal group which
+is called F gar all right so so F gar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called F gar all right so so F gar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called F gar all right so so F gar
+formal glycin am a drive a nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal glycin am a drive a nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal glycin am a drive a nucleotide
+horrible names this molecule is unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible names this molecule is unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible names this molecule is unstable
+it loses its formal group actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loses its formal group actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loses its formal group actually quite
+rapidly it took them a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly it took them a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly it took them a long time to
+figure this out so one of the premises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out so one of the premises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out so one of the premises
+is appearing pathway because people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing pathway because people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is appearing pathway because people were
+interested in it is that a falls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it is that a falls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it is that a falls apart
+when you're trying to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to look at
+metabolomic switch is the next decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolomic switch is the next decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolomic switch is the next decade
+hundreds of people are using mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people are using mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people are using mass spec
+which you guys have thought about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys have thought about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys have thought about to
+look for me metabolites you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for me metabolites you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for me metabolites you need to know
+something about the stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the stability of the
+molecules you're looking for and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you're looking for and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules you're looking for and how you
+separate them from everything else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them from everything else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them from everything else so
+this is got to be a major focus and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is got to be a major focus and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is got to be a major focus and most
+people haven't found buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't found buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't found buried
+intermediates in this pathway and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this pathway and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in this pathway and I
+guarantee you it's because they break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you it's because they break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you it's because they break
+down okay and so that I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and so that I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and so that I think that was
+clear from Buchanan's work really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from Buchanan's work really on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from Buchanan's work really on
+early on okay so the next enzyme of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on okay so the next enzyme of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on okay so the next enzyme of the
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+we've seen this again before so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this again before so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this again before so now
+we're going from an image to an amedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from an image to an amedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from an image to an amedy
+okay that's all we're doing so an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all we're doing so an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all we're doing so an oxygen
+is being replaced by ammonia so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being replaced by ammonia so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being replaced by ammonia so what are
+we gonna use we use glutamine okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna use we use glutamine okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna use we use glutamine okay so
+the next enzyme in the pathway use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next enzyme in the pathway use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next enzyme in the pathway use this
+glutamine to glutamate and again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate and again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine to glutamate and again this is
+the source of ammonia and this I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of ammonia and this I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of ammonia and this I showed
+you before there's a channel where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before there's a channel where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before there's a channel where this
+happens and then this is another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then this is another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then this is another way you
+can use ATP going to ATP then P i okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use ATP going to ATP then P i okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use ATP going to ATP then P i okay
+so this is the second kind of mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the second kind of mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the second kind of mechanism
+this enzyme is called pure illed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is called pure illed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is called pure illed okay
+but anyhow we're using ATP again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow we're using ATP again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyhow we're using ATP again okay
+so why are we using ATP in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we using ATP in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we using ATP in this case so
+what we're trying to do is convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is convert this
+image into a Neama diene okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image into a Neama diene okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image into a Neama diene okay so we're
+converting this we just okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this we just okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this we just okay so we're
+converting this into this so we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this into this so we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this into this so we need a
+source of ammonia that's the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ammonia that's the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ammonia that's the source of
+ammonia and what we have is we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and what we have is we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia and what we have is we're using
+ATP to facilitate a dehydration reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP to facilitate a dehydration reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP to facilitate a dehydration reaction
+again you've seen this before with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've seen this before with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've seen this before with a
+carboxylic acid now we're doing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid now we're doing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid now we're doing it with
+the oxygen of the amide so the ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen of the amide so the ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen of the amide so the ATP is
+used to remove oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to remove oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to remove oxygen
+oh the amédée okay so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the amédée okay so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the amédée okay so what I'm going to
+show you and then we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you and then we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you and then we'll come back to
+this again is the mechanism Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again is the mechanism Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again is the mechanism Eric
+mechanism for this and so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this and so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this and so let me show
+you now before we move on but the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now before we move on but the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now before we move on but the next
+enzyme in the pathway so here is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway so here is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the pathway so here is using
+glutamine and we use ATP to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine and we use ATP to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine and we use ATP to help us
+attach the glutamine to the carbonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the glutamine to the carbonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the glutamine to the carbonyl
+okay the next enzyme in the pathway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next enzyme in the pathway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next enzyme in the pathway what
+you're doing basically I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing basically I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing basically I'll show you
+this in a second but you're just cyclo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second but you're just cyclo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second but you're just cyclo
+izing okay so this amino group becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+izing okay so this amino group becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+izing okay so this amino group becomes
+this amino group and this guy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino group and this guy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amino group and this guy has to
+attack that position okay that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that position okay that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that position okay that position
+again is an image and the mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is an image and the mechanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is an image and the mechanism is
+again uses ATP just like this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uses ATP just like this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uses ATP just like this enzyme
+purell and I'm going to show you how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purell and I'm going to show you how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purell and I'm going to show you how it
+works so these two enzymes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so these two enzymes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so these two enzymes in the
+pathway are structurally homologous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are structurally homologous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are structurally homologous to
+each other so the product of one enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the product of one enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the product of one enzyme
+is the substrate for the next enzyme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substrate for the next enzyme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substrate for the next enzyme in
+the pathway and they clearly evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and they clearly evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and they clearly evolved
+from each other this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other this is something that
+everybody's been interested in how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's been interested in how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's been interested in how can
+you tell something about the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell something about the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell something about the evolution
+of a biosynthetic pathway and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a biosynthetic pathway and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a biosynthetic pathway and thinking
+about how to control this why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to control this why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to control this why because
+everybody and their brother now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and their brother now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and their brother now is
+focused on bioengineering of metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on bioengineering of metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on bioengineering of metabolic
+pathways so the more you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so the more you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so the more you understand
+about the basic principles of how nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic principles of how nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic principles of how nature
+to design this the better off you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design this the better off you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design this the better off you're
+going to be in trying to get this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in trying to get this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in trying to get this to
+happen robustly and control things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen robustly and control things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen robustly and control things
+by using an enzymatic system and enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using an enzymatic system and enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using an enzymatic system and enzymes
+from many different sources okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many different sources okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many different sources okay so
+what's the generic mechanism um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the generic mechanism um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the generic mechanism um so this
+is called this enzyme is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called this enzyme is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called this enzyme is part of the
+pure M the nomenclature is horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure M the nomenclature is horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure M the nomenclature is horrible
+superfamily so I just told you this ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superfamily so I just told you this ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superfamily so I just told you this ATP
+was the ATP grass superfamily this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the ATP grass superfamily this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the ATP grass superfamily this is
+the pure M why is it called the pure M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure M why is it called the pure M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure M why is it called the pure M
+superfamily because that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superfamily because that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superfamily because that was the first
+it was the first structure of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first structure of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the first structure of any
+molecule it looked like this and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it looked like this and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule it looked like this and it was
+the pure in and enzyme as that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure in and enzyme as that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure in and enzyme as that's where
+the horrible name came from okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horrible name came from okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horrible name came from okay so
+we're gonna have so this enzyme is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have so this enzyme is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have so this enzyme is pure
+L in this enzyme is pure N and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in this enzyme is pure N and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in this enzyme is pure N and they're
+structurally homologous to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally homologous to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally homologous to each other so
+how do they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they work
+again I think once you see it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think once you see it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think once you see it okay so
+here's the general mechanism okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general mechanism okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general mechanism okay so
+here we have our amide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our amide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our amide
+okay and what we want to do is the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to do is the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to do is the to
+facilitate dehydration of the oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate dehydration of the oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate dehydration of the oxygen so
+what you're going to do is phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is phosphorylate
+the oxygen of the image okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen of the image okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen of the image okay and now
+what you have is a system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a system that is
+activated for nucleophilic attack by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated for nucleophilic attack by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated for nucleophilic attack by a
+nucleophile okay so that's the generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile okay so that's the generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile okay so that's the generic
+mechanism so there's a generic mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you simply phosphorylate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now this is if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now this is if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now this is if this is
+positively charges is activated for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charges is activated for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charges is activated for a
+nucleophilic attack and then you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic attack and then you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic attack and then you lose
+phosphate okay so people have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay so people have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay so people have studied
+this over the course of years and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the course of years and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the course of years and the
+mechanism for this is understood I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this is understood I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this is understood I don't
+have the structures but again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the structures but again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the structures but again this
+enzyme and then the next enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and then the next enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and then the next enzyme in the
+pathway use the same same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway use the same same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway use the same same sort of
+approach so the next enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the next enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so the next enzyme in the
+pathway well the next enzyme in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway well the next enzyme in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway well the next enzyme in the
+pathway takes the a Madine okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway takes the a Madine okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway takes the a Madine okay and what
+its gonna form is a cyclize product yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its gonna form is a cyclize product yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its gonna form is a cyclize product yeah
+okay so this is amino midazolam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is amino midazolam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is amino midazolam and
+nucleotide so we finally found remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide so we finally found remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide so we finally found remember
+I told you you form the imidazolium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you you form the imidazolium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you you form the imidazolium and
+then you're gonna put on the purine ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna put on the purine ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna put on the purine ring
+afterwards okay oh yeah the permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards okay oh yeah the permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards okay oh yeah the permitting
+ring afterwards okay so how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring afterwards okay so how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring afterwards okay so how does this
+happen okay so it looks sort of wonky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so it looks sort of wonky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so it looks sort of wonky
+but what you can see is that this guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is that this guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is that this guy so
+let's just put a box around this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put a box around this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put a box around this guy
+becomes this guy this guy is where we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this guy this guy is where we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this guy this guy is where we do
+in the chemistry so that's the one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chemistry so that's the one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chemistry so that's the one we're
+going to attach we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attach we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attach we're gonna
+phosphorylate and so what you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate and so what you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate and so what you have here
+now is an intramolecular attack so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is an intramolecular attack so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is an intramolecular attack so the
+nucleophile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile
+instead of being ammonia which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being ammonia which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being ammonia which is
+external now happens intramolecularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external now happens intramolecularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external now happens intramolecularly
+okay so in the end after you activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the end after you activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the end after you activate
+this you get intra molecular chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you get intra molecular chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you get intra molecular chemistry
+okay and so this was the site this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this was the site this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this was the site this was
+the site that was activated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site that was activated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site that was activated in the
+beginning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay
+so the chemistry in these two systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemistry in these two systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chemistry in these two systems is
+pretty much the same and now we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same and now we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same and now we've got
+our midazolam and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our midazolam and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our midazolam and now
+we need to do as build up the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do as build up the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do as build up the rest of
+this system okay is everybody with me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system okay is everybody with me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system okay is everybody with me or
+am I going too fast I'm probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going too fast I'm probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going too fast I'm probably going
+too fast okay I think I so anyhow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast okay I think I so anyhow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast okay I think I so anyhow that
+gives you the generic mechanism to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the generic mechanism to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the generic mechanism to this
+I didn't draw the structures all out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't draw the structures all out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't draw the structures all out on
+the folates we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folates we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folates we've already talked about
+so I'm not going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to talk about that
+again we're going to see the folate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to see the folate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to see the folate
+requiring enzyme again later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring enzyme again later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring enzyme again later on in the
+pathway and now sort of the pathway just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and now sort of the pathway just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and now sort of the pathway just
+repeats itself so really I think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats itself so really I think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats itself so really I think what's
+most striking this is really an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most striking this is really an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most striking this is really an ancient
+pathway there are huge numbers of ATP's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway there are huge numbers of ATP's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway there are huge numbers of ATP's
+used in this pathway and so I think any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this pathway and so I think any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in this pathway and so I think any
+of you wind up thinking about cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you wind up thinking about cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you wind up thinking about cancer
+therapy and stuff and whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and stuff and whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy and stuff and whether you have
+de novo biosynthesis because you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo biosynthesis because you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo biosynthesis because you need a
+lot of nucleic hearings faster whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nucleic hearings faster whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of nucleic hearings faster whether
+you salvage this is entered this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you salvage this is entered this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you salvage this is entered this is
+really requires a huge amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really requires a huge amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really requires a huge amount of energy
+to make this pathway actually work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this pathway actually work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this pathway actually work okay
+so now we have this molecule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this molecule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have this molecule and then
+the next step in this pathway in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in this pathway in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in this pathway in the
+human system what you do in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system what you do in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system what you do in the human
+system it's not right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this ends on this cross this off this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends on this cross this off this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends on this cross this off this is
+the first this is a bank of X Y cross it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first this is a bank of X Y cross it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first this is a bank of X Y cross it
+doesn't use ATP so you need to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use ATP so you need to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use ATP so you need to cross
+that off we need to so it just picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off we need to so it just picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off we need to so it just picks up
+co2 okay so if you look at this what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 okay so if you look at this what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 okay so if you look at this what do
+you have happening here we need we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have happening here we need we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have happening here we need we're
+going to go from here and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from here and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from here and we're gonna
+pick up co2 there okay co2 actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up co2 there okay co2 actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up co2 there okay co2 actually can
+react really rapidly at this position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react really rapidly at this position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react really rapidly at this position so
+you need co2 and let me write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need co2 and let me write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need co2 and let me write this down
+no ATP I don't know why I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ATP I don't know why I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ATP I don't know why I probably
+didn't look at this very carefully but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at this very carefully but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't look at this very carefully but
+there's no ATP required for this job so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ATP required for this job so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ATP required for this job so
+what's unusual do you think is unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unusual do you think is unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unusual do you think is unusual
+to use co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called puri how much co2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called puri how much co2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called puri how much co2 is
+there inside the cell at physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inside the cell at physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there inside the cell at physiological
+concentrations I think there's a lot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations I think there's a lot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations I think there's a lot or
+a little wherever you see see at co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little wherever you see see at co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little wherever you see see at co2
+used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used before
+remember fatty acid biosynthesis do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember fatty acid biosynthesis do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember fatty acid biosynthesis do you
+co2 and fatty acid biosynthesis anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and fatty acid biosynthesis anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and fatty acid biosynthesis anybody
+remember the what anybody know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the what anybody know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the what anybody know how you
+you act do you co2 directly let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act do you co2 directly let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you act do you co2 directly let me see
+it we use bicarbonate okay why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we use bicarbonate okay why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we use bicarbonate okay why do you
+use bicarbonate that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bicarbonate that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bicarbonate that's where the
+equilibrium is at pH 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is at pH 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is at pH 7
+there is almost no co2 unless you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is almost no co2 unless you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is almost no co2 unless you go
+down to acidic pH s so almost no enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to acidic pH s so almost no enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to acidic pH s so almost no enzymes
+use co2 so this is unusual that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co2 so this is unusual that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use co2 so this is unusual that's also
+true that's also true of biotin and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's also true of biotin and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's also true of biotin and in
+fact so this is the human enzyme in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so this is the human enzyme in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so this is the human enzyme in it
+and it generates that product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it generates that product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it generates that product in
+bacterial systems it turns out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial systems it turns out that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial systems it turns out that it
+does use bicarbonate and ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does use bicarbonate and ATP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does use bicarbonate and ATP and
+generates a carbamate okay of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a carbamate okay of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a carbamate okay of the same
+molecule okay what do we know but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay what do we know but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule okay what do we know but the
+stability of carbonates so why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of carbonates so why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of carbonates so why are you
+number one why are we using bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one why are we using bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one why are we using bicarbonate
+an ATP have you seen that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATP have you seen that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ATP have you seen that before
+what is ATP due to the bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just saw this reaction two seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw this reaction two seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw this reaction two seconds
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does ATP do to bicarbonate yeah for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does ATP do to bicarbonate yeah for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does ATP do to bicarbonate yeah for
+later okay so you need to neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so you need to neutralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so you need to neutralize
+your charges these are all magnesium ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your charges these are all magnesium ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your charges these are all magnesium ATP
+and you form carboxy phosphate which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form carboxy phosphate which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you form carboxy phosphate which has
+a lifetime on the order from millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime on the order from millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lifetime on the order from millisecond
+that's the way biotin is made inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way biotin is made inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way biotin is made inside the
+cell so almost all organisms do not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so almost all organisms do not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so almost all organisms do not use
+co2 they use bicarbonate and to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 they use bicarbonate and to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 they use bicarbonate and to activate
+bicarbonate the other reason what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate the other reason what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate the other reason what's
+wrong with co2 how do you hold on to co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with co2 how do you hold on to co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with co2 how do you hold on to co2
+you think that's easy to bind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that's easy to bind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that's easy to bind in the
+active site no there's nothing to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site no there's nothing to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site no there's nothing to hold
+on to this no charge and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this no charge and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this no charge and it's
+symmetrical so what nature does is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical so what nature does is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical so what nature does is put
+bicarbonate which is charged into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate which is charged into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate which is charged into the
+active site and uses ATP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and uses ATP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and uses ATP to
+phosphorylate it to form carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate it to form carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate it to form carboxy
+phosphate which then reacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate which then reacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate which then reacts with the
+nucleophile in this case the amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile in this case the amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile in this case the amino group
+yeah that I did I screw something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that I did I screw something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that I did I screw something else
+you need ATP for the bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need ATP for the bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need ATP for the bicarbonate
+dependent reaction so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent reaction so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent reaction so there are two
+different reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions
+this is eukaryotes okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eukaryotes okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eukaryotes okay and this is
+bacteria they have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they have two different
+pathways okay so what happens I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so what happens I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so what happens I think
+this is sort of amazing because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of amazing because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of amazing because what
+happens now is the bacterial enzyme then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now is the bacterial enzyme then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now is the bacterial enzyme then
+takes this and generates this so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this and generates this so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this and generates this so nobody
+even knew that this intermediate my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even knew that this intermediate my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even knew that this intermediate my lab
+discovered this a long time ago existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this a long time ago existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this a long time ago existed
+on the pathway why cuz it's half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pathway why cuz it's half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pathway why cuz it's half-life
+isn't on the on the order 15 seconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't on the on the order 15 seconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't on the on the order 15 seconds of
+carbamates that's how you carry co2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbamates that's how you carry co2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbamates that's how you carry co2 from
+the tissues back to the lungs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissues back to the lungs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissues back to the lungs it's
+carried on the surface with lysines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried on the surface with lysines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried on the surface with lysines
+forming carbamates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming carbamates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming carbamates
+and what's striking is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's striking is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's striking is that these
+enzymes so one enzyme uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes so one enzyme uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes so one enzyme uses this
+substrate one uses this substrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate one uses this substrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate one uses this substrate this
+substrate just the proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate just the proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate just the proteins are
+structurally homologous to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally homologous to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally homologous to each other
+okay so nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nobody
+understands that so Nietzsche has done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that so Nietzsche has done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that so Nietzsche has done a
+shift on what normally happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift on what normally happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift on what normally happens in the
+eukaryotic system co2 is added in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic system co2 is added in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic system co2 is added in the
+prokaryotic system you need bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic system you need bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotic system you need bicarbonate
+and you need co2 and I think that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need co2 and I think that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need co2 and I think that tells
+you something about where these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about where these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about where these things
+evolved right is that what's the pH and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved right is that what's the pH and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved right is that what's the pH and
+was there enough co2 to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there enough co2 to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there enough co2 to be able to do
+these kinds of experiments and over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of experiments and over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of experiments and over the
+evolution of these systems I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of these systems I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of these systems I think
+things things change so you've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things change so you've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things change so you've now
+produced this molecule okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this molecule okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this molecule okay which is
+called care so that's cut boxy amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called care so that's cut boxy amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called care so that's cut boxy amino
+emitters Oh ribonucleotide okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitters Oh ribonucleotide okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitters Oh ribonucleotide okay and then
+the next step in the pathway now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in the pathway now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step in the pathway now we're
+we only need this and another carbon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need this and another carbon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need this and another carbon to
+complete the primitive ring okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the primitive ring okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the primitive ring okay and it
+turns out aspartic acid which is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out aspartic acid which is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out aspartic acid which is also a
+major player and piramide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major player and piramide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major player and piramide in
+biosynthesis this nitrogen it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis this nitrogen it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis this nitrogen it's gonna
+come from aspartic acid okay so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from aspartic acid okay so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from aspartic acid okay so what are
+we gonna do we need to activate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna do we need to activate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna do we need to activate this
+carboxylate to attach the amino group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylate to attach the amino group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylate to attach the amino group of
+the sephardic acid how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sephardic acid how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sephardic acid how do we do that
+with ATP we phosphorylate it and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ATP we phosphorylate it and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ATP we phosphorylate it and then we
+have nucleophilic attack okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nucleophilic attack okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nucleophilic attack okay so I'm
+gonna go up onto the board up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go up onto the board up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go up onto the board up there so
+you can still see what's happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still see what's happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still see what's happening so
+this next reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so care now reacts with the spider gasps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so care now reacts with the spider gasps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so care now reacts with the spider gasps
+it okay and this is gonna and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and this is gonna and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and this is gonna and we need
+again ATP and we go to ADP and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ATP and we go to ADP and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ATP and we go to ADP and so now
+what we have aspartic acid we form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have aspartic acid we form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have aspartic acid we form an
+amide linkage our is ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amide linkage our is ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amide linkage our is ribose 5-phosphate
+okay so what we've done now is attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we've done now is attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we've done now is attached
+so we're deviating but we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're deviating but we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're deviating but we're gonna see
+it in the lab near the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the lab near the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the lab near the end of the
+peering pathway we use this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway we use this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway we use this strategy
+again so almost all the time if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so almost all the time if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so almost all the time if you have
+to guess at this the source of line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess at this the source of line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess at this the source of line of
+ammonia or nitrogen it's gonna be glued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia or nitrogen it's gonna be glued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia or nitrogen it's gonna be glued
+to me so if you don't know and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me so if you don't know and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me so if you don't know and you're
+seeing a new pathway use glue to me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a new pathway use glue to me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a new pathway use glue to me okay
+but here's an example where Nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an example where Nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's an example where Nature has
+used something different she's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used something different she's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used something different she's used
+aspartic acid and the ATP is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid and the ATP is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid and the ATP is again
+activating the carboxylate so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the carboxylate so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating the carboxylate so we're
+using the same strategy over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same strategy over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same strategy over and over
+and over again okay and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again okay and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again okay and then the next
+enzyme in this pathway what are we gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in this pathway what are we gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in this pathway what are we gonna
+do we convert this intermediate called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we convert this intermediate called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we convert this intermediate called
+psych are we now lose fumarate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych are we now lose fumarate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych are we now lose fumarate where
+have you seen fumarate before everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen fumarate before everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen fumarate before everybody
+know what fumarate is so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what fumarate is so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what fumarate is so that's an
+intermediate in the TCA cycle so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the TCA cycle so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the TCA cycle so this is
+an anaplerotic pathway and you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anaplerotic pathway and you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anaplerotic pathway and you got to
+feed the fumarate back in so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the fumarate back in so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the fumarate back in so what are we
+doing here we're going to lose fumarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here we're going to lose fumarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here we're going to lose fumarate
+which has the two carboxylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the two carboxylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the two carboxylates
+trans to the double bond so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans to the double bond so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans to the double bond so we're gonna
+do an elimination reaction okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an elimination reaction okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an elimination reaction okay so the
+next step in this pathway is catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway is catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step in this pathway is catalyzed
+by pure B and we'll see that nature uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pure B and we'll see that nature uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pure B and we'll see that nature uses
+the same strategy to convert at I MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same strategy to convert at I MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same strategy to convert at I MP
+into a MP at the end of the pathway uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a MP at the end of the pathway uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a MP at the end of the pathway uses
+the same enzyme actually so you lose few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same enzyme actually so you lose few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same enzyme actually so you lose few
+so what we're doing now is we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing now is we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing now is we're gonna
+do actually the enzymes have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually the enzymes have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually the enzymes have been very
+well studied we have structures of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied we have structures of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well studied we have structures of all
+these things you loose fumarate and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you loose fumarate and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you loose fumarate and now
+what we have is this guy and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is this guy and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is this guy and this guy
+actually has now been found as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has now been found as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has now been found as a
+regulator of glycolysis so we're linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of glycolysis so we're linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator of glycolysis so we're linking
+now you're gonna see this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna see this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna see this and I think
+you're gonna see more of this the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see more of this the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see more of this the only
+reason these guys have been found is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these guys have been found is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these guys have been found is
+this guy's pretty stable so people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's pretty stable so people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's pretty stable so people can
+find it using metabolomic s-- but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it using metabolomic s-- but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it using metabolomic s-- but this
+molecule now is a regulator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now is a regulator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now is a regulator of
+glycolysis and I think the more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and I think the more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and I think the more we
+looked the more we're gonna find basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked the more we're gonna find basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked the more we're gonna find basic
+intermediates and metabolic pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and metabolic pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and metabolic pathways
+controlling fluxes through other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling fluxes through other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling fluxes through other things
+we need glycolysis to ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need glycolysis to ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need glycolysis to ultimately
+generate energy because we need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate energy because we need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate energy because we need a lot of
+ATP to synthesize things but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP to synthesize things but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP to synthesize things but the
+connections between all these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between all these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between all these things I
+think remains to be established so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think remains to be established so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think remains to be established so this
+is involved in regulation of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in regulation of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in regulation of glycolysis
+another couple lectures I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another couple lectures I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another couple lectures I would have
+showed you how that fit in and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how that fit in and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how that fit in and then
+where are we're not very far away we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we're not very far away we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we're not very far away we
+only need one carbon left where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one carbon left where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one carbon left where do we
+get the cut one carbon from yeah from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the cut one carbon from yeah from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the cut one carbon from yeah from
+folate so here we have it again now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate so here we have it again now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate so here we have it again now we
+have an 10 formal tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 10 formal tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an 10 formal tetrahydrofolate
+that's why I spent the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I spent the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I spent the time in the
+beginning okay in this guy through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay in this guy through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay in this guy through the
+same kind of a mechanism it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of a mechanism it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of a mechanism it's going to
+be attached to that guy okay and so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to that guy okay and so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to that guy okay and so once
+we have the one carb in there then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the one carb in there then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the one carb in there then you
+can select eyes okay so you attach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so now we're ready to cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we're ready to cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now we're ready to cycle
+eyes in dijah in lose a molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in dijah in lose a molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in dijah in lose a molecule of
+water so the last step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the last step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the last step is
+cyclization and loss of water to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization and loss of water to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclization and loss of water to form an
+ascending mono phosphate okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending mono phosphate okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending mono phosphate okay and so
+innocent mono phosphate is the end goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent mono phosphate is the end goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent mono phosphate is the end goal
+that's the first time we now have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first time we now have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first time we now have it
+purine so we have both the amid a soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine so we have both the amid a soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine so we have both the amid a soul
+ring and the perimeter ring generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and the perimeter ring generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and the perimeter ring generating
+this purine which then is the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purine which then is the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purine which then is the branch
+point to form GMP and AM P okay so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to form GMP and AM P okay so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to form GMP and AM P okay so both
+of these are going to involve two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are going to involve two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are going to involve two steps
+and this tells us something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells us something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells us something about the
+overall regulation of the pathway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall regulation of the pathway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall regulation of the pathway so
+pathways are often regulated by feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are often regulated by feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are often regulated by feedback
+inhibition okay so the M products can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition okay so the M products can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition okay so the M products can
+come back and inhibit the first step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and inhibit the first step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and inhibit the first step so
+things don't build up and so if we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't build up and so if we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't build up and so if we come
+over here if we look at pure ramp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here if we look at pure ramp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here if we look at pure ramp so
+this is a stop so these are inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or a MP and GMP okay we're gonna see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a MP and GMP okay we're gonna see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a MP and GMP okay we're gonna see in
+this pathway a MP and here it's its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway a MP and here it's its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway a MP and here it's its own
+biosynthesis and we're also going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and we're also going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and we're also going to see
+GMP inhibits its own biosynthesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP inhibits its own biosynthesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMP inhibits its own biosynthesis so
+what you see is ultimately we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is ultimately we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is ultimately we want to
+control the relative ratios of purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the relative ratios of purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the relative ratios of purines
+and pyrimidines which we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyrimidines which we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pyrimidines which we're not going to
+get to and these are examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to and these are examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to and these are examples that
+simple allosteric effectors they bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple allosteric effectors they bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple allosteric effectors they bind
+outside the active site and shut things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the active site and shut things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the active site and shut things
+down okay and we actually understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and we actually understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay and we actually understand a
+lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about
+that works we just don't we're not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works we just don't we're not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works we just don't we're not gonna
+have time to discuss that so what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to discuss that so what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to discuss that so what we've
+gotten into through all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten into through all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten into through all of this is
+innocent monophosphate and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent monophosphate and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent monophosphate and so if you
+look at the next step in this pen so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next step in this pen so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the next step in this pen so if
+we go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back here
+so here's iymp and we want to go to a MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's iymp and we want to go to a MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's iymp and we want to go to a MP
+and we want to go to GMP okay if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to go to GMP okay if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to go to GMP okay if we look
+at a MP Oh what do we see have you seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a MP Oh what do we see have you seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a MP Oh what do we see have you seen
+this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before
+so we're attaching aspartic acid where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're attaching aspartic acid where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're attaching aspartic acid where
+we just seen that we've just seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just seen that we've just seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just seen that we've just seen
+aspartic acid attachment okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid attachment okay and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid attachment okay and what's
+interesting about this is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this is instead of
+using ATP it's using GTP is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ATP it's using GTP is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ATP it's using GTP is that an
+accident I don't know um GTP is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I don't know um GTP is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I don't know um GTP is is
+regulating the flux to form a MP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the flux to form a MP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the flux to form a MP so
+again a MP ATP gtp you've seen this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a MP ATP gtp you've seen this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a MP ATP gtp you've seen this over
+and over again over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again over the course of the
+semester you saw with translation it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester you saw with translation it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester you saw with translation it was
+all gtp in other cases you saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gtp in other cases you saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gtp in other cases you saw with
+folding with the proteasome it's all ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding with the proteasome it's all ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding with the proteasome it's all ATP
+you've got to control all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to control all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to control all of these
+ratios and so here's a place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and so here's a place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios and so here's a place where the
+ratios are controlled so how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios are controlled so how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios are controlled so how does this
+happen so what are we gonna do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what are we gonna do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so what are we gonna do with the
+gtp in that molecule so we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp in that molecule so we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp in that molecule so we want to go
+from here to here so this carbonyl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so this carbonyl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so this carbonyl is
+replaced with the nitrogen of aspartic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with the nitrogen of aspartic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced with the nitrogen of aspartic
+acid what are we going to do to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid what are we going to do to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid what are we going to do to that
+oxygen phosphorylated so in that's stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen phosphorylated so in that's stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen phosphorylated so in that's stone
+by TTP rather than ATP so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by TTP rather than ATP so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by TTP rather than ATP so what you do is
+you phosphorylate that through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you phosphorylate that through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you phosphorylate that through the
+mechanism that we just went through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we just went through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we just went through that
+I wrote over here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait am i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I can't see where I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I can't see where I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I can't see where I wrote it
+but it's in your notes and so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in your notes and so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in your notes and so and then
+you you then have your amino group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you then have your amino group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you then have your amino group of
+aspartic acid displaces this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid displaces this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid displaces this and then
+what happens in the last step this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the last step this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the last step this is
+exactly what we saw over here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we saw over here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we saw over here we're
+kicking out fumarate so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking out fumarate so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking out fumarate so this is the same
+enzyme so pure B also happens here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so pure B also happens here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so pure B also happens here so
+it's kicking out fumarate okay now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kicking out fumarate okay now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kicking out fumarate okay now what
+about this pathway this pathway is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this pathway this pathway is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this pathway this pathway is a
+great interest because it's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest because it's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest because it's a major
+target of when you have a transplant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target of when you have a transplant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target of when you have a transplant to
+prevent to rear vamp rejection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent to rear vamp rejection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent to rear vamp rejection of
+Michael phenolic acids there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael phenolic acids there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael phenolic acids there are many
+compounds that inhibit this step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that inhibit this step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds that inhibit this step in the
+pathway and it's why we used for organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and it's why we used for organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and it's why we used for organ
+transplant subsequent to the transplant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant subsequent to the transplant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplant subsequent to the transplant
+this is called IMPD hydrogenase okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called IMPD hydrogenase okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called IMPD hydrogenase okay so
+how do you get from here to here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get from here to here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get from here to here this is
+not so trivial okay and what you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so trivial okay and what you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so trivial okay and what you see and
+this is on the unusual thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the unusual thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the unusual thing about this
+hopefully now you could actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now you could actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now you could actually think
+about this but we're adding an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but we're adding an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but we're adding an oxygen
+here so somehow we have to add water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so somehow we have to add water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so somehow we have to add water and
+then we're gonna have we're using n 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna have we're using n 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna have we're using n 8
+we're using nad nad P so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using nad nad P so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using nad nad P so we're gonna
+have to do an oxidation and nad gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do an oxidation and nad gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do an oxidation and nad gets
+reduced okay so if you look at this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced okay so if you look at this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced okay so if you look at this what
+happens is this molecule is activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is this molecule is activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is this molecule is activated
+for nucleophilic attack at this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleophilic attack at this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleophilic attack at this position
+to add an O H here so what you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an O H here so what you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add an O H here so what you you
+generate is okay and then this guy needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate is okay and then this guy needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate is okay and then this guy needs
+to get oxidized by nad okay so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxidized by nad okay so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get oxidized by nad okay so that's an
+unusual step but you should go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual step but you should go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual step but you should go back and
+you should think about that it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about that it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about that it took
+people quite a while to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people quite a while to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people quite a while to figure this out
+and then what about the last step how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what about the last step how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what about the last step how
+does this work we're we seen this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work we're we seen this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this work we're we seen this before
+glutamine okay so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine okay so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine okay so what we're doing is
+converting this oxygen to an amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this oxygen to an amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting this oxygen to an amino group
+what's doing that I told you that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's doing that I told you that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's doing that I told you that were
+five glutamine requiring enzymes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five glutamine requiring enzymes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five glutamine requiring enzymes in the
+pathway this is one of them so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway this is one of them so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway this is one of them so what do
+we need to do to this oxygen to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do to this oxygen to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do to this oxygen to make it
+into a good leaving group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a good leaving group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a good leaving group
+we need to phosphorylate it so use ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to phosphorylate it so use ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to phosphorylate it so use ATP
+to phosphorylate this and then glutamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phosphorylate this and then glutamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phosphorylate this and then glutamine
+supplies the ammonia and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the ammonia and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the ammonia and that's how you
+get GMP okay so as an exercise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get GMP okay so as an exercise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get GMP okay so as an exercise you
+should go back and think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back and think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back and think about these
+into conversions if you have trouble you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into conversions if you have trouble you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into conversions if you have trouble you
+can come back and talk to me but I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come back and talk to me but I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come back and talk to me but I put
+in the I put in the on the stellar site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I put in the on the stellar site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I put in the on the stellar site
+a new a new version of a purine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a new version of a purine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a new version of a purine a
+chapter on purines from a book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on purines from a book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on purines from a book by
+Appling that has come out last year it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appling that has come out last year it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appling that has come out last year it's
+within this section it's by far and away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this section it's by far and away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this section it's by far and away
+much better than any of the others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than any of the others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than any of the others so
+those of you who want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want to look at the
+chemistry of this they've written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of this they've written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of this they've written this
+all out in detail ok so you can pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in detail ok so you can pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out in detail ok so you can pull it
+out and flip to that page you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and flip to that page you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and flip to that page you don't have
+to read the whole chapter you can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the whole chapter you can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the whole chapter you can flip
+to the page where they describe all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the page where they describe all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the page where they describe all of
+these things so that's the purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so that's the purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so that's the purine
+pathway my goal was to try to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway my goal was to try to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway my goal was to try to show you
+that everything everything has made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything everything has made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything everything has made from
+ribose 5-phosphate as a scaffold you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate as a scaffold you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate as a scaffold you
+build up the imidazoles build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up the imidazoles build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up the imidazoles build up the
+purine and you use 3 types of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine and you use 3 types of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purine and you use 3 types of reaction
+instead of use over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of use over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of use over and over and over
+again and metabolism and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and metabolism and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and metabolism and then the last
+reason I picked one of the reasons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I picked one of the reasons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I picked one of the reasons I
+picked this topic besides the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this topic besides the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked this topic besides the fact that
+I like deoxy nucleotides which I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like deoxy nucleotides which I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like deoxy nucleotides which I never
+get to talk about is the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talk about is the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to talk about is the discovery of
+what we talked about in recitation 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about in recitation 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about in recitation 13
+this pure innocent okay so the pure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pure innocent okay so the pure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pure innocent okay so the pure in
+ISM what's the purine asone you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM what's the purine asone you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISM what's the purine asone you all know
+what it is and so and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and so and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is and so and we talked about
+some of the experiments but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the experiments but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the experiments but the idea is
+that you have proteins from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have proteins from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have proteins from all over the
+place that organize tarantula so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that organize tarantula so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that organize tarantula so you
+have transient protein-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transient protein-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transient protein-protein
+interaction that arise to the occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that arise to the occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that arise to the occasion
+there's going to be some signaling way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some signaling way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some signaling way
+signaling mechanisms that they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling mechanisms that they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling mechanisms that they know that
+depleted in purines that's the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted in purines that's the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted in purines that's the model
+they come together as they do this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together as they do this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together as they do this thing
+why would you want to do this ok so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you want to do this ok so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you want to do this ok so so
+the choice that everybody has looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice that everybody has looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice that everybody has looked at
+has been the peering pathway for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the peering pathway for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the peering pathway for this
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+of multi enzyme complexes that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi enzyme complexes that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multi enzyme complexes that form
+transiently and I've asked you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently and I've asked you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently and I've asked you this
+question recitation why would you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question recitation why would you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question recitation why would you want
+to do this so one reason you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so one reason you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so one reason you might want
+to do this we've everybody agrees on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we've everybody agrees on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we've everybody agrees on and
+that's because if you have unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if you have unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if you have unstable
+intermediates and these intermediates go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and these intermediates go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and these intermediates go
+into solution they can degrade so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution they can degrade so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution they can degrade so that
+would be a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a waste
+is that true we don't know but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true we don't know but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true we don't know but one
+reason would be to protect unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason would be to protect unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason would be to protect unstable
+intermediates okay so a second reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates okay so a second reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates okay so a second reason
+that you might want to do this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to do this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to do this is if you
+have a long metabolic pathway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long metabolic pathway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long metabolic pathway this is
+ten steps it's the long cowboy often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten steps it's the long cowboy often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten steps it's the long cowboy often
+times in the middle you can have branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the middle you can have branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the middle you can have branch
+points to other pathways so say you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to other pathways so say you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to other pathways so say you want
+your intermediate to go this way I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intermediate to go this way I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intermediate to go this way I'm not
+that way if you have this organized you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if you have this organized you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if you have this organized you
+can control where it goes so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control where it goes so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control where it goes so the second
+so if you have a pathway and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a pathway and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a pathway and you have
+some intermediate X and it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate X and it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate X and it could go
+another way so this would be a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way so this would be a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way so this would be a branch
+point you can prevent formation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can prevent formation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can prevent formation going
+into another pathway okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another pathway okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another pathway okay
+and in the purine pathway this feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the purine pathway this feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the purine pathway this feeds
+into histidine metabolism in thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into histidine metabolism in thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into histidine metabolism in thiamine
+biosynthesis and tryptophane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and tryptophane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis and tryptophane
+biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis
+so there are intermediates in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are intermediates in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are intermediates in this
+pathway and when you start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and when you start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and when you start looking at
+metabolism you find these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you find these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism you find these connections
+all the time we know a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we know a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we know a lot of these
+connections I don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections I don't have time to go
+through them but that would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them but that would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them but that would be another
+reason that you would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you would like to be able to
+do that the reason Bank of ik got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the reason Bank of ik got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the reason Bank of ik got into
+this and that's whose work you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's whose work you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that's whose work you've been
+reading is he was interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is he was interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is he was interested in the
+question of whether n 10 formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether n 10 formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether n 10 formal
+tetrahydrofolate remember we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate remember we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate remember we talked
+about all the inter conversions whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the inter conversions whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all the inter conversions whether
+all of those intermediates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those intermediates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those intermediates were
+sequestered that's why he got into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered that's why he got into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered that's why he got into it
+and what is the answer so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the answer so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the answer so he was
+interested in this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question of
+tetrahydrofolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate
+metabolism central to both purine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism central to both purine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism central to both purine and
+pyrimidine metabolism and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine metabolism and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine metabolism and what do we
+know about that in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that in the control
+experiments in the paper you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the paper you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in the paper you needed to
+read what did he use as a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what did he use as a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what did he use as a control
+he used remember we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used remember we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used remember we talked about this
+tri functional protein that has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri functional protein that has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri functional protein that has three
+activities it puts on the formate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities it puts on the formate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities it puts on the formate it
+does a cycle hydrolase it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a cycle hydrolase it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a cycle hydrolase it does a
+dehydratase so if you go back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase so if you go back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydratase so if you go back and you
+look up the enzyme in this notes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the enzyme in this notes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the enzyme in this notes this is
+not in pure in his ohms and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in pure in his ohms and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in pure in his ohms and that's one
+of the first experiments he did it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first experiments he did it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first experiments he did it's not
+there so why isn't it there I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so why isn't it there I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so why isn't it there I don't know
+and maybe that means that we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that means that we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that means that we should be
+thinking about these things in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these things in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these things in other
+ways okay so in the last minute or so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways okay so in the last minute or so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways okay so in the last minute or so so
+that summarizes the key thing unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summarizes the key thing unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summarizes the key thing unstable
+intermediates and multiple pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and multiple pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates and multiple pathways
+sequestration I think there's no debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration I think there's no debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration I think there's no debate
+about that Ken if you have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Ken if you have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that Ken if you have things
+sequestered can you increase fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered can you increase fluxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered can you increase fluxes
+through pathways a lot of bio engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pathways a lot of bio engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pathways a lot of bio engineers
+say you can other people say you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can other people say you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can other people say you can't
+this to me becomes really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to me becomes really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to me becomes really important in
+metabolic engineering so if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic engineering so if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic engineering so if you read
+metabolic engineering papers people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic engineering papers people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic engineering papers people will
+take a polymer and they'll stick all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a polymer and they'll stick all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a polymer and they'll stick all
+enzymes in the pathway onto a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in the pathway onto a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in the pathway onto a polymer
+why because they think it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they think it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they think it's important to
+have these things in multi enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these things in multi enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these things in multi enzyme
+complexes will you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes will you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes will you increase the
+effective molarity that's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity that's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity that's something else
+we've talked about extensively over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about extensively over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about extensively over the
+course of the semester so methods used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester so methods used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester so methods used
+to study this okay we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study this okay we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study this okay we've talked about
+that in recitation 13 we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in recitation 13 we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in recitation 13 we talked about
+what the issues are in all cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the issues are in all cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the issues are in all cases
+he used the enzyme fuse to a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used the enzyme fuse to a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used the enzyme fuse to a green
+fluorescent protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein
+you could have problems with aggregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have problems with aggregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have problems with aggregation
+you could have problems with altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have problems with altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have problems with altered
+activity we talked about all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we talked about all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we talked about all of that
+last time we're looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we're looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we're looking at these
+punctate staining if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctate staining if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctate staining if you look at the
+Punk tain staining with one protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk tain staining with one protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk tain staining with one protein and
+another they they're widely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they they're widely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they they're widely different
+the shapes of the stains a widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of the stains a widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shapes of the stains a widely
+different a caesarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a caesarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a caesarian
+and hypo xanthine a theorem we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hypo xanthine a theorem we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hypo xanthine a theorem we just
+talked about hypo xanthine hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about hypo xanthine hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about hypo xanthine hopefully you
+now remember that that where are we I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that that where are we I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that that where are we I am
+P hypo xanthine with PRP P this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P hypo xanthine with PRP P this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P hypo xanthine with PRP P this is
+Salvage okay so you should now be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvage okay so you should now be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvage okay so you should now be able
+to thinking about this go back and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about this go back and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about this go back and read
+that experiment he did that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment he did that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment he did that experiment
+makes no sense to me okay so that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no sense to me okay so that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no sense to me okay so that was an
+experiment he did because he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment he did because he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment he did because he made a
+projection knowing how all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection knowing how all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection knowing how all these things
+fit together and it didn't do what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together and it didn't do what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together and it didn't do what he
+predicted so then he made up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted so then he made up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted so then he made up something
+else okay these are the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay these are the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay these are the kinds of things
+you need to think about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about when you're
+trying to test a model like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to test a model like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to test a model like this is a
+very appealing model but it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very appealing model but it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very appealing model but it's also a
+very controversial model now I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very controversial model now I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very controversial model now I'm sort of
+at the end of my time so I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of my time so I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of my time so I think I'm
+gonna go to the end we've looked at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to the end we've looked at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go to the end we've looked at all
+of these punctate staining with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these punctate staining with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these punctate staining with no
+purines when we add purines we lose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines when we add purines we lose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines when we add purines we lose it
+and I just want to go to a paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to go to a paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to go to a paper that
+was recently published this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recently published this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was recently published this is probably
+hard to see but this just shows this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but this just shows this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but this just shows this is
+an ongoing area of research the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing area of research the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ongoing area of research the latest
+is now instead of looking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now instead of looking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now instead of looking this
+fluorescent stuff where a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent stuff where a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent stuff where a lot of you
+commented you really can't see the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented you really can't see the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commented you really can't see the green
+overlapping with the red to form yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping with the red to form yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping with the red to form yellow
+the pictures were terrible and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures were terrible and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures were terrible and if you go
+back and you look up there I can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look up there I can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you look up there I can't see
+it either okay fluorescence changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either okay fluorescence changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either okay fluorescence changes and
+red and green on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green on top of each other
+showing yellow showing they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing yellow showing they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing yellow showing they're sort of
+in the same general area are often hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same general area are often hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same general area are often hard
+to see so now they've turned to super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see so now they've turned to super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see so now they've turned to super
+resolution and if you look at this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and if you look at this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and if you look at this when
+you turn off the lights this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn off the lights this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn off the lights this is
+mitochondria and these little purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and these little purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria and these little purple
+things are the putative perennis own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the putative perennis own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the putative perennis own
+using green you know attach fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using green you know attach fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using green you know attach fluorescent
+proteins and what you can see is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and what you can see is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and what you can see is there
+and again you need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you need to look at the
+statistics of all of this it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of all of this it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of all of this it appears
+they appear to be associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear to be associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear to be associated with the
+mitochondria does that make sense okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria does that make sense okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria does that make sense okay I
+don't know that's where you need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that's where you need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that's where you need to you
+need purines to make all of your ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need purines to make all of your ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need purines to make all of your ATP
+okay so anyhow and and it's linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyhow and and it's linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyhow and and it's linked to
+sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing
+pathways and they do that in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and they do that in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and they do that in this paper
+but again to me this is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again to me this is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again to me this is just another
+example they I don't think they expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they I don't think they expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they I don't think they expected
+to find this okay and they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this okay and they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this okay and they found that
+and so now we have more complex system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have more complex system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have more complex system
+to truly try to understand why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to truly try to understand why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to truly try to understand why these
+things do they sequester number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do they sequester number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do they sequester number one and
+if they do sequester what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do sequester what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they do sequester what is the
+advantage to biology so we end here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to biology so we end here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to biology so we end here and
+and the bottom line is when you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom line is when you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom line is when you you
+think about all the data it's a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the data it's a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the data it's a moving
+target you can't prove something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you can't prove something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you can't prove something
+mechanism mechanism person you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism mechanism person you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism mechanism person you can't
+prove a mechanism it keeps changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a mechanism it keeps changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a mechanism it keeps changing
+that's why life is so you have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why life is so you have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why life is so you have a model
+you make it as simple as possible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it as simple as possible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it as simple as possible you
+get some data you find something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some data you find something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some data you find something that
+doesn't agree with your hypothesis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't agree with your hypothesis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't agree with your hypothesis you
+got to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to change it
+that's why science is so much fun okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why science is so much fun okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why science is so much fun okay
+so that's the end of purines and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of purines and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of purines and I'm
+sorry I didn't get to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't get to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't get to tell you about
+ribonucleotide reductase is it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase is it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase is it's much
+more chemically complex than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemically complex than anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemically complex than anything
+you saw in purines and so I am sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in purines and so I am sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in purines and so I am sure you
+are delighted that you didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delighted that you didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delighted that you didn't have to
+look at all the radicals anyhow okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the radicals anyhow okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the radicals anyhow okay so
+we'll see you on I guess Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JrL2jlkoRUY.txt b/JrL2jlkoRUY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b31dca444f88b1abca27ef42607a5c6b6978357b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JrL2jlkoRUY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1846 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+On Monday, we went through and
+looked at the functional forms
+
+for sp two hybrid
+orbitals, as found in the case
+
+of the BH three molecule.
+
+Now, you should recognize that
+there are other hybridization
+
+schemes that go along with
+different geometries.
+
+So, BH three was
+trigonal planar.
+
+And we are going to talk some
+more about BH three today.
+
+If you had been considering
+last time instead a tetrahedral
+
+carbon atom, then the
+hybridization scheme we would
+
+have needed to develop would
+have been the sp three 
+
+hybridization scheme.
+That would be associated with a
+
+tetrahedral carbon atom.
+On the other hand,
+
+if we had a linearly
+coordinated carbon atom or some
+
+other main group atom,
+boron or beryllium,
+
+for example,
+then we would have had to
+
+develop the sp hybridization
+scheme.
+
+You should not miss the forest
+for the trees in putting into
+
+context from my previous lecture
+on the sp two specific
+
+case for that type of geometry.
+But now, rather than going
+
+through more examples of valance
+bond theory treatments of
+
+molecules, instead,
+it is time for me to introduce
+
+you to the tenants of the
+molecular orbital theory for
+
+treatment of molecular
+electronic structure.
+
+I mentioned valance bond theory
+as having been introduced by
+
+Linus Pauling.
+And then, I also named Robert
+
+S.
+Mulliken, MIT undergraduate,
+
+as the father of molecular
+orbital theory.
+
+And these are both two
+different perspectives on
+
+viewing electron structure of
+molecules that arises from the
+
+results of quantum mechanics.
+In the case of valance bond
+
+theory, we have a situation
+where you have localized
+
+electron pairs.
+
+In the case of molecular
+orbital theory,
+
+electron pairs are still going
+to be important,
+
+but they are going to be able
+to be delocalized over the
+
+entire molecule in some cases.
+
+So, this is very different.
+This is a major difference
+
+between MO theory and valance
+bond theory.
+
+In the case of the BH three
+molecule that we
+
+considered last time,
+you had four positively charged
+
+nuclei.
+And you arrange those four plus
+
+charges at the points in space
+that correspond to the
+
+equilibrium geometry of the
+molecule.
+
+And then you sprinkle in your
+six valance electrons,
+
+and you want to understand how
+those six electrons become
+
+organized in space in response
+to that electric field set up by
+
+those four positively charged
+nuclei.
+
+And we took the approach last
+time that we are going to
+
+localize electron pairs in
+between nuclei.
+
+And, because structurally the
+BH three molecule is
+
+symmetric and the three
+hydrogens are indistinguishable
+
+from one another,
+we decided that we were going
+
+to make hybrids.
+And so we talk about
+
+hybridization.
+
+The idea behind hybridization
+was to change the atomic
+
+orbitals of boron by mixing
+them, so that we would have one
+
+that would be able to point at
+each of the three hydrogens in
+
+space to form three nicely,
+perfectly directed electron
+
+sigma bonds between boron and
+hydrogen.
+
+That was the scheme that we
+adopted, this hybridization
+
+scheme, but in MO theory we are
+not going to do that.
+
+We are not going to interfere
+with the intrinsic atomic
+
+orbital structure of a boron
+atom in order to make bonds.
+
+And we are going to see that
+there are some predictions that
+
+come out of the MO treatment for
+the molecule that differ from
+
+those that came out of the
+valance bond treatment for the
+
+molecule.
+And so here,
+
+no hybrids.
+
+In terms of just the vernacular
+of chemical structure,
+
+you will hear sp three
+as being used interchangeably
+
+with the notion of a
+tetrahedron.
+
+But in valance bond theory,
+it refers to a particular
+
+hybridization scheme in which we
+actually mix s and p as a
+
+preparative to bond formation in
+a molecule.
+
+And we mix the atomic orbitals
+on that central atom in a
+
+hybridization scheme.
+In MO theory,
+
+we are not going to do that.
+It is very important that you
+
+keep these theories and the
+language associated with the
+
+theories separate in your minds
+so you can see the difference
+
+between these theories.
+And then one of the
+
+consequences of this valance
+bond theory and the
+
+hybridization scheme is that it
+is not so good for excited
+
+states.
+
+And what that means is that we
+were developing a scheme to
+
+describe the bonding in the
+molecule in its ground
+
+electronic state.
+Molecules can have excited
+
+states, just like atoms can have
+electronic states.
+
+And over here,
+in molecular orbital theory,
+
+we are going to find that we do
+a much better job with excited
+
+states.
+And that is important for
+
+understanding the range of
+properties associated with
+
+molecular systems.
+And you are going to see,
+
+indeed, that the energy level
+scheme for the six valance
+
+electrons in the BH three
+molecule is different,
+
+depending on whether you use
+valence bond theory or molecular
+
+orbital theory.
+Now, for molecular orbital
+
+theory, we are going to need,
+again, like we do for valance
+
+bonds, to have some kind of a
+procedure for forming molecular
+
+orbitals, conceptually.
+
+And the first step in such a
+procedure is that you are going
+
+to want to analyze the
+three-dimensional shape of the
+
+molecule.
+And we do this,
+
+of course, when we talk about
+the valance-shell electron-pair
+
+repulsion theory for predicting
+molecular structure.
+
+We are going to look at the
+structure.
+
+And we want to identify,
+usually by inspection,
+
+sets of symmetry-related --
+
+-- atoms or orbitals.
+And here, I am talking about
+
+atomic orbitals.
+I will come back in a moment
+
+and talk about what I mean by
+symmetry-related.
+
+This is a concept that can be
+put on a very nice,
+
+firm, mathematical footing.
+And, in fact,
+
+if you find this type of
+analysis interesting and would
+
+like to see more of the math
+that can help you to organize
+
+the results of quantum mechanics
+in terms of symmetry,
+
+then you will want to put the
+5.04 subject on your calendar
+
+for the future.
+That subject is devoted,
+
+in large part,
+to the applications of group
+
+theory to chemistry and chemical
+problems.
+
+And symmetry plays a big role
+in that.
+
+And then, two,
+we are going to form
+
+combinations.
+And let me just further
+
+quantify this by saying we are
+going to form linear
+
+combinations --
+
+-- of symmetry-related
+orbitals.
+
+One of the big approximations
+that we usually kind of take for
+
+granted in the molecular orbital
+theory of electronic structure
+
+is the LCAO approximation.
+I am just going to mention that
+
+parenthetically,
+here.
+
+This is that we can form
+molecular orbitals that will be
+
+linear combinations of atomic
+orbitals.
+
+This LCAO approximation arises
+from the fact that we can solve
+
+the Schrödinger equation exactly
+for the hydrogen atom,
+
+but for big molecules and many
+electrons systems,
+
+we cannot.
+And what we like to do is to
+
+take the atomic orbital wave
+functions, that is,
+
+atomic orbital here in LCAO,
+and use those wave functions in
+
+our approximation of molecular
+orbitals.
+
+We are saying that we can
+combine these atomic orbitals on
+
+the atoms that are in a molecule
+to form the molecular orbitals
+
+that will be able to spread out
+and delocalize over the entire
+
+molecule.
+This is inherent in the
+
+development of the theory that I
+am working on here.
+
+And you should see that this
+will pop up in a number of
+
+cases, but it is an inherent
+approximation that we are
+
+accepting.
+And then, three,
+
+we are going to combine the
+linear combinations from part
+
+two --
+
+-- with central atom atomic
+orbitals.
+
+And that is what we will do.
+And if we have done that
+
+properly, we will have arrived
+at molecular orbitals for the
+
+system in question.
+Now, I want to take a little
+
+bit of time to go through each
+one of these steps in order to
+
+define the problem that we have
+for this alternative way of
+
+viewing the electronic structure
+of the BH three molecule.
+
+Now, why am I choosing the BH
+
+three molecule for this?
+Well, I am choosing it because
+
+it is an easy problem and one
+that is illustrative of the
+
+steps that go into forming
+molecular orbitals for a system.
+
+In your textbook,
+you will see that before you
+
+get to something like BH three,
+first diatomic
+
+molecules are considered.
+Those, I will show you on
+
+Friday, are actually a little
+trickier to understand than is
+
+the case with BH three.
+That is because in molecular
+
+orbital theory we have the same
+number of MOs as AOs.
+
+If we start out with a certain
+number of atomic orbitals that
+
+come into play by virtue of the
+atoms that are in the molecule,
+
+then that number of orbitals
+will be the same as the number
+
+of molecular orbitals that we
+will get at the end of the
+
+problem.
+They won't all be filled.
+
+We will have some that are
+empty.
+
+But we are going to have the
+same number of molecular
+
+orbitals as atomic orbitals that
+go into the problem.
+
+And so what that means is that
+the complexity of the problem is
+
+related to the number of MOs
+and, hence, the number of AOs.
+
+The complexity of the problem
+scales with the number of atomic
+
+orbitals in the problem.
+We actually call these our
+
+basis functions.
+And one of the things that John
+
+Pople talks about,
+if you have gone and looked at
+
+his video that I pointed you to
+in the problem set,
+
+he talks about the wonderful
+fact that our computational
+
+power has gotten so great,
+and will grow so much greater
+
+in the future,
+that we are able to
+
+computationally handle problems
+of the calculations of the
+
+properties of enormous molecules
+that bring into a problem an
+
+enormous number,
+a vast number of atomic
+
+orbitals.
+And so, a great computational
+
+power is necessary to apply
+molecular orbital theory,
+
+or even the more recent density
+functional theory,
+
+to problems of electronic
+structure that we need to
+
+grapple with in order to predict
+properties of molecular systems.
+
+And in the BH three
+molecule, which is,
+
+as I said, a simple problem of
+electronic structure and a nice
+
+illustrative one for today's
+purposes, we have,
+
+this is a seven orbital
+problem.
+
+Why is this a seven orbital
+problem?
+
+It is a seven orbital problem
+because boron has four valance
+
+orbitals, an s,
+a px, a py, a pz.
+
+And we have three hydrogens,
+each with their 1s orbital.
+
+We have our valance orbitals on
+boron.
+
+We don't count the 1s orbital
+on boron because that is filled
+
+and is a core orbital,
+and it doesn't get involved in
+
+chemical bonding.
+The valance shell for boron is
+
+the n equals two shell.
+We have 2s, 2px,
+
+2py and 2pz.
+And we have three hydrogens,
+
+each with their 1s orbital.
+If we were to tackle right now
+
+the problem of the molecular
+orbital energy level diagram for
+
+a diatomic molecule like O two,
+dioxygen,
+
+we would find immediately that
+this analysis of how many atomic
+
+orbitals we have available would
+give us the value eight.
+
+And so it is a more complicated
+problem.
+
+It has one more atomic orbital
+than this problem,
+
+even though this one has four
+atoms because three of these
+
+atoms happen to be hydrogens,
+which only bring in one orbital
+
+to the problem.
+That is why I am choosing this.
+
+And then, in addition,
+I am choosing this because the
+
+consequences of the symmetry of
+the BH three molecule
+
+are that the orbital
+interactions that we are going
+
+to identify occur in nice
+pair-wise sets.
+
+And that makes things
+especially easy to see in terms
+
+of how chemical bonds arise in
+the context of MO theory for a
+
+problem like this.
+And so, to now go ahead and
+
+carry out step one for this,
+we are going to draw the
+
+molecule and try to identify
+sets of symmetry-related
+
+atoms/orbitals.
+And, before you do that,
+
+I just would like to show you
+an example of a highly symmetric
+
+molecule, because this notion of
+symmetry is something that,
+
+at this point in time,
+I really only want you to gain
+
+an intuitive grasp of,
+I am not going to quantify it.
+
+But, if you look at a molecule
+like the one I have placed on
+
+the left and right-hand screens,
+you will see that it is a
+
+large, round molecule.
+Actually, round,
+
+spherical things are the most
+symmetric things that we can
+
+think of.
+Here, you can imagine that this
+
+is a big ball with atoms located
+at various points on the surface
+
+of the ball.
+This is just a ball and stick
+
+representation of the C60
+molecule, also known as
+
+Buckminsterfullerene.
+It is a geodesic dome-type of
+
+molecule.
+This molecule has the chemical
+
+formula C60.
+There are no hydrogens in this
+
+molecule.
+All the atoms are displayed.
+
+And each carbon atom sits in a
+position where it is adjacent to
+
+one five-membered ring and two
+six-membered rings on the
+
+surface of this spherical
+molecule.
+
+And that is true of every
+carbon atom on the surface of
+
+this whole molecule.
+As you go on in chemistry,
+
+if you go into the analysis of
+molecules using nuclear magnetic
+
+resonance spectroscopy,
+you will find that it is really
+
+important to be able to identify
+the symmetry of a molecule.
+
+And you will realize that the
+symmetry of the molecule is
+
+manifest in the nuclear magnetic
+resonance spectrum of a
+
+molecule.
+If you take the carbon-13
+
+nuclear magnetic resonance
+spectrum of this molecule,
+
+a sample composed of this
+molecule, you will see that
+
+there is only a single C13
+signal in the spectrum.
+
+And that is because all 60
+carbon atoms are in an identical
+
+environment in this molecule.
+Every one of them feels exactly
+
+like everyone else.
+They are all equidistant from
+
+the center of this molecule.
+And they are all equidistant
+
+from their set of neighbors.
+And so, in that way of looking
+
+at a molecule,
+you would see that they are all
+
+equivalent.
+You may have encountered this
+
+molecule before,
+but this molecule's discovery
+
+--
+-- was actually predicted
+
+initially from analysis of mass
+spectrometry data by Professor
+
+Smalley, a Nobel Prize winner
+whose efforts in this area have
+
+spawned off chemistries
+involving not only these
+
+nano-sized balls of matter,
+but also nanotubes made of
+
+carbon, and this whole area that
+we think of nano technology.
+
+Really a lot of it is dominated
+by the chemistry of new forms of
+
+carbon that arose with the
+discovery of
+
+Buckminsterfullerene.
+And that is just one example of
+
+a new allotrope of carbon that
+was discovered in recent years.
+
+This gives you an idea for
+symmetry.
+
+I could show you pictures,
+actually, of enormous
+
+biomolecules.
+There are large viruses that
+
+are composed of biopolymers,
+macromolecules that pack in a
+
+way that is symmetrical,
+so that you can see these
+
+things.
+If you view them in the right
+
+kind of representation,
+you will be able to see the
+
+symmetry in them.
+And one definition of symmetry
+
+that I would like you to take
+away from this picture is just
+
+that each of the atoms that are
+symmetry-related is
+
+indistinguishable.
+If you turn the molecule around
+
+and look at the atoms,
+those that are symmetry-related
+
+are indistinguishable from one
+another.
+
+And so, when we have a trigonal
+planer BH three
+
+molecule, is the boron symmetry
+related to any of the other
+
+atoms?
+No, it is not.
+
+What about this hydrogen?
+I labeled them last time A,
+
+B, and C.
+This hydrogen labeled C,
+
+is it symmetry-related to other
+hydrogens?
+
+Yes.
+And that is because of the
+
+symmetry of this molecule with
+these 120 degree bond angles on
+
+the planarity of the molecule.
+So, you have a set of three
+
+hydrogens.
+And their 1s orbitals are in
+
+space indistinguishable from one
+another.
+
+They are related by symmetry.
+And so, in this problem here,
+
+we have four orbitals here on
+the boron that are not
+
+symmetry-related.
+And then also incidentally let
+
+me point out that the boron atom
+is located at the center of
+
+gravity of this system.
+If atoms are going to be
+
+symmetry-related,
+they must not be located at the
+
+center of gravity of the system.
+Let's go over here and expand
+
+on these ideas.
+
+The method that I am going to
+develop here for forming the
+
+linear combinations has to do
+with thinking ahead,
+
+in this problem,
+to the fact that we are going
+
+to want to make linear
+combinations that have the
+
+correct symmetry to bond to
+atomic orbitals on the central
+
+boron atom.
+Let me draw the ones that are
+
+going to be relevant to this
+part of the problem.
+
+This one over here would be the
+boron pz orbital,
+
+so it has one positive lobe
+coming out of the board,
+
+negative lobe going back.
+Over here we would have the
+
+boron py orbital using the
+coordinate system that I had
+
+chosen last time,
+which is x up and y to the
+
+left.
+And then here we have the
+
+boron's px orbital.
+And then over here we have the
+
+boron's 2s orbital.
+And so, our challenge now will
+
+be to construct linear
+combinations,
+
+we are at part two,
+of the set of three hydrogen 1s
+
+orbitals that can match in
+symmetry the boron central
+
+atom's atomic orbitals.
+Last time, remember,
+
+for hybridization,
+we were making these orbitals
+
+mix with each other in order to
+point at the hydrogens.
+
+Now what we are doing is kind
+of an inverse concept.
+
+We are going to mix the
+hydrogen orbitals so that they
+
+have the right symmetry to
+interact with the central atom
+
+atomic orbitals.
+There is a nice parallelism
+
+here.
+Here is going to be our LCs.
+
+They key feature of the boron's
+2s orbital is that it does not
+
+have any nodes.
+Remember nodes are surfaces.
+
+When you pass from one side of
+a node to the other,
+
+you get a change in sign of the
+wave function.
+
+And we indicate that change in
+sign by differential shading.
+
+The 2s orbital has no nodes
+whatsoever.
+
+And a way that we can construct
+a linear combination that has
+
+the same spatial,
+nodal properties as that boron
+
+2s atomic orbital is as follows.
+We can involve contributions
+
+from each of the three hydrogen
+1s orbitals.
+
+Remember this one is A,
+this one is B,
+
+and this one is C.
+This is going to be a linear
+
+combination of the three
+hydrogen 1s orbitals.
+
+I will write this one as
+follows.
+
+This one will be written as A
+plus B plus C.
+
+That indicates the 1s orbital
+on A, plus the 1s orbital on B,
+
+plus the 1s orbital on C.
+And, as we talked about last
+
+time, wave functions that we
+write should be normalized.
+
+And they should satisfy the
+unit orbital contribution rule.
+
+For normalization,
+here, I give a factor of one
+
+over root three for this linear
+combination formed as a symmetry
+
+match with the boron 2s orbital.
+You can see,
+
+I hope, what we are doing.
+We are projecting the nodal
+
+properties of the central atom
+atomic orbitals onto the linear
+
+combinations that we are
+forming.
+
+And we are going to form a
+complete set of three linear
+
+combinations in this way.
+Let's make one that has
+
+symmetry properties that remind
+us of this px orbital.
+
+On HA we are going to have a
+positive contribution to match
+
+the positive contribution of
+this lobe of the px orbital that
+
+points along the plus x axis.
+And then down here we are going
+
+to have contributions from
+hydrogens B and C.
+
+And they are going to be
+smaller, and they are going to
+
+be opposite in-phase.
+They are going to be opposite
+
+in-phase because we are building
+a linear combination that has a
+
+node approximately at the center
+of the system here,
+
+so as you go from positive x
+into the negative x region of
+
+space, the wave function changes
+sign to match the change in sign
+
+associated with the px orbital.
+We are projecting the nodal
+
+properties of px onto the linear
+combination of hydrogen orbitals
+
+that we are forming here.
+And this one,
+
+written in normalized fashion,
+will be root two over three,
+
+A minus one-half B minus
+one-half C.
+
+And, although what we are
+
+working with here are linear
+combinations of these
+
+symmetry-related hydrogen 1s
+wave functions,
+
+you are going to find that
+these coefficients on the atomic
+
+orbitals, that contribute
+eventually to the molecular
+
+orbitals, are going to come out
+as normalized and as unit
+
+orbital contributions.
+So that if we started out this
+
+problem with a single 1s orbital
+on HA, that will be entirely
+
+accounted for among these linear
+combinations and the molecular
+
+orbitals that we are going to
+make with them.
+
+Now, let's generate a linear
+combination having the nodal
+
+properties of py.
+And, in order to do that,
+
+we need to have a negative
+coefficient out here in the
+
+minus y direction.
+We are going to put in a
+
+contribution from HC as
+negative, like that,
+
+to match that.
+And then over here,
+
+we are going to make a
+contribution for HB that is
+
+positive.
+And then, noting that there is
+
+a nodal plane along the
+y,z-plane, which comes out of
+
+the board like this,
+so that we are always negative
+
+along minus y and we are
+positive along plus y.
+
+We match that here.
+And the coincidence of that
+
+nodal plane with the location of
+HA dictates no contribution from
+
+HA to this orbital,
+for reasons that actually we
+
+looked at last time,
+--
+
+-- namely, that we cannot bring
+a hydrogen 1s orbital in here
+
+and also change sign on going
+half-way through that hydrogen
+
+1s orbital, because s orbitals
+have to have the same sign
+
+everywhere.
+It does not contribute to this
+
+linear combination.
+And our normalized form for
+
+this will be one over root two B
+minus C.
+
+And then, if I were to ask the
+
+question, can I make a linear
+combination of the three
+
+hydrogen 1s orbitals that has
+the same nodal properties as pz,
+
+the answer would be no because
+they all lie in the x,y-plane
+
+and they are just s orbitals and
+cannot change sign as you go
+
+through the x,y-plane from plus
+z to minus z.
+
+And so, we are done here.
+And what you are going to find
+
+is that we have created these
+three linear combination
+
+according to step two.
+And taking into account both
+
+the symmetry properties of the
+molecule to identify a set of
+
+three symmetry-related atoms and
+orbitals.
+
+And then, taking into account
+an analysis of the nodal
+
+properties of the central atom
+atomic orbitals,
+
+so that we could project those
+out to help us find appropriate
+
+linear combinations for mixing
+with the central atom orbitals.
+
+And, when we do that mixing,
+we are going to find out that
+
+there are three ways that we can
+do it.
+
+We are about to move onto step
+three of this problem.
+
+We are going to need to combine
+these linear combinations with
+
+the central atom atomic orbitals
+according to the rules of MO
+
+theory to generate,
+first, bonding molecular
+
+orbitals.
+
+And the bonding molecular
+orbitals that we will get will
+
+be an in-phase combination --
+
+-- of our LCs,
+our linear combinations of
+
+atomic orbitals,
+with our boron atomic orbitals.
+
+That will describe the chemical
+bonding in our system.
+
+And we will see that it
+contrasts in a very interesting
+
+way with the hybridization
+scheme developed last time.
+
+And the key phrase to
+underline, here,
+
+is in-phase.
+And what that in-phase means is
+
+that when two positive lobes of
+two orbitals centered on two
+
+different atoms are juxtaposed
+and neighbor one another and can
+
+have good overlap of their
+atomic orbital wave functions,
+
+that leads to in-phase
+constructive interference and
+
+stabilization of the electrons
+associated with that newly
+
+formed bonding molecular
+orbital.
+
+And that stabilization is what
+we call the chemical bond.
+
+The analogy to that in valence
+bond theory is the idea that a
+
+pair of electrons associated
+with two nuclei in a sigma bond
+
+is more stable because it
+experiences, simultaneously,
+
+two positive charges.
+And here we are generalizing
+
+that and allowing electrons to
+flow over the molecule as a
+
+whole.
+But now we have a new concept,
+
+and that is antibonding.
+
+Antibonding molecular orbitals
+will be out-of-phase
+
+combinations that are repulsive
+and lead to high energy
+
+interactions.
+
+And when, as in the case of the
+problem we are considering here,
+
+the interactions occur in
+pair-wise sets,
+
+we will find that we get very
+nicely, for every bonding
+
+molecular orbital,
+a corresponding anti-bonding
+
+molecular orbital.
+
+Also, one of the interesting
+things is that if you start
+
+putting electrons into
+anti-bonding orbitals,
+
+if your system just happens to
+be so constructed as to have
+
+many electrons,
+such that you fill up not only
+
+the bonding molecular orbitals
+of electrons to make the
+
+chemical bonds,
+but you continue on and you
+
+have enough electrons to keep
+going and put them into
+
+anti-bonding orbitals,
+those antibonds start to cancel
+
+the bonds.
+And so, you will see a very
+
+nice progression of this as we
+study the MO theory of the
+
+homonuclear diatomic molecules,
+starting on Friday.
+
+And then, here is another
+concept that arises from the MO
+
+analysis of a molecule,
+and that is that certain
+
+orbitals can be non-bonding.
+
+And an example of this would be
+a lone pair of electrons.
+
+And it happens when an orbital
+or a linear combination of
+
+orbitals finds no counterpart --
+
+-- of like nodal symmetry.
+These nodal properties of
+
+orbitals are very important,
+and I will show you later how
+
+the nodal properties are related
+to the energies of the orbitals,
+
+as we consider them.
+Having given you this preview
+
+of how orbitals are going to be
+able to combine in the MO
+
+theory, let's see how it
+actually takes place in the case
+
+of BH three.
+
+Now we are drawing another
+example of an energy-level
+
+diagram, where the energy is low
+at the bottom and rises as it
+
+goes up.
+And these energy-level diagrams
+
+that we are now developing for
+molecules are analogous to those
+
+that you studied earlier in the
+semester for atoms.
+
+And we are just generalizing
+this notion to the atoms.
+
+And what I am drawing over here
+is our boron 2s orbital and here
+
+is our boron 2px,
+2py, 2pz orbital.
+
+Those horizontal bars just
+represent the energy of these
+
+orbitals in the molecule.
+Here I am just redrawing the
+
+boron atom.
+And then, over here on the
+
+right, we are going to see that
+we have our linear combinations
+
+that we developed.
+These are our three H 1s linear
+
+combinations.
+We found that the three
+
+hydrogens in BH three
+were symmetry equivalent,
+
+so we generated linear
+combinations.
+
+The pictures of them are over
+there.
+
+I can give them names.
+Why don't I call them D,
+
+E, and F.
+
+We have D constructed to match
+the nodal properties of the
+
+boron's 2s orbital.
+E and F were respectively
+
+constructed to match the nodal
+properties of the boron's 2s,
+
+2px, and 2py orbitals.
+And I am showing you their
+
+relative energies.
+And now we need to do this
+
+issue referenced here as point
+three.
+
+We need to combine these
+things.
+
+I have these on the one hand
+and these on the other.
+
+Our seven atomic orbitals have
+been changed into four atomic
+
+orbitals and three linear
+combinations,
+
+so I still have seven orbitals
+total.
+
+And now I am going to combine
+these with these according to
+
+their nodal properties to
+generate seven molecular
+
+orbitals.
+And let's do it this way.
+
+We are going to take linear
+combination D that has been
+
+constructed to match the boron
+2s orbital in terms of nodal
+
+symmetry properties,
+and we are going to make a
+
+bonding combination.
+I am going to draw these
+
+pictorially in a moment.
+And, in this case,
+
+those are the only two orbitals
+in my seven orbital system here
+
+that have that set of nodal
+symmetry properties.
+
+And for every bonding MO,
+I must have an antibonding MO.
+
+This is one of our molecular
+orbitals.
+
+And there is going to be a
+corresponding molecular orbital
+
+up here, high in energy.
+And this will be an antibonding
+
+molecular orbital that will be
+the out-of-phase combination of
+
+the boron 2s with this linear
+combination that I labeled D.
+
+Antibonding molecular orbitals
+are usually denoted with a star.
+
+We have a bonding combination
+and an anti-bonding combination.
+
+Now, we can form two more bonds
+that will spread out over the
+
+molecule because,
+if you recall,
+
+we had our px and py pair that
+served as the nodal template for
+
+our construction of linear
+combinations E and F.
+
+We are going to be able to
+match up those to form two more
+
+bonding molecular orbitals.
+And these will be found to be
+
+higher in energy than the first
+one that we formed from D.
+
+Here is a pair of bonding
+molecular orbitals that derive
+
+from linear combinations E and F
+combining in-phase with boron's
+
+px and py atomic orbitals.
+And there will be a
+
+corresponding antibonding
+combination, where we allow
+
+those orbitals to interact in an
+out-of-phase manner.
+
+And you will see what that
+means shortly.
+
+Let me put that up there and
+add a star to indicate that this
+
+high energy pair of molecular
+orbitals is an antibonding pair
+
+of orbitals.
+I have six orbitals now in my
+
+molecular orbital energy-level
+diagram for BH three.
+
+And that means I am not done
+because I have to have seven,
+
+and I started out with seven
+atomic orbitals.
+
+Look over here.
+2pz was an atomic orbital on
+
+boron that did not find any way
+of serving as a template for
+
+making a linear combination
+involving the three hydrogens.
+
+And so, it comes over here as
+nonbonding.
+
+It has no counterpart of like
+nodal symmetry because of the
+
+location of those three
+hydrogens in the x,y-plane,
+
+which is a nodal plane for the
+boron pz orbital.
+
+And so, this one is nonbonding.
+These three orbitals up here
+
+are anti-bonding.
+And the ones down at the
+
+bottom, which are the lowest in
+energy, corresponding to being
+
+able to most tightly hold onto
+electrons in them are bonding
+
+molecular orbitals.
+And so our electrons can fill
+
+into this MO energy-level
+diagram in that way.
+
+We have our six electrons that
+come into this problem.
+
+We have boron bringing in three
+valance electrons and three
+
+hydrogens each bringing in one
+valance electron.
+
+There are six electrons to put
+into the diagram,
+
+filling up three of the
+molecular orbitals and then
+
+leaving empty pz.
+Let me introduce a little bit
+
+more MO language right now.
+This one here will be called
+
+the highest occupied molecular
+orbital, and this one here will
+
+be called the lowest unoccupied
+molecular orbital.
+
+The reason why I am drawing
+attention to these orbitals is
+
+that in chemistry,
+the chemical properties derive
+
+oftentimes from those orbitals
+that are in what is called the
+
+frontier orbital region.
+And the frontier orbitals are
+
+those close in energy to the
+HOMO-LUMO gap.
+
+And I will come back to this.
+But those highest energetically
+
+lying electrons are going to be
+the ones responsible for
+
+nucleophilic properties of the
+molecule and basic properties of
+
+the molecule and reducing
+properties of the molecule.
+
+Whereas, low-lying empty
+orbitals are going to be the
+
+ones responsible for acidic
+properties of the molecule or
+
+oxidizing properties of the
+molecule.
+
+And we will come back to that
+in a moment.
+
+But that is something pretty
+general and very useful that
+
+comes out of studying molecular
+orbital energy-level diagrams.
+
+Now that we have the diagram,
+let's see what the orbitals in
+
+the diagram look like.
+And I will try to do this
+
+relatively quickly.
+Here, let's start with the
+
+lowest lying molecular orbital
+in the system.
+
+This is a representation of an
+in-phase combination of the
+
+boron 2s plus D,
+where D is defined up here as
+
+that linear combination.
+This will be a molecular
+
+orbital having the nodal
+properties of a 2s orbital
+
+centered on that central atom.
+That is where our lowest-lying
+
+two electrons reside.
+Now, if you look at the LUMO
+
+over there and then go up one
+orbital in energy,
+
+you will be looking at this
+orbital, which is the boron 2s
+
+orbital minus D.
+
+And the thing that makes this
+out-of-phase linear combination
+
+so much higher in energy than
+its in-phase counterpart is the
+
+appearance, now,
+of a nodal surface.
+
+And this node is between the
+nuclei.
+
+It goes all the way around and
+is between the central atom s
+
+orbital and those peripheral
+hydrogens.
+
+And I will show you a picture
+of it.
+
+This is our BH three
+LUMO plus one molecular orbital.
+
+You can see that we have a wave
+function in the center of one
+
+sign.
+And then, as we go along any
+
+one of the B-H bond vectors from
+boron to hydrogen,
+
+we change phase midway along
+the bond from positive to
+
+negative.
+And that is true,
+
+no matter which of the three
+B-H bonds we pick to traverse
+
+along.
+That one has the nodal
+
+properties as drawn down there
+for the boron 2s interacting in
+
+an out-of-phase manner with
+linear combination letter D.
+
+And so, next time,
+I will finish up and show you
+
+what these other orbitals look
+like as calculated.
+
+I hope you have enjoyed this.
+We will see more MO theory on
+
+Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JrlZSfRM-IY.txt b/JrlZSfRM-IY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22c58190958b8453772a99429293bbcd93662e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JrlZSfRM-IY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you put a cold drink on the kitchen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put a cold drink on the kitchen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put a cold drink on the kitchen
+counter the counter surface temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter the counter surface temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter the counter surface temperature
+will decrease but if the cold drink is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease but if the cold drink is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease but if the cold drink is
+removed the counter will eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the counter will eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the counter will eventually
+return to room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to room
+temperature If instead we place a cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature If instead we place a cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature If instead we place a cup of
+tea on the counter the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea on the counter the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea on the counter the counter
+temperature rises but if we remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rises but if we remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rises but if we remove the
+cup of tea the countertop eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of tea the countertop eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of tea the countertop eventually
+returns to room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature we say that the counter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we say that the counter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we say that the counter at
+room temperature is a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is a stable
+equilibrium in this video we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in this video we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in this video we discussed
+the world from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world from the perspective of
+equilibrium and stability and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and stability and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and stability and in
+particular linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular linear
+stability this video is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability this video is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability this video is part of the
+linearity video series many complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity video series many complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity video series many complex
+systems are modeled or approximated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are modeled or approximated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are modeled or approximated as
+linear because of the attendant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because of the attendant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear because of the attendant
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+advantages all the world is an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages all the world is an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages all the world is an initial
+value problem and the matter merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and the matter merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value problem and the matter merely
+State variables however and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables however and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State variables however and less
+poetically there are alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetically there are alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetically there are alternative
+interpretations of physical and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of physical and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of physical and indeed
+social systems that can prove very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems that can prove very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social systems that can prove very
+enlightening the purpose of this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening the purpose of this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightening the purpose of this video
+is to introduce you to the framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce you to the framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce you to the framework of
+equilibrium and stability analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and stability analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and stability analysis we
+hope this motivates you to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope this motivates you to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope this motivates you to study the
+topic in Greater depth to appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in Greater depth to appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in Greater depth to appreciate the
+material you should be familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you should be familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you should be familiar with
+Elementary mechanics ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary mechanics ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary mechanics ordinary
+differential equations and igen problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the iced drink and hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the iced drink and hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the iced drink and hot
+teacup example from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacup example from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacup example from the perspective of
+equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and
+stability in this example the governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in this example the governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in this example the governing
+partial differential equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equation is the
+heat equation shown here at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation shown here at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation shown here at equilibrium
+the solution of the governing equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the governing equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the governing equations
+is time independent that is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent that is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent that is the partial
+time derivative is zero this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative is zero this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time derivative is zero this tells us
+that the Dell Square temperature term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dell Square temperature term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dell Square temperature term
+must also be zero which is only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be zero which is only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be zero which is only possible
+given the boundary conditions if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the boundary conditions if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the boundary conditions if the
+entire count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire count
+is at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at room
+temperature stability refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature stability refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature stability refers to the
+behavior of the system when perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system when perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system when perturbed
+from a particular equilibrium here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular equilibrium here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular equilibrium here the
+uniform counter temperature a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform counter temperature a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform counter temperature a stable
+system returns to the equilibrium State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system returns to the equilibrium State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system returns to the equilibrium State
+an unstable system departs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable system departs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable system departs from the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State we say that this equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we say that this equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we say that this equilibrium is
+stable because if we perturb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because if we perturb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because if we perturb the
+temperature by increasing or decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by increasing or decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by increasing or decreasing
+the temperature slightly it will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature slightly it will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature slightly it will return
+to room temperature the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to room temperature the equilibrium
+state after enough time here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state after enough time here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state after enough time here we
+intuitively understand from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively understand from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively understand from our
+experiences that the equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that the equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that the equilibrium is
+stable but for other situations we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but for other situations we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but for other situations we need
+mathematical methods for determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical methods for determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical methods for determining
+whether or not equilibria are stable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not equilibria are stable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not equilibria are stable one
+way to determine if the equilibrium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to determine if the equilibrium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to determine if the equilibrium of
+this partial differential equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial differential equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial differential equation is
+stable is to apply an energy argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is to apply an energy argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is to apply an energy argument
+manipulation of this heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of this heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of this heat equation
+permits us to derive a relationship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits us to derive a relationship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits us to derive a relationship that
+describes how the mean Square departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the mean Square departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the mean Square departure
+of the counter temperature from room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the counter temperature from room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the counter temperature from room
+temperature evolves over time as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature evolves over time as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature evolves over time as shown
+here note U of X is the deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here note U of X is the deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here note U of X is the deviation of the
+temperature in the counter from room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the counter from room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the counter from room
+temperature Omega is the counter region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Omega is the counter region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Omega is the counter region
+and Gamma is the counter surface D1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamma is the counter surface D1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gamma is the counter surface D1 and
+D2 are positive constants determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 are positive constants determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 are positive constants determined by
+the thermal properties of the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal properties of the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal properties of the counter
+because the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the right hand side of this
+equation is negative it drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is negative it drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is negative it drives the
+temperature fluctuations the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuations the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuations the integral of
+ux sared over the counter region to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ux sared over the counter region to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ux sared over the counter region to
+zero this energy argument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this energy argument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this energy argument is the
+mathematical prediction of the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical prediction of the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical prediction of the behavior
+we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physically linear stability Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically linear stability Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically linear stability Theory
+refers to the case in which we limit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the case in which we limit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the case in which we limit our
+attention to initially small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to initially small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to initially small
+perturbations this allows us to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations this allows us to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations this allows us to model
+the evolution with a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution with a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution with a linear equation
+linearizing the governing equations has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing the governing equations has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing the governing equations has
+many mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mathematical
+advantages let's consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages let's consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages let's consider the following
+framework for linear stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for linear stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for linear stability
+analysis number one choose a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis number one choose a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis number one choose a physical
+system of Interest number two develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Interest number two develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Interest number two develop a
+typically nonlinear mathematical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically nonlinear mathematical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically nonlinear mathematical model
+three identify equilibrium four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identify equilibrium four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three identify equilibrium four
+linearize the governing equations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the governing equations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize the governing equations about
+these equilibrium five convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equilibrium five convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equilibrium five convert the
+initial value problem to an igen problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problem to an igen problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problem to an igen problem
+and six inspect the igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six inspect the igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six inspect the igen values and
+Associated IG modes or IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated IG modes or IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated IG modes or IG
+vectors let's see how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors let's see how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors let's see how to use this
+framework as we proceed through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework as we proceed through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework as we proceed through the
+example of the real physical pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the real physical pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the real physical pendulum
+seen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here
+you see a large Bob the rod and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a large Bob the rod and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a large Bob the rod and a
+flexural hinge which is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexural hinge which is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexural hinge which is designed to
+reduce friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce friction
+losses let's now develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses let's now develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses let's now develop the
+mathematical model we show here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model we show here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model we show here the
+simple pendulum consisting of a bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pendulum consisting of a bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pendulum consisting of a bob
+connected to a massless rod we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a massless rod we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a massless rod we denote
+the angular position of the Bob by Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular position of the Bob by Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular position of the Bob by Theta
+of T and the angular velocity of the Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and the angular velocity of the Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T and the angular velocity of the Bob
+by Omega of t g is the acceleration due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Omega of t g is the acceleration due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Omega of t g is the acceleration due
+to gravity and L is the effective Rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity and L is the effective Rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity and L is the effective Rod
+length for our simple pendulum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for our simple pendulum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for our simple pendulum the
+effect of length L is chosen such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of length L is chosen such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of length L is chosen such that
+the simple pendulum replicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum replicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum replicates the
+Dynamics of the real physical pendulum L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the real physical pendulum L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the real physical pendulum L
+is calculated from the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculated from the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calculated from the center of mass
+the moment of inertia and the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia and the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia and the mass of
+the compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound
+pendulum the Dynamics may be expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the Dynamics may be expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the Dynamics may be expressed
+as a coupled system of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a coupled system of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a coupled system of ordinary
+differential equations that describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that describe how
+the angular displacement and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular displacement and angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular displacement and angular
+velocity evolve over time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity evolve over time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity evolve over time these
+equations are nonlinear due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are nonlinear due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are nonlinear due to the
+presence of sin Theta and the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of sin Theta and the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of sin Theta and the drag
+function f drag of Omega the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f drag of Omega the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f drag of Omega the drag
+function is quite complicated for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is quite complicated for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is quite complicated for large
+Omega it is equal to C absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it is equal to C absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega it is equal to C absolute value of
+Omega Omega where C is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega where C is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega where C is a negative
+constant but for very small angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but for very small angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but for very small angular
+velocities near points on the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities near points on the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities near points on the trajectory
+where the pendulum is not moving or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pendulum is not moving or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pendulum is not moving or at
+least not moving fast the drag is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not moving fast the drag is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not moving fast the drag is given
+by B Omega where B is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B Omega where B is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B Omega where B is a negative
+constant next let's explore the validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant next let's explore the validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant next let's explore the validity
+of this model here you see a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model here you see a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model here you see a comparison
+between a numerical simulation and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a numerical simulation and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a numerical simulation and an
+experiment courtesy of of doctors Yano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment courtesy of of doctors Yano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment courtesy of of doctors Yano
+and Pen respectively the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pen respectively the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pen respectively the numerical
+simulation is created by calibrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is created by calibrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is created by calibrating the
+drag function to the experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag function to the experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag function to the experimental data
+the agreement is quite good for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agreement is quite good for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agreement is quite good for both
+small and large initial displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and large initial displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and large initial displacement
+angles however because we are fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles however because we are fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles however because we are fitting
+the dissipation to the data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissipation to the data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissipation to the data this
+comparison does not truly validate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison does not truly validate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison does not truly validate the
+mathematical model to validate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model to validate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model to validate the
+mathematical model we must focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model we must focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model we must focus on a
+system property that is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system property that is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system property that is largely
+independent of the here small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the here small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the here small
+dissipation such as the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation such as the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation such as the natural
+frequency or period of the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or period of the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or period of the pendulum
+motion a comparison of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a comparison of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a comparison of the natural
+frequency of the physical pendulum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the physical pendulum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the physical pendulum to
+that predicted by the numerical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicted by the numerical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicted by the numerical model
+shows that the natural frequencies agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the natural frequencies agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the natural frequencies agree
+quite well for any initial displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well for any initial displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well for any initial displacement
+angle even large We Now look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle even large We Now look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle even large We Now look for
+equilibrium states that is solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium states that is solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium states that is solutions
+that are independent of time to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are independent of time to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are independent of time to find
+these equilibria we set the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equilibria we set the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equilibria we set the left hand
+side of the equations to zero and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equations to zero and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the equations to zero and solve
+for Theta and and Omega we can readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Theta and and Omega we can readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Theta and and Omega we can readily
+conclude that there are two equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are two equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there are two equilibrium
+Theta Omega equal 0 0 which we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Omega equal 0 0 which we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Omega equal 0 0 which we denote
+the bottom equilibrium and Theta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium and Theta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium and Theta Omega
+equals Pi 0 which we denote the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Pi 0 which we denote the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Pi 0 which we denote the top
+equilibrium the mathematical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the mathematical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the mathematical model
+actually has infinitely many equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has infinitely many equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has infinitely many equilibria
+corresponding to Theta values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Theta values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Theta values that are
+integral multiples of Pi but for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral multiples of Pi but for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral multiples of Pi but for our
+stability analysis two equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis two equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis two equilibria
+suffice are these equilibrium Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice are these equilibrium Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice are these equilibrium Solutions
+stable or unstable for the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or unstable for the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or unstable for the physical
+pendulum you might pause the video here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum you might pause the video here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum you might pause the video here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discuss they are stable if a small nudge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss they are stable if a small nudge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss they are stable if a small nudge
+will result in commensurately small Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in commensurately small Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in commensurately small Bob
+motion they are unstable if a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion they are unstable if a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion they are unstable if a small
+nudge will result in incommensurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge will result in incommensurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudge will result in incommensurately
+large Bob motion so we can predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bob motion so we can predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Bob motion so we can predict that
+the bottom equilibrium is stable the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium is stable the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium is stable the top
+equilibrium unstable if our mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium unstable if our mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium unstable if our mathematical
+model is good it should predict the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is good it should predict the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is good it should predict the same
+behavior as the physical system but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as the physical system but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as the physical system but how
+do we mathematically analyze stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mathematically analyze stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mathematically analyze stability
+of our model let's work through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our model let's work through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our model let's work through the
+linear stability analysis framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear stability analysis framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear stability analysis framework for
+the bottom equilibrium theta equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium theta equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom equilibrium theta equals 0
+and Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega equals
+0 first we linearize the equations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 first we linearize the equations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 first we linearize the equations about
+the equilibrium the linearized equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium the linearized equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium the linearized equations
+are only valid near the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only valid near the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only valid near the equilibrium
+Theta equal 0 and Omega equals 0 I.E for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal 0 and Omega equals 0 I.E for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal 0 and Omega equals 0 I.E for
+small displacements Theta Prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small displacements Theta Prime with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small displacements Theta Prime with
+small angular velocities Omega Prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angular velocities Omega Prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angular velocities Omega Prime the
+first equation of our system is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation of our system is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation of our system is already
+linear so we only need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so we only need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so we only need to worry about
+linearizing the S of 0 + Theta Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing the S of 0 + Theta Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing the S of 0 + Theta Prime
+term and the dissipation term of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the dissipation term of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the dissipation term of the
+second equation for small Theta Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation for small Theta Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation for small Theta Prime
+and Omega Prime what is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega Prime what is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega Prime what is the linear
+approximation of sin Theta Prime about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of sin Theta Prime about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of sin Theta Prime about
+theta equals 0 you might wish to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 you might wish to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0 you might wish to use a
+tailor series and we'll pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series and we'll pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series and we'll pause the video
+and allow you to write down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer if we assume that Theta Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if we assume that Theta Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if we assume that Theta Prime is
+small we can approximate s of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can approximate s of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we can approximate s of theta
+Prime by Theta Prime the Devi ation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime by Theta Prime the Devi ation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime by Theta Prime the Devi ation of
+theta from zero By ignoring the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta from zero By ignoring the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta from zero By ignoring the higher
+order terms in the tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms in the tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms in the tailor series
+expansions of sin Theta Prime about Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions of sin Theta Prime about Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions of sin Theta Prime about Z
+because we are linearizing near Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are linearizing near Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are linearizing near Omega
+Prime sufficiently close to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime sufficiently close to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime sufficiently close to zero the
+dissipation term is ASM totic to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation term is ASM totic to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation term is ASM totic to be
+Omega Prime as mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime as mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime as mentioned
+previously we then substitute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we then substitute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we then substitute these
+Expressions into our dynamical equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions into our dynamical equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions into our dynamical equations
+to obtain the linear equations indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain the linear equations indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain the linear equations indicated
+we must Supply initial conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must Supply initial conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must Supply initial conditions and
+the initial angle and angle of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial angle and angle of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial angle and angle of velocity
+must be small in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be small in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be small in order for this
+linearized system of equations to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized system of equations to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized system of equations to be
+applicable we now write the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable we now write the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable we now write the linear
+equations in Matrix form in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Matrix form in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in Matrix form in order to
+prepare for the next step formulation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the next step formulation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare for the next step formulation as
+an igen problem to do this we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen problem to do this we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen problem to do this we assume
+temporal behavior of the form e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal behavior of the form e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal behavior of the form e to the
+Lambda T this yields an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T this yields an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda T this yields an igen value
+problem for Lambda note that our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for Lambda note that our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for Lambda note that our Matrix
+is 2x two and hence there will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2x two and hence there will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2x two and hence there will be two
+igen values and two Associated IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and two Associated IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and two Associated IG
+vectors or igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or igen
+modes once we obtain IG values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes once we obtain IG values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes once we obtain IG values and igen
+vectors we may reconstruct the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we may reconstruct the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we may reconstruct the solution
+to the linearized equations as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the linearized equations as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the linearized equations as shown
+here the constant C1 and C2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the constant C1 and C2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the constant C1 and C2 are
+determined by the initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the initial conditions
+however to determine stability a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to determine stability a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however to determine stability a simple
+inspection of the IG values suffices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection of the IG values suffices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection of the IG values suffices
+what happens to e to the Lambda T when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to e to the Lambda T when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to e to the Lambda T when
+each of the igen values has negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the igen values has negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the igen values has negative
+real part pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we observe that e to the Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we observe that e to the Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we observe that e to the Lambda T
+decays in this case and the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable what happens if any of the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what happens if any of the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what happens if any of the igen
+values has positive real part pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video If an IG value has positive real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video If an IG value has positive real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video If an IG value has positive real
+part in which case e to the Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in which case e to the Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in which case e to the Lambda T
+corresponds to exponential growth away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to exponential growth away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to exponential growth away
+from the equilibrium the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium the system is
+unstable note that even one igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable note that even one igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable note that even one igen value
+with a positive real part is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive real part is sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive real part is sufficient
+to deem the system unstable since sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deem the system unstable since sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deem the system unstable since sooner
+or later no matter how small initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later no matter how small initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or later no matter how small initially
+the growing exponential term will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing exponential term will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growing exponential term will
+dominate lastly if the real part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate lastly if the real part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate lastly if the real part of the
+igen value with largest real part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value with largest real part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value with largest real part is
+zero in which case e to the Lambda T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in which case e to the Lambda T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in which case e to the Lambda T is
+of constant magnitude the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant magnitude the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant magnitude the system is
+marginally stable and requires further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally stable and requires further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginally stable and requires further
+analysis we now proceed for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we now proceed for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we now proceed for our
+particular system for this problem it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system for this problem it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system for this problem it is
+easy to find the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find the igen values
+analytically we observe that both land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically we observe that both land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically we observe that both land
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 and Lambda 2 have a small
+negative real part due to our negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative real part due to our negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative real part due to our negative
+damping coefficient B thus the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping coefficient B thus the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping coefficient B thus the system is
+stable as we predicted based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as we predicted based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as we predicted based on the
+physical pendulum for our experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pendulum for our experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical pendulum for our experimental
+system b^2 l/ G is much smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system b^2 l/ G is much smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system b^2 l/ G is much smaller than one
+and hence the damping does indeed have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the damping does indeed have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the damping does indeed have a
+small effect on the period of motion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small effect on the period of motion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small effect on the period of motion if
+we recall the connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recall the connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recall the connection between the
+complex exponential and S and cosine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and S and cosine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and S and cosine we
+may conclude that the linearized system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may conclude that the linearized system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may conclude that the linearized system
+response is a very slowly decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a very slowly decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a very slowly decaying
+oscillation this linear approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation this linear approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation this linear approximation to
+our governing equations can predict not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our governing equations can predict not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our governing equations can predict not
+just the stability of the system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the stability of the system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the stability of the system but
+also because the system is stable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the system is stable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the system is stable the
+evolution of the system assuming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the system assuming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the system assuming of
+course small initial conditions indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course small initial conditions indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course small initial conditions indeed
+comparing our original nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing our original nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing our original nonlinear
+numerical solution to the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution to the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical solution to the numerical
+solution obtained from the linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution obtained from the linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution obtained from the linear model
+we find that the agreement between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the agreement between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the agreement between the
+two is very good for the low amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is very good for the low amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is very good for the low amplitude
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+as advertised we obtain a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as advertised we obtain a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as advertised we obtain a solution to
+the linear model with which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear model with which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear model with which we can
+predict the motion resulting from small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the motion resulting from small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the motion resulting from small
+perturbations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations from
+equilibrium but as you see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but as you see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but as you see here the
+accuracy of the linear theory is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the linear theory is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the linear theory is indeed
+limited to small perturbations for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to small perturbations for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to small perturbations for even
+moderately larger angles the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately larger angles the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately larger angles the linear
+model no longer adequately represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model no longer adequately represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model no longer adequately represents
+the behavior of the pendulum but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the pendulum but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the pendulum but this is
+to be expected since the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expected since the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expected since the linear
+approximation of these governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of these governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of these governing
+equations is only valid when Theta Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is only valid when Theta Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is only valid when Theta Prime
+and Omega Prime are are very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero we have thus linearized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have thus linearized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have thus linearized the
+governing equations for the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equations for the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing equations for the pendulum
+near the equilibrium Theta equal 0 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the equilibrium Theta equal 0 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the equilibrium Theta equal 0 Omega
+equals 0 by solving an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 by solving an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 by solving an igen value
+problem we showed that the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we showed that the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we showed that the equilibrium
+was stable at this point the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable at this point the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable at this point the linear
+equations even predict the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations even predict the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations even predict the behavior of
+the pendulum near this stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum near this stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum near this stable
+equilibrium this video has focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this video has focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this video has focused
+primarily on the modal approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on the modal approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on the modal approach to
+stability analysis which is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis which is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability analysis which is the simplest
+and arguably the most relevant approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguably the most relevant approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguably the most relevant approach
+in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+applications however there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications however there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications however there are other
+important approaches too such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important approaches too such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important approaches too such as the
+energy approach briefly mentioned at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy approach briefly mentioned at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy approach briefly mentioned at the
+outset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset of the
+video we shall leave it to you dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we shall leave it to you dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we shall leave it to you dear
+viewer to analyze the case of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer to analyze the case of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer to analyze the case of the top
+equilibrium which we predicted based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which we predicted based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which we predicted based on
+physical experience to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical experience to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical experience to be
+unstable you'll find that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable you'll find that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable you'll find that there's an
+unstable mode and a stable mode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable mode and a stable mode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable mode and a stable mode the
+unstable mode will ultimately dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable mode will ultimately dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable mode will ultimately dominate
+but the stable mode is still surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stable mode is still surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stable mode is still surprising
+our intuition suggests that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition suggests that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intuition suggests that any
+perturbation should grow the stable mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation should grow the stable mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation should grow the stable mode
+requires a precise specification of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a precise specification of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a precise specification of both
+initial angular displacement and initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial angular displacement and initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial angular displacement and initial
+angular velocity this explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity this explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity this explains the
+apparent contradiction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent contradiction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent contradiction between the
+mathematics and our expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KFajwRMlo0s.txt b/KFajwRMlo0s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac2774d8e7c39b3bd0aa7730b153bc3746d75468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KFajwRMlo0s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello my name is AK Aki I'm an planner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is AK Aki I'm an planner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is AK Aki I'm an planner
+studying sustainable development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sustainable development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying sustainable development in
+Malaysia the study discussed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia the study discussed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia the study discussed in this
+video compar shopping in two malls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video compar shopping in two malls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video compar shopping in two malls the
+first one is jusu Mall located in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is jusu Mall located in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is jusu Mall located in the
+heart of booking Inda in Joor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of booking Inda in Joor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of booking Inda in Joor and the
+other is Alamanda in putraa the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is Alamanda in putraa the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is Alamanda in putraa the
+administrative headquarters of Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative headquarters of Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative headquarters of Malaysia
+in this video I want to share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video I want to share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video I want to share with you
+my research on the sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research on the sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research on the sustainable
+dimensions of shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of shopping
+malls sustainable development means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls sustainable development means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls sustainable development means
+different things to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to different people
+however it generally refers to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it generally refers to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it generally refers to using
+environmental resources in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental resources in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental resources in a way that
+allows other generations to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows other generations to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows other generations to continue to
+use and preserve it shopping in malls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and preserve it shopping in malls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and preserve it shopping in malls
+can be sustainable under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sustainable under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sustainable under certain
+conditions for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for instance
+the processes of sighting building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes of sighting building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes of sighting building and
+using malls need to be properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using malls need to be properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using malls need to be properly
+organized within the urban system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized within the urban system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized within the urban system to
+promote City liability and environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote City liability and environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote City liability and environmental
+performance more sustainability will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance more sustainability will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance more sustainability will be
+guaranteed when it site and operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed when it site and operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed when it site and operation
+discourage carbon emissions encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage carbon emissions encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage carbon emissions encourage
+socialization and promote continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and promote continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and promote continuous
+wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth
+generation this discussion naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation this discussion naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation this discussion naturally
+bring some questions to one's mind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some questions to one's mind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some questions to one's mind for
+instance are Ms actually important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance are Ms actually important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance are Ms actually important to
+City sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability
+if so in what specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so in what specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so in what specific
+ways what kinds of Ms are good and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what kinds of Ms are good and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what kinds of Ms are good and what
+other factors make shopping M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors make shopping M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors make shopping M
+sustainable this video will explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable this video will explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable this video will explore the
+following empirically observed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following empirically observed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following empirically observed points
+sustainable malls can and should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable malls can and should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable malls can and should be a
+part of sustainable City development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of sustainable City development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of sustainable City development in
+the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developing
+work they can contribute to sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they can contribute to sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work they can contribute to sustainable
+development if designed operated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if designed operated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if designed operated and
+located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located
+properly larger shopping malls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly larger shopping malls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly larger shopping malls are
+better than smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than smaller
+ones because the larger scale allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because the larger scale allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because the larger scale allows for
+Diversified activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified activities and
+goods malls need to be linked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods malls need to be linked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods malls need to be linked with
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+transportation in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in the next couple of
+minutes we will go through each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we will go through each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we will go through each of these
+points I want to highlight why more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I want to highlight why more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I want to highlight why more
+development is important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is important in the
+sustainable development discussion first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development discussion first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development discussion first
+cities are noticeably growing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are noticeably growing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are noticeably growing more
+vertically than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically than
+horizontally High Sky lines have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally High Sky lines have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally High Sky lines have become
+a a symbol of our contemporary space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a symbol of our contemporary space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a symbol of our contemporary space
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+cities City residents now live work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities City residents now live work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities City residents now live work and
+play in tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in tall
+buildings shopping in highrise mall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings shopping in highrise mall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings shopping in highrise mall is
+today connected to ideals of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today connected to ideals of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today connected to ideals of urban
+life consumer Behavior theories call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life consumer Behavior theories call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life consumer Behavior theories call
+this imageability which is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imageability which is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this imageability which is connected
+with the quality in the physical object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quality in the physical object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quality in the physical object
+that invokes a strong image in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invokes a strong image in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invokes a strong image in The
+Observers aside from the large size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observers aside from the large size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observers aside from the large size of
+the mall advanced technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall advanced technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall advanced technology
+Aesthetics convenience organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics convenience organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics convenience organized
+sparking and clearness among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparking and clearness among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparking and clearness among other
+factors improved imageability in Ms it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors improved imageability in Ms it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors improved imageability in Ms it
+therefore attract Shoppers promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore attract Shoppers promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore attract Shoppers promote
+economic sustainability and increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sustainability and increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic sustainability and increasingly
+becoming a good platform for local intal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a good platform for local intal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a good platform for local intal
+and Inter Regional as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Inter Regional as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Inter Regional as well as
+International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International
+Trade malls are proven to be strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trade malls are proven to be strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trade malls are proven to be strategic
+to Central economic growth in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Central economic growth in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Central economic growth in terms of
+GDP in many countries like like Dubai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP in many countries like like Dubai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP in many countries like like Dubai
+like South Africa in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like South Africa in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like South Africa in the United States
+business and education alone account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and education alone account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and education alone account for
+more than 40% of the GDP in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 40% of the GDP in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 40% of the GDP in
+2013 retail and wholesale trade have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 retail and wholesale trade have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 retail and wholesale trade have
+created additional 12% increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created additional 12% increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created additional 12% increase in the
+country's GDP growth all of this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's GDP growth all of this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country's GDP growth all of this growth
+is mostly created in the 47,000 mes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly created in the 47,000 mes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mostly created in the 47,000 mes of
+the United States again malls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States again malls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States again malls are
+quickly taking up the functions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly taking up the functions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly taking up the functions of a
+public space and we know that public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space and we know that public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space and we know that public
+space is important for sustainable City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is important for sustainable City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is important for sustainable City
+development malls are important third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development malls are important third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development malls are important third
+Places third places are the next most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Places third places are the next most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Places third places are the next most
+important place after where we live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important place after where we live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important place after where we live and
+work must attract large crowds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must attract large crowds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work must attract large crowds and
+encourage information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage information
+dissemination social networking social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissemination social networking social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissemination social networking social
+interaction and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and economic
+redistribution this process describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution this process describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution this process describes
+Social Capital formation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Capital formation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Capital formation which is
+essential for overall Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for overall Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for overall Community
+Development this explains why Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development this explains why Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development this explains why Mo
+contributes to social sustainability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to social sustainability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to social sustainability now
+let us narrow our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us narrow our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us narrow our
+Focus one would ask what kind of Mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus one would ask what kind of Mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus one would ask what kind of Mall
+design location and operation promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design location and operation promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design location and operation promote
+sustainability Ms are necessarily large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Ms are necessarily large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Ms are necessarily large
+and may generate carbon emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may generate carbon emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may generate carbon emissions and
+heat it appears to be using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it appears to be using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it appears to be using more
+resources such as electricity water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources such as electricity water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources such as electricity water and
+fluoro chlorocarbons through extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoro chlorocarbons through extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoro chlorocarbons through extensive
+use of hair condition Conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of hair condition Conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of hair condition Conditioning
+Heating and Cooling however instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and Cooling however instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and Cooling however instead of
+increasing carbon production it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing carbon production it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing carbon production it may be
+designed to reduce it through technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to reduce it through technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to reduce it through technical
+interventions if a mall is designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions if a mall is designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions if a mall is designed and
+built using ecological principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built using ecological principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built using ecological principles of
+green buildings during operations use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings during operations use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings during operations use
+environmental friendly energy sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendly energy sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendly energy sources
+and have efficient Waste Management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have efficient Waste Management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have efficient Waste Management
+Systems sustainability is also promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems sustainability is also promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Systems sustainability is also promoted
+when molds discourage the proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when molds discourage the proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when molds discourage the proliferation
+of of informal activities that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of informal activities that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of informal activities that often
+take place on the roadside and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place on the roadside and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place on the roadside and in
+sprawling Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawling Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawling Market
+talls these spaces are not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talls these spaces are not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talls these spaces are not easily
+managed because of the diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed because of the diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed because of the diverse
+stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+involved again malls will enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved again malls will enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved again malls will enhance
+sustainability when its location is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability when its location is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability when its location is in
+heterogeneous environment where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous environment where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous environment where there is
+greater and land use mix where residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and land use mix where residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and land use mix where residents
+pay less to reach it and where less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less to reach it and where less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay less to reach it and where less
+energy such as fossil fuels are requ re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy such as fossil fuels are requ re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy such as fossil fuels are requ re
+ired for transportation for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ired for transportation for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ired for transportation for instance in
+Putra Jia Malaysia the mall studed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putra Jia Malaysia the mall studed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putra Jia Malaysia the mall studed
+performed less well in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed less well in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed less well in terms of
+patronage compared to the other one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage compared to the other one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage compared to the other one in
+booki India because it is located in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booki India because it is located in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booki India because it is located in a
+homogeneous setting while the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous setting while the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous setting while the other
+locates in a more erogenous setting many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locates in a more erogenous setting many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locates in a more erogenous setting many
+residents in Putra J are civil servants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in Putra J are civil servants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in Putra J are civil servants
+with two homes and are in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two homes and are in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two homes and are in and out of the
+city suburb locations of malls like duso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city suburb locations of malls like duso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city suburb locations of malls like duso
+booking India isolate them from public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booking India isolate them from public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booking India isolate them from public
+transportation and therefore encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and therefore encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and therefore encourage
+private car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private car
+use this leads to an increase in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this leads to an increase in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this leads to an increase in energy
+use which is converted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is converted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is converted into
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+pollutants while the use of alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants while the use of alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants while the use of alternative
+environmentally friendly energy such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly energy such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly energy such as
+electricity is advocated for using even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is advocated for using even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is advocated for using even
+a smaller amount of energy by organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller amount of energy by organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller amount of energy by organizing
+an efficient retail Center is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient retail Center is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient retail Center is the whole
+essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of
+sustainability operations in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability operations in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability operations in the mall
+contribut to sustainability Ms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribut to sustainability Ms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribut to sustainability Ms will
+Thrive when operations in it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrive when operations in it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thrive when operations in it are
+suitable for more types of Shoppers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for more types of Shoppers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for more types of Shoppers
+empirical observations shows that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical observations shows that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical observations shows that most
+Shoppers are women they prefer malls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers are women they prefer malls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shoppers are women they prefer malls
+where their children can play safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their children can play safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their children can play safely
+while the shop in addition to Kara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the shop in addition to Kara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the shop in addition to Kara
+Cinemas bowling and among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinemas bowling and among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinemas bowling and among other
+activities which attract young adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which attract young adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities which attract young adults
+that have less economic power to mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have less economic power to mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have less economic power to mall
+provisions of children's activities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions of children's activities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions of children's activities is
+observed to be strategic to Mall's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to be strategic to Mall's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to be strategic to Mall's
+operation multiple shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation multiple shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation multiple shopping
+opportunities combined with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities combined with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities combined with multiple
+types of activities and courage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of activities and courage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of activities and courage
+patronage this SPS economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage this SPS economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronage this SPS economic
+sustainability and will increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and will increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and will increase the
+long-term Vitality of the mall malls can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Vitality of the mall malls can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Vitality of the mall malls can
+also save space and promote compact City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also save space and promote compact City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also save space and promote compact City
+sustainable development the third point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development the third point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable development the third point
+is concerned with the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned with the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned with the scale of
+malls research shows that the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls research shows that the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls research shows that the bigger the
+mall the better it is not only does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall the better it is not only does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall the better it is not only does the
+large M provide opportunities to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large M provide opportunities to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large M provide opportunities to access
+Diversified Goods services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified Goods services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified Goods services and
+activities it also reduces Shoppers cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities it also reduces Shoppers cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities it also reduces Shoppers cost
+in terms of stress time and money a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of stress time and money a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of stress time and money a
+single trip will satisfy retailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trip will satisfy retailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trip will satisfy retailing
+Recreation and other needs numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation and other needs numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation and other needs numbers of
+trips are reduced therefore reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips are reduced therefore reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips are reduced therefore reducing the
+amount of energy used this contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy used this contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy used this contributes
+to environmental sustainability large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to environmental sustainability large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to environmental sustainability large
+scale and localization of malls may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and localization of malls may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and localization of malls may also
+help the city to better plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the city to better plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the city to better plan
+Transportation options for shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation options for shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation options for shopping
+trips larger shopping malls will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips larger shopping malls will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips larger shopping malls will
+encourage more efficient and effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage more efficient and effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage more efficient and effective
+resource use for instance use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource use for instance use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource use for instance use of
+security cameras and Personnel would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security cameras and Personnel would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security cameras and Personnel would be
+effective in the single Mall compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the single Mall compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the single Mall compared to
+many smaller and Scatter retailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smaller and Scatter retailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smaller and Scatter retailing
+buildings because of the large scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings because of the large scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings because of the large scale and
+compactness waste generated in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness waste generated in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness waste generated in the mall
+can also be large if the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be large if the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be large if the waste
+collection methods are efficient it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection methods are efficient it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection methods are efficient it may
+encourage industrial recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage industrial recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage industrial recycling
+altogether each and every function in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether each and every function in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether each and every function in it
+Diversified large Mall could support one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified large Mall could support one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified large Mall could support one
+another and allow for its continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and allow for its continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and allow for its continued
+existence large malls are th iconic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence large malls are th iconic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence large malls are th iconic they
+are like monuments of historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like monuments of historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like monuments of historic
+significance making cities imageable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance making cities imageable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance making cities imageable and
+attracting tourists and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting tourists and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting tourists and economic
+Prosperity at this point it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosperity at this point it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosperity at this point it is very
+important to highlight the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to highlight the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to highlight the importance of
+public transportation system to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation system to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation system to more
+development against the background of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development against the background of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development against the background of
+City sustainability the late arrival of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability the late arrival of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability the late arrival of
+the mall after much of the Central City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall after much of the Central City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall after much of the Central City
+had already been developed is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been developed is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been developed is probably
+the reason for its location in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for its location in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for its location in the
+suburbs in many developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs in many developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs in many developing countries
+this makes it challenging to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it challenging to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it challenging to integrate
+the mall into the city's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall into the city's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mall into the city's public
+transportation system malls will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system malls will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system malls will be more
+sustainable if effectively integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable if effectively integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable if effectively integrated
+into the public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the public transportation
+system connecting commercial areas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system connecting commercial areas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system connecting commercial areas with
+intra and or Intercity transportation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra and or Intercity transportation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intra and or Intercity transportation of
+Road Rail and where possible like putraa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road Rail and where possible like putraa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road Rail and where possible like putraa
+waterways can improve customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterways can improve customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterways can improve customer
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+and reduce pollution making the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduce pollution making the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduce pollution making the city
+more sustainable in Malaysia jco booking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sustainable in Malaysia jco booking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sustainable in Malaysia jco booking
+in there has a better overall assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there has a better overall assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there has a better overall assessment
+in terms of patronage Diversified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of patronage Diversified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of patronage Diversified
+activities and so on but it is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and so on but it is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and so on but it is less
+integrated with public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with public transportation
+compared to Alamanda Mall in Putra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Alamanda Mall in Putra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Alamanda Mall in Putra
+though the transportation is better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the transportation is better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the transportation is better in
+Alamanda Mall other important features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamanda Mall other important features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alamanda Mall other important features
+of a sustainable shopping mall are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sustainable shopping mall are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sustainable shopping mall are still
+in progress in conclusion for a mall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress in conclusion for a mall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in progress in conclusion for a mall to
+be sustainable especially in Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable especially in Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sustainable especially in Malaysia
+and other developing countries all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other developing countries all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other developing countries all the
+factors should be considered together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors should be considered together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors should be considered together
+large malls in a well integrated public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large malls in a well integrated public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large malls in a well integrated public
+transportation system should offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system should offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system should offer
+multiple shopping Recreation and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple shopping Recreation and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple shopping Recreation and social
+activities that are preferred by women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that are preferred by women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that are preferred by women
+who are the largest Shoppers and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the largest Shoppers and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the largest Shoppers and should
+be located in an area where land use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be located in an area where land use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be located in an area where land use are
+mixed the building as well as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed the building as well as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed the building as well as a general
+environment should be designed using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment should be designed using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment should be designed using
+green building and environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building and environmental
+principles the please assure us of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles the please assure us of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles the please assure us of a
+sustainable shopping mall within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable shopping mall within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable shopping mall within the
+framework of sustainable City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KlVHqq38KJU.txt b/KlVHqq38KJU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..962247bfb99898bd6a0aa47a6a204dc0b6598dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KlVHqq38KJU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're gonna get going now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna get going now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna get going now we have a
+small class this year because of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small class this year because of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small class this year because of changes
+in the Institute with pass/fail types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Institute with pass/fail types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Institute with pass/fail types of
+things but Professor Martin and dr. syn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but Professor Martin and dr. syn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but Professor Martin and dr. syn
+the dr. Rey and I consider this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dr. Rey and I consider this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dr. Rey and I consider this to be a
+special opportunity for us to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special opportunity for us to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special opportunity for us to run the
+course a little bit differently with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a little bit differently with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a little bit differently with a
+few more quirks and surprises because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more quirks and surprises because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more quirks and surprises because we
+have a small number of you we can listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small number of you we can listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a small number of you we can listen
+to you all we can get input from you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you all we can get input from you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you all we can get input from you we
+can even get feedback from you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get feedback from you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even get feedback from you of
+something you might like to see more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might like to see more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might like to see more of
+and in general we really want to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general we really want to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general we really want to capture
+the sense of you I looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of you I looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of you I looked at the
+registration list we have people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration list we have people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration list we have people from
+every year we have people from many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we have people from many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year we have people from many many
+different disciplines so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines so this is what
+we're gonna do today after we I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today after we I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today after we I start
+doing some introductions and so on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some introductions and so on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some introductions and so on we're
+going to talk about the nitty-gritty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the nitty-gritty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the nitty-gritty of
+the organization we need to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization we need to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization we need to tell you
+this we need to convey this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to convey this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to convey this information
+to you clearly about when exams are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you clearly about when exams are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you clearly about when exams are and
+what requirements are and how to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what requirements are and how to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what requirements are and how to do well
+in this course without even realizing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course without even realizing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course without even realizing it
+that kind of thing and then I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and then I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and then I'll take
+you through this sort of fast track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through this sort of fast track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through this sort of fast track
+through molecules to man all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through molecules to man all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through molecules to man all the way
+down to cells and organisms to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to cells and organisms to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to cells and organisms to show you
+that there was a breakpoint in the 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a breakpoint in the 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a breakpoint in the 1950s
+weather where the structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather where the structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather where the structure the
+non-covalent structure of DNA was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-covalent structure of DNA was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-covalent structure of DNA was
+elucidated and there was an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated and there was an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidated and there was an entire
+revolution after that which makes modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution after that which makes modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution after that which makes modern
+biology the study of modern biology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology the study of modern biology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology the study of modern biology so
+entirely different from the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different from the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely different from the study of
+biology in the era before that biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the era before that biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the era before that biology
+used to be considered taxonomy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered taxonomy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be considered taxonomy and
+dissection like listing and and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection like listing and and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection like listing and and looking
+at but now biology modern biology is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at but now biology modern biology is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at but now biology modern biology is a
+molecular science so as we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular science so as we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular science so as we talk about
+these topics what you will see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics what you will see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics what you will see is the
+blueprints for life a common across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints for life a common across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints for life a common across
+domains of life and if you learn basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life and if you learn basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life and if you learn basic
+principles you'll have an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you'll have an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles you'll have an exponential
+increase in your ability to appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in your ability to appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in your ability to appreciate
+these characteristics the modern biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics the modern biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics the modern biology
+is a synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a synthesis
+science technology engineering where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science technology engineering where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science technology engineering where all
+the tools from those disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools from those disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools from those disciplines
+different disciplines physics math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines physics math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different disciplines physics math
+computation funnel into modern biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation funnel into modern biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation funnel into modern biology
+to make what we know now feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what we know now feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what we know now feasible and
+now that's a dramatic and fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a dramatic and fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a dramatic and fantastic
+opportunity for all of you moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for all of you moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for all of you moving
+forward in your careers now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in your careers now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in your careers now I want to
+introduce the team so I'm Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the team so I'm Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the team so I'm Barbara
+Imperiali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperiali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperiali
+I'm a faculty member in chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a faculty member in chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a faculty member in chemistry and
+biology and I'm really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and I'm really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and I'm really interested in
+chemical biology glycobiology biophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology glycobiology biophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical biology glycobiology biophysics
+I love to tease apart complex pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love to tease apart complex pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love to tease apart complex pathways
+in organisms where we use synthesis by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organisms where we use synthesis by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in organisms where we use synthesis by
+Oh synthesize very unusual glycol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh synthesize very unusual glycol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh synthesize very unusual glycol
+conjugates that are very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates that are very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates that are very important for
+cell cell communication and host cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cell communication and host cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cell communication and host cell
+pathogen communication for example I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen communication for example I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathogen communication for example I was
+trained as an organic chemist in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained as an organic chemist in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained as an organic chemist in fact I
+did my PhD degree at MIT about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my PhD degree at MIT about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my PhD degree at MIT about five
+million years ago on a sort of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years ago on a sort of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years ago on a sort of current
+scale so my co-instructor this is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so my co-instructor this is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so my co-instructor this is sorry
+about this they want us on V Martin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they want us on V Martin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they want us on V Martin and
+my lab is interested in how cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab is interested in how cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab is interested in how cells
+generate mechanical forces and how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate mechanical forces and how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate mechanical forces and how this
+is involved in sculpting tissues during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in sculpting tissues during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in sculpting tissues during
+development so what Adam hasn't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so what Adam hasn't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so what Adam hasn't told you
+is he's a cell biologist a biophysicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's a cell biologist a biophysicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's a cell biologist a biophysicist
+and he's a lot better at genetics and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's a lot better at genetics and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's a lot better at genetics and I
+am our instructor is dr. us divya ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am our instructor is dr. us divya ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am our instructor is dr. us divya ray
+who's been with this course now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been with this course now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been with this course now this is
+the sixth year and she is trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth year and she is trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth year and she is trained in
+immunology cancer biology and also sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunology cancer biology and also sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunology cancer biology and also sells
+cellular signaling but what you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling but what you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling but what you can't
+tell from that is how dedicated she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from that is how dedicated she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell from that is how dedicated she is
+to each and every one of you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each and every one of you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each and every one of you if you have
+any trouble in the semester just contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble in the semester just contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble in the semester just contact
+dr. ray and say I need some help be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. ray and say I need some help be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. ray and say I need some help be it
+you know a particular problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a particular problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a particular problem in the
+material or there's just something come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or there's just something come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or there's just something come
+up that makes it difficult for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that makes it difficult for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that makes it difficult for you to do
+your best in the course she will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best in the course she will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best in the course she will help
+you she'll work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you she'll work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you she'll work out
+mechanisms to get you through troubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to get you through troubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to get you through troubled
+spots so let's get going here now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots so let's get going here now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots so let's get going here now what I
+want to try to do is just give you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to do is just give you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to do is just give you sort
+of a flavor of where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flavor of where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flavor of where we're going to
+within the course by starting with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the course by starting with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the course by starting with a few
+sort of bullet points and topics just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bullet points and topics just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bullet points and topics just
+that I can sort of pique your interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can sort of pique your interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can sort of pique your interest
+so as I mentioned before studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned before studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned before studying
+biology in the 21st century is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the 21st century is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in the 21st century is a
+fabulous opportunity no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous opportunity no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous opportunity no matter what
+discipline you come from you can add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline you come from you can add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline you come from you can add to
+the expertise that will move biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise that will move biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expertise that will move biology
+forward biology would not be where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biology would not be where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biology would not be where it is
+today in the absence of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in the absence of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in the absence of science
+engineering to promote it and to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to promote it and to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to promote it and to support
+progress in biology so you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in biology so you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in biology so you really want
+to realize that that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that that you have an
+opportunity you may say well I'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you may say well I'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you may say well I'm in this
+discipline or rather I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline or rather I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline or rather I don't think
+biology is gonna have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is gonna have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is gonna have anything to do
+with my future career on career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my future career on career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my future career on career
+opportunities but it has a lot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities but it has a lot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities but it has a lot to do
+with your life it has a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your life it has a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your life it has a lot to do with
+understanding health and disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding health and disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding health and disease
+understanding new scientific discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding new scientific discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding new scientific discoveries
+and developments so it's so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developments so it's so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developments so it's so important
+that you as a sort of a scholar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a sort of a scholar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you as a sort of a scholar of the
+21st century have a good grasp on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century have a good grasp on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century have a good grasp on these
+materials and we're not trying to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we're not trying to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we're not trying to feed
+you anything dull and boring this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything dull and boring this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anything dull and boring this is
+really exciting stuff because the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting stuff because the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting stuff because the level
+of complexity that we can study nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity that we can study nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complexity that we can study nowadays
+whole genomes whole organisms at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genomes whole organisms at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genomes whole organisms at a
+molecular level is amazing it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level is amazing it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level is amazing it's amazing
+we're not just peering down a slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just peering down a slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just peering down a slide and
+looking at you know one cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know one cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you know one cell or
+something we would be able to do full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we would be able to do full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+descriptions so the what will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+give you is a view of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is a view of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is a view of the fundamental
+principles that are common to all living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that are common to all living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that are common to all living
+organisms so the study of biology some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms so the study of biology some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms so the study of biology some
+people a micro biologists or eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a micro biologists or eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a micro biologists or eukaryotic
+biologists or human biologists or biruté
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists or human biologists or biruté
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists or human biologists or biruté
+your or they study virology but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your or they study virology but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your or they study virology but we're
+gonna build for you in the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna build for you in the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna build for you in the first few
+weeks of class information on the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of class information on the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of class information on the common
+building blocks that are go across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks that are go across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks that are go across all
+domains of life because once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life because once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains of life because once you start
+to learn about those molecules to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about those molecules to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about those molecules to build
+up the macromolecules of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the macromolecules of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the macromolecules of life
+then you'll start to really gain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll start to really gain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll start to really gain an
+understanding how amazing it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how amazing it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how amazing it is that
+these same sets of molecules function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same sets of molecules function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same sets of molecules function
+across from bacteria to man so you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from bacteria to man so you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from bacteria to man so you learn
+the rules for the simplest organisms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for the simplest organisms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for the simplest organisms you
+look at the molecules and you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the molecules and you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the molecules and you see how
+form fulfills function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form fulfills function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form fulfills function which is
+something I'm really excited about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm really excited about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm really excited about and
+then you'll be able to apply it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be able to apply it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be able to apply it as we
+get evermore complex systems which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get evermore complex systems which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get evermore complex systems which which
+demand a lot of attention so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand a lot of attention so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand a lot of attention so these are
+common molecular there's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common molecular there's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common molecular there's a common
+molecular logic a very complex processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular logic a very complex processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular logic a very complex processes
+motivations I just mentioned a few sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations I just mentioned a few sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations I just mentioned a few sure
+you want to understand health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand health and
+disease you want to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you want to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease you want to understand what
+might be going on with current therapies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be going on with current therapies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be going on with current therapies
+when you have a relative who's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a relative who's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a relative who's been
+diagnosed with a serious disease what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with a serious disease what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with a serious disease what
+are the current opportunities what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the current opportunities what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the current opportunities what's
+coming down what sorts of opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down what sorts of opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down what sorts of opportunities
+for therapy might be available because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for therapy might be available because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for therapy might be available because
+there are so many diseases now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many diseases now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many diseases now we
+understand at a molecular level we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at a molecular level we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at a molecular level we may
+not understand how to treat them yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understand how to treat them yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understand how to treat them yet but
+we understand what their origin is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand what their origin is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand what their origin is and
+that's why molecular approaches are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why molecular approaches are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why molecular approaches are so
+important you may often hear words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you may often hear words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you may often hear words like
+systems biology and synthetic biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and synthetic biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and synthetic biology
+these are kind of jazzy words for fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of jazzy words for fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of jazzy words for fairly
+straightforward things systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward things systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward things systems biology
+is a little bit like treating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit like treating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit like treating an
+organism or a cell as a lek Trickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism or a cell as a lek Trickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism or a cell as a lek Trickle
+network a wiring diagram what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network a wiring diagram what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network a wiring diagram what what
+proteins talk to what proteins what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins talk to what proteins what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins talk to what proteins what are
+downstream functions where a signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream functions where a signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream functions where a signals
+amplified and so on so that's systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified and so on so that's systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplified and so on so that's systems
+biology at its heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology at its heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology at its heart
+quantifying different intermediates in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying different intermediates in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying different intermediates in a
+complex map of the cell synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex map of the cell synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex map of the cell synthetic
+biology is about using biology to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is about using biology to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is about using biology to make
+stuff which is really cool many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is really cool many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is really cool many many
+important molecules can be made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecules can be made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecules can be made in the
+lab but it's so much more effective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab but it's so much more effective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab but it's so much more effective to
+make them in an organism people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them in an organism people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them in an organism people are
+doing what they call synthetic biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what they call synthetic biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what they call synthetic biology
+and that's exploiting and harnessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exploiting and harnessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exploiting and harnessing
+nature to make things that are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to make things that are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to make things that are useful
+for mankind and all the way through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mankind and all the way through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mankind and all the way through what
+I just want to emphasize how integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize how integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize how integrating
+technology and engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and engine
+for science is really what we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science is really what we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science is really what we're all
+about here because we appreciate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here because we appreciate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here because we appreciate we
+couldn't make the progress without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make the progress without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make the progress without it
+there are also issues a biology neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also issues a biology neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also issues a biology neural
+biology impacts that are in the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology impacts that are in the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology impacts that are in the social
+sciences and impinge on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and impinge on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and impinge on things like
+ethics designer babies cloning people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics designer babies cloning people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics designer babies cloning people
+cloning your pets all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning your pets all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning your pets all kinds of things
+treating a disease through genetics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a disease through genetics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating a disease through genetics or
+not CRISPR casts some of these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not CRISPR casts some of these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not CRISPR casts some of these new
+innovations but you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations but you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations but you really need to
+understand ethical issues related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ethical issues related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ethical issues related to
+them to be able to explain to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to explain to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to explain to your
+parents or your grandparents or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or your grandparents or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents or your grandparents or your
+sister or brother who hasn't taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister or brother who hasn't taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister or brother who hasn't taken
+biology what the implications of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what the implications of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology what the implications of some of
+the things that we can do in biology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we can do in biology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we can do in biology but
+probably we shouldn't do in biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we shouldn't do in biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we shouldn't do in biology and
+and we will welcome your thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will welcome your thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will welcome your thoughts on
+some of that later on okay so where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that later on okay so where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that later on okay so where did
+the world start arguably four and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world start arguably four and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world start arguably four and a half
+billion years ago is kind of a big theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago is kind of a big theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago is kind of a big theme
+but it started with the world the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it started with the world the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it started with the world the earth
+being a ball of fire and it took quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a ball of fire and it took quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a ball of fire and it took quite a
+while for it to cool down to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for it to cool down to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for it to cool down to establish
+the hydrosphere and the globe as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrosphere and the globe as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrosphere and the globe as it's
+known today there was a period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known today there was a period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known today there was a period of time
+known as the prebiotic world where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the prebiotic world where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the prebiotic world where there
+were not living organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not living organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not living organisms that
+replicated and that was basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and that was basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated and that was basically a
+world where building blocks started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where building blocks started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where building blocks started to
+evolve out of mud fiery hot mud pits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve out of mud fiery hot mud pits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve out of mud fiery hot mud pits and
+in volcanoes and goodness knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volcanoes and goodness knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in volcanoes and goodness knows what
+where people believed that the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people believed that the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people believed that the building
+blocks of life just the molecules came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of life just the molecules came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of life just the molecules came
+together from things like hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from things like hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from things like hydrogen
+cyanide or sulfide or other primordial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide or sulfide or other primordial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide or sulfide or other primordial
+components that were in the primordial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that were in the primordial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that were in the primordial
+soup there was a phase known as the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup there was a phase known as the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup there was a phase known as the pre
+the pre RNA world where the RNA building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre RNA world where the RNA building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre RNA world where the RNA building
+blocks were around there's reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks were around there's reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks were around there's reasonable
+arguments in favor of the RNA world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in favor of the RNA world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in favor of the RNA world
+where a lot of functions were catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of functions were catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of functions were catalyzed
+not by proteins but by nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by proteins but by nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by proteins but by nucleic acids
+specifically ribonucleic acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ribonucleic acids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ribonucleic acids so
+there's a period of time still prebiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a period of time still prebiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a period of time still prebiotic
+that had the our excuse me that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the our excuse me that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had the our excuse me that had the
+first pre RNA and then our in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pre RNA and then our in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pre RNA and then our in a world
+but then things really started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then things really started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then things really started
+to get interesting when the first cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get interesting when the first cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get interesting when the first cells
+evolved now I will talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved now I will talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved now I will talk a little bit
+about this in the next class because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the next class because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in the next class because the
+thing that's critical to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's critical to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's critical to be able to
+build a cell is to be able to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a cell is to be able to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a cell is to be able to build a
+wall around it so very very early on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall around it so very very early on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall around it so very very early on in
+life lipid bilayers membranes evolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lipid bilayers membranes evolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lipid bilayers membranes evolved in
+order to make compartmentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make compartmentalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make compartmentalized
+structures where you could differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures where you could differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures where you could differentiate
+the in from the out and so much of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in from the out and so much of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in from the out and so much of life
+is completely reliant on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely reliant on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely reliant on the fact that
+we're made of cells we're not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're made of cells we're not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're made of cells we're not just one
+big sort of bucket of water with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sort of bucket of water with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sort of bucket of water with things
+floating around in it because so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in it because so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in it because so much of
+function becomes coordinated by cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes coordinated by cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes coordinated by cellular
+compartmentalization through things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalization through things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalization through things
+known as lipid bilayers which are semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as lipid bilayers which are semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as lipid bilayers which are semi
+permeable membranes oxygen can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable membranes oxygen can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable membranes oxygen can move
+across some small hydrophobic things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across some small hydrophobic things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across some small hydrophobic things can
+move across but a lot of things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move across but a lot of things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move across but a lot of things get
+either stuck in or stuck out so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either stuck in or stuck out so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either stuck in or stuck out so we'll
+talk a lot about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about that
+so the first prokaryotes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first prokaryotes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first prokaryotes were
+cyanobacteria they're photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanobacteria they're photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanobacteria they're photosynthetic
+bacteria it was quite a long time until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it was quite a long time until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it was quite a long time until
+those unicellular organisms that totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unicellular organisms that totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unicellular organisms that totally
+lacked a nucleus lacked a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacked a nucleus lacked a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacked a nucleus lacked a lot of
+intracellular compartmentalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular compartmentalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular compartmentalization
+evolved to eukaryotes and those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to eukaryotes and those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved to eukaryotes and those cells
+are different they're a hundred or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different they're a hundred or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different they're a hundred or
+thousand times bigger they're complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times bigger they're complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times bigger they're complex
+they're compartmentalised they can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're compartmentalised they can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're compartmentalised they can do a
+lot of functions in a full organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of functions in a full organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of functions in a full organism
+they're very differentiated and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very differentiated and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very differentiated and they
+they may look different in muscle or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may look different in muscle or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may look different in muscle or in
+heart or in skin or in bone and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart or in skin or in bone and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart or in skin or in bone and so those
+eukaryotes so that's a long gap of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes so that's a long gap of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes so that's a long gap of time
+but there was a lot going on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a lot going on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a lot going on in that
+face and about a half a billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and about a half a billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and about a half a billion years
+ago multicellular life involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago multicellular life involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago multicellular life involved and
+multicellular life now can be looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular life now can be looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular life now can be looked at
+if we think of the evolution of Homo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the evolution of Homo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think of the evolution of Homo
+sapiens can be thought of as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sapiens can be thought of as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sapiens can be thought of as something
+that we can keep track of a bit through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can keep track of a bit through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can keep track of a bit through
+fossil records over the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil records over the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil records over the last five
+million years where the first humanoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years where the first humanoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years where the first humanoid
+life evolved then you got sort of to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life evolved then you got sort of to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life evolved then you got sort of to a
+stage I think he's Homo ergaster this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage I think he's Homo ergaster this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage I think he's Homo ergaster this
+sort of Shrek like person evolved quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Shrek like person evolved quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Shrek like person evolved quite
+early on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on and then
+the humanoid gradually became different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanoid gradually became different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanoid gradually became different
+evolved in some cases there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in some cases there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved in some cases there were
+branches of the tree of evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the tree of evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the tree of evolution and
+dead ends in other places there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ends in other places there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ends in other places there was a
+branch that carried on for a while for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that carried on for a while for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that carried on for a while for
+example the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens
+kind of kept on evolving for a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kept on evolving for a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kept on evolving for a while but
+there's a lot of developments that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of developments that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of developments that have
+been characterized from the fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been characterized from the fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been characterized from the fossil
+record but now there's a lot of belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record but now there's a lot of belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record but now there's a lot of belief
+that if we trace things back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we trace things back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we trace things back through
+genomes we might get more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes we might get more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes we might get more precise
+information on steps in evolution how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on steps in evolution how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on steps in evolution how
+the evolution of the advanced if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of the advanced if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of the advanced if you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+hominids really came along with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hominids really came along with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hominids really came along with a number
+of things there was a stage at which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there was a stage at which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things there was a stage at which a
+particular gene that the fox pee gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene that the fox pee gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene that the fox pee gene is
+attributed to the ability to for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the ability to for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the ability to for complex
+speech and that could have been a leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and that could have been a leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and that could have been a leap
+forward when humanoids could communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward when humanoids could communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward when humanoids could communicate
+more and it seems to be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and it seems to be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and it seems to be associated with
+that but there are the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there are the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there are the sort of
+sociological functions like burying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological functions like burying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological functions like burying the
+dead or making jewelry or making tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead or making jewelry or making tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead or making jewelry or making tools
+that are associated with the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associated with the more
+evolved organisms there are other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved organisms there are other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved organisms there are other types
+of things like cranial capacity standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like cranial capacity standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like cranial capacity standing
+upright looking forward a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright looking forward a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright looking forward a lot of things
+came through those years of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came through those years of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came through those years of the
+evolution of Homo sapiens so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of Homo sapiens so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of Homo sapiens so it's
+fascinating to think about that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to think about that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to think about that and I
+think what light genetics can shed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what light genetics can shed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what light genetics can shed on
+those five million years of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five million years of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five million years of evolution
+and now the the world of biology took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the the world of biology took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the the world of biology took a
+mega kick start with the elucidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega kick start with the elucidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega kick start with the elucidation of
+the human genome but more importantly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome but more importantly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human genome but more importantly of
+the technology necessary to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology necessary to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology necessary to solve the
+map of the human genome and in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the human genome and in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the human genome and in 2001
+there was major development with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was major development with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was major development with the
+publication of the first map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the first map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the first map of the
+human genome it's fascinating to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome it's fascinating to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome it's fascinating to think
+with humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans
+we humans have about 3 billion genes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we humans have about 3 billion genes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we humans have about 3 billion genes but
+there's only across human is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only across human is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only across human is that right
+no sorry base pairs yes thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry base pairs yes thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry base pairs yes thank you very
+much but across like humankind there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but across like humankind there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but across like humankind there's
+enormous diversity but that's accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous diversity but that's accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous diversity but that's accounted
+for by only about 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for by only about 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for by only about 0.1
+scent of that divert of the diversity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scent of that divert of the diversity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scent of that divert of the diversity so
+you know you can see people look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see people look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can see people look very
+very different but we still share 99.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different but we still share 99.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different but we still share 99.9
+percent of our genome and now the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our genome and now the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of our genome and now the very
+interesting thing is that genomes vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that genomes vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that genomes vary
+in size quite considerably before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size quite considerably before I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size quite considerably before I move
+forward I just want to quickly show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I just want to quickly show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I just want to quickly show you
+this map I mentioned looking at racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map I mentioned looking at racing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map I mentioned looking at racing
+evolution through a molecular clock so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution through a molecular clock so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution through a molecular clock so
+looking back in time not by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back in time not by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back in time not by following
+the shape of a skull for example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a skull for example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a skull for example or
+physiologic changes but looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologic changes but looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologic changes but looking at
+genomes using the genome as a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes using the genome as a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes using the genome as a molecular
+clock based on mutation rates that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock based on mutation rates that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock based on mutation rates that are
+fairly constant amongst domains of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly constant amongst domains of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly constant amongst domains of life
+you couldn't compare a human and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't compare a human and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't compare a human and a
+bacterium but you can go back through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium but you can go back through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium but you can go back through a
+lot of eukaryotic evolution and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of eukaryotic evolution and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of eukaryotic evolution and see
+where divergences happen so in this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where divergences happen so in this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where divergences happen so in this sort
+of map you can see that human and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of map you can see that human and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of map you can see that human and the
+and earth all diverged from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earth all diverged from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earth all diverged from the
+chimpanzee a certain time ago which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzee a certain time ago which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimpanzee a certain time ago which had
+diverged from the gorilla further ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverged from the gorilla further ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverged from the gorilla further ago
+based on the molecular clock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the molecular clock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the molecular clock that's
+available okay so now I want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay so now I want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available okay so now I want to talk a
+little bit more about getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about getting into the
+details of the genome so genomes differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the genome so genomes differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the genome so genomes differ
+greatly in size our genome includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly in size our genome includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly in size our genome includes
+about 3 billion base pairs in our 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 billion base pairs in our 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 billion base pairs in our 22
+chromosomes plus the X and Y chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes plus the X and Y chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes plus the X and Y chromosome
+but the typical genome of a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the typical genome of a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the typical genome of a model
+bacterium is only 5 billion million base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium is only 5 billion million base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium is only 5 billion million base
+pairs so far far smaller more tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so far far smaller more tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so far far smaller more tangible
+more easy to study because those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy to study because those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easy to study because those genes
+are more limited in size but the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more limited in size but the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more limited in size but the genome
+size is not necessarily proportionate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not necessarily proportionate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not necessarily proportionate to
+the number of genes that are expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes that are expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes that are expressed
+and made into proteins and a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made into proteins and a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made into proteins and a fascinating
+discovery is that of the 3 billion base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery is that of the 3 billion base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery is that of the 3 billion base
+pairs only about one and a half to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs only about one and a half to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs only about one and a half to two
+percent actually code for proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent actually code for proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent actually code for proteins and
+there's a ton of interest now and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of interest now and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of interest now and what's
+the rest of the genome doing there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the genome doing there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the genome doing there where
+did it come from what's its function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it come from what's its function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it come from what's its function
+there are different functions that Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different functions that Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different functions that Eric
+Lander calls the dark matter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander calls the dark matter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lander calls the dark matter of the
+genome different functions to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome different functions to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome different functions to the rest
+of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome
+the part that we focus on is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that we focus on is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that we focus on is the part
+that gets encoded into proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets encoded into proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets encoded into proteins that
+form the functions of the molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the functions of the molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the functions of the molecules of
+life so we're going to focus ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so we're going to focus ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so we're going to focus ourselves
+in on those but here you see differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on those but here you see differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on those but here you see differences
+in sizes of genomes based on base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sizes of genomes based on base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sizes of genomes based on base pair
+but what's fascinating is despite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's fascinating is despite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's fascinating is despite this
+huge breadth of sizes and huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge breadth of sizes and huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge breadth of sizes and huge
+differences in organisms the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in organisms the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in organisms the building
+blocks are the same and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are the same and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are the same and that's what I
+think is the wonderful part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the wonderful part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the wonderful part of what
+we're able to teach you is we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to teach you is we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to teach you is we can take
+you from the 1950s when the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the 1950s when the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the 1950s when the structure of
+double-stranded DNA was first solved now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA was first solved now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA was first solved now
+there were 60 70 or more years of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 60 70 or more years of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 60 70 or more years of work
+before that where they figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that where they figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that where they figured out the
+pieces they figured out the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces they figured out the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces they figured out the chemistry
+the covalent bonds in the basis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalent bonds in the basis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalent bonds in the basis and the
+sugars and the phosphodiester but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and the phosphodiester but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and the phosphodiester but they
+had no clue how the DNA could encode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no clue how the DNA could encode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no clue how the DNA could encode and
+program the synthesis of a protein but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the synthesis of a protein but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the synthesis of a protein but
+once the the see of the structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the the see of the structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the the see of the structure the
+three-dimensional structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure of
+double-stranded DNA was solved this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA was solved this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA was solved this is
+this beautiful antiparallel structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful antiparallel structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful antiparallel structure
+that you see here by Watson Crick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here by Watson Crick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here by Watson Crick and
+rosalind Franklin then the clues came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosalind Franklin then the clues came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosalind Franklin then the clues came
+pouring in without that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring in without that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring in without that structure
+without the structure of what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the structure of what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the structure of what's known as
+the non-covalent structure not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-covalent structure not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-covalent structure not the
+covalent structure you'll see all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent structure you'll see all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent structure you'll see all those
+building blocks but the non covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks but the non covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks but the non covalent
+structure how you could zipper apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure how you could zipper apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure how you could zipper apart the
+two strands of DNA and make copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strands of DNA and make copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strands of DNA and make copies of
+both of them and replicate DNA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them and replicate DNA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them and replicate DNA and then
+go forward that was an amazing step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward that was an amazing step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward that was an amazing step
+forward and for that there was a nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and for that there was a nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and for that there was a nobel
+prize awarded unfortunately it was after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize awarded unfortunately it was after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize awarded unfortunately it was after
+Franklin's death so it was given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin's death so it was given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin's death so it was given to
+Watson and Crick and a third person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick and a third person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson and Crick and a third person you
+know here's that structure of DNA a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's that structure of DNA a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's that structure of DNA a
+beauty I could should watch it for hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty I could should watch it for hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty I could should watch it for hours
+to be honest the phosphodiester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest the phosphodiester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be honest the phosphodiester
+background backbone going up the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background backbone going up the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background backbone going up the back
+and the bases base pairing across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bases base pairing across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bases base pairing across and
+these are the key steps that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the key steps that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the key steps that happened
+from the 50s so in the definite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 50s so in the definite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 50s so in the definite the
+definition of the double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the double-stranded
+structure it took a few years but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it took a few years but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it took a few years but they
+cracked that what's known as the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked that what's known as the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked that what's known as the genetic
+code how does that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code how does that DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code how does that DNA
+get converted into a protein what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted into a protein what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted into a protein what
+happens is you make a RNA copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you make a RNA copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you make a RNA copy of the
+DNA and that RNA is read to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and that RNA is read to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and that RNA is read to make a
+protein and you will learn about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and you will learn about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and you will learn about all
+those components but that was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components but that was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those components but that was another
+real landmark then what was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real landmark then what was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real landmark then what was really
+exciting is that some technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting is that some technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting is that some technology
+companies started figuring out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies started figuring out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies started figuring out first
+there were very slow ways to sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very slow ways to sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were very slow ways to sequence
+DNA but in that and that happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA but in that and that happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA but in that and that happened in
+1977 but what was really important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 but what was really important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 but what was really important is
+about a decade later where the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a decade later where the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a decade later where the ability
+to sequence DNA was not done anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sequence DNA was not done anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sequence DNA was not done anymore
+using huge agarose gels in a bucket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using huge agarose gels in a bucket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using huge agarose gels in a bucket of
+radioactivity but it was done through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity but it was done through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity but it was done through
+using fluorescence in order to allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fluorescence in order to allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fluorescence in order to allow you
+to read out the sequence of DNA and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read out the sequence of DNA and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read out the sequence of DNA and you
+will learn about that and in 1987 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about that and in 1987 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn about that and in 1987 the
+instruments were commercialized major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments were commercialized major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments were commercialized major
+major technology and engineering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technology and engineering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technology and engineering we
+wouldn't be anywhere without that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be anywhere without that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be anywhere without that in
+1990 the human genome project began you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 the human genome project began you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 the human genome project began you
+know one the draft of the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one the draft of the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one the draft of the human genome
+sequence was completed 2010 you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was completed 2010 you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was completed 2010 you could
+sequence a single strand of DNA one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a single strand of DNA one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a single strand of DNA one
+molecule of DNA and now there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of DNA and now there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of DNA and now there's so many
+initiatives that have come out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that have come out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that have come out of that
+and so much amazing technology that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much amazing technology that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much amazing technology that has
+evolved so things like the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved so things like the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved so things like the thousand
+genome project to look at variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome project to look at variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome project to look at variation
+across man so all people from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across man so all people from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across man so all people from all
+different parts of world you can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of world you can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of world you can look up
+that website that's very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that website that's very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that website that's very cool
+the human cell Act lists there was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human cell Act lists there was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human cell Act lists there was quite
+a bit of news about that in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of news about that in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of news about that in MIT
+technology news where Aviv Regev is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology news where Aviv Regev is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology news where Aviv Regev is
+playing a major part in that to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a major part in that to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a major part in that to actually
+sequence representatives from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence representatives from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence representatives from all of
+your trillions of cells and see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trillions of cells and see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trillions of cells and see how they
+differ and then there's cancer genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and then there's cancer genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and then there's cancer genome
+projects and precision medicine sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and precision medicine sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and precision medicine sequence
+every type of cancer cell find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every type of cancer cell find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every type of cancer cell find out
+what's different about it and precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different about it and precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's different about it and precisely
+figure out how to treat it all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to treat it all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to treat it all very
+exciting things and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things and then of course
+there's synthetic genomes where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's synthetic genomes where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's synthetic genomes where you can
+literally build a cell and its genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally build a cell and its genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally build a cell and its genome
+program it to do what you want hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it to do what you want hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it to do what you want hopefully
+and then there's one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one of the things that
+your generation will have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generation will have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your generation will have to deal with
+and that's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all the
+data because we we've just found ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because we we've just found ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because we we've just found ways to
+churn it out but you guys are gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churn it out but you guys are gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churn it out but you guys are gonna have
+to do the heavy lifting there so DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the heavy lifting there so DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the heavy lifting there so DNA
+then looking at that structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking at that structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looking at that structure is
+packaged into cells so figure this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged into cells so figure this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged into cells so figure this one
+out each human cell has 1.8 meters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out each human cell has 1.8 meters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out each human cell has 1.8 meters of
+DNA in it yet it fits into a cell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in it yet it fits into a cell that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in it yet it fits into a cell that's
+10 to 100 microns in diameter and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 microns in diameter and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 microns in diameter and it's
+bundled tightly up so you'll learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled tightly up so you'll learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundled tightly up so you'll learn how
+DNA in cells gets bundled up and wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in cells gets bundled up and wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in cells gets bundled up and wrapped
+around proteins that neutralize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around proteins that neutralize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around proteins that neutralize the
+negative charges of the double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges of the double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges of the double-stranded
+DNA with positively charged proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA with positively charged proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA with positively charged proteins and
+enable packaging so we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable packaging so we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable packaging so we will talk about
+all of this when is DNA unraveled what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this when is DNA unraveled what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this when is DNA unraveled what
+signals it's unraveling because in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals it's unraveling because in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals it's unraveling because in order
+to copy it you've got to unpack it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy it you've got to unpack it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy it you've got to unpack it so
+these are a lot of details about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a lot of details about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a lot of details about DNA
+that you'll be able to sort of have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to sort of have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to sort of have much
+more sense of as we move forward cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense of as we move forward cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense of as we move forward cells
+are different in size I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in size I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different in size I just mentioned
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+a typical eukaryotic cell is about 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical eukaryotic cell is about 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical eukaryotic cell is about 10 to
+100 microns in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns in diameter
+a typical bacterial cell is about 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical bacterial cell is about 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical bacterial cell is about 1 to
+10 microns so there's a vast difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns so there's a vast difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns so there's a vast difference
+in sizes for these simple simple cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sizes for these simple simple cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sizes for these simple simple cells
+that have no nucleus relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no nucleus relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no nucleus relative to the
+cells that are compartmentalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are compartmentalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are compartmentalized and
+perform a lot of functions so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a lot of functions so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a lot of functions so we will
+learn to appreciate that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to appreciate that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to appreciate that difference in
+size looking at the building blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size looking at the building blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size looking at the building blocks that
+go into all of them but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all of them but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all of them but then
+understanding how bigger cells have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how bigger cells have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how bigger cells have to
+have a lot more complexity in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more complexity in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot more complexity in their
+signaling in order to establish their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling in order to establish their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling in order to establish their
+functions but also interact with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but also interact with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but also interact with other
+cells in multicellular organisms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in multicellular organisms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in multicellular organisms we're
+still doing pine for thymus the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing pine for thymus the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing pine for thymus the other
+thing that we will spend several classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we will spend several classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we will spend several classes
+on is imaging and visualization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is imaging and visualization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is imaging and visualization of
+things going on in cells so what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in cells so what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in cells so what we'll
+talk to you about is the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about is the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about is the discovery of
+fluorescent proteins which have provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins which have provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins which have provided
+an unparalleled opportunity to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unparalleled opportunity to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unparalleled opportunity to label
+proteins within living organisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins within living organisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins within living organisms in
+order to track what they do and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to track what they do and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to track what they do and through
+the efforts of protein engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts of protein engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts of protein engineers
+there is an entire panel of colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an entire panel of colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an entire panel of colored
+proteins that fluoresce at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that fluoresce at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that fluoresce at different
+wavelengths that we can use to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that we can use to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that we can use to study
+biology in live systems in real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in live systems in real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in live systems in real-time
+these slides show you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides show you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides show you a little bit of
+that I love these pictures just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love these pictures just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I love these pictures just showing
+a dividing cell where the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dividing cell where the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dividing cell where the chromosomes
+you see red because the histones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see red because the histones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see red because the histones are
+labeled with red fluorescent protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with red fluorescent protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with red fluorescent protein and
+all that green fuzzy stuff or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that green fuzzy stuff or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that green fuzzy stuff or
+microtubules around we can do this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules around we can do this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules around we can do this now
+you couldn't do this 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do this 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do this 15 years ago
+observe these changes we can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these changes we can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these changes we can also look
+at changes as cells divide and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at changes as cells divide and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at changes as cells divide and go
+through the cell cycle one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cell cycle one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cell cycle one of my
+favorites is this we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites is this we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites is this we're going through
+the stages to program a cell to divide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stages to program a cell to divide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stages to program a cell to divide a
+new protein gets made and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new protein gets made and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new protein gets made and then it
+settles down but then when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down but then when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down but then when you go to
+divide again you keep making you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide again you keep making you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide again you keep making you
+cyclically make different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclically make different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclically make different sets of
+proteins and you can observe them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and you can observe them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and you can observe them in
+real time dividing so just think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time dividing so just think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time dividing so just think if you
+were trying to make a chemo therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to make a chemo therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to make a chemo therapeutic
+where you wanted to stop cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted to stop cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you wanted to stop cell division
+or you wanted to inhibit one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you wanted to inhibit one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you wanted to inhibit one of those
+proteins you could literally watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you could literally watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you could literally watch it
+function does it get in to cell does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it get in to cell does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it get in to cell does it
+disrupt the normal pattern of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt the normal pattern of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupt the normal pattern of cell
+division so these are capabilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so these are capabilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division so these are capabilities that
+are now really are available so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now really are available so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now really are available so I've
+talked to you about cells but I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about cells but I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about cells but I'm gonna
+pass you over to Professor Martin now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you over to Professor Martin now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you over to Professor Martin now
+for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you so this is one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so this is one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so this is one of my favorite
+model organisms this is a fruit fly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms this is a fruit fly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms this is a fruit fly at
+larger than real size and so one topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than real size and so one topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than real size and so one topic
+that I'll start on when I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll start on when I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll start on when I start
+lecturing either at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing either at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing either at the end of this
+month or the beginning of October is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or the beginning of October is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or the beginning of October is
+we'll talk a lot about genetics and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about genetics and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a lot about genetics and one
+thing we'll start on is pioneering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll start on is pioneering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll start on is pioneering
+research done in this system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research done in this system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research done in this system to
+establish the chromosome theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the chromosome theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the chromosome theory of
+inheritance okay and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance okay and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance okay and we'll talk about
+the importance in model organisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance in model organisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance in model organisms and
+discovering new biology but in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new biology but in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering new biology but in addition
+to that I also want to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I also want to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I also want to talk about how
+genetics will affect you guys as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics will affect you guys as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics will affect you guys as you go
+on and graduate from MIT and go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and graduate from MIT and go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and graduate from MIT and go into
+your own careers because genetics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own careers because genetics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own careers because genetics is
+really playing an important role in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really playing an important role in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really playing an important role in all
+our lives and already you guys have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives and already you guys have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives and already you guys have the
+option to get your DNA genotypes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to get your DNA genotypes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to get your DNA genotypes right
+there are lots of companies now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of companies now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of companies now like
+23andme and ancestry.com where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23andme and ancestry.com where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23andme and ancestry.com where you can
+get your DNA genotyped and you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your DNA genotyped and you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your DNA genotyped and you can learn
+about your ancestry you can learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your ancestry you can learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your ancestry you can learn about
+whether you might be predisposed towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you might be predisposed towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you might be predisposed towards
+certain diseases and so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases and so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain diseases and so in order to
+appreciate the data you get back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the data you get back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the data you get back from
+these companies you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies you really have to
+understand something about genetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about genetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about genetics and
+another thing which I find very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which I find very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which I find very
+fascinating are ethical issues that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating are ethical issues that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating are ethical issues that come
+up with the use of such sites and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the use of such sites and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the use of such sites and you
+might have seen this in the news last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen this in the news last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen this in the news last
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+both forensic X experts and police I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forensic X experts and police I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forensic X experts and police I
+identified a suspect in a killing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a suspect in a killing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a suspect in a killing that
+happened 40 years ago and this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened 40 years ago and this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened 40 years ago and this was in
+part due to using the suspects family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part due to using the suspects family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part due to using the suspects family
+tree okay and so they use the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay and so they use the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay and so they use the family
+tree or some you know the skys relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree or some you know the skys relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree or some you know the skys relatives
+and Dunn's one of these ancestry coms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dunn's one of these ancestry coms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dunn's one of these ancestry coms
+and they use the information from DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use the information from DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they use the information from DNA
+acquired from other individuals to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired from other individuals to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired from other individuals to track
+down this other individual okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this other individual okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this other individual okay so one
+thing that I find incredibly exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I find incredibly exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I find incredibly exciting
+about biology is that it is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology is that it is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology is that it is truly
+dynamic okay and this is a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic okay and this is a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic okay and this is a human
+neutrophil and it's just a bright field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil and it's just a bright field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil and it's just a bright field
+microscopy nothing's labeled and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy nothing's labeled and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy nothing's labeled and what
+you're seeing here is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is this this
+neutrophil is chasing after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil is chasing after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil is chasing after this
+bacterium and it illustrates another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and it illustrates another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium and it illustrates another
+concept that we'll talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we'll talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we'll talk about in this
+course which is signaling so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which is signaling so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which is signaling so this
+neutrophil is receiving a signal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil is receiving a signal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrophil is receiving a signal from
+this bacteria the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bacteria the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bacteria the
+tells it where it is and it's then able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells it where it is and it's then able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells it where it is and it's then able
+to chase that bacterium and track it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chase that bacterium and track it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chase that bacterium and track it
+down and there you see it just got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and there you see it just got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and there you see it just got the
+bacterium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium okay
+so we'll talk about dynamic processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about dynamic processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about dynamic processes
+that cells do and and how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells do and and how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells do and and how that's
+important for their function in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for their function in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for their function in addition
+to considering single cells we also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to considering single cells we also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to considering single cells we also want
+to understand how entire organisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how entire organisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how entire organisms and
+tissues work and I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues work and I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues work and I want to emphasize
+that yes we have sequence or researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we have sequence or researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we have sequence or researchers
+have sequenced the human genome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequenced the human genome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sequenced the human genome and the
+genomes of many different organisms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes of many different organisms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes of many different organisms okay
+and that's great right we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great right we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great right we have this this
+data set but we still don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set but we still don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set but we still don't understand
+how all the components that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all the components that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all the components that are in the
+genome are wired together and work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome are wired together and work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome are wired together and work in
+order to create a complicated organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create a complicated organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create a complicated organism
+like ourselves okay and so one aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ourselves okay and so one aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ourselves okay and so one aspect of
+that which is mysterious is how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is mysterious is how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is mysterious is how does the
+genome encodes shape okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome encodes shape okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome encodes shape okay
+how do we get our shape and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get our shape and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get our shape and how do we
+get the shape of our organs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the shape of our organs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the shape of our organs and this is
+something that my lab is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my lab is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that my lab is interested in
+and so this is a fruit fly embryo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a fruit fly embryo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a fruit fly embryo and
+you can see at the beginning here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see at the beginning here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see at the beginning here this
+is three hours into development you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three hours into development you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three hours into development you just
+have a smooth surface for this embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smooth surface for this embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a smooth surface for this embryo
+but during development this changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during development this changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during development this changes and
+I'm just showing you here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you here a
+cross-section of the same embryo you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of the same embryo you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of the same embryo you see
+it's a sheet of cells that surrounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sheet of cells that surrounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sheet of cells that surrounds a
+central yolk okay and this changes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central yolk okay and this changes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central yolk okay and this changes three
+hours into development because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours into development because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours into development because a
+population of about a thousand cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about a thousand cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about a thousand cells in
+this organism fold to form a crease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organism fold to form a crease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organism fold to form a crease okay
+so this is a dramatic shape change for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a dramatic shape change for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a dramatic shape change for
+this embryo it goes from being a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embryo it goes from being a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this embryo it goes from being a single
+layer to now having multiple layers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to now having multiple layers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer to now having multiple layers so
+this is a time course here showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time course here showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a time course here showing you
+how cells change shape in this tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cells change shape in this tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cells change shape in this tissue
+and how this leads to what's initially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this leads to what's initially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this leads to what's initially a
+single layer of cells to become two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single layer of cells to become two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single layer of cells to become two
+layers of cells and this process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of cells and this process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of cells and this process is
+similar to saw more for genetic events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to saw more for genetic events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to saw more for genetic events
+that happen in human embryos but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in human embryos but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen in human embryos but we can
+study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this
+in fruit fly embryos or many other model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fruit fly embryos or many other model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fruit fly embryos or many other model
+systems in order to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in order to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in order to try to understand
+mechanistically how this happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically how this happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically how this happens so
+again this is dynamic and I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is dynamic and I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is dynamic and I want to show
+you a movie that shows you the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a movie that shows you the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a movie that shows you the dynamics
+of this process so now this is an embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process so now this is an embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process so now this is an embryo
+that's been labeled with some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been labeled with some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been labeled with some of these
+fluorescent proteins that professor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins that professor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins that professor and
+peri Olli just introduced ones green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peri Olli just introduced ones green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peri Olli just introduced ones green
+that's the and it's showed here in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the and it's showed here in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the and it's showed here in green
+and the other is a red fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is a red fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is a red fluorescent
+protein in red the red fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in red the red fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein in red the red fluorescent
+protein is marking individual cells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is marking individual cells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is marking individual cells the
+green protein is a motor protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green protein is a motor protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green protein is a motor protein that
+generates force and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates force and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates force and what you see is
+where the motor protein is this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the motor protein is this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the motor protein is this is where
+the tissue contracts and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue contracts and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue contracts and this is where
+the tissue folds okay and so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue folds okay and so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue folds okay and so because
+we're able to see these proteins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to see these proteins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to see these proteins in
+action we can infer how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we can infer how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action we can infer how they're
+functioning during development to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning during development to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning during development to
+essentially program tissue shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially program tissue shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially program tissue shape and
+there are many other opportunities where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other opportunities where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other opportunities where
+even though we have the genome we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have the genome we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have the genome we still
+don't understand how collectives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how collectives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how collectives of
+proteins or collectives of cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or collectives of cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or collectives of cells are
+sort of interacting with each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interacting with each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interacting with each other to
+sort of create emergent properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create emergent properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create emergent properties that
+are what are responsible for padding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are responsible for padding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are responsible for padding
+patterning is something as large as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning is something as large as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning is something as large as a
+human another thing that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human another thing that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human another thing that we'll talk
+about is how cells divide and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how cells divide and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how cells divide and this is
+another fruit fly embryo and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fruit fly embryo and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fruit fly embryo and it's
+labeling histones so it labels the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling histones so it labels the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling histones so it labels the DNA
+and so you're seeing nuclei here divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're seeing nuclei here divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're seeing nuclei here divided
+sequentially it'll be one more division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially it'll be one more division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially it'll be one more division
+and then it's going to stop okay and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to stop okay and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to stop okay and my
+point here is that cell division during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that cell division during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that cell division during
+development and in adults is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and in adults is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and in adults is under
+exquisite control okay and a breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exquisite control okay and a breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exquisite control okay and a breakdown
+of this control is important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this control is important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this control is important in the
+progression of cancer so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of cancer so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of cancer so we're gonna
+talk about how cells control whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how cells control whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how cells control whether or
+not they divide and how this is impacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they divide and how this is impacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they divide and how this is impacted
+in cancer cells I also want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer cells I also want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer cells I also want to point out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+this video is from Eric wish shells who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is from Eric wish shells who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is from Eric wish shells who
+is uh at Princeton University okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at Princeton University okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at Princeton University okay let's
+hit the Lights I have one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the Lights I have one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the Lights I have one last thing
+just to mention so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to mention so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to mention so I just want to
+reinforce what Professor Imperioli said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce what Professor Imperioli said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce what Professor Imperioli said
+we have a small class so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a small class so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a small class so this is really
+an opportunity to have this be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to have this be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to have this be more
+interactive than it would be if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive than it would be if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive than it would be if we had
+like 300 people in the class so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 people in the class so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 people in the class so I want
+to really encourage you guys to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really encourage you guys to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really encourage you guys to ask
+questions also if you have ideas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions also if you have ideas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions also if you have ideas we
+would love to hear them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to hear them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to hear them
+and I want to try one new thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to try one new thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to try one new thing this
+semester so I find that students are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so I find that students are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so I find that students are a
+little hesitant to come to my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hesitant to come to my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hesitant to come to my office
+hours so this year I want to hold what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so this year I want to hold what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so this year I want to hold what
+I'm good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good
+calling running hours so one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling running hours so one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling running hours so one thing that
+I really like to do is I like to run and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like to do is I like to run and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like to do is I like to run and
+I've noticed that many of my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed that many of my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've noticed that many of my students
+are also runners because I'll like see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also runners because I'll like see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also runners because I'll like see
+them out around the river and so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out around the river and so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out around the river and so I just
+want to hold sort of weekly running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold sort of weekly running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold sort of weekly running
+hours I'm gonna choose three o'clock not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I'm gonna choose three o'clock not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I'm gonna choose three o'clock not
+three hour run all right 3 p.m. on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hour run all right 3 p.m. on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hour run all right 3 p.m. on
+Fridays and we'll just meet in my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you like to run you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you like to run you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you like to run you can just
+meet there we'll go on a run around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet there we'll go on a run around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet there we'll go on a run around the
+Charles and this is not a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and this is not a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and this is not a competitive
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+I'm not some fitness nut I ran home last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not some fitness nut I ran home last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not some fitness nut I ran home last
+week and I ate half a bag of swedish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I ate half a bag of swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and I ate half a bag of swedish
+fish on the way so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish on the way so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish on the way so it's not a
+competition it's just to try to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's just to try to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's just to try to get to
+know you guys and to try to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys and to try to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys and to try to break the
+ice in sort of a non-academic way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice in sort of a non-academic way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice in sort of a non-academic way okay
+so I'm just gonna wrap up here so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna wrap up here so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna wrap up here so we've
+bombed you with a quite a lot of yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed you with a quite a lot of yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed you with a quite a lot of yes
+over there you want to know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there you want to know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there you want to know more about
+running yeah or you could join me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running yeah or you could join me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running yeah or you could join me at
+CrossFit if you would like as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CrossFit if you would like as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CrossFit if you would like as well
+we will both have office hours and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will both have office hours and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will both have office hours and we
+will post them and we welcome you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will post them and we welcome you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will post them and we welcome you to
+come visit us and you know find out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come visit us and you know find out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come visit us and you know find out more
+tell us more about yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us more about yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us more about yourselves
+we're fountains of information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fountains of information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fountains of information so
+basically over the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically over the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically over the first half of the
+course we tend to cover foundations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we tend to cover foundations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we tend to cover foundations and
+so we build on biochemistry one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we build on biochemistry one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we build on biochemistry one of my
+favorite subjects where we cover all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite subjects where we cover all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite subjects where we cover all of
+the molecules of life what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of life what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of life what are all the
+bits it takes to make a cell lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits it takes to make a cell lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits it takes to make a cell lipids
+sugars proteins nucleic acids then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars proteins nucleic acids then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars proteins nucleic acids then we
+synthesize them all together where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize them all together where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize them all together where we
+show in molecular biology how the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in molecular biology how the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show in molecular biology how the genome
+encodes the proteome and what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes the proteome and what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes the proteome and what happens to
+the proteome after that so you'll see me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteome after that so you'll see me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteome after that so you'll see me
+for all of those lectures then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of those lectures then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of those lectures then I will
+hand you over to Professor Martin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you over to Professor Martin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you over to Professor Martin for
+genetics for the learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics for the learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics for the learning how to
+manipulate DNA and we'll cap off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate DNA and we'll cap off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate DNA and we'll cap off this
+first phase of work with cell signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase of work with cell signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase of work with cell signaling
+and understanding much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding much more about
+dynamics of cells as opposed to static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of cells as opposed to static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of cells as opposed to static
+building blocks but you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks but you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks but you've got to
+understand the building blocks before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the building blocks before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the building blocks before
+you can understand the complexity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand the complexity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand the complexity that's
+why I really like to cover those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I really like to cover those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I really like to cover those
+molecules at a reasonable depth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at a reasonable depth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at a reasonable depth it's
+kind of ridiculous for classes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ridiculous for classes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ridiculous for classes but
+nevertheless that's how we start for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless that's how we start for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless that's how we start for
+some of you you've seen some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you've seen some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you you've seen some of it
+before for others you've seen none of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for others you've seen none of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for others you've seen none of it
+before it doesn't matter we will we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it doesn't matter we will we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it doesn't matter we will we will
+give you our flavor on it if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you our flavor on it if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you our flavor on it if your
+chemistry is a little weak I suggest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is a little weak I suggest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is a little weak I suggest you
+read the textbook there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the textbook there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the textbook there's a couple of
+sections on just chemical covalent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections on just chemical covalent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections on just chemical covalent and
+non-covalent bonding then you'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-covalent bonding then you'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-covalent bonding then you'll need to
+do the first pset if your chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first pset if your chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first pset if your chemistry is
+strong you're fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong you're fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong you're fine
+if your chemistry is weak and you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your chemistry is weak and you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your chemistry is weak and you need a
+little help I'll run an extra session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little help I'll run an extra session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little help I'll run an extra session
+next week we can take care of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we can take care of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we can take care of every
+eventualities because you're a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventualities because you're a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventualities because you're a smaller
+class and then we'll take it from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then we'll take it from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then we'll take it from there
+and then what I really want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I really want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I really want to do is
+encourage you to do the reading make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do the reading make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do the reading make
+sure you're in a recitation and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're in a recitation and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're in a recitation and next
+time but it's in the sidebar I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's in the sidebar I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's in the sidebar I'd like
+you to take a look at the sliding scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at the sliding scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at the sliding scale
+which shows you the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows you the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows you the dimensions of
+molecules macromolecules and organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules macromolecules and organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules macromolecules and organisms
+which I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I find
+rather call even though it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather call even though it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather call even though it's probably
+built for high school students okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for high school students okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built for high school students okay
+that's it from us for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L2yOSFsMvnc.txt b/L2yOSFsMvnc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..997d809369a099ff7d91d92daab07e5310eb6fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L2yOSFsMvnc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+certain kinds of random variables keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of random variables keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of random variables keep
+coming up so let's look at two basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up so let's look at two basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up so let's look at two basic
+examples now namely uh uniform random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now namely uh uniform random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples now namely uh uniform random
+variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and
+binomial random variables let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variables let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variables let's begin
+with uniform because we've seen those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uniform because we've seen those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uniform because we've seen those
+already so a uniform random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so a uniform random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so a uniform random variable
+means that all the values that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all the values that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all the values that it takes
+it takes with equal probability so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes with equal probability so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes with equal probability so the
+threshold variable Z took all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold variable Z took all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold variable Z took all the values
+from 0 to 6 inclusive each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 6 inclusive each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 6 inclusive each with
+probability 17th so it was a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 17th so it was a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 17th so it was a basic
+example of a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a uniform
+variable um and other examples that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um and other examples that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um and other examples that come
+up if D is the outcome of a fair D dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if D is the outcome of a fair D dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if D is the outcome of a fair D dies
+are six-sided dice are six-sided uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six-sided dice are six-sided uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six-sided dice are six-sided uh so
+the probability that it comes up one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it comes up one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it comes up one or
+two or six uh is one sixth each another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or six uh is one sixth each another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or six uh is one sixth each another
+game is the four-digit lottery number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is the four-digit lottery number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is the four-digit lottery number
+where it's supposed to be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be the case that
+the four digits are each chosen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four digits are each chosen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four digits are each chosen at
+random which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random which means that the
+possibilities range from four zeros up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities range from four zeros up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities range from four zeros up
+through 49es for 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 49es for 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 49es for 10,000
+numbers and they're supposed to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're supposed to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they're supposed to be all
+equally likely so the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely so the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely so the probability that
+the uh Lottery winds up with 0 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Lottery winds up with 0 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Lottery winds up with 0 0 is the
+same as the that it ends up with one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the that it ends up with one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the that it ends up with one is
+the same that it ends up with 49 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that it ends up with 49 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that it ends up with 49 it's
+one 10,000 so that's another uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 10,000 so that's another uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 10,000 so that's another uniform
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variable um let's prove a little Lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um let's prove a little Lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um let's prove a little Lemma
+that will be of use later it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be of use later it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be of use later it's just uh
+some practice with uniformity suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice with uniformity suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practice with uniformity suppose
+that I have R1 R2 R3 are three random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have R1 R2 R3 are three random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have R1 R2 R3 are three random
+variables they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're mutually
+independent and R1 of them is and R1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and R1 of them is and R1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and R1 of them is and R1 is
+uniform I don't really care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform I don't really care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform I don't really care about the
+other two I do care technically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two I do care technically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two I do care technically that
+they are only taking the values they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are only taking the values they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are only taking the values they
+only take values that R1 can take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take values that R1 can take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take values that R1 can take as
+well so I haven't said that on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I haven't said that on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I haven't said that on the slide
+but that's what we're assuming um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we're assuming um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what we're assuming um and
+then I claim is that uh each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim is that uh each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I claim is that uh each of the
+pairs the the probability that R1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the the probability that R1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs the the probability that R1 equals
+R2 uh is independent of the event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 uh is independent of the event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 uh is independent of the event that
+R1 is equal R2 is independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is equal R2 is independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is equal R2 is independent of the
+event that R2 is equal to e R3 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that R2 is equal to e R3 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that R2 is equal to e R3 which is
+independent of the event that R1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the event that R1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the event that R1 is
+equal to R3 now these events overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R3 now these events overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R3 now these events overlap
+there's an R1 here uh there's an r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R1 here uh there's an r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R1 here uh there's an r and
+an R1 there and there's an R2 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R1 there and there's an R2 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R1 there and there's an R2 here and
+an R2 there so even though the R1 R2 R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R2 there so even though the R1 R2 R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an R2 there so even though the R1 R2 R3
+are mutually independent it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mutually independent it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mutually independent it's not
+completely clear in fact it isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear in fact it isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear in fact it isn't really
+clear that these events um uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that these events um uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that these events um uh are
+mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+independent uh but in fact they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh but in fact they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh but in fact they're not
+mutually independent um in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent um in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent um in fact uh
+they're pairwise independent they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pairwise independent they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pairwise independent they're
+obviously not three-way independent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not three-way independent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not three-way independent that
+is mutually independent because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mutually independent because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mutually independent because if I
+know that R1 is equal to R2 and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that R1 is equal to R2 and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that R1 is equal to R2 and I know
+that R2 is equal to R3 it follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R2 is equal to R3 it follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R2 is equal to R3 it follows that
+R1 is equal to R3 so uh given these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is equal to R3 so uh given these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is equal to R3 so uh given these two
+the probability of this changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this changes
+dramatically um uh to be to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um uh to be to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um uh to be to to
+certainty so this is the useful Lemo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty so this is the useful Lemo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty so this is the useful Lemo
+which is that if I have the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if I have the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if I have the three
+variables any and I look at the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables any and I look at the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables any and I look at the three
+possible pairs that of ver values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs that of ver values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs that of ver values that
+might be equal um that whether any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be equal um that whether any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be equal um that whether any two
+of them are equal is independent of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are equal is independent of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are equal is independent of each
+other now let me give a hand waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now let me give a hand waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now let me give a hand waving
+argument there's a rigor more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there's a rigor more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there's a rigor more rigorous
+argument uh based on total probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh based on total probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh based on total probability
+that appears as a problem in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears as a problem in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears as a problem in the text
+but the intuitive idea is let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intuitive idea is let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intuitive idea is let's look at
+the case that R1 is the uniform variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that R1 is the uniform variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that R1 is the uniform variable
+and R1 is independent of R2 and R3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R1 is independent of R2 and R3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R1 is independent of R2 and R3 so
+certainly that implies that R1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that implies that R1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that implies that R1 is
+independent of the event that R2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the event that R2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the event that R2 is
+equal to R3 because R1 is mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R3 because R1 is mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R3 because R1 is mutually
+independent both R1 and R2 doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent both R1 and R2 doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent both R1 and R2 doesn't
+matter what they do so it's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they do so it's independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they do so it's independent
+of this event that R2 is equal to R3 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this event that R2 is equal to R3 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this event that R2 is equal to R3 now
+because R1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R1 is
+uniform um it has probability P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform um it has probability P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform um it has probability P of
+equaling uh What uh every possible value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling uh What uh every possible value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling uh What uh every possible value
+that it can take and since R2 and R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can take and since R2 and R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can take and since R2 and R3
+only take a value that R1 could take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take a value that R1 could take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take a value that R1 could take uh
+the probability that that R1 hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that R1 hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that that R1 hits the
+value that R2 and R3 happens to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that R2 and R3 happens to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that R2 and R3 happens to have is
+still P that's the informal argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still P that's the informal argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still P that's the informal argument so
+in other words the claim is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the claim is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the claim is that the
+probability that R1 is equal to R2 given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R1 is equal to R2 given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R1 is equal to R2 given
+that R2 is equal to R3 is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R2 is equal to R3 is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R2 is equal to R3 is simply the
+probability that R1 happens to hit R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R1 happens to hit R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R1 happens to hit R2
+whatever values R2 has this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever values R2 has this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever values R2 has this equation
+says that R1 equals R2 is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that R1 equals R2 is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that R1 equals R2 is independent of
+R2 R3 and in fact in both cases it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 R3 and in fact in both cases it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 R3 and in fact in both cases it's the
+same probability that R1 is equal to Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability that R1 is equal to Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability that R1 is equal to Any
+Given value the the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given value the the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given value the the probability of that
+R being uniform has of equaling each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R being uniform has of equaling each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R being uniform has of equaling each of
+its possible values you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its possible values you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its possible values you can think about
+that see if it's persuasive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if it's persuasive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if it's persuasive it's
+actually a it's an okay argument but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a it's an okay argument but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a it's an okay argument but I
+was bothered by it I found that it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bothered by it I found that it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bothered by it I found that it took
+me uh I I wasn't happy with it until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh I I wasn't happy with it until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh I I wasn't happy with it until I
+sat down and really worked it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and really worked it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and really worked it out
+formally to justify this uh somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally to justify this uh somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally to justify this uh somewhat
+handwavy proof of the Lemma all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy proof of the Lemma all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy proof of the Lemma all right um
+let's turn from uniform random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn from uniform random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn from uniform random variables
+to binomial random variables they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to binomial random variables they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to binomial random variables they're
+probably the most important single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important single
+example of random variable that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of random variable that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of random variable that comes up
+comes up all the time so the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time so the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up all the time so the simplest
+definition of a binomial random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a binomial random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a binomial random variable
+is the one that you get by flipping n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you get by flipping n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you get by flipping n
+mutually independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent
+coins um or alternative now they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins um or alternative now they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins um or alternative now they they
+have an order so you can tell them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an order so you can tell them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an order so you can tell them apart
+or again you could say that you flip um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again you could say that you flip um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again you could say that you flip um
+one coin nend times but each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coin nend times but each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coin nend times but each of the
+flips is independent of all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips is independent of all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips is independent of all the others
+now there's two parameters here an n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two parameters here an n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's two parameters here an n and
+a p because we don't assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p because we don't assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p because we don't assume that the
+flips are fair so there's uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are fair so there's uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips are fair so there's uh one
+parameter is how many flips there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is how many flips there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is how many flips there are
+the other parameter is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parameter is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parameter is the probability
+of a head which might be biased that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head which might be biased that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head which might be biased that
+heads are more likely or less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are more likely or less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are more likely or less likely
+than tails the fair case would be when P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tails the fair case would be when P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tails the fair case would be when P
+was a half so for example if n is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a half so for example if n is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a half so for example if n is five
+and P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P is
+2/3 uh what's the probability that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh what's the probability that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 uh what's the probability that we
+consecutively flip head head tail tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively flip head head tail tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively flip head head tail tail
+head well because they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head well because they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head well because they're independent
+the probability of this is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this is simply the
+product of the probability that I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probability that I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the probability that I flip
+ahead on the first toss which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on the first toss which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on the first toss which is
+probability of H which is p probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of H which is p probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of H which is p probability
+of H on the second toss probability of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H on the second toss probability of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H on the second toss probability of t
+on the third t on the fourth t on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third t on the fourth t on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third t on the fourth t on the
+fifth so I can replace each of those by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth so I can replace each of those by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth so I can replace each of those by
+2/3 is the probability of a head 2/3 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is the probability of a head 2/3 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is the probability of a head 2/3 1/3
+2/3 1 minus 2/3 is a probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 1 minus 2/3 is a probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 1 minus 2/3 is a probability of a
+tail 1/3 2/3 and I discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail 1/3 2/3 and I discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail 1/3 2/3 and I discover that the
+probability of HH tth is 2/3 cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of HH tth is 2/3 cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of HH tth is 2/3 cubed and
+1/3 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 squared
+or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um
+abstracting the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracting the probability of a
+sequence of n tosses in which there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of n tosses in which there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of n tosses in which there are
+I heads and the rest are Tails n minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heads and the rest are Tails n minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heads and the rest are Tails n minus I
+tails is simply the probability of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails is simply the probability of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails is simply the probability of of a
+head raised to the I power times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head raised to the I power times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head raised to the I power times the
+probability of a tail namely 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a tail namely 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a tail namely 1 minus P
+raised to the N minus minus I power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the N minus minus I power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the N minus minus I power
+given any particular sequence of H's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any particular sequence of H's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given any particular sequence of H's and
+T's of length n this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's of length n this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's of length n this is the probability
+that's assigned to that sequence so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to that sequence so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assigned to that sequence so all
+sequences with the same number of hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with the same number of hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences with the same number of hes
+have the same probability uh but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability uh but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability uh but of
+course with different numbers of hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with different numbers of hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with different numbers of hes
+they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different
+probabilities well what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities well what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities well what's the
+probability that you actually toss I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you actually toss I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you actually toss I
+heads and N minus I tails in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and N minus I tails in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and N minus I tails in the end
+tosses that's going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses that's going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses that's going to be equal to the
+number of possible sequences um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible sequences um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible sequences um that
+have this property of I heads and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property of I heads and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property of I heads and N
+minus ey Tails well the number of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ey Tails well the number of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ey Tails well the number of such
+sequences is simply uh choose the ey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is simply uh choose the ey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is simply uh choose the ey
+places for for the N heads out of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places for for the N heads out of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places for for the N heads out of for
+the uh choose the I places for the heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh choose the I places for the heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh choose the I places for the heads
+out of the N tosses so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the N tosses so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the N tosses so it's going to be
+n choose I so we've just figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose I so we've just figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n choose I so we've just figured out
+that the probability of tossing I heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of tossing I heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of tossing I heads
+and N minus I tails is simply n choose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N minus I tails is simply n choose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N minus I tails is simply n choose I
+* P to the I 1 minus P to the N minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P to the I 1 minus P to the N minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* P to the I 1 minus P to the N minus I
+uh in short the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in short the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in short the probability that the
+number of heads is I is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads is I is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads is I is equal to this
+number and this is the uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this is the uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and this is the uh probability
+that's associated with whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with whether the
+binomial variable with parameters n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial variable with parameters n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial variable with parameters n and
+p is equal to I is n choose i p to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to I is n choose i p to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to I is n choose i p to the i
+1us p the N minus I this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us p the N minus I this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us p the N minus I this is a pretty
+basic formula if you can't memorize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic formula if you can't memorize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic formula if you can't memorize it
+then make sure it's written on any crib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make sure it's written on any crib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make sure it's written on any crib
+sheet you take to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you take to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you take to an
+exam so the probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so the probability density function
+it abstracts out some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it abstracts out some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it abstracts out some properties of
+random variables basically it just tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables basically it just tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables basically it just tells
+you what's the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the probability that the
+random variable takes a given value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes a given value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes a given value for
+every possible value so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible value so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible value so the probability
+density function um P PDF of R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function um P PDF of R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function um P PDF of R is a
+function on the real values and it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the real values and it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the real values and it tells
+you for each a what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for each a what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for each a what's the probability
+that R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is equal to
+a so for so what we've just said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for so what we've just said is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so for so what we've just said is that
+the probability density function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density function of the
+binomial random variable characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable characterized
+by parameters n and p at I is n choose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parameters n and p at I is n choose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parameters n and p at I is n choose i
+p to the i1 minus P to the N minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the i1 minus P to the N minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the i1 minus P to the N minus I
+where we're assuming that I is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're assuming that I is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're assuming that I is between
+is an integer from Zer to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer from Zer to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer from Zer to n
+uh if I look at the uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I look at the uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I look at the uh probability
+density function for a uniform variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a uniform variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function for a uniform variable
+then it's constant the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's constant the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's constant the probability
+density function on any possible value V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function on any possible value V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function on any possible value V
+that the uh that the uniform variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that the uniform variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that the uniform variable
+can take is the same this applies for V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take is the same this applies for V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take is the same this applies for V
+in the range of U um so in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of U um so in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of U um so in fact you can
+say exactly what it is it's simply one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exactly what it is it's simply one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exactly what it is it's simply one
+over the size of the range of U If U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform uh closely related uh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh closely related uh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh closely related uh function
+that describes a lot about the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a lot about the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a lot about the behavior
+of a random variable is the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable is the cumulative
+distribution function it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function it's simply the
+probability that R is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that R is less than or equal
+to a so it's a function on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a so it's a function on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a so it's a function on the real
+numbers from reals to reals of the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from reals to reals of the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from reals to reals of the where
+pdfr of CDF R of a is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdfr of CDF R of a is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdfr of CDF R of a is the probability
+that R is less than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is less than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is less than or equal to a
+clearly given the PDF you can Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly given the PDF you can Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly given the PDF you can Define the
+you can get the CDF and given the CDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the CDF and given the CDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the CDF and given the CDF
+you can get the PDF uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the PDF uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the PDF uh but it's
+convenient to have both around now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have both around now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have both around now the
+key observ about these is that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key observ about these is that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key observ about these is that once
+we've abstracted out to the PDF and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've abstracted out to the PDF and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've abstracted out to the PDF and the
+CDF we don't have to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF we don't have to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF we don't have to think about the
+sample space anymore they do not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space anymore they do not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space anymore they do not depend
+on the sample space all they're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample space all they're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sample space all they're telling
+you is the probability that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the probability that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the probability that the random
+variable takes a given value which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes a given value which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes a given value which is in
+some ways the most important data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the most important data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the most important data about
+a random variable you need to fall back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable you need to fall back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable you need to fall back
+on something more General than the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something more General than the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something more General than the PDF
+or the CDF when you are start having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the CDF when you are start having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the CDF when you are start having
+dependent random variables and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random variables and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent random variables and you need
+to know how the probability that r R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how the probability that r R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how the probability that r R
+takes a value changes given that s has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value changes given that s has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value changes given that s has
+some property or takes some other value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property or takes some other value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property or takes some other value
+um but uh if you're just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh if you're just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh if you're just looking at the
+random variable alone essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable alone essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable alone essentially
+everything you need to know about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to know about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to know about it is
+given by its uh by its density or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by its uh by its density or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by its uh by its density or
+distribution functions and uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions and uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions and uh you don't
+have to worry about the sample space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the sample space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the sample space and
+this has the advantage that both uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the advantage that both uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has the advantage that both uniform
+distributions and uh binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh binomial
+distributions come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh it means that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it means that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it means that all of these
+different random variables based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different random variables based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different random variables based on
+different sample spaces are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample spaces are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sample spaces are going to
+share a whole lot of properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a whole lot of properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a whole lot of properties
+everything that I derive based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I derive based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I derive based on what
+the PDF is is going to apply to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF is is going to apply to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF is is going to apply to all of
+them that's why this abstraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's why this abstraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's why this abstraction of a
+random variable in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable in terms of a
+probability density function is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function is so
+valuable and key but remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and key but remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable and key but remember the
+definition of a random variable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a random variable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a random variable is not
+that it is a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a probability density
+function rather it's a function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rather it's a function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rather it's a function from the
+sample space to values
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L3-WFKCW-tY.txt b/L3-WFKCW-tY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88d4b12120b93daeaefbdd618ddab2c44d3e6648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L3-WFKCW-tY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so actually I have a I know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so actually I have a I know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so actually I have a I know where
+people are working on projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on projects and
+you're not responsible for any material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for any material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not responsible for any material
+new material in the lectures thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material in the lectures thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material in the lectures thank you
+for coming but I do have something in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming but I do have something in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming but I do have something in an
+important topic which is a revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic which is a revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic which is a revised
+version about the construction of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version about the construction of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version about the construction of neural
+nets the basic structure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets the basic structure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nets the basic structure that we're
+we're working with so that's on the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with so that's on the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with so that's on the open
+web at section 7.1 that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web at section 7.1 that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web at section 7.1 that's so
+construction of neural nets really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of neural nets really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of neural nets really it's
+a construction of the learning function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f so that's the function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so that's the function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so that's the function that you
+optimize by gradient descent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize by gradient descent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize by gradient descent or
+stochastic gradient descent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient descent and you
+apply to the training data to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the training data to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the training data to minimize
+the loss you so just thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss you so just thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss you so just thinking about it
+in a more organized way because I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more organized way because I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more organized way because I wrote
+that section before I knew anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section before I knew anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that section before I knew anything more
+than how to spell neural nets but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how to spell neural nets but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than how to spell neural nets but now
+I'm thought about it more so the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thought about it more so the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thought about it more so the the key
+point may be compared to what I had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point may be compared to what I had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point may be compared to what I had in
+the past is that I now think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past is that I now think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past is that I now think of this as
+a function of two sets of variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two sets of variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of two sets of variables X
+and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V
+so X are the weights and V are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X are the weights and V are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X are the weights and V are the
+feature vectors the sample feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors the sample feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors the sample feature
+vectors from the so those come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the so those come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the so those come from the
+training data either one at a time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data either one at a time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data either one at a time if
+we're doing stochastic gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing stochastic gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing stochastic gradient descent
+with many batch size one or B at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many batch size one or B at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many batch size one or B at a time
+if we're doing mini batch of size B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing mini batch of size B or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're doing mini batch of size B or
+the whole thing a whole epoch at once if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing a whole epoch at once if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing a whole epoch at once if
+we're doing full-scale gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing full-scale gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing full-scale gradient descent
+so so those are the feature vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are the feature vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so those are the feature vectors and
+these are the numbers in in those in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers in in those in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers in in those in the
+Mait in the linear steps where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mait in the linear steps where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mait in the linear steps where the
+weights so they're the matrices a k that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so they're the matrices a k that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so they're the matrices a k that
+you multiply by multiply V by and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by multiply V by and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply by multiply V by and also
+the bias vectors BK that you add on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias vectors BK that you add on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias vectors BK that you add on to
+shift the origin okay and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the origin okay and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the origin okay and these are the
+and these are it's these that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are it's these that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are it's these that you
+optimize those are to optimize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize those are to optimize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize those are to optimize and
+what's the structure of the whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the structure of the whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the structure of the whole the
+whole of the learning function and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the learning function and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the learning function and how
+do you use it what what does the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use it what what does the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use it what what does the neural
+net look like so you you take f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net look like so you you take f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net look like so you you take f of a
+first set of weight so f of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of weight so f of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of weight so f of the first
+set of weights would be a1 and b1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of weights would be a1 and b1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of weights would be a1 and b1 so
+that's the X part and the and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the X part and the and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the X part and the and the actual
+sample vector the sample vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample vector the sample vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample vector the sample vectors
+v zero in the iteration and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v zero in the iteration and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v zero in the iteration and this
+produces and then you do the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and then you do the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces and then you do the nonlinear
+step to each component and that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to each component and that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to each component and that produces
+V one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V one
+so there is a typical I could write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a typical I could write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a typical I could write out
+what this is here a 1 V 0 plus V 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is here a 1 V 0 plus V 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is here a 1 V 0 plus V 1 so
+that's the two steps are the linear step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two steps are the linear step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the two steps are the linear step
+you the input is V 0 you take the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the input is V 0 you take the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the input is V 0 you take the linear
+step using the using the first weights a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step using the using the first weights a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step using the using the first weights a
+1 and B 1 then you take the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and B 1 then you take the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and B 1 then you take the nonlinear
+step and that gives you V 1 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that gives you V 1 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that gives you V 1 so that's
+really better than my line above so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really better than my line above so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really better than my line above so I'll
+erase that line above yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that produces V 1 from V 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that produces V 1 from V 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that produces V 1 from V 0 and the
+first weight and then the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first weight and then the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first weight and then the next level
+inputs v1 so I'll just call this VK or V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs v1 so I'll just call this VK or V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs v1 so I'll just call this VK or V
+K minus 1 and I'll call this one VK okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus 1 and I'll call this one VK okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus 1 and I'll call this one VK okay
+so so k equal to 1 up to however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so k equal to 1 up to however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so k equal to 1 up to however many
+layers URL layers so the input was v-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers URL layers so the input was v-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers URL layers so the input was v-0
+so this V is really v-0 you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this V is really v-0 you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this V is really v-0 you could say
+and you this is the neural net and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is the neural net and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is the neural net and this
+is the out input and output from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the out input and output from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the out input and output from each
+layer and then V L is the final output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and then V L is the final output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and then V L is the final output
+from the final layer so so let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the final layer so so let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the final layer so so let's just do
+a picture here here here is v-0 a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture here here here is v-0 a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture here here here is v-0 a sample
+vector or if we're doing image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or if we're doing image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or if we're doing image
+processing it's all the pixels in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing it's all the pixels in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing it's all the pixels in in the
+image in the in the in the data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in the in the in the data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in the in the in the data and the
+training from one sample this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training from one sample this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training from one sample this is
+one training sample and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one training sample and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one training sample and then you
+multiply by a 1 and you add B 1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a 1 and you add B 1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a 1 and you add B 1 and you
+take Riu of that vector and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Riu of that vector and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Riu of that vector and that gives
+you V 2 V 1 sorry that gives you V 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you V 2 V 1 sorry that gives you V 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you V 2 V 1 sorry that gives you V 1 and
+then you iterate to finally V L the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you iterate to finally V L the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you iterate to finally V L the last
+layer you don't do real uu at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you don't do real uu at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you don't do real uu at the last
+layer so it's just al V L minus 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so it's just al V L minus 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so it's just al V L minus 1 plus
+VL and you may not do a bias vector also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL and you may not do a bias vector also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VL and you may not do a bias vector also
+at that layer but you might and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that layer but you might and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that layer but you might and that's
+this is the finally the output so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the finally the output so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the finally the output so is
+that picture and so that picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture and so that picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture and so that picture is
+clearer for me than it was previously to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer for me than it was previously to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer for me than it was previously to
+distinguish between the weights so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between the weights so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between the weights so in
+the in the gradient descent algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the gradient descent algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the gradient descent algorithm
+it's these X's that you're choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these X's that you're choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these X's that you're choosing the
+V's are not these are given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's are not these are given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's are not these are given by the
+training data that's not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data that's not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data that's not part of the
+optimization part that's not part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization part that's not part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization part that's not part of its
+X in chapter 6 where you're finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in chapter 6 where you're finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in chapter 6 where you're finding the
+optimal weights so this X really stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal weights so this X really stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal weights so this X really stands
+for X stands for the all the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X stands for the all the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X stands for the all the weights
+that you compute up to a L be L so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you compute up to a L be L so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you compute up to a L be L so it's
+that's that's a collection of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a collection of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a collection of all the
+weights and the important part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the important part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the important part for
+applications for practice is to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for practice is to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for practice is to realize
+that there are often more weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are often more weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are often more weights and
+more components in the weights then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more components in the weights then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more components in the weights then
+there are components in the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are components in the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are components in the feature
+vectors in the samples in the vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the samples in the vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the samples in the vs
+so often the size of X is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often the size of X is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often the size of X is greater than
+the size of V which is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of V which is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of V which is an interesting
+and sort of unexpected situation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of unexpected situation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of unexpected situation so
+often I'll just write that often the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I'll just write that often the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often I'll just write that often the X's
+are the weights X's are under determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the number of X's exceeds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the number of X's exceeds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the number of X's exceeds and
+often far exceeds the number of visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often far exceeds the number of visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often far exceeds the number of visa
+number of the cardinality the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the cardinality the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the cardinality the number of
+weights in this is in the A's and B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in this is in the A's and B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in this is in the A's and B's
+and the these are in the samples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the these are in the samples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the these are in the samples in the
+training set the number well the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set the number well the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set the number well the number
+of features of all the samples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features of all the samples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features of all the samples in the
+training set so I'll get that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set so I'll get that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set so I'll get that new
+section 7.1 up hopefully this week on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 7.1 up hopefully this week on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 7.1 up hopefully this week on
+the on the open that's the open set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the open that's the open set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the open that's the open set and
+I'll email to you on stellar is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll email to you on stellar is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll email to you on stellar is there
+more I should say about this you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I should say about this you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I should say about this you see
+here the I can draw the picture but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the I can draw the picture but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the I can draw the picture but of
+course a hand-drawn picture is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a hand-drawn picture is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a hand-drawn picture is far
+inferior to to a machine drawn picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior to to a machine drawn picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior to to a machine drawn picture
+but online picture but let me just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but online picture but let me just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but online picture but let me just do it
+so there's V the training sample has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's V the training sample has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's V the training sample has
+some components and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components and then they're
+multiplied now here's going to be v1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied now here's going to be v1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied now here's going to be v1 the
+first in layer and that can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in layer and that can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in layer and that can have a
+different number of of of components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of of of components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of of of components in
+in the first layer different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first layer different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first layer different number of
+neurons and then each one comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and then each one comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and then each one comes from
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+eze by so I won't keep going here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eze by so I won't keep going here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eze by so I won't keep going here but
+but you you see the picture so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you see the picture so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you you see the picture so there's a
+mate that describes a matrix a one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate that describes a matrix a one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate that describes a matrix a one that
+tells you what the weights are on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the weights are on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the weights are on those
+and then there's a b1 that's added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a b1 that's added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a b1 that's added the
+BIOS vector is added to all those to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BIOS vector is added to all those to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BIOS vector is added to all those to get
+the v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v1
+there's so v1 is a 1 V 0 plus B 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so v1 is a 1 V 0 plus B 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so v1 is a 1 V 0 plus B 1 and
+then onwards so this this is the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then onwards so this this is the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then onwards so this this is the spot
+we're drawing it by hand is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing it by hand is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing it by hand is clearly
+inferior to any other possible way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior to any other possible way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior to any other possible way to do
+it okay so now I haven't yet put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now I haven't yet put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now I haven't yet put into
+the picture the loss function so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture the loss function so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture the loss function so that's
+the function that you want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that you want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that you want to minimize
+so what is the loss function so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the loss function so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the loss function so we're
+choosing x2 that's all the A's and B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x2 that's all the A's and B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing x2 that's all the A's and B's
+to minimize the loss function el okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the loss function el okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the loss function el okay so
+it's this part that Professor SRA's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this part that Professor SRA's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this part that Professor SRA's
+lecture was about so he he said el is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was about so he he said el is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was about so he he said el is
+often a finite sum over all the of F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a finite sum over all the of F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a finite sum over all the of F so
+what would that be f of X V I so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that be f of X V I so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that be f of X V I so this is
+the output from the with weights with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the with weights with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output from the with weights with
+weights in X from sample number I and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in X from sample number I and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in X from sample number I and if
+we're doing batch processing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing batch processing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing batch processing that is
+we're doing the whole batch at once then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the whole batch at once then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the whole batch at once then
+we compute that for all I and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that for all I and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that for all I and that's the
+computation that's ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's ridiculously
+expensive and you go instead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you go instead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and you go instead to
+stochastic gradient and you just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient and you just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic gradient and you just choose
+one of those or B of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those or B of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those or B of those
+small number be like 30 to 120 8 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number be like 30 to 120 8 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number be like 30 to 120 8 of
+these F's but but full-scale gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these F's but but full-scale gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these F's but but full-scale gradient
+descent chooses the weights X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent chooses the weights X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent chooses the weights X to
+minimize the loss now so the law I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the loss now so the law I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the loss now so the law I
+haven't got the loss here yet there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got the loss here yet there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got the loss here yet there is
+this function the loss would be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the loss would be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the loss would be minus
+the true result from sample I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true result from sample I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true result from sample I I don't
+write I haven't got a good notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I haven't got a good notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I haven't got a good notation for
+that I'm open to suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm open to suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm open to suggestions
+so how do I want to write the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I want to write the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I want to write the air
+suppose suppose I'm so that would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I'm so that would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose I'm so that would be if
+it was least squares I would maybe be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was least squares I would maybe be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was least squares I would maybe be
+squaring that so that would be a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that so that would be a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that so that would be a sum of
+squares of errors squared over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of errors squared over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of errors squared over all the
+samples or if I'm doing stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples or if I'm doing stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples or if I'm doing stochastic
+gradient descent I would minimize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent I would minimize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent I would minimize I
+guess I'm minimizing this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm minimizing this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm minimizing this but the
+question is do I use the whole function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do I use the whole function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do I use the whole function
+L in at each iteration or do I just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in at each iteration or do I just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in at each iteration or do I just pick
+one or only B of the samples to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or only B of the samples to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or only B of the samples to look at
+at iteration number K so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at iteration number K so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at iteration number K so so this is the
+this is the L of X then I've added up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L of X then I've added up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L of X then I've added up
+over all the V's so just to keep their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the V's so just to keep their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the V's so just to keep their
+notation straight I have this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation straight I have this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation straight I have this function
+of X and V s I find its output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and V s I find its output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and V s I find its output
+what would V what this is what to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would V what this is what to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would V what this is what to the
+neural net produces it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net produces it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net produces it's supposed to be
+close to the true we don't want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true we don't want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true we don't want it to be
+exactly we we don't expect this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we we don't expect this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we we don't expect this to be
+exactly zero but it it could be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but it it could be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but it it could be because
+we have lots of weights to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what anyway that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what anyway that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what anyway that would be the
+loss we minimize and B squared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we minimize and B squared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss we minimize and B squared for
+square loss I guess I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square loss I guess I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square loss I guess I haven't really
+spoken about the about loss functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about the about loss functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about the about loss functions
+let me just put those here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put those here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just put those here
+and actually I these are popular loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I these are popular loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I these are popular loss
+functions one would be the one we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions one would be the one we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions one would be the one we know
+best square loss and number two I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best square loss and number two I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best square loss and number two I've
+never seen it used quite this directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen it used quite this directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen it used quite this directly
+would be the L one loss may be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the L one loss may be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the L one loss may be the sum
+of L one norms this is some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L one norms this is some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L one norms this is some of these
+error squared in the l2 norm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error squared in the l2 norm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error squared in the l2 norm you know
+one loss could be there's some over I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss could be there's some over I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one loss could be there's some over I of
+the l1 losses but that's not a well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 losses but that's not a well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 losses but that's not a well this
+this comes into specific other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes into specific other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes into specific other problems
+like lasso and are there other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lasso and are there other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lasso and are there other important
+problems you're minimizing an l1 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you're minimizing an l1 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you're minimizing an l1 norm
+but not in deep learning now and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in deep learning now and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in deep learning now and three
+would be hinge loss probably some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hinge loss probably some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hinge loss probably some of you
+know better than I the formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know better than I the formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know better than I the formula and the
+background behind hinge loss is it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background behind hinge loss is it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background behind hinge loss is it for
+this is four minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is four minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is four minus one one
+classification problems rather than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problems rather than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problems rather than four
+that would be appropriate for regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be appropriate for regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be appropriate for regression
+so this would be for regression and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be for regression and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be for regression and then
+finally the most important for neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the most important for neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the most important for neural
+nets is cross-entropy loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is for neural nets so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for neural nets so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for neural nets so this is
+really our the most used loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our the most used loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our the most used loss function
+in the and the set up that we are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the and the set up that we are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the and the set up that we are mostly
+thinking of and and I'll try to say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of and and I'll try to say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of and and I'll try to say more
+about that before the course ends so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that before the course ends so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that before the course ends so is
+that I don't know for me I hadn't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know for me I hadn't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know for me I hadn't got
+this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until rewriting that section and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until rewriting that section and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until rewriting that section and it's
+now bet in better form but comments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now bet in better form but comments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now bet in better form but comments are
+welcome okay and so that just completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome okay and so that just completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome okay and so that just completes
+what I wanted to say and you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to say and you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted to say and you'll see the
+new section any comments on that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section any comments on that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section any comments on that before
+I go to a different topic entirely okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to a different topic entirely okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to a different topic entirely okay
+oh and then questions let me before I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then questions let me before I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then questions let me before I go
+to this topic which I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this topic which I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this topic which I'll tell you what
+it is it's it's it's a short section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's it's it's a short section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's it's it's a short section in
+the book called distance about distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book called distance about distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book called distance about distance
+matrices and the question is if we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and the question is if we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and the question is if we're we
+have we have a bunch of points in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a bunch of points in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a bunch of points in space
+and what we know is we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know is we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know is we know the
+distances between the points and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the points and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between the points and it's
+convenient to talk about distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to talk about distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to talk about distances
+squared here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and how would we know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how would we know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how would we know these
+distances maybe by radar or or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances maybe by radar or or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances maybe by radar or or any
+measurement they might be sensors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement they might be sensors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement they might be sensors which
+we've placed around and we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've placed around and we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've placed around and we can measure
+the distances between them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances between them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances between them and the
+question is what's their position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's their position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's their position so
+that's the yeah that's the question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the yeah that's the question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the yeah that's the question so
+let me talk a little bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk a little bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk a little bit about this
+question and then pause find positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and well in space but I don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well in space but I don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well in space but I don't know we
+don't know ahead of time maybe whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know ahead of time maybe whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know ahead of time maybe whether
+the space is ordinary 3d space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is ordinary 3d space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space is ordinary 3d space or
+whether these are sensors in a plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these are sensors in a plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these are sensors in a plane or
+whether we have to go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have to go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we have to go to higher
+dimensions I'll just put D and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'll just put D and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions I'll just put D and and we
+also I'll just say then we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'll just say then we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'll just say then we're also
+finding D and what are these positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding D and what are these positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding D and what are these positions
+these are positions X X I so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are positions X X I so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are positions X X I so the
+distance between X I minus XJ squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X I minus XJ squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between X I minus XJ squared is
+is the given D IJ so we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the given D IJ so we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the given D IJ so we're given
+distances between them and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between them and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances between them and we want to
+find their positions find their so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their positions find their so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find their positions find their so we
+know distances and we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distances and we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know distances and we want to find
+positions that's the question and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions that's the question and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions that's the question and it's
+just a neat math question that is solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a neat math question that is solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a neat math question that is solved
+and you'll see a complete solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see a complete solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see a complete solution and
+and it has lots of applications and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has lots of applications and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has lots of applications and it's
+yeah it's just a nice it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just a nice it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just a nice it's a nice
+question so it occupies a section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so it occupies a section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so it occupies a section of the
+book but that section is only two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that section is only two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that section is only two pages
+long because it's just a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because it's just a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because it's just a straightforward
+solution to that question given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that question given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that question given the
+distances find the positions given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances find the positions given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances find the positions given the
+distances find the XS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm gonna speak about that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna speak about that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna speak about that let
+me I had a suggestion a good suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I had a suggestion a good suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I had a suggestion a good suggestion
+by email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by email
+well questions about the projects coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well questions about the projects coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well questions about the projects coming
+in projects are beginning to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projects are beginning to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projects are beginning to come in and
+at least at the beginning I'm I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the beginning I'm I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the beginning I'm I make
+well out in all cases beginning and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out in all cases beginning and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out in all cases beginning and end
+I'll read them carefully and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read them carefully and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read them carefully and as long as
+I can I'll stand back suggestions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I'll stand back suggestions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I'll stand back suggestions for
+our final rewrite and as I said so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final rewrite and as I said so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final rewrite and as I said so I'd
+like to get a print out is great you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get a print out is great you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to get a print out is great you
+could leave it in the envelope outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it in the envelope outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave it in the envelope outside
+my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office
+but of course online is it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course online is it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course online is it's what
+everybody's doing so those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's doing so those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's doing so those are just
+beginning to come in and they're not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to come in and they're not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to come in and they're not if
+we can get them in by a week from today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get them in by a week from today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get them in by a week from today
+I'm really really happy yep and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really really happy yep and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really really happy yep and just
+feel free to email me I would email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to email me I would email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to email me I would email me
+about projects rather than not Jonathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projects rather than not Jonathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projects rather than not Jonathan
+and not not anonymous stellar I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not not anonymous stellar I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not not anonymous stellar I think
+you probably better just ask me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably better just ask me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably better just ask me that
+question that's that's fine and I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's that's fine and I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's that's fine and I'll try
+to answer you in a useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer you in a useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer you in a useful way
+yeah so that's and I'm always open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's and I'm always open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's and I'm always open to
+questions so you could email me like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you could email me like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you could email me like how
+long should this project be my tutor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long should this project be my tutor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long should this project be my tutor in
+Oxford said something like when he you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford said something like when he you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford said something like when he you
+know you were writing essays that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you were writing essays that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you were writing essays that's the
+Oxford system is to write an essay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford system is to write an essay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford system is to write an essay and
+he said just start where it starts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said just start where it starts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said just start where it starts and
+end when it finishes so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when it finishes so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end when it finishes so that's the
+that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea
+certainly not normally long and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not normally long and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not normally long and then a
+question was raised and I can ask you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was raised and I can ask you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was raised and I can ask you if
+you are interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested in that
+the question was what courses after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was what courses after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was what courses after this
+one are natural are sort of natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are natural are sort of natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one are natural are sort of natural to
+take to go forward and I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to go forward and I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to go forward and I don't know how
+many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you
+who are thinking to take have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are thinking to take have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are thinking to take have time to
+take another MIT other MIT courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another MIT other MIT courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another MIT other MIT courses in
+this area of deep learning machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area of deep learning machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area of deep learning machine
+learning optimization all the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning optimization all the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning optimization all the topics
+we've had here anybody expecting to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had here anybody expecting to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had here anybody expecting to take
+more courses just stick up a hand yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more courses just stick up a hand yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more courses just stick up a hand yeah
+and you already know like what MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already know like what MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already know like what MIT
+offers or so that was the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers or so that was the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers or so that was the question that
+came to me what does MIT offer in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me what does MIT offer in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me what does MIT offer in this
+direction and I haven't looked up to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I haven't looked up to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I haven't looked up to see
+the number of professors roz course sra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of professors roz course sra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of professors roz course sra
+but after in course six it's six point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after in course six it's six point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after in course six it's six point
+high number and and after his good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number and and after his good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number and and after his good
+lecture I think that's gotta be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I think that's gotta be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I think that's gotta be
+worthwhile so I looked on course six I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so I looked on course six I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so I looked on course six I
+didn't find a really very an institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a really very an institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find a really very an institute
+wide list maybe course six feels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide list maybe course six feels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide list maybe course six feels that
+they are the Institute but there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the Institute but there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the Institute but there's other
+courses around and but I found in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses around and but I found in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses around and but I found in in the
+operations were a search site oh are see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations were a search site oh are see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations were a search site oh are see
+the operations Research Center let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations Research Center let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations Research Center let me
+just put there this is just in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put there this is just in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put there this is just in case you
+would like to think about any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to think about any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to think about any of these
+things so there as I write that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there as I write that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there as I write that so I
+heard the lecture by Tim berners-lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the lecture by Tim berners-lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the lecture by Tim berners-lee
+that others here that this a week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that others here that this a week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that others here that this a week or so
+ago he created the web so it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago he created the web so it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago he created the web so it's a pretty
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+it wasn't Al Gore after all and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't Al Gore after all and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't Al Gore after all and you know
+do you know his name what he's now Sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know his name what he's now Sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know his name what he's now Sir
+Tim berners-lee so that double name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim berners-lee so that double name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim berners-lee so that double name
+makes you suspect it's he's from England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you suspect it's he's from England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you suspect it's he's from England
+than he is but he so anybody I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he is but he so anybody I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he is but he so anybody I was going
+to say he's I hold him responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say he's I hold him responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say he's I hold him responsible for
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+excessive letters in in the address in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive letters in in the address in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive letters in in the address in
+the URL I mean he's made us all say www
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL I mean he's made us all say www
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL I mean he's made us all say www
+for a year or find some other way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year or find some other way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year or find some other way to say
+it but it's not easy to say I think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's not easy to say I think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's not easy to say I think okay
+whatever this is the operate the o.r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is the operate the o.r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this is the operate the o.r
+Center at MIT and then it's academics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center at MIT and then it's academics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center at MIT and then it's academics or
+something and then it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then it's something like
+course offerings that's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course offerings that's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course offerings that's approximately
+right and since they do apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since they do apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since they do apply to
+optimization that's you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that's you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that's you know there's a
+heading of ant data analytics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of ant data analytics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of ant data analytics or
+statistics there's optimization there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there's optimization there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics there's optimization there's
+o-o-or operations research other lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o-o-or operations research other lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o-o-or operations research other lists
+but a good list of courses from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a good list of courses from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a good list of courses from many
+departments as president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments as president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments as president
+especially so especially course sakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially so especially course sakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially so especially course sakes
+of course 15 which is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 15 which is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 15 which is where the
+operations Research Center are is course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations Research Center are is course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations Research Center are is course
+18 and there are others in course too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and there are others in course too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 and there are others in course too
+and elsewhere yeah well would somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere yeah well would somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere yeah well would somebody
+like to say what course you have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say what course you have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say what course you have in mind
+to take next after this one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take next after this one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take next after this one if you
+looked at the looked ahead to next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the looked ahead to next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the looked ahead to next year
+any many suggestions of what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any many suggestions of what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any many suggestions of what looks like
+a good course I I you know I only know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good course I I you know I only know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good course I I you know I only know I
+sat in once on 6.03 six the really basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in once on 6.03 six the really basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in once on 6.03 six the really basic
+course and you you would want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and you you would want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and you you would want to go
+higher okay I I won't any maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay I I won't any maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay I I won't any maybe this is
+just to say I'd be interested to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say I'd be interested to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say I'd be interested to know
+what you do next what your experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do next what your experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do next what your experience is
+or I'd be happy to give advice but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'd be happy to give advice but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'd be happy to give advice but maybe
+my general advice is that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my general advice is that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my general advice is that that's a
+useful list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful list of
+of courses okay back to distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of courses okay back to distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of courses okay back to distance
+matrices okay so here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so here's the problem
+yep okay I'll probably have to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay I'll probably have to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay I'll probably have to raise
+that but I'll leave it for a minute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll leave it for a minute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll leave it for a minute okay
+so we know these distances and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know these distances and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know these distances and we want
+to find the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the exit
+so let's call this D IJ maybe so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this D IJ maybe so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call this D IJ maybe so we have
+a D matrix and we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D matrix and we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D matrix and we want to find the
+position matrix let me just see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position matrix let me just see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position matrix let me just see what
+notation so this is section 3.9 no 4.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so this is section 3.9 no 4.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so this is section 3.9 no 4.9
+previously 3.9 but chapters three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously 3.9 but chapters three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously 3.9 but chapters three and
+four got switched so and maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four got switched so and maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four got switched so and maybe maybe
+actually yeah I think it's it's eight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah I think it's it's eight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah I think it's it's eight or
+nine or ten it's other topics are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine or ten it's other topics are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine or ten it's other topics are trying
+to find their way and okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find their way and okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find their way and okay so that's the
+that's the reference on the lot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference on the lot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference on the lot on the
+web and I'll get these sections onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and I'll get these sections onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and I'll get these sections onto
+stellar okay so the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar okay so the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar okay so the question is can we
+recover the positions from the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the positions from the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the positions from the distances
+in fact there's also a question are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's also a question are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's also a question are
+there always positions from the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always positions from the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always positions from the given
+distances so let me and and I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so let me and and I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so let me and and I mentioned
+several applications I've already spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several applications I've already spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several applications I've already spoken
+about wireless sensor networks where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wireless sensor networks where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wireless sensor networks where you
+you can measure travel times between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure travel times between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure travel times between
+them between the sensors and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them between the sensors and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them between the sensors and then you
+that gives you the distances and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the distances and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the distances and then
+you use this neat little bit of math to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this neat little bit of math to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this neat little bit of math to
+find the positions well of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the positions well of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the positions well of course you
+can't find the positions uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the positions uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the positions uniquely
+clearly you could any rigid motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you could any rigid motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you could any rigid motion of
+all the positions if I have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positions if I have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positions if I have a set of
+positions what am I going to call that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions what am I going to call that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions what am I going to call that X
+so so right here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so right here and then
+so I'm given the D matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given the D matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given the D matrix that's
+distances and the job is to find the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and the job is to find the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and the job is to find the X
+matrix which gives the positions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which gives the positions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which gives the positions and
+what I'm just going to say and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm just going to say and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm just going to say and you
+already saw that saw it in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw that saw it in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw that saw it in your mind
+that if I have a set of positions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a set of positions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have a set of positions I
+could do a translation the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a translation the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a translation the distances
+wouldn't change or I could do a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change or I could do a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change or I could do a rigid
+motion other rigid rotation so positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion other rigid rotation so positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion other rigid rotation so positions
+are not unique but I can make I can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not unique but I can make I can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not unique but I can make I can come
+closer by saying put the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer by saying put the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer by saying put the center of
+centroid at the origin or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid at the origin or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid at the origin or something like
+that that will take out the translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will take out the translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will take out the translations
+at least okay so find the X matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least okay so find the X matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least okay so find the X matrix
+that's the job okay and I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the job okay and I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the job okay and I was going to
+before I start on that the shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start on that the shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start on that the shapes of
+molecules is another application nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is another application nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is another application nuclear
+magnetic resonance gives distances gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance gives distances gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance gives distances gives
+D and then we find the positions M X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then we find the positions M X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then we find the positions M X and
+of course there's a noise in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's a noise in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's a noise in there and
+sometimes missing entries and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes missing entries and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes missing entries and machine
+learning could be just described also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning could be just described also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning could be just described also as
+a you've given a whole lot of points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you've given a whole lot of points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you've given a whole lot of points in
+space feature vectors in a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space feature vectors in a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space feature vectors in a high
+dimensional space actually this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space actually this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space actually this is a big
+deal you're given a whole lot of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you're given a whole lot of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal you're given a whole lot of points
+with where the in high dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where the in high dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where the in high dimensional space
+and those are related there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are related there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are related there they're
+there they sort of come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they sort of come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they sort of come together
+naturally so they tend to fit on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally so they tend to fit on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally so they tend to fit on a
+surface in high dimensional space a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in high dimensional space a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in high dimensional space a low
+dimensional surface in high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional surface in high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional surface in high dimensional
+space and really a lot of mathematics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and really a lot of mathematics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and really a lot of mathematics is
+devoted to finding that low dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to finding that low dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to finding that low dimensional
+that sub space but it could be curved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sub space but it could be curved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sub space but it could be curved so
+sub space is not the correct word really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub space is not the correct word really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub space is not the correct word really
+manifold is curved manifold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold is curved manifold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold is curved manifold this
+a meth geometers would say that is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meth geometers would say that is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meth geometers would say that is close
+to all the planets smooth and close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the planets smooth and close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the planets smooth and close to
+all the points and you can linearize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points and you can linearize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points and you can linearize it
+you could flatten it out and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could flatten it out and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could flatten it out and then you
+have a much reduced problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much reduced problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much reduced problem the
+dimension is reduced from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is reduced from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is reduced from the original
+dimension of the of the where the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the of the where the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the of the where the points
+lie with a lot of data to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie with a lot of data to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie with a lot of data to the true
+dimension of the problem which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the problem which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the problem which of course
+if the points were all on a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the points were all on a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the points were all on a straight
+line the true dimension of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the true dimension of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the true dimension of the problem
+would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one
+well we so we have to discover this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we so we have to discover this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we so we have to discover this that
+we also have to find that dimension D ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to find that dimension D ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to find that dimension D ok
+ok so how do we do it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so how do we do it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so how do we do it so it's a
+classical problem it just has a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical problem it just has a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical problem it just has a neat
+answer ok okay so let's recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ok okay so let's recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer ok okay so let's recognize the
+connection between distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between distances and
+positions so D IJ is length of it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so D IJ is length of it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so D IJ is length of it's the
+square distance between them so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance between them so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance between them so that is
+X I X I minus X I XJ minus xj x i plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I X I minus X I XJ minus xj x i plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I X I minus X I XJ minus xj x i plus x
+JX check ok is that right yes ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX check ok is that right yes ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JX check ok is that right yes ok so
+those are the DI J's in a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the DI J's in a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the DI J's in a matrix and
+these are entries in the matrix D ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well these entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depend only on I they're the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend only on I they're the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend only on I they're the same for
+every J so this is going to be this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every J so this is going to be this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every J so this is going to be this will
+this this part will produce a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part will produce a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part will produce a rank one
+matrix because things depend only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because things depend only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because things depend only on the
+row but not on J their column number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns repeated yeah and this produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns repeated yeah and this produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns repeated yeah and this produces
+a similarly something that depends only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similarly something that depends only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similarly something that depends only
+on J only on the column number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on J only on the column number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on J only on the column number so the
+rows are all the same so this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are all the same so this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are all the same so this is also a
+rank one matrix with all repeated sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one matrix with all repeated sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one matrix with all repeated sent
+all the same rows because if I change I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same rows because if I change I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same rows because if I change I
+nothing changes in that inner product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes in that inner product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes in that inner product so
+really these are the terms that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are the terms that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are the terms that produce
+most of the matrix the significant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the matrix the significant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the matrix the significant part
+of the matrix okay so what do we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix okay so what do we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix okay so what do we do with
+those so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see I've did I give a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I've did I give a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see I've did I give a name for
+the matrix that I'm looking for I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that I'm looking for I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that I'm looking for I think
+in the notes I call it X so so I'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes I call it X so so I'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes I call it X so so I'm given
+D given D find X and what I'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D given D find X and what I'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D given D find X and what I'll actually
+find you can see it coming here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you can see it coming here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you can see it coming here is
+actually find X transpose X because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find X transpose X because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find X transpose X because what
+all I'm what I'm given is dot products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm what I'm given is dot products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm what I'm given is dot products
+of X's so so I would like to find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X's so so I would like to find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X's so so I would like to find to
+discover out of out of all this what X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover out of out of all this what X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover out of out of all this what X I
+dotted with XJ is that'll be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with XJ is that'll be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with XJ is that'll be the correct
+dot product let's call this matrix G for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product let's call this matrix G for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product let's call this matrix G for
+the dot product matrix and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product matrix and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product matrix and then then
+find X from G so this is a nice argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X from G so this is a nice argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find X from G so this is a nice argument
+so what this tells me is a bunch of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells me is a bunch of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells me is a bunch of some
+information about dot products so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about dot products so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about dot products so this
+is telling me something about the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something about the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling me something about the G
+matrix the X transpose X matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the X transpose X matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the X transpose X matrix and then
+once I know G then it's a separate step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I know G then it's a separate step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I know G then it's a separate step
+to find X and of course that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find X and of course that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find X and of course that's this is
+the point of which X is not unique if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of which X is not unique if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of which X is not unique if
+there's if I put in a rotation into X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if I put in a rotation into X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if I put in a rotation into X
+then that rotation Q will I'll see a Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that rotation Q will I'll see a Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that rotation Q will I'll see a Q
+transpose Q and it'll disappear so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q and it'll disappear so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q and it'll disappear so the
+so the I'm free to rotate the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I'm free to rotate the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I'm free to rotate the X's
+because that doesn't change the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't change the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't change the dot
+product but so it's G that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but so it's G that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but so it's G that I want to
+know and this tells me something about G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this tells me something about G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and this tells me something about G
+and this tells me something about G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me something about G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me something about G and
+so does that but that's what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that but that's what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that but that's what I have to
+see so what is what do those tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what is what do those tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what is what do those tell me
+let's see let me write down what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me write down what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me write down what I have
+here so so the the the so let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the the the so let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so so the the the so let's say a
+diagonal matrix with VII as the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix with VII as the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix with VII as the inner
+product X I would X I that we that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product X I would X I that we that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product X I would X I that we that we're
+getting partial information from here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting partial information from here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting partial information from here so
+so is that okay I'm introducing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that okay I'm introducing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that okay I'm introducing that
+notation because this is now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because this is now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation because this is now going to
+tell me that my D matrix is so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that my D matrix is so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that my D matrix is so what is
+that so this is the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the diagonal matrix
+maybe it's just a vector I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yep so can I write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yep so can I write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yep so can I write down the
+equation that that that's that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that that that's that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that that that's that it's
+fundamental here and then oh then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental here and then oh then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental here and then oh then we'll
+figure out what it means so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it means so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it means so it's a
+equation for G for the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for G for the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for G for the dot product
+matrix okay let me make space for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay let me make space for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay let me make space for that
+equation so here's the I believe that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here's the I believe that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here's the I believe that we
+can get the dot product matrix which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the dot product matrix which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the dot product matrix which I'm
+calling G as as according to this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling G as as according to this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling G as as according to this it's
+minus 1/2 of the D matrix plus 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 of the D matrix plus 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 of the D matrix plus 1/2 of
+the ones times the D the diagonal D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones times the D the diagonal D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones times the D the diagonal D and
+it's plus 1/2 of the depth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the times and once these that's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times and once these that's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the times and once these that's a matrix
+with the same with constant rows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same with constant rows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same with constant rows that
+matrix is that this here is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is that this here is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is that this here is this is
+coming from there this is a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there this is a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there this is a matrix with
+always the same columns so let me see no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same columns so let me see no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same columns so let me see no
+I haven't got haven't got those right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got haven't got those right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got haven't got those right
+yet I mean I want these to be rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I mean I want these to be rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet I mean I want these to be rank one
+matrices so I've it's this one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so I've it's this one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so I've it's this one that's
+let me fix that one one one one times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me fix that one one one one times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me fix that one one one one times D
+transpose so it's column times row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so it's column times row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so it's column times row and
+this one is also column times row with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is also column times row with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is also column times row with
+the D here okay now let me look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D here okay now let me look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D here okay now let me look at that
+properly so every row in this guy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so every row in this guy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so every row in this guy is a
+multiple of one one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of one one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of one one one one
+so what does that telling me that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that telling me that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that telling me that all
+columns are the same all columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the same all columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are the same all columns are
+this this part is is reflecting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part is is reflecting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part is is reflecting these
+ones where the columns are repeated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where the columns are repeated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where the columns are repeated this
+one is reflecting this where the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is reflecting this where the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is reflecting this where the rows
+are repeated the D is just the set of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are repeated the D is just the set of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are repeated the D is just the set of D
+numbers let's call that di and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's call that di and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers let's call that di and this is
+DJ so all I'm and here's the D matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so part of the so so part of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of the so so part of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of the so so part of the D
+matrix is is these is this pit and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is is these is this pit and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is is these is this pit and this
+bit each giving a rank one now it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit each giving a rank one now it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit each giving a rank one now it's this
+part that I have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that I have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that I have to understand
+so let me while you're checking on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me while you're checking on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me while you're checking on that
+let me okay yep let's just see where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me okay yep let's just see where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me okay yep let's just see where we
+are if this is true if this is true I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if this is true if this is true I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if this is true if this is true I'm
+given the D matrix and then these dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the D matrix and then these dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the D matrix and then these dot
+products I can find so I can find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I can find so I can find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I can find so I can find these
+so in other words this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words this is the key
+equation that tells me that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells me that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells me that's that's the
+key equation and it's going to come just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation and it's going to come just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key equation and it's going to come just
+from that simple identity just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that simple identity just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that simple identity just from
+checking each term this term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking each term this term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking each term this term we
+identified that last term we identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that last term we identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that last term we identified
+it now this term is B well of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this term is B well of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now this term is B well of course
+it's D so I have two of those and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's D so I have two of those and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's D so I have two of those and I'm
+going to take half of half of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take half of half of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take half of half of that to
+get D I think yep yep and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get D I think yep yep and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get D I think yep yep and we'll we'll
+look so so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I guess I'm not seeing right away why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm not seeing right away why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess I'm not seeing right away why
+this half is in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half is in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half is in here
+but that's but I think I had it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's but I think I had it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's but I think I had it right
+and there's there's a reason but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a reason but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there's a reason but you see
+that this matrix this X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix this X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix this X transpose X
+matrix is coming from these Rank 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is coming from these Rank 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is coming from these Rank 1
+places and these pieces which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and these pieces which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and these pieces which are the
+the cross-product oh oh I see I see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-product oh oh I see I see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-product oh oh I see I see what
+really what that equation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what that equation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what that equation is really
+saying is that the the D matrix is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the the D matrix is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that the the D matrix is this
+if I just read that along and translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just read that along and translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just read that along and translate
+it and put it in matrix language is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and put it in matrix language is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and put it in matrix language is this
+1 1 1 1 the 1 2 D for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 1 the 1 2 D for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 1 the 1 2 D for let's say
+transpose is this Rank 1 matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is this Rank 1 matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is this Rank 1 matrix and the
+other one is the DS times 1 1 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is the DS times 1 1 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is the DS times 1 1 which is
+the transpose of that and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of that and then the other
+one was a minus 2 of the cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a minus 2 of the cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a minus 2 of the cross product
+matrices yep so when I write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices yep so when I write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices yep so when I write that
+equation in matrix language I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in matrix language I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in matrix language I just get
+that and now when I solve for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now when I solve for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now when I solve for x
+oh it's 2 minus 2 X transpose X I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's 2 minus 2 X transpose X I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's 2 minus 2 X transpose X I just
+yeah yep sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yep sorry
+cross products the XS so I had one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products the XS so I had one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products the XS so I had one set
+of cross products and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross products and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross products and then this is the
+same as this so I have minus 2 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this so I have minus 2 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this so I have minus 2 of them
+so now I'm just rewriting the that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm just rewriting the that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm just rewriting the that when
+I rewrite that equation I have that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rewrite that equation I have that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rewrite that equation I have that do
+you see that I put that on this side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I put that on this side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I put that on this side I
+put D over here as a minus D I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put D over here as a minus D I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put D over here as a minus D I divide by
+2 and then that's the formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then that's the formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then that's the formula so
+ultimately this simple identity just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately this simple identity just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately this simple identity just
+looked at because these pieces were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at because these pieces were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at because these pieces were so
+simple just rank one pieces and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just rank one pieces and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just rank one pieces and this
+these pieces were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces were
+actually what we want the X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we want the X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we want the X transpose X
+pieces the G that equation told us the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the G that equation told us the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces the G that equation told us the D
+we know all this is known well so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know all this is known well so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know all this is known well so what's
+really yeah what's known is D and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah what's known is D and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah what's known is D and this
+and this so now we have the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so now we have the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so now we have the equation for
+x transpose X is minus 1/2 of D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x transpose X is minus 1/2 of D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x transpose X is minus 1/2 of D minus
+- these rank ones sorry to make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- these rank ones sorry to make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- these rank ones sorry to make it look
+messy if I remember that Roger out T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if I remember that Roger out T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if I remember that Roger out T
+talking about a last spring also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a last spring also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a last spring also the
+algebra got flustered but so we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra got flustered but so we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra got flustered but so we get it
+so we know X transpose X that matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know X transpose X that matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know X transpose X that matrix now
+can you just can we just do four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just can we just do four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just can we just do four minutes
+of linear algebra at the end today given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra at the end today given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra at the end today given
+X transpose X find X this is n by n how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose X find X this is n by n how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose X find X this is n by n how
+would you do that could you do it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that could you do it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that could you do it would
+there be just one X know what so so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be just one X know what so so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be just one X know what so so any
+if you had if you had one X multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had if you had one X multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had if you had one X multiply
+that by a rotation by an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a rotation by an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by a rotation by an orthogonal
+matrix you'd have another one so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you'd have another one so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you'd have another one so so this
+is you're finding X up to an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're finding X up to an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're finding X up to an orthogonal
+transformation but how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation but how would you
+actually do that well what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that well what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that well what do we know
+about this matrix X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix X transpose X
+symmetric clearly and what we especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric clearly and what we especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric clearly and what we especially
+know is that it's also positive or semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that it's also positive or semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that it's also positive or semi
+definite so this is semi definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm given a semi definite matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given a semi definite matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given a semi definite matrix and
+I want to find a square root you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a square root you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find a square root you could
+say that matrix is the X transpose X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that matrix is the X transpose X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that matrix is the X transpose X and
+I want to find X I think there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find X I think there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find X I think there are two
+leading candidates there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading candidates there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading candidates there are many
+candidates because if you find one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates because if you find one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates because if you find one then
+then any QX is okay yeah because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then any QX is okay yeah because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then any QX is okay yeah because if I
+put a Q transpose Q in there it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a Q transpose Q in there it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a Q transpose Q in there it's the
+identity okay so one way is to use eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay so one way is to use eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity okay so one way is to use eigen
+values of x transpose x and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x transpose x and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x transpose x and the other
+way would be to use elimination on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would be to use elimination on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would be to use elimination on X
+transpose X so so for use so if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X so so for use so if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X so so for use so if I use
+eigen values of X if I find the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of X if I find the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values of X if I find the eigen
+values of X transpose X then I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X transpose X then I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X transpose X then I'm writing
+this as it's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as it's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as it's a symmetric
+positive-definite writing it as Q lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite writing it as Q lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite writing it as Q lambda
+Q transpose right that's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q transpose right that's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q transpose right that's the fundamental
+most important theorem in the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important theorem in the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important theorem in the near
+algebra you could say that a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you could say that a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you could say that a symmetric
+positive semi definite matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite matrix has
+greater eigen values greater equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater eigen values greater equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater eigen values greater equal zero
+and eigen vectors that are orthogonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen vectors that are orthogonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen vectors that are orthogonal so
+now if I know that what's a good X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I know that what's a good X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I know that what's a good X then
+take X to be what so I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X to be what so I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X to be what so I've got the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of X
+transpose X and I'm looking for an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X and I'm looking for an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X and I'm looking for an X
+that will work and one idea is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will work and one idea is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will work and one idea is just to
+take the same eigen values eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same eigen values eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same eigen values eigen vectors
+and take the square roots of the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the square roots of the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the square roots of the eigen
+values because if I multiply if I track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because if I multiply if I track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because if I multiply if I track
+that symmetric now this is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symmetric now this is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that symmetric now this is equal to X
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I so that was a that's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I so that was a that's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I so that was a that's a square
+root symbol or a lambda to the one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root symbol or a lambda to the one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root symbol or a lambda to the one-half
+I could I could say so when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could say so when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could say so when I multiply
+that I'm just really X transpose X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just really X transpose X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm just really X transpose X is
+just x squared here when I square it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x squared here when I square it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x squared here when I square it the
+Q transpose Q multiplies itself to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q transpose Q multiplies itself to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q transpose Q multiplies itself to give
+the identity the square root of lambda x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity the square root of lambda x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity the square root of lambda x
+times the square root of lambda is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the square root of lambda is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the square root of lambda is those
+are diagonal matrices that give lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diagonal matrices that give lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diagonal matrices that give lambda
+and I get the right answer so one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the right answer so one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the right answer so one way is
+in a few words take the square roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few words take the square roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few words take the square roots of
+the eigenvalues and keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and keep the
+eigenvectors so that's the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so that's the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so that's the eigenvalue
+construction so that's producing an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so that's producing an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so that's producing an X
+that is symmetric positive semi definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is symmetric positive semi definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is symmetric positive semi definite
+that might be what you want it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be what you want it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be what you want it's a
+little work because you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little work because you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little work because you're computing
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors to do it
+but that's one choice now I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's one choice now I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's one choice now I believe that
+elimination would give us another choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination would give us another choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination would give us another choice
+so elimination produces what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination produces what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elimination produces what
+factorization of this this is still our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of this this is still our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of this this is still our
+symmetric positive definite matrix if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite matrix if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive definite matrix if
+you do elimination on that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do elimination on that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do elimination on that you you
+usually expect L a lower triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually expect L a lower triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually expect L a lower triangular
+times Z the the pivots times u the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z the the pivots times u the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z the the pivots times u the upper
+triangular that's the usual result of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular that's the usual result of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular that's the usual result of of
+elimination LD u I'm factoring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination LD u I'm factoring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination LD u I'm factoring out the
+pivots so they're ones on the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so they're ones on the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so they're ones on the diagonals
+of L and U but now if it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L and U but now if it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L and U but now if it's symmetric
+matrix what's up we zip by elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what's up we zip by elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what's up we zip by elimination
+regarding that as a 1806 trivial bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding that as a 1806 trivial bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding that as a 1806 trivial bit of
+linear algebra but of course it's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but of course it's highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but of course it's highly
+important so what's the situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so what's the situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so what's the situation here
+when the matrix is actually symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the matrix is actually symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the matrix is actually symmetric
+the U so I want something to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U so I want something to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U so I want something to look
+symmetric how do I make that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric how do I make that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric how do I make that look
+symmetric the U gets replaced by L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the U gets replaced by L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric the U gets replaced by L
+transpose if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose if I
+if I if I'm working on a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I'm working on a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I'm working on a positive
+definite say positive definite matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite say positive definite matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite say positive definite matrix
+then I get positive pivots and L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get positive pivots and L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get positive pivots and L and
+lower triangular and upper triangular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower triangular and upper triangular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower triangular and upper triangular or
+transposes of each other so now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of each other so now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposes of each other so now what is
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+then what's the X it's just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the X it's just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the X it's just like that
+I'll use L square root of D L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use L square root of D L transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use L square root of D L transpose
+is that right ooh wait a minute what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right ooh wait a minute what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right ooh wait a minute what's
+up no that's not gonna work because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no that's not gonna work because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no that's not gonna work because I
+don't have L transpose L where I had Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have L transpose L where I had Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have L transpose L where I had Q
+transpose Q was good no sorry let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q was good no sorry let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q was good no sorry let's get
+that totally erased the X part should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally erased the X part should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally erased the X part should
+just be a square root of d L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a square root of d L transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a square root of d L transpose
+that's that's the X is now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the X is now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the X is now our
+triangular matrix the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix the square root of the
+pivots and the L transpose part and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and the L transpose part and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and the L transpose part and now
+when I do X transpose X then you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do X transpose X then you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do X transpose X then you you see
+X transpose X coming correctly X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose X coming correctly X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X transpose X coming correctly X
+transpose will be L will be L transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will be L will be L transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will be L will be L transpose
+transpose will give me the L square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will give me the L square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose will give me the L square root
+of D times square root of D will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D times square root of D will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D times square root of D will give
+the D and then the L transpose is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D and then the L transpose is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D and then the L transpose is right
+so this is called the do I try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the do I try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the do I try to write
+it here this is my last word for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here this is my last word for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here this is my last word for today
+the cholesky those are the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cholesky those are the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cholesky those are the this is the
+cholesky factorization named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesky factorization named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesky factorization named after
+french guy who a French soldier actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french guy who a French soldier actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french guy who a French soldier actually
+so LD L transpose is cholesky and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LD L transpose is cholesky and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LD L transpose is cholesky and that's
+that's easy to compute much faster to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to compute much faster to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to compute much faster to
+compute than the eigen value of square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute than the eigen value of square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute than the eigen value of square
+root but this square root is triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but this square root is triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root but this square root is triangular
+this square root is symmetric those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root is symmetric those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square root is symmetric those are
+the two sort of pieces of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sort of pieces of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sort of pieces of linear algebra
+to find things to reduce things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things to reduce things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things to reduce things to
+triangular form or to reduce them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular form or to reduce them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular form or to reduce them to
+to connect them with symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect them with symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect them with symmetric matrices
+okay thank you for attention today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you for attention today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you for attention today so
+today we did the distance matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we did the distance matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we did the distance matrices and
+this was the final step to get the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the final step to get the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the final step to get the X and
+also getting the more most important was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting the more most important was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also getting the more most important was
+to get the structure of a neural net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the structure of a neural net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the structure of a neural net
+straight separating the V's the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight separating the V's the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight separating the V's the sample
+vectors from the X's the weights okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the X's the weights okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors from the X's the weights okay so
+Friday I've got one volunteer to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday I've got one volunteer to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday I've got one volunteer to talk
+about a project and I'm desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project and I'm desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project and I'm desperately
+looking for more please just send me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for more please just send me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for more please just send me an
+email you're in your your it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you're in your your it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email you're in your your it'll be
+appreciated or I'll send you an email if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated or I'll send you an email if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated or I'll send you an email if
+necessary okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L4TRwvoC8Ho.txt b/L4TRwvoC8Ho.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15d42546b188db09ae9d14419dd6667b9a41563e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L4TRwvoC8Ho.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, hi. Can you hear me? Great. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, hi. Can you hear me? Great. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, hi. Can you hear me? Great. Thanks.
+It's um, it's a pleasure to be here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's um, it's a pleasure to be here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's um, it's a pleasure to be here with
+you all this morning and with Zayb who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all this morning and with Zayb who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all this morning and with Zayb who I
+have known now for I don't know 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known now for I don't know 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have known now for I don't know 10 years
+or something like that. three mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. three mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. three mothers
+out front. Um, so I want to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out front. Um, so I want to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out front. Um, so I want to talk to you
+today about something that's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about something that's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about something that's maybe a
+little bit different from what others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from what others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from what others
+will be talking to you about over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking to you about over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking to you about over the
+course of the day. Uh, and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the day. Uh, and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the day. Uh, and that is
+power. Not the kind of power that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. Not the kind of power that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. Not the kind of power that you
+spent a lot of the day talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of the day talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of the day talking about and
+we'll be talking more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about this
+afternoon, but people power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon, but people power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon, but people power.
+Um, and I want to encourage you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I want to encourage you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I want to encourage you to think
+about climate change as a ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate change as a ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate change as a ultimately a
+problem of political power. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of political power. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of political power. So when we
+take a step back and we think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and we think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a step back and we think about why
+it is that after decades and decades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that after decades and decades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that after decades and decades of
+science and consensus in the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and consensus in the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and consensus in the scientific
+community that we are indeed heating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that we are indeed heating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that we are indeed heating the
+earth and with catastrophic implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and with catastrophic implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth and with catastrophic implications
+for life on this planet as we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life on this planet as we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life on this planet as we know it
+have to think about what it is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what it is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what it is that is
+preventing us from making more progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing us from making more progress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing us from making more progress.
+And we need to think about the powers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we need to think about the powers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we need to think about the powers on
+the left hand side of the scale which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the scale which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of the scale which
+represent the fossil fuel industry, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the fossil fuel industry, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the fossil fuel industry, the
+prochemical industry, uh the banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prochemical industry, uh the banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prochemical industry, uh the banks and
+investors that make money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that make money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that make money from the
+industry, the politicians that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, the politicians that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, the politicians that are being
+heavily influenced by the industry. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily influenced by the industry. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily influenced by the industry. I
+think the oil and gas industry spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the oil and gas industry spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the oil and gas industry spent
+$230
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230
+million or so getting Trump elected,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or so getting Trump elected,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or so getting Trump elected,
+probably more than that. Um and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more than that. Um and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more than that. Um and then of
+course just status quo like people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just status quo like people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course just status quo like people are
+kind of resistant to change in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resistant to change in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resistant to change in general
+and we have an entire economy based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an entire economy based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an entire economy based on
+uh that's built on uh fossil fuels. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's built on uh fossil fuels. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's built on uh fossil fuels. Um
+so the question is what do we do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what do we do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what do we do about
+that? And what we do at mothers outfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? And what we do at mothers outfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? And what we do at mothers outfront
+is we talk about building power and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we talk about building power and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we talk about building power and we
+engage in the process of building power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the process of building power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the process of building power.
+So ultimately it's the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ultimately it's the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ultimately it's the question is how
+do we drive transformational change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we drive transformational change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we drive transformational change of
+the level that we need in order to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that we need in order to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level that we need in order to shift
+the scale so we can actually win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale so we can actually win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale so we can actually win
+campaigns and uh create the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns and uh create the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns and uh create the conditions
+for network geothermal and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for network geothermal and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for network geothermal and other
+important technologies to come in etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technologies to come in etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important technologies to come in etc
+etc and to do so in an equitable manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and to do so in an equitable manner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and to do so in an equitable manner.
+So, as it turns out, transformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as it turns out, transformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as it turns out, transformational
+change throughout American history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change throughout American history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change throughout American history and
+around the world has really largely been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world has really largely been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world has really largely been
+possible because of social movements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because of social movements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because of social movements.
+So, it's large large numbers of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's large large numbers of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's large large numbers of people
+coming together out of a sense of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together out of a sense of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together out of a sense of shared
+values and a sense of outrage at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a sense of outrage at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a sense of outrage at the
+disconnect between the world they people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect between the world they people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect between the world they people
+want and the world as it is and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and the world as it is and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and the world as it is and people
+coming together, learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together, learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together, learning how to
+organize together and drive campaigns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize together and drive campaigns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize together and drive campaigns
+for change. So that has been the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change. So that has been the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change. So that has been the case
+whether it's the civil rights movement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the civil rights movement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's the civil rights movement,
+women's rights, abolitionism before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's rights, abolitionism before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's rights, abolitionism before
+that, LGBTQ rights, the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, LGBTQ rights, the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, LGBTQ rights, the early
+environmental movement, and we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement, and we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental movement, and we're seeing
+bits of it and not enough of it yet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of it and not enough of it yet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of it and not enough of it yet with
+sort of the what you see of the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the what you see of the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the what you see of the climate
+movement across the country. So how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement across the country. So how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement across the country. So how does
+this relate to Mothers Outfront? Um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to Mothers Outfront? Um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relate to Mothers Outfront? Um I'll
+tell you a little bit about my story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about my story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about my story
+which is uh I am the mother of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh I am the mother of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh I am the mother of two
+daughters and when they were quite young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters and when they were quite young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters and when they were quite young
+I had one of those moments of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one of those moments of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one of those moments of absolute
+despair uh looking at the climate crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despair uh looking at the climate crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despair uh looking at the climate crisis
+through the lens of the for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of the for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lens of the for the first
+time of being a mom and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of being a mom and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of being a mom and thinking about
+the kind of world that my children would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of world that my children would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of world that my children would
+be growing up in and thinking well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing up in and thinking well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be growing up in and thinking well that
+I can't not try to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't not try to do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't not try to do something about
+this but I don't know if I can go back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I don't know if I can go back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I don't know if I can go back.
+Yeah, but I was the little person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but I was the little person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but I was the little person on the
+right hand side of the scale. I was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the scale. I was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the scale. I was one
+person, a mom, not a scientist, not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, a mom, not a scientist, not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person, a mom, not a scientist, not an
+elected official, not a policy expert,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected official, not a policy expert,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected official, not a policy expert,
+wondering what could I possibly do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what could I possibly do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what could I possibly do to
+affect this enormous overwhelming set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this enormous overwhelming set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this enormous overwhelming set of
+challenges. And around that time, I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. And around that time, I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. And around that time, I had
+the opportunity to meet a man by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to meet a man by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to meet a man by the
+name of Marshall Gans, who teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Marshall Gans, who teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Marshall Gans, who teaches
+organizing at the Harvard Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing at the Harvard Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing at the Harvard Kennedy
+School. And I called him up and I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School. And I called him up and I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School. And I called him up and I said,
+"Will you please meet with me?" And he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Will you please meet with me?" And he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Will you please meet with me?" And he
+graciously said, "Yes." He had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graciously said, "Yes." He had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graciously said, "Yes." He had no idea
+who I was. And in about half an hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I was. And in about half an hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I was. And in about half an hour of
+meeting Marshall, he explained to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting Marshall, he explained to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting Marshall, he explained to me the
+power of social movement building, its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of social movement building, its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of social movement building, its
+role in American history. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in American history. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in American history. And
+importantly, that organizing to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, that organizing to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, that organizing to build
+social movements is a practice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movements is a practice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social movements is a practice that
+anybody can learn. Any one of you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can learn. Any one of you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can learn. Any one of you can
+become an organizer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an organizer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an organizer.
+And so I teamed up with a couple of moms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I teamed up with a couple of moms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I teamed up with a couple of moms
+and we started getting together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started getting together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started getting together with
+other moms. We invited we had one-on-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other moms. We invited we had one-on-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other moms. We invited we had one-on-one
+meetings. We invited them to house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. We invited them to house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. We invited them to house
+parties and we started forming teams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and we started forming teams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and we started forming teams of
+moms and providing a structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and providing a structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and providing a structure that
+allowed them to come together, think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to come together, think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to come together, think
+about what they wanted to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they wanted to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they wanted to work on
+together and start implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and start implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and start implementing
+campaigns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigns.
+So we were starting to build the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were starting to build the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were starting to build the right
+hand side of the scale and Zanb and Ania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the scale and Zanb and Ania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the scale and Zanb and Ania
+who was supposed to be moderating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was supposed to be moderating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was supposed to be moderating the
+session and unfortunately had to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and unfortunately had to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and unfortunately had to leave
+um were both integral parts of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were both integral parts of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were both integral parts of the early
+days of Mothers Outfront as was Nathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of Mothers Outfront as was Nathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of Mothers Outfront as was Nathan
+Phillips.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we started organizing about 12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started organizing about 12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started organizing about 12 years
+ago and our downtown Boston team led by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and our downtown Boston team led by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and our downtown Boston team led by
+Aniia among others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aniia among others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aniia among others
+was trying to figure out what it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to figure out what it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to figure out what it is that
+they wanted to work on for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to work on for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to work on for their
+campaign. And lo and behold, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign. And lo and behold, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign. And lo and behold, this
+article comes out in the Boston Globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article comes out in the Boston Globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article comes out in the Boston Globe
+about a study that Nathan Phillips was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a study that Nathan Phillips was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a study that Nathan Phillips was
+involved in um indicating the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in um indicating the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in um indicating the role of
+gas leaks in killing trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks in killing trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks in killing trees and
+highlighting the number of gas leaks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the number of gas leaks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the number of gas leaks all
+across the Boston area. And it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Boston area. And it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Boston area. And it was
+shocking. And that is when our downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking. And that is when our downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking. And that is when our downtown
+Boston team of moms said, "Aha, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston team of moms said, "Aha, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston team of moms said, "Aha, this is
+what we want to work on. It's a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to work on. It's a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to work on. It's a concrete
+thing. It's killing trees up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's killing trees up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's killing trees up and down
+the blocks in our neighborhood. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks in our neighborhood. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks in our neighborhood. We want
+to take this on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And amazingly, this little organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And amazingly, this little organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And amazingly, this little organization
+called HEAT had created maps show they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called HEAT had created maps show they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called HEAT had created maps show they
+had taken the data available publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken the data available publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had taken the data available publicly
+available information, input it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available information, input it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available information, input it into
+spreadsheets and created maps of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets and created maps of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets and created maps of of of
+different neighborhoods across Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neighborhoods across Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different neighborhoods across Boston
+showing just how many leaks there were.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing just how many leaks there were.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing just how many leaks there were.
+This is a perfect organizing tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a perfect organizing tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a perfect organizing tool
+because it allowed us at Mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allowed us at Mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allowed us at Mothers
+Outfront to take something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront to take something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront to take something that was
+invisible to everybody and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible to everybody and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible to everybody and make it
+visible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so what happened next was that Ania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what happened next was that Ania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what happened next was that Ania
+and others took it upon themselves to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others took it upon themselves to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others took it upon themselves to go
+out and reach out to other Mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and reach out to other Mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and reach out to other Mothers
+Outfront teams that we had formed across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront teams that we had formed across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront teams that we had formed across
+the state by then. and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state by then. and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state by then. and they
+all 16 of our teams got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 16 of our teams got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 16 of our teams got involved
+and Aniia and others made presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aniia and others made presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aniia and others made presentations
+saying you need to know about gas leaks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you need to know about gas leaks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you need to know about gas leaks.
+This is why they're bad. Yes, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why they're bad. Yes, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why they're bad. Yes, they're
+killing trees. They're also bad for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing trees. They're also bad for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing trees. They're also bad for our
+health and they're major drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and they're major drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and they're major drivers of
+climate change. And that was the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. And that was the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. And that was the process
+of engaging the other teams that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engaging the other teams that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engaging the other teams that we had
+done the work of creating all across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the work of creating all across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the work of creating all across the
+state of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Massachusetts
+in this fight against the gas leaks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fight against the gas leaks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this fight against the gas leaks.
+So, this was um this was a very cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this was um this was a very cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this was um this was a very cold
+January day when a bunch of us got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January day when a bunch of us got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January day when a bunch of us got
+together under Ania's direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together under Ania's direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together under Ania's direction and
+equipped with the maps of where the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped with the maps of where the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped with the maps of where the gas
+leaks were. We fanned out across Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks were. We fanned out across Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks were. We fanned out across Boston
+and we tagged, physically tagged every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tagged, physically tagged every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tagged, physically tagged every
+gas leak in the city. And this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak in the city. And this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak in the city. And this exercise
+of physically tagging gas leaks was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically tagging gas leaks was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically tagging gas leaks was
+repeated in communities across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in communities across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated in communities across the
+Boston area, thereby again making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area, thereby again making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area, thereby again making the
+invisible visible. And people for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible visible. And people for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible visible. And people for the
+first time were making this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time were making this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time were making this connection
+between gas leaks killing my trees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gas leaks killing my trees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gas leaks killing my trees that
+I sort of know about because I smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of know about because I smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of know about because I smell
+them when I walk around and and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I walk around and and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them when I walk around and and where
+they're located and what we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located and what we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located and what we can actually
+do about it. So, we called attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it. So, we called attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it. So, we called attention on
+all the tags to the responsible company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tags to the responsible company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tags to the responsible company
+and all the gas companies started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the gas companies started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the gas companies started
+getting harassed by lots of people very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting harassed by lots of people very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting harassed by lots of people very
+upset that there were these gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that there were these gas leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that there were these gas leaks
+all over the place. So, the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. So, the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. So, the people in
+orange, in case you're wondering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange, in case you're wondering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange, in case you're wondering,
+they're supposed to be gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be gas leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be gas leaks
+themselves. So, anyway, we had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So, anyway, we had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So, anyway, we had a little
+fun with it, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with it, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with it, too.
+So there we are tagging gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the process during while we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process during while we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process during while we were
+also tagging gas leaks it was part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tagging gas leaks it was part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tagging gas leaks it was part of a
+broader campaign. It wasn't just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader campaign. It wasn't just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader campaign. It wasn't just about
+tagging gas leaks. It was a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging gas leaks. It was a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging gas leaks. It was a whole
+strategy. So we met with elected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. So we met with elected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. So we met with elected
+officials in various towns and cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials in various towns and cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials in various towns and cities
+across the state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the state.
+We rallied rallied in front of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We rallied rallied in front of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We rallied rallied in front of the state
+house. We rallied in front of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. We rallied in front of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. We rallied in front of what's
+that? That's I think the Cambridge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? That's I think the Cambridge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? That's I think the Cambridge um
+Cambridge state house.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge state house.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge state house.
+We spoke up and we testified. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We spoke up and we testified. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We spoke up and we testified. We
+testified at city city city meetings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified at city city city meetings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified at city city city meetings in
+the city of Boston. Um you can see Zanab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Boston. Um you can see Zanab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of Boston. Um you can see Zanab
+there. That's a knee on the far left who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's a knee on the far left who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's a knee on the far left who
+was supposed to be here. Nathan Phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be here. Nathan Phillips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be here. Nathan Phillips
+joined us for a lot of these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined us for a lot of these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined us for a lot of these activities
+and we collaborated. We teamed up with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we collaborated. We teamed up with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we collaborated. We teamed up with I
+mean we never work alone because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we never work alone because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we never work alone because you
+cannot achieve your goals as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot achieve your goals as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot achieve your goals as a
+relatively small organization. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small organization. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small organization. So we
+knew we needed allies. Of course, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew we needed allies. Of course, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew we needed allies. Of course, we had
+heat working with us because we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat working with us because we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat working with us because we used
+their maps. You can see Nathan Phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their maps. You can see Nathan Phillips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their maps. You can see Nathan Phillips
+down here. And we created we brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And we created we brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And we created we brought in
+as many allies as we possibly could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many allies as we possibly could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many allies as we possibly could and
+in the process even created a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process even created a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process even created a whole new
+organization that then was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that then was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that then was called the
+Gas Leaks Allies and is now called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas Leaks Allies and is now called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas Leaks Allies and is now called the
+Gas Transition Allies. Um and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas Transition Allies. Um and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas Transition Allies. Um and that is a
+group of organizations that continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of organizations that continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of organizations that continues to
+meet on a regular basis to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet on a regular basis to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet on a regular basis to talk about
+how we drive important policy forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we drive important policy forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we drive important policy forward in
+the state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state.
+We also sought out unlikely partners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also sought out unlikely partners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also sought out unlikely partners and
+this is where geothermal networks come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where geothermal networks come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where geothermal networks come
+in. So Zanb was part of and the arrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So Zanb was part of and the arrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So Zanb was part of and the arrow is
+pointing to um what was her name? Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to um what was her name? Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to um what was her name? Mary
+>> Marcy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Marcy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Marcy.
+>> Marcy Reid, thank you. who was then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Marcy Reid, thank you. who was then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Marcy Reid, thank you. who was then um
+the president of National Grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of National Grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of National Grid in
+Massachusetts. And um this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts. And um this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts. And um this is actually a
+funny story. So Marcy was refusing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny story. So Marcy was refusing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny story. So Marcy was refusing to
+meet with us. And we all were tweeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with us. And we all were tweeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with us. And we all were tweeting
+with her the day that we were tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her the day that we were tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her the day that we were tagging
+gas leaks across the city of Boston. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks across the city of Boston. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks across the city of Boston. And
+by the end of the day, she's like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the day, she's like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the day, she's like,
+"Okay, okay, okay. I'm going to meet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, okay, okay. I'm going to meet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, okay, okay. I'm going to meet,
+you know, I'll meet with you." Um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'll meet with you." Um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'll meet with you." Um so it
+was very effective. But when we went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very effective. But when we went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very effective. But when we went in
+to meet with the CEO of Eversource, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet with the CEO of Eversource, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet with the CEO of Eversource, it
+was Zanb and a few others from Mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zanb and a few others from Mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zanb and a few others from Mothers
+Outfront and I think Audrey from HEAT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront and I think Audrey from HEAT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outfront and I think Audrey from HEAT.
+And they went in and they sat down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they went in and they sat down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they went in and they sat down with
+Bill Aley who was asked before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Aley who was asked before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Aley who was asked before the
+meeting if he thought he needed security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting if he thought he needed security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting if he thought he needed security
+because he was they were so accustomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was they were so accustomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was they were so accustomed
+to the company coming under sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the company coming under sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the company coming under sort of
+pressure from advocacy groups. And he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure from advocacy groups. And he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure from advocacy groups. And he
+said, "No, I don't think I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "No, I don't think I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "No, I don't think I need
+security. It's a group of moms." and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. It's a group of moms." and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. It's a group of moms." and he
+sat down with a group of moms and Zayan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down with a group of moms and Zayan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down with a group of moms and Zayan
+and the others in the room started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others in the room started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others in the room started by
+talking about why they were there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about why they were there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about why they were there which
+was for their children and Zay said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for their children and Zay said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for their children and Zay said I
+have three children these are their ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three children these are their ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three children these are their ages
+this is why I'm here I'm worried for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I'm here I'm worried for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I'm here I'm worried for
+their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their future
+and Aley sort of paused and he said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aley sort of paused and he said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Aley sort of paused and he said oh
+well I have three children too and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have three children too and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have three children too and they
+they form this connection around their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form this connection around their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form this connection around their
+shared concern about their children he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared concern about their children he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared concern about their children he
+said of course I'm concerned for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of course I'm concerned for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said of course I'm concerned for my
+children too and it it it created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children too and it it it created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children too and it it it created an
+opening and an opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and an opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and an opportunity for
+collaboration and that was the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and that was the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and that was the beginning
+of the reason why you're all here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why you're all here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why you're all here today
+to learn about geothermal networks. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about geothermal networks. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about geothermal networks. So
+I think the lesson in all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the lesson in all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the lesson in all of this is
+that building power is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building power is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building power is absolutely
+essential for creating the conditions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for creating the conditions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for creating the conditions we
+need for the level of transformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the level of transformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the level of transformational
+change we need to create the future that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we need to create the future that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we need to create the future that
+we all want for our children and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want for our children and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want for our children and our
+grandchildren and future generations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren and future generations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren and future generations.
+Uh, and I think every time you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I think every time you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I think every time you think
+about the climate crisis, I would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the climate crisis, I would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the climate crisis, I would always
+I would encourage you to always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would encourage you to always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would encourage you to always think
+about where does building power fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where does building power fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where does building power fit into
+my thinking here because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking here because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thinking here because it's a
+critically important piece and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important piece and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important piece and we all
+have to be thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be thinking about it and
+hopefully be part of building that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully be part of building that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully be part of building that power
+and implementing that power. So, thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementing that power. So, thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implementing that power. So, thank
+you very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LERsET25_l0.txt b/LERsET25_l0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0bf5ee15a0613f126c19d9d166875f8a0f6be29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LERsET25_l0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3711 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think at the
+beginning of the semester we
+
+have kind of sketched
+out the broad plan.
+
+And the broad plan was to move
+kind of progressively from
+
+what are fundamentally
+individual decision making
+
+problems to thinking about more
+problems of the market.
+
+And we're going to try and do
+insurance, which is obviously
+
+something to do with markets.
+
+So here is by way
+of background.
+
+You probably remember a few
+years ago the world economy
+
+was in crisis.
+
+It may still be in one.
+
+But now we're told it's not.
+
+So this is a quote from the
+president of the World Bank.
+
+He's trying to make the case
+that the crisis in 2008, 2009
+
+was going to be a particular
+crisis for the world's poor.
+
+And that's not implausible.
+
+You might imagine that if you
+are that much closer to
+
+survival, you have fewer
+resources, then anything that
+
+goes wrong is likely
+to hurt you more.
+
+So that's not an implausible
+idea.
+
+I spent a couple of days with a
+New York Times reporter, the
+
+New York Times bureau chief
+in India, in the
+
+pursuit of this story.
+
+So I was going for something
+else, and she
+
+came along with me.
+
+And she was looking for
+people who had--
+
+this was a part of rural India,
+a very poor part of
+
+rural India.
+
+And her whole idea was that
+she's going to go there and,
+
+like Zoellick, she was wondering
+how these people in
+
+the villages who go to the
+city to work as maybe
+
+laborers, how they
+would be affected
+
+by this global crisis.
+
+This is the New York Times.
+
+So she wanted to link up what's
+happening in poor parts
+
+in rural India with what's
+happening in New York.
+
+So that made perfect sense.
+
+And the problem was that nobody
+seemed to know there
+
+was a crisis.
+
+So she would go and ask people,
+so have you heard
+
+about this?
+
+There's a crisis in the world.
+
+Is that affecting your
+job prospects?
+
+And one striking fact was this
+was in a part of rural India
+
+that's pretty backward.
+
+The areas we were were mostly
+conservative, mostly families.
+
+A lot of the migrants
+had come home for a
+
+bustling religious festival.
+
+So a lot of the migrants
+were there.
+
+We could talk to them.
+
+And to the man, literally to
+the man, they said, no.
+
+What crisis?
+
+There are jobs for anybody
+who wants a job.
+
+So we went to the train station
+for migrants coming
+
+back from having lost their
+jobs in the cities.
+
+In fact, we found tons of
+migrants who were leaving for
+
+the city on the train.
+
+So basically the story never
+got written, and New York
+
+Times never had this story
+because there was never
+
+anything to be found.
+
+And it was kind of striking how
+disjointed these two world
+
+views were.
+
+Now, that doesn't mean--
+
+I think it was clear that if you
+looked at the data, there
+
+were people who were
+losing jobs.
+
+Some construction projects
+had been shut down.
+
+There were certainly some
+jobs being lost.
+
+I think the real reason why
+this didn't show up in
+
+people's kind of intellectual
+map as a very big deal is not
+
+because some bad things
+were not happening.
+
+But it's more that they're used
+to having jobs being lost
+
+and having to find jobs and
+things like that as a normal
+
+part of their life.
+
+In other words, the amount of
+risk that they normally bear
+
+is so large relative to our
+perception of risk--
+
+I'll show you some numbers in a
+bit-- our perception of risk
+
+that this was seen as, you
+know, normal turnover.
+
+Certainly some jobs were
+being-- but you
+
+find another the job.
+
+And the basic difference came
+from, I think, their
+
+calibration or what is
+unreasonable amount of risk.
+
+Our colleague, Rob Townsend who
+is an expert on Thailand,
+
+studied the Thai economic
+crisis of 1998.
+
+So this was a big deal
+in Thailand.
+
+I mean, there was like the Thai
+baht I think halved or
+
+more than half.
+
+I mean, it just grew.
+
+And the whole economy--
+
+several banks came close
+to failing and had
+
+to be bailed out.
+
+All kinds of bad things
+happened.
+
+Rob Howard doesn't
+study the banks.
+
+He studies the people
+who live in poorer
+
+parts of northern Thailand.
+
+And he has a panel of
+people now for more
+
+than, I think, 12 years.
+
+But he had a long time he had
+been following these people,
+
+15 years something.
+
+He's been following the people
+for a very long time,
+
+families, and looking at
+the economic outcomes.
+
+So every few months, they go
+back to the same families and
+
+measure a bunch of stuff.
+
+And the same families
+are maintained
+
+for a very long time.
+
+It's a unique data
+set that he has.
+
+Now, one advantage of that data
+set is you can look at
+
+what happens in the crisis year
+relative to what happens
+
+in other years.
+
+You have a data set of
+the same families
+
+for a very long time.
+
+Just descriptively you may just
+ask what changed in the
+
+crisis year?
+
+And I think his number, which
+he presented this at a
+
+conference before he came to
+MIT-- and I had to be the
+
+commentator--
+
+the number, in a sense, it
+was almost unbelievable
+
+to think about it.
+
+So he found that 2% of the
+variation in their income was
+
+attributable to the crises.
+
+The 2% of the variation of
+income in these families--
+
+so if you look at a family, his
+income varies every year,
+
+every six months.
+
+So you can just look at the
+total variation in income.
+
+And then you can attribute
+a particular part
+
+of that to the crisis.
+
+What was extra in a crisis?
+
+And I think his calculation
+was about 2%
+
+more for the crisis.
+
+The reason I make that point
+is not to say that the poor
+
+are very, very well off, but
+the opposite, that their
+
+normal exposure to risk is so
+high that this additional
+
+piece that come from global
+crises is an extremely small
+
+part of it.
+
+I think the way to think about
+it is that there's a ton of
+
+risk that any poor person
+bears all the time.
+
+And then there's some stuff that
+happens which we think
+
+are important like what's
+happening in New York and the
+
+important for MIT.
+
+MIT, as soon as the crisis
+hit, the first thing that
+
+happened is that we used to get
+free lunch on Mondays and
+
+Tuesdays and that
+was shut down.
+
+So it was very important.
+
+We got some risk from that.
+
+But if you think of these
+people, they're not getting
+
+any free lunches in any case.
+
+And so the amount of uncertainty
+that they deal
+
+with on a day to day basis
+dwarfs any uncertainty that
+
+might come from specific
+episodes like the Thai banking
+
+crisis of 1998.
+
+Do you have question?
+
+Somebody had their hand
+up for a moment.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we have
+evidence from other
+
+places besides Thailand?
+
+Because, I guess, popularly
+speaking, a lot of people talk
+
+about the loss decades in Latin
+America and how bad that
+
+was, you know, for people's
+ability to generate
+
+livelihoods.
+
+So I'm just wondering if we
+really have a lot of evidence
+
+that this is really a
+broad phenomenon.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I think
+there are two parts
+
+to what you're saying.
+
+Both are important.
+
+One is do we have evidence
+from other countries?
+
+Second is part of the reason
+why this population is
+
+different is that Thailand
+is a lot less
+
+urbanized than Mexico.
+
+So many more people in Thailand
+operate in the
+
+traditional underdeveloped
+economic mode, which is that
+
+they are self employed,
+they have a farm,
+
+something like that.
+
+So let me give you a different
+example, which is maybe even
+
+more revealing.
+
+This is taking me a little
+further [INAUDIBLE], but it's
+
+interesting.
+
+So there's a study by one of
+our ex students of what
+
+happened in the Indonesian
+crisis of 1998, which happened
+
+for the same reason.
+
+And there the Indonesian rupiah
+devalued by a factor of
+
+three, which is a huge amount
+of devaluation.
+
+So something really
+big happened to
+
+the Indonesian economy.
+
+So turns out that the real
+incomes of anybody in
+
+Indonesia who was mainly a rice
+farmer went up during
+
+this crisis.
+
+The reason is that suddenly the
+
+currency devalued massively.
+
+What happens when the currency
+devalues and you're in rice?
+
+Well, rice is a trade-in good.
+
+Its price goes up relative
+to non trade-in goods.
+
+So your hair cut prices don't
+go up, but rice prices go up
+
+because rice is traded.
+
+So these rice farmers actually
+were better off in the
+
+Indonesian crisis than
+they were before.
+
+He then looks at, well,
+how do they react?
+
+And the thing he's looking at
+is people attending Koranic
+
+reading classes as well
+as the outcomes.
+
+And the basic reason he's
+interested in them is he
+
+thinks that this is a social
+support mechanism.
+
+Who start attending Koranic
+reading classes?
+
+It's the people who are
+not rice farmers.
+
+It's the government employees,
+teachers, anybody who has a
+
+fixed income.
+
+They are the ones who lost.
+
+And then the people who were
+farmers, they actually were
+
+better off.
+
+And they were actually less
+likely to attend Koranic
+
+classes during the crisis.
+
+So in other words, again, a
+lot of people in a country
+
+like Thailand or Indonesia are
+basically farming dependent.
+
+And those people have very
+different risk patterns from
+
+the urban employees.
+
+Latin America is
+very different.
+
+Latin America is massively
+richer also then Indonesia,
+
+for example.
+
+Peru is three times richer than
+Indonesia, per capita
+
+income, at least in
+dollar terms.
+
+It's also much more urbanized
+with a labor force.
+
+So I'm sure the lost
+decade happened.
+
+I'm sure that a lot of urban
+workers in each of these
+
+countries gets hurt.
+
+The main point I'm trying to
+make here is that there's also
+
+a whole bunch of people in these
+countries who bear a
+
+huge amount of risk even when
+there is nothing happening in
+
+the world economy.
+
+And those are people who are
+farmers, who are laborers in
+
+construction, people who
+sometimes get a job helping
+
+out in farms, these kind of
+people, landless laborers or
+
+different kinds.
+
+These people have a very
+different risk pattern than
+
+the urban workers who tend to be
+the people who are directly
+
+hurt by big global shocks.
+
+So there was not that there
+were people not hurt, it's
+
+just there were, for many of
+the people that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Rob Townsend was studying, all
+kinds of stuff were happening
+
+in their lives.
+
+These were all farmers.
+
+And lots of them were--
+
+all kinds of stuff were
+happening in their life, many
+
+of them very bad.
+
+And this was just a small
+piece of that big story.
+
+That's the point that I think
+is worth emphasizing is that
+
+there's just much diversity,
+and there's so much risk.
+
+So basically what are
+the sources of risk?
+
+I think the biggest single risk
+is just being a farmer.
+
+If you're a farmer, you'll
+face huge amount of risk.
+
+What do you face risk from?
+
+What's a main source of risk?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bad harvests.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bad harvests.
+
+How do you get bad harvests?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+rainfall.
+
+PROFESSOR: Rainfall, bugs,
+you know, locusts.
+
+If you're a farmer, you're used
+to dealing with a huge
+
+amount of risk.
+
+I mean, by our standards of the
+kind of risk that tenures
+
+professors face--
+of course, maybe
+
+that's an extreme example.
+
+They have a huge amount
+of year to year
+
+variation in income.
+
+Even those who don't have
+a farm, most of
+
+them are casual labours.
+
+The poor in most countries,
+in poor
+
+countries, are casual laborers.
+
+Casual laborers meaning they
+don't have a contract.
+
+They have a daily job.
+
+The typical way you get a job
+is in a city you stand at a
+
+street corner and somebody who
+needs someone to move boxes
+
+comes and picks up 50 people
+and takes them somewhere.
+
+So it's extraordinarily casual,
+meaning at a given
+
+day, you may not get a job.
+
+And many of these people are not
+employed more than 15, 16
+
+days a month.
+
+So this is a very,
+very common fact.
+
+And there's lots of
+uncertainty there.
+
+Some days, some months you maybe
+get unlucky and you just
+
+got there late or something,
+and then
+
+you missed your chance.
+
+So the amount of uncertainty
+that you have if you are kind
+
+of a casual laborer in a
+developing country is huge
+
+because its the uncertainty of
+in any given day you have a
+
+probability of, let's say,
+three out of four
+
+of getting a job.
+
+And the other days you don't.
+
+And so if you look at daily
+income, daily income is
+
+extraordinarily variable for
+most of these people.
+
+And it's just mechanically
+almost.
+
+Somebody shows up at that street
+corner and, you know,
+
+they ask you to get on the truck
+and go with him, and he
+
+needs 10 people today
+rather than 15.
+
+You don't get a job.
+
+So this is just a core level of
+risk in this life, which is
+
+very different from thinking
+about the kind of risk we
+
+think about most of
+the time in a more
+
+developed country context.
+
+There's no social protection.
+
+The other side of that is
+there's no social protection
+
+or almost no social
+protection.
+
+So one way to think
+about this is--
+
+this is wage volatility.
+
+This is how much your
+wages vary.
+
+And this is not day
+to day variation.
+
+This is year to year variation
+across a set of countries.
+
+This is real wages.
+
+So the poorest country
+is Myanmar.
+
+And basically you can plot
+a line and that line has
+
+essentially--
+
+if you increase raw GDP by
+one, you halve the risk,
+
+something like that.
+
+So this is conditional
+on getting a job.
+
+I said the big part of the
+uncertainty is you
+
+just don't get a job.
+
+But then the real wages are
+extremely unstable as well.
+
+Part of the reason they're
+unstable comes from this other
+
+fact, which is this.
+
+This is food prices.
+
+And if you spend 60% of your
+income on food, food prices
+
+matter a huge amount.
+
+One big piece of risk that
+people have been facing is
+
+just what's happening
+to food prices.
+
+So food prices have gone--
+
+as you can see, 2007,
+they peaked.
+
+The dollar food index
+went up to 200.
+
+It came down to 140 then went
+up, bounced around, and has
+
+been climbing since.
+
+So that's a 60% change in the
+food price in a year--
+
+not 60.
+
+Sorry.
+
+It's a change from 140 to 200.
+
+So that's a change of 30%.
+
+And if you spend 60% of your
+income on food then that's of
+
+the order of, like,
+losing 20% of your
+
+income in a given year.
+
+So just food price variation
+will itself have consequence.
+
+Now, wages probably adjust,
+so that's probably an
+
+overestimate of that.
+
+But still, you can see one major
+source of uncertainty
+
+comes from just the fact the
+food prices go up massively
+
+sometimes and come down.
+
+With up and down it's
+risk that you see.
+
+There's also a trend which is
+worrying in general is the
+
+food prices seem to be going
+up systematically over the
+
+last some years.
+
+What is a bit misleading about
+that trend is that food prices
+
+had fallen for the previous
+35 years or something.
+
+Food prices had fallen.
+
+So since 1970 to 2005, food
+prices had basically
+
+systematically fallen
+slightly, and then
+
+it's been going up.
+
+So this is a bit misleading,
+this picture.
+
+But still, there's lots
+of uncertainty.
+
+The thing I want to emphasize
+here is not levels but
+
+uncertainty.
+
+Food prices bounce
+around a lot.
+
+If you're poor, that's a very
+big piece of your income.
+
+So just to think about this
+analytically, risk also
+
+matters very much depending on
+where you are, for example, in
+
+your production cycle.
+
+So a reason why risk is
+amplified is when--
+
+the fact that you get hit by
+a shock then effects your
+
+ability to productive, which
+then affects your income,
+
+which then affects your
+ability to be
+
+productive, et cetera.
+
+So there is potentially a
+vicious cycle that can be set
+
+off by a shock.
+
+When would that happen?
+
+Well, we have introduced
+this idea of an
+
+S-shape production function.
+
+Have we read [? Ebutina's ?]
+
+story?
+
+What's the story?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's about a woman
+who used to own a small
+
+business with her husband in
+which they had a kind of
+
+garment manufacturing company,
+which they had a bad contract
+
+which caused them
+to go bankrupt.
+
+And that led to a divorce.
+
+They tried to restart the
+company before divorcing.
+
+They restarted the company with
+limited funds and bought
+
+a bunch of shorts that
+they packaged and
+
+were going to sell.
+
+But that fell through,
+led to a divorce.
+
+The woman has the children
+living with her parents, and
+
+they're just in absolute
+poverty now.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So the thing to emphasize there
+in that story is that
+
+this particular kind of shock
+she faced was a contract
+
+enforcement shock.
+
+She had two shocks, both of
+which where basically--
+
+so the first one was someone
+she had basically sold on
+
+credit defaulted and therefore
+didn't pay back the money.
+
+And she had taken a loan
+to finance that.
+
+So that kind of put
+her into trouble.
+
+Then she got an order to supply
+shorts to, I think, a
+
+retail store.
+
+And then they defaulted
+on that.
+
+They refused to take
+the shorts.
+
+So when we met her, she had
+a huge pile of shorts.
+
+They were sitting inside her
+house surrounded by a pile of
+
+shorts, like, a lot of shorts,
+12,000 shorts or something.
+
+So she lost a whole bunch of
+money on that as well.
+
+The point is that what is also
+striking about her story is
+
+this dynamic.
+
+So what this picture does--
+
+so it's like that
+S-shaped curve.
+
+S is maybe an exaggeration.
+
+That's a mapping from
+your wealth today
+
+to your wealth tomorrow.
+
+So that tells you given today's
+wealth what tomorrow's
+
+wealth would be.
+
+So let's take that as given.
+
+And now the main point of
+drawing it that way is that if
+
+you think of what's happening
+around the point, P--
+
+look around the point, P. Think
+of a part that starts
+
+just above P. Where's
+that part going?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Explain.
+
+AUDIENCE: To the second
+intersection up there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Any part that start to the right
+of P, you can see that--
+
+like the one example that's
+drawn, the way to analyze this
+
+is to think you start with
+a particular wealth.
+
+That generates that
+wealth tomorrow.
+
+That wealth is the same.
+
+So tomorrow's wealth then
+becomes today's wealth.
+
+The way you do that is you map
+that to the 45 degree line,
+
+and you look at wealth
+that will be.
+
+And that sequence is just going
+up to the point where
+
+the second intersection is.
+
+Who doesn't understand
+this picture?
+
+I'll explain again because
+we'll come
+
+back to this picture.
+
+OK.
+
+I'll assume that you're
+comfortable with this picture.
+
+I'm not surprised,
+but just in case.
+
+And then what's key is that if
+you're the other side of P,
+
+you're going the other way.
+
+So if you're close to P and you
+get hit by a shock, your
+
+wealth goes down by
+a small amount.
+
+That's not where it stops.
+
+Your wealth goes up by a small
+amount, you go up a long way.
+
+Your wealth goes down by
+a small amount, you
+
+go down a long way.
+
+So there's a natural
+amplification.
+
+If the production technology
+looks like that, then there's
+
+a natural amplification
+of a shock.
+
+A small shock turns into
+a big shock here.
+
+That's the point of
+that picture.
+
+So now it's very difficult for
+her to get out because
+
+basically she's never generating
+enough surplus to
+
+make the investment she needs
+to get the next period's
+
+output to be high enough.
+
+So she's always, like, cutting
+back and cutting back and
+
+cutting back.
+
+So, in other words, not only
+is there a lot of risk,
+
+there's a lot of technologies
+in the world which
+
+amplify that risk.
+
+So we already talked
+about another
+
+aspect of it last time.
+
+What was that?
+
+Another aspect of risk, kind of
+an amplification of risk.
+
+What happens?
+
+It's not quite an
+amplification.
+
+We talked about what happens
+during drought.
+
+Who was here?
+
+AUDIENCE: During droughts the
+girl's more likely to be
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Allowed to die.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You were going
+to say allowed to die?
+
+Are you looking for that word?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's an
+awkward word.
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+So another aspect of this risk
+is that you sometimes respond
+
+to it in drastic ways.
+
+So one of the drastic ways
+you might respond is by--
+
+why are you trying to do that?
+
+Because you know that
+essentially if you have two
+
+children, you can't feed either
+of them, both of them
+
+are going to starve and be hurt,
+the long run, health
+
+will be hurt.
+
+So you kind of switch your
+money to one of them.
+
+And that's another way in which
+you sort of maybe create
+
+a long term problem.
+
+Maybe one of those children
+doesn't die, but she starves
+
+and grows up as someone who has
+a handicap all her life.
+
+So you amplify lots of shocks
+by taking these extreme
+
+decisions under these
+conditions.
+
+So this is just saying
+that when you think
+
+that you can't really--
+
+so balancing risk is difficult
+if you don't
+
+have a lot of money.
+
+It's not surprising.
+
+Moreover, here's an
+interesting fact.
+
+So this means stress, right?
+
+It doesn't just mean that
+something happens to me.
+
+I also worry about it.
+
+It would be amazing if you
+didn't worry about the fact
+
+that, you know, tomorrow you
+might have to starve one of
+
+your children.
+
+So risk means worry.
+
+Now, it turns out that when you
+worry, your body actually
+
+acts in a particular way.
+
+It generates cortisols.
+
+Cortisols are a body's kind of
+defense mechanism to keep it
+
+going under situations
+of stress.
+
+They are actually a natural
+response of the body to a
+
+situation of risk.
+
+It's probably, in a sense, a
+good reaction from the point
+
+of view of certain types
+of survival.
+
+But there's a lot of lab
+experiments where basically
+
+what they do is they
+stress people out.
+
+So I think the one that--
+
+there's a bunch of them with
+Princeton students, who are
+
+not exactly the world's
+poorest.
+
+But the way these experiments
+go is
+
+they give you an endowment.
+
+And then they take away some
+of that endowment.
+
+And somehow people get stressed
+out when you do that.
+
+Even if, obviously, you're
+a Princeton student.
+
+It's not that you're going
+to run out of food.
+
+There's plenty of food
+in the dining halls.
+
+And your lifetime income is
+unlikely to be affected by the
+
+fact that you lost $5
+in this experiment.
+
+But people get stressed out when
+you put them into these
+
+situations.
+
+And then the experiment is to
+make them play games, sort of,
+
+like, problem solving games.
+
+And you get a massive reduction
+in their problem
+
+solving ability.
+
+Maybe they're not
+MIT students.
+
+Maybe they're just not
+as good at it.
+
+But still you see that they do
+really badly when you put them
+
+under stress, so, like, little
+bit of stress, some fake
+
+stress, basically.
+
+They were going to get $10
+and instead they end
+
+up with $2 or something.
+
+And that kind of stress already
+makes them take really
+
+bad decisions.
+
+You might imagine if you
+had real stress.
+
+Your child could starve.
+
+Your mother could die.
+
+You could lose your job.
+
+You're not going to be
+taking a lot of good
+
+decisions under that.
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the experiment
+was the endowment or money
+
+related at all to the outcome
+of the games?
+
+Or was it just like they
+were [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+These are separate.
+
+So the games were the games.
+
+But before the games, you
+created some general
+
+unpleasantness for them.
+
+They thought they would get A
+but they get B or something.
+
+One of the rules of experiments
+is you can't make
+
+people worse off.
+
+So these people were
+not made--
+
+they were first given some
+money, and then some of that
+
+money was somehow taken
+away from them.
+
+So this was like somehow even
+that got them so stressed out
+
+that they started playing
+games badly.
+
+Melissa.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you know that
+it's not just that they're
+
+like, oh, this is a
+stupid experiment?
+
+If I do well, they're just
+going to take it
+
+away from me again.
+
+So I'm not going to
+make any effort.
+
+PROFESSOR: How do I know?
+
+Because I think they believed
+the experimenters.
+
+I don't think that they
+thought that--
+
+so they were told from the
+beginning that when you join
+
+this experiment there will be
+some uncertainty that's going
+
+to be created for you.
+
+So the experiment was done
+relatively carefully to avoid
+
+the possibility that
+they think this
+
+is just a mad world.
+
+I think most experimenters worry
+about that, which is you
+
+come and tell me first that
+we'll do this to you, and then
+
+I'm going to do that to you.
+
+You start worrying.
+
+But then there's a nice field
+experiment actually in Kenya
+
+which is measuring cortisol
+levels across people when they
+
+receive, I think,
+some microcredit
+
+or some other program.
+
+I haven't seen the results
+from it yet.
+
+But I've heard the results are
+again very similar, that
+
+you're going to get
+people under
+
+stress take bad decisions.
+
+So the advantage of doing it in
+the field is that they're
+
+getting real help with
+their stress.
+
+And when they get the real help
+with their risk, they
+
+actually take better
+decisions.
+
+It's less artificial.
+
+But I think this fact is quite
+crucial in understanding a lot
+
+of decision making among poor
+people because they are under
+
+a huge amount of stress.
+
+And then we're expecting them to
+maximize utility over, you
+
+know, the rest of their lives
+and figure out which financial
+
+investment to make and, you
+know, how to educate their
+
+children and all of these
+decisions and
+
+get all of them right.
+
+You might imagine that one of
+the things that happens when
+
+you're under a lot of
+stress is you get
+
+these decisions wrong.
+
+And if you get the decisions
+wrong that obviously has long
+
+term consequences for your
+life-- so one other sense in
+
+which risk affects you is by
+making you take bad decisions.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But isn't it often the
+case that for the poor the
+
+options are in many cases very
+limited and, for example, if
+
+plant harvest fails, a lot of
+people will just move to other
+
+areas or do labor?
+
+And they also have few
+sources of credits.
+
+So if the crop fails, then this
+will at least give people
+
+[INAUDIBLE] credit.
+
+So does decision making actually
+understress actual
+
+figure very highly in decision
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think the
+answer is yes.
+
+I mean, I think at the beginning
+of the semester we
+
+looked at, for example,
+just consumption
+
+decisions of the poor.
+
+What we saw there was that
+they were spending large
+
+amounts of money on things that
+they didn't need to buy.
+
+So that's a very
+simple example.
+
+Taking their child
+to be immunized.
+
+Should I take him today or
+take him in a month?
+
+And if I don't do it today, if
+I'm fully forward looking,
+
+rational, I might decide, look,
+I might as will do it
+
+today because I'll never
+do it in the future.
+
+But if I'm subject to making bad
+decisions, I might easily
+
+make a decision on that.
+
+Should I spend the effort
+and the money to
+
+purify my water or not?
+
+I can miscalculate on that.
+
+I could think the
+risk is smaller
+
+than it is, for example.
+
+Actually, I would almost put
+it the other way around.
+
+I think we who live in--
+
+rich people have most of
+the decisions taken
+
+out of their hands.
+
+For example, I don't remember
+taking any savings decision.
+
+Mostly my saving decisions
+are taken by MIT.
+
+And then there's some plan which
+I'm supposed to join.
+
+I joined that plan when I
+joined MIT, and I've not
+
+changed anything.
+
+I don't have to plan
+my retirement.
+
+I don't have any risk mostly.
+
+Unless I do something really
+awful, I don't lose my job.
+
+So I never take many decisions
+on, like, should I go look for
+
+a job there or there?
+
+I just come to my office
+and I'm done.
+
+I don't have the choice of not
+immunizing my children because
+
+to the extent that I want them
+to go to school, the school
+
+basically enforces that.
+
+You can't get your children
+to school
+
+without immunizing them.
+
+Most decisions of this
+class are taken out.
+
+I don't know [INAUDIBLE]
+
+water supply.
+
+I turn on the water,
+it's clean.
+
+I absolutely don't have to
+take that decision on.
+
+Should I purify this water
+before I give it
+
+to my son or not?
+
+It's a decision I don't
+have to take.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the water's
+infrastructure cleans before
+
+it reaches me.
+
+I get clean water, so I don't
+have to worry about that.
+
+I don't have to worry about
+whether or not my house can be
+
+made out of things which can
+catch fire because before the
+
+house can be built an,
+inspector comes
+
+and checks it out.
+
+And I'm not allowed to build a
+house that can catch fire.
+
+So there's so many respects in
+which I don't have any choices
+
+given to me.
+
+But if you're poor,
+you actually
+
+have a thousand choices.
+
+I mean, I actually think there
+are too many choices you have
+
+to make if you are poor.
+
+I mean, think of water.
+
+Every day you have to decide
+should I clean
+
+the water or not?
+
+That's a difficult choice to
+make on any given day.
+
+Yes, someone else
+had a-- yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how much of that,
+though, can you attribute to
+
+bad decision making affected
+by cortisol?
+
+And how much of it is because of
+a basic misunderstanding of
+
+economics and utility and
+the future return on
+
+something like that?
+
+PROFESSOR: We don't know
+the answer to that.
+
+It's a very good question.
+
+One day we'll know the
+answer to that.
+
+Like, this whole cortisol stuff,
+we've only figured this
+
+out in the last two
+or three years.
+
+We're just beginning to get into
+these kinds of questions
+
+in a scientific way.
+
+Maybe in 15 years we'll know the
+answer to that question.
+
+Right now this is one thing that
+I think is very, very,
+
+very recent, this understanding,
+this connection
+
+with cortisol and decision
+making and then the fact that
+
+cortisol is related to risk.
+
+This whole thing
+is very recent.
+
+So I don't know the
+answer to it.
+
+It's a perfectly
+good question.
+
+I just don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, obviously
+people don't take risks
+
+sitting down.
+
+They do stuff about it.
+
+So one thing you can do
+is you can borrow.
+
+You can go and say, look, I
+don't have any money today.
+
+The truck didn't pick me up.
+
+Why don't you give
+me some money?
+
+And certainly people do that.
+
+We'll see that it's pretty
+limited and very expensive.
+
+So the alternative is to save.
+
+So you can borrow.
+
+You can save.
+
+We'll come to insurance later.
+
+But mostly most people, they
+do one of a fairly limited
+
+number of things.
+
+Now, savings is a pretty
+good way to deal with--
+
+so imagine that you face a lot
+of risk and you can't borrow.
+
+Your decision rule more or less
+should be the following.
+
+The optimal decision rule--
+
+whether people can
+figure this out.
+
+It took a Princeton economist
+and a computer to
+
+figure this one out.
+
+So maybe people can't
+figure it out.
+
+But let's say they can.
+
+Then their decision rule
+should be to consume
+
+everything when your income is
+low, everything you have.
+
+And then as soon as your income
+crosses a certain
+
+threshold you should save the
+rest and you should build up a
+
+stock for those days when
+things go wrong.
+
+Problem is that if you get two
+or three bad years in a row,
+
+this doesn't protect
+you at all.
+
+And the next picture kind of
+shows that a little bit.
+
+So this is a simulation.
+
+This is nobody real.
+
+This is a simulation of what
+happens when you have income,
+
+consumption, and assets.
+
+So income is bouncing around.
+
+When income is high, you're
+accumulating assets.
+
+Then at some point, when income
+is low for a few years,
+
+your assets keep getting
+run down.
+
+Some point it hits zero.
+
+Then if you're lucky and income
+goes up right then,
+
+then you keep going up.
+
+Then your assets go up
+and you keep saving.
+
+You're fine.
+
+But sometimes you can see that,
+like in the middle,
+
+there is this place where income
+goes down sharply, and
+
+it goes down like there's
+several periods for which it's
+
+gone down, that sharp kind
+of knife, you know,
+
+right in the middle.
+
+And you can see that what's
+happened there is your assets
+
+have hit zero.
+
+And because your assets have hit
+zero, there's no way you
+
+can just pull down your assets
+and protect your consumption.
+
+There's nothing you
+can do about it.
+
+And that's when you see
+consumption really dropping.
+
+So most of the time you see
+consumption is a lot flatter
+
+than income.
+
+And that's what people
+find in the data.
+
+Consumption, in general, is very
+flat relative to income.
+
+But there are periods
+when it plunges.
+
+So if you get two or three bad
+shocks then it really hurts.
+
+One bad shock you can deal with
+but two or three and you
+
+run out of all assets.
+
+And then suddenly your
+consumption drops massively.
+
+So you protect your consumption
+for a few periods.
+
+But then if your shock continues
+then suddenly you
+
+get into starvation.
+
+So that picture is actually
+roughly what you find in the
+
+data, that people, at least two
+years in a row, maybe they
+
+just make it.
+
+Their consumption
+doesn't fall.
+
+The third year, if the rain
+again falls then they go into
+
+starvation.
+
+So that's a pattern that you see
+a lot, and that's exactly
+
+what you'd expect.
+
+People should try to protect
+their consumption until they
+
+can by, you know, running down
+assets and expect that next
+
+time income will recover.
+
+But income doesn't recover after
+several times then you
+
+get hit very badly.
+
+And that's sort of what we
+find also in the data.
+
+This is a pattern we also
+see in the data.
+
+Another thing you can do
+is try to work more.
+
+And everybody does that.
+
+You know, let's say there's a
+drought and you can't farm.
+
+You go and start
+to sell labor.
+
+Problem is when it's a drought,
+it's a drought for
+
+everybody else.
+
+Everybody's selling labor.
+
+What happens to wages?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, they're
+much cheaper.
+
+PROFESSOR: So wages
+keep going down.
+
+So in particular it could very
+well be that in a drought
+
+everybody ends up trying to work
+so much and wages go down
+
+so much that that amplifies
+rather than reduces the risk
+
+because everybody
+tries to work.
+
+So I'm going to try and go and
+try and get work assuming that
+
+everybody else is not working.
+
+But when I try to go to
+get work, everybody
+
+else does as well.
+
+That drives down wages to the
+point where it could even be
+
+that it does nothing
+to protect me.
+
+I just end up working more and
+earning the same amount I
+
+would have earned otherwise.
+
+So this is something
+that is this real?
+
+So there's a paper
+by [INAUDIBLE]
+
+who basically looks at this.
+
+And what she does is she adds
+another wrinkle to it.
+
+So she says, well, how much
+you're going to do go out and
+
+look for a job versus sort
+of [? desave ?]?
+
+Depends on whether you have
+a bank account or not.
+
+So if you have money in your
+bank account, you're less
+
+likely to go out and find an
+extra job and more likely to
+
+live off your bank account or at
+least partly live off your
+
+bank account.
+
+So you're going to be less
+desperate to find work.
+
+That's going to drive
+wages down less.
+
+So what she does is she looks
+at what happens to wages in
+
+drought years versus non drought
+years in areas which
+
+have good banking services
+versus areas which don't have
+
+good banking services.
+
+So this is data from India.
+
+And she's comparing areas
+which have good banking
+
+services versus areas that don't
+have such good banking
+
+services and looking at the
+effect of that on wages in
+
+drought years versus
+non drought years.
+
+So in drought years wages
+are going to be lower.
+
+She's asking are wages that much
+lower in areas where the
+
+banking services are worse?
+
+Or alternately, are wages
+relatively less likely to fall
+
+in a drought year where banking
+services are better?
+
+Do you see the motivation
+for that?
+
+So that's the next table.
+
+So when crop yield goes up,
+which is basically rainfall--
+
+so this is always with district
+fixed effect.
+
+So we're comparing the same
+district over time, the wage
+
+in the same district over time
+over this period 1956 to '87.
+
+Over these 31 years we are
+comparing the same district in
+
+a drought year and a
+non drought year.
+
+Banking is something that
+improved over time.
+
+So, in particular, if you look
+in the last column, banking is
+
+also something that's
+changing over time.
+
+And she's controlling
+for that.
+
+And then she's asking is it
+the case that where the
+
+banking is better, the effect of
+a good yield in increasing
+
+wages is smaller?
+
+That's the same question as
+the affect of bad yield in
+
+decreasing wages is also
+going to be smaller.
+
+The effect of yield on wages,
+is it smaller in districts
+
+which have better banking
+services?
+
+And that negative in crop
+yield interactive with
+
+banking, that negative role in
+the middle says that, yes, the
+
+effect of yield on wages is
+smaller where banking is
+
+better, as you'd expect.
+
+People are less desperate.
+
+They can go to the bank instead
+of, you know, working.
+
+And, therefore, the
+fallen wages is
+
+smaller in those places.
+
+We talked about saving.
+
+We talked about borrowing.
+
+There's a third thing
+you could do.
+
+Or we talked about saving.
+
+We talked about borrowing.
+
+We talked about working.
+
+There's a fourth thing
+we could do.
+
+Oops.
+
+That was dangerous.
+
+The fourth thing you could do is
+you could try to do things
+
+to avoid risk.
+
+So what's an example of doing
+something to avoid risk?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe diversify
+where you're investing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Diversify where
+you're investing.
+
+Give me an example.
+
+That sounds right but
+general principle.
+
+Give me an example of what
+you mean by diversify.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe, for example,
+if you're a farmer, you have
+
+to [INAUDIBLE] of crops maybe.
+
+So that if some fail--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So one example would be imagine
+there's two crops,
+
+sugar cane and wheat.
+
+Sugar cane is much
+more profitable.
+
+But wheat and sugar cane are
+subject to independent risk.
+
+So when sugar cane dries up,
+that doesn't affect wheat.
+
+And when wheat dries up, that
+doesn't affect sugar cane.
+
+Different things affect them.
+
+Then by having a little bit of
+sugar cane and a little bit of
+
+wheat, you have less risk.
+
+But, of course, you're
+paying in income.
+
+You'll be taking less income
+because sugar cane is more
+
+productive.
+
+So one thing people do
+is they diversify.
+
+Like a very interesting paper
+from many years ago showing
+
+they diversified in many,
+many complex ways.
+
+One thing that was very
+interesting is you'll find
+
+that in many countries,
+actually, you'll find that the
+
+plots people crop are
+not adjacent.
+
+And that seems to
+make no sense.
+
+Why would I farm over here for
+the morning, walk three
+
+kilometers over there and
+farm in the afternoon?
+
+That doesn't seem to make any
+sense unless you think that
+
+there are something like
+micro climates.
+
+So it might rain here when
+it's not raining there.
+
+Maybe when a bug attacks here,
+it doesn't attack over there.
+
+So even though you're growing
+the same crop, you grow it
+
+over several plots and the
+plots are not contiguous.
+
+You walk from plot to plot to
+avoid having exactly being in
+
+the same place.
+
+Because if you're in the same
+place then the same rainfall
+
+patterns, the same bugs,
+you're subject to them.
+
+If you had multiple plots in
+different places, you can
+
+avoid that.
+
+Now, that's of course wasteful
+because you're spending a lot
+
+of time walking, and you should
+have been spending that
+
+time farming.
+
+But at least you reduce risk.
+
+So the general principle is that
+you do many, many things
+
+to, like, diversify, have many
+crops, many plots, many jobs.
+
+There's a study of how many
+professions a family can have.
+
+And I think the maximum number
+in the study was 27.
+
+They were doing 27
+different things.
+
+They were small things like
+going to the pond and
+
+harvesting muscles.
+
+You do that in the morning.
+
+Then you go and collect
+the firewood for sale.
+
+Then your son goes and takes the
+cow to the field, and your
+
+daughter feeds the chicken.
+
+So you had to add up all
+those little things.
+
+But they were doing 27 different
+professions.
+
+I think was the number
+if I remember right.
+
+But that's basically sort of
+an extreme version of this,
+
+avoiding risk by doing a little
+bit of many, many,
+
+many, many, many things.
+
+That's good.
+
+It allows you to avoid risk.
+
+But it's bad because you end up
+doing things which are not
+
+particularly productive.
+
+You don't do the sugar cane even
+though sugar cane is much
+
+more productive than wheat.
+
+So you lose money, and
+that keeps you poor.
+
+So it's estimated that it
+does not weather risk.
+
+And so if you didn't change your
+crop mix to deal with the
+
+risk, you would make
+30% more money.
+
+So that's big.
+
+Basically the stuff that
+you're doing to protect
+
+against the risk is reducing
+your income by 30%.
+
+Another thing that it does is
+that because you're doing so
+
+many things, you don't--
+
+we [? are not ?] good
+at any one of them.
+
+One way to get good at a
+profession is by working very
+
+hard at it, learning the job.
+
+So a lot of these people, for
+example, they don't want to go
+
+to the city and become a full
+time worker in the city.
+
+Why?
+
+Because they think they'll
+lose their job.
+
+And when they lose their job, if
+they still have the farm at
+
+home, they can come back
+to the farm and get
+
+a living from that.
+
+But if that means that
+your job in the city
+
+is a temporary job.
+
+If I'm hiring someone temporary,
+I have no incentive
+
+to give that person
+any skills.
+
+I know he's going to
+be gone in a month.
+
+So nobody gets start
+any skills.
+
+Why?
+
+Because they're all temporary
+laborers.
+
+But why are they temporary
+laborers?
+
+Because they don't want to put
+all their money into this one
+
+basket, all the eggs into this
+one basket because they think
+
+that suppose I lose that job,
+what's going to happen?
+
+I might as will keep
+my foot in farming.
+
+And so they keep their
+foot in farming.
+
+They keep their foot
+in the city.
+
+They keep their foot in
+farming sugar cane.
+
+They keep their foot
+in farming wheat.
+
+They do many, many
+different things.
+
+That means they don't get good
+at anything, and they don't
+
+take advantage of what
+they're good at.
+
+So one other thing
+you could do is
+
+actually offer insurance.
+
+To all of these strategies
+the logical
+
+alternative is insurance.
+
+What is insurance?
+
+What would be weather
+insurance?
+
+What's an insurance?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: The idea for the
+insurance is to gather up a
+
+large group of people with
+different specific exposures
+
+to a certain risk and then
+to pool that risk.
+
+So you pay marginally in the
+event that something happens,
+
+and then you get a
+reimbursement.
+
+PROFESSOR: What does the
+contract look like?
+
+I am asking a simple question.
+
+You're right.
+
+AUDIENCE: You pay an
+annual premium.
+
+And then if something happens,
+you get reimbursed for it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if the weather is really bad,
+you give me $1,000, and I
+
+pay $50 in a normal
+year or something.
+
+You want to say something?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, another
+alternative to private
+
+insurance would be
+to have some form
+
+of government insurance.
+
+So I was thinking when you were
+talking about this that
+
+are a lot of historically sort
+of much more seemingly
+
+primitive societies who did a
+better job of sort of dealing
+
+with these issues, like, say,
+like, the Incas or even, like,
+
+the Mycenaeans or something.
+
+And what seems to be different
+is that they had kind of
+
+somewhat strong functioning
+central states that
+
+redistributed across.
+
+People like the Incas didn't
+even have money or sort of
+
+markets in the modern sense that
+we've talked about, yet
+
+they had this sort of
+sophisticated system of
+
+redistribution and, like,
+collection of agricultural
+
+products to, I guess, feed
+the military but
+
+also to smooth risk.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So we'll talk a little bit about
+that in the end, which
+
+is you're talking about,
+I think, something very
+
+important which is what would
+public policy look like here?
+
+You would want some way
+to insure people.
+
+But right now I'm asking
+a narrow question.
+
+If I was facing risk and there
+was an insurance market, I
+
+could buy insurance, right?
+
+If I'm worried about risk and
+I'm doing all kinds of
+
+inefficient things to avoid
+risk, I could deal with it by
+
+just saying, look, you know, I'm
+going to buy insurance on
+
+the weather.
+
+And when the weather's bad,
+I'm going to get money.
+
+So here's a weather insurance
+product in Ghana.
+
+This was offered at different
+prices to different people.
+
+And the striking fact here is
+when you offer at a price of
+
+zero, people are willing to
+take it, not entirely
+
+surprisingly.
+
+However, as the price goes up
+to an actually fair price--
+
+what is an actually fair
+price, if I can
+
+say the word correctly?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the amount
+it actually costs, like,
+
+aggregate to get to an expected
+value of zero.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the amount I pay you in
+expectation is equal to the
+
+amount you pay.
+
+That's actually fair price.
+
+You can see that some
+people buy above the
+
+actually fair price.
+
+Why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Because they're
+risk adverse.
+
+So you're really willing
+to pay the market.
+
+Economic theory would say you
+should be willing to pay more
+
+than the actually fair price.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the actually fair price
+says on average you
+
+break even.
+
+But risk hurts you a lot.
+
+So you don't want to break
+even on average.
+
+You're willing to pay extra
+money to get rid of the bad
+
+things that happen when--
+
+risk hurts you more
+than just--
+
+it's not just that sometimes
+you get more,
+
+sometimes you get less.
+
+The fact that sometimes you get
+less is worrying you, is
+
+making you do bad things
+that are inefficient.
+
+So you should be willing to
+pay more than the actually
+
+fair price to get insurance
+because that's the whole idea
+
+of insurance.
+
+Car insurance is almost hugely
+not fair if you look at the
+
+car insurance we have the US.
+
+Why do we have that?
+
+Because we want to be covered
+against the possibility that
+
+sometimes people will
+sue us for a
+
+million dollars in damages.
+
+And so we are willing to pay a
+lot more than what's fair.
+
+So these people, they're
+not willing to pay.
+
+At the fair price, 30%
+willing to take it.
+
+And you have to really go down
+to about the price of one,
+
+that's 1/9 of the fair price,
+to get people to take it.
+
+So people don't seem
+to want insurance.
+
+So if everything I said
+so far was true, why
+
+don't they want insurance?
+
+I said they did all these
+inefficient things
+
+to deal with risk.
+
+Isn't that immediately
+telling us that
+
+they should want insurance?
+
+Yes?
+
+No?
+
+And, in fact, when they take
+insurance, good things happen.
+
+So this picture, what it shows,
+this is spending on--
+
+total chemical spending
+is an odd title.
+
+I didn't put it there.
+
+But it's total spending on
+chemical fertilizer.
+
+So how much fertilizer
+do you buy?
+
+Well, when you get insurance,
+you buy about, you know, a
+
+little bit more than
+in control.
+
+So some people were
+offered insurance.
+
+Some people were
+offered credit.
+
+Some people were offered both.
+
+And you see the sum gains
+in investment.
+
+People under invest
+when they get--
+
+so relative to getting
+just the loan,
+
+insurance really helps.
+
+So when you get a loan, you
+don't want the loan if it
+
+doesn't come with insurance
+because you worry that you
+
+can't repay the loan.
+
+So you don't actually
+gain much.
+
+So if you're offered the
+loan, you gain nothing.
+
+But when you're offered loan
+and insurance then your
+
+investment goes up by
+about almost 50%.
+
+So you really invest a lot more
+in fertilizer when you
+
+get insurance and credit
+together relative to getting
+
+just credit.
+
+So that says that that
+affects your income.
+
+This says that this affects
+your welfare.
+
+When you get insurance and
+credit, you are actually about
+
+half as likely to have
+somebody in your
+
+family miss a meal.
+
+That's an extreme
+form of risk.
+
+You're just starving because
+you don't have money.
+
+That halves when you
+offer insurance.
+
+So insurance is very good for
+these people, whether or not
+
+they want it.
+
+Insurance seems to be
+increasing output
+
+and reducing risk.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait.
+
+Can you go back to that slide?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't understand.
+
+So the both is if they get
+insurance and the loan?
+
+[? PROFESSOR: Bought ?]
+and credit.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so then the
+percentage of people missing
+
+meals of that goes down
+dramatically?
+
+PROFESSOR: Dramatically, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But what is it that if
+they have just insurance or
+
+just capital, it looks like it
+increases over the control?
+
+PROFESSOR: It doesn't
+really increase.
+
+Like, as you can see, you need
+both for it to work.
+
+So why aren't they insured?
+
+And there are two versions
+of this question.
+
+One is why aren't they buying
+insurance in the market?
+
+And the other is why aren't
+they buying--
+
+if they don't buy insurance,
+they can still do something
+
+else, which is one way to get
+insurance is for all of us to
+
+just pool together.
+
+The government doesn't
+have to do anything.
+
+The market doesn't have
+to do anything.
+
+We all live in the
+same village.
+
+We can all get together, and
+we can all adopt the rule
+
+which says that if any of us
+loses 50% of their income,
+
+we'll all pay them
+1% of our income.
+
+We could adopt that
+rule, right?
+
+And that would insure everybody
+because there's,
+
+like, 50 of us in this room.
+
+If I lose 50% of income, all
+of you give me 1% of your
+
+incomes and I'm OK.
+
+So you can ensure me.
+
+We don't need a market
+to do it.
+
+We can just do it at the
+community level.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+limitation of that is the fact
+that you're diversifying
+
+across a larger geographical
+area or presumable, like, a
+
+bad weather condition.
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+But we should at
+least do that.
+
+The fact is that people seem to
+have limited insurance even
+
+from their friends.
+
+AUDIENCE: But couldn't that
+potentially open you up to
+
+huge exposure as
+an individual?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, I guess if
+everybody gets equally then
+
+even if you have a really bad
+year-- but if everybody has a
+
+bad year then you wouldn't
+require it.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can adopt a
+rule which basically says
+
+let's take an average income
+of everybody and then those
+
+who get more than average in
+that given year give a little
+
+bit to the ones who get
+less than average.
+
+You can always do that.
+
+So in substance it's a puzzle.
+
+Why don't they buy it
+from the market?
+
+Why don't they buy it
+from each other?
+
+And there's been a lot
+of hype in this area.
+
+Like, Forbes Magazine had this
+issue where they said the
+
+"insurance for the poor is an
+unpenetrated natural market."
+
+And a lot of microfinance
+institutions have been talking
+
+about the next microcredit
+revolution is micro insurance.
+
+So they're going to provide
+insurance to people.
+
+But in fact we don't see very
+much insurance being supplied
+
+or demanded.
+
+Now, insurance is difficult
+for a variety of reasons.
+
+Does anybody know what
+moral hazard is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Moral hazard is just
+the concept that--
+
+I guess it could be best
+
+illustrated through the example.
+
+There was a huge [INAUDIBLE]
+about moral hazard about
+
+bailing out the banks because
+it could encourage banking
+
+institutions in the future to
+act more recklessly because
+
+there's this implicit guarantee
+it could backstop
+
+because it happened
+once before.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So one problem with
+insurance--
+
+but this doesn't explain why
+people don't want it.
+
+It just explains why it
+could be expensive.
+
+You know, if I offer insurance
+to you and I say that I'll
+
+take care of you whenever your
+income falls, your incentive
+
+to stay home goes up a lot.
+
+That's moral hazard.
+
+What's adverse selection?
+
+AUDIENCE: You're only drawing
+those with high risk.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The other worry is that you tend
+to draw in the people.
+
+So if I offer people the option
+of, you know, whenever
+
+your income falls, I'll
+take care of you.
+
+I might only get the people who
+they know their income is
+
+going to fall come and
+join that scheme.
+
+That's adverse selection.
+
+So we have both of those.
+
+And there's outright fraud
+because people might claim
+
+their income has fallen
+but in fact their
+
+income hasn't fallen.
+
+How do I measure that?
+
+So it's expensive to deliver.
+
+That's a given.
+
+But nevertheless,
+the reason why--
+
+but you would imagine that at
+least some forms of insurance
+
+should exist.
+
+One is catastrophic
+health insurance.
+
+Like, you were in a
+traffic accident.
+
+Nobody gets into a traffic
+accident on purpose, very
+
+little moral hazard.
+
+Why isn't there insurance
+for that at least?
+
+Another one is weather
+insurance.
+
+I don't control the weather.
+
+So there's no moral hazard
+or adverse selection.
+
+I don't control the weather.
+
+The weather is what it is.
+
+So if you say that, why don't
+we get lots of market for
+
+rainfall insurance?
+
+When the rainfall is below some
+cut off, I pay you money
+
+otherwise you pay me money.
+
+So we would at least expect to
+see these kinds of insurances.
+
+It's difficult to have, like,
+more complex insurance.
+
+Maybe there's some fraud
+or something.
+
+But this kind of insurance,
+why don't we see more
+
+of it in the world?
+
+So this is a sort of where we're
+beginning to understand.
+
+So there was this huge hype,
+like, five years ago,
+
+everybody in the world was
+talking about how the next
+
+revolution in micro insurance.
+
+And then that revolution
+kind of never happened.
+
+In fact, it was kind
+of, if you like--
+
+we worked with a micro finance
+
+organization to offer insurance.
+
+And after about a year, they
+basically said, look, you
+
+guys, we can't do this.
+
+We're losing clients every day
+because they were forcing
+
+their clients to
+buy insurance.
+
+The way you avoid adverse
+selection is by forcing
+
+people to buy it.
+
+You don't want people to have
+choice otherwise only the sick
+
+people will buy health
+insurance.
+
+They're forcing all
+their clients
+
+to buy health insurance.
+
+As a result, all their clients
+were deserting them.
+
+So they basically canceled
+the program.
+
+So nobody seems to
+want insurance.
+
+Now, I don't think people
+have fully understood
+
+what's going on there.
+
+I certainly don't.
+
+I mean, I think part
+of it is people
+
+don't understand insurance.
+
+So part of the problem is
+that people think, well,
+
+I'm giving you money.
+
+And if I don't use this service,
+you should give me
+
+the money back.
+
+So the idea that I'm giving
+you something--
+
+see, for most of us, the bizarre
+thing about insurance
+
+is it's a product that
+you really don't
+
+want to use, right?
+
+Insurance is one thing.
+
+But you want to buy
+it but not use it.
+
+I'm happy when I don't get
+sick and, therefore, I'm
+
+really happy when I paid for it
+and I didn't get anything.
+
+Psychologically, it's an odd
+product in that sense.
+
+It's a product that you're
+happiest when
+
+you don't use it.
+
+So that's one problem clearly.
+
+It's a bizarre product.
+
+It's one unique kind
+of product.
+
+Usually we're happy when we
+get what we paid for.
+
+Here, you're happy when you
+don't get what you paid for.
+
+And that makes it difficult.
+
+Second thing, I think,
+is they don't trust
+
+the insurance company.
+
+And there's some evidence that
+when the insurance company has
+
+come through an NGO which people
+know and like, they're
+
+more willing to buy it.
+
+So there's some trust
+element there.
+
+But I think there's
+something else
+
+that I think is difficult.
+
+So think of catastrophic
+health insurance.
+
+And if I was offering
+catastrophic health insurance,
+
+our theory was very simple.
+
+Nobody gets a heart
+attack on purpose.
+
+Nobody gets cancer on purpose.
+
+So let's just insure
+those things.
+
+That was OK.
+
+The theory seemed to work.
+
+The problem is people also
+die from other things.
+
+Like, the stomach hurts and
+then they probably got an
+
+infection and died.
+
+That's not covered by the
+insurance because, you know,
+
+in general it's only particular
+
+conditions that are covered.
+
+People don't understand why one
+thing that is covered and
+
+another thing isn't.
+
+And if you explain that, well,
+there's more moral hazard in
+
+this one than that one then
+that's too hard to explain.
+
+So, basically, insurance
+products, out of the necessity
+
+of protecting the insurance
+organization from adverse
+
+selection and moral hazard,
+tend to be incomplete.
+
+They cover only a
+few conditions.
+
+People don't understand
+those conditions.
+
+So there was this big fight
+with this [INAUDIBLE]
+
+we worked with.
+
+They got into this big fight
+with a group of women who were
+
+very upset because one of their
+friend's husband died.
+
+He died at home.
+
+He suddenly got sick and died.
+
+When he got sick, she went
+to the local doctor.
+
+And the local doctor recommended
+a whole bunch of
+
+medication, expensive medication
+which was useless
+
+because the doctor,
+I think, was bad.
+
+The insurance company
+said this was
+
+not a covered condition.
+
+We can't pay for it because it
+was not covered in fact.
+
+The insurance company in this
+particular case said we will
+
+only cover conditions that
+require hospitalization, and
+
+we'll only pay if you have
+been hospitalized.
+
+That's a very good way to
+check whether people are
+
+making up conditions or not.
+
+So they had imposed this
+hospitalization condition,
+
+which was to protect them.
+
+But then these people said,
+look, her husband died.
+
+How could it be worse?
+
+You have to pay.
+
+So it was a big fight.
+
+The insurance company
+refused to pay.
+
+As a result, all of them
+quit [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So just the nature of the
+product is difficult.
+
+That's one final psychological
+element which I think is also
+
+difficult, which is catastrophic
+insurance is
+
+particularly a product
+that makes you--
+
+you value it when you think
+about your own death or
+
+something or something
+really bad.
+
+People don't like thinking
+about those things.
+
+So it's very hard to get people
+to be rational about
+
+buying a product that involves
+contemplating really awful
+
+things happening to you.
+
+So a lot of people are both, I
+think, maybe they are a little
+
+bit superstitious about it.
+
+So they don't really like taking
+on this risk, thinking
+
+about these states of awful
+things happening.
+
+So if you're going to insure us
+to insure awful things like
+
+when the crop completely dries
+up, that's not what people
+
+want to think about.
+
+So that's another reason why.
+
+But in general, we don't fully
+understand why people aren't
+
+buying these products.
+
+But they aren't buying them.
+
+So if there's no question,
+I'll stop here.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LFOsw1Vccac.txt b/LFOsw1Vccac.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a040867a1c52f4b1bcf5bc1266ed3a8ef9d81eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LFOsw1Vccac.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well I want to begin by
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's what seems an obvious
+question what is film uh one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is film uh one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is film uh one way to
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is I used to sometimes
+present it by saying film as dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it by saying film as dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it by saying film as dot dot dot
+film as what uh and it may be surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as what uh and it may be surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as what uh and it may be surprising
+to you but one way we could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but one way we could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but one way we could think about
+film is as chemistry now how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is as chemistry now how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is as chemistry now how could that
+make sense why would it make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense why would it make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense why would it make sense to
+think of film as a form of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of film as a form of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of film as a form of chemistry
+what has film got to do with chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has film got to do with chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has film got to do with chemistry
+in fact it's a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a very fundamental
+relation what what what what what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what what what what what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation what what what what what is it
+what what what this is also true of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this is also true of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what this is also true of of
+of of Ste photography as well as movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Ste photography as well as movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Ste photography as well as movies
+but what is it what what's the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it what what's the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it what what's the process
+by which they're made yes film really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which they're made yes film really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which they're made yes film really
+comes together from speak loudly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together from speak loudly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes together from speak loudly so I
+really film is made up of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really film is made up of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really film is made up of a lot of
+different components you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components you have you have
+your lighting your scene your character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lighting your scene your character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lighting your scene your character
+and that all has to come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all has to come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all has to come together to
+make film without one component of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make film without one component of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make film without one component of it
+you're losing part of the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing part of the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing part of the experience
+okay you're right about that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're right about that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're right about that but that's
+a more General answer than I want words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General answer than I want words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General answer than I want words
+what there's something much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's something much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's something much more
+dramatically uh fundamental about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically uh fundamental about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically uh fundamental about the
+way about the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way about the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way about the connection between
+chemistry and movie what is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and movie what is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and movie what is it the
+interaction between the audience and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the audience and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the audience and it
+doesn't have to do with the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do with the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do with the experience
+of movies come on what it's technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies come on what it's technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies come on what it's technical
+chemistry has to be developed before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has to be developed before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry has to be developed before you
+it depends on chemistry film is a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on chemistry film is a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on chemistry film is a form
+of applied chemistry why of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applied chemistry why of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applied chemistry why of course
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right yes what is a film and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes what is a film and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes what is a film and there are
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain emotions that are put on a that
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put on a piece of Celluloid light
+it's actually has to normally it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually has to normally it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually has to normally it can be
+any light but sunlight is best act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any light but sunlight is best act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any light but sunlight is best act
+interacting with those emotions causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with those emotions causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with those emotions causes
+the image to appear the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to appear the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to appear the actual
+fundamental process by which film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental process by which film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental process by which film is
+physically created is a chemical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically created is a chemical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically created is a chemical process
+and one could if you think about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could if you think about that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could if you think about that if
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect on it for a moment one of
+the things this suggests is that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this suggests is that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things this suggests is that film
+The when then when we think about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The when then when we think about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The when then when we think about film
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the much larger sense in the in film
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we experience in theaters film as a
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engine of Economic Development as
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provider of jobs and careers and so
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what we could say is that it is it
+is a form of a applied chemistry that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of a applied chemistry that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form of a applied chemistry that is
+that is among the most profound uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is among the most profound uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is among the most profound uses of
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that humankind has ever found
+because if you think about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think about the impact of
+movies on human life and it is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on human life and it is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies on human life and it is now a
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global phenomenon is there any culture
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is free of movies any indiv maybe
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Taliban cultures that dream of
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being free of movies but to my knowledge
+there is no culture in the world now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no culture in the world now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no culture in the world now
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely oblivious to film uh
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a global phenomenon and uh
+and it's a more than a century old uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a more than a century old uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a more than a century old uh it
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the distinctive narrative form of
+the 20th century the signature form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century the signature form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century the signature form of
+Storytelling for the 20th century uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storytelling for the 20th century uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storytelling for the 20th century uh all
+of it deres from this chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it deres from this chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it deres from this chemical reaction
+when the emotions are subjected to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the emotions are subjected to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the emotions are subjected to light
+the the image appears on the cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the image appears on the cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the image appears on the cellular
+and and and uh there are even people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh there are even people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh there are even people the
+theoreticians of movies who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians of movies who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoreticians of movies who have
+suggested that there's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that there's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that there's a fundamental
+break of a kind that is subliminal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break of a kind that is subliminal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break of a kind that is subliminal and
+less obvious to uh many people but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious to uh many people but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious to uh many people but is
+fundamental to our EXP experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to our EXP experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to our EXP experience of
+text when we move from real film to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text when we move from real film to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text when we move from real film to
+digital forms of film Mak because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital forms of film Mak because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital forms of film Mak because
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature is eliminated in digital
+forms right this something natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right this something natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right this something natural and
+in fact slow about the way nature works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact slow about the way nature works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact slow about the way nature works
+the way when light works on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when light works on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when light works on those
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions to bring the and to bring the
+images up and those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images up and those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images up and those of you who are
+amateur photographers will know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur photographers will know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur photographers will know that you
+can control the clarity or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the clarity or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control the clarity or the
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurriness of the image the darkness or
+the lightness of the image by how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightness of the image by how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightness of the image by how long
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave the uh the film the film paper
+in the emotions right you can control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emotions right you can control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emotions right you can control it
+and and creative still photographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and creative still photographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and creative still photographers and
+creative movie directors actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative movie directors actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative movie directors actually use
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Tech use that that that that Rea
+that that chemical principle in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that chemical principle in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that chemical principle in order to
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create certain kinds of effects so one
+way to think about movies is to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies is to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies is to think of
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a form of applied chemistry and
+one of the most profound uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profound uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profound uses of
+chemistry in terms of uh that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in terms of uh that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in terms of uh that we could
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in terms of its impact on
+society in terms of the the vast number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of the the vast number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in terms of the the vast number
+of people who have been affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have been affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have been affected and
+continue to be affected by by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be affected by by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be affected by by this
+invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention
+we could also think of film so film is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also think of film so film is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also think of film so film is a
+form of chemistry I mean and we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of chemistry I mean and we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of chemistry I mean and we what
+what I'm suggesting uh these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm suggesting uh these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm suggesting uh these different
+framings of what film is these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings of what film is these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framings of what film is these different
+Frameworks for understanding film um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for understanding film um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for understanding film um one
+thing I'm trying to do is to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm trying to do is to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm trying to do is to suggest
+some of the ways in which we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways in which we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways in which we might
+understand film apart from what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand film apart from what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand film apart from what we're
+going to be doing in this course now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing in this course now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing in this course now I
+don't know if one could make a full uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if one could make a full uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if one could make a full uh
+uh if one if one could justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if one if one could justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if one if one could justify
+persuading a professor of Kemet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading a professor of Kemet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading a professor of Kemet
+chemistry to teach a course in film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to teach a course in film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to teach a course in film that
+might be going too far but certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be going too far but certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be going too far but certain
+principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of
+certain broad principles of Photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain broad principles of Photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain broad principles of Photography
+and how they are linked to other uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they are linked to other uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they are linked to other uh uh
+uh photochemical uh processes might very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photochemical uh processes might very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photochemical uh processes might very
+well make a a quite exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make a a quite exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well make a a quite exciting and
+complicated uh course in in uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh course in in uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh course in in uh in the
+chemistry Department uh one can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department uh one can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry Department uh one can also
+think of film uh as a simply in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of film uh as a simply in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of film uh as a simply in a
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical sense certainly as a kind of
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty when film first appeared in the
+world uh and especially in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and especially in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and especially in the United
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh it was uh seen as a novelty
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that that caused its first appearance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that caused its first appearance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that caused its first appearance to
+be take to take place in places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be take to take place in places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be take to take place in places like
+Penny arcades where people went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penny arcades where people went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penny arcades where people went to
+experience other kinds of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience other kinds of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience other kinds of public
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novelties as well they would uh they
+would there would be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there would be uh uh
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh machines in the in these Penny
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades that would guess your weight and
+you put a penny in and and if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a penny in and and if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a penny in and and if if the
+machine were if the machine was right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were if the machine was right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine were if the machine was right it
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept your penny if the machine was wrong
+it would give you your penny back uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you your penny back uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you your penny back uh
+there were fortune telling machines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fortune telling machines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were fortune telling machines in
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Penny arcades uh there were little
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the more sleazy ones there
+were live peep shows uh strip shows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were live peep shows uh strip shows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were live peep shows uh strip shows of
+various Mo moderate kinds and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Mo moderate kinds and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Mo moderate kinds and of course
+as uh even at the very early stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh even at the very early stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh even at the very early stages of
+film film began to replicate those live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film film began to replicate those live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film film began to replicate those live
+performance they were sort of uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance they were sort of uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance they were sort of uh a very
+trivial forms of forms of uh burlesque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial forms of forms of uh burlesque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial forms of forms of uh burlesque
+began to appear and women stripping uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to appear and women stripping uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to appear and women stripping uh I
+don't think there were any male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there were any male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there were any male
+strippers in in this late Victorian era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strippers in in this late Victorian era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strippers in in this late Victorian era
+uh uh began to appear in the penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh began to appear in the penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh began to appear in the penny
+arcades as well so one could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades as well so one could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcades as well so one could say that
+what film in its earlier stages was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film in its earlier stages was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film in its earlier stages was also
+just a kind of novelty item like a Pez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a kind of novelty item like a Pez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a kind of novelty item like a Pez
+dispenser or or some or some equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispenser or or some or some equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispenser or or some or some equivalent
+kind of silly thing or or or or baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silly thing or or or or baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of silly thing or or or or baseball
+cards or football cards that kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or football cards that kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or football cards that kind that
+kind of thing uh more profoundly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing uh more profoundly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing uh more profoundly of
+course we could think of film from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we could think of film from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we could think of film from
+another a manufactured object and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a manufactured object and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another a manufactured object and this
+identity of film is incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of film is incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of film is incredibly important
+it's again easy for us to forget because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again easy for us to forget because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again easy for us to forget because
+when we go to the movies we today we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the movies we today we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the movies we today we see
+these complex and overwhelming audio we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex and overwhelming audio we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex and overwhelming audio we
+we we have these complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have these complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have these complex and
+overwhelming audiovisual experiences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming audiovisual experiences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming audiovisual experiences and
+we uh might tend to forget what in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh might tend to forget what in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh might tend to forget what in fact
+is the sort of industrial base on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of industrial base on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sort of industrial base on which
+movies were made at a relatively early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were made at a relatively early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were made at a relatively early
+stage part of what we want at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage part of what we want at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage part of what we want at least to
+be aware of in our course even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of in our course even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of in our course even though we
+won't study it systematically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't study it systematically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't study it systematically is the
+fact that the movies the film uh is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the movies the film uh is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the movies the film uh is one
+of the first significant Commodities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first significant Commodities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first significant Commodities to
+become a mass produced item and in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a mass produced item and in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a mass produced item and in and
+in fact the same principles that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the same principles that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the same principles that led to
+the Mira to to another manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mira to to another manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mira to to another manufacturing
+miracle that we associate with the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle that we associate with the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle that we associate with the late
+19th and early 20th century the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th and early 20th century the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th and early 20th century the
+automobile the same principles that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the same principles that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the same principles that went
+to the production of the automobile also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production of the automobile also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production of the automobile also
+worked with the it worked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the it worked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the it worked in the
+production of film that is to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of film that is to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of film that is to say what
+had to be and in fact both film and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be and in fact both film and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be and in fact both film and the
+automobile could be seen as prototypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile could be seen as prototypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile could be seen as prototypical
+instances of this fundamentally defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this fundamentally defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of this fundamentally defining
+industrial capitalist uh uh uh Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial capitalist uh uh uh Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial capitalist uh uh uh Behavior
+capitalist activity which is mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist activity which is mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist activity which is mass
+production and especially what does mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and especially what does mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and especially what does mass
+production depend upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production depend upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production depend upon the
+specialization of lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of lab
+the rationalizing of the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalizing of the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationalizing of the production
+process into smaller and smaller units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into smaller and smaller units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process into smaller and smaller units
+so that particular people can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that particular people can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that particular people can do it
+quickly and you can create essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and you can create essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and you can create essentially
+an assembly line production you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line production you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line production you can
+create mass production but the notion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create mass production but the notion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create mass production but the notion I
+still find it very inspiring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still find it very inspiring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still find it very inspiring and
+important significant the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important significant the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important significant the notion that
+the that that that film was created on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that that film was created on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that that film was created on
+an assembly line and that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line and that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly line and that just like
+toaster or automobiles seems a shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster or automobiles seems a shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toaster or automobiles seems a shocking
+and important Insight because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important Insight because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and important Insight because they're
+still in some fundamental way produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in some fundamental way produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in some fundamental way produced
+like this there I mean I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there I mean I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there I mean I don't I don't
+mean that the same movie studios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the same movie studios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the same movie studios are
+churning out uh 500 movies a year which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning out uh 500 movies a year which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning out uh 500 movies a year which
+is what what what was churned out during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what what was churned out during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what what was churned out during
+the Great era of the Hollywood Studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great era of the Hollywood Studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great era of the Hollywood Studios
+from around 1930 through the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around 1930 through the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from around 1930 through the end of the
+1940s uh um but the fact is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s uh um but the fact is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s uh um but the fact is the
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of movies the manufacturer of
+movies still depends on these principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies still depends on these principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies still depends on these principles
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the uh um specialization of
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor and and I'm not simply talking
+about the way in which we have actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which we have actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which we have actors
+and directors and cinematographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and cinematographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and cinematographers and
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips and best boys and uh set dressers
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makeup people uh and and writers
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script writers and so forth all uh uh
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to this but I'm also talking
+about the way in which movies still to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which movies still to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which movies still to
+this day are divided in their production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day are divided in their production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day are divided in their production
+principles in in in in three in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in in in in three in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in in in in three in three
+stages a pre-production phase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages a pre-production phase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages a pre-production phase a
+production phase and a post-production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production phase and a post-production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production phase and a post-production
+phase and there are specialists at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are specialists at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are specialists at each
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh on each on each phase and and a
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast Army of Specialists is is uh U
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired uh to handle uh the problems that
+are connected to the production of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to the production of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to the production of every
+single film so we can think of films as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single film so we can think of films as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single film so we can think of films as
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a really uh distinctive signature
+instance of what mass production is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of what mass production is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of what mass production is
+capable of okay so so we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of okay so so we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of okay so so we can say that
+the film is a manufactured object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is a manufactured object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is a manufactured object and
+not just a manufactured object but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a manufactured object but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a manufactured object but a
+product of mass production a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of mass production a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of mass production a product of
+essentially assembly line principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assembly line principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assembly line principles and
+what makes this so remarkable to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this so remarkable to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this so remarkable to me
+still an idea that I have trouble fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an idea that I have trouble fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an idea that I have trouble fully
+absorbing is that the manufactur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing is that the manufactur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing is that the manufactur the
+mass-produced item that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-produced item that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass-produced item that we're talking
+about unlike a toaster or even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unlike a toaster or even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unlike a toaster or even an
+automobile manag so fully to permeate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile manag so fully to permeate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile manag so fully to permeate
+our society and our world that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and our world that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society and our world that it's
+infiltrated ourselves even into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrated ourselves even into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrated ourselves even into our
+dreams and our Fantasy Life and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams and our Fantasy Life and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams and our Fantasy Life and finally
+another way to think about film and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about film and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about film and I'm
+sort of enlarging this is a a way we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of enlarging this is a a way we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of enlarging this is a a way we'll
+be talking about quite a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about quite a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about quite a lot in the
+course of our discussions in uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of our discussions in uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of our discussions in uh this
+semester we can say that film after it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we can say that film after it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester we can say that film after it's
+elaborated and and and established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated and and and established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated and and and established
+itself in culture is becomes a fundament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in culture is becomes a fundament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in culture is becomes a fundament
+FAL social form a fundamental social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL social form a fundamental social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL social form a fundamental social
+formation an experience widely practiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation an experience widely practiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation an experience widely practiced
+widely indulged in by a vast number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely indulged in by a vast number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely indulged in by a vast number of
+people in the society it becomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the society it becomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the society it becomes so
+there's a difference between so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between so so that
+one could say for example toasters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could say for example toasters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could say for example toasters are
+important but they don't they they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but they don't they they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but they don't they they don't
+generate the kind of social rituals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the kind of social rituals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the kind of social rituals that
+are involved in going to the going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in going to the going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in going to the going to
+the movies uh and of identifying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies uh and of identifying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies uh and of identifying with
+movie stars and of generating fan around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie stars and of generating fan around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie stars and of generating fan around
+movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and
+wor an very complex activities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor an very complex activities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor an very complex activities that we
+associate that we associate with movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that we associate with movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that we associate with movie
+goinging and in fact one might say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goinging and in fact one might say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goinging and in fact one might say that
+the Great era of movie goinging is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great era of movie goinging is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great era of movie goinging is
+already gone that it was really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone that it was really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone that it was really in the
+era of the Hollywood Studios when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of the Hollywood Studios when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of the Hollywood Studios when there
+were before the internet and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before the internet and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were before the internet and before
+television so we could also then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television so we could also then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television so we could also then think
+of the film as a as a social form as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film as a as a social form as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film as a as a social form as not
+not when it first appears when it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when it first appears when it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when it first appears when it's just
+a novelty but after it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novelty but after it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novelty but after it goes through
+various phases when it embeds itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various phases when it embeds itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various phases when it embeds itself
+into the society the way the movies did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the society the way the movies did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the society the way the movies did
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes a kind of social form and
+one might almost argue that it comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might almost argue that it comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might almost argue that it comes the
+one of the most important social forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important social forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important social forms
+in the society because it's so widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society because it's so widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the society because it's so widely
+shared most social activities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared most social activities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared most social activities in the
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society are relatively uh uh Limited in
+the circle of people they involve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of people they involve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of people they involve right
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the number of automobile drivers is
+controlled in a way that is less is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled in a way that is less is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled in a way that is less is
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained or or demarcated in a way
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less true of movies appeal to
+children as well as adults right it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as well as adults right it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as well as adults right it they
+mo and from their very beginning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo and from their very beginning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo and from their very beginning this
+has been true of movies especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been true of movies especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been true of movies especially in
+the United States they've appealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States they've appealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States they've appealed
+across lines of social stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across lines of social stratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across lines of social stratification
+across uh uh differences of gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh uh differences of gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across uh uh differences of gender
+across differences of age across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across differences of age across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across differences of age across
+differences of race there's one book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of race there's one book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of race there's one book on
+the film a rather overly optimistic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a rather overly optimistic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a rather overly optimistic one
+that simplifies the pernicious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies the pernicious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies the pernicious or
+Sinister aspect of movies called film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinister aspect of movies called film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sinister aspect of movies called film
+The Democratic art and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Democratic art and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Democratic art and you can
+understand even though I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand even though I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand even though I think it's a
+simplification why that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification why that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification why that's an interesting
+way to think about movies because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about movies because it
+reach it reached so widely to across so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it reached so widely to across so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it reached so widely to across so
+many social barri that sense film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many social barri that sense film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many social barri that sense film was
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative form that reached a wider
+audience than any other narrative system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than any other narrative system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than any other narrative system
+that had been invented by human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been invented by human beings
+before it what's one explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it what's one explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it what's one explanation for why
+film would be so appealing be even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so appealing be even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so appealing be even more
+appealing than printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing than printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing than printed
+narrative it also is connected to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it also is connected to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it also is connected to why
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies grew so quickly in their
+infancy why they went from being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy why they went from being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy why they went from being a
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being an embedded social form
+so quickly let me well you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly let me well you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quickly let me well you probably know
+what the answer is more people can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is more people can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is more people can see
+they can read yes that's the real answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can read yes that's the real answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can read yes that's the real answer
+isn't it that it's mostly a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it that it's mostly a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it that it's mostly a visual
+medium it doesn't depend on language to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium it doesn't depend on language to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium it doesn't depend on language to
+the same degree and especially silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree and especially silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree and especially silent
+film right which did not depend which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right which did not depend which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right which did not depend which it
+did depend on language it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did depend on language it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did depend on language it used
+intertitles and things but it depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertitles and things but it depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertitles and things but it depended
+on language minimally and in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language minimally and in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on language minimally and in the united
+why was this important because when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this important because when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this important because when the
+film was in its infancy there was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was in its infancy there was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was in its infancy there was also
+and this was a kind of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a kind of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a kind of fundamental
+enabling condition for the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling condition for the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling condition for the development
+of movies there was also in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies there was also in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies there was also in the United
+States a vast and growing immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States a vast and growing immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States a vast and growing immigrant
+population in all the major cities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in all the major cities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in all the major cities but
+especially Chicago New York uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Chicago New York uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Chicago New York uh some of
+the other larger industrial cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other larger industrial cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other larger industrial cities and
+this newly this new immigrant population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this newly this new immigrant population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this newly this new immigrant population
+which bar many of them didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bar many of them didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bar many of them didn't know
+English at all had only a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English at all had only a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English at all had only a little bit of
+money to disposable income but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to disposable income but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to disposable income but they
+needed entertainment and the silent film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed entertainment and the silent film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed entertainment and the silent film
+was the perfect answer to this the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the perfect answer to this the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the perfect answer to this the film
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quickly becomes a profoundly
+embedded social form it be and to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded social form it be and to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded social form it be and to give
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some sense of how Monumental and how
+Central how important this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central how important this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central how important this was in
+American society what I can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society what I can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society what I can simply
+remind you of is that for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of is that for the for the
+for the majority of for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the majority of for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the majority of for most of the
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which uh uh the Hollywood
+Studios were operating at full power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were operating at full power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were operating at full power
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the period from the Advent of
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film in the late 20s until the
+late 40s when television intervened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 40s when television intervened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 40s when television intervened and
+the even though there's a period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though there's a period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even though there's a period when
+television is around when when the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is around when when the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is around when when the movie
+studios retain something of their old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios retain something of their old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios retain something of their old
+character but they begin to decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but they begin to decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character but they begin to decline
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without fully realizing it that occurs
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-50s sometime so in the period
+from roughly 1930 to say we're 1955 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roughly 1930 to say we're 1955 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roughly 1930 to say we're 1955 to
+be crude about it in this period the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crude about it in this period the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crude about it in this period the
+vast majority of Americans went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of Americans went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of Americans went to the
+movies every single week think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies every single week think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies every single week think about
+that every single week this was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single week this was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single week this was before
+television which supplanted that quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television which supplanted that quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television which supplanted that quality
+in movies right well and by in in 1947
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in movies right well and by in in 1947
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in movies right well and by in in 1947
+or 1948 80 million Americans went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1948 80 million Americans went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1948 80 million Americans went to the
+movies every week every week that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies every week every week that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies every week every week that that
+was like two-thirds of the population at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like two-thirds of the population at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like two-thirds of the population at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so it was near to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so it was near to being a
+universal experience and not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal experience and not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal experience and not just a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal experience that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal experience that occurred
+occasionally but a routine experience an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally but a routine experience an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally but a routine experience an
+experience that families and individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that families and individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that families and individuals
+and young and old had regularly as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young and old had regularly as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and young and old had regularly as a
+fundamental part of their life right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental part of their life right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental part of their life right as
+a as as a part of their ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as as a part of their ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as as a part of their ordinary
+experience that's very that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's very that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's very that's what I
+mean by an embedded social form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by an embedded social form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by an embedded social form uh
+that's an immensely important fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an immensely important fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an immensely important fact about
+the movies and especially about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies and especially about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies and especially about the
+classic movies and when that feature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic movies and when that feature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic movies and when that feature the
+idea of the movies as something routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the movies as something routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the movies as something routine
+in a human in in people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human in in people's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human in in people's lives
+something they did regularly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they did regularly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they did regularly not
+occasionally when that feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally when that feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally when that feature
+disappears it disappears in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it disappears in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it disappears in part because
+of the impact of television on society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impact of television on society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impact of television on society
+if television's in the house right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if television's in the house right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if television's in the house right so
+it's a lot easier to retain to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to retain to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to retain to establish
+a an habitual relation to television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an habitual relation to television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an habitual relation to television
+that is to the movie so the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to the movie so the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to the movie so the Advent of
+this new technology uh changed movie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technology uh changed movie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new technology uh changed movie's
+relation to its audience and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to its audience and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to its audience and this is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we will to which again we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we will to which again we will
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+return again and again so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return again and again so we can think
+of we could also frame movies in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we could also frame movies in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we could also frame movies in other
+ways but these framings I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but these framings I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but these framings I think are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to us in part to remind us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to us in part to remind us of
+some things that I'm not going to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that I'm not going to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that I'm not going to do one
+could certainly imagine a course in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly imagine a course in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could certainly imagine a course in a
+department of Economics that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of Economics that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of Economics that looked
+simply at the film at at film as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply at the film at at film as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply at the film at at film as an
+economic engine at the number of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic engine at the number of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic engine at the number of jobs
+created by movies not just the immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by movies not just the immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by movies not just the immediate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs the people who are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs the people who are actually
+producing the film but e but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the film but e but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the film but e but but but
+another kind of another kind of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of another kind of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of another kind of uh uh
+accounting that would take account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting that would take account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting that would take account of
+all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sort of ancillary jobs the
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater owners the popcorn sellers the
+people who create the publicity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who create the publicity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who create the publicity for
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies The Great the whole Entourage of
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hangers On you're thinking of the TV
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show aren't you the whole Entourage of
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangers on that follow the movie stars
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh I mean it's an unbelievable
+engine of Economic Development and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine of Economic Development and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine of Economic Development and of
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic growth and it is it is arguable
+given the fact that the movies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that the movies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that the movies have been
+a dominant industry in the western world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant industry in the western world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant industry in the western world
+and especially in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in the United States
+since the early 20th century one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the early 20th century one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the early 20th century one could
+one could make an argument that it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could make an argument that it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could make an argument that it's one
+of the most productive and Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most productive and Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most productive and Central
+engines of economic growth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines of economic growth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines of economic growth that
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism has ever developed and one
+could teach a course in in the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could teach a course in in the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could teach a course in in the movies
+that simply emphasized its a its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply emphasized its a its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply emphasized its a its
+economic aspects its power as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic aspects its power as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic aspects its power as an
+employer it's it it's its role as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer it's it it's its role as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer it's it it's its role as a
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator of of wealth as a generator of
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and I mentioned this partly
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clarify the extent to which in our
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're focusing on only aspects of
+what film might be but also in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film might be but also in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film might be but also in order to
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that we need to be aware of
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a backdrop to the more uh
+cultural aesthetic concerns about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural aesthetic concerns about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural aesthetic concerns about the
+content of movies and about the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of movies and about the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of movies and about the way they
+developed the way they evolved that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the way they evolved that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the way they evolved that will
+be the central energies we will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the central energies we will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the central energies we will be uh
+committed to in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course well one thing you need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well one thing you need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course well one thing you need to do in
+order uh in order to sort of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh in order to sort of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh in order to sort of experience
+this first these first weeks of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first these first weeks of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first these first weeks of this
+course in in a really effective way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in in a really effective way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in in a really effective way is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to in a certain sense get outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to in a certain sense get outside
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own head get outside of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own head get outside of your own
+skin we live in such a visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin we live in such a visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin we live in such a visually
+saturated environment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated environment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated environment in which
+audiovisual messages are beamed at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual messages are beamed at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual messages are beamed at us
+constantly some of us don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly some of us don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly some of us don't even have to
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're some of us are connected to
+apparatus all the time right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus all the time right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus all the time right we're
+connected to our cell phones we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our cell phones we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our cell phones we're
+connected to our computers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our computers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to our computers uh
+we're it's almost as if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's almost as if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's almost as if we have
+audiovisual signals bombarding us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual signals bombarding us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual signals bombarding us
+247 uh what you need to do is think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 uh what you need to do is think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 uh what you need to do is think of
+it's almost as if you were entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if you were entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as if you were entering a
+cave imagine that you're entering a cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave imagine that you're entering a cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave imagine that you're entering a cave
+what I want you to do is think away your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is think away your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is think away your
+iPods think away your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPods think away your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPods think away your cell phone
+literally think them away imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally think them away imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally think them away imagine a
+world without them imagine a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without them imagine a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without them imagine a world
+without movies a world without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without movies a world without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without movies a world without
+television a world without radio right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a world without radio right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a world without radio right
+go back to I want you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to I want you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to I want you to sort of
+imaginatively put yourself back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively put yourself back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively put yourself back into the
+era when the first films began to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era when the first films began to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era when the first films began to appear
+and try to recover something of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to recover something of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to recover something of the of
+the excitement and wonder that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitement and wonder that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitement and wonder that those
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest audiences must have felt when
+they saw some these images right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw some these images right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw some these images right and so
+so the most important thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most important thing in some
+sense would be that they were OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would be that they were OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense would be that they were OB
+immensely amazed they were taken aback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely amazed they were taken aback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely amazed they were taken aback
+by the simple shocking Wonder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the simple shocking Wonder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the simple shocking Wonder of
+movement captured on film it was as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement captured on film it was as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement captured on film it was as if
+movement itself something they associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement itself something they associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement itself something they associate
+with reality could suddenly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reality could suddenly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reality could suddenly be
+recaptured in film and uh can we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured in film and uh can we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recaptured in film and uh can we show
+some examples of this Greg let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of this Greg let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of this Greg let's say
+some of you have seen one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have seen one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have seen one example of
+this remember what in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember what in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember what in the in the
+recitation section when you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section when you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation section when you saw the
+Great Train Robbery do you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Train Robbery do you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Train Robbery do you remember the
+moment in The Great Train Robbery where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in The Great Train Robbery where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in The Great Train Robbery where
+which seems unconnected to the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems unconnected to the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems unconnected to the story
+where the I think in some in some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the I think in some in some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the I think in some in some uh
+prints of the film it comes at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints of the film it comes at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints of the film it comes at the end
+in some prints it came at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some prints it came at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some prints it came at the beginning
+in some prints it didn't occur at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some prints it didn't occur at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some prints it didn't occur at all
+where was it in the film you saw the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was it in the film you saw the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was it in the film you saw the guy
+yes yes when was that at the it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes when was that at the it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes when was that at the it was at
+the very end it's the moment where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end it's the moment where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end it's the moment where the
+guy pulls out his gun and points it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy pulls out his gun and points it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy pulls out his gun and points it at
+the camera and choots and did any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and choots and did any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and choots and did any of you
+find that odd I mean I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that odd I mean I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that odd I mean I think you should
+have one reason is that it had that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reason is that it had that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one reason is that it had that it
+had nothing to do with the narrative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nothing to do with the narrative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nothing to do with the narrative it
+it was as if it was as if this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as if it was as if this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as if it was as if this this is
+an important film it used to be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important film it used to be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important film it used to be thought
+to be the very first story film the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the very first story film the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the very first story film the very
+first systematic narrative on film it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first systematic narrative on film it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first systematic narrative on film it's
+not that there are earlier examples but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there are earlier examples but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there are earlier examples but
+it's one of the very first and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the very first and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the very first and that's
+why I wanted you to see it it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted you to see it it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted you to see it it's one of
+the earliest story films it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest story films it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest story films it's one of the
+earliest films to tell a sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films to tell a sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films to tell a sequential
+story it's actually although it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's actually although it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it's actually although it seems
+very primitive to you guys it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive to you guys it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very primitive to you guys it's actually
+a very sophisticated item and there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sophisticated item and there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sophisticated item and there has
+been a lot of film making going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of film making going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot of film making going on
+before this film is made in 1902 we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this film is made in 1902 we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this film is made in 1902 we'll
+talk a little bit about that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about that in a moment
+so this moment where he where he shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this moment where he where he shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this moment where he where he shoots
+the gun at the camera why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun at the camera why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun at the camera why is that
+disturbing to us or strange to us I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to us or strange to us I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to us or strange to us I'll
+answer my own question one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer my own question one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer my own question one it's
+disturbing to us because it breaks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to us because it breaks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to us because it breaks the
+narrative it seems unconnected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it seems unconnected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative it seems unconnected to the
+narrative why would they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative why would they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative why would they do it
+uh why do you and then second what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why do you and then second what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why do you and then second what's
+going on there why is he doing it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there why is he doing it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there why is he doing it is
+does the filmmaker not like his audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the filmmaker not like his audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the filmmaker not like his audience
+and want to what's what's the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to what's what's the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want to what's what's the reason for
+it why do you think it's there who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you think it's there who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why do you think it's there who has
+an idea why would it be there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea why would it be there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea why would it be there again
+enter the cave think yourself back to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the cave think yourself back to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the cave think yourself back to an
+era before a movie when people had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era before a movie when people had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era before a movie when people had never
+seen movies before what's the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen movies before what's the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen movies before what's the answer to
+engage the audience in the film well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage the audience in the film well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage the audience in the film well it
+does engage them but what else does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does engage them but what else does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does engage them but what else does it
+do what does it call attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what does it call attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what does it call attention
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um it puts them into a situation that
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ordinarily would not encounter and
+probably would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not
+survive okay that's right well yes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay that's right well yes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay that's right well yes in a
+way that's right and in fact there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's right and in fact there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's right and in fact there are a
+lot of accounts of early films playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of accounts of early films playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of accounts of early films playing
+these kinds of tricks and audiences not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of tricks and audiences not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of tricks and audiences not
+yet sure of what films were acting as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet sure of what films were acting as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet sure of what films were acting as if
+they were looking at something real so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at something real so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were looking at something real so
+there are at least reports of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least reports of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least reports of people
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this film when the guy shot the
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam people screaming and ducking down
+under their seats right uh and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their seats right uh and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under their seats right uh and there are
+many stories like this about early films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories like this about early films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stories like this about early films
+where people would come to the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people would come to the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people would come to the and
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they showed it they showed it
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very dramatic way of of
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of dramatizing of crystallizing the
+difference between reality and movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between reality and movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between reality and movies
+and also the ex how realistic movies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the ex how realistic movies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the ex how realistic movies can
+be the name movies names the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the name movies names the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the name movies names the most
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental feature of the movies that
+the that the early audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the early audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the early audience
+right it's a dead metaphor for us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a dead metaphor for us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a dead metaphor for us we
+don't even think about it when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even think about it when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even think about it when we say
+movie but what think what it means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but what think what it means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but what think what it means it
+means movement films capture movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means movement films capture movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means movement films capture movement
+why don't you just show these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just show these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you just show these in
+sequence while I talk Greg okay uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence while I talk Greg okay uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence while I talk Greg okay uh these
+are a sequence of early films and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a sequence of early films and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a sequence of early films and you
+can see that what all of them have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what all of them have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what all of them have in
+common is a fascination with motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is a fascination with motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is a fascination with motion
+right in other words the novelty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words the novelty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words the novelty of
+motion was so great in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion was so great in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion was so great in the beginning
+that the earliest films simply did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest films simply did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest films simply did this
+they said look we can show and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look we can show and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said look we can show and and
+there's there's an important principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an important principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an important principle
+here about the way all media develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about the way all media develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about the way all media develop
+right in their infancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in their infancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in their infancy
+the the first thing that happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing that happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first thing that happens is that
+that no one really sort of much knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one really sort of much knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one really sort of much knows
+how a particular medium should be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a particular medium should be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a particular medium should be or
+could be developed and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be developed and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be developed and part of the
+reason that I've that for the for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I've that for the for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I've that for the for these
+early weeks in the film for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early weeks in the film for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early weeks in the film for the first
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two or three weeks in this
+course is to put you back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to put you back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to put you back into that
+situation to try to in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to try to in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to try to in a very
+crystallized and distilled way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized and distilled way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized and distilled way because
+there are thousands of films made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands of films made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands of films made in
+this era but in a very distilled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era but in a very distilled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this era but in a very distilled and
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized way I'm trying to recapture
+some of that excitement for you and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that excitement for you and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that excitement for you and in
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of both chaplain and Keaton
+what I've done is choose some short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is choose some short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is choose some short
+films they made earlier and then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films they made earlier and then show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films they made earlier and then show
+you a feature film so that what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feature film so that what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feature film so that what if you
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the chaplain Keaton uh films in
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two shorts and then a and then
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a feature film you'll see enacted in
+a kind of small compass in with within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of small compass in with within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of small compass in with within
+the terms of a single director's career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of a single director's career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of a single director's career
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger process that I'm saying was
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enacted by movies themselves it was
+this period of the silent era was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of the silent era was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of the silent era was a
+period in which the movies discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which the movies discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in which the movies discovered
+their identity or such identity as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identity or such identity as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identity or such identity as they
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I want to talk a bit more about
+that what all of these uh uh early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what all of these uh uh early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what all of these uh uh early
+relatively primitive uh uh films show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively primitive uh uh films show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively primitive uh uh films show
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a kind of this is a very f one of
+the earliest some people call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest some people call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest some people call this the
+first comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film the first joke in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the first joke in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the first joke in the
+movies Okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies Okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies Okay okay
+right it seems to the Simplicity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it seems to the Simplicity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it seems to the Simplicity of of
+it seems to us weird right but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to us weird right but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to us weird right but if you
+think yourself back if you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yourself back if you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yourself back if you go into the
+cave try to imagine a universe without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave try to imagine a universe without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave try to imagine a universe without
+audiovisual stimuli you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual stimuli you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiovisual stimuli you can begin to
+understand why some of this stuff why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why some of this stuff why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why some of this stuff why
+some of this stuff was so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff was so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff was so interesting
+motion itself cap itself captivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion itself cap itself captivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion itself cap itself captivated
+early audiences and filmmakers waves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early audiences and filmmakers waves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early audiences and filmmakers waves on
+the shore for example there's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore for example there's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore for example there's there are
+a number of films that just show waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of films that just show waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of films that just show waves
+lapping on the shore uh many films of Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapping on the shore uh many films of Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapping on the shore uh many films of Mo
+of trains coming into stations and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains coming into stations and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains coming into stations and of
+course there's Fred art sneezing have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's Fred art sneezing have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's Fred art sneezing have we
+shown uh the kiss or the electrocute can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown uh the kiss or the electrocute can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown uh the kiss or the electrocute can
+we do that right there were also risque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that right there were also risque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that right there were also risque
+or anarchic elements that showed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anarchic elements that showed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anarchic elements that showed up in
+the early film that I want you to see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early film that I want you to see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early film that I want you to see uh
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a is one of the most famous and
+scandalous of early films something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandalous of early films something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandalous of early films something
+called the kiss and it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiss and it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the kiss and it was an
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable uh Scandal when it came out
+it's it it films a scene from a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play it was it look how short it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it was it look how short it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it was it look how short it was it
+was banned in many cities it would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was banned in many cities it would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was banned in many cities it would it
+was thought to be scandalous uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thought to be scandalous uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thought to be scandalous uh uh um
+let's let's let's look at um do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's look at um do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's look at um do you have
+the do you have the electrocute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do you have the electrocute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do you have the electrocute this
+many people would call this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people would call this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people would call this the first
+snuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff
+film um and this is this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and this is this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and this is this is this is a
+film called an the electrocution of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called an the electrocution of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called an the electrocution of an
+elephant and think again what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and think again what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant and think again what's going on
+here part of it has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here part of it has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here part of it has to do with this
+wonder that the film can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that the film can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that the film can capture
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality in a way the belief that right
+the look there's something bizarre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the look there's something bizarre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the look there's something bizarre and
+gross about this in some way the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross about this in some way the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross about this in some way the camera
+was set up they this was a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up they this was a rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up they this was a rogue
+elephant that was about to be put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+death so they were going to electrocute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so they were going to electrocute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so they were going to electrocute
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant and they brought a camera
+there to witness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocution and of course it's so dark
+because this fragment of film survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fragment of film survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fragment of film survives
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over a hundred years ago more than
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years he's supposed to collapse not to
+stand up isn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up isn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up isn't he
+oh there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there grotesque isn't it but also a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there grotesque isn't it but also a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there grotesque isn't it but also a part
+of early film in other words this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of early film in other words this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of early film in other words this idea
+that film could capture reality was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film could capture reality was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film could capture reality was
+itself so was the novelty of this was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so was the novelty of this was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so was the novelty of this was so
+powerful that in the early stages this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that in the early stages this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful that in the early stages this
+was enough to cause to cause great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough to cause to cause great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough to cause to cause great
+excitement for audiences what one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement for audiences what one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement for audiences what one way to
+think about this problem and to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem and to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem and to think
+about the the the way the way I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the way the way I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the way the way I have for
+sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating uh or or or dramatizing in
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of in a kind of U um distilled
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh all the elaborate processes that
+go into that that went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that that went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into that that went into the
+development or the evolution of film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or the evolution of film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or the evolution of film is
+by the way I do this in part is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I do this in part is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I do this in part is by
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to Old Fred this this film
+used to be thought to be the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be thought to be the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be thought to be the very first
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's not actually it's one of but
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one of the earliest films made and
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patented in Edison's movie studio the
+very first movie studio in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first movie studio in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first movie studio in the United
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in East Orange New Jersey uh
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this made in 1894 at least the
+copyright I think is for Fred otne is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I think is for Fred otne is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright I think is for Fred otne is in
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1894 and think how simple it is how
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous it is a camera sets up they
+were still working on the technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working on the technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still working on the technology of
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion picture camera at in at this
+stage and they were testing it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and they were testing it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and they were testing it out and
+Fred art was an employee of the Edison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred art was an employee of the Edison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred art was an employee of the Edison
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and they said to Fred okay Fred
+stand in front of the camera and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of the camera and take
+snuff and that's what he's doing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff and that's what he's doing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff and that's what he's doing we
+might think of Fred artne as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of Fred artne as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of Fred artne as
+theoretically symbolically the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically symbolically the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically symbolically the first
+film even though there are earlier films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film even though there are earlier films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film even though there are earlier films
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of how unbelievably simple it
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show it once more Greg and can you
+can you can you freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you freeze
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Fred stays on the screen
+while we're while we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're talking about
+this so look how short it is what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so look how short it is what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so look how short it is what is it
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two seconds long right the think of
+this a two second so this film is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two second so this film is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two second so this film is made
+in whatever it is 1894
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever it is 1894
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever it is 1894
+1895 right this two second long film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 right this two second long film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1895 right this two second long film is
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 1920 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 1920 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in 1894 and 1895 by 1920 by the
+1920s astonishing complex narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s astonishing complex narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s astonishing complex narrative
+films are being made great works of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are being made great works of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are being made great works of art
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being made what I call the Fred out
+principle is this whole complex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is this whole complex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is this whole complex so
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and and and and uh Technical and
+technological and and uh and artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological and and uh and artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological and and uh and artistic
+process of the swirling of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the swirling of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the swirling of all of these
+energies going together including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies going together including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies going together including the
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fact of so many immigrant
+audiences creating an environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences creating an environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences creating an environment that
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+ align:start position:0%
+made early film a very profit Prof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made early film a very profit Prof
+itable activity despite how crude it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itable activity despite how crude it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itable activity despite how crude it was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happens in this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happens in this period
+between 1900 and the end of the 20s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1900 and the end of the 20s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1900 and the end of the 20s is
+that film goes from being a novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film goes from being a novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film goes from being a novelty
+separated off uh sharing a space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated off uh sharing a space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated off uh sharing a space in the
+penny arcades with other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny arcades with other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny arcades with other forms of
+novelty to being one of the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being one of the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty to being one of the dominant
+Industries and one of the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and one of the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries and one of the dominant
+social experiences of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiences of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiences of the American
+population this principle is replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this principle is replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this principle is replicated
+in some other European societies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other European societies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other European societies as well
+but not in all it's an it's an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in all it's an it's an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in all it's an it's an advanced
+capitalist uh uh uh event and it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist uh uh uh event and it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist uh uh uh event and it occurs
+in other societies less fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other societies less fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other societies less fully
+industrialized at later stages but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized at later stages but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized at later stages but there
+is an equivalent history in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equivalent history in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equivalent history in some of the
+European cultures so in this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultures so in this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European cultures so in this period of
+less than a few fewer than 30 Years film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a few fewer than 30 Years film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a few fewer than 30 Years film
+goes from being the most trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from being the most trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from being the most trivial and
+simplified kind of novelty to being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified kind of novelty to being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified kind of novelty to being one
+of the most complex narrative forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most complex narrative forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most complex narrative forms
+human beings have ever devised what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings have ever devised what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings have ever devised what I
+mean by the Fred out principle is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the Fred out principle is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the Fred out principle is that
+whole complex process that we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole complex process that we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole complex process that we can go
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something so simple to something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something so simple to something so
+complex from something so marginal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex from something so marginal in
+ 
+
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+complex from something so marginal in
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+society to something so Central in
+ 
+
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+society to something so Central in
+society in such a short time and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in such a short time and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in such a short time and I want
+to at least remind you of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least remind you of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least remind you of what that
+principle involves I'm talking about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle involves I'm talking about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle involves I'm talking about all
+the technological cultural demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technological cultural demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technological cultural demographic
+and economic currents that swirl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic currents that swirl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economic currents that swirl
+together to create the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create the movie
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to create the movie
+industry that that emerges really by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that that emerges really by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that that emerges really by the
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid teens the movie industry essentially
+is in place variations will occur new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place variations will occur new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in place variations will occur new
+Studios will will appear but by the
+
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+Studios will will appear but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios will will appear but by the
+middle of by the by the by by by 1915
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of by the by the by by by 1915
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of by the by the by by by 1915
+1916 American American movies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 American American movies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 American American movies have been
+established on an assembly line basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on an assembly line basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established on an assembly line basis
+and in the one way to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the one way to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the one way to think about what
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm to have been established on a on a
+on an assembly line basis and millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an assembly line basis and millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an assembly line basis and millions
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of people are now making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of people are now making it
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular habit to go to the movies and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies are elaborating themselves in
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+
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+the movies are elaborating themselves in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex way that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex way that has to do with the
+way in which they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industrialized there are three phases I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized there are three phases I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized there are three phases I
+think to what we might call let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to what we might call let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to what we might call let's go
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the outline Gade um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the outline Gade um there are
+three phases to what we might call Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases to what we might call Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases to what we might call Tech
+media Evolution and this is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Evolution and this is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Evolution and this is another way
+of sort of dramatizing what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of dramatizing what I mean by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of dramatizing what I mean by
+the Fred art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle the first phase is a phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the first phase is a phase of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the first phase is a phase of
+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+
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+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+ 
+
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+imitation and patent Warfare a new
+technology appears nobody yet knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology appears nobody yet knows how
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+
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+technology appears nobody yet knows how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be applied what how people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be applied what how people will
+want to do it everything about the about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it everything about the about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it everything about the about
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new technology is up for grabs so
+there are com there are competitors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are com there are competitors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are com there are competitors who
+want to sort of claim patents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of claim patents on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of claim patents on the
+technology questions about how long will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology questions about how long will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology questions about how long will
+should films Be Where should films be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should films Be Where should films be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should films Be Where should films be
+shown right uh how should films be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right uh how should films be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown right uh how should films be
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all of that's up for grabs
+and all of that is rationalized and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that is rationalized and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that is rationalized and and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided I put decided in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided I put decided in quotes
+because no one sort of sits down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one sort of sits down and
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+
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+because no one sort of sits down and
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+
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+makes a decision it's really a function
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+
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+makes a decision it's really a function
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+of the marketplace and of and of certain
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic opportunities right there's no
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for example that the movies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+would never have developed as they did
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+would never have developed as they did
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never have developed as they did
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+
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+were it not for those immigrant popul
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were it not for those immigrant popul
+ations in cities like Chicago and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations in cities like Chicago and New
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations in cities like Chicago and New
+York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and Los Angeles uh and uh uh many
+many other cities on the East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other cities on the East Coast
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other cities on the East Coast
+especially where there were very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where there were very large
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where there were very large
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant populations who needed what
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+
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+and and and and it was it was it was
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+and and and and it was it was it was
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+that Financial infusion that that caused
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+
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+the immense amount of experimentation
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+
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+the immense amount of experimentation
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+and develop to development to take place
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+
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+
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+so quickly so in this first phase of
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+
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+so quickly so in this first phase of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare many of
+ 
+
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+imitation and patent Warfare many of
+these questions are not even even such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are not even even such
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions are not even even such
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple questions as you know uh uh um uh
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+how long a film should be some of some
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+
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+of the question of the length of the
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+
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+of the question of the length of the
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+film are technological the very first
+ 
+
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+film are technological the very first
+films had to be only 10 minutes long
+
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+films had to be only 10 minutes long
+ 
+
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+films had to be only 10 minutes long
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was as long as the film
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+
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+because that was as long as the film
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+
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+cartridges in which they which they put
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cameras were capable of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cameras were capable of doing
+later they were able to make two reelers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to make two reelers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they were able to make two reelers
+and three reelers that happens over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three reelers that happens over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three reelers that happens over over
+a relatively short space of time so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short space of time so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively short space of time so so
+in this phase of imitation one of the
+
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+in this phase of imitation one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this phase of imitation one of the
+most important things that happens and
+
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+most important things that happens and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things that happens and
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+this is the part I want you to become
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+
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+this is the part I want you to become
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+attentive to is that all of the ancestor
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+you've seen already the the silent films
+ 
+
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+you've seen already the the silent films
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+you saw in recitation you saw some
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this uh certain for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this uh certain for example
+do you remember maybe we could show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember maybe we could show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember maybe we could show this
+Greg this the death SE the deaths in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg this the death SE the deaths in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg this the death SE the deaths in in
+uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh The Great Train Robbery you
+remember the the deaths in the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the deaths in the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the the deaths in the great
+train robber why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train robber why are you
+ 
+
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+train robber why are you
+smiling because they were so noticeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smiling because they were so noticeably
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+
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+smiling because they were so noticeably
+what false fake yeah where do they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what false fake yeah where do they come
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+
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+what false fake yeah where do they come
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+from yeah yes I'll let it play behind me
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+
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+you could say yes it comes from theater
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+
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+
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+
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+things the power of filmm the capacity
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+of film makers to discover those
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+features of the new medium that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the new medium that are
+unique or special to the medium what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique or special to the medium what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique or special to the medium what
+makes the medium different from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the medium different from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the medium different from its
+ancestors clearly what was appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors clearly what was appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors clearly what was appropriate
+for books or newspapers or theater won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for books or newspapers or theater won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for books or newspapers or theater won't
+be perfectly appropriate for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly appropriate for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly appropriate for the new
+medium but nobody knows what the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium but nobody knows what the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium but nobody knows what the new
+mediums capable of until things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums capable of until things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums capable of until things have
+been tried out so the that's why I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tried out so the that's why I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tried out so the that's why I call
+it a phase of imitation and what one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a phase of imitation and what one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a phase of imitation and what one can
+say here especially is that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here especially is that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here especially is that certain
+theatrical styles of acting are dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical styles of acting are dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical styles of acting are dominant
+here why are theatrical styles of acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why are theatrical styles of acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why are theatrical styles of acting
+so Broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Broad
+so so unbelievable why are they why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so unbelievable why are they why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so unbelievable why are they why are
+they like that because you're far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like that because you're far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like that because you're far away
+yes you're in the theater in the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're in the theater in the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're in the theater in the theater
+you're far away and you're in a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're far away and you're in a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're far away and you're in a fixed
+space but what's the one Genius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but what's the one Genius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but what's the one Genius of the
+movies one way the medium of the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies one way the medium of the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies one way the medium of the movies
+is different from theater is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from theater is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from theater is that the
+camera can achieve a Lover's closeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can achieve a Lover's closeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can achieve a Lover's closeness
+to the action or it can achieve a Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the action or it can achieve a Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the action or it can achieve a Long
+View that's much longer and further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View that's much longer and further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View that's much longer and further away
+than what right well it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what right well it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what right well it's going to take
+time before this kind of thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before this kind of thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time before this kind of thing is
+figured out right and in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out right and in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out right and in one of the
+things one of the most decisive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the most decisive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the most decisive things
+we see in early films is first an acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in early films is first an acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in early films is first an acting
+style that seems derived from theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style that seems derived from theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style that seems derived from theater
+but some of you may have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of you may have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of you may have noticed that
+this begins to change relatively quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this begins to change relatively quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this begins to change relatively quickly
+can we can can we show the fragment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can can we show the fragment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can can we show the fragment from
+a beast at Bay do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beast at Bay do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beast at Bay do you remember that
+silly film a beast at Bay that I had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly film a beast at Bay that I had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly film a beast at Bay that I had you
+watching along with the The Great Train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching along with the The Great Train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching along with the The Great Train
+Robbery remember the ending of a beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbery remember the ending of a beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robbery remember the ending of a beast
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay something odd happens in this ending
+or there's the there there there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the there there there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's the there there there's the
+Monstrous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monstrous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monstrous uh
+drooling rapist likee figure right he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drooling rapist likee figure right he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drooling rapist likee figure right he's
+always convict or a low life I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always convict or a low life I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always convict or a low life I mean
+there are all kinds of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of social
+hierarchies and and uh um established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and and uh um established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and and uh um established
+social prejudices that get imported into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social prejudices that get imported into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social prejudices that get imported into
+early films right uh and and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films right uh and and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films right uh and and now we're
+going to get we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get we're going to have the
+rescue and so far it seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue and so far it seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue and so far it seems a
+conventional sort of sleazy melodrama in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional sort of sleazy melodrama in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional sort of sleazy melodrama in
+which there's at least a a hint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's at least a a hint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's at least a a hint of
+something morally disturbing in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something morally disturbing in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something morally disturbing in the in
+in the in the imminence of the rape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the imminence of the rape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the imminence of the rape
+right and it's as if the the film makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's as if the the film makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's as if the the film makes
+a kind of sleazy appeal to it audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of sleazy appeal to it audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of sleazy appeal to it audiences
+if you know here here's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know here here's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know here here's a perfect
+example of such a moment right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such a moment right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such a moment right it's
+interesting in fact how one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in fact how one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in fact how one of the
+recurring subjects of films always seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring subjects of films always seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring subjects of films always seems
+to be not just rape but violence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not just rape but violence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not just rape but violence against
+women and it tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and it tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and it tells you something about
+the patriarchal Societies in which films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patriarchal Societies in which films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patriarchal Societies in which films
+emerge that those meta that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge that those meta that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge that those meta that those
+mythologies are replicated in movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologies are replicated in movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythologies are replicated in movies
+okay so he's going to be he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's going to be he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he's going to be he's going to
+be rescued and what I what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rescued and what I what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rescued and what I what I want you to
+notice is what happens at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is what happens at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is what happens at the very end
+of this sequence and can some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sequence and can some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sequence and can some of you
+remember what it is none of you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is none of you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is none of you remember
+was so fast but it actually is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so fast but it actually is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so fast but it actually is very
+significant I think it shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I think it shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I think it shows us the
+emergence the beginnings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence the beginnings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence the beginnings of the
+emergence of a new style of acting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new style of acting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new style of acting more
+appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to
+movies and also something else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and also something else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and also something else the
+development of a tonal complexity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a tonal complexity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a tonal complexity that
+had not been in movies before now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been in movies before now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not been in movies before now the
+date of this film is early it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of this film is early it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date of this film is early it's what
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1907 1908 something like that the the
+you're going to see one other silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see one other silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see one other silent
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film by Griffith DW Griffith tonight uh
+the lone Dale operator made in 1912 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lone Dale operator made in 1912 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lone Dale operator made in 1912 and
+I hope you'll be attentive to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you'll be attentive to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you'll be attentive to how much
+more complex that film is I'll say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex that film is I'll say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex that film is I'll say a few
+words about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about that
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight I wish we were really just at
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Greg I didn't really want to
+show the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film okay so here we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so here we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so here we're at the
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here now this is the part I
+wanted you to notice look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's Happening Here the film has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here the film has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's Happening Here the film has
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over into a kind of silly comedy
+a kind of gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of gentle
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and and and you know the woman is
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she saying kiss me here kiss me here uh
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you Noti she's not she's
+not saying kiss me here right she's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying kiss me here right she's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying kiss me here right she's I
+mean in other words her gestures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in other words her gestures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in other words her gestures are
+more modulated to the nature of movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated to the nature of movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated to the nature of movies
+you in other words what's beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in other words what's beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in other words what's beginning to
+happen there is two important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is two important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is two important things
+first tonal complexity is entering in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tonal complexity is entering in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tonal complexity is entering in uh
+a SLE a melodrama has turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE a melodrama has turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SLE a melodrama has turned
+comic right and acting style is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic right and acting style is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic right and acting style is
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to can we can we do the very
+end of of a uh Musketeers here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of of a uh Musketeers here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of of a uh Musketeers here is the
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of a film by DW Griffith called
+Musketeers of pigal some people see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musketeers of pigal some people see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musketeers of pigal some people see it
+as one of the first urban crime films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the first urban crime films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the first urban crime films
+but what I want you to watch is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want you to watch is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want you to watch is this
+small actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small actor
+here watch his performance this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch his performance this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here watch his performance this is the
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a new kind of acting a
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-theatrical kind of acting and it's
+happening in very early this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in very early this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in very early this film
+appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1912 that's Lillian Gish the great the
+famous silent film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this gangster is shocked that this
+woman would choose him over his rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman would choose him over his rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman would choose him over his rival
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over him he says you're nuts lady I
+can't get it but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it but okay
+but look at look look at the way he look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at look look at the way he look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at look look at the way he look
+at this sort of strutting peacock of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he's a gangster he's about to be
+arrested but they're gonna the good guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested but they're gonna the good guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested but they're gonna the good guys
+will save him oh we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save him oh we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save him oh we lost
+it one good turn deserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another but you see how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but you see how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but you see how much more
+restrained the performance is are here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained the performance is are here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained the performance is are here I
+mean lilan Gish became one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean lilan Gish became one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean lilan Gish became one of the great
+silence screen stars but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence screen stars but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence screen stars but I think it's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strutting peacock of an of an actor who
+who who who who really begins to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who really begins to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who who who really begins to show
+what you can do on film and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do on film and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do on film and there are
+many film critics who have seen this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many film critics who have seen this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many film critics who have seen this as
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precursor of Edward G Robinson's
+performances he's also a diminutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances he's also a diminutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances he's also a diminutive
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor often plays gangsters but what you
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think in this moment uh and in
+this man's performance is the emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's performance is the emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's performance is the emergence
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginnings of an acting style that's
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modulated that's appropriate to the
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the film so that kind of thing
+is happening it's not just with acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening it's not just with acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening it's not just with acting
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with uh all kinds of things
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to do with where you place the
+camera it and other such and other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it and other such and other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera it and other such and other such
+um um matters so so uh what I mean then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um matters so so uh what I mean then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um matters so so uh what I mean then
+by the fedock principle is this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fedock principle is this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fedock principle is this process
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution that I want you to be aware
+of and really in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and really in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and really in a certain sense
+experience in distilled form in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in distilled form in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in distilled form in the
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short films I've asked you to watch in
+this first week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first week of
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the first phase is the phase of
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation and patent Warfare in which
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of questions are up in the air
+how will the film be distributed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the film be distributed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the film be distributed how
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it be how how will it be uh um uh
+exhibited how will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited how will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited how will it be
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced I mean there's nothing inherent
+in the nature of the technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of the technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of the technology that
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires the economic Arrangements that
+developed in the United States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the United States and then
+we're replicated Elsewhere for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're replicated Elsewhere for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're replicated Elsewhere for the
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of movies in fact Thomas
+Edison had a different idea for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison had a different idea for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison had a different idea for how
+movies would be developed when he first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would be developed when he first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies would be developed when he first
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived the apparatus he actually
+thought that movies would be movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that movies would be movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that movies would be movie
+projectors would be owned by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors would be owned by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors would be owned by each
+individual and that people would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and that people would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and that people would make
+their in fact what he was imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in fact what he was imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in fact what he was imagining
+was the TV the the camcorder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the TV the the camcorder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the TV the the camcorder that
+occurred that occurs in another in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred that occurs in another in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred that occurs in another in a in
+a much later generation we uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much later generation we uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much later generation we uh and and
+and there's nothing inherent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing inherent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing inherent in the
+technology that would not permit that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that would not permit that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that would not permit that uh
+so this so one of the things we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so one of the things we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so one of the things we're also
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware need to be aware of and I'll
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this matter uh either tonight
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a later lecture we need to be
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of the fact that the shape the
+technology takes is not the only shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes is not the only shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes is not the only shape
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take that it's not it's not the
+technology itself that drives its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself that drives its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself that drives its
+development so much as economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so much as economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so much as economic and
+social and demographic factors right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and demographic factors right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and demographic factors right uh
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's that's dramatically the
+case with the system of distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with the system of distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with the system of distribution and
+access that was developed for the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that was developed for the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that was developed for the movies
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly theoretically possible
+for the apparatus to be developed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the apparatus to be developed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the apparatus to be developed in a
+way that would be sold to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be sold to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be sold to every
+individual What in dead happened was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual What in dead happened was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual What in dead happened was a
+system in which a professional Elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which a professional Elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which a professional Elite
+becomes the production arm and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the production arm and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the production arm and these
+produ these Productions become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ these Productions become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ these Productions become very
+expensive and they are and they are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and they are and they are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and they are and they are uh
+pumped out into the society for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped out into the society for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped out into the society for uh for
+for for uh screening at public theaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh screening at public theaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh screening at public theaters
+which people will pay money to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people will pay money to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people will pay money to attend
+that that that economic structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that economic structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that economic structure and
+that basic IND industrial structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic IND industrial structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic IND industrial structure is
+not necessary to the technology it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary to the technology it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary to the technology it's not
+required by the technology the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the technology the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required by the technology the shape of
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is at least as much cultural as it
+is technological right very import a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technological right very import a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is technological right very import a
+very important point so the second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important point so the second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important point so the second so
+the second phase after the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase after the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase after the phase of
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation is the phase I call technical
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance this phase occurs this phase
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs after some of the Warfare is
+concluded limited monopolies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded limited monopolies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded limited monopolies are
+established some companies are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established some companies are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established some companies are more
+powerful than others or more or come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than others or more or come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than others or more or come up
+with a more successful product than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more successful product than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more successful product than
+others and they begin to dominate The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and they begin to dominate The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and they begin to dominate The
+Marketplace and their and their uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace and their and their uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace and their and their uh uh
+Power they they they D they drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power they they they D they drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power they they they D they drive
+competitors out and what essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors out and what essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors out and what essentially
+happens is a a kind of stability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a a kind of stability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is a a kind of stability is
+introduced in which the basic system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in which the basic system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in which the basic system is
+put in place here's how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place here's how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in place here's how we'll
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the item here's how we'll
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute it here's how we'll here's
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it will be that sort of thing
+and and in this and this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this and this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this and this period of
+technical Advance what's happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Advance what's happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical Advance what's happens what
+then happens once the stability sets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens once the stability sets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then happens once the stability sets in
+the particular unique features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular unique features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular unique features of the
+medium begin to be explored and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium begin to be explored and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium begin to be explored and these
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films that I'm asking you to look
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I hope you'll watch for are
+moments like the ones I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like the ones I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments like the ones I was just
+pointing out this this afternoon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this this afternoon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out this this afternoon which
+you see the emergence of a recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the emergence of a recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the emergence of a recognition
+of something that is distinct or special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that is distinct or special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that is distinct or special
+in the nature of movie making I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of movie making I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature of movie making I'll
+return to some of these matters again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to some of these matters again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to some of these matters again
+tonight but I want you to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight but I want you to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight but I want you to be aware of
+them so so in the second phase the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so in the second phase the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so so in the second phase the phase
+of technical Advance the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical Advance the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical Advance the the the the
+system begins to learn what is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system begins to learn what is unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system begins to learn what is unique
+about it how are movies different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it how are movies different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it how are movies different from
+their ancestors what does it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ancestors what does it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ancestors what does it mean that
+the camera can move close to uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera can move close to uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera can move close to uh uh the
+the the the uh the object it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh the object it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh the object it's
+photographing or very far away from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing or very far away from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographing or very far away from what
+does it mean that the camera itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that the camera itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that the camera itself
+doesn't have to be stable that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be stable that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be stable that it can
+move you can see some of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you can see some of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move you can see some of the early
+Griffith films really experiment with Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffith films really experiment with Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffith films really experiment with Mo
+with a camera that's mounted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a camera that's mounted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a camera that's mounted on
+something that's on something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's on something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's on something that's
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right uh and and uh and then the
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase is the phase I called
+maturity and that's the phase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and that's the phase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and that's the phase that
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs really in in silent film in the
+1920s when the technical advances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s when the technical advances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s when the technical advances that
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accomplished in part in in phase two
+are married to a serious subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are married to a serious subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are married to a serious subject matter
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase I call maturity is the
+phase in which feature f are made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in which feature f are made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in which feature f are made in
+which some films become works of art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some films become works of art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some films become works of art and
+all films become more complex forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all films become more complex forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all films become more complex forms of
+narrative in which particular genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in which particular genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative in which particular genre
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms begin to emerge and audiences
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to choose particular kinds of
+films that matter to them in the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that matter to them in the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that matter to them in the words
+the system really elaborates itself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system really elaborates itself in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system really elaborates itself in a
+in a in a way that suggests an immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way that suggests an immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way that suggests an immense
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety uh of appeal to a to a range of
+audience right now that's the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience right now that's the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience right now that's the phase of
+mat why doesn't it go on forever what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat why doesn't it go on forever what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat why doesn't it go on forever what
+explains why the process doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why the process doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why the process doesn't
+continue what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue what
+stopped this process in the words so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this process in the words so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this process in the words so so
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedot principle encapsule means
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Fred ot's knees to going to
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's modern times this immensely
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich complex narrative film that we'll
+be looking at next week right uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at next week right uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at next week right uh what
+explains why that moment of maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why that moment of maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why that moment of maturity
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend forever why why is the
+system not stable forever the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not stable forever the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not stable forever the simplest
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is capitalism never allows for
+stability but the more exact answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but the more exact answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but the more exact answer is
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new inventions new technologies subvert
+the stability what happens at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability what happens at the end of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability what happens at the end of
+the 20s to subvert the confidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s to subvert the confidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s to subvert the confidence and
+stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the Advent of sound yes and the
+sound film doesn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film doesn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film doesn't completely
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionize movies but it profoundly
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alters them it changes the nature of
+film and it changes the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it changes the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and it changes the nature of the
+kinds of performers that you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of performers that you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of performers that you need in
+film it it profoundly enlarges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it it profoundly enlarges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it it profoundly enlarges and
+complicates what film is and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates what film is and then this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates what film is and then this
+something of the same principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the same principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the same principles that
+I've talked about before happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about before happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about before happen in the
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era I'm sorry I'm running a little
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but I promise you I'm almost done
+and normally I will never run over even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally I will never run over even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally I will never run over even
+by a minute I promise work for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minute I promise work for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minute I promise work for this um
+in the in in in this why doesn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in in this why doesn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in in this why doesn't the
+Final Phase continue because of new
+
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+Final Phase continue because of new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Final Phase continue because of new
+technologies because of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies because of new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies because of new
+possibilities what what happens at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what what happens at the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what what happens at the
+end of the studio system the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the studio system the Advent of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the studio system the Advent of
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+Television overturns the stabilities
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television overturns the stabilities
+that had been created and the old Studio
+
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+that had been created and the old Studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been created and the old Studio
+era and the intimate routine connection
+
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+era and the intimate routine connection
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to movies that had been established in
+
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+to movies that had been established in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era is finally obliterated by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio era is finally obliterated by
+the presence of television and movies
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+change their character after television
+
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+change their character after television
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their character after television
+comes in we will return to this return
+
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+comes in we will return to this return
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+
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+
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+to this man well one way can suggest for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+you to sort of capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of capture this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to sort of capture this
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative um uh linkage this
+imaginative connection to the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative connection to the world of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative connection to the world of
+early film is is by reminding you of of
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+ align:start position:0%
+early film is is by reminding you of of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+early film is is by reminding you of of
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
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+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a wonderful passage from the
+Petz of prizewinning Novel by the great
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+Petz of prizewinning Novel by the great
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+
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+Petz of prizewinning Novel by the great
+film critic James AG which appeared
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+film critic James AG which appeared
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+film critic James AG which appeared
+postumus in
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+postumus in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+1957 uh and it it it it it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 uh and it it it it it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 uh and it it it it it it it
+distills for me what I mean and I hope
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+distills for me what I mean and I hope
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+distills for me what I mean and I hope
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
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+ align:start position:0%
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what I mean in part by film as a
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+social form film as a as a socially
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+
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+embedded formation it it it helps to
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+explain in less abstract terms what I
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+explain in less abstract terms what I
+mean when I say that film permeated
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+mean when I say that film permeated
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+mean when I say that film permeated
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+American Life listen to the beginning of
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+from this is from the first chapter and
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+we're we're finished uh after this is
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+over uh from the first chapter of a
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+over uh from the first chapter of a
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+death in the family at supper that night
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+
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+death in the family at supper that night
+as many times before his father said
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+as many times before his father said
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+well suppose we go to the picture show O
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+well suppose we go to the picture show O
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose we go to the picture show O
+J his mother said that horrid little man
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+J his mother said that horrid little man
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+
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+J his mother said that horrid little man
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+what's wrong with him his father asked
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+what's wrong with him his father asked
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+not because he didn't know what she
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+would say but so she would say it he's
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+so nasty she said as she always did so
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+so nasty she said as she always did so
+vulgar with his nasty little cane
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+vulgar with his nasty little cane
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+
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+vulgar with his nasty little cane
+hooking up skirts and things and that
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+hooking up skirts and things and that
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+hooking up skirts and things and that
+nasty little walk who was he talking
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+nasty little walk who was he talking
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+
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+nasty little walk who was he talking
+about chaplain Charle chaplain of course
+
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+about chaplain Charle chaplain of course
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+
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+about chaplain Charle chaplain of course
+and we're talking and this this story
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+and we're talking and this this story
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+and we're talking and this this story
+takes place before chaplain was making
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+takes place before chaplain was making
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+takes place before chaplain was making
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+feature film so this is pro the story
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+feature film so this is pro the story
+takes place probably around 1915 when
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+takes place probably around 1915 when
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+takes place probably around 1915 when
+comedy was still being made in short uh
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+comedy was still being made in short uh
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+
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+comedy was still being made in short uh
+uh as shorts com comedies didn't become
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+uh as shorts com comedies didn't become
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+
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+uh as shorts com comedies didn't become
+feature length until sometime late in
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+the 20s his father laughed as he always
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+the 20s his father laughed as he always
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+did and Rufus felt that it had become
+rather an empty joke but as always the
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+rather an empty joke but as always the
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+rather an empty joke but as always the
+laughter also cheered him he felt that
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+laughter also cheered him he felt that
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+the laughter enclosed him with his
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+father they walked downtown in the light
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+father they walked downtown in the light
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+father they walked downtown in the light
+of mother of pearl to The
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+of mother of pearl to The
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+of mother of pearl to The
+Majestic nice name for a theater and
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+Majestic nice name for a theater and
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+Majestic nice name for a theater and
+found their seats by the Light of the
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+screen in the exhilarating smell of
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+tobacco rank sweat perfume and dirty
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+drawers while the piano played fast
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+music right violent films were never
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+music right violent films were never
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+silent there was always music
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+silent there was always music
+accompanying them and galloping horses
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+accompanying them and galloping horses
+raised a grandio flag of dust and there
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+goes on to describe a western film with
+William fart a silent film and then the
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+William fart a silent film and then the
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+
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+William fart a silent film and then the
+screen was filled with a city and with a
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+screen was filled with a city and with a
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+
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+chafed rufus's father laughed and Rufus
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+chafed rufus's father laughed and Rufus
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+chafed rufus's father laughed and Rufus
+laughed to laughed too this time Charlie
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+ align:start position:0%
+laughed to laughed too this time Charlie
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+
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+laughed to laughed too this time Charlie
+stole whole a whole bag this time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stole whole a whole bag this time what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+stole whole a whole bag this time what
+does that imply about the audience an
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+does that imply about the audience an
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+does that imply about the audience an
+intimate familiarity with previous
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+intimate familiarity with previous
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+ align:start position:0%
+intimate familiarity with previous
+Adventures of this character right an
+
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+Adventures of this character right an
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+
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+Adventures of this character right an
+ongoing routine connection this time he
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+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing routine connection this time he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing routine connection this time he
+caught a sight of uh This Time Charlie
+
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+caught a sight of uh This Time Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a sight of uh This Time Charlie
+stole a whole bag of eggs and when a cop
+
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+stole a whole bag of eggs and when a cop
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+
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+stole a whole bag of eggs and when a cop
+came along he hid them in the seat of
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+came along he hid them in the seat of
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+
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+came along he hid them in the seat of
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+his pants then he caught sight of a
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+
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+his pants then he caught sight of a
+pretty woman and he began to squat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty woman and he began to squat and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty woman and he began to squat and
+twirl his chick cane and make silly
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+twirl his chick cane and make silly
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+twirl his chick cane and make silly
+faces I'm going to skip its magnificent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I'm going to skip its magnificent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I'm going to skip its magnificent
+Pros that captures the essence of the
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+ align:start position:0%
+Pros that captures the essence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros that captures the essence of the
+film very wonderfully but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film very wonderfully but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film very wonderfully but I don't want
+to keep you longer than I already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you longer than I already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep you longer than I already have
+and it shows Charlie sort of flirting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows Charlie sort of flirting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows Charlie sort of flirting
+with the girl and then finally he flirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the girl and then finally he flirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the girl and then finally he flirts
+with her so much that she pushes him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her so much that she pushes him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her so much that she pushes him and
+he falls back down uh and then he walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls back down uh and then he walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he falls back down uh and then he walked
+back and forth behind her laughing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth behind her laughing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth behind her laughing and
+squatting a little and while he walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatting a little and while he walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatting a little and while he walked
+very quietly everybody laughed again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quietly everybody laughed again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quietly everybody laughed again
+then he flicked hold of the straight end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he flicked hold of the straight end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he flicked hold of the straight end
+of his can and with the crook then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his can and with the crook then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his can and with the crook then
+hooked up her skirt at the knee in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up her skirt at the knee in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up her skirt at the knee in
+exactly the way that disgusted Mama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way that disgusted Mama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way that disgusted Mama
+right looking very eagerly at her legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looking very eagerly at her legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looking very eagerly at her legs
+and everybody laughed very loudly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody laughed very loudly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody laughed very loudly and
+she pretended she had not noticed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pretended she had not noticed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pretended she had not noticed and
+then she pushes him over right uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she pushes him over right uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she pushes him over right uh and
+there was Charlie flat on his bottom on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was Charlie flat on his bottom on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was Charlie flat on his bottom on
+the sidewalk and the way he looked kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewalk and the way he looked kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewalk and the way he looked kind
+of sickly and disgusted you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sickly and disgusted you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sickly and disgusted you could see
+that he suddenly remembered those eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he suddenly remembered those eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he suddenly remembered those eggs
+and suddenly you remembered them too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you remembered them too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you remembered them too the
+way his face looked with his lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his face looked with his lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his face looked with his lip
+wrinkled off the teeth and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled off the teeth and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkled off the teeth and a little
+stickly smile it made you feel just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickly smile it made you feel just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickly smile it made you feel just the
+way those broken eggs must feel against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those broken eggs must feel against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those broken eggs must feel against
+your seat as queer and awful as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seat as queer and awful as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seat as queer and awful as that
+time in the white PK suit he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the white PK suit he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the white PK suit he's also
+dramatizing how personal our relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing how personal our relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing how personal our relation to
+film can be uh when it ran down out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film can be uh when it ran down out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film can be uh when it ran down out of
+the pants legs and showed all over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pants legs and showed all over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pants legs and showed all over your
+stockings and you had to walk home that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockings and you had to walk home that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockings and you had to walk home that
+way with everyone looking and rufus's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with everyone looking and rufus's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with everyone looking and rufus's
+father nearly tore his head off laughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father nearly tore his head off laughing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father nearly tore his head off laughing
+and so did everybody else but Rufus was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so did everybody else but Rufus was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so did everybody else but Rufus was
+sorry for Charlie having so recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for Charlie having so recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for Charlie having so recently
+been in similar predicament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in similar predicament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in similar predicament
+but the contagion of laughter was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the contagion of laughter was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the contagion of laughter was too
+much for him and he laughed too and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for him and he laughed too and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for him and he laughed too and the
+passage goes on to describe the intimacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage goes on to describe the intimacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage goes on to describe the intimacy
+and the complexity of the relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complexity of the relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complexity of the relations
+between audiences in 1915 and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between audiences in 1915 and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between audiences in 1915 and one of the
+iconic figures of the movies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic figures of the movies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic figures of the movies in this
+idea that Charlie mobilizes these anarch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Charlie mobilizes these anarch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Charlie mobilizes these anarch
+this anarchic liberating laughter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anarchic liberating laughter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anarchic liberating laughter and
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilizes this fatherson relationship in
+in that idea we have we we we recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that idea we have we we we recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that idea we have we we we recapture
+something of what I mean by the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what I mean by the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what I mean by the notion
+that film was an embedded social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film was an embedded social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film was an embedded social
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience an embedded social form I'll
+see you tonight
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LJ58Pn44enk.txt b/LJ58Pn44enk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..959cf04e45b699a95638f1271df1656664b1b57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LJ58Pn44enk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu what
+I want to do today is to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do today is to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do today is to give you the
+maximum amount of time to indicate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of time to indicate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of time to indicate what
+you've got out of the course and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got out of the course and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got out of the course and how
+that is related to your second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to your second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to your second paper
+which is due today but for which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due today but for which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due today but for which I will
+give interview and extension that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interview and extension that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give interview and extension that we
+will determine later on the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine later on the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine later on the maximum
+possible extension the reason I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible extension the reason I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible extension the reason I want you
+to have as much time as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have as much time as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have as much time as possible and
+that there is no reading for today is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no reading for today is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no reading for today is in
+order for you to make that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to make that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to make that paper
+something that you will be proud of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will be proud of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will be proud of in
+the present in you and in the future in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present in you and in the future in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present in you and in the future in
+the meantime what I want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime what I want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime what I want to do is to
+first give you a very brief idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give you a very brief idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first give you a very brief idea of what
+I at least was hoping to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at least was hoping to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at least was hoping to do in the
+course then make a few remarks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then make a few remarks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course then make a few remarks about
+filming so last week the Seventh Seal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming so last week the Seventh Seal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming so last week the Seventh Seal of
+England Bergman have some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England Bergman have some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England Bergman have some discussion
+with you about that but most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you about that but most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you about that but most of the time
+to vote to your individual statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote to your individual statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote to your individual statements
+about your paper and about the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your paper and about the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your paper and about the course
+where they were satisfied or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were satisfied or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were satisfied or
+dissatisfied or whether it defeated your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied or whether it defeated your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied or whether it defeated your
+expectations or exceeded them for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or exceeded them for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or exceeded them for all I
+know that's that's how I want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's how I want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's how I want to run
+things today anything na year comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today anything na year comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today anything na year comments
+anybody wants to make it get this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to make it get this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to make it get this one
+all right my idea of the course it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right my idea of the course it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right my idea of the course it is
+that it would deal with philosophy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would deal with philosophy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would deal with philosophy in
+film but in relationship to ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but in relationship to ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but in relationship to ideas about
+philosophy of film as an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film as an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film as an aesthetic
+medium so this course is not unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so this course is not unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so this course is not unrelated
+to another word the one I usually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another word the one I usually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another word the one I usually give
+in the in the other term are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the other term are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the other term are called
+philosophy of film and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of film and that that
+that course is largely devoted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course is largely devoted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course is largely devoted to the
+theorization in my book reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorization in my book reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorization in my book reality
+transformed as well as the its sequel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed as well as the its sequel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed as well as the its sequel
+free philosophical filmmakers you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free philosophical filmmakers you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free philosophical filmmakers you got a
+taste of that but we heard beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of that but we heard beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste of that but we heard beyond that
+in order to be able to examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to examine
+philosophy in film the way in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film the way in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film the way in which I
+wanted to approach philosophy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to approach philosophy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to approach philosophy in this
+course was myth-making not everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was myth-making not everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was myth-making not everything in
+the course is dealt with this but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is dealt with this but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is dealt with this but that's
+been a central guiding a theme in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a central guiding a theme in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a central guiding a theme in in the
+lady eve obviously related to Eve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady eve obviously related to Eve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady eve obviously related to Eve in the
+garden and out of the garden in Amalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden and out of the garden in Amalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden and out of the garden in Amalie
+related to myths about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to myths about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to myths about the nature of
+imagination in the eternal return of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in the eternal return of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in the eternal return of the
+myth of kristen and assault and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of kristen and assault and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of kristen and assault and and how
+that is an introduction to philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an introduction to philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an introduction to philosophy
+and more than philosophy practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more than philosophy practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more than philosophy practice of
+romantic love in the Western world after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love in the Western world after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love in the Western world after
+that myth of creation Pygmalion not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that myth of creation Pygmalion not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that myth of creation Pygmalion not the
+creation of the world not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the world not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the world not the first
+person or persons in the world as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or persons in the world as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or persons in the world as in the
+case of the Garden of Eden but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the Garden of Eden but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the Garden of Eden but the
+creation of lady out of a crushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of lady out of a crushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of lady out of a crushed
+cabbage leaf as Higgins calls Eliza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabbage leaf as Higgins calls Eliza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabbage leaf as Higgins calls Eliza
+after that I wanted to show you how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I wanted to show you how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I wanted to show you how in
+the novel of Henry James called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel of Henry James called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel of Henry James called
+Washington Square and the two films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square and the two films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square and the two films
+related to it the heiress and one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to it the heiress and one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to it the heiress and one the
+more recent one called Washington Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent one called Washington Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent one called Washington Square
+there is a mixture of myths there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mixture of myths there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mixture of myths there is
+something of the dawn lon myth there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the dawn lon myth there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the dawn lon myth there's
+something of the tryst on this there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the tryst on this there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the tryst on this there is
+the myth of dido and aeneas which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of dido and aeneas which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of dido and aeneas which i
+should say one more sentence about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say one more sentence about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say one more sentence about
+because we didn't emphasize that enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't emphasize that enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't emphasize that enough
+dido and aeneas is about the suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dido and aeneas is about the suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dido and aeneas is about the suffering
+female who was ditched finally by Aeneas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female who was ditched finally by Aeneas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female who was ditched finally by Aeneas
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+trojan warrior because he has a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trojan warrior because he has a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trojan warrior because he has a greater
+mission the mission being to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission the mission being to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission the mission being to go and
+found Rome as narrated in Virgil's epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Rome as narrated in Virgil's epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Rome as narrated in Virgil's epic
+poem called Dunedin all of that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem called Dunedin all of that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem called Dunedin all of that occurs
+within a context of various other mythic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a context of various other mythic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a context of various other mythic
+things about nature of love romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about nature of love romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about nature of love romantic
+love parental oath that are embodied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love parental oath that are embodied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love parental oath that are embodied in
+Washington Square of all the versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square of all the versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square of all the versions
+without being flashed as if these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being flashed as if these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being flashed as if these were
+the calling cards to identify the myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calling cards to identify the myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calling cards to identify the myths
+to mr. there but they're in very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mr. there but they're in very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mr. there but they're in very subtle
+ways and that's what I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and that's what I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and that's what I was trying to
+emphasize after that we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize after that we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize after that we talked about the
+39 steps of Hitchcock which I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 steps of Hitchcock which I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 steps of Hitchcock which I thought
+was a good example of a hero myth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good example of a hero myth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good example of a hero myth the
+hero having a mission often related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero having a mission often related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero having a mission often related to
+saving his own life but all the but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving his own life but all the but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving his own life but all the but at
+the same time saving of the sacrifice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time saving of the sacrifice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time saving of the sacrifice
+himself for the good of the society so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself for the good of the society so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself for the good of the society so
+Hannah is being chased by the police and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah is being chased by the police and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah is being chased by the police and
+he has to catch the real murderers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to catch the real murderers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to catch the real murderers and
+prevent them from getting the the spy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from getting the the spy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from getting the the spy
+material out of the country and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material out of the country and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material out of the country and that
+itself is a myth of the hero that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a myth of the hero that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a myth of the hero that we
+talked about but as often happens it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but as often happens it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but as often happens it's
+intermingled with a myth about romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermingled with a myth about romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermingled with a myth about romantic
+love back through the ward for the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love back through the ward for the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love back through the ward for the hero
+is that he gets a beautiful woman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he gets a beautiful woman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he gets a beautiful woman and
+the question that is what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that is what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that is what is the nature
+of their relationship and we discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their relationship and we discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their relationship and we discuss
+that in various various ways one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in various various ways one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in various various ways one of the
+differences between hitchcock's 39 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between hitchcock's 39 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between hitchcock's 39 steps
+and the novel by john and buggin out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the novel by john and buggin out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the novel by john and buggin out of
+which the screenplay was derived is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the screenplay was derived is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the screenplay was derived is that
+in john Buchans hero myth the female is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in john Buchans hero myth the female is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in john Buchans hero myth the female is
+very little importance she's just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little importance she's just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little importance she's just sort
+of an acquisition the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an acquisition the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an acquisition the way that
+Westerners thought they could pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westerners thought they could pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westerners thought they could pick up
+concubines and girls to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concubines and girls to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concubines and girls to satisfy
+themselves because they were conquerors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because they were conquerors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves because they were conquerors
+in the case of Hitchcock writing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Hitchcock writing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Hitchcock writing at the
+beginning of the 20th erties of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th erties of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the 20th erties of the 20th
+century the woman is finally loved as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the woman is finally loved as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the woman is finally loved as a
+romantic mate she resists this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic mate she resists this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic mate she resists this and that
+resistance itself belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance itself belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance itself belongs to the
+structural romantic love as I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural romantic love as I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural romantic love as I was trying
+to explain to you after that we shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you after that we shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you after that we shifted
+from these myths that are primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these myths that are primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these myths that are primarily
+about life to this in Cocteau and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life to this in Cocteau and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life to this in Cocteau and in a
+more Bergman they're about death in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Bergman they're about death in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Bergman they're about death in our
+fate it's a romantic myth because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate it's a romantic myth because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate it's a romantic myth because of the
+officer poet falls in love with death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer poet falls in love with death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer poet falls in love with death
+and death is a woman and death falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and death is a woman and death falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and death is a woman and death falls in
+love with him it's an almost right love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with him it's an almost right love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with him it's an almost right love
+story of sort that French literature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of sort that French literature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of sort that French literature at
+that period was very prolific in turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period was very prolific in turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period was very prolific in turning
+out the difference is that it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the difference is that it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the difference is that it occurs
+within a conception of movies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a conception of movies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a conception of movies that
+thinks of film as a kind of poetry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of film as a kind of poetry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of film as a kind of poetry and
+it's Cocteau's unique individual ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Cocteau's unique individual ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Cocteau's unique individual ideas
+about film is poetry that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film is poetry that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film is poetry that I want to
+emphasize as the basis for the NIF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize as the basis for the NIF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize as the basis for the NIF
+making in the two films of his obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in the two films of his obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in the two films of his obvious
+and the testament of Orpheus that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the testament of Orpheus that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the testament of Orpheus that I
+asked you to watch now we haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to watch now we haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to watch now we haven't had
+much discussion about Bergman's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much discussion about Bergman's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much discussion about Bergman's the
+Seventh Seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't have time to do it justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have time to do it justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have time to do it justice
+burden has been considered by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden has been considered by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden has been considered by many
+people as the greatest living filmmaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as the greatest living filmmaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as the greatest living filmmaker
+particularly nowadays he's 89 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nowadays he's 89 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nowadays he's 89 I think
+and all the other great words have died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other great words have died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other great words have died
+out Orson Welles Hitchcock wen hua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Orson Welles Hitchcock wen hua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Orson Welles Hitchcock wen hua
+Kurosawa the great Chairman's were now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurosawa the great Chairman's were now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kurosawa the great Chairman's were now
+long any number of great filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long any number of great filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long any number of great filmmakers
+whose genius everybody recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose genius everybody recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose genius everybody recognizes
+they've all died Bergman was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all died Bergman was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all died Bergman was born in
+1918 and so he belongs to a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 and so he belongs to a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1918 and so he belongs to a slightly
+later later generation than the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later generation than the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later later generation than the ones
+i've mentioned but he's still alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've mentioned but he's still alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've mentioned but he's still alive and
+if we have time i'm a show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time i'm a show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have time i'm a show you a
+documentary or two which shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary or two which shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary or two which shows the
+vitality in his spirit death was for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality in his spirit death was for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality in his spirit death was for him
+a theme that he deals with in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme that he deals with in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theme that he deals with in many of
+his movies particularly in the three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies particularly in the three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies particularly in the three or
+four of that followed the seventh sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of that followed the seventh sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of that followed the seventh sealed
+so i want to talk a little about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk a little about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk a little about that in
+terms of the myth of death but first i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the myth of death but first i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the myth of death but first i
+want to point out that the idea of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that the idea of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that the idea of death
+being a person or is not unrelated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a person or is not unrelated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a person or is not unrelated to
+what you saw in Cocteau in tok tok death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in Cocteau in tok tok death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in Cocteau in tok tok death
+is a woman in in Bergman death is a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman in in Bergman death is a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman in in Bergman death is a man
+but his face is painted white as often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his face is painted white as often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his face is painted white as often
+happens in Japanese theater and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Japanese theater and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in Japanese theater and in in
+the movie the faces of the Holy Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie the faces of the Holy Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie the faces of the Holy Family
+without the baby the off and lion when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the baby the off and lion when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the baby the off and lion when
+they perform on stage they're painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform on stage they're painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform on stage they're painted
+white to the scat who's the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white to the scat who's the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white to the scat who's the head of the
+company appears in white it toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company appears in white it toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company appears in white it toward the
+very beginning of the movie when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the movie when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the movie when he
+comes out to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to say
+he's going to be playing death and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be playing death and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be playing death and he
+puts on that rigid mask you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts on that rigid mask you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts on that rigid mask you remember
+which is all day right so that white as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all day right so that white as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all day right so that white as
+a color that my very well to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color that my very well to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a color that my very well to fit a
+woman's face is the flick of the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's face is the flick of the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's face is the flick of the way in
+which death deaths face is painted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which death deaths face is painted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which death deaths face is painted
+except but everything else is clothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except but everything else is clothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except but everything else is clothing
+and his demeanor is very is very black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also he plays chess with the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also he plays chess with the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also he plays chess with the life
+remember and it's a little like women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and it's a little like women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and it's a little like women
+being portrayed as playing a game with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being portrayed as playing a game with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being portrayed as playing a game with a
+man that they're going to devour that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that they're going to devour that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that they're going to devour that
+they're the pray that they have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the pray that they have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the pray that they have found
+that and so the two plain chests are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the two plain chests are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so the two plain chests are in
+a kind of relationship that partly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of relationship that partly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of relationship that partly at
+least is similar to one that a woman a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is similar to one that a woman a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least is similar to one that a woman a
+frivolous woman a vicious devouring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frivolous woman a vicious devouring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frivolous woman a vicious devouring
+woman but in the minute Renaissance used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but in the minute Renaissance used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman but in the minute Renaissance used
+to be called a cruel woman because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called a cruel woman because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be called a cruel woman because she
+wouldn't gratify the mail that she she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't gratify the mail that she she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't gratify the mail that she she
+would keep playing a game with her the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep playing a game with her the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep playing a game with her the
+man who was who is her suitor now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who was who is her suitor now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who was who is her suitor now in
+this case both of the practitioners in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case both of the practitioners in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case both of the practitioners in
+the game cheat death sheets when he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game cheat death sheets when he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game cheat death sheets when he uses
+the information that he gets about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that he gets about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that he gets about the
+next move of the night by pretending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next move of the night by pretending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next move of the night by pretending to
+be and not a father to what confessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and not a father to what confessor
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and not a father to what confessor
+you remember and then the night cheats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember and then the night cheats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember and then the night cheats
+when he knocks the chest four pieces off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks the chest four pieces off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks the chest four pieces off
+the board in order to save the Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in order to save the Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in order to save the Holy
+Family so that they're cheating in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family so that they're cheating in their
+love relationship but in a sense all's
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair in love and war and death is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form of warfare as justice warfare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form of warfare as justice warfare is
+is the enactment of death that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the enactment of death that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+chosen on that particular occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen on that particular occasion
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than through biological causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than through biological causes
+and the the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ability of the night carry-outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the night carry-outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the night carry-outs
+carries out his mission and he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out his mission and he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out his mission and he is a
+night of faith it was a cross on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of faith it was a cross on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of faith it was a cross on his
+tunic and very first scene his job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunic and very first scene his job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunic and very first scene his job is to
+propagate the faith to defend in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate the faith to defend in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate the faith to defend in this
+case the Holy Family now the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Holy Family now the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Holy Family now the fact that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the whole of their being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the whole of their being the
+Holy Family is established by the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Family is established by the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Family is established by the vision
+the gaff as remember he sees the Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaff as remember he sees the Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaff as remember he sees the Virgin
+Mary dressed in blue and with it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary dressed in blue and with it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary dressed in blue and with it with a
+crown walking the baby Jesus and who in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown walking the baby Jesus and who in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown walking the baby Jesus and who in
+his purities is nude and he calls her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his purities is nude and he calls her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his purities is nude and he calls her
+virgin mary and the Christ child but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virgin mary and the Christ child but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virgin mary and the Christ child but
+they themselves on the earth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves on the earth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves on the earth of the
+devil duplicate that they they love each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil duplicate that they they love each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil duplicate that they they love each
+other on the woman there doesn't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the woman there doesn't play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other on the woman there doesn't play
+games with yaff but tells him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with yaff but tells him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+moment she sort of says be quiet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment she sort of says be quiet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment she sort of says be quiet and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to look at you and says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to look at you and says I
+love you particularly in very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you particularly in very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love you particularly in very good
+movies that's very rare that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that's very rare that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that's very rare that anybody
+uses that language but it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that language but it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that language but it's part of the
+purity so that sets him apart as a holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity so that sets him apart as a holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity so that sets him apart as a holy
+family and above all there is the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and above all there is the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+in which the night is rewarded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the night is rewarded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the night is rewarded by
+they're all eating strawberries on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all eating strawberries on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all eating strawberries on a
+mild evening good deal of sunshine still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild evening good deal of sunshine still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild evening good deal of sunshine still
+in the skies relaxed and Fiona in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skies relaxed and Fiona in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the skies relaxed and Fiona in the
+only part of the movie in which night is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part of the movie in which night is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part of the movie in which night is
+not tense and which is relaxed he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tense and which is relaxed he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tense and which is relaxed he just
+enjoys the company r company being with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys the company r company being with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys the company r company being with
+them as good people and all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as good people and all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+in a very friendly and humane
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with with each other that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with with each other that
+that is the goal of the lights mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the goal of the lights mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the goal of the lights mission
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for it to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for it to make sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically which is what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically which is what he
+night of Christianity after all he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of Christianity after all he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night of Christianity after all he has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a god of the Christian sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a god of the Christian sort that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he that he can believe in but noted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he that he can believe in but noted but
+he can't believe in it having suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't believe in it having suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't believe in it having suffered
+so much in the Crusades and in the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the Crusades and in the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the Crusades and in the plate
+and in the difficulties of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the difficulties of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the difficulties of life
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably even with his wife we see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the end but whom he has he he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but whom he has he he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but whom he has he he's been
+away from for more than 10 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from for more than 10 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from for more than 10 years in
+order that means he's desperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that means he's desperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that means he's desperately
+looking for a sign just some some word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a sign just some some word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a sign just some some word
+something that would indicate that God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would indicate that God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would indicate that God
+exists he never finds it so he's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists he never finds it so he's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists he never finds it so he's always
+struggling right up until the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling right up until the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling right up until the end the
+squire doesn't believe in any religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squire doesn't believe in any religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squire doesn't believe in any religion
+of that sort and therefore he's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort and therefore he's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort and therefore he's always
+calculating the Knights search by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the Knights search by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the Knights search by
+emphasizing the fact that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the fact that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the fact that there is no
+solution to this and there is no no
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+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this and there is no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this and there is no no
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of there being any sign to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of there being any sign to be
+given by any supernatural creature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by any supernatural creature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by any supernatural creature at
+the same time the night of the squire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the night of the squire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the night of the squire
+who is not a night after all who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is not a night after all who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is not a night after all who is the
+beside taters the as in western movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside taters the as in western movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside taters the as in western movies
+but he blown so much lower social class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he blown so much lower social class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he blown so much lower social class
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he intervenes several times out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he intervenes several times out of
+compassion out of one what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion out of one what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Christian mercy and concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Christian mercy and concerned
+about other people he intervenes to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people he intervenes to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other people he intervenes to save
+the butte girl from being raped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the butte girl from being raped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the butte girl from being raped by the
+via revolve who who was a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via revolve who who was a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via revolve who who was a member of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+church but not in not but the frog 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church but not in not but the frog 10
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bad example of a clergyman of he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bad example of a clergyman of he
+intervenes to retro law from hurting yup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervenes to retro law from hurting yup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervenes to retro law from hurting yup
+and even I punishes Raval by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even I punishes Raval by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even I punishes Raval by making a
+scar on his face and he intervenes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scar on his face and he intervenes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scar on his face and he intervenes with
+the which he'll never the girl who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which he'll never the girl who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which he'll never the girl who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks she seen the devil and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks she seen the devil and that
+of the the soldiers are so afraid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the soldiers are so afraid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the soldiers are so afraid of the
+devil they won't Harmer and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil they won't Harmer and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil they won't Harmer and then of
+course she's burned at the stake but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course she's burned at the stake but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course she's burned at the stake but
+just before she is he intervenes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before she is he intervenes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before she is he intervenes and
+tries to calm her and to prepare for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to calm her and to prepare for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to calm her and to prepare for the
+inevitable so that is a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable so that is a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable so that is a great deal of
+goodness in the squire and as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness in the squire and as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness in the squire and as a matter
+of fact it does more good in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact it does more good in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact it does more good in the world
+then the night of the night has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the night of the night has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the night of the night has a
+religious mission he has a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious mission he has a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious mission he has a kind of
+intellectual even Theologica theological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual even Theologica theological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual even Theologica theological
+point of view and that puts him on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and that puts him on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and that puts him on a
+higher level this this pairing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level this this pairing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level this this pairing of the
+more intellectual more spiritual more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intellectual more spiritual more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intellectual more spiritual more
+Harley in a higher in the social order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harley in a higher in the social order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harley in a higher in the social order
+person which is not with someone lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person which is not with someone lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person which is not with someone lower
+down who is nevertheless very humane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who is nevertheless very humane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who is nevertheless very humane is
+a constant thing throughout Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant thing throughout Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant thing throughout Western
+religion I mean Western thought and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion I mean Western thought and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion I mean Western thought and one
+example of it is Don Quixote who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it is Don Quixote who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it is Don Quixote who is the
+great idealist that he's mad and Sancho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idealist that he's mad and Sancho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idealist that he's mad and Sancho
+Panza who is very sane but he has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panza who is very sane but he has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panza who is very sane but he has no
+ideas and doesn't believe in any idea
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+any a theological order or any system of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ideas whatsoever but he's practical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas whatsoever but he's practical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas whatsoever but he's practical and
+he cares about other people so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cares about other people so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cares about other people so that
+there is this combination and it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this combination and it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this combination and it and you
+want to explore how buddy films of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explore how buddy films of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explore how buddy films of which
+there were many many many in in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many many in in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many many in in modern
+cinema are related to that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema are related to that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema are related to that kind of
+relationship I could go on very long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I could go on very long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I could go on very long and
+one thing I want to emphasize at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to emphasize at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I want to emphasize at the
+very end the girl says it is finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end the girl says it is finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end the girl says it is finished
+the mute girl so what time she talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mute girl so what time she talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mute girl so what time she talks
+because she has a vision she sees death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has a vision she sees death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has a vision she sees death
+and said she knows that that is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said she knows that that is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said she knows that that is the end
+death is his finished means life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is his finished means life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is his finished means life is
+finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+it could also be taken as meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be taken as meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be taken as meaning the
+movie is finished because that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is finished because that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is finished because that is the
+very end of moving but I think one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of moving but I think one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of moving but I think one has
+to be taken last words of Christ and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taken last words of Christ and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taken last words of Christ and in
+some of the Gospels meaning it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Gospels meaning it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Gospels meaning it is
+finished in the sense that God's plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in the sense that God's plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished in the sense that God's plan is
+consummated that this is what God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummated that this is what God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummated that this is what God
+intends and that's the sign in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intends and that's the sign in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intends and that's the sign in a sense
+that the night was looking for but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the night was looking for but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the night was looking for but he
+never recognizes it because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never recognizes it because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never recognizes it because he's
+constantly still praying for God please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly still praying for God please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly still praying for God please
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+
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+give me a sign and sign is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a sign and sign is that it is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that's just this is what God
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the movie look very religious
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of Birdman who's a really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father of Birdman who's a really a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in great many of his films was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in great many of his films was
+a pastor for the royal court and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pastor for the royal court and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+suffer great deal and until the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer great deal and until the very end
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the father's life Birdman so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the father's life Birdman so we're
+told never forgave him and felt a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told never forgave him and felt a great
+ 
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mention many of burdens earlier
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies which he thought were too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+seven to seal the truth however is that
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman himself said that when he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman himself said that when he made
+the Seventh Seal he was terrified at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seventh Seal he was terrified at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seventh Seal he was terrified at the
+idea of death he was in his thirties or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of death he was in his thirties or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of death he was in his thirties or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is really terrified he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but neurotically so and at one point in
+later his life which has been rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later his life which has been rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+flourished as a very great man until his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+live that long he was hospitalized in an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+it was all of these demons in him that
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+
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+
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+the Seventh Seal was part of his attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Seventh Seal was part of his attempt
+ 
+
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+the Seventh Seal was part of his attempt
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Seventh Seal I don't know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words that were the seed is from
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+other words that were the seed is from
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atheistic point of view or is a
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and I think my own idea is that
+ 
+
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+
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+it's a it's made to be ambiguous partly
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+
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+it's a it's made to be ambiguous partly
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+
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+because burden when throat threw himself
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+
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+ 
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+because there is a dawn to descends but
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+so that's brilliantly worked out alright
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+
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+
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+Bergman himself in later years said very
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+and I'll stop there because Bergman age
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+
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+where the Swedish three mains of Swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Swedish three mains of Swedish
+characters get off the train on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters get off the train on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters get off the train on their
+way back home and it's very real i reel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back home and it's very real i reel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back home and it's very real i reel
+in a way that is reminiscent of Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is reminiscent of Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is reminiscent of Italian
+films that were also being made at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that were also being made at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that were also being made at that
+time at people like antonioni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at people like antonioni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at people like antonioni and
+Fellini in which the falseness of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fellini in which the falseness of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fellini in which the falseness of modern
+life is emphasized that but that too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is emphasized that but that too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is emphasized that but that too is
+a very powerful moving a powerful and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful moving a powerful and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful moving a powerful and in
+some way very beautiful movies movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way very beautiful movies movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way very beautiful movies movies
+however strong they are and experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however strong they are and experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however strong they are and experienced
+by some people is pessimistic they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some people is pessimistic they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some people is pessimistic they're
+always beautifully constructed well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always beautifully constructed well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always beautifully constructed well just
+start stop there because though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stop there because though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stop there because though it's
+arbitrary I don't think I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary I don't think I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary I don't think I want to keep
+talking today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I really want to here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I really want to here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I really want to here is what
+you've been doing and what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing and what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing and what you are doing
+you all have an extension does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have an extension does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have an extension does anybody
+have a paper to hand in today great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a paper to hand in today great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a paper to hand in today great
+that's fine well then what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine well then what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine well then what I would like
+you to do is to reenact your paper play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to reenact your paper play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to reenact your paper play
+it out for me in the process of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for me in the process of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for me in the process of that
+showing 1 what you've got out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing 1 what you've got out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing 1 what you've got out of the
+course how it is related to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course how it is related to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course how it is related to the central
+things in the course but also how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the course but also how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the course but also how it is
+related to ways in which talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to ways in which talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to ways in which talking about
+it can help you make it better or asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can help you make it better or asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can help you make it better or asking
+me for advice about the outside sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for advice about the outside sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for advice about the outside sources
+or call it clarify your mind in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call it clarify your mind in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call it clarify your mind in some way
+that I am able to do so that use this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am able to do so that use this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am able to do so that use this as
+a vehicle for improving your paper as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle for improving your paper as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle for improving your paper as
+you know the grade is the second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the grade is the second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the grade is the second paper
+is very important in the grain so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important in the grain so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important in the grain so that
+you really should if you care at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should if you care at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should if you care at all
+about the grade if you don't tell me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the grade if you don't tell me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the grade if you don't tell me and
+I'll give you a routine great but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a routine great but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a routine great but if you
+tear make it make the best effort you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear make it make the best effort you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear make it make the best effort you
+can with the amount of time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with the amount of time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with the amount of time that you
+have left I know you don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left I know you don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left I know you don't have much
+time but we'll work it out as best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we'll work it out as best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we'll work it out as best we
+can all right could we start then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right could we start then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right could we start then with
+Serena's because it's almost done or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serena's because it's almost done or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serena's because it's almost done or you
+might want to hold on to it and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hold on to it and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hold on to it and improve
+it if you have time if there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you have time if there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you have time if there are other
+more important things to do in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I am edit my paper on the hitchhiker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am edit my paper on the hitchhiker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am edit my paper on the hitchhiker's
+guide to the galaxy nope I don't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy nope I don't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy nope I don't touch
+her I did my paper on the hitchhiker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I did my paper on the hitchhiker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I did my paper on the hitchhiker's
+guide to the galaxy the hitchhiker's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy the hitchhiker's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy the hitchhiker's
+guide to the galaxy doubt the galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy doubt the galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to the galaxy doubt the galaxy
+what is that the title of a movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that the title of a movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that the title of a movie that
+are you know that the galaxy The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know that the galaxy The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know that the galaxy The
+Hitchhiker's day Oh the Hedgehog risk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchhiker's day Oh the Hedgehog risk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchhiker's day Oh the Hedgehog risk it
+sir okay The Hitchhiker's Guide which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay The Hitchhiker's Guide which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay The Hitchhiker's Guide which i
+haven't seen but i remember the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen but i remember the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen but i remember the book
+very very well yes also is a television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well yes also is a television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well yes also is a television
+series Oh what do you do it and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Oh what do you do it and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series Oh what do you do it and it's a
+research on it and I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on it and I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on it and I talked about the
+myth of creation that is at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of creation that is at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of creation that is at the end of
+the movie they recreate the earth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie they recreate the earth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie they recreate the earth from
+the back up and the way that scene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back up and the way that scene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back up and the way that scene is
+portrayed is very important to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayed is very important to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayed is very important to make
+making what do you mean by back up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what do you mean by back up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making what do you mean by back up they
+say role is a computer program why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say role is a computer program why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say role is a computer program why do
+they need a backward why is there a back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need a backward why is there a back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need a backward why is there a back
+up to begin who created the back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to begin who created the back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to begin who created the back up
+that's a programmer it's in the paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a programmer it's in the paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a programmer it's in the paper I
+wrote about it what one thing I meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about it what one thing I meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about it what one thing I meant to
+emphasize that this paper must be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this paper must be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this paper must be one
+that you wrote for this course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wrote for this course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wrote for this course is that
+clear yeah and I also talked about girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear yeah and I also talked about girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear yeah and I also talked about girls
+incompleteness theory about how every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theory about how every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theory about how every
+system cannot be proven by itself and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system cannot be proven by itself and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system cannot be proven by itself and it
+really reminded me in several ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reminded me in several ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reminded me in several ways of
+the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy and
+why they cannot find the question to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they cannot find the question to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they cannot find the question to the
+answer of life which is 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of life which is 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of life which is 42
+well as i remember there is there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as i remember there is there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as i remember there is there's that
+group of field mice yes who are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of field mice yes who are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of field mice yes who are doing it
+all yes so that's that they've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yes so that's that they've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yes so that's that they've created
+life as we know it now who created them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as we know it now who created them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as we know it now who created them
+is another question right yes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another question right yes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another question right yes and that's
+not answered in since that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answered in since that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answered in since that's a little
+like 2001 a Space Odyssey at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2001 a Space Odyssey at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2001 a Space Odyssey at least in
+the novel maybe not in the movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel maybe not in the movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel maybe not in the movie that
+there is this entity who put down those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this entity who put down those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this entity who put down those
+slabs and who is manipulating the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs and who is manipulating the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs and who is manipulating the world
+as we know it to release the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know it to release the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know it to release the solar
+system but where he comes from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but where he comes from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but where he comes from all of
+that is missing right we don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is missing right we don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is missing right we don't know I
+remember thinking the ending of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thinking the ending of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thinking the ending of that
+movie was very unsatisfying goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was very unsatisfying goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was very unsatisfying goes here
+there we're being led to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're being led to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're being led to think that
+we're going to find the meaning of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the meaning of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the meaning of life
+when when Danna's as they arrives and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when Danna's as they arrives and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when Danna's as they arrives and it
+turns out to be a baby or the fetus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a baby or the fetus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a baby or the fetus and
+it in a room great big boom and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a room great big boom and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a room great big boom and that
+didn't seem to me like much of an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to me like much of an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't seem to me like much of an answer
+harness you say more about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness you say more about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness you say more about what you
+discussed with I have to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with I have to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with I have to be really
+interesting that beer yes it's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that beer yes it's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that beer yes it's they
+discussed that if the question to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that if the question to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that if the question to the
+answer 42 could be six times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer 42 could be six times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer 42 could be six times x
+it was like then the system is corrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like then the system is corrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like then the system is corrupt
+or that there is something seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that there is something seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that there is something seriously
+wrong and that's what if the question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that's what if the question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that's what if the question to
+the answer is six times I Arnie six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is six times I Arnie six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is six times I Arnie six
+times seven yes no that's the joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times seven yes no that's the joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times seven yes no that's the joke
+that's beginning that's the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beginning that's the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beginning that's the beginning
+matters joke in the book of etiquette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters joke in the book of etiquette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters joke in the book of etiquette
+it's not a multiplication that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a multiplication that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a multiplication that leads to
+42 oh do they refine your question no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 oh do they refine your question no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 oh do they refine your question no is
+that because of the incompleteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the incompleteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the incompleteness
+theorem is that like related at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that like related at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that like related at all
+others not sure exactly well they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not sure exactly well they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others not sure exactly well they say
+that that created this computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that created this computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that created this computer program
+the world but if it tries to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but if it tries to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but if it tries to find out
+the meaning of itself and it if it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of itself and it if it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of itself and it if it can't
+do it and I think that is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and I think that is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and I think that is because the
+system Oh can prove itself how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Oh can prove itself how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Oh can prove itself how is that
+related to 42 at the beginning that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to 42 at the beginning that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to 42 at the beginning that's
+what the cuz the puter is asked that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cuz the puter is asked that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cuz the puter is asked that the
+generations to give an answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to give an answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to give an answer to the
+question meaning of their own yeah he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question meaning of their own yeah he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question meaning of their own yeah he
+says it 42 I was that related for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it 42 I was that related for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it 42 I was that related for the
+corruption and system question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption and system question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption and system question and
+cannot find the answer no he says they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find the answer no he says they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find the answer no he says they
+say they get furious than your elders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they get furious than your elders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they get furious than your elders
+when a year 42 is the big hitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a year 42 is the big hitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a year 42 is the big hitters
+answered they say after all these years
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+checked it very carefully possibly you
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+computer is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+question but moments before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the sermon the earth that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+computer network but the earth does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer network but the earth does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer network but the earth does
+we're on the earth we are the earth yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the earth we are the earth yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the earth we are the earth yeah
+and we have raised that question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have raised that question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have raised that question yeah
+the earth hasn't been destroyed in Ruby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth hasn't been destroyed in Ruby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth hasn't been destroyed in Ruby
+it is once you mean once they ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is once you mean once they ask the
+computer for a solution now after eons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for a solution now after eons
+ 
+
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+computer for a solution now after eons
+of what really long time it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what really long time it's almost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what really long time it's almost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it almost has to be the ultimate
+question but it got destroyed but Yeldon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it got destroyed but Yeldon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but it got destroyed but Yeldon
+the question is what is the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is the meaning of
+everything right yeah no they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right yeah no they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right yeah no they don't know
+what the ultimate question is I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ultimate question is I forgot
+that it was surely we were asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was surely we were asking that
+all the time the sort of bizarre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time the sort of bizarre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+quixotic for the authors say it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quixotic for the authors say it's never
+been asked because the world was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+certain first well they asked a question
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't get the right answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't get the right answer so
+about that the question would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that they never found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright we're going how do you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we're going how do you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we're going how do you how do
+you deal with a film it's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with a film it's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with a film it's different from
+the novel persistent for the long in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+research they draw a lot of parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research they draw a lot of parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+between the book TV series the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the book TV series the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+series and i only talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and i only talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+dissimilarities not about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarities not about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissimilarities not about the
+differences it was a radio series but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences it was a radio series but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+also a television see what comes more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a television see what comes more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a television see what comes more at
+the end of the movie the artist of birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie the artist of birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie the artist of birth
+mark to the backup of the world says
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+meaning of life because the chance of
+
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+ 
+
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+finding that out is really small and
+
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+finding that out is really small and
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+
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+that the only thing we should do is to
+
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+
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+that the only thing we should do is to
+hang in life and like make your time
+
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+hang in life and like make your time
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+
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+well worthwhile and the archer then
+
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+asked him if he is rather happy them
+
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+asked him if he is rather happy them
+ 
+
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+asked him if he is rather happy them
+then right because that's what he stated
+
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+then right because that's what he stated
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+
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+then right because that's what he stated
+and then he says no because that's where
+
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+and then he says no because that's where
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+
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+and then he says no because that's where
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+
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+
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+it all falls down and it's a humor that
+doubles Adams uses but it's also a way
+
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+doubles Adams uses but it's also a way
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+
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+
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+
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+able to prove it and I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a view it about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a view it about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+truth that you cannot know what is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that you cannot know what is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+unless you know what it means so that
+
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+unless you know what it means so that
+ 
+
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+unless you know what it means so that
+until they can show what it means
+
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+until they can show what it means
+ 
+
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+until they can show what it means
+there's no hope of finding the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are satisfied with paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you cayenne maybe I should read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you cayenne maybe I should read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you cayenne maybe I should read it
+again it always helps II it helps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it always helps II it helps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it always helps II it helps I
+think I've told you all how many drafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've told you all how many drafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've told you all how many drafts
+up with everything through and each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with everything through and each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with everything through and each time
+I'm horrified it at the terrible writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm horrified it at the terrible writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and thinking that preceded it and then
+
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+and thinking that preceded it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking that preceded it and then
+finally again I guess I get to tire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally again I guess I get to tire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally again I guess I get to tire and
+that that's the final version but for
+
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+that that's the final version but for
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+but I don't know joy that so what what I
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+
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+but I don't know joy that so what what I
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+
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+
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+do want wood and then later we'll decide
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+brother wat da right and the main idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+whole story is supposedly the Odyssey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story is supposedly the Odyssey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+but it's sort of making a joke about
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+
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+but it's sort of making a joke about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+being The Odyssey because it's it's on a
+ 
+
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+being The Odyssey because it's it's on a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+not really pretending to be anything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really pretending to be anything as
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+
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+as mythical and it's important as the
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+
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+Odyssey was it's just sort of copying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odyssey was it's just sort of copying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odyssey was it's just sort of copying it
+circus level don't what they're also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus level don't what they're also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus level don't what they're also in
+terms of search of the social order yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of search of the social order yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of search of the social order yeah
+well it isn't it isn't struggle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it isn't it isn't struggle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it isn't it isn't struggle between
+kings and Greece who are invading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings and Greece who are invading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings and Greece who are invading the
+progeny of mainland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny of mainland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny of mainland
+the original earrings in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original earrings in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original earrings in order to
+liberate a another Queen who's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate a another Queen who's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberate a another Queen who's been
+carried away by one of the princes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away by one of the princes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried away by one of the princes of
+Troy and all this is very high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related to upper classes not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to upper classes not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to upper classes not working
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the ancient world about what love
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+heroism it's all very elevated right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism it's all very elevated right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism it's all very elevated right now
+it's also very earthy in many ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very earthy in many ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very earthy in many ways but
+it it is epic and within a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is epic and within a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is epic and within a sort of
+international Haley that any all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Haley that any all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Haley that any all of
+these things happen whereas in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things happen whereas in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things happen whereas in the case
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie these are very lower class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie these are very lower class
+people who don't even speak good English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't even speak good English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't even speak good English
+right that was one reason why I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was one reason why I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was one reason why I thought
+you should look at the original oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should look at the original oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should look at the original oh
+brother where where art out in preston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother where where art out in preston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother where where art out in preston
+sturges solid it's just Sullivan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturges solid it's just Sullivan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturges solid it's just Sullivan's
+Travels read you go into that yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travels read you go into that yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travels read you go into that yeah and
+so that was the other aspect i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the other aspect i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the other aspect i was
+looking at is that in Sullivan's Travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is that in Sullivan's Travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is that in Sullivan's Travels
+his whole idea is to make a very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his whole idea is to make a very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his whole idea is to make a very serious
+film called oh brother wild other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called oh brother wild other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called oh brother wild other
+serious film about the depression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious film about the depression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious film about the depression and
+what we get instead is this film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get instead is this film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get instead is this film that
+tells a really good story about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a really good story about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells a really good story about the
+depression but is anything but serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression but is anything but serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression but is anything but serious
+and in order to love I think that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to love I think that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to love I think that and
+that's sort of what Sullivan finds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what Sullivan finds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what Sullivan finds in
+Sullivan's Travels as well is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan's Travels as well is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan's Travels as well is that what
+maybe he needs to offer instead is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he needs to offer instead is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he needs to offer instead is is
+humor and I think that it's again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor and I think that it's again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor and I think that it's again the
+idea sometimes a parody of the myth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea sometimes a parody of the myth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea sometimes a parody of the myth is
+more powerful than the myth itself or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful than the myth itself or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful than the myth itself or at
+least get something done it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get something done it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get something done it was just
+something that I mean why don't omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I mean why don't omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I mean why don't omit
+them the case food for preston sturges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the case food for preston sturges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the case food for preston sturges
+movie ah I'm so let's travel I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ah I'm so let's travel I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ah I'm so let's travel I don't
+know if there's exactly one of the myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's exactly one of the myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's exactly one of the myths
+that we've talked about but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about but I think that
+there are certain era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain era
+American history that has sort of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history that has sort of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history that has sort of been
+transformed into MIT and we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into MIT and we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into MIT and we sort of
+imagined them in ways that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined them in ways that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined them in ways that aren't
+necessarily realistic but are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily realistic but are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily realistic but are more
+mythical like you know the Wild West is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical like you know the Wild West is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical like you know the Wild West is
+the time that we have these ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that we have these ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that we have these ideas of
+what you know what the Wild West was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what the Wild West was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what the Wild West was
+like and it's not real but it's a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's not real but it's a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and it's not real but it's a myth
+of the Wild West and I think that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Wild West and I think that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Wild West and I think that a lot
+of weight of the depression has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight of the depression has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight of the depression has sort of
+come to have a mythical status in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to have a mythical status in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to have a mythical status in
+American history and there's these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and there's these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and there's these ideas
+about what the Depression was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the Depression was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the Depression was actually
+like and in actuality what what Sullivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and in actuality what what Sullivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and in actuality what what Sullivan
+wanted to do was to make a film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was to make a film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was to make a film that
+showed the reality that showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the reality that showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the reality that showed that the
+Depression was a horrible thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression was a horrible thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression was a horrible thing that
+people were suffering and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were suffering and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were suffering and that the
+Depression was causing people to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression was causing people to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression was causing people to these
+horrible lives but then we'll begin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible lives but then we'll begin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible lives but then we'll begin and
+said no brother were out that is a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no brother were out that is a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no brother were out that is a movie
+about the depression that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depression that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the depression that sort of
+parodies the depression because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies the depression because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies the depression because even
+though it's about this time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's about this time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's about this time when
+everybody was poor and nobody had what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was poor and nobody had what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was poor and nobody had what
+they needed and people were hungry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed and people were hungry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed and people were hungry all
+the time the movie is very happy and fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the movie is very happy and fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the movie is very happy and fun
+and everything just works out for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything just works out for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything just works out for them
+all the time you know without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you know without even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you know without even
+trying to they become the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to they become the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to they become the most famous
+people and you know the country because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you know the country because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you know the country because
+of their one song and I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their one song and I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their one song and I think it's the
+idea of taking something that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of taking something that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of taking something that that we
+have this idea of what what it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea of what what it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this idea of what what it might be
+like and then we sort of laugh at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then we sort of laugh at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then we sort of laugh at that
+because sometimes that's more useful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes that's more useful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes that's more useful um
+also that's the idea of movies being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the idea of movies being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the idea of movies being
+entertainment right that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment right that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment right that's what the
+studio moguls for two men who represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio moguls for two men who represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio moguls for two men who represent
+the studio that's what did I yes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio that's what did I yes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio that's what did I yes exactly
+when and then there is that funny line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then there is that funny line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and then there is that funny line
+you know you're a good people what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a good people what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a good people what they
+want and so on and see one of them says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so on and see one of them says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so on and see one of them says
+but with elite sex yeah not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with elite sex yeah not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with elite sex yeah not too much
+obvious that's all he says but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that's all he says but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that's all he says but with a
+little sex in other words it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sex in other words it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sex in other words it must have
+become realistic it mustn't be real sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become realistic it mustn't be real sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become realistic it mustn't be real sex
+it mustn't be too obvious because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mustn't be too obvious because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mustn't be too obvious because then
+we'll get censored for instance in 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get censored for instance in 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get censored for instance in 1930s
+but with a little and that's inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a little and that's inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a little and that's inherently
+dishonest and that the realist film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonest and that the realist film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonest and that the realist film that
+Sullivan wants to make will be utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan wants to make will be utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan wants to make will be utterly
+honest and yet it will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest and yet it will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest and yet it will also be
+entertaining the way that the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining the way that the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining the way that the movie
+solvents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents
+Sullivan's Travels is there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan's Travels is there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan's Travels is there's also the
+myth of the wandering hero because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the wandering hero because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the wandering hero because the
+even in the title Sullivan's Travels I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the title Sullivan's Travels I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the title Sullivan's Travels I
+mean it sounds like it's a play on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it sounds like it's a play on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it sounds like it's a play on what
+gulliver's travels and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gulliver's travels and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gulliver's travels and which is
+fantastic and often very funny and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and often very funny and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and often very funny and the
+movie itself is a man traveling to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie itself is a man traveling to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie itself is a man traveling to find
+himself trying to find how to use his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself trying to find how to use his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself trying to find how to use his
+talents trying to overcome his well-bred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents trying to overcome his well-bred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents trying to overcome his well-bred
+origins if that comes out of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins if that comes out of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins if that comes out of the very
+beginning that he never suffered they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that he never suffered they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that he never suffered they
+never he went to prep school and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never he went to prep school and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never he went to prep school and had
+probably a trust fund and plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a trust fund and plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a trust fund and plenty of
+money and whatever the result was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and whatever the result was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and whatever the result was he was
+very talented or very well educated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very talented or very well educated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very talented or very well educated and
+he could be a great very good very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could be a great very good very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could be a great very good very
+successful filmmaker very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful filmmaker very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful filmmaker very much like
+Orson Welles very much like Preston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Welles very much like Preston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Welles very much like Preston
+Sturges yeah another funny level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturges yeah another funny level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturges yeah another funny level of
+hairy with that xiamen that Preston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy with that xiamen that Preston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy with that xiamen that Preston
+searches also grow very wealthy and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches also grow very wealthy and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches also grow very wealthy and he
+never really knew you know any suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really knew you know any suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really knew you know any suffering
+and so it's sort of funny that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of funny that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's sort of funny that this guy
+then makes a movie about someone in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then makes a movie about someone in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then makes a movie about someone in his
+same situation who's trying to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation who's trying to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation who's trying to make a
+serious movie and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious movie and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious movie and that's sort of
+admirable it's admirable that Sullivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable it's admirable that Sullivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirable it's admirable that Sullivan
+grew up you know very privileged and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up you know very privileged and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up you know very privileged and is
+trying to understand what it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand what it would be
+like to not be pretty search beyond it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to not be pretty search beyond it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to not be pretty search beyond it
+right and that surges but Sturgis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that surges but Sturgis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that surges but Sturgis
+doesn't even do that because Sturgis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even do that because Sturgis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even do that because Sturgis
+makes a movie a searches grow up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a movie a searches grow up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a movie a searches grow up very
+privileged and he makes a funny movie he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged and he makes a funny movie he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged and he makes a funny movie he
+doesn't even make a serious movie he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even make a serious movie he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even make a serious movie he
+makes a movie about someone making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a movie about someone making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a movie about someone making a
+serious movie and even that serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious movie and even that serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious movie and even that serious
+movie never gets made because search is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie never gets made because search is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie never gets made because search is
+so far removed from it that he that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far removed from it that he that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far removed from it that he that all
+he can do is laugh and I think the Coen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do is laugh and I think the Coen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do is laugh and I think the Coen
+brothers have started the same attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers have started the same attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers have started the same attitude
+because it's I guess I read that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I guess I read that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's I guess I read that it's
+sort of a common criticism of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a common criticism of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a common criticism of them but
+all they do is they tend to laugh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do is they tend to laugh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do is they tend to laugh at
+things but they don't seem to ever get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they don't seem to ever get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they don't seem to ever get
+on board with anything all day all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with anything all day all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with anything all day all they
+do is Perry there's something of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Perry there's something of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Perry there's something of what's
+called noblesse oblige do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called noblesse oblige do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called noblesse oblige do you know what
+that is that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that if you are
+it was telling you I'll explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was telling you I'll explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was telling you I'll explain what
+that means Oh does anybody else if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Oh does anybody else if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means Oh does anybody else if you
+are Wellborn doable it's a French phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Wellborn doable it's a French phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Wellborn doable it's a French phrase
+you can condescend a bleeze means i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can condescend a bleeze means i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can condescend a bleeze means i'll
+let some things happen but you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let some things happen but you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let some things happen but you do it
+from a level of heart of your height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a level of heart of your height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a level of heart of your height and
+condescending to let the world sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condescending to let the world sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condescending to let the world sort of
+go on but if you're not a nobleman you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on but if you're not a nobleman you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on but if you're not a nobleman you
+won't be able to do that well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do that well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do that well what's
+true of both preston sturges and orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of both preston sturges and orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of both preston sturges and orson
+welles is that they they did very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welles is that they they did very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welles is that they they did very
+imaginative films with either great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative films with either great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative films with either great deal
+of comedy in the case of preston sturges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comedy in the case of preston sturges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comedy in the case of preston sturges
+or a great deal of technical brilliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a great deal of technical brilliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a great deal of technical brilliance
+in the case of orson welles but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of orson welles but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of orson welles but they
+could get away with it because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get away with it because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get away with it because they were
+coming down from a height i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down from a height i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down from a height i think that's
+it at a certain point however reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a certain point however reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at a certain point however reality
+not the reality they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the reality they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the reality they're talking about
+but the reality of the studio system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality of the studio system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality of the studio system of
+American capitalism of the need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American capitalism of the need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American capitalism of the need to make
+money rather than to make art films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money rather than to make art films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money rather than to make art films
+catches up with them and they both made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches up with them and they both made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches up with them and they both made
+to suffer terribly welds after his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suffer terribly welds after his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suffer terribly welds after his first
+movie Citizen Kane of was an outlook he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Citizen Kane of was an outlook he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Citizen Kane of was an outlook he
+was not allowed to do anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not allowed to do anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not allowed to do anything like that
+again the next movie which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the next movie which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the next movie which was
+magnificent ambersons they wouldn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent ambersons they wouldn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent ambersons they wouldn't even
+allow him to edit it and when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow him to edit it and when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow him to edit it and when it was
+edited it was caught by 45 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited it was caught by 45 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited it was caught by 45 minutes and
+according tothe and as Wells felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according tothe and as Wells felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according tothe and as Wells felt
+completely destroyed it's still a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroyed it's still a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroyed it's still a great
+film though it's 45 minutes too short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film though it's 45 minutes too short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film though it's 45 minutes too short
+but it's not what he had in mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not what he had in mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not what he had in mind it's
+very different much water down made into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different much water down made into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different much water down made into
+at thought it points a soap opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at thought it points a soap opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at thought it points a soap opera
+instead of a devastating attack on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a devastating attack on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a devastating attack on the
+inequities of the social Indian anomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities of the social Indian anomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities of the social Indian anomic
+system in America at that time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in America at that time so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in America at that time so that
+he was made to suffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was made to suffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was made to suffer and
+after that he had who he had to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that he had who he had to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that he had who he had to sort of
+pay for his own movies because he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for his own movies because he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for his own movies because he had a
+tremendous way of making had a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous way of making had a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous way of making had a wonderful
+way of making money as an actor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of making money as an actor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of making money as an actor and
+because of his voice doing commercials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his voice doing commercials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his voice doing commercials
+and he used to pour it into the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he used to pour it into the making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he used to pour it into the making
+of films because nobody would else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films because nobody would else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of films because nobody would else would
+funding in the case of the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in the case of the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding in the case of the present
+Sturridge's after the first movie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturridge's after the first movie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturridge's after the first movie the
+lady eve was a big success Sullivan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady eve was a big success Sullivan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady eve was a big success Sullivan's
+travel was adequate but after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel was adequate but after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel was adequate but after a while
+his movies stopped selling and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies stopped selling and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies stopped selling and then he
+was sort of outlet a and he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of outlet a and he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of outlet a and he went to
+pieces neither of them fulfilled their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces neither of them fulfilled their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces neither of them fulfilled their
+their potential both of them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential both of them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their potential both of them I think
+were geniuses and very much alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were geniuses and very much alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were geniuses and very much alike
+because of their aristocratic origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their aristocratic origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their aristocratic origins
+coming out of wealth in and tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of wealth in and tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of wealth in and tremendous
+cultivation in all of the Arts because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation in all of the Arts because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivation in all of the Arts because
+they were lived in Europe and the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lived in Europe and the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were lived in Europe and the top
+top European culture and went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top European culture and went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top European culture and went to the
+best though where I could have gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best though where I could have gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best though where I could have gone to
+the best schools in the case of Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best schools in the case of Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best schools in the case of Orson
+Welles he was admitted to Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welles he was admitted to Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welles he was admitted to Harvard and
+other places and at the age of 16 he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places and at the age of 16 he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places and at the age of 16 he
+decided to go to Europe and see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go to Europe and see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go to Europe and see the
+world by the time he was back to manitou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by the time he was back to manitou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by the time he was back to manitou
+went back to America at the age of 19 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to America at the age of 19 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to America at the age of 19 to
+20 he was making an enormous salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 he was making an enormous salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 he was making an enormous salary
+doing on the radio because yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on the radio because yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on the radio because yeah that
+marvelous voice of the he would fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous voice of the he would fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous voice of the he would fund
+even then plays on the stage before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then plays on the stage before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then plays on the stage before he
+went to Hollywood with his earnings it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood with his earnings it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Hollywood with his earnings it
+just happens that last night I saw four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that last night I saw four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens that last night I saw four
+minutes from a play of his called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes from a play of his called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes from a play of his called the
+Voodoo Macbeth that he made in 1930 play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voodoo Macbeth that he made in 1930 play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voodoo Macbeth that he made in 1930 play
+that he directed in nineteen thirty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he directed in nineteen thirty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he directed in nineteen thirty five
+or six and it was funded by the WPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six and it was funded by the WPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six and it was funded by the WPA
+which is was the part of the new deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is was the part of the new deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is was the part of the new deals
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+helping the arts out of sheer poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping the arts out of sheer poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping the arts out of sheer poverty
+the actors were paid something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors were paid something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors were paid something like
+because it was twenty three dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was twenty three dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was twenty three dollars a
+week and the welds was making I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and the welds was making I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and the welds was making I think
+was I figure out something enormous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I figure out something enormous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I figure out something enormous at
+least three hundred dollars a week maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three hundred dollars a week maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three hundred dollars a week maybe
+was more than that with parts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than that with parts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than that with parts on the
+radio he was 20 years old and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio he was 20 years old and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio he was 20 years old and all of
+that money he put into stage productions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money he put into stage productions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money he put into stage productions
+like that one so that he had a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one so that he had a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one so that he had a kind of
+personal success and then when he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal success and then when he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal success and then when he went
+to Hollywood this pattern continued he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Hollywood this pattern continued he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Hollywood this pattern continued he
+had a person with success but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a person with success but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a person with success but the
+society made him suffer for his noblesse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society made him suffer for his noblesse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society made him suffer for his noblesse
+of Legion of the way it did with preston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Legion of the way it did with preston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Legion of the way it did with preston
+sturges cheating it's important that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturges cheating it's important that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sturges cheating it's important that I
+talk about us well in the same room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about us well in the same room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about us well in the same room is
+it important that you talk about shy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it important that you talk about shy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it important that you talk about shy to
+talk about Boston miles in this ya know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Boston miles in this ya know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Boston miles in this ya know
+you do your own thing oh whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your own thing oh whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your own thing oh whatever you
+want all right but I mean his Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right but I mean his Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right but I mean his Orson
+Welles connected to this at all since he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welles connected to this at all since he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welles connected to this at all since he
+is Orson Welles connected to I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Orson Welles connected to I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Orson Welles connected to I don't
+know I don't know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what their
+relationship was worth a they must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship was worth a they must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship was worth a they must have
+known each other and wells in searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known each other and wells in searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known each other and wells in searches
+worlds and Sturgis I'm sure but I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds and Sturgis I'm sure but I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds and Sturgis I'm sure but I happen
+to done the research to that yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to done the research to that yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to done the research to that yeah I
+think I'm not going to talk about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm not going to talk about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm not going to talk about about
+so you don't have no no cackles you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have no no cackles you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have no no cackles you've
+got plenty also can't close the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got plenty also can't close the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got plenty also can't close the window
+closed the window can I close the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed the window can I close the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed the window can I close the window
+yeah who's thinking you the window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who's thinking you the window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who's thinking you the window in
+your computer Oh somebody calls it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer Oh somebody calls it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer Oh somebody calls it a
+little but not you you're you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but not you you're you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but not you you're you keep
+tenure thank you now I want to hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure thank you now I want to hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure thank you now I want to hear more
+about your good okay and then also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your good okay and then also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your good okay and then also the
+Coen Brothers film a brother without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coen Brothers film a brother without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coen Brothers film a brother without
+they also parodies a lot of other famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also parodies a lot of other famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also parodies a lot of other famous
+things in American history but like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in American history but like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in American history but like you
+have a baby face nelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a baby face nelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a baby face nelson
+robber who in reality was a pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber who in reality was a pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber who in reality was a pretty bad
+guy but in the movie they started make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but in the movie they started make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but in the movie they started make
+him into a joke because he just wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into a joke because he just wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him into a joke because he just wants to
+be loved and then you also have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be loved and then you also have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be loved and then you also have limited
+I don't know enough about what baby face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know enough about what baby face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know enough about what baby face
+nelson was like I mean he was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nelson was like I mean he was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nelson was like I mean he was a real
+character and there was it was put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and there was it was put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and there was it was put to
+death finally because he was a murderer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death finally because he was a murderer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death finally because he was a murderer
+I was a gangster have you done that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a gangster have you done that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a gangster have you done that you
+have have you done in research to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you done in research to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have you done in research to see
+well not not not yet but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not not not yet but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not not not yet but I think that
+it's not marrying somebody don't you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not marrying somebody don't you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not marrying somebody don't you go
+to Google yeah I'm go get a biography of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Google yeah I'm go get a biography of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Google yeah I'm go get a biography of
+them yeah and then another thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah and then another thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah and then another thing like
+that was the scene with the Ku Klux Klan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the scene with the Ku Klux Klan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the scene with the Ku Klux Klan
+i read that the scene where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read that the scene where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read that the scene where they're
+doing the march is actually sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the march is actually sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the march is actually sort of a
+reference to the wizard of oz which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the wizard of oz which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to the wizard of oz which if
+you watch it it really is similar you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch it it really is similar you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch it it really is similar you've
+got these guys who are in the Ku Klux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these guys who are in the Ku Klux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these guys who are in the Ku Klux
+Klan which of course is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klan which of course is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klan which of course is one of the most
+terrible groups that has been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible groups that has been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible groups that has been in
+American history but that the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history but that the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history but that the movie
+makes a joke of them because while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a joke of them because while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a joke of them because while
+they're supposed to be so so scary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be so so scary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be so so scary and
+so frightening they actually seem a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frightening they actually seem a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frightening they actually seem a lot
+more like munchkins and there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like munchkins and there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like munchkins and there's sort of
+walking around and being all funny about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around and being all funny about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around and being all funny about
+it and we sort of laugh at that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we sort of laugh at that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we sort of laugh at that instead
+of being scared them but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being scared them but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being scared them but they're
+immensely ones were one of them look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely ones were one of them look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely ones were one of them look
+that's true but I'm saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but I'm saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but I'm saying that the
+movie uses this imagery to make a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uses this imagery to make a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uses this imagery to make a joke
+on something that you know the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that you know the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on something that you know the idea of
+these people in white hoods doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people in white hoods doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people in white hoods doing a
+march should be scary but by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march should be scary but by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march should be scary but by making it
+sort of a reference to the wizard of oz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reference to the wizard of oz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reference to the wizard of oz
+by making them seem like munchkins it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making them seem like munchkins it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making them seem like munchkins it
+makes it more funny instead of scary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it more funny instead of scary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it more funny instead of scary and
+I think that even if even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that even if even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that even if even if you don't
+know the reference which I didn't when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the reference which I didn't when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the reference which I didn't when I
+first saw the movie I think still when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw the movie I think still when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw the movie I think still when
+you see that scene it seems more funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that scene it seems more funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that scene it seems more funny
+than scary where did you crime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than scary where did you crime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than scary where did you crime the
+girlfriend I just I was reading some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend I just I was reading some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend I just I was reading some
+different analysis of over other rod Dow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different analysis of over other rod Dow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different analysis of over other rod Dow
+and a number of different ones you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of different ones you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of different ones you know
+the point is what I want to know was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is what I want to know was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is what I want to know was how
+is it validated how can you be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it validated how can you be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it validated how can you be sure that
+it's a parody of The Wizard of Oz why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parody of The Wizard of Oz why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parody of The Wizard of Oz why it
+also totally I mean relying on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also totally I mean relying on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also totally I mean relying on your own
+experience of the movie you mean should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the movie you mean should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the movie you mean should
+I compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare
+directly to a scene in The Wizard of Oz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a scene in The Wizard of Oz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a scene in The Wizard of Oz
+no I just want some evidence of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just want some evidence of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just want some evidence of your own
+rather than fact the company said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than fact the company said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than fact the company said that
+right and that's what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what I'm saying is that
+the way they march is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they march is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they march is is very
+orchestrated and it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated and it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestrated and it's kind of like a
+like a football halftime show or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a football halftime show or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a football halftime show or
+something and that's our music to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that's our music to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and that's our music to it
+yeah and it also sounds very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it also sounds very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and it also sounds very much like
+the music that I think the monkeys sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music that I think the monkeys sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music that I think the monkeys sing
+and you know the winged monkeys have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the winged monkeys have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the winged monkeys have in
+Wizard of Oz is like same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wizard of Oz is like same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wizard of Oz is like same sort of
+chanting but it's really similar well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chanting but it's really similar well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chanting but it's really similar well
+develop that because otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that because otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that because otherwise you're
+just perpetuating some peer saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just perpetuating some peer saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just perpetuating some peer saying
+somebody who on the local internet it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who on the local internet it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who on the local internet it
+should come out of your experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come out of your experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come out of your experience and
+be the result of your own analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the result of your own analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the result of your own analysis that
+you make evident ok I thought that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make evident ok I thought that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make evident ok I thought that using
+outside sources sometimes man no no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside sources sometimes man no no yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside sources sometimes man no no yes
+no I'm not getting these outside sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not getting these outside sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm not getting these outside sources
+but in a very critical way yeah but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a very critical way yeah but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a very critical way yeah but this
+is one I drew I think that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I drew I think that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I drew I think that this is
+supported vitamin critical necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported vitamin critical necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported vitamin critical necessarily
+negative criticism but rather in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative criticism but rather in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative criticism but rather in a very
+thoughtful way of your own ok yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful way of your own ok yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful way of your own ok yeah you
+ready about how parodies uh how can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready about how parodies uh how can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready about how parodies uh how can be
+used or something yeah I think just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used or something yeah I think just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used or something yeah I think just the
+bike that the khan brothers basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike that the khan brothers basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike that the khan brothers basically
+they make a movie that feels sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a movie that feels sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a movie that feels sort of
+mythical but not because it takes itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical but not because it takes itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical but not because it takes itself
+seriously but because it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but because it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but because it actually is
+parroting itself i'm like every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parroting itself i'm like every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parroting itself i'm like every single
+turn no no I think it's good I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn no no I think it's good I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn no no I think it's good I mean I
+like the movie a lot so are you saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the movie a lot so are you saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the movie a lot so are you saying
+like parodies like a a new genre of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like parodies like a a new genre of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like parodies like a a new genre of it
+or something yeah I guess maybe I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah I guess maybe I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah I guess maybe I'd
+already have a conclusion but I see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a conclusion but I see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a conclusion but I see what
+you're saying like or like is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying like or like is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying like or like is it like
+you I mean like I can see how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean like I can see how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean like I can see how like
+you're saying like all these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying like all these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying like all these elements
+are parody you know just like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parody you know just like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parody you know just like that's
+parody and that's parody to you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody and that's parody to you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody and that's parody to you know but
+like is there like more after that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is there like more after that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is there like more after that like
+what was that all mean how's it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that all mean how's it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that all mean how's it yeah
+yeah I guess I'm not really sure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I'm not really sure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I'm not really sure that I
+think I haven't like put it all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I haven't like put it all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I haven't like put it all together
+yet i'm just like rook with segments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm just like rook with segments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm just like rook with segments but
+i think that like I think it adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that like I think it adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that like I think it adds up to
+something that's that's very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that's very powerful
+that connects with people and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects with people and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects with people and I think
+it's because maybe it's because we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because maybe it's because we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because maybe it's because we'd
+like to feel comfortable being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel comfortable being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to feel comfortable being able to
+laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh
+because if you have to take if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have to take if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have to take if you have
+to take something so seriously all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take something so seriously all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take something so seriously all the
+time then we sort of feel alienated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we sort of feel alienated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we sort of feel alienated by
+it but by being able to laugh in a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but by being able to laugh in a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but by being able to laugh in a myth
+we sort of say like I'm not exactly sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of say like I'm not exactly sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of say like I'm not exactly sure
+but I think I think it makes us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I think it makes us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I think it makes us feel
+more connected with the movie just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected with the movie just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connected with the movie just in
+the same way that having a good myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that having a good myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that having a good myth
+makes you feel connected to the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel connected to the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel connected to the movie
+because then like I recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then like I recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then like I recognize that
+taking it one step further like okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it one step further like okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it one step further like okay you
+have a show like family yeah but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a show like family yeah but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a show like family yeah but this
+isn't myth but I think the whole reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't myth but I think the whole reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't myth but I think the whole reason
+that people think family guy is funny is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people think family guy is funny is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people think family guy is funny is
+because it has all of these references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of these references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of these references
+and you feel good you feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel good you feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you feel good you feel comfortable
+when you recognize a reference and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recognize a reference and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recognize a reference and I
+think that o brother where art thou does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that o brother where art thou does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that o brother where art thou does
+it a little differently then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little differently then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little differently then I'm going
+just for the gags but I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the gags but I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the gags but I think by
+parodying all of these myths I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying all of these myths I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying all of these myths I think
+that they're trying to make people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're trying to make people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're trying to make people feel
+comfortable and say oh I get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and say oh I get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and say oh I get this this
+makes sense to me and it makes the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to me and it makes the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to me and it makes the movie
+something that they can character flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they can character flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they can character flaw
+if that makes sense yeah that sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that makes sense yeah that sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that makes sense yeah that sounded
+reasonable what do any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable what do any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable what do any of the other
+separate any ideas about about any of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any ideas about about any of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any ideas about about any of it
+in some way which I could be of help I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way which I could be of help I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way which I could be of help I
+think you gave a lot of good feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you gave a lot of good feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you gave a lot of good feedback
+that one you hooked a lot smells like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one you hooked a lot smells like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one you hooked a lot smells like to
+go yeah so I'm writing my paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah so I'm writing my paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah so I'm writing my paper on
+eternal sunshine of the spotless mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternal sunshine of the spotless mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternal sunshine of the spotless mind
+Colonel it's right on sunshine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonel it's right on sunshine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonel it's right on sunshine of the
+spotless mind have you ever heard um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotless mind have you ever heard um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotless mind have you ever heard um it
+came out I think a couple years ago with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out I think a couple years ago with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out I think a couple years ago with
+like Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet
+basically it follows like the love story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it follows like the love story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it follows like the love story
+of these two characters and then at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two characters and then at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two characters and then at one
+point the girl her name's Carrie she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the girl her name's Carrie she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the girl her name's Carrie she
+decided there no she doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided there no she doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided there no she doesn't know
+besides well she decides that she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides well she decides that she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides well she decides that she was
+like a race for memories like all past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a race for memories like all past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a race for memories like all past
+memories of her life and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories of her life and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories of her life and there's this
+doctor that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor that can
+this to happen so basically what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen so basically what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to happen so basically what I am
+writing about is kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about is kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about is kind of like the
+meaning of life with the myth of death I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of life with the myth of death I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of life with the myth of death I
+found the article that it is it related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the article that it is it related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the article that it is it related
+to any particular myth or well just does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particular myth or well just does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particular myth or well just does
+it have some real interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have some real interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have some real interesting
+philosophical implications well it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical implications well it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical implications well it does
+because so what actually happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so what actually happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so what actually happens in the
+movie is first the girl gets her memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is first the girl gets her memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is first the girl gets her memory
+erased and then when the male character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased and then when the male character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased and then when the male character
+finds out you know it kind of flips them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out you know it kind of flips them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out you know it kind of flips them
+into this crazy frenzy and he decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this crazy frenzy and he decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this crazy frenzy and he decides
+that he wants to have the same procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to have the same procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to have the same procedure
+done and the vast majority of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and the vast majority of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and the vast majority of the movie
+follows is actually the male character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows is actually the male character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows is actually the male character
+reliving his memories as each one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliving his memories as each one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliving his memories as each one is a
+race and by the end by like a very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and by the end by like a very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and by the end by like a very last
+memory when he realizes that when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when he realizes that when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when he realizes that when he
+wakes up in the morning he's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up in the morning he's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up in the morning he's not going
+to have any of these memories he wishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any of these memories he wishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any of these memories he wishes
+that he wouldn't have had this procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wouldn't have had this procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wouldn't have had this procedure
+done because he's gonna wake up the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because he's gonna wake up the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because he's gonna wake up the next
+day and just have nothing at all I worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and just have nothing at all I worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and just have nothing at all I worry
+about what you can handle it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can handle it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can handle it in a way
+that it's suitable for the course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's suitable for the course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's suitable for the course okay
+well i was going to analyze it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was going to analyze it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i was going to analyze it from the
+perspective so like Heidegger says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so like Heidegger says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so like Heidegger says that
+you know life is like a beam towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know life is like a beam towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know life is like a beam towards
+death right and so you know we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death right and so you know we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death right and so you know we all know
+that death is going to come and we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that death is going to come and we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that death is going to come and we kind
+of live this anxious way you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of live this anxious way you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of live this anxious way you know like
+trying to figure out what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what it's going to
+come but at the same time it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but at the same time it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but at the same time it's kind of
+like I mean I think you say this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean I think you say this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean I think you say this in your
+article that he kind of loses focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that he kind of loses focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that he kind of loses focus on
+the fact that the meaning that the acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the meaning that the acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the meaning that the acts
+we commit during our lives like that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we commit during our lives like that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we commit during our lives like that are
+those acts actually have meaning to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those acts actually have meaning to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those acts actually have meaning to and
+then I was also going to take it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was also going to take it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was also going to take it from
+the perspective of like Christianity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of like Christianity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of like Christianity
+where you know Christians believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know Christians believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know Christians believe that
+life on earth is just you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on earth is just you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on earth is just you know kind of
+like it's not as meaningful as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not as meaningful as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not as meaningful as the
+afterlife which is what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterlife which is what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterlife which is what you know
+Christians hope to obtain and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians hope to obtain and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians hope to obtain and then
+there's like the Buddhist perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the Buddhist perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like the Buddhist perspective
+which is you know you're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know you're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know you're hoping to
+attain like Nirvana where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain like Nirvana where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain like Nirvana where you just
+understand every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand every
+and you have clarity of mind so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have clarity of mind so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have clarity of mind so my
+argument was going to be comparing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was going to be comparing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument was going to be comparing those
+three things to events in the movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to events in the movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things to events in the movie and
+then ultimately showing that the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately showing that the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ultimately showing that the main
+character as he's getting his memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as he's getting his memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as he's getting his memory
+raised actually achieves Nevada and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised actually achieves Nevada and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised actually achieves Nevada and the
+clarity of mine and which is why so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity of mine and which is why so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity of mine and which is why so the
+end of the movie kind of cycles through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the movie kind of cycles through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the movie kind of cycles through
+towards what the beginning of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what the beginning of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what the beginning of the movie
+is where he wakes up and he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where he wakes up and he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where he wakes up and he doesn't
+remember anything of his past but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything of his past but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything of his past but he
+like impulse Lee decides that he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impulse Lee decides that he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impulse Lee decides that he wants
+to go to this place Montauk and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to this place Montauk and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to this place Montauk and he
+actually meets the girl that he fell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meets the girl that he fell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meets the girl that he fell in
+love with once like once again although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with once like once again although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with once like once again although
+they don't remember that they know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember that they know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't remember that they know each
+other and then slowly through like sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then slowly through like sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then slowly through like sorry
+this is hard to explain his unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard to explain his unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard to explain his unit
+similarly but one of the workers at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but one of the workers at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but one of the workers at this
+clinic that racism memories I realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic that racism memories I realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic that racism memories I realizes
+what a bad thing she thinks it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a bad thing she thinks it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a bad thing she thinks it is and
+you know she sends each client their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she sends each client their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she sends each client their
+file and so they both discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so they both discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so they both discovered that
+you know they were once in love and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they were once in love and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they were once in love and they
+kind of like try to work it out again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like try to work it out again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like try to work it out again so
+i was just gonna talk about like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just gonna talk about like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just gonna talk about like i
+haven't as I said I hadn't heard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't as I said I hadn't heard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't as I said I hadn't heard of the
+movie and listening to your account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and listening to your account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and listening to your account of
+it I don't think it's a movie I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't think it's a movie I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't think it's a movie I would
+want to see it seems so trite in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it seems so trite in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see it seems so trite in terms
+of Hollywood movies seem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hollywood movies seem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hollywood movies seem sort of
+constructed out of the sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed out of the sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed out of the sort of other
+movies that are have been popular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that are have been popular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that are have been popular how
+much of this have you written two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this have you written two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this have you written two pages
+to let you take care gas and just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you take care gas and just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you take care gas and just so you
+haven't written it good then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written it good then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't written it good then there's
+this hope because I would much prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hope because I would much prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hope because I would much prefer
+you wrote something on something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote something on something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote something on something else
+from your point of view there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point of view there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point of view there are there
+are other possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what tell me in terms of the course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tell me in terms of the course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what tell me in terms of the course what
+segment what part meant most to him well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment what part meant most to him well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment what part meant most to him well
+I was really interested in which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was really interested in which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was really interested in which is why
+I thought this movie would be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought this movie would be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought this movie would be kind of
+interesting this is kind of like wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is kind of like wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is kind of like wild
+characters don't actually die it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters don't actually die it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters don't actually die it's like
+an emotional death because all their you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional death because all their you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional death because all their you
+know emotions and memories are are wiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know emotions and memories are are wiped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know emotions and memories are are wiped
+clean but home do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean but home do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean but home do you have any
+recommendations maybe is no but it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations maybe is no but it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations maybe is no but it's got
+to come out of you that's the point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out of you that's the point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out of you that's the point but
+maybe yeah Irish could you well I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah Irish could you well I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah Irish could you well I've
+seen the movie before and I mean it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the movie before and I mean it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the movie before and I mean it does
+i feel like the movie does have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like the movie does have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like the movie does have a lot of
+like philosophical implications that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like philosophical implications that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like philosophical implications that you
+can go off of i mean maybe maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off of i mean maybe maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off of i mean maybe maybe you
+don't appreciate like Bella's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't appreciate like Bella's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't appreciate like Bella's
+interpretation of like the myth of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of like the myth of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of like the myth of death
+or creation that she's like interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creation that she's like interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or creation that she's like interpreting
+through the movie but I found when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the movie but I found when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the movie but I found when I
+watched it I mean there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it I mean there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it I mean there were other
+philosophical implications maybe you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical implications maybe you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical implications maybe you are
+more you'd be more inclined to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you'd be more inclined to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you'd be more inclined to having
+her analyzed I don't know like one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her analyzed I don't know like one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her analyzed I don't know like one that
+I thought of when I was watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of when I was watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of when I was watching the
+movie was um determinism like the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was um determinism like the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was um determinism like the idea
+of free will is I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free will is I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free will is I think one of the
+themes that is run through the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that is run through the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes that is run through the movie
+since I'm despite the fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm despite the fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm despite the fact that these
+people have their memories erased I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have their memories erased I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have their memories erased I'm
+have essentially I mean when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially I mean when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially I mean when your
+memories race essentially like data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories race essentially like data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories race essentially like data that
+you operate from right is like gone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you operate from right is like gone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you operate from right is like gone so
+the the basis for your actions you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis for your actions you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis for your actions you would
+think you know um are being originated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know um are being originated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know um are being originated
+through some other way you know I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some other way you know I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some other way you know I guess
+through your soul or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your soul or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your soul or something like that
+but in any case you find that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case you find that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case you find that these
+stuff like a couple of characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like a couple of characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like a couple of characters that
+we're not supposed to be in love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not supposed to be in love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not supposed to be in love for
+whatever reason um that got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason um that got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason um that got their
+memories such that they would not be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories such that they would not be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories such that they would not be in
+love with one another they fall in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with one another they fall in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with one another they fall in love
+actually in any case and after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in any case and after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in any case and after they
+realize oh my god like our memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh my god like our memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh my god like our memories
+raised and work I mean we're having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised and work I mean we're having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised and work I mean we're having this
+love affair sort of again like it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love affair sort of again like it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love affair sort of again like it's kind
+of interesting you know like why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting you know like why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting you know like why did
+that happen anyway you know it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen anyway you know it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen anyway you know it kind of
+references like like a determinist fate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references like like a determinist fate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references like like a determinist fate
+sort of theme and I mean I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theme and I mean I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theme and I mean I don't really
+remember all the details from movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all the details from movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all the details from movie
+because I watched a while ago but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I watched a while ago but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I watched a while ago but maybe
+that feel like a string you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feel like a string you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feel like a string you're more
+interested in because I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in because I think it's kind
+of hard to ask bella its like I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to ask bella its like I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to ask bella its like I mean you
+know like do a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like do a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like do a completely different
+movie in like a couple days ahead have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in like a couple days ahead have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in like a couple days ahead have
+you read anything about the y SI are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read anything about the y SI are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read anything about the y SI are you
+read anything about the movie yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read anything about the movie yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read anything about the movie yeah
+actually like we watched it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like we watched it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like we watched it a couple
+times to speak in and try to formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to speak in and try to formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to speak in and try to formulate
+thank you have you read anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you have you read anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you have you read anything about
+it yeah I've read a bunch of stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I've read a bunch of stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I've read a bunch of stuff like
+from online and who a bunch of read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from online and who a bunch of read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from online and who a bunch of read a
+bunch of stuff online and since I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff online and since I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff online and since I was
+trying to focus on the kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to focus on the kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to focus on the kind of good
+Nirvana aspect that the main character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nirvana aspect that the main character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nirvana aspect that the main character
+you know realizes while his memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know realizes while his memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know realizes while his memories
+being erased I've been reading some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being erased I've been reading some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being erased I've been reading some
+stuff about like the Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about like the Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about like the Buddhist
+perspective of Nirvana also I worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of Nirvana also I worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of Nirvana also I worried
+that you may be walking falling into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may be walking falling into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may be walking falling into a
+ditch if there was some other movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditch if there was some other movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditch if there was some other movie that
+you could analyze in relation to it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could analyze in relation to it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could analyze in relation to it that
+is really solidly constructed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really solidly constructed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really solidly constructed and
+especially if it's a great classic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a great classic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's a great classic that
+that would have a lot in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a lot in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a lot in terms of the
+movies in the in the course although any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in the in the course although any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in the in the course although any
+that you have ideas of your own event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have ideas of your own event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have ideas of your own event
+not that I've been able like I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I've been able like I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I've been able like I haven't
+really thought extensively I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought extensively I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought extensively I've never
+really focusing on this movie for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on this movie for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focusing on this movie for the
+past week or so but I can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past week or so but I can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past week or so but I can definitely
+give it more thought hi gotten ties yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it more thought hi gotten ties yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it more thought hi gotten ties yeah
+I wish you I wish you would I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish you I wish you would I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish you I wish you would I don't I
+you know I want the best for you but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want the best for you but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I want the best for you but I
+think what games sir madam senator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what games sir madam senator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what games sir madam senator I
+thought on him a little bit but it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought on him a little bit but it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought on him a little bit but it kind
+of seems connected to the testament of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seems connected to the testament of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seems connected to the testament of
+Morpheus because it also my family just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morpheus because it also my family just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morpheus because it also my family just
+had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+totally deconstructed narrative where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally deconstructed narrative where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally deconstructed narrative where
+there was no you know I think we're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no you know I think we're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no you know I think we're told
+out of order and we're time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order and we're time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of order and we're time for
+backwards and forwards a lot okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards a lot okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards a lot okay and I
+think I also was about the myth of debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I also was about the myth of debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I also was about the myth of debt
+and then we broke like after you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we broke like after you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we broke like after you lose
+you know certain parts of yourself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain parts of yourself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certain parts of yourself but
+then you come back in a different way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come back in a different way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you come back in a different way I
+mean I don't really get the testament of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't really get the testament of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't really get the testament of
+more pics very much but yeah but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pics very much but yeah but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pics very much but yeah but I think
+that in a lot of my surface ways it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of my surface ways it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a lot of my surface ways it
+seems connected you're not you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems connected you're not you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems connected you're not you know that
+either it reminded me of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it reminded me of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it reminded me of what we've
+learned in course that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in course that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in course that people are
+connected to each other in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other in a different
+way we haven't found out yet and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we haven't found out yet and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we haven't found out yet and I
+thought that reminds me of people fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that reminds me of people fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that reminds me of people fall
+in love without what are actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love without what are actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love without what are actually a
+reason we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what what what is meant by falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what what is meant by falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what what is meant by falling
+in love is clear that is it clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love is clear that is it clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love is clear that is it clear what
+it is that these people experience where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that these people experience where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that these people experience where
+they fall in love is there any treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall in love is there any treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall in love is there any treatment
+of that or is it just sort of a slogan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that or is it just sort of a slogan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that or is it just sort of a slogan
+that supposed to operate on your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to operate on your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supposed to operate on your visual
+experience while it's passing in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience while it's passing in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience while it's passing in front
+of you yeah I think it's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you yeah I think it's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you yeah I think it's pretty clear
+what's going on they're falling I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on they're falling I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on they're falling I don't
+think that's like the the main focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like the the main focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like the the main focus of
+the movie it's more of treading erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie it's more of treading erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie it's more of treading erase
+those memories and in turn actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those memories and in turn actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those memories and in turn actually I
+don't yeah you don't really realize like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yeah you don't really realize like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yeah you don't really realize like
+how in love they were or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in love they were or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in love they were or you don't
+really understand the relationship until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the relationship until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the relationship until
+those memories are being erased like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those memories are being erased like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those memories are being erased like one
+by one it's kind of in the retelling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one it's kind of in the retelling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one it's kind of in the retelling of
+the memories that you learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memories that you learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memories that you learn what
+actually happened in the past so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened in the past so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened in the past so yeah
+I'll look into other movies more thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look into other movies more thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look into other movies more thank
+you guys for your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why I'm sure yeah I was uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why I'm sure yeah I was uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why I'm sure yeah I was uh like
+looking into the myth of the hero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the myth of the hero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into the myth of the hero but
+more than just a hero like in Magda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a hero like in Magda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a hero like in Magda
+Clint Eastwood my questions it goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clint Eastwood my questions it goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clint Eastwood my questions it goes into
+using into hero which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using into hero which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using into hero which is usually
+apprentice rude isn't like a good guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprentice rude isn't like a good guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprentice rude isn't like a good guy
+he's like he's the protagonist but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like he's the protagonist but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like he's the protagonist but he's
+usually a cook like and the good bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a cook like and the good bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a cook like and the good bad the
+ugly he in to go like steal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly he in to go like steal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly he in to go like steal from the
+state and then the whole movie is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then the whole movie is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then the whole movie is just
+about them getting more money and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them getting more money and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them getting more money and like
+there's a bunch of movies that have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of movies that have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of movies that have seen
+and researched about this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and researched about this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and researched about this and you can
+completely compared to like older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely compared to like older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely compared to like older
+westerns like John Wayne and Gary Cooper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns like John Wayne and Gary Cooper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns like John Wayne and Gary Cooper
+where the gate like the protagonist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gate like the protagonist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the gate like the protagonist is
+like a sheriff and he goes against like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sheriff and he goes against like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sheriff and he goes against like
+a bunch of actually bad people and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of actually bad people and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of actually bad people and to
+protect like a town or help people out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect like a town or help people out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect like a town or help people out
+for from like the good of his world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from like the good of his world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for from like the good of his world
+rather than for the Lord and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than for the Lord and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than for the Lord and that's
+basically I'm doing just like it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm doing just like it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm doing just like it's a new
+kind of myth that was kind of developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of myth that was kind of developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of myth that was kind of developed
+in western or I feel like and they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in western or I feel like and they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in western or I feel like and they took
+the new movies where you kind of have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new movies where you kind of have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new movies where you kind of have an
+antihero which is it still a protagonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antihero which is it still a protagonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antihero which is it still a protagonist
+is just it's not a person that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just it's not a person that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just it's not a person that you would
+necessarily feel that it's a good kisser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel that it's a good kisser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel that it's a good kisser
+the the myth of the hero in the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the myth of the hero in the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the myth of the hero in the Western
+is a favourite topic of film scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a favourite topic of film scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a favourite topic of film scholars
+there would be any number of books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be any number of books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be any number of books and
+articles that you could use be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles that you could use be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles that you could use be careful
+not to just make it purely sociological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to just make it purely sociological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to just make it purely sociological
+the way they do and be careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do and be careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do and be careful to
+specify the way in which you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the way in which you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the way in which you're using
+the film to make your generalizations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film to make your generalizations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film to make your generalizations so
+introduce some technical analysis into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some technical analysis into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some technical analysis into
+each of the moments of development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the moments of development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the moments of development in
+your paper I think that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper I think that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper I think that's important
+you're all you all remember the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all you all remember the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all you all remember the length
+it's a minimum it's not the maximum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a minimum it's not the maximum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a minimum it's not the maximum the
+minimum right um have you done any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right um have you done any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right um have you done any of
+this outside researcher yeah a little or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside researcher yeah a little or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outside researcher yeah a little or
+first I've seen I watched High Noon frag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I've seen I watched High Noon frag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I've seen I watched High Noon frag
+we could compare like the pinkies was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could compare like the pinkies was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could compare like the pinkies was
+too cousin high noon Eva shared let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cousin high noon Eva shared let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too cousin high noon Eva shared let's
+get a QP to show him he's a good guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a QP to show him he's a good guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a QP to show him he's a good guy and
+I compare like the King keys were films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare like the King keys were films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I compare like the King keys were films
+like good about gagney Fistful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good about gagney Fistful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good about gagney Fistful of
+Dollars a few dollars more Unforgiven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollars a few dollars more Unforgiven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dollars a few dollars more Unforgiven
+it's all these movies were the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all these movies were the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all these movies were the person
+that you were rooting for the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were rooting for the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were rooting for the person
+that you're interested in winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in winning the
+whole thing it's not a good person now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's not a good person now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's not a good person now
+read about each of like different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about each of like different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about each of like different people
+talk about the movies and they like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the movies and they like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the movies and they like I
+think a fistful of dollars a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a fistful of dollars a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a fistful of dollars a great
+example because he comes to town where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he comes to town where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because he comes to town where
+there's a fight there's a few between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fight there's a few between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fight there's a few between
+two families and he plays each family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two families and he plays each family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two families and he plays each family
+and this would be takes money away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be takes money away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be takes money away from
+and cooks them out but and he made sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooks them out but and he made sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooks them out but and he made sure
+he gets cotton and he shoots a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets cotton and he shoots a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets cotton and he shoots a lot of
+them but he's not a good person he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he's not a good person he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but he's not a good person he's
+just did it get stuff for the Stella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did it get stuff for the Stella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did it get stuff for the Stella
+person that we're rooting for so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that we're rooting for so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that we're rooting for so after
+he had research of others how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had research of others how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had research of others how is this
+related to other aspects of the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to other aspects of the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to other aspects of the Western
+well also for the older westerns and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've had a definite good people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had a definite good people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had a definite good people and
+bad people like if you go to the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people like if you go to the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad people like if you go to the video
+questions they have the native americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they have the native americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they have the native americans
+as evil people and white people as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evil people and white people as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as evil people and white people as the
+good people but as you go into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good people but as you go into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good people but as you go into like
+newer films like if you think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer films like if you think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer films like if you think of a
+little big man with Dustin Hoffman where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little big man with Dustin Hoffman where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little big man with Dustin Hoffman where
+by that time the native Native Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time the native Native Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time the native Native Americans
+actually the good people and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the good people and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the good people and they get
+started and it's more distorted correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and it's more distorted correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and it's more distorted correct
+and it's like it it's a development into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like it it's a development into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like it it's a development into
+Western so and the older films it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western so and the older films it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western so and the older films it's all
+about like an adventure and while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like an adventure and while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like an adventure and while the
+kid Eastwood ones that feels like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid Eastwood ones that feels like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid Eastwood ones that feels like it's
+more about like there's not an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about like there's not an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about like there's not an action
+there's not like duels you see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like duels you see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like duels you see people
+help each other right once once the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help each other right once once the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help each other right once once the good
+guy is no longer the focus the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is no longer the focus the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is no longer the focus the western
+seems to concentrate upon sheer action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to concentrate upon sheer action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to concentrate upon sheer action
+is that the sounds are louder the done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sounds are louder the done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the sounds are louder the done
+the proportion of time that's spent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of time that's spent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportion of time that's spent for
+the violence increases its its action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violence increases its its action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the violence increases its its action of
+a sort that I associate with American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort that I associate with American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort that I associate with American
+males I can't believe that women really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males I can't believe that women really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males I can't believe that women really
+go for this sort of thing whereas women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for this sort of thing whereas women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for this sort of thing whereas women
+might tolerate maybe you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tolerate maybe you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might tolerate maybe you know where
+there's now another generation but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now another generation but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now another generation but the
+ones that i know'd a little about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that i know'd a little about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that i know'd a little about the
+the kind that women used to tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind that women used to tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind that women used to tolerate
+would be the ones that are concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the ones that are concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the ones that are concerned
+about a solution to problems in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a solution to problems in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a solution to problems in society
+establishment of a family or what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a family or what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of a family or what to do
+with the male who's restless in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the male who's restless in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the male who's restless in a
+frontier situation where cat feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier situation where cat feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier situation where cat feel
+comfortable because he has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable because he has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable because he has to be
+defending himself in which the women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending himself in which the women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending himself in which the women are
+tough and sometimes they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and sometimes they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and sometimes they're they're
+fighters I mean they engage in gunfight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighters I mean they engage in gunfight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighters I mean they engage in gunfight
+as well there's a movie with Joan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well there's a movie with Joan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well there's a movie with Joan
+Crawford in which she's the bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crawford in which she's the bad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crawford in which she's the bad guy
+uses her gun the way the bad guys do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses her gun the way the bad guys do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses her gun the way the bad guys do but
+for the most part the weather where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part the weather where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part the weather where the
+ideal still mattered women can tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal still mattered women can tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal still mattered women can tolerate
+it because they can see need for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they can see need for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they can see need for certain
+degree of violence on the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of violence on the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of violence on the part of the
+good against the bad whereas now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good against the bad whereas now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good against the bad whereas now because
+the women sort of disappear from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women sort of disappear from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women sort of disappear from the
+Western and it's all a matter of men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and it's all a matter of men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and it's all a matter of men
+doing the the comparative competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the the comparative competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the the comparative competitive
+muscular physical violent sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular physical violent sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular physical violent sort of thing
+that men have always been doing killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men have always been doing killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men have always been doing killing
+each other killing each other in war a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other killing each other in war a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other killing each other in war a
+competing against each other to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against each other to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing against each other to show
+their manliness it's this macho that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manliness it's this macho that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manliness it's this macho that
+aspect that seems to be accentuated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect that seems to be accentuated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect that seems to be accentuated in
+the newer kinds of questions am I wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer kinds of questions am I wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer kinds of questions am I wrong
+about that now that's a good one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that now that's a good one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that now that's a good one because
+you look at I think I nice perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at I think I nice perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at I think I nice perfect
+example where his wife is they she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where his wife is they she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where his wife is they she
+doesn't like like fire she's again she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like like fire she's again she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like like fire she's again she's
+a games fighting and he she can she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a games fighting and he she can she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a games fighting and he she can she
+needs to go away and they want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go away and they want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go away and they want to go
+that's like a store and eventually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a store and eventually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a store and eventually what
+ends up happening is she helps him like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is she helps him like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is she helps him like
+fight against the bad guys but and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against the bad guys but and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against the bad guys but and I can
+you obtain these two movies a women up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain these two movies a women up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain these two movies a women up
+kind of they're not meaty they have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they're not meaty they have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they're not meaty they have big
+role in a movie well in that movie Grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in a movie well in that movie Grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in a movie well in that movie Grace
+Kelly is the wife but there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly is the wife but there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly is the wife but there's also the
+girlfriend Katie what is it begins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend Katie what is it begins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend Katie what is it begins with
+the jkt whatever her name is the Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jkt whatever her name is the Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jkt whatever her name is the Mexican
+woman and she's much tougher but she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and she's much tougher but she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and she's much tougher but she is
+not proper because they were not married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proper because they were not married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not proper because they were not married
+whereas Grace Kelly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an anglo-saxon pretty white well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anglo-saxon pretty white well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anglo-saxon pretty white well of
+Quaker in fact so that she represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quaker in fact so that she represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quaker in fact so that she represents
+the good side rather than the doobies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good side rather than the doobies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good side rather than the doobies
+side or the bad side you know in western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the bad side you know in western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the bad side you know in western
+movies they also really portray what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies they also really portray what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies they also really portray what is
+moral because the bad guys always come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral because the bad guys always come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral because the bad guys always come
+in scene from your right never from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scene from your right never from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scene from your right never from the
+from the left because they will go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left because they will go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left because they will go in
+into the direction our eyes well they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the direction our eyes well they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the direction our eyes well they'll
+always look from the left to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look from the left to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always look from the left to the right
+because we read left and right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we read left and right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we read left and right and if
+the bad guy comes in from the right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guy comes in from the right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guy comes in from the right it's
+a sign it's like in cinematography that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign it's like in cinematography that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign it's like in cinematography that
+he is wrong and you can see that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is wrong and you can see that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is wrong and you can see that on
+movie posters nowadays that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie posters nowadays that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie posters nowadays that are like
+clearly indexes about what the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly indexes about what the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly indexes about what the story is
+going to be like it's like the third men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like it's like the third men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like it's like the third men
+on the right behind is the backstabber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right behind is the backstabber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right behind is the backstabber
+of the story and it's um okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story and it's um okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story and it's um okay so you
+know what you're doing and depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing and depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing and depends on
+the research and the care and analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and the care and analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and the care and analysis
+iris so last time we talked on I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris so last time we talked on I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris so last time we talked on I said
+that I was doing the myth of the hero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was doing the myth of the hero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was doing the myth of the hero um
+as related to Star Wars and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as related to Star Wars and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as related to Star Wars and whose
+Skywalker in particular I mean he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker in particular I mean he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker in particular I mean he's the
+obvious hero in the movie of Star Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious hero in the movie of Star Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious hero in the movie of Star Wars
+um but as I was doing my research so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as I was doing my research so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as I was doing my research so I
+read some of Joseph Campbell's here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of Joseph Campbell's here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some of Joseph Campbell's here on
+the thousand faces and I mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand faces and I mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand faces and I mean it was
+very blatant I mean all the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very blatant I mean all the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very blatant I mean all the you know
+connections between the myth of the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the myth of the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the myth of the hero
+and the storyline of Star Wars like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the storyline of Star Wars like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the storyline of Star Wars like it's
+just it was just bad like one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was just bad like one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was just bad like one after
+another you know like the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know like the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know like the structure of
+the myth of the hero is such that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of the hero is such that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of the hero is such that for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+initial like leaving of home and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial like leaving of home and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial like leaving of home and then an
+initiation stage and then return so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation stage and then return so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation stage and then return so like
+a departure initiation return and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a departure initiation return and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a departure initiation return and I mean
+it's even obvious from like the truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even obvious from like the truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even obvious from like the truly
+like the name of the six seven and eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the name of the six seven and eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the name of the six seven and eight
+episodes with a new hope and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes with a new hope and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes with a new hope and then um
+Empire Strikes Back and then return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire Strikes Back and then return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire Strikes Back and then return of
+the jedi it's just kind of and so I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jedi it's just kind of and so I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jedi it's just kind of and so I sort
+of lost interest because it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost interest because it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost interest because it was just
+like I felt like I was just matching up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I felt like I was just matching up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I felt like I was just matching up
+like information and then putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like information and then putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like information and then putting
+together at paper but as I was doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at paper but as I was doing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at paper but as I was doing my
+research I got to be more interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I got to be more interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I got to be more interested in
+the nature of the force actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the force actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the force actually because
+I felt like there were so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like there were so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like there were so many different
+interpretations of what the force could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of what the force could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of what the force could
+be um give me I I know of only one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um give me I I know of only one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um give me I I know of only one I
+know what what are the other words well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what are the other words well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what are the other words well
+I thought of three and one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of three and one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought of three and one of them is
+the force seem to be I mean um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force seem to be I mean um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force seem to be I mean um in the
+movie superficially it appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie superficially it appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie superficially it appears to be
+some sort of like supernatural power you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of like supernatural power you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of like supernatural power you
+know they can move things with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can move things with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they can move things with their
+mind or like a sort of clairvoyance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind or like a sort of clairvoyance like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind or like a sort of clairvoyance like
+they can somehow like feel what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can somehow like feel what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can somehow like feel what other
+people are thinking or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are thinking or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are thinking or something like
+that or since somebody else's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or since somebody else's thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or since somebody else's thoughts
+this is I feel like superficially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I feel like superficially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I feel like superficially from
+just like watching a movie you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like watching a movie you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like watching a movie you can get
+this but um I think like I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um I think like I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um I think like I think like
+what the force could also be is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the force could also be is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the force could also be is um
+something something like belief like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something like belief like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something like belief like
+Luke Skywalker the force isn't to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke Skywalker the force isn't to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke Skywalker the force isn't to
+believe you could have a belief in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you could have a belief in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you could have a belief in the
+force no I feel like the force can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force no I feel like the force can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force no I feel like the force can be
+like belief and oh I can give you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like belief and oh I can give you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like belief and oh I can give you my
+reasoning say whether or not you like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning say whether or not you like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning say whether or not you like it
+but like um the thing is like in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like um the thing is like in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like um the thing is like in that
+scene with um Luke Skywalker and his dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene with um Luke Skywalker and his dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene with um Luke Skywalker and his dad
+so they're kind of having this battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're kind of having this battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're kind of having this battle
+and who keeps saying you know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who keeps saying you know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who keeps saying you know I don't
+want to fight you and I kind of think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fight you and I kind of think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fight you and I kind of think as
+he wants to remain on the light side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to remain on the light side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to remain on the light side of
+things um he him and his dad had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um he him and his dad had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um he him and his dad had this
+like kind of you know psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of you know psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of you know psychological
+battle with me telling each other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle with me telling each other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle with me telling each other that
+you know I sense that your thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I sense that your thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I sense that your thoughts
+betray you you know both of them say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betray you you know both of them say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betray you you know both of them say
+this to each other you know and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to each other you know and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to each other you know and I feel
+like it might not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might not necessarily
+I mean literally that they are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean literally that they are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean literally that they are getting
+this feeling that that guy's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeling that that guy's thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feeling that that guy's thoughts
+are betraying him it may just be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are betraying him it may just be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are betraying him it may just be that
+they had this belief you know I he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this belief you know I he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this belief you know I he
+believes that his father is good he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that his father is good he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that his father is good he's
+not really sensing that his father's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sensing that his father's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really sensing that his father's new
+project but there is the training scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but there is the training scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but there is the training scene
+with obi Kenobi in which he says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obi Kenobi in which he says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obi Kenobi in which he says the
+Luke you know it's using that orb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke you know it's using that orb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke you know it's using that orb that
+floats in the air as a way of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats in the air as a way of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats in the air as a way of learning
+how to use your you're simply laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use your you're simply laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use your you're simply laser
+sword right and the first Luke can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword right and the first Luke can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword right and the first Luke can't do
+it and the ocean that says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the ocean that says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the ocean that says you're
+thinking don't think about it what act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking don't think about it what act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking don't think about it what act
+on your feelings it's not a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your feelings it's not a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your feelings it's not a question of
+belief of ideation of rationality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief of ideation of rationality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief of ideation of rationality is
+question of intuitive feeling I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of intuitive feeling I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of intuitive feeling I think
+that's what the forces forces the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the forces forces the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the forces forces the power
+that you get by being in touch with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get by being in touch with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get by being in touch with the
+reality of nature Selonia you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of nature Selonia you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of nature Selonia you have to
+act directly on the basis of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act directly on the basis of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act directly on the basis of your
+intuitive feeling is about that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling is about that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling is about that I think
+that you know that all of that is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that all of that is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that all of that is worth
+it has to be analyzed because some one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be analyzed because some one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be analyzed because some one
+wonders what it means but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonders what it means but I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonders what it means but I think that's
+the general area in which the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general area in which the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general area in which the ideas
+through thrown out that if you're if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through thrown out that if you're if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through thrown out that if you're if the
+force is with your merits may the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is with your merits may the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is with your merits may the force
+be with you meaning and the emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with you meaning and the emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with you meaning and the emphasis
+there's within the word with because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's within the word with because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's within the word with because the
+force will be with you if you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be with you if you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be with you if you act
+spontaneously intuitively in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously intuitively in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously intuitively in terms of
+your instincts because they are in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instincts because they are in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instincts because they are in touch
+they are with the force and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are with the force and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are with the force and then the
+force will be with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is believing whether or not that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is believing whether or not that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is believing whether or not that makes
+it seem rational and the idea is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem rational and the idea is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem rational and the idea is to get
+beyond rational not necessarily anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond rational not necessarily anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond rational not necessarily anything
+transcendental anything supernatural but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental anything supernatural but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental anything supernatural but
+rather being with it you know it we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather being with it you know it we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather being with it you know it we have
+that expression that Lucas is George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression that Lucas is George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression that Lucas is George
+Lucas is trading upon you know it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas is trading upon you know it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas is trading upon you know it when
+it hits you you will know it yes indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hits you you will know it yes indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hits you you will know it yes indeed
+you know you have to be with with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to be with with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to be with with with
+it rolling with a giving yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rolling with a giving yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rolling with a giving yourself
+to the nature of temporal existence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of temporal existence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of temporal existence by
+accepting yourself as a temporal being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting yourself as a temporal being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting yourself as a temporal being
+being with the reality which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with the reality which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with the reality which is the
+nature that you are a part of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that you are a part of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that you are a part of I think
+that's the crucial thing about the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the crucial thing about the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the crucial thing about the force
+but that's that's my thing that we both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's my thing that we both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's my thing that we both
+I think we agree with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we agree with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we agree with each other
+actually I just I don't see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I just I don't see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I just I don't see how
+believing in the force really conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing in the force really conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing in the force really conflicts
+with being with with the force as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being with with the force as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being with with the force as you
+say like it's not like it in a sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like it's not like it in a sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like it's not like it in a sense it
+is like religious belief because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like religious belief because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like religious belief because
+religious belief isn't supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief isn't supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief isn't supposed to be
+purely cerebral it's supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely cerebral it's supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely cerebral it's supposed to be a
+giving of yourself a feeling of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving of yourself a feeling of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving of yourself a feeling of love
+that's why I love comes into religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love comes into religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I love comes into religious
+thought so much that you and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so much that you and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so much that you and what are
+you supposed to love you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you supposed to love you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you supposed to love you're supposed to
+love God does that mean what not nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love God does that mean what not nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love God does that mean what not nothing
+like loving a person or loving loving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like loving a person or loving loving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like loving a person or loving loving a
+beautiful painting or loving the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful painting or loving the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful painting or loving the fact
+that you just inherited a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just inherited a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just inherited a million
+dollars it means sort of giving yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it means sort of giving yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it means sort of giving yourself
+spontaneously in an acceptance of God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously in an acceptance of God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously in an acceptance of God
+right it's not a matter of cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a matter of cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a matter of cognition
+it's a matter of feeling but belief is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of feeling but belief is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of feeling but belief is
+not a feeling feeling a belief is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a feeling feeling a belief is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a feeling feeling a belief is
+propositional if you believe that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional if you believe that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional if you believe that there
+are a number of people in this room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of people in this room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a number of people in this room that
+can be verified that's a proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be verified that's a proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be verified that's a proposition
+that reason to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason to deal with
+also use believe to say like I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use believe to say like I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use believe to say like I believe
+in God well face I guess there's a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in God well face I guess there's a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in God well face I guess there's a word
+they would use they have faith which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use they have faith which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would use they have faith which i
+believe is anonymous no no there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is anonymous no no there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is anonymous no no there's a
+something called the school boys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the school boys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the school boys the
+book of boners its childhood sayings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of boners its childhood sayings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of boners its childhood sayings
+that are based on ignorance usually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on ignorance usually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on ignorance usually and
+one of them none thinking of is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them none thinking of is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them none thinking of is that
+face means believing what you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face means believing what you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face means believing what you know a
+truth and that's funny because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and that's funny because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and that's funny because that
+belief is that it have to find truth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that it have to find truth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief is that it have to find truth but
+faith is a way of trying not to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith is a way of trying not to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith is a way of trying not to believe
+anything but just to intuit it to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but just to intuit it to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but just to intuit it to give
+yourself to it maybe I think I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to it maybe I think I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to it maybe I think I mean I
+think this is sir just a semantic issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sir just a semantic issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sir just a semantic issue
+and maybe it'd be better for me to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'd be better for me to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'd be better for me to say
+your analysis first of all your analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis first of all your analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis first of all your analysis
+is what matters and second there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what matters and second there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what matters and second there's no
+reason why I have to agree with my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I have to agree with my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I have to agree with my in my
+obvious so don't worry about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so don't worry about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious so don't worry about that the
+question is how you're going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how you're going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how you're going to use it
+there's a great deal of outside research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great deal of outside research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great deal of outside research
+on Star Wars level including Lucas's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Star Wars level including Lucas's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Star Wars level including Lucas's
+having thank credited Joseph Campbell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having thank credited Joseph Campbell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having thank credited Joseph Campbell
+work on this as the foundation for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this as the foundation for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this as the foundation for his
+own writing as a filmmaker you can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own writing as a filmmaker you can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own writing as a filmmaker you can bring
+that in in various ways alright so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in various ways alright so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in various ways alright so I
+mean continuing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean continuing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean continuing is
+the forest so one I believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest so one I believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest so one I believe that the
+force can be interpreted as belief or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force can be interpreted as belief or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force can be interpreted as belief or
+faith also i think the force can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith also i think the force can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith also i think the force can be
+interpreted as fate like may the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as fate like may the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as fate like may the force
+be with you may fate to be with you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with you may fate to be with you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with you may fate to be with you in a
+sense like they used may the force be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like they used may the force be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like they used may the force be
+with you in a very in like good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you in a very in like good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you in a very in like good luck
+godspeed sort of terms to which I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godspeed sort of terms to which I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+godspeed sort of terms to which I feel
+like it's kind of like lending itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's kind of like lending itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's kind of like lending itself to
+a fate determinism sort of um reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fate determinism sort of um reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fate determinism sort of um reference
+and then the other thing am I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing am I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing am I'm just
+skimming over these but I mean I I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming over these but I mean I I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming over these but I mean I I could
+analyze the more but on the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the more but on the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the more but on the other the
+last way I felt like I could interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last way I felt like I could interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last way I felt like I could interpret
+the force was as some sort of life force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force was as some sort of life force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force was as some sort of life force
+some sort of energy and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of energy and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of energy and this is what
+they literally say too when Yoda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally say too when Yoda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they literally say too when Yoda and
+obi-wan are describing the force to loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obi-wan are describing the force to loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obi-wan are describing the force to loop
+they say that it is a life force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that it is a life force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say that it is a life force that
+and Darth Vader thinks is it to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darth Vader thinks is it to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darth Vader thinks is it to that
+they draw energy from but and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw energy from but and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw energy from but and this is
+very similar to like the eastern belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to like the eastern belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to like the eastern belief
+and chi like the air or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chi like the air or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chi like the air or something like
+there's something special about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something special about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something special about like the
+air we breathe or like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we breathe or like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air we breathe or like like the
+atmosphere or whatnot surrounding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere or whatnot surrounding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere or whatnot surrounding things
+and breathing life into and two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing life into and two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing life into and two things
+so um in case so I'm going after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in case so I'm going after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in case so I'm going after
+analyzing on the actual nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing on the actual nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing on the actual nature of the
+force I think there are more things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force I think there are more things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force I think there are more things more
+implications that come from the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that come from the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that come from the force
+them I want to I want to analyze which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I want to I want to analyze which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I want to I want to analyze which
+are the name I mean which are like dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the name I mean which are like dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the name I mean which are like dark
+and light because i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light because i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light because i think it's
+interesting that um the dark side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that um the dark side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that um the dark side and
+light both they both grabbed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light both they both grabbed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light both they both grabbed their
+energy from the same thing which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the same thing which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the same thing which is the
+force and i'm i'm so confused sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and i'm i'm so confused sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and i'm i'm so confused sometimes
+about whether or not like the light side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not like the light side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not like the light side
+really is truly better you know um since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is truly better you know um since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is truly better you know um since
+it appears to me as though like both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears to me as though like both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears to me as though like both
+sides both sides seem like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both sides seem like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both sides seem like really
+similar to me in like their actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to me in like their actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to me in like their actions and
+and it seems like there's this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like there's this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems like there's this like
+there's this dichotomy that's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this dichotomy that's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this dichotomy that's can
+ever be resolved really which I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be resolved really which I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever be resolved really which I mean
+this is not a new idea since the eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a new idea since the eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a new idea since the eastern
+people have come up with the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with the idea of the
+yin yin yang which Ike has the black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yin yin yang which Ike has the black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yin yin yang which Ike has the black and
+the white that can never really be fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white that can never really be fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white that can never really be fully
+resolved but there's always part of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but there's always part of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but there's always part of each
+I mean it's kind of like that um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's kind of like that um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's kind of like that um but the
+reason the reason I have some like dad's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the reason I have some like dad's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the reason I have some like dad's
+about the light side or because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light side or because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the light side or because well
+when Luke is in that position where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Luke is in that position where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Luke is in that position where he
+he's trying to resist you know killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to resist you know killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to resist you know killing
+an emperor um or striking his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emperor um or striking his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emperor um or striking his father
+down so that he doesn't succumb to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that he doesn't succumb to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that he doesn't succumb to the
+dark side it's so strange you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side it's so strange you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side it's so strange you know it's
+almost like different than the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like different than the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like different than the typical
+myth of the hero because the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the hero because the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of the hero because the typical
+math you know the hero slays the dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you know the hero slays the dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you know the hero slays the dragon
+or like you know just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like you know just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like you know just you know
+demonstrates his supernatural ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates his supernatural ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates his supernatural ability
+and you know destroys the evil thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know destroys the evil thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know destroys the evil thing but
+in this case he has to resist destroying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case he has to resist destroying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case he has to resist destroying
+which seems like what is he supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like what is he supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like what is he supposed to
+do you know in that situation his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know in that situation his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know in that situation his
+friends it looks as those friends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it looks as those friends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it looks as those friends are
+going to die because they're in a trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die because they're in a trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to die because they're in a trap
+and it looks like the best thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like the best thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like the best thing to do
+would just be like strike down there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be like strike down there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be like strike down there for
+Darth Vader and in which case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darth Vader and in which case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darth Vader and in which case you know
+the em via Empire would be destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the em via Empire would be destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the em via Empire would be destroyed
+since their leaders are gone and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since their leaders are gone and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since their leaders are gone and his
+friends would be saved and so forth i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends would be saved and so forth i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends would be saved and so forth i
+meanthat seemed like the best thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanthat seemed like the best thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanthat seemed like the best thing to
+do and yet he's supposed to not fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and yet he's supposed to not fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and yet he's supposed to not fight
+which doesn't seem like it makes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't seem like it makes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't seem like it makes any
+sense you know if if he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know if if he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know if if he's going to be
+good he's he's just going to let himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he's he's just going to let himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he's he's just going to let himself
+die and when his friends die that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and when his friends die that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and when his friends die that
+doesn't seem like that doesn't seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like that doesn't seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like that doesn't seem like
+it's gonna restore harmony you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna restore harmony you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna restore harmony you know to
+the universe and whatnot I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and whatnot I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and whatnot I mean the
+lights aren't supposed to be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights aren't supposed to be the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights aren't supposed to be the right
+thing to follow at all times you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to follow at all times you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to follow at all times you know so
+it's kind of strange um and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of strange um and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of strange um and it just
+happens to work out you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to work out you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to work out you know in the
+story he he he decides to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he he he decides to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story he he he decides to follow the
+light side right he does not he refuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light side right he does not he refuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light side right he does not he refuses
+to destroy his father and by doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy his father and by doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy his father and by doing so
+his father sympathizes for him and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father sympathizes for him and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father sympathizes for him and then
+turns himself you know and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns himself you know and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns himself you know and I think that
+that's just so I mean so the story just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just so I mean so the story just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just so I mean so the story just
+worked out that way and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out that way and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out that way and what is the
+teaching people like that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people like that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people like that you should be
+consistent maybe like just just as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent maybe like just just as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent maybe like just just as long
+as you keep with I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep with I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you keep with I mean like
+me look look could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look look could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me look look could have been
+inconsistent you know you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent you know you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent you know you could have
+just decided you know that the heck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided you know that the heck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided you know that the heck with
+the force or what I mean like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force or what I mean like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force or what I mean like the the
+light side i'm just going to strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light side i'm just going to strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light side i'm just going to strike
+these people down right now and go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people down right now and go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people down right now and go back
+to being all harmonious and light side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being all harmonious and light side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being all harmonious and light side
+like you know i have to i strike him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know i have to i strike him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know i have to i strike him
+down but he's consistent you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but he's consistent you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but he's consistent you know he's
+like he's like I'm going to stay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's like I'm going to stay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's like I'm going to stay my
+course and things will I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and things will I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and things will I mean that's
+what I do I guess I just been consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do I guess I just been consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do I guess I just been consistent
+and he is consistent and it works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he is consistent and it works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he is consistent and it works out
+which is like kind of interesting i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like kind of interesting i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like kind of interesting i
+don't think people analyzed like um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think people analyzed like um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think people analyzed like um and
+was the light source I don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the light source I don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the light source I don't know a
+thing called the light for sand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the light for sand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the light for sand and the
+dark side um in this sort of manner like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i also want to I don't know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also want to I don't know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i also want to I don't know and
+being very scatterbrained office but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very scatterbrained office but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very scatterbrained office but
+like I also want to talk a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I also want to talk a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I also want to talk a little about
+like a damn horse like why isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a damn horse like why isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a damn horse like why isn't there
+like a dim you know like like somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dim you know like like somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dim you know like like somebody
+championing like like a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championing like like a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championing like like a little bit of
+each side you know like because it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side you know like because it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side you know like because it seems
+so extreme like either side of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extreme like either side of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extreme like either side of it
+there's there's also good points to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's also good points to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's also good points to the
+dark side with like I mean supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side with like I mean supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side with like I mean supposedly
+you're not supposed to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to develop
+attachments or something if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments or something if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments or something if you're if
+you're a Jedi you know if you are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a Jedi you know if you are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a Jedi you know if you are part
+of the left side and it's like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left side and it's like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left side and it's like but
+aren't attachments one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't attachments one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't attachments one of the things
+that make life worth living you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make life worth living you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make life worth living you know
+like having things that you love and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having things that you love and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having things that you love and are
+attached to you know you don't you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to you know you don't you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to you know you don't you would
+die for him in like it just seems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die for him in like it just seems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die for him in like it just seems but
+the function of the night is to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the night is to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the night is to protect
+others so that they can have that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so that they can have that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so that they can have that kind
+of goodness one thing you might do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness one thing you might do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness one thing you might do is
+compare the night in the Seventh Seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the night in the Seventh Seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the night in the Seventh Seal
+with the Jedi Knights right and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jedi Knights right and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Jedi Knights right and they're
+happy can you mention briefly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy can you mention briefly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy can you mention briefly what
+outside research um none since there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside research um none since there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside research um none since there is
+so much older oh yeah you started that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much older oh yeah you started that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much older oh yeah you started that I
+have the power of myth as Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power of myth as Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power of myth as Joseph
+Campbell and he actually I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campbell and he actually I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campbell and he actually I think he
+meant um I think it's one you saw he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant um I think it's one you saw he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant um I think it's one you saw he
+said Stan I think with George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Stan I think with George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Stan I think with George
+Lucas or something like I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas or something like I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas or something like I haven't
+watched I just got today but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched I just got today but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched I just got today but they
+actually discussed Star Wars and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed Star Wars and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed Star Wars and it's
+making elements together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making elements together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making elements together in the
+interview and then I have the hero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then I have the hero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then I have the hero with
+a thousand faces and then I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand faces and then I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand faces and then I have this
+like the Dharma of Star Wars I like pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Dharma of Star Wars I like pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Dharma of Star Wars I like pop
+culture ish but talks about the Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture ish but talks about the Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture ish but talks about the Buddhist
+elements of Star Wars and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Star Wars and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of Star Wars and then there's
+just like a ton of a phone internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a ton of a phone internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a ton of a phone internet
+sites just like time surrender how such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites just like time surrender how such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites just like time surrender how such
+a dick oh it's a we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dick oh it's a we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dick oh it's a we're talking about
+that what the message is to people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the message is to people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the message is to people that
+you should always do good or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always do good or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always do good or something
+like that I just finished a course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I just finished a course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I just finished a course on
+Russian short story in ravenna thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian short story in ravenna thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian short story in ravenna thought
+Tolstoy and daddy and that how Gandhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy and daddy and that how Gandhi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy and daddy and that how Gandhi
+and Martin Luther King were inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martin Luther King were inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martin Luther King were inspired by
+it's also but he wrote about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also but he wrote about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also but he wrote about like a
+moral purification to be good and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral purification to be good and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral purification to be good and he
+idolized the peasants but the peasants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idolized the peasants but the peasants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idolized the peasants but the peasants
+didn't get him so the people he were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get him so the people he were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get him so the people he were
+either was idolizing for saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either was idolizing for saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either was idolizing for saying that
+that is good and to be good that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is good and to be good that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is good and to be good that just
+didn't work out in your life for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out in your life for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out in your life for the
+people that actually were poor so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that actually were poor so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that actually were poor so it is
+like okay I was kind of puzzled by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay I was kind of puzzled by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay I was kind of puzzled by that
+that these people like Gandhi is are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these people like Gandhi is are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these people like Gandhi is are
+seen as very good people that they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as very good people that they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as very good people that they know
+the answer to life but in real life it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to life but in real life it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to life but in real life it
+somehow doesn't work out that way and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't work out that way and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow doesn't work out that way and it
+reminded me of what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so who is idolizing the poor souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who is idolizing the poor souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who is idolizing the poor souls
+poster and then God me was inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster and then God me was inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster and then God me was inspired by
+Tolstoy yes this and I guess I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy yes this and I guess I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy yes this and I guess I don't
+know very much about God because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about God because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much about God because he
+lives like a very austere like poor kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives like a very austere like poor kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives like a very austere like poor kind
+of minimalist yes how does it not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimalist yes how does it not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimalist yes how does it not work
+out like well example is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like well example is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like well example is that when
+Tolstoy died they had the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy died they had the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolstoy died they had the idea that
+peasants from the village would carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasants from the village would carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasants from the village would carry
+his coffin to like sort of ceremony to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his coffin to like sort of ceremony to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his coffin to like sort of ceremony to
+his grave and they thought that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his grave and they thought that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his grave and they thought that would be
+a good idea so they asked the peasants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea so they asked the peasants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea so they asked the peasants
+to do it and they said how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and they said how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and they said how much money
+can i get from I want much would i be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get from I want much would i be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get from I want much would i be
+paid so in yeah they were they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so in yeah they were they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so in yeah they were they didn't
+think they were high and pure as Tolstoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were high and pure as Tolstoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were high and pure as Tolstoy
+solemn they just thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solemn they just thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solemn they just thought about
+themselves sure you want to done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm doing a terry gilliam smoothie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing a terry gilliam smoothie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing a terry gilliam smoothie
+called the Fisher King and it is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Fisher King and it is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Fisher King and it is based
+loosely on the myth of the Fisher King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely on the myth of the Fisher King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely on the myth of the Fisher King
+and the Holy Grail is a new league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Holy Grail is a new league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Holy Grail is a new league
+vessel I watched it two nights ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel I watched it two nights ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel I watched it two nights ago
+because I thought you might go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought you might go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I thought you might go ahead
+with that oh sorry I know you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oh sorry I know you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that oh sorry I know you're you
+start with him by a question i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with him by a question i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with him by a question i just
+remembered i was gonna ask you um damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered i was gonna ask you um damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered i was gonna ask you um damn
+it i just forgot we'll go on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i just forgot we'll go on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i just forgot we'll go on a new
+editor up again another cindy big oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor up again another cindy big oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor up again another cindy big oh
+yeah so i was interested in how like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i was interested in how like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i was interested in how like the
+sin you know the evil people basit they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin you know the evil people basit they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin you know the evil people basit they
+come out of the they come out from Jedi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the they come out from Jedi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the they come out from Jedi
+like they aren't Jedi to begin with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they aren't Jedi to begin with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they aren't Jedi to begin with and
+then like evil comes from the Jedi like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like evil comes from the Jedi like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like evil comes from the Jedi like
+a Jedi can turn evil I mean Darth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Jedi can turn evil I mean Darth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Jedi can turn evil I mean Darth
+Vader's probably better said third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vader's probably better said third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vader's probably better said third
+finger you know and I i heard i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger you know and I i heard i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger you know and I i heard i read
+online stuff with it and i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online stuff with it and i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online stuff with it and i don't know
+very much about the Bible but on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much about the Bible but on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much about the Bible but on that
+there is a myth about saving being born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a myth about saving being born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a myth about saving being born
+from God is that do you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from God is that do you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from God is that do you know anything
+about this well part of the satanist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well part of the satanist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this well part of the satanist is
+that he was a child of God like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was a child of God like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was a child of God like the
+other angels but God loved him more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other angels but God loved him more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other angels but God loved him more than
+it the others it just that he somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the others it just that he somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the others it just that he somehow
+became spoiled and was never satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became spoiled and was never satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became spoiled and was never satisfied
+and set himself up against God so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set himself up against God so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set himself up against God so that
+that may be the origin I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be the origin I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be the origin I don't know
+where it is written that I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is written that I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is written that I don't think
+there's anything like that in the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything like that in the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything like that in the older
+the New Testament but that is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Testament but that is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New Testament but that is one of the
+yes one of the myths about Lucifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one of the myths about Lucifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one of the myths about Lucifer
+Lucifer the word Lucifer means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucifer the word Lucifer means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucifer the word Lucifer means the
+flames and that's because it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flames and that's because it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flames and that's because it was so
+beautiful and so close to God okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and so close to God okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and so close to God okay
+that's good thanks and so what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good thanks and so what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good thanks and so what are you
+going to do with it soon I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with it soon I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with it soon I think the
+compare well one part is going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare well one part is going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare well one part is going to do is
+to examine the idea of fantasy as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine the idea of fantasy as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine the idea of fantasy as a way
+to as a healing as a means to heal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a healing as a means to heal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a healing as a means to heal
+someone I think Terry Gilliam's previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I think Terry Gilliam's previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone I think Terry Gilliam's previous
+words have all concerned people escaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words have all concerned people escaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words have all concerned people escaping
+fantasy when life is too monotonous when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy when life is too monotonous when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy when life is too monotonous when
+life threatens their vitality and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life threatens their vitality and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life threatens their vitality and I
+think in this movie is a departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in this movie is a departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in this movie is a departure from
+him it becomes where someone turns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him it becomes where someone turns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him it becomes where someone turns to
+fantasy because life is just too painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy because life is just too painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy because life is just too painful
+for him it's a great deal of fantasy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it's a great deal of fantasy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it's a great deal of fantasy in
+character Terry Gilliam's movies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Baron Munchausen the adventures of baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baron Munchausen the adventures of baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baron Munchausen the adventures of baron
+munchausen it's all fantasy but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munchausen it's all fantasy but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+munchausen it's all fantasy but I didn't
+like the Fisher King at all I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Fisher King at all I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Fisher King at all I thought it
+was a very moving in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very moving in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very moving in the case of the
+adventures of baron munchausen they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventures of baron munchausen they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventures of baron munchausen they're
+wonderfully imaginative scenes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully imaginative scenes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully imaginative scenes of
+fantasy in which the celestial Globes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy in which the celestial Globes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy in which the celestial Globes
+and all the rest have their own ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest have their own ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest have their own ways of
+life and how the imagination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how the imagination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how the imagination of
+Munchausen is so rich that it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munchausen is so rich that it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munchausen is so rich that it sort of
+startled is a cinematography can hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startled is a cinematography can hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startled is a cinematography can hardly
+keep up with it I think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with it I think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with it I think it's a very
+original and interesting moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and interesting moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and interesting moving in the
+case of the Fisher King I saw it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the Fisher King I saw it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the Fisher King I saw it as a
+trike Hollywood movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trike Hollywood movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trike Hollywood movie
+designed for commercial purposes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for commercial purposes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for commercial purposes because
+the draws upon a lot of the Triad stale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the draws upon a lot of the Triad stale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the draws upon a lot of the Triad stale
+ideas that enable people to relax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that enable people to relax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that enable people to relax and
+passively enjoy a love story of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively enjoy a love story of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively enjoy a love story of a
+special sword I had met but that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sword I had met but that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sword I had met but that is not
+original and that doesn't encourage any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and that doesn't encourage any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and that doesn't encourage any
+kind of imaginative cinematography or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imaginative cinematography or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imaginative cinematography or
+technical procedures so I didn't enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical procedures so I didn't enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical procedures so I didn't enjoy
+it at all the I'll give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all the I'll give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all the I'll give you an example
+the at one point the Jeff Bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at one point the Jeff Bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at one point the Jeff Bridges
+character wants to get the Holy Grail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character wants to get the Holy Grail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character wants to get the Holy Grail
+that he's been told by Robin Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's been told by Robin Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's been told by Robin Williams
+character is sitting in the house of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is sitting in the house of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is sitting in the house of the
+billionaire right so he throws they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire right so he throws they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire right so he throws they
+throws a steel arrow onto the parapet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws a steel arrow onto the parapet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws a steel arrow onto the parapet
+and he pulls himself up but he acts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he pulls himself up but he acts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he pulls himself up but he acts it
+all these very athletic ways and we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these very athletic ways and we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these very athletic ways and we take
+that this is that this is an action film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is that this is an action film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is that this is an action film
+to that extent a lot of it is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that extent a lot of it is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that extent a lot of it is just an
+action film compare that to Brazil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action film compare that to Brazil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action film compare that to Brazil in
+which robert de niro goes soaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which robert de niro goes soaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which robert de niro goes soaring
+through great spaces within this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through great spaces within this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through great spaces within this other
+world is this this new architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is this this new architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is this this new architecture that
+is so different from anything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so different from anything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so different from anything that we
+know and that's fascinating again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's fascinating again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's fascinating again it's
+apply it's a parody or play on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it's a parody or play on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it's a parody or play on on the
+action films that go far back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action films that go far back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action films that go far back in the
+history of cinema but it could it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of cinema but it could it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of cinema but it could it's done
+with a great deal of imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a great deal of imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a great deal of imaginative
+intervention in the case of the Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the case of the Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the case of the Fisher
+King it's just tried and just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King it's just tried and just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King it's just tried and just sort of
+thing that people might enjoy saying but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people might enjoy saying but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that people might enjoy saying but
+doesn't do anything I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do anything I think
+say that the Fisher King is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the Fisher King is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the Fisher King is the only one
+of his movies up until then that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his movies up until then that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his movies up until then that that
+took place in contemporary times I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place in contemporary times I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took place in contemporary times I think
+I see the limitations that setting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the limitations that setting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the limitations that setting in
+his movies do where the magic the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies do where the magic the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies do where the magic the ends
+of fantasies of confide to within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasies of confide to within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasies of confide to within one
+person's brain and the only times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's brain and the only times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's brain and the only times when
+we have any suggestion that the growl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any suggestion that the growl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have any suggestion that the growl is
+really do is doing its work is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do is doing its work is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do is doing its work is when it
+brings Rowan boolean out of his coma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings Rowan boolean out of his coma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings Rowan boolean out of his coma and
+I think that but it says if it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that but it says if it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that but it says if it ends up
+with Robin Williams conducting all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Robin Williams conducting all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Robin Williams conducting all of
+the other patients of the mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other patients of the mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other patients of the mental
+hospital in and singing a song about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in and singing a song about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital in and singing a song about
+goodness of life I mean I find all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of life I mean I find all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of life I mean I find all of
+that they're very inferior it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're very inferior it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're very inferior it may be
+that Terry Gilliam's talent requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Terry Gilliam's talent requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Terry Gilliam's talent requires
+fantasy that it can't do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that it can't do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that it can't do something
+that's causing realistic Robin Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing realistic Robin Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's causing realistic Robin Williams
+saves any movie because he's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves any movie because he's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves any movie because he's such a
+wonderful cloud so that giving them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful cloud so that giving them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful cloud so that giving them an
+opportunity to be a clown there sure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to be a clown there sure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to be a clown there sure is
+a certain degree of success in any movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain degree of success in any movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain degree of success in any movie
+but it's not because of the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because of the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not because of the construction
+and it's not I think to the credit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not I think to the credit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not I think to the credit of
+terry gilliam especially of the films of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terry gilliam especially of the films of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terry gilliam especially of the films of
+hints that I've seen I think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints that I've seen I think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints that I've seen I think this is the
+worst one my far compared to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst one my far compared to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst one my far compared to time
+bandits and brazil and Munchausen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandits and brazil and Munchausen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandits and brazil and Munchausen and
+what else i forget is no fear losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else i forget is no fear losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else i forget is no fear losing
+what you see fear loathing fear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see fear loathing fear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see fear loathing fear and
+loathing I don't think I did fear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loathing I don't think I did fear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loathing I don't think I did fear and
+loathing in Los Angeles and Las Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loathing in Los Angeles and Las Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loathing in Los Angeles and Las Vegas
+unless of them yeah he does that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of them yeah he does that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of them yeah he does that I don't
+think I ever saw it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I ever saw it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I ever saw it's quite
+the I guess this time the fancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess this time the fancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I guess this time the fancies
+becomes like drug fuel instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like drug fuel instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like drug fuel instead of
+meeting it's another one this movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting it's another one this movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting it's another one this movie that
+takes place in somewhat realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in somewhat realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in somewhat realistic
+setting but how God and I'll bet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but how God and I'll bet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but how God and I'll bet it's
+part of the first time he would the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the first time he would the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the first time he would the last
+movie he was involved in was Don Quixote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie he was involved in was Don Quixote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie he was involved in was Don Quixote
+and that is filled with fantasy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is filled with fantasy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is filled with fantasy and it
+would have been interesting to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been interesting to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been interesting to see what
+he did with it because he would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did with it because he would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did with it because he would be at
+home there by the trouble is there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home there by the trouble is there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home there by the trouble is there was a
+disaster for all sorts of resource well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster for all sorts of resource well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster for all sorts of resource well
+one reason was that the only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason was that the only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason was that the only the
+character the actor who was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the actor who was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the actor who was going to
+play Don Quijote came down with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Don Quijote came down with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Don Quijote came down with the
+prostate cancer and and they had a cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostate cancer and and they had a cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostate cancer and and they had a cart
+him off to a hospital and the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him off to a hospital and the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him off to a hospital and the insurance
+company wouldn't put up the money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wouldn't put up the money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wouldn't put up the money and
+with a financial loss and nothing came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a financial loss and nothing came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a financial loss and nothing came
+of it except the documentary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it except the documentary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it except the documentary about
+making or unmaking of the failure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making or unmaking of the failure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making or unmaking of the failure of the
+dirty old a movie but there I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty old a movie but there I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty old a movie but there I think he
+you could have shown himself at his best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have shown himself at his best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have shown himself at his best
+and here it looked me it's all of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it looked me it's all of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it looked me it's all of a kind
+of second-rate Batman or or Dick Tracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second-rate Batman or or Dick Tracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second-rate Batman or or Dick Tracy
+in some fanciful idea of a contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fanciful idea of a contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fanciful idea of a contemporary
+city but without very much imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but without very much imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but without very much imagination
+so I was hoping who wouldn't be writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was hoping who wouldn't be writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was hoping who wouldn't be writing
+about this you've written it over you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you've written it over you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you've written it over you go
+go are you committed to it can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go are you committed to it can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go are you committed to it can you
+reconsider there's lots of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider there's lots of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider there's lots of material
+mythic material in other ilium movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic material in other ilium movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic material in other ilium movies
+the other thing with the ones i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing with the ones i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing with the ones i mean
+those are the ones i know brazil for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones i know brazil for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones i know brazil for
+instance i thought it was a marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance i thought it was a marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance i thought it was a marvelous
+movie because of its use of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie because of its use of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie because of its use of various
+medicine and my chosen even Time Bandits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and my chosen even Time Bandits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and my chosen even Time Bandits
+which was his first he has a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was his first he has a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was his first he has a wonderful
+zany mentality all of which was poured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zany mentality all of which was poured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zany mentality all of which was poured
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+the Robin Williams character but Robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robin Williams character but Robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robin Williams character but Robin
+Williams is not only zany but he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams is not only zany but he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams is not only zany but he is a
+clown and that is best he's a clown it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown and that is best he's a clown it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clown and that is best he's a clown it's
+their movies in which is what it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movies in which is what it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their movies in which is what it takes
+place in a hospital he's a doctor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a hospital he's a doctor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a hospital he's a doctor who
+has some kind of phony vulgar idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the curing people by letting them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curing people by letting them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curing people by letting them do
+whatever they want i forgot the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want i forgot the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they want i forgot the name of
+the movie why would it that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie why would it that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie why would it that's right and
+i thought that was a terrible movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that was a terrible movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that was a terrible movie
+despite it what does another real story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite it what does another real story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite it what does another real story
+a real story no but it's no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real story no but it's no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real story no but it's no longer a
+real story because it's a movie and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real story because it's a movie and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real story because it's a movie and our
+what i was saying is that our evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was saying is that our evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was saying is that our evening
+the wonderful clowning of Robin Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful clowning of Robin Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful clowning of Robin Williams
+couldn't save it as far as as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't save it as far as as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't save it as far as as far as
+obvious concern and I think the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious concern and I think the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious concern and I think the same
+thing would I feel about Gilliam's movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would I feel about Gilliam's movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would I feel about Gilliam's movie
+the Gilliam had has this taste for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gilliam had has this taste for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gilliam had has this taste for
+insightful imaginative fantasy but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful imaginative fantasy but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful imaginative fantasy but he
+poured it into the the Robin Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured it into the the Robin Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured it into the the Robin Williams
+character took it over and they made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character took it over and they made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character took it over and they made it
+interesting all ago there was a cloud it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all ago there was a cloud it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all ago there was a cloud it
+didn't go anywhere that's feeling I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go anywhere that's feeling I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go anywhere that's feeling I if
+you still can reconsider think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still can reconsider think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still can reconsider think about the
+possibility of one of the others Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of one of the others Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of one of the others Brazil
+for instance which is a very good film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance which is a very good film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance which is a very good film I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's you since you've been putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you since you've been putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you since you've been putting
+working on the Fisher King maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the Fisher King maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the Fisher King maybe you
+could combine it with Brazil and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could combine it with Brazil and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could combine it with Brazil and make it
+but make it minimal and tangential don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make it minimal and tangential don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make it minimal and tangential don't
+use it as much as you may have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as much as you may have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as much as you may have thought
+and maybe compare the two and see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe compare the two and see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe compare the two and see how it
+is each of them is constructed and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of them is constructed and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of them is constructed and how
+how they both work is that possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularity I feel I was remiss because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity I feel I was remiss because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity I feel I was remiss because
+when you first brought it up or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first brought it up or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first brought it up or without
+a week again or two weeks ago I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week again or two weeks ago I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week again or two weeks ago I just
+said well I haven't seen it I did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I haven't seen it I did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I haven't seen it I did at
+least go and see it for you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go and see it for you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go and see it for you're saying
+and I wish I had seen it the month ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wish I had seen it the month ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wish I had seen it the month ago
+anything anybody else wants to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anybody else wants to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anybody else wants to say about
+our work in about your word all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work in about your word all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work in about your word all right
+then why do we stop now and we will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why do we stop now and we will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why do we stop now and we will go
+upstairs to watch something on the swing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LvX3g45ynu8.txt b/LvX3g45ynu8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..123daad0514835c7c4a3838a61dfda0ba161d490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LvX3g45ynu8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's get started so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's get started so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's get started so today we're
+gonna talk about measurement and timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about measurement and timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about measurement and timing
+and I want to start out by just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to start out by just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to start out by just showing
+you a study that one of my students did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a study that one of my students did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a study that one of my students did
+actually at that point he was a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at that point he was a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at that point he was a former
+student where is timing a code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student where is timing a code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student where is timing a code for
+sorting so here's the code this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so here's the code this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so here's the code this isn't
+exactly his code but it's in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly his code but it's in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly his code but it's in the same
+spirit so that you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so that you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit so that you get the idea
+and so let's just run through this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just run through this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just run through this code
+and take a look to see what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look to see what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look to see what it's doing
+it's pretty it's pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty it's pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty it's pretty straightforward
+so we have a we're going to use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a we're going to use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a we're going to use the the
+time th header file to get access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time th header file to get access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time th header file to get access to the
+clock get time routine which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock get time routine which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock get time routine which is going to
+be what we use to get timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we use to get timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we use to get timing
+measurements and then we have a sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and then we have a sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and then we have a sorting
+routine that we're going to time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that we're going to time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine that we're going to time that
+I'm not showing you okay and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not showing you okay and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not showing you okay and there is
+also a fill routine which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fill routine which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fill routine which is going to
+fill up the fill up the array with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up the fill up the array with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up the fill up the array with
+numbers okay with random numbers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay with random numbers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay with random numbers so we
+have something to sort and the clock get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to sort and the clock get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to sort and the clock get
+time uses a struct that is defined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uses a struct that is defined here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uses a struct that is defined here
+and so I'm defining two timing strux a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm defining two timing strux a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm defining two timing strux a
+start and an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and an end
+okay so this is just absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just absolute
+boilerplate setting up for taking timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilerplate setting up for taking timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilerplate setting up for taking timing
+measurements okay and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay and in this case
+basically the high order part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the high order part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the high order part of the
+struct tells the seconds the low order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct tells the seconds the low order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struct tells the seconds the low order
+part tells the nanoseconds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part tells the nanoseconds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part tells the nanoseconds and then
+we're gonna loop over arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna loop over arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna loop over arrays of
+increasing length okay and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing length okay and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing length okay and then what
+we're going to do is fill them up I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is fill them up I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is fill them up I know
+I forgot the fill and then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot the fill and then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot the fill and then we're gonna
+measure how much time what the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how much time what the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how much time what the time is
+just before we sort then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before we sort then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before we sort then we're gonna
+sort and then we're gonna measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then we're gonna measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then we're gonna measure the
+time after sorting okay and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after sorting okay and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after sorting okay and then we
+compute the difference and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the difference and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the difference and figure out
+what the elapsed time is print that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the elapsed time is print that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the elapsed time is print that out
+and then we do it again for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do it again for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do it again for a little bit
+larger array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger array
+okay so is that clear what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear what's going on so
+we're just sorting a bunch of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sorting a bunch of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sorting a bunch of numbers
+that we're sorting some bigger ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sorting some bigger ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sorting some bigger ones
+sorting some bigger ones so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting some bigger ones so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting some bigger ones so we can see
+what the growth of the sorting routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the growth of the sorting routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the growth of the sorting routine
+should be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay
+that people have a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have a pretty good
+understanding of what the code does okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the code does okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what the code does okay
+so so what do we expect to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do we expect to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do we expect to see what's
+this curve gonna look like what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve gonna look like what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve gonna look like what are some
+properties of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so micro is then login but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so micro is then login but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so micro is then login but
+certainly gonna grow right right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly gonna grow right right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly gonna grow right right it
+should go should be up into the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go should be up into the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go should be up into the right in
+fact one rule if you ever get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one rule if you ever get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one rule if you ever get into
+marketing is that all graphs must go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is that all graphs must go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing is that all graphs must go up
+into the right if they're going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right if they're going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right if they're going down
+into the right then your your company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right then your your company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right then your your company's
+in trouble ok so it shouldn't be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble ok so it shouldn't be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble ok so it shouldn't be going
+up to the right and it should follow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the right and it should follow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the right and it should follow for
+example n low again if it's an N log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example n low again if it's an N log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example n low again if it's an N log n
+sort which is what this one was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort which is what this one was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort which is what this one was I think
+he was in this case timing emerged sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in this case timing emerged sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in this case timing emerged sort
+I should go up into the right and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should go up into the right and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should go up into the right and should
+follow n log in or whatever ok so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow n log in or whatever ok so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow n log in or whatever ok so let's
+see what actually happened when he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what actually happened when he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what actually happened when he took
+the measurements and these are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements and these are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements and these are actually
+his this is actually his data from gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his this is actually his data from gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his this is actually his data from gosh
+this must have been been 20 years ago or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have been been 20 years ago or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must have been been 20 years ago or
+something here's what it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here's what it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here's what it looked like
+ok so the the the blue X's there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the the the blue X's there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the the the blue X's there are the
+run times okay and then through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run times okay and then through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run times okay and then through that
+we've plotted two curves one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plotted two curves one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plotted two curves one which is
+the best fit to order n log n growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to order n log n growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to order n log n growth and
+the best fit to order n growth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to order n growth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to order n growth you
+notice that for even though we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for even though we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for even though we're going
+up to 4 million here there's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 4 million here there's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 4 million here there's not that
+much difference between n log N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference between n log N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much difference between n log N and
+order n ok you can see it mostly down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n ok you can see it mostly down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n ok you can see it mostly down in
+the tails definitely the N log n follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tails definitely the N log n follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tails definitely the N log n follows
+a little bit better but but really log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better but but really log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better but but really log
+in is is is pretty pretty small already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is is is pretty pretty small already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is is is pretty pretty small already
+but wow those measured times okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wow those measured times okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wow those measured times okay so if
+you look they're points way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look they're points way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look they're points way up here
+right really slow and basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really slow and basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right really slow and basically it's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+it starts out it goes you know slow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out it goes you know slow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts out it goes you know slow a
+little bit and then it gets a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then it gets a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then it gets a little bit
+worse and then a little bit worse and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and then a little bit worse and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and then a little bit worse and a
+little bit worse notice also that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse notice also that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worse notice also that the
+bumps are getting closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps are getting closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps are getting closer and closer
+together what is going on why like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what is going on why like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together what is going on why like I
+don't know about you but I thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you but I thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about you but I thought the
+data would follow you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data would follow you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data would follow you know the
+green dots reasonably closely okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green dots reasonably closely okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green dots reasonably closely okay but
+you can see it doesn't okay it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it doesn't okay it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it doesn't okay it's always
+good to have a model for what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have a model for what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have a model for what you think
+is going on because then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on because then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on because then when you
+because some people will just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people will just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people will just take
+numbers they'll say here's my numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they'll say here's my numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they'll say here's my numbers
+for my for my that I've measured and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my for my that I've measured and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my for my that I've measured and if
+you don't actually have a model for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually have a model for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually have a model for what
+those numbers mean you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers mean you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers mean you're probably
+fooling yourself you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooling yourself you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooling yourself you're more likely to
+have made some sort of error or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made some sort of error or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made some sort of error or there's
+something going on that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on that you're not
+observing or whatever if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing or whatever if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing or whatever if you don't
+actually you know have a model for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know have a model for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know have a model for what
+you think it should be going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it should be going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it should be going on so
+what's going on here who can suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here who can suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here who can suggest
+that hypothesis for for for what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis for for for what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis for for for what is
+going on so he took these numbers on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so he took these numbers on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so he took these numbers on his
+laptop by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you suppose is happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe it doesn't fit in the cash what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it doesn't fit in the cash what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it doesn't fit in the cash what
+would you expect to happen if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect to happen if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect to happen if things
+didn't fit in the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fit in the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fit in the cash
+yeah you sort of think that would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you sort of think that would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you sort of think that would go
+along right it would sort of go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right it would sort of go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right it would sort of go along
+and then it would jump right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would jump right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would jump right so
+interesting you know issue but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know issue but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know issue but that
+doesn't seem to be what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be what's happening
+there it's going op things going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going op things going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going op things going back
+down it's going up and going back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's going up and going back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's going up and going back down
+right rollercoaster what other ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rollercoaster what other ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rollercoaster what other ideas are
+there good idea good idea let's think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good idea good idea let's think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good idea good idea let's think a
+little bit about what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what's going on in the
+machine what are some other good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what are some other good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what are some other good ideas
+or bad ideas let's eliminate some yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're not powers of two these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not powers of two these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not powers of two these are not
+powers of two right because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two right because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of two right because they're
+getting closer and closer as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer as we get
+bigger and bigger yeah so you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger yeah so you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger yeah so you're right
+it doesn't have to do it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to do it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to do it's not
+correlated with powers of two weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with powers of two weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with powers of two weird
+because sometimes things are alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes things are alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes things are alignment
+issues and we'll talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we'll talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and we'll talk more about that
+you know come up we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come up we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come up we want to talk about
+caching after the quiz everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching after the quiz everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching after the quiz everybody knows
+there's a quiz next time especially all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quiz next time especially all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quiz next time especially all
+of you who aren't here okay so what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who aren't here okay so what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who aren't here okay so what else
+what else might be going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might be going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might be going on in the
+machine here okay because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine here okay because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine here okay because this is
+reality this is what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this is what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this is what happens when you
+take measurements so we're being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take measurements so we're being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take measurements so we're being very
+nice to we're giving you AWS run we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to we're giving you AWS run we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to we're giving you AWS run we have
+done everything we can to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done everything we can to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done everything we can to make sure
+those numbers come out clean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers come out clean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers come out clean and
+beautiful and untouched you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and untouched you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and untouched you know there
+they are that is quality quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are that is quality quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are that is quality quality
+measurements we're taking for you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we're taking for you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we're taking for you okay
+but if you had to do it yourself that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had to do it yourself that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had to do it yourself that's
+what this lecture in part is about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you think that that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think that that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think that that there may be
+something having to do with the the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something having to do with the the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something having to do with the the cash
+but I'm going through each time and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going through each time and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going through each time and I'm
+refilling the array each time so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refilling the array each time so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refilling the array each time so so
+they're kind of starting from a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of starting from a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of starting from a clean
+slate similar to clean slate each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else is going on in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on in the machine
+here yeah yeah there could be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah there could be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah yeah there could be totally
+unrelated stuff running right URI you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated stuff running right URI you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated stuff running right URI you're
+not you know when you're running you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know when you're running you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know when you're running you
+might have demons you might have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have demons you might have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have demons you might have all
+kinds of things and so forth so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and so forth so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things and so forth so he
+thought of that okay and he shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that okay and he shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of that okay and he shut down
+everything he possibly could and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he possibly could and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he possibly could and this is
+what he got still okay so but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he got still okay so but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he got still okay so but that's a
+great idea because often there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because often there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because often there's some
+external things going on in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external things going on in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external things going on in this case
+it's called multi-tenancy there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called multi-tenancy there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called multi-tenancy there's more
+than one thing using the computer at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one thing using the computer at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one thing using the computer at a
+time okay good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay good idea
+but happens not to be the one it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but happens not to be the one it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but happens not to be the one it could
+be precision with the timing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precision with the timing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precision with the timing yeah
+sometimes there can be issues there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there can be issues there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there can be issues there but
+this was not this was not a precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not this was not a precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not this was not a precision
+issue this was not a pretty he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this was not a pretty he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this was not a pretty he could
+have used a really dumb timer and gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used a really dumb timer and gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used a really dumb timer and gotten
+something very similar to this what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very similar to this what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very similar to this what else
+is going on on your machine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on on your machine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on on your machine yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah maybes checking for updates that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybes checking for updates that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybes checking for updates that's
+once again some some external things no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again some some external things no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again some some external things no
+it wasn't checking for updates wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't checking for updates wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't checking for updates wasn't
+checking for updates okay what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking for updates okay what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking for updates okay what is going
+on here what is going on let's have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here what is going on let's have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here what is going on let's have some
+more ideas what other things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ideas what other things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ideas what other things might
+disrupt measurements yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so this could be but wow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this could be but wow this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this could be but wow this is
+so that would sort of if it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would sort of if it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would sort of if it was like
+quicksort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicksort
+this was actually merge sort he whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually merge sort he whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually merge sort he whose
+timing so there's no randomization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing so there's no randomization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing so there's no randomization but
+but even that if it were quicksort it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even that if it were quicksort it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even that if it were quicksort it
+sort of be at random that things would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be at random that things would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be at random that things would
+tend to take longer right rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take longer right rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take longer right rather than
+following this crazy pattern what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this crazy pattern what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this crazy pattern what is
+causing that crazy pattern ya know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that crazy pattern ya know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing that crazy pattern ya know
+because the random fill is done outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the random fill is done outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the random fill is done outside
+the timer okay so we we filled and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer okay so we we filled and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer okay so we we filled and then
+we you know each time through the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know each time through the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know each time through the loop
+we fill and then we start the timer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill and then we start the timer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill and then we start the timer and
+then do it new we take the measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do it new we take the measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do it new we take the measurements
+so forth yeah maybe it's a Liva it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth yeah maybe it's a Liva it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth yeah maybe it's a Liva it's not
+allocating memory but that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating memory but that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating memory but that's an
+interesting idea because sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea because sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea because sometimes you
+have things going on where you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things going on where you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things going on where you think
+things are happening right away but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening right away but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening right away but the
+system is being clever and and delaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is being clever and and delaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is being clever and and delaying
+it and so you end up paying for it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so you end up paying for it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so you end up paying for it at
+some later time and that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later time and that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later time and that could possibly
+create something turns out not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something turns out not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something turns out not to be
+what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well so what's happening here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so what's happening here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so what's happening here is
+that the machine is changing the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine is changing the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine is changing the clock
+frequency why is the machine changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency why is the machine changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency why is the machine changing
+the clock frequency your laptop's change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock frequency your laptop's change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock frequency your laptop's change
+the clock rate the systems that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock rate the systems that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock rate the systems that we have
+they changed a lot clock frequency why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed a lot clock frequency why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed a lot clock frequency why
+did they change it because the laptop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they change it because the laptop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they change it because the laptop is
+getting hot so what are we doing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot so what are we doing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot so what are we doing we're
+running something computational right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running something computational right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running something computational right
+and the smaller ones okay we get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the smaller ones okay we get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the smaller ones okay we get a lot
+of those done until it starts heating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those done until it starts heating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those done until it starts heating up
+and so it slows down the system clock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it slows down the system clock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it slows down the system clock to
+save power okay and then what happens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save power okay and then what happens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save power okay and then what happens it
+slows it down a little bit cools off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows it down a little bit cools off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows it down a little bit cools off a
+little bit starts to speed up again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit starts to speed up again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit starts to speed up again okay
+and then we run longer and why are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run longer and why are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run longer and why are these
+things getting closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things getting closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things getting closer and closer
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it takes longer and longer to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it takes longer and longer to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it takes longer and longer to run
+the sorts so you're going to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts so you're going to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts so you're going to see the
+effect you know closer in in an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know closer in in an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know closer in in an interval
+here even if it happened to be equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even if it happened to be equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even if it happened to be equal in
+time okay even if it's equal in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay even if it's equal in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay even if it's equal in time
+we're doing bigger and bigger problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing bigger and bigger problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing bigger and bigger problems
+so it's going this is this is nuts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going this is this is nuts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going this is this is nuts right
+like you know we want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we want to take
+measurements we want to know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we want to know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we want to know whether the
+software is faster what are you supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is faster what are you supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is faster what are you supposed
+to do so here if you just took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so here if you just took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so here if you just took a
+measurement and said look this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and said look this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and said look this is the
+time that it takes me to run this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes me to run this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes me to run this code
+you would be hugely missing the boat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be hugely missing the boat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be hugely missing the boat if
+you were taking one of those high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking one of those high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking one of those high
+measurements you compare a to B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you compare a to B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you compare a to B right
+you run a first then you run B B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run a first then you run B B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run a first then you run B B is
+slower oh well that's because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower oh well that's because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower oh well that's because when you
+ran a it heated up the processor so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a it heated up the processor so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a it heated up the processor so the
+processor slowed it down okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor slowed it down okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor slowed it down okay so this
+particular architectural feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular architectural feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular architectural feature is
+called devfs dynamic frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called devfs dynamic frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called devfs dynamic frequency and
+voltage scaling it's a technique to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage scaling it's a technique to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage scaling it's a technique to
+reduce power by adjusting the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce power by adjusting the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce power by adjusting the clock
+frequency and so apply voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so apply voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so apply voltage to
+transistors okay so the idea is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors okay so the idea is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors okay so the idea is that it
+if the chip ends up getting too hot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the chip ends up getting too hot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the chip ends up getting too hot or
+in the case of laptops often if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of laptops often if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of laptops often if you want
+to conserve battery it chooses to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conserve battery it chooses to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conserve battery it chooses to slow
+down the clock okay and the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the clock okay and the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the clock okay and the second thing
+it can do is reduce the voltage if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do is reduce the voltage if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do is reduce the voltage if the
+frequency is reduced okay so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is reduced okay so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is reduced okay so when you're
+actually running slower you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running slower you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running slower you can actually
+get the same reliability of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same reliability of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same reliability of switching
+with a lower voltage okay at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower voltage okay at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower voltage okay at a higher
+voltage sorry at a higher clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage sorry at a higher clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage sorry at a higher clock
+frequencies you need enough voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you need enough voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you need enough voltage to
+make sure those electrons are scooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure those electrons are scooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure those electrons are scooting
+across the transistor junctions fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the transistor junctions fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the transistor junctions fast
+enough so the the basic power law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so the the basic power law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so the the basic power law that
+the electrical engineers use anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical engineers use anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical engineers use anybody
+here an electrical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's good stuff in EEE let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's good stuff in EEE let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's good stuff in EEE let me
+tell you okay so those of you are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you okay so those of you are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you okay so those of you are too
+embarrassed to raise your hands okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed to raise your hands okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed to raise your hands okay I
+support EE okay so power goes has CV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support EE okay so power goes has CV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support EE okay so power goes has CV
+squared F okay where C is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared F okay where C is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared F okay where C is what's called
+the dynamic capacitance there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic capacitance there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic capacitance there's actually
+another term which is the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term which is the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term which is the static
+capacitance which doesn't have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance which doesn't have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance which doesn't have to deal
+with frequency or whatever but but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency or whatever but but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency or whatever but but for
+the for the dynamic power its CV squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the dynamic power its CV squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the dynamic power its CV squared
+F it's the dynamic capacitance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F it's the dynamic capacitance it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F it's the dynamic capacitance it's
+roughly the area of the circuitry times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the area of the circuitry times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the area of the circuitry times
+how many bits are moving so if if bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bits are moving so if if bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bits are moving so if if bits
+don't move they don't consume power for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move they don't consume power for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move they don't consume power for
+for dynamic power okay and then V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dynamic power okay and then V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dynamic power okay and then V is the
+supply voltage and then F is the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage and then F is the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage and then F is the clock
+frequency so if you can reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if you can reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if you can reduce the
+frequency and voltage you get a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and voltage you get a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and voltage you get a cubic
+reduction in power and also in heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in power and also in heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in power and also in heat so
+you can see why you know who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why you know who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why you know who thinks
+their battery doesn't last long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their battery doesn't last long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their battery doesn't last long enough
+yeah okay right wouldn't be nice if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay right wouldn't be nice if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay right wouldn't be nice if it
+lasted a month okay so you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted a month okay so you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted a month okay so you can see why
+they're motivated to play this game okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're motivated to play this game okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're motivated to play this game okay
+to save the battery or to run things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save the battery or to run things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save the battery or to run things as
+hot as they can but if it gets too hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot as they can but if it gets too hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot as they can but if it gets too hot
+we'll just back off okay but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just back off okay but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just back off okay but for
+performance measurement this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measurement this is this is
+basically a nightmare it wreaks havoc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a nightmare it wreaks havoc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a nightmare it wreaks havoc so
+the topic of today's lecture is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of today's lecture is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of today's lecture is how can
+one reliably measure the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reliably measure the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reliably measure the performance of
+software when we have stuff like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software when we have stuff like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software when we have stuff like this
+going on in our system now the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in our system now the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in our system now the good
+thing about something like devfs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about something like devfs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about something like devfs is
+there's actually ways of shutting it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually ways of shutting it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually ways of shutting it off
+and taking measurements okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking measurements okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking measurements okay but you
+know it's you probably pay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's you probably pay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's you probably pay some
+performance for doing that okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for doing that okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance for doing that okay because
+they can basically who's ever worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can basically who's ever worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can basically who's ever worked on
+an overclocked system okay some some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overclocked system okay some some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overclocked system okay some some of
+you game players right you know so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you game players right you know so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you game players right you know so part
+of the game that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game that the idea
+they're when they're overclocking it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're when they're overclocking it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're when they're overclocking it is
+let's let's keep you know get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's keep you know get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's keep you know get things
+cool and so forth and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and so forth and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and so forth and there's lots of
+games like this they're played in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like this they're played in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like this they're played in
+overclock systems so so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overclock systems so so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overclock systems so so I'm going to
+talk about sort of three topics today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of three topics today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sort of three topics today
+one is about quiescing systems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is about quiescing systems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is about quiescing systems which is
+making them quiet enough that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them quiet enough that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them quiet enough that we can
+take good measurements getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take good measurements getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take good measurements getting rid of
+some of the noise and the second I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the noise and the second I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the noise and the second I'm
+going to talk about some tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some tools for
+measuring software performance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring software performance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring software performance and then
+we'll talk a bit about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit about performance
+modeling okay so I hope this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling okay so I hope this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling okay so I hope this is a little
+motivational boy you know it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational boy you know it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational boy you know it's like you
+think you've seen it all sometimes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've seen it all sometimes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've seen it all sometimes okay
+and then somebody presents you with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody presents you with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somebody presents you with a
+puzzle and it's like what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and it's like what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and it's like what's going on
+okay and that takes a little detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that takes a little detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that takes a little detective
+work to figure out that that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to figure out that that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to figure out that that's actually
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll start first about quiescing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start first about quiescing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start first about quiescing
+systems who knows who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems who knows who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems who knows who
+genichi Taguchi was anybody here know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genichi Taguchi was anybody here know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genichi Taguchi was anybody here know
+he's very famous because he's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very famous because he's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very famous because he's the one
+who made our automobile industry produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made our automobile industry produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who made our automobile industry produce
+reliable cars okay very very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable cars okay very very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable cars okay very very famous
+fellow he did a lot of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow he did a lot of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow he did a lot of different things
+I'm gonna point out one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna point out one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna point out one of the things
+that he observed and it's it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he observed and it's it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he observed and it's it's in the
+context of suppose you were an Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of suppose you were an Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of suppose you were an Olympic
+pistol coach and you've got two shooters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pistol coach and you've got two shooters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pistol coach and you've got two shooters
+a and B and you look at their targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B and you look at their targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B and you look at their targets
+and here's a z' target so we hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a z' target so we hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a z' target so we hit the
+bullseye good and if you add that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullseye good and if you add that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullseye good and if you add that up
+he's got a pretty decent score okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a pretty decent score okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a pretty decent score okay then
+you look at B well B didn't even hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at B well B didn't even hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at B well B didn't even hit the
+bullseye and his score is like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullseye and his score is like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullseye and his score is like really
+lousy who do you want on your team a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy who do you want on your team a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy who do you want on your team a or
+b who do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah cuz it's easy to tell them what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz it's easy to tell them what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cuz it's easy to tell them what to
+do you adjust the sight you teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you adjust the sight you teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you adjust the sight you teach them
+to you know shoot down a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know shoot down a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know shoot down a little bit
+lower to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower to the left
+okay there's it's easy to diagnose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's it's easy to diagnose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's it's easy to diagnose what
+his problem is okay that's all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his problem is okay that's all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his problem is okay that's all you have
+to do what do you do for a it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what do you do for a it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what do you do for a it's not
+clear what you do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what you do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what you do okay
+and so what what he did in the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what he did in the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what he did in the realm of
+quality control was say look when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control was say look when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control was say look when we're
+producing products before we try to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing products before we try to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing products before we try to fix
+the reliability or whatever is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability or whatever is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability or whatever is of the
+product increase the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product increase the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product increase the quality of the
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+let's first reliably produce whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first reliably produce whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first reliably produce whatever
+we're producing so we get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're producing so we get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're producing so we get the same thing
+every time because then we can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time because then we can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time because then we can go in and
+see what the problem is and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the problem is and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the problem is and we can
+adjust for it okay and so the idea is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust for it okay and so the idea is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust for it okay and so the idea is go
+after the variance first okay go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the variance first okay go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the variance first okay go after
+the spread try to get the spread as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread try to get the spread as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread try to get the spread as
+small as possible try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible try to figure out how
+it is that you can isolate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you can isolate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you can isolate you know
+produce the same thing even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same thing even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same thing even if it's not
+very good okay and then go and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay and then go and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good okay and then go and try to
+make change because if you try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make change because if you try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make change because if you try to make
+changes while you have high variance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes while you have high variance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes while you have high variance you
+don't even know if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know if you're making
+progress or not because it could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress or not because it could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress or not because it could be in
+the noise of your measurements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of your measurements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise of your measurements okay
+now in the context of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the context of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the context of performance
+engineering if you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering if you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering if you can reduce
+variability you can do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability you can do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability you can do things like
+compensate for systematic and random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for systematic and random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for systematic and random
+measurement errors and you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement errors and you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement errors and you can also do
+things like not run as many trials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like not run as many trials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like not run as many trials to
+discover whether one program is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whether one program is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover whether one program is better
+than another there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another there are a lot of
+advantages to being able to have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to being able to have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to being able to have really
+quiet things it's kind of obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet things it's kind of obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet things it's kind of obvious that
+you should want to have reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should want to have reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should want to have reliable
+measurements okay but but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay but but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay but but there's
+actually as I say a theory behind it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as I say a theory behind it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as I say a theory behind it for
+why it is that you want to have quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that you want to have quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that you want to have quiet
+measurements and and what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and and what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and and what you need to
+focus on now in our computer systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on now in our computer systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on now in our computer systems
+there are lots of sources of variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of sources of variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of sources of variability
+and some people came up with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people came up with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people came up with some of
+them here let me mention just a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here let me mention just a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here let me mention just a few of
+them here so there are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so there are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so there are things like
+demons and background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demons and background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demons and background
+jobs things that are running on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs things that are running on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs things that are running on your
+your system that are helping the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system that are helping the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system that are helping the system
+to do whatever it's doing okay many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do whatever it's doing okay many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do whatever it's doing okay many of
+them are unnecessary and those can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are unnecessary and those can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are unnecessary and those can be
+running so for example maybe you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so for example maybe you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so for example maybe you set up
+a cron job you know to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cron job you know to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cron job you know to you know do
+something for you every night and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you every night and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you every night and that
+happens to be just when you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be just when you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be just when you happen to be
+be making some measurements well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making some measurements well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making some measurements well that's
+not really good because you're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really good because you're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really good because you're now
+sharing the resource ok interrupts ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the resource ok interrupts ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the resource ok interrupts ok
+something comes in I had one time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something comes in I had one time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something comes in I had one time where
+we were measuring stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were measuring stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were measuring stuff on the
+connection machine cm5 which in its day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection machine cm5 which in its day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection machine cm5 which in its day
+was the world's most powerful computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the world's most powerful computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the world's most powerful computer
+1993 it was the top of the list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 it was the top of the list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 it was the top of the list of the
+supercomputers and now this computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers and now this computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputers and now this computer is
+more powerful it cost 43 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful it cost 43 million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful it cost 43 million dollars
+or something ok I mean Moore's law has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something ok I mean Moore's law has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something ok I mean Moore's law has
+really made a difference and we were we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made a difference and we were we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made a difference and we were we
+were measuring the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measuring the performance of
+something and we kept getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we kept getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we kept getting these
+anomalous results and eventually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous results and eventually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous results and eventually we
+tracked it down it took us a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked it down it took us a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked it down it took us a lot of work
+but we tracked it down the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we tracked it down the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we tracked it down the graduate
+student who was running it while he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who was running it while he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who was running it while he was
+running it he was moving the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it he was moving the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it he was moving the mouse
+around and when you moved the mouse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and when you moved the mouse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and when you moved the mouse it
+was interrupting 200 times a second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interrupting 200 times a second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interrupting 200 times a second to
+deal with the interrupts that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the interrupts that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the interrupts that was
+interfering with our measurements ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with our measurements ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with our measurements ok
+true story true story okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story true story okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true story true story okay so so
+interrupts can have a so it's like oh ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupts can have a so it's like oh ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupts can have a so it's like oh ok
+and we you know we disconnected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we you know we disconnected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we you know we disconnected the
+network even ok so that we wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network even ok so that we wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network even ok so that we wouldn't get
+external things and we're still getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external things and we're still getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external things and we're still getting
+this thing what is going on ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what is going on ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what is going on ok and
+eventually we tracked it down to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we tracked it down to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we tracked it down to to the
+fact that he was just sitting there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he was just sitting there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he was just sitting there I
+Lehman so it's like started up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lehman so it's like started up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lehman so it's like started up and then
+hands off there's like nobody move ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands off there's like nobody move ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands off there's like nobody move ok
+code and data alignment where the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and data alignment where the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and data alignment where the code
+wise affects its performance if a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise affects its performance if a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise affects its performance if a code
+goes across 2 cache lines versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes across 2 cache lines versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes across 2 cache lines versus
+completely within one cache line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely within one cache line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely within one cache line that
+can have a difference depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a difference depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a difference depending upon
+what scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scan
+flick ting in the cache okay or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flick ting in the cache okay or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flick ting in the cache okay or if you
+go across page boundaries it can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go across page boundaries it can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go across page boundaries it can have a
+very big difference for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difference for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big difference for example in the
+translation lookaside buffer or TLB you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation lookaside buffer or TLB you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation lookaside buffer or TLB you
+may be going for different entries there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be going for different entries there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be going for different entries there
+may be different different things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different different things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different different things there
+so code alignment can make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so code alignment can make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so code alignment can make a difference
+in the in the what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the what you're doing
+thread placement okay which well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread placement okay which well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread placement okay which well you
+know if you have a multi-core machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have a multi-core machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have a multi-core machine
+which core is it running it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which core is it running it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which core is it running it turns out
+the system likes to use core zero for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system likes to use core zero for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system likes to use core zero for a
+lot of its stuff so if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of its stuff so if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of its stuff so if you're going to
+take reliable measurements don't run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take reliable measurements don't run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take reliable measurements don't run on
+core zero okay runtime scheduler okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core zero okay runtime scheduler okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core zero okay runtime scheduler okay
+the fact that for example we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that for example we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that for example we have a
+randomized scheduler which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized scheduler which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized scheduler which means that
+there's random numbers going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's random numbers going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's random numbers going on so
+you're going to try to take measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to take measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to try to take measurements
+in the midst of all this randomness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of all this randomness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of all this randomness a
+hyper threading hyper-threading is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper threading hyper-threading is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper threading hyper-threading is where
+they take one core it's also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take one core it's also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take one core it's also called
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+it's called symmetric multi threading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called symmetric multi threading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called symmetric multi threading or
+no simultaneous multi-threading that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simultaneous multi-threading that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simultaneous multi-threading that's
+what it's called simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called simultaneous
+multi-threading or hyper threading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threading or hyper threading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threading or hyper threading is
+what Intel calls it what that is is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Intel calls it what that is is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Intel calls it what that is is they
+have one functional unit okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one functional unit okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one functional unit okay and then
+they run two instruction streams through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run two instruction streams through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run two instruction streams through
+it at the same time each with its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the same time each with its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the same time each with its own
+set of registers but using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of registers but using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of registers but using the same
+functional units and they get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional units and they get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional units and they get it
+basically a 20% speed up or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a 20% speed up or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a 20% speed up or something
+from having it looks it looks from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having it looks it looks from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having it looks it looks from the
+software point of view like you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software point of view like you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software point of view like you've got
+two processors but really it only gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two processors but really it only gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two processors but really it only gives
+you one point two processors okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one point two processors okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one point two processors okay so
+it's one of these things that by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things that by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things that by the way
+if you start counting up how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start counting up how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start counting up how many
+processors and saying work over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and saying work over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors and saying work over the
+number of processors you say well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors you say well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors you say well how
+many processors do I have well you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processors do I have well you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processors do I have well you may
+have just a hyper threaded processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a hyper threaded processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a hyper threaded processor
+rather than a real processor okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a real processor okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a real processor okay so one
+thing for example in the in the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for example in the in the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for example in the in the cloud
+system that you folks are using we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you folks are using we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you folks are using we turn
+off hyper threading okay so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off hyper threading okay so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off hyper threading okay so that we can
+get more reliable measurements and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more reliable measurements and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more reliable measurements and so we
+can look at the measurements as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the measurements as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the measurements as a
+function of the number of processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of processors
+multi-tenancy and this is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-tenancy and this is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-tenancy and this is particularly
+important in the cloud if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the cloud if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the cloud if you're in the
+cloud there are other people using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there are other people using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud there are other people using the
+system they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they can
+end up using lots of resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using lots of resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using lots of resources that
+maybe you want like cash okay and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want like cash okay and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want like cash okay and they
+can end up using network traffic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up using network traffic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up using network traffic that
+may affect you and such I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may affect you and such I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may affect you and such I'm actually
+quite amazed at how well Amazon does in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazed at how well Amazon does in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazed at how well Amazon does in
+AWS in making it so that that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AWS in making it so that that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AWS in making it so that that stuff
+doesn't affect you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't affect you very much
+okay our numbers show that they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our numbers show that they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our numbers show that they're in
+fact they're definitely the leader right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're definitely the leader right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're definitely the leader right
+now in in having you know repeatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in having you know repeatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in in having you know repeatable
+measurements you know compared to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you know compared to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you know compared to all
+the cloud providers we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud providers we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud providers we talked about
+devfs there's also another one called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devfs there's also another one called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devfs there's also another one called
+turbo boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo boost
+so turbo boost looks to see how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turbo boost looks to see how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turbo boost looks to see how many how
+many jobs are actually running on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs are actually running on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs are actually running on the
+multi-core if there's only one job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core if there's only one job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core if there's only one job
+running on the multi-core increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on the multi-core increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on the multi-core increases the
+clock frequency for that job or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock frequency for that job or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock frequency for that job or if
+there's just a few as soon as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a few as soon as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a few as soon as another
+one comes in it slows things back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes in it slows things back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes in it slows things back down
+so tries to give a boost when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tries to give a boost when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tries to give a boost when you're in
+executing serial codes that says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing serial codes that says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing serial codes that says well
+I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm not
+you know generating heat from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generating heat from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know generating heat from all the
+cores I just have to generate it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores I just have to generate it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores I just have to generate it from
+the one that I've got I just have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I've got I just have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that I've got I just have to you
+know I can afford to have one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can afford to have one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can afford to have one of them
+run hotter network traffic and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run hotter network traffic and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run hotter network traffic and there's
+by the way a bunch of other ones we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a bunch of other ones we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a bunch of other ones we're
+going to talk about a few of these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a few of these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a few of these but
+first let me tell you what the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you what the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me tell you what the impact of
+quiescing a system is so this is joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiescing a system is so this is joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiescing a system is so this is joint
+work that that I did in my group with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that that I did in my group with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that that I did in my group with
+Tim kayler so we wrote a silk program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim kayler so we wrote a silk program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim kayler so we wrote a silk program to
+count the primes in an interval and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the primes in an interval and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the primes in an interval and we
+ran on a see for instance 18 core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran on a see for instance 18 core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran on a see for instance 18 core
+similar what you're running with we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar what you're running with we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar what you're running with we had
+2-way hyper threading on turbo boost was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-way hyper threading on turbo boost was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-way hyper threading on turbo boost was
+on we had 18 silk workers with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we had 18 silk workers with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we had 18 silk workers with a hundred
+runs each about one second okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs each about one second okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs each about one second okay and what
+I've plotted here is how much is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've plotted here is how much is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've plotted here is how much is the
+percent that that each run was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that that each run was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that that each run was we
+basically ran a hundred runs and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ran a hundred runs and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ran a hundred runs and then I
+sorted them from smallest run to largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted them from smallest run to largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted them from smallest run to largest
+and I normalize them to whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I normalize them to whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I normalize them to whatever the
+minimum one was so that each each thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum one was so that each each thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum one was so that each each thing
+here is how percentage above the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how percentage above the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how percentage above the minimum
+so you can see that the slowest run was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the slowest run was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the slowest run was
+almost 25 percent you know slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 25 percent you know slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 25 percent you know slower than
+the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest
+okay so you can see sort of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see sort of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see sort of what the
+impact is so 25% if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is so 25% if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is so 25% if you're trying to
+produce a code by getting a 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a code by getting a 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a code by getting a 3%
+improvement you know 30 times you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement you know 30 times you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement you know 30 times you can't
+you know there's so much noise here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's so much noise here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's so much noise here it's
+very hard for you to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard for you to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard for you to figure out that
+you're 3% faster okay so if you quiesce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 3% faster okay so if you quiesce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 3% faster okay so if you quiesce
+the system okay same thing we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay same thing we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay same thing we turn
+hyper-threading off turn to burst off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading off turn to burst off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading off turn to burst off
+and we quieted all the demons and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we quieted all the demons and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we quieted all the demons and and
+and so forth then out of a hundred runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth then out of a hundred runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth then out of a hundred runs
+we got essentially the same value every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got essentially the same value every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got essentially the same value every
+single time except for three times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time except for three times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time except for three times and
+notice that the scale here is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the scale here is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the scale here is changed
+the scale here is now point less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale here is now point less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale here is now point less than
+0.8 percent less than 1% slower so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 percent less than 1% slower so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 percent less than 1% slower so this
+says that hey if I took a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that hey if I took a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that hey if I took a couple of
+measurements I'm very likely to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements I'm very likely to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements I'm very likely to hit
+something that is that is the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that is the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that is the you know
+the the real running time which tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real running time which tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real running time which tends to
+be for this what the what the minimum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for this what the what the minimum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for this what the what the minimum is
+here okay because all the other stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay because all the other stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay because all the other stuff is
+noise is just adding in okay makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is just adding in okay makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is just adding in okay makes sense
+so it is possible to quiesce a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is possible to quiesce a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is possible to quiesce a system
+it's not that hard okay it just takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard okay it just takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard okay it just takes a
+small matter of you know programming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small matter of you know programming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small matter of you know programming and
+systems work so here are some some tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems work so here are some some tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems work so here are some some tips
+on how you can if you wanted to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you can if you wanted to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you can if you wanted to do this
+for your laptop for example make sure no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your laptop for example make sure no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your laptop for example make sure no
+other jobs are running shutdown demons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs are running shutdown demons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs are running shutdown demons
+and cron jobs disconnect the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cron jobs disconnect the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cron jobs disconnect the network
+don't fiddle with the mouse okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fiddle with the mouse okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fiddle with the mouse okay for
+serial jobs don't run on core 0 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial jobs don't run on core 0 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial jobs don't run on core 0 where
+interrupt handlers are usually run to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt handlers are usually run to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt handlers are usually run to
+him - threading off turn off DFS F devfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him - threading off turn off DFS F devfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him - threading off turn off DFS F devfs
+turn off turbo boost use task set to pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off turbo boost use task set to pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off turbo boost use task set to pin
+workers to course of tasks as utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to course of tasks as utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to course of tasks as utility
+that says I want you to run this thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says I want you to run this thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says I want you to run this thread
+on this core and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this core and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this core and don't
+let the operating system bounce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the operating system bounce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the operating system bounce it
+around okay so normally operating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so normally operating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so normally operating system
+Maps threads two cores the workers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps threads two cores the workers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps threads two cores the workers the
+silk workers two cores in any way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk workers two cores in any way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk workers two cores in any way that
+it feels like this says no I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like this says no I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels like this says no I want you to
+have it exactly here so that when I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it exactly here so that when I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it exactly here so that when I run
+something else is exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is exactly the same thing
+and so forth and we've already done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and we've already done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and we've already done a
+lot of this for you for AWS run okay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this for you for AWS run okay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this for you for AWS run okay by
+the way there is no way of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there is no way of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there is no way of getting a
+completely deterministic result out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic result out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic result out of
+running on modern hardware does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on modern hardware does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on modern hardware does anybody
+know why I mean if I have a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I mean if I have a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I mean if I have a serial
+program and it's to terminus stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it's to terminus stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and it's to terminus stick
+serial program and I set it up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial program and I set it up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial program and I set it up and I
+reboot the system so it's got exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reboot the system so it's got exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reboot the system so it's got exactly
+the same content etc I still can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same content etc I still can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same content etc I still can get
+non-deterministic results does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic results does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic results does anybody
+know why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you can turn that off so you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can turn that off so you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can turn that off so you can make
+sure that so they actually do randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that so they actually do randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that so they actually do randomized
+address space for security reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address space for security reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address space for security reasons but
+when you run under the debugger and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run under the debugger and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run under the debugger and so
+for they tend to turn that off so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they tend to turn that off so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they tend to turn that off so that
+you can get repeatability for debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get repeatability for debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get repeatability for debugging
+purposes yeah no those are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes yeah no those are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes yeah no those are generally
+well to a first-order these so now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to a first-order these so now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to a first-order these so now those
+are deterministic but there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deterministic but there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deterministic but there is something
+in the hardware which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hardware which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hardware which is
+non-deterministic does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic does anybody know what
+is happen to know can guess what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happen to know can guess what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happen to know can guess what it is
+something the hardware isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the hardware isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the hardware isn't
+non-deterministic yeah disk access would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic yeah disk access would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic yeah disk access would
+be but if I'm just running something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but if I'm just running something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but if I'm just running something in
+core I'm not using disk I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I'm not using disk I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core I'm not using disk I'm just going
+to run it turns out non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it turns out non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it turns out non-deterministic
+even though I'm just running everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm just running everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I'm just running everything
+inside with you no ordinary DRAM memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside with you no ordinary DRAM memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside with you no ordinary DRAM memory
+and so forth yeah no the out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah no the out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah no the out of order
+execution is all deterministic there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is all deterministic there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is all deterministic there's
+no randomization in there okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no randomization in there okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no randomization in there okay yeah
+branch prediction is all is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction is all is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction is all is all
+deterministic algorithms all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithms all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithms all
+deterministic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system clock signals very regular very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system clock signals very regular very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system clock signals very regular very
+regular if you've turned off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular if you've turned off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular if you've turned off you know
+gvfs and stuff like that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Linux schedule is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Linux schedule is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Linux schedule is in fact a
+deterministic algorithm and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithm and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic algorithm and if you're
+just running on one core the scheduler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running on one core the scheduler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running on one core the scheduler
+never comes into it okay so there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never comes into it okay so there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never comes into it okay so there is one
+source of non-determinism and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of non-determinism and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of non-determinism and that is
+memory errors so there's a chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory errors so there's a chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory errors so there's a chance that
+one of your memory when you're accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your memory when you're accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your memory when you're accessing
+the DRAM that an alpha particle collided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DRAM that an alpha particle collided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DRAM that an alpha particle collided
+with one of the bits and flipped it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the bits and flipped it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the bits and flipped it and
+there's Hardware in there to do error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hardware in there to do error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hardware in there to do error
+correction but it takes an extra cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but it takes an extra cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but it takes an extra cycle
+to do it so if it if it reads the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so if it if it reads the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so if it if it reads the memory
+location discovers that there is a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location discovers that there is a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location discovers that there is a that
+there is a an error in what it read then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a an error in what it read then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a an error in what it read then
+it performs the correction and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs the correction and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs the correction and then you
+get it and that's something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and that's something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it and that's something it's
+completely non deterministic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely non deterministic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely non deterministic because
+it's alpha particles coming from outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alpha particles coming from outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alpha particles coming from outer
+space and you know space aliens you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know space aliens you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know space aliens you know
+messing with your system yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with your system yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing with your system yeah no
+actually it there's actually was a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it there's actually was a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it there's actually was a and
+now most cache is covered by error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now most cache is covered by error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now most cache is covered by error
+correction but the most likely if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but the most likely if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but the most likely if you
+look the the biggest memory is the DRAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the the biggest memory is the DRAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the the biggest memory is the DRAM
+so that's the most likely source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the most likely source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the most likely source of
+these things but yeah there's so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but yeah there's so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but yeah there's so so in
+any case I want to now just talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case I want to now just talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case I want to now just talk about a
+few things which just some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things which just some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things which just some examples of
+things that that might come up for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that might come up for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that might come up for you
+so I'm these are ones that I'd mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm these are ones that I'd mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm these are ones that I'd mentioned
+but I just want to go through them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to go through them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to go through them a
+little bit more depth so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more depth so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more depth so one of the
+things is code alignment can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is code alignment can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is code alignment can make a
+difference okay so what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so what happens is you
+know you have your program and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have your program and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have your program and you make
+a change that you think is improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change that you think is improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change that you think is improving
+your program but what happens let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program but what happens let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program but what happens let's say
+is it causes you know an extra bite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it causes you know an extra bite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it causes you know an extra bite to
+be put into the code okay you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put into the code okay you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be put into the code okay you know so
+maybe you know the compiler is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know the compiler is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know the compiler is really
+smart you made some little change then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you made some little change then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart you made some little change then
+everything that follows it gets shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that follows it gets shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that follows it gets shifted
+down and so the cache alignment issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so the cache alignment issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so the cache alignment issues
+can be completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be completely different
+something can go across a page boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can go across a page boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something can go across a page boundary
+that didn't use to go across the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't use to go across the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't use to go across the page
+boundary and that can have a big impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and that can have a big impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and that can have a big impact
+on your performance this is like yikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your performance this is like yikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your performance this is like yikes
+right this is like yikes how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like yikes how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like yikes how am I
+supposed to you know it's like maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to you know it's like maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to you know it's like maybe we
+just pack up on performance engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pack up on performance engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pack up on performance engineering
+right this is okay so everybody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is okay so everybody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is okay so everybody gets
+what the issue is there so you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the issue is there so you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the issue is there so you know in
+this case I inserted one bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I inserted one bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I inserted one bite
+well everything after that it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everything after that it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everything after that it's all
+linear in memory would would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in memory would would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in memory would would change
+here's another one that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one that's even more
+insidious okay if you change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious okay if you change the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insidious okay if you change the order
+in which the dot o files appear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the dot o files appear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the dot o files appear on the
+linker command line that can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker command line that can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linker command line that can actually
+have a bigger effect than going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bigger effect than going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bigger effect than going between
+- OH - and - o3 okay you know you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- OH - and - o3 okay you know you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- OH - and - o3 okay you know you when
+you compile you can buy all this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compile you can buy all this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compile you can buy all this order
+versus this order okay you get can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this order okay you get can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this order okay you get can have
+a actually quite a big big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a actually quite a big big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a actually quite a big big difference
+yike okay so what do you do well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yike okay so what do you do well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yike okay so what do you do well first
+of all one of the things I'm glad to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all one of the things I'm glad to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all one of the things I'm glad to say
+is that the compiler people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the compiler people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the compiler people have
+recognized this and it's the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized this and it's the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized this and it's the situation
+is not as dire as it was years ago what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as dire as it was years ago what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as dire as it was years ago what
+they do now very often is do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do now very often is do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do now very often is do a lot of
+alignment already so for example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment already so for example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment already so for example it's
+common for compilers to produce to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common for compilers to produce to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common for compilers to produce to start
+every function on the first word of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function on the first word of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function on the first word of a
+cache line okay that way when things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line okay that way when things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line okay that way when things get
+slid down you might pop from one cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid down you might pop from one cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid down you might pop from one cache
+line to the next okay for where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the next okay for where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the next okay for where it
+starts but you're not going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts but you're not going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts but you're not going to you know
+affect the you know where you lie on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the you know where you lie on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the you know where you lie on the
+cache line which can make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line which can make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line which can make a difference
+by the way in branch predictors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in branch predictors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way in branch predictors and
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+okay and so that helps that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that helps that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that helps that really
+quiets a lot of things and in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiets a lot of things and in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiets a lot of things and in fact they
+give you some directives so LLVM has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some directives so LLVM has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some directives so LLVM has
+these switches as far as I could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these switches as far as I could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these switches as far as I could tell
+the first one which is a line all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one which is a line all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one which is a line all
+functions I think I was unable to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I think I was unable to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I think I was unable to test
+this in advance but I suspect that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance but I suspect that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance but I suspect that it's
+actually already doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already doing
+this and this is actually in no ah'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is actually in no ah'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is actually in no ah'd
+because it's already aligning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's already aligning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's already aligning all
+functions okay I don't know that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay I don't know that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay I don't know that for a
+fact but you can give the switch anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but you can give the switch anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but you can give the switch anyway
+which will help which will help if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will help which will help if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will help which will help if if if
+I'm lying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lying okay
+so that it forces the alignment all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it forces the alignment all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it forces the alignment all
+functions so all functions start on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so all functions start on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so all functions start on a
+cache line and that way if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line and that way if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line and that way if you change
+one function it's unlikely to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function it's unlikely to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function it's unlikely to check it
+won't change the cache alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change the cache alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't change the cache alignment of
+another function it'll only change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function it'll only change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function it'll only change the
+cache alignment of the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache alignment of the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache alignment of the function that
+you're messing with you can also ask it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're messing with you can also ask it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're messing with you can also ask it
+to align all blocks in the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align all blocks in the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align all blocks in the function so
+remember that in LLVM we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in LLVM we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in LLVM we have these
+basic blocks these pieces of serial code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks these pieces of serial code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks these pieces of serial code
+with with you know with links you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with you know with links you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with you know with links you know
+the the basic blocks so what you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic blocks so what you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic blocks so what you what it
+will do is force every one of those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is force every one of those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is force every one of those to
+be on a boundary but of course what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a boundary but of course what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a boundary but of course what that
+means is now you've got a jump between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is now you've got a jump between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is now you've got a jump between
+these codes even if it were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these codes even if it were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these codes even if it were going to be
+the next instruction or put in a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction or put in a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction or put in a bunch
+of no-ops so that can substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no-ops so that can substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no-ops so that can substantially
+increase the size of your that can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of your that can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of your that can I
+substantially increase the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially increase the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially increase the size of your
+binary and it can slow you down but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary and it can slow you down but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary and it can slow you down but on
+the other hand you'll get very reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you'll get very reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you'll get very reliable
+results from then on because every block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from then on because every block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from then on because every block
+is now cache aligned okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now cache aligned okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now cache aligned okay
+probably more practical is too long a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more practical is too long a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more practical is too long a
+line is to force the alignment of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is to force the alignment of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is to force the alignment of all
+blocks that have no fall through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that have no fall through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that have no fall through
+predecessors that is you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors that is you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors that is you don't have to
+add no so this basically reduces it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add no so this basically reduces it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add no so this basically reduces it to
+the ones that are usually causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are usually causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are usually causing the
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+so a line of code is more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a line of code is more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a line of code is more likely to
+avoid performance anomalies but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid performance anomalies but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid performance anomalies but it can
+also sometimes be slower and so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes be slower and so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes be slower and so one of
+the questions as well which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions as well which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions as well which you know
+what which matters to you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which matters to you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which matters to you and your
+particular particular thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular thing okay
+here's one that I love so the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that I love so the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one that I love so the example
+that I gave before of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave before of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave before of the order of
+linking we have that as a reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking we have that as a reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking we have that as a reading
+assignment by the way on the on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment by the way on the on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment by the way on the on the web
+that paper and here's another result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper and here's another result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper and here's another result
+from from this paper by Mike Mitka wits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this paper by Mike Mitka wits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this paper by Mike Mitka wits
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and his colleagues the if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues the if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues the if they have a
+wonderful paper called producing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paper called producing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paper called producing wrong
+data without doing anything obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data without doing anything obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data without doing anything obviously
+wrong okay so one of the examples they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so one of the examples they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so one of the examples they
+give me swords the ordering of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me swords the ordering of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me swords the ordering of things
+saying that look that actually had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that look that actually had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that look that actually had an
+impact comparative between Oh two and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact comparative between Oh two and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact comparative between Oh two and O
+three the program's name can affect its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the program's name can affect its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the program's name can affect its
+speed and here's why the executables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and here's why the executables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and here's why the executables
+name ends up in an environment variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ends up in an environment variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name ends up in an environment variable
+okay so when you start up a program it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you start up a program it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you start up a program it
+puts it in environment bill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in environment bill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts it in environment bill the
+environment variables it turns out end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment variables it turns out end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment variables it turns out end
+up on the call stack okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the call stack okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the call stack okay so you can
+find out from the program what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out from the program what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out from the program what's the
+name of the program I was invoked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the program I was invoked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the program I was invoked with
+okay the length of the name affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the length of the name affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the length of the name affects the
+stack alignment if you have a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack alignment if you have a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack alignment if you have a longer
+name they put longer you know a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they put longer you know a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name they put longer you know a longer
+piece there and so if the data happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece there and so if the data happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece there and so if the data happens
+to go across page boundaries some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go across page boundaries some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go across page boundaries some
+critical piece of data goes on to pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of data goes on to pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical piece of data goes on to pages
+rather than one that could have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than one that could have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than one that could have a big
+impact on your performance okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on your performance okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on your performance okay and
+there are other date alignment problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other date alignment problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other date alignment problems
+that can can arise okay so yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can can arise okay so yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can can arise okay so yeah this is
+kind of nasty stuff so as I say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nasty stuff so as I say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nasty stuff so as I say what
+we've done it we've given you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it we've given you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it we've given you a very
+quest system we have done everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest system we have done everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest system we have done everything we
+can to make it so that you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to make it so that you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can to make it so that you're you know
+that when you submit stuff in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you submit stuff in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you submit stuff in this class
+its measured but as we get along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its measured but as we get along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its measured but as we get along in the
+semester and you're doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and you're doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and you're doing more
+sophisticated stuff some of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated stuff some of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated stuff some of this is
+going to fall increasingly to you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fall increasingly to you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fall increasingly to you to do
+things that make it robust okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make it robust okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make it robust okay okay
+let's move on we talked about quiescing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on we talked about quiescing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on we talked about quiescing
+now let's talk a little about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk a little about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk a little about about
+tools for measuring software performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for measuring software performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for measuring software performance
+so I did a little thinking and I figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did a little thinking and I figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did a little thinking and I figured
+that there's actually like about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually like about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually like about five
+different ways I know of measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways I know of measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways I know of measuring the
+performance of a program so one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a program so one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a program so one is you
+can measure the program externally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the program externally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the program externally you
+can run the time command if you say time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the time command if you say time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the time command if you say time
+and then give a shell command it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give a shell command it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give a shell command it will
+run the shell command and then tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the shell command and then tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the shell command and then tell you
+at the end how long it took okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end how long it took okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end how long it took okay you can
+the program okay that means to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program okay that means to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program okay that means to actually
+put timing calls into the program so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put timing calls into the program so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put timing calls into the program so you
+can use things like clock get time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use things like clock get time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use things like clock get time which
+I recommend and we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recommend and we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recommend and we'll talk a little bit
+about these other to get time of day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these other to get time of day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these other to get time of day and
+already TSC and you can either do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already TSC and you can either do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already TSC and you can either do this
+by hand where you say I'm going to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand where you say I'm going to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand where you say I'm going to time
+something myself or it turns out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something myself or it turns out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something myself or it turns out you can
+have compiler support for doing taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have compiler support for doing taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have compiler support for doing taking
+timing measurements but what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing measurements but what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing measurements but what that
+involves is changing the program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves is changing the program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves is changing the program in
+order to put these timing calls in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to put these timing calls in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to put these timing calls in and
+of course you have the effect that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have the effect that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have the effect that if
+your perturbing the you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perturbing the you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perturbing the you know if you're
+putting these timing calls in you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these timing calls in you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these timing calls in you can be
+changing the timing so you've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the timing so you've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the timing so you've got that
+problem to worry about as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to worry about as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to worry about as well
+one of the ones is you can interrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones is you can interrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones is you can interrupt the
+program one of the cheapest ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program one of the cheapest ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program one of the cheapest ways you can
+do is just basically take gdb so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just basically take gdb so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is just basically take gdb so you
+start running your program gdb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running your program gdb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running your program gdb
+you know you run it under gdb and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you run it under gdb and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you run it under gdb and then
+you type control C and then you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you type control C and then you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you type control C and then you look
+where is the program and you do that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the program and you do that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the program and you do that a
+few times you say hey the same routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times you say hey the same routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times you say hey the same routine
+is always where the code is running oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always where the code is running oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always where the code is running oh
+that must be where it's spending all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be where it's spending all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be where it's spending all its
+time okay that's actually been put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay that's actually been put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay that's actually been put into
+a thing called poor-man's profiler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called poor-man's profiler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called poor-man's profiler and
+is and then you can actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you can actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you can actually this is
+essentially the method that Jeep refuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the method that Jeep refuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the method that Jeep refuses
+okay we'll talk about that in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about that in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about that in a little
+bit you can exploit hardware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you can exploit hardware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you can exploit hardware and
+operating system support so they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system support so they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system support so they're a
+bunch of hardware counters that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of hardware counters that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of hardware counters that the
+operating system and hardware support so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system and hardware support so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system and hardware support so
+that for example perfuses and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example perfuses and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example perfuses and so you
+folks are familiar with the perf toolset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are familiar with the perf toolset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are familiar with the perf toolset
+those are basically you know using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are basically you know using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are basically you know using
+hardware and operating system support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and operating system support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and operating system support
+and you can also simulate the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also simulate the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also simulate the program
+you can run it as a simulation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run it as a simulation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run it as a simulation and then
+you really can go in and do anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can go in and do anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can go in and do anything you
+want to understand but of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand but of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand but of course it's
+much much slower and you hope that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much slower and you hope that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much slower and you hope that your
+simulator is modeling everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator is modeling everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator is modeling everything that's
+of relevance to you maybe it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance to you maybe it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance to you maybe it's not not
+only something that turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something that turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only something that turns out to be
+relevant for you so I'm going to talk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for you so I'm going to talk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for you so I'm going to talk it
+give some examples of each of these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some examples of each of these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some examples of each of these five
+things okay so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so let's start with
+the time command so it can measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time command so it can measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time command so it can measure a
+elapsed time user time and system time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time user time and system time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time user time and system time
+for an entire program does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entire program does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entire program does anybody know
+what these three terms mean elapsed time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three terms mean elapsed time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three terms mean elapsed time
+user time and system time sure what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user time and system time sure what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user time and system time sure what we
+call wall clock time good it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call wall clock time good it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call wall clock time good it's in the
+kernel working on your stuff as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel working on your stuff as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel working on your stuff as opposed
+to somebody else's okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody else's okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody else's okay so that's that's
+exactly right so when you run the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so when you run the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so when you run the time
+command you get some numbers like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command you get some numbers like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command you get some numbers like this
+where it says here's the real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says here's the real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says here's the real time
+here's the user time here's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the user time here's the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the user time here's the system
+time now you might think that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you might think that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you might think that the user
+time in the system time should add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the system time should add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the system time should add up to
+your total time uh doesn't work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total time uh doesn't work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total time uh doesn't work that way
+and part of the reason is that it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason is that it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the reason is that it made
+the processor may actually not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor may actually not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processor may actually not be
+working on your code you may be context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your code you may be context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your code you may be context
+switched out and something else is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched out and something else is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched out and something else is in
+okay so so in any case we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in any case we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so in any case we have those
+those three types of things wall clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three types of things wall clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three types of things wall clock
+time the amount of processor time spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the amount of processor time spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the amount of processor time spent
+in the user mode code within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the user mode code within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the user mode code within your
+process and the system's time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the system's time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the system's time which is
+the time spent in the kernel but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time spent in the kernel but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time spent in the kernel but within
+your process okay for example satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process okay for example satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process okay for example satisfying
+system calls and such now the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls and such now the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system calls and such now the the the
+timing call that I recommend you use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing call that I recommend you use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing call that I recommend you use and
+that was used in the example that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in the example that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in the example that I gave
+is clock get time in particularly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clock get time in particularly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clock get time in particularly there
+are a bunch of options to that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of options to that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bunch of options to that and the
+one that I strongly recommend is clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I strongly recommend is clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I strongly recommend is clock
+monotonic okay and it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic okay and it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic okay and it takes about
+eighty-three nanoseconds to to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty-three nanoseconds to to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty-three nanoseconds to to actually
+read what the time is that's about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what the time is that's about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what the time is that's about two
+orders of magnitude faster than a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude faster than a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude faster than a system
+call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and
+one of the things about it is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about it is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about it is this is
+such a funny thing to have to say is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a funny thing to have to say is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a funny thing to have to say is it
+guarantees never to run backwards okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees never to run backwards okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees never to run backwards okay
+turns out the other timers can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the other timers can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the other timers can run
+backwards you can take measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards you can take measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards you can take measurements and
+discover their negative okay this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover their negative okay this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover their negative okay this one
+does not run backwards part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not run backwards part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not run backwards part of it is
+because some of the other timers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the other timers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some of the other timers do
+things like oh you know there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh you know there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh you know there's this
+National Standards thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Standards thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Standards thing that
+periodically your your computer goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically your your computer goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically your your computer goes out
+to find out what the real time is and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what the real time is and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what the real time is and it
+resets its clock to be consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resets its clock to be consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resets its clock to be consistent with
+whatever the global clock is okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the global clock is okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the global clock is okay and
+that will cause the clock to be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cause the clock to be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cause the clock to be updated
+in a non-standard way okay and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-standard way okay and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non-standard way okay and where
+we're suddenly you lost some time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suddenly you lost some time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suddenly you lost some time or
+gained some time okay so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained some time okay so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained some time okay so this is really
+I you know the best nation is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know the best nation is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know the best nation is the only
+unfortunate thing about this is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate thing about this is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate thing about this is that it
+is non-deterministic how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-deterministic how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-deterministic how long it takes
+and let me explain a little bit what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me explain a little bit what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me explain a little bit what's
+going on in this so what happens is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this so what happens is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this so what happens is it
+takes a measurement it has to take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a measurement it has to take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a measurement it has to take two
+measurements to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements to figure out what the
+elapsed time is to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time is to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsed time is to find out what the
+actual time is okay can't just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time is okay can't just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time is okay can't just take one
+measurement because it may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because it may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement because it may have been
+swapped out and the the colonel helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped out and the the colonel helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped out and the the colonel helps
+support in userspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in userspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in userspace
+something that says here's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that says here's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that says here's the total
+amount of time you've spent up until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you've spent up until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time you've spent up until you
+started your time slice so when you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started your time slice so when you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started your time slice so when you read
+that you have to read those two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to read those two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to read those two values
+well how do you know that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you know that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you know that you don't have
+an atom isset Eve I elation you read one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom isset Eve I elation you read one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom isset Eve I elation you read one
+of the values you got switched out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values you got switched out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values you got switched out you
+get switched back in now you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get switched back in now you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get switched back in now you have a new
+value for the other one so the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the other one so the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the other one so the way it
+does it is it reads this register so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it reads this register so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it is it reads this register so it
+reads what the operating system has kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads what the operating system has kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads what the operating system has kept
+is its cumulative it reads the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its cumulative it reads the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its cumulative it reads the the the
+clock and then it reads that register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and then it reads that register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and then it reads that register
+again and if those two things differ it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and if those two things differ it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and if those two things differ it
+knows there's been a switch in there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's been a switch in there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's been a switch in there if
+they're the same knows there isn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same knows there isn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same knows there isn't and
+the the number that it can take is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number that it can take is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number that it can take is
+reliable so in that kind of case it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable so in that kind of case it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable so in that kind of case it will
+actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+two measurements in or more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two measurements in or more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two measurements in or more than one
+measurement I mean could you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I mean could you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I mean could you could do it
+again and it would you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it would you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it would you know you could
+have another context switch and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another context switch and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another context switch and you
+could do it again have another but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it again have another but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it again have another but this
+thing is generally pretty fast so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is generally pretty fast so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is generally pretty fast so um and
+on my laptop it takes about 83
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my laptop it takes about 83
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my laptop it takes about 83
+nanoseconds to to run there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds to to run there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds to to run there's there's a
+lot of people say well why don't I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people say well why don't I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people say well why don't I just
+read the cycle counter that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the cycle counter that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the cycle counter that's actually
+cheaper it runs in about 32 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper it runs in about 32 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper it runs in about 32 nanoseconds
+and that you can do with the are DTSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can do with the are DTSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can do with the are DTSC
+you know read the time stamp counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read the time stamp counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read the time stamp counter
+instruction and you can do it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and you can do it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and you can do it yourself
+by using a you know a built in assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a you know a built in assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a you know a built in assembly
+and what it does is it returns to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it returns to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it returns to how
+many clock cycles since the boot and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clock cycles since the boot and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clock cycles since the boot and it
+rhymes in about 32 nanoseconds but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhymes in about 32 nanoseconds but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhymes in about 32 nanoseconds but why
+not use this well one thing is that RTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use this well one thing is that RTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use this well one thing is that RTI
+DTSC may give different answers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTSC may give different answers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTSC may give different answers on
+different cores on the same machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cores on the same machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cores on the same machine so
+the cycle counters on a on a processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle counters on a on a processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle counters on a on a processor
+by processor basis okay sometimes TSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by processor basis okay sometimes TSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by processor basis okay sometimes TSC
+runs backwards okay as I mentioned okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs backwards okay as I mentioned okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs backwards okay as I mentioned okay
+and also the counter may not progress at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the counter may not progress at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the counter may not progress at
+a constant speed so remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant speed so remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant speed so remember that the
+time you know between you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know between you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know between you know the the
+system is possibly slowing and speeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is possibly slowing and speeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is possibly slowing and speeding
+up the counters and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the counters and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the counters and so forth and
+converting clock cycles for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting clock cycles for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting clock cycles for that reason
+two seconds can be very tricky so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds can be very tricky so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds can be very tricky so I
+recommend you stay away from this faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you stay away from this faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you stay away from this faster
+counter this faster timer okay the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter this faster timer okay the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter this faster timer okay the other
+one is don't use get time of day that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is don't use get time of day that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is don't use get time of day that's
+the one most people know that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know microsecond precision it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know microsecond precision it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know microsecond precision it's not
+actually microsecond accurate but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually microsecond accurate but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually microsecond accurate but it
+gives you microsecond precision because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you microsecond precision because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you microsecond precision because
+it has similar problems whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has similar problems whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has similar problems whereas this
+this particular the you know the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular the you know the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular the you know the clock
+get time monotonic has been very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get time monotonic has been very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get time monotonic has been very well
+engineered in my opinion to give good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered in my opinion to give good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered in my opinion to give good
+reliable numbers at a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable numbers at a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable numbers at a reasonable
+cost okay any questions about that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay any questions about that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay any questions about that about
+taking measurements and what to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking measurements and what to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking measurements and what to use this
+stuff by the way over time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by the way over time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by the way over time it's going to
+change okay you know people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay you know people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay you know people are going to
+come up with better ways or worse ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with better ways or worse ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with better ways or worse ways
+or they'll say we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they'll say we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they'll say we're not going to
+support that anymore or what-have-you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that anymore or what-have-you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that anymore or what-have-you
+and then if you're out there as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're out there as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're out there as an
+engineer you're going to be on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you're going to be on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you're going to be on your own
+okay hopefully you know what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hopefully you know what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hopefully you know what some of the
+issues here are and you're prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here are and you're prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here are and you're prepared to
+be on your own yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when it does that it aggregates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it does that it aggregates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it does that it aggregates it
+and the operating system has to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operating system has to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the operating system has to do it
+those numbers actually are very are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers actually are very are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers actually are very are
+relatively coarse grained you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively coarse grained you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively coarse grained you cannot
+time something that's very short with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something that's very short with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something that's very short with
+time for example with it with the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example with it with the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example with it with the time
+command okay in general my experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command okay in general my experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command okay in general my experience is
+you should even with something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should even with something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should even with something like you
+can get very fairly fine grained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very fairly fine grained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get very fairly fine grained
+measurements with with the clock get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements with with the clock get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements with with the clock get
+time you can get fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get fairly good
+measurements there but unless you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements there but unless you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements there but unless you are
+aggregating unless you're running code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating unless you're running code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating unless you're running code
+that's running around a second certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running around a second certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running around a second certainly
+at least a tenth of a second okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a tenth of a second okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a tenth of a second okay if
+you're not running things that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not running things that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not running things that are that
+long you run the risk that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you run the risk that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you run the risk that you've got
+really really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bad
+you know you get unlucky let me point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get unlucky let me point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get unlucky let me point
+that out in in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out in in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out in in this particular example
+so so here's the interrupting strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the interrupting strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here's the interrupting strategy
+which we talked about briefly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about briefly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about briefly this is
+where I just control C and at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just control C and at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just control C and at random
+intervals and you look at the stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and you look at the stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and you look at the stack and
+say who needs a fancy profiler in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who needs a fancy profiler in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who needs a fancy profiler in fact
+there are large companies who use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are large companies who use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are large companies who use this
+for debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for debugging
+they are big big coats okay Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are big big coats okay Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are big big coats okay Facebook
+comes to mind okay they actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind okay they actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind okay they actually use
+this technique it is a really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique it is a really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique it is a really easy
+worthwhile technique for figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile technique for figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile technique for figuring out
+where time is being spent now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where time is being spent now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where time is being spent now there are
+some other things the the poor man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things the the poor man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other things the the poor man's
+profiler and people have built things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiler and people have built things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiler and people have built things
+like G prof and so forth to increment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G prof and so forth to increment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G prof and so forth to increment to
+automate this strategy so you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate this strategy so you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate this strategy so you get this
+information because then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information because then it
+automatically AK units the looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically AK units the looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically AK units the looks at the
+stack what's being executed puts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack what's being executed puts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack what's being executed puts that
+into a call graph and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a call graph and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a call graph and so forth and
+figures out you know where the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out you know where the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out you know where the time is
+going but neither of those programs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but neither of those programs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going but neither of those programs is
+accurate if you don't obtain enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate if you don't obtain enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate if you don't obtain enough
+samples and just to give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and just to give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and just to give you an example
+G profs ampuls only 100 times per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G profs ampuls only 100 times per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G profs ampuls only 100 times per second
+so if you're gonna use G prof for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're gonna use G prof for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're gonna use G prof for for
+timing something that's only a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing something that's only a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing something that's only a second
+long you only got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you only got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you only got one
+samples how many samples is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples how many samples is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples how many samples is a hundred
+that's not actually a real lot okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually a real lot okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually a real lot okay and
+so you can get wildly inaccurate numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get wildly inaccurate numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get wildly inaccurate numbers
+from interrupting okay but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from interrupting okay but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from interrupting okay but on the other
+hand for a quick type of you know I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for a quick type of you know I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for a quick type of you know I use
+G prof all the time right it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G prof all the time right it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G prof all the time right it's it's
+quick we do control seeing all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick we do control seeing all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick we do control seeing all the time
+it's really quick I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really quick I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really quick I don't have to
+install anything I just I just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install anything I just I just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install anything I just I just you know
+take a look and it gives me a first cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look and it gives me a first cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look and it gives me a first cut
+at at what I want to do okay it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at what I want to do okay it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at what I want to do okay it all
+depends you know you don't need all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends you know you don't need all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends you know you don't need all this
+surgically precise tools all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgically precise tools all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgically precise tools all the time
+sometimes a really dumb tool is adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a really dumb tool is adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a really dumb tool is adequate
+for the job and a lot quicker to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job and a lot quicker to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job and a lot quicker to deal
+with okay hardware counters so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay hardware counters so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay hardware counters so one of
+the nice things that's happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice things that's happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice things that's happened in
+recent years is that there's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years is that there's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years is that there's become
+available library called live p FM 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available library called live p FM 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available library called live p FM 4
+which is virtualizing all the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is virtualizing all the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is virtualizing all the hardware
+counters so that you have access to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters so that you have access to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters so that you have access to them
+with to all of these types of events on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to all of these types of events on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to all of these types of events on
+a per process basis okay so normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a per process basis okay so normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a per process basis okay so normally
+there's hardware counters but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hardware counters but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hardware counters but then you
+switch to some other you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to some other you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to some other you know there's
+context switching going on to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context switching going on to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context switching going on to some other
+process then what happens to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then what happens to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then what happens to your
+calendars they have to be saved they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendars they have to be saved they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendars they have to be saved they
+have to be you know updated so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you know updated so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be you know updated so anyway
+live p FM 4 does all of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live p FM 4 does all of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live p FM 4 does all of that kind of
+virtualization to make it so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtualization to make it so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtualization to make it so that the
+counter you can view it as if it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter you can view it as if it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter you can view it as if it's your
+own counter ok and proofs that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own counter ok and proofs that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own counter ok and proofs that for
+example employees that there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example employees that there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example employees that there are a lot
+of esoteric hardware counters and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of esoteric hardware counters and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of esoteric hardware counters and as I
+say good luck and figuring out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good luck and figuring out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good luck and figuring out what they
+all measure because they often are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all measure because they often are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all measure because they often are not
+well documented okay a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented okay a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented okay a few of the
+important ones are well documented but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones are well documented but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones are well documented but
+but most of them are very poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them are very poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them are very poorly
+documented exactly what it does a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented exactly what it does a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented exactly what it does a really
+good example was I we had somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example was I we had somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example was I we had somebody who
+was looking at cache misses okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at cache misses okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at cache misses okay to
+figure out how much bandwidth so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much bandwidth so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much bandwidth so last
+level cache ok l3 cache misses to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache ok l3 cache misses to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache ok l3 cache misses to count
+how much data was being trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data was being trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data was being trans
+heard from from DRAM okay and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from from DRAM okay and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from from DRAM okay and they were
+getting curious numbers that didn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting curious numbers that didn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting curious numbers that didn't seem
+to measure up okay and it's like wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure up okay and it's like wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure up okay and it's like wait a
+minute have a miss moves from moose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute have a miss moves from moose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute have a miss moves from moose from
+from DRAM into the onto the chip why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DRAM into the onto the chip why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DRAM into the onto the chip why is
+that not counting how much stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not counting how much stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not counting how much stuff is
+being moved if I count up how many cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being moved if I count up how many cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being moved if I count up how many cache
+misses times how many bytes in a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses times how many bytes in a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses times how many bytes in a cache
+line which is what machines we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is what machines we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is what machines we're using
+how many how many bytes in a cache line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many bytes in a cache line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many bytes in a cache line
+on the machines we're using okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the machines we're using okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the machines we're using okay
+sixty-four okay gotcha oh you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-four okay gotcha oh you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-four okay gotcha oh you guys are
+okay 64 4 but not every machine has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 64 4 but not every machine has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 64 4 but not every machine has that
+but anyway so why was this not measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so why was this not measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so why was this not measuring
+how much stuff is being moved I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff is being moved I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff is being moved I'll give
+you a hint it used to measure how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint it used to measure how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint it used to measure how much
+stuff was being moved but then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was being moved but then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was being moved but then those
+architects they are such pesky clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects they are such pesky clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects they are such pesky clever
+people and they put in a great feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they put in a great feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they put in a great feature
+prefetching okay they put in prefetching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching okay they put in prefetching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetching okay they put in prefetching
+they there's things that fetch it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's things that fetch it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's things that fetch it and it
+doesn't update that counter okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't update that counter okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't update that counter okay so if
+you want you have to count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to count how many
+prefetch incidents you have as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetch incidents you have as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefetch incidents you have as well okay
+and so you can often cobble this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can often cobble this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can often cobble this
+together but good luck figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but good luck figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but good luck figuring out what
+some of these two okay also watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these two okay also watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these two okay also watch out
+you may think that the tools let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think that the tools let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think that the tools let you
+measure a lot of counters if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a lot of counters if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a lot of counters if you want
+but if you read the fine print it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read the fine print it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you read the fine print it turns
+out that if you do more than four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you do more than four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you do more than four or
+five it starts essentially time sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it starts essentially time sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it starts essentially time sharing
+the available counting bandwidth that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available counting bandwidth that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available counting bandwidth that it
+has and it's not it's actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and it's not it's actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and it's not it's actually just
+doing something statistical rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something statistical rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something statistical rather than
+actually counting them so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually counting them so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually counting them so you can't
+count more than like four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count more than like four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count more than like four or five
+actually four or five I think is a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four or five I think is a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four or five I think is a high
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+but somebody I know Wells who knows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody I know Wells who knows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody I know Wells who knows this
+stuff said said four or five is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff said said four or five is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff said said four or five is probably
+what it is today okay so that's hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today okay so that's hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today okay so that's hardware
+counters so hardware counter is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters so hardware counter is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters so hardware counter is a good
+good technique next one is simulators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technique next one is simulators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good technique next one is simulators so
+things like cash grin usually rush run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like cash grin usually rush run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like cash grin usually rush run
+much slower than real time but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower than real time but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower than real time but what's
+great about simulators is you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about simulators is you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about simulators is you can get
+repeatable numbers out of them okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable numbers out of them okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatable numbers out of them okay you
+know you run the code you run it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you run the code you run it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you run the code you run it again
+if you've setup everything right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've setup everything right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've setup everything right you can
+get and you can see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and you can see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and you can see what's going on
+inside the downside is that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the downside is that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the downside is that they don't
+necessarily it's slower and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it's slower and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily it's slower and it doesn't
+necessarily model everything going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily model everything going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily model everything going on in
+the cache but for things like cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache but for things like cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache but for things like cache
+misses this is a great tool okay to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses this is a great tool okay to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses this is a great tool okay to just
+figure out what's the fundamental cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the fundamental cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the fundamental cache
+miss and we'll talk about that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and we'll talk about that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss and we'll talk about that when we
+talk about caches in the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about caches in the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about caches in the next couple
+weeks and if you want a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and if you want a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and if you want a particular
+statistic in principle you can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic in principle you can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic in principle you can go in and
+if it's an open source simulator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an open source simulator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's an open source simulator like
+cache grinned is you can collect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache grinned is you can collect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache grinned is you can collect it
+without perturbing the simulation so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without perturbing the simulation so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without perturbing the simulation so any
+question about you know these ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know these ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about you know these ways of
+collecting measurements there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting measurements there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting measurements there are a
+whole bunch of ways of doing they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of ways of doing they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of ways of doing they all
+have pros and cons it all can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pros and cons it all can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pros and cons it all can be useful
+in a given context they all have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given context they all have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given context they all have some
+some flaws okay a really good strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flaws okay a really good strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flaws okay a really good strategy
+I'll talk about this later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this later is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this later is
+triangulation I never take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation I never take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation I never take one
+measurement and believe it I always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and believe it I always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and believe it I always want
+to take at least two measurements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take at least two measurements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take at least two measurements okay
+in different ways and make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and make sure they're
+telling me the same story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the same story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the same story
+okay triangulation if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay triangulation if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay triangulation if there's a
+discrepancy then I want to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy then I want to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy then I want to know what's
+causing the discrepancy but I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the discrepancy but I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the discrepancy but I never
+trust one number and I never trust any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust one number and I never trust any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust one number and I never trust any
+numbers without having a model for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers without having a model for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers without having a model for what
+I think is is coming up and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is is coming up and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is is coming up and in fact
+that's what we're gonna talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna talk about next
+is performance modeling so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is performance modeling so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is performance modeling so any questions
+about measurements and such so isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measurements and such so isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measurements and such so isn't it
+good we have AWS run I mean right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have AWS run I mean right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have AWS run I mean right it's
+like number comes back it's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like number comes back it's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like number comes back it's the number
+and it's actually a pretty good number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a pretty good number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a pretty good number
+okay we worked very hard to make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we worked very hard to make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we worked very hard to make that a
+pretty good number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so performance modeling so yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so performance modeling so yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so performance modeling so yeah we
+cover a lot of stuff in this class as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of stuff in this class as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of stuff in this class as I
+think some of you have started to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of you have started to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some of you have started to notice
+and but really performance software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but really performance software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but really performance software
+performance engineering is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering is pretty simple
+process okay you you take a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay you you take a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay you you take a program that
+you want to make go fast program a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make go fast program a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make go fast program a you
+make a change to program a to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change to program a to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change to program a to produce a
+hopefully faster program a prime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully faster program a prime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully faster program a prime you
+measure the performance of program a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the performance of program a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the performance of program a
+prime if a prime beats a then you set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime if a prime beats a then you set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime if a prime beats a then you set a
+equals a prime and if a is still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a prime and if a is still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a prime and if a is still not
+fast enough you repeat the process okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough you repeat the process okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough you repeat the process okay
+right but that's what we that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's what we that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's what we that's
+basically what you're doing right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you're doing right it's
+pretty pretty simple okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty simple okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty simple okay
+and as should be apparent if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as should be apparent if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as should be apparent if you can't
+measure performance reliably it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure performance reliably it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure performance reliably it's hard
+to make many small changes that add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make many small changes that add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make many small changes that add up
+because it's hard to tell whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's hard to tell whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's hard to tell whether a
+beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats
+a prime sorry whether a prime beats a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime sorry whether a prime beats a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime sorry whether a prime beats a
+right it's hard to tell okay and so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's hard to tell okay and so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's hard to tell okay and so as a
+consequence what we want to do is want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence what we want to do is want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence what we want to do is want
+to model performance so that we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model performance so that we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model performance so that we're in a
+position to draw accurate conclusions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to draw accurate conclusions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to draw accurate conclusions so
+we want to do things like drive the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do things like drive the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do things like drive the the
+variability of measurement down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of measurement down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of measurement down to zero
+and we want to do things like figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to do things like figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to do things like figure out
+ways of using statistics okay to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of using statistics okay to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of using statistics okay to give us
+more accurate picture of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate picture of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate picture of what's going on
+then maybe what is appearance and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe what is appearance and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe what is appearance and that's
+basically what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're going to talk about
+for a little bit part of what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit part of what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit part of what I'm going
+to do is going to talk about statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is going to talk about statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is going to talk about statistics
+how many people have had a statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have had a statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have had a statistics
+class or a machine learning class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or a machine learning class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or a machine learning class or
+something read ill dealt with statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something read ill dealt with statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something read ill dealt with statistics
+beyond probability I mean I mean real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond probability I mean I mean real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond probability I mean I mean real
+statistics right you know sample sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics right you know sample sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics right you know sample sample
+means and things like that so a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and things like that so a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and things like that so a few of
+you okay the basics of what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay the basics of what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay the basics of what you need to
+know you can find from Wikipedia or math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can find from Wikipedia or math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can find from Wikipedia or math
+world or someplace like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm not gonna try to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not gonna try to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not gonna try to teach you
+statistics 101 but I point you in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics 101 but I point you in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics 101 but I point you in some
+directions and give you some pointers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and give you some pointers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and give you some pointers so
+some tools you can do okay so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools you can do okay so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools you can do okay so here's a
+puzzle suppose you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle suppose you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle suppose you measure the
+performance of a deterministic program a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a deterministic program a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a deterministic program a
+hundred times on a computer with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times on a computer with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times on a computer with some
+interfering background noise what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering background noise what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering background noise what
+statistic best represents the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic best represents the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic best represents the raw
+performance of the software is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the software is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the software is that the
+mean of the arithmetic mean of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the arithmetic mean of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the arithmetic mean of those
+runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs
+is it the geometric mean of those runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the geometric mean of those runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the geometric mean of those runs
+is it the median of the runs is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the median of the runs is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the median of the runs is that the
+maximum of the runs is that the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the runs is that the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the runs is that the minimum
+of the runs okay this is where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the runs okay this is where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the runs okay this is where it's
+helpful if we had those you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if we had those you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if we had those you know those
+clickers or whatever they have right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers or whatever they have right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers or whatever they have right you
+know but we don't so so I'll ask people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we don't so so I'll ask people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we don't so so I'll ask people
+to vote now I want everybody to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote now I want everybody to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote now I want everybody to vote
+once again it doesn't matter if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again it doesn't matter if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again it doesn't matter if you're
+right or wrong you can be right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong you can be right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or wrong you can be right for the
+wrong reasons you can be wrong but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong reasons you can be wrong but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong reasons you can be wrong but have
+the idea right but it's fun when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea right but it's fun when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea right but it's fun when
+everybody participates certainly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody participates certainly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody participates certainly more
+fun for me when I see hands go up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun for me when I see hands go up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun for me when I see hands go up then
+when I see people sitting there looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see people sitting there looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see people sitting there looking
+bored okay okay how many people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored okay okay how many people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored okay okay how many people think
+arithmetic mean would be a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean would be a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean would be a good way of
+measuring the raw performance arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the raw performance arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the raw performance arithmetic
+that's a that's the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the most common
+statistic that we ever gather okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic that we ever gather okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic that we ever gather okay
+what about geometric mean okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about geometric mean okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about geometric mean okay what
+about median okay good what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about median okay good what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about median okay good what about
+maximum one for maximum what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum one for maximum what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum one for maximum what about
+minimum okay so it turns out actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum okay so it turns out actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum okay so it turns out actually
+these are all good measures to take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all good measures to take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all good measures to take and
+depends upon what you're doing with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what you're doing with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon what you're doing with them
+but turns out minimum is does the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out minimum is does the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out minimum is does the best
+at noise rejection and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at noise rejection and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at noise rejection and that's because
+you expect any measurements higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect any measurements higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect any measurements higher than
+the minimum if it's a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum if it's a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum if it's a deterministic
+program and so forth that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so forth that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and so forth that's going to be
+due to noise so if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to noise so if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to noise so if you're really
+interested in knowing how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in knowing how long
+fundamentally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you're
+Co takes on the underlying hardware when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co takes on the underlying hardware when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co takes on the underlying hardware when
+there's other things going on taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things going on taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other things going on taking the
+minimum rejects it now you might say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum rejects it now you might say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum rejects it now you might say the
+median also rejects noise but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median also rejects noise but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median also rejects noise but it doesn't
+because because if the you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because if the you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because if the you know if you
+view your your program as being it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your your program as being it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your your program as being it's
+running time plus noise then the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time plus noise then the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time plus noise then the median
+is going to give you some number that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give you some number that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give you some number that is
+in the midst of the noise right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of the noise right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midst of the noise right it's
+going to have some complement so minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some complement so minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some complement so minimum
+is the only one that really rejects all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that really rejects all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only one that really rejects all
+of them but they're all useful measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but they're all useful measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but they're all useful measures
+in different contexts and there are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different contexts and there are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different contexts and there are ways
+that you can use the mean and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use the mean and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use the mean and some of
+these other ones as we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ones as we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ones as we'll talk about in
+a minute to get information about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to get information about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to get information about making
+decisions okay because the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay because the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay because the thing that
+we're after is not necessarily always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after is not necessarily always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after is not necessarily always
+the raw performance of the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw performance of the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw performance of the software
+sometimes we're interested in whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're interested in whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're interested in whether a
+beats B that's a different question than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B that's a different question than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats B that's a different question than
+how fast does this sort of fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast does this sort of fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast does this sort of fundamentally
+go now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now
+so there are a lot of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of different types of
+summary statistics and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and there's lots of
+reasons to pick different ones so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to pick different ones so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to pick different ones so for
+example if you're interested in serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're interested in serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're interested in serving
+as many requests as possible in a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many requests as possible in a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many requests as possible in a web
+server for example you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server for example you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server for example you're going to be
+looking at something like the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at something like the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at something like the CPU
+utilization and taking the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and taking the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization and taking the the
+arithmetic mean to try to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean to try to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean to try to understand how
+how those things add up if all tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those things add up if all tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those things add up if all tasks
+have to be completed within 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be completed within 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be completed within 10
+milliseconds then you're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds then you're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds then you're going to look
+at you're looking at the total and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're looking at the total and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you're looking at the total and
+you're going to add it up and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to add it up and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to add it up and you're
+going to be interested in making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interested in making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interested in making sure
+that that each one is is small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that each one is is small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that each one is is small and
+that's also what the mean does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also what the mean does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also what the mean does and
+you're gonna be looking at wall clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be looking at wall clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be looking at wall clock
+time if you wanted to ensure that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you wanted to ensure that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you wanted to ensure that most
+requests are satisfied within a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests are satisfied within a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests are satisfied within a hundred
+milliseconds you might be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds you might be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds you might be looking at the
+90th percentile behavior okay and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90th percentile behavior okay and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90th percentile behavior okay and you'll
+say yes I won't make every one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes I won't make every one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes I won't make every one but I
+want 90% of the time I want to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 90% of the time I want to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 90% of the time I want to get it
+there and I'll be using something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll be using something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll be using something like
+wall clock time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall clock time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall clock time okay
+there may be in in a lot of web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be in in a lot of web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be in in a lot of web
+companies there's a thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there's a thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies there's a thing called a
+service level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service level
+Raymond this is what they should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond this is what they should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond this is what they should give
+you for your telephone but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your telephone but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your telephone but they don't
+tells you what kind of service you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what kind of service you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what kind of service you can
+expect and if they don't meet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and if they don't meet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and if they don't meet that
+service requirement then they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service requirement then they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service requirement then they haven't
+lived up to it instead we buy these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived up to it instead we buy these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived up to it instead we buy these
+phones and we get the service and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and we get the service and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and we get the service and we
+just get whatever they decide to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get whatever they decide to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get whatever they decide to give us
+right but if you're a big company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're a big company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you're a big company you
+insist that you get some kind of service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that you get some kind of service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that you get some kind of service
+out of the people that your you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the people that your you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the people that your you're using
+and so there that's typically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there that's typically some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there that's typically some
+weighted combination and you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination and you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination and you're using
+sort of multiple things you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiple things you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiple things you might want
+to fit into a machine with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into a machine with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into a machine with a hundred
+megabytes of memory some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of memory some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of memory some sort of
+embedded machine or whatever then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded machine or whatever then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded machine or whatever then you're
+going to be interested in maximum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interested in maximum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interested in maximum of the
+memory use so it's not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory use so it's not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory use so it's not all the
+performances not all just time you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances not all just time you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances not all just time you might
+want the least cost possible and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the least cost possible and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the least cost possible and you're
+looking at things like energy use etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things like energy use etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things like energy use etc
+here are the fastest biggest best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the fastest biggest best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the fastest biggest best
+solutions you can see average comes up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions you can see average comes up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions you can see average comes up a
+lot you know as one of the ways so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you know as one of the ways so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you know as one of the ways so I
+wanted to though cover one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to though cover one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to though cover one particular
+example which I find is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I find is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I find is the most common
+place I see a misuse of summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I see a misuse of summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I see a misuse of summary
+statistics and that's for when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and that's for when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and that's for when I'm
+summarizing ratios so suppose I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing ratios so suppose I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing ratios so suppose I have two
+programs a and B and I run the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs a and B and I run the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs a and B and I run the four
+trials normally you'd run a lot more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials normally you'd run a lot more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials normally you'd run a lot more but
+I wanted to fit on a slide okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to fit on a slide okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to fit on a slide okay and
+program a you know on whatever trial one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a you know on whatever trial one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a you know on whatever trial one
+was took took nine seconds say program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was took took nine seconds say program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was took took nine seconds say program
+two on trial two it took eight two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on trial two it took eight two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on trial two it took eight two and
+ten and program about three to twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and program about three to twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten and program about three to twenty
+and - okay so I can compute the mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - okay so I can compute the mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - okay so I can compute the mean for
+each of those so the mean of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those so the mean of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those so the mean of the program
+a is eight point two five and the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is eight point two five and the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is eight point two five and the mean
+of program B is four point seven five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of program B is four point seven five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of program B is four point seven five
+over those four benchmarks okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those four benchmarks okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those four benchmarks okay I can
+also take a look at how much is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take a look at how much is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take a look at how much is a
+winning sorry its be winning over a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning sorry its be winning over a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning sorry its be winning over a okay
+and so if I take the ratios I then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I take the ratios I then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I take the ratios I then get
+three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+one tenth and five for a mean of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenth and five for a mean of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenth and five for a mean of three
+point one three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one three
+it's actually three point one two five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually three point one two five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually three point one two five
+but I'm only keeping things to two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm only keeping things to two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm only keeping things to two to
+two digits okay and so if I was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two digits okay and so if I was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two digits okay and so if I was asked to
+summarize this I could perhaps conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this I could perhaps conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this I could perhaps conclude
+that program three is more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program three is more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program three is more than three
+times better than program a based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times better than program a based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times better than program a based on
+these statistics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statistics okay
+but there's a bug in that reasoning can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a bug in that reasoning can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a bug in that reasoning can
+anybody see the bug this is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't make sense to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to take the
+arithmetic mean of a bunch of ratios why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean of a bunch of ratios why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mean of a bunch of ratios why
+is that yeah one thing here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah one thing here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah one thing here is that you
+can see is that notice that the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that notice that the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is that notice that the mean of
+the ratio is not the same as the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio is not the same as the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio is not the same as the ratio
+of the mean that should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean that should be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean that should be some
+suspicious why am i comparing should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious why am i comparing should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious why am i comparing should I
+not be comparing the ratio of the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be comparing the ratio of the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be comparing the ratio of the mean
+or sort of a comparing the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of a comparing the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of a comparing the mean of the
+ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+okay so so that's not particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's not particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's not particularly good
+another thing is to suppose I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is to suppose I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is to suppose I take a
+look at the ratio B over a and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ratio B over a and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the ratio B over a and I take
+the arithmetic mean then what I discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic mean then what I discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic mean then what I discover
+is that a is better by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a is better by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a is better by a factor of
+almost three than B so clearly taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost three than B so clearly taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost three than B so clearly taking
+the the average of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average of the of the of the
+means is you know is assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you know is assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is you know is assuming the
+average of the ratios there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the ratios there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the ratios there's something
+wrong with that right and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that right and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with that right and in particular
+as I say the ratio of the means is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say the ratio of the means is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say the ratio of the means is not
+the mean of the ratios okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the ratios okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the ratios okay and then
+your intuition is spot-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition is spot-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition is spot-on
+okay I suppose instead I compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I suppose instead I compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I suppose instead I compute the
+geometric mean so geometric mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean so geometric mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean so geometric mean is
+basically like taking the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like taking the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like taking the average of the
+logs the arithmetic mean of the logs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs the arithmetic mean of the logs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs the arithmetic mean of the logs so
+you're basically taking the product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically taking the product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically taking the product and
+taking the nth root of the product okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the nth root of the product okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the nth root of the product okay
+and I've computed that for these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've computed that for these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've computed that for these things
+and now I've taken the arithmetic mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I've taken the arithmetic mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I've taken the arithmetic mean
+of the run times because that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the run times because that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the run times because that makes
+sense that's kind of how an average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's kind of how an average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's kind of how an average over
+these things how long did things take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things how long did things take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things how long did things take
+and now I look at a over B and B over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I look at a over B and B over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I look at a over B and B over a
+and I get the same the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the same the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the same the same thing and
+it's in fact the case that the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact the case that the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact the case that the ratio of
+the means is the mean of the ratios okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means is the mean of the ratios okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means is the mean of the ratios okay
+so when you look at ratios there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at ratios there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at ratios there's
+another place that comes up where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place that comes up where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place that comes up where you
+look at rates and I've seen people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at rates and I've seen people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at rates and I've seen people look
+at rates and it turns out when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rates and it turns out when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rates and it turns out when you're
+looking at rates often it's the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at rates often it's the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at rates often it's the harmonic
+mean that you want in order to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you want in order to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you want in order to preserve
+these good mathematical properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good mathematical properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good mathematical properties and
+make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that
+like it's really bad if I you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's really bad if I you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's really bad if I you know if I
+do this thing and I say look how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this thing and I say look how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this thing and I say look how much
+better a is than B and somebody if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a is than B and somebody if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a is than B and somebody if I
+flip the ratio B would be better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the ratio B would be better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the ratio B would be better than a
+right that's really suspect if if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really suspect if if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's really suspect if if if the
+identity of whether you're a or B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of whether you're a or B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of whether you're a or B and
+which one was the numerator which in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one was the numerator which in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one was the numerator which in the
+denominator you know had an impact right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you know had an impact right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you know had an impact right
+that would be that would be like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be that would be like really
+suspect okay so this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect okay so this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect okay so this is the kind of
+thing when you're thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you're thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you're thinking about how
+you're reporting things and so forth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reporting things and so forth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reporting things and so forth you
+want to be careful about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be careful about when you're
+aggregating things to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating things to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregating things to make sure that you
+have the basic mathematical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic mathematical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic mathematical properties
+met okay and what's nice is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met okay and what's nice is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met okay and what's nice is like you
+know one divided by one point five seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one divided by one point five seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one divided by one point five seven
+here is in fact zero point six four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in fact zero point six four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is in fact zero point six four okay
+so it didn't matter which way I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't matter which way I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't matter which way I took the
+ratio I got the same answer okay one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I got the same answer okay one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I got the same answer okay one of
+them is a so B is better that by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a so B is better that by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a so B is better that by a
+factor of about one point six something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of about one point six something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of about one point six something
+like that it was a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it was a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it was a little bit better
+it's not three times better and it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three times better and it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three times better and it for
+sure isn't the case that a is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure isn't the case that a is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure isn't the case that a is better
+than B by a factor of three okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B by a factor of three okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B by a factor of three okay good
+any questions about that this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay suppose I want to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay suppose I want to compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay suppose I want to compare two
+programs a and B which is faster and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs a and B which is faster and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs a and B which is faster and I
+have a slightly noisy computer on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly noisy computer on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slightly noisy computer on which
+to measure their performance what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure their performance what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure their performance what's a
+good strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a good strategy for comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good strategy for comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a good strategy for comparing
+them figuring out whether a is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them figuring out whether a is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them figuring out whether a is better
+than B or B better than a sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could take sorry so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take sorry so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take sorry so you're saying
+I'm gonna run multiple runs that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna run multiple runs that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna run multiple runs that's a
+great idea okay we're gonna do multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea okay we're gonna do multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea okay we're gonna do multiple
+runs and what am i doing for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and what am i doing for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and what am i doing for each of
+these runs the low order statistic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs the low order statistic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs the low order statistic of
+the like for example like minimum were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like for example like minimum were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like for example like minimum were
+or 10% or something really low okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10% or something really low okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10% or something really low okay so I
+take that I have one number for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that I have one number for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that I have one number for for
+program a I have one number for program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a I have one number for program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a I have one number for program
+B I ran them in times what else well am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I ran them in times what else well am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I ran them in times what else well am
+i comparing am i comparing the am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i comparing am i comparing the am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i comparing am i comparing the am i
+comparing the the two minimums I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the the two minimums I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the the two minimums I've got
+there or am i comparing each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I say oh I see you're saying take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say oh I see you're saying take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say oh I see you're saying take all
+the measurements that go below your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements that go below your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements that go below your your
+10% cheapest ones 10% cheapest ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% cheapest ones 10% cheapest ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% cheapest ones 10% cheapest ones and
+then compare those okay that might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare those okay that might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare those okay that might give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so you're substantially doing noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're substantially doing noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're substantially doing noise
+reduction is what you're saying and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is what you're saying and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is what you're saying and then
+other than that you're comparing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that you're comparing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that you're comparing by
+comparing means okay that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing means okay that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing means okay that's an
+interesting methodology you probably get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting methodology you probably get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting methodology you probably get
+something reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something reasonable
+I would think but you probably couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think but you probably couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would think but you probably couldn't
+prove anything about it but that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything about it but that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything about it but that's an
+interesting idea yeah that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea yeah that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea yeah that's that's an
+interesting idea what else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so you're saying do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you're saying do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you're saying do a bunch of
+head-to-head runs and mark just who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-to-head runs and mark just who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-to-head runs and mark just who wins
+over those things and why is that a why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those things and why is that a why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those things and why is that a why
+is that a good so which so one wins more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good so which so one wins more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good so which so one wins more
+than the other or the other ones more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other or the other ones more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other or the other ones more
+than the one what what good is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is actually a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is actually a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is actually a very good
+strategy okay and actually has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy okay and actually has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy okay and actually has some
+statistical muscle behind it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical muscle behind it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical muscle behind it okay so
+what you can do is do in head-to-head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is do in head-to-head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is do in head-to-head
+comparisons between a and B okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between a and B okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between a and B okay so in
+both these examples is like yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these examples is like yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these examples is like yeah we
+better run it a few times okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better run it a few times okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better run it a few times okay and
+suppose that a wins more frequency more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a wins more frequency more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a wins more frequency more
+frequently okay so now what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently okay so now what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently okay so now what we want to
+do in the statistics where they call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the statistics where they call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the statistics where they call the
+null hypothesis is the that B beats a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is the that B beats a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is the that B beats a so
+even though we see a B's be the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we see a B's be the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we see a B's be the null
+hypothesis that were wrong and that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that were wrong and that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that were wrong and that a
+beats the B beats a and what we then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats the B beats a and what we then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats the B beats a and what we then can
+calculate is what they call the p-value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is what they call the p-value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate is what they call the p-value
+which is the probability we'd observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the probability we'd observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the probability we'd observe
+that be that a beats be more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be that a beats be more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be that a beats be more often than
+we did okay so for example for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did okay so for example for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did okay so for example for each of
+these two imagine that in in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two imagine that in in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two imagine that in in the worst
+case let's just say that they were equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's just say that they were equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's just say that they were equal
+in performance and all we're seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in performance and all we're seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in performance and all we're seeing is
+the noise then I would expect that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise then I would expect that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise then I would expect that I
+would get about an even number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get about an even number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get about an even number of things
+and so the further that I deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the further that I deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the further that I deviate from
+them being even especially once I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being even especially once I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being even especially once I you
+know that distribution is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that distribution is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that distribution is essentially a
+Bernoulli distribution the further I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution the further I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution the further I get
+out or a t-distribution if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or a t-distribution if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or a t-distribution if you have
+small numbers as I get further out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers as I get further out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers as I get further out from
+away from the mean by what the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the mean by what the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the mean by what the variance
+is of just flipping coins in that case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of just flipping coins in that case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of just flipping coins in that case I
+can calculate what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what's the probability
+that I'm seeing something that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm seeing something that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm seeing something that would be
+that extreme and that gives me a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extreme and that gives me a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extreme and that gives me a good
+reason to reject the null hypothesis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to reject the null hypothesis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to reject the null hypothesis if
+it turns out that deviates by Allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that deviates by Allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that deviates by Allah
+okay so this is very standard stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is very standard stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is very standard stuff in
+the social sciences who's had a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social sciences who's had a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social sciences who's had a course
+in this kind of stuff and testing null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of stuff and testing null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of stuff and testing null
+hypothesis by ology and so forth and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis by ology and so forth and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis by ology and so forth and you
+remember anything from it or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything from it or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything from it or just
+vaguely yeah yeah okay that's fine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely yeah yeah okay that's fine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely yeah yeah okay that's fine you
+know one of the things I have found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things I have found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things I have found in
+life is that you know I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is that you know I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is that you know I don't remember
+anything I learned in college to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I learned in college to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I learned in college to speak
+of right okay what I had to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right okay what I had to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right okay what I had to do is
+relearn it but I relearned it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relearn it but I relearned it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relearn it but I relearned it a lot
+faster than when I was in college you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than when I was in college you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than when I was in college you
+know it and so that's part of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it and so that's part of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it and so that's part of this is
+also so when you see it again okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so when you see it again okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so when you see it again okay now
+you know how to go about learning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to go about learning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to go about learning this
+so so I would once again you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I would once again you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I would once again you can look
+this up on on like Wikipedia or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up on on like Wikipedia or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up on on like Wikipedia or whatever
+if you want to use this methodology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use this methodology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use this methodology it's
+a it's a good one for being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a good one for being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a good one for being able to
+determine even in the presence of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine even in the presence of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine even in the presence of noise
+what it does do is it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does do is it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does do is it doesn't tell you
+what the raw performance was but it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the raw performance was but it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the raw performance was but it says
+in that environment which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that environment which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that environment which one is
+actually faster and that may actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster and that may actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster and that may actually be
+a more relevant question because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more relevant question because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more relevant question because you're
+not always going to have this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always going to have this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always going to have this completely
+quiet system you may have a lot of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet system you may have a lot of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet system you may have a lot of noise
+going on a system you'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a system you'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a system you'd like to know
+which one is going to behave better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is going to behave better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is going to behave better in
+what that actual system is and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actual system is and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that actual system is and so this
+methodology is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology is pretty good
+note that with a lot of noise we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that with a lot of noise we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that with a lot of noise we need
+lots of trials the last thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of trials the last thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of trials the last thing that I
+want to talk about which I won't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which I won't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which I won't is
+fitting to a model and this is the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to a model and this is the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting to a model and this is the issue
+of sometimes you measure things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes you measure things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes you measure things but
+you're interested in a derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in a derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in a derived
+statistics such as such as in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics such as such as in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics such as such as in this case
+gathering some time accounting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering some time accounting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering some time accounting and
+instructions counting cast measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions counting cast measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions counting cast measures
+counting time and asking okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time and asking okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting time and asking okay what's the
+you know what can i estimate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what can i estimate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what can i estimate is the
+instruction time and what is the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction time and what is the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction time and what is the cache
+time and to do that you do a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and to do that you do a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and to do that you do a least
+squares approximation and there's once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares approximation and there's once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares approximation and there's once
+again some statistics behind that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some statistics behind that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some statistics behind that I'm
+not going to go over it here but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go over it here but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go over it here but you can
+look in the in the notes there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the in the notes there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the in the notes there are a
+bunch of issues with modeling which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of issues with modeling which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of issues with modeling which is
+that you can over fit very easily if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can over fit very easily if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can over fit very easily if you
+if you add more basis functions you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add more basis functions you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add more basis functions you will
+fit the data better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data better
+and so how do you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do you know if you're
+overfitting answer is if you remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting answer is if you remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting answer is if you remove a
+base to function it doesn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to function it doesn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to function it doesn't affect the
+quality very much is the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality very much is the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality very much is the model
+predictive I'm actually going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive I'm actually going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive I'm actually going to just
+let you guys look at these because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you guys look at these because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you guys look at these because it's
+it's pretty good is that I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good is that I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good is that I think they're
+pretty self-explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+giant of science this is Lord Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant of science this is Lord Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant of science this is Lord Kelvin
+what is Kelvin famous for besides Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Kelvin famous for besides Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Kelvin famous for besides Kelvin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+he was the Guru of measurement okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the Guru of measurement okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was the Guru of measurement okay and
+he said to measure is to know and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said to measure is to know and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said to measure is to know and that's
+a good one and he said also if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one and he said also if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one and he said also if you
+cannot measurement it you cannot improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measurement it you cannot improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot measurement it you cannot improve
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so both very apt sayings from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both very apt sayings from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both very apt sayings from the same
+guy so there's a reason he's got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so there's a reason he's got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so there's a reason he's got a big
+forehead I guess so anyway that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead I guess so anyway that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead I guess so anyway that's it
+thanks very much and good luck on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks very much and good luck on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks very much and good luck on the
+quiz on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MKPswx4hjec.txt b/MKPswx4hjec.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b177a0a69f390f721293ed393ee958c76f63561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MKPswx4hjec.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3521 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good morning, everybody.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+Let me just begin by asking
+if there are any questions,
+
+either about logistical issues
+or about physics issues?
+
+OK.
+
+Today we'll be
+finishing our discussion
+
+of black-body
+radiation by talking
+
+about the actual spectrum of
+the cosmic microwave background
+
+that we find in our universe.
+
+And then move on to talk about
+the rather exciting discovery
+
+in 1998 of the fact that
+our universe today appears
+
+to have a nonzero
+cosmological constant.
+
+So I want to begin by reviewing
+what we did last time.
+
+And one of the reasons
+why I do this is I
+
+think it's a good
+opportunity for you
+
+to ask questions that don't
+occur to you the first time we
+
+go through.
+
+And that, from my
+point of view, has
+
+been an extraordinary success.
+
+I think you've asked
+great questions.
+
+So we'll see what
+comes up today.
+
+We began the last
+lecture by recalling,
+
+I think from the previous
+lecture actually,
+
+the basic formulas for
+black-body radiation, which
+
+is just the
+radiation of massless
+
+particles at a
+given temperature.
+
+And we have formulas for the
+energy density, the pressure,
+
+the number density, and the
+entropy density, all of which
+
+are given in terms of
+two constants, little g
+
+and little g star, which
+is the only place where
+
+the actual nature of
+the matter comes in.
+
+G and g-star are both
+equal to 2 for photons,
+
+but these formulas
+allow us to talk
+
+about other kinds of
+black-body radiation
+
+as well, black-body radiation
+of other kinds of particles.
+
+As neutrinos are
+also effectively
+
+massless, so they contribute.
+
+And in addition, e
+plus e minus pairs,
+
+if the temperature
+gets hot enough so
+
+that the mass of the
+electrons becomes negligible
+
+compared to kt, also contribute
+to the cosmic background
+
+radiation.
+
+And if we want the
+higher temperatures,
+
+other particle will
+start to contribute.
+
+And at the highest
+temperatures all particles
+
+act like black-body radiation.
+
+The general formula
+for g and g star
+
+is that there is a factor
+out front that depends on
+
+whether the particle is
+a boson or a fermion,
+
+a particle which does or does
+not obey the Pauli exclusion
+
+principle.
+
+Fermions do not, bosons-- excuse
+me, I said that backwards.
+
+Fermions obey the Pauli
+exclusion principle,
+
+bosons do not.
+
+G and g star are
+both 1 for bosons.
+
+But for fermions there's
+a factor of 7/8 for g
+
+and 3/4 for g star.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Would you
+mind quickly restating
+
+why the positron-electron
+pairs act
+
+like radiation above
+that temperature?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The question is, why do
+electron-positron pairs
+
+act like radiation at
+these high temperatures?
+
+And the answer is
+that radiation is just
+
+characterized by the fact that
+the particles are effectively
+
+massless.
+
+And the effective
+energy scale is
+
+kt, that's the average thermal
+energy in a thermal mix.
+
+So as long as m e c squared
+is small compared to kt,
+
+electrons and positrons
+think that they're
+
+massless and act like
+they're massless.
+
+And as I said, if you go to
+higher temperatures still,
+
+all particles will act
+like they're massless.
+
+Coming back to the
+story of g and g star,
+
+we have the factor out
+front which depends on
+
+whether they're
+bosons or fermions.
+
+And then that just
+multiplies the total number
+
+of particle types,
+whereby a particle type--
+
+we made a complete specification
+of what kind of a thing it is.
+
+And that includes specifying
+what species of particle
+
+it is, whether it's a
+particle or an anti-particle
+
+if that distinction
+exists, and what the spin
+
+state is if the
+particle has spin.
+
+So we can try this out
+now on some examples.
+
+First example, will
+be neutrinos which
+
+play a very important role
+in the early universe,
+
+and even in the particle number
+balance of today's universe.
+
+Neutrinos actually
+have a small mass,
+
+as we talked about last time and
+as I'll review again this time.
+
+But nonetheless, as far
+as cosmology is concerned,
+
+they effectively act
+like massless particles
+
+although the story
+about why they
+
+act like massless particles
+is a little complicated.
+
+It's more than just
+saying that they're
+
+mass is small, for
+reasons that we'll see.
+
+But anyway, I'm
+nonetheless going
+
+to start by describing neutrinos
+as if they were massless,
+
+as was believed to be the
+case really until 15 years
+
+ago or so.
+
+The massless model
+of the neutrino
+
+was a particle which
+was always left-handed.
+
+And by left-handed
+what I mean is
+
+that for neutrinos, if
+you took the angular
+
+momentum of the neutrino in
+the direction of the momentum,
+
+p hat there means dotted
+with the unit vector
+
+in the direction of
+the spatial momentum,
+
+you'd always get minus
+1/2 in units of h bar.
+
+And conversely, all new
+bars are right-handed which
+
+just means the same equation
+holds with the opposite sign.
+
+So neutrinos always
+have spins that oppose
+
+the direction of motion,
+and anti-neutrinos always
+
+have spins aligned with
+the direction of motion.
+
+Now, it's not obvious
+but, if neutrinos
+
+were massless this would be a
+Lorentz invariant statement.
+
+If neutrinos have a
+mass, that statement
+
+is obviously not learn
+Lorentz invariant.
+
+As you can see by imagining
+a neutrino coming by,
+
+and you can get
+into a rocket ship,
+
+chase it, and pass it, and
+then see it going the other way
+
+out your window because
+you're going faster than it.
+
+You would see the momentum
+in the opposite direction
+
+from the way it
+looked to begin with.
+
+But the spin would look like
+it was the same direction as it
+
+did to begin with,
+and therefore the spin
+
+would now be aligned
+with the momentum
+
+instead of opposite
+the momentum.
+
+So this could not
+possibly hold universally
+
+if the neutrino has a mass.
+
+But for the time being our
+neutrinos are massless.
+
+So we're going to take
+this as a given fact.
+
+And it certainly is a fact
+for all neutrinos that
+
+have ever been
+actually measured.
+
+Given this model of the
+neutrino, the g for neutrinos
+
+is 7/8 because they're fermions.
+
+Then there's a factor
+of 3, because there
+
+are three different species
+of neutrinos- electron
+
+neutrinos, muon
+neutrinos, tau neutrinos.
+
+Neutrinos come in particles
+or anti-particles which
+
+are distinct from
+each other, we think.
+
+So there's a factor of 2
+associated with the particle
+
+anti-particle duality.
+
+And there's only one spin state.
+
+The spin that's anti-aligned
+with the momentum,
+
+or aligned for the
+anti-neutrinos.
+
+But only one spin
+state in either case.
+
+So just a factor of
+1 from spin states,
+
+and multiplying that
+through we get 21/4 for g,
+
+and 9/2 for g star.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If we found out
+that they were Majorana,
+
+that they were their
+own anti-particles,
+
+would that change what we expect
+the temperature [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to be?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it would not.
+
+OK.
+
+The question was, if
+we find that they're
+
+Majorana particles--
+which I'm going
+
+to be talking
+about in a minute--
+
+where the particles would be
+their own anti-particles, which
+
+would mean that the right-handed
+anti-neutrino would really just
+
+be the anti-particle of
+the left-handed neutrino,
+
+it would not change these
+final numbers at all.
+
+What it would do is, instead
+of having the 2 for particle
+
+anti-particle, we would
+have a 2 for spin states.
+
+So there would still be
+two kinds of neutrinos,
+
+but instead of calling them the
+neutrino and the anti-neutrino,
+
+the right words would
+be right-handed neutrino
+
+and left-handed neutrino.
+
+But the product would
+still be the same.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, they have
+mass and they are Majorana?
+
+PROFESSOR: If they
+have mass and Majorana,
+
+what I just said applies.
+
+The fact that they
+have a mass would
+
+mean at the lowest possible
+temperatures they would not
+
+act like black-body radiation.
+
+Kt would have to be bigger than
+their mass times c squared.
+
+But that's only on the order
+of electron volts at most.
+
+So I'll talk later about why
+the true model neutrinos which
+
+have masses give the
+same result as this.
+
+OK.
+
+Then we can also,
+just as an exercise,
+
+calculate g and g star.
+
+It's more than an exercise.
+
+We like to know the results.
+
+We can calculate g and g star
+for e plus e minus pairs, which
+
+is relevant for when
+kt is large compared
+
+to the rest energy
+of an electron.
+
+And again, they
+are fermions so we
+
+get a factor of 7/8 appearing
+in the expression for g,
+
+and 3/4 appearing in the
+expression for g star.
+
+And then we just have
+to multiply that times
+
+the total number of types
+of electrons that exist.
+
+There's only one species
+called an electron,
+
+so we only get a factor
+of one in the species
+
+slot of the product.
+
+There are both electrons
+and anti-electrons
+
+where the anti-electrons are
+usually called positrons.
+
+So we get a factor of 2
+in particle anti-particle.
+
+Two spin states because an
+electron can be spin up or spin
+
+down, and that
+gives us 7/2 and 3.
+
+Given that, we can go
+ahead and calculate
+
+what the energy density
+and radiation should
+
+be for the present
+universe given
+
+the temperature of the
+photons, the temperature
+
+of the cosmic
+microwave background.
+
+And in doing that there's
+an important catch which
+
+is something which is the
+subject of a homework problem
+
+that you'll be doing
+on problem set seven.
+
+When the electron-positron
+pairs disappear
+
+from the thermal
+equilibrium mix,
+
+if everything were still
+in thermal contact,
+
+its heat would be shared between
+the photons and the neutrinos
+
+in a way that would keep
+a common temperature.
+
+But in fact, when the e plus
+e minus pairs disappear,
+
+things are not in
+thermal contact anymore.
+
+And in particular, the
+neutrinos have decoupled.
+
+They're effectively not
+interacting with anything
+
+anymore.
+
+So the neutrinos keep
+their own entropy
+
+and do not absorb any entropy
+coming from the e plus
+
+e minus pairs.
+
+So all the entropy of the
+e plus e minus pairs gets
+
+transferred only to the photons.
+
+And that heats the photons
+relative to the neutrinos
+
+in a calculable
+amount, which you
+
+will calculate on
+the homework problem.
+
+And the answer is that the
+temperature of the neutrinos
+
+ends up being only
+4/11 to the 1/3 power,
+
+times the temperature
+of the photons.
+
+And that's important
+for understanding
+
+what's been happening in the
+universe since this time.
+
+That ratio is maintained
+forever from that time onward.
+
+So if we want to write down
+the formula for energy density
+
+and radiation today it
+would have two terms.
+
+The 2 here is the g for the
+photons, and this, times
+
+that expression is the
+energy density in photons.
+
+The second term is the
+energy density in neutrinos.
+
+And it has the
+factor of 21/4 which
+
+was the g factor for neutrinos.
+
+But then there's also
+a correction factor
+
+for the temperature, because
+on the right hand side here
+
+I put t gamma to the fourth.
+
+So this factor corrects it
+to make it into t neutrino
+
+to the fourth, which
+is what we need there
+
+to give the right energy
+density for the neutrinos today.
+
+And this is just that
+ratio to the fourth power.
+
+And once you plug in
+numbers there it's
+
+7.01 times 10 to the minus 14th
+joules per meter cubed, which
+
+is, from the
+beginning, what we said
+
+was the energy density in
+radiation of the universe
+
+today.
+
+OK.
+
+Finally I'd like to come back
+to this real story of neutrinos
+
+and their masses and why, even
+though they have small masses,
+
+the answers that we gave for the
+massless model of the neutrino
+
+are completely
+accurate for cosmology.
+
+We've never actually measured
+the mass of a neutrino.
+
+But what we have seen is
+that neutrinos of one species
+
+can oscillate into neutrinos
+of the other species.
+
+And it turns out,
+theoretically, that that
+
+requires them to have a mass.
+
+And by seeing how
+fast they oscillate
+
+you can actually
+measure the difference
+
+in the mass squareds
+between the two species.
+
+So it's still possible
+actually, in principle,
+
+that one of the species
+could have zero mass.
+
+But they can't
+all have zero mass
+
+because we know the differences
+in the squares of their masses.
+
+So in particular, delta
+m squared 2 1 times c
+
+to the fourth, meaning the
+mass expressed as an energy,
+
+is 7.5 times 10 to the
+minus 5 eV squared.
+
+And larger values
+obtained for 2 3,
+
+which is 2.3 times 10 to
+the minus 3 eV squared.
+
+We're still talking
+about fractions of an eV.
+
+The other of the three
+possible combinations
+
+here are just not known yet.
+
+Now, if neutrinos have a mass,
+that does actually change
+
+things rather dramatically
+because of what we said about--
+
+the statement that the neutrinos
+always align their spins with
+
+their motion just cannot be
+true if neutrinos have a mass.
+
+And more generally,
+for any particle
+
+with a mass of arbitrary
+spin j, the statement
+
+is that, the component of j
+along any particular axis--
+
+and we'll call it
+the z-axis-- always
+
+takes on the possible
+values in terms of h bar
+
+going from minus j up
+to j with no emissions.
+
+It's different for
+massless particles.
+
+For massless particles
+every one of these elements
+
+on the right hand side is
+independent and, by itself,
+
+a Lorentz invariant possibility.
+
+But, coming back to
+neutrinos-- if the neutrinos
+
+have a mass, in addition to
+the left-handed neutrinos there
+
+has to be a
+right-handed partner.
+
+And the question then is,
+what's the story behind that?
+
+And it turns out we
+don't know the story.
+
+But we know two
+possible stories.
+
+And one of the
+possible stories is
+
+that could be what's
+called a Dirac mass.
+
+And for Dirac mass
+what it means is that,
+
+the right-handed neutrino is
+simply a new type of particle
+
+which just happens to be a
+particle that we've never
+
+seen, but a particle
+which would have
+
+a perfectly real existence.
+
+It would however, to fit
+into theory and observation,
+
+be an extremely weakly
+interacting particle.
+
+The interactions of
+the right-handed one
+
+do not have to be the
+same as the interactions
+
+of the left-handed one.
+
+That is, the interactions
+can depend explicitly
+
+on p hat dot j.
+
+So depending its
+value, you could
+
+affect what the
+interactions are, again,
+
+in a Lorentz invariant way.
+
+And in practice, the
+right-handed neutrinos
+
+would indirect so
+weakly that we would not
+
+expect to see them
+in the laboratory.
+
+And we would not expect
+even in the early universe
+
+that they would
+have been produced
+
+in any significant number.
+
+So even though it would
+be a particle that,
+
+in principle, exists, we
+would not expect to see it.
+
+And we would not expected it
+to affect the early universe.
+
+Alternatively-- and in some
+ways a more subtle idea--
+
+is that the mass of
+the neutrino could
+
+be what's called
+a Majorana mass.
+
+Where Majorana, like Dirac,
+is the name of a person--
+
+perhaps less well
+known than Dirac,
+
+but made important contributions
+in this context nonetheless.
+
+In this case, it can only
+occur if lepton number is not
+
+conserved.
+
+And if lepton number
+is not conserved then
+
+there are really
+no quantum numbers
+
+that separate the
+particle that we
+
+call a neutrino
+from the particle
+
+that we call an anti-neutrino.
+
+And if that's the
+case, the particle
+
+that we call the anti-neutrino
+could, in fact, just
+
+be the right-handed
+partner of the neutrino.
+
+So for the Majorana
+mass case we don't
+
+need to introduce any new things
+that we haven't already seen.
+
+We just have to rename
+the thing that we've
+
+been calling the anti-neutrino
+the neutrino with helicity
+
+plus 1 instead of minus 1-- it's
+with j hat dot p with j dot p
+
+hat, equal to plus 1/2
+instead of minus 1/2.
+
+So these would just
+be the two spin states
+
+of the neutrino instead of the
+neutrino and the anti-neutrino.
+
+And that's a possibility.
+
+And this would also change
+nothing as far as the counting
+
+that we did.
+
+It would just change where
+the factors go instead
+
+of having a factor
+of 2 for particle
+
+anti-particle and
+this type counting.
+
+We'd have a factor of 2
+in the spin state factor,
+
+and a factor of 1 in the
+particle anti-particle
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+The particle and
+the anti-particle
+
+would be the same thing.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Finally-- and I think this is
+my last slide of the summary.
+
+At the end of the lecture
+we just pointed out
+
+a number of tidbits
+of information.
+
+We can calculate the temperature
+of the early universe
+
+at any time from the
+formulas that we already
+
+had on the slide.
+
+We know how to calculate the
+energy density at any time.
+
+And by knowing about
+black-body radiation
+
+we can convert that
+into a temperature.
+
+And for an important
+interval of time,
+
+which is when kt is small enough
+so that you don't make muon
+
+anti-muon pairs, but
+large enough so that
+
+electron-positron pairs
+act like they are massless,
+
+and this very large range
+kt is equal to 0.860 m e v,
+
+divided by the square root of
+time where time is measured
+
+in seconds.
+
+So in particular, at 1
+second kt is 0.86 m e
+
+v. And it does
+apply at 1 second.
+
+Because 0.86 m e v
+is in this range.
+
+We also then talked
+about the implications
+
+of the conservation of entropy.
+
+If total entropy is
+conserved, the entropy density
+
+has to just fall off like 1
+over the cube of the volume.
+
+Total entropy is conserved
+for almost all processes
+
+in the early universe.
+
+So the entropy falls
+off like 1 over a cubed.
+
+And that means that,
+as long as we're
+
+talking about a period of time
+during which little g does not
+
+change-- and little g only
+changes when particles freeze
+
+out, like when the
+electron-positron pairs
+
+disappear-- but as long as
+little g doesn't change,
+
+s [INAUDIBLE] 1 over
+a cubed means simply
+
+that the temperature
+falls like 1 over a.
+
+And when little g changes you
+can even calculate corrections
+
+to this as, effectively
+you're doing
+
+when you calculate
+this relationship
+
+between the neutrino temperature
+and the photon temperature.
+
+And finally, we talked
+about the behavior
+
+of the atoms in the universe
+as the universe cools.
+
+For temperatures above
+about 4,000 degrees
+
+the universe, which
+is mainly hydrogen,
+
+is mainly a hydrogen plasma.
+
+Isolated protons and electrons
+zipping through space
+
+independently.
+
+At about 4,000 Kelvin-- and
+this is a stat [? mac ?]
+
+calculation, which we're not
+doing-- but using the answer.
+
+At about 4,000 Kelvin--
+which is a number which
+
+depends on the density of
+hydrogen in the universe,
+
+it's not a universal
+property of hydrogen--
+
+but for the density of
+hydrogen in the universe,
+
+at about 4,000 Kelvin
+hydrogen recombines.
+
+It becomes neutral atoms.
+
+And slightly colder, at about
+3,000, the degree of ionization
+
+becomes small enough
+so that the photons
+
+become effectively free.
+
+The photons decouple.
+
+In between 4,000 and 3,000 the
+hydrogen is mostly neutral,
+
+but they're still enough ionized
+so that the photons are still
+
+interacting.
+
+So the most important
+temperatures--
+
+the 3,000 Kelvin,
+when the photons
+
+are released, when the
+photons are no longer trapped
+
+with the matter of the universe.
+
+And last time we estimated the
+time at which that happens.
+
+That should be a small t, sorry.
+
+The time of decoupling
+is about 380,000 years.
+
+And that number is
+actually very accurate,
+
+even though we didn't
+calculate it very accurately.
+
+And that's the
+end of my summary.
+
+Any questions about the summary?
+
+OK.
+
+In that case, let's
+go on to talk first
+
+about the spectrum of the
+cosmic background radiation.
+
+And then we'll move
+on to talk about
+
+the cosmological constant.
+
+CMB is cosmic
+microwave background.
+
+And that's a very, very standard
+abbreviation these days.
+
+So when the cosmic microwave
+background was first
+
+discovered by Penzias and
+Wilson in 1965-- which,
+
+I might point out,
+is going to have
+
+its 50th anniversary
+in the coming year--
+
+they only measured
+it at one frequency.
+
+It was a real tour de force to
+measure it at the one frequency
+
+and to convince themselves that
+the buzz that they were hearing
+
+in their detector was
+not just some kind
+
+of random electrical noise,
+but really was some signal
+
+coming from outer space.
+
+And the main clue that
+it was some signal coming
+
+from outer space
+was that they were
+
+able to compare it
+with a cold load,
+
+a liquid helium-cooled
+source, and find
+
+that that comparison worked
+the way they expected.
+
+And the main reason
+for believing
+
+it was cosmological
+rather than local
+
+is that they got the
+same reading no matter
+
+what direction they
+pointed their antenna.
+
+This just took a lot of
+radio technique skill
+
+to convince themselves
+that it wasn't just
+
+some radio tube that was
+malfunctioning or something.
+
+They even worried
+that it may have
+
+been caused by pigeon
+droppings in their antenna,
+
+I actually read about
+in Weinberg's book.
+
+But they finally convinced
+themselves that it was real.
+
+They were still not
+convinced really
+
+that it was a sign
+for the big bang
+
+and-- you may recall,
+again, from reading Weinberg
+
+that there were two papers
+published back-to-back.
+
+The experimental paper
+by Penzias and Wilson,
+
+which really just
+described the experiment,
+
+mentioning that a
+possible explanation
+
+was in this other paper
+by Dickie, Peebles, Roll,
+
+and Wilkinson which described
+the theory that this
+
+was radiation that
+originated with the big bang.
+
+But it's all based on one
+point at one frequency.
+
+Shortly afterwards, I
+guess within the same year,
+
+Roll and Wilkinson
+were able to measure it
+
+at a slightly
+different frequency.
+
+And when I wrote my
+popular-level book
+
+I tabulated all of the data
+that was known in 1975.
+
+And this mess is the graph.
+
+This shows sort
+of the full range
+
+of interesting frequencies.
+
+The solid line here is the
+expected theoretical curve
+
+corresponding to a
+modern measurement
+
+of the temperature
+2.726 degrees Kelvin.
+
+All of the interesting
+historical points
+
+are in this tiny little
+corner on the left, which
+
+is magnified above.
+
+The original Penzias
+and Wilson point
+
+is way down here at
+very low frequencies
+
+by the standards of radiation
+at 2.726 degrees Kelvin.
+
+The Roll and Wilkinson
+point is there.
+
+These blobs indicate error bars.
+
+The [? cyanogen ?] points
+that you read about
+
+in Weinberg are shown
+there and there.
+
+The first measurement that
+showed that, it didn't only
+
+go up but started to go down
+like black-body radiation
+
+should, was a balloon flight--
+this 1971 balloon flight
+
+which produce that
+blob and that bound.
+
+This was an experiment
+by MIT's own Ray Weiss.
+
+And it was very
+important in the history
+
+because it was the first
+evidence that we weren't just
+
+seeing some straight
+line, but we
+
+were seeing something which
+did indeed rise and fall
+
+the way black-body
+radiation should.
+
+A later balloon flight in
+1974 produced error bars
+
+that are shown by
+this gray area.
+
+Incredibly broad.
+
+So the bottom line
+that this graph
+
+was intended by me to
+illustrate is that, in 1975 you
+
+could believe that this was
+black-body radiation if you so
+
+wished.
+
+But there was not
+really a lot of evidence
+
+that it was
+black-body radiation.
+
+The situation did not
+get better quickly.
+
+The next significant
+measurement came
+
+in 1987 which was a
+rocket flight, which
+
+was a collaboration
+between a group at Berkeley
+
+and a group at Nagoya, Japan.
+
+I believe it was the
+Japanese group that
+
+supplied the rocket and
+the American group that
+
+supplied the instrumentation.
+
+And they measured the
+radiation at three points.
+
+I can give you the
+number that goes
+
+with those graphical points.
+
+I guess what I
+have tabulated here
+
+is the effect of temperature
+that those points correspond
+
+to.
+
+As you can see from
+the graph, those points
+
+are all well above
+the black-body curve.
+
+Significantly more
+radiation than what
+
+was expected by
+people who thought
+
+it should be black-body.
+
+And 0.2 up there
+would correspond
+
+to a temperature of 2.955 plus
+or minus 0.017 K. The size
+
+of the vertical bars
+there are the error
+
+bars that the
+experimenters found.
+
+And 0.3 was t equals 3.175
+plus or minus 0.027 K.
+
+So these were higher
+temperatures then
+
+the 2.7 that fit the lower
+part of the spectrum.
+
+And very, very small error bars.
+
+So this data came out in 1987.
+
+And, in truth, nobody knew
+what to make out of it.
+
+The experimental group were
+well aware that this was not
+
+what people wanted them to find.
+
+And they certainly
+examined their data
+
+very carefully to figure at
+what could have conceivably gone
+
+wrong.
+
+And they were going
+around the country
+
+giving talks about this.
+
+And I heard one or
+two of them in which
+
+they described how surprised
+they were by the results,
+
+but emphasized that they
+analyzed the experiment very,
+
+very carefully and couldn't
+find anything wrong with it.
+
+And this was the
+situation for awhile.
+
+I should point out that I think
+this point number three is
+
+something like 16 standard
+deviations off of the theory.
+
+And usually when somebody
+makes a measurement that's
+
+three or four standard
+deviations off of your theory,
+
+you really start to worry.
+
+16 standard deviations is
+certainly a bit extreme.
+
+Nonetheless, nobody had any
+good explanation for this.
+
+So, well, different people
+had different attitudes.
+
+There were some people who
+tried to construct theories
+
+that would account for this.
+
+And there were others who
+waited for it to go away.
+
+I'm pretty sure
+I was among those
+
+who waited for it to go
+away, and we were right.
+
+So the next important
+piece of data
+
+came from the first
+satellite dedicated
+
+to measuring the cosmic
+background radiation.
+
+The famous COBE Satellite--
+Cosmic Background Explorer-- I
+
+guess I didn't write
+down the name here.
+
+Oh, it's in the title.
+
+Preliminary measurement of the
+cosmic microwave background
+
+spectrum by the Cosmic
+Background Explorer,
+
+COBE Satellite.
+
+So COBE was the first
+satellite dedicated
+
+to measuring the cosmic
+background radiation.
+
+It was launched in 1989,
+I guess, and released
+
+its first data in
+January of 1990.
+
+Back in those days there
+was no internet or archive.
+
+So you may or may not know that
+the way physics results were
+
+first announced
+to the world were
+
+in the form of what were
+called pre-prints, which
+
+were essentially xeroxed copies
+of the paper that were sent out
+
+to a mailing list.
+
+Typically, I think,
+institutions had mailing lists
+
+of maybe 100 other institutions.
+
+And every physics department
+had a pre-print library
+
+that people can go to and
+find these pre-prints.
+
+So this is the COBE pre-print.
+
+90-01, the first
+pre-print from 1990.
+
+And this is the data.
+
+So it is kind of
+breathtaking, I think.
+
+It suddenly changed the entire
+field, and in some sense
+
+really change cosmology
+for the field.
+
+Where we only had
+approximate ideas of the way
+
+things worked, to suddenly
+having a really precise science
+
+in which precise
+measurements could be made,
+
+and cleared up the
+issue of the radiation.
+
+It wasn't just a mess like this,
+or a terrible fit like that,
+
+but a fantastically good fit.
+
+Really nailing the radiation
+as having a thermal spectrum.
+
+So the history is that John
+Mather presented this data
+
+at the January 1990 American
+Physical Society meeting,
+
+and was given a
+standing ovation.
+
+And he later won the
+Nobel Prize for this work.
+
+He was the head of the team
+that brought this data.
+
+He won the Nobel Prize in
+2006 along with George Smoot,
+
+who was responsible for one
+of the other experiments
+
+on the COBE satellite.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So do we
+know what happened
+
+with the other measurements?
+
+PROFESSOR: To tell
+you the truth,
+
+I don't think the
+other measurements
+
+ever-- the other people
+ever really published
+
+what they think happened.
+
+But the widespread rumor,
+which I imagine is true,
+
+is that they were seeing
+their own rocket exhaust.
+
+And there were, I think,
+some arguments going on
+
+between the Americans
+and the Japanese,
+
+with the Americans more or less
+accusing the Japanese of not
+
+really telling them how
+the rocket was set up.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are the error bars
+plugged on those points,
+
+or is it just that good?
+
+PROFESSOR: Those
+are the error bars?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: And even
+more spectacular,
+
+a couple years later,
+I guess it was-- this
+
+was actually just based on nine
+minutes of data or something
+
+like that.
+
+But a couple years later they
+published their full data set,
+
+where the size of the error bars
+were reduced by a factor of 10.
+
+And still a perfect fit.
+
+They didn't even
+know how to plot it,
+
+so I think they
+plotted the same graph,
+
+and said the error
+bars are a factor of 10
+
+smalled than what's shown.
+
+It was gorgeous.
+
+So I think I forgot to tell you
+what the spectrum is supposed
+
+to look like exactly.
+
+And this is just
+a formula that I
+
+want you to understand
+the meaning of, but not
+
+the derivation of.
+
+We-- as with the other stat mech
+results that we're relying on,
+
+we're going to relegate their
+derivation to the stat mech
+
+course that you either
+have taken or will take.
+
+But the spectrum is
+completely determined
+
+because the principle
+of thermal equilibrium
+
+is sort of absolute in
+statistical mechanics.
+
+And in order for a
+black-body radiating
+
+object to be in
+thermal equilibrium
+
+with an environment
+at that temperature,
+
+it has to have not only the
+right emission rate but also
+
+the right spectrum.
+
+If the spectrum
+weren't right you
+
+could imagine putting
+in filters that
+
+would trap in some frequencies
+and let out others.
+
+And then you would move away
+from thermal equilibrium
+
+if the spectrum were right
+or wrong because you'd
+
+be trapping in more
+radiation-- you could arrange
+
+for the filters to trap in more
+radiation than they are letting
+
+out.
+
+So the spectrum is calculable.
+
+And in terms of-- I guess
+this is energy density.
+
+I have to admit, I usually
+call energy density u
+
+and in these notes
+here it's called rho.
+
+We'll figure out the units after
+I write it down and make sure
+
+that it is energy density.
+
+Rho sub nu of nu d nu,
+means-- with this product
+
+it means the total energy
+density, energy per volume,
+
+per frequency interval, d
+nu-- well, it's times d nu,
+
+so if you multiply
+by times nu, this
+
+is the total energy for
+frequencies between nu and nu
+
+plus d nu.
+
+And the formula is 16 pi
+squared h bar nu cubed, divided
+
+by c cubed times 1 over e to
+the 2 pi h bar nu over kt,
+
+minus 1 d nu.
+
+OK.
+
+And actually, the unit's
+not that transparent.
+
+I believe this is energy
+density and not mass density.
+
+But maybe I'll make sure of
+that and let you know next time.
+
+And this is what
+produces that curve
+
+that you saw on the slides.
+
+I've included the
+subscript nu here
+
+to indicate that it's the number
+which, when you multiply it
+
+by d nu, gives you the energy
+density between nu and nu
+
+plus d nu.
+
+If instead you wanted
+to know the energy
+
+density between lambda
+and lambda plus d lambda,
+
+there'd be a kinematic
+factor that you'd
+
+have to put in here-- the factor
+that relates d lambda to d nu.
+
+And you could imagine
+working that out.
+
+I might add that,
+in Weinberg's book,
+
+he actually plots
+both sub lambda of nu.
+
+So his curve looks somewhat
+different than the curves
+
+that I showed you.
+
+This is not exactly
+the same thing.
+
+Now, what this extremely
+accurately black-body curve
+
+proves is that the
+early universe really
+
+was very accurately in
+thermal equilibrium.
+
+And that can only happen if the
+early universe was very dense.
+
+And of course, our
+model of the universe
+
+goes back to infinite density.
+
+So the model predicts
+that it should
+
+be in thermal equilibrium.
+
+But in particular, the
+numbers that we have here,
+
+if you ask how much could
+you change the model
+
+and still expect these
+curves the answer
+
+is roughly that, all of the
+important energy-releasing
+
+processes have to have
+happened before about one
+
+year after the Big Bang.
+
+Anything that happened
+after one year
+
+would still show
+up as some glitch
+
+in the black-body spectrum.
+
+So the big bag model really
+is confirmed back to about one
+
+year on the basis of
+this precise measurement
+
+of the spectrum of the
+cosmic background radiation.
+
+And the COBE measurement
+is still, by the way,
+
+the best measurement
+of the spectrum.
+
+We've had other very
+important experiments,
+
+that we'll talk
+about later, which
+
+measure the non-uniformity
+of the black-body radiation.
+
+Which is very small,
+but nonetheless very,
+
+very important [? effect. ?]
+
+So we've had WMAP
+and now Planck which
+
+have been dedicated to
+measuring the anisotropies
+
+of the radiation.
+
+COBE also made
+initial measurements
+
+of the anisotropies.
+
+And we'll be talking
+about anisotropies later
+
+in the course.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: The units
+of the right-hand side
+
+are energy density.
+
+PROFESSOR: Energy density.
+
+OK.
+
+Thanks.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+So my words were right.
+
+I should have called
+it u, I think,
+
+to be consistent with
+my usual notation.
+
+Thanks.
+
+OK.
+
+Any other questions
+about the CMB?
+
+Because if not, we're going
+to change gears completely
+
+and start talking about one of
+the other crucially important
+
+observational discoveries in
+cosmology in the last 20 years.
+
+OK.
+
+So what I want to
+talk about next
+
+is the very important
+discovery originally made
+
+in 1998-- also resulting
+in a Nobel Prize--
+
+that the universe
+is accelerating.
+
+And this was a
+discovery that involved
+
+two experimental groups,
+and a total of something
+
+like 52 astronomers
+between the two groups.
+
+Which actually meant that--
+I'm exaggerating slightly,
+
+I suppose.
+
+But it really
+involved the majority
+
+of the astronomers of the
+world, and therefore there
+
+weren't a lot of astronomers
+to argue with them about
+
+whether or not the
+result was right.
+
+But there still
+was some argument.
+
+The announcement was initially
+made at a AAS meeting
+
+in January of 1998 by--
+which group was first?
+
+I think that was the High-Z
+Supernova-- where are they?
+
+Yeah.
+
+That was the High-Z
+Supernova Search Team.
+
+And then there was also a group
+largely based at Berkeley.
+
+The High-Z Supernova Search Team
+was actually fairly diffused,
+
+although based to some
+extent at Harvard.
+
+And the Supernova
+Cosmology Project
+
+was based rather
+squarely in Berkeley,
+
+headed by Saul Perlmutter.
+
+And they both agreed.
+
+And what they found
+was, by looking
+
+at distant supernovae of a
+particular type-- type 1a--
+
+they were able to use these
+supernovae as standard candles.
+
+And because supernovae
+are brighter
+
+than other standard candles
+that had been studied earlier
+
+in history, they were able to go
+out to much greater distances.
+
+And that means to look
+much further back in time
+
+than previous studies.
+
+And what they discovered
+was that the expansion rate
+
+of the universe
+today was actually
+
+faster, and not slower,
+than the expansion rate
+
+about five billion years ago.
+
+And that was a big shock because
+until then everybody expected
+
+that gravity would
+be slowing down
+
+the expansion of the universe.
+
+And when these guys started
+to make these measurements
+
+they were just simply
+trying to figure out
+
+how fast the universe
+was slowing down.
+
+And they were shocked to
+discover that it was not
+
+slowing down, but
+instead speeding up.
+
+Initially there was some
+controversy about it.
+
+People did try to invent other
+explanations for this data.
+
+But the data has, in fact, held
+up for the period from 1998
+
+to the present.
+
+And in fact, it has been
+strongly supported by evidence
+
+from these anisotropies in the
+cosmic microwave background
+
+radiation, which we'll
+be talking about later.
+
+But it turns out, you can
+get a lot of information
+
+from these anisotropies in the
+cosmic background radiation.
+
+So the picture now is
+really quite secure,
+
+that the acceleration-- the
+expansion of the universe
+
+is actually accelerating,
+and not decelerating.
+
+And the simplest
+explanation for that,
+
+which is the one that--
+well, certainly because it's
+
+the most plausible, and the one
+that most of us take seriously,
+
+and it's the only one that fits
+the data extraordinarily well.
+
+So we've not seen any reason
+not to use this explanation.
+
+The simplest explanation is
+that there's a nonzero energy
+
+density to the
+vacuum, which is also
+
+what Einstein called the
+cosmological constant.
+
+So we should begin
+by writing down
+
+the equations that
+describe this issue.
+
+So we've learned how to write
+down the second order Friedmann
+
+equation, which
+describes how the scale
+
+factor of the
+universe accelerates.
+
+And on the right-hand side,
+once we included materials
+
+with nonzero
+pressures, we discover
+
+that we need on the
+right-hand side, rho plus 3 p,
+
+over c squared--
+excuse me-- times a.
+
+Now when the cosmological
+constant was born,
+
+was when Einstein
+first turned his theory
+
+of general relativity
+to cosmology.
+
+Einstein invented the theory
+of general relativity in 1916.
+
+And just one year
+later, in 1917,
+
+he was applying it to
+the universe as a whole
+
+to see if he could get
+a cosmological model
+
+consistent with
+general relativity.
+
+Einstein at that point was
+under the misconception
+
+that the universe was static,
+as Newton had also thought,
+
+and as far as we
+know, as everybody
+
+between Newton and
+Einstein thought.
+
+If you look up at the stars, the
+universe looks pretty static.
+
+And people took
+this very seriously.
+
+In hindsight, it's a little
+hard to know why they took it
+
+so seriously, but they did.
+
+So when Einstein
+discovered this equation
+
+he was assuming that
+the universe consisted
+
+of basically
+non-relativistic stuff.
+
+Stars are essentially
+non-relativistic hunks
+
+of matter.
+
+So he thought that
+rho would be positive,
+
+the effective pressure
+would be zero.
+
+And he immediately
+noticed that this equation
+
+would imply that the
+scale factor would
+
+have a negative acceleration.
+
+So that if you tried to
+set up a static universe
+
+it would instantly collapse.
+
+And as we talked
+about earlier, Newton
+
+had talked himself out
+of that conclusion.
+
+And I think the real
+difference, as I think we also
+
+talked about earlier, was
+that Newton was thinking
+
+of the law of gravity as
+an action at a distance,
+
+where you determine the
+total force on something
+
+by integrating the forces
+caused by all other masses.
+
+And then things get complicated
+and divergent, actually,
+
+for an infinite,
+static universe.
+
+And Newton managed
+to convince himself
+
+that you could have a static
+universe of that type,
+
+a statement that we now
+consider to be incorrect
+
+even in the context of
+Newtonian mechanics.
+
+But this fact that
+it's incorrect even
+
+in the context of
+Newtonian mechanics
+
+was really not discovered
+until Einstein wrote down
+
+this equation.
+
+And then Einstein himself
+also gave a Newtonian argument
+
+showing that, at least with
+a modern interpretation
+
+of Newtonian mechanics.
+
+It doesn't work in
+Newtonian gravity
+
+either to have a
+static universe.
+
+But Einstein was still convinced
+that the universe was static.
+
+And he realized that he could
+modify his field equations--
+
+the equations that we
+have not written down
+
+in this course, the equations
+that describe how matter create
+
+gravitational fields--
+by adding a new term
+
+with a new coefficient in front
+of it which he called lambda.
+
+And this extra
+term, lambda, could
+
+produce a kind of a universal
+gravitational repulsion.
+
+And he realised he had to adjust
+the constant to be just right
+
+to balance the amount of
+matter in the universe.
+
+But he didn't let
+that bother him.
+
+And if he adjusted
+it to be just right,
+
+and the universe was
+perfectly homogeneous,
+
+he could arrange
+for it to balance
+
+the standard force of gravity.
+
+We can understand what
+lambda does to the equations
+
+because it does, in fact,
+have a simple description
+
+in terms of things that we have
+discussed and do understand.
+
+That is, you could
+think of lambda
+
+as simply corresponding to
+a vacuum energy density.
+
+Einstein did not
+make that connection.
+
+And not being an
+historian of science,
+
+I can speculate
+as much as I want.
+
+So my speculation is that,
+the reason this did not
+
+occur to Einstein
+is that Einstein
+
+was a fully classical
+physicist who was not
+
+at this time or
+maybe never accepting
+
+the notions of quantum theory.
+
+And in any case,
+quantum field theory
+
+was still far in the future.
+
+So in classical physics the
+vacuum is just plain empty.
+
+And if the vacuum
+is just plain empty
+
+it shouldn't have
+any energy density.
+
+The quantum field theory
+picture of the vacuum,
+
+however, is vastly more complex.
+
+So to a modern quantum
+field theory-oriented
+
+theoretical physicist
+the vacuum has
+
+particle, anti-particle pairs
+appearing and disappearing
+
+all the time.
+
+We are now convinced
+that there's also
+
+this Higgs field that has
+even a nonzero mean value
+
+in the vacuum.
+
+So the vacuum is a
+very complicated state
+
+which, if anything
+characterizes it,
+
+it's simply the state of
+lowest possible energy density.
+
+But because of, basically,
+the uncertainty principles
+
+of quantum mechanics, the
+lowest possible energy density
+
+does not mean that all
+the fields are just zero
+
+and stay zero.
+
+They're constantly
+fluctuating as they must
+
+according to the
+uncertainty principle, which
+
+applies to fields
+as well particles.
+
+So we have no reason
+anymore to expect the energy
+
+density of the
+vacuum to be zero.
+
+So from a modern perspective
+it's very natural
+
+to simply equate the idea
+of the cosmological constant
+
+to the idea of a nonzero
+vacuum energy density.
+
+And there are some
+unit differences-- just
+
+constants related to
+the historical way
+
+that Einstein added
+this term his equations.
+
+So the energy density of
+the vacuum-- which is also
+
+the mass density of
+the vacuum times c
+
+squared-- is equal to Einstein's
+lambda times c to the fourth,
+
+over 8 pi G.
+
+And this is really just
+an historical accident
+
+that it's defined this way.
+
+But this is the way
+Einstein defined lambda.
+
+Now, if the vacuum
+has an energy density,
+
+as the universe
+expands the space
+
+is still filled with vacuum.
+
+At least, if it was
+filled with vacuum.
+
+If it was matter
+it would thin out.
+
+But we can imagine a region
+of space that was just vacuum,
+
+and as it expands it would
+have to just stay vacuum.
+
+What else could it become?
+
+And that means that we
+know that, for a vacuum,
+
+rho dot should equal zero.
+
+Now we've also learned earlier,
+by applying conservation
+
+of energy to the
+expanding universe,
+
+that rho dot in an expanding
+universe, is equal to minus 3
+
+a dot over a.
+
+Or we could write
+this as h times
+
+rho plus p over c squared.
+
+This is basically
+a rewriting of d u
+
+equals minus p d v, applying
+it to the expanding universe.
+
+So I won't re-derive it.
+
+We already derived it.
+
+Actually, I think you
+derived it on the homework,
+
+was the way it actually worked.
+
+But in any case,
+this immediately
+
+tells us that if
+rho dot is going
+
+to be 0 for vacuum
+energy, this has to be 0.
+
+And therefore p vacuum has
+to be equal to minus rho
+
+vacuum times c squared.
+
+And if we know the energy
+density in the pressure
+
+of this stuff called
+vacuum, that's
+
+all we need to know to put it
+into the Friedmann equations
+
+and find out how things behave.
+
+Otherwise this vacuum energy
+behaves no differently
+
+from anything else.
+
+It just has a
+particular relationship
+
+between the pressure
+and the energy density,
+
+with a very peculiar feature-
+that the pressure is negative.
+
+And that's an important
+feature because we
+
+had commented earlier that
+a negative pressure can
+
+drive acceleration.
+
+And now we're in a good position
+to see exactly how that works.
+
+To sort of keep
+things straight I'm
+
+going to divide the mass
+density of the universe
+
+into a vacuum piece
+and a normal piece,
+
+where normal represents matter,
+or radiation, or anything else,
+
+if we ever discover
+something else.
+
+But in fact it will just
+be matter or radiation
+
+for anything that we'll
+be doing in this course,
+
+or anything that's really
+done in current cosmology.
+
+And similarly, I'm going to
+write pressure as p vac plus p
+
+normal.
+
+"N" is for normal.
+
+But p vac I don't
+really need to use,
+
+because p vac I can rewrite
+in terms of rho vac.
+
+So in the end I can
+express everything just
+
+in terms of rho vac.
+
+And I can write down the second
+order Friedmann equation.
+
+And it's just a matter of
+substituting in that rho
+
+and that p into the
+Friedmann equation
+
+that we've already written.
+
+And we get minus 4 pi
+over 3 G, times rho
+
+normal plus 3 p
+normal, over c squared.
+
+And the vacuum pieces-- have two
+pieces because there's a vacuum
+
+piece there and a
+vacuum piece there. it
+
+can all be expressed in terms
+of rho vac and collected.
+
+And what you get is
+minus 2 rho vac times a.
+
+Showing just what we
+were talking about.
+
+That because of that minus
+sign, multiplies that
+
+minus sign, vacuum energy drives
+acceleration, not deceleration.
+
+And that's why vacuum
+energy can explain
+
+these famous results of 1998.
+
+And we'll see later that,
+for the same reason vacuum
+
+energy or things
+like vacuum energy
+
+can actually drive the
+expansion of the universe
+
+in the first place in
+what we call inflation.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So for the equation
+without the cosmological
+
+constant it's, let's say, rho
+and p are about the constant,
+
+then wouldn't that
+be the equation
+
+for a simple harmonic
+function [INAUDIBLE]
+
+or the oscillation
+of a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is some negative
+constant times a?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right, except
+that you would probably not
+
+believe the equations
+with the bounds.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: And when a went
+negative you wouldn't really
+
+have a cosmological
+interpretation anymore,
+
+I don't think.
+
+But it is, in fact, true that
+if rho and p were constants--
+
+I'm not sure of any model that
+actually does that-- this would
+
+give you sinusoidal behavior
+during the expanding
+
+and contracting phase.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the vacuum
+energy is constant over time,
+
+is it also makes
+sense [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you asking,
+does it make sense
+
+for maybe the vacuum
+energy to change with time?
+
+I think, if it
+changed with time,
+
+you wouldn't call
+it vacuum energy.
+
+Because the vacuum
+is more or less
+
+defined as the lowest
+possible energy
+
+state allowed by
+the laws of physics.
+
+And the laws of physics,
+as far as we know,
+
+do not change with time.
+
+It's certainly true that, in a
+completely different context,
+
+you might imagine the laws of
+physics might change with time.
+
+And then thing would
+get more complicated.
+
+But that would really take you
+somewhat outside the sphere
+
+of physics as we know it.
+
+You could always explore
+things like that,
+
+and it may turn out to be right.
+
+But at least within
+the context of physics
+
+as we currently envision
+it, vacuum energies
+
+are constant, pretty
+much by definition.
+
+Now I should maybe qualify
+that within the context of what
+
+we understand, there may,
+in fact, be multiple vacua.
+
+For example, if you
+have a field theory
+
+one can have a potential
+energy function
+
+for one or more fields.
+
+And that potential
+energy function
+
+could have more than
+one local minimum.
+
+And then any one of those local
+minima is effectively a vacuum.
+
+And that could very
+likely be the situation
+
+that describes the real world.
+
+And then you could
+tunnel from one vacuum
+
+to another, changing
+the vacuum energy.
+
+But that would not be
+a smooth evolution.
+
+That would be a
+sudden tunneling.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is what happens to
+the second order Friedmann
+
+equation.
+
+It is also very useful to look
+at the first order Friedmann
+
+equation, which is a dot over
+a squared, 8 pi over 3 G.
+
+And in its native
+way of being written
+
+we would just have
+8 pi over 3 G rho,
+
+minus k over-- kc
+squared over a squared.
+
+And all I want to do now
+is replace rho by rho
+
+vac plus rho n.
+
+And this is a first
+order Friedmann equation.
+
+And we can expand rho n
+if we want more details,
+
+as rho matter plus
+rho radiation.
+
+And rho matter, we know,
+varies with time proportional
+
+to 1 over a cubed.
+
+Rho radiation behaves with
+time as 1 over a to the fourth.
+
+So all of the terms
+here, except for rho vac,
+
+fall off as a grows.
+
+And that implies that
+if you're not somehow
+
+turned around firsts,
+which you can be--
+
+you could have a
+closed universe that
+
+collapses before vacuum
+energy can take over.
+
+But as the universe gets larger,
+if it doesn't turn around,
+
+eventually rho vac will win.
+
+It will become larger
+than anything else
+
+because everything else is just
+getting smaller and smaller.
+
+And once that starts to
+happen everything else
+
+will get smaller and
+smaller, faster and faster,
+
+because a will start
+to grow exponentially.
+
+If rho vac dominates--
+which it will, as I said,
+
+unless the universe
+re-collapses first--
+
+so for a large class
+of solutions rho vac
+
+will dominate-- then you
+can solve that equation.
+
+And you have h, which is
+a dot over a, approaches,
+
+as a goes to infinity, the
+square root of 8 pi over 3 G
+
+rho vac.
+
+So h will approach a fixed
+value for a universe which
+
+is ultimately dominated
+by rho vacuum.
+
+And if a dot over
+a is a constant,
+
+that means that a
+grows exponentially.
+
+So we could maybe give
+this a name-- h vac.
+
+The value h has
+when it's completely
+
+dominated by the vacuum energy.
+
+And then we can
+write that a of t
+
+is ultimately going to be
+proportional to e to the h vac
+
+times t.
+
+Which is what you get when
+you solve the equation,
+
+a dot over a equals
+this constant.
+
+OK.
+
+Now one thing which you
+can see very quickly--
+
+let's see how far I
+should plan to get today.
+
+OK.
+
+I'll probably make one
+qualitative argument
+
+and then start a calculation
+that won't get very far.
+
+I will continue next time.
+
+One qualitative
+point which you can
+
+see from just glancing
+at these equations
+
+is that the cosmological
+constant, when
+
+added to the other
+ingredients that we've already
+
+put into our model
+universe, will
+
+have the effect of
+increasing the age
+
+of the universe for
+a given value of h.
+
+And that's something that we
+said earlier in the course,
+
+we're looking forward to.
+
+Because the model of
+the universe that we're
+
+been constructing
+so far have always
+
+turned out to be too young
+for the measured value of h.
+
+That is, the oldest
+stars look like they're
+
+older than the universe.
+
+And that's not good.
+
+So we'd like to make
+universe look older.
+
+And one of the beauties of
+having this vacuum energy,
+
+as far as making
+things fit together,
+
+is that it does make
+the universe older.
+
+And the easiest way to
+see that-- at least a way
+
+to see that-- is to imagine
+drawing a graph of h versus t.
+
+Hubble expansion rate versus t.
+
+And if we look at
+the formula for h
+
+here we see that the
+rho vac piece just
+
+puts in a floor as
+h evolves with time,
+
+instead of going to 0 as it
+wood in most models-- at least,
+
+as it would in
+open-universe model.
+
+It stops at some floor.
+
+And certainly for the models
+that we've been dealing with,
+
+h just decreases to
+some-- this is supposed
+
+to represent the present time.
+
+So this is previous models.
+
+Now as you might say, that what
+I'm trying to describe here
+
+is not quite a theorem if you
+considered closed universes
+
+where this k piece
+could be causing
+
+a positive-- a negative
+contribution to h, which
+
+is then decreasing with time.
+
+Things can get complicated.
+
+But for the models that
+we've been considering which
+
+are nearly flat, that
+k piece is absent.
+
+And then we just have pieces
+that go like, 1 over a cubed,
+
+1 over a to the
+fourth, and constant.
+
+All of which are positive.
+
+Then in the absence of vacuum
+energy we would have h falling.
+
+And with the presence
+of vacuum energy
+
+it would not fall
+as fast because we
+
+have this constant piece
+that would not be decreasing.
+
+So this is previous models.
+
+This is with rho vac.
+
+And I'm always talking
+about positive rho vac
+
+because that is what
+our universe has.
+
+So this would be the
+two different behaviors
+
+of h for the model
+without vacuum energy
+
+and the model with
+vacuum energy.
+
+And if we're trying to calculate
+the age of the universe
+
+we would basically be
+extrapolating this curve back
+
+to the point where h was
+infinite, at the big bang.
+
+And we could see that,
+since this curve is always
+
+below this curve,
+it will take longer
+
+before it turns up
+and becomes infinite.
+
+So the age will always increase
+by adding vacuum energy.
+
+With rho vac h equals infinity
+is further to the left.
+
+And notice that I'm comparing
+two different theories,
+
+both of which are
+the same age today.
+
+Because that's what
+we're interested in.
+
+We've measured the value of h.
+
+We're trying to infer
+the age of the universe.
+
+OK.
+
+Maybe I'll just say a couple
+words about the calculation
+
+that we'll be starting
+with next time.
+
+We want to be able to
+precisely calculate
+
+things like the age
+of the universe,
+
+including the effect
+of this vacuum energy.
+
+And we'll be able to do that
+in a very straightforward way
+
+by using this first
+order Friedmann equation.
+
+We know how each term in
+this Friedmann equation
+
+varies with a.
+
+And we can measure
+the amount of matter,
+
+and the amount of radiation,
+and in principal the amount
+
+of curvature-- it's
+negligibly small--
+
+in our current universe.
+
+And once you have
+those parameters
+
+you can use that
+equation to extrapolate,
+
+to know what h was at
+any time in the past.
+
+And that tells you
+how the derivative--
+
+it tells you the value of a
+dot at any time in the past.
+
+And if you know the value of
+a dot at any time in the past,
+
+it's a principle just
+a matter of integration
+
+to figure out when a was 0.
+
+And that's the calculation that
+we'll begin by doing next time.
+
+And we'll be able to get
+an integral expression
+
+for the age of the universe
+for an arbitrary value.
+
+We'll, at the end,
+express the matter density
+
+and the radiation
+density as fractions
+
+of omega, fractions of
+the critical density.
+
+And for any value
+of omega matter,
+
+omega radiation, and we'll
+even express the curvature
+
+as an omega curvature.
+
+The effective fraction
+of the critical density
+
+that this term represents.
+
+And in terms of those
+different omegas,
+
+we'll be able to
+write down an integral
+
+for the total age
+of the universe.
+
+And that really is going
+to be state of the art.
+
+That is what the
+Planck team uses
+
+when they're analyzing their
+data to try to understand what
+
+the age of universe is
+according to the measurements
+
+that they're making.
+
+So we will finally come
+up to the present as far
+
+as the actual understanding
+of cosmology by the experts.
+
+So that's all for today.
+
+see you all next Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MVuXxWSrdNA.txt b/MVuXxWSrdNA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba3473cd585082b8d23d5412898cb8318fcde859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MVuXxWSrdNA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today we are going to cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we are going to cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we are going to cover a
+topic which is quite unusual for 14 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is quite unusual for 14 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is quite unusual for 14 to
+71 uh nonetheless it's quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 uh nonetheless it's quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 uh nonetheless it's quite important
+it's about the views that people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the views that people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the views that people about
+that people have about the morality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have about the morality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have about the morality of
+markets um 271 is about antitrust mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um 271 is about antitrust mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um 271 is about antitrust mainly
+and of course antitrust is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course antitrust is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course antitrust is about
+market and if people don't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and if people don't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and if people don't believe in
+markets um then that raises issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um then that raises issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um then that raises issues about
+what we are doing in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing in the first place
+furthermore there are lot of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there are lot of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore there are lot of development
+nowadays actually it's broader than of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays actually it's broader than of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays actually it's broader than of
+the trust about what independent agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust about what independent agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust about what independent agency
+should be doing so that has started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing so that has started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing so that has started with
+central banks um their mission of En
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks um their mission of En
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks um their mission of En
+large is no longer just inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is no longer just inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is no longer just inflation
+targeting and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting and financial
+stability but you know it goes Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but you know it goes Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but you know it goes Way
+Beyond and now everybody talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond and now everybody talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond and now everybody talks about
+green central banks and there is issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green central banks and there is issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green central banks and there is issue
+about whether fighting the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether fighting the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether fighting the climate
+change should be the responsibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change should be the responsibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change should be the responsibility of
+the central bank or it should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank or it should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank or it should be the
+responsibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of
+Ministries um with antitrust it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries um with antitrust it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministries um with antitrust it's a
+little bit the same because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the same because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the same because there are
+more and more discussions in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more discussions in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more discussions in particular
+in Europe but you know all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe but you know all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe but you know all over the
+world about whether the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about whether the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about whether the consumer
+standard is the right way to proceed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is the right way to proceed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard is the right way to proceed so
+the consumer standard is basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer standard is basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer standard is basically that
+the antitrust mission is to defend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antitrust mission is to defend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antitrust mission is to defend the
+consumer maybe not the short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maybe not the short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maybe not the short-term
+consumer maybe an intertemporal consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maybe an intertemporal consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer maybe an intertemporal consumer
+uh because sometimes you have tradeoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because sometimes you have tradeoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because sometimes you have tradeoffs
+between today and tomorrow but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and tomorrow but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and tomorrow but you know
+by and large the mission of of anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the mission of of anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the mission of of anti
+trust authorities everywhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust authorities everywhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust authorities everywhere in the
+world is to defend the consumer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is to defend the consumer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is to defend the consumer it's
+it's pry clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pry clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pry clear
+it's difficult in practice but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult in practice but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult in practice but you know
+on paper it's simple you you just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper it's simple you you just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper it's simple you you just just
+stand as an advocate for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand as an advocate for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand as an advocate for the for the
+consumer but now people say no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer but now people say no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer but now people say no no no
+maybe we should relax on the trust um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should relax on the trust um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should relax on the trust um
+first for example when we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for example when we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first for example when we choose
+cases so if there is a caviar cartel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so if there is a caviar cartel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so if there is a caviar cartel and
+a mil cartel then if you have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mil cartel then if you have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mil cartel then if you have limited
+resources you first go after the the mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you first go after the the mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you first go after the the mil
+cartel and the cavier cartel you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel and the cavier cartel you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel and the cavier cartel you just
+say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay
+this is not that important so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not that important so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not that important so we we
+should take into account redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take into account redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take into account redistribution
+we should take into account climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take into account climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take into account climate
+change so if we have a cartel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if we have a cartel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if we have a cartel which
+actually promotes the fight against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually promotes the fight against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually promotes the fight against
+climate change maybe we should tolerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change maybe we should tolerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change maybe we should tolerate
+the cartel and so on and so forth there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel and so on and so forth there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel and so on and so forth there
+are lots lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots lots of
+discussions uh about that actually next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions uh about that actually next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions uh about that actually next
+week I'm going to a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I'm going to a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I'm going to a conference
+organizing by Margaret vager I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing by Margaret vager I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing by Margaret vager I'm giving
+a Peyote there and you know the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Peyote there and you know the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Peyote there and you know the panel
+just after me is exactly about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after me is exactly about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just after me is exactly about this
+topic with people like Tom philippo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic with people like Tom philippo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic with people like Tom philippo and
+others it's it's really about this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it's it's really about this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it's it's really about this topic
+so I would know more in a week from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would know more in a week from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would know more in a week from now
+that's not going to help very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to help very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to help very much for
+for today but uh you know that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today but uh you know that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today but uh you know that's really
+important because in the end that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in the end that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in the end that's that
+the mission in my own view i' I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission in my own view i' I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission in my own view i' I've I've
+worked on Mission and advocacy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on Mission and advocacy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on Mission and advocacy with
+Mattias and my own view is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mattias and my own view is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mattias and my own view is that it's not
+always a good idea to have missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea to have missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a good idea to have missions
+Mission creep and if the issues are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission creep and if the issues are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission creep and if the issues are real
+so inequality is real climate change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inequality is real climate change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inequality is real climate change is
+real of course uh maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real of course uh maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real of course uh maybe it's
+not say to the antitrust authority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say to the antitrust authority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say to the antitrust authority to
+tackle them but actually more political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle them but actually more political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle them but actually more political
+bodies should be doing that as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies should be doing that as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies should be doing that as opposed
+to but that's my own view on on those on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but that's my own view on on those on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but that's my own view on on those on
+those issues um but there's a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues um but there's a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues um but there's a broader
+thing about whether we we like markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about whether we we like markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about whether we we like markets
+and there's this bizarre thing um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this bizarre thing um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this bizarre thing um that
+um almost every economy in the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost every economy in the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um almost every economy in the world is
+a market economy and nonetheless nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market economy and nonetheless nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market economy and nonetheless nobody
+likes market so here it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes market so here it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes market so here it's kind of
+paradox somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox somehow
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+that's yeah I will come back to our to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I will come back to our to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I will come back to our to
+to the big picture about how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture about how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture about how we think
+about the organization of society but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organization of society but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the organization of society but
+you know it's it's kind of strange so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's kind of strange so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's kind of strange so
+what I'm going to do is to have a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to have a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to have a brief
+introduction about this and then switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction about this and then switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction about this and then switch
+to a paper that I'm finishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a paper that I'm finishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a paper that I'm finishing the
+revision I'm finishing with Mattias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision I'm finishing with Mattias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision I'm finishing with Mattias
+the uh on the morality of markets but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on the morality of markets but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh on the morality of markets but I
+just want to have a broad picture first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to have a broad picture first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to have a broad picture first
+I will go relatively fast because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will go relatively fast because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will go relatively fast because it's
+developed in some detail in in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in some detail in in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in some detail in in economics
+for the common good if you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the common good if you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the common good if you have seen
+economics for the common good the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics for the common good the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics for the common good the book
+um but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know you
+you feel free to ask question actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel free to ask question actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel free to ask question actually
+try to ask more question than you did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to ask more question than you did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to ask more question than you did on
+Monday okay that's your mission um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday okay that's your mission um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday okay that's your mission um the
+there there are two kinds of attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are two kinds of attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are two kinds of attacks
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+Market the first is that a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the first is that a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the first is that a number of
+markets are what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are what's called
+repugnant so you know we we are we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant so you know we we are we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant so you know we we are we don't
+feel very much at tease with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very much at tease with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very much at tease with those
+markets and almost every well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and almost every well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and almost every well-known
+philosopher has a book on that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher has a book on that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher has a book on that um you
+know I put here de braat and Michael SLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I put here de braat and Michael SLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I put here de braat and Michael SLE
+but there are many other well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many other well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many other well-known
+philosophers who also have books on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers who also have books on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers who also have books on on
+EX with rough the same title not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX with rough the same title not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX with rough the same title not the
+same content because if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same content because if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same content because if you compare
+those two books for example they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two books for example they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two books for example they they
+they start from the same point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from the same point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from the same point of view
+but you know they they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they they have very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+analysis um you know the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you know the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um you know the the most
+well-known one I mean this was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known one I mean this was a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known one I mean this was a huge
+best seller of Michael sandal uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best seller of Michael sandal uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best seller of Michael sandal uh you
+know talks about all those markets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talks about all those markets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talks about all those markets that
+make us uneasy you we do we have markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us uneasy you we do we have markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us uneasy you we do we have markets
+for babies or you know whatever all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for babies or you know whatever all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for babies or you know whatever all
+those things as are actually creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as are actually creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as are actually creating
+some uh some conflicts in our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some conflicts in our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh some conflicts in our brain
+about whether we should have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether we should have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether we should have those
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um this this is more specific it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is more specific it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this is more specific it's not
+the market in general it's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market in general it's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market in general it's specific
+markets that we don't quite like but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that we don't quite like but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets that we don't quite like but you
+know the the frontier is unclear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the frontier is unclear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the frontier is unclear so
+number of people think for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people think for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people think for example that
+uh tradeable emission permits Market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tradeable emission permits Market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tradeable emission permits Market you
+know the ETS systems for carbon are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ETS systems for carbon are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ETS systems for carbon are
+immoral they are immoral because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immoral they are immoral because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immoral they are immoral because you can
+pay for the right to pollute or carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the right to pollute or carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the right to pollute or carbon
+tax is the same you pay the carbon tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is the same you pay the carbon tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is the same you pay the carbon tax
+and you pay for to pollute of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pay for to pollute of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pay for to pollute of course you
+can ask you is that more more to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask you is that more more to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask you is that more more to not
+have toay to pollute but and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have toay to pollute but and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have toay to pollute but and then then
+there's a big silence in front but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big silence in front but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big silence in front but you
+know lots of people in my experience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of people in my experience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots of people in my experience the
+last 30 years is that when you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 years is that when you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 years is that when you talk
+about a carbon price it always sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a carbon price it always sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a carbon price it always sense but
+it's IM M you talk to a minister and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IM M you talk to a minister and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's IM M you talk to a minister and you
+and but yeah you're right but it's IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but yeah you're right but it's IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but yeah you're right but it's IM
+more and at a point of time you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and at a point of time you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and at a point of time you say okay
+you prefer people polluting for free uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer people polluting for free uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer people polluting for free uh
+is that more M but you know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that more M but you know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that more M but you know I don't know
+and I think you know we are Economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know we are Economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know we are Economist
+and we have to realize that in Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to realize that in Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to realize that in Civil
+Society oh these are kind of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society oh these are kind of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society oh these are kind of strange
+views as strange to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views as strange to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views as strange to some extent
+um and the ideas are are really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the ideas are are really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the ideas are are really about
+Market incentive it's true that much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market incentive it's true that much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market incentive it's true that much of
+the work we have done in the last 30 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work we have done in the last 30 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work we have done in the last 30 or
+40 years how about basically when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years how about basically when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years how about basically when those
+markets don't work and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets don't work and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets don't work and when the
+incentives don't work uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives don't work uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives don't work uh so you know
+they there's a huge number of papers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's a huge number of papers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's a huge number of papers on
+why low power incentive scheme might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why low power incentive scheme might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why low power incentive scheme might be
+desirable because you know you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable because you know you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable because you know you have no
+easy performance measurement teamwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy performance measurement teamwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy performance measurement teamwork
+which is a special case and think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a special case and think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a special case and think of
+about Banks paper collusion with monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Banks paper collusion with monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Banks paper collusion with monitor
+my work with my work on on capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work with my work on on capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my work with my work on on capture
+repeating interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating interaction
+multitasking uh asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitasking uh asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitasking uh asymmetric
+information and so on and so forth so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on and so forth so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so on and so forth so we
+there's a huge number of of pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge number of of pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge number of of pieces of
+theory which basically says you know low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which basically says you know low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which basically says you know low
+power incentive scheme can be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power incentive scheme can be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power incentive scheme can be good
+sometimes in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in specific
+circumstances and same thing that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and same thing that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and same thing that number
+of papers about the fact that incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers about the fact that incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers about the fact that incentive
+can crowd out intrinsic motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can crowd out intrinsic motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can crowd out intrinsic motivation
+okay so the the the two papers with Babu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the the two papers with Babu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the the two papers with Babu
+are along those lines the first line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along those lines the first line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along those lines the first line is
+basically that you know if I give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that you know if I give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that you know if I give you an
+incentive I may reveal something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive I may reveal something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive I may reveal something about
+you or the trust have in you or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or the trust have in you or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or the trust have in you or about
+the task and that may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task and that may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task and that may actually
+backfires because it conveys information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfires because it conveys information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfires because it conveys information
+to you that discourages you um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that discourages you um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that discourages you um the
+second one which is more familiar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one which is more familiar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one which is more familiar from
+psychology is the idea of uh uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is the idea of uh uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology is the idea of uh uh that you
+know if I pay pay you to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I pay pay you to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I pay pay you to do something
+like giving your blood uh then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving your blood uh then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving your blood uh then people
+don't know whether you're giving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether you're giving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether you're giving your
+blood because you are generous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood because you are generous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood because you are generous or
+because you are greedy you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are greedy you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are greedy you want the
+money so that kind of stuff so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that kind of stuff so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that kind of stuff so that
+those the two papers uh I had with h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the two papers uh I had with h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the two papers uh I had with h
+about that so but you know I could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so but you know I could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so but you know I could go on
+and on so you know much of our work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on so you know much of our work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on so you know much of our work is
+actually about cases in which markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about cases in which markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about cases in which markets
+don't work in which incentives don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work in which incentives don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work in which incentives don't
+work but nonetheless it is a case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but nonetheless it is a case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but nonetheless it is a case that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+we we are still more pro market and pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are still more pro market and pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are still more pro market and pro
+incentive than the average person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive than the average person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive than the average person in the
+population right and you know same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right and you know same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right and you know same thing
+for the empirical work there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the empirical work there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the empirical work there is a lot of
+empirical work showing that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work showing that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical work showing that actually
+incentives may be needed um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives may be needed um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives may be needed um and that's
+something that is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not very
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+received you can ask why why is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received you can ask why why is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received you can ask why why is that the
+case I me part of the thing is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I me part of the thing is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I me part of the thing is that we
+are the bearer of bad news okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bearer of bad news okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bearer of bad news okay because
+when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+incentives we implicitly say people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives we implicitly say people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives we implicitly say people are
+not as nice as we would like them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice as we would like them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice as we would like them to be
+right that's exactly the point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's exactly the point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's exactly the point which is
+we would like people to be nice but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like people to be nice but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like people to be nice but they
+are not that nice they keep on polluting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that nice they keep on polluting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that nice they keep on polluting
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+um and you know that that triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know that that triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know that that triggers
+reaction in France every time you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in France every time you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in France every time you talk
+about a carbon price people say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a carbon price people say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a carbon price people say you know
+the environment should not be per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment should not be per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment should not be per
+protecting the environment should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting the environment should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting the environment should not be
+punitive you know it's it's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punitive you know it's it's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punitive you know it's it's always the
+same thing um you don't trust people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing um you don't trust people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing um you don't trust people I
+mean sure I mean I don't I don't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure I mean I don't I don't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure I mean I don't I don't trust
+people I mean over the last 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean over the last 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I mean over the last 30 years
+nothing has happened in the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has happened in the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing has happened in the fight
+against climate change come on but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against climate change come on but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against climate change come on but you
+know still people they still say oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still people they still say oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still people they still say oh no
+no people will do what it takes and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people will do what it takes and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people will do what it takes and come
+on I mean you know the answer is no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean you know the answer is no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean you know the answer is no it's
+not going to happen we're the planet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen we're the planet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen we're the planet is
+going to burn um so I don't know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to burn um so I don't know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to burn um so I don't know I mean
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+U um but so still despite all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um but so still despite all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um but so still despite all the
+caveats we've been working on for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats we've been working on for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveats we've been working on for for
+decades it's still the case that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades it's still the case that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades it's still the case that we are
+pro market and pro incentive on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro market and pro incentive on on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro market and pro incentive on on on
+the all right compared to the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all right compared to the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all right compared to the population
+okay um H you know and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um H you know and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um H you know and then the
+psychologist I already talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist I already talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist I already talk about
+the those ones but uh the legal scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those ones but uh the legal scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those ones but uh the legal scholar
+actually have have another line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have have another line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have have another line of
+attack which is which is interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which is which is interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which is which is interesting is
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+expressive uh content of the law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive uh content of the law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive uh content of the law so
+basically the idea is the law is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is the law is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea is the law is not an
+just an incentive scheme I mean we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an incentive scheme I mean we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an incentive scheme I mean we tend
+to see the law as an incentive scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the law as an incentive scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the law as an incentive scheme
+you know you have to pay a fine you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to pay a fine you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to pay a fine you go
+to jail I mean that's that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail I mean that's that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail I mean that's that's going to
+incentivize you to behave well um legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize you to behave well um legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize you to behave well um legal
+Scholars they go beyond that they say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars they go beyond that they say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars they go beyond that they say oh
+but no but the law also sends a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no but the law also sends a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no but the law also sends a signal
+to society about the norm in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society about the norm in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to society about the norm in society
+about the views what is acceptable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the views what is acceptable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the views what is acceptable or
+not so it it goes goes beyond that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it it goes goes beyond that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it it goes goes beyond that okay
+and then philosophers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then philosophers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then philosophers I
+mentioned so they they're unhappy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so they they're unhappy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so they they're unhappy with
+markets okay now I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay now I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets okay now I'm not going to go
+into that but um in economics common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that but um in economics common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that but um in economics common
+good I spent a fair amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I spent a fair amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I spent a fair amount of time
+trying to explain that a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain that a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain that a number of
+repugnant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant
+markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are
+actually markets with externalities with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually markets with externalities with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually markets with externalities with
+internalities with whatever asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities with whatever asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities with whatever asymmetric
+information they can be explained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they can be explained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they can be explained in the
+framework of Economics you know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of Economics you know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of Economics you know there is
+no contradiction between economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contradiction between economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contradiction between economics and
+the repugnant Market I me just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repugnant Market I me just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repugnant Market I me just take
+babies for adoption I mean you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies for adoption I mean you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies for adoption I mean you know we
+will not want to be we will not want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not want to be we will not want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not want to be we will not want the
+babies for adoption to be sold to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies for adoption to be sold to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies for adoption to be sold to the I
+beer okay well I mean there you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer okay well I mean there you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer okay well I mean there you might
+say well after all if someone is willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well after all if someone is willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well after all if someone is willing
+to pay a lot for the baby that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a lot for the baby that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a lot for the baby that maybe
+that person is is going to benefit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is is going to benefit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is is going to benefit more
+for the baby but you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the baby but you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the baby but you know there's a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+party who is not part of the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party who is not part of the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party who is not part of the contract
+that it's a baby right you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a baby right you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a baby right you know you have
+a huge anxiety on the baby you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge anxiety on the baby you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge anxiety on the baby you have no
+guarantee that actually the the I beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that actually the the I beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that actually the the I beer
+is going to be the best father or mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the best father or mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the best father or mother
+right um but you know it goes beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but you know it goes beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but you know it goes beyond
+that also something which is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also something which is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also something which is interesting
+which is image ex is so that I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is image ex is so that I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is image ex is so that I discussed
+U sometimes you know you could have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sometimes you know you could have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sometimes you know you could have two
+parties who are actually part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties who are actually part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties who are actually part of a
+contract but their contract actually may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract but their contract actually may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract but their contract actually may
+shed bad light on the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed bad light on the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed bad light on the rest of the
+population and you image externalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you image externalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and you image externalities
+is thing then there are all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thing then there are all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thing then there are all kinds of
+internalities but internalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities but internalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalities but internalities
+you know like like present bias for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like like present bias for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like like present bias for
+example is just an exet on yourself on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is just an exet on yourself on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is just an exet on yourself on
+your future self so it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future self so it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your future self so it's the same thing
+so we we don't we don't like um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we don't we don't like um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we don't we don't like um you know
+people who sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who sell
+drugs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or
+opioids or things like that um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids or things like that um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids or things like that um and of
+course we are against involuntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we are against involuntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we are against involuntary
+slavery because of that's huge exality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery because of that's huge exality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery because of that's huge exality
+but we are against even against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are against even against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are against even against
+voluntary slavery and say we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary slavery and say we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary slavery and say we not
+voluntary slavery if everybody agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary slavery if everybody agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary slavery if everybody agrees
+why not to a contract but you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not to a contract but you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not to a contract but you know of
+course there are there are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are there are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are there are present
+biases which uh which could play a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases which uh which could play a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases which uh which could play a big
+role in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in those
+markets asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets asymmetric
+information and sandal for example say w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and sandal for example say w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and sandal for example say w
+those Economist will say okay just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Economist will say okay just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Economist will say okay just pay
+to get friends I mean but if you pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get friends I mean but if you pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get friends I mean but if you pay to
+get to get a friend and how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get a friend and how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get a friend and how do you know
+this person is your friend you it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is your friend you it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is your friend you it's just
+start symmetric information it makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start symmetric information it makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start symmetric information it makes no
+sense right um so there is there's at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right um so there is there's at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right um so there is there's at at
+least a number of those things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a number of those things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a number of those things that can
+be it's just a consequence of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's just a consequence of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's just a consequence of standard
+economics you know so so but the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you know so so but the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics you know so so but the thing I
+want to insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insist
+on is more postures I don't like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is more postures I don't like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is more postures I don't like more
+postures I mean that's my own bias um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postures I mean that's my own bias um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postures I mean that's my own bias um
+which is they can be useful as a warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they can be useful as a warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they can be useful as a warning
+signal so you know I see something I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so you know I see something I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so you know I see something I I
+get some emotion and that might suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some emotion and that might suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some emotion and that might suggest
+that something might be wrong okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something might be wrong okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something might be wrong okay so
+it's a warning signal it's actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warning signal it's actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warning signal it's actually can
+be useful but I don't like people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful but I don't like people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful but I don't like people who
+who just stay with the emotion and say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just stay with the emotion and say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who just stay with the emotion and say I
+don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like
+it and you know this is immoral without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know this is immoral without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know this is immoral without
+explaining why and and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why and and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why and and that's something
+because you know if you say you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you say you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you say you know in
+the old time you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old time you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old time you know for example
+life insurance was immoral everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life insurance was immoral everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life insurance was immoral everybody
+thought life insurance was immoral now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought life insurance was immoral now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought life insurance was immoral now
+why I mean so they would say oh yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I mean so they would say oh yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I mean so they would say oh yeah it
+has to do with life sure I mean come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with life sure I mean come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with life sure I mean come on
+uh you know same thing you know in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know same thing you know in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know same thing you know in many
+countries today and most countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries today and most countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries today and most countries
+yesterday you know having sex among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you know having sex among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday you know having sex among
+people of the same sex or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the same sex or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of the same sex or different
+races for example was sort of as immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races for example was sort of as immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+races for example was sort of as immoral
+by a majority of people and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a majority of people and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a majority of people and that was
+just a way of actually infringing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way of actually infringing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way of actually infringing on the
+freedom of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of people
+so you know those moral postures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know those moral postures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know those moral postures are
+more always very nervous and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more always very nervous and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more always very nervous and you know
+when I hear philosophers telling me Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I hear philosophers telling me Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I hear philosophers telling me Oh
+this is IM moral period I just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is IM moral period I just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is IM moral period I just I just
+don't don't like it again the warning s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like it again the warning s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like it again the warning s
+signal is is pretty fine I our emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is is pretty fine I our emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is is pretty fine I our emotions
+actually can reveal real issues but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can reveal real issues but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can reveal real issues but you
+know you have to go the next step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to go the next step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have to go the next step and
+say let's think a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's think a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's think a little bit more about
+this is is there an exality is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is there an exality is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is there an exality is somebody
+is someone and so on and so forth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone and so on and so forth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is someone and so on and so forth right
+so that's just my own view on this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just my own view on this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just my own view on this okay
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes how sort of could we differ or think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes how sort of could we differ or think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes how sort of could we differ or think
+about the sort of difference from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of difference from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of difference from you
+know someone sort of having a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know someone sort of having a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know someone sort of having a sort of
+moral cost of you know taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral cost of you know taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral cost of you know taking some
+action or consuming some thing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or consuming some thing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action or consuming some thing um and
+then someone having a sort of blockage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone having a sort of blockage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone having a sort of blockage
+where there's a cut off after which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a cut off after which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a cut off after which they
+they just stop um even considering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just stop um even considering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just stop um even considering that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+considerations that a possible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that a possible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that a possible thing
+that we could do for instance so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do for instance so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do for instance so there's
+this thing that the very very Act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that the very very Act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that the very very Act of
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+something um actually Reveals All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um actually Reveals All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um actually Reveals All
+stuff there is this movie I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is this movie I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is this movie I don't
+remember the T I was not such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the T I was not such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the T I was not such a good
+movie but there was this movie in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but there was this movie in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but there was this movie in which
+a millionaire was offering there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millionaire was offering there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millionaire was offering there was a
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+couple very good uh uh United couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple very good uh uh United couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple very good uh uh United couple
+and then the millionaire comes and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the millionaire comes and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the millionaire comes and but
+they they are poor and the millionaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are poor and the millionaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are poor and the millionaire
+comes in and say you know I pay 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and say you know I pay 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and say you know I pay 1
+million to sleep with your wife and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to sleep with your wife and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to sleep with your wife and then
+they start entertaining the S and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start entertaining the S and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start entertaining the S and I
+actually don't remember what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't remember what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't remember what happens in
+the end but you know they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but you know they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end but you know they start
+entertaining their s and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining their s and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining their s and that that
+destroys their even entertaining their s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys their even entertaining their s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys their even entertaining their s
+destroys their couple right uh not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys their couple right uh not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys their couple right uh not doing
+it just just just thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just just just thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just just just thinking about it and
+same thing you know if if if you tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know if if if you tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know if if if you tell a
+Catholic you have to uh to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic you have to uh to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic you have to uh to think about
+you know whether Mary could be a virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether Mary could be a virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether Mary could be a virgin
+or whatever you just that that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you just that that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you just that that just
+starting to question things may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to question things may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to question things may actually
+already is a signal is that what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is a signal is that what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is a signal is that what you had
+in mind or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+sometimes we economists actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we economists actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we economists actually are
+guilty of that in a sense so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty of that in a sense so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty of that in a sense so you know
+you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may
+remember last summer talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last summer talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last summer talking
+about taking uh you know polluting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking uh you know polluting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking uh you know polluting stuff
+to less developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to less developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to less developed
+countries because they they're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries because they they're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries because they they're willing
+to get less money in order to to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get less money in order to to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get less money in order to to take
+care of the stuff and that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the stuff and that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the stuff and that was that was
+a big Scandal I don't remember if he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Scandal I don't remember if he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big Scandal I don't remember if he was
+recommending it which is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending it which is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending it which is a different
+thing uh just thinking about it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh just thinking about it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh just thinking about it was just
+already thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thought of as
+being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very
+strange um and you know that's we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um and you know that's we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um and you know that's we often
+actually when do we do research we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when do we do research we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when do we do research we often
+think about various other things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about various other things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about various other things which
+may be S as as not as not right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be S as as not as not right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be S as as not as not right and I
+would say it's part of the freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's part of the freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's part of the freedom of
+the researcher now when we go public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher now when we go public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher now when we go public
+it's a different different ball game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different different ball game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different different ball game
+right uh so I will try to distinguish my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so I will try to distinguish my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so I will try to distinguish my
+between my life as a researcher where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my life as a researcher where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my life as a researcher where I
+want to enjoy maximum freedom of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enjoy maximum freedom of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to enjoy maximum freedom of thought
+and then you maybe when I go public I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you maybe when I go public I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you maybe when I go public I
+may offend some people and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may offend some people and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may offend some people and so on and
+that's that's a different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a different thing
+um but of course there's always a same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course there's always a same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course there's always a same
+line between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line between the
+two um now if you think about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um now if you think about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um now if you think about our
+society's organizer and you know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's organizer and you know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's organizer and you know all of
+that but I just want to to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I just want to to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I just want to to give you the
+framework um you know I I will say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um you know I I will say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um you know I I will say it's
+Adam Smith plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Smith plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Smith plus
+pigu okay um it's Adam Smith Plus pigu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigu okay um it's Adam Smith Plus pigu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigu okay um it's Adam Smith Plus pigu
+so the very bizarre thing uh is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the very bizarre thing uh is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the very bizarre thing uh is that by
+and large we have for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large we have for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large we have for-profit
+corporations so for-profit corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations so for-profit corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations so for-profit corporations
+are entities in which uh the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entities in which uh the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entities in which uh the decision
+making obeys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making obeys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making obeys the
+shoulders the shoulders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders the shoulders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders the shoulders
+decide um of course you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um of course you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um of course you know it's not
+quite true you have agency issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true you have agency issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true you have agency issues with
+with the managers and we have worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the managers and we have worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the managers and we have worked on
+all those things but basically it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things but basically it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things but basically it's the
+shoulders to decide now we know why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders to decide now we know why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders to decide now we know why it's
+the case because that makes that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because that makes that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because that makes that where
+the shoulders make sure they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoulders make sure they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoulders make sure they get their
+money back otherwise they might not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back otherwise they might not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back otherwise they might not get
+their money back or investors more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money back or investors more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money back or investors more
+Journey but still raises the issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey but still raises the issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey but still raises the issue that
+shareholders of course are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders of course are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders of course are interested in
+the decision they want their money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision they want their money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision they want their money back
+but what about workers and suppliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about workers and suppliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about workers and suppliers and
+customers and so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and so there are many
+stakeholders ERS in were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders ERS in were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders ERS in were actually
+left left aside in this decision Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left left aside in this decision Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left left aside in this decision Prime
+right so we have this this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this this situation
+where one of the stakeholders takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the stakeholders takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the stakeholders takes a
+decision those are the investors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision those are the investors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision those are the investors and the
+others are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are basically
+left uh their decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh their decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh their decision
+experties so that that speaks to the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experties so that that speaks to the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experties so that that speaks to the co
+corporate social responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate social responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate social responsibility
+right um fredman at this uh famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um fredman at this uh famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um fredman at this uh famous
+column in which he said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in which he said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in which he said the
+responsibility of business is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of business is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of business is actually
+to maximize profit not to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize profit not to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize profit not to take into
+account the stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the stakeholders
+welfare and his colleague at Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and his colleague at Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and his colleague at Chicago
+actually said well if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said well if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said well if you want to
+protect shoulders this is Ronald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect shoulders this is Ronald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect shoulders this is Ronald
+Co okay you the first one was Milton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co okay you the first one was Milton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co okay you the first one was Milton
+Freeman so I realize your generation may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman so I realize your generation may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman so I realize your generation may
+never have seen a picture of Milton fman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have seen a picture of Milton fman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have seen a picture of Milton fman
+or Ronald Co but uh So Co basically said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Ronald Co but uh So Co basically said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Ronald Co but uh So Co basically said
+well let's have contracts to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's have contracts to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's have contracts to protect
+shoulders and to some extent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders and to some extent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders and to some extent that's
+that's being done so the contracts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being done so the contracts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being done so the contracts with
+which insulate the most the workers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which insulate the most the workers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which insulate the most the workers or
+the debt holders and so on against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt holders and so on against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt holders and so on against the
+decisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of
+shoulders um are say for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders um are say for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders um are say for example the
+worker is a fixed wage plus some sance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is a fixed wage plus some sance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is a fixed wage plus some sance
+pay if they are lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay if they are lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay if they are lead
+off um same thing if you look at uh Deb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um same thing if you look at uh Deb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um same thing if you look at uh Deb
+holders they get often some fixed debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders they get often some fixed debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders they get often some fixed debt
+repayment uh plus some collateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment uh plus some collateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repayment uh plus some collateral
+pledging in case uh The Firm goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledging in case uh The Firm goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledging in case uh The Firm goes
+bankrupt and you could also have exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt and you could also have exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt and you could also have exit
+options and the like okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and the like okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and the like okay so basically
+the idea okay shoulders this side that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay shoulders this side that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay shoulders this side that's
+onal cause in a sense shoulders this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onal cause in a sense shoulders this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onal cause in a sense shoulders this
+side but you protect the stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but you protect the stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but you protect the stakeholders
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+Contracting now the next step is oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting now the next step is oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting now the next step is oh yeah
+where but what about the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where but what about the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where but what about the quality of
+Contracting of course uh imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting of course uh imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting of course uh imperfect
+contracts Collective action Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Collective action Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Collective action Prime and
+the environment and competition policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and competition policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and competition policy
+are good example you have millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good example you have millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good example you have millions of
+people who are affected by the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are affected by the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are affected by the decision
+of the firm and of course it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firm and of course it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the firm and of course it's very hard
+for them to contract with the firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to contract with the firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to contract with the firms and
+so on um and there are many other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on um and there are many other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on um and there are many other issues
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+cause okay so in a sense what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause okay so in a sense what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause okay so in a sense what we have
+converge to is some kind of mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to is some kind of mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to is some kind of mixture
+of you know which one was with Miss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know which one was with Miss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know which one was with Miss and
+we speak good right um the uh to to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speak good right um the uh to to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speak good right um the uh to to mix
+um to to mix basically a market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to mix basically a market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to mix basically a market the
+invisible end of the market together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible end of the market together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible end of the market together
+with together with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with together with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with together with with
+Recreation so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation so in a
+sense the other way you can protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the other way you can protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the other way you can protect
+stakeholders is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders is to have a
+regulation you have an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you have an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you have an environmental
+agency you have a competition policy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency you have a competition policy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency you have a competition policy you
+have banking regulator you have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banking regulator you have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have banking regulator you have someone
+govern is going to protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern is going to protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern is going to protect the
+stakeholders okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing now in this world where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now in this world where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now in this world where you have
+the market which which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market which which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market which which is pretty
+efficient but has lots of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but has lots of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient but has lots of market
+failures then the government corrects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures then the government corrects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures then the government corrects
+the market failure it's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market failure it's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market failure it's simple
+World okay we are Market fixers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World okay we are Market fixers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World okay we are Market fixers in a
+sense um why should there be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um why should there be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um why should there be any
+corporate social responsibility or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate social responsibility or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate social responsibility or a
+social responsibility as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility as an
+investor um and the answer is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor um and the answer is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor um and the answer is there is
+none if the government does the job you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none if the government does the job you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none if the government does the job you
+don't have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do the
+job the problem is that in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job the problem is that in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job the problem is that in practice
+there is a twin failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a twin failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a twin failure
+between so there is a market failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so there is a market failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so there is a market failure
+plus a government failure and the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a government failure and the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a government failure and the carbon
+Cas is is is a is a typical example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas is is is a is a typical example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cas is is is a is a typical example the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+failure the firms and the IND du can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure the firms and the IND du can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure the firms and the IND du can
+emit carbon they have no incentive not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit carbon they have no incentive not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit carbon they have no incentive not
+to and the government doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the government doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the government doesn't want to
+have a carbon tax pay it so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbon tax pay it so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbon tax pay it so you have a
+twin failure now we we can ask why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin failure now we we can ask why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin failure now we we can ask why is
+that the government fails and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government fails and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the government fails and there are
+many reasons for that but you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons for that but you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons for that but you know so
+then given that the market fails the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given that the market fails the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then given that the market fails the
+government fails what is left civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government fails what is left civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government fails what is left civil
+society and that's where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and that's where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and that's where we have a
+social responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility
+right I told you a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I told you a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I told you a little bit about the
+repugnant Market which is only a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant Market which is only a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repugnant Market which is only a subset
+of markets which are attacked uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of markets which are attacked uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of markets which are attacked uh but
+there is a broader condemnation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a broader condemnation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a broader condemnation of
+markets in a sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in a sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets in a sense all
+markets um on the basis that the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um on the basis that the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets um on the basis that the social
+value of activities May differ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of activities May differ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of activities May differ from
+Pride gain that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride gain that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride gain that's something that
+economists worked on all the time um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists worked on all the time um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists worked on all the time um in
+a sense we you know we know about eties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense we you know we know about eties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense we you know we know about eties
+and the like and something I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and something I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like and something I'm going to
+to disc discuss in the I discuss in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disc discuss in the I discuss in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disc discuss in the I discuss in the
+work with Matias the report is the IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Matias the report is the IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Matias the report is the IDE
+which is more subtle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more subtle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more subtle that
+market can actually frame ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market can actually frame ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market can actually frame ethical
+choices so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so the idea is
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+managers confronted with this twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers confronted with this twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers confronted with this twin
+Market plus government failure the mates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market plus government failure the mates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market plus government failure the mates
+actually could substitute and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could substitute and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually could substitute and say okay
+I'm going to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to behave
+morly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+no there's there's the issue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's there's the issue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's there's the issue about
+whether they will be allowed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they will be allowed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they will be allowed by
+shoulders to do that but same thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders to do that but same thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders to do that but same thing the
+shoulders could behave morly right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders could behave morly right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulders could behave morly right if
+they are if they are socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are if they are socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are if they are socially
+responsible they could behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible they could behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible they could behave
+morly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly
+um so but still the market might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but still the market might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but still the market might be
+creating issues with be Mor Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating issues with be Mor Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating issues with be Mor Behavior
+especially if you're are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're are a
+consequentialist which I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist which I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist which I hope you
+are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh
+I don't know I'm not going to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I'm not going to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I'm not going to impose
+values on you that doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on you that doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on you that doesn't make sense
+but consequentialist means you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consequentialist means you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but consequentialist means you know you
+care about consequences of of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about consequences of of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about consequences of of things um
+so and actually this is I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and actually this is I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and actually this is I think the most
+poent uh criticism of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent uh criticism of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poent uh criticism of of
+consequentialism but um so the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialism but um so the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialism but um so the issue
+about the replacement logic is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the replacement logic is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the replacement logic is basically
+okay I don't like to pollute but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't like to pollute but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't like to pollute but if I
+don't pollute somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pollute somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pollute somebody else
+will I don't like to sell weapons to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I don't like to sell weapons to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I don't like to sell weapons to a
+dictator that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator that's not
+nice but what the hell if I if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but what the hell if I if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but what the hell if I if I if I
+don't do it somebody will sell weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it somebody will sell weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it somebody will sell weapons
+to that dictator which is correct right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that dictator which is correct right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that dictator which is correct right
+um okay I don't like to bribe official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I don't like to bribe official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I don't like to bribe official
+it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very
+Mor but you know if I don't bribe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor but you know if I don't bribe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor but you know if I don't bribe I
+don't get the contract and someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the contract and someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the contract and someone who
+bribes is going to get it so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribes is going to get it so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribes is going to get it so in the end
+and the outcome is the same so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome is the same so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome is the same so I might
+as well do it myself because I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well do it myself because I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well do it myself because I make
+money out of it um the doctors who over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of it um the doctors who over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of it um the doctors who over
+prescribe Ops were saying that saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe Ops were saying that saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe Ops were saying that saying I
+don't like to over prescribe Ops but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to over prescribe Ops but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to over prescribe Ops but you
+know if I if I don't if I don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I don't if I don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I don't if I don't do it
+um some other doctor will prescribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other doctor will prescribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some other doctor will prescribe
+op the same thing happens with sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op the same thing happens with sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op the same thing happens with sick
+leave so in France you go to any doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave so in France you go to any doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave so in France you go to any doctor
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+be you you want to seek leave for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you you want to seek leave for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you you want to seek leave for for
+for two weeks doctor SS uh even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two weeks doctor SS uh even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two weeks doctor SS uh even so
+you're in perfect health but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in perfect health but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in perfect health but you know
+the story is that the the of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that the the of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that the the of course if
+if the doctor doesn't do that another do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the doctor doesn't do that another do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the doctor doesn't do that another do
+next Doctor will do it anyway um the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Doctor will do it anyway um the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Doctor will do it anyway um the and
+there are many other examples I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other examples I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other examples I mean
+athletes for example you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes for example you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes for example you know you know
+many cyclists don't like to take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cyclists don't like to take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cyclists don't like to take those
+drugs or many food ball player and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or many food ball player and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs or many food ball player and so on
+they don't like to take those tracks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to take those tracks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like to take those tracks but
+you know they say you know it's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they say you know it's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they say you know it's the only
+way I can I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can I can actually
+compete uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete uh and so
+on so you see the the idea in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you see the the idea in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you see the the idea in all those
+example there's a common idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a common idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a common idea is that
+competitive pressure is going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive pressure is going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive pressure is going to make it
+hard to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually
+um uh to actually compete so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to actually compete so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to actually compete so the
+conclusion in quotes is that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in quotes is that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in quotes is that you should
+relax competition and therefore that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax competition and therefore that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax competition and therefore that has
+deep implication for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep implication for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep implication for
+271 okay um so that's something we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+271 okay um so that's something we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+271 okay um so that's something we are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+discuss now I already mentioned that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss now I already mentioned that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss now I already mentioned that um
+that might have implication for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have implication for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have implication for
+competition policy which are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition policy which are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition policy which are being
+discussed right now the promotion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed right now the promotion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed right now the promotion of
+open platform ecosystem for competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open platform ecosystem for competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open platform ecosystem for competitive
+procurement uh for trade and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement uh for trade and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement uh for trade and so on uh
+and and that might also have there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that might also have there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that might also have there also
+discussion about where whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about where whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about where whether you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+actually um either favor or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um either favor or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um either favor or just
+completely allocate a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely allocate a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely allocate a market
+to know firms which are not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know firms which are not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know firms which are not for
+profit um so that that the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit um so that that the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit um so that that the kind of thing
+so uh should we for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh should we for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh should we for example
+make there was in France there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there was in France there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there was in France there was a
+scandal this year ago but retirement B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandal this year ago but retirement B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandal this year ago but retirement B
+you know they they they charge a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they they charge a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they they they charge a lot of
+money and and provided a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and and provided a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and and provided a very low
+quality at least some of them um same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality at least some of them um same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality at least some of them um same
+thing has happened with hospital and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has happened with hospital and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has happened with hospital and so
+on I mean should they all be not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean should they all be not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean should they all be not for
+profit should universities be be not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit should universities be be not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit should universities be be not for
+profit actually most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit actually most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit actually most of them
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh well me they're not not for not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well me they're not not for not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well me they're not not for not for
+profit for everyone but but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit for everyone but but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit for everyone but but you know the
+um should they they be subsidized and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should they they be subsidized and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should they they be subsidized and so
+on so um those are important issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so um those are important issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so um those are important issues
+right and I mean in the last decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I mean in the last decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I mean in the last decades
+nobody was talking about that that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was talking about that that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was talking about that that much
+but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's
+resurfacing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfacing okay
+just last caveat before I I go into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last caveat before I I go into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just last caveat before I I go into more
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+um I'm not going to invent anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not going to invent anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not going to invent anything on
+morality I mean people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality I mean people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality I mean people have been
+discussing this for Millennia so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing this for Millennia so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing this for Millennia so I'm not
+going to say any any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say any any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say any any anything
+interesting on morality but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting on morality but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting on morality but I just want
+to to say you know we economists have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say you know we economists have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say you know we economists have a
+view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+morality which tend to be in a sense no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality which tend to be in a sense no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality which tend to be in a sense no
+externality or kind of you know some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality or kind of you know some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality or kind of you know some uh
+basically you know if I stab you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know if I stab you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know if I stab you then
+you you'll find it's not very nice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll find it's not very nice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll find it's not very nice it's
+not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite
+Mor um the avoidance of of harm okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor um the avoidance of of harm okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mor um the avoidance of of harm okay um
+and I would say this kind of conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say this kind of conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would say this kind of conception
+of M is the more stable across culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is the more stable across culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is the more stable across culture
+and across time um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across time um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across time um but it's
+restrictive PE many people have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive PE many people have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive PE many people have a much
+broader view of morality so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader view of morality so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader view of morality so if you look
+at Jonathan Height's books for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Jonathan Height's books for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Jonathan Height's books for example
+you get lots of examples of immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lots of examples of immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lots of examples of immoral
+Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior
+without victims in a sense okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without victims in a sense okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without victims in a sense okay so one
+of his you know anything that violates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his you know anything that violates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his you know anything that violates a
+convention or taboo or general disgust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention or taboo or general disgust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention or taboo or general disgust
+or something you know his f one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know his f one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know his f one of his
+favorite example if you haven't read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example if you haven't read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite example if you haven't read the
+book is about you know your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is about you know your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is about you know your favorite
+dog uh runs out of the house and is run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh runs out of the house and is run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog uh runs out of the house and is run
+over by a car the dog the dog is dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by a car the dog the dog is dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by a car the dog the dog is dead
+it's your favorite dog so you are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your favorite dog so you are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your favorite dog so you are very
+sad you take the dog you cook the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad you take the dog you cook the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad you take the dog you cook the dog
+and you eat the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eat the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eat the dog
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now you might say there's no harm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say there's no harm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say there's no harm the
+dog is dead right why don't you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is dead right why don't you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is dead right why don't you eat
+it now many people view will view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now many people view will view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now many people view will view that
+as being totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being totally
+disgusting okay and that that the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting okay and that that the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting okay and that that the kind
+of thing and and many many things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing and and many many things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing and and many many things about
+you know the more serious example are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more serious example are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more serious example are
+things like U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like U
+Duty Authority loyalty to the in group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty Authority loyalty to the in group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty Authority loyalty to the in group
+and so on which are deep value for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on which are deep value for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on which are deep value for many
+people now an economists will not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now an economists will not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now an economists will not think
+of those as being de values they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as being de values they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as being de values they might
+might think of that as being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of that as being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of that as being an
+instrument so sure loyalty may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so sure loyalty may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so sure loyalty may be
+important but that's an instrument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but that's an instrument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but that's an instrument to
+sustain cooporation for example or same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain cooporation for example or same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain cooporation for example or same
+thing Authority might be an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Authority might be an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Authority might be an efficiency
+enhancing stuff but we would not value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancing stuff but we would not value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancing stuff but we would not value
+Authority per se right as an economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority per se right as an economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority per se right as an economist
+but many people do you know and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many people do you know and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many people do you know and that the
+kind of thing that U you know and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that U you know and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that U you know and that
+raises the more the more J issue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the more the more J issue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the more the more J issue about
+what what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we mean by
+harm so you know and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm so you know and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm so you know and that's something
+which is very important now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very important now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very important now in
+universities you know if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities you know if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities you know if I tell you
+something you don't like am I is that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't like am I is that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you don't like am I is that an
+AG is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG is that
+aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so of course if it's an insult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course if it's an insult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course if it's an insult
+something racist or something like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something racist or something like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something racist or something like of
+course it is but if it's an opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is but if it's an opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is but if it's an opinion
+which is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not your
+opinion okay is that is that aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion okay is that is that aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion okay is that is that aggressive
+so that that's really that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's really that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's really that's really
+that's really big thing and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really big thing and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really big thing and you know and
+you know huge debate now on on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know huge debate now on on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know huge debate now on on exactly
+those those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those those
+things um so let me I mean we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so let me I mean we could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so let me I mean we could talk
+for hours about that but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours about that but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hours about that but uh uh
+do you have do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have do you have
+any any views on that or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any views on that or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any views on that or any
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questional how much is I'm sorry how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questional how much is I'm sorry how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questional how much is I'm sorry how
+much how much is by Society how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how much is by Society how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how much is by Society how much is
+by some inate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some inate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some inate
+nature I guess it's pretty unknown I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I guess it's pretty unknown I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I guess it's pretty unknown I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um I mean Society plays a big role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean Society plays a big role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean Society plays a big role of
+course because of social norms and as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because of social norms and as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because of social norms and as as
+we see from some of these example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see from some of these example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see from some of these example they
+flu toate a lot across time for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu toate a lot across time for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu toate a lot across time for example
+or across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or across
+culture so the social Norm are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the social Norm are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the social Norm are very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's it's hard to say of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's it's hard to say of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's it's hard to say of course we
+learn that actually punching the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that actually punching the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that actually punching the other
+child is not a nice thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is not a nice thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is not a nice thing to do
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+now is is that innate or is that Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is is that innate or is that Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is is that innate or is that Society
+right um we would probably would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we would probably would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we would probably would have
+learned it by yourself anyway but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it by yourself anyway but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it by yourself anyway but you
+know just but I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+I we we still are a social species and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we we still are a social species and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we we still are a social species and a
+Cooperative species right by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative species right by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative species right by and
+large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh
+so how much do we learn through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much do we learn through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much do we learn through a
+genetics I I don't know I mean anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics I I don't know I mean anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics I I don't know I mean anyone
+knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I guess that kind of CH is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess that kind of CH is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess that kind of CH is how you
+think of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the um
+intervention it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it is
+in yeah it becomes more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah it becomes more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah it becomes more more
+difficult but I I would guess much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but I I would guess much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but I I would guess much of it
+is not in it because you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in it because you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in it because you see the
+difference across culture and across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across culture and across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across culture and across
+time that actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that actually the
+what is being considered more in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being considered more in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being considered more in one
+Society may not be in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society may not be in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society may not be in another
+society and you know that's why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and you know that's why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and you know that's why I was
+saying Do no harm are more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Do no harm are more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying Do no harm are more kind of
+universal you know everybody think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal you know everybody think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal you know everybody think that
+um that committing a crime for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that committing a crime for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that committing a crime for example
+is not M right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not M right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not M right
+um I mean even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean even
+pollution you know some nobody will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution you know some nobody will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution you know some nobody will say
+it's great to pollute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to pollute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great to pollute
+even those who don't care you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those who don't care you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those who don't care you know they
+will not claim the immoral High ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not claim the immoral High ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not claim the immoral High ground
+and say it's wonderful to pollute no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's wonderful to pollute no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's wonderful to pollute no no
+this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you
+know those are relatively consensual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those are relatively consensual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those are relatively consensual
+issues in a sense we we may disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in a sense we we may disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in a sense we we may disagree
+about the importance but the sign is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the importance but the sign is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the importance but the sign is is
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes yeah so going back to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yeah so going back to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yeah so going back to the point
+on competition so is there a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on competition so is there a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on competition so is there a sense in
+which having more compe can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which having more compe can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which having more compe can actually be
+a bad thing the result is that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing the result is that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing the result is that's what we
+that's what we're going to study now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to study now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to study now uh
+because that's a claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a claim is that
+competition basically take the morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition basically take the morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition basically take the morality
+out out of people right so the managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of people right so the managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of people right so the managers
+or the shoulders they will behave better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the shoulders they will behave better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the shoulders they will behave better
+if they were in a non-compete world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were in a non-compete world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were in a non-compete world but
+that doesn't exclude the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't exclude the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't exclude the possibility
+that if there was no competition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there was no competition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there was no competition that
+you know firms would still do imortal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know firms would still do imortal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know firms would still do imortal
+things just to purely seek profit that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just to purely seek profit that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just to purely seek profit that's
+that that would be a possibility so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be a possibility so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be a possibility so we
+are going to look at an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look at an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look at an environment
+where people have moral preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have moral preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have moral preferences so
+they care about their money but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about their money but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about their money but they
+also care about other things which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also care about other things which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also care about other things which I
+think we all are like that to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we all are like that to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we all are like that to some
+extent we you know we to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we you know we to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we you know we to different
+extents of course but you know we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extents of course but you know we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extents of course but you know we care
+about the money but we also care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the money but we also care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the money but we also care about
+doing the right thing with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing with different
+intensities of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of course
+right um so what we're going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so what we're going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so what we're going to see is
+that um the nature of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the nature of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the nature of competition
+affects Market maret in many ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects Market maret in many ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects Market maret in many ways so
+it's going to depend on the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on the intensity of
+competition so Market structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so Market structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so Market structure the
+number of firms their sub ability which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms their sub ability which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms their sub ability which
+are standard IO thing but uh it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are standard IO thing but uh it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are standard IO thing but uh it's going
+to depend also whether on whether prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend also whether on whether prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend also whether on whether prices
+are are flexible or fixed you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are flexible or fixed you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are flexible or fixed you're going
+to tell me price is always flexible well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me price is always flexible well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me price is always flexible well
+not quite because sometimes your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because sometimes your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because sometimes your price
+is fixed so if you are a doctor in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed so if you are a doctor in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed so if you are a doctor in many
+countries or or notary or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries or or notary or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries or or notary or whatever you
+get some fixed amount of money right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some fixed amount of money right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some fixed amount of money right or
+taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi
+or you you don't have a you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you don't have a you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you you don't have a you don't have
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+flexibility um in franchising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility um in franchising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility um in franchising
+environment you know the your price may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you know the your price may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you know the your price may
+be determined by the franchiser anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by the franchiser anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be determined by the franchiser anyway
+so they sometimes the prices are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sometimes the prices are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sometimes the prices are are
+fixed but the normal thing is flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but the normal thing is flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed but the normal thing is flexible
+prices then we'll see it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then we'll see it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then we'll see it's important to
+know whether cutting a SLE Corner lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether cutting a SLE Corner lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether cutting a SLE Corner lowest
+cost or boost demand we are going to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or boost demand we are going to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or boost demand we are going to by
+the way we are going to look at at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we are going to look at at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we are going to look at at a
+situation where all stakeholders can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where all stakeholders can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where all stakeholders can
+have more preferences they can be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more preferences they can be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more preferences they can be zero
+but they can be also positive so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can be also positive so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they can be also positive so the
+stakeholders are of course you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders are of course you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders are of course you have the
+managers but you also have the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers but you also have the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers but you also have the consumer
+the investors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors the
+workers okay so here is a picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers okay so here is a picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers okay so here is a picture you
+will have an oligopoly with end firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an oligopoly with end firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an oligopoly with end firms
+uh those firms will set a price so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those firms will set a price so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those firms will set a price so you
+know except if the prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know except if the prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know except if the prices are
+regulated and they will choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and they will choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and they will choose a
+morality of their morality technology if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality of their morality technology if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality of their morality technology if
+you want so they can choose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want so they can choose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want so they can choose something
+that pollutes a lot or pollutes little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pollutes a lot or pollutes little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pollutes a lot or pollutes little
+they may be nice with their workers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be nice with their workers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be nice with their workers they
+may uh misrepresent their product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may uh misrepresent their product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may uh misrepresent their product they
+may you know all kinds of issues which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you know all kinds of issues which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you know all kinds of issues which
+create externality on people and raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create externality on people and raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create externality on people and raises
+a moral issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moral issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moral issue
+okay um they will sell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um they will sell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um they will sell to the
+consumers and they they are input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and they they are input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and they they are input
+suppliers like workers and investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers like workers and investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers like workers and investors
+they bring labor and capital to the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those are
+stakeholders so they may care actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so they may care actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders so they may care actually
+about the more more action of the AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the more more action of the AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the more more action of the AAL
+action which are chosen by the firms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which are chosen by the firms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which are chosen by the firms so
+the consumer for example might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer for example might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer for example might want to
+buy Fair Trade coffee or whatever might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Fair Trade coffee or whatever might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy Fair Trade coffee or whatever might
+actually want to have more production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to have more production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to have more production
+for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their
+consumptions same thing the workers make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptions same thing the workers make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumptions same thing the workers make
+care they may want to work for I firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care they may want to work for I firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care they may want to work for I firm
+they are you know by the way you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you know by the way you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you know by the way you know if
+you look at um there's a premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at um there's a premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at um there's a premium
+actually which is paid to workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is paid to workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is paid to workers
+working say in the tobacco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working say in the tobacco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working say in the tobacco
+industry so you know if if you work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so you know if if you work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so you know if if you work in
+an industry which is considered as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry which is considered as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry which is considered as a
+mall you have a higher wage or Casino or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall you have a higher wage or Casino or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall you have a higher wage or Casino or
+whatever um same thing for investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um same thing for investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever um same thing for investors
+investors might want to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors might want to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors might want to engage in
+socially responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially responsible
+investment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the key question as we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key question as we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key question as we're going to
+see is whether unethical Behavior raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is whether unethical Behavior raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is whether unethical Behavior raises
+or lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowers
+demand because if social responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand because if social responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand because if social responsibility
+as we're going to see go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're going to see go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're going to see go through the
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure um then it's not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um then it's not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um then it's not going to have
+any competition is not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any competition is not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any competition is not going to have
+impact because competition is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact because competition is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact because competition is going to
+operate through the demand curve not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate through the demand curve not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate through the demand curve not on
+the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+uh okay so we are going to see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we are going to see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we are going to see that's
+going to be this pretty unclear at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this pretty unclear at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this pretty unclear at this
+stage so the model is is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so the model is is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so the model is is the following
+um IOP end firms so unit demand consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IOP end firms so unit demand consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um IOP end firms so unit demand consumer
+say um The Firm chooses a price firm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um The Firm chooses a price firm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um The Firm chooses a price firm I
+choose a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a price
+pi and and a s action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and and a s action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and and a s action
+AI um so think of AI equal zero as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI um so think of AI equal zero as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI um so think of AI equal zero as the
+most immoral action so you pollute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most immoral action so you pollute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most immoral action so you pollute
+maximally um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally um for
+example and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and that
+um you you sell to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you sell to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you sell to any
+dictator uh you sell weapons to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator uh you sell weapons to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator uh you sell weapons to any
+dictator and that creates some that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator and that creates some that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator and that creates some that has
+a welfare impact think of that as been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a welfare impact think of that as been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a welfare impact think of that as been
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+externality um welfare impact W of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality um welfare impact W of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality um welfare impact W of AI
+per unit of so you might think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of so you might think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit of so you might think for
+example that might be the pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that might be the pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that might be the pollution
+damage from emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage from emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage from emitting
+carbon okay it might be the the Damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay it might be the the Damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay it might be the the Damage
+Done by the dictator with the weapons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done by the dictator with the weapons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Done by the dictator with the weapons or
+that kind of thing and it's increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and it's increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and it's increasing
+AI so I will be a more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI so I will be a more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI so I will be a more more
+action um and just by it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um and just by it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um and just by it's just a
+normalization AI will belong to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization AI will belong to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization AI will belong to some
+interval okay uh with zero being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh with zero being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay uh with zero being the
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+bound and the welfare impact will be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the welfare impact will be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the welfare impact will be so
+it will be increasing and it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be increasing and it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be increasing and it will be
+concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um the more action may actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the more action may actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the more action may actually also
+affect the unit cost so the unit cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the unit cost so the unit cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the unit cost so the unit cost of
+production which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production which will be
+constant will be CI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant will be CI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant will be CI of
+AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI
+now you can consider two cases one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can consider two cases one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can consider two cases one in
+which this unit cost is increasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this unit cost is increasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this unit cost is increasing or
+decreasing with a more action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with a more action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with a more action
+so if you think about the mor action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the mor action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about the mor action is
+not using child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using child
+labor not using fossile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor not using fossile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor not using fossile
+fuel then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel then it's
+expensive I mean people use children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive I mean people use children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive I mean people use children
+they use carbon they they use call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use carbon they they use call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use carbon they they use call
+because it's cheap otherwise they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheap otherwise they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheap otherwise they would
+not be doing it right they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be doing it right they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be doing it right they use it
+because it's cheap so in that case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheap so in that case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's cheap so in that case if
+you behave more Morely your unit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behave more Morely your unit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you behave more Morely your unit cost
+goes up but there are also cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but there are also cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but there are also cases in
+which when you behave Morely your unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you behave Morely your unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when you behave Morely your unit
+cost goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost goes
+down uh so that the case coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh so that the case coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh so that the case coming back to
+the previous slide if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide if you have
+responsible input supplier so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible input supplier so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible input supplier so basically
+workers or investor with social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or investor with social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or investor with social
+preferences then they're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences then they're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences then they're willing to
+actually have a lower weight or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a lower weight or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a lower weight or low
+lower return on their capital in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return on their capital in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return on their capital in order
+to be associated with a firm which be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be associated with a firm which be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be associated with a firm which be
+small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay
+so in that case if you behave more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case if you behave more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case if you behave more
+morally your input supplier actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally your input supplier actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally your input supplier actually
+offer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you
+discount okay because have social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount okay because have social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount okay because have social
+preferences so in practice you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so in practice you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so in practice you you
+really have both so we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have both so we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have both so we are going to be
+agnostic at this stage about whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic at this stage about whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnostic at this stage about whether the
+M action actually increases or decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M action actually increases or decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M action actually increases or decrease
+the cost that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost that depends on the
+situation is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear now a key concept for what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now a key concept for what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now a key concept for what's going
+to follow is the net price consumer care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow is the net price consumer care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow is the net price consumer care
+about the price and they consider about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the price and they consider about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the price and they consider about
+the call uh Behavior so they they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call uh Behavior so they they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call uh Behavior so they they also
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+have social preferences I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have social preferences I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have social preferences I'm going to
+come to that that in a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that that in a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that that in a minute so
+everything for them will be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for them will be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for them will be as
+if um they care about the real price Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um they care about the real price Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um they care about the real price Pi
+the nominal price and then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal price and then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal price and then they will
+have some preferences over over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some preferences over over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some preferences over over the
+action the morality of the action now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the morality of the action now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the morality of the action now
+this F can be also increasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F can be also increasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F can be also increasing or
+decreasing with the morality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with the morality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with the morality of the
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so usually consumers that prefer more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually consumers that prefer more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually consumers that prefer more
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+you they are socially responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they are socially responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they are socially responsible
+consumers they want Fair Trade coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers they want Fair Trade coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers they want Fair Trade coffee
+and they want workers right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want workers right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want workers right to
+be to be respected and so on um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be respected and so on um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be respected and so on um but
+there also Cas so in that case f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also Cas so in that case f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also Cas so in that case f is
+decreasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in
+AI okay because that's as if the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI okay because that's as if the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI okay because that's as if the price
+were going down but in the other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going down but in the other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going down but in the other example
+I gave you of bribing a foreign official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you of bribing a foreign official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you of bribing a foreign official
+selling weapons to a dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling weapons to a dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling weapons to a dictator
+giving more opioids and so on um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more opioids and so on um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more opioids and so on um there
+basically more fi is increasing in AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically more fi is increasing in AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically more fi is increasing in AI
+because if you choose a more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you choose a more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you choose a more more
+actions that means you are reluctant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that means you are reluctant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that means you are reluctant to
+sell uh weapons to the dictator you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh weapons to the dictator you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell uh weapons to the dictator you are
+more reant to to give opioids and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reant to to give opioids and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reant to to give opioids and that's
+going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce
+demand okay so same thing the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay so same thing the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay so same thing the more
+action can actually increase the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action can actually increase the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action can actually increase the amount
+of reduce demand but not in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduce demand but not in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduce demand but not in the same
+circumstances so for Fair Trade coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so for Fair Trade coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so for Fair Trade coffee
+more action is going to increase demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more action is going to increase demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more action is going to increase demand
+for um for the example I gave you with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for the example I gave you with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for the example I gave you with a
+replacement logic actually a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement logic actually a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement logic actually a moral
+action is going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is going to reduce
+demand okay and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay and that's going to be
+completely crucial for what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crucial for what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crucial for what's going to
+happen there will be an outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there will be an outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there will be an outside option
+so the consumer choose between one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consumer choose between one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the consumer choose between one of
+the the firms and the outside option the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the firms and the outside option the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the firms and the outside option the
+outside option will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option will
+have um an a z and a p 0 and P0 is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um an a z and a p 0 and P0 is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um an a z and a p 0 and P0 is often
+zero so if you don't consume it it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you don't consume it it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you don't consume it it might
+be zero but but still if your option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero but but still if your option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero but but still if your option is
+actually to reopen a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to reopen a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to reopen a call
+mins then P0 is small but a z is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins then P0 is small but a z is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins then P0 is small but a z is also
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um you have Vector of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have Vector of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have Vector of uh
+of net prices and those net prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of net prices and those net prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of net prices and those net prices are
+going to determine the demand so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine the demand so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine the demand so the
+demand for fari will depend the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for fari will depend the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for fari will depend the net
+price of firi and the net prices of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of firi and the net prices of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of firi and the net prices of of
+of the rivals there are substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rivals there are substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rivals there are substitute
+Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods
+okay so basically my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically my
+demand uh increasing with your price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand uh increasing with your price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand uh increasing with your price and
+decreases with my price the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with my price the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with my price the standard
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+so you can you can think about a discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can think about a discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can think about a discret
+model in which uh basically there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which uh basically there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which uh basically there are
+there are valuations which are drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are valuations which are drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are valuations which are drawn
+including for the outside option by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including for the outside option by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including for the outside option by the
+way um and you choose which option you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um and you choose which option you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um and you choose which option you
+prefer and that's one way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer and that's one way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer and that's one way of of
+generating such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating such a
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+okay so we are going to call E the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are going to call E the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are going to call E the
+elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand
+for firi so it's DDI over DPI or DPI add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firi so it's DDI over DPI or DPI add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firi so it's DDI over DPI or DPI add
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same um because P at is equal to Pi + 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um because P at is equal to Pi + 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um because P at is equal to Pi + 5
+I so that's a standard of demand we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so that's a standard of demand we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so that's a standard of demand we make
+the standard assumption that when price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard assumption that when price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard assumption that when price
+prices go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices go
+up the elive demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the elive demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the elive demand
+decreases okay it's almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases okay it's almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases okay it's almost the same
+assumption uh as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh as saying
+the goods are strategic strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods are strategic strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods are strategic strategic
+complement okay so it's strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement okay so it's strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement okay so it's strategic
+complimentarity assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity assumption
+basically so you assume that for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so you assume that for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so you assume that for higher
+prices the elasticity are lower which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the elasticity are lower which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices the elasticity are lower which is
+stand standard but it's also standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand standard but it's also standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand standard but it's also standard
+just to assume that basically the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to assume that basically the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to assume that basically the goods
+are strategic complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I make the Assumption I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I make the Assumption I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I make the Assumption I make a
+so what's going to play a big role is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going to play a big role is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going to play a big role is
+this uh I'm going to say that demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I'm going to say that demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I'm going to say that demand
+demand when demand increases with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when demand increases with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand when demand increases with with
+the morality of the action that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morality of the action that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morality of the action that means
+the consumer are socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer are socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer are socially
+responsible when demand decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible when demand decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible when demand decreases with
+the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral
+action then consumer are socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action then consumer are socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action then consumer are socially
+irresponsible so all the example I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible so all the example I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible so all the example I gave
+you on the first slide were examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the first slide were examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on the first slide were examples
+with socially responsible consumer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with socially responsible consumer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with socially responsible consumer the
+dictator the consumer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator the consumer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator the consumer of the
+opioids yeah the the official who gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids yeah the the official who gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioids yeah the the official who gets
+bribed the athletes who actually wants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribed the athletes who actually wants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribed the athletes who actually wants a
+drug and performance ening rug and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and performance ening rug and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and performance ening rug and so on
+so basically so socially irr responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically so socially irr responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically so socially irr responsible
+consumer F Prime is negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer F Prime is negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer F Prime is negative so
+responsible consumer means that firei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible consumer means that firei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible consumer means that firei
+Prime is positive so for example one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is positive so for example one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is positive so for example one of
+the things that might happen is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that might happen is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that might happen is that you
+internalize and this this going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize and this this going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize and this this going to be a
+first example of social preferences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example of social preferences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example of social preferences you
+internalize um the welfare impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize um the welfare impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize um the welfare impact of
+Your Action so think about that as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Action so think about that as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Action so think about that as being
+the cost of pollution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of pollution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of pollution for
+example then you you put a weight Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then you you put a weight Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then you you put a weight Alpha
+C on the cost of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C on the cost of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C on the cost of your
+pollution which in all will be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution which in all will be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution which in all will be less than
+one because you don't never fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you don't never fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you don't never fully
+internalize the impact on others but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the impact on others but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize the impact on others but uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now you have this strange case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this strange case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this strange case in which
+I mean they look like homoeconomicus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they look like homoeconomicus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they look like homoeconomicus of
+course in which consumers don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in which consumers don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in which consumers don't care
+about the moral action or I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moral action or I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the moral action or I should say
+rather they may not observe the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they may not observe the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather they may not observe the moral
+action because also cases in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because also cases in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because also cases in which you
+don't observe the moral action of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't observe the moral action of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't observe the moral action of the of
+the firm in in that case their demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm in in that case their demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm in in that case their demand
+doesn't react to a moral action because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't react to a moral action because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't react to a moral action because
+they don't observe it and they are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't observe it and they are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't observe it and they are kind
+of socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of socially
+neutral do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral do you
+have do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about the framework yes sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the framework yes sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the framework yes sure
+um how restrictive at all is it to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how restrictive at all is it to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how restrictive at all is it to have
+um the morality term entering through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the morality term entering through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the morality term entering through
+the price like that yeah so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price like that yeah so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price like that yeah so the the the
+additivity property yeah yeah so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity property yeah yeah so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity property yeah yeah so so the
+idea is that in a sense there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in a sense there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that in a sense there is no
+income effect so you pay a price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect so you pay a price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect so you pay a price and
+then you get some benefit or some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get some benefit or some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get some benefit or some cost
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+um uh of of the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of of the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh of of the moral
+action okay so if it's true if if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay so if it's true if if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay so if it's true if if this
+this particular purchase were re big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular purchase were re big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular purchase were re big
+compared to the income of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the income of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the income of the person
+that might not all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not all for
+example um so think about a bribe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so think about a bribe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so think about a bribe for
+example for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for an
+official so if the official gets lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official so if the official gets lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official so if the official gets lots of
+small bribes that's that's not an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bribes that's that's not an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bribes that's that's not an issue
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but if that was a huge rbe which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if that was a huge rbe which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if that was a huge rbe which then
+that might there might be some income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might there might be some income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might there might be some income
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+which you know because then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know because then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know because then you know
+that means the marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the marginal utility of
+income and therefore the price in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and therefore the price in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and therefore the price in a
+sense the impact of the price will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the impact of the price will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the impact of the price will not
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+same um but it's pretty reasonable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um but it's pretty reasonable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um but it's pretty reasonable I
+would say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in
+general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay the cost side impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay the cost side impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay the cost side impact of
+ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+behavior um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um
+so we're we're going to assume it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're going to assume it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're going to assume it's more
+General than that actually but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than that actually but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than that actually but we're
+just going to assume that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that people have
+social preferences so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social preferences so they
+internalize then internaly wi to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize then internaly wi to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize then internaly wi to some
+extent so uh imagine just to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so uh imagine just to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent so uh imagine just to normalize
+imagine that an in you need one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that an in you need one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that an in you need one unit of
+capital and one unit of Labor to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and one unit of Labor to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and one unit of Labor to produce
+one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of
+good um and in Imagine That investor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and in Imagine That investor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and in Imagine That investor are
+willing to forgo Alpha I for investor wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to forgo Alpha I for investor wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to forgo Alpha I for investor wi
+AI in their return if okay and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI in their return if okay and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI in their return if okay and same
+thing for the workers with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the workers with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the workers with a different
+weight so they're willing to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so they're willing to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so they're willing to work for
+lower weight which if you are more M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weight which if you are more M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower weight which if you are more M
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um then basically your modin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then basically your modin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then basically your modin
+cost you know the the way it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know the the way it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know the the way it changes
+with the action depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the action depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the action depends
+on the cost of doing business so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cost of doing business so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cost of doing business so here
+you might have the impact of child labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have the impact of child labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have the impact of child labor
+or pollutions if you use a polluting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pollutions if you use a polluting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pollutions if you use a polluting a
+cheap but polluting uh input but then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap but polluting uh input but then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap but polluting uh input but then on
+the other side you might also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you might also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you might also have the
+fact that workers and and investors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that workers and and investors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that workers and and investors are
+willing to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to actually
+um get a lower weight lower return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get a lower weight lower return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get a lower weight lower return on
+their capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I already said that in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I already said that in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I already said that in a sense
+uh demand impact of supply and M choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demand impact of supply and M choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demand impact of supply and M choice
+you have irresponsible consumers now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have irresponsible consumers now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have irresponsible consumers now in
+the paper in the appendic we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper in the appendic we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper in the appendic we have some
+foundation for the immen side benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for the immen side benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for the immen side benefit of
+cutting AAL color could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting AAL color could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting AAL color could
+be an anxiety that's the case of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an anxiety that's the case of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an anxiety that's the case of those
+example it could be an internet like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it could be an internet like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it could be an internet like an
+opioid it could also be all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioid it could also be all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opioid it could also be all kinds of
+shrouded attributes also that could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrouded attributes also that could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrouded attributes also that could also
+be the case um and then responsible cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case um and then responsible cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case um and then responsible cons
+consumers right um I'm coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers right um I'm coming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers right um I'm coming to the
+firm subjective function because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm subjective function because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm subjective function because that's
+so they two have social preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they two have social preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they two have social preferences so
+they care about the profit the profit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about the profit the profit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about the profit the profit is
+price minus unit cost times demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price minus unit cost times demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price minus unit cost times demand
+that's nothing new here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing new here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing new here but the
+difference with a standard firm is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with a standard firm is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with a standard firm is that
+they would have social preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have social preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have social preferences so
+they care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they care about the
+welfare now we can discuss that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now we can discuss that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now we can discuss that what is
+welfare now in the paper we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now in the paper we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now in the paper we have a
+general we have General consequentialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we have General consequentialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we have General consequentialist
+preferences and I'm just going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and I'm just going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and I'm just going to give
+you one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one example of
+that okay which can be criticized but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay which can be criticized but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay which can be criticized but
+it's much broader than that okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much broader than that okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much broader than that okay so I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to assume for for the sake of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume for for the sake of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume for for the sake of of the
+argument that you internalize basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you internalize basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you internalize basically
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industry pollution or the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry pollution or the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry pollution or the industry
+amount of opioids or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of opioids or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of opioids or something like that
+so you take into account the sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take into account the sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take into account the sum so
+basically firm J will get demand DJ a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically firm J will get demand DJ a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically firm J will get demand DJ a
+fraction of consum DJ will go to firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of consum DJ will go to firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of consum DJ will go to firm
+J the welfare consequence of a firm J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the welfare consequence of a firm J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the welfare consequence of a firm J is
+WJ of AJ and you sum of our old firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ of AJ and you sum of our old firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WJ of AJ and you sum of our old firms
+and also the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the outside option
+possibly of those welfare consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly of those welfare consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly of those welfare consequences
+so you care say about the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you care say about the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you care say about the total
+pollution in the industry or the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in the industry or the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution in the industry or the total
+amount of the opes that are sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the opes that are sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the opes that are sold in
+Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry
+okay there are the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are the class of
+consequential preferences is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential preferences is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential preferences is much
+broader so you might internalize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so you might internalize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so you might internalize for
+example just your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just your own
+wi di so your own pollution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi di so your own pollution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi di so your own pollution in
+sense which is harder to defend right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense which is harder to defend right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense which is harder to defend right
+Morely because you have to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morely because you have to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morely because you have to take into
+account also that if you sell one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account also that if you sell one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account also that if you sell one more
+if you get one more consumer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one more consumer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one more consumer that's
+consumer would have purchased elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer would have purchased elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer would have purchased elsewhere
+so Morely you will say no no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Morely you will say no no just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Morely you will say no no just
+looking at that your own pollution makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that your own pollution makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that your own pollution makes
+no sense morally but that's okay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sense morally but that's okay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sense morally but that's okay for the
+theory you can allow it um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you can allow it um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory you can allow it um and there are
+other other social consequences that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other social consequences that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other social consequences that you
+want you might want to to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you might want to to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you might want to to consider the
+important thing is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that they are
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+quantity and that's that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and that's that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and that's that's something
+which also can be debated so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also can be debated so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also can be debated so if you are
+consequentialist you say if I kill one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist you say if I kill one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist you say if I kill one
+bird is if I kill 1,000 bird it's 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird is if I kill 1,000 bird it's 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird is if I kill 1,000 bird it's 1,000
+times the cost of killing one bird for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost of killing one bird for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost of killing one bird for
+example right if it's not an adventerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right if it's not an adventerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right if it's not an adventerous
+species right if you might say if I kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right if you might say if I kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right if you might say if I kill
+1,000 Birds the damage is 1,000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 Birds the damage is 1,000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 Birds the damage is 1,000 times
+killing one Bird Okay uh some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing one Bird Okay uh some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing one Bird Okay uh some people
+don't think in those ways actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think in those ways actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think in those ways actually you
+know people would try to measure say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people would try to measure say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people would try to measure say the
+damage uh incurred when there's an oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage uh incurred when there's an oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage uh incurred when there's an oil
+spill for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill for
+example you you see that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you you see that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you you see that people are
+willing to sometimes people are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sometimes people are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sometimes people are willing
+to pay almost as much for one to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay almost as much for one to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay almost as much for one to save
+one bird and to save 20 birds or 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bird and to save 20 birds or 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bird and to save 20 birds or 50
+Birds which morly makes no sense but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds which morly makes no sense but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds which morly makes no sense but is
+a reality right I mean we could discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reality right I mean we could discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reality right I mean we could discuss
+why it's the case actually why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's the case actually why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's the case actually why do people
+react in those ways so you can criticize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react in those ways so you can criticize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react in those ways so you can criticize
+but I'm I'm just going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm just going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm I'm just going to assume that
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+consequentialist okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist okay
+so this is an important slide you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important slide you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important slide you do you
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay so social preferences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so social preferences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so social preferences so
+the key assumption you know and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key assumption you know and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key assumption you know and we might
+add your your comment on separability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your your comment on separability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your your comment on separability
+but the key assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key assumption is
+consequentialism so all players the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialism so all players the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialism so all players the
+suppliers the consumer the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers the consumer the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers the consumer the workers
+investors perception of social impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors perception of social impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors perception of social impact of
+their trade is proportional to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trade is proportional to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trade is proportional to the side
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+trade so if you pull it twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so if you pull it twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so if you pull it twice as much
+it's twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's twice as
+bad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay
+um the second assumption which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second assumption which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second assumption which is going
+to be crucial and read that carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be crucial and read that carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be crucial and read that carefully
+what is a flexible price so I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a flexible price so I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a flexible price so I will say
+the prices are locally flexible at eum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices are locally flexible at eum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices are locally flexible at eum
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+Pat um by saying that if I change my eal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat um by saying that if I change my eal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pat um by saying that if I change my eal
+Behavior Delta AI a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Delta AI a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Delta AI a little
+bit then I can compensate through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then I can compensate through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then I can compensate through a
+price change whatever sign it has I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change whatever sign it has I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change whatever sign it has I can
+compensate through a price change Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate through a price change Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate through a price change Delta
+Pi which has to be of course minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi which has to be of course minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi which has to be of course minus 5
+Prime of a d so I has to keep the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of a d so I has to keep the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of a d so I has to keep the net
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+constant so if I change the mity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I change the mity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I change the mity of of
+my action I can have an upsetting effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action I can have an upsetting effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action I can have an upsetting effect
+in the price so that overall I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the price so that overall I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the price so that overall I don't
+change the attractiveness of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the attractiveness of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the attractiveness of my
+offering um and therefore demand remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering um and therefore demand remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering um and therefore demand remains
+constant in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in that
+case okay and there will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and there will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay and there will be two
+important counter examples the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important counter examples the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important counter examples the first is
+a case where Pi is regulated of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where Pi is regulated of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case where Pi is regulated of course
+because then you cannot do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you cannot do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you cannot do that the
+second which is more interesting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which is more interesting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which is more interesting in a
+sense is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is the case
+where the more you have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the more you have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the more you have limited
+liability so you see if if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability so you see if if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability so you see if if you have this
+train which is burning so if your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train which is burning so if your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train which is burning so if your price
+is equal to your marginal cost then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to your marginal cost then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to your marginal cost then you
+you in the limited liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the limited liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the limited liability
+region and if you say for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and if you say for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and if you say for example you
+increase your the morality of Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your the morality of Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your the morality of Your
+Action that cost you more money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action that cost you more money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action that cost you more money for
+example um then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um then you have to
+you you have to raise your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to raise your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to raise your price
+accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly
+um right and that may not actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and that may not actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and that may not actually be
+neutral with respect to demand care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral with respect to demand care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral with respect to demand care so
+there's a link here that intr a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a link here that intr a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a link here that intr a direct
+link between the price and the mor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the price and the mor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the price and the mor
+action and same thing if you are not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and same thing if you are not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and same thing if you are not for
+profit basically you have to obey pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit basically you have to obey pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit basically you have to obey pi
+equal CI of AI and again you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal CI of AI and again you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal CI of AI and again you don't have
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+prices okay otherwise you do okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay otherwise you do okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay otherwise you do okay and
+finally we are going to assume constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we are going to assume constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we are going to assume constant
+returns a scale of a certain kind so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a scale of a certain kind so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a scale of a certain kind so I'm
+going to assume that the cost function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the cost function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the cost function I
+already did that is basically I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that is basically I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that is basically I mean you
+could have decreasing or increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have decreasing or increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have decreasing or increasing
+return to scale but at least with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale but at least with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale but at least with
+respect to the m action that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the m action that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the m action that has to be
+basically have constant return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have constant return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have constant return to
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+okay um actually there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um actually there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um actually there are a bunch of
+cases where you can generalize so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you can generalize so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you can generalize so it's
+this assumption is not as strong as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption is not as strong as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption is not as strong as it
+looks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay those are the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay those are the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay those are the assumptions
+um the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing is
+that if you fix prices which will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fix prices which will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fix prices which will be the
+case when prices are regulated if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when prices are regulated if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when prices are regulated if you
+fix prices then the ethical choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix prices then the ethical choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix prices then the ethical choices are
+strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic
+complements under weak conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements under weak conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements under weak conditions so
+that's going to be true if consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be true if consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be true if consumers are
+socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially
+irresponsible that mean their demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible that mean their demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible that mean their demand
+decreases with a marity of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with a marity of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with a marity of the action
+that's always going to be true if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be true if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be true if the
+econom is symmetrical so if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom is symmetrical so if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom is symmetrical so if you're a
+symmetric economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric economy and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+or if the social preferences are not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the social preferences are not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the social preferences are not too
+not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too
+strong um I mean you you have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong um I mean you you have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong um I mean you you have a first
+factor for strategic complementarity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for strategic complementarity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for strategic complementarity in
+strategic which is that we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic which is that we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic which is that we we have
+assume strategic complementarity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume strategic complementarity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume strategic complementarity in the
+first place on prices but since prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place on prices but since prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place on prices but since prices
+are like ethical choices you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like ethical choices you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like ethical choices you see that
+translate into into um strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into into um strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into into um strategic
+complimentarity for so that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity for so that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentarity for so that that that
+tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+know you may easily have multiple a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may easily have multiple a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may easily have multiple a or
+multiple social norms inal Behavior if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple social norms inal Behavior if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple social norms inal Behavior if
+prices are fixed exogenously if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are fixed exogenously if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are fixed exogenously if they are
+regulated which is not that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated which is not that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated which is not that's going to
+make things interesting which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things interesting which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things interesting which is not
+going to be the case at all if prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case at all if prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the case at all if prices
+are flexible actually we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flexible actually we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flexible actually we are going to
+see that they're always uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they're always uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that they're always uniquely
+determin if prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin if prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin if prices are
+flexible so if prices are fixed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible so if prices are fixed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible so if prices are fixed you can
+have multiple social norms about Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple social norms about Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple social norms about Mo
+Behavior but when they are flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior but when they are flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior but when they are flexible
+we'll see there is only one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay now here is the first condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now here is the first condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now here is the first condition
+with respect to AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I don't know if you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know if you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't know if you have seen
+that you may not remember but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not remember but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not remember but you you
+have seen that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that many
+times if you have you know standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oligopolist with Alpha equals zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist with Alpha equals zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist with Alpha equals zero so
+there is no more preferences which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no more preferences which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no more preferences which is
+what you study in 271
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you study in 271
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you study in 271
+usually then you have learner index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually then you have learner index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually then you have learner index
+equals to one over L of Demand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to one over L of Demand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to one over L of Demand right
+where the learner index is Pius C pi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the learner index is Pius C pi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the learner index is Pius C pi the
+price cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cost
+margin that's true for monopolies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin that's true for monopolies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin that's true for monopolies but
+that's true also for anopolis of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true also for anopolis of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true also for anopolis of course
+the LC is not the same L of demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LC is not the same L of demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LC is not the same L of demand is
+not the same for for neopies and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same for for neopies and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same for for neopies and for the
+monopolies but this formula is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies but this formula is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies but this formula is always
+true that's just the first all condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's just the first all condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's just the first all condition
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+price now I for the moment I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now I for the moment I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now I for the moment I'm not
+maximizing this with respect to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing this with respect to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing this with respect to price
+and maximizing respect to uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maximizing respect to uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maximizing respect to uh the the
+action um just do the computation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um just do the computation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action um just do the computation you
+know from the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the objective
+function and what is that so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what is that so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what is that so the left
+hand side so the the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so the the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so the the right hand side is
+something which is pretty well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is pretty well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is pretty well known
+product of the larner index times um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the larner index times um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the larner index times um it
+except we are going to see the larner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we are going to see the larner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we are going to see the larner
+index is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is a bit
+different and this is basically when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this is basically when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this is basically when you
+change AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change AI
+you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this
+internalization of your own actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization of your own actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization of your own actions
+impact w i of a prime minus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact w i of a prime minus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact w i of a prime minus your
+marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal
+cost um and this fi Prime is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um and this fi Prime is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um and this fi Prime is just a
+normalization is that that transform Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is that that transform Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is that that transform Mo
+action into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action into
+money okay that's the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay that's the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay that's the marginal rate of
+substitution between the mo action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution between the mo action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution between the mo action and
+money for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the
+consumer okay so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer okay so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer okay so that's the that's the
+equation but an interesting thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but an interesting thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but an interesting thing is the
+expression of of the learner index so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of of the learner index so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of of the learner index so as
+I mentioned the learner index is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the learner index is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the learner index is always
+price Minus cost of a price if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost of a price if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Minus cost of a price if you have
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+preferences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the
+cost is a modified cost which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is a modified cost which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is a modified cost which includes
+your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social
+responsibility multiply by Alpha I which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility multiply by Alpha I which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility multiply by Alpha I which
+is your internalization of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your internalization of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your internalization of social
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+and the social responsibility index in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social responsibility index in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the social responsibility index in a
+sense is as a very simple expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is as a very simple expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is as a very simple expression
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+reflects um what happens when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects um what happens when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects um what happens when you change
+your Mor action or you change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Mor action or you change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Mor action or you change your
+price here I forgot to say that W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price here I forgot to say that W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price here I forgot to say that W is
+equal W of AI and WJ is equal to wjf a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and sigma
+I is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is basically
+the the displacement so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the displacement so for example if
+I acquires one consumer the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I acquires one consumer the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I acquires one consumer the question is
+where does this consumer come from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this consumer come from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this consumer come from it
+can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+either uh firm J or from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh firm J or from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh firm J or from the outside
+option because this consumer was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because this consumer was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option because this consumer was not
+consuming before that's why we have J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming before that's why we have J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming before that's why we have J
+greater than zero to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero to include the
+adoption and what matters is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and what matters is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and what matters is a
+difference in terms of welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in terms of welfare
+consequences between I and J and sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences between I and J and sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences between I and J and sum of
+Sigma is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to
+one okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so it's a
+weighted you look at you ask it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted you look at you ask it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted you look at you ask it's it's
+really about the replacement effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the replacement effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the replacement effect you
+look at if I acquire one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if I acquire one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if I acquire one more
+consumer I am I going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I am I going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I am I going to increase
+pollution or reduce pollution well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution or reduce pollution well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution or reduce pollution well that
+depends where where I get this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends where where I get this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends where where I get this uh
+consumer from right so if I I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer from right so if I I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer from right so if I I get it
+from someone who was produ producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who was produ producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone who was produ producing
+using coal that's a good thing even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using coal that's a good thing even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using coal that's a good thing even if I
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+gas but if I get this consumer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but if I get this consumer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but if I get this consumer from
+someone who has actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who has actually using
+Renewables that's a bad thing if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables that's a bad thing if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables that's a bad thing if I'm
+using gas okay so so basically you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gas okay so so basically you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gas okay so so basically you look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+impact on welfare but for that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on welfare but for that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on welfare but for that you have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know you know whom are you you stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know whom are you you stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know whom are you you stealing
+consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so so that's why in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so that's why in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so that's why in your
+course you also take into account your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you also take into account your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you also take into account your
+social responsibility which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility which means that
+if you are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polluting actually your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluting actually your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polluting actually your social
+responsibility is actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility is actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility is actually to
+leave the activity to other firms if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the activity to other firms if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the activity to other firms if you
+are highly ethical your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly ethical your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly ethical your social
+responsibility is to take Market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility is to take Market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility is to take Market to
+increase your market share okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your market share okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your market share okay which
+which kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes sense
+right now if you have a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eum okay if you have a symmetric eum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eum okay if you have a symmetric eum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eum okay if you have a symmetric eum
+then wi is equal top WJ let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wi is equal top WJ let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wi is equal top WJ let's assume
+that the market is covered so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the market is covered so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the market is covered so the
+outside option is not nobody chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option is not nobody chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option is not nobody chooses the
+outside option everybody needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option everybody needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option everybody needs a
+doctor um and basically then W is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor um and basically then W is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor um and basically then W is equal
+to WJ and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to WJ and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to WJ and then
+your social responsibility is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social responsibility is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your social responsibility is zero
+because you're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're all the
+same um in that case the larner index is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um in that case the larner index is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um in that case the larner index is
+a standard learner index if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard learner index if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard learner index if you have a
+symmetric equum okay but the basic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric equum okay but the basic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric equum okay but the basic point
+is that under pretty weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that under pretty weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that under pretty weak
+assumption um then you get multiple for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um then you get multiple for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um then you get multiple for
+given prices you get often multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prices you get often multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given prices you get often multiple
+ethical Norms in AUM that's easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical Norms in AUM that's easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical Norms in AUM that's easy to get
+because of those strategy complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those strategy complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those strategy complement
+ities okay whereas when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities okay whereas when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ities okay whereas when you look at
+flexible prices you get a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible prices you get a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible prices you get a very different
+picture um which is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um which is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um which is that if you have
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+prices your moral behavior is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices your moral behavior is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices your moral behavior is never
+going to depend on the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on the demand
+curve so it's going to be the same for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so it's going to be the same for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so it's going to be the same for a
+monopolist or for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist or for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist or for an
+oligopolist it's the same for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist it's the same for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist it's the same for an
+oligopolist an oropo and a cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist an oropo and a cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolist an oropo and a cartel
+uh the demand care whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the demand care whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the demand care whether they're
+highly substable or not doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly substable or not doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly substable or not doesn't matter
+so if prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if prices are
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+actually then competitive pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then competitive pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually then competitive pressure
+doesn't matter which is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which is important
+because it tells you just go ahead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you just go ahead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you just go ahead with
+competition policy those are two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition policy those are two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition policy those are two s
+things more Behavior will depend on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more Behavior will depend on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more Behavior will depend on how
+more the stakeholders are but will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the stakeholders are but will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the stakeholders are but will not
+depend on demand curve so will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on demand curve so will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on demand curve so will not
+depend on the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the intensity of
+competition okay so actually in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay so actually in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay so actually in that
+case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+so so put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so put
+differently if you have a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you have a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently if you have a price
+optimization you know that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you know that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you know that you're going
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+this price will be equal to the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price will be equal to the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price will be equal to the index
+perhaps Modified by the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Modified by the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Modified by the social
+responsibility but it's always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility but it's always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility but it's always the case
+that if you if you have price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you have price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you have price
+competition the learner index is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the learner index is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the learner index is equal
+to the inverse vity of demand so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse vity of demand so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inverse vity of demand so that
+will be equal to one and basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to one and basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to one and basically this
+entity will be equal to to one as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity will be equal to to one as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity will be equal to to one as well
+okay and basically your M Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically your M Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically your M Behavior
+indexed by a dagger will be given by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by a dagger will be given by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by a dagger will be given by C
+equation which means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which means that it's
+completely independent of the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of the demand
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so whenever prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever prices are
+flexible the intensity of competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible the intensity of competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible the intensity of competition is
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+irrelevant and then therefore there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and then therefore there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and then therefore there is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+point not doing antitrust because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point not doing antitrust because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point not doing antitrust because you
+want to increase morality because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase morality because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to increase morality because you're
+not going to increase morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to increase morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to increase morality
+anyway it's going to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's going to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's going to remain
+constant okay what is intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay what is intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay what is intuition
+let me give you two two intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you two two intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you two two intuition for
+whatever they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are
+worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the
+first is to understand there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to understand there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to understand there are two
+offsetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsetting
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+so take a particular case so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take a particular case so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take a particular case so we're going
+to take a par case which is a worry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a par case which is a worry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a par case which is a worry of
+many people uh the fact the replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people uh the fact the replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people uh the fact the replacement
+effect so you know the idea that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you know the idea that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so you know the idea that I might
+want to bribe a an official because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bribe a an official because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bribe a an official because
+otherwise I will Lo the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will Lo the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I will Lo the market so
+irresponsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible
+consumers so with irresponsible consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers so with irresponsible consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers so with irresponsible consumer
+if I cut ethical corner so if I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I cut ethical corner so if I reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I cut ethical corner so if I reduce
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+morality I gain market share because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality I gain market share because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality I gain market share because
+that's exactly what the corrupt official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the corrupt official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the corrupt official
+the dictator or the up consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator or the up consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator or the up consumer
+wants okay so if I behave less mly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants okay so if I behave less mly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants okay so if I behave less mly I
+again market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again market
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+if you change theity of demand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change theity of demand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change theity of demand so you
+increase theity of Demand by having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase theity of Demand by having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase theity of Demand by having more
+competition then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition then that means
+that um I will get more market share for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I will get more market share for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I will get more market share for
+you know I will get a bigger increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I will get a bigger increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I will get a bigger increase in
+market share if I behave more less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share if I behave more less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share if I behave more less
+morly okay so that seems to confirm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly okay so that seems to confirm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly okay so that seems to confirm the
+conventional wisdom that actually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional wisdom that actually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional wisdom that actually with
+ir responsible consumer markets will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir responsible consumer markets will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir responsible consumer markets will
+lead to immoral Behavior because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to immoral Behavior because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to immoral Behavior because then
+you by by cutting AAL corner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by by cutting AAL corner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by by cutting AAL corner you
+actually gain a lot of market share but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gain a lot of market share but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gain a lot of market share but
+the same time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time if you
+have more competition you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more competition you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more competition you also have
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+markups right and if you have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups right and if you have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups right and if you have lower
+markups that means you gain Less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups that means you gain Less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups that means you gain Less in
+terms of money whenever you acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of money whenever you acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of money whenever you acquire
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+share and that makes you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and that makes you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and that makes you know you have a
+trade-off between behaving morly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between behaving morly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between behaving morly and
+making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but when you behave immorally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when you behave immorally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when you behave immorally you
+make less money per unit on more units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less money per unit on more units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make less money per unit on more units
+in a sense and and those two effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense and and those two effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense and and those two effects
+actually perfectly offset that that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perfectly offset that that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perfectly offset that that of
+course I'm not showing you I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm not showing you I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm not showing you I'm just
+showing you there are two of two effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you there are two of two effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you there are two of two effects
+which go in the opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which go in the opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which go in the opposite directions
+right I mean if everybody made zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if everybody made zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if everybody made zero at
+the margin nobody will have incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin nobody will have incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin nobody will have incentive to
+behave immorally right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave immorally right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave immorally right
+if you if you if you don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you if you don't make any
+money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from
+misbehaving then you'll behave Mor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehaving then you'll behave Mor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehaving then you'll behave Mor if
+you have any social preferences even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any social preferences even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any social preferences even
+weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak
+ones right and competition is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones right and competition is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones right and competition is going to
+reduce the stake in a sense so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stake in a sense so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stake in a sense so it's
+going to push toward more Mor Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push toward more Mor Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to push toward more Mor Behavior
+so you have two effects and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have two effects and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have two effects and and they
+offet the other way to see is some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offet the other way to see is some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offet the other way to see is some kind
+of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost
+minimization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization so
+and that explain why they perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that explain why they perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that explain why they perfectly
+offset in a sense so when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset in a sense so when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset in a sense so when you look at
+your cost as a function of AI is C AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost as a function of AI is C AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost as a function of AI is C AI
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+then you you also have to add fire of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you also have to add fire of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you also have to add fire of AI
+because fire of AI is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fire of AI is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fire of AI is basically the
+perceived price increase due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived price increase due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived price increase due to
+AI uh for the consumer so you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh for the consumer so you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI uh for the consumer so you have if
+you want to keep your demon concern you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep your demon concern you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep your demon concern you
+have to reduce your price by fire of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reduce your price by fire of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reduce your price by fire of
+AI okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI okay
+and then there is your social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is your social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is your social
+responsibility which I Rew wrote here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility which I Rew wrote here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility which I Rew wrote here so
+reing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reing my
+J is the fraction of consumers that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is the fraction of consumers that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is the fraction of consumers that you
+steal from firm J whenever you acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal from firm J whenever you acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal from firm J whenever you acquire
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+consumers um and then I rewrote slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers um and then I rewrote slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers um and then I rewrote slightly
+differently the objective function so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the objective function so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the objective function so I
+have to take into account the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take into account the difference
+between uh the welfare that I offer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the welfare that I offer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the welfare that I offer and
+the welfare which is offered by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare which is offered by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welfare which is offered by my
+competitors okay and when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors okay and when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors okay and when you look at
+this you know you given that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you given that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you given that some of
+Sigma is equal to one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to one you
+can you can rewrite it this way in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can rewrite it this way in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can rewrite it this way in a
+part which as a part which depends on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which as a part which depends on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which as a part which depends on on
+on my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my own
+action and another part which depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and another part which depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and another part which depends on
+on the prices the net prices but also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prices the net prices but also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prices the net prices but also on
+the action of the rivals including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of the rivals including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of the rivals including the
+outside option and it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and it's completely
+separable so that means that okay that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable so that means that okay that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable so that means that okay that I
+cannot do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do anything
+about um you know when I for given net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know when I for given net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know when I for given net
+prices I can just minimize cost and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices I can just minimize cost and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices I can just minimize cost and that
+gives me the formula which is within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the formula which is within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the formula which is within the
+previous page okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous page okay
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+proof now how how robust is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof now how how robust is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof now how how robust is this
+conclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of
+irrelevance uh it's not fully robust but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance uh it's not fully robust but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance uh it's not fully robust but
+it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty
+robust uh more than we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh more than we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh more than we would have
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+so for example the irrelevance of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the irrelevance of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the irrelevance of again
+the irrelevance is that the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irrelevance is that the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the irrelevance is that the intensity of
+competition has no impact on the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition has no impact on the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition has no impact on the choice
+of moral morality if prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral morality if prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral morality if prices are
+flexible um you can use Coro in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible um you can use Coro in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible um you can use Coro in that
+case you don't choose a price you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't choose a price you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't choose a price you choose
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+quantity but that's still the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but that's still the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but that's still the case that
+works you can use a search model it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can use a search model it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can use a search model it also
+works um if you have imperfect consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um if you have imperfect consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um if you have imperfect consumer
+information that works um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that works um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that works um if you
+have um different internalization I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um different internalization I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um different internalization I give
+you a specific internalization you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a specific internalization you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a specific internalization you can
+generalize to nonlinear pricing so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to nonlinear pricing so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to nonlinear pricing so I've
+assume you need demands but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you need demands but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you need demands but you could
+multi-unit demands that will also work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit demands that will also work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-unit demands that will also work
+and so on as non-constant return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on as non-constant return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on as non-constant return to
+scale is important for the result but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is important for the result but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is important for the result but
+you know you can relax it somewhat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can relax it somewhat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can relax it somewhat so
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+uh if A6 impact only the demand side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if A6 impact only the demand side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if A6 impact only the demand side but
+not the cost side doesn't matter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cost side doesn't matter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cost side doesn't matter you
+could have decreasing or increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have decreasing or increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have decreasing or increasing
+return to scale and so on so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale and so on so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to scale and so on so it's pretty
+robust um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust um
+where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are
+different and I probably I would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and I probably I would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and I probably I would stop
+here because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because you
+is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you
+have if you if you don't have flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you if you don't have flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you if you don't have flexible
+prices then see it's a different ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then see it's a different ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices then see it's a different ball
+game so I actually it suggest lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I actually it suggest lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I actually it suggest lots of
+ampirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ampirical
+tests um they actually a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests um they actually a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests um they actually a couple of
+experiments which have been run which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which have been run which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which have been run which
+fit relatively well with this Theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit relatively well with this Theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit relatively well with this Theory but
+you know it's only two experiments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's only two experiments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's only two experiments we
+need more experiments and we need also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more experiments and we need also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more experiments and we need also
+someone pay Cod work in general to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone pay Cod work in general to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone pay Cod work in general to to
+check all those things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all those things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all those things but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what we do is okay let's assume first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is okay let's assume first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is okay let's assume first
+you have regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have regulated
+price okay if you have a regulated price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay if you have a regulated price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay if you have a regulated price
+you have no reduced markup effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no reduced markup effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no reduced markup effects of
+intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+competition okay competition reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay competition reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay competition reduces the
+markup and therefore reduces the stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and therefore reduces the stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and therefore reduces the stakes
+in Behaving IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Behaving IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Behaving IM
+morly whereas if you have fixed prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly whereas if you have fixed prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morly whereas if you have fixed prices
+that's not going to happen competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to happen competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to happen competition
+is not going to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to reduce the
+price um in that case the critiques of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um in that case the critiques of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price um in that case the critiques of
+markets are right which is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are right which is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are right which is if you have
+irresponsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible
+consumers then more competition is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers then more competition is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers then more competition is going
+to reduce more Behavior that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce more Behavior that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce more Behavior that's
+correct so if you make the Assumption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if you make the Assumption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if you make the Assumption to
+a unique equum you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique equum you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique equum you can show that
+actually more Behavior decreases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more Behavior decreases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more Behavior decreases with
+more competition so there's a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competition so there's a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competition so there's a grain of
+Truth in the criticism it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth in the criticism it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth in the criticism it's not like
+it's completely wrong there's a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely wrong there's a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely wrong there's a grain of
+truth but you have to qualify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth but you have to qualify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth but you have to qualify it
+substantially not only because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially not only because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially not only because of the
+irrelevance result but even when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance result but even when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance result but even when the
+prices are fixed then um you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are fixed then um you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are fixed then um you also get
+the reverse conclusion when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse conclusion when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse conclusion when you have
+responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible
+consumer it's pretty clear what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer it's pretty clear what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer it's pretty clear what happens
+is that if you have responsible consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have responsible consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have responsible consumer
+so we all want Fair Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all want Fair Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we all want Fair Trade
+coffee then actually more competition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee then actually more competition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee then actually more competition is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+force um the firms actually to buy Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um the firms actually to buy Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um the firms actually to buy Fair
+Trade coffee you know because they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trade coffee you know because they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trade coffee you know because they want
+to please a customer so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to please a customer so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to please a customer so it's going to be
+exactly the reverse so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reverse so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the reverse so if you have
+responsible consumers then competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible consumers then competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible consumers then competition
+is good for marity so if you had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for marity so if you had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for marity so if you had those
+those things which is the relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things which is the relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things which is the relevance
+result plus this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result plus this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result plus this slide
+you see that first it's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that first it's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that first it's not the case
+that everything goes um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything goes um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything goes um you have
+prediction but there are context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction but there are context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction but there are context
+specific is the price flexible or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific is the price flexible or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific is the price flexible or not
+are the consumers irresponsible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consumers irresponsible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the consumers irresponsible or
+responsible those are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible those are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible those are not the same
+applications and you get a picture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and you get a picture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and you get a picture which
+you say okay we we we cannot conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay we we we cannot conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say okay we we we cannot conclude
+and you're just modifying antitrust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just modifying antitrust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just modifying antitrust and
+all those things just on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things just on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things just on the basis of
+morality it doesn't seem like the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality it doesn't seem like the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality it doesn't seem like the right
+thing to do now if the if the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do now if the if the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do now if the if the policy
+makers use a final analysis maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers use a final analysis maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers use a final analysis maybe that's
+that's the right thing to do but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to do but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing to do but you
+cannot just say we don't want markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just say we don't want markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just say we don't want markets
+right that's not that's not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not that's not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not that's not the right
+stance now last thing we do in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance now last thing we do in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance now last thing we do in the paper
+I think is to look at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is to look at what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is to look at what happens when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+introduce either heterogenity in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce either heterogenity in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce either heterogenity in in
+Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social
+preferences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay
+imagine one of the competitors is Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the competitors is Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the competitors is Mo
+terasa right um what happens well she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terasa right um what happens well she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terasa right um what happens well she
+might ear a limited liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ear a limited liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ear a limited liability
+constrain right because you know at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain right because you know at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain right because you know at some
+point she will run out of cash or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point she will run out of cash or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point she will run out of cash or if you
+have for profit and you know that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for profit and you know that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for profit and you know that then
+it it it becomes more interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it becomes more interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it becomes more interesting and
+there might be an argument in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be an argument in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be an argument in some
+Industries actually to protect the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries actually to protect the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries actually to protect the not
+for profit from the competition of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for profit from the competition of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for profit from the competition of for
+profit because what we show is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit because what we show is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit because what we show is that when
+you have very intense competition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very intense competition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very intense competition you
+tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have
+mimicking the behavior or mimic between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking the behavior or mimic between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking the behavior or mimic between
+for-profit and not for-profit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit and not for-profit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for-profit and not for-profit the
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+disappears basically the the for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears basically the the for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears basically the the for-profit
+to compete with the not for-profit have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete with the not for-profit have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete with the not for-profit have
+to choose prices close to marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose prices close to marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose prices close to marginal cost
+but the the not for profit have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the not for profit have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the not for profit have to
+behave unethically to keep consumers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave unethically to keep consumers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave unethically to keep consumers if
+consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are
+irresponsible and you see that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible and you see that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible and you see that you know
+you lose a little bit the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a little bit the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a little bit the the
+distinction between not for profit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between not for profit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between not for profit and
+and for profit in that case and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for profit in that case and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for profit in that case and that
+raises the issue about whether you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the issue about whether you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises the issue about whether you want
+to reserve the hospital Market or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reserve the hospital Market or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reserve the hospital Market or the
+education Market to not where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Market to not where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education Market to not where where
+moral issues can be very important to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral issues can be very important to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral issues can be very important to uh
+to not for-profit and we don't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not for-profit and we don't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not for-profit and we don't solve
+this issue but it's actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue but it's actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue but it's actually a very
+interesting issue to study
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mva9UIz_wwA.txt b/Mva9UIz_wwA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8998ae692fcd1310c352e76088ed0a964fd676ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mva9UIz_wwA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is the classical runge-kutta method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the classical runge-kutta method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the classical runge-kutta method
+this was by far and away the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was by far and away the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was by far and away the world's
+most popular numerical method for over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular numerical method for over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular numerical method for over a
+hundred years for hand computation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years for hand computation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years for hand computation in
+the first half of the 20th century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the 20th century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the 20th century and
+then for computation on digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for computation on digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for computation on digital
+computers in the latter half of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in the latter half of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in the latter half of the 20th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+I suspect it's still in use today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect it's still in use today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect it's still in use today
+you evaluate the function four times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the function four times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the function four times per
+step first at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step first at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step first at the beginning of the
+interval and then step use that to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then step use that to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then step use that to step
+into the middle of the interval to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of the interval to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of the interval to get
+s2 then you use s2 to step into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 then you use s2 to step into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 then you use s2 to step into the
+middle middle of the interval again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle middle of the interval again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle middle of the interval again and
+evaluate the function there to get again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there to get again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there to get again
+to get s3 and then use s3 to step clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get s3 and then use s3 to step clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get s3 and then use s3 to step clear
+across the interval and get s4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the interval and get s4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the interval and get s4 and then
+take a combination of those force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a combination of those force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a combination of those force for
+slopes weighting the two in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes weighting the two in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes weighting the two in the middle
+more heavily to take your final step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heavily to take your final step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heavily to take your final step
+that's the classical runge-kutta method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's our MATLAB infant implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our MATLAB infant implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our MATLAB infant implementation
+and we will call it o de for because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will call it o de for because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will call it o de for because it
+evaluates the function four times per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the function four times per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the function four times per
+step same arguments vector Y out now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step same arguments vector Y out now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step same arguments vector Y out now we
+have four slopes s1 at the beginning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four slopes s1 at the beginning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four slopes s1 at the beginning as
+two halfway in in the middle s3 again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two halfway in in the middle s3 again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two halfway in in the middle s3 again in
+the middle and then s4 the right hand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and then s4 the right hand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and then s4 the right hand a
+sixth of s1 a third of s to a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth of s1 a third of s to a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth of s1 a third of s to a third of
+s3 and the sixth of s4 give you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3 and the sixth of s4 give you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s3 and the sixth of s4 give you your
+final step that's the classical rug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step that's the classical rug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step that's the classical rug
+Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caryl Rhonda was a fairly prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caryl Rhonda was a fairly prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caryl Rhonda was a fairly prominent
+german mathematician and physicist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german mathematician and physicist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german mathematician and physicist who
+published this method along with several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this method along with several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this method along with several
+others in 1895 he produced a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in 1895 he produced a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in 1895 he produced a number of
+other mathematical papers was fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mathematical papers was fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mathematical papers was fairly
+well known Martin Kutta discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known Martin Kutta discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known Martin Kutta discovered this
+method independently and published it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method independently and published it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method independently and published it in
+1901 he is not so nearly well known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1901 he is not so nearly well known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1901 he is not so nearly well known for
+anything else I'd like to pursue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I'd like to pursue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I'd like to pursue a
+simple model of combustion because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of combustion because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model of combustion because the
+model has some important and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has some important and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has some important and the
+numerical properties if you light a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical properties if you light a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical properties if you light a
+match the ball of flame grows rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the ball of flame grows rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the ball of flame grows rapidly
+until it reaches a critical size then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches a critical size then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches a critical size then it
+remains at that size because the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains at that size because the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains at that size because the amount
+of oxygen being consumed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen being consumed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen being consumed by the
+combustion in the interior of the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion in the interior of the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion in the interior of the ball
+balances the amount available through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the amount available through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances the amount available through
+the surface here's the dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface here's the dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface here's the dimensionless
+model the match is a sphere and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the match is a sphere and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the match is a sphere and why is
+its radius the Y cubed term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its radius the Y cubed term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its radius the Y cubed term is the
+volume of the sphere and the Y cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the sphere and the Y cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the sphere and the Y cubed
+accounts for the combustion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the combustion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the combustion in the
+interior y squared the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior y squared the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior y squared the surface of the
+sphere is proportional Y squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is proportional Y squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is proportional Y squared and the
+y squared term accounts for the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared term accounts for the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared term accounts for the oxygen
+that's available through the surface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available through the surface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available through the surface the
+critical parameter the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameter the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameter the important
+parameter is the initial radius watt y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is the initial radius watt y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is the initial radius watt y 0
+y naught the radius starts at y naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y naught the radius starts at y naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y naught the radius starts at y naught
+and grows until the Y cubed and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grows until the Y cubed and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grows until the Y cubed and Y
+squared terms balance each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms balance each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms balance each other at
+which point the rate of growth is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point the rate of growth is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point the rate of growth is zero
+and the radius doesn't grow any more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radius doesn't grow any more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radius doesn't grow any more we
+integrate over a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over a law
+time we integrate over a time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we integrate over a time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we integrate over a time that's
+inversely proportional to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the initial
+radius that's the model here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that's the model here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that's the model here's an
+animation we're starting with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation we're starting with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation we're starting with a small
+flame here a small spherical flame just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame here a small spherical flame just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame here a small spherical flame just
+see a small radius there the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a small radius there the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a small radius there the time and
+the radius was shown at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius was shown at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius was shown at the top of the
+figure it's beginning to grow when time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's beginning to grow when time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's beginning to grow when time
+gets to 50 we're halfway through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to 50 we're halfway through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to 50 we're halfway through the
+flame sort of explodes and then gets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame sort of explodes and then gets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame sort of explodes and then gets up
+the radius one at which time it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius one at which time it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius one at which time it's time
+the two terms balance each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms balance each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two terms balance each other and the
+flame stops growing it's still growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame stops growing it's still growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame stops growing it's still growing
+slightly here although you can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly here although you can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly here although you can't see it
+on the list of this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's it let's set this up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's it let's set this up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's it let's set this up for
+runge-kutta the differential equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta the differential equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta the differential equation is
+y prime is y squared minus y cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime is y squared minus y cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime is y squared minus y cubed
+starting at 0 with the critical initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 0 with the critical initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 0 with the critical initial
+radius I'm going to take to be 0.01 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'm going to take to be 0.01 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius I'm going to take to be 0.01 that
+means we're going to integrate out to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're going to integrate out to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're going to integrate out to 2
+over Y not out to time 200 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Y not out to time 200 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Y not out to time 200 I'm going to
+choose the step size to take 500 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the step size to take 500 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the step size to take 500 steps
+I'm and I'm just gonna pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and I'm just gonna pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and I'm just gonna pick that
+somewhat arbitrarily okay now I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrarily okay now I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrarily okay now I'm ready
+to use Oh de for and I'll store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Oh de for and I'll store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Oh de for and I'll store the
+results in Y and it goes up to one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in Y and it goes up to one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in Y and it goes up to one I'm
+gonna plot the results so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna plot the results so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna plot the results so here's the
+values of T I need and here's the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can see that it flame starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that it flame starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see that it flame starts to
+grow grows rather slowly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow grows rather slowly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow grows rather slowly and then
+halfway through the time interval it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the time interval it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway through the time interval it
+sort of explodes and goes up quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explodes and goes up quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explodes and goes up quickly
+until it reaches a radius of 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches a radius of 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it reaches a radius of 1 and then
+stays here now this transition period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays here now this transition period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays here now this transition period is
+fairly narrow and as we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly narrow and as we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly narrow and as we're going to
+continue our going to continue to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our going to continue to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue our going to continue to study
+this problem and it's this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and it's this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and it's this transition
+area which is going to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is going to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area which is going to provide a
+challenge for the numerical numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for the numerical numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for the numerical numerical
+methods now here we just went through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now here we just went through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods now here we just went through it
+we had a step size H that we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a step size H that we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a step size H that we picked
+pretty arbitrarily and we just generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arbitrarily and we just generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arbitrarily and we just generated
+these values we have a really little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values we have a really little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values we have a really little
+idea how accurate these numbers are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how accurate these numbers are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how accurate these numbers are they
+look ok but how accurate they are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ok but how accurate they are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look ok but how accurate they are are
+they this is the critical question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this is the critical question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this is the critical question about
+the about wrong about the classical drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about wrong about the classical drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about wrong about the classical drug
+academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academy
+how reliable are the values we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how reliable are the values we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how reliable are the values we have here
+in our graph I have four exercises for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph I have four exercises for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph I have four exercises for
+your consideration if the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consideration if the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consideration if the differential
+equation does not involve Y then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does not involve Y then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation does not involve Y then this
+solution is just an integral and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just an integral and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just an integral and the
+runge-kutta method becomes a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta method becomes a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta method becomes a classic
+method of numerical integration if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of numerical integration if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of numerical integration if
+you've studied such methods and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied such methods and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've studied such methods and you
+should be able to recognize this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number two find the exact solution of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two find the exact solution of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two find the exact solution of y
+prime equals one plus y squared with y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals one plus y squared with y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals one plus y squared with y
+of zero equals zero and then see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero equals zero and then see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero equals zero and then see what
+happens with OD four when you try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with OD four when you try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with OD four when you try and
+solve it on the interval from T from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it on the interval from T from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it on the interval from T from
+zero to two number three what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to two number three what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to two number three what happens if
+the length of the interval is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the interval is not
+exactly divisible by the step size for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly divisible by the step size for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly divisible by the step size for
+example if T final is PI and the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if T final is PI and the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if T final is PI and the step
+size is 0.1 don't try and fix this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is 0.1 don't try and fix this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is 0.1 don't try and fix this it's
+just one of the hazards of a fixed step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the hazards of a fixed step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the hazards of a fixed step
+size and finally exercise four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and finally exercise four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and finally exercise four
+investigate the flame problem with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the flame problem with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the flame problem with an
+initial radius of one over a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial radius of one over a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial radius of one over a thousand
+four what value of T does the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four what value of T does the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four what value of T does the radius
+reach ninety percent of its final value
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N-49t1j-XWY.txt b/N-49t1j-XWY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dc7909b2d80bbc898280dba9b552b42bae0e423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N-49t1j-XWY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go ahead and get
+today we're turning to a new topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're turning to a new topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're turning to a new topic
+called basically focused on principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called basically focused on principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called basically focused on principal
+components analysis which is a very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis which is a very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis which is a very cool
+way of analyzing high dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of analyzing high dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of analyzing high dimensional data
+along the way we're going to learn some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we're going to learn some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way we're going to learn some
+a little bit more linear algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more linear algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more linear algebra so
+today I'm going to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk to you about
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues which are
+one of the most fundamental concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most fundamental concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most fundamental concepts in
+linear algebra and it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and it's extremely
+important and widely up to applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and widely up to applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and widely up to applicable to
+a lot of different things so eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different things so eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different things so eigenvalues
+and eigenvectors are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvectors are important for
+everything from understanding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from understanding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from understanding energy
+levels in quantum mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in quantum mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels in quantum mechanics to
+dissecting to understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting to understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting to understanding the
+vibrational modes of a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes of a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational modes of a musical
+instrument to analyzing the dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to analyzing the dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to analyzing the dynamics of
+differential equations of the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations of the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations of the sort that
+you find that describe neural circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that describe neural circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that describe neural circuits
+in the brain and also for analyzing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and also for analyzing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and also for analyzing data
+and doing dimensionality reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing dimensionality reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing dimensionality reduction so
+understanding eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding eigenvectors and
+eigenvalues are very important for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are very important for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are very important for doing
+things like principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like principal components
+analysis so along the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so along the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so along the way we're going to
+talk a little bit more about variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about variants
+we're going to extend the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to extend the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to extend the notion of
+variants that we're all familiar with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants that we're all familiar with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants that we're all familiar with in
+one dimension like the the width of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension like the the width of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension like the the width of a
+Gaussian or the width of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian or the width of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian or the width of a distribution
+of data to the case of multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to the case of multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to the case of multivariate
+Gaussian distributions or multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distributions or multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distributions or multivariate
+which means it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means it's basically the same
+thing as high dimensional data we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as high dimensional data we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as high dimensional data we're
+going to talk about how to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how to compute a
+covariance matrix from data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix from data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix from data which
+describes how the different dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the different dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the different dimensions
+of the data are correlated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data are correlated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data are correlated with each
+other what the variance in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what the variance in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what the variance in different
+dimensions is and how those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions is and how those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions is and how those different
+dimensions are correlated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are correlated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are correlated with each
+other and finally we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and finally we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and finally we'll go through
+actually how to implement principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to implement principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how to implement principal
+components analysis which is useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis which is useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis which is useful for
+a huge number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of things
+I'll come back to many of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to many of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back to many of the different
+applications of principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of principal components
+analysis at the end but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at the end but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at the end but I just want to
+mention that it's it's very commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that it's it's very commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that it's it's very commonly
+used in understanding high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in understanding high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in understanding high dimensional
+data and neural circuits so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and neural circuits so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and neural circuits so it's a very
+important way of describing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way of describing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way of describing how the
+state of the brain evolves as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the brain evolves as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the brain evolves as a function
+of time so nowadays you can record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so nowadays you can record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so nowadays you can record from
+hundreds or even thousands or tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or even thousands or tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds or even thousands or tens of
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of neurons simultaneously and
+if you just look at all that data it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at all that data it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at all that data it
+just looks like a complete mess but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks like a complete mess but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks like a complete mess but
+somehow underneath of all of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow underneath of all of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow underneath of all of that the
+circuitry in the brain is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry in the brain is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry in the brain is going through
+discrete trajectories in some low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete trajectories in some low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete trajectories in some low
+dimensional space within that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space within that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space within that high
+dimensional mess of data so our brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional mess of data so our brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional mess of data so our brains
+have something like a hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like a hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like a hundred billion
+neurons in them about the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in them about the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in them about the same as the
+number of stars in our galaxy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stars in our galaxy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stars in our galaxy and and
+yet somehow all of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet somehow all of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet somehow all of those different
+neurons communicate with each other in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons communicate with each other in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons communicate with each other in a
+way that constrains the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that constrains the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that constrains the state of the
+brain to evolve along the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to evolve along the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain to evolve along the low
+dimensional trajectories that are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional trajectories that are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional trajectories that are our
+thoughts and perceptions okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and perceptions okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and perceptions okay and so
+it's important to be able to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to be able to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to be able to visualize
+those trajectories in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories in order to
+understand how that machine is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that machine is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that machine is working
+okay all right so okay and then one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so okay and then one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so okay and then one more
+comment about principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about principal components
+analysis it's not it's not actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's not it's not actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's not it's not actually the
+best way often of doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way often of doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way often of doing this kind of
+dimensionality reduction but the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality reduction but the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality reduction but the basic
+idea of how principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how principal components
+analysis works is so fundamental to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis works is so fundamental to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis works is so fundamental to all
+of the other techniques it's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other techniques it's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other techniques it's sort of the
+base on which all of those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base on which all of those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base on which all of those other
+techniques are built conceptually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are built conceptually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are built conceptually okay
+so that's why we're going to spend a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're going to spend a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're going to spend a lot
+of time talking about this ok so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about this ok so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about this ok so let's
+start with the eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the eigenvectors and
+eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues
+so remember we've been talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we've been talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we've been talking about the
+idea that matrix multiplication performs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that matrix multiplication performs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that matrix multiplication performs
+a transformation so we can have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation so we can have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation so we can have a vector
+X that we multiply it by a matrix a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that we multiply it by a matrix a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that we multiply it by a matrix a it
+transforms that set of vectors X into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms that set of vectors X into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms that set of vectors X into
+some other set of vectors Y and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other set of vectors Y and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other set of vectors Y and we can
+go from Y back to X by multiplying by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from Y back to X by multiplying by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from Y back to X by multiplying by a
+inverse if the determinant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse if the determinant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse if the determinant of that
+matrix a is not equal to zero so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is not equal to zero so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is not equal to zero so we've
+talked about a number of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of different kinds
+of matrix transformations by introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix transformations by introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrix transformations by introducing
+perturbations on the identity matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations on the identity matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations on the identity matrix so
+if we have diagonal matrices where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have diagonal matrices where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have diagonal matrices where one
+of the elements is slightly larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements is slightly larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements is slightly larger than
+zero and the other diagonal elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the other diagonal elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the other diagonal elements are
+slightly larger than one the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger than one the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger than one the other
+diagonal element is equal to one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal element is equal to one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal element is equal to one you get
+a stretch of this set of input vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stretch of this set of input vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stretch of this set of input vectors
+along the x axis now that process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis now that process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the x axis now that process of
+stretching vectors along a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching vectors along a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching vectors along a particular
+direction has built into it the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction has built into it the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction has built into it the idea
+that there are special directions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are special directions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are special directions in
+this in this matrix transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this matrix transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this matrix transformation so
+what do I mean by that so most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that so most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that so most of these
+vectors here these each one of these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here these each one of these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here these each one of these red
+dots is one of those X's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is one of those X's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is one of those X's one of those
+initial vectors if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial vectors if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial vectors if you look at the
+transformation from X to Y going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from X to Y going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from X to Y going so
+that's the X that we put into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the X that we put into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the X that we put into this
+matrix transformation when we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation when we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation when we multiply
+by Y we see that that that vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Y we see that that that vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Y we see that that that vector has
+been stretched along the x direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stretched along the x direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stretched along the x direction so
+for most of these vectors that stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these vectors that stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these vectors that stretch
+involves a change in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a change in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a change in the direction of
+the vector right going from X to Y means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector right going from X to Y means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector right going from X to Y means
+that the vector has been rotated so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector has been rotated so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector has been rotated so you
+can see that the red vector that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the red vector that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the red vector that the
+green vector is at a different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green vector is at a different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green vector is at a different angle
+than the red vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the red vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the red vector
+okay so there's been a rotation as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's been a rotation as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's been a rotation as well
+as a stretch okay so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a stretch okay so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a stretch okay so you can see that
+it's true for that vector that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for that vector that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for that vector that vector
+and so on so you can see though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you can see though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you can see though that
+there are other directions that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other directions that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other directions that are not
+rotated okay so here's another I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated okay so here's another I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated okay so here's another I just
+drew that same picture over again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew that same picture over again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew that same picture over again but
+now let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at this
+particular vector this particular red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vector this particular red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vector this particular red
+vector you can see that when that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you can see that when that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you can see that when that red
+vector is stretched by this matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is stretched by this matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is stretched by this matrix it's
+not rotated okay it's simply scaled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rotated okay it's simply scaled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rotated okay it's simply scaled all
+right same for this vector right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same for this vector right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same for this vector right here
+that vector is not rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector is not rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector is not rotated
+it's just scaled in this case by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just scaled in this case by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just scaled in this case by one
+okay all right let's take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's take a look at this
+other transformation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transformation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transformation so this
+transformation produces a stretch in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation produces a stretch in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation produces a stretch in the
+Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction
+and a compression in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a compression in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a compression in the X direction
+okay so I'm just showing you a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just showing you a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just showing you a subset of
+those vectors now you can see that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors now you can see that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors now you can see that again
+this vector is rotated by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector is rotated by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector is rotated by that
+transformation this vector is rotated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this vector is rotated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this vector is rotated by
+that transformation but other vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation but other vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation but other vectors
+are not rotated so again this vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not rotated so again this vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not rotated so again this vector is
+compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed
+it's simply scaled but it's not rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply scaled but it's not rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply scaled but it's not rotated
+and this vector is stretched it's scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector is stretched it's scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this vector is stretched it's scaled
+but not rotated okay that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not rotated okay that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not rotated okay that makes sense
+okay so these transformations here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transformations here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these transformations here are
+given by diagonal matrices where the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by diagonal matrices where the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by diagonal matrices where the off
+diagonal elements are 0 and the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are 0 and the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are 0 and the diagonal
+elements are just some constant okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are just some constant okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are just some constant okay so
+so for all diagonal matrices these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all diagonal matrices these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all diagonal matrices these
+special directions the directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special directions the directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special directions the directions on
+which vectors are simply scaled but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which vectors are simply scaled but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which vectors are simply scaled but not
+rotated by that matrix by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by that matrix by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by that matrix by that
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+it's the vectors along the axes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vectors along the axes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the vectors along the axes that are
+scaled and not rotated ok along the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and not rotated ok along the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled and not rotated ok along the x
+axis or the y axis okay and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis or the y axis okay and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis or the y axis okay and you can see
+that by by taking this matrix a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by by taking this matrix a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by by taking this matrix a this
+general diagonal matrix multiplying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general diagonal matrix multiplying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general diagonal matrix multiplying it
+by a vector in the X along the x axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector in the X along the x axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector in the X along the x axis
+and you can see that that is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that that is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that that is just a
+constant lambda one times that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda one times that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant lambda one times that vector
+right so we take this times this Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we take this times this Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we take this times this Plus
+this times this is equal to lambda1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this is equal to lambda1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this is equal to lambda1 this
+times this Plus this times this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Plus this times this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Plus this times this is equal
+to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so
+you can see that a times that vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that a times that vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that a times that vector in
+the X Direction is simply a scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction is simply a scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction is simply a scaled
+version of the vector in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the vector in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the vector in the X direction
+and the scaling factor is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling factor is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling factor is simply the
+constant that's on the diagonal okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's on the diagonal okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's on the diagonal okay so
+we can write this in matrix notation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this in matrix notation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this in matrix notation as
+this lambda this stretch vector this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda this stretch vector this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda this stretch vector this
+this diagonal matrix sorry times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix sorry times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal matrix sorry times a
+vector a unit vector in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a unit vector in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a unit vector in the X direction
+that's the standard basis vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard basis vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard basis vector the
+first standard basis vector so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first standard basis vector so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first standard basis vector so that's a
+unit vector in the X Direction is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector in the X Direction is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector in the X Direction is equal
+to lambda1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda1
+times a unit vector in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a unit vector in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a unit vector in the X direction
+okay okay and if we do that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and if we do that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and if we do that same
+multiplication for a vector in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for a vector in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication for a vector in the Y
+direction we see that we get a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we see that we get a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we see that we get a constant
+times that vector in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that vector in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that vector in the Y direction
+okay so we have another equation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have another equation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have another equation so this
+particular matrix this diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular matrix this diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular matrix this diagonal matrix
+has two vectors that are in special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two vectors that are in special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two vectors that are in special
+directions in the sense that they aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in the sense that they aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in the sense that they aren't
+rotated they're just stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated they're just stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated they're just stretched
+okay so diagonal matrices have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so diagonal matrices have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so diagonal matrices have the
+property that they map any vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they map any vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they map any vector
+parallel to the standard basis into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the standard basis into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the standard basis into
+another vector along the standard basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector along the standard basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector along the standard basis
+okay okay so that now is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that now is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that now is a general
+n-dimensional diagonal matrix with land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional diagonal matrix with land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional diagonal matrix with land
+these lambdas which are just scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lambdas which are just scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lambdas which are just scalar
+constants along the diagonal and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants along the diagonal and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants along the diagonal and there
+are n equations that look like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n equations that look like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n equations that look like this that
+say that this matrix times a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this matrix times a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this matrix times a vector in
+the direction of this of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of this of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of this of a standard
+basis vector is equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector is equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector is equal to a constant
+times that vector in the standard basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that vector in the standard basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that vector in the standard basis
+direction okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay any questions about that
+everything else just flows from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else just flows from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else just flows from this
+very easily okay so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily okay so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily okay so if you have any
+questions about that just ask okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that just ask okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that just ask okay that
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+it's called the eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the eigenvalue equation
+alright and it is a property it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and it is a property it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and it is a property it
+describes a property of these of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a property of these of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a property of these of this
+matrix lambda okay so any vector V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix lambda okay so any vector V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix lambda okay so any vector V
+that's mapped by a matrix a on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapped by a matrix a on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapped by a matrix a on to a
+parallel vector lambda V is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel vector lambda V is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel vector lambda V is called an
+eigenvector of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of this matrix
+okay this matrix so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this matrix so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this matrix so we're going to
+generalize now from diagonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize now from diagonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize now from diagonal matrices
+that look like this to an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like this to an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like this to an arbitrary
+matrix a okay so the statement is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a okay so the statement is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a okay so the statement is that
+any vector that when you multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector that when you multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vector that when you multiply it by
+a matrix a that gets transformed into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix a that gets transformed into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix a that gets transformed into a
+vector parallel to V is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector parallel to V is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector parallel to V is called an
+eigenvector of a alright and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a alright and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a alright and the one
+vector that this is true for that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that this is true for that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that this is true for that isn't
+called an eigenvector is the 0 vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an eigenvector is the 0 vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an eigenvector is the 0 vector
+because you can see that 0 a 0 vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see that 0 a 0 vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see that 0 a 0 vector
+here is times any matrix is is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is times any matrix is is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is times any matrix is is equal to
+0 okay so we exclude the 0 vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so we exclude the 0 vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so we exclude the 0 vector we
+don't call the 0 vector and eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so typically a matrix and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so typically a matrix and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so typically a matrix and n
+dimensional matrix has n eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrix has n eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrix has n eigen vectors
+and eigen values oh and I forgot to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen values oh and I forgot to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen values oh and I forgot to say
+that the scale factor lambda is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scale factor lambda is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scale factor lambda is called
+the eigenvalue associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue associated with that
+vector V okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's take a look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's take a look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's take a look at a
+matrix it's a little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a little more complicated
+than our diagonal matrix let's take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our diagonal matrix let's take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our diagonal matrix let's take one
+of these rotated stretch matrices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rotated stretch matrices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rotated stretch matrices okay
+so remember in the last class we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in the last class we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in the last class we built a
+matrix like this that produces a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this that produces a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix like this that produces a stretch
+of a factor of two along a 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a factor of two along a 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a factor of two along a 45 degree
+axis and we built that matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we built that matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we built that matrix by
+multiplying together by basically taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying together by basically taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying together by basically taking
+this set of vectors rotating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of vectors rotating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of vectors rotating them
+stretching them and then rotating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching them and then rotating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching them and then rotating them
+back okay so we did that by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so we did that by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so we did that by three
+separate transformations that we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate transformations that we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate transformations that we applied
+successively and we did that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively and we did that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively and we did that by
+multiplying by transpose lambda and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by transpose lambda and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by transpose lambda and then
+fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay
+so let's see what the special directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what the special directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what the special directions
+are for this matrix for this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for this matrix for this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for this matrix for this for this
+matrix transformation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transformation okay
+so you can see that most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that most of these
+vectors that we multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we multiplied by this
+matrix get rotated okay and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix get rotated okay and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix get rotated okay and you can see
+that even vectors along the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even vectors along the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even vectors along the standard
+basis directions get rotated okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis directions get rotated okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis directions get rotated okay so
+what are the special directions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the special directions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the special directions for this
+matrix well they're going to be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well they're going to be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well they're going to be these
+vectors right here so this vector along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right here so this vector along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right here so this vector along
+this 45 degree line gets transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 45 degree line gets transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 45 degree line gets transformed
+state it's not rotated it gets stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's not rotated it gets stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's not rotated it gets stretched
+by a factor of 1 and this vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 1 and this vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 1 and this vector here
+gets stretched okay okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stretched okay okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stretched okay okay so you can see
+that this matrix has eigenvectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix has eigenvectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this matrix has eigenvectors that
+are along this 45 degree axis and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along this 45 degree axis and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are along this 45 degree axis and that
+45 degree axis so in general let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree axis so in general let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree axis so in general let's
+calculate what are the eigen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what are the eigen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what are the eigen vectors and
+eigen values for these for a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values for these for a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values for these for a general
+rotated transformation matrix okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated transformation matrix okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated transformation matrix okay all
+right so let's do that let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that let's take this
+matrix a and multiply it by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and multiply it by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and multiply it by a vector
+and we're going to ask what vectors X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to ask what vectors X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to ask what vectors X
+satisfy the property that when you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the property that when you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the property that when you there
+x a are equal to a constant times X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a are equal to a constant times X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a are equal to a constant times X so
+we're going to ask what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask what are the
+eigenvectors of this matrix a that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of this matrix a that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of this matrix a that we've
+constructed in this form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in this form okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed in this form okay
+alright so we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're going to do is we're
+going to replace a with this product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace a with this product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace a with this product of
+matrices of three matrices we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of three matrices we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of three matrices we're going
+to multiply this equation on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply this equation on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply this equation on both sides
+by five transpose on the left side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by five transpose on the left side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by five transpose on the left side by
+Phi transpose okay so Phi transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose okay so Phi transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose okay so Phi transpose
+times this is equal to a sub I X sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is equal to a sub I X sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is equal to a sub I X sub I
+times Phi transpose on the Left what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Phi transpose on the Left what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Phi transpose on the Left what
+happens here remember Phi is a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here remember Phi is a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here remember Phi is a rotation
+matrix what is v transpose Phi anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what is v transpose Phi anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what is v transpose Phi anybody
+remember good because for a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember good because for a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember good because for a rotation
+matrix the inverse the transpose of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the inverse the transpose of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix the inverse the transpose of a
+rotation matrix is its inverse and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix is its inverse and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix is its inverse and so
+Phi transpose Phi is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose Phi is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose Phi is just equal to the
+identity matrix okay so that goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix okay so that goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix okay so that goes away
+and we're left with lambda v transpose x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with lambda v transpose x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with lambda v transpose x
+equals a Phi transpose X okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a Phi transpose X okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a Phi transpose X okay so
+remember that we just wrote down that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we just wrote down that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we just wrote down that if
+we have a diagonal matrix lambda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a diagonal matrix lambda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a diagonal matrix lambda that
+the eigenvectors are the standard basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are the standard basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are the standard basis
+vectors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does that mean if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean if we look at this
+equation here and we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and we look at this
+equation here it seems like X right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here it seems like X right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here it seems like X right it
+seems like five transpose x is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like five transpose x is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like five transpose x is an
+eigenvector of this equation as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of this equation as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of this equation as long as
+Phi transpose X is equal to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose X is equal to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose X is equal to one of the
+standard basis vectors does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors does that make
+sense so we know that this solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we know that this solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we know that this solution we
+know the solution is satisfied by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution is satisfied by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution is satisfied by Phi
+transpose X is equal to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X is equal to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X is equal to one of the
+standard basis vectors does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors does that make
+sense okay so if we replaced Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so if we replaced Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so if we replaced Phi
+transpose X with one of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X with one of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X with one of the standard
+basis vectors then that solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors then that solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors then that solves this
+equation okay all right so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay all right so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay all right so what that
+means is that the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the solution to this
+eigenvalue equation is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation is that the
+eigenvalues a are simply the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues a are simply the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues a are simply the diagonal
+elements of this lambda here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this lambda here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this lambda here and the
+eigenvectors are just X where X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are just X where X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are just X where X is equal
+to Phi times the standard basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Phi times the standard basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Phi times the standard basis vectors
+okay we just solve for x by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just solve for x by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just solve for x by multiplying
+both sides by Phi transpose inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by Phi transpose inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by Phi transpose inverse
+what's Phi transpose inverse Phi so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Phi transpose inverse Phi so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Phi transpose inverse Phi so we
+multiply both sides by Phi this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by Phi this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by Phi this is the
+becomes the identity matrix and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the identity matrix and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the identity matrix and we have
+x equals Phi times this set of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals Phi times this set of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals Phi times this set of standard
+basis vectors okay all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors okay all right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors okay all right any
+questions about that that probably went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that that probably went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that that probably went
+by pretty fast but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pretty fast but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pretty fast but
+does everyone believe this okay we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone believe this okay we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone believe this okay we went
+through that we went through both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that we went through both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that we went through both
+examples of how this equation is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how this equation is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how this equation is true
+for the case where lambda is a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where lambda is a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case where lambda is a diagonal
+matrix and the e's are the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the e's are the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the e's are the standard
+basis vectors and if we solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors and if we solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors and if we solve for the
+eigenvectors of this equation where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of this equation where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of this equation where a
+has this form a phi lambda phi transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form a phi lambda phi transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form a phi lambda phi transpose
+you can see that the eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the eigenvectors are
+given by this matrix times a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this matrix times a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this matrix times a standard
+basis vector okay so any standard basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector okay so any standard basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector okay so any standard basis
+vector times five will give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times five will give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times five will give you an
+eigenvector of this equation here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's push on
+and the eigenvalues are just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues are just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvalues are just these
+diagonal elements of this lambda okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are these okay so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these okay so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these okay so now we're going
+to figure out what these things are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these things are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what these things are and
+how does how to just see what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how to just see what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how to just see what they are
+these eigenvectors here are given by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors here are given by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors here are given by Phi
+times a standard basis vector so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a standard basis vector so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a standard basis vector so there
+Phi is a rotation matrix right so five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is a rotation matrix right so five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi is a rotation matrix right so five
+times a standard basis vector is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a standard basis vector is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a standard basis vector is just
+what it's just a standard basis vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just a standard basis vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's just a standard basis vector
+rotated right so if we take let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated right so if we take let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated right so if we take let's just
+solve for these two x's we're gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for these two x's we're gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for these two x's we're gonna take
+Phi which was this 45 degree rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi which was this 45 degree rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi which was this 45 degree rotation
+matrix and we're gonna multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we're gonna multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we're gonna multiply it by
+the standard basis vector in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard basis vector in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard basis vector in the X
+direction okay so what is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so what is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so what is that just
+multiply this out you see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out you see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this out you see that this is
+just a vector along a 45-degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vector along a 45-degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vector along a 45-degree line
+okay so this eigen vector this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this eigen vector this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this eigen vector this first
+eigenvector here is just a vector along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector here is just a vector along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector here is just a vector along
+the 45-degree line 1 over root 2 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45-degree line 1 over root 2 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45-degree line 1 over root 2 it's a
+unit vector that's why it's got the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector that's why it's got the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector that's why it's got the 1
+over root 2 in it ok the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 in it ok the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 in it ok the second
+eigenvector is just it times e2 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is just it times e2 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is just it times e2 so it's
+a rotated version of the Y standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotated version of the Y standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotated version of the Y standard
+basis vector which is 1 over root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector which is 1 over root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vector which is 1 over root 2
+minus 1 1 that's this vector ok so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 that's this vector ok so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 that's this vector ok so our
+two eigen vectors we arrived for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigen vectors we arrived for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two eigen vectors we arrived for this
+matrix right here sorry for this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right here sorry for this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix right here sorry for this matrix
+that produces this stretch along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces this stretch along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces this stretch along a
+45-degree line the two eigen vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45-degree line the two eigen vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45-degree line the two eigen vectors are
+the vector 45 degree vector in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 45 degree vector in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 45 degree vector in this
+quadrant and the 45 degree vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and the 45 degree vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and the 45 degree vector in
+that quadrant okay notice it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quadrant okay notice it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quadrant okay notice it's just
+a rotated basis set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so notice that the eigenvectors are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the eigenvectors are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the eigenvectors are just
+the columns of our rotate ryx okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of our rotate ryx okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns of our rotate ryx okay
+so let me recap if you have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recap if you have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me recap if you have a matrix
+that you've constructed as like this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've constructed as like this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've constructed as like this as
+a rotated a matrix that produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotated a matrix that produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotated a matrix that produces a
+stretch in a rotated frame okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in a rotated frame okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in a rotated frame okay the
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+elements of the lambda matrix that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the lambda matrix that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the lambda matrix that you
+put in there to build that thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there to build that thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there to build that thing to
+build that matrix and the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that matrix and the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that matrix and the eigenvectors
+are just the columns of the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the columns of the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the columns of the rotation
+matrix okay so let me summarize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let me summarize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let me summarize a
+symmetric matrix can always be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix can always be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix can always be written
+like this where phi is a rotation matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where phi is a rotation matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where phi is a rotation matrix
+and lambda is a diagonal matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda is a diagonal matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda is a diagonal matrix that
+tells you how much the different axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much the different axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you how much the different axes
+are stretched okay the eigenvectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stretched okay the eigenvectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stretched okay the eigenvectors of
+this matrix a are the columns of Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix a are the columns of Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix a are the columns of Phi
+they are the basis vectors the new basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the basis vectors the new basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the basis vectors the new basis
+vectors in this rotated basis set okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in this rotated basis set okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in this rotated basis set okay
+so remember we can write this rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we can write this rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we can write this rotation
+matrix as a set of basis vectors as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as a set of basis vectors as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as a set of basis vectors as the
+columns and that set of basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and that set of basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and that set of basis vectors
+are the eigenvectors of any matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of any matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of any matrix that
+you construct like this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct like this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct like this and the
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just the diagonal
+elements of the lambda that you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the lambda that you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the lambda that you put in
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+all right any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the most part we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part we're going to be
+working with matrices that are symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with matrices that are symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with matrices that are symmetric
+that can be built like this okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be built like this okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be built like this okay okay so
+eigenvectors are not unique okay so if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are not unique okay so if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are not unique okay so if x
+in vector of a then any scaled version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector of a then any scaled version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vector of a then any scaled version
+of x is also an eigenvector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is also an eigenvector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is also an eigenvector right
+remember an eigenvector is a is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember an eigenvector is a is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember an eigenvector is a is a vector
+that when you multiply it by a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you multiply it by a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you multiply it by a matrix
+just gets stretched and not rotated what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets stretched and not rotated what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets stretched and not rotated what
+that means is that any vector in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that any vector in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that any vector in that
+direction will also be stretched and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction will also be stretched and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction will also be stretched and not
+rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+okay so eigen vectors are not unique any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so eigen vectors are not unique any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so eigen vectors are not unique any
+scaled version of an eigenvector is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled version of an eigenvector is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled version of an eigenvector is also
+an eigenvector okay we usually when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvector okay we usually when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvector okay we usually when we
+write down Augen vectors of a matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Augen vectors of a matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down Augen vectors of a matrix we
+write down unit vectors to avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down unit vectors to avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down unit vectors to avoid this
+ambiguity okay so we usually write egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity okay so we usually write egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity okay so we usually write egg
+in vectors as unit vectors for matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors as unit vectors for matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors as unit vectors for matrices
+of n dimensions there are typically n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n dimensions there are typically n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n dimensions there are typically n
+different unit eigenvectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different unit eigenvectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different unit eigenvectors and
+different vectors in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vectors in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vectors in different
+directions that have the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that have the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that have the special
+property that they're just stretched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they're just stretched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that they're just stretched and
+not rotated okay so for our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rotated okay so for our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not rotated okay so for our two
+dimensional matrices that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrices that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrices that produce
+stretch in one direction the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in one direction the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch in one direction the special
+directions are sorry so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are sorry so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are sorry so here's a
+two-dimensional two-by-two matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional two-by-two matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional two-by-two matrix that
+produces a stretch in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a stretch in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a stretch in this direction
+there are two eigenvectors to unit eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two eigenvectors to unit eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two eigenvectors to unit eigen
+vectors one in this direction and one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors one in this direction and one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors one in this direction and one in
+that direction okay and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction okay and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction okay and notice that
+because the eigenvectors are the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the eigenvectors are the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the eigenvectors are the columns
+of this rotation matrix the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rotation matrix the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rotation matrix the eigenvectors
+form a complete orthonormal basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete orthonormal basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete orthonormal basis set
+okay and that is true that statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is true that statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that is true that statement is
+true only for symmetric matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true only for symmetric matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true only for symmetric matrices that
+are constructed like this okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constructed like this okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constructed like this okay all right
+okay so now let's calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's calculate what the
+eigenvalues are for a general two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are for a general two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are for a general two
+dimensional matrix a okay so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrix a okay so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matrix a okay so here's our
+matrix a that's an eigen vector any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that's an eigen vector any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that's an eigen vector any
+vector X that satisfies that equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X that satisfies that equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X that satisfies that equation is
+called an eigen vector and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an eigen vector and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an eigen vector and that's the
+eigen value associated with that eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value associated with that eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value associated with that eigen
+vector we can rewrite this equation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can rewrite this equation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can rewrite this equation as a
+times x equals lamp pi times X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x equals lamp pi times X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x equals lamp pi times X right
+just like you know a equals B then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know a equals B then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know a equals B then a
+equals 1 times B okay we can subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 times B okay we can subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 times B okay we can subtract
+that from both sides and we get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from both sides and we get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from both sides and we get a minus
+lambda I times x equals 0 so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I times x equals 0 so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I times x equals 0 so that is a
+different way of writing an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of writing an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of writing an eigenvalue
+equation ok now we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok now we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok now we're going to do is
+we're going to solve for lambdas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve for lambdas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve for lambdas that
+satisfy this equation ok and we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this equation ok and we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this equation ok and we only
+want solutions where X is not equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want solutions where X is not equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want solutions where X is not equal to 0
+so how would we how would we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we how would we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we how would we know
+whether so this is just a matrix right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether so this is just a matrix right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether so this is just a matrix right a
+minus lambda I is just a matrix so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda I is just a matrix so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda I is just a matrix so how
+do we find how do we know whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find how do we know whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find how do we know whether this
+matrix has solutions where X is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has solutions where X is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has solutions where X is not
+equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas women is so what do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas women is so what do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas women is so what do we need
+the determinant to do has to be has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant to do has to be has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant to do has to be has to
+be zero okay if if the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay if if the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay if if the determinant of
+this matrix is not equal to zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is not equal to zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is not equal to zero then
+the only solution to this equation is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solution to this equation is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only solution to this equation is x
+equals zero okay so we we solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so we we solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero okay so we we solve this
+equation we ask what values of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we ask what values of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we ask what values of lambda
+give us a zero determinant in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a zero determinant in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a zero determinant in this
+matrix okay so let's write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let's write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay so let's write down an
+arbitrary a an arbitrary two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary a an arbitrary two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary a an arbitrary two dimensional
+matrix a 2 D 2 by 2 we can write a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a 2 D 2 by 2 we can write a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a 2 D 2 by 2 we can write a minus
+lambda I like this okay remember lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I like this okay remember lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I like this okay remember lambda
+I is just lambdas on the diagonals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is just lambdas on the diagonals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is just lambdas on the diagonals the
+determinant of a minus lambda I is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a minus lambda I is just
+the product of the diagonal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the diagonal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the diagonal elements
+minus the product of the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the product of the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the product of the off diagonal
+elements okay and we set that equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay and we set that equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay and we set that equal to 0
+and we solve for lambda okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we solve for lambda okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we solve for lambda okay and that
+just looks like a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the solutions to that polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the solutions to that polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the solutions to that polynomial
+solve what's called the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what's called the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what's called the characteristic
+equation of this matrix a alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this matrix a alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this matrix a alright and
+those are the eigenvalues of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvalues of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvalues of this
+arbitrary matrix a this 2d two-by-two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary matrix a this 2d two-by-two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary matrix a this 2d two-by-two
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+okay so turistic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turistic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so turistic equation
+there's the characteristic polynomial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the characteristic polynomial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the characteristic polynomial we
+can solve for lambda just by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for lambda just by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve for lambda just by using the
+quadratic formula okay and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula okay and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula okay and those are the
+eigenvalues of a okay notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a okay notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a okay notice that this
+that these eigenvalues can notice first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these eigenvalues can notice first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these eigenvalues can notice first
+of all there are two of them given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there are two of them given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there are two of them given by
+the two roots of the of this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two roots of the of this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two roots of the of this quadratic
+equation and notice that they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and notice that they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and notice that they can be
+real or complex they can be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or complex they can be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or complex they can be complex
+they're complex in general and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex in general and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex in general and they can
+be real or imaginary or have real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real or imaginary or have real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real or imaginary or have real and
+imaginary components okay the and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary components okay the and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary components okay the and that
+just depends on this quantity right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on this quantity right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on this quantity right here
+if what's inside this square root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what's inside this square root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what's inside this square root is
+negative then eigenvalues will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then eigenvalues will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then eigenvalues will be
+complex if what's inside the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if what's inside the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex if what's inside the square root
+is positive then the on values will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive then the on values will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive then the on values will be
+real okay all right so let's find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay all right so let's find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real okay all right so let's find the
+eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix ad on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix ad on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix ad on
+the diagonals and B on the off diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals and B on the off diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals and B on the off diagonals
+all right so let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see what happens
+let's plug these into this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug these into this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug these into this equation the
+for BC becomes 4b squared okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BC becomes 4b squared okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BC becomes 4b squared okay and you
+can see that this thing has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this thing has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this thing has to be
+greater than zero right because a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero right because a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero right because a minus
+d squared has nan has to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared has nan has to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d squared has nan has to be positive and
+B squared has to be positive and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared has to be positive and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B squared has to be positive and so that
+quantity has to be greater than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has to be greater than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity has to be greater than zero and
+so what we find is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find is that the
+iein values of a symmetric matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iein values of a symmetric matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iein values of a symmetric matrix are
+always real okay so let's just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always real okay so let's just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always real okay so let's just take this
+particular just an example and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just an example and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular just an example and let's
+plug those into this equation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug those into this equation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug those into this equation and what
+we find is that the eigenvalues are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find is that the eigenvalues are 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find is that the eigenvalues are 1
+plus or minus root 2 over 2 okay so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus root 2 over 2 okay so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus root 2 over 2 okay so our
+two real is okay so let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real is okay so let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real is okay so let's consider a
+special case of a symmetric matrix let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of a symmetric matrix let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of a symmetric matrix let's
+consider a matrix where the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a matrix where the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a matrix where the diagonal
+elements are equal and the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are equal and the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are equal and the off diagonal
+elements are equal okay so we can update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are equal okay so we can update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are equal okay so we can update
+this equation for the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for the case where the
+diagonal elements are equal so a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are equal so a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements are equal so a equals
+D okay and what you find is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and what you find is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay and what you find is that the
+eigenvalues are just a plus B and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just a plus B and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are just a plus B and a
+minus B so a plus B and a minus B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B so a plus B and a minus B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B so a plus B and a minus B okay
+and the eigenvectors can be found just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvectors can be found just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eigenvectors can be found just
+by putting by plugging these eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting by plugging these eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting by plugging these eigenvalues
+into the eigenvalue equation and solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the eigenvalue equation and solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the eigenvalue equation and solving
+for the eigenvectors okay so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eigenvectors okay so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eigenvectors okay so I'll just
+go through that real quick a times X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that real quick a times X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that real quick a times X so
+we found two eigenvalues or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found two eigenvalues or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found two eigenvalues or there are
+going to be two eigenvectors we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two eigenvectors we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two eigenvectors we can just
+plug that first eigenvalue into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that first eigenvalue into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that first eigenvalue into here
+call it lambda plus and now we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it lambda plus and now we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it lambda plus and now we can solve
+for the eigen vector associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eigen vector associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eigen vector associated with
+that eigenvalue just plug that in solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvalue just plug that in solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvalue just plug that in solve
+for x what you find is that the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x what you find is that the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x what you find is that the x
+associated with that eigenvalue is 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that eigenvalue is 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that eigenvalue is 1 1
+ok if you just go through the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok if you just go through the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok if you just go through the algebra
+okay so that's the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the eigenvector
+associated with that eigenvalue and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that eigenvalue and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that eigenvalue and that
+is the eigenvector associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvector associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvector associated with that
+eigenvalue okay so I'll just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay so I'll just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay so I'll just give you a
+hint in most of the problems that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint in most of the problems that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint in most of the problems that I'll
+give you to deal with on an exam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you to deal with on an exam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you to deal with on an exam or
+or many of the ones in the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or many of the ones in the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or many of the ones in the problem sets
+I think in the problem set will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the problem set will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the problem set will have a
+form like this I in vectors along the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this I in vectors along the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this I in vectors along the 45
+degree axes okay so if you see a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axes okay so if you see a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree axes okay so if you see a matrix
+like that you don't have to plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you don't have to plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you don't have to plug it into
+MATLAB to extract the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB to extract the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB to extract the eigenvalues
+you just know that the eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just know that the eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just know that the eigenvectors are
+on the 45 degree axis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the process of writing a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the process of writing a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the process of writing a matrix
+as Phi lambda phi transpose is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Phi lambda phi transpose is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Phi lambda phi transpose is called
+eigen decomposition of this matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen decomposition of this matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen decomposition of this matrix a
+okay so if you have a matrix that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a matrix that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a matrix that you
+can write down like this that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down like this that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down like this that you can
+write in that form is called eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in that form is called eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in that form is called eigen
+decomposition okay and the lambdas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay and the lambdas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition okay and the lambdas the
+diagonal elements of this lambda matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements of this lambda matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements of this lambda matrix
+are real and they're the eigenvalues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real and they're the eigenvalues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real and they're the eigenvalues the
+columns of Phi are the eigen and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Phi are the eigen and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of Phi are the eigen and they
+form an orthogonal basis set okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this if you take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this if you take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this if you take this equation
+and you multiply it on both sides by Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply it on both sides by Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply it on both sides by Phi
+you can write down that equation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down that equation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down that equation in a
+slightly different form a times Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different form a times Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different form a times Phi
+equals Phi lambda this is a matrix way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Phi lambda this is a matrix way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Phi lambda this is a matrix way a
+matrix equivalent to the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equivalent to the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix equivalent to the set of
+equations that we wrote down earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we wrote down earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we wrote down earlier
+okay so remember we wrote down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we wrote down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we wrote down this
+eigenvalue equation that describes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation that describes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equation that describes that
+when you multiply this matrix a times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply this matrix a times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you multiply this matrix a times an
+eigen vector equals lambda times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector equals lambda times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector equals lambda times that
+eigen vector this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector this is equivalent to
+writing down this matrix equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down this matrix equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down this matrix equation okay
+so you'll often see this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll often see this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll often see this equation to
+describe the eye of the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the eye of the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the eye of the eigenvalue
+equation rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rather
+in this forum why because it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this forum why because it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this forum why because it's more
+compact okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact okay
+any questions about that we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that we've just
+piled up all of these different F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piled up all of these different F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piled up all of these different F
+vectors into the columns of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into the columns of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into the columns of this
+rotation matrix Phi okay alright so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix Phi okay alright so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix Phi okay alright so if
+you see an equation like that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an equation like that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see an equation like that you'll
+know that you're just looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're just looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you're just looking at an
+eigen value equation just like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value equation just like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value equation just like this okay
+now in general when you want to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general when you want to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general when you want to do I
+gandi composition when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gandi composition when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gandi composition when you have a
+symmetric matrix that you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix that you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix that you want to write
+down in this form it's really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this form it's really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in this form it's really simple
+don't have to go through all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go through all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go through all of this
+stuff with the with the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the with the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the with the characteristic
+equation and solve for the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for the eigen values
+and then plug them in here and solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plug them in here and solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plug them in here and solve for
+the eigen vectors you can do that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors you can do that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors you can do that if you
+really want to but most people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to but most people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to but most people don't
+because two dimensions you can do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two dimensions you can do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two dimensions you can do it but
+in higher dimensions it's very hard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher dimensions it's very hard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher dimensions it's very hard or
+impossible so what you typically do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so what you typically do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so what you typically do is
+just use the IKE function in MATLAB if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the IKE function in MATLAB if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the IKE function in MATLAB if
+you just use this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use this function
+on a matrix it will return the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a matrix it will return the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a matrix it will return the eigen
+vectors and eigen values okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and eigen values okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and eigen values okay so here
+I'm just constructing a matrix a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just constructing a matrix a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just constructing a matrix a one
+point five point five point five and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five point five point five and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five point five point five and one
+point five like that okay and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five like that okay and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five like that okay and if you
+just use the eigen function it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the eigen function it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the eigen function it returns
+the eigen vectors as the columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors as the columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors as the columns of the
+X and the eigen values as the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the eigen values as the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the eigen values as the diagonals
+of this matrix okay so you have to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix okay so you have to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix okay so you have to pass
+it arguments F and V equals I go I go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it arguments F and V equals I go I go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it arguments F and V equals I go I go a
+and it returns eigen vectors and eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it returns eigen vectors and eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it returns eigen vectors and eigen
+values all right any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all right any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all right any questions about
+that okay all right so let's push on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so let's push on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so let's push on
+toward doing principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward doing principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward doing principal components
+analysis okay so this is just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so this is just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so this is just kind of
+the machinery that you use oh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery that you use oh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery that you use oh and I
+think I had one more panel here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I had one more panel here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I had one more panel here just
+just to show you that if you take F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that if you take F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that if you take F and
+you can construct a so a is just F V F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a so a is just F V F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct a so a is just F V F
+transpose F is just Phi right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose F is just Phi right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose F is just Phi right in the
+previous equation and B is the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous equation and B is the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous equation and B is the lambda
+okay sorry they didn't have fine lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry they didn't have fine lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry they didn't have fine lambda
+and the knot options for variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the knot options for variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the knot options for variable name
+so I used F and V and you can see that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used F and V and you can see that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used F and V and you can see that F
+V F transpose is just equal to a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V F transpose is just equal to a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V F transpose is just equal to a okay
+all right any questions about that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about that no
+all right so let's turn to how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's turn to how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's turn to how do you
+use I in vectors and eigen values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I in vectors and eigen values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I in vectors and eigen values to
+describe data okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe data okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe data okay so I'm going to
+briefly review the notion of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly review the notion of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly review the notion of variance
+what that means in higher dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means in higher dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means in higher dimensions and
+how you use a covariance matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use a covariance matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use a covariance matrix to
+describe data in high dimensions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe data in high dimensions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe data in high dimensions okay so
+let's say that we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that we have a bunch of
+observations of a variable X so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of a variable X so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of a variable X so this is
+now just a scalar so we have M different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a scalar so we have M different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a scalar so we have M different
+observations x superscript j is the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations x superscript j is the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations x superscript j is the j
+the observation of that data and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation of that data and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation of that data and you can
+see that if you make a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if you make a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if you make a bunch of
+measurements of you know most things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of you know most things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of you know most things in
+the world you'll find a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you'll find a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world you'll find a distribution of
+those of those measurements okay often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of those measurements okay often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of those measurements okay often
+they will be distributed in a bump you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be distributed in a bump you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be distributed in a bump you
+can write down the mean of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down the mean of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down the mean of that
+distribution just as the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just as the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just as the average value
+over all distributions by summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all distributions by summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all distributions by summing
+together all those distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all those distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all those distributions and
+dividing by the number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of observations
+you can also write down the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write down the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write down the variance of
+that distribution by subtracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution by subtracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution by subtracting the
+mean from all of those observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean from all of those observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean from all of those observations
+squaring that difference from the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that difference from the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that difference from the mean
+summing up over all observations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up over all observations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up over all observations and
+dividing by M okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's say that we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say that we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say that we now have
+M different observations of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M different observations of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M different observations of two
+variables okay pressure and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a distribution of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a distribution of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a distribution of those
+quantities okay we can describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities okay we can describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities okay we can describe that
+observation of X 1 and X 2 as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of X 1 and X 2 as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of X 1 and X 2 as a vector
+and we have M different observations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have M different observations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have M different observations of
+that vector we can write down the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector we can write down the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector we can write down the mean
+and variance of X 1 and X 2 right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance of X 1 and X 2 right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance of X 1 and X 2 right so for
+X 1 we can write down the mean as mu 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 we can write down the mean as mu 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 we can write down the mean as mu 1
+we can write down the variance of X 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the variance of X 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the variance of X 1 to
+write down the mean and variance of X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the mean and variance of X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the mean and variance of X 2
+of the X 2 observation right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X 2 observation right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X 2 observation right and
+sometimes that will give you a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that will give you a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that will give you a pretty
+good description of this 2-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of this 2-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of this 2-dimensional
+observation okay but sometimes it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay but sometimes it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation okay but sometimes it won't
+so in many cases those variables X 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many cases those variables X 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many cases those variables X 1 and
+X 2 are not correlated with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 are not correlated with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 are not correlated with each other
+there in variables in many cases though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in variables in many cases though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in variables in many cases though
+X 1 and X 2 are dependent on each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 and X 2 are dependent on each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 and X 2 are dependent on each other
+X 1 and X 2 the observations of X 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 and X 2 the observations of X 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 and X 2 the observations of X 1 and
+X 2 are correlated with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 are correlated with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 are correlated with each other so
+that if X 1 is big X 2 also tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X 1 is big X 2 also tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if X 1 is big X 2 also tends to be
+big in these two cases one can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in these two cases one can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big in these two cases one can have the
+same variance right X 2 can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance right X 2 can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance right X 2 can have the
+same variance but there's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance but there's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance but there's clearly
+something different here so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different here so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different here so we need
+something more than just describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more than just describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more than just describing the
+variance of X 1 and X 2 to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X 1 and X 2 to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X 1 and X 2 to describe
+these data ok and that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data ok and that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data ok and that thing is
+covariance alright it just says how do X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance alright it just says how do X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance alright it just says how do X
+1 and X 2 Co vary if X 1 is big does X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X 2 Co vary if X 1 is big does X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X 2 Co vary if X 1 is big does X 2
+also tend to be big in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to be big in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to be big in this case the
+covariance is 0 in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is 0 in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is 0 in this case the
+covariance is positive so we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is positive so we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance is positive so we're taking
+if a fluctuation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a fluctuation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a fluctuation of X
+mien is associated with a fluctuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mien is associated with a fluctuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mien is associated with a fluctuation of
+x2 above the mean then these points will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 above the mean then these points will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 above the mean then these points will
+produce a positive contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a positive contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a positive contribution to the
+covariance and these points here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and these points here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and these points here will
+also produce a positive contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also produce a positive contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also produce a positive contribution to
+the covariance and the covariance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance and the covariance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance and the covariance here
+will be some number greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some number greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some number greater than zero
+okay that's closely related correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's closely related correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's closely related correlation
+just the Pearson correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Pearson correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the Pearson correlation coefficient
+which is the covariance divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the covariance divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the covariance divided by the
+geometric mean of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean of the individual
+variances okay all right I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances okay all right I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances okay all right I'm assuming
+most of you have seen this many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen this many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have seen this many times
+but just to get us up to speed so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to get us up to speed so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to get us up to speed so if you
+have data a bunch of observations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data a bunch of observations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data a bunch of observations you
+can very easily fit those data to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily fit those data to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily fit those data to a
+Gaussian okay and you do that simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian okay and you do that simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian okay and you do that simply by
+measuring the mean and variance of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the mean and variance of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the mean and variance of your
+data and that turns out to be the bet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that turns out to be the bet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and that turns out to be the bet to
+a Gaussian okay so if you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian okay so if you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gaussian okay so if you have a bunch
+of observations in one dimension you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in one dimension you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in one dimension you
+measure the mean and variance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the mean and variance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the mean and variance of that
+set of data that turns out to be a best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data that turns out to be a best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data that turns out to be a best
+fit in the least squared sense to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in the least squared sense to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in the least squared sense to a
+Gaussian probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined by a mean and a variance okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by a mean and a variance okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by a mean and a variance okay so
+this is easy in one dimension okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy in one dimension okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy in one dimension okay so
+how do we what we're interested in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we what we're interested in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we what we're interested in doing
+is understanding data in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is understanding data in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is understanding data in higher
+dimensions so how do we describe data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so how do we describe data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so how do we describe data in
+higher dimensions how do we describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions how do we describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions how do we describe a
+Gaussian in higher dimensions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian in higher dimensions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian in higher dimensions okay so
+that's what we're going to turn to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to turn to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to turn to now
+and the reason we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we're going to do this is
+not because every time we have be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because every time we have be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because every time we have be really
+trying to fit a Gaussian to it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a Gaussian to it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a Gaussian to it it's just
+that it's a sort of a powerful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a sort of a powerful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a sort of a powerful way of
+thinking about data okay of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about data okay of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about data okay of describing
+data in terms of variances in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in terms of variances in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in terms of variances in different
+directions okay and so we often think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay and so we often think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay and so we often think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what we're doing when we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing when we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing when we are looking at
+high dimensional data is understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data is understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data is understanding
+its distribution in different dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distribution in different dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distribution in different dimensions
+as a kind of a Gaussian cloud that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of a Gaussian cloud that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of a Gaussian cloud that
+optimally that best fits the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally that best fits the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally that best fits the data that
+we're looking at okay and mostly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at okay and mostly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at okay and mostly because
+it just gives us an intuition about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gives us an intuition about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gives us an intuition about how
+to represent or think about data in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent or think about data in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent or think about data in high
+dimensions okay all right so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay all right so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions okay all right so we're gonna
+get insights into how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insights into how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insights into how to think about
+high dimensional data we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional data we're going to
+develop that description using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that description using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that description using the
+vector and matrix notation that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and matrix notation that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and matrix notation that we've
+been developing all along okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developing all along okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developing all along okay because
+vectors and made a natural way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and made a natural way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and made a natural way of
+manipulating data sets of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating data sets of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating data sets of doing
+transformations of basis rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of basis rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of basis rotations and
+so on it's very compact and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on it's very compact and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on it's very compact and those
+manipulations are really trivial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations are really trivial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations are really trivial in
+MATLAB okay or Python okay so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB okay or Python okay so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB okay or Python okay so let's say
+that we have let's let's build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have let's let's build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have let's let's build up a
+Gaussian distribution in two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution in two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution in two dimensions
+so we have again our Gaussian random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have again our Gaussian random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have again our Gaussian random
+variables X 1 and X 2 we have a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 and X 2 we have a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X 1 and X 2 we have a Gaussian
+distribution where the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution where the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution where the probability
+distribution is proportional to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is proportional to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is proportional to e to the
+minus 1/2 X 1 squared we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 X 1 squared we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 X 1 squared we have
+probability distribution for X 2 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for X 2 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for X 2 again
+probability of X 2 we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X 2 we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X 2 we can write down the
+probability of X 1 and X 2 the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X 1 and X 2 the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X 1 and X 2 the joint
+probability distribution assuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution assuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution assuming these
+are independent we can write that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent we can write that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent we can write that as the
+product of p the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of p the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of p the product of the two
+probability distributions p of x 1 and p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions p of x 1 and p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions p of x 1 and p
+of x 2 and we have some gaussian cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x 2 and we have some gaussian cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x 2 and we have some gaussian cloud
+some gaussian distribution in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaussian distribution in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaussian distribution in two
+dimensions that we can write down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that we can write down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that we can write down like
+this that's simply the product so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's simply the product so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's simply the product so the
+product of these two distributions is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two distributions is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two distributions is e
+to the minus 1/2 X 1 squared is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1/2 X 1 squared is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1/2 X 1 squared is e to the
+minus 1/2 X 2 squared and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 X 2 squared and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 X 2 squared and then there's a
+constant in front that just normalizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in front that just normalizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in front that just normalizes
+so that the total area under that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the total area under that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the total area under that curve
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one okay we can write this as either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we can write this as either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we can write this as either the
+minus 1/2 x1 squared plus x2 squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 x1 squared plus x2 squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 x1 squared plus x2 squared and
+that's e to the minus 1/2 times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the minus 1/2 times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's e to the minus 1/2 times some
+distance from the origin okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the origin okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the origin okay so it
+falls off exponentially in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off exponentially in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off exponentially in a way that
+depends only on the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the distance from the
+origin okay or from the from the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay or from the from the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay or from the from the mean of
+the distribution in this case we set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution in this case we set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution in this case we set the
+mean to be zero okay now we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be zero okay now we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to be zero okay now we can write
+that distance using vector notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance using vector notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance using vector notation
+sorry that distance squared using vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that distance squared using vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that distance squared using vector
+notation it's just the square magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's just the square magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's just the square magnitude
+of that vector X so if we have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that vector X so if we have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that vector X so if we have a vector
+X sitting out here somewhere we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sitting out here somewhere we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X sitting out here somewhere we can
+measure the distance from the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance from the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance from the center of
+the Gaussian as the square as the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaussian as the square as the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaussian as the square as the square
+magnitude X which is just X dot X or X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude X which is just X dot X or X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude X which is just X dot X or X
+transpose X okay okay so we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X okay okay so we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X okay okay so we're gonna use
+this notation to find the distance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation to find the distance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation to find the distance of a
+vector from the center of the Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the center of the Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from the center of the Gaussian
+distribution okay so you're gonna see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so you're gonna see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so you're gonna see a
+lot of extra taxes okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of extra taxes okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of extra taxes okay so this
+distribution that we just built is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we just built is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we just built is
+called an isotropic multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an isotropic multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an isotropic multivariate
+Gaussian distribution okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution okay and that
+distance D is called the Mahalanobis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D is called the Mahalanobis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D is called the Mahalanobis
+distance which I'm going to say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which I'm going to say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which I'm going to say as
+little as possible okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as possible okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as possible okay all right so
+that distribution now describes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution now describes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution now describes how
+these points the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points the probability of finding
+these different points drawn from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different points drawn from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different points drawn from that
+distribution as a function of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of their
+position in this space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in this space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in this space okay
+so you're gonna draw a lot of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna draw a lot of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna draw a lot of points
+here in the in the middle and fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the middle and fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the middle and fewer
+points as you go away at larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you go away at larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you go away at larger
+distances so this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so this particular
+distribution that I made here is one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I made here is one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I made here is one as
+one more word in it it's an isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word in it it's an isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word in it it's an isotropic
+multivariate Gaussian distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate Gaussian distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate Gaussian distribution of
+unit variance okay and what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance okay and what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit variance okay and what we're gonna
+do now is we're going to build up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're going to build up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're going to build up all
+possible Gaussian distributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Gaussian distributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Gaussian distributions from
+this distribution by simply doing matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution by simply doing matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution by simply doing matrix
+transformations okay alright so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations okay alright so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations okay alright so we're
+gonna start by taking that unit variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by taking that unit variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start by taking that unit variance
+Gaussian distribution and build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution and build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution and build an
+isotropic Gaussian distribution that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic Gaussian distribution that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic Gaussian distribution that has
+an arbitrary variance that means an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary variance that means an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary variance that means an
+arbitrary width we're then going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary width we're then going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary width we're then going to
+build a Gaussian distribution that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Gaussian distribution that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a Gaussian distribution that can
+be stretched arbitrarily along any along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stretched arbitrarily along any along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stretched arbitrarily along any along
+these two axes y1 and y2 okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two axes y1 and y2 okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two axes y1 and y2 okay and we're
+going to do that by using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by using a
+transformation with a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with a diagonal matrix
+okay and then what we're gonna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're gonna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're gonna do is
+build an arbitrary Gaussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an arbitrary Gaussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an arbitrary Gaussian distribution
+that can be stretched and warped in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be stretched and warped in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be stretched and warped in any
+direction by using a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by using a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by using a transformation
+matrix called a variance matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix called a variance matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix called a variance matrix which
+just tells you how that distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you how that distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you how that distribution is
+stretched in different directions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in different directions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in different directions and we
+can stretch it in any direction we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stretch it in any direction we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stretch it in any direction we want
+okay yes okay the distance squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes okay the distance squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes okay the distance squared is
+the square magnitude and the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square magnitude and the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square magnitude and the square
+magnitude is X dot X right the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is X dot X right the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is X dot X right the dot
+product but remember we can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but remember we can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product but remember we can write down
+the dot product in matrix notation as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product in matrix notation as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product in matrix notation as X
+transpose X all right so if we have row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X all right so if we have row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X all right so if we have row
+vector times a column vector the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times a column vector the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times a column vector the dot
+product okay yes Lina okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay yes Lina okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay yes Lina okay
+isotropic just means the same in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic just means the same in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic just means the same in all
+directions sorry I should have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions sorry I should have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions sorry I should have defined
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes they these are non isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they these are non isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they these are non isotropic
+distributions because they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because they're different
+they have different variances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different variances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different variances in
+different directions so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions so you can see that
+this has a large variance in the y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a large variance in the y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a large variance in the y1
+direction and a small variance in the y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a small variance in the y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a small variance in the y2
+direction so it's non isotropic ok yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's non isotropic ok yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's non isotropic ok yes
+JJ right here okay think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ right here okay think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JJ right here okay think about this
+variance okay you put into this Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay you put into this Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay you put into this Gaussian
+distribution as the distance squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as the distance squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as the distance squared
+over the variance squared its distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the variance squared its distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the variance squared its distance
+squared over a variant which is lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a variant which is lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a variant which is lamp
+which is Sigma squared here its distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Sigma squared here its distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Sigma squared here its distance
+squared over a variance here its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a variance here its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a variance here its
+distance squared over a variance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared over a variance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared over a variance that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+it's just that in order to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that in order to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that in order to describe
+these complex stretching and rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex stretching and rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complex stretching and rotation of
+this down distribution in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down distribution in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down distribution in high
+dimensional space we need a matrix to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space we need a matrix to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space we need a matrix to do
+that okay all right and that covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right and that covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right and that covariance
+matrix describes the variances in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix describes the variances in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix describes the variances in the
+different direction and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction and the and
+essentially the rotation remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the rotation remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the rotation remember this
+distribution here is just a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here is just a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here is just a direction
+that's stretched and rotated well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stretched and rotated well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stretched and rotated well we
+learned how to build exactly such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to build exactly such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to build exactly such a
+transformation by taking the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation by taking the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation by taking the product of
+Phi transpose lambda phi okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose lambda phi okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose lambda phi okay so we're
+going to use this to build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this to build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this to build these
+arbitrary Gaussian okay so I'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Gaussian okay so I'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Gaussian okay so I'll just go
+through this quickly if we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this quickly if we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this quickly if we have an
+isotropic unit variance Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic unit variance Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic unit variance Gaussian
+distribution as a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of this
+vector X we can build a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X we can build a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X we can build a Gaussian
+distribution of our very variance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of our very variance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of our very variance by
+writing down a Y that's simply Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a Y that's simply Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down a Y that's simply Sigma
+times X we're gonna transform X into y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X we're gonna transform X into y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X we're gonna transform X into y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that we can write down a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can write down a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can write down a distribution
+that's that has an arbitrary variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that has an arbitrary variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that has an arbitrary variance
+here this is variance one here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is variance one here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is variance one here this is
+Sigma squared okay all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared okay all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared okay all right so let's
+make up just to change the variables y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up just to change the variables y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up just to change the variables y
+equals Sigma X okay so now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Sigma X okay so now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Sigma X okay so now what's the
+probability distribution as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution as a function
+of Y well there's probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y well there's probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y well there's probability
+distribution as a function of X we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of X we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as a function of X we're
+simply going to substitute y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to substitute y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to substitute y equals
+Sigma other x equals Sigma inverse Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma other x equals Sigma inverse Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma other x equals Sigma inverse Y
+we're gonna substitute this into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna substitute this into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna substitute this into here
+Mahalanobis distance is just X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahalanobis distance is just X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahalanobis distance is just X transpose
+X which is just Sigma inverse Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is just Sigma inverse Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is just Sigma inverse Y
+transpose Sigma inverse Y okay and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma inverse Y okay and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Sigma inverse Y okay and when
+you do that you find that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you find that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you find that the distance
+squared is just Y transpose Sigma to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is just Y transpose Sigma to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is just Y transpose Sigma to the
+minus 2y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2y okay
+so there is our Gaussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is our Gaussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is our Gaussian distribution
+for this distribution it's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this distribution it's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this distribution it's there's the
+expression for this Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for this Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for this Gaussian
+distribution with a variance Sigma okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with a variance Sigma okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with a variance Sigma okay
+all right we can rewrite this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can rewrite this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can rewrite this in
+different ways now let's build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways now let's build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways now let's build a
+Gaussian distribution that stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution that stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution that stretched
+arbitrarily in the different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily in the different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily in the different directions
+x and y we're gonna do the same trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y we're gonna do the same trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y we're gonna do the same trick
+we're simply going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're simply going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're simply going to make a
+transformation y equals matrix diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation y equals matrix diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation y equals matrix diagonal
+matrix s times X and substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s times X and substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix s times X and substitute this
+into into our expression for a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into our expression for a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into our expression for a Gaussian
+so x equals s inverse Y the Mahalanobis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x equals s inverse Y the Mahalanobis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x equals s inverse Y the Mahalanobis
+distance is given by X transpose X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is given by X transpose X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is given by X transpose X which
+we can just get down here do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just get down here do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just get down here do that with
+this substitution and where we get an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this substitution and where we get an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this substitution and where we get an S
+squared here s inverse squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared here s inverse squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared here s inverse squared which
+we're just going to write as lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to write as lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to write as lambda
+inverse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you can see that you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that you have these
+variances along the diagonal so lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances along the diagonal so lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances along the diagonal so lambda
+if that's lambda inverse then lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's lambda inverse then lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's lambda inverse then lambda is
+just a matrix of variances along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matrix of variances along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matrix of variances along the
+diagonal okay so Sigma 1 squared is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so Sigma 1 squared is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay so Sigma 1 squared is the
+variance in this direction Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in this direction Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in this direction Sigma 2
+squared is the variance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the variance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is the variance in this
+direction okay I'm just showing you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I'm just showing you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I'm just showing you how
+you make a transformation to a to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a transformation to a to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a transformation to a to this
+vector X into another vector Y to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X into another vector Y to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X into another vector Y to build
+up a representation of this effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a representation of this effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a representation of this effective
+distance from the center of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the center of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the center of distribution
+for different kinds of Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds of Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds of Gaussian
+distributions okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay all right
+and now finally let's build up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now finally let's build up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now finally let's build up an
+expression for a Gaussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a Gaussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for a Gaussian distribution
+with arbitrary variance and covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with arbitrary variance and covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with arbitrary variance and covariance
+so we're gonna make a transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna make a transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna make a transformation of
+X into a new vector Y using this rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X into a new vector Y using this rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X into a new vector Y using this rotated
+stretch matrix we're gonna substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix we're gonna substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix we're gonna substitute
+this in calculate the Mahalanobis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in calculate the Mahalanobis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in calculate the Mahalanobis
+distance is now X transpose X substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is now X transpose X substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is now X transpose X substitute
+this okay and solve for the Mahalanobis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and solve for the Mahalanobis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and solve for the Mahalanobis
+distance okay and what you find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay and what you find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay and what you find is that
+distance squared is just Y transpose Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared is just Y transpose Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance squared is just Y transpose Phi
+lambda inverse Phi transpose times y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda inverse Phi transpose times y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda inverse Phi transpose times y and
+we just write that as Y transpose Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write that as Y transpose Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write that as Y transpose Sigma
+inverse Y okay so that is now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Y okay so that is now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Y okay so that is now an
+expression for an arbitrary Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for an arbitrary Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for an arbitrary Gaussian
+distribution in high dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in high dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in high dimensional space
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+distribution is defined by this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is defined by this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is defined by this matrix
+of variances and covariances okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variances and covariances okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variances and covariances okay we can
+again I'm just writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just writing down the
+definition of Sigma inverse here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Sigma inverse here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Sigma inverse here we can
+take the inverse of that and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse of that and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse of that and we see that
+our covariance this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our covariance this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our covariance this is called a
+covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix
+it describes the variance and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes the variance and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it describes the variance and and
+correlations of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations of those different
+dimensions as a matrix that's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions as a matrix that's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions as a matrix that's just this
+rotated stretch matrix okay that we I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated stretch matrix okay that we I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated stretch matrix okay that we I'm
+working with and that's just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and that's just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and that's just the same as
+this covariance matrix that we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance matrix that we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance matrix that we wrote
+down for that we described for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for that we described for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for that we described for for a
+distribution okay alright feel like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay alright feel like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay alright feel like all
+that didn't come out quite as clearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't come out quite as clearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't come out quite as clearly as
+I'd hoped but let me just summarize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd hoped but let me just summarize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd hoped but let me just summarize for
+you so if we have we started with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if we have we started with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if we have we started with an
+isotropic Gaussian of unit variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic Gaussian of unit variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic Gaussian of unit variance and
+we multiplied that vector we transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiplied that vector we transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiplied that vector we transformed
+that vector X by multiplying it by Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector X by multiplying it by Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector X by multiplying it by Sigma
+so that we could write down a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could write down a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could write down a Gaussian
+distribution of arbitrary variance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of arbitrary variance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of arbitrary variance we
+transformed that matrix X that vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed that matrix X that vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed that matrix X that vector X
+with a diagonal variance matrix to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a diagonal variance matrix to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a diagonal variance matrix to get
+arbitrary stretches along the axes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary stretches along the axes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary stretches along the axes and
+then we made another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we made another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we made another kind of
+transformation with an arbitrary stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with an arbitrary stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with an arbitrary stretch
+and rotation matrix so that we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation matrix so that we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation matrix so that we can now
+write down a Gaussian distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a Gaussian distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a Gaussian distribution that
+has arbitrary stretch and rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has arbitrary stretch and rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has arbitrary stretch and rotation of
+its variances in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variances in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variances in different directions
+okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this
+is kind of the punchline right here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the punchline right here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the punchline right here that
+you can write down the Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down the Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down the Gaussian
+distribution with arbitrary variances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with arbitrary variances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with arbitrary variances in
+this form okay and that Sigma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form okay and that Sigma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form okay and that Sigma right
+there is just the covariance matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just the covariance matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just the covariance matrix that
+describes how wide that distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how wide that distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how wide that distribution is
+in the different directions and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different directions and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different directions and how
+correlated those different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated those different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated those different directions
+are alright I think this just summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alright I think this just summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alright I think this just summarizes
+what I've already said all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've already said all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've already said all right so now
+let's compute the covariance matrix from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the covariance matrix from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute the covariance matrix from
+data okay so now I've shown you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so now I've shown you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay so now I've shown you how to
+represent gaussians in high dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent gaussians in high dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent gaussians in high dimensions
+that have these arbitrary variances now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have these arbitrary variances now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have these arbitrary variances now
+let's say that I actually have some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I actually have some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I actually have some data
+how do I fit one of these gaussians to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I fit one of these gaussians to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I fit one of these gaussians to
+it all right and it turns out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right and it turns out that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right and it turns out that it's
+really simple it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple it's just a matter of
+calculating this covariance matrix all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating this covariance matrix all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating this covariance matrix all
+right so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that
+so here is here is some high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is here is some high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is here is some high dimensional
+data remember that to fit a Gaussian to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data remember that to fit a Gaussian to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data remember that to fit a Gaussian to
+a bunch of data all we need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data all we need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data all we need to do is to
+find the mean and variance in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the mean and variance in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the mean and variance in one
+dimension for higher dimensions we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for higher dimensions we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for higher dimensions we just
+need to find the mean the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the mean the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find the mean the covariance
+matrix all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all right
+so that's simple so here's our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's simple so here's our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's simple so here's our set of
+observations now instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations now instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations now instead of being
+scalars they're vectors first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars they're vectors first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars they're vectors first thing we
+do is subtract the mean so we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is subtract the mean so we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is subtract the mean so we calculate
+the mean by summing all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by summing all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean by summing all of those
+observations dividing the first divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations dividing the first divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations dividing the first divide
+by M so that we find the mean we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M so that we find the mean we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M so that we find the mean we compute
+a new data set with the mean subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new data set with the mean subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new data set with the mean subtracted
+so we take from every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take from every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take from every one of these
+observations we subtract the mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we subtract the mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations we subtract the mean and
+we're going to call that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there is our mean subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is our mean subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there is our mean subtracted
+here I've subtracted the mean right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've subtracted the mean right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've subtracted the mean right so
+there's the those are the X's subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the those are the X's subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the those are the X's subtract
+the mean those are now our Z's or mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean those are now our Z's or mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean those are now our Z's or mean
+subtracted data okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted data okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted data okay does that make
+sense okay now we're going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay now we're going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay now we're going to calculate
+this covariance matrix well all we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance matrix well all we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance matrix well all we do is
+we find the variance in each direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the variance in each direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the variance in each direction
+and the covariances okay so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the covariances okay so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the covariances okay so it's going
+to be a a matrix in two-dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a a matrix in two-dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a a matrix in two-dimensional data
+it's a two by two matrix so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two by two matrix so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two by two matrix so we're going
+to find the variance in the Z one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the variance in the Z one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the variance in the Z one
+direction is just Z 1 times Z 1 summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is just Z 1 times Z 1 summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is just Z 1 times Z 1 summed
+over all the observations divided by M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the observations divided by M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the observations divided by M
+okay that variance in the Z in the Z 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that variance in the Z in the Z 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that variance in the Z in the Z 2
+direction it's just the sum of z2 j z2 j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's just the sum of z2 j z2 j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's just the sum of z2 j z2 j
+/ m the covariance is just the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ m the covariance is just the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ m the covariance is just the cross
+terms Z 1 times Z 2 and Z 2 times Z 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Z 1 times Z 2 and Z 2 times Z 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Z 1 times Z 2 and Z 2 times Z 1 of
+course those are equal to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course those are equal to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course those are equal to each other so
+in a covariance matrix it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a covariance matrix it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a covariance matrix it's symmetric
+okay so how do we calculate this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we calculate this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we calculate this it
+turns out that in MATLAB this is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that in MATLAB this is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that in MATLAB this is super
+duper easy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duper easy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duper easy okay
+so if these are our if this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these are our if this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these are our if this is our
+vector that's one of that's our vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's one of that's our vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's one of that's our vector
+one of our observations we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our observations we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our observations we can compute
+the inner product Z transpose Z so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product Z transpose Z so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product Z transpose Z so the
+inner product is just Z transpose Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product is just Z transpose Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product is just Z transpose Z
+which is z1 z2 z1 z2 that's the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is z1 z2 z1 z2 that's the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is z1 z2 z1 z2 that's the square
+magnitude of Z there's another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z there's another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z there's another kind of
+product called the outer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product called the outer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product called the outer product
+remember that so the outer product looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that so the outer product looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that so the outer product looks
+like this if this is a 1 by 2 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if this is a 1 by 2 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if this is a 1 by 2 that's a
+well vector times a column vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well vector times a column vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well vector times a column vector is
+equal to a scalar 1 by 2 times 2 by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a scalar 1 by 2 times 2 by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a scalar 1 by 2 times 2 by 1
+equals one by one two rows one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one by one two rows one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one by one two rows one column
+times 1 by 2 gives you a 2-byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 by 2 gives you a 2-byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 by 2 gives you a 2-byte
+to matrix that looks like this Z 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matrix that looks like this Z 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matrix that looks like this Z 1 times
+Z 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 y it's Z 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 y it's Z 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 y it's Z 1
+times Z 1 equals that Z 1 times Z 2 Z 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z 1 equals that Z 1 times Z 2 Z 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z 1 equals that Z 1 times Z 2 Z 2
+Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 okay so that outer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 okay so that outer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 okay so that outer product
+already gives us the components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gives us the components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gives us the components to
+compute the correlation matrix right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the correlation matrix right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the correlation matrix right so
+what we do is we just take this vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we just take this vector Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we just take this vector Z
+the Jade observation of this vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jade observation of this vector Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jade observation of this vector Z
+and multiply it by the Jade observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply it by the Jade observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply it by the Jade observation
+of this vector Z transpose and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector Z transpose and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vector Z transpose and that
+gives us this matrix and we sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this matrix and we sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this matrix and we sum over all
+this and you see that is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you see that is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you see that is exactly the
+covariance matrix okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix okay all right
+so if we have M observations of vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have M observations of vector Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have M observations of vector Z
+we put them in matrix form okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them in matrix form okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them in matrix form okay so we
+have a big long data matrix like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big long data matrix like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big long data matrix like this
+there are M observations of this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are M observations of this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are M observations of this two
+dimensional vector Z the data dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector Z the data dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector Z the data dimension
+the data vector has mentioned too there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data vector has mentioned too there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data vector has mentioned too there
+are M observations so M is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are M observations so M is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are M observations so M is the number of
+samples so this is an N by M matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so this is an N by M matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so this is an N by M matrix
+right so if you want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you want to compute the
+covariance matrix you just in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix you just in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix you just in MATLAB
+literally do Z this big matrix Z times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally do Z this big matrix Z times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally do Z this big matrix Z times
+that matrix transpose and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix transpose and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix transpose and that
+automatically finds the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically finds the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically finds the covariance
+matrix for you in one line of MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for you in one line of MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for you in one line of MATLAB
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a little trick to subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little trick to subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little trick to subtract the
+mean easily so remember your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean easily so remember your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean easily so remember your original
+observations are X you compute the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are X you compute the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are X you compute the mean
+across the rows this you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the rows this you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the rows this you're going
+some across actually going to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some across actually going to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some across actually going to some
+across columns to give you a mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across columns to give you a mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across columns to give you a mean for
+each row that gives you a mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row that gives you a mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each row that gives you a mean of the
+the first component of your vector mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of your vector mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of your vector mean
+of the second component that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second component that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second component that's really
+easy and mu is the mean of X summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and mu is the mean of X summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and mu is the mean of X summing
+across the second component that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the second component that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the second component that gives
+you a mean vector and then use rep mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a mean vector and then use rep mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a mean vector and then use rep mat
+to fill that mean out in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that mean out in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that mean out in all of the
+columns and subtract this mean from X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and subtract this mean from X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and subtract this mean from X to
+get this data matrix Z okay alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data matrix Z okay alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data matrix Z okay alright so
+now let's apply those tools to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply those tools to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply those tools to actually
+do some principal components analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so principal components analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so principal components analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so principal components analysis is
+really amazing if you look at single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing if you look at single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing if you look at single
+nucleotide polymorphisms and populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide polymorphisms and populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide polymorphisms and populations
+of people there are like hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people there are like hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people there are like hundreds of
+genes that you can look at you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that you can look at you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that you can look at you can look
+at different different variations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different different variations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different different variations of a
+gene across hundreds of genes but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene across hundreds of genes but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene across hundreds of genes but it's
+this enormous data set and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous data set and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous data set and you can find
+out which directions in that space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which directions in that space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which directions in that space of
+genes give you information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes give you information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes give you information about the
+genome of people and for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome of people and for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome of people and for example if you
+look at a number of genes across people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a number of genes across people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a number of genes across people
+with different backgrounds you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different backgrounds you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different backgrounds you can see
+that there are actually clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are actually clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are actually clusters
+corresponding to people with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to people with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to people with different
+backgrounds okay you can do single-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds okay you can do single-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds okay you can do single-cell
+profiling so you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling so you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiling so you can do the same thing
+in different cells with a tissue so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different cells with a tissue so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different cells with a tissue so you
+look at RNA transcriptional profiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at RNA transcriptional profiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at RNA transcriptional profiling
+you see what are the genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what are the genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what are the genes that are
+being expressed in individual cells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed in individual cells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed in individual cells you
+can do principal components analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do principal components analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do principal components analysis of
+those different genes and find clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different genes and find clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different genes and find clusters
+for different cell types within a tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different cell types within a tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different cell types within a tissue
+okay they're now being applied very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're now being applied very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're now being applied very
+commonly in brain tissue now to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in brain tissue now to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in brain tissue now to extract
+different cell types you can use images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell types you can use images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell types you can use images
+and find out which components of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out which components of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out which components of an
+image actually give you information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image actually give you information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image actually give you information
+about different faces so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different faces so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different faces so you can do
+you can find a bunch of different faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a bunch of different faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find a bunch of different faces
+find the covariance matrix of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the covariance matrix of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the covariance matrix of those
+images take that do I gandi composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images take that do I gandi composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images take that do I gandi composition
+on that covariance matrix okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that covariance matrix okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that covariance matrix okay and
+extract what are called eigen faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract what are called eigen faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract what are called eigen faces
+these are dimensions on which the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dimensions on which the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dimensions on which the images
+carry information about face identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry information about face identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry information about face identity
+okay you can use principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can use principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can use principal components
+analysis to decompose spike waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to decompose spike waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to decompose spike waveforms
+into different spikes this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different spikes this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different spikes this is a very
+common way of doing spike sorting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way of doing spike sorting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way of doing spike sorting so
+when you stick an electrode in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stick an electrode in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stick an electrode in the brain
+you record from different cells at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record from different cells at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record from different cells at the
+end of the electrode each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the electrode each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the electrode each one of those
+has a different waveform and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different waveform and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a different waveform and you can use
+this method to extract the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method to extract the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method to extract the different
+waveforms people have even recently use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms people have even recently use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms people have even recently use
+this now to to understand the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to to understand the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to to understand the kind of
+low dimensional trajectories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensional trajectories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensional trajectories of
+movements okay so so if you take a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay so so if you take a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements okay so so if you take a movie
+after tracking the global trajectory can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tracking the global trajectory can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after tracking the global trajectory can
+be made from the stepper motor movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made from the stepper motor movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made from the stepper motor movements
+all the local shape changes of the worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the local shape changes of the worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the local shape changes of the worm
+can be seen in detail okay so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen in detail okay so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be seen in detail okay so here you
+see a C elegans a worm moving along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a C elegans a worm moving along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a C elegans a worm moving along this
+is an image so it's very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an image so it's very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an image so it's very high
+dimensional right there are thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional right there are thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional right there are thousands
+pixels in this image and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels in this image and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels in this image and you can
+decompose that that image into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that that image into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that that image into a
+sequence of into a trajectory in a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of into a trajectory in a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of into a trajectory in a low
+dimensional space and it's been used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and it's been used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and it's been used to
+to describe the movements in a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the movements in a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the movements in a low
+dimensional space and relate a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and relate a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and relate a a
+representation of the neural activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the neural activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the neural activity in
+low dimensions as well okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensions as well okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensions as well okay so it's a
+very powerful technique okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful technique okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful technique okay so let me
+just first demonstrate pca on just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just first demonstrate pca on just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just first demonstrate pca on just some
+simple 2d data so here's a cloud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple 2d data so here's a cloud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple 2d data so here's a cloud of
+points given by a Gaussian distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points given by a Gaussian distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points given by a Gaussian distribution
+so those are a bunch of vectors X we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are a bunch of vectors X we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are a bunch of vectors X we can
+transform those vectors X using Phi s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform those vectors X using Phi s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform those vectors X using Phi s
+Phi transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi transpose
+produce a gaussian a cloud of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a gaussian a cloud of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a gaussian a cloud of points
+with a Gaussian distribution rotated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Gaussian distribution rotated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Gaussian distribution rotated at
+45 degrees and stretched by one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degrees and stretched by one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degrees and stretched by one point
+ish along one axis and compressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish along one axis and compressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish along one axis and compressed by
+that amount along another axis okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount along another axis okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount along another axis okay so
+we can build this rotation matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build this rotation matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can build this rotation matrix this
+stretch matrix and build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix and build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch matrix and build a
+transformation matrix RS r transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation matrix RS r transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation matrix RS r transpose
+multiply that by X and that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by X and that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by X and that gives us
+this data set here okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set here okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set here okay so we're going
+to take that data set and do principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that data set and do principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that data set and do principal
+components analysis on it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis on it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis on it and what
+that's going to do is it's going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to do is it's going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to do is it's going to find
+the dimensions in this data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions in this data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions in this data set that
+have the highest variance it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest variance it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the highest variance it's basically
+going to extract the variance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extract the variance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to extract the variance in the
+different dimensions so we take that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions so we take that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions so we take that set
+of points we just compute that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points we just compute that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points we just compute that the
+covariance matrix by taking Z Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix by taking Z Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix by taking Z Z
+transpose times one over m that computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times one over m that computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times one over m that computes
+that covariance matrix and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covariance matrix and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covariance matrix and then we're
+going to use the egg function in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the egg function in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the egg function in MATLAB
+to extract the ieaders and eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the ieaders and eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the ieaders and eigen values
+of the covariance matrix okay so Q we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the covariance matrix okay so Q we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the covariance matrix okay so Q we're
+gonna call Q is the covariance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call Q is the covariance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call Q is the covariance the
+variable name for the covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name for the covariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name for the covariance matrix
+it's Z Z transpose over M call AG of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that returns the rotation matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that returns the rotation matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that returns the rotation matrix and the
+rotation matrix have the columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix have the columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix have the columns of
+which are the eigenvectors it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the eigenvectors it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the eigenvectors it returns
+the matrix of eigen values the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of eigen values the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of eigen values the diagonal
+elements are the eigenvalues sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the eigenvalues sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are the eigenvalues sometimes
+you need to do a flip left/right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do a flip left/right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do a flip left/right because
+I sometimes returns the lowest eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes returns the lowest eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes returns the lowest eigen
+values first but I generally want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values first but I generally want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values first but I generally want to
+plot put the largest eigen values first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot put the largest eigen values first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot put the largest eigen values first
+so there's the largest one there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the largest one there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the largest one there's the
+smallest one and now what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one and now what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one and now what we do is we
+simply rotate we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotate we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotate we do
+basis we can rotate this data set using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can rotate this data set using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can rotate this data set using
+the rotation matrix that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation matrix that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation matrix that that the
+principal components analysis found okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis found okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis found okay
+so we compute the covariance matrix find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we compute the covariance matrix find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we compute the covariance matrix find
+the eigen vectors and eigen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors and eigen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors and eigen values of
+the covariance matrix right there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance matrix right there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance matrix right there and
+then we just rotate the data set into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just rotate the data set into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just rotate the data set into
+that new basis set of eigen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new basis set of eigen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new basis set of eigen vectors and
+eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values
+okay it's useful for clustering so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's useful for clustering so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's useful for clustering so if we
+have two clusters we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two clusters we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two clusters we can take the
+clusters compute the covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters compute the covariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters compute the covariance matrix
+find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of
+that covariance matrix and then rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covariance matrix and then rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covariance matrix and then rotate
+the data set into a basis set in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set into a basis set in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set into a basis set in which
+the dimensions in the data on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions in the data on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions in the data on which
+variances largest are along the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances largest are along the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances largest are along the the
+standard basis vectors okay let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors okay let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard basis vectors okay let's look
+at a problem in the time domain so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a problem in the time domain so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a problem in the time domain so here
+we have a couple of time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a couple of time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a couple of time dependent
+signals so this is some amplitude as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals so this is some amplitude as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals so this is some amplitude as a
+function of time okay these are signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay these are signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay these are signals
+that I constructed they're sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I constructed they're sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I constructed they're sort of some
+Wiggly function that I added noise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly function that I added noise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly function that I added noise to
+well what we do is we take each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do is we take each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we do is we take each one of
+those time series and we stack them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time series and we stack them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those time series and we stack them up
+in a bunch of columns so our vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of columns so our vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of columns so our vector is
+now a set of a hundred time samples okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a set of a hundred time samples okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a set of a hundred time samples okay
+so there is a vector of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a vector of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a vector of a hundred
+different time points that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time points that make sense
+and we have two hundred observations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two hundred observations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two hundred observations of
+those hundred dimensional vectors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hundred dimensional vectors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those hundred dimensional vectors okay
+so we have a data vector X that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a data vector X that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a data vector X that has
+columns that are a hundred dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are a hundred dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that are a hundred dimensional
+and we have 200 of those observations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 200 of those observations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have 200 of those observations so
+it's a hundred by two hundred matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred by two hundred matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hundred by two hundred matrix a
+hundred by two hundred matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred by two hundred matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred by two hundred matrix
+we do the mean subtraction we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the mean subtraction we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the mean subtraction we subtract
+the mean using that trick that I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean using that trick that I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean using that trick that I showed
+you compute the covariance matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the covariance matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the covariance matrix so
+that we compute the mean we subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute the mean we subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute the mean we subtract the
+mean using rep Matt subtract the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean using rep Matt subtract the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean using rep Matt subtract the mean
+from the data to get Z compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data to get Z compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data to get Z compute the
+covariance matrix Q that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix Q that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix Q that's what the
+covariance matrix looks like for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix looks like for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix looks like for those
+data and now we just we plug it into AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and now we just we plug it into AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and now we just we plug it into AG
+to extract the eigen vectors and eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the eigen vectors and eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the eigen vectors and eigen
+values okay so f extract F and V if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so f extract F and V if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so f extract F and V if we
+look at the eigen values you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the eigen values you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the eigen values you can see
+that there are a hundred eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a hundred eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a hundred eigen values
+because those data have a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those data have a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those data have a hundred
+dimensions so there are a hundred eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so there are a hundred eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so there are a hundred eigen
+values you can see that two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can see that two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can see that two of those
+eigen values are big and the rest are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values are big and the rest are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values are big and the rest are
+small okay this is on a log scale what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay this is on a log scale what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay this is on a log scale what
+that says is that almost all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is that almost all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is that almost all of the
+variants in these data exist in just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants in these data exist in just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants in these data exist in just two
+dimensions it's a hundred dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's a hundred dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's a hundred dimensional
+but the data are kind of living in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data are kind of living in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data are kind of living in two
+dimensions and all the rest is noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and all the rest is noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and all the rest is noise
+okay that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll typically do is take some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll typically do is take some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll typically do is take some data
+compute the covariance matrix find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the covariance matrix find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the covariance matrix find the
+eyes and look at the spectrum of eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and look at the spectrum of eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and look at the spectrum of eigen
+values and you'll very often see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and you'll very often see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and you'll very often see that
+there's a lot of variance in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of variance in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of variance in a small
+subset of eigen values and that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of eigen values and that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of eigen values and that tells
+you that the data are really living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the data are really living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the data are really living in
+us in a lower dimensional subspace than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in a lower dimensional subspace than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in a lower dimensional subspace than
+the full dimensionality of the data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full dimensionality of the data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full dimensionality of the data okay
+so that's where your signal is and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where your signal is and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where your signal is and all
+the rest of that is noise you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that is noise you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of that is noise you can plot
+the cumulative of this and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative of this and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative of this and you can see
+that the first two components explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two components explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first two components explained
+over 60 percent of the total variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 60 percent of the total variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 60 percent of the total variance in
+the data okay so since there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay so since there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay so since there are two
+large eigenvalues let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large eigenvalues let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large eigenvalues let's look at the
+eigenvectors here with those and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors here with those and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors here with those and we can
+find those just those are just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those just those are just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find those just those are just the first
+two columns of this matrix F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns of this matrix F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns of this matrix F
+that the ID function returned to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ID function returned to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ID function returned to us and
+that's what those two eigenvectors look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those two eigenvectors look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those two eigenvectors look
+like okay that's what the original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay that's what the original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay that's what the original data
+looked like the eigenvectors the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like the eigenvectors the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like the eigenvectors the columns
+of the F matrix are an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F matrix are an orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the F matrix are an orthogonal basis
+set a new basis set okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a new basis set okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a new basis set okay so those are
+the first two eigenvectors and all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two eigenvectors and all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two eigenvectors and all and
+you can see that the signal lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the signal lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the signal lives in
+this low dimensional space of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low dimensional space of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low dimensional space of the two
+eigenvectors all the other eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors all the other eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors all the other eigenvectors
+are just noise so we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just noise so we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just noise so we can do is we can
+project the data into this new basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the data into this new basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the data into this new basis set
+okay so let's do that we simply do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that we simply do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that we simply do a
+change of basis right the F is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis right the F is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of basis right the F is a
+rotation matrix we can project our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix we can project our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrix we can project our data
+Z into this new basis set and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z into this new basis set and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z into this new basis set and see what
+it looks like turns out that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like turns out that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like turns out that's what it
+looks like there are two clusters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there are two clusters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there are two clusters in
+those data to the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data to the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data to the two different
+waveforms that you could see in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms that you could see in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms that you could see in the data
+okay right there you can see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right there you can see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right there you can see that there
+are kind of two waveforms in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of two waveforms in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of two waveforms in the data
+okay if you project the data into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you project the data into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you project the data into this
+low dimensional space you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensional space you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low dimensional space you can see that
+there are two clusters there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two clusters there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two clusters there if
+projected data into other projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected data into other projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected data into other projections
+you don't see it it's only in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it it's only in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see it it's only in this
+particular projection that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular projection that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular projection that you have
+these two very distinct clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two very distinct clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two very distinct clusters
+corresponding to the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the two different
+waveforms in the data now almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms in the data now almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms in the data now almost all of
+the variance is in the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is in the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is in the space of the
+first two principal components so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two principal components so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two principal components so what
+you can actually do is you can project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do is you can project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do is you can project
+the data into these first two principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into these first two principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data into these first two principal
+components set all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components set all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components set all of the other
+principal components to 0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components to 0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components to 0 and then
+rotate back to the original basis set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate back to the original basis set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate back to the original basis set is
+that you're setting as much of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're setting as much of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're setting as much of the noise
+to zero as you can you're getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero as you can you're getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero as you can you're getting rid of
+most of the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the no
+and then we rotate back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we rotate back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we rotate back to the original
+basis set you've gotten rid of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set you've gotten rid of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set you've gotten rid of most of
+the noise and that's called principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and that's called principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and that's called principal
+components filtering so here's before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components filtering so here's before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components filtering so here's before
+filtering and here's after filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and here's after filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering and here's after filtering
+okay so found the low dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so found the low dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so found the low dimensional space
+in which all the data sits in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which all the data sits in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which all the data sits in which the
+signal sits everything outside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal sits everything outside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal sits everything outside of that
+space is noise so he rotate the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is noise so he rotate the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is noise so he rotate the data
+into a new basis set you can filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new basis set you can filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new basis set you can filter out
+all the other dimensions that just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other dimensions that just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other dimensions that just have
+noise you filter back and you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you filter back and you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you filter back and you just keep
+the signal okay and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal okay and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal okay and that's it
+so that was principle comfortably findt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was principle comfortably findt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was principle comfortably findt
+wrote of principal components analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote of principal components analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote of principal components analysis
+but there are a lot of things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a lot of things you can
+use it for it's a it's a lot of fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for it's a it's a lot of fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for it's a it's a lot of fun and
+it's sort of a great intro to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a great intro to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a great intro to all the
+other amazing dimensionality reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amazing dimensionality reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amazing dimensionality reduction
+techniques that are I apologize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are I apologize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are I apologize for
+going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nijya-QJ45Y.txt b/Nijya-QJ45Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8535d1d61d0124dbf8cb5ec4614aa39e03bb72f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nijya-QJ45Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1838 @@
+All right.
+Let's get started.
+
+I guess this watch is a couple
+minutes fast.
+
+First a quick announcement.
+In case you have forgotten,
+
+your lab notebooks are due
+tomorrow with the post-lab
+
+exercises for the first lab.
+OK, so I am going to continue
+
+with amplifiers today.
+And to just give you a sense of
+
+where we headed,
+we have this five lecture
+
+sequence covering different
+aspects of amplifiers with
+
+dependent sources and showed how
+we could build an amplifier with
+
+it on Tuesday.
+Today I am going to show you a
+
+real device that implements a
+dependent source.
+
+And then next Tuesday we will
+talk about analysis of an
+
+amplifier.
+Wednesday is our quiz.
+
+Thursday and the Tuesday after
+that we then talk about small
+
+signal analysis and small signal
+use of the amplifier.
+
+Today we will talk about the
+MOSFET amplifier.
+
+So let's start with a quick
+review.
+
+And in the last lecture,
+I showed you that I could build
+
+a amplifier using a dependent
+source.
+
+And a dependent source worked
+as follows.
+
+Let's say I had a circuit and I
+connected a dependent source
+
+into the circuit.
+Let's say in this example I
+
+have a current source.
+So this is some circuit.
+
+And the current i is a function
+of some parameter in the
+
+circuit.
+That's why this is a dependent
+
+source.
+This is a dependent current
+
+source.
+So it could be that I have some
+
+element inside.
+And I measure,
+
+I sample the voltage across the
+element or between any two
+
+points in the circuit.
+And, in this little example
+
+here, this current could be
+dependent on that voltage.
+
+So notice that although I
+showed you the two terminals of
+
+the dependent source that
+carried a current,
+
+there is another implicit port,
+another implicit terminal
+
+there.
+And that terminal there is
+
+called the "control port" of the
+dependent source at which I
+
+apply a voltage or current that
+will control the value of the
+
+current source.
+As a quick aside.
+
+There is a small glitch with
+the tools in your tool chest.
+
+We talked about the
+superposition technique where
+
+you were taught to turn on one
+source at a time,
+
+for a linear circuit one source
+at a time, and then sum up the
+
+responses to all the sources
+acting one at a time.
+
+Well, what do you do about
+dependent sources?
+
+A dependent source is a source.
+And we have to modify the
+
+superposition statement just a
+little bit.
+
+And for details you can look at
+Section 3.5.1 of your course
+
+notes on the details and some
+examples on how to do this.
+
+So the approach is very simple,
+actually.
+
+The approach is,
+for the purpose of
+
+superposition,
+to not treat your dependent
+
+source as sources that you turn
+on and turn off.
+
+So what you do is when you do
+superposition with dependent
+
+sources simply leave all your
+dependent sources in the
+
+circuit.
+Just leave them in there and
+
+turn on and off only your
+independent sources.
+
+So look at the response of the
+circuit by turning on your
+
+independent sources one at a
+time and summing up the
+
+responses.
+And your dependent sources stay
+
+within the circuit and simply
+analyze them as you do anything
+
+else.
+So essentially what it says is
+
+that just be a little cautious
+when you have dependent sources,
+
+but the basic method applies
+almost without any change.
+
+The readings for today's
+lecture are Section 7.3 to 7.6.
+
+So since we are going to build
+up on the dependent source
+
+amplifier, let me start with a
+quick review of that amplifier.
+
+We built our amplifier as
+follows.
+
+We connected our dependent
+source in the following manner.
+
+And the current through the
+dependent source in the example
+
+we took was related to an input
+voltage vI.
+
+So some voltage vI.
+And so these two were the
+
+control port of the dependent
+source and a vI was applied
+
+there.
+And I showed you a simple
+
+amplifier built with a dependent
+source that behaved in this
+
+manner.
+And again I will keep reminding
+
+you, just remember that the
+dependent source is actually
+
+this box here,
+the control port and the output
+
+port.
+And commonly we don't
+
+explicitly show the control port
+for those dependent sources for
+
+which the control port does not
+have any other affect on the
+
+circuit, like it doesn't draw
+any current or things like that.
+
+So in this particular example
+we said that this behaved in the
+
+following manner for vI greater
+than or equal to 1 volt and iD
+
+was zero otherwise.
+
+So we can analyze the circuit
+to figure out what vO is going
+
+to look like.
+And a simple application of KVL
+
+at this loop here,
+again, you know,
+
+when I say this loop here,
+I am pointing at something
+
+here.
+That is the VS source that is
+
+implicitly across these two
+nodes.
+
+Again, this is a shorthand
+notation where this little up
+
+arrow here implies that I have a
+voltage source connected between
+
+these two terminals here.
+And so there is a loop here
+
+that involves VS.
+So Vo is simply VS minus the
+
+drop across this resistor.
+So it's VS minus the drop
+
+across this resistor gives me
+vO.
+
+And the drop across the
+resistor is simply iD RL.
+
+iD is the current here and
+that's the drop across the
+
+resistor.
+And I could get the explicit
+
+relationship of vO versus vI by
+substituting for iD as vI minus
+
+one all squared.
+So vO relates to vI in the
+
+following manner.
+Nothing new so far.
+
+I have pretty much reviewed
+what we did the last time.
+
+Here is where we take our next
+step forward with some new
+
+material.
+Up to now I have talked as a
+
+theoretician would where I said
+just imagine that you had
+
+spherical cow or something like
+that.
+
+Here I just asked you to
+imagine this ideal dependent
+
+source, control port and an
+output port, and it behaved in
+
+this manner.
+So as a next step what I would
+
+like to do is show you a
+practical dependent source which
+
+turns out to be a little bit
+more complicated than this
+
+idealized dependent source that
+I showed you in many dimensions.
+
+Real life tends to impose a
+bunch of practical constraints
+
+on you, and we will look at
+those in a second.
+
+If I could find a dependent
+source that looked like this --
+
+We had a control port A prime
+and output port B prime.
+
+And I looked at some examples
+where the current through the
+
+dependent current source was
+some function of the input
+
+voltage.
+This is a "voltage controlled
+
+current source".
+What I am going to do is talk
+
+about a device that can give me
+this behavior or some close
+
+approximation to it.
+It turns out that under certain
+
+conditions the MOSFET that you
+have already looked at behaves
+
+in this manner.
+The MOSFET that you've seen
+
+sort of behaves like this.
+And let me show you under what
+
+conditions the MOSFET behaves in
+that manner.
+
+Let me create some room for
+myself.
+
+Notice that I need a control
+port, needed an output port.
+
+And I am going to view my
+MOSFET in a slightly different
+
+manner than you have seen
+before.
+
+I draw these two terminals
+here.
+
+And this was a three terminal
+MOSFET.
+
+This was my drain,
+my gate and my source terminal.
+
+It was a three terminal device,
+but what I do is I view the
+
+MOSFET slightly differently.
+I will just use this terminal
+
+to be common across both the
+gate and the drain.
+
+And so this voltage here is
+vGS.
+
+I am just using the source
+port, the source terminal along
+
+with the gate as a terminal
+pair.
+
+I am using the same source
+along with the drain as another
+
+terminal pair.
+So I have a vDS out there and I
+
+have some current iDS that flows
+out here.
+
+Notice that when I view the
+MOSFET in this manner I have
+
+accomplished my first step,
+which is I seem to have a box
+
+which has a port here and a port
+here.
+
+And I also explained to you
+that a MOSFET behaves in a
+
+particular manner.
+For one, the output port
+
+behaved as an open circuit under
+certain conditions when --
+
+This was vGS,
+G, drain and source.
+
+When vGS was less than a
+threshold voltage VT this MOSFET
+
+had an equivalent circuit that
+looked like this.
+
+So when vGS was less than some
+threshold voltage VT then there
+
+was an open circuit between the
+drain and the source.
+
+And you saw this before.
+So far nothing new here.
+
+However, when vGS is greater
+than or equal to VT --
+
+vGS was greater than VT.
+The MOSFET behavior we looked
+
+at earlier showed that this
+behaved either like a short
+
+circuit in the simplest form or
+in a slightly more detailed form
+
+it behaved like a resistor.
+We call that the SR model of
+
+the MOSFET.
+So when vGS was greater than VT
+
+we said that a simple way to
+approximate MOSFET behavior was
+
+to view this as a resistor
+connected between the drain and
+
+the source.
+That was our SR model use of
+
+the MOSFET.
+It turns out that we kind of
+
+lied.
+We were sort of looking at the
+
+MOSFET in a really funny way.
+And I shone the light on the
+
+MOSFET in a really,
+really clever way.
+
+Well, I shouldn't say clever.
+A really, really tricky way.
+
+And tricked you into believing
+that it was just a resistor.
+
+And we constrained how you use
+the MOSFET.
+
+So that behavior was indeed a
+resistive behavior.
+
+But it turns out that in real
+life the behavior of the MOSFET
+
+between the drain and the source
+terminals is much more
+
+complicated than the limited
+form in which you saw it.
+
+So today what I am going to do
+is take the wraps off the
+
+complete MOSFET and show you its
+full behavior in all its gory
+
+glory.
+And I will spend a bit of time
+
+on that to clearly emphasize
+under what conditions the MOSFET
+
+behaves like a resistor,
+as you saw when you did digital
+
+circuits, or behaves differently
+in other domains of use.
+
+Let me pause for a second and
+leave this space blank here.
+
+And let's do some
+investigations.
+
+Let me leave this here.
+I won't draw in anything yet.
+
+You will figure out what it
+looks like yourselves under
+
+certain conditions.
+What I will do next is apply
+
+some voltages on a MOSFET and
+observe the current versus vDS
+
+behavior and plot that on a
+scope and take a look at it.
+
+What I am going to do --
+
+-- is figure out what iDS looks
+like for --
+
+Remember iG into the gate for
+6.002 is always going to be
+
+zero.
+In much more detailed analyses
+
+of the MOSFET,
+in future courses you may see
+
+slightly more complex behavior.
+But as far as we are concerned
+
+it is an open circuit looking
+into the gate.
+
+So I am going to apply a vGS
+across the MOSFET,
+
+apply a vDS across the MOSFET
+and plot iDS versus vDS.
+
+First let me show you what you
+already know.
+
+What you already know --
+
+This is vDS.
+I will just keep doing as much
+
+as I can of what you already
+know.
+
+And then when I do some new
+stuff I will tell you
+
+explicitly.
+You've seen this before.
+
+The MOSFET behaves like an open
+circuit when vGS less than VT.
+
+That is when vG is less than a
+threshold voltage VT,
+
+I have zero current flowing
+through the MOSFET.
+
+And when vGS was greater than
+VT then the S model of the
+
+MOSFET the switch model simply
+said that look,
+
+we can model the D2S as a short
+circuit.
+
+You saw this in your labs and
+you saw that it was a very,
+
+very small resistance between
+the drain and the source and it
+
+kind of looked like a short
+circuit.
+
+But then we said well,
+that's not quite it.
+
+There is some resistance.
+And so we said a slightly more
+
+accurate model would have this
+line droop a little bit to imply
+
+that there was some resistance
+R_on between the drain and the
+
+source, so vDS iDS.
+So this was when vGS less than
+
+VT and vGS greater than or equal
+to VT.
+
+I have some resistance.
+And that showed me a straight
+
+line kind of like behavior.
+And I showed you that behavior.
+
+So far absolutely nothing new.
+Now what I have plotted there
+
+for you is that behavior.
+Up here notice that this is the
+
+vDS axis, this is the iDS axis.
+I am plotting iDS versus vDS.
+
+And when vGS --
+The gate voltage is more than a
+
+threshold, notice that I see
+what looks like something more
+
+or less like a straight line.
+And this is a straight line
+
+with some slope,
+more or less a straight line
+
+implying resistive behavior.
+And we also had some fun and
+
+games here.
+We said hey,
+
+what if I turn vGS off?
+Boom.
+
+That would be my iDS of zero
+implying that the MOSFET behaved
+
+like an open circuit between the
+drain and the source.
+
+I applied a positive vGS more
+than VT and it began to look
+
+like a resistor.
+Open circuit,
+
+resistor, open circuit,
+resistor, OK?
+
+Up until now nothing new.
+So you shouldn't have learned
+
+anything at all that is new
+until now in today's lecture.
+
+Now watch.
+What I am going to do is,
+
+as I said, I kind of lied all
+this time and I just showed you
+
+this behavior.
+And what I have been doing all
+
+along is very carefully using a
+very small value of vDS.
+
+Notice it's a small values of
+vDS.
+
+I haven't told you what it
+looks like as vDS increases.
+
+Well, let's go try it out.
+We have a scope here.
+
+We have the MOSFET here.
+Now, I am not sure what is
+
+going to happen now.
+You may see smoke or have an
+
+explosion, who knows what?
+But look up there for a second.
+
+I am just going to increase vDS
+and you can figure out what
+
+happens for yourselves.
+I increase vDS.
+
+Whoa, what a liar.
+Agarwal is a liar.
+
+I have been kind of tricking
+you.
+
+I have been putting --
+Covering up all this part here
+
+and showing you just this region
+of the curve for small values of
+
+vDS.
+But as I increase vDS this is
+
+nothing that looks even close to
+that of resistive behavior.
+
+So what's happening here?
+What's happening is that as I
+
+increase my vDS the iDS curve
+tails off and saturates at some
+
+value of current.
+Notice it saturates at some
+
+value of current.
+And so I am going to look at
+
+this region of behavior.
+Notice that what we have looked
+
+at so far was the behavior for
+small vDS.
+
+It kind of looks resistive.
+But when I pump up the vDS,
+
+really whack this node really
+hard with a much larger vDS the
+
+guy says, oh,
+I give up.
+
+And the current saturates out
+and flattens out and holds the
+
+value steady at some value.
+So what's that behavior look
+
+like?
+What is my horizontal line
+
+above the X axis in terms of V I
+elements?
+
+What is that behavior like?
+Current source,
+
+exactly.
+So this is current source like
+
+behavior.
+And so let me start by drawing
+
+you a little model and
+explaining it in more detail.
+
+What happens is that under
+certain conditions,
+
+and the conditions are the
+following, when vDS,
+
+that is my drain to source
+voltage is greater than or equal
+
+to vGS minus VT.
+When my drain voltage goes
+
+above vGS minus VT,
+so if vGS is 3 volts and if VT
+
+is 1 volt, then if vDS goes
+above 2 volts,
+
+if I am hammering the drain of
+the MOSFET with a higher voltage
+
+then this guy says I give up,
+can't show you nice restive
+
+behavior, and the current
+saturates out and it doesn't
+
+allow you draw any more current
+than a maximum value.
+
+And that's the current source
+behavior.
+
+This one behaves like a current
+source.
+
+And the current iDS is given by
+the following expression.
+
+The current is given by iDS is
+equal to a constant K divide by
+
+two times (vGS-VT) all squared.
+Kind of reminiscent of the
+
+carefully chosen dependent
+source example,
+
+just that this one here is VT.
+This model, which applies when
+
+vGS is greater than VT,
+the MOSFET has to be on and the
+
+drain to source voltage in the
+MOSFET must be larger than some
+
+value, and that value is vGS
+minus VT then this guy begins to
+
+behave like a current source.
+This model of the MOSFET is
+
+called the "switch current
+source model".
+
+So in the region of the MOSFET
+characteristics where vGS is
+
+greater than VT and the drain to
+source voltage is larger than
+
+vGS minus VT,
+the MOSFET behaved like a
+
+current source between its drain
+and source terminals.
+
+And in that part we model the
+MOSFET as a current source.
+
+And so not surprisingly that
+part of the model is called the
+
+SCS model in contrast with the
+SR model where we had a
+
+resistor.
+Again, remember,
+
+this is not meant to be
+conflicting.
+
+It is not like gee,
+how can the MOSFET look like a
+
+resistor, and then suddenly what
+happens it becomes a current
+
+source.
+Well, the two regions are
+
+different.
+It is not that it is behaving
+
+as a current source for the same
+parameters, no.
+
+When vDS is less than this
+right-hand side it does behave
+
+resistive.
+The SR model applies.
+
+But increase vDS beyond a
+point, the current saturates and
+
+the SCS applies like so.
+So let's draw.
+
+The SCS behavior can be drawn
+here vDS and iDS.
+
+As I mentioned to you,
+for small values of vDS,
+
+let's say I pick some value of
+vGS, let's say vGS3,
+
+some value vGS,
+it is going to look like a
+
+resistor until vDS becomes equal
+to vGS3 minus VT.
+
+And after that it saturates out
+and begins to look like a
+
+current source.
+And this point is where vDS
+
+becomes equal to vGS minus VT.
+And this way is when this equal
+
+sign becomes a greater than
+sign, vDS becomes larger then I
+
+move into this part of the
+curve.
+
+Similarly, for various other
+values of vGS it will look like
+
+this --
+
+-- and so on.
+And it behaved like an open
+
+circuit as before when vGS less
+than VT.
+
+When vGS less than VT it is
+still behaving like an open
+
+circuit.
+And so as I increase my vGS,
+
+provided I keep my vDS greater
+than vGS minus VT,
+
+I get current source like
+behavior.
+
+And notice that this is
+increasing vGS.
+
+I have purposely drawn these
+curves at greater distances from
+
+each other to imply that it is a
+nonlinear relationship in that
+
+if I increase vGS by some
+amount, the increase in vDS is
+
+related to the square of vGS.
+It is vGS minus VT all squared.
+
+So I get a family of curves of
+that look like this.
+
+And this is in the region of
+operation where vDS equals vGS
+
+minus VT.
+And this applies in this regime
+
+where vDS less than vGS minus
+VT.
+
+This region of operation is
+called, as you might expect,
+
+the "saturation region".
+
+We say the MOSFET has been
+hammered, the MOSFET has been
+
+walloped, the MOSFET is in
+saturation.
+
+So the MOSFET is in saturation.
+This region,
+
+corresponding to this,
+is called the triode region.
+
+This is really very simple.
+All we are doing is saying that
+
+when vDS is increased beyond a
+certain limit,
+
+given my vGS minus VT,
+the MOSFET begins to behave
+
+like a current source.
+It cannot draw any more
+
+current.
+It limits the current to a
+
+given value like a current
+source.
+
+But on the left-hand side of
+this it behaves in a resistive
+
+manner.
+So what I would like to do is
+
+--
+
+What I will do is,
+we've plotted for you,
+
+for the MOSFET,
+all its characteristics in its
+
+full glory for a whole bunch of
+values of vGS and a whole bunch
+
+of values of vDS.
+And let me stare at those
+
+curves with you for a few
+seconds and walk you through
+
+them.
+So what do I have here?
+
+One of these curves corresponds
+to a given value of vGS.
+
+This may be vGS equals 2 volts.
+This is vDS,
+
+the drain to source voltage,
+and this is the current.
+
+So focus on this curve for now.
+In the beginning I hid the
+
+right-hand side behavior from
+you and showed you just the
+
+resistive behavior out here.
+When I increase vDS to be much
+
+larger the curve saturated and I
+got the saturation region
+
+operation of the MOSFET.
+And notice as I increase my
+
+value of vGS the saturation
+current also increases according
+
+to a square law behavior.
+So these are the entire curves
+
+of the MOSFET.
+Finally the truth comes out.
+
+And notice that when vDS is
+less than vGS minus VT,
+
+I have more or less resistive
+behavior.
+
+But when vDS is greater than
+vGS minus VT I get current
+
+source like behavior.
+So one question you may ask is
+
+when do I use one model or the
+other?
+
+When do I use the SR model and
+when do I use the SCS model?
+
+If you want to do a real
+detailed analysis then you can
+
+use the SR model when vDS is
+less than vGS minus VT.
+
+And you would use this model
+when vDS is greater than or
+
+equal to vGS minus VT.
+That is simple enough.
+
+In 6.002, to eliminate
+confusion we constrain how we
+
+look at things a little bit more
+stringently.
+
+And what we do is that for our
+entire digital analysis,
+
+for the entire digital world we
+focus on the SR model.
+
+And I will tell you why in a
+second.
+
+So for all digital circuits,
+invertors, look at power of
+
+invertors, look at delay,
+a bunch of other things,
+
+we will be using the SR model
+in 6.002.
+
+And I will tell you why in a
+second.
+
+And for analog --
+That is for amplifier designs
+
+and situations like that,
+we will be operating the MOSFET
+
+in a saturation region.
+And I will talk about that in a
+
+second.
+What I am saying here is that
+
+in 6.002, when we do analog
+designs, we are going to
+
+discipline ourselves to using
+the MOSFET only in this region.
+
+We are going to constrain
+ourselves to play in only this
+
+region of the playground where
+vDS is quite large.
+
+Why?
+Because I am asking you to.
+
+I am saying let's play in that
+part of the playground and keep
+
+your vDS high.
+And so the MOSFET is going to
+
+be operating somewhere in here.
+So we can apply just the SCS
+
+model, just the current source
+behavior in that region.
+
+There is another important
+reason, which I will get to in a
+
+second.
+And for digital designs we will
+
+simply use the SR model.
+And it turns out that this is
+
+realistic because in the digital
+designs that you have you seen
+
+and will be seeing in this
+course, the pull down MOSFET is
+
+on, or when these pull down
+MOSFETs are on,
+
+the output voltage is pulled
+down close to ground.
+
+So vDS is very,
+very small.
+
+So it does make sense that this
+model apply.
+
+And when we talk about
+amplifiers, I am asking you to
+
+follow this discipline.
+I will tell you why in a
+
+second.
+I am saying analog designs
+
+follow this discipline that I
+call the saturation discipline.
+
+It says simply operate the
+MOSFET operating in saturation
+
+as a current source.
+We will look at an amplifier in
+
+a second, and I will tell you
+why.
+
+Now let's do a MOSFET
+amplifier.
+
+Remember my amplifier had an
+input port and an output port.
+
+And in general in our use we
+are going to have a common
+
+ground.
+And we have a VS and a ground
+
+here as well.
+That is the power port of the
+
+amplifier.
+The input port and the output
+
+port.
+
+And let me redraw the circuit
+putting a MOSFET in place of the
+
+current source,
+RL, VS, vO, drain,
+
+gate, source,
+vI.
+
+So my input is vI.
+Again, the MOSFET output is vO.
+
+And I have a resistor RL.
+Hey, we've seen that before.
+
+It turns out this is not
+surprising.
+
+You've seen this before.
+This was our primitive inverter
+
+circuit.
+So what's different here?
+
+We showed you the circuit as an
+inverter.
+
+What's different here is that
+when we look at MOSFET behavior
+
+as a current source,
+this behaves like an amplifier.
+
+In other words,
+when vDS is greater than some
+
+value then this behaves like a
+current source.
+
+When vDS is small,
+in other words,
+
+in the digital design when vDS
+was small here,
+
+because when the MOSFET was on
+it pulled the voltage down to
+
+ground, we could view this
+behavior as a resistor.
+
+And exactly the same thing,
+it is an amplifier.
+
+And with digital designs,
+I was driving it with 5 volts
+
+and 0 volts and that was it,
+rail to rail.
+
+As an amplifier,
+what I am doing now is looking
+
+at a small region of its
+behavior when vDS is greater
+
+than vGS minus VT.
+What I am saying is that for
+
+amplification let's follow the
+saturation discipline.
+
+And the reason is that when
+this behaves like a current
+
+source, what I have shown you is
+that if this behaves like a
+
+current source I have shown you
+that this expression up here
+
+gives you amplification.
+In last lecture we plotted a
+
+bunch of values for vO versus
+vI, and we saw that we were
+
+getting amplification.
+For a small change in vI,
+
+I was getting a larger change
+in vO, and that was when I had
+
+the equation for a current
+source in there.
+
+And so we know for a fact that
+if I can operate this as a
+
+current source,
+with a reasonable choice of
+
+values here, I am going to be
+able to get amplification.
+
+What I haven't told you is if
+this is operated in the linear
+
+region, in fact,
+you do not get amplification.
+
+I won't cover that,
+but you can check that out in
+
+your course notes as a
+discussion or you can try it out
+
+for yourself.
+Replace this with the SR model
+
+for small vDS and you can show
+yourselves that you don't get
+
+any amplification.
+In order to get the
+
+amplification we are telling
+ourselves let's focus on this
+
+part of the playground where vDS
+is greater than or equal to vGS
+
+minus VT.
+And for vGS greater than or
+
+equal to VT.
+So when vGS is greater than VT
+
+the MOSFET is on.
+Further, when vDS is large,
+
+larger than vGS minus VT this
+behaves like a current source.
+
+So we have now created a small
+playground for ourselves where
+
+we can build lots of fun little
+amplifiers and other circuits.
+
+And provided our circuits
+follow the saturation discipline
+
+where for the MOSFET or MOSFETs
+in the circuit these expressions
+
+are true then the MOSFETs are
+going to be in saturation,
+
+the current source model
+applies, and I will be indeed
+
+getting saturation.
+In future courses you may
+
+actually see the MOSFET used in
+other regimes of operation for a
+
+variety of reasons.
+But in 6.002 when we talk about
+
+amplifiers and so on we will be
+adopting the saturation
+
+discipline.
+And your homework problems and
+
+so on will state that.
+Assume that the MOSFETs are in
+
+saturation.
+What that means is that you can
+
+begin to model them as a current
+source and simply analyze their
+
+behavior accordingly.
+One minor nit.
+
+Note that vDS for the MOSFET is
+the same as vO.
+
+And vGS for the MOSFET is the
+same as vI.
+
+So if you see me jumping back
+and forth using vOs and vIs or
+
+vDSs and vGSs they are the same
+thing in this circuit.
+
+If you are dealing with
+circuits with many MOSFETs then
+
+you will have vDS1s and vGS1s
+and so on and so forth.
+
+But for this simple circuit,
+vO and vDS are the same,
+
+vI and vGS are the same.
+So we could go ahead and
+
+analyze that circuit.
+What I do to analyze the
+
+circuit, I am telling you this.
+I am telling you that the
+
+MOSFET is behaving in
+saturation.
+
+I am telling you this.
+We have disciplined ourselves
+
+to say that in that circuit the
+MOSFET is in saturation.
+
+As soon as we tell you that we
+can then go ahead and analyze
+
+that circuit.
+And to analyze that circuit
+
+what you will do is simply
+replace the MOSFET with its
+
+equivalent model,
+and that looks like this.
+
+Since you have been told that
+it is in saturation,
+
+we can replace the MOSFET with
+its current source model.
+
+And the current iDS for the
+MOSFET is given by K/2(vI-VT)^2.
+
+And it is always good to write
+the constraints under which you
+
+are implicitly working close by.
+So the constraints are one,
+
+vGS is greater than or equal to
+VT, vDS is greater than or equal
+
+to vGS minus VT.
+These constraints immediately
+
+follow from a statement of the
+type we are operating under the
+
+saturation discipline or the
+MOSFET is in saturation.
+
+Let me just mark this equation
+as A, and we will refer to it
+
+again.
+
+So with this new little circuit
+with the MOSFET working as a
+
+current source,
+let's go ahead and analyze our
+
+amplifier.
+Notice that to analyze the
+
+circuit I have a current source.
+It's a dependent current source
+
+where the current depends on the
+square of the input.
+
+So I want to go and analyze it.
+This is a nonlinear circuit.
+
+So I can apply any one of the
+methods that we talked about
+
+last week for nonlinear
+circuits.
+
+To analyze it I will go ahead
+and use the analytical method.
+
+And my goal will be to obtain
+vO versus vI.
+
+Again, remember where are we
+here?
+
+The MOSFET circuit operating in
+saturation so I can replace this
+
+with a current source.
+It is nonlinear.
+
+And so I can apply one of the
+two methods, the analytical
+
+method or the graphical method.
+Let's do both and start with
+
+the analytical method.
+The analytical method simply
+
+says go forth,
+apply the node method and
+
+solve.
+Simple stuff.
+
+Let's go ahead and do that.
+Node method.
+
+I have a single node here that
+is of interest.
+
+I know the voltage vI at this
+node.
+
+I know the voltage VS at this
+node.
+
+So the only unknown is here at
+vO.
+
+So I will go ahead and do that.
+Let me go ahead and equate the
+
+currents into the node to be
+zero.
+
+So the currents out of the node
+here are iDS.
+
+And that was equal the current
+into that same node.
+
+So iDS must equal VS minus vO
+divided by RL.
+
+iDS=VS-vO/RL.
+For later reference,
+
+let me call that B.
+Simplifying,
+
+what I can do is,
+we know that iDS is given by
+
+K/2(vI-VT)^2.
+So I replace iDS with this
+
+expression and I multiply that
+by RL.
+
+So I get K/2(vI-VT)RL.
+So iDS gets multiplied by RL
+
+and I get vO on this side and VS
+remains out here.
+
+All I have done is multiplied
+both sides by RL.
+
+So it is RL iDS,
+taken RL iDS to this side,
+
+that is here,
+I get the minus sign,
+
+and VS stays here,
+vO comes here.
+
+So that is my final expression.
+Remember this is true under
+
+certain conditions.
+I will keep hammering that home
+
+because some of the most common
+errors made by people is in
+
+forgetting the constraints under
+which this was obtained.
+
+And the constraint under which
+this was obtained is the
+
+saturation discipline.
+And that was true when vGS for
+
+a MOSFET was greater than or
+equal to VT and vDS for a MOSFET
+
+was greater than or equal to vGS
+minus VT.
+
+I also know that for vGS less
+than VT, vO=VS.
+
+So when vGS is less than VT
+then this one turns off.
+
+That's why it is the SCS model,
+switch current source model.
+
+When vGS is less than zero it
+turns off and VS directly
+
+appears at vO.
+I would like to stare at this
+
+constraint with you for a
+second, vDS greater than or
+
+equal to vGS minus VT here.
+And vDS is simply vO.
+
+I want to rewrite this
+constraint in terms of iDS.
+
+It will come in handy.
+So iDS is K/2(vI-VT)^2.
+
+This is vI-VT.
+So vI-VT is simply square root
+
+of 2iDS/K.
+In other words,
+
+I can write iDS less than or
+equal to K/2vO^2.
+
+So this constraint expressed in
+terms of iDS is simply iDS less
+
+than or equal to K/2vO^2.
+
+So all I've done here is
+analyzed this nonlinear circuit.
+
+I can also analyze it using the
+graphical method.
+
+And in order to do that,
+for my nonlinear circuit,
+
+in order to do that,
+all I have to do is plot.
+
+Let's have iDS here and vDS
+here.
+
+And as we did with a nonlinear
+expo dweeb, what I do is I plot
+
+the device characteristics iDS
+versus vDS.
+
+The device characteristics
+under saturation look like this,
+
+so vGS increasing.
+iDS versus vDS has a bunch of
+
+curves that look like current
+sources of increasing values.
+
+That simply reflects equation
+A.
+
+And then I superimpose on top
+of that the expression that
+
+comes up due to equation B which
+is iDS equals,
+
+let me write that down here,
+iDS equals VS/RL - vO/RL.
+
+That's B.
+And let me plot that.
+
+That is a straight line
+relationship between iDS and vO.
+
+And so when vO is zero iDS is
+VS/RL.
+
+And when iDS is zero vO equals
+VS.
+
+Remember, vO and vDS are the
+same.
+
+So this is what I get.
+This is the straight line
+
+corresponding to equation B
+here.
+
+And, as before,
+we just find the point where
+
+the two intersect.
+Let's say I am given some value
+
+of vGS.
+And let's say I am given some
+
+known value of vDS.
+So for that I can go ahead and
+
+find out the corresponding value
+of iDS from this graph.
+
+Just as I told you when we did
+the expo dweeb stuff,
+
+this line here is called a load
+line.
+
+You will be seeing that again
+and again and again where we
+
+have the equation corresponding
+to the one shown here,
+
+the equation written for the
+output loop superimposed on the
+
+device characteristics.
+That's called a load line.
+
+So I can get this point
+corresponding to the operating
+
+point of the MOSFET for this
+iDS, vDS and vGS by using the
+
+graphical method.
+In the next lecture we are
+
+going to look at,
+given a device of this sort,
+
+how do we figure out the
+boundaries of valid operation so
+
+that the MOSFET stays in
+saturation?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nts_8ZLIxwo.txt b/Nts_8ZLIxwo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a931ad761db228b142731cedeb713d6ab021376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nts_8ZLIxwo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+great really great questions during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great really great questions during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great really great questions during the
+break so appreciate that Thanks so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so appreciate that Thanks so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break so appreciate that Thanks so this
+morning we started off with you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning we started off with you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning we started off with you know how
+airplanes fly and we talked Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes fly and we talked Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes fly and we talked Philip
+talked you through the aircraft systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked you through the aircraft systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked you through the aircraft systems
+and you know what what's going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what what's going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what what's going on inside
+an airplane that's helping that airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane that's helping that airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane that's helping that airplane
+function this afternoon we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this afternoon we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this afternoon we're really
+going to focus on navigation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on navigation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on navigation so we're
+going to talk about charts and airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about charts and airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about charts and airspace
+and we're going to talk about the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about the flight
+environment and and how you navigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and and how you navigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and and how you navigate
+through it so let's get started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so let's get started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so let's get started with
+charts and airspace so aeronautical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and airspace so aeronautical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts and airspace so aeronautical
+charts they kind of help you out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts they kind of help you out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts they kind of help you out with
+where you're going so there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going so there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going so there are actually
+a number of electronic charts so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of electronic charts so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of electronic charts so there
+are a couple websites so sky vector comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple websites so sky vector comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple websites so sky vector comm
+is a great website that shows these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great website that shows these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great website that shows these
+these charts there's a search bar so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charts there's a search bar so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charts there's a search bar so you
+can type in an airport for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type in an airport for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can type in an airport for example and
+it'll zoom right in to that chart you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll zoom right in to that chart you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll zoom right in to that chart you
+can also get some apps and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get some apps and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get some apps and I'm gonna
+pass around my iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around my iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around my iPad
+there is a program called for flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a program called for flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a program called for flight so
+how many people have used for flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have used for flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have used for flight
+before so just a handful of you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so just a handful of you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so just a handful of you so you
+know there are a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are a lot of different
+software and an Garmin has has a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and an Garmin has has a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and an Garmin has has a great
+software too not really recommending any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software too not really recommending any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software too not really recommending any
+over the other but this has just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the other but this has just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the other but this has just happens
+to be on my my iPad I take this with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on my my iPad I take this with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on my my iPad I take this with me
+when I go flying and so I have the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go flying and so I have the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go flying and so I have the app
+pulled up so you can basically move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up so you can basically move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up so you can basically move
+around and look at the the map and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and look at the the map and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and look at the the map and then
+I have a physical map that'll also pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a physical map that'll also pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a physical map that'll also pass
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is this particular map is a VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this particular map is a VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this particular map is a VFR
+sectional map so VFR is for visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional map so VFR is for visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional map so VFR is for visual
+flight rules as opposed to IFR which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules as opposed to IFR which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules as opposed to IFR which is
+instrument flight rules and we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rules and we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rules and we'll have a
+whole whole talk just on instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole talk just on instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole talk just on instrument
+flight rules later but for now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules later but for now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules later but for now when you
+start flying you start with visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start flying you start with visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start flying you start with visual
+flight rules which means that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules which means that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules which means that you you
+can look outside the airplane there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look outside the airplane there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look outside the airplane there are
+no clouds obscuring your view and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clouds obscuring your view and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clouds obscuring your view and so
+this is a very giant and unwieldy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very giant and unwieldy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very giant and unwieldy
+document to have in your plane while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document to have in your plane while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document to have in your plane while
+you're flying and so this is why I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying and so this is why I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying and so this is why I don't
+carry this in the plane and I instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this in the plane and I instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry this in the plane and I instead
+carry the iPad but this this sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the iPad but this this sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the iPad but this this sectional
+they're actually different parts across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually different parts across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually different parts across
+the US where there are very busy areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US where there are very busy areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US where there are very busy areas
+with lots of airports and so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of airports and so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of airports and so they have
+these sectional maps so a section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectional maps so a section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectional maps so a section of the
+United States and you can look look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and you can look look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and you can look look at
+those and so I'm going to pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and so I'm going to pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and so I'm going to pass this
+around and the as we talk through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the as we talk through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and the as we talk through the
+slides which zoom into various parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which zoom into various parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which zoom into various parts of
+this for you to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the I think the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the I think the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the I think the most important
+part of the sectional chart is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sectional chart is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sectional chart is the
+legend and it basically answers all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend and it basically answers all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend and it basically answers all the
+questions that you're gonna get on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you're gonna get on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you're gonna get on your
+exam about it we just help ask you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam about it we just help ask you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam about it we just help ask you what
+all of these different doohickeys are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different doohickeys are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different doohickeys are so
+we'll zoom into a particular part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll zoom into a particular part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll zoom into a particular part so
+this is about an airport so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about an airport so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about an airport so there's a
+lot of different data contain and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different data contain and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different data contain and it can
+be a little bit overwhelming so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit overwhelming so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit overwhelming so when you
+when you look at that that chunk of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at that that chunk of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at that that chunk of text
+and data you really can just look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data you really can just look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data you really can just look at a
+sectional charts legend to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional charts legend to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional charts legend to tell you what
+all of that means so so this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that means so so this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that means so so this is the the
+chunk of text numbers and letters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of text numbers and letters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of text numbers and letters that
+you would see on a sectional chart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see on a sectional chart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see on a sectional chart and
+then over here it explains what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here it explains what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over here it explains what they are
+so you can see what each thing is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see what each thing is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see what each thing is so so
+ADIS over here which it's nicely defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADIS over here which it's nicely defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADIS over here which it's nicely defined
+over here so you don't have to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you don't have to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you don't have to memorize
+anything automatic terminal information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything automatic terminal information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything automatic terminal information
+service the ATIS which is what provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the ATIS which is what provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the ATIS which is what provides
+weather information we'll have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information we'll have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information we'll have a whole
+talk just about weather information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk just about weather information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk just about weather information and
+radar coms and air traffic control but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar coms and air traffic control but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar coms and air traffic control but
+you can see here that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here that there's a
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+so that's telling you that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's telling you that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's telling you that in order to
+get the weather information for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the weather information for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the weather information for that
+particular Airport you turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Airport you turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Airport you turn to the
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one twenty three point eight
+and you can hear what the weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear what the weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hear what the weather is
+there's a lot of other data data on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other data data on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other data data on here
+so for example it tells you some autumn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it tells you some autumn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it tells you some autumn
+automated surface weather or a sauce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated surface weather or a sauce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated surface weather or a sauce one
+35.42 so you know that you can contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35.42 so you know that you can contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35.42 so you know that you can contact
+that frequency if you want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency if you want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency if you want to get the
+automated weather service so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated weather service so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated weather service so a lot of
+this this data is listed there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this data is listed there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this data is listed there so we
+won't go through everything because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through everything because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through everything because it
+is nicely defined in the legend another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely defined in the legend another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely defined in the legend another
+area we'll focus on or just what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we'll focus on or just what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we'll focus on or just what what do
+airports look like so over here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports look like so over here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports look like so over here is the
+part of the sectional that has Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sectional that has Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the sectional that has Boston
+Logan Airport so you see all these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan Airport so you see all these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan Airport so you see all these you
+know lines that are outlined in blue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lines that are outlined in blue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lines that are outlined in blue so
+if you look over at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look over at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look over at the
+legend it describes exactly what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend it describes exactly what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend it describes exactly what that
+means so having having these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so having having these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so having having these lines
+outlined in blue hard-surfaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in blue hard-surfaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in blue hard-surfaced
+runways greater than you know 8,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways greater than you know 8,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways greater than you know 8,000 feet
+and so it showed it just tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it showed it just tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it showed it just tells you
+exactly what that information is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that information is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what that information is and
+smaller airports with shorter runways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller airports with shorter runways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller airports with shorter runways
+have these circles with lines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these circles with lines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these circles with lines and the
+lines are generally trying to depict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are generally trying to depict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are generally trying to depict the
+runway and the so the line here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and the so the line here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and the so the line here will
+generally be aligned with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be aligned with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be aligned with what the
+direction of the runway is and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the runway is and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the runway is and when
+there are two lines that generally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two lines that generally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two lines that generally is
+representing two runways so this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing two runways so this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing two runways so this down
+here in the bottom right corner is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the bottom right corner is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the bottom right corner is a
+Hanscom or bedford and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom or bedford and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom or bedford and so you can see
+the two crossing runways here depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two crossing runways here depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two crossing runways here depicted
+here so continuing along there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so continuing along there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so continuing along there are also
+abandoned airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned airports
+so the actual airport has an X on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual airport has an X on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual airport has an X on it and
+then you'll also see this X through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll also see this X through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll also see this X through the
+circle to represent that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle to represent that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle to represent that it's an
+abandoned place so it still might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned place so it still might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned place so it still might be a
+good option if there's an emergency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good option if there's an emergency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good option if there's an emergency and
+you're really looking for a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really looking for a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really looking for a place to
+land but it's not a good idea if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land but it's not a good idea if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land but it's not a good idea if you
+have the ability to get to a functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to get to a functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to get to a functioning
+open airport where you know the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open airport where you know the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open airport where you know the runway
+is clear other information that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear other information that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear other information that is
+provided in these charts and sectionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in these charts and sectionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided in these charts and sectionals
+or whether or not fuel is available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether or not fuel is available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether or not fuel is available and
+what are the operating times of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the operating times of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the operating times of the
+tower because all that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower because all that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower because all that information
+changes very frequently those sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very frequently those sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very frequently those sectional
+charts have to be updated so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts have to be updated so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts have to be updated so that
+particular sectional that I'm passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sectional that I'm passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sectional that I'm passing
+around is out-of-date they get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is out-of-date they get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is out-of-date they get out of
+date very quickly for for flight you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date very quickly for for flight you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date very quickly for for flight you can
+download constantly download new apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download constantly download new apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download constantly download new apps
+new maps so before you fly you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new maps so before you fly you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new maps so before you fly you kind of
+download everything and it refreshes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download everything and it refreshes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download everything and it refreshes and
+then you have it good to go another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have it good to go another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have it good to go another
+thing that a sectional chart is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a sectional chart is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that a sectional chart is really
+good for is identifying obstacles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for is identifying obstacles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for is identifying obstacles so
+these are the kind of descriptions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of descriptions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of descriptions of a
+tower for example or more than one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower for example or more than one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower for example or more than one a
+group of instructive obstructions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of instructive obstructions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of instructive obstructions and so
+it kind of tells you that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of tells you that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of tells you that there's an
+obstruction so in the bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction so in the bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstruction so in the bottom right
+corner we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner we see
+there's a there's an obstruction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an obstruction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an obstruction right
+here with this little triangle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this little triangle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this little triangle and then
+it has two numbers so it has 796 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two numbers so it has 796 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two numbers so it has 796 and
+then it has parenthesis 335 now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has parenthesis 335 now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has parenthesis 335 now it
+explains in words what that means so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains in words what that means so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains in words what that means so the
+top number is the elevation above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top number is the elevation above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top number is the elevation above the
+mean sea level and then the the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sea level and then the the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sea level and then the the one in
+parentheses is the height above ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses is the height above ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses is the height above ground
+now the way I like to remember it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way I like to remember it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way I like to remember it it's a
+little bit morbid but it really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit morbid but it really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit morbid but it really helps
+you remember it is the number on top is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it is the number on top is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it is the number on top is
+the out is the altitude that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out is the altitude that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out is the altitude that will be
+indicated on your altimeter if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on your altimeter if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on your altimeter if you hit
+the top of the obstacle and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the obstacle and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the obstacle and then the
+number in parentheses is how far you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in parentheses is how far you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in parentheses is how far you'll
+fall to hit the ground so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall to hit the ground so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall to hit the ground so that's a good
+way of remembering what those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of remembering what those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of remembering what those two
+numbers are and what's the difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are and what's the difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are and what's the difference so
+any questions about sectional charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about sectional charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about sectional charts
+before I move on to airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on to airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I move on to airspace
+yes yes so the question was about blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the question was about blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the question was about blue
+versus red outlines that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus red outlines that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus red outlines that's in fact
+answered directly by different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered directly by different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered directly by different types of
+airspace so it's a great transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so it's a great transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so it's a great transition so
+I'll move straight into that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move straight into that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move straight into that so there
+are different types of airspace and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different types of airspace and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different types of airspace and they
+are labeled with these letters so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with these letters so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled with these letters so in
+aviation speak just to make sure we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation speak just to make sure we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation speak just to make sure we're
+being clear instead of saying B we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being clear instead of saying B we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being clear instead of saying B we say
+Bravo right because we don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo right because we don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo right because we don't want to get
+confused you say B or C or D so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you say B or C or D so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused you say B or C or D so you say
+Bravo so we have these different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo so we have these different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo so we have these different types
+of airspace so uncontrolled airspace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of airspace so uncontrolled airspace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of airspace so uncontrolled airspace is
+Class G or class of golf and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class G or class of golf and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class G or class of golf and then you
+have the controlled airspace so Class A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the controlled airspace so Class A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the controlled airspace so Class A
+Class bravo class charlie etc and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class bravo class charlie etc and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class bravo class charlie etc and then
+there's some special use airspace so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some special use airspace so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some special use airspace so the
+the short answer is the different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is the different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is the different colors
+of blue and purple represent different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blue and purple represent different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blue and purple represent different
+types of airspace as well at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of airspace as well at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of airspace as well at different
+different classes of airspace and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of airspace and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of airspace and can
+represent whether you're close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent whether you're close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent whether you're close to
+certain types of airports so the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of airports so the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of airports so the way to
+think about airspace although you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about airspace although you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about airspace although you see
+now there's a lot going on in this map I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot going on in this map I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a lot going on in this map I
+agree with you but they're a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you but they're a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you but they're a bunch of
+they're a bunch of circles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of circles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of circles that are
+going on well one thing to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on well one thing to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on well one thing to keep in mind
+is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you
+Circle is actually operating at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle is actually operating at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle is actually operating at a
+particular elevation and so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular elevation and so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular elevation and so one way to
+think about it is that airspace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is that airspace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is that airspace is
+three-dimensional and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional and a lot of people
+think about it as a as a wedding cake as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a as a wedding cake as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a as a wedding cake as
+an upside-down wedding cake and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upside-down wedding cake and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upside-down wedding cake and the
+reason they think about it that way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they think about it that way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they think about it that way is
+that usually around a particular airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually around a particular airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually around a particular airport
+like Boston Logan Airport there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Boston Logan Airport there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Boston Logan Airport there is a
+restricted airspace right they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted airspace right they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted airspace right they don't
+want you to just fly through because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just fly through because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just fly through because you
+could you know interfere with commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know interfere with commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know interfere with commercial
+traffic that's landing there so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that's landing there so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic that's landing there so they
+they want you to have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want you to have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want you to have certain
+restrictions when you're close to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions when you're close to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions when you're close to an
+airport so the reason it looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport so the reason it looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport so the reason it looks like an
+upside-down wedding cake is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside-down wedding cake is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside-down wedding cake is that when
+airplanes are being sequenced to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are being sequenced to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are being sequenced to come in
+they're usually at pretty high altitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually at pretty high altitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually at pretty high altitudes
+because they've been flying across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been flying across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been flying across the
+country so their restrictions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so their restrictions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so their restrictions on the
+airspace start high up so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace start high up so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace start high up so you can
+actually fly underneath the class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly underneath the class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly underneath the class the
+class Bravo airspace so if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo airspace so if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo airspace so if you if you're
+flying on this side so we showed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying on this side so we showed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying on this side so we showed kind of
+to the left you can be underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left you can be underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left you can be underneath the
+class Bravo airspace and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo airspace and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo airspace and the the
+restricted space can be above you but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted space can be above you but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted space can be above you but as
+you get closer to the airport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get closer to the airport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get closer to the airport the
+restricted airspace goes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted airspace goes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted airspace goes all the way
+down to the ground right to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the ground right to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the ground right to the surface
+so it touches the ground around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it touches the ground around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it touches the ground around the
+airport because that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport because that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport because that's what the
+airplanes are landing so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are landing so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes are landing so that's why
+there's it's like a layer of the wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's like a layer of the wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's like a layer of the wedding
+cake that is lower and lower until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake that is lower and lower until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake that is lower and lower until it
+touches the ground does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the ground does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the ground does that make sense
+great okay so here's the specific answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so here's the specific answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so here's the specific answer
+to the question you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question you were talking about
+there are all kinds of different lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of different lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of different lines
+what do they mean so if you see a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they mean so if you see a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they mean so if you see a solid
+blue line that represents class Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line that represents class Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line that represents class Bravo
+airspace so that's like the airspace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so that's like the airspace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so that's like the airspace and
+around Boston Logan Airport is class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Boston Logan Airport is class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Boston Logan Airport is class
+Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo
+so you'll see a solid blue line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see a solid blue line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see a solid blue line and the
+solid magenta line is class Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid magenta line is class Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid magenta line is class Charlie
+airspace which is first usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace which is first usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace which is first usually a
+slightly less busy airport we'll define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less busy airport we'll define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less busy airport we'll define
+it in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a moment
+but you might have seen other lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have seen other lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have seen other lines
+which are kind of these big fat kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are kind of these big fat kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are kind of these big fat kind of
+faded lines lower down and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded lines lower down and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faded lines lower down and so that
+really depends it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really depends it
+it usually is denoting some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually is denoting some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually is denoting some form of
+class II airspace and depending on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class II airspace and depending on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class II airspace and depending on where
+it is it refers to different it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it refers to different it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it refers to different it isn't
+affected different altitudes and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected different altitudes and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected different altitudes and we'll
+dive into those minimums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those minimums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into those minimums and
+descriptions in just a moment so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions in just a moment so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions in just a moment so let's
+start at the top at class a airspace so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the top at class a airspace so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the top at class a airspace so
+this is very high up pretty much as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very high up pretty much as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very high up pretty much as a as
+a private pilot in a single-engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private pilot in a single-engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private pilot in a single-engine
+airplane you're never going to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you're never going to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you're never going to encounter
+this class a airspace because it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class a airspace because it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class a airspace because it starts
+at 18,000 feet so it's pretty high up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 18,000 feet so it's pretty high up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 18,000 feet so it's pretty high up so
+pretty much all only Jets big jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all only Jets big jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all only Jets big jets
+commercial jets fly at that altitude in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets fly at that altitude in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets fly at that altitude in
+order to fly into that altitude you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fly into that altitude you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fly into that altitude you
+actually have to have your instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have your instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have your instrument
+flight rating and we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rating and we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rating and we're gonna have a
+whole lecture devoted just to instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture devoted just to instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture devoted just to instrument
+flight training but really what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight training but really what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight training but really what it means
+is that you could be flying through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you could be flying through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you could be flying through
+clouds where you can't see outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds where you can't see outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds where you can't see outside the
+airplane to avoid other airplanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid other airplanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid other airplanes and
+you're just relying on your instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just relying on your instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just relying on your instruments
+it requires also a lot more precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires also a lot more precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires also a lot more precision
+that you know when you say that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you say that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know when you say that you're
+at 20,000 feet you have to be at 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 20,000 feet you have to be at 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 20,000 feet you have to be at 20,000
+feet you can't drift off to 21,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you can't drift off to 21,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you can't drift off to 21,000 feet
+you have to stay put and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stay put and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to stay put and the reason is
+that when you're flying instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're flying instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're flying instrument
+you're relying on the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the air traffic
+controllers to sequence you and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers to sequence you and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers to sequence you and so they
+have multiple airplanes in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple airplanes in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple airplanes in the same
+space and there they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and there they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and there they're basically
+depending that you'll be able to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending that you'll be able to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending that you'll be able to hold
+the altitude that they give you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altitude that they give you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the altitude that they give you and the
+heading that they give you and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading that they give you and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading that they give you and then it
+might put another airplane relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might put another airplane relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might put another airplane relatively
+close to you but they know that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you but they know that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you but they know that you can
+both fly very well and accurately so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fly very well and accurately so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fly very well and accurately so
+you're not going to hit each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to hit each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to hit each other so
+they have all kinds of airplanes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all kinds of airplanes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all kinds of airplanes up in
+the class alpha or class a airspace in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class alpha or class a airspace in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class alpha or class a airspace in
+fact the pro tip is that most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the pro tip is that most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the pro tip is that most people
+just call it Class A even though you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it Class A even though you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it Class A even though you're
+supposed to say alpha we talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say alpha we talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say alpha we talked to
+Philip talked a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip talked a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip talked a little bit about the
+altimeter setting and how the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting and how the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting and how the actual
+altimeter setting can vary from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting can vary from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting can vary from where
+you are but didn't you have big jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are but didn't you have big jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are but didn't you have big jets
+that are traveling very quickly and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are traveling very quickly and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are traveling very quickly and they
+might cross multiple places with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cross multiple places with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cross multiple places with
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+altimeter settings in class a airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter settings in class a airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter settings in class a airspace
+you actually have everybody using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have everybody using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have everybody using the
+same altimeter setting 29.92 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same altimeter setting 29.92 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same altimeter setting 29.92 and that
+way everybody is is viewing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way everybody is is viewing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way everybody is is viewing the same
+altitude as the other person at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude as the other person at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude as the other person at the same
+height so that everyone can make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so that everyone can make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so that everyone can make sure
+not to hit each other and when everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit each other and when everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit each other and when everyone
+when anyone is supposed to be at 18000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when anyone is supposed to be at 18000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when anyone is supposed to be at 18000
+they're there at the same altitude as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there at the same altitude as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there at the same altitude as
+the people around them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people around them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people around them okay
+the next is class Bravo this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next is class Bravo this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next is class Bravo this is a lot
+more relevant to something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant to something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant to something that you
+might encounter so this is right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter so this is right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might encounter so this is right around
+over here it's right around Boston Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's right around Boston Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's right around Boston Logan
+Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport
+we heard meenakshi talk about her time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard meenakshi talk about her time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard meenakshi talk about her time
+talking to JFK the kennedy tower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to JFK the kennedy tower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to JFK the kennedy tower right
+around new york all of the busy airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around new york all of the busy airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around new york all of the busy airports
+have class bravo so the way to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have class bravo so the way to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have class bravo so the way to remember
+Bravo as Bravo is busiest to the busiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo as Bravo is busiest to the busiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo as Bravo is busiest to the busiest
+airports or class Bravo there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports or class Bravo there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports or class Bravo there's you
+actually have to have an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have an explicit
+clearance to enter someone has to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance to enter someone has to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance to enter someone has to say
+you're cleared through the Bravo if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cleared through the Bravo if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cleared through the Bravo if they
+don't tell you you're clear through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you you're clear through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you you're clear through the
+Bravo you're not allowed to enter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo you're not allowed to enter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo you're not allowed to enter that
+airspace you actually can't fly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace you actually can't fly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace you actually can't fly you know
+even after you get your solo and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you get your solo and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after you get your solo and you're
+a student pilot you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student pilot you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student pilot you have to have a
+specific endorsement again endorsement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific endorsement again endorsement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific endorsement again endorsement
+is a signature by your instructor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a signature by your instructor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a signature by your instructor that
+says you're allowed to enter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're allowed to enter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're allowed to enter that
+particular airspace your aircraft also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airspace your aircraft also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airspace your aircraft also
+requires specific equipment and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires specific equipment and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires specific equipment and in
+particular it needs a mode C transponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it needs a mode C transponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it needs a mode C transponder
+which basically helps to identify more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically helps to identify more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically helps to identify more
+accurately where the aircraft is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately where the aircraft is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately where the aircraft is and
+then we talked about this upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about this upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about this upside down
+wedding cake so typically right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedding cake so typically right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedding cake so typically right in the
+middle of the wedding cake right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the wedding cake right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the wedding cake right around
+the airport it's from the surface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport it's from the surface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport it's from the surface to
+10,000 feet but it goes out wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 feet but it goes out wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 feet but it goes out wider
+starting at a higher altitude so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a higher altitude so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a higher altitude so right
+here near Logan Airport for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near Logan Airport for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here near Logan Airport for example
+there are parts of it where the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parts of it where the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parts of it where the class
+Bravo doesn't start until 3,000 feet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo doesn't start until 3,000 feet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo doesn't start until 3,000 feet so
+if you fly at 2,500 feet you can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you fly at 2,500 feet you can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you fly at 2,500 feet you can fly
+right underneath the class Bravo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath the class Bravo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath the class Bravo you
+don't have to get clearance to fly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to get clearance to fly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to get clearance to fly there
+and as and if you accidentally fly too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as and if you accidentally fly too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as and if you accidentally fly too
+high and and you go through that 3000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and and you go through that 3000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and and you go through that 3000
+foot barrier it's called busting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot barrier it's called busting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot barrier it's called busting the
+Bravo and you're in big trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo and you're in big trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo and you're in big trouble and
+don't do that okay so this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that okay so this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that okay so this is again
+Boston Logan Airport is right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Logan Airport is right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Logan Airport is right in the
+middle and then the Rings go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then the Rings go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then the Rings go
+it showed the different rising altitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it showed the different rising altitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it showed the different rising altitudes
+so how do you know what the altitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you know what the altitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you know what the altitude is
+so right right in the center see it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right right in the center see it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right right in the center see it has
+70 and then a line that says SFC so SFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 and then a line that says SFC so SFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 and then a line that says SFC so SFC
+means surface so right in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means surface so right in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means surface so right in the center of
+the circle it goes down to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle it goes down to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle it goes down to the surface
+and then you see now the number change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see now the number change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see now the number change
+to 20 so you can go up to 2,000 feet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 so you can go up to 2,000 feet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 so you can go up to 2,000 feet and
+out here 30 so that means if you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here 30 so that means if you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here 30 so that means if you're at
+3,000 3,000 feet up to 7,000 feet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 3,000 feet up to 7,000 feet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 3,000 feet up to 7,000 feet is
+where the restriction is below 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the restriction is below 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the restriction is below 3,000
+feet you're okay okay so now is class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you're okay okay so now is class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you're okay okay so now is class
+charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charlie
+so there are also busy airports but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also busy airports but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also busy airports but
+they're not quite as busy as the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite as busy as the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite as busy as the class
+Bravo Airport so for example Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo Airport so for example Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo Airport so for example Manchester
+New Hampshire Providence Rhode Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire Providence Rhode Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire Providence Rhode Island
+here you're required to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're required to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're required to establish
+two-way radio communication where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way radio communication where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way radio communication where they
+actually know the tail number of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the tail number of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the tail number of your
+aircraft so every aircraft has a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so every aircraft has a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so every aircraft has a number
+if it's a US aircraft it usually has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a US aircraft it usually has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a US aircraft it usually has an
+N or November at the beginning so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N or November at the beginning so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N or November at the beginning so you
+know November 5 3 5 you know alpha Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know November 5 3 5 you know alpha Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know November 5 3 5 you know alpha Bravo
+and so you actually have to say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you actually have to say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you actually have to say what's
+your tail number is so and then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tail number is so and then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tail number is so and then in this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+8:08 whiskey Tango but if you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:08 whiskey Tango but if you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:08 whiskey Tango but if you just say
+you know I'm an aircraft five miles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm an aircraft five miles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm an aircraft five miles to
+the south they don't know you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south they don't know you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south they don't know you they
+haven't identified you in particular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't identified you in particular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't identified you in particular so
+that doesn't count as establishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't count as establishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't count as establishing the
+two-way communication but once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way communication but once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way communication but once you have
+established two-way communication with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established two-way communication with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established two-way communication with
+the with the controller you can enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the controller you can enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the controller you can enter
+without a specific clearance to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a specific clearance to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a specific clearance to enter
+the class charlie airspace so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class charlie airspace so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class charlie airspace so here's a
+an example of that so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that so we have the
+airport in the middle and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport in the middle and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport in the middle and now we have
+magenta lines instead of blue lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta lines instead of blue lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta lines instead of blue lines
+because it's a class charlie airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a class charlie airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a class charlie airspace
+instead of class Bravo airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so class Delta one of the the airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so class Delta one of the the airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so class Delta one of the the airports
+we've been talking about Hanscom also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about Hanscom also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about Hanscom also
+known as bedford is a class delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as bedford is a class delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as bedford is a class delta
+airport and so so here you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport and so so here you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport and so so here you have to
+establish to a radio communication as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish to a radio communication as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish to a radio communication as
+well it's it's indicated by a dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's indicated by a dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's it's indicated by a dashed
+blue line so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line so this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line so this is an example of
+Worcester Airport and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worcester Airport and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worcester Airport and you can see the
+dashed blue circle around the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now class Class E airspace is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now class Class E airspace is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now class Class E airspace is when
+you start getting a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting a little complicated
+so it's not necessarily related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not necessarily related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not necessarily related to a
+particular airport and it really applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airport and it really applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airport and it really applies
+to just other controlled airspace around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just other controlled airspace around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just other controlled airspace around
+and the the reason that they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the reason that they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the reason that they have this
+airspace is to define certain weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace is to define certain weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace is to define certain weather
+restrictions so how close and far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so how close and far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions so how close and far you
+can be from clouds what the visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be from clouds what the visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be from clouds what the visibility
+needs to be in order for you to fly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in order for you to fly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in order for you to fly in
+these environments so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these environments so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these environments so it can be
+indicated in a lot of different ways it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in a lot of different ways it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in a lot of different ways it
+gets very confusing so we have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very confusing so we have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very confusing so we have both
+magenta blurry lines and and blue blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta blurry lines and and blue blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta blurry lines and and blue blurry
+lines and the legend of course is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the legend of course is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the legend of course is your
+friend it defines exactly what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend it defines exactly what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend it defines exactly what it means
+and and why it's a different color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why it's a different color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why it's a different color and
+you can see those throughout so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see those throughout so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see those throughout so
+sometimes like when we were flying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like when we were flying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like when we were flying to
+Bar Harbor as we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar Harbor as we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar Harbor as we talked about earlier
+along the coastline you might see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the coastline you might see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the coastline you might see those
+restrictions or around a small airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions or around a small airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions or around a small airport
+so now let's zoom back out this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's zoom back out this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's zoom back out this big
+picture you might see a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you might see a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you might see a whole bunch of
+things going on on the sectionals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on on the sectionals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on on the sectionals that
+are coming around the room it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming around the room it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming around the room it looks very
+complicated but but now you kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but but now you kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but but now you kind of know
+that the what the little dots mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what the little dots mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what the little dots mean you
+also see some yellow the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see some yellow the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see some yellow the yellow
+indicates a congested area so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a congested area so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates a congested area so there
+might be like dense population over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like dense population over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like dense population over
+there so that's relevant because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's relevant because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's relevant because you're
+not supposed to fly low over a congested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to fly low over a congested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to fly low over a congested
+area but it's also helpful when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it's also helpful when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but it's also helpful when you're
+flying around to identify where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around to identify where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around to identify where you are
+that okay I'm over a city versus them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm over a city versus them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm over a city versus them
+over just some some fields there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just some some fields there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over just some some fields there are
+also Airways on those section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Airways on those section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Airways on those section
+and maps being passed around which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps being passed around which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps being passed around which are
+indicated by these kind of blue lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by these kind of blue lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by these kind of blue lines
+with an arrow on it with a heading so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow on it with a heading so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow on it with a heading so
+what I mean by heading is like it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by heading is like it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by heading is like it says
+one three two degrees and so these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three two degrees and so these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three two degrees and so these these
+Airways are our places that sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airways are our places that sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airways are our places that sometimes an
+airplane gets told to follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane gets told to follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane gets told to follow a
+particular airway might be the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airway might be the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular airway might be the fastest
+way to get from one place to another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from one place to another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from one place to another so
+here's an example of an airway on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of an airway on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of an airway on the
+sectional you can see these blue lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional you can see these blue lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional you can see these blue lines
+kind of cutting across and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cutting across and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cutting across and then another
+relatively confusing airspaces is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively confusing airspaces is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively confusing airspaces is this
+classic Gulf airspace and it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Gulf airspace and it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Gulf airspace and it basically
+is uncontrolled airspace you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncontrolled airspace you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncontrolled airspace you can do
+whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want
+you might see this over a desert you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see this over a desert you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see this over a desert you
+won't see any of this in the Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see any of this in the Northeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't see any of this in the Northeast
+there are too many airports and too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many airports and too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many airports and too many
+things going on but in the in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on but in the in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on but in the in the middle
+of the country or in certain places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country or in certain places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country or in certain places that
+are not as populated you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as populated you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as populated you'll see this
+uncontrolled airspace and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled airspace and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncontrolled airspace and you can do
+whatever you want so the memory aid here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so the memory aid here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so the memory aid here
+is golf means go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is golf means go for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is golf means go for it
+so here's the summary so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the summary so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the summary so this is the
+class Bravo is that upside down wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo is that upside down wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Bravo is that upside down wedding
+cake and then you get the class charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake and then you get the class charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake and then you get the class charlie
+class Delta and then class year is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Delta and then class year is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class Delta and then class year is kind
+of everywhere that doesn't have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everywhere that doesn't have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everywhere that doesn't have other
+restrictions and then class golf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions and then class golf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions and then class golf is
+unrestricted now each of those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted now each of those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted now each of those types of
+airspace so a B C D they all have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so a B C D they all have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace so a B C D they all have some
+specific requirements associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements associated with
+them so for example we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so for example we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so for example we talked about in
+class a airspace you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a airspace you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a airspace you have to be
+instrument-rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated
+in Class B airspace you might need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Class B airspace you might need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Class B airspace you might need to
+get a class Bravo airspace you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a class Bravo airspace you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a class Bravo airspace you might
+need to get a special endorsement to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a special endorsement to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a special endorsement to be
+able to fly there then the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fly there then the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fly there then the entry
+requirements so classic golf is go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so classic golf is go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements so classic golf is go for
+it you can fly in plastic golf airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can fly in plastic golf airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can fly in plastic golf airspace
+without talking to anyone about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking to anyone about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking to anyone about anything
+you just take off and you fly where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take off and you fly where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take off and you fly where as
+we talked about for example class Bravo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about for example class Bravo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about for example class Bravo
+where you need explicit clearance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need explicit clearance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need explicit clearance to
+enter the airspace and then come all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the airspace and then come all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the airspace and then come all of
+the the visibility or minimums as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the visibility or minimums as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the visibility or minimums as I
+talked about these are prime candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these are prime candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about these are prime candidates
+for the FAA exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the FAA exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the FAA exam
+they're just things you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just things you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just things you basically have
+to have to remember so class a airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to remember so class a airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to remember so class a airspace
+you already have to have an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have to have an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have to have an instrument
+rating which means hey there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating which means hey there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating which means hey there can be
+instrument conditions which means it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument conditions which means it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument conditions which means it can
+be cloudy you could be flying in a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cloudy you could be flying in a cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cloudy you could be flying in a cloud
+so there's no specific visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no specific visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no specific visibility
+requirement there could be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement there could be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement there could be zero
+visibility and you could be flying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and you could be flying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and you could be flying so
+that's why it says n/a for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it says n/a for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it says n/a for all of the
+the class-a visibility but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class-a visibility but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class-a visibility but on the other
+ones there are some more restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there are some more restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones there are some more restrictions
+and so they might you know want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they might you know want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they might you know want to you
+know for example when you're in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example when you're in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example when you're in class
+Bravo airspace you have to remain clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo airspace you have to remain clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo airspace you have to remain clear
+of clouds the reason that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clouds the reason that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clouds the reason that they don't
+have a more stringent restriction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more stringent restriction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more stringent restriction you
+know that you have to be a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to be a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to be a thousand
+miles away from a cloud is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away from a cloud is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away from a cloud is because
+they're really watching everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really watching everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really watching everybody in
+that airspace and moving them around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airspace and moving them around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that airspace and moving them around so
+they can they can generally make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can generally make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can generally make sure
+that there isn't an airplane in a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't an airplane in a cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't an airplane in a cloud
+that's about to pop out and hit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about to pop out and hit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about to pop out and hit you
+you're already aware of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already aware of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already aware of all the other
+aircraft whereas when you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft whereas when you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft whereas when you have less
+control and they're not air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and they're not air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and they're not air traffic
+controllers necessarily talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers necessarily talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers necessarily talking to
+everyone they want to give they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone they want to give they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone they want to give they want to
+make you stay farther away from a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you stay farther away from a cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you stay farther away from a cloud
+because if you're in a cloud if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're in a cloud if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're in a cloud if you're
+near a cloud you may not see an aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a cloud you may not see an aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a cloud you may not see an aircraft
+it's on the other side of the cloud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the other side of the cloud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the other side of the cloud and
+then you know you could have a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you could have a collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you could have a collision
+so there's also a fair amount of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a fair amount of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also a fair amount of special
+use airspace so there's their restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use airspace so there's their restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use airspace so there's their restricted
+areas a lot of the restricted areas oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas a lot of the restricted areas oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas a lot of the restricted areas oh
+yes go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great question how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question how do you know
+how far you are from a cloud there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you are from a cloud there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you are from a cloud there's no
+good way to know you're just supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to know you're just supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to know you're just supposed to
+guesstimate really by looking outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesstimate really by looking outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesstimate really by looking outside
+the window and looking at the cloud if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and looking at the cloud if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and looking at the cloud if
+you're near an airport and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're near an airport and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're near an airport and then you
+might know what the runway length is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what the runway length is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what the runway length is so
+you can use that to kind of gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that to kind of gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that to kind of gauge
+distances but there isn't a there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances but there isn't a there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances but there isn't a there isn't
+a hard and fast rule of knowing how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard and fast rule of knowing how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard and fast rule of knowing how far
+you are from a cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well clear of clouds is really easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clear of clouds is really easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well clear of clouds is really easy you
+just don't go in the cloud there I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't go in the cloud there I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't go in the cloud there I would
+say there's not a very good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's not a very good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's not a very good way of
+knowing whether you're a thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing whether you're a thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing whether you're a thousand feet
+or 2,000 feet away from a cloud in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2,000 feet away from a cloud in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2,000 feet away from a cloud in
+general I use those as guidance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I use those as guidance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I use those as guidance that
+okay I should I should basically stay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should I should basically stay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should I should basically stay as
+far away from the clouds as possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the clouds as possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the clouds as possible so
+if there's a cloud near me I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a cloud near me I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a cloud near me I'll I'll
+turn off course whereas if it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off course whereas if it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off course whereas if it's just
+clear of clouds I'm willing to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of clouds I'm willing to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of clouds I'm willing to come
+right underneath that cloud good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath that cloud good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right underneath that cloud good good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay so restricted area so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so restricted area so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so restricted area so some
+restricted areas restricted areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted areas restricted areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted areas restricted areas are
+either hot or on or there or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hot or on or there or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hot or on or there or they're
+cold and they're not active so you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and they're not active so you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and they're not active so you only
+have to avoid a restricted area if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to avoid a restricted area if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to avoid a restricted area if it's
+hot so if you're already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so if you're already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so if you're already in
+communication with air traffic control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with air traffic control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with air traffic control
+you can just ask them if a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just ask them if a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just ask them if a particular
+restricted area is active or not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted area is active or not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted area is active or not there
+are also some prohibited areas like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also some prohibited areas like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also some prohibited areas like over
+presidents houses and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents houses and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents houses and then there are
+temporary flight restrictions or TFRs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary flight restrictions or TFRs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary flight restrictions or TFRs
+and they can be very complicated we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be very complicated we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be very complicated we'll
+talk about a couple in particular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a couple in particular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a couple in particular so
+around a stadium you're not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a stadium you're not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a stadium you're not supposed to
+fly there around Disneyworld you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly there around Disneyworld you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly there around Disneyworld you're not
+supposed to fly low over Disneyworld and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to fly low over Disneyworld and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to fly low over Disneyworld and
+sometimes if the president is traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if the president is traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if the president is traveling
+somewhere there'll be a temporary flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there'll be a temporary flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there'll be a temporary flight
+restriction and might just it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction and might just it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction and might just it might not
+tell you that it's the president might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that it's the president might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that it's the president might
+just say you know a VIP is in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you know a VIP is in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you know a VIP is in the area
+so you're not allowed to to fly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not allowed to to fly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not allowed to to fly and then
+there's certain areas that you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain areas that you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain areas that you just have
+to proceed with caution but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed with caution but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed with caution but you're
+allowed to enter so alert areas military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to enter so alert areas military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to enter so alert areas military
+operation areas and other warning areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation areas and other warning areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation areas and other warning areas
+so you just want to be alert especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just want to be alert especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just want to be alert especially
+alert when you're in those spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert when you're in those spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert when you're in those spaces and
+then again you have a whole bunch more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you have a whole bunch more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you have a whole bunch more
+blue and magenta lines that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and magenta lines that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and magenta lines that mean
+different things that basically describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that basically describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that basically describe
+all of the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different types of
+environments that we talked about so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that we talked about so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that we talked about so I
+think the one you're most likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the one you're most likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the one you're most likely to
+encounter is this one that's very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter is this one that's very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter is this one that's very close
+to two Minuteman Airport so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Minuteman Airport so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Minuteman Airport so this is
+really just west of Hanscom there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just west of Hanscom there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just west of Hanscom there's a
+there's a small area there it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small area there it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small area there it's not
+usually active but if it is it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually active but if it is it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually active but if it is it's one
+that you want to keep an eye out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to keep an eye out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to keep an eye out and
+then we talked about TFRs the temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about TFRs the temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about TFRs the temporary
+flight restrictions there some that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight restrictions there some that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight restrictions there some that are
+unpublished so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished so over
+stadiums or over football games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadiums or over football games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stadiums or over football games
+sometimes you won't see those published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you won't see those published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you won't see those published
+in advance but in general it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance but in general it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance but in general it's a good
+idea to be aware when you're going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to be aware when you're going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to be aware when you're going over
+a stadium not to be too low over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stadium not to be too low over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stadium not to be too low over it
+there are a lot of different resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different resources
+to dive in we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive in we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive in we already talked about
+skyvector their Hut a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyvector their Hut a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyvector their Hut a bunch of different
+options here and we're seeing that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options here and we're seeing that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options here and we're seeing that going
+around just so I can see where it is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just so I can see where it is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just so I can see where it is who
+has the iPad that made its way pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the iPad that made its way pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the iPad that made its way pretty
+far and then the sectional I see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and then the sectional I see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and then the sectional I see over
+there so we'll keep it passing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we'll keep it passing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we'll keep it passing around
+all and all afternoon so just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and all afternoon so just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and all afternoon so just a couple
+practice questions to keep us on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice questions to keep us on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice questions to keep us on our
+toes which which statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes which which statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes which which statement about
+longitude and latitude is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a B or C shout it out B all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a B or C shout it out B all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a B or C shout it out B all
+right that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's correct
+one one rule I have a thumb that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one rule I have a thumb that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one rule I have a thumb that helps
+me is that meaning of longitude versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that meaning of longitude versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that meaning of longitude versus
+latitude which one goes in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude which one goes in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude which one goes in which
+direction latitude is horizontal and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction latitude is horizontal and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction latitude is horizontal and I
+think of latitude sounds like FATA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of latitude sounds like FATA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of latitude sounds like FATA
+two-door being fat how your horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-door being fat how your horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-door being fat how your horizontal
+so anyway longitude are the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway longitude are the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway longitude are the vertical
+lines so they cross the equator at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so they cross the equator at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so they cross the equator at right
+angles so I'll leave this to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles so I'll leave this to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles so I'll leave this to somebody
+that has a sectional or has seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a sectional or has seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a sectional or has seen the
+sectional let's see if you can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional let's see if you can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional let's see if you can answer
+this question referring to one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question referring to one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question referring to one of those
+legends oh that's great so in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legends oh that's great so in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legends oh that's great so in the back
+we got another way of remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got another way of remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got another way of remembering
+latitude so he said latitude sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude so he said latitude sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude so he said latitude sounds like
+a ladder so it looks like steps of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder so it looks like steps of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ladder so it looks like steps of a
+ladder so that's why they're horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder so that's why they're horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder so that's why they're horizontal
+that's a great great idea Thanks yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great great idea Thanks yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great great idea Thanks yeah so
+that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that
+longitude goes the long way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude goes the long way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude goes the long way around
+whereas latitude sometimes especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas latitude sometimes especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas latitude sometimes especially at
+the poles is shorter good at very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles is shorter good at very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles is shorter good at very good
+ones Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll ask the I guess the third of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll ask the I guess the third of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll ask the I guess the third of you
+the the 30 or 40 or so of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 30 or 40 or so of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 30 or 40 or so of you who have
+already seen the sectional to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the sectional to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the sectional to be the
+ones to guess this one so a B or C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to guess this one so a B or C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to guess this one so a B or C C
+alright good job very good so these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright good job very good so these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright good job very good so these you
+know if you take a look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take a look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take a look at the the
+legend on those maps for the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend on those maps for the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend on those maps for the rest of you
+as it comes around it should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes around it should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes around it should be more
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NuY7szYSXSw.txt b/NuY7szYSXSw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4290767a2376417488db3fbf0e667c6c74413522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NuY7szYSXSw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so welcome to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so welcome to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so welcome to this
+week um we're going to talk about number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um we're going to talk about number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week um we're going to talk about number
+Theory actually before I forget there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory actually before I forget there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory actually before I forget there
+are some handouts at the very back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some handouts at the very back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some handouts at the very back so
+please raise your hand if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please raise your hand if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please raise your hand if you don't have
+any then one of us can actually come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any then one of us can actually come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any then one of us can actually come
+over and hand you out uh this sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and hand you out uh this sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and hand you out uh this sheet
+which contains some facts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains some facts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains some facts about the
+visibility thanks a lot and um we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility thanks a lot and um we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility thanks a lot and um we will
+be using these throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using these throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using these throughout the
+lecture so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so today we're going to talk
+about number Theory and this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number Theory and this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number Theory and this is a really
+different way of thinking actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking actually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking actually but
+we will use the same Concepts as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use the same Concepts as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use the same Concepts as you
+have learned before like indu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned before like indu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned before like indu and
+invariance stuff like that to prove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance stuff like that to prove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance stuff like that to prove all
+theorems so what is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory well first of all it's a very old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory well first of all it's a very old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory well first of all it's a very old
+science one of the oldest mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science one of the oldest mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science one of the oldest mathematical
+disciplines and uh only recently it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and uh only recently it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and uh only recently it
+actually got to have some more practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to have some more practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to have some more practical
+applications so what is number Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so what is number Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so what is number Theory
+it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+of the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what are the integers well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the integers well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the integers well these are
+the numbers 0 1 2 3 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 0 1 2 3 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 0 1 2 3 and so
+on so number Theory got uh oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so number Theory got uh oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so number Theory got uh oh there's
+some more over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more over
+here another hand out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so number Theory uh got uh uh used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so number Theory uh got uh uh used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so number Theory uh got uh uh used
+actually in cryptography only about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in cryptography only about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in cryptography only about uh
+40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years
+ago and uh at the end of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh at the end of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and uh at the end of the second
+lecture we we will be talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we we will be talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we we will be talking about uh
+this application into cryptography there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application into cryptography there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application into cryptography there
+are many application in in cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many application in in cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many application in in cryptography
+but we will be talking about one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will be talking about one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will be talking about one of them
+to show you how useful this actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how useful this actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how useful this actually is
+now cryptography is uh the study and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cryptography is uh the study and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cryptography is uh the study and uh
+practice of hiding numbers and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of hiding numbers and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of hiding numbers and you can
+imagine how important that is um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how important that is um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how important that is um we have
+uh like medical data that we need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like medical data that we need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like medical data that we need to uh
+store outside in the cloud right so gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store outside in the cloud right so gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store outside in the cloud right so gee
+do do we really want that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do we really want that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do we really want that we actually
+want to hide our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide our
+information we do not want others who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we do not want others who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we do not want others who
+are not allowed to see my private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowed to see my private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowed to see my private
+information to see it so this art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to see it so this art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to see it so this art of
+hiding information is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding information is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding information is extremely
+important especially nowadays and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially nowadays and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important especially nowadays and number
+Theory actually will help us with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory actually will help us with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory actually will help us with it so
+number Theory uh is uh something you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Theory uh is uh something you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Theory uh is uh something you'll
+be very surprised that can be used to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very surprised that can be used to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very surprised that can be used to um
+to save uh oops I have to put this on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save uh oops I have to put this on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save uh oops I have to put this on to
+save New York City in die heart number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save New York City in die heart number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save New York City in die heart number
+three I believe so let me start up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I believe so let me start up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I believe so let me start up again
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's see where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plays maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not yeah go let's go ahead and grab it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah go let's go ahead and grab it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah go let's go ahead and grab it
+you're the cop Sim how you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the cop Sim how you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the cop Sim how you're supposed
+to be helping with this I'm helping when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be helping with this I'm helping when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be helping with this I'm helping when
+you going to start helping after you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to start helping after you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to start helping after you get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bomb careful be careful don't open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb careful be careful don't open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb careful be careful don't open it
+what I got to open it and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I got to open it and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I got to open it and it's going to
+be all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ I told you not to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I Tri to see the message it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I Tri to see the message it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I Tri to see the message it has a
+proximity circuit so please don't drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity circuit so please don't drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity circuit so please don't drop
+yeah I I got it we're not going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I got it we're not going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I got it we're not going to run
+now we turn this thing off on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we turn this thing off on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we turn this thing off on the
+fountain they should should be two jugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain they should should be two jugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fountain they should should be two jugs
+do you see them a 5 gallon and a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see them a 5 gallon and a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see them a 5 gallon and a three
+gallon fill one of the jugs with exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon fill one of the jugs with exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon fill one of the jugs with exactly
+four gallons of water and place it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons of water and place it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons of water and place it on
+the scale and the timer will stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale and the timer will stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale and the timer will stop you
+must be precise 1 o or more or less will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be precise 1 o or more or less will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be precise 1 o or more or less will
+result in detonation if you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in detonation if you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in detonation if you're still
+alive in 5 minutes we'll speak wait wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in 5 minutes we'll speak wait wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive in 5 minutes we'll speak wait wait
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second I don't get it you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I don't get it you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I don't get it you get it
+no get the jugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously we can't fill the three gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can't fill the three gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we can't fill the three gallon
+jug with four gallons of water right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug with four gallons of water right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug with four gallons of water right
+obviously all right I know there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously all right I know there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously all right I know there we go
+we fill the three gallon jug exactly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill the three gallon jug exactly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill the three gallon jug exactly to
+the top right uhhuh okay now we pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right uhhuh okay now we pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right uhhuh okay now we pour
+that three gallons into the 5 Gall jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three gallons into the 5 Gall jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three gallons into the 5 Gall jug
+giving us exactly 3 gallons in the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us exactly 3 gallons in the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us exactly 3 gallons in the 5
+gallon jug right right then what now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug right right then what now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug right right then what now
+take the three gallon jug fill it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the three gallon jug fill it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the three gallon jug fill it a
+third of the way up no he said be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the way up no he said be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the way up no he said be
+precise exactly po G coping 50 mil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise exactly po G coping 50 mil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise exactly po G coping 50 mil is
+running his ass off and I'm out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running his ass off and I'm out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running his ass off and I'm out here
+playing kids games in the park hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing kids games in the park hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing kids games in the park hey
+you want to focus on the problem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand all right you can imagine what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all right you can imagine what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all right you can imagine what we
+are going to do right here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do right here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do right here right
+so you can imagine what's below this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine what's below this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine what's below this
+table that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bump you guys have to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump you guys have to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump you guys have to save
+6042 so we have the fountain here each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 so we have the fountain here each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 so we have the fountain here each
+tennis ball is one gallon of water we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball is one gallon of water we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis ball is one gallon of water we
+have a big jug five gallons and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big jug five gallons and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big jug five gallons and three
+gallons so y all got to help me out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons so y all got to help me out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons so y all got to help me out here
+so who is an idea of what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all right let's let's first do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right let's let's first do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right let's let's first do that
+fill up the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill up the three
+gallon let's pour it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon let's pour it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon let's pour it in
+five maybe someone else can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five maybe someone else can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five maybe someone else can uh can
+continue over there uh if we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue over there uh if we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue over there uh if we do the same
+again we'll end up with just one gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll end up with just one gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll end up with just one gallon
+in the three gallon ahuh so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the three gallon ahuh so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the three gallon ahuh so let's do
+that because it's true right we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's true right we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's true right we can uh
+only fill it up to five gallons so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fill it up to five gallons so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fill it up to five gallons so only
+at most two gallons can add to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most two gallons can add to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most two gallons can add to this
+exactly two gallons or one gallon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two gallons or one gallon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two gallons or one gallon is
+left all right next one you like to out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right next one you like to out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right next one you like to out
+five take out the five all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five take out the five all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five take out the five all
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right and then what put the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here then fill the three gallon and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then fill the three gallon and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then fill the three gallon and put
+it into the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the five
+all right that's great and I fill it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's great and I fill it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's great and I fill it up
+right here fantastic so we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here fantastic so we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here fantastic so we actually have
+four gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons
+here and luckily we are saved right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and luckily we are saved right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and luckily we are saved right so
+you you saved thank God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saved thank God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you saved thank God
+6042 H so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 H so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6042 H so we can
+continue um so this is actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue um so this is actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue um so this is actually uh
+pretty amazing though how can we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing though how can we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing though how can we get
+four gallons out of a three gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons out of a three gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four gallons out of a three gallon jug
+and a five gallon jug and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a five gallon jug and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a five gallon jug and that's what we
+are going to talk about in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about in more
+generality actually and um if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality actually and um if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality actually and um if you would
+just change it a little bit right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change it a little bit right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change it a little bit right then
+things would get more difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would get more difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would get more difficult for
+example if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you would
+change the five gallon jug into a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the five gallon jug into a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the five gallon jug into a six
+gallon jug can we still get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug can we still get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug can we still get four
+gallons no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not everything has to be multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything has to be multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everything has to be multiples of
+three that's exactly right uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's exactly right uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's exactly right uh this is a
+multiple of three 1 * 3 this is 2 * 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of three 1 * 3 this is 2 * 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of three 1 * 3 this is 2 * 3 so
+if I do combinations with those like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do combinations with those like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do combinations with those like
+pouring one into the other completely or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring one into the other completely or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring one into the other completely or
+emptying or filling up we always will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying or filling up we always will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying or filling up we always will
+have a multiple of three gallons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiple of three gallons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiple of three gallons in
+either one of those or both so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of those or both so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of those or both so it can
+never have four gallons so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have four gallons so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have four gallons so this is
+something uh that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that we would like to
+analyze a little bit more and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a little bit more and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a little bit more and to do that
+we're going to first of all uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to first of all uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to first of all uh start
+with the definition actually you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definition actually you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definition actually you can put
+up the screen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so let me take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out uh can someone up there uh pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh can someone up there uh pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh can someone up there uh pull up
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+screen Maybe not maybe later all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen Maybe not maybe later all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen Maybe not maybe later all right
+so let's go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+um we say and denote by m and a bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say and denote by m and a bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say and denote by m and a bar and
+a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we
+mean M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean M
+divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides
+a and how how do we Define this well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and how how do we Define this well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and how how do we Define this well we
+say that M divides a if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that M divides a if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that M divides a if and only
+if there exists an integer K such that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists an integer K such that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists an integer K such that a
+can be written as a multiple of M namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as a multiple of M namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as a multiple of M namely
+K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K *
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so if you look at this uh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this uh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this uh at this
+definition we for example have that 3/ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we for example have that 3/ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we for example have that 3/ 6
+like what we just discussed there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we just discussed there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we just discussed there's
+something interesting going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting going on so
+suppose um a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um a is equal to
+zero well any integer will divide a will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well any integer will divide a will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well any integer will divide a will
+defi zero why is that because I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defi zero why is that because I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defi zero why is that because I can take
+K to be equal to zero so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to be equal to zero so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to be equal to zero so this is equal
+to 0 times any integer M so m divid z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 times any integer M so m divid z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 times any integer M so m divid z
+for all integers so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all integers so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all integers so that's kind of the
+exception right and uh we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception right and uh we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception right and uh we are going to
+use this to uh set up a theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to uh set up a theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to uh set up a theorem and
+analyze this whole situation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this whole situation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this whole situation over
+here now in order to do that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in order to do that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in order to do that we will
+need to uh sort of uh Define what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh sort of uh Define what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh sort of uh Define what we can
+do with all this so there are a States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with all this so there are a States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with all this so there are a States
+we will Define a state machine we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will Define a state machine we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will Define a state machine we will
+see what kind of possible transitions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what kind of possible transitions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what kind of possible transitions we
+can have and once we have modeled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have and once we have modeled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have and once we have modeled all
+this very precisely we can start proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very precisely we can start proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very precisely we can start proving
+stuff now let me first of all uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now let me first of all uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now let me first of all uh write
+out what our assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what our assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what our assumptions are
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a uh a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jug so in our case a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so in our case a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so in our case a equals
+3 and we have also a b gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jug and in our case b equals 5 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and in our case b equals 5 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and in our case b equals 5 right and
+we assume that a is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that a is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that a is at most
+B that is sort of the situ sitation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that is sort of the situ sitation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that is sort of the situ sitation that
+we working with and you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we working with and you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we working with and you would like to
+prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a
+theorem exactly what we noticed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem exactly what we noticed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem exactly what we noticed over
+here that three divides both the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that three divides both the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that three divides both the three
+gallon jug and the six gallon jug we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug and the six gallon jug we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug and the six gallon jug we
+would like to prove something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to prove something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to prove something like this
+if M divides a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M divides a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M divides a and
+also M divides B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well then M should divide any result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then M should divide any result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then M should divide any result
+that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get
+with the pouring and emptying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pouring and emptying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pouring and emptying and
+filling those jugs so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling those jugs so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling those jugs so this is the
+theorem that we would like to prove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we would like to prove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we would like to prove and
+we can only do that if we start to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only do that if we start to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only do that if we start to have
+a proper model for this so let's go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper model for this so let's go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper model for this so let's go for
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and uh well the state machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh well the state machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh well the state machine that
+we're going to use here looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+all the states that we have are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states that we have are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the states that we have are the
+number of gallons that are in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gallons that are in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gallons that are in these two
+jugs so we will denote those by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs pairs X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs pairs X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs pairs X comma
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X
+denotes the number of gallons in the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the number of gallons in the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes the number of gallons in the a
+gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon
+ja the number of gallons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ja the number of gallons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ja the number of gallons in
+let me abbreviate that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me abbreviate that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me abbreviate that by the
+A and Y is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and Y is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and Y is the number of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+gallons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons in the
+BJ so these are the states and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ so these are the states and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ so these are the states and uh the
+start state is exactly as it is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state is exactly as it is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state is exactly as it is right
+there we have nothing in either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jugs so that's the pair 0 comma 0 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs so that's the pair 0 comma 0 so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs so that's the pair 0 comma 0 so now
+we start to build up some mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to build up some mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to build up some mathematics
+here right so we uh Express the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we uh Express the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so we uh Express the state of
+this whole situation by a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole situation by a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole situation by a pair of
+numbers now we need to find out what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we need to find out what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now we need to find out what we
+can do with it so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions the transitions are as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transitions are as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions the transitions are as we
+have seen right we can just fill one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen right we can just fill one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen right we can just fill one of
+the JS we can empty those and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JS we can empty those and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JS we can empty those and the other
+possibility is that we can pour one J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we can pour one J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we can pour one J
+over into the other one as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into the other one as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into the other one as much as we
+can so so let's write all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out we can do emptying well how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can do emptying well how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we can do emptying well how does
+that change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change a
+state if we have X gallons in this Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we have X gallons in this Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we have X gallons in this Chuck
+and Y and over y gallons in that one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and over y gallons in that one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and over y gallons in that one we
+can transition this into for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transition this into for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transition this into for example
+emptying the a gallon jug so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying the a gallon jug so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emptying the a gallon jug so we have
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+or we can empty the uh BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can empty the uh BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can empty the uh BJ
+well filling is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar but now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but now we are
+actually pouring in more uh water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pouring in more uh water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pouring in more uh water from
+the fountain essentially right all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fountain essentially right all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fountain essentially right all those
+tennis balls here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis balls here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis balls here
+and we can fill up say the a gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can fill up say the a gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can fill up say the a gallon jug
+up to a gallons and leave the B jug as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a gallons and leave the B jug as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a gallons and leave the B jug as
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+or we can fill up the B gallon jug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can fill up the B gallon jug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can fill up the B gallon jug and
+leave the a gallon jug as it is so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the a gallon jug as it is so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the a gallon jug as it is so these
+are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two
+Transitions and um the pouring of one g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and um the pouring of one g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and um the pouring of one g
+of one jug into the other is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one jug into the other is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one jug into the other is actually a
+little bit more complex so let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look so how does pouring work well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so how does pouring work well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so how does pouring work well uh
+suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we
+start with X and Y so let's have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X and Y so let's have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X and Y so let's have a look
+here um I don't know suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I don't know suppose we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I don't know suppose we have two
+balls in here and two balls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in here and two balls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in here and two balls in
+here well in that case I can say pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well in that case I can say pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well in that case I can say pour
+all of this over in here right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this over in here right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this over in here right so that's
+easy but there's also other possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but there's also other possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but there's also other possibility
+whether when I pour all of this over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether when I pour all of this over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether when I pour all of this over in
+here but hey I can only put in one ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but hey I can only put in one ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but hey I can only put in one ball
+because this is only a three gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is only a three gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is only a three gallon jug
+so I'm left with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm left with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm left with only
+one gallon in that in in in in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gallon in that in in in in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gallon in that in in in in in this
+jug so these are two these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so these are two these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so these are two these are two
+situations that we need to explain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that we need to explain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that we need to explain so
+let's first do the first example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first do the first example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first do the first example that I
+just did I P everything over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did I P everything over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did I P everything over into the
+other jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jug
+so we have zero gallons left in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have zero gallons left in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have zero gallons left in here and
+X+ y gallons left in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ y gallons left in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ y gallons left in the other
+jck and that can only happen if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jck and that can only happen if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jck and that can only happen if there is
+sufficient space right so this can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient space right so this can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient space right so this can only
+happen if x + y is at most B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if x + y is at most B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if x + y is at most B which is
+the capacity of this B gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of this B gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity of this B gallon jug
+now if that's not the case then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if that's not the case then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if that's not the case then I can
+pour in just a little bit like just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour in just a little bit like just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour in just a little bit like just say
+one ball like uh just one of these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ball like uh just one of these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ball like uh just one of these can
+go in here so that's the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in here so that's the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in here so that's the other case
+so um XY will actually go to well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um XY will actually go to well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um XY will actually go to well let's
+see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that
+works how many gallons are left in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how many gallons are left in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works how many gallons are left in this
+B gallon jug to fill up well we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gallon jug to fill up well we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gallon jug to fill up well we have B
+minus y gallons Left Right space left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y gallons Left Right space left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y gallons Left Right space left so
+we can take B minus y gallons out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take B minus y gallons out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take B minus y gallons out of
+this one to fill up this one so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one to fill up this one so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one to fill up this one so let's do
+it we take B minus y gallons out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we take B minus y gallons out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we take B minus y gallons out of the
+AJ and put it all in here and that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ and put it all in here and that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ and put it all in here and that makes
+it completely filled up so we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely filled up so we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely filled up so we have B
+gallons over here so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons over here so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons over here so this is really
+equal to x + y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x + y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x + y -
+B comma B and this only uh is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B comma B and this only uh is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B comma B and this only uh is possible
+if uh if we are essentially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if we are essentially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if we are essentially in the
+complimentary case so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary case so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary case so we have
+that x + y is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x + y is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x + y is at least
+B such that there is enough gallons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B such that there is enough gallons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B such that there is enough gallons in
+uh the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the a
+jug to be pulled over to fill up the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug to be pulled over to fill up the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug to be pulled over to fill up the B
+jug so these are the two kinds of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so these are the two kinds of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so these are the two kinds of cases
+and of course by symmetry we can do also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by symmetry we can do also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by symmetry we can do also
+the pouring from the other jug in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pouring from the other jug in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pouring from the other jug in into
+the first so let's write all those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first so let's write all those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first so let's write all those out
+as well so XY can actually go to X+ y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so XY can actually go to X+ y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so XY can actually go to X+ y
+comma 0 I put everything from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 0 I put everything from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 0 I put everything from here to
+there and uh this only holds if x + y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh this only holds if x + y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh this only holds if x + y is
+at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a the other possibility is where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the other possibility is where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the other possibility is where uh
+exactly is in this case we can only pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is in this case we can only pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is in this case we can only pour
+s uh B uh a minus X gallons over from Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh B uh a minus X gallons over from Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh B uh a minus X gallons over from Y
+into this particular Chu and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this particular Chu and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this particular Chu and then this
+one is completely filled up and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is completely filled up and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is completely filled up and I have a
+few gallons left over here so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few gallons left over here so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few gallons left over here so how does
+that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look
+well we completely filled this up uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we completely filled this up uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we completely filled this up uh up
+to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its
+capacity and what is left is y minus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and what is left is y minus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and what is left is y minus how
+much did we had to pour in here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did we had to pour in here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did we had to pour in here well
+that's aus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aus
+X and we again have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we again have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we again have a similar
+formula but it now looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it now looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but it now looks a little bit
+different x + y - A and this is only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different x + y - A and this is only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different x + y - A and this is only for
+the case where X + Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where X + Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where X + Y is
+um at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay so these are all the cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so these are all the cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so these are all the cases so
+maybe there are some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some questions about
+this is this clear that we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this clear that we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this clear that we have these
+different possibilities like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities like when we
+look at these JS we can either empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these JS we can either empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these JS we can either empty
+them filling them up or we can pour say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them filling them up or we can pour say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them filling them up or we can pour say
+only one ball over up to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one ball over up to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one ball over up to the full
+capacity of this jug or we can just pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of this jug or we can just pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of this jug or we can just pour
+everything over into say this jug so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over into say this jug so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything over into say this jug so
+those are the different cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the different cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the different cases that are
+now fully described by the state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fully described by the state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fully described by the state machine
+so now we can start to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can start to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can start to prove this
+theorem over here so how do we go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over here so how do we go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over here so how do we go ahead
+well we're going to use what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to use what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to use what you have
+learned like uh induction and invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned like uh induction and invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned like uh induction and invariance
+so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+it but before uh actually we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but before uh actually we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but before uh actually we do this
+let's uh take this example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh take this example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh take this example that we
+had and see how we can uh describe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and see how we can uh describe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and see how we can uh describe all
+the transitions that we just did as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions that we just did as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions that we just did as far
+as I remember them so we have that AAL 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I remember them so we have that AAL 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I remember them so we have that AAL 3
+b equals five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals five
+right we start with empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we start with empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we start with empty
+jugs we filled up the five gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs we filled up the five gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs we filled up the five gallon jug
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we started uh pouring the 5 gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started uh pouring the 5 gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started uh pouring the 5 gallon
+jug as much as we could into the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug as much as we could into the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug as much as we could into the three
+gallon jug so it's one of those rules we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug so it's one of those rules we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug so it's one of those rules we
+got three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three and
+two then we emptied the three gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then we emptied the three gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then we emptied the three gallon jug
+we got zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two then we did what did we did next oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then we did what did we did next oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then we did what did we did next oh
+yeah we poured everything in to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we poured everything in to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we poured everything in to this
+one so we have two zero as the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have two zero as the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have two zero as the next
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+we filled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filled up
+um actually I'm forgot forgot exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually I'm forgot forgot exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually I'm forgot forgot exactly
+what we did next but I think we filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did next but I think we filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did next but I think we filled
+up the five gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the five gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the five gallon
+jug and then we simply pull over as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and then we simply pull over as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and then we simply pull over as much
+as we could from the five gallon jug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we could from the five gallon jug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we could from the five gallon jug and
+we got three and four and here we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three and four and here we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three and four and here we are we
+got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four
+gallons so what we just did is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons so what we just did is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons so what we just did is fully
+described by this state machine so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this state machine so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this state machine so let's
+now try to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I said we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction so you always would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so you always would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so you always would like to
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+out if you solve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you solve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you solve your
+problems um what are we going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um what are we going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um what are we going to assume
+well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+assume actually that M divides A and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume actually that M divides A and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume actually that M divides A and M
+divides also B that's the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides also B that's the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides also B that's the assumption of
+the theorem and now we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and now we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and now we need to prove
+that M divides any result that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M divides any result that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M divides any result that we can
+achieve in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve in this state
+machine so what's the invariant that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so what's the invariant that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so what's the invariant that we
+are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about invariant is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about invariant is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about invariant is going to
+be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is a
+picate and it says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picate and it says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picate and it says something
+like if the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the state
+uh XY if this is the state after n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions then we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions then we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions then we would like to
+conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude
+that M divides both X and M divides y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M divides both X and M divides y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M divides both X and M divides y so
+this is uh our uh our invariant and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh our uh our invariant and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh our uh our invariant and we
+like to use is to prove our theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use is to prove our theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use is to prove our theorem so
+how do we start usually right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we start usually right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we start usually right so we
+always start with with a base State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with with a base State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start with with a base State
+great so let's uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the base case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the base case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the base case is
+uh well we start with the all zeros uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we start with the all zeros uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we start with the all zeros uh
+like the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the empty
+JS it's well and we also uh had paid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS it's well and we also uh had paid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS it's well and we also uh had paid a
+little bit of extra attention to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra attention to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra attention to what
+you mean by division over here we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by division over here we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by division over here we said
+that all integers actually divides zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all integers actually divides zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all integers actually divides zero
+so in particular m m divid 0 n z so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular m m divid 0 n z so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular m m divid 0 n z so the
+very initial State 0 comma 0 is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very initial State 0 comma 0 is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very initial State 0 comma 0 is indeed
+uh um uh complying to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh complying to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh complying to this particular
+invariance so let's write it out so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so let's write it out so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so let's write it out so we
+have the initial State 0 0 we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the initial State 0 0 we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the initial State 0 0 we know that
+M divides Z and therefore we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M divides Z and therefore we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M divides Z and therefore we know that
+uh P0 is uh true so that's great so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P0 is uh true so that's great so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P0 is uh true so that's great so the
+inductive step how do we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step how do we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step how do we start the
+inductive step step all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and we will assume actually P of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we will assume actually P of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we will assume actually P of n
+right so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's assume
+that and now we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove p and then n+ one so what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove p and then n+ one so what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove p and then n+ one so what what do
+we really want to do we want to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to do we want to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to do we want to say well
+we know that we reached a certain State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we reached a certain State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we reached a certain State
+X comma y for which uh M divides X and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma y for which uh M divides X and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma y for which uh M divides X and M
+divides y now we would like to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides y now we would like to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides y now we would like to show that
+if we transition to the next state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we transition to the next state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we transition to the next state we
+again have that same property that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have that same property that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have that same property that M
+divides uh the number of gallons in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides uh the number of gallons in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides uh the number of gallons in both
+jugs once more and then we can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs once more and then we can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs once more and then we can can
+conclude pn+ one so that's uh how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude pn+ one so that's uh how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude pn+ one so that's uh how we
+always proceed so let's see whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always proceed so let's see whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always proceed so let's see whether we
+can uh write it out in a bit more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write it out in a bit more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write it out in a bit more formal
+way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+okay so how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we go
+ahead suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead suppose
+that X Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+well what can we conclude well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we conclude well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we conclude well we have
+uh the predicate PN the invariant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the predicate PN the invariant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the predicate PN the invariant so we
+know that M divides X and M divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that M divides X and M divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that M divides X and M divides
+Y and we concluded that because PN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so after another transition what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so after another transition what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so after another transition what
+happens after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after another
+transition so we can conclude that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we can conclude that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we can conclude that uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+JS uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS uh are
+filled by the different types of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled by the different types of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled by the different types of of of
+numbers that we see here in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we see here in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we see here in this state
+machine so let's write them out so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so let's write them out so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so let's write them out so after
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each of the
+JS is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS is actually
+filled uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filled with uh well either uh if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with uh well either uh if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with uh well either uh if I have
+empty tis say zero Js zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty tis say zero Js zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty tis say zero Js zero
+gallons a b X and Y I see appearing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons a b X and Y I see appearing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons a b X and Y I see appearing over
+here and I also notice that I see x + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I also notice that I see x + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I also notice that I see x + y
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus a those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus a those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus a those are all
+the different number of gallons that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different number of gallons that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different number of gallons that can
+be in the J yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the J yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the J yes
+please in our example problem and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please in our example problem and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please in our example problem and five
+um in our example yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in our example yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in our example yeah that's a good
+question so in our example problem of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in our example problem of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in our example problem of of
+three and five it turns out that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five it turns out that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five it turns out that uh the
+only number that divides both the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number that divides both the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number that divides both the three
+gallon J and the 5 gallon J is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon J and the 5 gallon J is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon J and the 5 gallon J is actually
+one so in our example we would have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in our example we would have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in our example we would have that
+m equals 1 so uh uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 1 so uh uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 1 so uh uh over
+here we have that only uh 1 divides a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have that only uh 1 divides a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have that only uh 1 divides a as
+well as 1 divides B so m equals 1 in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as 1 divides B so m equals 1 in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as 1 divides B so m equals 1 in our
+case but for example in the three gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but for example in the three gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but for example in the three gallon
+jck in a six gallon J right we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jck in a six gallon J right we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jck in a six gallon J right we have that
+m equals 3 like three divides three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 3 like three divides three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 3 like three divides three and
+three divid six so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three divid six so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three divid six so those are the two
+cases that we sort of look at right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we sort of look at right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we sort of look at right now
+but we put it into a much more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put it into a much more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put it into a much more general
+setting right we abstract away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting right we abstract away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting right we abstract away from the
+actual numbers and use uh A and B as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and use uh A and B as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and use uh A and B as as
+as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as
+representations uh are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations uh are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations uh are there any other
+questions yeah so uh after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so uh after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so uh after another
+transition each of the JS are filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition each of the JS are filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition each of the JS are filled
+with well either zero gallons if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well either zero gallons if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well either zero gallons if we have
+completely emptied them or we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely emptied them or we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely emptied them or we have
+filled the first a gallon jug or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled the first a gallon jug or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled the first a gallon jug or it can
+be B we also notice that it can be um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B we also notice that it can be um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B we also notice that it can be um it
+can be X of course it can be y because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be X of course it can be y because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be X of course it can be y because
+that's the state that we are in um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state that we are in um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state that we are in um we
+can have x + y - A which appears over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have x + y - A which appears over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have x + y - A which appears over
+here and x + y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so these are all the different number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so these are all the different number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so these are all the different number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+possible number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gallons the X Plus y oh yeah that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons the X Plus y oh yeah that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons the X Plus y oh yeah that's also
+present uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh is that
+true yeah that's right it's X+ y so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah that's right it's X+ y so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah that's right it's X+ y so we
+also have X+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have X+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have X+
+y actually it's good to check that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y actually it's good to check that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y actually it's good to check that again
+so we have zero X Y A I got those x + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have zero X Y A I got those x + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have zero X Y A I got those x + y
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x + Yus B and X+ Yus B
+yeah so now we can start using our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we can start using our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so now we can start using our uh
+our uh uh assumptions so what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh uh assumptions so what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh uh assumptions so what are they
+we we have um that in order to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have um that in order to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have um that in order to prove
+this right at the top over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right at the top over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right at the top over here we
+assume that M divides A and M divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that M divides A and M divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that M divides A and M divides
+B so we know that first of all mid zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we know that first of all mid zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we know that first of all mid zero
+of course but we know that M divides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but we know that M divides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but we know that M divides a
+we know that M divides B we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that M divides B we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that M divides B we have
+concluded that M divides X and also M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that M divides X and also M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that M divides X and also M
+divides y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides y
+so if you now use uh some facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now use uh some facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now use uh some facts about
+the visibility on your handout which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visibility on your handout which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visibility on your handout which we
+will not prove now but uh I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not prove now but uh I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not prove now but uh I think most
+of them will be on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will be on your problem set
+actually um we can conclude that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um we can conclude that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um we can conclude that also
+linear combination of uh a b X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of uh a b X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of uh a b X and Y
+will be divisible by m in particular M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be divisible by m in particular M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be divisible by m in particular M
+will divide x + y m will divide x + y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will divide x + y m will divide x + y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will divide x + y m will divide x + y -
+A and also x + Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and also x + Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and also x + Yus
+B so we will conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we will conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we will conclude that
+um M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um M
+actually divides any possible uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divides any possible uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divides any possible uh a
+result so divides any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so divides any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so divides any of the
+above and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and now we're
+done why is that because we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why is that because we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why is that because we have shown
+now that after the next transition after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that after the next transition after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that after the next transition after
+we have reached XY after end steps then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have reached XY after end steps then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have reached XY after end steps then
+in our n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our n plus one
+step all that we can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step all that we can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step all that we can achieve
+is divisible by m so that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divisible by m so that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divisible by m so that's exactly the
+invariant so we conclude that pn+ one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we conclude that pn+ one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we conclude that pn+ one is
+true and so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and so now we're
+done are there any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done are there any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done are there any questions about this
+proof so this is like the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this is like the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so this is like the standard
+technique that we try to use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we try to use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we try to use all the
+time here in this class we will use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here in this class we will use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here in this class we will use it
+in uh in in all the other areas as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in all the other areas as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in all the other areas as well
+in graph theory in particular um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory in particular um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory in particular um and um
+especially in number Theory we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in number Theory we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in number Theory we'll also
+use it especially in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it especially in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it especially in this
+class okay so uh let's apply this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so uh let's apply this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so uh let's apply this uh
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+um let's uh think about uh this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh think about uh this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh think about uh this movie
+that we saw that's Die Hard number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw that's Die Hard number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw that's Die Hard number three
+Die Hard number four came out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Die Hard number four came out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Die Hard number four came out and then
+uh the cast got stuck in Die Hard number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cast got stuck in Die Hard number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cast got stuck in Die Hard number
+five was a problem because um the rumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five was a problem because um the rumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five was a problem because um the rumors
+were that in Die Hard number five they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that in Die Hard number five they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that in Die Hard number five they
+had like like a 33 gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like like a 33 gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like like a 33 gallon
+jug that's a lot and a 55 gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug that's a lot and a 55 gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug that's a lot and a 55 gallon
+jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bruce has been training his muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruce has been training his muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bruce has been training his muscles
+because you can imagine those are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine those are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine those are pretty
+heavy so if you want to pour one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy so if you want to pour one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy so if you want to pour one into
+the other my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other my goodness
+so but the question is is he training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the question is is he training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the question is is he training
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+muscles so can we apply this uh theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles so can we apply this uh theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles so can we apply this uh theorem
+now and show that uh so oh I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and show that uh so oh I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and show that uh so oh I I should
+tell you what what is the problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what is the problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what is the problem well
+again he has to get say four gallons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he has to get say four gallons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he has to get say four gallons out
+of this out of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this out of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this out of these two
+jugs so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jugs so is that
+possible it's not I see someone shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's not I see someone shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's not I see someone shaking
+his head do you want to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head do you want to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his head do you want to explain
+why um A and B are are both divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um A and B are are both divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um A and B are are both divisible by
+11 yeah so any other configuration will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 yeah so any other configuration will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 yeah so any other configuration will
+also have to be divisible by 11 four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to be divisible by 11 four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to be divisible by 11 four is
+not divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not divisible by
+exactly of course not the visible by 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly of course not the visible by 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly of course not the visible by 11
+so the whole cast got blown up in Die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole cast got blown up in Die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole cast got blown up in Die
+Hard number five and so we have no Die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard number five and so we have no Die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard number five and so we have no Die
+Hard number six six as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard number six six as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard number six six as
+well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so
+uh so now all of this stuff actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now all of this stuff actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now all of this stuff actually
+helps us to Define A New Concept as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to Define A New Concept as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to Define A New Concept as well
+so let's do that um I'll put it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will uh use uh the uh the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will uh use uh the uh the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will uh use uh the uh the terminology
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gcd of A and B as being the uh greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of A and B as being the uh greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of A and B as being the uh greatest
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor
+of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and
+B so for example uh if we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so for example uh if we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so for example uh if we are looking at
+a = 3 and Bal 5 well then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a = 3 and Bal 5 well then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a = 3 and Bal 5 well then the
+gcd of three and five is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of three and five is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of three and five is actually equal
+to one there's no other uh larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one there's no other uh larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one there's no other uh larger
+integer that divides both three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer that divides both three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer that divides both three and
+five uh and other examples are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh and other examples are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five uh and other examples are for
+example if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have the
+gcd of say uh 52 and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of say uh 52 and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of say uh 52 and 4
+four well what's this equal to well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well what's this equal to well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well what's this equal to well this
+actually is 4 * uh 13 this is four *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is 4 * uh 13 this is four *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is 4 * uh 13 this is four *
+11 so four divides both this and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so four divides both this and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 so four divides both this and both
+this one but nothing larger can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but nothing larger can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but nothing larger can divide
+both of those so we have that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those so we have that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those so we have that this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+um we will have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will have a separate
+definition that talks about this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that talks about this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that talks about this very
+special case where two numbers if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where two numbers if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where two numbers if you
+look at their greatest common device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their greatest common device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their greatest common device
+um when that greatest common divisor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when that greatest common divisor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when that greatest common divisor is
+equal to one we actually Define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we actually Define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we actually Define those
+two numbers to be relatively prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to be relatively prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to be relatively prime to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+another um so let's put that out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's another
+definition uh we say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we say that uh
+A and B are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime if their greatest common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime if their greatest common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime if their greatest common divisor
+is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now today we will not really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now today we will not really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now today we will not really use
+this definition so much but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition so much but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition so much but it's
+actually very important and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very important and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very important and we'll come
+back to this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture so if you now look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so if you now look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so if you now look at this
+particular theorem over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular theorem over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular theorem over here
+can we see a nice coroller of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we see a nice coroller of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we see a nice coroller of these like
+a result if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result if you think about this
+greatest comma devisor well the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest comma devisor well the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest comma devisor well the greatest
+common divisor of A and B divides both A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of A and B divides both A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of A and B divides both A
+and B so the greatest common divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so the greatest common divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so the greatest common divisor of
+A and B will divide any result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B will divide any result that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B will divide any result that we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+generate by playing this game with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by playing this game with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by playing this game with the
+Jes so the coroller here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jes so the coroller here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jes so the coroller here is that the
+gcd of A and B divides any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result okay so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so that's really
+cool so this already tells us quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so this already tells us quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so this already tells us quite a
+bit about this game that we have here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this game that we have here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this game that we have here so
+now what we would like to do is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would like to do is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would like to do is to uh
+find out uh what exactly can be reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh what exactly can be reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh what exactly can be reached
+we have a property that we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a property that we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a property that we have shown
+here but um what else can we do here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um what else can we do here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um what else can we do here now
+turns out that we can say much more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we can say much more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we can say much more and
+we would like to prove the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to prove the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to prove the following
+theorem to make uh to analyze this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to make uh to analyze this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to make uh to analyze this whole
+thing much better I don't think I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing much better I don't think I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing much better I don't think I need a
+state machine anymore so let's take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine anymore so let's take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine anymore so let's take that
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the theorem that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem that we would like to
+prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is
+that any linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any linear combination of the
+uh let's change this into the three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's change this into the three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's change this into the three and
+five again any linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five again any linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five again any linear combination of
+three and five I can get I can make with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five I can get I can make with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five I can get I can make with
+these three and a five column a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three and a five column a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three and a five column a gallon
+jerk so let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerk so let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerk so let's write it out
+so any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination L which we write as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination L which we write as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination L which we write as some
+integer s * a plus some integer T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer s * a plus some integer T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer s * a plus some integer T *
+B uh so any linear combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh with well of course the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh with well of course the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh with well of course the number of
+gallons should fit uh the largest uh jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons should fit uh the largest uh jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons should fit uh the largest uh jug
+so with zero is at most L is at most V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with zero is at most L is at most V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with zero is at most L is at most V
+can be reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theorem we would like to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem we would like to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem we would like to prove
+now and in order to do that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and in order to do that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and in order to do that we would
+like to uh already uh think about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh already uh think about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to uh already uh think about some
+kind of a property that we have so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a property that we have so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a property that we have so so
+when we talk about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about linear
+combinations um the S and the T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations um the S and the T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations um the S and the T can be
+negative or positive we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive we really don't
+care so for example we could have like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so for example we could have like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care so for example we could have like I
+don't know umus 2 time so for example 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know umus 2 time so for example 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know umus 2 time so for example 4
+is equal to -2 * 3 plus um actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to -2 * 3 plus um actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to -2 * 3 plus um actually is
+that true yeah plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true yeah plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true yeah plus 2
+* 5 so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 5 so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 5 so here we
+have S to be equal to minus 2 and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S to be equal to minus 2 and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have S to be equal to minus 2 and T is
+equal to 2 and of course a is equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and of course a is equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and of course a is equal to 3
+right and b equal to 5 is equal to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and b equal to 5 is equal to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and b equal to 5 is equal to five
+so four is a linear combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four is a linear combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so four is a linear combination of these
+two and according to the theorem we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and according to the theorem we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and according to the theorem we can
+create that number of gallons in this J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that number of gallons in this J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that number of gallons in this J
+and we already saw that because we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already saw that because we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already saw that because we did
+it but um for our theorem in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but um for our theorem in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but um for our theorem in order to
+prove this we really would like s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this we really would like s to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this we really would like s to be
+positive so how can we do that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so how can we do that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so how can we do that does
+anybody has an idea what we could do oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has an idea what we could do oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has an idea what we could do oh
+does this assume that b is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this assume that b is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this assume that b is greater than
+a yeah we have still that a suppos we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah we have still that a suppos we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah we have still that a suppos we
+will we will assume that throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will assume that throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will assume that throughout the
+whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture
+thanks so in order to prove this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so in order to prove this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so in order to prove this we
+really would like to have s positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to have s positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to have s positive so
+let's just play around a little bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play around a little bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play around a little bit with
+linear combinations to get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations to get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations to get a little bit
+of a feeling for that how could we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a feeling for that how could we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a feeling for that how could we write
+four differently as a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four differently as a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four differently as a linear combination
+of three and five such that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and five such that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and five such that we have
+actually a positive number over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a positive number over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a positive number over here
+does anybody see another way to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see another way to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see another way to uh to to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah that's true three 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's true three 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's true three 3 -
+- 5 so and how did we do that well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 so and how did we do that well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 5 so and how did we do that well we
+can just add say 5 * 3 to this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just add say 5 * 3 to this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just add say 5 * 3 to this one and
+then subtract the same again - 3 * 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then subtract the same again - 3 * 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then subtract the same again - 3 * 5
+over here then if you add those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then if you add those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then if you add those things
+together you will see 5 - 2 is 3 * 3 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you will see 5 - 2 is 3 * 3 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you will see 5 - 2 is 3 * 3 as
+you said and we have - 3 + 2 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and we have - 3 + 2 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said and we have - 3 + 2 is actually
+-1 * 5 and this will be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 * 5 and this will be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 * 5 and this will be a different
+linear combination of four so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of four so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of four so what we
+can do here we can sort of play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do here we can sort of play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do here we can sort of play around
+and make this s over here which we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make this s over here which we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make this s over here which we now
+say call S Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive actually it's larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so let's uh start a proof for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's uh start a proof for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let's uh start a proof for this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+theorem it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's pretty
+uh amazing to me actually that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amazing to me actually that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amazing to me actually that you can
+do so much with a game like this and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so much with a game like this and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so much with a game like this and see
+so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+happening so let's uh figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so let's uh figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so let's uh figure out how
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's first formalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first formalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first formalize this
+particular trick over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trick over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular trick over
+here and how do we go ahead with it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do we go ahead with it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and how do we go ahead with it uh
+well notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well notice
+that uh we can rewrite L which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we can rewrite L which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we can rewrite L which is equal
+to S * a + T * b as um you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S * a + T * b as um you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S * a + T * b as um you know we can
+just add a multiple of B over here and *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a multiple of B over here and *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add a multiple of B over here and *
+B say time a and we can subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B say time a and we can subtract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B say time a and we can subtract that
+same amount over here minus M * a * B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount over here minus M * a * B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount over here minus M * a * B so
+do you see what I did over here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what I did over here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what I did over here I have
+added m * B * a and subtracted M * a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added m * B * a and subtracted M * a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added m * B * a and subtracted M * a *
+b um and we did something similar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um and we did something similar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um and we did something similar over
+here not exactly the same right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not exactly the same right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not exactly the same right but
+that's what we did and um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did and um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did and um you can
+imagine that we can choose M such that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we can choose M such that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we can choose M such that s
++ n * B will be larger than zero we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ n * B will be larger than zero we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ n * B will be larger than zero we can
+do that so essentially this proves to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so essentially this proves to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so essentially this proves to us
+that there exists an S Prime and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists an S Prime and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists an S Prime and also a
+t Prime such that L can be be Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime such that L can be be Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime such that L can be be Rewritten
+as a linear combination S Prime * a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination S Prime * a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination S Prime * a plus
+T Prime * B but now with the exra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime * B but now with the exra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Prime * B but now with the exra
+property that S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that S Prime
+is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually
+positive now this is really uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now this is really uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now this is really uh important
+because we're going to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to create an
+algorithm of playing with those jugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of playing with those jugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of playing with those jugs
+that can achieve this particular linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can achieve this particular linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can achieve this particular linear
+combination and that's how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's how we're going
+to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this
+theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that uh 0 is less than L is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh 0 is less than L is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh 0 is less than L is less
+than B I know that we in the theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B I know that we in the theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B I know that we in the theorem we
+also consider the cases L equals z and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the cases L equals z and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the cases L equals z and L
+equals B but those are obvious right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B but those are obvious right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B but those are obvious right it
+can either empty the jugs or just fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either empty the jugs or just fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either empty the jugs or just fill
+up uh the the bigger one so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the the bigger one so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the the bigger one so we will
+consider just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case all right so what's the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right so what's the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right so what's the algorithm
+going to do for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm is going to repeatedly fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to repeatedly fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is going to repeatedly fill
+and pour out JS in a very special way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pour out JS in a very special way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pour out JS in a very special way
+and miraculously we will be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and miraculously we will be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and miraculously we will be able to uh
+get the desired linear combination every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the desired linear combination every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the desired linear combination every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and of course you're going to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and of course you're going to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and of course you're going to to
+use induction again to prove this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use induction again to prove this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use induction again to prove this uh
+property okay so how does the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so how does the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so how does the algorithm
+work well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtain um L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gallons we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons we are going to
+repeat S Prime Times which is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat S Prime Times which is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat S Prime Times which is uh the
+number that we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the following
+uh uh algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh algorithm
+we first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first of
+all we will fill uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AJ that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ that's
+one after we have done this we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after we have done this we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after we have done this we're going
+to P this into the BJ so how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P this into the BJ so how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P this into the BJ so how do we go
+ahead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead we
+pour oops this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BJ
+and when uh this bej uh comes full we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when uh this bej uh comes full we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when uh this bej uh comes full we're
+going to pour it out so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pour it out so let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pour it out so let's write it
+out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+full it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full it will
+actually empty it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and we will continue pouring the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we will continue pouring the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we will continue pouring the a
+jug into the BJ so we'll continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug into the BJ so we'll continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug into the BJ so we'll continue this
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh take an example to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh take an example to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh take an example to see how
+that works so we keep on doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so we keep on doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so we keep on doing this
+until the AJ is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+empty so let's take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so let's take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty so let's take an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's
+see let's do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here actually we can do it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually we can do it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually we can do it with the
+tennis balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tennis balls
+too let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too let's do that
+first see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see how that
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+so essentially in order to get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially in order to get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially in order to get four
+gallons we just fill up the three gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons we just fill up the three gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons we just fill up the three gallon
+jug we empty it all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug we empty it all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug we empty it all in
+here we fill it up again we pour in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we fill it up again we pour in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we fill it up again we pour in as
+much as we can that's that's it we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we can that's that's it we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we can that's that's it we have
+to empty this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empty this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to empty this one
+oops we have to keep on pouring put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we have to keep on pouring put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we have to keep on pouring put this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+here fill this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fill this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fill this one
+up and then P it over into the 5 gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then P it over into the 5 gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then P it over into the 5 gallon
+jug and now we got five four gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and now we got five four gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and now we got five four gallons
+over here so what did we do so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so what did we do so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so what did we do so let's
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+out so for our special linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so for our special linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so for our special linear
+combination over here we have that 4 = 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination over here we have that 4 = 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination over here we have that 4 = 3
+* 3 - 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 3 - 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 3 - 1 *
+5 so we need to repeat this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so we need to repeat this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so we need to repeat this process
+three times so let's do that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so let's do that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so let's do that in our
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+Loop we will do the following we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we will do the following we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we will do the following we start
+with the uh start State the pair 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh start State the pair 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh start State the pair 0
+you're going to fill up the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fill up the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fill up the very first
+jug all the way up to its capacity three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug all the way up to its capacity three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug all the way up to its capacity three
+and we pull it all over into the BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull it all over into the BJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull it all over into the BJ
+what happens in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop the second Loop we again fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop the second Loop we again fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop the second Loop we again fill up
+the a so we have we start with 0 comma 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a so we have we start with 0 comma 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a so we have we start with 0 comma 3
+we fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill it
+up and we get three three the pair 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we get three three the pair 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and we get three three the pair 3
+three we pour everything in here as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we pour everything in here as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we pour everything in here as much
+as we can that gives us 1A 5 only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can that gives us 1A 5 only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can that gives us 1A 5 only two
+gallons are PED in into the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons are PED in into the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons are PED in into the bigger
+gallon we empty the bigger gallon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon we empty the bigger gallon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon we empty the bigger gallon the
+bigger jug we get one Z and we keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger jug we get one Z and we keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger jug we get one Z and we keep on
+pouring and we get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring and we get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring and we get 0
+one so now in the third Loop and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now in the third Loop and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now in the third Loop and that's
+where we should get at the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gallons we start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+01 um we fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 um we fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 um we fill
+up the AJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the AJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the AJ
+we pull everything over into the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull everything over into the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull everything over into the bigger
+jug and we get 0 comma 4 and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and we get 0 comma 4 and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug and we get 0 comma 4 and that's the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+result so this algorithm uh seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so this algorithm uh seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so this algorithm uh seems to
+work for this particular example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for this particular example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for this particular example of
+course you would like to prove it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would like to prove it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you would like to prove it for
+the for the general situation so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the general situation so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the general situation so how do
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+it well we're going to just uh analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well we're going to just uh analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well we're going to just uh analyze
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh the algorithm in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the algorithm in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the algorithm in the following way
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we can notice that uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can notice that uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can notice that uh in this
+algorithm we fill up S Prime Times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we fill up S Prime Times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we fill up S Prime Times the
+AJ and we essentially pull everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ and we essentially pull everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AJ and we essentially pull everything
+out um Into The BJs and we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um Into The BJs and we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um Into The BJs and we sometimes
+empty the BJ so let's try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty the BJ so let's try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty the BJ so let's try to think about
+this a little bit and see how we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and see how we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and see how we could
+try to formalize this so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to formalize this so let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to formalize this so let's write it
+out we have filled uh the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have filled uh the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we have filled uh the a
+gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jug S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug S Prime
+times we also know that the B jug has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we also know that the B jug has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we also know that the B jug has
+been emptied a certain number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emptied a certain number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been emptied a certain number of times
+so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh
+um let's just assume suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just assume suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just assume suppose
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BJ is actually empti say U times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I do not know uh how many times but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not know uh how many times but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not know uh how many times but I
+just say well let's assume it's U times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well let's assume it's U times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say well let's assume it's U times
+and then try to figure out whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to figure out whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to figure out whether we
+can find some algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find some algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find some algebraic
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+so at the very end of the algorithm let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the very end of the algorithm let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the very end of the algorithm let
+R be what is in the B jug so let R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R be what is in the B jug so let R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R be what is in the B jug so let R
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remainder uh um in the B gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jug so now we can continue uh we know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so now we can continue uh we know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so now we can continue uh we know if
+R is what is left in the B gallon jug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is what is left in the B gallon jug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is what is left in the B gallon jug
+well we know already some property of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know already some property of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know already some property of it
+um actually let's put it on the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually let's put it on the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually let's put it on the next uh
+board we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board we know
+that zero is at most R and at most B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero is at most R and at most B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero is at most R and at most B
+because that's what's left in the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's left in the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what's left in the B
+gallon jug right so we know these bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug right so we know these bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon jug right so we know these bounds
+we have assumed that Z is less than L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have assumed that Z is less than L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have assumed that Z is less than L is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+b uh which we put over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh which we put over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh which we put over
+there we uh know that R must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we uh know that R must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we uh know that R must be equal to
+what kind of linear combination of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of linear combination of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of linear combination of S
+Prime and uh and and and U so well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and uh and and and U so well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and uh and and and U so well we
+have uh been filling the a s Prime Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh been filling the a s Prime Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh been filling the a s Prime Times
+so this is what we added in water to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we added in water to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we added in water to the
+whole uh system you can say S Prime Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh system you can say S Prime Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh system you can say S Prime Time
+a and we ped out uh water well we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we ped out uh water well we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we ped out uh water well we did
+that U times from the B gallon jug so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U times from the B gallon jug so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U times from the B gallon jug so we
+put out U * B gallons so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out U * B gallons so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out U * B gallons so this is the
+remainder that is left in this bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder that is left in this bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder that is left in this bigger
+jug right so are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug right so are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug right so are there any questions
+about this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so
+uh okay so we also know that L is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we also know that L is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we also know that L is equal
+to S Prime * a + T Prime * B and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S Prime * a + T Prime * B and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S Prime * a + T Prime * B and this is
+uh the linear combination that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the linear combination that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the linear combination that we would
+try to uh prove of that it is uh left at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh prove of that it is uh left at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh prove of that it is uh left at
+the very end so what we want to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end so what we want to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end so what we want to show is
+that R equals l so how do we do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R equals l so how do we do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R equals l so how do we do that now
+well we're going to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to show that
+uh uh that R can be expressed in L in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that R can be expressed in L in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that R can be expressed in L in in
+a special way so let's have a look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special way so let's have a look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special way so let's have a look so
+these are all tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all tricks
+um in the sense that uh I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that uh I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the sense that uh I'm giving you
+this proof but how do you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof but how do you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof but how do you come up with
+this yourself is sometimes you play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yourself is sometimes you play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yourself is sometimes you play a
+lot with these kinds of things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with these kinds of things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with these kinds of things and you
+get a feeling of what kind of uh uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling of what kind of uh uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling of what kind of uh uh sort
+of pattern exists and what kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern exists and what kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern exists and what kind of uh
+intuition you need in order to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you need in order to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you need in order to write
+down a proof like this so let's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a proof like this so let's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a proof like this so let's uh uh
+rewrite this I'm going to add T Prime *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this I'm going to add T Prime *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this I'm going to add T Prime *
+B and I'm going to subtract it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so I have S Prime * a plus T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I have S Prime * a plus T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so I have S Prime * a plus T Prime
+* B I subtract it again and I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* B I subtract it again and I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* B I subtract it again and I still have
+this amount left over here so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount left over here so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount left over here so what is
+this equal to well this part is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to well this part is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to well this part is equal to
+l so this is equal to l minus and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is equal to l minus and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so this is equal to l minus and I have
+a multiple of B which is p prime plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of B which is p prime plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of B which is p prime plus u
+* V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H now this is very interesting does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now this is very interesting does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H now this is very interesting does
+anybody see how we could continue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see how we could continue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see how we could continue here
+so we have R expressed as L minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have R expressed as L minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have R expressed as L minus a
+multiple of B and I also know that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of B and I also know that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of B and I also know that L is
+in this range also know that R is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range also know that R is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range also know that R is in
+this range so that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range so that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range so that's kind of interesting
+right so how can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how can that
+be what what what should be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what what should be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what what should be the case
+here does anybody see what what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anybody see what what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anybody see what what kind of
+property T prime plus u must must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property T prime plus u must must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property T prime plus u must must have
+in order to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make that
+happen so let's have a look here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's have a look here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's have a look here we have
+L it's in this range so let's just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's in this range so let's just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L it's in this range so let's just draw
+an AIS so we have zero we have B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AIS so we have zero we have B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an AIS so we have zero we have B and
+somehow in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in this
+range we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range we have a
+l now if I subtract like uh actually b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l now if I subtract like uh actually b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l now if I subtract like uh actually b
+or something more than b or I add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something more than b or I add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something more than b or I add more
+than B I will jump out of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B I will jump out of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than B I will jump out of this this
+range and I go somewhere over here or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and I go somewhere over here or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and I go somewhere over here or I
+go somewhere over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere over
+there right so if I suppose L is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so if I suppose L is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so if I suppose L is over
+here then L minus B would be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then L minus B would be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then L minus B would be over here
+which would be negative or if I add B it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be negative or if I add B it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be negative or if I add B it
+will be over here which would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over here which would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over here which would be more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+b now we know that this is equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now we know that this is equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now we know that this is equal to R
+but R is in this range so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but R is in this range so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but R is in this range so that's not
+really possible so let's write it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really possible so let's write it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really possible so let's write it out so
+if T prime plus U is unequal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T prime plus U is unequal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T prime plus U is unequal to zero so
+I actually really subtract or add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually really subtract or add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually really subtract or add a
+multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of
+B then I know that R is either smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then I know that R is either smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then I know that R is either smaller
+than zero or R is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero or R is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero or R is larger than
+b now we know that that cannot be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now we know that that cannot be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now we know that that cannot be the
+case so we can conclude that t Prime + U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we can conclude that t Prime + U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we can conclude that t Prime + U
+equals zero now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now that
+implies that um T Prime equals minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that um T Prime equals minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that um T Prime equals minus U
+um or maybe the other way around because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or maybe the other way around because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or maybe the other way around because
+that's easier to see what's happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier to see what's happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier to see what's happening so
+U equals minus t Prime if we plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals minus t Prime if we plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals minus t Prime if we plug that
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+here well we get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well we get exactly the same
+expression you see minus minus t Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you see minus minus t Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you see minus minus t Prime
+is equal to plus T Prime and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to plus T Prime and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to plus T Prime and we get the
+exact same linear combination so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same linear combination so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same linear combination so we
+conclude that R equals L and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that R equals L and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that R equals L and now we're
+done why is that well we have show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why is that well we have show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done why is that well we have show that
+the very last number of gallons that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last number of gallons that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last number of gallons that is
+left after this procedure after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after this procedure after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after this procedure after this
+algorithm is actually exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is actually exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is actually exactly equal to
+the linear combination that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear combination that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear combination that we wanted to
+achieve so now we got the proof for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so now we got the proof for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so now we got the proof for this
+theorem that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that tells us that
+um that uh that any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that any linear combination
+is actually uh is of of of A and B can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh is of of of A and B can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually uh is of of of A and B can
+actually be reached by pouring gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be reached by pouring gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be reached by pouring gallons
+over and back and emptying and filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and back and emptying and filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and back and emptying and filling
+those jugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those jugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those jugs
+all right let's uh continue so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh continue so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh continue so there was
+a question over here that I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question over here that I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question over here that I would like
+to uh that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that I would like to
+address um so maybe I did not make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address um so maybe I did not make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address um so maybe I did not make so
+clear what uh what what the S Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what uh what what the S Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what uh what what the S Prime and
+the T Prime is over here and um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T Prime is over here and um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T Prime is over here and um in this
+proof we started off with this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we started off with this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we started off with this linear
+combination I would like to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination I would like to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination I would like to have an
+algorithm of pouring that creates L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of pouring that creates L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of pouring that creates L
+gallons in say the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons in say the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons in say the bigger
+jug so so in order to do that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so so in order to do that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jug so so in order to do that I want to
+find uh say linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh say linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh say linear
+combination that makes this L such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that makes this L such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that makes this L such that
+this S Prime is an integer POS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this S Prime is an integer POS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this S Prime is an integer POS a
+positive integer why do I want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer why do I want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer why do I want to have a
+positive integer because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer because in this
+algorithm I'm going to repeat something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I'm going to repeat something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I'm going to repeat something
+S Prime Times if S Prime is negative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Prime Times if S Prime is negative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S Prime Times if S Prime is negative I
+cannot do it right so S Prime has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it right so S Prime has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do it right so S Prime has to be
+a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive
+integer in order to create uh such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer in order to create uh such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer in order to create uh such a
+positive integer I can just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer I can just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer I can just add
+uh like a th time B * a and subtract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a th time B * a and subtract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a th time B * a and subtract a
+th * a * B that's okay I can just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th * a * B that's okay I can just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th * a * B that's okay I can just add a
+lot and if I add enough I can make s+ M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and if I add enough I can make s+ M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and if I add enough I can make s+ M
+* B positive even if s is say minus 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* B positive even if s is say minus 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* B positive even if s is say minus 100
+well if I add 1,00 * 5 I will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I add 1,00 * 5 I will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I add 1,00 * 5 I will get a
+positive number so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number so that's sort of the
+reason in this prove that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in this prove that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in this prove that we want to
+rewrite the linear combination into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the linear combination into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the linear combination into a
+new one such that this S Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one such that this S Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one such that this S Prime is
+positive and if we have S Prime positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if we have S Prime positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if we have S Prime positive
+then we can actually talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually talk about this
+algorithm because we can only repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we can only repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because we can only repeat
+something S Prime Times if S Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something S Prime Times if S Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something S Prime Times if S Prime is
+say one or two or three or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one or two or three or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one or two or three or something
+positive um all right so um let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um all right so um let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um all right so um let's um
+talk about the next part so we have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the next part so we have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the next part so we have gone
+uh we have proved two theorems but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have proved two theorems but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have proved two theorems but in
+the end he would like to have a uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end he would like to have a uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end he would like to have a uh uh a
+characterization of the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the greatest common
+devisor that's the goal of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor that's the goal of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor that's the goal of this lecture
+so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um in order to do this um let's uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to do this um let's uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to do this um let's uh first
+of all uh look at our five gallon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh look at our five gallon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all uh look at our five gallon and
+three gallon example we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gallon example we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gallon example we know that the
+greatest common advisor is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor is equal to one
+um we know that uh one can be Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that uh one can be Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know that uh one can be Rewritten
+written as a linear combination is 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear combination is 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear combination is 2 *
+3us 1 * 5 so that means that according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us 1 * 5 so that means that according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us 1 * 5 so that means that according
+to the theorem that we have up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the theorem that we have up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the theorem that we have up here we
+can actually uh make exactly one gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh make exactly one gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh make exactly one gallons
+uh in one of these JS so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one of these JS so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one of these JS so that means that
+we can also uh have any multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also uh have any multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also uh have any multiple of
+those so we can reach any multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we can reach any multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so we can reach any multiple of
+one that's very special so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's very special so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's very special so in this
+particular case we know that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we know that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case we know that any
+multiple of one any number of gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of one any number of gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of one any number of gallons
+can be reached so can we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached so can we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached so can we sort of
+generalize this a little bit uh by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this a little bit uh by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this a little bit uh by using
+the greatest common advisor so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common advisor so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common advisor so the
+greatest common advisor of three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor of three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor of three and
+five is equal to one and we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is equal to one and we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is equal to one and we have shown
+that the greatest common advisor divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common advisor divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common advisor divides
+any result can we say something more can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any result can we say something more can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any result can we say something more can
+we say that the greatest common devisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the greatest common devisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the greatest common devisor
+can be maybe written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maybe written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be maybe written as a linear
+combination of this type of over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this type of over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this type of over there
+and that's how we are going to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we are going to proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we are going to proceed
+now so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so let's uh
+um talk about a very special uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about a very special uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about a very special uh
+algorithm which is called uh ukls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is called uh ukls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is called uh ukls
+algorithm and I think in the book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I think in the book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and I think in the book it's
+also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the
+pulverizer and you will have a a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer and you will have a a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer and you will have a a problem
+on this just to see how that works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this just to see how that works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this just to see how that works and
+to really understand it so let's explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand it so let's explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand it so let's explain
+what we want here so first of all uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want here so first of all uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want here so first of all uh we
+know that uh for any b and a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh for any b and a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh for any b and a there
+exists a unique quotient and remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a unique quotient and remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a unique quotient and remainder
+are so let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so let's write it
+out there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there exists
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+unique uh Q which we will call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coent and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and r
+we'll call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remainder such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that b equals um Q *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b equals um Q *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b equals um Q *
+a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus
+r uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh with the
+property that uh zero is at least R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that uh zero is at least R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that uh zero is at least R and
+at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+a so we we're not going to prove this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we we're not going to prove this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we we're not going to prove this uh
+this statement it's actually like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement it's actually like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement it's actually like a
+theorem right but let's just assume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right but let's just assume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right but let's just assume it
+for now and in the book you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and in the book you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and in the book you can read
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um we're going to use this to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use this to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to use this to prove uh
+the following Lemma that you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following Lemma that you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following Lemma that you will need
+to give a characterization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a characterization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a characterization of the
+greatest common devisor as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common devisor as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common devisor as a linear
+combination of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of uh of
+integers um oh before I forget we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um oh before I forget we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um oh before I forget we will
+will denote this remainder as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote this remainder as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denote this remainder as
+RM of um B comma a and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RM of um B comma a and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RM of um B comma a and this is the
+notation that we use in this uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we use in this uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we use in this uh in this
+lecture so what's the Lemma the Lemma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so what's the Lemma the Lemma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so what's the Lemma the Lemma is
+that the greatest common divisor of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common divisor of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common divisor of A
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+B is equal to the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to the greatest common
+divisor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of the
+remainder of b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of b and
+a uh with a so what did we do let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh with a so what did we do let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh with a so what did we do let's give
+an example to see how this works um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example to see how this works um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example to see how this works um for
+example let's take um actually let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take um actually let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take um actually let's do
+it on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whiteboard so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see for example let's see whether we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example let's see whether we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example let's see whether we can
+use this to calculate the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to calculate the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to calculate the greatest
+common divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common divisor of
+105 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 and
+224 so how can we go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 so how can we go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 so how can we go ahead
+well according to this LMA we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well according to this LMA we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well according to this LMA we can
+rewrite this as the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as the greatest common
+advisor of first the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor of first the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor of first the remainder
+of 224 after dividing out as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 224 after dividing out as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 224 after dividing out as many
+multiples of 105 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 105 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 105 as
+possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and
+5 so what are we going to use here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so what are we going to use here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so what are we going to use here we're
+going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that
+224 is actually equal to 2 * 105 + uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14 so we have the gcd of 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so we have the gcd of 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so we have the gcd of 14 and
+105 now why can I do this well um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 now why can I do this well um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 now why can I do this well um I'm
+essentially just subtracting uh like 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just subtracting uh like 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just subtracting uh like 2 *
+105 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 from
+224 well the greatest common devisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 well the greatest common devisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 well the greatest common devisor
+that divides 105 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divides 105 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divides 105 and
+224 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 also
+divides uh 105 and a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides uh 105 and a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides uh 105 and a linear combination
+of5 and 224 that's essentially what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of5 and 224 that's essentially what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of5 and 224 that's essentially what we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+using uh and that's actually stated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh and that's actually stated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh and that's actually stated in
+this Lama and that's what we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lama and that's what we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lama and that's what we would like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+prove so let's continue this process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove so let's continue this process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove so let's continue this process and
+uh do the same trick once more so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same trick once more so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do the same trick once more so we can
+say that we can rewrite this as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we can rewrite this as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we can rewrite this as uh the
+greatest comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest comma
+divisor of well the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of well the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor of well the remainder of
+uh 105 after taking out as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 105 after taking out as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 105 after taking out as many
+multiples of 14 as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 14 as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 14 as possible and
+14 so what are we going to use over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so what are we going to use over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so what are we going to use over here
+we we are going to use that 105 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are going to use that 105 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are going to use that 105 is equal
+to uh 7 * 14 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh 7 * 14 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh 7 * 14 +
+7 so this is the greatest common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so this is the greatest common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so this is the greatest common divisor
+of seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven and
+14 now if you just continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 now if you just continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 now if you just continue
+this process we can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process we can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process we can see that this is
+equal to the greatest Comm divisor again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the greatest Comm divisor again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the greatest Comm divisor again
+of the remainder of now 14 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remainder of now 14 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the remainder of now 14 after
+dividing out as many multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing out as many multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing out as many multiples of
+seven with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven with
+s now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now this is
+equal to 0 comma 7 why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14 is equal to 2 * 7 + 0 so 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 is equal to 2 * 7 + 0 so 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 is equal to 2 * 7 + 0 so 0 is the
+remainder after dividing out uh seven as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder after dividing out uh seven as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder after dividing out uh seven as
+many possible times is possible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible times is possible okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible times is possible okay so
+we have the greatest comma device of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the greatest comma device of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the greatest comma device of 0
+and seven what's the largest integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven what's the largest integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven what's the largest integer
+that can divide both zero and seven well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can divide both zero and seven well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can divide both zero and seven well
+any integer can divide SE zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integer can divide SE zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any integer can divide SE zero so we
+know that this is equal to seven so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is equal to seven so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is equal to seven so
+essentially what we have done here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we have done here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we have done here we
+have repeatedly used this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeatedly used this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeatedly used this particular
+Lama to compute in the end the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama to compute in the end the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama to compute in the end the greatest
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+divisor uh of uh 105 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor uh of uh 105 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisor uh of uh 105 and
+224 and we have uh been very methodolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 and we have uh been very methodolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+224 and we have uh been very methodolog
+we we use this a specific method we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use this a specific method we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use this a specific method we used
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+LMA and we worked it out we use the LMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and we worked it out we use the LMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and we worked it out we use the LMA
+again and we just plugged in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we just plugged in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we just plugged in the actual
+numbers use the LMA again plugged in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers use the LMA again plugged in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers use the LMA again plugged in the
+actual numbers and so on and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and so on and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers and so on and this is
+what is called uet's algorithm and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called uet's algorithm and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called uet's algorithm and in
+the book it's also called a pulverizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's also called a pulverizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's also called a pulverizer
+and it is I think a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is I think a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is I think a few other
+names but I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but I like this
+one so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is an
+example of of uet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of uet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of uet's
+algorithm so now let's um have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so now let's um have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so now let's um have a look
+whether we can uh prove uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can uh prove uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can uh prove uh this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+Lama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama
+and um actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um actually I
+will yep we're going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lama okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we do the proof well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do the proof well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do the proof well first of
+all we know that uh if uh yeah well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know that uh if uh yeah well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we know that uh if uh yeah well how
+do we do this we would like to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we would like to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we would like to prove
+that if the gr well if if M divides A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the gr well if if M divides A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the gr well if if M divides A
+and B in particular the greatest comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B in particular the greatest comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B in particular the greatest comma
+devisor divides A and B we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides A and B we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides A and B we would like to
+show that it's uh dividing also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's uh dividing also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's uh dividing also the
+remainder of B after dividing out a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of B after dividing out a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of B after dividing out a and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+itself if we can show that then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if we can show that then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself if we can show that then we know
+that the greatest common divisor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common divisor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the greatest common divisor of this
+thing is at least what we have over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is at least what we have over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is at least what we have over here
+so I said a lot right now so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said a lot right now so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said a lot right now so let's try
+to write it out a little bit so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out a little bit so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out a little bit so suppose
+that m is any divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that m is any divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that m is any divisor of
+a and at the same time M also divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+well then I know that m also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I know that m also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I know that m also
+divides B minus say the quotient q that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides B minus say the quotient q that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides B minus say the quotient q that
+he had over here time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had over here time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had over here time
+a and uh and this is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and uh and this is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and uh and this is actually equal to
+the remainder of b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remainder of b and
+a now we also know that uh M divides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now we also know that uh M divides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now we also know that uh M divides a
+so what did we show here we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we show here we showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we show here we showed that
+if M divides A and M divides B then M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M divides A and M divides B then M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M divides A and M divides B then M
+also divides the remainder of B and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also divides the remainder of B and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also divides the remainder of B and A
+and M divides a so what does this prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M divides a so what does this prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M divides a so what does this prove
+well it proves that in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it proves that in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it proves that in particular the
+greatest common divisor over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor over here
+divides this one that's interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this one that's interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this one that's interesting that
+essentially means that we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means that we have shown
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+inequality because um if this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality because um if this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality because um if this one
+divides this well that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this well that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this well that means that this
+number over here must be at least what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over here must be at least what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number over here must be at least what
+we have over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over here
+okay so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we consider two cases if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we consider two cases if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we consider two cases if the
+remainder of b and a is unequal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of b and a is unequal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of b and a is unequal to
+zero well what can we say now um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well what can we say now um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well what can we say now um we can
+say that uh if I know that M divides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh if I know that M divides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh if I know that M divides uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+remainder of B and A which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of B and A which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of B and A which can be
+Rewritten as B minus Q *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as B minus Q *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as B minus Q *
+a u and I also know that uh if I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and I also know that uh if I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u and I also know that uh if I also
+know that mides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a then this actually implies uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then this actually implies uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then this actually implies uh the
+reverse of this statement that M divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of this statement that M divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of this statement that M divides
+A and M divides B now why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and M divides B now why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and M divides B now why is that well
+we're actually using the fact that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using the fact that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using the fact that if
+mides B minus Q * A and M divides a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mides B minus Q * A and M divides a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mides B minus Q * A and M divides a then
+M also defies any linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M also defies any linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M also defies any linear combination of
+these two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two in
+particular this plus Q * a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this plus Q * a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this plus Q * a which
+is b m divides B so maybe I'm going a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b m divides B so maybe I'm going a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b m divides B so maybe I'm going a
+little bit faster I notice um this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster I notice um this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit faster I notice um this all
+also has to do with all the uh uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to do with all the uh uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to do with all the uh uh at
+your hand out you see a few facts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand out you see a few facts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand out you see a few facts on the
+visibility in a particular item number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility in a particular item number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility in a particular item number
+three uh talks about um the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh talks about um the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh talks about um the fact that
+I'm using here if aides B on on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using here if aides B on on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using here if aides B on on your
+hand out and aides C then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out and aides C then I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out and aides C then I know that
+aides any linear combination of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aides any linear combination of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aides any linear combination of B and
+C so that's essentially what I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's essentially what I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so that's essentially what I'm using
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so let's look at uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look at uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's look at uh the other
+case if the remainder is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the remainder is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the remainder is equal to
+zero well then uh I actually know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well then uh I actually know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well then uh I actually know that
+b - Q * a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b - Q * a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b - Q * a is equal to
+Z well if I know that uh M Ides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well if I know that uh M Ides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well if I know that uh M Ides
+a uh well then uh then since 0 equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh well then uh then since 0 equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh well then uh then since 0 equals uh
+B minus Q * a I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus Q * a I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B minus Q * a I know
+that b = q * a so if n divides a I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b = q * a so if n divides a I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b = q * a so if n divides a I also
+know that M divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that M divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that M divides
+B so this is one argument this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is one argument this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is one argument this is
+another one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and this
+was these are the three arguments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these are the three arguments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these are the three arguments that
+now show that uh anything that divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show that uh anything that divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show that uh anything that divides
+these two also divides A and B so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two also divides A and B so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two also divides A and B so now we
+have the reverse argument right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reverse argument right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reverse argument right so the
+this greatest common divisor divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greatest common divisor divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greatest common divisor divides
+this one here and this one and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and this one and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and this one and we just
+proved that it divides A and B and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that it divides A and B and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that it divides A and B and so it
+must defy the greatest common devisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must defy the greatest common devisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must defy the greatest common devisor of
+A and B so now we have shown the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B so now we have shown the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B so now we have shown the other
+inequality and this proves equality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and this proves equality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and this proves equality so
+you should definitely look look this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should definitely look look this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should definitely look look this up
+in your lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lecture
+notes um so now we can finally prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um so now we can finally prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um so now we can finally prove uh
+this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful
+theorem uh that will help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh that will help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh that will help us to
+characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+uh the uh actually let me put this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so the final theorem that we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the final theorem that we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the final theorem that we prove
+here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+uh the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the greatest common
+divisor of A and B is actually a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+B so we're going to use this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to use this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're going to use this algorithm
+that we have over here um ukids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have over here um ukids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have over here um ukids
+algorithm and um we are going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and um we are going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and um we are going to do a
+proof Again by induction and we use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof Again by induction and we use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof Again by induction and we use an
+invariant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+uh a similar kind of strategy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a similar kind of strategy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a similar kind of strategy of
+course the invariant that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+well if ukets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+reaches uh the greatest common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches uh the greatest common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches uh the greatest common divisor
+of X and Y so for example it reaches say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so for example it reaches say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so for example it reaches say
+seven or 14 and 105 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 14 and 105 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 14 and 105 for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+then say after end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps then both uh X and Y are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then both uh X and Y are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then both uh X and Y are linear
+combinations of uh A and B so then X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of uh A and B so then X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of uh A and B so then X and
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear
+combinations of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and
+B and at the same time we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and at the same time we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and at the same time we also know that
+the greatest common divisor of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common divisor of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest common divisor of A and B
+is equal to the greatest common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the greatest common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the greatest common divisor
+of X and Y so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y so this is my
+invariant and uh the way I will go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and uh the way I will go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and uh the way I will go ahead
+is to uh simply do what what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh simply do what what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh simply do what what we do
+always in these system situation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in these system situation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in these system situation so we
+start with the base case and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the base case and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the base case and we can
+immediately see that after zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that after zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that after zero
+steps um in the ukian algorithm I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um in the ukian algorithm I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um in the ukian algorithm I've
+done absolutely nothing so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done absolutely nothing so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done absolutely nothing so uh
+obviously after zero steps xal a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously after zero steps xal a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously after zero steps xal a y
+equals B so of course they are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B so of course they are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B so of course they are linear
+combinations of A and B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A and B and this
+equality hols as well so for the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality hols as well so for the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality hols as well so for the base
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so after zero steps we immediately know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after zero steps we immediately know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after zero steps we immediately know
+that p 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p 0 is
+true now for the inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now for the inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now for the inductive
+step we have to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+um as usual right we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume PN and now we would like to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume PN and now we would like to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume PN and now we would like to prove
+PN + one so how do we do this well um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there exists a
+q such that the remainder of Y and X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q such that the remainder of Y and X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q such that the remainder of Y and X is
+equal to y - Q *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y - Q *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to y - Q *
+X so we assume PN we have reached some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we assume PN we have reached some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we assume PN we have reached some
+State X comma y we know that remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State X comma y we know that remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State X comma y we know that remainder
+of y x = y - Q * X for some quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y x = y - Q * X for some quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y x = y - Q * X for some quotient
+Q uh we know that y linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh we know that y linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh we know that y linear combination
+of of of of of A and B and X's as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of of A and B and X's as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of of A and B and X's as well
+so that means that this one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that this one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that this one is actually
+also a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a linear
+combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+B so now when we look at this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now when we look at this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so now when we look at this algorithm
+we can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that uh
+that if you look at the remainder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the remainder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the remainder that
+appears in here that's still a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in here that's still a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in here that's still a linear
+combination of A and B so after an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and B so after an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and B so after an extra
+step we notice that what we have reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we notice that what we have reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we notice that what we have reached
+are still linear combinations of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still linear combinations of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still linear combinations of A and B
+and of course the uh dma has showed has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the uh dma has showed has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the uh dma has showed has
+has has shown us that um that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has shown us that um that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has shown us that um that what we
+reach is still equal the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach is still equal the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach is still equal the greatest common
+devis is still equal to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devis is still equal to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devis is still equal to what we
+originally started out with so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally started out with so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally started out with so this
+proves uh P of n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and that finish this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that finish this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that finish this particular
+proof so for the very uh last step if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so for the very uh last step if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so for the very uh last step if
+you now look at this particular uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now look at this particular uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now look at this particular uh uh uh
+uh so if we look at the very end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we look at the very end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we look at the very end we
+notice that in every step the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in every step the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in every step the remainder
+is getting smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting smaller and smaller and
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+right and you can use a similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can use a similar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can use a similar kind of
+proof technique to show that after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technique to show that after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technique to show that after a
+finite number of steps we will reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of steps we will reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of steps we will reach a
+gcd of 0 comma y something like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of 0 comma y something like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcd of 0 comma y something like this so
+in the very last step of UK's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very last step of UK's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very last step of UK's
+algorithm we achieve something of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we achieve something of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we achieve something of this
+form we now use our uh our predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we now use our uh our predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we now use our uh our predicate
+over here and say that Y is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and say that Y is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and say that Y is a linear
+combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+B but the the greatest common devisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but the the greatest common devisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but the the greatest common devisor of
+0 comma Y is also equal to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma Y is also equal to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 comma Y is also equal to the original
+greatest common devisor that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common devisor that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common devisor that we want to
+characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize
+so now we have proved the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have proved the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have proved the theorem that
+says that the greatest common divisor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the greatest common divisor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the greatest common divisor of
+A and B is actually a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B is actually a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B is actually a linear
+combination so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so now we're going to
+combine all those three theorems in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all those three theorems in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all those three theorems in one
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and that will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will show
+us the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the final result
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the theorem that the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem that the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem that the greatest common
+devisor of A and B is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of A and
+B so we going to combine all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we going to combine all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we going to combine all of these
+together we know that the greatest comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we know that the greatest comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we know that the greatest comma
+devisor divides any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides any
+result the theorem up there says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the theorem up there says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result the theorem up there says that
+any linear combination can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination can be
+reached and we also just shows have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and we also just shows have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and we also just shows have
+shown that the greatest common devisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the greatest common devisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the greatest common devisor
+is a linear combination of A and B so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of A and B so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of A and B so we
+can combine those three to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine those three to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine those three to get this
+theorem so how do we do it well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so how do we do it well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so how do we do it well let's
+just look at zero all the way up to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at zero all the way up to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at zero all the way up to B
+suppose these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose these are all the
+results that we can reach in our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that we can reach in our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that we can reach in our uh
+problem we know that the greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we know that the greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we know that the greatest common
+devisor divides all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devisor divides all of
+those at the same time it's also linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those at the same time it's also linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those at the same time it's also linear
+combination that's over here since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that's over here since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that's over here since it's
+a linear combination it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination it can also be
+reached right by the theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached right by the theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached right by the theorem that we
+have so suppose that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so suppose that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so suppose that this is the
+greatest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common
+advisor but we also know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor but we also know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor but we also know that the
+greatest common advisor is Def is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor is Def is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common advisor is Def is is is
+div and all of these points here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div and all of these points here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div and all of these points here that
+can be reached so therefore it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached so therefore it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reached so therefore it must be
+the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest
+one and I will leave you with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I will leave you with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I will leave you with some
+homework to think about it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework to think about it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework to think about it very
+carefully and you can show for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and you can show for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and you can show for yourself
+that you can now combine those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now combine those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now combine those three
+arguments together and see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments together and see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments together and see that the
+greatest commis must be the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest commis must be the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest commis must be the smallest
+positive linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive linear
+combination so I will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so I will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so I will see you next
+Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OWoeymcWpPw.txt b/OWoeymcWpPw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c867ef59891ff4b6bc65e06adab218f9939b989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OWoeymcWpPw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um my name is atisa Banu aizi and I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my name is atisa Banu aizi and I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my name is atisa Banu aizi and I work
+in rap writing rhetoric and professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rap writing rhetoric and professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rap writing rhetoric and professional
+communication at MIT and I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication at MIT and I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication at MIT and I work with
+classes Across The Institute um helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes Across The Institute um helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes Across The Institute um helping
+students learn to um write and speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn to um write and speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students learn to um write and speak
+professionally the goal is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally the goal is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally the goal is to get
+students to learn to communicate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to learn to communicate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to learn to communicate like
+professional practitioners of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional practitioners of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional practitioners of their own
+disciplines and that is really what 8813
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and that is really what 8813
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and that is really what 8813
+I think excels at um getting students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think excels at um getting students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think excels at um getting students to
+work and think and talk and write like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and think and talk and write like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and think and talk and write like
+physicists
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OscT4N2qq7o.txt b/OscT4N2qq7o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58b2090984a2a349aca277fca8e633aab8efb50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OscT4N2qq7o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well so far in this course we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far in this course we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far in this course we've been
+talking a lot about data abstraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot about data abstraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot about data abstraction and
+remember the idea is that we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the idea is that we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the idea is that we build
+systems that have these horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have these horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have these horizontal
+barriers in them these abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers in them these abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers in them these abstraction
+barriers that separate that separate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers that separate that separate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers that separate that separate is
+the way you might use some data object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you might use some data object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you might use some data object
+from the way you might represent it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way you might represent it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way you might represent it or
+another way to think of that is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of that is up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think of that is up here
+you have the boss who's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the boss who's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the boss who's going to be
+using some sort of data object and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some sort of data object and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some sort of data object and down
+here is George who's implemented it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is George who's implemented it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is George who's implemented it now
+this notion of of separating youth from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of of separating youth from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of of separating youth from
+representation so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you can think about
+these two problems separately is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems separately is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems separately is a very
+very powerful programming methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful programming methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful programming methodology
+their data abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data abstraction
+on the other hand it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand it's not really
+sufficient for really complex systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for really complex systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient for really complex systems
+and the problem with this is is George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with this is is George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with this is is George
+or or actually the problem is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or actually the problem is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or actually the problem is that there
+are a lot of George's let's be concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of George's let's be concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of George's let's be concrete
+let's suppose there's George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose there's George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose there's George
+and there's also Martha and if George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also Martha and if George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also Martha and if George
+and Martha are both working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martha are both working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martha are both working on the
+system both designing representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system both designing representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system both designing representations
+and absolutely are incompatible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolutely are incompatible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and absolutely are incompatible right
+they wouldn't cooperate on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't cooperate on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't cooperate on a
+representation under any circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation under any circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation under any circumstances
+and the problem is you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is you would like to
+have some system where both George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system where both George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system where both George and
+Martha are designing representations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha are designing representations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha are designing representations and
+yet if you're above this abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet if you're above this abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet if you're above this abstraction
+barrier you don't want to have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier you don't want to have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier you don't want to have to worry
+about that whether something is done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whether something is done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whether something is done by
+George or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George or
+Martha and you don't want George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha and you don't want George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha and you don't want George and
+Martha to interfere with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha to interfere with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha to interfere with each other
+somehow in designing a system you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in designing a system you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in designing a system you not
+only want these horizontal barriers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want these horizontal barriers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want these horizontal barriers but
+you also want some kind of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want some kind of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want some kind of some kind of
+vertical barrier to keep George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical barrier to keep George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical barrier to keep George and
+Martha separate now let me be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha separate now let me be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha separate now let me be a little
+bit more more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more more concrete
+imagine that you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you're thinking about
+personnel records for a company a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel records for a company a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel records for a company a large
+company with a lot of a lot of loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with a lot of a lot of loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company with a lot of a lot of loosely
+linked divisions that don't cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked divisions that don't cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked divisions that don't cooperate
+very well either and imagine that uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well either and imagine that uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well either and imagine that uh do
+you imagine even that this company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine even that this company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine even that this company is
+formed by merging a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by merging a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by merging a whole bunch of
+companies that already have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that already have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that already have their
+personnel records system set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel records system set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel records system set up and
+imagine that you know once these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you know once these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you know once these
+divisions are all linked in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions are all linked in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions are all linked in some kind of
+very sophisticated satellite network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated satellite network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated satellite network and
+all these databases are put together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these databases are put together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these databases are put together and
+what you would like to do is from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like to do is from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like to do is from any
+place in the company be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the company be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the company be able to say
+things like uh-oh what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh-oh what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh-oh what's the what's the
+name in a personnel record or what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in a personnel record or what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in a personnel record or what's the
+know what's the job description in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the job description in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the job description in a
+personnel record and not have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel record and not have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel record and not have to worry
+about the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that uh
+each division obviously is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each division obviously is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each division obviously is going to have
+completely separate conventions for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate conventions for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate conventions for how
+you might implement these records from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might implement these records from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might implement these records from
+this point you don't want to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you don't want to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you don't want to know about
+that well how could you possibly do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well how could you possibly do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well how could you possibly do that
+one way of course is to send down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of course is to send down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of course is to send down an
+edict from somewhere that everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edict from somewhere that everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edict from somewhere that everybody has
+to change their format to some to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change their format to some to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change their format to some to some
+fixed compatible thing that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed compatible thing that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed compatible thing that that's what
+people often try and of course it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often try and of course it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often try and of course it never
+works another thing that you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works another thing that you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works another thing that you might want
+to do is somehow arrange it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is somehow arrange it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is somehow arrange it so you can
+have these vertical barriers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these vertical barriers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these vertical barriers so that
+when you ask for the name of a personnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask for the name of a personnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask for the name of a personnel
+record somehow whatever format it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record somehow whatever format it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record somehow whatever format it
+happens to be named we'll figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be named we'll figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be named we'll figure out how
+to do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it won't name to be so-called a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't name to be so-called a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't name to be so-called a generic
+operator generic operator means what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator generic operator means what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator generic operator means what it
+sort of precisely does depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of precisely does depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of precisely does depends on the
+kind of data that it's looking at more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data that it's looking at more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data that it's looking at more
+than that you'd like to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you'd like to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you'd like to design the
+system so that a next time the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that a next time the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that a next time the next time
+a new division comes into the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new division comes into the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new division comes into the company
+they don't have to make any big changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to make any big changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to make any big changes
+in what they're already doing to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they're already doing to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they're already doing to link
+into this system and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this system and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this system and the rest of the
+company doesn't have to make any big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company doesn't have to make any big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company doesn't have to make any big
+changes to admit their stuff to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to admit their stuff to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to admit their stuff to the
+system so that's that's the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's that's the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's that's the problem you
+should be thinking of that like it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking of that like it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking of that like it sort
+of just just to work you want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just just to work you want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just just to work you want to be able
+to include new things by making minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include new things by making minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include new things by making minimal
+changes okay well that's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay well that's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay well that's the problem
+that we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be talking about
+today and you should have this this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you should have this this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you should have this this sort
+of distributed personnel record system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed personnel record system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distributed personnel record system
+in your mind but actually the one I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind but actually the one I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind but actually the one I'll
+be talking about is a problem that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about is a problem that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about is a problem that's a
+little bit more self-contained than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more self-contained than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more self-contained than that
+that'll bring up the issues I think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll bring up the issues I think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll bring up the issues I think more
+clearly that's the problem of doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's the problem of doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's the problem of doing a
+system that does arithmetic on complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that does arithmetic on complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that does arithmetic on complex
+numbers so let's let's take a look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so let's let's take a look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so let's let's take a look here
+just as a little review there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a little review there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a little review there are things
+called complex numbers a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called complex numbers a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called complex numbers a complex number
+you can think of as a point in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as a point in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as a point in the plane
+or Z and you can represent a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z and you can represent a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z and you can represent a point
+either by its real part in its imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by its real part in its imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by its real part in its imaginary
+part so if this is Z and its real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so if this is Z and its real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so if this is Z and its real part
+is is this much and its imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this much and its imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this much and its imaginary part
+is that much and you write Z equals X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that much and you write Z equals X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that much and you write Z equals X
+plus iy or another way to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy or another way to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus iy or another way to represent a
+complex number is by saying what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is by saying what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is by saying what's the
+distance from the origin and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the origin and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the origin and what's
+what's the angle so that represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the angle so that represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the angle so that represents a
+complex number as its radius times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number as its radius times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number as its radius times an
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one's called the original ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's called the original ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's called the original ones
+called rectangular form rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rectangular form rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rectangular form rectangular
+representation real and imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation real and imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation real and imaginary part
+or polar representation magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polar representation magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polar representation magnitude and
+angle and if you know the real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and if you know the real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and if you know the real and
+imaginary part you can figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part you can figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part you can figure out the
+magnitude and angle if you know x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle if you know x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle if you know x and y
+you can get R by this formula square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get R by this formula square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get R by this formula square
+root of some of the squares and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of some of the squares and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of some of the squares and you can
+get the angle as an arctangent what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the angle as an arctangent what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the angle as an arctangent what
+conversely if you knew RA you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if you knew RA you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if you knew RA you could
+figure out x and y X is R times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out x and y X is R times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out x and y X is R times the
+cosine of a and Y is r times the sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of a and Y is r times the sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of a and Y is r times the sine of
+de alright so there's these two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de alright so there's these two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de alright so there's these two there
+are complex numbers there you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex numbers there you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complex numbers there you can think
+of them either in polar form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them either in polar form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them either in polar form a
+rectangular form what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular form what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular form what we would like to
+do is make a system that does does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is make a system that does does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is make a system that does does
+arithmetic on complex numbers in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers in other
+words what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we'd like
+just like the rational number example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the rational number example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the rational number example is
+to have some operations plus C which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some operations plus C which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some operations plus C which is
+going to take two complex numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take two complex numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take two complex numbers and
+add them subtract them and multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them subtract them and multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them subtract them and multiply them
+and divide them okay well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide them okay well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide them okay well there's a
+little bit of of mathematics behind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of of mathematics behind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of of mathematics behind that
+what are the actual formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the actual formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the actual formulas for
+manipulating such things and sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating such things and sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating such things and sort of not
+important where they come from but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important where they come from but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important where they come from but just
+as an implementer let's let's see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an implementer let's let's see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an implementer let's let's see you
+can think if you want to add two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think if you want to add two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think if you want to add two complex
+numbers it's pretty easy to get it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's pretty easy to get it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's pretty easy to get it's
+real part and it's imaginary part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and it's imaginary part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and it's imaginary part the
+real part of the sum of two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the sum of two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the sum of two complex
+numbers right the real part of the Z 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right the real part of the Z 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right the real part of the Z 1
+plus C 2 is the real part of Z 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C 2 is the real part of Z 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C 2 is the real part of Z 1 plus
+the real part of Z 2 ok and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of Z 2 ok and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of Z 2 ok and the
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus C 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus C 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus C 2 is the
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of Z 1 plus the imaginary
+part of Z 2 so it's pretty easy to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Z 2 so it's pretty easy to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Z 2 so it's pretty easy to add
+complex numbers you just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers you just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers you just add the
+corresponding parts and make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts and make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts and make a new
+complex number with those parts if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number with those parts if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number with those parts if you
+want to multiply them it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply them it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply them it's kind of nice
+to do it in polar form because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in polar form because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in polar form because if you
+have two complex numbers the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two complex numbers the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two complex numbers the magnitude
+of their product is here the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their product is here the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their product is here the product of
+the magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the angle of the product is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle of the product is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle of the product is the sum
+of the angles so that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles so that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angles so that sort of
+mathematics that allows you to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that allows you to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that allows you to to do
+arithmetic on complex numbers let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers let's
+actually think about the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about the implementation
+well we do it just like the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do it just like the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we do it just like the rational
+numbers we come down we assume we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we come down we assume we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we come down we assume we have
+some some constructors and selectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some constructors and selectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some constructors and selectors
+what would we like well let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we like well let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we like well let's assume
+that we make a data object cloud which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make a data object cloud which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make a data object cloud which
+is a complex number that has some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex number that has some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complex number that has some stuff
+in it and that we can get out from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and that we can get out from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and that we can get out from a
+complex number the real part or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number the real part or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number the real part or the
+imaginary part or the magnitude or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part or the magnitude or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part or the magnitude or the
+angle we want some ways of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we want some ways of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we want some ways of making
+complex numbers not only selectors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers not only selectors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers not only selectors but
+constructors so we'll assume we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructors so we'll assume we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructors so we'll assume we have
+thing called make rectangular what make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called make rectangular what make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called make rectangular what make
+what make rectangular is going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make rectangular is going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what make rectangular is going to do is
+take a real part and an imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a real part and an imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a real part and an imaginary part
+and construct a complex number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construct a complex number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construct a complex number with
+those parts similarly we can have make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts similarly we can have make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parts similarly we can have make
+polar which will take a magnitude and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar which will take a magnitude and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar which will take a magnitude and an
+angle and construct a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and construct a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and construct a complex number
+which has that magnitude and angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has that magnitude and angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has that magnitude and angle so
+here's a system we have two constructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a system we have two constructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a system we have two constructors
+and four selectors and now just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four selectors and now just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four selectors and now just like
+before in terms of that abstract data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of that abstract data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of that abstract data
+we'll go ahead and implement our complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and implement our complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and implement our complex
+number operations and here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operations and here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operations and here you can see
+translated into Lisp code just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into Lisp code just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into Lisp code just the the
+arithmetic formulas I put down before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic formulas I put down before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic formulas I put down before
+right if I want to add two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I want to add two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I want to add two complex
+numbers I will make a complex number out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I will make a complex number out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I will make a complex number out
+of its real and imaginary parts the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its real and imaginary parts the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its real and imaginary parts the real
+part of the complex number I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the complex number I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the complex number I'm going to
+make is the sum of the real parts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is the sum of the real parts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is the sum of the real parts the
+imaginary part of the complex number I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the complex number I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the complex number I'm
+going to make is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make is the sum of the
+imaginary parts I put those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts I put those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts I put those together
+make a complex number that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a complex number that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a complex number that's how I
+implement complex number addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement complex number addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement complex number addition
+subtraction is essentially the same well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction is essentially the same well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction is essentially the same well
+I do is subtract the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do is subtract the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do is subtract the part
+rather than add them to multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than add them to multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than add them to multiply two
+complex numbers I'll use the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers I'll use the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers I'll use the other
+formula I'll make a complex number out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'll make a complex number out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'll make a complex number out
+of a magnitude and angle the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magnitude and angle the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magnitude and angle the magnitude
+is going to be the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the product of the
+magnitudes of the two complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the two complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of the two complex numbers
+I'm multiplying and the angle is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying and the angle is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying and the angle is going
+to be the sum of the angles of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the angles of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the sum of the angles of the two
+complex numbers I'm multiplying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers I'm multiplying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers I'm multiplying so
+there's multiplication and then division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiplication and then division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's multiplication and then division
+division is almost the same here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is almost the same here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is almost the same here I
+divide the magnitudes and subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the magnitudes and subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the magnitudes and subtract the
+angles all right well now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles all right well now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles all right well now I've
+implemented the operations and/or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the operations and/or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the operations and/or what
+do we do we call on George right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do we call on George right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do we call on George right we've
+done the the use let's worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the the use let's worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the the use let's worry about the
+representation will call on George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation will call on George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation will call on George and
+and say to George go ahead and build us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to George go ahead and build us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to George go ahead and build us
+a complex number representation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number representation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number representation well
+that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+George can say will implement a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George can say will implement a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George can say will implement a complex
+number simply as a pair that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number simply as a pair that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number simply as a pair that has the
+real part and imaginary part so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and imaginary part so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and imaginary part so if I
+want to make a complex number with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a complex number with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a complex number with a
+certain real part and an imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain real part and an imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain real part and an imaginary part
+I'll just use cons to form a pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just use cons to form a pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just use cons to form a pair and
+that will that's George's representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that's George's representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that's George's representation
+of a complex number so if I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complex number so if I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complex number so if I want to get
+out the real part of something I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the real part of something I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the real part of something I just
+extract the car first part I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the car first part I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the car first part I want to get
+the imaginary part I extract the cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I deal with the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I deal with the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I deal with the magnitude and
+angle well if I want to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle well if I want to extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle well if I want to extract the
+magnitude of one of these things I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one of these things I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one of these things I'd get
+the square root of the sum of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the square
+of the car plus the square of the cutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car plus the square of the cutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car plus the square of the cutter
+if I want to get the angle I compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to get the angle I compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to get the angle I compute the
+arctangent of the cutter in the car this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent of the cutter in the car this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent of the cutter in the car this
+is a list procedure for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list procedure for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list procedure for computing
+arctangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent
+and if somebody hands me a magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody hands me a magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody hands me a magnitude and
+an angle and says make me a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle and says make me a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle and says make me a complex
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+well I compute the real part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I compute the real part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I compute the real part in the
+imaginary part or cosine of the day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part or cosine of the day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part or cosine of the day and
+our sign of day and stick them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign of day and stick them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign of day and stick them together
+into a pair okay so we're done in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair okay so we're done in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair okay so we're done in fact
+what I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just did
+conceptually is absolutely no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually is absolutely no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually is absolutely no different
+from the rational number representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rational number representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the rational number representation
+that we looked at last time it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at last time it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at last time it's the
+same sort of idea you implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of idea you implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of idea you implement the
+operators you pick a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you pick a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you pick a representation
+nothing different now over let's worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different now over let's worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different now over let's worry
+about martha see martha has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about martha see martha has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about martha see martha has a different
+idea she doesn't want to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea she doesn't want to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea she doesn't want to represent a
+complex number as a pair of a real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number as a pair of a real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number as a pair of a real part
+and an imaginary part what she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an imaginary part what she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an imaginary part what she would
+like to do is represent a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is represent a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is represent a complex number
+as a pair of a magnitude and an angle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair of a magnitude and an angle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair of a magnitude and an angle so
+if instead of calling up George we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of calling up George we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of calling up George we asked
+Martha to design our representation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha to design our representation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha to design our representation we
+get something like this we get make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like this we get make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like this we get make
+polar sure if I give you a magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar sure if I give you a magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar sure if I give you a magnitude and
+an angle we're just going to form a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle we're just going to form a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle we're just going to form a pair
+that has magnitude and angle if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has magnitude and angle if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has magnitude and angle if you want
+to extract the magnitude that's easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the magnitude that's easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the magnitude that's easy you
+just pull out the car of the pair if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull out the car of the pair if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull out the car of the pair if you
+want to extract the angle sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extract the angle sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to extract the angle sure that's
+easy you just pull out the cutter if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you just pull out the cutter if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you just pull out the cutter if you
+want to look for real parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for real parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look for real parts and
+imaginary parts well then you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts well then you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts well then you have to do
+some work if you want the real part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work if you want the real part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work if you want the real part you
+have to get R cosine a in other words R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get R cosine a in other words R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get R cosine a in other words R
+the car of the fit of the pair times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car of the fit of the pair times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car of the fit of the pair times the
+cosine of the critter of the pair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the critter of the pair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the critter of the pair so
+this is this is R times the cosine of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is R times the cosine of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is R times the cosine of a
+that's the real part if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real part if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real part if you want to get
+the imaginary part its R times the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part its R times the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part its R times the sine
+of day and if I hand you a real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day and if I hand you a real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day and if I hand you a real part and
+an imaginary part and say make me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary part and say make me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary part and say make me a
+complex number with that real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number with that real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number with that real part and
+an imaginary part well I figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary part well I figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imaginary part well I figure out what
+the magnitude and angle should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and angle should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and angle should be the
+magnitude is the square root of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the square root of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the square root of the sum
+of the squares and the angles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares and the angles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squares and the angles the
+arctangent I put those together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent I put those together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent I put those together to make
+appear all right so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear all right so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear all right so there's there's
+Martha's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha's idea
+well which is better well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is better well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is better well if you're
+doing a lot of additions probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of additions probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of additions probably
+George's is better because you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's is better because you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's is better because you're doing
+a lot of real parts and imaginary parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of real parts and imaginary parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of real parts and imaginary parts
+if mostly you're gonna be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mostly you're gonna be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mostly you're gonna be giving
+multiplications and divisions then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and divisions then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and divisions then maybe
+Martha's idea is better or maybe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha's idea is better or maybe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha's idea is better or maybe and
+this is the real point you can't decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real point you can't decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real point you can't decide
+or maybe you just have to let them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you just have to let them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you just have to let them both
+hang around for personality reasons see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around for personality reasons see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around for personality reasons see
+maybe you just really can't ever decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just really can't ever decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just really can't ever decide
+what you would like and again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like and again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like and again what we
+would really like is a system that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like is a system that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really like is a system that looks
+like this that somehow there's George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that somehow there's George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that somehow there's George
+over here who has built rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here who has built rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here who has built rectangular
+complex numbers and Martha who has polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and Martha who has polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and Martha who has polar
+complex numbers and somehow we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and somehow we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and somehow we have
+operations that can add and subtract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that can add and subtract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that can add and subtract and
+multiply and divide and it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide and it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and divide and it shouldn't
+matter that there are two incompatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that there are two incompatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that there are two incompatible
+representations of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of complex numbers
+floating around this system in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around this system in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around this system in other
+words not only like an abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words not only like an abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words not only like an abstraction
+barrier here that has things in it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here that has things in it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here that has things in it like
+real part and imaginary part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and imaginary part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and imaginary part and
+magnitude an angle so not only is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude an angle so not only is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude an angle so not only is there
+an abstraction barrier that hides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstraction barrier that hides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstraction barrier that hides the
+actual representation from us but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual representation from us but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual representation from us but also
+there's some kind of vertical barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of vertical barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of vertical barrier
+here that allows both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that allows both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that allows both of these
+representations to exist without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations to exist without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations to exist without
+interfering with each other and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with each other and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with each other and the idea
+is that the things in here real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the things in here real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the things in here real part
+imaginary part magnitude and angle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part magnitude and angle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part magnitude and angle will
+be generic operators if you asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generic operators if you asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be generic operators if you asked for
+the real part it will worry about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part it will worry about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part it will worry about what
+representation it's looking at okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's looking at okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's looking at okay well
+how can we do that there's a actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that there's a actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do that there's a actually a
+really obvious idea if you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious idea if you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious idea if you're used to
+thinking about complex numbers if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about complex numbers if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about complex numbers if you're
+used to thinking about compound data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking about compound data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to thinking about compound data
+maybe suppose you could just tell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe suppose you could just tell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe suppose you could just tell by
+looking at a complex number whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a complex number whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a complex number whether it
+was constructed by George or Martha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constructed by George or Martha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was constructed by George or Martha in
+other words so so it's not that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so so it's not that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so so it's not that that
+what's floating around here are ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's floating around here are ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's floating around here are ordinary
+just complex numbers right there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complex numbers right there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complex numbers right there they're
+fancy designer complex numbers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy designer complex numbers right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy designer complex numbers right so
+you look at a complex numbers not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a complex numbers not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a complex numbers not just a
+it's not just a complex number it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a complex number it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a complex number it's got
+a label on it it says this one is is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label on it it says this one is is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label on it it says this one is is by
+Martha writer this is a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha writer this is a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha writer this is a complex number
+number by George Wright they're signed C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number by George Wright they're signed C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number by George Wright they're signed C
+and then whenever we looked at a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whenever we looked at a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then whenever we looked at a complex
+number we could just read the label and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we could just read the label and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we could just read the label and
+then we know how how its expect how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know how how its expect how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know how how its expect how you
+expect to to operate on that in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to to operate on that in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to to operate on that in other
+words what we want is not just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we want is not just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what we want is not just ordinary
+data objects we want to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data objects we want to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data objects we want to introduce the
+notion of what's called typed data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what's called typed data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what's called typed data type
+data means again there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data means again there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data means again there's some sort of
+cloud and what it's got in it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and what it's got in it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and what it's got in it is an
+ordinary data object like we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary data object like we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary data object like we've been
+thinking about I'm sort of pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm sort of pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm sort of pulled out
+the contents sort of the actual data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents sort of the actual data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents sort of the actual data and
+but also a thing called a type but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a thing called a type but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a thing called a type but it's
+it's signed by either George or Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's signed by either George or Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's signed by either George or Martha
+so we're going to go from regular data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go from regular data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go from regular data
+to type data how do we build that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type data how do we build that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type data how do we build that well
+that's easy right we know how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy right we know how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy right we know how to build
+clouds we use can build them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds we use can build them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds we use can build them out of
+pairs so here's a little representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so here's a little representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so here's a little representation
+that supports type data there's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports type data there's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supports type data there's a thing
+called take a take a type and attach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called take a take a type and attach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called take a take a type and attach it
+to a piece of contents and we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a piece of contents and we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a piece of contents and we just use
+cons and if we have a piece of type data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons and if we have a piece of type data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons and if we have a piece of type data
+we can look at the type which is the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the type which is the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the type which is the car
+we can look at the contents which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the contents which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the contents which is the
+cooter now along with that the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter now along with that the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter now along with that the way we
+use our type data is well test when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our type data is well test when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our type data is well test when
+we're given a piece of data what type it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a piece of data what type it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a piece of data what type it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so we have some type predicates with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some type predicates with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some type predicates with us
+for example to see whether a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to see whether a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example to see whether a complex
+number is one of George's whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one of George's whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one of George's whether it's
+rectangular we just check to see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular we just check to see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular we just check to see if the
+type of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of that
+is the symbol rectangular right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symbol rectangular right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symbol rectangular right the
+symbol rectangular and to check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol rectangular and to check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol rectangular and to check whether
+a complex number is one of Martha's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number is one of Martha's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number is one of Martha's we
+check to see whether the type is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see whether the type is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to see whether the type is the
+symbol polar right so that's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol polar right so that's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol polar right so that's a way to
+test what kind of number we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what kind of number we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what kind of number we're looking
+at now let's think about it we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now let's think about it we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now let's think about it we can use
+that to build the system so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to build the system so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to build the system so let's
+suppose that George and Martha were off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that George and Martha were off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that George and Martha were off
+working separately and each of them had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working separately and each of them had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working separately and each of them had
+designed their their complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed their their complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed their their complex number
+representation packages what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation packages what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation packages what do they
+have to do to to become part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to to become part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to to become part of the
+system to exist compatibly well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to exist compatibly well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to exist compatibly well it's
+really pretty easy remember George had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty easy remember George had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty easy remember George had
+this package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this package
+here's George's original package or half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's George's original package or half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's George's original package or half
+of it and underlined in red or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and underlined in red or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and underlined in red or the
+changes he has to make so before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes he has to make so before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes he has to make so before when
+George made a complex number out of an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George made a complex number out of an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George made a complex number out of an x
+and a y he just put them together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y he just put them together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a y he just put them together to
+make a pair and the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pair and the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pair and the only difference is
+that now he signs them he attaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now he signs them he attaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now he signs them he attaches the
+type which is the symbol rectangular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type which is the symbol rectangular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type which is the symbol rectangular to
+that pair everything else George does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair everything else George does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair everything else George does is
+the same except that see George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except that see George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except that see George and
+Martha both have procedures named real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha both have procedures named real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha both have procedures named real
+part and imaginary part so to allow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and imaginary part so to allow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and imaginary part so to allow them
+both to exist in the same lisp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to exist in the same lisp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to exist in the same lisp
+environment George should change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment George should change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment George should change the
+names of his procedures so they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of his procedures so they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of his procedures so they'll say
+this is George's real point procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is George's real point procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is George's real point procedure
+it's the real part rectangular procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the real part rectangular procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the real part rectangular procedure
+the imaginary part rectangular procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part rectangular procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part rectangular procedure
+and then here's the rest of George's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the rest of George's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the rest of George's
+package he'd had magnitude and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package he'd had magnitude and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package he'd had magnitude and angle
+just renames the magnitude rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just renames the magnitude rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just renames the magnitude rectangular
+and angle rectangular martha has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle rectangular martha has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle rectangular martha has to do
+basically the same thing Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing Martha
+previously when she made a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when she made a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously when she made a complex
+number out of a magnitude and angle she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out of a magnitude and angle she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out of a magnitude and angle she
+just caught some now she attaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just caught some now she attaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just caught some now she attaches the
+type polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and she changes the name so her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she changes the name so her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she changes the name so her
+real-part procedure won't conflict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-part procedure won't conflict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-part procedure won't conflict in
+name with George with George's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name with George with George's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name with George with George's it's a
+real part polar imaginary part polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part polar imaginary part polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part polar imaginary part polar
+magnitude polar an angle polar now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude polar an angle polar now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude polar an angle polar now we
+have the system right there's a dears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the system right there's a dears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the system right there's a dears
+George and Martha and now we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha and now we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha and now we've got to
+get some kind of manager to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some kind of manager to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some kind of manager to look at
+these types see how did the actual how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types see how did the actual how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types see how did the actual how
+do these things actually going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things actually going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things actually going to work
+now that George and Martha have supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that George and Martha have supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that George and Martha have supplied
+us with typed data well what we have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with typed data well what we have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with typed data well what we have are
+a bunch of generic selectors a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of generic selectors a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of generic selectors a generic
+selectors for complex numbers real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors for complex numbers real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors for complex numbers real part
+imaginary part magnitude and angle let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part magnitude and angle let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part magnitude and angle let's
+look at them more closely what is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them more closely what is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them more closely what is real
+part do if I asked for the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part do if I asked for the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part do if I asked for the real part of
+a complex number well I look at it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number well I look at it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex number well I look at it I
+look at its type I say is it rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if so I apply George's real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so I apply George's real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so I apply George's real part
+procedure to the contents of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to the contents of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to the contents of that
+complex number right this is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number right this is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number right this is a number
+that has a type on it I strip off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a type on it I strip off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a type on it I strip off the
+type using contents and apply George's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type using contents and apply George's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type using contents and apply George's
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or is this a polar complex number if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this a polar complex number if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this a polar complex number if I
+want the real part I apply Martha's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the real part I apply Martha's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the real part I apply Martha's real
+part procedure to the contents of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part procedure to the contents of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part procedure to the contents of that
+number so that's how real part works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that's how real part works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that's how real part works and
+then similarly there's imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly there's imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly there's imaginary part
+which is almost the same right it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost the same right it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost the same right it looks
+at the number and if it's rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number and if it's rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number and if it's rectangular
+uses George's imaginary port procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses George's imaginary port procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses George's imaginary port procedure
+if it's polar uses Martha's and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's polar uses Martha's and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's polar uses Martha's and then
+there's a magnitude and an angle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a magnitude and an angle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a magnitude and an angle right
+so there's a system has three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a system has three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a system has three parts
+there's sort of George and Martha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of George and Martha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of George and Martha and
+the manager and that's how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager and that's how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager and that's how you get
+generic operators implemented let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operators implemented let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operators implemented let's look
+at just a simple example just just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just a simple example just just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at just a simple example just just to
+pin it down of exactly how this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin it down of exactly how this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin it down of exactly how this is going
+to work see suppose suppose you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work see suppose suppose you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work see suppose suppose you're going
+to be looking at the complex number say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at the complex number say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at the complex number say
+whose real part is 1 and whose imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose real part is 1 and whose imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose real part is 1 and whose imaginary
+part is 2 so that would be 1 plus 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is 2 so that would be 1 plus 2i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is 2 so that would be 1 plus 2i
+well what would happen is up here up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would happen is up here up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would happen is up here up
+here above where the operations have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here above where the operations have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here above where the operations have to
+happen that number would be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that number would be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that number would be represented
+as a pair of 1 & 2 together with type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair of 1 & 2 together with type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair of 1 & 2 together with type
+data that would be the contents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that would be the contents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that would be the contents and the
+whole data would be that thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole data would be that thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole data would be that thing with the
+symbol rectangular add it on to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol rectangular add it on to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol rectangular add it on to that and
+that's the way that that complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that that complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way that that complex number
+would exist in this system when you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would exist in this system when you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would exist in this system when you went
+to take the real part the manager would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the real part the manager would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the real part the manager would
+look at this and say oh it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say oh it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say oh it's one of
+George's he'll strip off the type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's he'll strip off the type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's he'll strip off the type and
+hand an to George the pier 1 - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand an to George the pier 1 - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand an to George the pier 1 - and
+that's the kind of data that that George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of data that that George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of data that that George
+developed his system to use ok so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed his system to use ok so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed his system to use ok so it
+gets stripped down later on if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stripped down later on if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stripped down later on if you ask
+George to construct a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George to construct a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George to construct a complex number
+George would construct some complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George would construct some complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George would construct some complex
+number as a pair and before he passes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as a pair and before he passes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as a pair and before he passes it
+back up through the manager would attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up through the manager would attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up through the manager would attach
+the type rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see what happens there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what happens there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what happens there's no
+confusion in the system it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion in the system it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion in the system it doesn't
+matter in the least that the pair one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the least that the pair one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the least that the pair one
+two means something completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two means something completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two means something completely different
+in Martha's world in Martha's world this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Martha's world in Martha's world this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Martha's world in Martha's world this
+pair means the complex number whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair means the complex number whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair means the complex number whose
+magnitude is 1 and whose angle is 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 and whose angle is 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is 1 and whose angle is 2 and
+there's no confusion because by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no confusion because by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no confusion because by the time
+any pair like this gets handed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair like this gets handed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair like this gets handed back
+through the manager to the main system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the manager to the main system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the manager to the main system
+it's going to have the type polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the type polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the type polar
+attached whereas this one would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached whereas this one would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached whereas this one would have the
+type rectangular attached okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type rectangular attached okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type rectangular attached okay let's
+take Riggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just looked at a strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked at a strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked at a strategy for
+implementing generic operators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing generic operators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing generic operators that
+strategy has a name it's called dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well dispatch on type right there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dispatch on type right there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dispatch on type right there isn't
+the ideas is that you break your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas is that you break your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas is that you break your system
+into a bunch of pieces there's George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of pieces there's George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of pieces there's George
+and Martha who are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martha who are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Martha who are making
+representations and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations and then there's the
+manager right looks at the types on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager right looks at the types on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager right looks at the types on the
+data and then dispatches them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then dispatches them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then dispatches them to the
+right person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right person
+well what criticisms can we make of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what criticisms can we make of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what criticisms can we make of that
+as a system organization well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system organization well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a system organization well first of
+all there was this little annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there was this little annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there was this little annoying
+problem that George and Martha had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that George and Martha had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that George and Martha had to
+change the names of their procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the names of their procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the names of their procedures
+George originally had a real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George originally had a real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George originally had a real part
+procedure and he had to go name it real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and he had to go name it real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and he had to go name it real
+part rectangular so it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part rectangular so it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part rectangular so it wouldn't
+interfere with Martha's real-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with Martha's real-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with Martha's real-part
+procedure which is now named real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is now named real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which is now named real part
+caller who wouldn't interfere with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller who wouldn't interfere with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller who wouldn't interfere with the
+managers real part procedure who's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers real part procedure who's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers real part procedure who's now
+named real part that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named real part that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named real part that's kind of an
+annoying problem but I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying problem but I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying problem but I'm not going to
+talk about that one now we'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that one now we'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that one now we'll see later
+on when we think about the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we think about the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we think about the structure of
+Lisp names and environments that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisp names and environments that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisp names and environments that there
+really are ways to package all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are ways to package all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are ways to package all those
+so-called namespaces separately so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called namespaces separately so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called namespaces separately so they
+don't interfere with each other I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interfere with each other I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interfere with each other I'm not
+going to think about that problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about that problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about that problem now
+the problem that I actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that I actually want to
+focus on is what happens when you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is what happens when you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is what happens when you bring
+somebody new into the system what has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody new into the system what has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody new into the system what has to
+happen well George and Martha don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well George and Martha don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well George and Martha don't care
+like George is sitting there in his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like George is sitting there in his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like George is sitting there in his his
+rectangular world it has his procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular world it has his procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular world it has his procedures
+and his types Martha sits in her polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his types Martha sits in her polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his types Martha sits in her polar
+where world she doesn't care but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where world she doesn't care but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where world she doesn't care but let's
+look at the manager what does what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the manager what does what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the manager what does what's the
+manager have to do the manager comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager have to do the manager comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager have to do the manager comes
+through and had these operations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and had these operations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and had these operations there
+was a test for rectangular and a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a test for rectangular and a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a test for rectangular and a test
+for polar if Harry comes in with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polar if Harry comes in with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polar if Harry comes in with some
+new kind of complex number and Harry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of complex number and Harry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of complex number and Harry has
+a new type hairy hairy type complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new type hairy hairy type complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new type hairy hairy type complex
+number the manager has to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the manager has to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the manager has to go in and
+change all those procedures so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all those procedures so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all those procedures so the
+inflexibility in the system the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflexibility in the system the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflexibility in the system the place
+where change where work has to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where change where work has to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where change where work has to happen to
+accommodate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate change
+is in the manager that's pretty annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the manager that's pretty annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the manager that's pretty annoying
+it's even more annoying when you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more annoying when you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more annoying when you realize
+the managers not doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managers not doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the managers not doing anything
+alright the manager is just being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright the manager is just being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright the manager is just being a
+paper pusher alright let's look at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper pusher alright let's look at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper pusher alright let's look at let's
+look at look again at this at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look again at this at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look again at this at these
+these programs what are they doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs what are they doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs what are they doing what
+is real port to real port says oh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real port to real port says oh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real port to real port says oh is it
+the kind of complex number that George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of complex number that George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of complex number that George
+can handle if so send it off to George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle if so send it off to George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can handle if so send it off to George
+is it the kind of complex number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the kind of complex number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the kind of complex number that
+Martha can handle if so send it off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha can handle if so send it off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha can handle if so send it off to
+Martha so it's really annoying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha so it's really annoying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha so it's really annoying that the
+bottleneck in this system the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in this system the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in this system the thing
+that's that's preventing flexibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's preventing flexibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's preventing flexibility and
+change is is completely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is is completely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is is completely in the
+bureaucracy it's not in anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy it's not in anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracy it's not in anybody who's
+doing any of the work not an uncommon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of the work not an uncommon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of the work not an uncommon
+situation unfortunately see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation unfortunately see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation unfortunately see what's
+really going on abstractly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on abstractly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on abstractly in this
+system there's a table see what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there's a table see what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there's a table see what's really
+happening is somewhere there's a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is somewhere there's a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is somewhere there's a table
+there are there types there's polar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there types there's polar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there types there's polar and
+rectangular and Harry's maybe over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and Harry's maybe over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and Harry's maybe over here
+and then there are their operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are their operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are their operators
+there's an operator like real part or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operator like real part or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operator like real part or in
+that imaginary part or a magnitude an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imaginary part or a magnitude an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imaginary part or a magnitude an
+angle and sitting in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sitting in this table or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this table or the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this table or the right
+procedures so sitting here for the tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so sitting here for the tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so sitting here for the tight
+polar and real part is Martha's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and real part is Martha's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and real part is Martha's
+procedure real part polar and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure real part polar and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure real part polar and over here
+in the table is George's procedure real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table is George's procedure real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table is George's procedure real
+part rectangular and over here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part rectangular and over here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part rectangular and over here would be
+st. Martha's procedure magnitude polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. Martha's procedure magnitude polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. Martha's procedure magnitude polar
+and George's procedure magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and George's procedure magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and George's procedure magnitude
+rectangular right and so on the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular right and so on the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular right and so on the rest of
+this tables filled in and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tables filled in and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tables filled in and that's really
+what's going on so in some sense all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so in some sense all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so in some sense all the
+manager is doing is acting as this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well how do we fix our system well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we fix our system well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we fix our system well how
+do how do you fix bureaucracies a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how do you fix bureaucracies a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do how do you fix bureaucracies a lot of
+times what you do is you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what you do is you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what you do is you get rid of the
+manager right we just take the manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager right we just take the manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager right we just take the manager
+and replace him by a computer we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace him by a computer we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace him by a computer we're
+going to automate him out of existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to automate him out of existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to automate him out of existence
+namely instead of having the manager who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely instead of having the manager who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely instead of having the manager who
+basically consults this table will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consults this table will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consults this table will have
+our system use the table directly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system use the table directly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system use the table directly now
+what do I mean by that let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that let's assume
+again using data abstraction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using data abstraction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using data abstraction that we
+have some kind of data structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of data structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of data structure that's
+a table and we have ways of sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table and we have ways of sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table and we have ways of sticking
+things in and ways of getting things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in and ways of getting things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in and ways of getting things out
+and to be be explicit let me assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be be explicit let me assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be be explicit let me assume that
+there's an operation called put and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operation called put and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an operation called put and put
+is going to take in this case two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take in this case two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take in this case two things
+I'll call keys t1 and t2 and a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that stores the value in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stores the value in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stores the value in the table
+under key 1 & Ketu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under key 1 & Ketu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under key 1 & Ketu
+and then we'll assume there's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll assume there's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll assume there's a thing
+called get such that if later on I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called get such that if later on I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called get such that if later on I say
+get me what's in the table store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me what's in the table store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me what's in the table store it
+under key 1 & Ketu it'll retrieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under key 1 & Ketu it'll retrieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under key 1 & Ketu it'll retrieve
+whatever value was stored there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value was stored there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever value was stored there and
+let's not worry about how tables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about how tables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about how tables are
+implemented that's another right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented that's another right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented that's another right that's
+yet another data abstraction George's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another data abstraction George's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another data abstraction George's
+problem and maybe we'll see later talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and maybe we'll see later talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and maybe we'll see later talk
+about how you might actually build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you might actually build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you might actually build
+tables and Lisp okay well given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and Lisp okay well given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and Lisp okay well given this
+organization what did George and Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what did George and Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what did George and Martha
+have to do well when they build their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do well when they build their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do well when they build their
+system they each have the responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they each have the responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they each have the responsibility
+to set up their appropriate column in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up their appropriate column in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up their appropriate column in
+the table so what George does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so what George does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so what George does for
+example when he defines his procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when he defines his procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when he defines his procedures
+all he has to do is go off and put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he has to do is go off and put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he has to do is go off and put into
+the table under the type rectangular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table under the type rectangular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table under the type rectangular and
+the name of the operation is real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the operation is real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the operation is real part
+his procedure real part rectangular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his procedure real part rectangular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his procedure real part rectangular so
+notice what's going into this table the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what's going into this table the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what's going into this table the
+two keys here are symbols rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys here are symbols rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys here are symbols rectangular
+and real part that's the quote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real part that's the quote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real part that's the quote and
+what's going into the table is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going into the table is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going into the table is the
+actual procedure that he wrote real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual procedure that he wrote real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual procedure that he wrote real part
+rectangular right and then puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular right and then puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular right and then puts
+imaginary part into the table filed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part into the table filed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part into the table filed
+under the keys rectangular and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the keys rectangular and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the keys rectangular and imaginary
+part and magnitude under the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and magnitude under the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and magnitude under the keys
+rectangular magnitude angle under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular magnitude angle under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular magnitude angle under
+rectangular angle okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular angle okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular angle okay so that's what
+George has to do to be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George has to do to be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George has to do to be part of the
+system Martha similarly sets up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Martha similarly sets up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Martha similarly sets up the
+column in the table under polar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in the table under polar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in the table under polar right
+polar in real part right is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar in real part right is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar in real part right is the
+procedure real part polar and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure real part polar and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure real part polar and imaginary
+part and magnitude and angle right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and magnitude and angle right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and magnitude and angle right so
+that's what Martha has to do to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Martha has to do to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Martha has to do to be part
+of the system every one who makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system every one who makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system every one who makes a
+representation has the responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation has the responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation has the responsibility
+for for setting up a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for setting up a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for setting up a column
+the table and what is Harry do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and what is Harry do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and what is Harry do when
+Harry comes in with his brilliant idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry comes in with his brilliant idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry comes in with his brilliant idea
+for implementing complex numbers well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implementing complex numbers well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implementing complex numbers well he
+makes whatever procedure he wants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes whatever procedure he wants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes whatever procedure he wants and
+builds a new column in this table okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a new column in this table okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a new column in this table okay
+well what happened to the manager the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened to the manager the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened to the manager the
+manager has been automated out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager has been automated out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager has been automated out of
+existence and is replaced by a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and is replaced by a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and is replaced by a procedure
+called operate and this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operate and this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operate and this is the key
+procedure in the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in the whole system
+I'll say define operate operate is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say define operate operate is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say define operate operate is going
+to take an operation that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an operation that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an operation that you want to do
+the name of an operation and an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of an operation and an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of an operation and an object
+which you would like to apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would like to apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would like to apply that
+operation to so for example the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to so for example the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to so for example the real
+part of some particular complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of some particular complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of some particular complex number
+what does it do well the first thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do well the first thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do well the first thing it
+does it looks in the table it goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it looks in the table it goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it looks in the table it goes into
+the table and tries to find a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and tries to find a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and tries to find a procedure
+that's stored in the table all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stored in the table all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's stored in the table all right so
+it gets from the table using as keys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets from the table using as keys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets from the table using as keys the
+type of the object and the operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the object and the operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the object and the operator that
+looks in the table and sees what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in the table and sees what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in the table and sees what's
+stored under the type of the object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored under the type of the object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored under the type of the object in
+the operator sees with anything stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator sees with anything stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator sees with anything stored
+let's assume that get is implemented so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that get is implemented so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that get is implemented so
+if nothing is stored there it'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing is stored there it'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing is stored there it'll return
+no return the empty list so it says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no return the empty list so it says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no return the empty list so it says if
+there's actually something stored there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually something stored there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually something stored there
+if the procedure here is not know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the procedure here is not know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the procedure here is not know then
+it'll take the procedure that it found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take the procedure that it found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take the procedure that it found
+in the table and apply it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and apply it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and apply it to the
+contents of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and otherwise if there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise if there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise if there was nothing
+stored there you know uh well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there you know uh well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored there you know uh well we can
+decide in this case let's have it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide in this case let's have it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide in this case let's have it have
+put out an error message saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out an error message saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out an error message saying
+undefined operator or no operator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined operator or no operator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined operator or no operator for
+this type or some appropriate error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type or some appropriate error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type or some appropriate error
+message okay that replaces the manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay that replaces the manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay that replaces the manager
+how do we really use it well what we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we really use it well what we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we really use it well what we say
+is we'll go off and define our generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll go off and define our generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll go off and define our generic
+selectors using operate we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors using operate we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors using operate we'll say that
+the real part of something is found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of something is found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of something is found by
+real part of an object is found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of an object is found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of an object is found by
+operating on the object with the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the object with the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on the object with the name of
+the operation being real part right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation being real part right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation being real part right and
+then similarly imaginary part is operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly imaginary part is operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly imaginary part is operate
+using the name imaginary part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the name imaginary part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the name imaginary part and
+magnitude and angle that's alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle that's alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and angle that's alright
+that's our implementation that plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our implementation that plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our implementation that plus the
+tape plus the operate procedure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape plus the operate procedure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape plus the operate procedure and the
+table effectively replaces what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table effectively replaces what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table effectively replaces what the
+manager used to do let's just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager used to do let's just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager used to do let's just go through
+that slowly to show you what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slowly to show you what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slowly to show you what's going on
+suppose I have a one of Martha's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a one of Martha's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a one of Martha's complex
+numbers I've got it's got magnitude 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I've got it's got magnitude 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I've got it's got magnitude 1
+and angle 2 and it's one of Martha's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle 2 and it's one of Martha's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and angle 2 and it's one of Martha's so
+it's labeled here polar let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's labeled here polar let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's labeled here polar let's call that
+Z who's that Z and suppose with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z who's that Z and suppose with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z who's that Z and suppose with this
+implementation someone comes up and asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation someone comes up and asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation someone comes up and asks
+for the real part of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well real part now is defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well real part now is defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well real part now is defined in terms
+of operate so that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operate so that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operate so that's equivalent to
+saying operate with the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying operate with the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying operate with the name of the
+operator being real part the symbol real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator being real part the symbol real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator being real part the symbol real
+part on Z and now operate comes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on Z and now operate comes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on Z and now operate comes it's
+going to look in the table and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in the table and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in the table and it's
+going to try and find something stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and find something stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and find something stored
+under the operation it's going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the operation it's going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the operation it's going to apply
+is by looking in the table under the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by looking in the table under the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by looking in the table under the the
+type of the object and the type of Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the object and the type of Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the object and the type of Z is
+polar so it's going to look and say can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar so it's going to look and say can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar so it's going to look and say can
+I get using polar and the operation name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get using polar and the operation name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get using polar and the operation name
+right which was real part it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which was real part it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which was real part it's going to
+look in there and apply that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in there and apply that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in there and apply that to the
+contents of Z and what's that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of Z and what's that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of Z and what's that if
+everything was set up correctly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was set up correctly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was set up correctly this
+thing is the procedure that Martha put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the procedure that Martha put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the procedure that Martha put
+there this is real part polar and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is real part polar and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is real part polar and this
+is Z without it's type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Z without it's type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Z without it's type
+the thing that Martha originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that Martha originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that Martha originally
+designed those procedures to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed those procedures to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed those procedures to work on
+which is one to it so operate sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one to it so operate sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one to it so operate sort of
+does uniformly what the manager used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uniformly what the manager used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uniformly what the manager used to
+do sort of all over the system it finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of all over the system it finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of all over the system it finds
+the right thing looks in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing looks in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing looks in the table
+strips off the type and passes it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips off the type and passes it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips off the type and passes it down
+into the pencils down into the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pencils down into the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pencils down into the person
+who handles it this is another and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who handles it this is another and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who handles it this is another and you
+can see more flexible for most purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see more flexible for most purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see more flexible for most purposes
+way of implementing generic operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of implementing generic operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of implementing generic operators
+and it's called data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called data
+directed programming and the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed programming and the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed programming and the idea of
+that is in some sense the data objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in some sense the data objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in some sense the data objects
+themselves those little complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves those little complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves those little complex numbers
+that are floating around the system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are floating around the system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are floating around the system are
+carrying with them the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying with them the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying with them the information about
+how you should operate on them let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you should operate on them let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you should operate on them let's
+break for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what do you have stored in that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what do you have stored in that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what do you have stored in that data
+object you have the data itself you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you have the data itself you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you have the data itself you have
+its type and you have the operations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its type and you have the operations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its type and you have the operations for
+that type or where the operations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type or where the operations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type or where the operations okay
+okay let me yeah that's that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me yeah that's that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me yeah that's that's a good
+question because it relates raises other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it relates raises other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because it relates raises other
+possibilities of how you might do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of how you might do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of how you might do it and
+of course there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are a lot of
+possibilities in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities in this particular
+implementation what's sitting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation what's sitting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation what's sitting in this
+data object for example is the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data object for example is the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data object for example is the data
+itself which in this case is a pair of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which in this case is a pair of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which in this case is a pair of 1
+& 2 and also a symbol this is the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 and also a symbol this is the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& 2 and also a symbol this is the symbol
+write the word pol AR and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the word pol AR and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the word pol AR and that's what's
+sitting in this data object okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this data object okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in this data object okay where
+are the operations themselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the operations themselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the operations themselves the
+operations are sitting in the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are sitting in the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are sitting in the table so
+in this table the the rows and columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table the the rows and columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table the the rows and columns
+of the table are labeled by symbols so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table are labeled by symbols so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table are labeled by symbols so
+the key when I store something this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key when I store something this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key when I store something this
+table the key might be the symbol polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the key might be the symbol polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the key might be the symbol polar
+and the symbol magnitude and I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the symbol magnitude and I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the symbol magnitude and I think by
+writing it this way I've been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it this way I've been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it this way I've been very
+confusing because what's really sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because what's really sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because what's really sitting
+here isn't when I wrote magnitude polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't when I wrote magnitude polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't when I wrote magnitude polar
+what I mean is the procedure magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is the procedure magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is the procedure magnitude
+polar and probably what I really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and probably what I really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and probably what I really should
+have written except it's too small for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written except it's too small for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written except it's too small for
+me to write in this little space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write in this little space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write in this little space is
+something like lambda of Z the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like lambda of Z the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like lambda of Z the thing
+that Martha wrote to implement and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Martha wrote to implement and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Martha wrote to implement and then
+you can see from that there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from that there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from that there's another
+way that I alluded to of solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I alluded to of solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I alluded to of solving this
+name conflict problem which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name conflict problem which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name conflict problem which is that
+George and Martha never have to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha never have to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha never have to name
+their procedures at all they can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their procedures at all they can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their procedures at all they can just
+stick the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the lambda
+the lambda the anonymous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda the anonymous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda the anonymous things
+generated by lambda directly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by lambda directly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by lambda directly into the
+table there's also another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table there's also another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table there's also another thing that
+your question raises is the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question raises is the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question raises is the possibility
+that maybe what I would like somehow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe what I would like somehow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe what I would like somehow is
+to store in this data object not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store in this data object not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store in this data object not the
+symbol pol AR but maybe actually all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol pol AR but maybe actually all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol pol AR but maybe actually all the
+operations themselves and that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations themselves and that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations themselves and that's another
+way to organize a system called message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to organize a system called message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to organize a system called message
+passing so there are a lot of ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing so there are a lot of ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing so there are a lot of ways you
+can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore if Martha and George had used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if Martha and George had used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if Martha and George had used
+the same procedure names it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure names it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure names it would be
+okay because it wouldn't be look that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it wouldn't be look that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it wouldn't be look that's
+right that's right that's right see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right that's right see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right that's right see they
+wouldn't they wouldn't even have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't they wouldn't even have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't they wouldn't even have to have
+named their procedures at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named their procedures at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named their procedures at all
+what George and Martha could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what George and Martha could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what George and Martha could have
+written what George could have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written what George could have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written what George could have written
+instead of saying put in the table under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying put in the table under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying put in the table under
+rectangular and real-part the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and real-part the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and real-part the procedure
+real-part rectangular George could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-part rectangular George could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-part rectangular George could have
+written put under rectangular real-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written put under rectangular real-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written put under rectangular real-part
+lamda of Z such and such and such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamda of Z such and such and such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamda of Z such and such and such and
+such and the system would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and the system would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and the system would work
+completely Sam my question is Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely Sam my question is Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely Sam my question is Martha
+could have put could have put P one key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put could have put P one key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put could have put P one key
+to real part and Mart and George could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real part and Mart and George could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to real part and Mart and George could
+have put P one key to real part there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put P one key to real part there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put P one key to real part there as
+long as they defined them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they defined them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they defined them differently
+they wouldn't have had any conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have had any conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have had any conference
+right yes that that would all be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes that that would all be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes that that would all be okay
+except for the fact that if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that if you imagine
+George and Martha typing at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha typing at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and Martha typing at the same
+console with the same meanings for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console with the same meanings for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console with the same meanings for all
+their names then it would get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names then it would get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their names then it would get confused
+by real point but there ways to arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by real point but there ways to arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by real point but there ways to arrange
+that too and in principle your app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too and in principle your app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too and in principle your app
+you're absolutely right if their names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right if their names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right if their names
+didn't conflict it's the objects that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't conflict it's the objects that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't conflict it's the objects that go
+in the table nothing names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all right well we just looked at at data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we just looked at at data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we just looked at at data
+directed programming as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed programming as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed programming as a way of
+implementing a system that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a system that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a system that does
+arithmetic on complex numbers so it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers so it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on complex numbers so it had
+these operations in it called plus C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations in it called plus C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations in it called plus C and
+a minus C and multiply and divide maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus C and multiply and divide maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus C and multiply and divide maybe
+some others and that was that sat on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others and that was that sat on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others and that was that sat on top
+of and this was the key points out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this was the key points out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and this was the key points out on
+top of two different representations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of two different representations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of two different representations all
+right a rectangular package here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a rectangular package here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a rectangular package here and a
+polar package and maybe some more and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar package and maybe some more and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar package and maybe some more and we
+saw that the whole idea is that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the whole idea is that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the whole idea is that maybe
+some more are now very easy to add but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more are now very easy to add but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more are now very easy to add but
+that doesn't really really show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really really show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really really show the
+power of this this methodology it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this this methodology it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this this methodology it shows
+you what's going on the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going on the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going on the power of the
+methodology only becomes apparent when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology only becomes apparent when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology only becomes apparent when
+you start embedding this in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start embedding this in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start embedding this in some more
+complex system so let what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system so let what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system so let what I'm going to
+do now is embed this in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is embed this in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is embed this in some more
+complex system let's assume that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system let's assume that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system let's assume that what we
+really have is a general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have is a general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have is a general kind of
+arithmetic system so called generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system so called generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system so called generic
+arithmetic system and at the top level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system and at the top level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system and at the top level
+here somebody can say add two things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somebody can say add two things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somebody can say add two things or
+subtract two things or multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two things or multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two things or multiply two
+things or divide two things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or divide two things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or divide two things and
+underneath that there's an abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that there's an abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath that there's an abstraction
+barrier and underneath this barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and underneath this barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and underneath this barrier is
+say a complex arithmetic package and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a complex arithmetic package and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a complex arithmetic package and you
+can say add two complex numbers or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say add two complex numbers or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say add two complex numbers or you
+might also have remember we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also have remember we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also have remember we did a
+rational number package you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number package you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number package you might have
+that sitting near and there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sitting near and there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sitting near and there might be a
+rational thing and the rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thing and the rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thing and the rational number
+package well has the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package well has the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package well has the things we
+implemented plus rat and x rat and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented plus rat and x rat and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented plus rat and x rat and so on
+or you might have ordinary lisp numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might have ordinary lisp numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might have ordinary lisp numbers
+you might say add add three and four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say add add three and four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say add add three and four so
+we might have ordinary numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which case we have the Lisp supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we have the Lisp supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we have the Lisp supplied
+plus and minus and times and slash okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus and times and slash okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus and times and slash okay
+so we might imagine this complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might imagine this complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might imagine this complex number
+system sitting in a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sitting in a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system sitting in a more complicated
+generic operator structure at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operator structure at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operator structure at the next
+level up well how can we make that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up well how can we make that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up well how can we make that we
+already have the idea we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the idea we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the idea we're just going
+to do it again we've implemented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it again we've implemented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it again we've implemented a
+rational number package let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number package let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number package let's look at
+and how it has to be changed here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it has to be changed here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it has to be changed here is in
+fact at this level doesn't have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at this level doesn't have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact at this level doesn't have be
+changed at all this is exactly the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at all this is exactly the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed at all this is exactly the code
+that we wrote last time to add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote last time to add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote last time to add two
+rational numbers you remember there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers you remember there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers you remember there was
+this formula you make a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula you make a rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula you make a rational number
+whose numerator is this the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose numerator is this the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose numerator is this the numerator
+the first times the denominator of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times the denominator of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times the denominator of the
+second plus the denominator of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the denominator of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the denominator of the first
+times the numerator to the second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the numerator to the second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the numerator to the second and
+whose denominator is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose denominator is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose denominator is the product of the
+denominators and - rat and star rat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and - rat and star rat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators and - rat and star rat and
+/ rat right and that's this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ rat right and that's this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ rat right and that's this is exactly
+this is exactly the rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the rational number
+package that we need before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that we need before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that we need before we're
+ignoring the GCD problem but let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the GCD problem but let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the GCD problem but let's not
+worry about that how do we install as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that how do we install as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that how do we install as
+implementers of this rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementers of this rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementers of this rational number
+package how do we install it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package how do we install it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package how do we install it in the
+generic arithmetic system well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic arithmetic system well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic arithmetic system well that's
+easy go off there's only one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy go off there's only one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy go off there's only one thing we
+have to do differently whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do differently whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do differently whereas
+previously we said that to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said that to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said that to make a
+rational number you built a pair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you built a pair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you built a pair of the
+numerator and denominator here will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator here will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator here will not
+only build the pair but will sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only build the pair but will sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only build the pair but will sign it
+we'll attach the type rational that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll attach the type rational that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll attach the type rational that's
+the only thing we have to do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we have to do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we have to do different
+make it a typed data object and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a typed data object and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a typed data object and now
+we'll stick our operations in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick our operations in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick our operations in the table
+all right we'll put under the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll put under the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll put under the symbol
+rational and the operation add our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational and the operation add our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational and the operation add our
+procedure plus wrap and again note this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure plus wrap and again note this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure plus wrap and again note this
+is a symbol right quote and quote but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symbol right quote and quote but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a symbol right quote and quote but
+the actual thing we're putting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual thing we're putting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual thing we're putting in the
+table is the procedure right and for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the procedure right and for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is the procedure right and for how
+to subtract will you subtract rationals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract will you subtract rationals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract will you subtract rationals
+with - rat and multiply and divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with - rat and multiply and divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with - rat and multiply and divide and
+that is exactly and precisely what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly and precisely what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly and precisely what we
+have to do to fit inside this generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to fit inside this generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to fit inside this generic
+arithmetic system well how is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system well how is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic system well how is the whole
+thing work see what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work see what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work see what we want to do is
+have some generic operators we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some generic operators we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some generic operators we'd have
+have a add and sub and mullen do be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a add and sub and mullen do be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a add and sub and mullen do be
+generic operators so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operators so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operators so we're going to
+define edie say to add x and y that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define edie say to add x and y that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define edie say to add x and y that will
+be operate we're going to call operate -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operate we're going to call operate -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operate we're going to call operate -
+this is our operator procedure but set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our operator procedure but set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our operator procedure but set
+up for two arguments using add on x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for two arguments using add on x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for two arguments using add on x and
+y and so this is the analog to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and so this is the analog to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and so this is the analog to operate
+list let's look at the code for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list let's look at the code for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list let's look at the code for a second
+it's almost like operate right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like operate right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like operate right to
+operate with some operator on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate with some operator on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate with some operator on an
+argument 1 and an argument - well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument 1 and an argument - well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument 1 and an argument - well the
+first thing we're going to do is check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is check
+and see if those two operators have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those two operators have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if those two operators have if
+the two arguments have the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two arguments have the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two arguments have the same type
+so we'll we'll say it's the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll say it's the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll say it's the type of the
+first argument the same as the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument the same as the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first argument the same as the type of
+the second argument and if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument and if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second argument and if they're not
+if they're not will go off and complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not will go off and complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not will go off and complain
+and say that's an error we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that's an error we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that's an error we don't know
+how to do that if they do have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that if they do have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that if they do have the same
+type we'll do exactly what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type we'll do exactly what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type we'll do exactly what we did before
+we'll go look and filed under the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go look and filed under the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go look and filed under the type
+of the argument it's this r1 and r2 have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument it's this r1 and r2 have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the argument it's this r1 and r2 have
+the same type so it doesn't matter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type so it doesn't matter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type so it doesn't matter right
+so we'll look in the table find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look in the table find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look in the table find a
+procedure if there is a procedure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if there is a procedure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if there is a procedure there
+then we'll apply it to the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll apply it to the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll apply it to the contents of
+the argument one and the contents of r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument one and the contents of r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument one and the contents of r2
+and otherwise we'll say error undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise we'll say error undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise we'll say error undefined
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and so there's operate to that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's operate to that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's operate to that's all we
+have to do how do we we just built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do how do we we just built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do how do we we just built the
+complex number package before how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number package before how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number package before how do we
+embed that complex number package in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed that complex number package in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed that complex number package in
+this generic system almost the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generic system almost the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generic system almost the same we
+make a procedure called make complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a procedure called make complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a procedure called make complex
+that cakes whatever George and Martha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cakes whatever George and Martha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cakes whatever George and Martha
+hand to us and add the type complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to us and add the type complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to us and add the type complex and
+then we say to add complex numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say to add complex numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say to add complex numbers like
++ complex we use our internal procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ complex we use our internal procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ complex we use our internal procedure
++ c and attach a type make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ c and attach a type make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ c and attach a type make that a
+complex number so our original package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number so our original package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number so our original package
+had names + c + - c that we're using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had names + c + - c that we're using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had names + c + - c that we're using to
+communicate with george and martha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with george and martha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with george and martha and
+then to communicate with the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to communicate with the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to communicate with the outside
+world we have a thing called + complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have a thing called + complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we have a thing called + complex
+and - complex and so on and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - complex and so on and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and - complex and so on and the only
+difference is that these return values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that these return values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that these return values
+that are typed so they can be looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are typed so they can be looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are typed so they can be looked at
+up here and these are our internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and these are our internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and these are our internal
+operations ok let's go look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations ok let's go look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations ok let's go look at that
+slide again there's one more thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide again there's one more thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide again there's one more thing we do
+after defining + complex we put under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after defining + complex we put under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after defining + complex we put under
+the type complex and the symbol add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type complex and the symbol add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type complex and the symbol add that
+procedure + complex and then similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure + complex and then similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure + complex and then similarly
+for - for subtracting complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for - for subtracting complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for - for subtracting complex numbers
+and multiplying them and dividing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying them and dividing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying them and dividing them
+ok how do we install ordinary numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok how do we install ordinary numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok how do we install ordinary numbers
+exactly the same way we come off and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way we come off and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way we come off and say
+well we'll make a thing called make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll make a thing called make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll make a thing called make
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make number takes a number and attaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make number takes a number and attaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make number takes a number and attaches
+a type which is the symbol number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type which is the symbol number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type which is the symbol number we
+build a procedure called plus number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a procedure called plus number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a procedure called plus number
+which is simply add the two things using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply add the two things using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is simply add the two things using
+the ordinary addition because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary addition because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary addition because in this
+case we're talking about ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about ordinary
+numbers and attach a type to it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and attach a type to it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and attach a type to it make
+that a number and then we put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number and then we put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a number and then we put into the
+table under the symbol number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table under the symbol number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table under the symbol number and the
+operation add this procedure plus number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation add this procedure plus number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation add this procedure plus number
+and then same thing for subtracting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then same thing for subtracting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then same thing for subtracting and
+multiplying and dividing okay okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying and dividing okay okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying and dividing okay okay let's
+look at an example just to to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example just to to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example just to to make it
+clear suppose for instance I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear suppose for instance I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear suppose for instance I'm going to
+perform the operation see I sit up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the operation see I sit up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the operation see I sit up here
+and I going to perform the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I going to perform the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I going to perform the operation
+which looks like multiplying two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like multiplying two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like multiplying two complex
+numbers so I would multiply say 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I would multiply say 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so I would multiply say 3 plus
+4i and 2 plus 6i and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4i and 2 plus 6i and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4i and 2 plus 6i and that's something
+that I might want to I hand that to mul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might want to I hand that to mul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might want to I hand that to mul
+alright Mall is my generic operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright Mall is my generic operator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright Mall is my generic operator here
+how's that going to work well 3 plus 4 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that going to work well 3 plus 4 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that going to work well 3 plus 4 I
+say sits in the system at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sits in the system at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sits in the system at this level
+that's something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that looks like this
+let's say it was one of George's so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was one of George's so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was one of George's so it
+would have a 3 and a 4 and attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a 3 and a 4 and attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a 3 and a 4 and attached to
+that would be George's type which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be George's type which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be George's type which would
+say rectangular came from George and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rectangular came from George and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rectangular came from George and
+attached to that and this this itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that and this this itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to that and this this itself
+would be the data viewed from the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the data viewed from the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the data viewed from the next
+level up which is so that itself would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up which is so that itself would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up which is so that itself would
+be a type data object which would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a type data object which would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a type data object which would say
+complex so that's what this object would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that's what this object would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that's what this object would
+look like up here at the very highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like up here at the very highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like up here at the very highest
+level where the really super generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where the really super generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where the really super generic
+operations are looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are looking at it
+now what happens mul eventually is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens mul eventually is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens mul eventually is going
+to come along and say oh what's its type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come along and say oh what's its type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come along and say oh what's its type
+it's type is complex go through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's type is complex go through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's type is complex go through to
+operate to and say oh what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate to and say oh what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate to and say oh what I want to do
+is apply what's in the table which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apply what's in the table which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apply what's in the table which is
+going to be the procedure star complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the procedure star complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the procedure star complex
+on this thing with the type stripped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing with the type stripped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing with the type stripped off
+so it's going to strip off the type take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to strip off the type take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to strip off the type take
+that much and send that down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and send that down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and send that down into the
+complex world complex world looks at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex world complex world looks at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex world complex world looks at its
+operations and says oh I have to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and says oh I have to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and says oh I have to apply
+star C star C might say oh at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star C star C might say oh at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star C star C might say oh at some point
+I want to look at the the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at the the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at the the magnitude of
+this object at its hint that it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object at its hint that it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object at its hint that it's got
+and it'll say oh it's rectangular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll say oh it's rectangular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll say oh it's rectangular it's
+one of George's so it'll then strip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of George's so it'll then strip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of George's so it'll then strip off
+the next version of time and hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next version of time and hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next version of time and hand that
+down to George to take the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to George to take the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to George to take the magnitude of
+so you see what's going on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what's going on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what's going on is that
+there's this there are these chains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this there are these chains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this there are these chains of
+types and the length of the chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and the length of the chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and the length of the chain is
+sort of the number of levels that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the number of levels that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the number of levels that you're
+going to be going up in this table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going up in this table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going up in this table and
+what a type tells you every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a type tells you every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a type tells you every time you
+have a vertical barrier in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vertical barrier in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vertical barrier in this table
+where there's some ambiguity about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some ambiguity about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some ambiguity about where
+you should go down to the next level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go down to the next level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go down to the next level the
+type is telling you where to go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is telling you where to go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is telling you where to go and then
+everybody at the bottom as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the bottom as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at the bottom as they
+construct data and filter it up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct data and filter it up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct data and filter it up they
+stick their type back on it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick their type back on it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick their type back on it so that's
+the that's the general structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the general structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the general structure of the
+system okay now that we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay now that we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay now that we've got this
+let's go and make this thing even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and make this thing even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go and make this thing even more
+complex let's talk about adding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex let's talk about adding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex let's talk about adding to this
+system not only these kinds of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not only these kinds of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not only these kinds of numbers
+but it's also meaningful to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also meaningful to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also meaningful to start
+talking about adding polynomial say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about adding polynomial say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about adding polynomial say
+might do arithmetic on polynomials like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do arithmetic on polynomials like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do arithmetic on polynomials like
+we could have X to the 15th plus 2x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have X to the 15th plus 2x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have X to the 15th plus 2x to
+the 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus five cent that might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five cent that might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five cent that might be some
+polynomial and if we have two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and if we have two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and if we have two such
+gadgets we can add them or multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets we can add them or multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets we can add them or multiply them
+let's not worry about dividing them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about dividing them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about dividing them so
+add them multiplying them or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them multiplying them or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them multiplying them or subtract
+them what do we have to do well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do we have to do well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what do we have to do well let's
+think about how we might represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we might represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we might represent a
+polynomial it's gonna be some type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial it's gonna be some type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial it's gonna be some type two
+data object so let's say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data object so let's say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data object so let's say it's a
+polynomial - this system might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial - this system might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial - this system might look like
+a thing that starts with the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that starts with the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that starts with the type
+polynomial and then maybe it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and then maybe it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and then maybe it says the
+next thing is what variable it's in so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is what variable it's in so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is what variable it's in so I
+might say I'm a polynomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say I'm a polynomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say I'm a polynomial in the
+variable X and then it'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and then it'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and then it'll have some
+information about what the terms are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what the terms are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what the terms are and
+they're just tons of ways to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just tons of ways to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just tons of ways to do this but
+one way is to say we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to say we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to say we're going to have a
+thing called a term list and a term list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a term list and a term list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a term list and a term list
+well in our case we'll use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in our case we'll use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in our case we'll use something
+that looks like this we'll make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this we'll make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this we'll make it a
+bunch of pairs which have an order in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pairs which have an order in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of pairs which have an order in a
+coefficient so this polynomial would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so this polynomial would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so this polynomial would be
+represented by this term list and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this term list and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this term list and what
+that means is that this polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that this polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that this polynomial
+starts off with a term of order 15 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with a term of order 15 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with a term of order 15 and
+coefficient 1 and the next thing in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 1 and the next thing in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 1 and the next thing in it
+is a term of order 7 and coefficient - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term of order 7 and coefficient - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term of order 7 and coefficient - a
+term of order 0 which is constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of order 0 which is constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of order 0 which is constant and
+coefficient 5 and there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 5 and there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 5 and there are lots and
+lots of ways and lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways and lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways and lots and lots of
+trade-offs when you really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs when you really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs when you really think about
+making algebraic manipulation packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making algebraic manipulation packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making algebraic manipulation packages
+that exactly how you should represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly how you should represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly how you should represent
+these things but this is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but this is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but this is a fairly
+standard one it's useful in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one it's useful in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one it's useful in a lot of
+contexts ok well how do we implement our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts ok well how do we implement our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts ok well how do we implement our
+polynomial arithmetic let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial arithmetic let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial arithmetic let's uh let's
+start you out what we'll do to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you out what we'll do to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you out what we'll do to make a
+pawn will first have a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawn will first have a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawn will first have a way to make
+polynomials we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials we're going to make a
+polynomial out of a variable like X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial out of a variable like X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial out of a variable like X and
+a term list and all that does is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term list and all that does is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term list and all that does is we'll
+package them together some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package them together some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package them together some way
+we'll put the variable together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put the variable together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put the variable together with the
+term list using Kant's and then attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list using Kant's and then attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list using Kant's and then attach
+to that the type polynomial okay how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the type polynomial okay how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that the type polynomial okay how do
+we add two polynomials to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add two polynomials to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add two polynomials to add a
+polynomial P one and P two and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial P one and P two and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial P one and P two and then just
+for simplicity let's let's say we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's let's say we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity let's let's say we will
+only add things in the same variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only add things in the same variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only add things in the same variable so
+if they have the same variable and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have the same variable and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have the same variable and same
+variable here is going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here is going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here is going to be some
+selector we write whose details we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selector we write whose details we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selector we write whose details we don't
+care about if the two polynomials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about if the two polynomials have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about if the two polynomials have
+the same variable then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same variable then we'll do
+something if they don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if they don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if they don't have the same
+variable will give an error polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable will give an error polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable will give an error polynomials
+not in the same variable and if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same variable and if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same variable and if they do
+have the same variable what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same variable what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same variable what we'll do is
+we'll make a polynomial whose variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a polynomial whose variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a polynomial whose variable
+is whatever that variable is and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever that variable is and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever that variable is and whose
+term list is something we'll call some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list is something we'll call some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list is something we'll call some
+terms plus terms we'll add the 2 term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms plus terms we'll add the 2 term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms plus terms we'll add the 2 term
+lists so we'll add the two term list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so we'll add the two term list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so we'll add the two term list of
+the polynomial that'll give us a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial that'll give us a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial that'll give us a term
+list we'll add on we'll say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we'll add on we'll say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we'll add on we'll say it's a
+polynomial in the variable with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in the variable with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in the variable with that
+term list that's plus poly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list that's plus poly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list that's plus poly and then
+we're gonna put in our table under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna put in our table under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna put in our table under the
+type polynomial add them using plus poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type polynomial add them using plus poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type polynomial add them using plus poly
+and of course we really haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we really haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we really haven't done
+much what we've really done is pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what we've really done is pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what we've really done is pushed
+all the work onto this thing plus terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work onto this thing plus terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work onto this thing plus terms
+which is supposed to add term lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is supposed to add term lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is supposed to add term lists
+let's uh let's look at that here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's look at that here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's look at that here's a
+here's an overview of how we might how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an overview of how we might how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an overview of how we might how
+we might add two term lists so l1 and l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might add two term lists so l1 and l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might add two term lists so l1 and l2
+are going to be two term lists and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be two term lists and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be two term lists and the
+term list is a bunch of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list is a bunch of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term list is a bunch of pairs
+coefficient and order and it's big case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and order and it's big case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and order and it's big case
+analysis and the first the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the first the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the first the first thing
+we'll check for it and see if there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll check for it and see if there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll check for it and see if there any
+terms we're going to recursively work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we're going to recursively work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we're going to recursively work
+down these term lists so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these term lists so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these term lists so eventually
+we'll get to a place where either l1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to a place where either l1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to a place where either l1 or
+l2 might be empty and if either one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2 might be empty and if either one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2 might be empty and if either one is
+empty our answer will be the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty our answer will be the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty our answer will be the other one
+so if ill if l1 is empty we'll return l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if ill if l1 is empty we'll return l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if ill if l1 is empty we'll return l2
+and if the l2 is empty we'll return l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the l2 is empty we'll return l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the l2 is empty we'll return l1
+all right otherwise there there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right otherwise there there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right otherwise there there's sort
+of three interesting cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three interesting cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three interesting cases
+what we're going to do is grab the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is grab the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is grab the first
+term in each of those lists right call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in each of those lists right call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in each of those lists right call
+the t1 and t2 and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t1 and t2 and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t1 and t2 and we're going to look at
+three cases depending on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases depending on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases depending on whether the
+orders of those whether the order of t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of those whether the order of t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of those whether the order of t1
+is greater than the order of t2 or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the order of t2 or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the order of t2 or less
+than t2 or the same if those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t2 or the same if those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t2 or the same if those are the
+three cases we're going to look at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases we're going to look at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases we're going to look at let's
+look at this case if the order of t1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case if the order of t1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this case if the order of t1 is
+greater than the order of t2 then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the order of t2 then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the order of t2 then what
+that means is that our answer is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that our answer is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that our answer is going
+to start with this term of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this term of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with this term of the order of
+t1 because it won't combine with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 because it won't combine with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 because it won't combine with any
+lower order terms so what we do is add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order terms so what we do is add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order terms so what we do is add
+the lower order terms we recursively add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower order terms we recursively add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower order terms we recursively add
+together all the terms in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the terms in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the terms in the rest of
+the term list in l1 and l2 that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term list in l1 and l2 that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term list in l1 and l2 that's going
+to be the lower order terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the lower order terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the lower order terms of the
+answer and then we're going to join to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then we're going to join to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then we're going to join to
+that the highest order term and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the highest order term and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the highest order term and I'm
+using here a whole bunch of procedures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here a whole bunch of procedures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here a whole bunch of procedures I
+haven't defined like a join term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined like a join term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined like a join term and
+risk terms and selectors that get order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk terms and selectors that get order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk terms and selectors that get order
+right but you can imagine what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can imagine what those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can imagine what those are
+alright so if the first term if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if the first term if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if the first term if the
+first term list has a higher order than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term list has a higher order than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term list has a higher order than
+the second we recursively add all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second we recursively add all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second we recursively add all the
+lower terms and then stick on that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower terms and then stick on that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower terms and then stick on that that
+last term the other case is the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term the other case is the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term the other case is the same way
+if the first term has a smaller order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first term has a smaller order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first term has a smaller order
+well then we add we add it in we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we add we add it in we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we add we add it in we have
+the first term we add the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term we add the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term we add the first term
+list and the rest of the terms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and the rest of the terms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and the rest of the terms and the
+second one and a joint on the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and a joint on the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and a joint on the highest
+order term at this higher order term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term at this higher order term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term at this higher order term so
+so far nothing is much happened we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far nothing is much happened we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far nothing is much happened we've
+just sort of pushed this thing off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pushed this thing off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of pushed this thing off into
+adding lower order terms the last case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding lower order terms the last case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding lower order terms the last case
+where you actually get to a coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually get to a coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually get to a coefficients
+that you have to add this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to add this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to add this will be the
+case where the orders are equal what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the orders are equal what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the orders are equal what we
+do is well again recursively add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is well again recursively add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is well again recursively add the
+lower order terms but now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order terms but now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order terms but now we have to
+really combine something what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really combine something what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really combine something what we do is
+we make a term whose order is the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a term whose order is the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a term whose order is the order
+of the term we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term we're looking at
+by now T 1 and T 2 have the same order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now T 1 and T 2 have the same order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now T 1 and T 2 have the same order
+that's its order and its coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its order and its coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its order and its coefficient is
+gotten by adding the coefficient of T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten by adding the coefficient of T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten by adding the coefficient of T 1
+and the coefficient of T 2 there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coefficient of T 2 there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coefficient of T 2 there's this
+is a big recursive working down of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big recursive working down of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big recursive working down of terms
+but really there's only one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really there's only one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really there's only one interesting
+symbol in this procedure only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol in this procedure only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol in this procedure only one
+interesting idea the interesting idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea the interesting idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea the interesting idea is
+this ad and the reason that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad and the reason that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad and the reason that's
+interesting is because something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because something
+completely wonderful just happen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wonderful just happen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wonderful just happen we
+reduced adding polynomials not to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced adding polynomials not to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced adding polynomials not to sort
+of plus but to the generic ad in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus but to the generic ad in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus but to the generic ad in other
+words by implementing it that way see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words by implementing it that way see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words by implementing it that way see
+not only do we have our system where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do we have our system where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do we have our system where we
+can have rational numbers or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have rational numbers or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have rational numbers or complex
+numbers where ordinary numbers we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where ordinary numbers we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where ordinary numbers we've
+just added on polynomials but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added on polynomials but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added on polynomials but the
+coefficients of the polynomials can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the polynomials can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the polynomials can be
+anything that the system can add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that the system can add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that the system can add so
+these could be polynomials whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be polynomials whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be polynomials whose
+coefficients are rational numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are rational numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are rational numbers or
+complex numbers which in turn could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers which in turn could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers which in turn could be
+either rectangular or polar or ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either rectangular or polar or ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either rectangular or polar or ordinary
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what I mean precisely is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I mean precisely is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I mean precisely is our
+system right now automatically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right now automatically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right now automatically can
+handle things like you know adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle things like you know adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle things like you know adding
+together polynomials that have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together polynomials that have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together polynomials that have this one
+two thirds of x squared plus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of x squared plus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds of x squared plus five
+seventeenth X plus eleven fourths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeenth X plus eleven fourths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeenth X plus eleven fourths or
+automatically handle polynomials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically handle polynomials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically handle polynomials that
+look like three plus 2i times X to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like three plus 2i times X to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like three plus 2i times X to the
+fifth plus four plus 7i or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth plus four plus 7i or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth plus four plus 7i or something
+right it can automatically handle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can automatically handle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can automatically handle those
+things why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things why is that
+that's merely because or profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's merely because or profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's merely because or profoundly
+because we reduced adding polynomials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we reduced adding polynomials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we reduced adding polynomials to
+adding their coefficients and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding their coefficients and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding their coefficients and adding
+coefficients was done by the generic add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients was done by the generic add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients was done by the generic add
+operator which said I don't care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which said I don't care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which said I don't care what
+your types are as long as I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your types are as long as I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your types are as long as I know how to
+add you so automatically for free we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you so automatically for free we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you so automatically for free we get
+the ability to handle them what's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to handle them what's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to handle them what's even
+better than that because remember one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that because remember one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than that because remember one of
+the things we did is we said we put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we did is we said we put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we did is we said we put into
+the table that the way you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that the way you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table that the way you add
+polynomials is using plus poly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials is using plus poly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials is using plus poly that
+means that polynomials themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that polynomials themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that polynomials themselves are
+things that can be added so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be added so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be added so for instance
+we write one here here is here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write one here here is here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write one here here is here's a
+polynomial so this gadget here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so this gadget here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so this gadget here I'm
+writing up this is a polynomial in Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whose coefficients are polynomials in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you see simply by by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see simply by by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see simply by by saying
+polynomials are themselves things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are themselves things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are themselves things that
+can be added we can go off and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added we can go off and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be added we can go off and say well
+not only can we deal with rationals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can we deal with rationals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can we deal with rationals or
+complex or ordinary numbers but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or ordinary numbers but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or ordinary numbers but we can
+deal with polynomials whose coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with polynomials whose coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with polynomials whose coefficients
+are rationals or complex or ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rationals or complex or ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rationals or complex or ordinary
+numbers or polynomials whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or polynomials whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or polynomials whose
+coefficients or rationals or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or rationals or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or rationals or complex
+rectangular polar or ordinary numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular polar or ordinary numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular polar or ordinary numbers or
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+rationals complex or ordinary numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals complex or ordinary numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals complex or ordinary numbers
+and so on and so on and so on so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and so on so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and so on so this is
+sort of an infinite or maybe a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an infinite or maybe a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an infinite or maybe a recursive
+tower of types that we've built up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower of types that we've built up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower of types that we've built up and
+it's all exactly from that one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all exactly from that one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all exactly from that one little
+symbol or at ad D writing ad instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol or at ad D writing ad instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol or at ad D writing ad instead of
+plus in the polynomial time slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in the polynomial time slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in the polynomial time slightly
+different way to think about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to think about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to think about it is that
+polynomials are a constructor for types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are a constructor for types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are a constructor for types
+namely you give it a type like integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you give it a type like integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely you give it a type like integer
+and it returns for you polynomials in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it returns for you polynomials in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it returns for you polynomials in X
+whose coefficients are integers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coefficients are integers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose coefficients are integers and the
+important thing about that is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about that is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about that is that the
+operations on polynomials reduce to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on polynomials reduce to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on polynomials reduce to the
+operations on the coefficients and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the coefficients and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the coefficients and there
+are a lot of things like that so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things like that so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things like that so for
+example let's go back and rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go back and rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go back and rational
+numbers we thought about rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we thought about rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we thought about rational
+numbers as as an integer over an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as as an integer over an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as as an integer over an integer
+but there's the general notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's the general notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's the general notion of a
+rational object like we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object like we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object like we might think
+about 3x plus 7 over x squared plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3x plus 7 over x squared plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3x plus 7 over x squared plus 1
+that's a sort of general rational object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of general rational object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a sort of general rational object
+whose numerator and denominator are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose numerator and denominator are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose numerator and denominator are
+polynomials and to add two of them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and to add two of them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and to add two of them we
+use the same formula numerator times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same formula numerator times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same formula numerator times
+denominator plus denominator times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator plus denominator times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator plus denominator times
+numerator over product of denominators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator over product of denominators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator over product of denominators
+how could we install that in our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we install that in our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we install that in our system
+well here's our original rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's our original rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's our original rational number
+arithmetic package and all we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic package and all we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic package and all we have to do
+in order to make the entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make the entire system
+complete continue working with general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete continue working with general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete continue working with general
+rational objects is replace these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational objects is replace these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational objects is replace these
+particular pluses and stars by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pluses and stars by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pluses and stars by the
+generic operator so if we simply change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operator so if we simply change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic operator so if we simply change
+that procedure to this one here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure to this one here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure to this one here we've
+changed plus and star to add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed plus and star to add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed plus and star to add and
+those are absolutely the only change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are absolutely the only change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are absolutely the only change
+then suddenly our entire system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly our entire system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly our entire system can
+start talking about objects that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about objects that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about objects that look
+like this right so for example here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so for example here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so for example here is a
+rational object whose numerator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator is a
+polynomial and X whose coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and X whose coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and X whose coefficients are
+rational numbers writer here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers writer here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers writer here is a
+rational object whose numerator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator is
+polynomials and X whose coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and X whose coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and X whose coefficients are
+rational objects constructed out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational objects constructed out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational objects constructed out of
+complex numbers and then there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and then there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and then there are a lot
+of other things like that see whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things like that see whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things like that see whenever
+you have a thing where the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thing where the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thing where the operations
+reduce to operations on the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to operations on the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to operations on the pieces
+another example would be to buy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example would be to buy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example would be to buy two
+matrices see I have the idea there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices see I have the idea there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices see I have the idea there might
+be a matrix here of general things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a matrix here of general things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a matrix here of general things that
+I don't care about but if I add two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care about but if I add two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care about but if I add two of
+them the answer say over here is gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the answer say over here is gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the answer say over here is gotten
+by adding this one and that one however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this one and that one however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this one and that one however
+they like to add so I can add implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to add so I can add implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to add so I can add implement
+that the same way and if I do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same way and if I do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same way and if I do that then
+again suddenly my system can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again suddenly my system can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again suddenly my system can start
+handling things like this alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling things like this alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling things like this alright so
+here's a matrix whose elements happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a matrix whose elements happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a matrix whose elements happen to
+be well say this element here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well say this element here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well say this element here is a
+rational object whose numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational object whose numerator and
+denominators are polynomials and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators are polynomials and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators are polynomials and all
+that comes for free right where's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes for free right where's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes for free right where's it
+what's really going on here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here what's
+really going on is getting rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on is getting rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on is getting rid of this
+manager who's sitting there poking his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager who's sitting there poking his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager who's sitting there poking his
+nose into whatever who everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose into whatever who everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose into whatever who everybody's
+business is we built a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is we built a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is we built a system that has
+decentralized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you come in to add no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you come in to add no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you come in to add no one's
+poking around saying gee are you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking around saying gee are you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking around saying gee are you in the
+official list of of people who can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official list of of people who can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official list of of people who can be
+added rather you say well go off and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added rather you say well go off and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added rather you say well go off and add
+yourself how your parts like to be added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how your parts like to be added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself how your parts like to be added
+and then you see the result of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the result of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see the result of that is
+you can get this this very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this this very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this this very very very
+complex hierarchy that can where a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hierarchy that can where a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hierarchy that can where a lot
+of things just get done and routed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things just get done and routed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things just get done and routed to
+the right place automatically let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place automatically let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place automatically let's stop
+for questions you say you get this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions you say you get this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for questions you say you get this for
+free one thing that strikes me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free one thing that strikes me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free one thing that strikes me is that
+now you've lost kind of the cleanness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've lost kind of the cleanness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've lost kind of the cleanness of
+the break between what's on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break between what's on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break between what's on top and
+what's underneath in other words now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's underneath in other words now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's underneath in other words now
+you're defining some of the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're defining some of the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're defining some of the lower level
+procedures in terms of things above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures in terms of things above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures in terms of things above
+their own line isn't that dangerous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own line isn't that dangerous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own line isn't that dangerous or
+if nothing more a little less structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing more a little less structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing more a little less structured
+no I questions whether that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I questions whether that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I questions whether that's less
+structured depends what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured depends what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured depends what you mean by
+structure well this is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well this is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure well this is doing is
+recursion so you're saying that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so you're saying that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion so you're saying that it's
+saying that you know the way you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know the way you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know the way you add
+these guys is to use that and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is to use that and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is to use that and that's not
+less structured it's just a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less structured it's just a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less structured it's just a recursive
+structure so I don't think it's any less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I don't think it's any less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I don't think it's any less
+particularly less clear now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly less clear now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly less clear now when you
+want to change the multiply or the add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the multiply or the add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the multiply or the add
+operator suddenly you've got tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator suddenly you've got tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator suddenly you've got tremendous
+consequences underneath that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences underneath that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences underneath that you're not
+even sure the extent of that's right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure the extent of that's right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure the extent of that's right but
+it depends what you mean see this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you mean see this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you mean see this goes
+both ways would be a good example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways would be a good example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways would be a good example I
+ignored greatest common devisor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored greatest common devisor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored greatest common devisor for
+instance I ignored that problem just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I ignored that problem just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I ignored that problem just to
+keep the example simple but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the example simple but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the example simple but if I
+suddenly decided that sorry that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly decided that sorry that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly decided that sorry that plus
+rat here should do a GCD computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat here should do a GCD computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat here should do a GCD computation and
+install that then that immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that then that immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install that then that immediately
+becomes available to all of these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes available to all of these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes available to all of these to
+that guy and that guy and that guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and that guy and that guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy and that guy and that guy and
+all the way down so it depends what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down so it depends what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down so it depends what you
+mean by the coherence of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the coherence of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the coherence of your system
+certainly true that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true that you might want to
+have a special different one that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special different one that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special different one that didn't
+filter down through the coefficients but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter down through the coefficients but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter down through the coefficients but
+the nice thing about this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this particular
+example is that mostly you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem I think that you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I think that you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I think that you're getting
+to ty diem of the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ty diem of the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ty diem of the fact that the
+structuring the recursiveness of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring the recursiveness of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring the recursiveness of that
+structuring there is actually an exiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring there is actually an exiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring there is actually an exiting
+execution as opposed to just definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution as opposed to just definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution as opposed to just definition
+of the actual types themselves that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual types themselves that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual types themselves that's
+you I think I understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think I understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think I understand the question
+the point is that these types evolve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that these types evolve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that these types evolve and
+get more and more complex as the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more complex as the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more complex as the things
+actually running is that yeah as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running is that yeah as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running is that yeah as it's
+running what you're saying yes the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running what you're saying yes the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running what you're saying yes the point
+is there's no basic definitions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's no basic definitions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's no basic definitions right
+there's the type structure is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the type structure is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the type structure is sort of
+recursive it's not that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive it's not that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive it's not that you can make
+this finite list of the actual things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite list of the actual things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite list of the actual things
+they might look like before the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might look like before the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might look like before the system
+runs it's something that evolves so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs it's something that evolves so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs it's something that evolves so if
+you want to specify that system you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to specify that system you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to specify that system you have
+to do it in some other way then by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in some other way then by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in some other way then by this
+finite list you have to do it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite list you have to do it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite list you have to do it by a
+recursive structure because the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive structure because the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive structure because the basic
+structure of the types is pretty clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the types is pretty clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the types is pretty clean
+and simple there yes I've a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple there yes I've a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple there yes I've a question
+I understand once you have your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand once you have your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand once you have your sort of
+your data structure set up how how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure set up how how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data structure set up how how it
+pulls off complex and passes that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls off complex and passes that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls off complex and passes that down
+and then pulls off red compress out them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pulls off red compress out them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pulls off red compress out them
+but if you're just a user and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're just a user and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're just a user and you don't
+know anything about rect or polar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about rect or polar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about rect or polar or
+whatever how do you initially set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever how do you initially set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever how do you initially set up
+that data structure so that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure so that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure so that everything
+goes to the right spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the right spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the right spot
+if I just have the equation over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just have the equation over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just have the equation over there
+on the left and I just want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and I just want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and I just want to add
+that's all that's the wonderful thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's the wonderful thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's the wonderful thing if
+you're just a user you say ma and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a user you say ma and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a user you say ma and it
+figures out that I mean complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out that I mean complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out that I mean complex numbers
+or how do I tell it but what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how do I tell it but what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how do I tell it but what you're
+gonna have in your hands complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have in your hands complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have in your hands complex numbers
+see what you would have at some level as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you would have at some level as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you would have at some level as
+a real user is a constructor for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real user is a constructor for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real user is a constructor for complex
+numbers make complex so you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make complex so you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make complex so you have to make
+them what you would probably have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you would probably have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you would probably have is a
+user is some little thing in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is some little thing in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is some little thing in in the
+reader loop which would give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader loop which would give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader loop which would give you some
+you know some plausible way to type in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some plausible way to type in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some plausible way to type in a
+complex number and however whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number and however whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number and however whatever
+format you like or it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format you like or it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format you like or it might be that
+you're never typing them in someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never typing them in someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never typing them in someone's
+just handing you a complex number okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just handing you a complex number okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just handing you a complex number okay a
+complex number that had a polynomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number that had a polynomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number that had a polynomial and
+it I'd have to make my polynomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd have to make my polynomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'd have to make my polynomial and
+then make it right if you wanted to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make it right if you wanted to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make it right if you wanted to if
+he wanted to construct it from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to construct it from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to construct it from scratch
+at some point you construct them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you construct them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you construct them from
+scratch but what you don't have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch but what you don't have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch but what you don't have to know
+about is when you have the object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is when you have the object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is when you have the object you
+can just say mall and it'll multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question that was being posed here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was being posed here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was being posed here is
+say if I want to change the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I want to change the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I want to change the main
+presentation of complexes or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of complexes or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of complexes or some
+operation complex how much real code I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation complex how much real code I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation complex how much real code I
+will have to get around it or change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to get around it or change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to get around it or change to
+change it in one specific corporation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it in one specific corporation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it in one specific corporation or
+the interest what you have to change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest what you have to change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest what you have to change and
+the point is that you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that you only have to
+change what you're changing see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what you're changing see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what you're changing see if
+Martha decides that she would rather see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha decides that she would rather see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha decides that she would rather see
+something silly like change the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something silly like change the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something silly like change the order in
+the pair like angle and angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair like angle and angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair like angle and angle and
+magnitude the other order she just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the other order she just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the other order she just makes
+that change locally and the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change locally and the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change locally and the whole thing
+will propagate through the system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will propagate through the system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will propagate through the system in the
+right way or if suddenly you you said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way or if suddenly you you said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way or if suddenly you you said I
+G I have another representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G I have another representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G I have another representation for
+rationals and I'm going to stick it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and I'm going to stick it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and I'm going to stick it here
+by adding it by filing those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding it by filing those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding it by filing those operations
+in the table then suddenly all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table then suddenly all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table then suddenly all of these
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials whose coefficients or
+coefficients of coefficients or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of coefficients or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of coefficients or whatever
+also can automatically have available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can automatically have available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can automatically have available
+that representation that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation that's that's the
+power of this particular one compose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this particular one compose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this particular one compose an
+intelligent sounding question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent sounding question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent sounding question but
+somehow this whole thing went really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this whole thing went really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this whole thing went really
+nicely to this beautiful finish where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to this beautiful finish where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely to this beautiful finish where
+all the things seemed to fall into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things seemed to fall into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things seemed to fall into place
+sort of seemed a little contrived that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seemed a little contrived that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seemed a little contrived that's
+all for the sake I'm sure of teaching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for the sake I'm sure of teaching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for the sake I'm sure of teaching I
+doubt that the guys who first did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the guys who first did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt that the guys who first did this
+and that could be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be wrong
+figured it all out so that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it all out so that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it all out so that when they
+just all put it all together you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all put it all together you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all put it all together you could
+all set in blam do any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all set in blam do any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all set in blam do any kind of
+arithmetic on any kind of object it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on any kind of object it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on any kind of object it
+seems like maybe they had to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like maybe they had to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like maybe they had to play with
+it for a while and had to rehash it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while and had to rehash it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a while and had to rehash it and
+rework it and it seems like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework it and it seems like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rework it and it seems like that's the
+kind of problem we're really faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem we're really faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problem we're really faced with
+when we start trying to design a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start trying to design a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start trying to design a really
+complex system is having lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system is having lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system is having lots of
+different kinds of parts and not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of parts and not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of parts and not even
+knowing what kinds of operations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what kinds of operations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what kinds of operations we're
+gonna want to do on those parts how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to do on those parts how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to do on those parts how to
+organize the operations in this nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the operations in this nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the operations in this nice way
+so that no matter what you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what you do when you
+start putting them together everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting them together everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start putting them together everything
+starts falling out for free ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts falling out for free ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts falling out for free ok well
+that's that's certainly a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's certainly a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's certainly a very
+intelligent question one part is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent question one part is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent question one part is this is
+a very good methodology that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good methodology that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good methodology that people have
+discovered a lot coming from symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a lot coming from symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a lot coming from symbolic
+algebra because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra because there are a lot of
+complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+to allow you to you know to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to you know to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to you know to implement
+these things before you decide what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things before you decide what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things before you decide what you
+want all the operations to be in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all the operations to be in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all the operations to be in all of
+that so in some sense it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in some sense it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in some sense it's a it's an
+answer that people have discovered by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that people have discovered by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that people have discovered by by
+wading through this stuff in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wading through this stuff in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wading through this stuff in another
+sense it is a very contrived example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it is a very contrived example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it is a very contrived example it
+seems like you have to in fact to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you have to in fact to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you have to in fact to be to
+be able to do this you do have to wade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this you do have to wade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do this you do have to wade
+through it for a certain amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it for a certain amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it for a certain amount of time
+before you can become good but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can become good but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can become good but let me
+let me show you how terribly contrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how terribly contrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how terribly contrived
+this is so you can write all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you can write all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you can write all these
+wonderful things but the the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things but the the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things but the the system that
+I wrote here and if we had another half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote here and if we had another half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote here and if we had another half
+an hour to give this lecture we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to give this lecture we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to give this lecture we would
+have given this part of it which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given this part of it which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given this part of it which says
+notice that it breaks down if I tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it breaks down if I tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it breaks down if I tell it
+to do something as foolish as a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something as foolish as a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something as foolish as a you know
+add three plus seven halves because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three plus seven halves because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three plus seven halves because what
+will happen is you'll get to operate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you'll get to operate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you'll get to operate to
+and operate to will say oh this is type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operate to will say oh this is type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operate to will say oh this is type
+number and that's type rational I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's type rational I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's type rational I don't
+know how to add them so you'd like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to add them so you'd like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to add them so you'd like the
+system at least to be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at least to be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at least to be able to say
+something like gee before you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gee before you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gee before you do that
+change that to 3 over 1 turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that to 3 over 1 turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that to 3 over 1 turn it into a
+rational number hand that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number hand that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number hand that to the
+rational package that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational package that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational package that's the general
+that's the thing I didn't talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I didn't talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I didn't talk about in
+this in this lecture it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this lecture it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this lecture it's a little bit
+in the book which talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book which talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book which talks about the
+problem of what's called coercion where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of what's called coercion where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of what's called coercion where
+you want to see having so carefully set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see having so carefully set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see having so carefully set
+up all of these types as distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of these types as distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of these types as distinct
+objects a lot of times you want to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects a lot of times you want to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects a lot of times you want to also
+put in knowledge about how to view a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in knowledge about how to view a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in knowledge about how to view a
+rational number you an ordinary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you an ordinary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number you an ordinary number
+as a kind of rational or view an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of rational or view an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of rational or view an
+ordinary number as a kind of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary number as a kind of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary number as a kind of complex
+that's where the complexity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the complexity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the complexity in the
+system really starts happening where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really starts happening where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really starts happening where you
+talk about see where do I put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about see where do I put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about see where do I put that
+knowledge is is it rationals who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is is it rationals who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is is it rationals who know
+that ordinary numbers might be pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ordinary numbers might be pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ordinary numbers might be pieces of
+cards of them or there they're terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of them or there they're terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards of them or there they're terrible
+terrible examples like you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible examples like you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible examples like you know if I
+might want to add a complex number to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to add a complex number to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to add a complex number to a
+rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that example 5/7 then somebody's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example 5/7 then somebody's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example 5/7 then somebody's got to
+know that I have to convert these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I have to convert these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I have to convert these to
+another type which is complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type which is complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type which is complex numbers
+whose parts might be rationals and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose parts might be rationals and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose parts might be rationals and who
+worries about that is complex worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries about that is complex worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries about that is complex worry
+about that does rational worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that does rational worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that does rational worry about
+that this plus worried that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this plus worried that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this plus worried that that that's
+where the real complexity comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real complexity comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real complexity comes in and
+that's where it's pretty well sorted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it's pretty well sorted out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it's pretty well sorted out
+and a lot of in fact all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of in fact all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of in fact all of this
+message-passing stuff was motivated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message-passing stuff was motivated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message-passing stuff was motivated by
+problems like this and when you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this and when you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this and when you really
+push it people are somehow the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it people are somehow the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it people are somehow the algebraic
+manipulation problem seems to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation problem seems to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation problem seems to be so
+complex that the people who are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that the people who are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that the people who are always
+at the edge of it are exactly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of it are exactly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of it are exactly in the
+state you said they're waiting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you said they're waiting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you said they're waiting through
+this thing mucking around seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing mucking around seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing mucking around seeing what
+they use trying to distill stuff come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use trying to distill stuff come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use trying to distill stuff come
+back to this issue of complexity once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this issue of complexity once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this issue of complexity once
+more it certainly seems to be true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it certainly seems to be true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it certainly seems to be true that
+you have a great deal of flexibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a great deal of flexibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a great deal of flexibility in
+altering the lower-level kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering the lower-level kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering the lower-level kinds of things
+but it is true that you are in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true that you are in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true that you are in a sense
+freezing higher-level operations or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing higher-level operations or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing higher-level operations or at
+least if you change them you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if you change them you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if you change them you don't know
+where all the changes are going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the changes are going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the changes are going to show
+up or how they are okay that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or how they are okay that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or how they are okay that's an
+extremely good question see what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely good question see what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely good question see what I have
+to do is if I decide there's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if I decide there's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is if I decide there's a new
+general operation called a equality test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general operation called a equality test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general operation called a equality test
+then all of these people have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of these people have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of these people have to decide
+whether or not they would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they would like to have
+an equality test by looking in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equality test by looking in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equality test by looking in the table
+there are ways to decentralize it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to decentralize it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways to decentralize it even
+more and that's what I sort of hinted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's what I sort of hinted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and that's what I sort of hinted at
+last time where I said you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time where I said you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time where I said you could not
+only have this type as a symbol but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this type as a symbol but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have this type as a symbol but you
+actually might store in each object the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might store in each object the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might store in each object the
+operations that it knows a bit so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that it knows a bit so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that it knows a bit so you
+might have things like a well-liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have things like a well-liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have things like a well-liked
+greatest common divisor which is a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor which is a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest common divisor which is a thing
+here which is defined only for integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is defined only for integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is defined only for integers
+and not in general for rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in general for rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in general for rational numbers
+so it might be a very very fragmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might be a very very fragmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might be a very very fragmented
+system and then depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then depending on where you
+want your flexibility there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your flexibility there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your flexibility there's a whole
+spectrum of places that you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of places that you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of places that you can build
+that in but you're pointing at the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in but you're pointing at the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in but you're pointing at the place
+where this starts starts being weak that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this starts starts being weak that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this starts starts being weak that
+there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be
+some agreement on top here about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agreement on top here about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some agreement on top here about these
+general operations or at least people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general operations or at least people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general operations or at least people
+have to think about them where you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about them where you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about them where you might
+decide you might have a table that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you might have a table that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you might have a table that's
+very sparse that only has a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse that only has a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse that only has a few things
+in it but there are a lot of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but there are a lot of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but there are a lot of ways to
+play that game okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P7tCdhvhIKU.txt b/P7tCdhvhIKU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..123829366133c7806832b1d5310577d0a0d8823c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P7tCdhvhIKU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23010 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today what I want to do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today what I want to do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today what I want to do are
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+things not necessarily in this order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not necessarily in this order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not necessarily in this order and
+in no way indicating an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no way indicating an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no way indicating an order of
+preference uh the first thing is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference uh the first thing is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference uh the first thing is I want
+to finish that introductory chapter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish that introductory chapter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish that introductory chapter to
+my of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my of
+mine that I read you part of in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine that I read you part of in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine that I read you part of in a couple
+of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks
+ago uh the introduction to my new book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh the introduction to my new book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh the introduction to my new book
+on philosophy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on philosophy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on philosophy or
+film the second I want to get your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the second I want to get your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the second I want to get your ideas
+in great detail about the papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail about the papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail about the papers that
+were due today which I gave you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were due today which I gave you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were due today which I gave you an
+extension to the next week and so by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the next week and so by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to the next week and so by now
+they should be very far advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be very far advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be very far advanced
+um listening to each other you can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um listening to each other you can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um listening to each other you can learn
+a lot about how what what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about how what what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about how what what you want to
+write and uh you and I can give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and uh you and I can give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and uh you and I can give one
+another ideas about how to improve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ideas about how to improve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ideas about how to improve right
+and I and I remind you that I'm eager to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I remind you that I'm eager to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and I remind you that I'm eager to
+get your email messages or any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your email messages or any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your email messages or any other way
+in which you ask questions that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you ask questions that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you ask questions that I can
+help you with for the paper right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with for the paper right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with for the paper right or
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+else uh the third thing is to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh the third thing is to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh the third thing is to use this
+as an opportunity to have further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an opportunity to have further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an opportunity to have further
+discussion of the earlier weeks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the earlier weeks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the earlier weeks in the
+course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh
+since we we um had very little time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we we um had very little time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we we um had very little time uh
+given the large number of films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the large number of films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the large number of films that
+we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been
+watching um and the fourth is after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching um and the fourth is after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching um and the fourth is after that
+which will be somewhere around 2:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be somewhere around 2:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be somewhere around 2:00
+maybe a little later uh we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little later uh we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little later uh we'll go
+upstairs and we'll watch um an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and we'll watch um an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and we'll watch um an interview
+that um Hitchcock made uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Hitchcock made uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Hitchcock made uh in
+I remember 70s or so um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember 70s or so um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember 70s or so um that is
+extremely interesting because he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interesting because he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interesting because he talks
+about many of the themes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many of the themes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many of the themes that are
+present in the chapter of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the chapter of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the chapter of the two
+chapters of mine that you read from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of mine that you read from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of mine that you read from my
+book three philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book three philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book three philosophical
+filmmakers uh and also there are clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers uh and also there are clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers uh and also there are clips
+and in the clips you will see um parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the clips you will see um parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the clips you will see um parts
+of his movies that you may not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his movies that you may not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his movies that you may not you
+probably have never seen before but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have never seen before but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have never seen before but you
+you'll be eager to see once you've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be eager to see once you've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be eager to see once you've uh
+seene eclipse and heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seene eclipse and heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seene eclipse and heard this
+discussion all right now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion all right now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion all right now the question is
+what do we start with does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we start with does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we start with does anyone have
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+preference why don't we get me out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference why don't we get me out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference why don't we get me out of
+the way and I'll try to finish my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and I'll try to finish my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and I'll try to finish my
+chapter uh as you remember the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter uh as you remember the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter uh as you remember the chapter
+was mainly devoted to the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mainly devoted to the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mainly devoted to the way in which
+film can have philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film can have philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film can have philosophical
+import uh the book is f which is not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import uh the book is f which is not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import uh the book is f which is not far
+from finished uh is going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finished uh is going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from finished uh is going to be called
+philosophy I mean film as Visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I mean film as Visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy I mean film as Visual and
+literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary
+philosophy but as I pointed out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy but as I pointed out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy but as I pointed out I
+originally I thought of it being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I thought of it being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I thought of it being the
+title of this course uh film as Visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of this course uh film as Visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of this course uh film as Visual
+and literary myth making and a good deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literary myth making and a good deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and literary myth making and a good deal
+of that chapter shows how myth making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chapter shows how myth making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that chapter shows how myth making is
+philosophical and that in the chapters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and that in the chapters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and that in the chapters I
+range beyond what some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range beyond what some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range beyond what some people might
+consider to be Mythic material but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be Mythic material but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be Mythic material but which
+I consider to be philosophically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider to be philosophically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider to be philosophically uh
+significant so that's why I'm changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so that's why I'm changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so that's why I'm changing
+the title um about the various things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title um about the various things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title um about the various things I
+won't try to summ summarize what I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try to summ summarize what I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try to summ summarize what I told
+you about myth but picking up uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about myth but picking up uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about myth but picking up uh at the
+end um I I will be reminding you of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um I I will be reminding you of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um I I will be reminding you of some
+of the earlier points just that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earlier points just that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earlier points just that comes
+out in the context of the last few pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the context of the last few pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the context of the last few pages
+there aren't many pages um usually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't many pages um usually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't many pages um usually I
+prefer uh to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh to lecture
+extemporaneously uh even if it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extemporaneously uh even if it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extemporaneously uh even if it really is
+a lecture rather than my talking or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture rather than my talking or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture rather than my talking or it
+might look as if I'm talking off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look as if I'm talking off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look as if I'm talking off the top
+of my head but I probably write off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head but I probably write off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head but I probably write off the
+top of my head too so it doesn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head too so it doesn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head too so it doesn't much
+matter um but in this case I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um but in this case I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um but in this case I think it
+would be more economical for me just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more economical for me just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be more economical for me just to
+read you the few pages uh which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you the few pages uh which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you the few pages uh which you
+won't have any trouble uh listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any trouble uh listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any trouble uh listening to
+at least understanding you may not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least understanding you may not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least understanding you may not like
+what you're listening do that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're listening do that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're listening do that something
+else um in in the last time I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um in in the last time I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else um in in the last time I did that
+in the course um a graduate student said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course um a graduate student said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course um a graduate student said
+he found the material very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found the material very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found the material very very
+difficult and I said why and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and I said why and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and I said why and he said
+well it's because um you go on to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's because um you go on to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's because um you go on to one
+thing and then you go on to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you go on to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then you go on to another and
+you're always jumping around and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always jumping around and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always jumping around and um it's
+very hard to know you know to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to know you know to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to know you know to how to
+categorize what you're saying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize what you're saying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize what you're saying because
+there is this great succession of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this great succession of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this great succession of
+different kinds of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ideas
+and I said you're right and I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said you're right and I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said you're right and I understand
+that and maybe that does make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and maybe that does make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and maybe that does make it
+difficult but that's the nature of My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but that's the nature of My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but that's the nature of My
+Philosophy life for me is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy life for me is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophy life for me is simply a
+succession of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of different kinds of
+entities um IIs you you were expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities um IIs you you were expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities um IIs you you were expected to
+sign a uh waiver okay so that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a uh waiver okay so that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a uh waiver okay so that uh in
+future years when you become famous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future years when you become famous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future years when you become famous uh
+you can't claim that your name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't claim that your name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't claim that your name and
+portrait is being Miss used by MIT yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait is being Miss used by MIT yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrait is being Miss used by MIT yeah
+um so could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so could you
+sign everybody else including me was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everybody else including me was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign everybody else including me was
+signed so could you when you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed so could you when you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed so could you when you get it
+could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you
+sign okay all right you haven't missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay all right you haven't missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay all right you haven't missed
+much uh we're going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh we're going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh we're going to start with the
+last few pages of that chapter the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few pages of that chapter the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few pages of that chapter the short
+chapter that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that's going to be the
+introduction of my new book and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of my new book and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of my new book and we're
+going to end up with an interview with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with an interview with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with an interview with
+Hitchcock and in between there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and in between there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock and in between there's going
+to be discussion of everybody's paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussion of everybody's paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be discussion of everybody's paper
+Unwritten let does anybody have it done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unwritten let does anybody have it done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unwritten let does anybody have it done
+yet no uh and um also of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no uh and um also of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no uh and um also of the different
+weeks work that we haven't had enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks work that we haven't had enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks work that we haven't had enough
+time to discuss in the p in the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to discuss in the p in the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to discuss in the p in the last few
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+weeks uh the place in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ended um was a place in which I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended um was a place in which I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended um was a place in which I was
+suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that
+film is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is really very
+unrealistic even though it or unreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic even though it or unreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic even though it or unreal
+even though it can be a realistic film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in a in a place that I will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a in a place that I will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a in a place that I will discuss
+in the one big unfinished chapter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one big unfinished chapter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one big unfinished chapter of the
+book on ingmar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on ingmar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on ingmar
+Bergman uh I referred to something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman uh I referred to something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bergman uh I referred to something he
+said which is applicable right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is applicable right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is applicable right here
+which is that um Phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um Phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that um Phil
+we we don't film reality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't film reality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't film reality in the
+movies it isn't reality that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it isn't reality that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it isn't reality that we're
+filming for that you you can wa watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming for that you you can wa watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming for that you you can wa watch
+the the Evening News what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Evening News what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Evening News what we do is
+reflect reality and that seems to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect reality and that seems to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect reality and that seems to me to
+be a very profound Insight uh the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very profound Insight uh the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very profound Insight uh the films
+even the most realistic ones um are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the most realistic ones um are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the most realistic ones um are not
+uh presentations of real reality they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations of real reality they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presentations of real reality they
+are reflections you'll remember this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflections you'll remember this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reflections you'll remember this in
+in connection with uh the my first book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connection with uh the my first book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connection with uh the my first book
+reality transformed in which I argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality transformed in which I argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality transformed in which I argued
+that the realists are mistaken uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the realists are mistaken uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the realists are mistaken uh by
+thinking that reality uh a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that reality uh a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that reality uh a film
+reproduces reality copies reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces reality copies reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces reality copies reality
+records reality or in any way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records reality or in any way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records reality or in any way um
+captures it to present to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures it to present to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures it to present to an
+audience on the contrary I argue that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience on the contrary I argue that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience on the contrary I argue that um
+go ahead then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead then see
+um that to that extent the formalist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that to that extent the formalist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that to that extent the formalist to
+write and film um changes reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and film um changes reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and film um changes reality
+transforms it but then I as you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it but then I as you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it but then I as you know I
+end up with synthesis of the two and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with synthesis of the two and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with synthesis of the two and in
+principle my synthesis is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle my synthesis is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle my synthesis is very similar
+to what Bergman was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Bergman was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what Bergman was saying that
+film has to be real but it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has to be real but it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has to be real but it's always a
+reflection of reality uh it was at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of reality uh it was at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of reality uh it was at that
+point that I wanted to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I wanted to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I wanted to get into the
+Aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics
+of a French philosopher who in his day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a French philosopher who in his day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a French philosopher who in his day
+was the most important philosopher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important philosopher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most important philosopher in
+the world his name is AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world his name is AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world his name is AI
+bergon um b r GS o n uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergon um b r GS o n uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergon um b r GS o n uh in
+1910 um people travel from all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 um people travel from all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 um people travel from all around
+the world to hear him the way in 1810 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to hear him the way in 1810 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to hear him the way in 1810 or
+so they travel all the way around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they travel all the way around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they travel all the way around the
+world in order to listen to the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order to listen to the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order to listen to the lectures
+of Hegel nowadays uh I find my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hegel nowadays uh I find my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hegel nowadays uh I find my students
+don't they've never heard of Buren even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they've never heard of Buren even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they've never heard of Buren even
+if they've heard of Hegel and um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've heard of Hegel and um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they've heard of Hegel and um I'm
+willing to wager that none of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to wager that none of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to wager that none of my
+colleagues have read anything by him um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have read anything by him um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have read anything by him um
+he's a person he's a philosopher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a person he's a philosopher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a person he's a philosopher of
+great interest and one concept of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest and one concept of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest and one concept of his
+that is relevant here is his idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant here is his idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant here is his idea of
+what he calls the Cinematic effect he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls the Cinematic effect he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls the Cinematic effect he
+presents it not as a theory about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it not as a theory about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents it not as a theory about the
+nature of film but a a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film but a a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film but a a theory
+about one way in which we experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one way in which we experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one way in which we experience
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+motion um his his idea is based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um his his idea is based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion um his his idea is based on a
+distinction he makes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction he makes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction he makes between
+SpaceTime and what he calls duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime and what he calls duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime and what he calls duration
+SpaceTime is time that can be Quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime is time that can be Quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime is time that can be Quantified
+time that we measure by means of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we measure by means of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that we measure by means of some
+spatial Dimension as in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Dimension as in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Dimension as in the case of a
+clock uh we tell the time by Clocks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock uh we tell the time by Clocks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock uh we tell the time by Clocks by
+seeing the spaces that have elapsed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the spaces that have elapsed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the spaces that have elapsed uh
+on the face of the clock um it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the face of the clock um it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the face of the clock um it doesn't
+matter if it's a clock or whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if it's a clock or whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if it's a clock or whether it's a
+u what do you call those things the sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u what do you call those things the sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u what do you call those things the sand
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+down an hourglass uh in both cases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an hourglass uh in both cases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an hourglass uh in both cases uh
+there is a spatial Dimension which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a spatial Dimension which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a spatial Dimension which is
+relevant to our idea of what the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to our idea of what the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to our idea of what the time is
+uh and in all of science which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in all of science which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in all of science which is
+quantitative fundament fundamentally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative fundament fundamentally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative fundament fundamentally uh
+space comes into it because uh the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space comes into it because uh the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space comes into it because uh the uh um
+time of of second kind duration cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of of second kind duration cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of of second kind duration cannot
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+Quantified it differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified it differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantified it differs from
+SpaceTime because it it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime because it it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime because it it has to be
+intuitive and it's the way time flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and it's the way time flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and it's the way time flows
+and flows through us as human beings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flows through us as human beings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flows through us as human beings um
+it is what some people called live time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what some people called live time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what some people called live time
+uh and uh Beren has a very elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh Beren has a very elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh Beren has a very elaborate
+theory about intuition to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about intuition to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory about intuition to explain what
+the the mode of Life Is by which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mode of Life Is by which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mode of Life Is by which we're
+able to apprehend uh duration through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apprehend uh duration through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apprehend uh duration through
+the right kind of intuition so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of intuition so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of intuition so there's
+distinction between SpaceTime and live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between SpaceTime and live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between SpaceTime and live
+time intuited uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intuited uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time intuited uh or
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+duration his reference to um The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration his reference to um The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration his reference to um The
+Cinematic effect is that he he me thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematic effect is that he he me thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematic effect is that he he me thinks
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+SpaceTime is like the watching of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime is like the watching of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime is like the watching of a
+movie because what are we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie because what are we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie because what are we really
+watching you're watching um Celluloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you're watching um Celluloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching you're watching um Celluloid
+with frames printed on on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frames printed on on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frames printed on on it and the
+frames are in a spatial relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames are in a spatial relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames are in a spatial relationship to
+each other each of them is static uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other each of them is static uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other each of them is static uh
+none of them moves none of them have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them moves none of them have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them moves none of them have any
+temporal Dimension but uh because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal Dimension but uh because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal Dimension but uh because of the
+the way in which they're organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which they're organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which they're organized
+they somehow create a simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow create a simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they somehow create a simulation of
+movement and of time uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and of time uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and of time uh which is
+watching a movie so that it isn't as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a movie so that it isn't as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a movie so that it isn't as if
+he's as I said giving a theory about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's as I said giving a theory about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's as I said giving a theory about the
+nature of film but rather he's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film but rather he's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film but rather he's using
+this fact about the production of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact about the production of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact about the production of film
+uh as a way of explaining SpaceTime as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a way of explaining SpaceTime as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a way of explaining SpaceTime as
+oppos to intuitive time I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppos to intuitive time I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppos to intuitive time I find this
+fascinating uh I've written a good deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh I've written a good deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh I've written a good deal
+about um burkson in a very critical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um burkson in a very critical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um burkson in a very critical uh
+way uh his uh followers would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh his uh followers would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh his uh followers would probably
+consider it hostile but uh for me when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it hostile but uh for me when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it hostile but uh for me when I
+attack a philosopher it's all always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a philosopher it's all always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a philosopher it's all always a
+way of making sense out of my own ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of making sense out of my own ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of making sense out of my own ideas
+uh there's no attack involved simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no attack involved simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no attack involved simply a
+deliberation to clarify my own ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation to clarify my own ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation to clarify my own ideas
+by attacking somebody else I mean it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attacking somebody else I mean it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attacking somebody else I mean it is
+the kind of a well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of a well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of a well I'm
+reminded of uh an anecdote about William
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of uh an anecdote about William
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of uh an anecdote about William
+James in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James in
+1905 he was present at a World Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 he was present at a World Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 he was present at a World Congress
+uh about for world peace that met in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about for world peace that met in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about for world peace that met in in
+Japan um they obviously didn't succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um they obviously didn't succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um they obviously didn't succeed
+very well but it was um a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but it was um a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but it was um a an
+international Congress and when he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Congress and when he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international Congress and when he got
+up to speak he said um I am only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to speak he said um I am only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to speak he said um I am only a
+philosopher meaning he has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher meaning he has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher meaning he has nothing to
+contribute I'm only a philosopher which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute I'm only a philosopher which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute I'm only a philosopher which
+is to say a person who's been trained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say a person who's been trained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say a person who's been trained to
+do nothing but attack all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nothing but attack all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nothing but attack all the other
+philosophers and I think there is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers and I think there is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers and I think there is a bit
+of truth that's the nature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth that's the nature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth that's the nature of our
+training but uh when it's when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but uh when it's when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but uh when it's when you don't
+get beyond the training then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond the training then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond the training then it's
+hideous but if you use it in a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideous but if you use it in a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideous but if you use it in a way of
+creating your own ideas by contrasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your own ideas by contrasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating your own ideas by contrasting
+and rejecting those of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rejecting those of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rejecting those of other
+philosophers particularly great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers particularly great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers particularly great
+philosophers when one is not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers when one is not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers when one is not a great
+philosopher oneself I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher oneself I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher oneself I think that's
+Justified that's what I've done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified that's what I've done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified that's what I've done with
+Burks and in various places um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burks and in various places um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burks and in various places um and uh
+that's what attracted me to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what attracted me to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what attracted me to the idea of
+the Cinematic effect because taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cinematic effect because taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cinematic effect because taken
+literally the Cinematic effect is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the Cinematic effect is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the Cinematic effect is not
+what he says that's my argument in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says that's my argument in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he says that's my argument in these
+pages I see I'm getting by without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages I see I'm getting by without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages I see I'm getting by without
+reading maybe that's just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading maybe that's just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading maybe that's just as
+well uh let me see where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let me see where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh let me see where I am
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my argument is
+that the Cinematic effect doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Cinematic effect doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Cinematic effect doesn't
+illustrate space time but rather it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate space time but rather it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate space time but rather it
+illustrates how it is that SpaceTime can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates how it is that SpaceTime can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates how it is that SpaceTime can
+be a causal phenomenon that brings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a causal phenomenon that brings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a causal phenomenon that brings about
+the kind of uh movement that is true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh movement that is true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of uh movement that is true to
+life and the kind of time that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the kind of time that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the kind of time that is true
+to life uh once you accept that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life uh once you accept that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life uh once you accept that idea
+which I developed velop more than is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I developed velop more than is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I developed velop more than is
+necessary at the moment um you're able I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at the moment um you're able I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at the moment um you're able I
+I feel able to reject the whole concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel able to reject the whole concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel able to reject the whole concept
+of thus quote of the quote cinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thus quote of the quote cinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thus quote of the quote cinematic
+effect as beron presents it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as beron presents it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as beron presents it he
+misinterprets the nature of film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterprets the nature of film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinterprets the nature of film or
+Cinema uh because he thinks uh he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema uh because he thinks uh he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema uh because he thinks uh he thinks
+in terms of the causation of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the causation of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the causation of our
+experience rather than our experience uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience rather than our experience uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience rather than our experience uh
+while watching a film and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while watching a film and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while watching a film and of course in
+terms of the C causation he that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the C causation he that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the C causation he that's
+absolutely true uh our experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true uh our experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true uh our experience is
+caused by uh a spatial temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by uh a spatial temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by uh a spatial temporal
+phenomenon which is the the passage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is the the passage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon which is the the passage of
+the frames through the right machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frames through the right machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frames through the right machine in
+order to project upon a screen something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to project upon a screen something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to project upon a screen something
+that we can then see and see as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then see and see as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can then see and see as uh the
+world we live in through time and motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we live in through time and motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we live in through time and motion
+but the effect you see is not uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the effect you see is not uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the effect you see is not uh what
+bergon calls the effect is the accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergon calls the effect is the accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergon calls the effect is the accurate
+and acceptable view of these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceptable view of these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceptable view of these real
+phenomena time and motion provided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena time and motion provided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena time and motion provided we
+realize but that but now we're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize but that but now we're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize but that but now we're on a
+different dimension uh that reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimension uh that reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimension uh that reality is
+only being reflected uh that it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only being reflected uh that it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only being reflected uh that it isn't
+reality itself but that isn't relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality itself but that isn't relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality itself but that isn't relevant
+to Buren's berkson's Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I end up it is through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I end up it is through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I end up it is through the
+causality of spatialized time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality of spatialized time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality of spatialized time that the
+Cinematic effect provides us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematic effect provides us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematic effect provides us with
+authentic viewings of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic viewings of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic viewings of motion
+um that are as real and immediate as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are as real and immediate as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are as real and immediate as any
+other experience we may possibly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experience we may possibly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experience we may possibly have
+bergson's concept of intuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergson's concept of intuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergson's concept of intuition is
+therefore bogus or at least useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore bogus or at least useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore bogus or at least useless
+that's uh in gen most of my writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh in gen most of my writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh in gen most of my writing
+that's my major Target to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my major Target to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my major Target to suggest that
+uh there isn't a kind of life kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there isn't a kind of life kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there isn't a kind of life kind of
+experience which is intuition of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience which is intuition of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience which is intuition of that
+sort I mean we often say uh I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort I mean we often say uh I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort I mean we often say uh I knew
+intuitively I knew that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively I knew that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively I knew that um that
+statement was false but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement was false but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement was false but that doesn't
+mean that there's a special faculty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's a special faculty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's a special faculty of
+intuition uh which become which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh which become which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh which become which is
+usually a mystical one and in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a mystical one and in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a mystical one and in the case
+of bergon uh ends up being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bergon uh ends up being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bergon uh ends up being a very
+religious one uh for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious one uh for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious one uh for him
+um I don't know how much I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how much I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know how much I want to get
+into uh for him um the reality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh for him um the reality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh for him um the reality is a
+function of how God is in the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how God is in the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how God is in the world um
+through love uh very Catholic ideas he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through love uh very Catholic ideas he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through love uh very Catholic ideas he
+was born Jewish but he was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born Jewish but he was about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born Jewish but he was about to
+convert to Catholicism when the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to Catholicism when the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to Catholicism when the Nazis
+invaded u u France and he was in his 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded u u France and he was in his 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded u u France and he was in his 80s
+and out of uh solidarity with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of uh solidarity with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of uh solidarity with the
+persecuted people to to whom he had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persecuted people to to whom he had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persecuted people to to whom he had been
+born he never did convert but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born he never did convert but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born he never did convert but his
+thinking was at the end very Catholic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was at the end very Catholic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking was at the end very Catholic um
+that God is in the world and it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that God is in the world and it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that God is in the world and it's only
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+intuiting this through a love of God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuiting this through a love of God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuiting this through a love of God
+through mulation of him other we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mulation of him other we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mulation of him other we ever
+can get in touch with reality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in touch with reality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in touch with reality so
+intuition of this special philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of this special philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of this special philosophical
+sort is a very mystical one that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is a very mystical one that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is a very mystical one that I have
+no tolerance for and I interpret it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tolerance for and I interpret it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tolerance for and I interpret it in
+terms of what John dwey calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what John dwey calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what John dwey calls
+intelligence there are different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence there are different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence there are different kinds
+of intelligence and when it goes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intelligence and when it goes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intelligence and when it goes very
+fast Uh I intuited that statement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Uh I intuited that statement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast Uh I intuited that statement was
+fall I just intuitive what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall I just intuitive what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall I just intuitive what we're really
+saying is not that there was a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is not that there was a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is not that there was a different
+mode of experience or thinking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of experience or thinking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of experience or thinking or
+feeling but rather that it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling but rather that it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling but rather that it happened
+spontaneously very quickly without my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously very quickly without my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously very quickly without my
+realizing all the steps that we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing all the steps that we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing all the steps that we going
+into it on analysis one might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it on analysis one might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it on analysis one might be able to
+show that it's not different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's not different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's not different from
+ordinary intelligent uh utterances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intelligent uh utterances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intelligent uh utterances and
+experiences that we might have so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that we might have so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences that we might have so that
+the whole distinction between intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole distinction between intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole distinction between intuition
+and for instance intelligence uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance intelligence uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance intelligence uh is a
+very crucial one and that's my major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crucial one and that's my major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crucial one and that's my major
+Target in my more General uh philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in my more General uh philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in my more General uh philosophy
+if you want to read more about this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read more about this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to read more about this look
+at a book of mine called the harmony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a book of mine called the harmony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a book of mine called the harmony of
+Nature and spirit in which I develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit in which I develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit in which I develop a
+very naturalistic view about the N what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturalistic view about the N what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturalistic view about the N what
+spirit is the spirit doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit is the spirit doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit is the spirit doesn't have
+anything to do with another world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with another world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with another world and
+another kind of life but rather its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of life but rather its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of life but rather its
+nature at at its best and in it there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature at at its best and in it there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature at at its best and in it there is
+a uh a great deal of a discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a great deal of a discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a great deal of a discussion about
+the nature of of intelligence and oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of of intelligence and oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of of intelligence and oh and
+also a chapter on Burson um called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a chapter on Burson um called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a chapter on Burson um called uh
+sympathetic identification which is his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic identification which is his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic identification which is his
+idea about intuition in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about intuition in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about intuition in relation to
+human relations uh quote uh Al burkson I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations uh quote uh Al burkson I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human relations uh quote uh Al burkson I
+think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a
+sympathetic sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic sympathetic
+intuition colon oie burkson and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition colon oie burkson and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition colon oie burkson and it's a
+critique of his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of his whole
+philosophy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um
+in the case of film I think what one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film I think what one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film I think what one has
+to do is to get beyond the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to get beyond the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to get beyond the idea that
+there is any mystical powers of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any mystical powers of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any mystical powers of of that
+sort and then they say having said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then they say having said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then they say having said this
+much we can now go on to detect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can now go on to detect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can now go on to detect with
+greater Clarity how it is that the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater Clarity how it is that the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater Clarity how it is that the art
+of film supremely lends itself to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film supremely lends itself to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film supremely lends itself to the
+conveyance of Mythic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyance of Mythic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyance of Mythic
+themes by using the technical devices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes by using the technical devices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes by using the technical devices of
+panning tracking zooming alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning tracking zooming alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panning tracking zooming alternating
+shots that are close medium or long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that are close medium or long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots that are close medium or long and
+all the rest of ordinary cinematography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of ordinary cinematography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of ordinary cinematography
+as well as the systematic cutting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the systematic cutting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the systematic cutting that
+goes into the eventual editing film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the eventual editing film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the eventual editing film
+creates in the audience a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates in the audience a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates in the audience a sense of
+distance from anything they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from anything they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from anything they might have
+seen outside the theater or within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen outside the theater or within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen outside the theater or within it
+before the lights were turned down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lights were turned down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lights were turned down this
+puts us who watch the finished product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts us who watch the finished product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts us who watch the finished product
+in a receptive mood for narratives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a receptive mood for narratives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a receptive mood for narratives that
+are inherently remote from our normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherently remote from our normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inherently remote from our normal
+experience precisely because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience precisely because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience precisely because they are
+Mythic or include Mythic elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic or include Mythic elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic or include Mythic elements in
+being both philos philosophical as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being both philos philosophical as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being both philos philosophical as well
+as overtly contrived and fictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as overtly contrived and fictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as overtly contrived and fictional
+mythmaking depends upon this imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking depends upon this imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking depends upon this imaginative
+adherence to situations and events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence to situations and events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adherence to situations and events that
+we know to be unreal in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to be unreal in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know to be unreal in any other
+context at the same time we are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context at the same time we are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context at the same time we are not just
+lured into but also engrossed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lured into but also engrossed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lured into but also engrossed by the
+Quasi realistic character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi realistic character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi realistic character of
+images uh that flow before our eyes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images uh that flow before our eyes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images uh that flow before our eyes in
+semblance of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semblance of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semblance of the world
+outside uh the Mythic experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh the Mythic experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh the Mythic experience
+combines both effects the unnatural as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines both effects the unnatural as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines both effects the unnatural as
+well as the natural in film their visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the natural in film their visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the natural in film their visual
+auditory and even kinesthetic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and even kinesthetic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and even kinesthetic components
+are united as in no other art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are only two more pages I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are only two more pages I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are only two more pages I guess
+they're worth reading studying film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth reading studying film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worth reading studying film is
+mythmaking and myth making is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking and myth making is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking and myth making is part of
+aesthetic meaningfulness that film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic meaningfulness that film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic meaningfulness that film in
+particular manifests we should avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manifests we should avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manifests we should avoid the
+reductive approach that critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive approach that critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive approach that critics
+sometimes apply in their search for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes apply in their search for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes apply in their search for one
+or another myth being very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another myth being very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another myth being very complex
+constructions artistic products in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions artistic products in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions artistic products in film
+or any other medium rarely direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other medium rarely direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other medium rarely direct
+themselves to any single myth or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to any single myth or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to any single myth or any
+single pattern of meaning whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pattern of meaning whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pattern of meaning whether
+representational or expressive most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational or expressive most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational or expressive most
+films are ambivalent about the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are ambivalent about the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films are ambivalent about the values
+and the realities they Encompass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the realities they Encompass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the realities they Encompass and
+virtually all combine traces of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all combine traces of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all combine traces of more
+than one myth alone this is speci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one myth alone this is speci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one myth alone this is speci
+apparent in the films that interest me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the films that interest me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the films that interest me
+in this book and some you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book and some you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book and some you've been
+getting a sample of them in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a sample of them in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a sample of them in the course
+so it applies to the course they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it applies to the course they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it applies to the course they are all
+offshoots of Western civilization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshoots of Western civilization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offshoots of Western civilization and
+the philosophical scope within them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical scope within them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosophical scope within them is
+generally relevant to the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally relevant to the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally relevant to the different
+myths of love that I've discussed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of love that I've discussed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of love that I've discussed at
+length in other writings of mine among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in other writings of mine among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in other writings of mine among
+them there are the myths of Tristan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are the myths of Tristan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are the myths of Tristan and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+is Da and anas Maan and Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Da and anas Maan and Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Da and anas Maan and Don
+Juan remember uh you haven't had much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan remember uh you haven't had much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan remember uh you haven't had much on
+daas that will come out whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daas that will come out whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daas that will come out whenever we
+discuss Washington Square uh more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Washington Square uh more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Washington Square uh more um
+than we have these and other Mar minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have these and other Mar minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we have these and other Mar minor
+variants related to them have permeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants related to them have permeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants related to them have permeated
+our mentality and our Arts through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mentality and our Arts through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mentality and our Arts through an
+accretion that results from centuries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion that results from centuries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accretion that results from centuries in
+our immediate Past film comes upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our immediate Past film comes upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our immediate Past film comes upon the
+scene at a time when the sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene at a time when the sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene at a time when the sophisticated
+romantic versions of these myths capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic versions of these myths capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic versions of these myths capital
+r romantic um redirected almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r romantic um redirected almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r romantic um redirected almost
+everyone's thinking about love in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's thinking about love in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's thinking about love in ways
+that affected the feelings as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affected the feelings as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affected the feelings as well as
+the behavior of many people being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of many people being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of many people being the
+baby of the family Cinema grew up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby of the family Cinema grew up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby of the family Cinema grew up with
+this evolved preoccupation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evolved preoccupation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evolved preoccupation with
+affective problems the philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective problems the philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective problems the philosophical
+components um in it reflect a gamut of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components um in it reflect a gamut of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components um in it reflect a gamut of
+myths and the questioning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths and the questioning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths and the questioning they
+elicit now I'm going to I touched very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit now I'm going to I touched very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit now I'm going to I touched very
+briefly on on some of the movies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on on some of the movies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly on on some of the movies which
+you have seen so this will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen so this will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen so this will be more
+meaningful to you than it is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you than it is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to you than it is to the
+audience of the book because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of the book because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of the book because this is
+part of the introduction of the book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the introduction of the book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the introduction of the book um
+even a comedy like the lady Eve whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a comedy like the lady Eve whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a comedy like the lady Eve whose
+title seems limited to the single myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title seems limited to the single myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title seems limited to the single myth
+of Adam and Eve includes within its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Adam and Eve includes within its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Adam and Eve includes within its
+narrative structure other myths as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative structure other myths as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative structure other myths as well
+moreover the play the movie and musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover the play the movie and musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover the play the movie and musical
+version of Shaw's pigmon mingle elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Shaw's pigmon mingle elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Shaw's pigmon mingle elements
+of the three basic categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three basic categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three basic categories of
+to which I referred at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I referred at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I referred at the beginning of
+this chapter quote I mean colon those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter quote I mean colon those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter quote I mean colon those
+that deal with creation the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with creation the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with creation the hero
+struggle and the ideational motive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and the ideational motive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and the ideational motive in
+human values as a whole the last of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human values as a whole the last of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human values as a whole the last of
+these gives birth of subsidiar and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives birth of subsidiar and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives birth of subsidiar and and
+pervasive myths about imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive myths about imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive myths about imagination
+idealization consummation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+aesthetic itself um incidentally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic itself um incidentally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic itself um incidentally there
+is a book of mine that you haven't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book of mine that you haven't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book of mine that you haven't read
+in this course I read it my course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course I read it my course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course I read it my course on
+creativity called feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity called feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity called feeling and
+Imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination
+um I forgot the colon forget what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forgot the colon forget what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forgot the colon forget what the
+rest is feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is feeling and
+Imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination
+um isn't it like the vibrant pardon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't it like the vibrant pardon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't it like the vibrant pardon the
+rest of it it's like the vibrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it it's like the vibrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it it's like the vibrant
+something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a
+vibrant um vibrant flow of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant um vibrant flow of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant um vibrant flow of our
+experience of our world I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of our world I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of our world I don't know
+what uh George santiana philosopher I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh George santiana philosopher I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh George santiana philosopher I've
+written a lot about um says in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a lot about um says in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a lot about um says in one place
+uh life is neither a comedy nor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life is neither a comedy nor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life is neither a comedy nor a
+tragedy it's a flux flux is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy it's a flux flux is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy it's a flux flux is something
+that just goes on uh and I like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just goes on uh and I like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just goes on uh and I like that but
+I felt that it was too negative sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that it was too negative sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that it was too negative sounding
+uh because life is not just a a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because life is not just a a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because life is not just a a flux
+it's a creative flux there are values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a creative flux there are values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a creative flux there are values in
+life uh and therefore feeling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh and therefore feeling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh and therefore feeling an
+imagination uh the vibrant flux of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh the vibrant flux of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh the vibrant flux of our
+experience is the title of that book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is the title of that book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is the title of that book and
+in that the chapters on imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the chapters on imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that the chapters on imagination
+idealization consummation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+aesthetic uh and as in all my writing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh and as in all my writing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh and as in all my writing um
+this new book is a reflection of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new book is a reflection of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new book is a reflection of my own
+thinking and so I'm very selective about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so I'm very selective about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so I'm very selective about
+which are the movies and myths that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the movies and myths that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the movies and myths that I
+deal with using those Concepts that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with using those Concepts that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with using those Concepts that I
+present in feeling and Imagination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in feeling and Imagination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in feeling and Imagination the
+book feeling and imagination movies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book feeling and imagination movies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book feeling and imagination movies like
+amale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amale
+that I hope I don't know you they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope I don't know you they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope I don't know you they love
+it I showed it here they love that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I showed it here they love that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I showed it here they love that uh
+cannot be fully appreciated that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be fully appreciated that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be fully appreciated that without
+some broadly philosophical recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broadly philosophical recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broadly philosophical recognition
+of the Mythic character of these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mythic character of these factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mythic character of these factors
+in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human
+nature um incidentally I know Wonder few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um incidentally I know Wonder few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature um incidentally I know Wonder few
+and some of the others know movie what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the others know movie what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the others know movie what
+was supposed to be the last movie by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be the last movie by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be the last movie by um
+uh ingar Bergman called Fanny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ingar Bergman called Fanny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ingar Bergman called Fanny and
+Alexander do you remember the last word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander do you remember the last word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander do you remember the last word
+words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in
+it it's um the U two women are have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's um the U two women are have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's um the U two women are have
+suddenly become emancipated and taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly become emancipated and taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly become emancipated and taken
+over the theater to run one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the theater to run one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the theater to run one is the
+director and the other is the starring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director and the other is the starring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director and the other is the starring
+actor and the old the older woman the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor and the old the older woman the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor and the old the older woman the
+director um opens or has was given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director um opens or has was given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director um opens or has was given a
+gift I Can't Remember by home uh a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift I Can't Remember by home uh a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift I Can't Remember by home uh a copy
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+stenberg's play called a a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stenberg's play called a a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stenberg's play called a a dream
+play and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and she
+reads something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads something from
+it as a matter of fact it's uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matter of fact it's uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matter of fact it's uh what
+string birg calls an introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string birg calls an introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string birg calls an introductory
+note um and the introductory note says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um and the introductory note says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um and the introductory note says
+um all of life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of life is
+Imagination uh anything is possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination uh anything is possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination uh anything is possible um
+anything is even likely uh and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is even likely uh and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is even likely uh and so it
+goes on about the nature of imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on about the nature of imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on about the nature of imagination
+and that's my interpretation of what AM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my interpretation of what AM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my interpretation of what AM
+is like and it's also the one level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and it's also the one level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and it's also the one level of
+the complex philosophy of inar Bergman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex philosophy of inar Bergman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex philosophy of inar Bergman
+uh which is that uh art his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that uh art his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is that uh art his in
+particular um has to be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um has to be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um has to be seen as
+imagination dealing with reflections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination dealing with reflections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination dealing with reflections of
+reality so that those two those Ami and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so that those two those Ami and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so that those two those Ami and
+not just not just um Fanny and Alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just not just um Fanny and Alexander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just not just um Fanny and Alexander
+but other most other films of Bergman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other most other films of Bergman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other most other films of Bergman
+are about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about the nature of
+imagination and he sort of confesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and he sort of confesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and he sort of confesses
+what he what he's up to and that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he what he's up to and that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he what he's up to and that well
+was going to be his last movie of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be his last movie of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be his last movie of course
+that was how many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1976 or early then and he's still alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 or early then and he's still alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 or early then and he's still alive
+and um still has is making movies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um still has is making movies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um still has is making movies for
+television not not for the film perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television not not for the film perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television not not for the film perhaps
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+television um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so almost done movies like am cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost done movies like am cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost done movies like am cannot be
+fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully
+appr without some broadly philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appr without some broadly philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appr without some broadly philosophical
+recognition of the Mythic character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of the Mythic character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of the Mythic character of
+these factors in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors in human
+nature tell me can you say can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature tell me can you say can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature tell me can you say can you say
+more about the nature of imagination I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the nature of imagination I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the nature of imagination I
+know that's not what this class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not what this class is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's not what this class is about
+but and how it applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and how it applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and how it applies to
+amaly we haven't really discuss no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaly we haven't really discuss no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaly we haven't really discuss no well
+that today was going be the day we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today was going be the day we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today was going be the day we would
+catch up and then the last meeting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and then the last meeting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and then the last meeting we
+class be more time that okay um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class be more time that okay um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class be more time that okay um very
+briefly my idea about imagination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly my idea about imagination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly my idea about imagination is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+imagination is u a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is u a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is u a function
+of possibilities that in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities that in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities that in the world
+everything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we
+experience every in ordinary life uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every in ordinary life uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience every in ordinary life uh is
+factual um if you if you um stumble on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual um if you if you um stumble on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual um if you if you um stumble on a
+stone it's real it's hard it hurts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone it's real it's hard it hurts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone it's real it's hard it hurts and
+it's a fact but some somehow people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact but some somehow people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact but some somehow people
+let's say when I give this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say when I give this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say when I give this example
+elaborate on it um stumble on a stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on it um stumble on a stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate on it um stumble on a stone
+they have a way of looking back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a way of looking back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a way of looking back at
+it the question is what are they looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the question is what are they looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the question is what are they looking
+back at they're sort of imagining well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at they're sort of imagining well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at they're sort of imagining well
+this is a place for me to avoid or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place for me to avoid or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place for me to avoid or that
+it's as if it's done intentionally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if it's done intentionally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if it's done intentionally that
+there's some motive on the part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some motive on the part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some motive on the part of that
+stone to hurt me all of this is dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone to hurt me all of this is dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone to hurt me all of this is dealing
+with possibilities that aren't real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with possibilities that aren't real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with possibilities that aren't real
+inherently not real they can become not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently not real they can become not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently not real they can become not
+real but they are in in so far as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real but they are in in so far as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real but they are in in so far as they
+are acts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are acts of the
+imagination um within the acts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination um within the acts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination um within the acts of
+imagination there are different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination there are different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination there are different kinds of
+possibilities so I go through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so I go through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so I go through an
+analysis of several kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of several kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of several kinds of
+possibilities um what I I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um what I I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um what I I I don't want
+to go too much because this will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go too much because this will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go too much because this will never
+end logical possibility empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end logical possibility empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end logical possibility empirical
+possibility technical or could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility technical or could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility technical or could call it
+technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+possibility um and um Moral Moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um and um Moral Moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um and um Moral Moral
+possibilities um there's a movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um there's a movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um there's a movie that
+with Danny K that was a great comic hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Danny K that was a great comic hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Danny K that was a great comic hit
+years ago but I find students have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but I find students have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but I find students have never
+heard of it it's called me and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it it's called me and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it it's called me and the
+colonel very briefly it's about a Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel very briefly it's about a Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonel very briefly it's about a Jewish
+tayor in Poland when the Nazis have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tayor in Poland when the Nazis have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tayor in Poland when the Nazis have
+invited have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited have
+invaded um so he's trying to run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded um so he's trying to run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaded um so he's trying to run away
+from the Nazis and he somehow meets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nazis and he somehow meets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nazis and he somehow meets a
+very proud Noble polish colonel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very proud Noble polish colonel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very proud Noble polish colonel in the
+regular army who's an aristocrat and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular army who's an aristocrat and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular army who's an aristocrat and who
+has disdain for Jews not too different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has disdain for Jews not too different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has disdain for Jews not too different
+from the Nazis uh he's also running away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nazis uh he's also running away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Nazis uh he's also running away
+but they they team up because they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they team up because they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they team up because they need
+each other um for the um the the colonel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um for the um the the colonel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other um for the um the the colonel
+is very uh very uh blind to how to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very uh very uh blind to how to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very uh very uh blind to how to stay
+alive all he knows is to do is Duty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive all he knows is to do is Duty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive all he knows is to do is Duty for
+him life has only one possibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him life has only one possibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him life has only one possibility to
+follow orders uh for the Jew um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow orders uh for the Jew um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow orders uh for the Jew um there
+you adapt pragmatically to whatever will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt pragmatically to whatever will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt pragmatically to whatever will
+enable you to survive and the frame in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to survive and the frame in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable you to survive and the frame in
+the in the movie that keeps coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the movie that keeps coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the movie that keeps coming back
+is whenever they're in difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever they're in difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whenever they're in difficult
+situation and the colonel is about ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and the colonel is about ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and the colonel is about ready
+to lead to do something to bring about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to do something to bring about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead to do something to bring about
+his disaster maybe uh people around him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his disaster maybe uh people around him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his disaster maybe uh people around him
+that youw included uh the colonel says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that youw included uh the colonel says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that youw included uh the colonel says
+there's only one Poss possibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one Poss possibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one Poss possibility and
+the Jew says well my mother always used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jew says well my mother always used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jew says well my mother always used
+to say there are always two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there are always two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there are always two
+possibilities uh and that gets to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh and that gets to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh and that gets to be the
+refrain now this is interesting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrain now this is interesting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrain now this is interesting to me
+because what's being dealt with here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's being dealt with here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's being dealt with here is
+what we might call moral responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call moral responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call moral responsibility
+what you feel so deeply that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you feel so deeply that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you feel so deeply that you've got
+to do it so that uh given the necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so that uh given the necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so that uh given the necessity
+to U kill uh an innocent child so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U kill uh an innocent child so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U kill uh an innocent child so you
+can eat its flesh you might be prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat its flesh you might be prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat its flesh you might be prefer to
+die it would be morally impossible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it would be morally impossible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die it would be morally impossible to do
+anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like
+that what see that's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what see that's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what see that's different from
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+technological um empirical it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological um empirical it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological um empirical it's it's a
+moral thing and that's what I analyze as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing and that's what I analyze as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing and that's what I analyze as
+possibility imagination is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility imagination is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility imagination is a function of
+all of those and also it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those and also it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those and also it's a function of
+imagining The Impossible which make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining The Impossible which make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining The Impossible which make
+seems to be a contradiction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a contradiction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a contradiction the
+possibility of an impossibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of an impossibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of an impossibility
+uh Hyer says in one place that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Hyer says in one place that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Hyer says in one place that the the
+that death is um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+possible possibility of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible possibility of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible possibility of our
+impossibility know the possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility know the possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility know the possibility that
+we will not exist that we enter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not exist that we enter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will not exist that we enter that's
+what death is it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what death is it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what death is it's simply the
+possibility of there being no no further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of there being no no further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of there being no no further
+possibilities for us so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for us so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for us so it's a
+possibility the Imp possibility uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility the Imp possibility uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility the Imp possibility uh not
+in a different vein I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different vein I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different vein I say that
+imagination includes the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination includes the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination includes the possibility of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+impossible but when that happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but when that happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but when that happens what
+you're doing is creating a fiction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is creating a fiction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is creating a fiction and
+that all of art all you know fictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of art all you know fictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of art all you know fictional
+art uh um all of Fine Arts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh um all of Fine Arts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh um all of Fine Arts or
+narratives plays poems films uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives plays poems films uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives plays poems films uh they're
+all based upon that special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all based upon that special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all based upon that special kind of
+negation that we see as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation that we see as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation that we see as a
+possibility so it's impossible for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so it's impossible for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so it's impossible for there
+to be real people who look like the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real people who look like the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real people who look like the ones
+we look at on at on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at on at on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at on at on the
+screen we suspend disbelief we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we suspend disbelief we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we suspend disbelief we're able
+to accept that we're able to see it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept that we're able to see it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept that we're able to see it as a
+representation or expression of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or expression of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation or expression of reality
+because our imagination gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our imagination gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our imagination gives us the
+ability to see The Impossible Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to see The Impossible Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to see The Impossible Is
+Possible and not take it seriously or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Possible and not take it seriously or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Possible and not take it seriously or
+not take it literally at least put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take it literally at least put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take it literally at least put it
+that way so that that's what I do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so that that's what I do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so that that's what I do in
+that chapter um and a lot more I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter um and a lot more I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter um and a lot more I haven't
+done it justice and and the chapter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it justice and and the chapter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it justice and and the chapter of
+course doesn't do the subject justice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't do the subject justice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course doesn't do the subject justice so
+what you've heard now is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've heard now is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've heard now is not very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Beyond them I forget what them refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beyond them I forget what them refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Beyond them I forget what them refers
+to now there are also myths about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now there are also myths about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now there are also myths about the
+meaning of death and oh factors in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of death and oh factors in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of death and oh factors in human
+nature and Beyond them there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and Beyond them there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and Beyond them there are also
+myths about the meaning of death and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths about the meaning of death and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths about the meaning of death and of
+life itself which dominate the films by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life itself which dominate the films by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life itself which dominate the films by
+ toe and Bergman that I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ toe and Bergman that I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ toe and Bergman that I will be
+discussing and that reminds me uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and that reminds me uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and that reminds me uh as
+well as hundreds more that my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as hundreds more that my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as hundreds more that my personal
+selection prevents me from examining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection prevents me from examining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection prevents me from examining in
+this book uh next week we're going on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book uh next week we're going on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book uh next week we're going on to
+orus or by CTO and I very much want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orus or by CTO and I very much want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orus or by CTO and I very much want you
+to read um CTO on the film of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read um CTO on the film of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read um CTO on the film of the
+chapters that uh I sign for next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters that uh I sign for next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters that uh I sign for next week
+and the week after am I right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week after am I right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week after am I right in
+thinking that you've all been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you've all been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you've all been able to
+get copies of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get copies of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get copies of those
+books you were supposed to order them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you were supposed to order them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books you were supposed to order them
+second hand none of you who has nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hand none of you who has nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hand none of you who has nobody's
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+copy I'm getting one well will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I'm getting one well will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy I'm getting one well will you
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+time it should be on reserve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it should be on reserve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it should be on reserve in the
+Humanity's Library you must read it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity's Library you must read it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity's Library you must read it or
+else the class won't make much sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the class won't make much sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the class won't make much sense and
+you'll miss out a great deal of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll miss out a great deal of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll miss out a great deal of what's
+going on on that movie and of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on that movie and of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on that movie and of all of
+Coo's movies um he is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coo's movies um he is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coo's movies um he is the
+only significant film writer that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only significant film writer that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only significant film writer that I know
+of who's written about um uh the Poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who's written about um uh the Poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who's written about um uh the Poetry
+of film he was a poet maybe some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film he was a poet maybe some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film he was a poet maybe some people
+think he was primarily a poet but he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was primarily a poet but he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was primarily a poet but he did
+also did paintings and films and great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did paintings and films and great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did paintings and films and great
+deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of
+writing and for for a few decades he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and for for a few decades he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and for for a few decades he is
+a very important figure in French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important figure in French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important figure in French
+literature nowadays I assume none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature nowadays I assume none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature nowadays I assume none of you
+have heard it amazing but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard it amazing but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard it amazing but you should
+read this because it's very relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this because it's very relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this because it's very relevant to
+everything we're doing in the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we're doing in the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we're doing in the course so
+one way or another Maybe by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another Maybe by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another Maybe by going
+through other libraries or Humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other libraries or Humanities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through other libraries or Humanities
+Library I don't know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library I don't know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library I don't know where you're going
+to find the copies that's why I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the copies that's why I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the copies that's why I gave you
+all that information weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information weeks
+ago um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um
+finally one last thing I want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one last thing I want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one last thing I want to remind
+the reader of something that Orson Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader of something that Orson Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader of something that Orson Wells
+said and that I briefly pondered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and that I briefly pondered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and that I briefly pondered in
+three philosophical filmmakers talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three philosophical filmmakers talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three philosophical filmmakers talking
+about John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about John
+Ford do you know no you don't know John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford do you know no you don't know John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford do you know no you don't know John
+for he's a very important American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for he's a very important American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for he's a very important American
+filmmaker westerns primarily whose work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker westerns primarily whose work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker westerns primarily whose work
+he admired and from whose directing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he admired and from whose directing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he admired and from whose directing he
+claimed to have learned a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to have learned a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to have learned a great deal
+Wills remarked that Ford was a maker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wills remarked that Ford was a maker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wills remarked that Ford was a maker of
+myths a maker of myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas he himself was someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas he himself was someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas he himself was someone who
+wished to examine in his films how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wished to examine in his films how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wished to examine in his films how
+mythmaking affects human conduct do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking affects human conduct do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking affects human conduct do you
+see that distinction between the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that distinction between the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that distinction between the way
+Wells talks about himself the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells talks about himself the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells talks about himself the way he
+talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+forign since Wells had since uh Ford had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forign since Wells had since uh Ford had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forign since Wells had since uh Ford had
+little of wells's interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of wells's interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of wells's interest in
+ideas he might well have Rec toiled at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas he might well have Rec toiled at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas he might well have Rec toiled at
+the notion that he was a mythmaker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that he was a mythmaker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that he was a mythmaker at
+all he would doubtless have insisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he would doubtless have insisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all he would doubtless have insisted
+that he is a Craftsman not even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is a Craftsman not even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is a Craftsman not even an
+artist and in fact primarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and in fact primarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and in fact primarily a
+Storyteller who has no philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storyteller who has no philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Storyteller who has no philosophical
+intentions of any sort I'm willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions of any sort I'm willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions of any sort I'm willing to
+accept the wellan Insight at its at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the wellan Insight at its at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the wellan Insight at its at its
+face value as against my surmise about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value as against my surmise about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value as against my surmise about
+Ford I I personally am willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford I I personally am willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford I I personally am willing to accept
+the wellsian Insight at its face value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wellsian Insight at its face value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wellsian Insight at its face value I
+infer from it that in the films we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from it that in the films we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer from it that in the films we will
+be considering there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considering there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considering there are different ways
+of approaching the exploratory contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approaching the exploratory contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approaching the exploratory contents
+in them the movies that eminate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them the movies that eminate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them the movies that eminate from
+Henry Giant's novel Washington Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Giant's novel Washington Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Giant's novel Washington Square
+will prove instructive disregard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove instructive disregard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove instructive disregard in
+their subtle manner they derive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their subtle manner they derive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their subtle manner they derive from
+various mythical themes that reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mythical themes that reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various mythical themes that reached a
+watershed in the last quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed in the last quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watershed in the last quarter of the
+19th century through its unique approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century through its unique approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century through its unique approach
+film restores and revives the relevance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film restores and revives the relevance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film restores and revives the relevance
+of these themes for audiences in the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these themes for audiences in the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these themes for audiences in the 20
+and the 21st centuries and that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 21st centuries and that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 21st centuries and that's enough
+of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what I want to hear now are ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want to hear now are ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want to hear now are ideas of
+yours of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours of any
+sort about what you've heard or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort about what you've heard or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort about what you've heard or the
+movies you've seen and either first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies you've seen and either first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies you've seen and either first or
+later uh your papers one by one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh your papers one by one going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh your papers one by one going
+through the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I gave you all an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you all an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you all an
+extension with the assurance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension with the assurance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension with the assurance that the
+papers would be better as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers would be better as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers would be better as a
+result but uh I hope you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but uh I hope you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but uh I hope you have been
+making progress please let me know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress please let me know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making progress please let me know how
+how we can be a film how I can help um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can be a film how I can help um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can be a film how I can help um I
+was thinking of writing about Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking of writing about Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking of writing about Washington
+Square the two movies in the book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the two movies in the book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the two movies in the book that
+we read and I was trying to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read and I was trying to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read and I was trying to compare
+between how since there was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how since there was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how since there was a good
+amount of time between each version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time between each version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time between each version of
+them how actually the I think the myth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how actually the I think the myth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how actually the I think the myth a
+little bit changed for like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit changed for like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit changed for like for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+and like the the uh the movie that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the the uh the movie that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the the uh the movie that came
+out earlier that we actually saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out earlier that we actually saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out earlier that we actually saw the
+second one we saw um I felt like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one we saw um I felt like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one we saw um I felt like the the
+suda the the young man was uh mace was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda the the young man was uh mace was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suda the the young man was uh mace was
+trying was more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying was more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying was more of
+the uh personified more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh personified more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh personified more of the
+uh the bad person in the movie versus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bad person in the movie versus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the bad person in the movie versus in
+the newer movie if I felt like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer movie if I felt like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer movie if I felt like the
+father uh was the person that was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father uh was the person that was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father uh was the person that was kind
+of making everything a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making everything a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making everything a lot more
+difficult and the son the student ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and the son the student ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and the son the student ended
+up leaving a lot because of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up leaving a lot because of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up leaving a lot because of what the
+father said and not just because he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father said and not just because he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father said and not just because he just
+wanted the money and I feel like it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the money and I feel like it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the money and I feel like it's it
+kind of has to relate with um how back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has to relate with um how back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has to relate with um how back
+in I think the fifth the first came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think the fifth the first came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think the fifth the first came out
+in the 50s I think or the 40s um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s I think or the 40s um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50s I think or the 40s um it was
+more uh the father was more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh the father was more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh the father was more of an
+idealized person while suitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized person while suitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized person while suitors
+were there's different ways to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there's different ways to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there's different ways to look at
+them while now um if you look for teenag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them while now um if you look for teenag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them while now um if you look for teenag
+you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it
+and um the parents might be the evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the parents might be the evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the parents might be the evil
+people well and trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well and trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well and trying to go
+between um what the daughter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um what the daughter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um what the daughter and the
+student wanted to do and I felt that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student wanted to do and I felt that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student wanted to do and I felt that was
+kind of changing myth in the Wilder film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of changing myth in the Wilder film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of changing myth in the Wilder film
+you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't
+find Montgomery Cliff who plays Maris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Montgomery Cliff who plays Maris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Montgomery Cliff who plays Maris
+Townsen um sympathetic when he comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Townsen um sympathetic when he comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Townsen um sympathetic when he comes
+back penly he seems sincere he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back penly he seems sincere he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back penly he seems sincere he doesn't
+seem like a jigo there he he seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a jigo there he he seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a jigo there he he seems like
+somebody who's matured a great deal oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's matured a great deal oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's matured a great deal oh
+and uh and previously he was what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and previously he was what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and previously he was what the
+young lady considered so beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young lady considered so beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young lady considered so beautiful and
+she was obviously so delighted at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was obviously so delighted at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was obviously so delighted at any of
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+attentions um it wasn't clear to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentions um it wasn't clear to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentions um it wasn't clear to me that
+U he might not have accepted her as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he might not have accepted her as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he might not have accepted her as a
+suitable mate for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable mate for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable mate for for
+him um well that you know his being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um well that you know his being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um well that you know his being a
+jigo seems to me to be less established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigo seems to me to be less established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigo seems to me to be less established
+in either of those films than it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either of those films than it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either of those films than it is in
+James I felt like from what I felt I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James I felt like from what I felt I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James I felt like from what I felt I
+felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like
+in the newer film that came out a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the newer film that came out a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the newer film that came out a few
+years ago he W he wasn't nearly as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he W he wasn't nearly as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he W he wasn't nearly as much
+of just wanted her money I felt like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just wanted her money I felt like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just wanted her money I felt like he
+actually did care for her and wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did care for her and wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did care for her and wanted to
+be with her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with her and
+then on some part also decided that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on some part also decided that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on some part also decided that it
+wasn't worth it because her father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth it because her father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't worth it because her father was
+interrupting while I felt like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupting while I felt like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupting while I felt like in the
+old film like the balance between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old film like the balance between how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old film like the balance between how
+much he cared for her and how much he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he cared for her and how much he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much he cared for her and how much he
+wanted what her father could give her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted what her father could give her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted what her father could give her
+give him like in MoneyWise was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him like in MoneyWise was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him like in MoneyWise was a lot
+more skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more skewed
+toward um the money versus her that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward um the money versus her that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward um the money versus her that's
+what that's how I felt I feel like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's how I felt I feel like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's how I felt I feel like but
+you call it a jigo I guess in the rer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it a jigo I guess in the rer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it a jigo I guess in the rer
+film he says something while the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he says something while the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he says something while the father
+in Catherine or Europe that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Catherine or Europe that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Catherine or Europe that's very
+significant he says to Aunt pennant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant he says to Aunt pennant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant he says to Aunt pennant um
+isn't he's in the house and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't he's in the house and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't he's in the house and obviously
+very much at home um isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much at home um isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much at home um isn't it
+interesting that um the doctor and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that um the doctor and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that um the doctor and I
+have such similar tastes and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such similar tastes and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such similar tastes and similar
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+is and she in her foolish way says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and she in her foolish way says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and she in her foolish way says oh
+yes you will eventually become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you will eventually become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you will eventually become very
+close friends or something uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friends or something uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friends or something uh I think
+the great deal of what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great deal of what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great deal of what's happening is
+that he wants to be like the Father the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to be like the Father the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to be like the Father the
+difference being that the father and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being that the father and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being that the father and he
+points this out that the father has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this out that the father has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this out that the father has
+earned his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned his
+money um and uh he uh marus hasn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um and uh he uh marus hasn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money um and uh he uh marus hasn't he
+knows that's a problem I I take that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that's a problem I I take that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that's a problem I I take that as
+very not not only touching but also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not not only touching but also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not not only touching but also an
+indication that he's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that he's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that he's not just a
+scheming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming
+um con man trying to get as much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um con man trying to get as much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um con man trying to get as much money
+as possible he wants to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible he wants to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible he wants to be like the
+father and he as a result he engages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and he as a result he engages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and he as a result he engages in
+a d like what I was saying about Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d like what I was saying about Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d like what I was saying about Don
+Juan um a few weeks ago um that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan um a few weeks ago um that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan um a few weeks ago um that um uh
+ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up
+badly he he wants to be the father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly he he wants to be the father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly he he wants to be the father and
+it turns out that she becomes the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that she becomes the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that she becomes the father
+because she becomes cooler like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she becomes cooler like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she becomes cooler like the
+father well I felt that um similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father well I felt that um similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father well I felt that um similar to
+what you said like when he was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said like when he was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said like when he was going
+around and he was drinking the father's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he was drinking the father's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he was drinking the father's
+drink and smoking his cigar and he kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink and smoking his cigar and he kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink and smoking his cigar and he kind
+of like took over and it's like if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like took over and it's like if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like took over and it's like if it
+felt like in that movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like in that movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like in that movie
+he he really wanted to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he really wanted to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he really wanted to replace the
+father while in the other movie I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father while in the other movie I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father while in the other movie I felt
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+it wasn't as important to him as to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't as important to him as to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't as important to him as to get
+her and yes he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and yes he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and yes he also
+wanted her with what she came with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted her with what she came with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted her with what she came with but
+he more more than that he wanted her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he more more than that he wanted her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he more more than that he wanted her
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+in a new movie like the biggest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new movie like the biggest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new movie like the biggest thing
+for me was that I felt was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me was that I felt was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me was that I felt was that he
+wanted to become like the father get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to become like the father get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to become like the father get the
+money and she was more of a means to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and she was more of a means to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and she was more of a means to get
+there do you remember the honesty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you remember the honesty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you remember the honesty the
+relationship between tus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between tus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between tus and
+odius tmus is looking for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odius tmus is looking for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odius tmus is looking for his
+father he wants to have him he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father he wants to have him he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father he wants to have him he wants to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+him um cicus is at home and the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um cicus is at home and the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um cicus is at home and the father
+is off somewhere so being at home is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off somewhere so being at home is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off somewhere so being at home is
+important and hoping the father will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hoping the father will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and hoping the father will
+return to be at home but also the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to be at home but also the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to be at home but also the fact
+that the son wants to be like the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the son wants to be like the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the son wants to be like the father
+or emulate the father and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or emulate the father and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or emulate the father and then finally
+it's a happy ending because Side by side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a happy ending because Side by side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a happy ending because Side by side
+they defeat the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defeat the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defeat the the
+suitors that's what happens here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitors that's what happens here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitors that's what happens here uh
+except it doesn't work out it isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it doesn't work out it isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it doesn't work out it isn't a
+happy ending uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy ending uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy ending uh that
+morus wants to be at home and he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morus wants to be at home and he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morus wants to be at home and he wants
+to be like the Father the father rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like the Father the father rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like the Father the father rejects
+him and um he doesn't quite know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and um he doesn't quite know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and um he doesn't quite know how to
+do what to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what to do about
+that um and then so a lot of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then so a lot of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then so a lot of his
+scheming is to get Catherine to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming is to get Catherine to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheming is to get Catherine to get the
+father's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's
+approval and even to G them give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval and even to G them give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval and even to G them give him
+give them their the family money which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their the family money which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their the family money which
+is normal that's the natural thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal that's the natural thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal that's the natural thing in
+families particularly in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families particularly in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families particularly in the 19th
+century um because the money goes on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um because the money goes on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century um because the money goes on to
+the next Generation through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Generation through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Generation through the
+bloodline through her as the daughter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodline through her as the daughter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodline through her as the daughter uh
+and when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that
+fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails
+um Mars goes to pieces and runs away he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mars goes to pieces and runs away he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Mars goes to pieces and runs away he
+doesn't know what to do about that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what to do about that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what to do about that at
+the very end um you remember the scene I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end um you remember the scene I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end um you remember the scene I
+think I mentioned you uh that um while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned you uh that um while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned you uh that um while
+Catherine is going upstairs to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catherine is going upstairs to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catherine is going upstairs to get the
+the jewels uh that she is maliciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jewels uh that she is maliciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jewels uh that she is maliciously
+going to give him while destroying him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give him while destroying him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give him while destroying him
+by excluding him um without his knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by excluding him um without his knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by excluding him um without his knowing
+it he come he um levinia comes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he come he um levinia comes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he come he um levinia comes down and
+and marus says I'm home I'm finally home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marus says I'm home I'm finally home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marus says I'm home I'm finally home
+and I think that's part of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's part of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's part of what's going
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+and to think of him just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think of him just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think of him just as a
+jigo I don't I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigo I don't I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigo I don't I don't think
+that is enough to explain it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough to explain it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough to explain it at
+times um James does you know reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um James does you know reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um James does you know reading
+James when James has concluded before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James when James has concluded before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James when James has concluded before he
+starts it that the guy is a Jiggler that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts it that the guy is a Jiggler that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts it that the guy is a Jiggler that
+he's only out for a money and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's only out for a money and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's only out for a money and then he
+develops that line of thought uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops that line of thought uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops that line of thought uh and I
+think the particularly the Wilder movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the particularly the Wilder movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the particularly the Wilder movie
+is goes beyond that and showing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes beyond that and showing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes beyond that and showing that he
+he's there are different aspects of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's there are different aspects of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's there are different aspects of his
+personality in fact that he is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality in fact that he is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality in fact that he is somebody
+who suffers from this experience course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who suffers from this experience course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who suffers from this experience course
+he at the end is terrible suffering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he at the end is terrible suffering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he at the end is terrible suffering the
+male being excluded from entry into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male being excluded from entry into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male being excluded from entry into the
+female uh when he's so passionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female uh when he's so passionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female uh when he's so passionately
+interested in consummating that and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in consummating that and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in consummating that and her
+she refusing to let him come home she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she refusing to let him come home she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she refusing to let him come home she
+refusing to let him into the house which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing to let him into the house which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing to let him into the house which
+is symbolic of herself and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symbolic of herself and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symbolic of herself and everything
+she has um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has um in
+Freud's symbolism the house is the womb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's symbolism the house is the womb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud's symbolism the house is the womb
+and the U she the mother figure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U she the mother figure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U she the mother figure is
+refusing to let the baby back in um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing to let the baby back in um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refusing to let the baby back in um you
+know that's terribly destructive to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's terribly destructive to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's terribly destructive to a
+male so he's a victim in the Wilder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male so he's a victim in the Wilder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male so he's a victim in the Wilder
+there's nothing like that in James and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like that in James and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like that in James and
+there's nothing like that in the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like that in the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing like that in the recent
+movie the AG anesta Holland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the AG anesta Holland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the AG anesta Holland
+movie but but I think um that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but but I think um that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie but but I think um that's a
+shortcoming of both of them or or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcoming of both of them or or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcoming of both of them or or let's
+say it's it's a uh uh a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's it's a uh uh a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's it's a uh uh a powerful
+development in Wilder's version do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in Wilder's version do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in Wilder's version do you
+feel then that he's sincere and that cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel then that he's sincere and that cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel then that he's sincere and that cuz
+I I felt that when he came back he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I felt that when he came back he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I felt that when he came back he
+didn't really deserve to get hurt um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really deserve to get hurt um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really deserve to get hurt um
+well that's that's how I I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's how I I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's how I I was looking
+at I didn't feel like deserve how was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I didn't feel like deserve how was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I didn't feel like deserve how was
+deserve relevant to love well because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve relevant to love well because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve relevant to love well because he
+obviously H her a lot and he I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously H her a lot and he I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously H her a lot and he I don't
+feel like he could have expected her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like he could have expected her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like he could have expected her to
+wait for him and he comes back after her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for him and he comes back after her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for him and he comes back after her
+father's dead and while she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's dead and while she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's dead and while she's
+Rich um after like before he just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich um after like before he just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich um after like before he just left
+he was like okay I can't get anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like okay I can't get anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was like okay I can't get anything so
+he ran away and came back years later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran away and came back years later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran away and came back years later I
+felt I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt I feel
+like like maybe you saying okay love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like maybe you saying okay love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like maybe you saying okay love
+doesn't have to do with deserve but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do with deserve but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do with deserve but I
+feel like she he shouldn't have gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like she he shouldn't have gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like she he shouldn't have gotten a
+second chance and well you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance and well you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance and well you remember the
+concept of besto that I of mind that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of besto that I of mind that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of besto that I of mind that I
+was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying
+to condense out of 2500 pages on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to condense out of 2500 pages on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to condense out of 2500 pages on the
+nature of Love um the soul is regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Love um the soul is regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Love um the soul is regardless
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+dessert the Christian idea of Agape God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert the Christian idea of Agape God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert the Christian idea of Agape God
+descends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends to
+save sinful Humanity um is an act is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save sinful Humanity um is an act is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save sinful Humanity um is an act is the
+original idea of pisto which I stood on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea of pisto which I stood on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea of pisto which I stood on
+its head to use for my own purposes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head to use for my own purposes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head to use for my own purposes uh
+dessert is not the Criterion there uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert is not the Criterion there uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dessert is not the Criterion there uh in
+Hamlet Shakespeare's Hamlet there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet Shakespeare's Hamlet there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet Shakespeare's Hamlet there's a
+scene in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which the
+players visit um um the court and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players visit um um the court and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players visit um um the court and um
+Hamlet knows some of them and loves them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet knows some of them and loves them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet knows some of them and loves them
+as fellow artists um and he says to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fellow artists um and he says to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fellow artists um and he says to
+ponus um treat these people well take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponus um treat these people well take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponus um treat these people well take
+you know take good care of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take good care of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take good care of them and
+ponus being the uh sort of shrewd CER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponus being the uh sort of shrewd CER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponus being the uh sort of shrewd CER
+that he is says yes sir I will treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is says yes sir I will treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is says yes sir I will treat
+them according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them according to their
+desserts and Hamil loses his temper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desserts and Hamil loses his temper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desserts and Hamil loses his temper and
+says according to their desserts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says according to their desserts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says according to their desserts uh
+treat treat a man no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treat uh treat people according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat uh treat people according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat uh treat people according to their
+desserts and who who escapes uh whipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desserts and who who escapes uh whipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desserts and who who escapes uh whipping
+in other words we're all worthless we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we're all worthless we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we're all worthless we're
+all deserving of punishment because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all deserving of punishment because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all deserving of punishment because of
+our inadequacies so we can't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inadequacies so we can't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inadequacies so we can't go through
+life just treating people according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life just treating people according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life just treating people according to
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+deserts um you have to be capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts um you have to be capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts um you have to be capable of
+bestowing value upon them all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestowing value upon them all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestowing value upon them all right you
+get the idea um and I think that applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea um and I think that applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea um and I think that applies
+here that Catherine was willing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Catherine was willing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Catherine was willing to do
+that even after in the Wilder film even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even after in the Wilder film even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even after in the Wilder film even
+after U mors has deserted her has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after U mors has deserted her has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after U mors has deserted her has
+abandoned her um she says to her that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned her um she says to her that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandoned her um she says to her that
+remember conversation which it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember conversation which it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember conversation which it comes out
+to the father discovers what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the father discovers what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the father discovers what's happened
+she says he just sted at me and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says he just sted at me and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says he just sted at me and um
+father says I so glare or something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father says I so glare or something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father says I so glare or something uh
+he he didn't love you um and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he didn't love you um and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he didn't love you um and something
+about the money has always comes back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the money has always comes back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the money has always comes back in
+as does with the father and she said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as does with the father and she said um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as does with the father and she said um
+he said yeah he said he wanted your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said yeah he said he wanted your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said yeah he said he wanted your your
+money or he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or he
+wouldn't something like that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't something like that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't something like that he would
+have squandered your money and she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have squandered your money and she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have squandered your money and she says
+well oh that's right he said you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh that's right he said you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh that's right he said you could
+have any number of men with the fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any number of men with the fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any number of men with the fortune
+I'm going to be giving you and she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be giving you and she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be giving you and she said
+well if I could buy somebody I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I could buy somebody I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I could buy somebody I want I
+would want to buy Maris knowing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to buy Maris knowing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to buy Maris knowing that he
+would squandering in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would squandering in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would squandering in other words it's
+not simply a question of his being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply a question of his being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply a question of his being
+worthy but rather of her feeling love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy but rather of her feeling love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy but rather of her feeling love
+for him partly perhaps because she's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him partly perhaps because she's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him partly perhaps because she's now
+beginning to realize how unworthy he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to realize how unworthy he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to realize how unworthy he is
+which elicits greater love love love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elicits greater love love love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which elicits greater love love love
+isn't simply a a search for Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't simply a a search for Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't simply a a search for Perfection
+it's also a search for the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a search for the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a search for the ability to
+bestow value upon some other person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow value upon some other person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow value upon some other person and
+that's what she learns and that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what she learns and that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what she learns and that all of
+that I I find in the Wilder version some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I find in the Wilder version some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I find in the Wilder version some
+of it is in James but not enough and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is in James but not enough and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is in James but not enough and not
+too much much in the Holland version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much much in the Holland version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much much in the Holland version
+which has other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has other
+virtues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtues
+um any I'm sorry uh I'm getting I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any I'm sorry uh I'm getting I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any I'm sorry uh I'm getting I'm
+writing my paper instead of yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my paper instead of yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my paper instead of yours
+um in for the papers you all know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in for the papers you all know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in for the papers you all know you
+expected to do some outside research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to do some outside research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to do some outside research
+what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you
+done uh well still that's what the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh well still that's what the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh well still that's what the big
+thing that I think will be from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think will be from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think will be from this
+week to next week I I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to next week I I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to next week I I need
+a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well
+that's the thing I need to work on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I need to work on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I need to work on for
+this week I need to find something well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week I need to find something well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week I need to find something well
+there no end of literature you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no end of literature you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no end of literature you could
+find go to Google Google Google knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find go to Google Google Google knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find go to Google Google Google knows
+what everybody needs in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody needs in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what everybody needs in his
+paper yeah right so um there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yeah right so um there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper yeah right so um there's also the
+book The what is it the uh Taste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The what is it the uh Taste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book The what is it the uh Taste of
+money or smell of money or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or smell of money or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or smell of money or what
+um I forget it's a book on on Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget it's a book on on Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget it's a book on on Washington
+it's a book on the James novel on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a book on the James novel on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a book on the James novel on
+Washington Square the novel um the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square the novel um the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square the novel um the style
+of money I think that's what it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money I think that's what it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money I think that's what it is it's
+about 19th century attitudes towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 19th century attitudes towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 19th century attitudes towards
+money towards um economic relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money towards um economic relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money towards um economic relationships
+um uh in the family and in the creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the family and in the creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in the family and in the creating
+of a family and that's another way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a family and that's another way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a family and that's another way of of
+approaching uh moris moris may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching uh moris moris may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching uh moris moris may be a
+jigloo I like all and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigloo I like all and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigloo I like all and you know the
+strong that wonderful scene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that wonderful scene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that wonderful scene in the
+Holland movie in which he shouts at her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland movie in which he shouts at her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland movie in which he shouts at her
+when he's trying to get rid of Katherine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's trying to get rid of Katherine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's trying to get rid of Katherine
+uh it was a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a fair
+exchange uh you had the money and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh you had the money and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh you had the money and I have
+referring to his Beauty and his elegance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to his Beauty and his elegance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to his Beauty and his elegance
+and his cultivation it's a fair exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his cultivation it's a fair exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his cultivation it's a fair exchange
+well that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that idea
+of Love or human relations being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love or human relations being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love or human relations being a
+matter of a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a fair
+exchange uh comes straight out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh comes straight out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange uh comes straight out of the
+19th century attitude towards marital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century attitude towards marital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century attitude towards marital
+situations um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um and
+um and he's a victim of that one can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's a victim of that one can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's a victim of that one can see
+moris is a victim of that he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moris is a victim of that he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moris is a victim of that he's been
+snared by the social order that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snared by the social order that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snared by the social order that he
+desperately wanted to get into only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately wanted to get into only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately wanted to get into only to
+find that it was like digging a hole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it was like digging a hole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that it was like digging a hole in
+the sand the more you go in more the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand the more you go in more the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand the more you go in more the the
+walls fall in on you so he's he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls fall in on you so he's he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls fall in on you so he's he is a
+victim in her movie um of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim in her movie um of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim in her movie um of a different
+sort from his being a victim in Wilder's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort from his being a victim in Wilder's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort from his being a victim in Wilder's
+movie in James I don't think he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in James I don't think he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie in James I don't think he's a
+victim at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim at
+all any do that outside research and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all any do that outside research and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all any do that outside research and it
+can't be casual you've got to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be casual you've got to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be casual you've got to rethink
+everything in terms of problems that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of problems that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of problems that it
+whatever it is that interests you brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that interests you brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that interests you brings
+out Serena has I'm happy to say been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Serena has I'm happy to say been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Serena has I'm happy to say been
+sending me a couple of emails about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me a couple of emails about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending me a couple of emails about her
+ideas on a based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on a based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on a based on
+short story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short story of
+boras how was I can't explain to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boras how was I can't explain to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boras how was I can't explain to me
+again because since we dealt mainly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because since we dealt mainly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because since we dealt mainly with
+the mechanics of you finding it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics of you finding it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics of you finding it in
+English but uh how was it you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but uh how was it you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but uh how was it you were going
+to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle
+it um I'm doing my paper on the lady Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I'm doing my paper on the lady Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I'm doing my paper on the lady Eve
+and um I when I watch the scene when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I when I watch the scene when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I when I watch the scene when um
+Eve comes into the room Eve swi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve comes into the room Eve swi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve comes into the room Eve swi um
+Charles says um that she looks so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles says um that she looks so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles says um that she looks so much
+alike like Jean she cannot be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike like Jean she cannot be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike like Jean she cannot be the same
+because an impostor would try to look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an impostor would try to look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an impostor would try to look uh
+different and I remember the aborus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and I remember the aborus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and I remember the aborus
+story and I can't remember what story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I can't remember what story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and I can't remember what story
+and um I I can't remember it anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I I can't remember it anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I I can't remember it anymore but
+I know it's about an impostor that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's about an impostor that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's about an impostor that takes
+over a dead man's identity he he kills a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a dead man's identity he he kills a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a dead man's identity he he kills a
+man takes over his identity and returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man takes over his identity and returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man takes over his identity and returns
+to the Dead Man's mother and she hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Dead Man's mother and she hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Dead Man's mother and she hadn't
+seen him in 20 years and when he comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him in 20 years and when he comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen him in 20 years and when he comes
+into room he fools everybody because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into room he fools everybody because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into room he fools everybody because he
+does not look at all like her real son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not look at all like her real son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not look at all like her real son
+but her memory is uh full with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her memory is uh full with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her memory is uh full with her
+mother's heart she could tell it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's heart she could tell it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's heart she could tell it's not
+her son she she couldn't tell because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her son she she couldn't tell because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her son she she couldn't tell because um
+that b bord says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b bord says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b bord says that the
+memory works so that we we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory works so that we we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory works so that we we can see
+differences between two things if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between two things if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between two things if they
+look alike and we tend to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look alike and we tend to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look alike and we tend to see the
+similarities things do not look like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities things do not look like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities things do not look like at
+all it's very interesting um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's very interesting um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's very interesting um you know
+the novels and the movie space on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novels and the movie space on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novels and the movie space on then
+by Patricia heith uh the Ripley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Patricia heith uh the Ripley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Patricia heith uh the Ripley
+novels um there have been recently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels um there have been recently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels um there have been recently a
+succession of of movies based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of of movies based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of of movies based
+on gripping uh it the first most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gripping uh it the first most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gripping uh it the first most famous
+one is called high noon that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called high noon that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called high noon that was in the
+70s um and um was a popular success the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um and um was a popular success the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um and um was a popular success the
+recent ones um uh what is it remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones um uh what is it remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent ones um uh what is it remarkable
+Mr Ripley Mr rley and what are The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Ripley Mr rley and what are The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Ripley Mr rley and what are The
+Talented Mr Ripley the what The Talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talented Mr Ripley the what The Talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talented Mr Ripley the what The Talented
+Mr rley talented but that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr rley talented but that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr rley talented but that was that
+different from the remarkable or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the remarkable or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the remarkable or I
+forgot I got the name wrong I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot I got the name wrong I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot I got the name wrong I think it's
+called The Talented well but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Talented well but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Talented well but then
+there's there's a more recent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a more recent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a more recent one
+um I I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I went to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+premiere a couple of years years ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiere a couple of years years ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiere a couple of years years ago in
+which the uh director who was an Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh director who was an Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh director who was an Italian
+woman whose name I can't remember she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman whose name I can't remember she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman whose name I can't remember she
+was the director she was pres she talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the director she was pres she talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the director she was pres she talked
+about it it was it was different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it was it was different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it was it was different from
+that but there have been a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there have been a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there have been a number of
+them uh malovich John malovich played uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh malovich John malovich played uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh malovich John malovich played uh
+ripling uh he's he again is someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripling uh he's he again is someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripling uh he's he again is someone who
+kills his friend the and then steals his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills his friend the and then steals his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills his friend the and then steals his
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+um that's the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the theme
+and and people think it's him I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people think it's him I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and people think it's him I don't
+know in the movies they don't look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the movies they don't look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the movies they don't look that
+much alike but he he uh he passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much alike but he he uh he passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much alike but he he uh he passes
+mustard maybe he changes photos on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustard maybe he changes photos on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustard maybe he changes photos on his
+passport something like that uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport something like that uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport something like that uh that the
+idea of stealing somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of stealing somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of stealing somebody else's
+identity is a Mythic theme of tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is a Mythic theme of tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is a Mythic theme of tremendous
+importance it happens a great deal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance it happens a great deal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance it happens a great deal I
+mean I mean it's used a great deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean it's used a great deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean it's used a great deal in
+Western literature and western films um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western literature and western films um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western literature and western films um
+so that's an interesting thing for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an interesting thing for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an interesting thing for you
+to be working at do you need borgas can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working at do you need borgas can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working at do you need borgas can
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+U Can you get beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Can you get beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Can you get beyond
+that um incidentally in the case of Lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um incidentally in the case of Lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um incidentally in the case of Lady
+Eve which is the movie that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve which is the movie that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve which is the movie that you're
+working out of she doesn't um Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out of she doesn't um Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out of she doesn't um Jean
+doesn't stand steal the identity of Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stand steal the identity of Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stand steal the identity of Eve
+she claims to be she's the same woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she claims to be she's the same woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she claims to be she's the same woman
+who claims to be a different woman well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who claims to be a different woman well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who claims to be a different woman well
+uh it's a kind of reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a kind of reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a kind of reverse
+theme I'm working on for the movie is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme I'm working on for the movie is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme I'm working on for the movie is um
+what Sturges does is uh the appearances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sturges does is uh the appearances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sturges does is uh the appearances
+of things and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and uh
+demasking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demasking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demasking uh
+appearances and uh Sturges uh also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearances and uh Sturges uh also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearances and uh Sturges uh also um
+adds scenes where he uh makes fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds scenes where he uh makes fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds scenes where he uh makes fun of
+Hollywood and how it uh uh fools the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and how it uh uh fools the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood and how it uh uh fools the
+audience uh and I also wanted to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh and I also wanted to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh and I also wanted to write
+about um how Charles says in the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how Charles says in the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um how Charles says in the end of
+the movie that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie that he
+rather not remember or rather not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not remember or rather not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather not remember or rather not know
+the the truth if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the truth if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the truth if the
+woman well no there is a scene in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman well no there is a scene in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman well no there is a scene in which
+uh Charles and Mugsy have just seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles and Mugsy have just seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles and Mugsy have just seen the
+Eve character right and Mugsy says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve character right and Mugsy says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve character right and Mugsy says it's
+the same D precisely the same d right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same D precisely the same d right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same D precisely the same d right
+that recurs to the end of the movie uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recurs to the end of the movie uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recurs to the end of the movie uh
+and Charles said no no no uh and Mugsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Charles said no no no uh and Mugsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Charles said no no no uh and Mugsy
+says uh she looks the same she talks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh she looks the same she talks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh she looks the same she talks the
+same she walks the same maybe she even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same she walks the same maybe she even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same she walks the same maybe she even
+smells the same because there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells the same because there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells the same because there's that
+perfume that used to dazle Charles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume that used to dazle Charles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfume that used to dazle Charles and
+uh Charles says um that's I know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles says um that's I know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles says um that's I know that's
+why it's not the same if if uh she were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not the same if if uh she were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not the same if if uh she were
+trying to uh appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh appear
+different she would make herself look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different she would make herself look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different she would make herself look
+different it's because she she looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's because she she looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's because she she looks
+like the same that you must be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same that you must be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same that you must be different
+and Mugsy can't understand that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mugsy can't understand that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mugsy can't understand that this is
+a puzzlement for him as it is for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzlement for him as it is for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a puzzlement for him as it is for me and
+it's on that sort of enigma that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on that sort of enigma that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on that sort of enigma that kind of
+U insolvable ambiguity that the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U insolvable ambiguity that the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U insolvable ambiguity that the scene
+ends you remember that scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends you remember that scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends you remember that scene
+yes incidentally you um in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes incidentally you um in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes incidentally you um in the first
+class I think I or second class I played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I think I or second class I played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I think I or second class I played
+you just a little bit of the commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a little bit of the commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a little bit of the commentary
+um on the lady Eve I've watched it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the lady Eve I've watched it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the lady Eve I've watched it
+you've watched it well you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've watched it well you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've watched it well you could use
+that as an outside form because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an outside form because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an outside form because that's
+not assigned in the course but you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assigned in the course but you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assigned in the course but you got
+and there are various interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are various interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are various interesting things
+not all of which I agree with um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of which I agree with um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of which I agree with um but
+that that would be very useful I've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be very useful I've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be very useful I've um
+there's um I don't remember a name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um I don't remember a name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um I don't remember a name of
+the the woman that does the place over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the woman that does the place over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the woman that does the place over I
+I um have there's a little history of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um have there's a little history of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um have there's a little history of my
+Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel
+with her but I'll spare you that um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her but I'll spare you that um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her but I'll spare you that um so I
+keep as a result of that I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as a result of that I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as a result of that I keep
+forgetting her name too it's Mar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting her name too it's Mar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting her name too it's Mar and
+Kean okay Mar she um she talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kean okay Mar she um she talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kean okay Mar she um she talks about
+when the audience is fooled if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience is fooled if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience is fooled if either
+Barbara Stanwick is smiling on scene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara Stanwick is smiling on scene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara Stanwick is smiling on scene or
+is it Jean or is it Eve and it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Jean or is it Eve and it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Jean or is it Eve and it's about
+um uh she talks about uh the myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh she talks about uh the myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh she talks about uh the myth of
+Adam and Eve and um things are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve and um things are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve and um things are not as
+they seem uh the movie part things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem uh the movie part things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem uh the movie part things are
+not as they seem and what they play even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as they seem and what they play even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as they seem and what they play even
+Gan it's a topic about the same but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan it's a topic about the same but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan it's a topic about the same but not
+the same Barbara Stanwick her point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Barbara Stanwick her point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Barbara Stanwick her point is
+uh is Barbara strick the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is Barbara strick the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is Barbara strick the same as the
+characters that she plays yes and I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that she plays yes and I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that she plays yes and I I I
+liked some of that um there there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked some of that um there there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked some of that um there there were
+various philosophical ramifications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various philosophical ramifications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various philosophical ramifications that
+I didn't like I might as well tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like I might as well tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like I might as well tell you a
+little history history um I just picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little history history um I just picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little history history um I just picked
+up the one day A couple of years ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the one day A couple of years ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the one day A couple of years ago the
+DVD of Lady Eve which I had seen years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD of Lady Eve which I had seen years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD of Lady Eve which I had seen years
+before but didn't really remember and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but didn't really remember and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but didn't really remember and I
+could say it was a masterpiece better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it was a masterpiece better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it was a masterpiece better
+than never before and I W listened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than never before and I W listened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than never before and I W listened to
+the commentary and I got so excited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentary and I got so excited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentary and I got so excited by
+the commentary uh that I went home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentary uh that I went home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commentary uh that I went home and
+wrote my 50-page chapter um one reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my 50-page chapter um one reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote my 50-page chapter um one reason I
+was excited was because there were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was excited was because there were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was excited was because there were very
+ious things that she said U Mar and Keen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious things that she said U Mar and Keen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious things that she said U Mar and Keen
+that I couldn't agree with and um she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't agree with and um she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't agree with and um she is
+was a student of friend of mine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student of friend of mine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student of friend of mine uh
+Stanley Cavell and so there was a it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley Cavell and so there was a it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley Cavell and so there was a it it
+excited my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited my
+imagination and then the uh the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then the uh the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then the uh the book
+came out and the Publishers sent her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and the Publishers sent her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and the Publishers sent her a
+copy and she graciously sent the blurb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and she graciously sent the blurb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and she graciously sent the blurb
+that appears on the back and once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears on the back and once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears on the back and once that
+arrived I wrote her a letter I had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived I wrote her a letter I had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived I wrote her a letter I had had
+no contact with her hadn't ever met her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contact with her hadn't ever met her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contact with her hadn't ever met her
+and I told her how important her com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told her how important her com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told her how important her com
+commentary had been to me though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary had been to me though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary had been to me though
+probably not the way she intended and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the way she intended and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the way she intended and um
+she wrote back and it was um some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wrote back and it was um some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wrote back and it was um some the
+beginning of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friendship but regardless of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship but regardless of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship but regardless of what I
+think of the merits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the merits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the merits and
+and disadvantages of her commentary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disadvantages of her commentary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disadvantages of her commentary you
+can find it very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it very useful
+and you you could defend her against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you could defend her against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you could defend her against
+what you think I might be saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think I might be saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think I might be saying it
+isn't as if uh my word is Lord and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if uh my word is Lord and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if uh my word is Lord and I've
+also found uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found uh
+uh that the myth of Adam and Eve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the myth of Adam and Eve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the myth of Adam and Eve that
+when they eat when they eat the apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they eat when they eat the apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they eat when they eat the apple
+they they find out the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they find out the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they find out the truth
+behind the the par Paradise Charles says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the the par Paradise Charles says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the the par Paradise Charles says
+in the end of the movie that he rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the movie that he rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the movie that he rather
+not knows the truth and rather believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knows the truth and rather believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knows the truth and rather believes
+the illusion and that and rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illusion and that and rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illusion and that and rather
+believes in the illusion and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes in the illusion and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes in the illusion and I thought
+that was the same as Adam and Eve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same as Adam and Eve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the same as Adam and Eve and
+the men and it is also to do with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men and it is also to do with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men and it is also to do with um
+Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood
+uh um making fake images that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um making fake images that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um making fake images that's that
+something she doesn't say either that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something she doesn't say either that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something she doesn't say either that's
+that's original that's a good idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's original that's a good idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's original that's a good idea I
+don't know if it's true but it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true but it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if it's true but it's worth
+examining it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining it's worth
+developing um I don't know that uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing um I don't know that uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing um I don't know that uh what
+what needs to be explored is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to be explored is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to be explored is how it
+applies to the myth the Adam I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the myth the Adam I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the myth the Adam I mean the
+biblical myth Adam doesn't say um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical myth Adam doesn't say um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biblical myth Adam doesn't say um I'm
+glad we're being thrust out of Eden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we're being thrust out of Eden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we're being thrust out of Eden
+because I want to live an illusion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to live an illusion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to live an illusion I
+want to watch movie I want want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch movie I want want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch movie I want want to go to
+the movies all the time and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies all the time and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies all the time and they don't
+show any in in Paradise that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show any in in Paradise that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show any in in Paradise that's the
+trouble with Eden they didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with Eden they didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with Eden they didn't have any
+movie theaters uh at that moment um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theaters uh at that moment um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theaters uh at that moment um he
+doesn't say anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say anything like
+that so so I don't know um that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so I don't know um that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so I don't know um that's that's
+what Charles said Al but Charles Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Charles said Al but Charles Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Charles said Al but Charles Charles
+doesn't say I want to live in illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say I want to live in illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say I want to live in illusion
+or tell me don't tell me the truth he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell me don't tell me the truth he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tell me don't tell me the truth he
+just he says at the very end she start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he says at the very end she start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he says at the very end she start
+she says um um he says uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says um um he says uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says um um he says uh you know I
+shouldn't be here um because I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be here um because I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be here um because I because
+I'm a married man I'm I'm married and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a married man I'm I'm married and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a married man I'm I'm married and
+course he doesn't you know not meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he doesn't you know not meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he doesn't you know not meaning
+he's married to her which he is and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's married to her which he is and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's married to her which he is and she
+says well so am I and he says don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well so am I and he says don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well so am I and he says don't tell
+me don't tell me that in other words his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me don't tell me that in other words his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me don't tell me that in other words his
+experience with her has been so painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with her has been so painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with her has been so painful
+when as it ended up as it developed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when as it ended up as it developed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when as it ended up as it developed that
+he didn't want to go through all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't want to go through all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't want to go through all of that
+again now that he had it back in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now that he had it back in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now that he had it back in his
+arms so it isn't as if he's saying he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms so it isn't as if he's saying he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms so it isn't as if he's saying he
+wants to live in illusion he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to live in illusion he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to live in illusion he just
+doesn't want to hear about things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to hear about things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to hear about things that
+um he he he need he doesn't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he he he need he doesn't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he he he need he doesn't need to know
+he doesn't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is relevant to the scene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is relevant to the scene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is relevant to the scene in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+train uh as part of her tactic to wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train uh as part of her tactic to wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train uh as part of her tactic to wound
+him to hurt him to punish him for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to hurt him to punish him for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to hurt him to punish him for having
+left her she fabricates this history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left her she fabricates this history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left her she fabricates this history of
+all of her promiscuous love making right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of her promiscuous love making right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of her promiscuous love making right
+and goes into precise detail so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes into precise detail so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes into precise detail so it's all
+fals obviously she's making it all up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals obviously she's making it all up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals obviously she's making it all up uh
+and um he can't take that but as if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um he can't take that but as if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um he can't take that but as if um
+she had told him the truth which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had told him the truth which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had told him the truth which is um
+yes I've had lovers or yes there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I've had lovers or yes there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I've had lovers or yes there have
+been other men in my life without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been other men in my life without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been other men in my life without going
+into the details he wouldn't be living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details he wouldn't be living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details he wouldn't be living
+an illusion he would know the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion he would know the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illusion he would know the truth and
+that wouldn't have destroyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have destroyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't have destroyed the
+possibility of their remaining married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of their remaining married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of their remaining married
+so that in a sense what he's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in a sense what he's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in a sense what he's saying is
+um ambiguous unclear how how how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ambiguous unclear how how how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ambiguous unclear how how how much of
+the truth does he want to know he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth does he want to know he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth does he want to know he he
+doesn't say anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say anything like
+I'd rather live an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather live an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather live an
+illusion and know go ahead you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion and know go ahead you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion and know go ahead you keep
+going and I don't know if borgase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and I don't know if borgase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and I don't know if borgase is
+that important because you do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important because you do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important because you do have an
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+Source but it's important for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source but it's important for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source but it's important for you so
+track it down ask to the library in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track it down ask to the library in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track it down ask to the library in in
+the Humanities Building well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Humanities Building well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Humanities Building well I
+remembered it because I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered it because I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered it because I thought it was
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+evil and that you could think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and that you could think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil and that you could think about um
+how can you take over somebody ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you take over somebody ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you take over somebody ENT
+somebody's identity and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's identity and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's identity and it was very
+bold and uh well there's that short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold and uh well there's that short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold and uh well there's that short
+story which I've never read hav't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story which I've never read hav't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story which I've never read hav't even
+heard of but it reminds me of a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of but it reminds me of a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of but it reminds me of a myth
+that's very important and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important and um it's
+summarized in um a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in um a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized in um a story
+um that um was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by an English frish English author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an English frish English author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an English frish English author
+though not famous nowadays and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not famous nowadays and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not famous nowadays and I can't
+remember his name the title the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember his name the title the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember his name the title the name
+will come back um it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I forget the title anyway the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget the title anyway the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget the title anyway the story
+is about um the man Who falls in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um the man Who falls in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about um the man Who falls in love
+with a woman but is getting on in years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a woman but is getting on in years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a woman but is getting on in years
+and thinks he's very ugly and um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinks he's very ugly and um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinks he's very ugly and um he
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+know he doesn't um know how he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he doesn't um know how he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he doesn't um know how he could
+possibly win her back so he goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly win her back so he goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly win her back so he goes to a
+mask maker and asks him to make for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask maker and asks him to make for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask maker and asks him to make for him
+um The Mask a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Mask a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Mask a beautiful
+mask that'll make him look like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask that'll make him look like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask that'll make him look like just
+what a young girl would fall in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a young girl would fall in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a young girl would fall in love
+with person a young girl would fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with person a young girl would fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with person a young girl would fall in
+love with the mask maker makes that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with the mask maker makes that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with the mask maker makes that for
+him and makes it with such Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and makes it with such Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and makes it with such Perfection
+that you can't tell that it's a mask in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't tell that it's a mask in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't tell that it's a mask in
+other words it sort of gives him a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it sort of gives him a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it sort of gives him a new
+face um she falls in love with him his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face um she falls in love with him his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face um she falls in love with him his
+um love for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um love for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um love for her
+increases and finally reaches a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and finally reaches a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and finally reaches a point
+where he feels that out of love he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he feels that out of love he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he feels that out of love he has
+to reveal the truth about himself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal the truth about himself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal the truth about himself to
+her and she can't believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and she can't believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and she can't believe that this
+isn't the Real hymn um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the Real hymn um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the Real hymn um and
+um um um deny denies that this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um um deny denies that this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um um deny denies that this story
+could actually be the case and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be the case and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be the case and he says
+well I'll show you I will take off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll show you I will take off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll show you I will take off the
+mask somehow he can do that um and I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask somehow he can do that um and I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask somehow he can do that um and I and
+I do it because I love you so much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it because I love you so much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it because I love you so much and
+when he rips it off she says but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he rips it off she says but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he rips it off she says but I don't
+see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any
+difference now the love has caused her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now the love has caused her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now the love has caused her
+to see him what he has now become rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see him what he has now become rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see him what he has now become rather
+than what he was before even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what he was before even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what he was before even though it's
+not the truth about the way he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the truth about the way he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the truth about the way he really
+what we might say is his real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might say is his real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might say is his real
+looks and maybe others would notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and maybe others would notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and maybe others would notice the
+difference but because of her love she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but because of her love she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but because of her love she
+doesn't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see any
+difference I mean that you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean that you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I mean that you get you get
+the idea of that um there variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of that um there variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of that um there variations
+about that but I don't want to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I don't want to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I don't want to go on to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam
+okay I like Sam also sent me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I like Sam also sent me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I like Sam also sent me an email
+and I thought it was very promising like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was very promising like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought it was very promising like
+you okay well so I was going I I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well so I was going I I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well so I was going I I took
+the play pigmon by Sha and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play pigmon by Sha and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play pigmon by Sha and then the
+movie we watched and then also I watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie we watched and then also I watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie we watched and then also I watched
+the film my fair lady and I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film my fair lady and I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film my fair lady and I thought that
+something that that really jumped out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that really jumped out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that really jumped out at
+me is that uh if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that uh if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that uh if you think about the
+standard myths that come up in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard myths that come up in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard myths that come up in a lot of
+movies like you know the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies like you know the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies like you know the typical
+romantic movie myth or the the myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic movie myth or the the myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic movie myth or the the myth of
+the hero who overcomes or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero who overcomes or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hero who overcomes or in this case
+the heroine who overcomes her obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heroine who overcomes her obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heroine who overcomes her obstacles
+to you know go from rags to riches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know go from rags to riches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know go from rags to riches and
+become a princess and uh also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a princess and uh also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a princess and uh also you know
+the the charact the very standard almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the charact the very standard almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the charact the very standard almost
+mythical character Arc for the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical character Arc for the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical character Arc for the professor
+who starts off you know at first is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who starts off you know at first is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who starts off you know at first is so
+cold and you know unkind but then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and you know unkind but then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and you know unkind but then by the
+end of uh the film and certainly by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of uh the film and certainly by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of uh the film and certainly by the
+end of my fair lady he's come around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of my fair lady he's come around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of my fair lady he's come around a
+lot uh I felt that all of those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh I felt that all of those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot uh I felt that all of those those
+themes and those myths we see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and those myths we see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and those myths we see really
+really strongly in my fair lady we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strongly in my fair lady we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strongly in my fair lady we see
+them in in the film pigmon but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in the film pigmon but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in in the film pigmon but they're
+even though they're barely present I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're barely present I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they're barely present I
+think in the original play by Sha and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the original play by Sha and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the original play by Sha and I
+thought that that comes from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that that comes from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that that comes from the fact
+that like the whole the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the whole the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the whole the whole point of
+this course is that film is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is that film is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is that film is really
+deeply connected with Mythic ideas and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply connected with Mythic ideas and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply connected with Mythic ideas and I
+think that what happens is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that what happens is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that what happens is when you
+adapt something into a film whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt something into a film whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt something into a film whether it's
+from a play or whether it's from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a play or whether it's from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a play or whether it's from a
+previous film I think that what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous film I think that what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous film I think that what happens
+is uh the Mythic aspects of it tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the Mythic aspects of it tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the Mythic aspects of it tend to
+be emphasized uh and sometimes so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be emphasized uh and sometimes so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be emphasized uh and sometimes so much
+that they become overblown or sacon like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they become overblown or sacon like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they become overblown or sacon like
+you know the romance and my fair lady is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the romance and my fair lady is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the romance and my fair lady is
+it's so so over the top that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so over the top that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so over the top that now you
+have a lot of uh a lot of modern um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of uh a lot of modern um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of uh a lot of modern um you
+know movies and TV shows uh make fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know movies and TV shows uh make fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know movies and TV shows uh make fun of
+in parody the romance of my fair lady I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parody the romance of my fair lady I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parody the romance of my fair lady I
+can think of two modern TV shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of two modern TV shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of two modern TV shows that
+each have episodes uh solely paring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have episodes uh solely paring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each have episodes uh solely paring
+parodying the romance in My Fair Lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying the romance in My Fair Lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying the romance in My Fair Lady
+what scenes they parody or they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenes they parody or they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scenes they parody or they both
+time well one is actually paring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well one is actually paring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well one is actually paring
+parodying pigan actually now that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying pigan actually now that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodying pigan actually now that I
+think about it um the the one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um the the one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um the the one that's the
+one that's more targeted towards my fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's more targeted towards my fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's more targeted towards my fair
+lady parody is the idea of um so of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady parody is the idea of um so of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady parody is the idea of um so of an
+unkind character meeting a girl who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unkind character meeting a girl who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unkind character meeting a girl who he
+at first despises because she's so low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first despises because she's so low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first despises because she's so low
+but he turns her into what he wants her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he turns her into what he wants her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he turns her into what he wants her
+to be and then can't help himself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and then can't help himself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and then can't help himself but
+fall in love with her which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love with her which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love with her which is exactly
+the story not of pity right right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story not of pity right right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story not of pity right right but
+it's exactly the Story Of My Fair Lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the Story Of My Fair Lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the Story Of My Fair Lady
+uh and in this modern TV show it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this modern TV show it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this modern TV show it's made
+to seem like so it's made to seem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seem like so it's made to seem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seem like so it's made to seem very
+ridiculous and over the top but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous and over the top but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous and over the top but the
+point is it's parodying something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's parodying something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it's parodying something that
+was an adaptation of a film that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an adaptation of a film that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an adaptation of a film that was
+adaptation but play where this idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation but play where this idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation but play where this idea was
+barely there um and in fact Shaw even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely there um and in fact Shaw even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely there um and in fact Shaw even
+goes out of his way to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of his way to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of his way to write this
+epilogue saying no that's not the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilogue saying no that's not the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilogue saying no that's not the idea
+uh and so basically looking at a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so basically looking at a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so basically looking at a number
+of different Mythic aspects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Mythic aspects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different Mythic aspects but
+especially the romance I wanted to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the romance I wanted to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the romance I wanted to look
+at the idea that uh film adaptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea that uh film adaptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the idea that uh film adaptations
+emphasize the Mythic aspects because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the Mythic aspects because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the Mythic aspects because
+film is so deeply connected with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is so deeply connected with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is so deeply connected with those
+Mythic ideas so that's speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic ideas so that's speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic ideas so that's speaking of
+parity one of the greatnesses of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity one of the greatnesses of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity one of the greatnesses of the um
+as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with
+Howard pigmon the movie that the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard pigmon the movie that the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard pigmon the movie that the 30s
+movie that I showed you is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that I showed you is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that I showed you is that it
+parodies itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies itself
+and in a very very very beautiful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a very very very beautiful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a very very very beautiful way
+you remember uh after uh she's thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember uh after uh she's thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember uh after uh she's thrown
+the slippers at um um Higgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slippers at um um Higgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slippers at um um Higgin
+Higgins and he has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higgins and he has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higgins and he has that
+conversation then she gives him back her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation then she gives him back her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation then she gives him back her
+jewels and insults him by saying she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and insults him by saying she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewels and insults him by saying she
+would like him to take them away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like him to take them away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like him to take them away because
+in her State situation A girl has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her State situation A girl has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her State situation A girl has to be
+careful that she's in charge of stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that she's in charge of stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that she's in charge of stealing
+and he's furious at that right and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's furious at that right and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's furious at that right and he
+marches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marches
+upstairs very indignant with a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs very indignant with a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs very indignant with a straight
+back and says you've done something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and says you've done something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and says you've done something that
+you know never happened before you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never happened before you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never happened before you made
+me become angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me become angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me become angry
+and I angry at myself and angry at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I angry at myself and angry at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I angry at myself and angry at every
+and someone um and um he goes up and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone um and um he goes up and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone um and um he goes up and he
+misses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses a
+step this is a bit of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is a bit of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is a bit of what's called
+shtick a comic you know art of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shtick a comic you know art of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shtick a comic you know art of the sort
+that Charlie Chaplan would have done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie Chaplan would have done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie Chaplan would have done uh
+but what it's doing is paring the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's doing is paring the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it's doing is paring the whole
+theme of the movie which is that he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the movie which is that he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the movie which is that he is a
+hero he is devoted to his science as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero he is devoted to his science as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero he is devoted to his science as a
+um phonetician as a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phonetician as a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phonetician as a professor of
+linguistics as somebody who's above mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics as somebody who's above mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics as somebody who's above mere
+sexual passion and uh it's very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual passion and uh it's very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual passion and uh it's very careful
+never to seduce any of his pupils or his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to seduce any of his pupils or his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to seduce any of his pupils or his
+clients uh and here he is this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients uh and here he is this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients uh and here he is this very
+Noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noble
+creature uh acting like a clown or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature uh acting like a clown or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature uh acting like a clown or or
+unwillingly but we laugh at him the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwillingly but we laugh at him the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwillingly but we laugh at him the way
+we would have at a clown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have at a clown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have at a clown
+that self- parody is uh only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that self- parody is uh only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that self- parody is uh only in the
+movie as far as I know but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie as far as I know but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie as far as I know but it's very
+true to the spirit of Shaw's play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to the spirit of Shaw's play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to the spirit of Shaw's play and
+then in My Fair Lady it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in My Fair Lady it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in My Fair Lady it sort of
+disappears yeah all right you may me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears yeah all right you may me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears yeah all right you may me
+think of another thing which I to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of another thing which I to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of another thing which I to me
+seems almost like a self- parody which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems almost like a self- parody which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems almost like a self- parody which
+is at the very end of uh of the film The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very end of uh of the film The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very end of uh of the film The
+Howard film uh when she comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard film uh when she comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard film uh when she comes in and
+gives him the slip the the closing line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him the slip the the closing line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives him the slip the the closing line
+is like here's your slippers or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like here's your slippers or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like here's your slippers or whatever
+it is or when he says where bring me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is or when he says where bring me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is or when he says where bring me my
+slippers Eliza or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippers Eliza or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippers Eliza or something like that
+and there's nothing romantic about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing romantic about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing romantic about that
+line and it's a very cold and unkind way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it's a very cold and unkind way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it's a very cold and unkind way
+for him to treat her but because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him to treat her but because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him to treat her but because it's a
+film and because we expect characters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and because we expect characters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and because we expect characters to
+Fall in Love Somehow this this unkind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall in Love Somehow this this unkind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall in Love Somehow this this unkind
+closing mind referring to his last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing mind referring to his last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing mind referring to his last
+remark yeah bring me my when he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark yeah bring me my when he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark yeah bring me my when he says
+like bring me my slippers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bring me my slippers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bring me my slippers
+elizer yeah where no he says where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elizer yeah where no he says where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elizer yeah where no he says where are
+my slippers oh where are my slippers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slippers oh where are my slippers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slippers oh where are my slippers
+yeah and there's there's nothing nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and there's there's nothing nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and there's there's nothing nice
+about it he's treating her lowly he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it he's treating her lowly he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it he's treating her lowly he's
+treating her in the way that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating her in the way that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating her in the way that he was
+treat that he treated her at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that he treated her at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that he treated her at the
+beginning of the movie but because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the movie but because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the movie but because we're
+watching a film and we expect a romance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a film and we expect a romance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a film and we expect a romance
+in a film and we expect this myth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film and we expect this myth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film and we expect this myth to
+come to its close somehow we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to its close somehow we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to its close somehow we're supposed
+to interpret that closing line as a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret that closing line as a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret that closing line as a sign
+that they'll live happily ever after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll live happily ever after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll live happily ever after
+well no it's more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no it's more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no it's more complicated than that
+um he says that at the end to reassert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he says that at the end to reassert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he says that at the end to reassert
+his masculine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his masculine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his masculine
+dominance and to um you know who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance and to um you know who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance and to um you know who've
+really come back now don't expect me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come back now don't expect me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come back now don't expect me to
+change uh I'm a what does he call him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh I'm a what does he call him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh I'm a what does he call him a
+um a confirmed Bachelor and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a confirmed Bachelor and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a confirmed Bachelor and and um
+tyrannical and he has money and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrannical and he has money and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrannical and he has money and she
+doesn't and that's the way things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and that's the way things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and that's the way things are
+going to be he thinks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be he thinks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be he thinks uh
+but the fact that um she has seen him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that um she has seen him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that um she has seen him
+depressed when she comes in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed when she comes in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed when she comes in because
+remember he's very low and then the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's very low and then the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's very low and then the um
+uh she comes in uh and uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she comes in uh and uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she comes in uh and uh there's a
+gesture on her part indicating well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture on her part indicating well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture on her part indicating well I I
+I can understand him I I'll pity him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can understand him I I'll pity him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can understand him I I'll pity him or
+I'll take care I I'll I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take care I I'll I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take care I I'll I know how to
+handle him put it that way it it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle him put it that way it it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle him put it that way it it isn't
+necessarily romantic now in a romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily romantic now in a romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily romantic now in a romantic
+situation where you have a wife who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have a wife who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have a wife who's
+devoted to her husband she may not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to her husband she may not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to her husband she may not like
+his being a male chauvinist but she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his being a male chauvinist but she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his being a male chauvinist but she can
+understand he is a male and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand he is a male and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand he is a male and that's
+that's the way uh they've been brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way uh they've been brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way uh they've been brought
+up and they are have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they are have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they are have all sorts of
+weaknesses that women don't have and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses that women don't have and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses that women don't have and so
+you have to tolerate them right uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tolerate them right uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to tolerate them right uh it
+doesn't necessarily indicate a romance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily indicate a romance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily indicate a romance
+in the case of my fair lady I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of my fair lady I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of my fair lady I think
+that's the idea yeah and I guess but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea yeah and I guess but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea yeah and I guess but not
+in pigmon that's true but I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pigmon that's true but I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pigmon that's true but I think you
+made me think of it another way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me think of it another way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me think of it another way which is
+that uh you said that at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you said that at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you said that at the end of
+pigmon the film uh he has to reaffirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmon the film uh he has to reaffirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmon the film uh he has to reaffirm
+his dominance cuz that's the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his dominance cuz that's the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his dominance cuz that's the story that
+we're looking at but in uh in my fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at but in uh in my fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at but in uh in my fair
+lady in a lot of ways she has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady in a lot of ways she has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady in a lot of ways she has a lot of
+dominance that didn't exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance that didn't exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominance that didn't exist in the
+original story because she's the heroine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original story because she's the heroine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original story because she's the heroine
+and she has to be strong uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has to be strong uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she has to be strong uh and that's
+because of this myth just it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this myth just it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this myth just it it
+naturally comes out when you try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally comes out when you try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally comes out when you try to take
+this and make it you know a musical when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and make it you know a musical when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and make it you know a musical when
+you try to make a musical film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make a musical film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make a musical film
+adaptation this myth just it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation this myth just it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation this myth just it has to be
+stronger in order for it to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger in order for it to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger in order for it to hold
+together well I know about the film part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well I know about the film part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well I know about the film part
+but as a musical because my fair lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a musical because my fair lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a musical because my fair lady
+was a world successes just as it musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a world successes just as it musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a world successes just as it musical
+before it was put into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was put into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was put into a
+movie um so that I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um so that I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um so that I think it's the
+conception of a musical of that sort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of a musical of that sort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of a musical of that sort in
+that period in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period in the
+19 what was it 60s I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 what was it 60s I can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 what was it 60s I can't remember
+thing it was after Shaw had died but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it was after Shaw had died but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it was after Shaw had died but um
+it was what was expected of a Broadway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was what was expected of a Broadway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was what was expected of a Broadway
+musical that people would go to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical that people would go to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical that people would go to and
+spend a lot of money on and that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of money on and that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of money on and that and it
+succeeded um musicals nowadays days are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded um musicals nowadays days are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded um musicals nowadays days are
+often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different very very little really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different very very little really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different very very little really very
+little romance in them of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little romance in them of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little romance in them of that sort
+that's because the uh history of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the uh history of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the uh history of ideas
+has developed beyond what it was 30 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed beyond what it was 30 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed beyond what it was 30 40
+years ago whereas on the other hand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago whereas on the other hand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago whereas on the other hand I
+think that in a lot of ways romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that in a lot of ways romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that in a lot of ways romantic
+films have uh become even more like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films have uh become even more like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films have uh become even more like I
+mean and that's in that Trend and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that's in that Trend and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that's in that Trend and have
+uh gone down a narrower path whereas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gone down a narrower path whereas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gone down a narrower path whereas you
+know I I think that the I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I think that the I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I think that the I don't know
+what me what sorry let me explain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what me what sorry let me explain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what me what sorry let me explain I
+think that the pigan film of 1938 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the pigan film of 1938 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the pigan film of 1938 I
+think is not something that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is not something that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is not something that you would
+see as a mainstream film today um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as a mainstream film today um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as a mainstream film today um and I
+don't know maybe it was maybe it was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe it was maybe it was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe it was maybe it was a a
+small film at the time or was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small film at the time or was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small film at the time or was it
+mainstream well it was a big success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream well it was a big success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream well it was a big success
+yeah I think that I think that now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that I think that now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that I think that now I
+mean a financial success yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a financial success yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a financial success yeah I think
+that now for maybe it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now for maybe it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now for maybe it doesn't have to be
+this way but I think films are made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but I think films are made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but I think films are made this
+way that uh they rely so heavily on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh they rely so heavily on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that uh they rely so heavily on
+myths in order um um on I can imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths in order um um on I can imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths in order um um on I can imagine a
+remake with somebody like rert ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake with somebody like rert ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake with somebody like rert ever
+playing you know him uh playing the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you know him uh playing the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you know him uh playing the part
+of piggin in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piggin in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piggin in a very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+manner um sort of uh semi gay but U also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner um sort of uh semi gay but U also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner um sort of uh semi gay but U also
+bisexual and with all of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisexual and with all of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisexual and with all of the um
+wonderful British use of the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful British use of the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful British use of the English
+language that Leslie Howard commanded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that Leslie Howard commanded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that Leslie Howard commanded uh
+and it would be very modern and would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be very modern and would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be very modern and would be
+a success there is a movie of um um The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success there is a movie of um um The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success there is a movie of um um The
+Ideal Husband by uh Oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal Husband by uh Oscar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideal Husband by uh Oscar
+wild which I never thought would ever be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild which I never thought would ever be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild which I never thought would ever be
+made into a movie it was made with u rer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into a movie it was made with u rer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made into a movie it was made with u rer
+ever and it works very well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and it works very well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever and it works very well as a
+contemporary movie and I I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary movie and I I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary movie and I I I don't know
+how much money they made or lost but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they made or lost but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they made or lost but I
+think it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a
+success uh so I guess I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success uh so I guess I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success uh so I guess I was wondering
+though do you have any recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though do you have any recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though do you have any recommendations
+on uh I mean I could look at outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I mean I could look at outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I mean I could look at outside
+sources on uh pigmon and on my fair lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources on uh pigmon and on my fair lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources on uh pigmon and on my fair lady
+but I was wondering are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was wondering are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was wondering are there some
+outside sources on the idea of film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside sources on the idea of film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside sources on the idea of film I
+mean I know this is what you write about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know this is what you write about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know this is what you write about
+but the idea that film adaptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea that film adaptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea that film adaptations
+emphasize myths because I I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize myths because I I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize myths because I I'm not sure
+how to construct that idea well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct that idea well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to construct that idea well you
+remember um I read you a portion a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um I read you a portion a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um I read you a portion a small
+portion of my chapter on Pigman and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of my chapter on Pigman and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of my chapter on Pigman and in
+it I quoted from a book U called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I quoted from a book U called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I quoted from a book U called The
+Serpent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eye which is a term that I think Shaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye which is a term that I think Shaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye which is a term that I think Shaw
+himself invented referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself invented referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself invented referring to the
+camera's eye uh Shaw was a great devotee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's eye uh Shaw was a great devotee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera's eye uh Shaw was a great devotee
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Photography and very much interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and very much interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photography and very much interested in
+movies but um there's that problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies but um there's that problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies but um there's that problem which
+which I touched on that he wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I touched on that he wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I touched on that he wouldn't
+allow any of his own plays to be put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow any of his own plays to be put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow any of his own plays to be put in
+movies unless they were exactly the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies unless they were exactly the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies unless they were exactly the way
+they appear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear on
+stage um and so that that was done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um and so that that was done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage um and so that that was done for
+two of his movies and they were complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of his movies and they were complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of his movies and they were complete
+disasters all right and so I Casey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters all right and so I Casey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters all right and so I Casey is
+that the name of the author I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the name of the author I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the name of the author I can't
+remember now um well if you look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now um well if you look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now um well if you look up the
+serpent I you'll find uh his argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent I you'll find uh his argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent I you'll find uh his argument is
+that the more that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more that um
+the the movies based on Shaw's plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the movies based on Shaw's plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the movies based on Shaw's plays
+deviated from Shaw's philosophy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from Shaw's philosophy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from Shaw's philosophy the
+better they were and the more they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they were and the more they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they were and the more they
+adhered to exact to what he wanted which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhered to exact to what he wanted which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhered to exact to what he wanted which
+was to be exact duplicates of the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be exact duplicates of the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to be exact duplicates of the stage
+Productions the worse they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions the worse they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Productions the worse they
+were uh and he gives examples of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh and he gives examples of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh and he gives examples of those
+two that were terrible that sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that were terrible that sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that were terrible that sounds like
+a really helpful s paron that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really helpful s paron that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really helpful s paron that would be a
+fine source for you okay and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine source for you okay and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine source for you okay and you could
+do something original don't in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something original don't in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something original don't in general
+never start out with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never start out with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never start out with the idea of
+agreeing with me but rather find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with me but rather find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing with me but rather find your
+own voice and attack me whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own voice and attack me whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own voice and attack me whenever
+possible I'm here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I'm here for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible I'm here for that
+purpose to make myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to make myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to make myself
+available you know I don't know if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you know I don't know if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you know I don't know if I've
+told you but I often tell my classes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you but I often tell my classes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you but I often tell my classes I'm
+like St Sebastian standing at the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like St Sebastian standing at the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like St Sebastian standing at the post
+and the the soldiers losing him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the soldiers losing him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the soldiers losing him as a
+target shooting arrows at him well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target shooting arrows at him well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target shooting arrows at him well
+that's what it is to be my kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is to be my kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is to be my kind of
+teacher I'm here to give you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I'm here to give you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I'm here to give you a good
+Arrow to sharpen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow to sharpen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow to sharpen your
+expertise all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks yes um I'll be doing mine on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yes um I'll be doing mine on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yes um I'll be doing mine on the
+39 steps and uh I see that movie uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 steps and uh I see that movie uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 steps and uh I see that movie uh you
+read the second chapter that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the second chapter that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the second chapter that was
+assigned for today um I I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today um I I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned for today um I I thought that
+shocked my bolt about 39 steps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked my bolt about 39 steps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked my bolt about 39 steps but
+thinking about this class I got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this class I got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this class I got some
+more new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more new
+ideas uh I guess that's what it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh I guess that's what it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh I guess that's what it is to be
+a masterpiece something more to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masterpiece something more to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a masterpiece something more to do with
+your later idea that it's s of a hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your later idea that it's s of a hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your later idea that it's s of a hero
+myth I saw the 39 stuffs as sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth I saw the 39 stuffs as sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth I saw the 39 stuffs as sort of an
+as episodic nature and I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as episodic nature and I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as episodic nature and I wanted to
+examine the ways that Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the ways that Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the ways that Hitchcock
+alternates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternates
+between um subjective camera uh work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um subjective camera uh work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um subjective camera uh work to
+sort of get the audience involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get the audience involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get the audience involved in the
+predicament in the uh involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicament in the uh involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicament in the uh involving the
+welfare of uh also Hitchcock saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare of uh also Hitchcock saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare of uh also Hitchcock saying that
+the greatest theme or basis of film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest theme or basis of film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest theme or basis of film is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+search and there you have it Hann is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and there you have it Hann is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and there you have it Hann is
+searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching
+for those buys whatever um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those buys whatever um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those buys whatever um oh
+incidentally in the reading did I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally in the reading did I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally in the reading did I tell
+you to read the the um his description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read the the um his description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read the the um his description
+of the mgu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mgu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mgu
+McGuffin it begins at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin it begins at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin it begins at the very beginning
+of the next chapter I should have I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next chapter I should have I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next chapter I should have I'm
+not sure you did but well why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure you did but well why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure you did but well why don't you
+turn turn to the beginning of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn turn to the beginning of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn turn to the beginning of the next
+chapter and read what hitchock says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and read what hitchock says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter and read what hitchock says
+about the McGuffin because the McGuffin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the McGuffin because the McGuffin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the McGuffin because the McGuffin
+in the 39 steps is the the uh the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 39 steps is the the uh the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 39 steps is the the uh the secret
+formula that the spies are trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that the spies are trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that the spies are trying to get
+out of the country basic something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the country basic something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the country basic something that
+just exist and the rule is that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exist and the rule is that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exist and the rule is that no
+nobody cares that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares that's just the
+motivation the basis of the search but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the basis of the search but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation the basis of the search but
+the the information itself is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the information itself is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the information itself is is we
+never find out or like in the um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find out or like in the um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find out or like in the um uh the
+American sort of remake of The 39 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American sort of remake of The 39 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American sort of remake of The 39 steps
+which is North by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is North by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is North by
+Northwest um it gets destroyed without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest um it gets destroyed without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwest um it gets destroyed without
+our ever finding what it is in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ever finding what it is in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ever finding what it is in the case
+of North by Northwest Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of North by Northwest Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of North by Northwest Mr
+memory does recite it just before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory does recite it just before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory does recite it just before he
+dies but we can't follow and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies but we can't follow and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies but we can't follow and it doesn't
+mean anything the point is to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything the point is to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything the point is to search for
+it um look at the first page of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um look at the first page of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um look at the first page of the
+wells chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+read at various times hitch for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at various times hitch for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at various times hitch for this
+idea of guffin is a mysterious object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of guffin is a mysterious object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of guffin is a mysterious object of
+pursuit talk to the camera sure uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit talk to the camera sure uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit talk to the camera sure uh is a
+mysterious object of pursuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious object of pursuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious object of pursuit that
+sustains audience attention throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustains audience attention throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustains audience attention throughout
+the trajectory of a movie as such is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of a movie as such is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of a movie as such is the
+basis of whatever suspense H creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of whatever suspense H creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of whatever suspense H creates
+within a particular film but as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular film but as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a particular film but as he
+remarks the McGuffin is in itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks the McGuffin is in itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks the McGuffin is in itself a
+thing of no great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of no great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of no great
+significance no but then he gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance no but then he gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance no but then he gives the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of um here is a secret document perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um here is a secret document perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um here is a secret document perhaps
+but one whose content do not interest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one whose content do not interest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one whose content do not interest or
+preoccupy The Spectators and may never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupy The Spectators and may never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupy The Spectators and may never
+be disclosed to them at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disclosed to them at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be disclosed to them at the very end of
+the 39 steps we do learn the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 39 steps we do learn the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 39 steps we do learn the formula
+that is spies who trying to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is spies who trying to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is spies who trying to take out the
+country and in torren curtain Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and in torren curtain Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and in torren curtain Paul
+Newman finally tricks the professor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman finally tricks the professor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman finally tricks the professor to
+write on the Blackboard for uninformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the Blackboard for uninformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write on the Blackboard for uninformed
+inspection the meaning of pie but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the meaning of pie but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the meaning of pie but the
+fact that Hitchcock's entire effort as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Hitchcock's entire effort as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Hitchcock's entire effort as a
+filmmaker consists in our arousing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker consists in our arousing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker consists in our arousing
+curiosity about something that hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity about something that hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity about something that hardly
+matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters to
+us it is just an ecstatic threat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it is just an ecstatic threat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it is just an ecstatic threat that
+leads us on knitting together Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us on knitting together Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us on knitting together Our
+concern about a perilous experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about a perilous experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern about a perilous experience of
+protagonist to whom it does matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist to whom it does matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist to whom it does matter for
+one reason or another they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason or another they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason or another they become
+entangled in it and that propels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled in it and that propels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled in it and that propels the
+suspense from one scene to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another well I was I forgotten this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well I was I forgotten this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well I was I forgotten this
+introduct so uh he gives I quote um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduct so uh he gives I quote um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduct so uh he gives I quote um here
+it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the
+end let me I'll read in you mind may go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead I must start where you ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah hitchock reveals the cunning of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hitchock reveals the cunning of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hitchock reveals the cunning of his
+device by recounting an anecdote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device by recounting an anecdote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device by recounting an anecdote that
+embodies the original McGuffin idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the original McGuffin idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the original McGuffin idea
+quote there are two men sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote there are two men sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote there are two men sitting in a
+train going to Scotland and one man says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going to Scotland and one man says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train going to Scotland and one man says
+to the other excuse me sir uh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other excuse me sir uh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other excuse me sir uh but what
+is that strange parcel you have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that strange parcel you have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that strange parcel you have on the
+luggage track above you oh says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage track above you oh says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luggage track above you oh says the
+other that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's a
+McGuffin well says the first male a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin well says the first male a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin well says the first male a
+McGuffin the other answers it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin the other answers it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin the other answers it's an
+apparatus for trapping lions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for trapping lions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus for trapping lions in the
+Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scottish
+Highlands but says the first man there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlands but says the first man there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlands but says the first man there
+are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no
+lions in the Scottish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lions in the Scottish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lions in the Scottish
+Highlands well says the other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlands well says the other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Highlands well says the other then
+that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+McGuffin that that is typical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin that that is typical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McGuffin that that is typical of
+Hitchcock's WID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incidentally you didn't want to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you didn't want to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you didn't want to listen
+to the see the version of the 39 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the see the version of the 39 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the see the version of the 39 steps
+that has the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the um
+subtitles that my son brought back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitles that my son brought back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitles that my son brought back
+remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from
+Japan um and these the subtitles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um and these the subtitles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um and these the subtitles are
+written by the Japanese for Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by the Japanese for Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by the Japanese for Japanese
+they're in English but they're written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in English but they're written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in English but they're written
+for people in the audience whose English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people in the audience whose English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people in the audience whose English
+isn't good enough so it's designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good enough so it's designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good enough so it's designed for
+them right uh the trouble is the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right uh the trouble is the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right uh the trouble is the person
+didn't know English very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know English very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know English very
+well so for instance in one scene um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so for instance in one scene um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so for instance in one scene um
+somebody keeps saying five times in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody keeps saying five times in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody keeps saying five times in fact
+uh how old is my wife and three times it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how old is my wife and three times it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how old is my wife and three times it
+comes out how old is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out how old is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out how old is my
+wind and the other two times uh how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and the other two times uh how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind and the other two times uh how old
+um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the
+wild so it's very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild so it's very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild so it's very funny
+in the Criterion DVD it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Criterion DVD it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Criterion DVD it's actually
+subtitled is how is May West which is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitled is how is May West which is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitled is how is May West which is my
+what may West the actress May oh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may West the actress May oh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may West the actress May oh really
+in the Criterion I in that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Criterion I in that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Criterion I in that I didn't
+think of looking I didn't think they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of looking I didn't think they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of looking I didn't think they had
+in sh titles they did so you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sh titles they did so you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sh titles they did so you can follow
+this is the criteria you borrowed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the criteria you borrowed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the criteria you borrowed from
+the film Library um I actually borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film Library um I actually borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film Library um I actually borrow
+from Hollywood Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hollywood Express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hollywood Express
+but yeah it's a I'm fascinated by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's a I'm fascinated by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's a I'm fascinated by that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H maybe I heard it wrong cuz may West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe I heard it wrong cuz may West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe I heard it wrong cuz may West
+and my wife in the tremendous turmoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my wife in the tremendous turmoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my wife in the tremendous turmoil
+might have huh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have huh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have huh that's
+interesting in any event tell me did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in any event tell me did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in any event tell me did you
+catch I was talking about Hitchcock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch I was talking about Hitchcock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch I was talking about Hitchcock's
+wit being typical of that um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wit being typical of that um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wit being typical of that um that the
+humor of the stage manager saying uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor of the stage manager saying uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor of the stage manager saying uh to
+stop the people who are fighting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the people who are fighting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the people who are fighting in the
+theater gentlemen gentlemen you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater gentlemen gentlemen you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater gentlemen gentlemen you are not
+at home did you pick that up well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home did you pick that up well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home did you pick that up well that
+sort of thing recurs in Hitchcock of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing recurs in Hitchcock of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing recurs in Hitchcock of
+great deal a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal a great
+deal also did you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal also did you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal also did you notice
+Hitchcock who always has a cameo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock who always has a cameo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock who always has a cameo
+appearance his Cameo appearance in 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps the guy who was littering in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the guy who was littering in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the guy who was littering in front
+of the bus that's right you got it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bus that's right you got it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bus that's right you got it it's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+throwing away a candy wrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away a candy wrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away a candy wrapping
+or wrapping chewing on in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrapping chewing on in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrapping chewing on in front of the
+bus when uh Han and Annabelle are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus when uh Han and Annabelle are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus when uh Han and Annabelle are about
+to get on to escape from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theater no well you it's surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater no well you it's surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater no well you it's surprising that
+D even saw that it was pointed out while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D even saw that it was pointed out while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D even saw that it was pointed out while
+I was reading more about 39 step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reading more about 39 step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was reading more about 39 step is
+something supp to L to okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something supp to L to okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something supp to L to okay what about
+your paper um so basically the movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper um so basically the movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper um so basically the movie is
+just a series of episodes where um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a series of episodes where um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a series of episodes where um we're
+shown through subjective camera but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown through subjective camera but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown through subjective camera but how
+are you going beyond the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going beyond the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going beyond the assignment
+excuse how are you going you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse how are you going you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse how are you going you have to go
+beyond the assignment and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the assignment and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the assignment and outside
+reading oh um what are you going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading oh um what are you going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading oh um what are you going to do
+with I think I've been looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think I've been looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I think I've been looking at this
+book that's pretty interesting called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that's pretty interesting called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that's pretty interesting called
+The Cinematic effect which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cinematic effect which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cinematic effect which sort of
+discusses the various ways that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses the various ways that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses the various ways that it's not
+by bur it's much more recent it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bur it's much more recent it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bur it's much more recent it was uh
+published about a year or two ago which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published about a year or two ago which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published about a year or two ago which
+I don't know me um it's uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know me um it's uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know me um it's uh just
+discusses various ways that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses various ways that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses various ways that um
+camera angle and more recently sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle and more recently sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera angle and more recently sort of
+the smooth camera movement uh of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth camera movement uh of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth camera movement uh of modern
+film contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film contributes
+to um the subjective effect of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um the subjective effect of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um the subjective effect of this uh
+the experience of how can isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of how can isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of how can isolate
+certain people or certain object or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain people or certain object or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain people or certain object or
+put you in a more sympathetic state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you in a more sympathetic state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you in a more sympathetic state to
+uh the action to the protagonist involv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the action to the protagonist involv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the action to the protagonist involv
+this doesn't sound very original the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't sound very original the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't sound very original the use
+of the camera brings out different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera brings out different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera brings out different
+characteristics and people I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and people I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and people I guess it
+focuses more on the uh modern films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses more on the uh modern films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses more on the uh modern films and
+how the very uh the I guess the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the very uh the I guess the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the very uh the I guess the central
+thesis of the book is uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of the book is uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis of the book is uh how
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+uh camera movement the souping and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camera movement the souping and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camera movement the souping and the
+sort of very almost roller coaster like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very almost roller coaster like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very almost roller coaster like
+movement of the modern camera is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the modern camera is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the modern camera is in some
+sense a baroque uh element of does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a baroque uh element of does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a baroque uh element of does it
+have frame analysis in it um it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have frame analysis in it um it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have frame analysis in it um it has a
+little bit that's Pro useful to me but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's Pro useful to me but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that's Pro useful to me but I
+guess the rest of okay now how how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the rest of okay now how how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the rest of okay now how how are
+you going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do that
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+um I guess the uh most of the book is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess the uh most of the book is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess the uh most of the book is s
+of tangential to the paper uh but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangential to the paper uh but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tangential to the paper uh but some
+of the frame analysis is interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame analysis is interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frame analysis is interesting and
+I might use the reference section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might use the reference section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might use the reference section of the
+book to like look out other sources look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book to like look out other sources look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book to like look out other sources look
+up other sources that would be more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up other sources that would be more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up other sources that would be more um
+more relevant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant I
+guess well I have all the things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well I have all the things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess well I have all the things in the
+world what you that you'll do a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what you that you'll do a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what you that you'll do a good job
+but I I can't see the details clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I can't see the details clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I can't see the details clearly
+the problem is that you're working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that you're working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that you're working at
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um work if you analyze the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work if you analyze the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work if you analyze the outside
+Source instead of just mentioning it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source instead of just mentioning it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source instead of just mentioning it I'm
+sure it'll be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it'll be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it'll be all
+right one thing you might want to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one thing you might want to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one thing you might want to do and
+actually my what I just said reminded me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my what I just said reminded me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my what I just said reminded me
+um North by Northwest have you seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um North by Northwest have you seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um North by Northwest have you seen that
+yes well that is some people many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well that is some people many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well that is some people many people
+call that the American 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the American 39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the American 39
+steps but it's very different than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but it's very different than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps but it's very different than in
+all sorts of ways and um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of ways and um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of ways and um I think
+bringing that in would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing that in would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing that in would be
+outside source that could uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside source that could uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside source that could uh give
+another dimension to your treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension to your treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension to your treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studs Josh uh so I've been I was I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studs Josh uh so I've been I was I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studs Josh uh so I've been I was I've
+been having a little bit of trouble of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been having a little bit of trouble of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been having a little bit of trouble of
+choosing a thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a thesis
+um so use said something at one point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so use said something at one point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so use said something at one point in
+when we were watching the lady Eve when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were watching the lady Eve when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were watching the lady Eve when
+we were watching the commentary by Maran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were watching the commentary by Maran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were watching the commentary by Maran
+keing um about how she was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keing um about how she was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keing um about how she was talking about
+uh how the mirror was reflexive and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the mirror was reflexive and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the mirror was reflexive and how
+it was representative of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was representative of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was representative of sort
+of uh the the film itself as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the film itself as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the film itself as its
+reflexive entity and and self discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive entity and and self discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive entity and and self discussion
+and I remember you were really bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remember you were really bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remember you were really bothered
+by this and I was like why is he so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and I was like why is he so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this and I was like why is he so
+bothered by this why is he so bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by this why is he so bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by this why is he so bothered
+by this um I'm not a that b I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this um I'm not a that b I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this um I'm not a that b I just
+remember thinking was just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thinking was just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember thinking was just really
+awkward that he was but but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward that he was but but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward that he was but but I don't
+agree yeah I was like I I want I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree yeah I was like I I want I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree yeah I was like I I want I want to
+articulate a different point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a different point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a different point of view
+entirely yeah and so I was I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely yeah and so I was I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely yeah and so I was I was trying
+I was kind of confused for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was kind of confused for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was kind of confused for a moment
+there and so I I looked over some books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so I I looked over some books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so I I looked over some books
+I read in the past and I actually want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read in the past and I actually want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read in the past and I actually want a
+copy of Stanley kevs of the world viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of Stanley kevs of the world viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of Stanley kevs of the world viewed
+reference now you're getting closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference now you're getting closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference now you're getting closer to
+the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of
+problem and so I haven't I haven't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I haven't I haven't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I haven't I haven't read
+a lot of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it but
+um it it you really liked it I I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it you really liked it I I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it you really liked it I I haven't
+read most of it I haven't read most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read most of it I haven't read most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read most of it I haven't read most of
+it oh oh I didn't I missed the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh oh I didn't I missed the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh oh I didn't I missed the sentence
+you're reference to so I have a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reference to so I have a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reference to so I have a copy of
+it and I I started leaing over it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I I started leaing over it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I I started leaing over it and it
+it made reference to the word toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made reference to the word toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made reference to the word toward
+simulation and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and um
+so suddenly I had I had a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suddenly I had I had a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suddenly I had I had a whole lot of
+ideas about um so I read this book which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about um so I read this book which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about um so I read this book which
+is probably my outside stour called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably my outside stour called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably my outside stour called um
+simulation and Similac by badri which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and Similac by badri which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and Similac by badri which
+is it's it's an amazing text he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's an amazing text he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's an amazing text he he
+discusses a lot about how um our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses a lot about how um our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses a lot about how um our society
+has chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has chosen
+to uh simulate our modern reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh simulate our modern reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh simulate our modern reality and
+how we're starting to lose a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're starting to lose a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're starting to lose a sense of
+meaning through this who who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning through this who who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning through this who who's the
+author B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author B
+Jean oh the French yeah je that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean oh the French yeah je that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean oh the French yeah je that's it
+yeah I haven't read anything about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I haven't read anything about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I haven't read anything about it so
+so he talks a lot and he he discusses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he talks a lot and he he discusses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he talks a lot and he he discusses
+one film in there called crash where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one film in there called crash where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one film in there called crash where he
+talks about how uh the movie talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how uh the movie talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how uh the movie talks about
+this you know simulation of sexuality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know simulation of sexuality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know simulation of sexuality by
+um the penetration by cars of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the penetration by cars of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the penetration by cars of people and
+it's just like whatever it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like whatever it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like whatever it's it's really
+strange and I was Whatever by it but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange and I was Whatever by it but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange and I was Whatever by it but um
+he's always really bothered by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always really bothered by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always really bothered by the fact
+that our society chooses to simulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our society chooses to simulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our society chooses to simulate and
+that you know we we aren't really living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we we aren't really living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we we aren't really living
+our lives anymore we're simulating Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives anymore we're simulating Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives anymore we're simulating Our
+Lives we're simulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives we're simulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lives we're simulating the
+counterculture we're simulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture we're simulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture we're simulating the
+culture we're we're losing meaning and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture we're we're losing meaning and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture we're we're losing meaning and I
+said well this is this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well this is this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well this is this is really
+different from your opinion about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your opinion about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from your opinion about what
+movies are saying where we have um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies are saying where we have um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies are saying where we have um these
+myths which I think is another form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths which I think is another form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths which I think is another form of
+is very much related to simulation myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much related to simulation myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very much related to simulation myth
+versus simulation where you have myth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus simulation where you have myth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus simulation where you have myth's
+inspiration it's a formalist inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration it's a formalist inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration it's a formalist inspiration
+so of simulation where this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of simulation where this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of simulation where this is this
+realist almost Crisis crisis here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist almost Crisis crisis here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realist almost Crisis crisis here so I
+was thinking over this and I just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking over this and I just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking over this and I just sort
+of I was just I I wanted to connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I was just I I wanted to connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I was just I I wanted to connect it
+almost to this other thesis we have or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to this other thesis we have or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to this other thesis we have or
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+love because I was just looking over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love because I was just looking over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love because I was just looking over our
+society for a moment and we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society for a moment and we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society for a moment and we have these
+like I was just thinking about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was just thinking about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was just thinking about my
+relationship with my girlfriend cuz you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with my girlfriend cuz you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with my girlfriend cuz you
+know that's big thing in my life um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's big thing in my life um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's big thing in my life um
+where I had this high school girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had this high school girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had this high school girlfriend
+and with my high school girlfriend and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with my high school girlfriend and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with my high school girlfriend and I
+had this High School relationship that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this High School relationship that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this High School relationship that's
+how that worked and then I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that worked and then I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that worked and then I have my
+college girlfriend and I will have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college girlfriend and I will have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college girlfriend and I will have my
+Coast College girlfriend and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast College girlfriend and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast College girlfriend and then I will
+marry this woman and we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry this woman and we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marry this woman and we have these
+almost like pre ideas about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like pre ideas about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like pre ideas about how these
+relationships are going to work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are going to work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships are going to work right
+yeah you have a lot of pig home well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have a lot of pig home well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have a lot of pig home well
+yeah well I mean I need to have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I mean I need to have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I mean I need to have a few
+and a few others beside but nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few others beside but nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few others beside but nonetheless
+I mean I have like this almost you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I have like this almost you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I have like this almost you know
+this sort of simulation of love and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simulation of love and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of simulation of love and I I
+sometimes feel like it's a crisis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes feel like it's a crisis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes feel like it's a crisis you
+know but on the other hand I see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but on the other hand I see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but on the other hand I see very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+that um you know I'm always bothered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know I'm always bothered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know I'm always bothered
+because I watch these films like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I watch these films like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I watch these films like I'm
+only and I'm like well where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and I'm like well where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and I'm like well where's my
+romance why don't I get my romance why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance why don't I get my romance why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance why don't I get my romance why
+don't I get my adventure why don't I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I get my adventure why don't I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I get my adventure why don't I get
+this is this is the inspiration serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the inspiration serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the inspiration serving
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+crisis or is it serving as a catharsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis or is it serving as a catharsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis or is it serving as a catharsis
+for the lack of this experience you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lack of this experience you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lack of this experience you know
+for the fact that I'm not getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact that I'm not getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact that I'm not getting the
+adventure of my life is that what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure of my life is that what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure of my life is that what these
+these myths are supposed to serve to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these myths are supposed to serve to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these myths are supposed to serve to us
+I mean we talk a lot about how they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we talk a lot about how they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we talk a lot about how they they
+serve as this ideal but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as this ideal but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as this ideal but I feel
+like the ideal serves more as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal serves more as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal serves more as an
+inspiration for the human spirit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for the human spirit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for the human spirit and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+isn't we get really really trapped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't we get really really trapped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't we get really really trapped in
+this and and we get really stuck when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and we get really stuck when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and we get really stuck when we
+try to follow these ideals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to follow these ideals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to follow these ideals and
+so um I haven't really decided what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I haven't really decided what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I haven't really decided what my
+thesis will be whether I want to condemn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis will be whether I want to condemn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis will be whether I want to condemn
+the choice to to myth make within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice to to myth make within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice to to myth make within our
+films or to to praise it as as a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films or to to praise it as as a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films or to to praise it as as a chance
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+opportunity do I praise it I sort of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity do I praise it I sort of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity do I praise it I sort of try
+to recognize it as what it is it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize it as what it is it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize it as what it is it's for
+me a basis of analysis no I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a basis of analysis no I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a basis of analysis no I don't I
+don't say go out and create new myths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say go out and create new myths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say go out and create new myths or
+follow old myths for me it's a um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow old myths for me it's a um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow old myths for me it's a um uh a
+continuation of the actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of the actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of the actually the
+analysis and feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and feeling and
+Imagination in which I I try to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination in which I I try to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination in which I I try to see how
+it is that our mentality is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that our mentality is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that our mentality is a function
+of the aesthetic for instance well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aesthetic for instance well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aesthetic for instance well but
+then my question is well as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my question is well as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my question is well as a matter of
+fact how does it op operate in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact how does it op operate in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact how does it op operate in uh
+various films that I that I admire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various films that I that I admire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various films that I that I admire and
+what's going on in them so that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in them so that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in them so that's how I
+get into mythmaking is not that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into mythmaking is not that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into mythmaking is not that I want
+anybody to say uh uh you're either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to say uh uh you're either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to say uh uh you're either you
+should be doing it or you shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing it or you shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing it or you shouldn't be
+doing it or like in the song of Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it or like in the song of Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it or like in the song of Simon
+and gar funcle I'm not really making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gar funcle I'm not really making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gar funcle I'm not really making it
+I'm faking it right that there is a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm faking it right that there is a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm faking it right that there is a that
+there is an ideal myth that you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an ideal myth that you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an ideal myth that you ought to
+be living up to that's not not my role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be living up to that's not not my role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be living up to that's not not my role
+in life as uh as I think you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life as uh as I think you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life as uh as I think you know my
+students will eventually find out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will eventually find out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will eventually find out I
+never tell anybody how to live I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tell anybody how to live I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never tell anybody how to live I don't
+think that Mak sense at least it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that Mak sense at least it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that Mak sense at least it doesn't
+make sense for me to do that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for me to do that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for me to do that you can
+tell that to yourself but I can't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that to yourself but I can't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that to yourself but I can't so
+that for me the myths have aolly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for me the myths have aolly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for me the myths have aolly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how how does um um the uh the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how does um um the uh the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how how does um um the uh the world
+view Cal's book come into this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view Cal's book come into this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view Cal's book come into this I don't
+know it was just it had a few sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was just it had a few sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was just it had a few sentences
+in it that were sort of inspiring more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that were sort of inspiring more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that were sort of inspiring more
+than any one thesis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any one thesis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any one thesis in
+it interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interesting but
+um it came out in 1971 at a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it came out in 1971 at a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it came out in 1971 at a time when
+nobody in this country no philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody in this country no philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody in this country no philosopher
+put that way no philosopher was dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that way no philosopher was dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that way no philosopher was dealing
+with film seriously at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with film seriously at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with film seriously at
+all um and um he had the courage to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um and um he had the courage to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um and um he had the courage to deal
+with it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in a way
+that was very very important to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very very important to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very very important to many
+people had a big effect and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a big effect and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had a big effect and I remember
+that I read it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I read it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I read it three
+times um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um
+about that about the time it came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that about the time it came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that about the time it came out
+and the first time I couldn't make head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first time I couldn't make head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first time I couldn't make head
+or tail of it I didn't know what in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tail of it I didn't know what in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tail of it I didn't know what in the
+world he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world he was
+doing the second time um I thought I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the second time um I thought I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the second time um I thought I I
+could get the structure of it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the structure of it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get the structure of it and I
+could understand it and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand it and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand it and then the second
+time the third time I felt I understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the third time I felt I understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the third time I felt I understood
+perfectly what I was doing and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly what I was doing and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly what I was doing and that it
+wasn't good enough and I said to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't good enough and I said to myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't good enough and I said to myself
+oh oh I you can do better than that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh I you can do better than that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh I you can do better than that well
+it took me eight 18 years I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me eight 18 years I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me eight 18 years I think it was
+what the see was 71 yeah maybe about 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the see was 71 yeah maybe about 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the see was 71 yeah maybe about 18
+years before I wrote anything about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before I wrote anything about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before I wrote anything about film
+it took me a long time to do what he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me a long time to do what he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me a long time to do what he had
+done so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so much
+earlier uh we've been friends from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh we've been friends from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier uh we've been friends from
+graduate school so that um you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school so that um you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school so that um you know he
+it meant a great deal to me because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant a great deal to me because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant a great deal to me because we
+were so much alike and also at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so much alike and also at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so much alike and also at one of
+the uh recent lunches we had together he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh recent lunches we had together he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh recent lunches we had together he
+or I said or we both agreed that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I said or we both agreed that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I said or we both agreed that we
+would like last humanists in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like last humanists in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like last humanists in American
+philosophy so that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so that there is a
+competition and also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and also an
+affiliation uh it's an important book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation uh it's an important book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation uh it's an important book
+and Maran Kean in fact is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maran Kean in fact is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Maran Kean in fact is uh in
+collaboration with another student she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with another student she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with another student she
+was a student of K with another student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student of K with another student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student of K with another student
+have written a book called reading the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written a book called reading the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written a book called reading the U
+the worldview I haven't looked at it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldview I haven't looked at it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldview I haven't looked at it but
+it might be worth studying or what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be worth studying or what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be worth studying or what are
+you going to do with all of this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do with all of this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do with all of this that's
+a problem I really nailed it down yet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem I really nailed it down yet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem I really nailed it down yet I
+don't want to I think make some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to I think make some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to I think make some sort of
+like defining thesis whether I I condemn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like defining thesis whether I I condemn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like defining thesis whether I I condemn
+like myths or not but I do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explore the idea that that film is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the idea that that film is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the idea that that film is one
+of the few things that fully captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few things that fully captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few things that fully captures
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+and and that as opposed to what as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that as opposed to what as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that as opposed to what as to
+like any other medium lyric poetry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other medium lyric poetry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other medium lyric poetry I
+feel lyric poetry doesn't capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel lyric poetry doesn't capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel lyric poetry doesn't capture this
+objective in tell me why not well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in tell me why not well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective in tell me why not well it's
+because you have a Viewpoint I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a Viewpoint I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a Viewpoint I mean I
+think that's essentially the thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's essentially the thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's essentially the thing right
+there is the Oh you mean it's limited on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the Oh you mean it's limited on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the Oh you mean it's limited on
+it's it's focused on the subjectivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's focused on the subjectivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's focused on the subjectivity of
+the speaker yeah whereas film is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker yeah whereas film is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker yeah whereas film is not
+film is well no I mean because lyric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is well no I mean because lyric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is well no I mean because lyric
+poetry you you kind of unify the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry you you kind of unify the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry you you kind of unify the whole
+thing after you're done reading even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after you're done reading even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after you're done reading even if
+you read it like piece by piece the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it like piece by piece the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it like piece by piece the way
+one takes a sentence in is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes a sentence in is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes a sentence in is like this
+this whole like piece at a time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole like piece at a time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole like piece at a time and you
+kind of have to interpret the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to interpret the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to interpret the sentence
+same with even an image you you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with even an image you you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with even an image you you kind of
+have to a single image you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to a single image you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to a single image you have to
+interpret inside of a context but I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret inside of a context but I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret inside of a context but I feel
+like film you are allowed to finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like film you are allowed to finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like film you are allowed to finally
+have a context and a focus at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a context and a focus at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a context and a focus at the same
+time uh I don't know if that but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I don't know if that but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh I don't know if that but how
+does the subjective come in so if uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the subjective come in so if uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the subjective come in so if uh I
+watch a great masterpiece like rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a great masterpiece like rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a great masterpiece like rules of
+the game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of
+Jeong is this an expression of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeong is this an expression of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeong is this an expression of some
+subjectivity in me I don't quite see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity in me I don't quite see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity in me I don't quite see
+that so what I mean by this is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I mean by this is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I mean by this is that it's
+um even in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even in when
+why it's the only case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's the only case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's the only case where the
+paintbrush is a subjective tool like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush is a subjective tool like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush is a subjective tool like the
+The Experience itself is is forced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience itself is is forced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Experience itself is is forced to be
+subjective on a certain level like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective on a certain level like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective on a certain level like you
+can't you experience it like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you experience it like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you experience it like you
+experience it I I don't know how else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it I I don't know how else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it I I don't know how else to
+phrase that on a certain level like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that on a certain level like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that on a certain level like I
+don't understand paintbrush doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand paintbrush doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand paintbrush doesn't
+isn't subjective or it is sub the paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't subjective or it is sub the paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't subjective or it is sub the paint
+brush is is nowhere near as subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush is is nowhere near as subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush is is nowhere near as subjective
+as as the the film because the film on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the the film because the film on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the the film because the film on a
+certain level you live it like you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level you live it like you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level you live it like you can't
+live a a picture you can't live a poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a a picture you can't live a poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a a picture you can't live a poem
+on on that level in which one can live a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on that level in which one can live a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on that level in which one can live a
+film I mean you can disagree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I mean you can disagree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I mean you can disagree with that
+well the father Jean renoa was the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the father Jean renoa was the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the father Jean renoa was the great
+Reno the great impressionist and toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno the great impressionist and toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno the great impressionist and toward
+the end of his life said um he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his life said um he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his life said um he had
+terrible arthritis suffered awfully but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible arthritis suffered awfully but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible arthritis suffered awfully but
+somehow he managed to paint to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow he managed to paint to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow he managed to paint to keep on
+painting and um so I think someone said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and um so I think someone said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and um so I think someone said
+how do you with fingers as hand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you with fingers as hand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you with fingers as hand like
+that how are you able to paint and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how are you able to paint and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how are you able to paint and he
+said I paint with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I paint with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I paint with my
+penis and I think the truth was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penis and I think the truth was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penis and I think the truth was that he
+painted by putting himself his his vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted by putting himself his his vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted by putting himself his his vital
+presence uh into the experience and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence uh into the experience and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence uh into the experience and he
+could go on that way now you do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on that way now you do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go on that way now you do you want
+to say that his paintings are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that his paintings are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that his paintings are not
+subjective the way that the movie is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective the way that the movie is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective the way that the movie is no
+no that's that's not what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's that's not what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's that's not what I mean by
+subjective I don't mean it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective I don't mean it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective I don't mean it that it's
+it's through the artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the artist
+in that sense like that it's a um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense like that it's a um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense like that it's a um the
+expression of the artist I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the artist I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the artist I'm saying that
+its interpretation is forced to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its interpretation is forced to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its interpretation is forced to have a
+very subjective interpretation like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subjective interpretation like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subjective interpretation like you
+can't you can't understand film without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't understand film without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't understand film without
+like being forced to like watch it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being forced to like watch it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like being forced to like watch it and
+hear it which essentially our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it which essentially our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it which essentially our other
+senses except for touch are kind of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses except for touch are kind of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses except for touch are kind of not
+that big a deal to us you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big a deal to us you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big a deal to us you know I mean
+like taste it's hearing or not hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taste it's hearing or not hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taste it's hearing or not hearing
+but like smell they're important but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like smell they're important but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like smell they're important but but
+when you when you see something and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you see something and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you see something and you
+have to have your eye focused on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have your eye focused on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have your eye focused on a
+single thing like it it boxes it frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing like it it boxes it frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing like it it boxes it frames
+it for you it puts you at a point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you it puts you at a point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you it puts you at a point and
+then it puts you on a path through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it puts you on a path through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it puts you on a path through that
+point and this is what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is what I mean by
+subjective like you're forced to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective like you're forced to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective like you're forced to take a
+path through time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path through time and
+space and your eye has to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and your eye has to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and your eye has to focus on
+certain things like even a wife the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things like even a wife the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things like even a wife the
+audience you you're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you you're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you you're talking about the
+audience yeah the audience is forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience yeah the audience is forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience yeah the audience is forced to
+interpret this subjectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this subjectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this subjectively
+and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's
+why H I don't know what to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why H I don't know what to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why H I don't know what to say
+like that's why we're we're getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's why we're we're getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's why we're we're getting into
+these ideas of discussion of simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of discussion of simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of discussion of simulation
+because you can't you can almost live a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't you can almost live a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't you can almost live a
+book you can live by a book you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you can live by a book you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you can live by a book you can sort
+of imagine that you're in the book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine that you're in the book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagine that you're in the book but
+you're you're instantaneously going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're instantaneously going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're instantaneously going to
+your imagination but when you're inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination but when you're inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your imagination but when you're inside
+a film you don't even have to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film you don't even have to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film you don't even have to imagine
+anymore you can very much Place yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can very much Place yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can very much Place yourself
+within a film like instantaneously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a film like instantaneously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a film like instantaneously you
+can connect with it on this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect with it on this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect with it on this very
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+um what I'm thinking of now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'm thinking of now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'm thinking of now is the
+recent research I've been doing on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent research I've been doing on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent research I've been doing on um
+inar Bergman reading what I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inar Bergman reading what I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inar Bergman reading what I didn't know
+existed and maybe it didn't exist before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and maybe it didn't exist before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and maybe it didn't exist before
+now he's in his he's about 88 and um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's in his he's about 88 and um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's in his he's about 88 and um he
+keeps bringing out books about his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps bringing out books about his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps bringing out books about his life
+autobiography called images um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography called images um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography called images um um and
+his life in his films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life in his films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life in his films and
+gives wonderful um interviews one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives wonderful um interviews one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives wonderful um interviews one of
+part of one of which I'll play for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of one of which I'll play for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of one of which I'll play for you
+when you uh watch uh the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh watch uh the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh watch uh the seventh
+singal and what I'm discovering out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singal and what I'm discovering out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singal and what I'm discovering out of
+this voluminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voluminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voluminous
+self-expression is that his movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-expression is that his movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-expression is that his movies are
+all about himself in a way that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about himself in a way that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about himself in a way that I had
+never realized before uh about his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never realized before uh about his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never realized before uh about his life
+the search for his childhood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for his childhood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search for his childhood the
+struggling with his relationship ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with his relationship ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with his relationship ship
+with his parents particularly his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his parents particularly his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his parents particularly his father
+and that all of these things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all of these things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all of these things that I
+reveled in because he's such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveled in because he's such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveled in because he's such a great
+filmmaker and I never saw as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker and I never saw as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker and I never saw as being
+subjective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective but
+rather things that interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather things that interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather things that interested
+him um really come out of his life um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um really come out of his life um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um really come out of his life um in
+and his marriages and all of that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his marriages and all of that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his marriages and all of that um in
+the case of renoa it's not like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of renoa it's not like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of renoa it's not like that
+there isn't much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't much about
+Keno's relation ship to his father for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keno's relation ship to his father for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keno's relation ship to his father for
+instance that one learns from his movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that one learns from his movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that one learns from his movies
+there's that book I told you about uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that book I told you about uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that book I told you about uh um
+uh Reno My Father renois which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Reno My Father renois which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Reno My Father renois which is
+wonderfully informative about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully informative about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully informative about his
+character and his father's character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and his father's character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and his father's character and
+you know in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of their
+experiences I I felt I got a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences I I felt I got a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences I I felt I got a great deal
+out of that book but not out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that book but not out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that book but not out of the
+movies whereas now I realize one can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies whereas now I realize one can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies whereas now I realize one can't
+really appreciate bergman's movies apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate bergman's movies apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate bergman's movies apart
+from all of these details that he that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of these details that he that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of these details that he that
+he keeps revealing in a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps revealing in a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he keeps revealing in a very um
+self-effacing confessional way in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-effacing confessional way in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-effacing confessional way in his
+old age now that's subjectivity now I as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old age now that's subjectivity now I as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old age now that's subjectivity now I as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+audience don't have any comp you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience don't have any comp you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience don't have any comp you know
+comparable kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable kind of
+response uh in the seven seal and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh in the seven seal and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh in the seven seal and in
+wild strawberries there are theological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild strawberries there are theological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild strawberries there are theological
+discussions about God's existence God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about God's existence God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about God's existence God
+does doesn't exist um they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does doesn't exist um they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does doesn't exist um they never
+affected me very much uh because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected me very much uh because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected me very much uh because I'm not
+troubled by that problem in the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled by that problem in the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled by that problem in the way in
+which Bergman was but I recognize those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bergman was but I recognize those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Bergman was but I recognize those
+his great movies particularly the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his great movies particularly the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his great movies particularly the seven
+seal that the that element of the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal that the that element of the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal that the that element of the seven
+seal uh in its own way I think wild stes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal uh in its own way I think wild stes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal uh in its own way I think wild stes
+is also a great movie but in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a great movie but in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a great movie but in a different
+form uh is it you mean it's getting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh is it you mean it's getting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh is it you mean it's getting time
+no actually we we have to excuse us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actually we we have to excuse us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no actually we we have to excuse us
+because we have to slip oh I was oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to slip oh I was oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to slip oh I was oh I
+was hoping you would see the Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping you would see the Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping you would see the Hitchcock
+intervie yeah you you don't have time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervie yeah you you don't have time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervie yeah you you don't have time if
+we were to stop now to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to stop now to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to stop now to do
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+so I'm still trying to form some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm still trying to form some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm still trying to form some of my
+ideas um for this but I thought it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um for this but I thought it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um for this but I thought it'd be
+really interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting to
+examine the role of like the lead women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the role of like the lead women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine the role of like the lead women
+in lady Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lady Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lady Eve
+and because they both there been so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they both there been so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because they both there been so much
+noise can I close the window yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can I close the window yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can I close the window yes you can
+is that why it's so cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why it's so cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that why it's so cold
+let it's so cold you feel cold yeah both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it's so cold you feel cold yeah both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it's so cold you feel cold yeah both
+of us have sh I don't I don't feel cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have sh I don't I don't feel cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have sh I don't I don't feel cold
+oh my God the it doesn't matter about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God the it doesn't matter about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God the it doesn't matter about me
+close the window close the window I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the window close the window I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the window close the window I was
+wondering I was going to I didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering I was going to I didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering I was going to I didn't tell
+him to open it go on Bella okay um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to open it go on Bella okay um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to open it go on Bella okay um so I
+was thinking about exploring the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about exploring the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about exploring the role of
+the two women and Amal and Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two women and Amal and Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two women and Amal and Eve
+and they both have a sort of inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both have a sort of inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both have a sort of inner
+Conflict for an inner conflict like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conflict for an inner conflict like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conflict for an inner conflict like a
+struggle and exploring how um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and exploring how um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle and exploring how um their
+desire to find love and be loved kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to find love and be loved kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to find love and be loved kind of
+helps them overcome the conflict so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them overcome the conflict so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them overcome the conflict so for
+amaly she ever since she was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaly she ever since she was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaly she ever since she was a little
+girl you know she's always craved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl you know she's always craved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl you know she's always craved the
+feeling of you know love from her father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of you know love from her father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of you know love from her father
+the touch you know just for her father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch you know just for her father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the touch you know just for her father
+to touch her to show his affection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch her to show his affection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch her to show his affection and
+as a result of that the lack of that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that the lack of that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that the lack of that she
+you know kind of creates this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of creates this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of creates this whole
+crazy imagination that you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy imagination that you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy imagination that you know we we
+get to see throughout the movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see throughout the movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see throughout the movie and
+for the lady Eve it's her identity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lady Eve it's her identity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lady Eve it's her identity as
+you know being part of a card shark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being part of a card shark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being part of a card shark
+family and so in their search for love I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so in their search for love I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so in their search for love I
+suppose they kind of you know you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they kind of you know you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they kind of you know you see
+this struggle and then in the end like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this struggle and then in the end like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this struggle and then in the end like
+you know their conquest of their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their conquest of their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their conquest of their initial
+struggles so something along those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles so something along those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles so something along those lines
+I want to compare movies the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare movies the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compare movies the point is
+that um Eve emancipates herself from her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Eve emancipates herself from her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Eve emancipates herself from her
+family she refuses to treat the sucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family she refuses to treat the sucker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family she refuses to treat the sucker
+as nothing but once she falls in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nothing but once she falls in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nothing but once she falls in love
+with him right the way her father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him right the way her father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him right the way her father
+expects and a wonderful exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects and a wonderful exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects and a wonderful exchange
+remember when she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when she says
+I think he's in love with me uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's in love with me uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's in love with me uh and um
+uh her father says well why shouldn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her father says well why shouldn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her father says well why shouldn't he
+be what the man would not be uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what the man would not be uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what the man would not be uh that
+doesn't deter the father from wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deter the father from wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deter the father from wanting to
+a cheat him and to get all his money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheat him and to get all his money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cheat him and to get all his money and
+he can't he's horrified that his do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't he's horrified that his do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can't he's horrified that his do
+daughter should love love him in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter should love love him in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter should love love him in a way
+that will prevent her father from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will prevent her father from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will prevent her father from
+getting his money it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his money it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his money it's a kind of
+variation on the problem that Catherine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on the problem that Catherine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on the problem that Catherine
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+in Katherine's the case the father is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Katherine's the case the father is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Katherine's the case the father is
+afraid that the uh lover will steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that the uh lover will steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that the uh lover will steal the
+girl's money and in um in the lady Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl's money and in um in the lady Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl's money and in um in the lady Eve
+the father doesn't mind his daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father doesn't mind his daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father doesn't mind his daughter
+loving him or his loving her uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving him or his loving her uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving him or his loving her uh but
+that's not going to stop the father from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to stop the father from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to stop the father from
+stealing The Suitor money right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing The Suitor money right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing The Suitor money right I think
+that's an interesting sort of play um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting sort of play um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting sort of play um of
+the imagination along the similar lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination along the similar lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination along the similar lines
+but one going in One Direction the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one going in One Direction the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one going in One Direction the other
+um going in the other one um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going in the other one um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going in the other one um all right
+then what are you going to do about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are you going to do about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are you going to do about with
+this oh but my point was that am doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh but my point was that am doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh but my point was that am doesn't
+emancipate herself from her father right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipate herself from her father right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipate herself from her father right
+she doesn't he goes away she doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't he goes away she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't he goes away she doesn't
+sort of he disappears from the scene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of he disappears from the scene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of he disappears from the scene the
+way All fathers do when they die but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way All fathers do when they die but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way All fathers do when they die but uh
+she it isn't as if she is emancipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she it isn't as if she is emancipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she it isn't as if she is emancipated
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+anything okay guess that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay guess that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay guess that's a good point
+but I was thinking more in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was thinking more in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was thinking more in terms of
+so she searches for you know this love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she searches for you know this love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she searches for you know this love
+or this passion but she never achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this passion but she never achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this passion but she never achieves
+it and then she develops this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then she develops this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then she develops this
+relationship with a glass man who kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with a glass man who kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with a glass man who kind
+of helps her realize that stops IT no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helps her realize that stops IT no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of helps her realize that stops IT no
+well I think he's kind of a catalyst for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think he's kind of a catalyst for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think he's kind of a catalyst for
+her like self-realization cuz you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her like self-realization cuz you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her like self-realization cuz you know
+they they discuss the one girl in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they discuss the one girl in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they discuss the one girl in the P
+She completes it yeah yeah that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She completes it yeah yeah that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She completes it yeah yeah that he
+claims he can never get a grasp on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims he can never get a grasp on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims he can never get a grasp on when
+what he's really doing is help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's really doing is help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's really doing is help
+her understand her own identity right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her understand her own identity right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her understand her own identity right so
+I I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was thinking
+about maybe in that way she's she kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe in that way she's she kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe in that way she's she kind
+of is emancipating herself from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is emancipating herself from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is emancipating herself from you know
+holding herself back from an is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding herself back from an is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding herself back from an is in
+conflict because there are two myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because there are two myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because there are two myths
+working in there mhm one is the myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in there mhm one is the myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in there mhm one is the myth of
+imagination right being capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right being capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination right being capable of
+anything and she fulfills that she's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and she fulfills that she's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and she fulfills that she's got
+a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous
+imagination it it isn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination it it isn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination it it isn't always
+moral but U it certainly is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral but U it certainly is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral but U it certainly is a a
+consummatory gift that most people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory gift that most people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory gift that most people don't
+have the other one is um romantic love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other one is um romantic love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other one is um romantic love
+to be able to fall in love with a man uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to fall in love with a man uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to fall in love with a man uh
+who will reciprocate and whom she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will reciprocate and whom she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will reciprocate and whom she can
+devote her life to she's tried sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote her life to she's tried sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote her life to she's tried sex
+remember uh what was it she tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh what was it she tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh what was it she tried it
+twice was it or I forget or once we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice was it or I forget or once we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice was it or I forget or once we see
+her making love in bed in the nude right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her making love in bed in the nude right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her making love in bed in the nude right
+and she looks at the camera and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she looks at the camera and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she looks at the camera and sort
+indicates indicates that it isn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates indicates that it isn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates indicates that it isn't much
+it doesn't add up to very much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't add up to very much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't add up to very much does it
+uh do any of you know the novels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do any of you know the novels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do any of you know the novels of
+stendal um stendal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stendal um stendal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stendal um stendal is the
+greatest one of the three greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest one of the three greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest one of the three greatest
+novelists I think who ever lived or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelists I think who ever lived or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelists I think who ever lived or at
+least was French three greatest French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least was French three greatest French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least was French three greatest French
+novelists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelists
+um and his laugh last novel is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and his laugh last novel is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and his laugh last novel is called
+LEL Mel is honey and sort of if was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEL Mel is honey and sort of if was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEL Mel is honey and sort of if was
+honey girl or something and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey girl or something and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey girl or something and the point
+about her is that she has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her is that she has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her is that she has a very
+powerful mind very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful mind very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful mind very active
+imagination and she hears about sex when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and she hears about sex when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and she hears about sex when
+she is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is a
+teenager and so um but she knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager and so um but she knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager and so um but she knows that
+it's dangerous to go out and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous to go out and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dangerous to go out and have
+experiences an experiment so she hires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences an experiment so she hires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences an experiment so she hires a
+um The Village Idiot and goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Village Idiot and goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Village Idiot and goes to the
+woods with him and tells him to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods with him and tells him to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods with him and tells him to make
+love to her and she doesn't he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to her and she doesn't he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to her and she doesn't he doesn't
+quite know what she wants um he he he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know what she wants um he he he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know what she wants um he he he's
+sexually capable so um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually capable so um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually capable so um they
+fornicate right uh and after that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornicate right uh and after that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornicate right uh and after that she
+says uh is that love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh is that love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh is that love
+and the the line that recurs in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the line that recurs in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the line that recurs in in the
+novel and it's true to all of sandall's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel and it's true to all of sandall's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel and it's true to all of sandall's
+novels and becomes an important line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels and becomes an important line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels and becomes an important line in
+French literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French literature is
+Sasa Sasa meaning is that is that all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sasa Sasa meaning is that is that all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sasa Sasa meaning is that is that all is
+that what it is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it is is that
+all um so that's the experience that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so that's the experience that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um so that's the experience that the
+am has uh it were this unknown person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am has uh it were this unknown person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am has uh it were this unknown person
+that the male uh that she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the male uh that she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the male uh that she's going to
+find out about love so she's found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out about love so she's found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out about love so she's found out
+that sex in itself is nothing uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex in itself is nothing uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sex in itself is nothing uh at
+least for her and she's it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for her and she's it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for her and she's it's not quite
+that she's bored but that she is beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's bored but that she is beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's bored but that she is beyond
+it and you know it's like uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know it's like uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you know it's like uh people
+making a big fuss about scratching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big fuss about scratching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big fuss about scratching their
+right ear it's not a thing of any great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ear it's not a thing of any great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ear it's not a thing of any great
+importance nevertheless she is a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance nevertheless she is a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance nevertheless she is a healthy
+full body young woman and she naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full body young woman and she naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full body young woman and she naturally
+wants to have a romantic relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have a romantic relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have a romantic relationship to
+be in love with somebody who will love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in love with somebody who will love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in love with somebody who will love
+her and presumably go on and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and presumably go on and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and presumably go on and have a
+family the way she's supposed to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the way she's supposed to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family the way she's supposed to that is
+in conflict with the imagination Her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conflict with the imagination Her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conflict with the imagination Her
+Imagination keeps getting in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination keeps getting in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination keeps getting in the way of
+that and that gets in the way of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that gets in the way of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that gets in the way of her
+imagination I think that's the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I think that's the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I think that's the conflict
+that she's working at throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's working at throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's working at throughout the
+movie and that she eventually manages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and that she eventually manages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and that she eventually manages to
+overcome thanks to the health the help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome thanks to the health the help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome thanks to the health the help
+of the glass man right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glass man right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glass man right
+okay now how is that so I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how is that so I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how is that so I'm not sure
+related to Gan Eve well it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Gan Eve well it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to Gan Eve well it's kind of
+like they're both moving beyond like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're both moving beyond like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're both moving beyond like so
+you're saying that um the lady Eve she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that um the lady Eve she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that um the lady Eve she
+frees herself from her family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frees herself from her family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frees herself from her family and
+chooses to side with the male so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to side with the male so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to side with the male so to
+speak and in the same sense um amaly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and in the same sense um amaly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and in the same sense um amaly
+chooses you know the potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses you know the potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses you know the potential for
+romantic love over her imagination so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love over her imagination so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic love over her imagination so I
+wanted to show some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show some sort of
+um not sure the prop just some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not sure the prop just some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not sure the prop just some sort of a
+like paralleling the two women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paralleling the two women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like paralleling the two women
+overcoming their struggles like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming their struggles like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming their struggles like the
+myths of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths of their
+struggles and I'm not really sure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and I'm not really sure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles and I'm not really sure like
+where exactly I'm taking it but I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exactly I'm taking it but I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where exactly I'm taking it but I found
+these two aspects pretty bring into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two aspects pretty bring into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two aspects pretty bring into this
+Washington Square because okay um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square because okay um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square because okay um in
+both cases there's there's a father but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases there's there's a father but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases there's there's a father but
+not a mother and the same am there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mother and the same am there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mother and the same am there's no
+mother she's wiped off the map very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother she's wiped off the map very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother she's wiped off the map very
+early in the movie uh right uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the movie uh right uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the movie uh right uh and in
+the case of um of um the lady Eve we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of um of um the lady Eve we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of um of um the lady Eve we
+never even hear about a mother she seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even hear about a mother she seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even hear about a mother she seems
+to have been born out of the farhead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been born out of the farhead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been born out of the farhead of
+her father and she's his U business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her father and she's his U business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her father and she's his U business
+accomplice and she's his good in card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplice and she's his good in card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplice and she's his good in card
+sharping as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharping as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharping as he
+is uh and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and then she
+eventually moves Beyond him but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually moves Beyond him but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually moves Beyond him but the
+person she because of whom she moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person she because of whom she moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person she because of whom she moves
+Beyond is inferior to a father he he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is inferior to a father he he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is inferior to a father he he uh
+he does card tricks but he can't beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does card tricks but he can't beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does card tricks but he can't beat
+the father uh in playing cards or in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father uh in playing cards or in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father uh in playing cards or in or
+in uh cheating at cards uh in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh cheating at cards uh in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh cheating at cards uh in many ways
+he's an inferior much inferior character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an inferior much inferior character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an inferior much inferior character
+than the Father the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Father the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Father the only difference
+being that the father is a working man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that the father is a working man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that the father is a working man
+he earns his money by cheating people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he earns his money by cheating people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he earns his money by cheating people
+whereas the son earns his money by his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the son earns his money by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the son earns his money by his
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+having seduce people into drink into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seduce people into drink into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having seduce people into drink into
+pale uh Pike sale um and the and the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale uh Pike sale um and the and the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pale uh Pike sale um and the and the sun
+clipping coupons or you know it's honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping coupons or you know it's honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping coupons or you know it's honor
+and wealth that he's inherited so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wealth that he's inherited so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wealth that he's inherited so one
+might say apart from the actual money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say apart from the actual money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say apart from the actual money
+question which is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is where
+uh Washington Square comes in um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Washington Square comes in um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Washington Square comes in um the
+father is far superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father is far superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father is far superior to
+Charles and one might say what is she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and one might say what is she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and one might say what is she
+seeing Charles is maybe it's the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Charles is maybe it's the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Charles is maybe it's the money
+it's the glamour of all that dough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the glamour of all that dough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the glamour of all that dough so
+that uh she is like Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh she is like Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh she is like Mars
+Townsen who's trying to uh find a a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Townsen who's trying to uh find a a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Townsen who's trying to uh find a a man
+with plenty of money but then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plenty of money but then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with plenty of money but then she
+transcends that because when she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that because when she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that because when she can
+have that settlement thanks to horrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that settlement thanks to horrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that settlement thanks to horrus
+and horus's good will uh she turns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horus's good will uh she turns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horus's good will uh she turns it
+down she doesn't won't accept uh a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down she doesn't won't accept uh a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down she doesn't won't accept uh a um a
+settlement so that's I think all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement so that's I think all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement so that's I think all of that
+is interwoven and brings out one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interwoven and brings out one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interwoven and brings out one or
+another different myths we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another different myths we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another different myths we've been
+talking about what outside reading will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what outside reading will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what outside reading will
+you be doing I was actually going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be doing I was actually going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be doing I was actually going to ask
+you if you had any recommendations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you had any recommendations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you had any recommendations for
+for ask well there there is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ask well there there is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ask well there there is a very good
+DVD on Preston Sturgis and I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD on Preston Sturgis and I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD on Preston Sturgis and I'm not sure
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+movie um it's probably in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um it's probably in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um it's probably in the film
+Library course I think that's the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library course I think that's the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library course I think that's the prime
+source for me and it has the bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for me and it has the bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for me and it has the bonus
+materials about the life of Preston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials about the life of Preston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials about the life of Preston
+Sturgis which is fan you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturgis which is fan you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sturgis which is fan you know
+fascinating uh he was really just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh he was really just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh he was really just like
+Orson Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells
+and the year that citizen came came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the year that citizen came came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the year that citizen came came out
+was the year that uh lady Eve came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the year that uh lady Eve came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the year that uh lady Eve came out
+and they're in many ways they are twins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in many ways they are twins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in many ways they are twins
+they're very much alike uh that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much alike uh that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much alike uh that would be
+worth exploring um but uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth exploring um but uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth exploring um but uh in terms of
+criticism there is a book that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism there is a book that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism there is a book that I
+mentioned to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you
+I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't
+remember where I found it and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where I found it and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember where I found it and I can't
+remember the title it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the title it's in the
+manuscript and I haven't been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript and I haven't been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript and I haven't been looking at
+that manuscript but uh it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manuscript but uh it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manuscript but uh it's part of the
+bonus material of one of the DVDs that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material of one of the DVDs that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus material of one of the DVDs that I
+looked at and got a great deal out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at and got a great deal out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at and got a great deal out of
+for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my
+chapter so that would be one path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter so that would be one path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter so that would be one path to
+follow now in the case of Josh I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow now in the case of Josh I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow now in the case of Josh I'm still
+unclear what you're doing and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear what you're doing and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear what you're doing and what
+outside reading you're going to do I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside reading you're going to do I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside reading you're going to do I we
+stopped artificially I was say I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped artificially I was say I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped artificially I was say I was
+probably going to read part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to read part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to read part of the world
+view and look at that oh that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and look at that oh that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and look at that oh that would be
+all right I don't know World VI is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I don't know World VI is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I don't know World VI is fine
+in fact that's a whole book and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's a whole book and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that's a whole book and you're
+only I was not going to read the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I was not going to read the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I was not going to read the whole
+book I was going to read you know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I was going to read you know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I was going to read you know any
+substantial part than you wor to chew at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial part than you wor to chew at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial part than you wor to chew at
+oh right uh you you seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right uh you you seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right uh you you seem to be
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+European thought and haiger was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European thought and haiger was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European thought and haiger was the
+inspiration according to the B for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration according to the B for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration according to the B for that
+book the the the words the world view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the the the words the world view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the the the words the world view
+comes out of hi so that might be of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of hi so that might be of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of hi so that might be of some
+interest okay I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest okay I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest okay I'm I'm
+I read a heiger one time and I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a heiger one time and I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a heiger one time and I don't get
+anything out of them anymore yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of them anymore yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out of them anymore yeah but
+you might that's no reason I read um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might that's no reason I read um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might that's no reason I read um the
+like first big part of being in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first big part of being in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first big part of being in time
+when I was like 17 and I really liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was like 17 and I really liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was like 17 and I really liked it
+so reading more high is always you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reading more high is always you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reading more high is always you like
+it oh I love it it's beautiful it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh I love it it's beautiful it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh I love it it's beautiful it makes
+a lot of sense out of a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense out of a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense out of a lot of things
+well then that go back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then that go back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then that go back to it
+yeah it's really good it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's really good it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's really good it's really
+good um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um um
+others um my topic similar to Bella's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um my topic similar to Bella's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others um my topic similar to Bella's
+only I'm just focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm just focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm just focusing on the
+movie and I was really interested in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and I was really interested in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and I was really interested in um
+we keep mentioning about how imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep mentioning about how imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep mentioning about how imagination
+is one of amal's one of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of amal's one of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of amal's one of the properties
+that she has that is keeping her from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has that is keeping her from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has that is keeping her from
+obtaining a personal happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a personal happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a personal happiness
+especially in the realm of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the realm of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the realm of well
+specifically in the realm of love I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the realm of love I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the realm of love I mean
+for herself romantic love or whatnot any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for herself romantic love or whatnot any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for herself romantic love or whatnot any
+sort of Love um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Love um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Love um
+and I'm kind of curious I mean we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm kind of curious I mean we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm kind of curious I mean we keep
+like you know mentioning this but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know mentioning this but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know mentioning this but I want
+to know exactly what specific properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what specific properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what specific properties
+of this imagination are hindering her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this imagination are hindering her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this imagination are hindering her
+from obtaining um romantic love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from obtaining um romantic love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from obtaining um romantic love for
+herself I mean she's obviously very so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself I mean she's obviously very so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself I mean she's obviously very so
+so she's very imaginative right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's very imaginative right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's very imaginative right and this
+Her Imagination causes her to see as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her Imagination causes her to see as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Her Imagination causes her to see as you
+were discussing earlier when I asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing earlier when I asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discussing earlier when I asked you
+to elaborate on imagination you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on imagination you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on imagination you were
+discussing um how imagination is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing um how imagination is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing um how imagination is a
+function of possibilities also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of possibilities also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of possibilities also a
+function of impossibilities and for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of impossibilities and for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of impossibilities and for her
+like just have have all this imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just have have all this imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just have have all this imagination
+um to me I can deduce that well then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me I can deduce that well then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me I can deduce that well then she
+has like a plethora of functions in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a plethora of functions in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a plethora of functions in her
+mind of possibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of possibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of possibilities and
+impossibilities and I'm imagining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibilities and I'm imagining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibilities and I'm imagining that
+this might cause trouble for her in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might cause trouble for her in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might cause trouble for her in the
+sense that she sees like all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that she sees like all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that she sees like all these
+different things that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could possibly
+happen you know when she sort of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you know when she sort of has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you know when she sort of has
+this Crush she has this like feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Crush she has this like feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Crush she has this like feeling of
+you know she's kind of attracted to Nino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she's kind of attracted to Nino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know she's kind of attracted to Nino
+and she sees him for the first time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she sees him for the first time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she sees him for the first time like
+getting the photos underneath the booth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the photos underneath the booth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the photos underneath the booth
+and um I guess in her mind I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I guess in her mind I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um I guess in her mind I imagine
+that like all these functions are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like all these functions are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like all these functions are just
+like you know activated and she just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know activated and she just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know activated and she just has
+like all these things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these things that could
+possibly happen all these things she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly happen all these things she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly happen all these things she
+could do to get him and she's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to get him and she's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to get him and she's just like
+active you know but the thing is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active you know but the thing is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active you know but the thing is like
+all of her like Daydreams and whatnot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of her like Daydreams and whatnot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of her like Daydreams and whatnot I
+guess to me like this is what I see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to me like this is what I see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess to me like this is what I see as
+as keeping her from just making that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as keeping her from just making that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as keeping her from just making that you
+know natural step that most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know natural step that most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know natural step that most people would
+make which is just to you know talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make which is just to you know talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make which is just to you know talk to
+the guy and establish a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy and establish a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy and establish a relationship
+like meet with him at some point and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like meet with him at some point and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like meet with him at some point and she
+does actually she tries to meet with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does actually she tries to meet with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does actually she tries to meet with him
+with this this like strategem of hers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this like strategem of hers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this like strategem of hers
+right with like the pictures everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with like the pictures everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with like the pictures everywhere
+and whatnot and even when she can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and even when she can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and even when she can just
+make that step and he's in the cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that step and he's in the cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that step and he's in the cafe
+right in front of him like she won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of him like she won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of him like she won't
+just go and talk to him and I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and talk to him and I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and talk to him and I mean there
+are a lot of different variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different variables that
+are keeping her from you know naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping her from you know naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are keeping her from you know naturally
+engaging in in you know interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in in you know interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in in you know interaction with
+who she that she's going to love I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who she that she's going to love I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who she that she's going to love I mean
+those things could be like the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things could be like the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things could be like the fact that
+she's just introverted or shy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's just introverted or shy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's just introverted or shy you know
+her upbringing you know having being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upbringing you know having being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upbringing you know having being
+homeschooled and whatnot like she she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeschooled and whatnot like she she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeschooled and whatnot like she she
+doesn't have that much interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that much interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that much interaction with
+people she might not know what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people she might not know what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people she might not know what the first
+step would be to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step would be to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step would be to take
+but I'm kind of curious I wanted to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm kind of curious I wanted to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm kind of curious I wanted to ask
+you what you felt like some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you felt like some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you felt like some of the
+specific properties of imagination are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific properties of imagination are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific properties of imagination are
+hindering her and uh for outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindering her and uh for outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindering her and uh for outside
+resources I planned on borrowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources I planned on borrowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources I planned on borrowing the
+book feeling and imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book feeling and imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book feeling and imagin
+the vibrant flx um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrant flx um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrant flx um that you
+wrote um well I want to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote um well I want to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote um well I want to focus on the
+problem that she has that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that she has that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that she has that we talked
+about with I talked with B about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with I talked with B about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with I talked with B about and
+that is it's always romantic love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's always romantic love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's always romantic love that
+she wants and in the case of romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants and in the case of romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants and in the case of romantic
+love the imagination is the the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the imagination is the the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the imagination is the the core of
+it so that if it's somebody you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that if it's somebody you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that if it's somebody you see in
+the street um and day after day you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street um and day after day you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street um and day after day you you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+imagine anything in relation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine anything in relation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine anything in relation to that
+person it gets to be pedestrian it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it gets to be pedestrian it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it gets to be pedestrian it gets
+to be ordinary life the point about love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ordinary life the point about love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ordinary life the point about love
+is that it's thought to be capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's thought to be capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's thought to be capable of
+taking what's beyond all that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking what's beyond all that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking what's beyond all that um you
+know somebody who that like whom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who that like whom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who that like whom there
+is no other in the world it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no other in the world it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no other in the world it's a
+Transcendent kind of experience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent kind of experience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent kind of experience that
+takes you out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of this
+world um in um the uh second volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um in um the uh second volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um in um the uh second volume of
+my Trilogy the nature of love I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Trilogy the nature of love I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Trilogy the nature of love I have
+about 200 pages on romantic love and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 pages on romantic love and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 pages on romantic love and I
+show how it starts perhaps with Luther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it starts perhaps with Luther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it starts perhaps with Luther
+and has religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has religious
+Origins um so that uh love is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins um so that uh love is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Origins um so that uh love is a way of
+finding God not by getting Beyond nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding God not by getting Beyond nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding God not by getting Beyond nature
+but immersing yourself in nature in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but immersing yourself in nature in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but immersing yourself in nature in a
+certain way because God is in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way because God is in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way because God is in the world
+God is in nature and uh it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is in nature and uh it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is in nature and uh it's the the
+medieval slogan which is that um Love Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval slogan which is that um Love Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval slogan which is that um Love Is
+God is now turned around and God is love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is now turned around and God is love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is now turned around and God is love
+so wherever you find it in nature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wherever you find it in nature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wherever you find it in nature that
+is God so that it's a very mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is God so that it's a very mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is God so that it's a very mystical
+elevated kind of relationship and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated kind of relationship and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated kind of relationship and if
+it's just the boy next door uh who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the boy next door uh who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the boy next door uh who is
+going through hormonal stages parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through hormonal stages parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through hormonal stages parallel
+to yours if you're a girl um that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yours if you're a girl um that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yours if you're a girl um that that's
+not enough of an explanation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough of an explanation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough of an explanation that's
+related to the rejection of the sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the rejection of the sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the rejection of the sexual
+Avenue um one way to find love is to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue um one way to find love is to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avenue um one way to find love is to um
+have sex with somebody of a ecstatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with somebody of a ecstatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sex with somebody of a ecstatic
+sort and then you become dependent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then you become dependent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and then you become dependent and
+he becomes dependent on you and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes dependent on you and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes dependent on you and out of
+that kind of sexual originating out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of sexual originating out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of sexual originating out of
+out of that kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that kind of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that kind of situation
+originating out of sex a romantic love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating out of sex a romantic love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating out of sex a romantic love
+could come into existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come into existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come into existence
+that's one way of thinking of it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of thinking of it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of thinking of it another
+way is uh that the Romantic is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh that the Romantic is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh that the Romantic is so
+Transcendent so mystical so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent so mystical so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transcendent so mystical so important
+theologically being God itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically being God itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologically being God itself it
+shouldn't be solid with something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be solid with something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be solid with something as
+material and biological and pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and biological and pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and biological and pedestrian
+as sex that's the path that um that alal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sex that's the path that um that alal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sex that's the path that um that alal
+takes she always wants in the movie to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes she always wants in the movie to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes she always wants in the movie to
+have a romantic relationship uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a romantic relationship uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a romantic relationship uh she
+tries sex it doesn't work and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries sex it doesn't work and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries sex it doesn't work and then she
+doesn't know quite what to do but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know quite what to do but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know quite what to do but when
+she's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in the
+restaurant uh standing behind the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant uh standing behind the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant uh standing behind the person
+she's fall she has begun to fall in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's fall she has begun to fall in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's fall she has begun to fall in love
+with she can't let herself go because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with she can't let herself go because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with she can't let herself go because
+that would be too you mean just say Hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be too you mean just say Hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be too you mean just say Hi
+how are you my name is Amal um who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you my name is Amal um who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you my name is Amal um who are
+you you know two pedestrian um it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know two pedestrian um it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know two pedestrian um it isn't
+trans transcended so she has to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transcended so she has to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transcended so she has to set up
+obstacles for him to follow she has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles for him to follow she has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles for him to follow she has to
+uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make
+secret me send secret messages it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret me send secret messages it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret me send secret messages it's very
+much like the way that ant ant lenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the way that ant ant lenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the way that ant ant lenia
+acts in um the arys remember the or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in um the arys remember the or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts in um the arys remember the or or
+even in even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in even in
+U in the Holland version that lenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the Holland version that lenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the Holland version that lenia
+wants to say something in private to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say something in private to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say something in private to
+moris walks by him at the Garden Party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moris walks by him at the Garden Party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moris walks by him at the Garden Party
+and drops her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drops her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drops her
+handkerchief and he picks it up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handkerchief and he picks it up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handkerchief and he picks it up of
+course and she Whispers something to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and she Whispers something to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and she Whispers something to him
+you know it's so romantic that way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's so romantic that way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's so romantic that way it's
+a trist and they have actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trist and they have actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trist and they have actually have a
+Trist in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trist in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trist in that
+incredible um um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible um um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible um um um
+marketplace right uh she wanted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right uh she wanted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace right uh she wanted that
+because or he he agreed to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or he he agreed to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or he he agreed to it because
+it's so romantic to meet among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so romantic to meet among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so romantic to meet among the
+common people when nobody will know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common people when nobody will know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common people when nobody will know you
+and you know it's a secret Gathering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's a secret Gathering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's a secret Gathering of
+A Sort that lovers would have because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Sort that lovers would have because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Sort that lovers would have because uh
+their meeting has been condemned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meeting has been condemned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meeting has been condemned by the
+parents now she is a mature woman no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents now she is a mature woman no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents now she is a mature woman no not
+supposed to have love interests in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have love interests in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have love interests in this
+young man she's the aunt of them you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man she's the aunt of them you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man she's the aunt of them you're
+all of that but she is foolish enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that but she is foolish enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that but she is foolish enough to
+somehow simulate a romantic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow simulate a romantic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow simulate a romantic kind of
+relationship um now that's that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um now that's that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um now that's that's I
+think relevant to the case of of am she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think relevant to the case of of am she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think relevant to the case of of am she
+hasn't got the point to the point of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't got the point to the point of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't got the point to the point of her
+emotional development sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional development sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional development sufficient to
+transcend the purely romantic to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend the purely romantic to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend the purely romantic to have
+love with somebody that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with somebody that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with somebody that you're going to
+spend the rest of your life with it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of your life with it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of your life with it has
+to be you know something fanciful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know something fanciful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know something fanciful
+something hidden with messages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something hidden with messages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something hidden with messages and
+meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings
+secrets and even at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and even at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and even at the very
+end um we see them speeding through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um we see them speeding through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um we see them speeding through the
+streets of Paris on his motorcycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets of Paris on his motorcycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets of Paris on his motorcycle
+that's my romantic in the modern sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my romantic in the modern sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my romantic in the modern sort of
+brought up to date you know that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to date you know that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up to date you know that's a a
+kind of hip way of doing it in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hip way of doing it in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hip way of doing it in the in
+the modern world and so she gets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world and so she gets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern world and so she gets that
+degree of the romantic love but getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the romantic love but getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the romantic love but getting
+to that in view of her powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in view of her powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in view of her powerful
+imagination uh is a big problem for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh is a big problem for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh is a big problem for her
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+professor professor pardon uh can I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor professor pardon uh can I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor professor pardon uh can I we
+ought to stop right now oh because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to stop right now oh because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to stop right now oh because we
+won't be able you won't be able it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able you won't be able it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able you won't be able it'll be
+5:00 this way we'll have just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 this way we'll have just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 this way we'll have just the right
+amount of time uh but with you as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time uh but with you as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time uh but with you as with
+um Bella I'm eager to know what outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bella I'm eager to know what outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bella I'm eager to know what outside
+reading going to do and maybe what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading going to do and maybe what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading going to do and maybe what I
+said that will be of help to you too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that will be of help to you too um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that will be of help to you too um
+use me anywhere you can send me emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use me anywhere you can send me emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use me anywhere you can send me emails
+if you want you don't have to but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you don't have to but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you don't have to but I'm
+very much concerned about your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much concerned about your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much concerned about your reading
+the assignment for next week which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment for next week which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment for next week which means
+get a hold of the toe one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold of the toe one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold of the toe one way or
+another please all now let's quickly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another please all now let's quickly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another please all now let's quickly go
+up to uh look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh look at the
+interview which you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview which you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview which you will
+love yeah I was to say
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PQfYJ2TjpEU.txt b/PQfYJ2TjpEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb8d8293cdb751b1cdd533aee9db244c0d90a411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PQfYJ2TjpEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this example we want to hit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example we want to hit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example we want to hit an
+apple that's hanging from a tree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple that's hanging from a tree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple that's hanging from a tree with
+the projectile and the main point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectile and the main point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectile and the main point of the
+problem is to figure out at what angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to figure out at what angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to figure out at what angle
+to the ground should we aim our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground should we aim our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground should we aim our
+projectile when we fire it off in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile when we fire it off in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile when we fire it off in order
+to hit the apple and in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the apple and in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit the apple and in this example
+we're assuming that the apple drops from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the apple drops from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the apple drops from
+the tree at the same instant that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree at the same instant that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree at the same instant that we
+fire the projectile so in this drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire the projectile so in this drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire the projectile so in this drawing
+let's just put some dimensions in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put some dimensions in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just put some dimensions in here
+we'll assume that the apple starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that the apple starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that the apple starts out
+at a height H above the ground that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a height H above the ground that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a height H above the ground that the
+horizontal distance for the from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance for the from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance for the from where
+the projectile starts to the Apple is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectile starts to the Apple is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projectile starts to the Apple is a
+distance D that the projectile starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D that the projectile starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D that the projectile starts at
+a distance s above the ground and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance s above the ground and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance s above the ground and that
+we fire the projectile off with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fire the projectile off with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fire the projectile off with an
+initial velocity V not at an angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity V not at an angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity V not at an angle theta
+sorry theta naught with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry theta naught with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry theta naught with respect to the
+horizontal okay and let's define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal okay and let's define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal okay and let's define our
+origin to be right here on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to be right here on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to be right here on the ground
+directly below where the projectile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly below where the projectile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly below where the projectile
+begins we need to define our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins we need to define our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins we need to define our coordinate
+system so the I hat direction will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the I hat direction will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the I hat direction will be
+horizontally to the right and the J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally to the right and the J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally to the right and the J hat
+direction will be vertically upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction will be vertically upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction will be vertically upwards
+okay with an origin at this point so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with an origin at this point so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with an origin at this point so the
+question that we have is what should our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we have is what should our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we have is what should our
+angle theta naught be in order to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta naught be in order to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta naught be in order to hit
+the Apple which starts falling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple which starts falling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple which starts falling from the
+tree at the same instant that we fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the same instant that we fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the same instant that we fire
+our projectile and we want to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projectile and we want to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projectile and we want to hit the
+Apple before it hits the ground okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple before it hits the ground okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple before it hits the ground okay so
+to work this out we need to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this out we need to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this out we need to consider the
+kinematics of two separate objects our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of two separate objects our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of two separate objects our
+projectile and the apple so let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile and the apple so let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile and the apple so let's begin
+with the Apple so for our Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Apple drops vertically straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple drops vertically straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple drops vertically straight
+downward so it's horizontal position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so it's horizontal position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so it's horizontal position
+throughout its motion is just unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its motion is just unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its motion is just unchanged
+so the x-coordinate of the Apple as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x-coordinate of the Apple as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x-coordinate of the Apple as a
+function of time is just D it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is just D it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is just D it's it's a
+constant its y-coordinate it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant its y-coordinate it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant its y-coordinate it starts out
+at a height H and then it drops due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a height H and then it drops due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a height H and then it drops due to
+the acceleration of gravity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity and so
+that's given by minus one-half G T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given by minus one-half G T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given by minus one-half G T
+squared so minus because it's falling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so minus because it's falling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so minus because it's falling in
+the minus J hat direction now for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J hat direction now for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J hat direction now for our
+projectile let's call it a bullet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile let's call it a bullet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile let's call it a bullet for
+our bullet the x-coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bullet the x-coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bullet the x-coordinate of the
+bullet it starts out at the origin at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet it starts out at the origin at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet it starts out at the origin at x
+equals zero and its initial motion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and its initial motion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and its initial motion it
+has an initial velocity V naught in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an initial velocity V naught in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an initial velocity V naught in this
+direction the horizontal component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the horizontal component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the horizontal component of
+that is V naught times the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is V naught times the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is V naught times the cosine of
+theta naught and so it's displacement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught and so it's displacement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught and so it's displacement at
+time T is V naught T times the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T is V naught T times the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T is V naught T times the cosine of
+theta naught and there's no horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught and there's no horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught and there's no horizontal
+acceleration so that completes our our x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so that completes our our x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so that completes our our x
+coordinate as a function of time for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate as a function of time for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate as a function of time for our
+y coordinate we start out at a height s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y coordinate we start out at a height s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y coordinate we start out at a height s
+above the ground there's the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground there's the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground there's the change in
+the y-coordinate due to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-coordinate due to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-coordinate due to the initial
+velocity which has component V naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which has component V naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which has component V naught
+sine theta naught so that's plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta naught so that's plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta naught so that's plus V
+naught T sine theta naught and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T sine theta naught and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught T sine theta naught and there's
+also a vertical acceleration due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a vertical acceleration due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a vertical acceleration due to
+gravity which gives us minus 1/2 g t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity which gives us minus 1/2 g t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity which gives us minus 1/2 g t
+squared okay so that's our kinematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so that's our kinematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so that's our kinematics of
+the Apple and the bullet now for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple and the bullet now for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple and the bullet now for there
+to be a hit at time T equals capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hit at time T equals capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a hit at time T equals capital T
+the coordinates of the Apple and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the Apple and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of the Apple and the
+bullet have to be the same at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet have to be the same at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet have to be the same at that
+collision time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a hit at t equals big t we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hit at t equals big t we require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hit at t equals big t we require
+that the x-coordinate of the bullet at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x-coordinate of the bullet at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the x-coordinate of the bullet at
+time Big T is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Big T is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Big T is the same as the
+x-coordinate of the Apple and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the Apple and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the Apple and likewise
+that the y-coordinate of the bullet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the y-coordinate of the bullet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the y-coordinate of the bullet is
+equal to the y-coordinate of the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the y-coordinate of the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the y-coordinate of the Apple
+okay so let's look at each of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at each of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at each of these in
+turn for our x-coordinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn for our x-coordinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn for our x-coordinate the
+x-coordinate of the bullet is V naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the bullet is V naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the bullet is V naught
+capital t times the cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t times the cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t times the cosine of theta
+naught and that has to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and that has to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and that has to be equal to the
+x-coordinate of the apple which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the apple which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate of the apple which is just
+d so notice that i can solve this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so notice that i can solve this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so notice that i can solve this for
+the time of the collision capital t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the collision capital t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the collision capital t and
+that's just d minus V naught times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just d minus V naught times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just d minus V naught times the
+cosine of theta dot now for our y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta dot now for our y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta dot now for our y
+coordinate the y-coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the y-coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the y-coordinate of the
+bullet is s plus V naught capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet is s plus V naught capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet is s plus V naught capital T
+times the sine of theta naught minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sine of theta naught minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sine of theta naught minus 1/2
+g t squared and that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g t squared and that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g t squared and that's equal to the
+y-coordinate of the Apple which is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate of the Apple which is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-coordinate of the Apple which is H
+minus one-half GT squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now I can rearrange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I can rearrange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I can rearrange that
+notice that I have a minus 1/2 GT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I have a minus 1/2 GT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I have a minus 1/2 GT
+squared on both sides so those cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on both sides so those cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on both sides so those cancel
+out I can rearrange that to write V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I can rearrange that to write V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I can rearrange that to write V
+naught times capital T times the sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught times capital T times the sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught times capital T times the sine of
+theta naught is equal to H minus s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught is equal to H minus s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught is equal to H minus s so
+that the sine of theta naught is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sine of theta naught is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sine of theta naught is equal
+to H minus s over V naught capital T but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H minus s over V naught capital T but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H minus s over V naught capital T but
+remember we solved for capital T here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we solved for capital T here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we solved for capital T here so
+I can substitute that in so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can substitute that in so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can substitute that in so that gives
+me H minus s over V naught times 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me H minus s over V naught times 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me H minus s over V naught times 1 over
+T which is V naught cosine theta naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is V naught cosine theta naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is V naught cosine theta naught
+over D and so I can rewrite that as H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D and so I can rewrite that as H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D and so I can rewrite that as H
+minus s over D times the cosine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s over D times the cosine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s over D times the cosine of theta
+naught so rewriting that I have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so rewriting that I have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so rewriting that I have on the
+left hand side sine of theta naught over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side sine of theta naught over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side sine of theta naught over
+cosine of theta naught is equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta naught is equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of theta naught is equal to H
+minus s over D and notice on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s over D and notice on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s over D and notice on the left
+hand side sine over cosine is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side sine over cosine is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side sine over cosine is just
+tangent so this is just the tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so this is just the tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent so this is just the tangent of
+theta naught now think about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught now think about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta naught now think about what that
+means if I draw a right triangle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I draw a right triangle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I draw a right triangle where
+this is Theta naught and this is H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theta naught and this is H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theta naught and this is H minus
+s and this is D and so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is D and so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is D and so this is the same
+geometry we have here if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry we have here if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry we have here if we do the
+triangle like this so theta naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle like this so theta naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle like this so theta naught is
+just the angle to the location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the angle to the location of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the angle to the location of the
+Apple just before it drops so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple just before it drops so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple just before it drops so what this
+calculation tells us is that the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation tells us is that the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation tells us is that the correct
+thing to do if we want to hit the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if we want to hit the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if we want to hit the Apple
+if we know the Apple is going to drop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the Apple is going to drop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the Apple is going to drop at
+the same instant that we fire then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same instant that we fire then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same instant that we fire then we
+should aim at the location that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should aim at the location that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should aim at the location that the
+Apple is at that instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple is at that instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple is at that instant
+okay we shouldn't try and lead the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we shouldn't try and lead the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we shouldn't try and lead the Apple
+and fire below it or fire above it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fire below it or fire above it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fire below it or fire above it we
+should aim directly at the Apple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should aim directly at the Apple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should aim directly at the Apple and
+what the kinematics tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinematics tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinematics tells us is that
+both the bullet and the Apple fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bullet and the Apple fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bullet and the Apple fall
+vertically down at the same rate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically down at the same rate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically down at the same rate and so
+that will give us a collision now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us a collision now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us a collision now
+it's worth thinking about two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth thinking about two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth thinking about two different
+cases which I'm not going to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases which I'm not going to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases which I'm not going to solve for
+you here the first is what if the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here the first is what if the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here the first is what if the Apple
+didn't drop suppose the Apple just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't drop suppose the Apple just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't drop suppose the Apple just
+stayed in the tree and I fired okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in the tree and I fired okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in the tree and I fired okay if I
+aim directly at the Apple on the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim directly at the Apple on the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim directly at the Apple on the Apple
+didn't drop that I would miss the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't drop that I would miss the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't drop that I would miss the Apple
+because the bullet would drop as it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bullet would drop as it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bullet would drop as it went
+across this distance D now of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this distance D now of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this distance D now of course if
+the Apple were big enough or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple were big enough or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple were big enough or if the
+bullet were flying fast enough if V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet were flying fast enough if V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet were flying fast enough if V
+naught was fast enough then it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught was fast enough then it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught was fast enough then it might be
+that the amount of the bullet dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of the bullet dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of the bullet dropped
+wouldn't be bigger than the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be bigger than the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be bigger than the thickness of
+the Apple so I might still graze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple so I might still graze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple so I might still graze the
+Apple but I wouldn't hit the Apple dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple but I wouldn't hit the Apple dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple but I wouldn't hit the Apple dead
+center so if I knew that the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so if I knew that the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so if I knew that the Apple
+wasn't going to drop and I wanted to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to drop and I wanted to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to drop and I wanted to hit
+a dead center I would have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead center I would have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dead center I would have to choose
+some different angle theta naught we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different angle theta naught we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some different angle theta naught we can
+sort of see intuitively that that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see intuitively that that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see intuitively that that angle
+would have to be a little bit steeper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a little bit steeper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a little bit steeper so
+that the bullet would drop and then hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bullet would drop and then hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bullet would drop and then hit
+the Apple and so the way we would solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple and so the way we would solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple and so the way we would solve
+that is in our original kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in our original kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in our original kinematic
+equations for the for the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the for the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the for the motion of the
+Apple X would still be a constant d but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple X would still be a constant d but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple X would still be a constant d but
+if the Apple wasn't dropping then Y if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Apple wasn't dropping then Y if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Apple wasn't dropping then Y if
+the Apple would also be a constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple would also be a constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apple would also be a constant we
+wouldn't have the second term we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the second term we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the second term we would
+just have y equals H and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have y equals H and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have y equals H and then I would
+have to solve for a collision the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve for a collision the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve for a collision the other
+case to think about that I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to think about that I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to think about that I'd like you to
+think about is what if the Apple begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is what if the Apple begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is what if the Apple begins
+dropping for a short interval before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping for a short interval before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping for a short interval before we
+fired so that at the time that we fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired so that at the time that we fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired so that at the time that we fire
+our projectile the Apple is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projectile the Apple is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our projectile the Apple is already
+dropping well that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping well that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping well that's equivalent to
+saying that at time equals zero when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that at time equals zero when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that at time equals zero when I
+fire that the Apple has some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire that the Apple has some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire that the Apple has some initial
+velocity whatever velocity it's picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity whatever velocity it's picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity whatever velocity it's picked
+up by dropping and whatever interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by dropping and whatever interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by dropping and whatever interval is
+dropping before so now my kinematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping before so now my kinematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping before so now my kinematics for
+my Apple in the vertical direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Apple in the vertical direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Apple in the vertical direction I
+would have an additional term here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an additional term here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an additional term here a
+minus V naught T where V naught is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V naught T where V naught is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V naught T where V naught is that
+initial velocity okay and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity okay and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity okay and that's a
+different V naught I should have used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different V naught I should have used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different V naught I should have used a
+different symbol it's a different V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbol it's a different V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbol it's a different V
+naught in the V naught of the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught in the V naught of the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught in the V naught of the bullet
+there would be an initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be an initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be an initial velocity
+falling velocity of the Apple that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling velocity of the Apple that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling velocity of the Apple that I'd
+have to consider so the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider so the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider so the particular
+details of what's happening with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of what's happening with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of what's happening with the
+Apple change the kinematics and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple change the kinematics and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple change the kinematics and it's
+worth thinking about how that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about how that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth thinking about how that would
+change your answer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PcPSF8kdgAQ.txt b/PcPSF8kdgAQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf9ef00e806eaee4c710254cc4b1306753f8c909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PcPSF8kdgAQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I uh Keel over and you know fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I uh Keel over and you know fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I uh Keel over and you know fall
+down somebody call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somebody call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down somebody call the
+ambulance okay what what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance okay what what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance okay what what we're going to
+do today is uh this is actually the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is uh this is actually the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is uh this is actually the last
+lecture on um a topic that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on um a topic that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on um a topic that you know you
+might some some might consider part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might some some might consider part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might some some might consider part of
+networking but some might consider part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking but some might consider part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking but some might consider part
+of a more General topic of distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a more General topic of distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a more General topic of distributed
+systems so it actually forms a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so it actually forms a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so it actually forms a bridge
+between um the the stuff we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um the the stuff we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um the the stuff we learned
+about in networking and what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in networking and what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in networking and what we're going
+to see from uh Wednesday over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see from uh Wednesday over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see from uh Wednesday over the next
+um six seven lectures of the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um six seven lectures of the class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um six seven lectures of the class um
+and the the associated recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the associated recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the associated recitations
+having to do with fault tolerant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with fault tolerant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with fault tolerant uh
+reliable Computing and U most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable Computing and U most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable Computing and U most of the
+interesting aspects of what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects of what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects of what we're going
+to talk about um there have U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about um there have U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about um there have U you know
+involved techniques um inal tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved techniques um inal tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved techniques um inal tolerance
+involved techniques having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved techniques having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved techniques having to do with
+redundancy and replication and DNS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy and replication and DNS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy and replication and DNS uh
+the domain name system which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain name system which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain name system which is the
+system we're going to look at today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're going to look at today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're going to look at today in
+the context of distributed naming um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of distributed naming um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of distributed naming um is
+a bridge because on the one hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge because on the one hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge because on the one hand it
+covers some of the aspects of networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers some of the aspects of networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers some of the aspects of networking
+that we talked about on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about on the other hand
+it shows an example of how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows an example of how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows an example of how you can
+achieve um replication to talk about fa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve um replication to talk about fa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve um replication to talk about fa
+to do to achieve fall tolerance and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to achieve fall tolerance and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to achieve fall tolerance and um
+you know we're going to study these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to study these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're going to study these
+techniques systematically over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques systematically over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques systematically over the next
+few lectures so getting an example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures so getting an example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures so getting an example in
+mind is usually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is usually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is usually a good
+idea so you've already seen um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so you've already seen um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so you've already seen um the
+network layer and you've seen that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer and you've seen that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer and you've seen that at
+the network layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um attachment points um on the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um attachment points um on the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um attachment points um on the network
+are identified by IP addresses uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identified by IP addresses uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identified by IP addresses uh in the
+in the internet and more generally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internet and more generally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internet and more generally uh
+identified by Network layer addresses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by Network layer addresses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by Network layer addresses so
+as an example on the internet are IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addresses and this is the name that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and this is the name that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and this is the name that's
+used by the network layer to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the network layer to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the network layer to identify
+attachment points anywhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment points anywhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment points anywhere on the
+network and in fact is the name that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and in fact is the name that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and in fact is the name that's
+used by the end to end layer to name one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the end to end layer to name one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by the end to end layer to name one
+endpoint of a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint of a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint of a connection
+so in fact if you think about it and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact if you think about it and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact if you think about it and go
+back to our uh very early lecture on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our uh very early lecture on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our uh very early lecture on on
+naming um an address is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming um an address is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming um an address is really just a
+name but a name that's been overloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but a name that's been overloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name but a name that's been overloaded
+with information that allows the user of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that allows the user of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that allows the user of
+that name to uh locate this object so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name to uh locate this object so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name to uh locate this object so an
+address really is a name that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address really is a name that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address really is a name that has
+information in it overloaded information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it overloaded information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it overloaded information
+in it that actually allows for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that actually allows for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that actually allows for it to be
+located and in fact an IP address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and in fact an IP address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and in fact an IP address is
+nothing other than a name that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than a name that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than a name that tells you
+where in the internet topology um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the internet topology um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the internet topology um the
+entity being named by this IP address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity being named by this IP address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity being named by this IP address is
+located so you know MIT is my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located so you know MIT is my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located so you know MIT is my my
+computer is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is something like
+18.310 do35 um it doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.310 do35 um it doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.310 do35 um it doesn't mean anything
+other than the fact that somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the fact that somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the fact that somewhere on
+this internet topology there's this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this internet topology there's this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this internet topology there's this big
+um you know complicated graph and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know complicated graph and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know complicated graph and that
+address allows you to do U routing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address allows you to do U routing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address allows you to do U routing in
+the geography of that topology it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geography of that topology it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geography of that topology it has
+nothing to do with real world geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with real world geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with real world geography
+it just allows you to do WR routing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just allows you to do WR routing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just allows you to do WR routing in
+that topology now in principle you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topology now in principle you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topology now in principle you could
+build every internet application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build every internet application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build every internet application and
+have users interact with internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have users interact with internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have users interact with internet
+applications purely with these Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications purely with these Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications purely with these Network
+layer addresses uh but that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer addresses uh but that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer addresses uh but that would be
+quite inconvenient I mean you would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite inconvenient I mean you would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite inconvenient I mean you would then
+have to be sending email to your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be sending email to your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be sending email to your friends
+not by with Joe at mit.edu but you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by with Joe at mit.edu but you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by with Joe at mit.edu but you'd
+have to do Joe at some IP address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do Joe at some IP address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do Joe at some IP address and
+it's pretty hard and complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard and complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard and complicated to
+remember so the first problem with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so the first problem with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so the first problem with just
+using pure Network layer addresses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pure Network layer addresses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pure Network layer addresses that
+we want to solve today um and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve today um and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve today um and we will
+solve to some degree although um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve to some degree although um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve to some degree although um not
+completely is to come up with a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely is to come up with a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely is to come up with a better
+way of naming things that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convenient and you already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and you already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and you already know the
+answer the answer is you don't send mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the answer is you don't send mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the answer is you don't send mail
+you send email to Joe at mit.edu um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send email to Joe at mit.edu um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send email to Joe at mit.edu um you
+go to the 6033 website as mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the 6033 website as mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the 6033 website as mit.edu
+6033 or some other equivalent thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6033 or some other equivalent thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6033 or some other equivalent thing that
+leads to the same um page you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the same um page you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the same um page you don't
+actually think about names in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about names in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about names in terms of
+IP addresses so in fact uh to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses so in fact uh to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses so in fact uh to a large
+extent the fact that these are human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the fact that these are human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the fact that these are human
+readable human understandable and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable human understandable and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable human understandable and human
+and names that have um that are neonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and names that have um that are neonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and names that have um that are neonics
+um that you easily remember um is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you easily remember um is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you easily remember um is a good
+thing and so we actually do want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so we actually do want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so we actually do want to come
+up with a level of naming a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a level of naming a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a level of naming a way of
+naming things um that that's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things um that that's independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things um that that's independent
+of IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IP
+addresses the second goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses the second goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses the second goal here
+is to come up with a naming scheme with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with a naming scheme with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with a naming scheme with
+a solution that allows some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution that allows some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution that allows some degree of
+modularity in particular provides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in particular provides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity in particular provides you
+know as you know names provide a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you know names provide a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you know names provide a level
+of interaction between um the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction between um the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction between um the thing that
+you want to get to and the thing and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get to and the thing and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get to and the thing and how
+you want to um um how you want what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to um um how you want what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to um um how you want what the
+handle that you want to associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that you want to associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that you want to associate with
+it and that level of indirection if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that level of indirection if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that level of indirection if we
+come up with the right good way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the right good way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the right good way of doing
+this it will allow us to do a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will allow us to do a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it will allow us to do a few things
+like for example um you know I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example um you know I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example um you know I can tell
+you that the website for mit.edu is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the website for mit.edu is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the website for mit.edu is for
+for the MIT for for the institute's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT for for the institute's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MIT for for the institute's
+homepage is mit.edu and underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage is mit.edu and underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage is mit.edu and underneath
+behind that I could change the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that I could change the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that I could change the actual
+computers on which uh the website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers on which uh the website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers on which uh the website is
+located and I could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and I could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and I could do that
+independently of telling other people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of telling other people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of telling other people of
+any change in it whereas if I told them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in it whereas if I told them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in it whereas if I told them
+that the website was at a particular IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the website was at a particular IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the website was at a particular IP
+address then every time I moved a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then every time I moved a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address then every time I moved a page
+moved pages from one computer to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved pages from one computer to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved pages from one computer to another
+I'd have to tell everybody in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to tell everybody in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to tell everybody in the world
+that the website has changed and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the website has changed and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the website has changed and we'd
+like to minimize um doing that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to minimize um doing that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to minimize um doing that kind of
+thing and so the domain name system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so the domain name system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so the domain name system
+provides the solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the solution to this problem
+DNS provides a solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS provides a solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS provides a solution to this problem
+most of you have already heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have already heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you have already heard of this
+it Maps between uh what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Maps between uh what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Maps between uh what what are
+formally called domain names but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally called domain names but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally called domain names but what
+we're going to just call host names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just call host names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just call host names for
+convenience um it Maps between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience um it Maps between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience um it Maps between
+host names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host names
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+records and it turns out there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and it turns out there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and it turns out there are many
+different kinds of records and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of records and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of records and we're
+going to look at a few of them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few of them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few of them in this
+lecture today but for your mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today but for your mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today but for your mental model
+right now just assum assume that it Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just assum assume that it Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now just assum assume that it Maps
+between host names and IP addresses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between host names and IP addresses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between host names and IP addresses so
+it turns out that an IP address is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that an IP address is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that an IP address is just
+one example of a record called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a record called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a record called an
+address record but the general goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address record but the general goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address record but the general goal of
+DNS is to map between host names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS is to map between host names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS is to map between host names and
+records and you know there's variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and you know there's variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and you know there's variety of
+them as I said for now just assume their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as I said for now just assume their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as I said for now just assume their
+IP addresses so for example mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses so for example mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses so for example mit.edu
+might be 18 do whatever it is um as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 18 do whatever it is um as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 18 do whatever it is um as an
+IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP
+address so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so what are the
+goals in designing the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals in designing the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals in designing the system so
+primarily we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily we're going to be talking
+about how the domain name system is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the domain name system is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the domain name system is is
+designed and how it works and uh as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and how it works and uh as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and how it works and uh as we
+go along we'll see some things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along we'll see some things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along we'll see some things that it
+does that are different from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that are different from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that are different from other
+systems or other ways you could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or other ways you could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or other ways you could solve
+this problem the first goal there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the first goal there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem the first goal there are
+basically two goals in the design of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two goals in the design of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two goals in the design of of
+this system uh and the first goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system uh and the first goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system uh and the first goal is
+that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale in fact the motivation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in fact the motivation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in fact the motivation the
+original motivation for the domain name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original motivation for the domain name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original motivation for the domain name
+system when it came about in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when it came about in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when it came about in the uh
+early ' 80s was that it was becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early ' 80s was that it was becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early ' 80s was that it was becoming
+extremely inconvenient to manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely inconvenient to manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely inconvenient to manage the
+mappings between names of hosts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings between names of hosts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings between names of hosts and
+their IP addresses in a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their IP addresses in a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their IP addresses in a way that you
+know as the network grew and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the network grew and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as the network grew and it was
+growing pretty rapidly even then um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing pretty rapidly even then um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing pretty rapidly even then um as
+the network grew it turned out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network grew it turned out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network grew it turned out to be a
+management nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management nightmare
+and to understand this uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand this uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand this uh basically
+there's three ways in which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways in which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways in which you could
+imagine doing there are more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing there are more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing there are more than three
+ways but there are three um more obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but there are three um more obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but there are three um more obvious
+ways in which you could imagine mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could imagine mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which you could imagine mapping
+between these names and these records or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these names and these records or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these names and these records or
+names and IP addresses and the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and IP addresses and the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and IP addresses and the first one
+is in fact the way the internet names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the way the internet names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact the way the internet names
+were being managed uh until DNS came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being managed uh until DNS came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being managed uh until DNS came
+along and that's to use a model that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and that's to use a model that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and that's to use a model that uh
+you might think of as the telephone book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model it's actually astonishing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's actually astonishing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's actually astonishing that
+even today this is the telephone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today this is the telephone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today this is the telephone the
+telephone companies use the telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone companies use the telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone companies use the telephone
+book model where every 6 months at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book model where every 6 months at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book model where every 6 months at your
+doorstep there are these three thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorstep there are these three thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doorstep there are these three thick
+books that show up and you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that show up and you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that show up and you know you're
+just looking at it and going what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at it and going what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at it and going what do I
+do with this and you lug into your home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this and you lug into your home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this and you lug into your home
+and by the time you you might use it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time you you might use it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time you you might use it a
+couple of times and then the next big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times and then the next big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times and then the next big
+three books come along you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books come along you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three books come along you actually
+wonder why they don't just put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why they don't just put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why they don't just put their
+phone books on the web and make it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone books on the web and make it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone books on the web and make it easy
+to get at um but the telephone book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at um but the telephone book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at um but the telephone book
+model really is there's this Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model really is there's this Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model really is there's this Central
+repository of information and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of information and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of information and everybody
+gets this information from the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this information from the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this information from the central
+repository but the repository actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository but the repository actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository but the repository actually
+pushes it to everybody so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes it to everybody so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes it to everybody so it's not
+really a queriable repository it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a queriable repository it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a queriable repository it's not
+something you go and contact on an as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you go and contact on an as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you go and contact on an as
+needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+basis so in fact every few months or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so in fact every few months or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so in fact every few months or in
+the old days of the internet every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days of the internet every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days of the internet every day
+in the morning um every computer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning um every computer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning um every computer would
+go and pull the current mapping between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and pull the current mapping between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and pull the current mapping between
+names and addresses from a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and addresses from a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and addresses from a central
+site and this model you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and this model you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and this model you know kind of
+works for a little bit but stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a little bit but stops working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a little bit but stops working
+it it stops scaling on multiple levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it stops scaling on multiple levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it stops scaling on multiple levels
+first of all the resources required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the resources required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the resources required for
+everybody to you know have to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to you know have to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to you know have to go and
+collect this information every day um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this information every day um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this information every day um
+turns out to be significant but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be significant but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be significant but it also
+turns out to be a scaling bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a scaling bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a scaling bottleneck
+more fundamentally from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamentally from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamentally from the standpoint
+of anytime you add a machine to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anytime you add a machine to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anytime you add a machine to your
+local you know to your organization you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local you know to your organization you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local you know to your organization you
+have to go and tell the central person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and tell the central person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go and tell the central person
+that you've added this machine and so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've added this machine and so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've added this machine and so at
+a human level it SC doesn't scale very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human level it SC doesn't scale very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human level it SC doesn't scale very
+well because you can't allow for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you can't allow for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because you can't allow for this to
+automatically happen because then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically happen because then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically happen because then people
+will sort of willy-nilly do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of willy-nilly do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of willy-nilly do all sorts of
+you know just claim that they own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just claim that they own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just claim that they own
+various machines or various names um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various machines or various names um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various machines or various names um at
+various places so the telephone book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places so the telephone book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places so the telephone book
+model is something that the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is something that the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is something that the internet
+used to have it used to be a file called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have it used to be a file called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have it used to be a file called
+host. text and every computer had this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host. text and every computer had this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host. text and every computer had this a
+copy of this file that usually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of this file that usually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of this file that usually was
+current as of uh 24hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period so the second approach that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so the second approach that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so the second approach that you
+could adopt knowing that this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adopt knowing that this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adopt knowing that this approach
+of just sort of pushing a telephone book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of pushing a telephone book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just sort of pushing a telephone book
+every periodically doesn't work is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every periodically doesn't work is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every periodically doesn't work is you
+might actually adopt a Model A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually adopt a Model A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually adopt a Model A
+centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized
+server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model and a settled server model is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and a settled server model is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and a settled server model is um
+the main difference from this telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference from this telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difference from this telephone
+book model is that this thing isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book model is that this thing isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book model is that this thing isn't
+nothing is pushed to you instead imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is pushed to you instead imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is pushed to you instead imagine
+a search engine like say Google or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search engine like say Google or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a search engine like say Google or
+something like that where if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that where if you want to
+know the mapping between a name and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mapping between a name and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mapping between a name and an
+IP address um you go and contact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address um you go and contact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address um you go and contact this
+name service U which turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name service U which turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name service U which turns out to be a
+central server and it does essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central server and it does essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central server and it does essentially
+the same thing that Google might do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that Google might do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that Google might do and
+this actually isn't that hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually isn't that hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually isn't that hard to
+implement from a technical standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement from a technical standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement from a technical standpoint
+because Google does much more than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Google does much more than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Google does much more than this
+and clearly it works um but the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly it works um but the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly it works um but the real
+problem with the central server model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the central server model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the central server model is
+what I alluded to the last time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I alluded to the last time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I alluded to the last time it
+doesn't handle um the U you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle um the U you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle um the U you know when
+you assign names to machines you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign names to machines you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign names to machines you want to
+make sure that people don't conflict on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that people don't conflict on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that people don't conflict on
+these names because these are well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names because these are well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names because these are well-
+defined names for machines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined names for machines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined names for machines on the
+internet and you need a model by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and you need a model by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and you need a model by which
+you can decide who's allowed to name a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide who's allowed to name a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can decide who's allowed to name a
+machine as food. mit.edu and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine as food. mit.edu and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine as food. mit.edu and who's
+allowed to take you know x. CNN.com and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take you know x. CNN.com and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take you know x. CNN.com and
+so on and so for every computer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so for every computer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so for every computer in the
+internet having a central person deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet having a central person deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet having a central person deal
+with deciding whether that's okay or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deciding whether that's okay or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with deciding whether that's okay or not
+isn't a scalable solution and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a scalable solution and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a scalable solution and that's why
+um we don't really adopt that model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't really adopt that model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't really adopt that model for
+DNS the model that's adapted for DNS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS the model that's adapted for DNS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS the model that's adapted for DNS uh
+and it has a number of other attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a number of other attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a number of other attractive
+properties U which we'll talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties U which we'll talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties U which we'll talk about is
+the distributed database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributed database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributed database
+model or more generally a distributed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or more generally a distributed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or more generally a distributed a
+Federated uh model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where every organization um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every organization um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every organization um and
+organizations could be recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations could be recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations could be recursively
+defined to have suborganizations every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to have suborganizations every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to have suborganizations every
+organization sort of manages a portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization sort of manages a portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization sort of manages a portion
+of this overall Global Nam space and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this overall Global Nam space and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this overall Global Nam space and it
+manages everything about it it manages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages everything about it it manages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages everything about it it manages
+all of the mappings between names and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the mappings between names and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the mappings between names and
+records for that um part of the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for that um part of the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for that um part of the name
+space and the more names they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the more names they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the more names they have the
+more work they have to do but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work they have to do but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work they have to do but nobody
+else really has to do that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else really has to do that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else really has to do that much more
+work and it's a pretty nice model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's a pretty nice model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's a pretty nice model
+because everybody does some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody does some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody does some amount of
+work in terms of Technical Resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of Technical Resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of Technical Resources and
+more importantly in terms of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly in terms of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly in terms of human
+administrative resources and overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative resources and overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative resources and overall
+that really leads that's one component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really leads that's one component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really leads that's one component
+to the scalability of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scalability of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the scalability of the system and
+that's one of the main reasons why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the main reasons why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the main reasons why the
+system turns out to scale and work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system turns out to scale and work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system turns out to scale and work very
+well and the second goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reliability once you have a system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability once you have a system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability once you have a system like
+this and people start getting used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and people start getting used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and people start getting used to it
+and you know applications start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know applications start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know applications start using
+names it it had better be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names it it had better be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names it it had better be the case that
+the system is in fact generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in fact generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in fact generally
+available um and it better not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um and it better not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um and it better not be the
+case that the DNS be the Achilles heel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the DNS be the Achilles heel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the DNS be the Achilles heel
+of the internet in terms of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet in terms of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internet in terms of you know the
+network infrastructure has a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network infrastructure has a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network infrastructure has a very very
+high reliability because all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reliability because all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reliability because all this
+routing stuff works out great and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing stuff works out great and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing stuff works out great and you
+know we find all these alternate pads um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we find all these alternate pads um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we find all these alternate pads um
+and things don't work because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things don't work because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things don't work because I'm not
+able to get to my DNS that had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get to my DNS that had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get to my DNS that had better
+not be the case so we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case so we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case so we'll see what
+techniques DNS uses to um get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques DNS uses to um get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques DNS uses to um get pretty
+good reliability though the jury is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reliability though the jury is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reliability though the jury is
+still out as to exactly how reliable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out as to exactly how reliable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still out as to exactly how reliable it
+is but overall I think you I mean most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but overall I think you I mean most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but overall I think you I mean most
+users will admit that generally it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users will admit that generally it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users will admit that generally it seems
+to work about as well as the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+network so what does DNS do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so what does DNS do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so what does DNS do
+fundamentally it provides um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it provides um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it provides um an
+abstraction called a lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction called a lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction called a lookup
+abstraction you give it a name it return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction you give it a name it return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction you give it a name it return
+returns a record to you and you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a record to you and you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a record to you and you can ask
+for particular types of records that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particular types of records that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for particular types of records that you
+want U and we'll get into that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want U and we'll get into that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want U and we'll get into that in a
+second so you ask a name and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you ask a name and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you ask a name and you get
+back a record and you know there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a record and you know there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a record and you know there's um
+many ways and different operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways and different operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways and different operating
+systems have different ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have different ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have different ways in which
+this exact function is called for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact function is called for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact function is called for
+example get host by name might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example get host by name might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example get host by name might be a
+commonly used way of um you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used way of um you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used way of um you know going
+from a name to um an IP address but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a name to um an IP address but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a name to um an IP address but
+we're going to just say DNS resolve just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just say DNS resolve just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just say DNS resolve just
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abstractly so an application can invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly so an application can invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly so an application can invoke
+DNS resolve of DNS name and get an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS resolve of DNS name and get an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS resolve of DNS name and get an IP
+address or some other record associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or some other record associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or some other record associated
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+now if you think back at the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think back at the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think back at the way we did
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our um you know idealize idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um you know idealize idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um you know idealize idealized
+naming model or a generic naming model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming model or a generic naming model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming model or a generic naming model
+we actually had a resolve which took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had a resolve which took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had a resolve which took a
+name and a context as an argument and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and a context as an argument and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and a context as an argument and it
+returned back um the the uh value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned back um the the uh value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned back um the the uh value that
+was bound to that name so you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bound to that name so you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bound to that name so you might ask
+what the context is for DNS resolve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the context is for DNS resolve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the context is for DNS resolve and
+um there's actually multiple answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually multiple answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually multiple answers to
+this question the first answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question the first answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question the first answer is that
+applications specify a context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually so for example an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so for example an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so for example an application
+might specify that it wishes to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might specify that it wishes to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might specify that it wishes to know the
+IP address of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address of this
+name um for example if it's a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um for example if it's a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um for example if it's a web
+browser that wants to know some serers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that wants to know some serers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that wants to know some serers
+IP address so it can connect to it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address so it can connect to it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address so it can connect to it using
+a TCP connection um alternatively an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TCP connection um alternatively an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TCP connection um alternatively an
+application like an email program might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like an email program might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application like an email program might
+specify that it wants not the IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that it wants not the IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that it wants not the IP address
+of this machine but the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this machine but the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this machine but the name of a
+machine that can handle mail on behalf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that can handle mail on behalf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that can handle mail on behalf
+of this name so for example if I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this name so for example if I send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this name so for example if I send
+you send somebody email to ABC at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send somebody email to ABC at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send somebody email to ABC at
+mit.edu um my mail program U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu um my mail program U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu um my mail program U you know
+somewhere along the way some server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way some server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way some server
+would do a lookup for a special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a lookup for a special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a lookup for a special kind of
+a record turns out to be called the MX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record turns out to be called the MX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record turns out to be called the MX
+record which is a mail record uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record which is a mail record uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record which is a mail record uh which
+would then return to me not return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then return to me not return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then return to me not return to
+the caller not the IP address of mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller not the IP address of mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller not the IP address of mit.edu
+but the IP address of in fact return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the IP address of in fact return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the IP address of in fact return a
+name of a machine that's capable of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a machine that's capable of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a machine that's capable of hand
+handling mail for mit.edu and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling mail for mit.edu and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling mail for mit.edu and in general
+that would be very different from the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very different from the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very different from the IP
+address associated with mit.edu um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address associated with mit.edu um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address associated with mit.edu um so
+you know this this that's kind of record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this that's kind of record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this that's kind of record
+and that's established as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's established as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's established as a
+context and more generally uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and more generally uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and more generally uh there's a
+DNS configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS configuration
+file there's some DNS configuration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file there's some DNS configuration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file there's some DNS configuration or
+registry or whatever it is on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry or whatever it is on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registry or whatever it is on you know
+depending on the system that you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the system that you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the system that you have um
+that tells this resolve step um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells this resolve step um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells this resolve step um what
+context in which the name must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which the name must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which the name must be
+resolved so just for example you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved so just for example you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved so just for example you might
+have a machine cricut. mit.edu another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a machine cricut. mit.edu another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a machine cricut. mit.edu another
+machine cricket. berkeley.edu and DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine cricket. berkeley.edu and DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine cricket. berkeley.edu and DNS
+resolve might call you know DNS resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve might call you know DNS resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve might call you know DNS resolve
+of cricket and you know your application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cricket and you know your application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cricket and you know your application
+needs to know um and and when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know um and and when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know um and and when when the
+application calls that uh the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application calls that uh the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application calls that uh the person
+doing the resolution the the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resolution the the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resolution the the program
+doing the resolution needs to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resolution needs to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the resolution needs to know what
+context to do it in and often that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to do it in and often that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to do it in and often that's
+specified in the DNS configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in the DNS configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in the DNS configuration so
+you know on Windows and Unix you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on Windows and Unix you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on Windows and Unix you can you
+know this thing called the search path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this thing called the search path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this thing called the search path
+and you go through a set of search paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through a set of search paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through a set of search paths
+um that provide this um context so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that provide this um context so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that provide this um context so we'll
+we'll see this in more detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this in more detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this in more detail later
+today now users themselves and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now users themselves and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now users themselves and there's
+an important Point here about lookups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important Point here about lookups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important Point here about lookups
+and how lookups are to be distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how lookups are to be distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how lookups are to be distinguished
+from something else that I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something else that I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something else that I'll call
+search now these names are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search now these names are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search now these names are generally
+very useful for programs because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for programs because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for programs because they
+allow modularity to to occur where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow modularity to to occur where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow modularity to to occur where you
+know no longer are you worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no longer are you worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no longer are you worried about
+Services being associated with IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services being associated with IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services being associated with IP
+addresses you could could move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses you could could move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses you could could move your
+website between IP addresses at the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website between IP addresses at the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website between IP addresses at the back
+without telling everybody about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling everybody about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling everybody about it so
+from that standpoint this name to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that standpoint this name to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that standpoint this name to record
+mapping of DNS with lookups is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of DNS with lookups is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of DNS with lookups is very very
+useful in terms of convenience um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in terms of convenience um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in terms of convenience um it is
+the DNS is not the whole story because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS is not the whole story because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS is not the whole story because
+although you often send you most often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you often send you most often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you often send you most often
+send email to people with you know fu@
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send email to people with you know fu@
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send email to people with you know fu@
+mit.edu so you remember that or you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu so you remember that or you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu so you remember that or you have
+some other file in which um you you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other file in which um you you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other file in which um you you find
+that information very easily more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information very easily more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information very easily more
+generally speaking people often don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking people often don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking people often don't uh
+we need something in addition to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something in addition to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something in addition to just
+lookups human users need something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups human users need something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups human users need something in
+addition to to lookups and the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to to lookups and the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to to lookups and the general
+term given to that is is search so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term given to that is is search so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term given to that is is search so for
+example Google provides provides search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Google provides provides search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Google provides provides search
+on the internet and tomorrow's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet and tomorrow's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet and tomorrow's
+recitation talks a little bit about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation talks a little bit about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation talks a little bit about uh
+one aspect of that and in fact it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of that and in fact it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of that and in fact it's it's
+an interesting um discussion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting um discussion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting um discussion because
+you'll find from for the reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find from for the reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find from for the reading for
+tomorrow that uh users were using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow that uh users were using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow that uh users were using a
+search engine to essentially do a lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search engine to essentially do a lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search engine to essentially do a lookup
+task uh where they would go to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task uh where they would go to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task uh where they would go to Google
+and type cnn.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type cnn.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and type cnn.com
+when in fact if they already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in fact if they already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in fact if they already knew
+CNN.com they could just as well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN.com they could just as well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNN.com they could just as well have
+typed it on their URL window and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed it on their URL window and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed it on their URL window and that's
+sort of the way in which people are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the way in which people are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the way in which people are you
+know real users use um um Turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real users use um um Turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know real users use um um Turned out to
+use the web um moreover uh peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the web um moreover uh peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the web um moreover uh peer-to-peer
+applications that some of you or most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that some of you or most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that some of you or most of
+you might be more familiar with than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more familiar with than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more familiar with than I
+am um have a form of search and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am um have a form of search and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am um have a form of search and those
+applications are interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are interesting because
+they do searches on all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do searches on all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do searches on all sorts of
+attributes of the content that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of the content that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of the content that you want
+and by and large don't really use DNS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by and large don't really use DNS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by and large don't really use DNS in
+a particularly um if they use it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly um if they use it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly um if they use it at all
+it's sort of incidental they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of incidental they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of incidental they probably
+don't even need to use it so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to use it so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to use it so it's not
+like all internet applications require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all internet applications require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all internet applications require
+DNS in order to work in fact um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS in order to work in fact um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS in order to work in fact um there
+are plenty of applications that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of applications that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plenty of applications that don't
+need DNS at all um so and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need DNS at all um so and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need DNS at all um so and they they
+benefit a lot from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit a lot from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit a lot from from
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+Okay so let's get back to DNS and talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's get back to DNS and talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's get back to DNS and talk a
+little bit um about a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um about a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um about a few different
+topics we're going to start first with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we're going to start first with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics we're going to start first with
+the name space um and what it uh how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name space um and what it uh how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name space um and what it uh how it
+works and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then we're going to talk about
+how name resolution works and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how name resolution works and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how name resolution works and then we're
+going to talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about things like
+performance and uh scalability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robustness so the DNS namespace has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness so the DNS namespace has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness so the DNS namespace has two
+properties to it the first is um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to it the first is um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to it the first is um and
+both of these are nice um uh ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are nice um uh ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are nice um uh ideas and
+Hit Upon a theme or at least one of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hit Upon a theme or at least one of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hit Upon a theme or at least one of one
+of which hits upon a theme we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which hits upon a theme we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which hits upon a theme we've covered
+in 6033 DNS is a hierarchical system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 6033 DNS is a hierarchical system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 6033 DNS is a hierarchical system and
+it's a structured name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a structured name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a structured name
+space I'll describe what structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'll describe what structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'll describe what structured
+means in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so the way DNS namespace works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the way DNS namespace works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so the way DNS namespace works is
+it starts it's a hierarchical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts it's a hierarchical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts it's a hierarchical system
+which is structured as a tree and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is structured as a tree and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is structured as a tree and at the
+top of a tree there's a a little circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a tree there's a a little circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a tree there's a a little circle
+which really is a DOT um and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is a DOT um and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is a DOT um and I'm going
+to call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that the
+root so everything starts at the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so everything starts at the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so everything starts at the root
+and the root is the root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the root is the root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the root is the root of this
+namespace and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and it's a
+tree now the root gets the namespace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now the root gets the namespace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now the root gets the namespace is
+divided into a bunch of bunch of domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into a bunch of bunch of domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into a bunch of bunch of domains
+and domains are divided into subdomains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domains are divided into subdomains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and domains are divided into subdomains
+and subdomains are recursively divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subdomains are recursively divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subdomains are recursively divided
+into sub subdomains and so on and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sub subdomains and so on and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sub subdomains and so on and in
+fact the depth is arbitrary it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the depth is arbitrary it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the depth is arbitrary it could be
+arbitrarily long um in practice nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long um in practice nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily long um in practice nobody
+really has need for a depth more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has need for a depth more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has need for a depth more than
+four or five and in fact 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five and in fact 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five and in fact 90% of the
+names or more than 90% of the names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or more than 90% of the names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or more than 90% of the names are
+uh pretty flat you know you don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty flat you know you don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty flat you know you don't go
+more than two levels down so at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two levels down so at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two levels down so at the top
+level and this is probably familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and this is probably familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and this is probably familiar to
+most of you you might have you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you you might have you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you you might have you would
+have Tom and edu and net and AR and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Tom and edu and net and AR and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Tom and edu and net and AR and you
+know go and a few others um and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go and a few others um and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know go and a few others um and these
+things um there's seven or eight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's seven or eight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um there's seven or eight of the
+actually about 13 of them right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about 13 of them right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about 13 of them right now
+these things are called generic top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called generic top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called generic top
+level domains so generic in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level domains so generic in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level domains so generic in the sense
+that they're not really associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not really associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not really associated with
+any um country for example and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um country for example and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um country for example and then in
+addition to this you have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this you have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this you have a whole bunch
+of country codes like us and Dot yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of country codes like us and Dot yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of country codes like us and Dot yeah I
+don't know how many countries there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many countries there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many countries there are
+but there's a large number of them um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a large number of them um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a large number of them um so
+th those things are called a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th those things are called a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th those things are called a country
+code top level domains and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code top level domains and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code top level domains and you know
+they're not that interesting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that interesting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that interesting in that
+they don't there's nothing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't there's nothing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't there's nothing different
+about them from anything else so we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them from anything else so we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them from anything else so we may
+as well just look at the generic top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just look at the generic top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just look at the generic top
+level domains okay and you know edu gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level domains okay and you know edu gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level domains okay and you know edu gets
+divided into you know MIT and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into you know MIT and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into you know MIT and other
+places that don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that don't matter
+um and and so on and so forth um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so on and so forth um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so on and so forth um so you
+might end up down here you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up down here you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up down here you might have
+www for our website or for whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www for our website or for whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www for our website or for whatever the
+students run I don't know who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students run I don't know who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students run I don't know who actually
+owns this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns this um
+Cale might be here eecs might be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale might be here eecs might be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale might be here eecs might be here
+and I might have a machine underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might have a machine underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might have a machine underneath
+here um you know let's say x just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you know let's say x just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um you know let's say x just a
+random machine um and the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random machine um and the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random machine um and the thing about
+the DNS namespace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS namespace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS namespace is
+that every label here this is a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every label here this is a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every label here this is a label
+right so the way you read this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way you read this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the way you read this is that
+if you just start at any label here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just start at any label here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just start at any label here and
+go upward you can read it out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go upward you can read it out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go upward you can read it out from
+bottom to up bottom to top so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to up bottom to top so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to up bottom to top so you could
+say Comm is an example of a label MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Comm is an example of a label MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Comm is an example of a label MIT
+edu root is a label so that's r as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu root is a label so that's r as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu root is a label so that's r as
+mit.edu Dot and usually people omit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu Dot and usually people omit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu Dot and usually people omit the
+trailing dot because it's implicit um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing dot because it's implicit um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing dot because it's implicit um or
+you x. cell. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you x. cell. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you x. cell. mit.edu
+dot is another fully formed or also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is another fully formed or also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is another fully formed or also
+called fully qualified domain name okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fully qualified domain name okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fully qualified domain name okay
+that's sort of the Technic the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the Technic the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the Technic the correct
+way to read it out is from bottom to top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to read it out is from bottom to top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to read it out is from bottom to top
+now every node here is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every node here is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every node here is associated with
+some information and that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information and that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information and that's what this
+record means um some nodes might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record means um some nodes might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record means um some nodes might have
+nothing in it but in general every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in it but in general every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in it but in general every node
+is associated with some information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with some information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with some information so
+for example X might have information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example X might have information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example X might have information
+here I'm just going to call it info for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to call it info for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to call it info for
+now um but X might have associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um but X might have associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um but X might have associated with
+it a um an a record which is an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a um an a record which is an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a um an a record which is an IP
+address record I'll describe that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address record I'll describe that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address record I'll describe that in a
+moment but it might have other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it might have other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it might have other things
+associated with it and in fact DNS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and in fact DNS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and in fact DNS is
+pretty flexible you could Define your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible you could Define your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty flexible you could Define your
+own record and um you know put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own record and um you know put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own record and um you know put that into
+the system and have applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and have applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and have applications that
+read from it it's pretty opaque to it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from it it's pretty opaque to it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from it it's pretty opaque to it it
+doesn't really require um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really require um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really require um you know if
+you have something new that come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something new that come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something new that come up
+comes up and you want to use it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and you want to use it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and you want to use it you
+could stick it into DNS and retrieve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick it into DNS and retrieve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could stick it into DNS and retrieve it
+out so people put all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so people put all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so people put all sorts of things
+now into DNS for example there are weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now into DNS for example there are weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now into DNS for example there are weird
+proposals um you know put in GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals um you know put in GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals um you know put in GPS
+coordinates of a name that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of a name that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of a name that could be
+useful so if you know you know mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so if you know you know mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so if you know you know mit.edu
+isn't going to move move very much then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to move move very much then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to move move very much then
+put in the GPS coordinates you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the GPS coordinates you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the GPS coordinates you know you
+might find applications that find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find applications that find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find applications that find it
+useful for example if you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for example if you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for example if you're you know
+some mobile Computing application might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mobile Computing application might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mobile Computing application might
+find it useful so there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it useful so there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it useful so there's all sorts of
+things you could stick in um to the DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could stick in um to the DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could stick in um to the DNS
+and people have come up with all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people have come up with all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people have come up with all sorts
+of very wacky things including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very wacky things including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very wacky things including uh
+telephone numbers and DNS um it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flexible so not only are the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible so not only are the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible so not only are the leaves
+associated with things inside uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with things inside uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with things inside uh with
+information but you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but you can have
+information at any level any node in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at any level any node in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at any level any node in the
+tree has information associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has information associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has information associated with it
+and the scale of this namespace today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scale of this namespace today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scale of this namespace today is
+is is extremely big I mean I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is extremely big I mean I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is extremely big I mean I don't know
+the exact number of um things there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number of um things there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number of um things there are
+but I've read that um you know about 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've read that um you know about 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've read that um you know about 500
+million I don't know if it's 250 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I don't know if it's 250 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I don't know if it's 250 million
+or 500 million somewhere in between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 500 million somewhere in between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 500 million somewhere in between um
+names have been um you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names have been um you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names have been um you know there are
+that many registered names uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many registered names uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many registered names uh in the
+system in aggregate that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in aggregate that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in aggregate that's that's a
+pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big
+number now that's a very big number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now that's a very big number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now that's a very big number so
+you need a way in which you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a way in which you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a way in which you can make
+this system scale and that's done using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system scale and that's done using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system scale and that's done using
+a really nice idea called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice idea called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice idea called
+delegation and more than any technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegation and more than any technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegation and more than any technical
+decision that was made in DNS I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that was made in DNS I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that was made in DNS I mean
+we're going to talk about some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about some of them
+like caching and all of this other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like caching and all of this other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like caching and all of this other stuff
+but more than any technical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than any technical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than any technical decision
+delegation um is really the reason DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegation um is really the reason DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegation um is really the reason DNS
+scales and ultimately really the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and ultimately really the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and ultimately really the reason
+why DNS is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why DNS is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why DNS is pretty
+successful so what is delegation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so what is delegation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful so what is delegation the
+best way to understand it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to understand it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to understand it is
+recursively so the root at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively so the root at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively so the root at the
+top is centrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is centrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is centrally
+owned and it's owned by a trusted entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned and it's owned by a trusted entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned and it's owned by a trusted entity
+so what that means is that any name that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that any name that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that any name that
+ends in root ultimately The Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in root ultimately The Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in root ultimately The Authority
+for that name rests with whoever owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that name rests with whoever owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that name rests with whoever owns
+and runs root and if you've you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runs root and if you've you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runs root and if you've you know
+paid attention to the to the press and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to the to the press and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to the to the press and
+to newspapers or magazines you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to newspapers or magazines you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to newspapers or magazines you'll see
+that there's this fight for the rout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this fight for the rout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this fight for the rout
+that's ongoing right now over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ongoing right now over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ongoing right now over the past
+few years and the current owner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years and the current owner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years and the current owner of the
+rout and things associated with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rout and things associated with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rout and things associated with it and
+who controls essentially controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls essentially controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who controls essentially controls the
+namespace is an entity called I can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace is an entity called I can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace is an entity called I can uh
+ICN um which um and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN um which um and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICN um which um and there's a lot of
+politics associated with it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics associated with it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics associated with it now
+continuing down on the delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea the next layer down from the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the next layer down from the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the next layer down from the root
+um the technical term for it is uh top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the technical term for it is uh top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the technical term for it is uh top
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+domain because it's at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level oops
+TLD okay and these top level domains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLD okay and these top level domains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLD okay and these top level domains are
+domains that are delegated from the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are delegated from the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that are delegated from the root
+and it's really hard to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard to come up with a
+new top level domain I me in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new top level domain I me in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new top level domain I me in addition to
+these you have a few more but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you have a few more but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you have a few more but you don't
+really come up with them willy-nilly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come up with them willy-nilly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come up with them willy-nilly you
+kind of have to go through a long long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to go through a long long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have to go through a long long
+procedure before the route decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure before the route decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure before the route decides to
+delegate um a top level uh domain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate um a top level uh domain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate um a top level uh domain to
+somebody else and now it's recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and now it's recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and now it's recursive
+from here on every label here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on every label here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on every label here can be
+subd delegated arbitrarily by only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd delegated arbitrarily by only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd delegated arbitrarily by only
+contacting the owner of that label so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting the owner of that label so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting the owner of that label so
+once you get to Comm you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to Comm you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to Comm you don't have to
+go further down you just have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further down you just have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further down you just have to go to
+whoever happens to own.com the com label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever happens to own.com the com label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever happens to own.com the com label
+and tell them that you want to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell them that you want to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell them that you want to register
+a new portion of the namespace with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new portion of the namespace with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new portion of the namespace with that
+so for example MIT must have gone at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example MIT must have gone at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example MIT must have gone at
+some point to the owner of edu and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point to the owner of edu and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point to the owner of edu and said
+I want MIT and there's some out of band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want MIT and there's some out of band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want MIT and there's some out of band
+human procedure that occurs before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human procedure that occurs before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human procedure that occurs before the
+the other part is convinced that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part is convinced that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part is convinced that this
+per this MIT is you know a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per this MIT is you know a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per this MIT is you know a legitimate
+entity and allocates this name to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and allocates this name to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity and allocates this name to it and
+likewise you know whoever owns whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know whoever owns whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise you know whoever owns whoever
+wanted Cale went to the person who runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Cale went to the person who runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Cale went to the person who runs
+mit's name um this is called a zone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's name um this is called a zone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's name um this is called a zone so
+this this part of the the the um DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the the the um DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this part of the the the um DNS
+namespace and told it that it wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and told it that it wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and told it that it wanted
+Cale and established by human um efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale and established by human um efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale and established by human um efforts
+rather than anything technical that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than anything technical that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than anything technical that it
+wanted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that
+portion now the reason it scales is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion now the reason it scales is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion now the reason it scales is that
+you can kind of add machines at the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of add machines at the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of add machines at the you
+know names at the B not machines but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know names at the B not machines but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know names at the B not machines but
+names anywhere Here Without Really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names anywhere Here Without Really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names anywhere Here Without Really
+having to go all the way up you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to go all the way up you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to go all the way up you just
+need to go up to whoever owns um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go up to whoever owns um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go up to whoever owns um you
+know your parent label and convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your parent label and convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your parent label and convince them
+that you want a name so if I want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want a name so if I want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want a name so if I want to add
+a machine why I don't really have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine why I don't really have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine why I don't really have to go
+and talk any to even anybody at MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk any to even anybody at MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk any to even anybody at MIT I
+just have to talk to the person who runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to talk to the person who runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to talk to the person who runs
+the C name space and tell them that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C name space and tell them that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C name space and tell them that I
+want a name Y and I can then subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a name Y and I can then subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a name Y and I can then subd
+delegate that name I could today connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate that name I could today connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate that name I could today connect
+a computer x. c. mit.edu have an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer x. c. mit.edu have an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer x. c. mit.edu have an IP
+address with it and tomorrow decide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with it and tomorrow decide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with it and tomorrow decide I
+don't really want X to be a computer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want X to be a computer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want X to be a computer I
+want it to be you know the name of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be you know the name of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be you know the name of my
+research group or whatever and then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group or whatever and then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group or whatever and then have
+machines underneath it which are y.x do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines underneath it which are y.x do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines underneath it which are y.x do
+C.M it.edu you know what I do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C.M it.edu you know what I do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C.M it.edu you know what I do with the
+label is my business and there's no rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is my business and there's no rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is my business and there's no rule
+that these are IP addresses in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are IP addresses in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are IP addresses in fact
+these are nothing these are just labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nothing these are just labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nothing these are just labels
+and I can associate arbitrary amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can associate arbitrary amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can associate arbitrary amounts of
+information I want um with with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label so so domains can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so so domains can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so so domains can be
+formed um anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree and that that's really nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and that that's really nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and that that's really nice because
+it you don't have to go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't have to go back to a
+central entity in order to add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central entity in order to add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central entity in order to add these
+names and that's the main reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and that's the main reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and that's the main reason why the
+central um server model didn't wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central um server model didn't wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central um server model didn't wouldn't
+doesn't really fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so examples of
+Records we have already seen a few we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Records we have already seen a few we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Records we have already seen a few we've
+already seen a few of these so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen a few of these so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen a few of these so let's
+look in more detail at what this info
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in more detail at what this info
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in more detail at what this info
+could contain and like I said it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain and like I said it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could contain and like I said it's very
+flexible you could have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible you could have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible you could have all sorts of
+things you add in here but there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you add in here but there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you add in here but there's a few
+very common ones the first one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common ones the first one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common ones the first one is called
+an a record which stands for an address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a record which stands for an address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a record which stands for an address
+record and it's what you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and it's what you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and it's what you might expect
+it's an IP version 4 you know um address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an IP version 4 you know um address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an IP version 4 you know um address
+for a name so x. c.m. edu whatever its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a name so x. c.m. edu whatever its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a name so x. c.m. edu whatever its
+IP address is so that's stuck in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address is so that's stuck in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address is so that's stuck in this
+database it's maintained really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it's maintained really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database it's maintained really
+maintained in in a file um on the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained in in a file um on the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained in in a file um on the name
+server that handles that name um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that handles that name um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that handles that name um you
+might have MX which stands the x is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have MX which stands the x is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have MX which stands the x is for
+mail exchanger so it's mail exchanger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail exchanger so it's mail exchanger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail exchanger so it's mail exchanger so
+that's for email so when I send email to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for email so when I send email to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for email so when I send email to
+@ mit.edu um somewhere along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+@ mit.edu um somewhere along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+@ mit.edu um somewhere along the way
+there's a lookup done for um not the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lookup done for um not the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lookup done for um not the IP
+address of mit.edu but the MX record for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of mit.edu but the MX record for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of mit.edu but the MX record for
+mit.edu and in general that MX record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu and in general that MX record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu and in general that MX record
+could be anywhere if MIT decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere if MIT decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere if MIT decided to
+Outsource its email functionality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsource its email functionality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsource its email functionality to
+some other company um the MX record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other company um the MX record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other company um the MX record
+would just point to some name of a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just point to some name of a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just point to some name of a male
+server in that other companies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server in that other companies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server in that other companies it
+doesn't even have to be local to us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be local to us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to be local to us um
+there's another one that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that's interesting
+in the context of stuff we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of stuff we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of stuff we've seen
+before called a c name which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before called a c name which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before called a c name which stands for
+a canonical name but a c name is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonical name but a c name is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonical name but a c name is really
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synonym this is where you can say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym this is where you can say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym this is where you can say um
+there are many names that really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many names that really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many names that really mean
+the same thing so for example of to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so for example of to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so for example of to take
+a a very real example when um um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very real example when um um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very real example when um um you
+know there used to be AI lab and LCS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there used to be AI lab and LCS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there used to be AI lab and LCS and
+now there's the same lab Cale now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's the same lab Cale now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's the same lab Cale now there
+are a lot of subdomains from LCS mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of subdomains from LCS mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of subdomains from LCS mit.edu
+and ai. mit.edu and sort of it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai. mit.edu and sort of it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ai. mit.edu and sort of it's a
+nightmare to have to go and change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare to have to go and change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare to have to go and change all
+of the DNS entries for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNS entries for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNS entries for all of the
+machines so the standard way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the standard way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the standard way in which
+you manage this kind of thing is to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage this kind of thing is to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage this kind of thing is to set
+up these C names which says my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these C names which says my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these C names which says my research
+group is nm. lcsm mit.edu that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is nm. lcsm mit.edu that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is nm. lcsm mit.edu that's what it
+was you just set up a c name that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you just set up a c name that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you just set up a c name that says
+um nm. LCS mit.edu there's a c name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nm. LCS mit.edu there's a c name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nm. LCS mit.edu there's a c name for
+nm. cell. mit.edu so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nm. cell. mit.edu so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nm. cell. mit.edu so you don't have to
+do anything more other than set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything more other than set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything more other than set up the
+synonyms and everything else just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonyms and everything else just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonyms and everything else just sort
+of continues to work out there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continues to work out there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continues to work out there are other
+useful names uh useful things you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful names uh useful things you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful names uh useful things you could
+do with cames for example if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with cames for example if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with cames for example if you decide
+you want you're running your email or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you're running your email or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you're running your email or
+your web server on one machine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your web server on one machine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your web server on one machine and then
+you want to change it over to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change it over to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change it over to another
+machine but not have to tell the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but not have to tell the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but not have to tell the whole
+world about it what you do is you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about it what you do is you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about it what you do is you tell
+everybody that you're your web server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that you're your web server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that you're your web server is
+running let's say mit.edu and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running let's say mit.edu and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running let's say mit.edu and then you
+set up a c name for that mit.edu to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a c name for that mit.edu to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a c name for that mit.edu to
+machine 1. mit.edu it's another name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine 1. mit.edu it's another name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine 1. mit.edu it's another name and
+then someday you decide to change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someday you decide to change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someday you decide to change from
+machine 1. mit.edu to machine 2. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine 1. mit.edu to machine 2. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine 1. mit.edu to machine 2. mit.edu
+all you have to do is to change this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is to change this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is to change this one
+mapping in the back end in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping in the back end in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping in the back end in the
+DNS um that maps from mit.edu set up a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS um that maps from mit.edu set up a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS um that maps from mit.edu set up a c
+name mapping to a different machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name mapping to a different machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name mapping to a different machine and
+that's all you have to do you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have to do you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have to do you don't have
+to tell anybody else about the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell anybody else about the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell anybody else about the change
+that you've made so it's very useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made so it's very useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've made so it's very useful and
+this is a more General this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more General this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more General this is just an
+example of a more General concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a more General concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a more General concept that
+we've seen already called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen already called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen already called a
+synonym and the fourth thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym and the fourth thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym and the fourth thing which is
+actually what we're going to spend most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to spend most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to spend most
+most of our time on today um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time on today um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time on today um for the
+rest of today is called an NS record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today is called an NS record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today is called an NS record
+which is a name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+record and this is the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and this is the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and this is the thing that's
+really going to help us um figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to help us um figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to help us um figure out
+how to implement DNS resolve in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement DNS resolve in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement DNS resolve in a
+scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable
+way I'll describe what name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll describe what name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll describe what name server
+record is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so if you look at this
+tree the associated with labels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree the associated with labels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree the associated with labels in the
+tree associated with many of the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree associated with many of the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree associated with many of the labels
+in the tree are not just a records which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree are not just a records which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree are not just a records which
+are generally Associated but also things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally Associated but also things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally Associated but also things
+called NS records and what an NS record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called NS records and what an NS record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called NS records and what an NS record
+says is that let's say that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that let's say that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that let's say that there's an
+NS record associated with mit.edu what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS record associated with mit.edu what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS record associated with mit.edu what
+it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says is
+that that NS record gives the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that NS record gives the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that NS record gives the name of
+the machine that's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine that's responsible for
+managing all of the names that end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing all of the names that end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing all of the names that end with
+mit.edu so for example edu wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu so for example edu wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu so for example edu wouldn't know
+anything about in general edu may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about in general edu may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about in general edu may not
+know anything about how c. mit.edu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about how c. mit.edu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about how c. mit.edu is
+really mapped but all edu needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mapped but all edu needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mapped but all edu needs to know
+is what the NS record is for mit.edu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the NS record is for mit.edu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the NS record is for mit.edu so
+that when it then as you'll see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it then as you'll see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it then as you'll see in this
+procedure you'll see that occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you'll see that occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you'll see that occasionally
+things at the top of the tree will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the top of the tree will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the top of the tree will get
+requests for a given name and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for a given name and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for a given name and then you
+now need to know what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to know what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now need to know what to do with the
+full name and the way they'll do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name and the way they'll do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full name and the way they'll do it is
+they'll find out that they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll find out that they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll find out that they don't know
+anything about the full name but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the full name but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the full name but they
+know about other people who know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about other people who know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about other people who know more
+about that name and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that name and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that name and that's going to be
+implemented using this thing called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented using this thing called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented using this thing called an
+NS record so I'll show this with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS record so I'll show this with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NS record so I'll show this with an
+example and I think it'll become pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I think it'll become pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I think it'll become pretty
+clear so the way in which applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the way in which applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the way in which applications
+use DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use DNS
+is you have an application that wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have an application that wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have an application that wants to
+call DNS resolve on a DNS name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DNS resolve on a DNS name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DNS resolve on a DNS name and
+there's a piece of software that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of software that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of software that usually
+runs on every computer called a stub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolver okay and a stub resolver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver okay and a stub resolver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver okay and a stub resolver is
+just something that allows applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that allows applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that allows applications
+to not have to worry about this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have to worry about this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not have to worry about this whole
+RPC mechanism that DNS involves um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPC mechanism that DNS involves um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPC mechanism that DNS involves um that
+DNS entails so um that's just abstracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS entails so um that's just abstracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS entails so um that's just abstracted
+away into the stub resolver so the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away into the stub resolver so the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away into the stub resolver so the stop
+resolver really does all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver really does all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver really does all of the
+work so the way the stop resolver works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the way the stop resolver works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the way the stop resolver works
+is and the way DNS resolution works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the way DNS resolution works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the way DNS resolution works is
+that the stub resolver really can send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stub resolver really can send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stub resolver really can send a
+DNS request that it's um that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS request that it's um that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS request that it's um that it has
+from the application to any name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the application to any name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the application to any name server
+that it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to and later on we'll talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and later on we'll talk a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and later on we'll talk a bit about
+how you pick this name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+server and there are lots of these name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and there are lots of these name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and there are lots of these name
+servers around on the Internet it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers around on the Internet it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers around on the Internet it's a
+massive distributed infrastructure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive distributed infrastructure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive distributed infrastructure and
+the infrastructure consists of people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure consists of people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure consists of people of
+nodes that have responsibility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that have responsibility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that have responsibility for
+different portions of this namespace so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portions of this namespace so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portions of this namespace so
+you send a request to any name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a request to any name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a request to any name server
+and they all participate in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all participate in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all participate in the system
+together these name server to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these name server to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these name server to help
+resolve names so let's take an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve names so let's take an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve names so let's take an example
+here let's say it's x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say it's x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say it's x.
+Cale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m.edu so at this point in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m.edu so at this point in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m.edu so at this point in general the
+name server knows nothing about x. cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server knows nothing about x. cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server knows nothing about x. cell.
+mit.edu and its plan is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu and its plan is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu and its plan is going to be that
+it's going to send this request out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send this request out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send this request out to
+the root name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server
+okay and for now assume that the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for now assume that the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for now assume that the root
+name server is well known that is the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server is well known that is the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server is well known that is the IP
+address of the name server in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the name server in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the name server in charge of
+the root so everybody has a name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root so everybody has a name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root so everybody has a name server
+record associated with themselves assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record associated with themselves assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record associated with themselves assume
+that the IP address of the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the IP address of the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the IP address of the name server
+of the root is just well known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the root is just well known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the root is just well known to
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+okay so it sends x. cal. mit.edu all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it sends x. cal. mit.edu all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it sends x. cal. mit.edu all the
+way to the root name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the root name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the root name
+server and the root name server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and the root name server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and the root name server is
+actually going to look at this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to look at this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to look at this thing and
+say well you want to know the a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you want to know the a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you want to know the a record
+you know you might want to know the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might want to know the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might want to know the a
+record for x. c.m. edu it says well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for x. c.m. edu it says well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for x. c.m. edu it says well I
+don't actually know what that IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know what that IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know what that IP address
+associated with this name is but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this name is but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this name is but I do
+know somebody who can tell you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who can tell you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody who can tell you more
+because I do know who runs the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do know who runs the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I do know who runs the name
+service for edu so it comes back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for edu so it comes back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service for edu so it comes back with
+the response that's also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that's also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that's also called a
+referral saying well I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral saying well I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral saying well I don't know the
+answer but here's where you need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but here's where you need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but here's where you need to go
+in order to find out more and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find out more and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to find out more and that's
+done by sending back the name server um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by sending back the name server um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by sending back the name server um
+or in fact more generally a set of name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact more generally a set of name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact more generally a set of name
+servers but sending back the NS records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers but sending back the NS records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers but sending back the NS records
+for nodes that handle the edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nodes that handle the edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nodes that handle the edu
+domain so that comes back at you and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so that comes back at you and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so that comes back at you and now
+you now know one or more name servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know one or more name servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know one or more name servers
+for the edu domain so let me write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edu domain so let me write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edu domain so let me write that
+here and this name server then goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this name server then goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this name server then goes back
+to this edu domain and says okay tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this edu domain and says okay tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this edu domain and says okay tell me
+what it is tell me what the IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is tell me what the IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is tell me what the IP address
+for x. c.m. edu is and notice that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x. c.m. edu is and notice that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x. c.m. edu is and notice that at
+all stages it's sending the full name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stages it's sending the full name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stages it's sending the full name
+because you know there's always some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there's always some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know there's always some
+chance that these nodes have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that these nodes have the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that these nodes have the answer
+and we'll get to why that might be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to why that might be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get to why that might be in a
+sec in a few minutes but you always send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec in a few minutes but you always send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec in a few minutes but you always send
+the full name and the edu name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full name and the edu name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full name and the edu name server
+record in this case is in general going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in this case is in general going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in this case is in general going
+to say well I don't know about x.c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I don't know about x.c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I don't know about x.c
+mit.edu but I do know that you know MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu but I do know that you know MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu but I do know that you know MIT
+came and delegated from me so I do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and delegated from me so I do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and delegated from me so I do know
+the name server record associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name server record associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name server record associated with
+MIT because it delegated from me and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT because it delegated from me and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT because it delegated from me and in
+general everybody has to know the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general everybody has to know the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general everybody has to know the name
+server records for the people one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server records for the people one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server records for the people one level
+down from them so it sends back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from them so it sends back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from them so it sends back this
+information saying well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information saying well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information saying well I don't know
+what it is but here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+referral to the name server for mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral to the name server for mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral to the name server for mit.edu
+and this procedure basically continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this procedure basically continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this procedure basically continues
+so this is MIT um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is MIT um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is MIT um
+actually it's just the mit.edu Nam SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just the mit.edu Nam SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just the mit.edu Nam SP
+name server and you just go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server and you just go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server and you just go back and
+forth until eventually you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until eventually you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until eventually you get to the
+name server for c.m. edu which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server for c.m. edu which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server for c.m. edu which by
+definition maintains the mapping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition maintains the mapping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition maintains the mapping for
+everything uh of the form U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh of the form U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh of the form U you know
+name. C.M it.edu and so you get the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. C.M it.edu and so you get the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. C.M it.edu and so you get the get
+the answer or you get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or you get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer or you get something that
+says X is not actually registered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says X is not actually registered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says X is not actually registered in
+which case you get a no such domain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you get a no such domain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case you get a no such domain um
+error message actually it's it's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error message actually it's it's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error message actually it's it's no such
+domain error code which you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain error code which you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain error code which you then
+interpret as saying okay there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as saying okay there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret as saying okay there is no
+such name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such name
+that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+registered now there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered now there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered now there's a couple of
+things of note here the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of note here the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of note here the name server
+records associated with the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records associated with the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records associated with the domain
+really have to have very little to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have very little to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have very little to do
+with that domain in fact the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that domain in fact the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that domain in fact the name server
+record for um the root names forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for um the root names forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for um the root names forget the
+root names for a moment the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root names for a moment the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root names for a moment the name server
+records for the edu the name server um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the edu the name server um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the edu the name server um
+records for the edu domain um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the edu domain um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the edu domain um don't
+actually have to end in edu or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to end in edu or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to end in edu or don't
+have to end in anything that relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end in anything that relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to end in anything that relates to
+edu uh in practice in fact they today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu uh in practice in fact they today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu uh in practice in fact they today
+they're of the form um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're of the form um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're of the form um you know
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+nst.com I mean they have nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nst.com I mean they have nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nst.com I mean they have nothing to do
+with the edu domain and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the edu domain and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the edu domain and this is an
+important point you could associate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point you could associate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point you could associate here
+any label any name server name any name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any label any name server name any name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any label any name server name any name
+um of a name server that's willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of a name server that's willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of a name server that's willing to
+manage the delegation manage the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage the delegation manage the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage the delegation manage the entries
+in your database they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your database they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your database they don't actually
+have to match the same domain name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match the same domain name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match the same domain name and
+this is a very powerful uh feature of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very powerful uh feature of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very powerful uh feature of of
+the name name space of the way DNS Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name name space of the way DNS Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name name space of the way DNS Works
+um because it's not like you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's not like you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's not like you know this
+thing has to be something. edu and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be something. edu and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has to be something. edu and here
+the name server record the name servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name server record the name servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name server record the name servers
+for mit.edu have to be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mit.edu have to be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mit.edu have to be actually
+something. mit.edu in practice edu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. mit.edu in practice edu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. mit.edu in practice edu is
+not managed by anything. edu it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not managed by anything. edu it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not managed by anything. edu it's
+something you know nst.com in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know nst.com in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know nst.com in practice
+it so happens that mit.edu happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so happens that mit.edu happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so happens that mit.edu happens to
+run its own name servers you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run its own name servers you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run its own name servers you know that's
+something like bit. mit.edu but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like bit. mit.edu but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like bit. mit.edu but that's
+by no means a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a couple of problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of problems that we
+need to now solve about this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to now solve about this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to now solve about this basic
+mechanism because what we saw was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism because what we saw was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism because what we saw was that
+once you know the root name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the root name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you know the root name server
+record then you could go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record then you could go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record then you could go back and forth
+um because everybody knows how to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because everybody knows how to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because everybody knows how to how
+the names one level down from them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names one level down from them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names one level down from them have
+been delegated and knows the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been delegated and knows the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been delegated and knows the name server
+entries for those delegates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries for those delegates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries for those delegates
+and then you know you get the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you get the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know you get the final
+answer so so there's a few things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so so there's a few things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so so there's a few things we
+need to solve the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bootstrap there's actually a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap there's actually a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap there's actually a couple of
+aspects of this bootstrap the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this bootstrap the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this bootstrap the first one
+is how does this um how does this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does this um how does this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does this um how does this any
+name server here know the IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server here know the IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server here know the IP address
+know the name servers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the name servers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the name servers of the
+root and the answer here is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and the answer here is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and the answer here is that there's
+no magic I mean the roots you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic I mean the roots you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic I mean the roots you just have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know and in some sense in all naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and in some sense in all naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and in some sense in all naming
+systems ultimately there is at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems ultimately there is at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems ultimately there is at some
+level of this name Discovery procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this name Discovery procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of this name Discovery procedure
+at some level there's out of band uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level there's out of band uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level there's out of band uh
+Machinery that has to get in and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that has to get in and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that has to get in and be
+involved and it the way this works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and it the way this works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and it the way this works out
+is that people publish the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people publish the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people publish the name server
+records for the rout they post it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the rout they post it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for the rout they post it on
+websites they publish it on mailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites they publish it on mailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites they publish it on mailing
+lists and you know you configure DNS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists and you know you configure DNS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists and you know you configure DNS uh
+software is configured to manage those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is configured to manage those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is configured to manage those
+entries and there are proposals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and there are proposals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and there are proposals and
+protocols for automatically updating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols for automatically updating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols for automatically updating it
+and so on but you got to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but you got to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but you got to be very careful
+with technical solu like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technical solu like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technical solu like that because
+you want to make sure that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that people don't
+you know malicious parties don't pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know malicious parties don't pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know malicious parties don't pretend
+you know that they're telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're telling you the
+correct name server entry because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct name server entry because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct name server entry because then
+once they assert the DNS functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they assert the DNS functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they assert the DNS functioning
+they could do a lot of damage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do a lot of damage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do a lot of damage in
+practice in fact DNS is not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in fact DNS is not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in fact DNS is not particularly
+secure um it's a different discussion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure um it's a different discussion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure um it's a different discussion as
+to whether that's important or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether that's important or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether that's important or not but
+um the way this root name server mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way this root name server mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way this root name server mapping
+works is that everybody just knows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that everybody just knows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that everybody just knows um
+it's widely published you go to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely published you go to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely published you go to Google
+and you'll just find the answer or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll just find the answer or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll just find the answer or it's
+also on all sorts of mailing lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on all sorts of mailing lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on all sorts of mailing lists
+um the second uh so this the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second uh so this the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second uh so this the first one
+is root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity the second um issue is how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the second um issue is how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the second um issue is how does
+a stop connect to any name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stop connect to any name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stop connect to any name
+server you know would it just pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server you know would it just pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server you know would it just pick a
+random how does it find the name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random how does it find the name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random how does it find the name server
+that it can connect to and the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can connect to and the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can connect to and the answer to
+this is that you know this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you know this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that you know this is actually
+running on your computer the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on your computer the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on your computer the stop
+resolver is running on your machine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver is running on your machine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver is running on your machine it's
+it's a library in your machine so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a library in your machine so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a library in your machine so one
+approach and this the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and this the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and this the most common
+approach today is that you might obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach today is that you might obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach today is that you might obtain
+it when you obtain an IP address using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you obtain an IP address using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you obtain an IP address using a
+protocol like DHCP where you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like DHCP where you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol like DHCP where you you know
+you turn on your computer and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on your computer and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on your computer and you get an
+IP address using some protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address using some protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP address using some protocol that
+protocol um some Gateway Upstream might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol um some Gateway Upstream might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol um some Gateway Upstream might
+tell you uh what the which name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you uh what the which name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you uh what the which name server
+to use so if you have a computer at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use so if you have a computer at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use so if you have a computer at home
+your internet service provider you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your internet service provider you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your internet service provider you know
+would have something set up so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have something set up so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have something set up so they
+would tell you what um stub what um name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you what um stub what um name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you what um stub what um name
+server to use so this could be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to use so this could be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to use so this could be done
+using a mechanism like DHCP or like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mechanism like DHCP or like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a mechanism like DHCP or like in
+the old days and you know these days if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days and you know these days if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days and you know these days if
+you sort of are you want to do this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of are you want to do this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of are you want to do this kind
+of work uh it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manually uh for example you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually uh for example you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually uh for example you could go
+into some registry somewhere or file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some registry somewhere or file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some registry somewhere or file
+like resolve. conf and you just type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resolve. conf and you just type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resolve. conf and you just type
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the second issue that we need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second issue that we need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second issue that we need to uh
+spend some time about and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time about and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time about and we're going to
+spend the next five or so minutes on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next five or so minutes on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next five or so minutes on is
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the main point about performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main point about performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main point about performance is
+that if you look at that picture for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at that picture for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at that picture for how
+names are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names are being
+resolved if you want uh if somebody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved if you want uh if somebody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved if you want uh if somebody at
+Berkeley wants to resolve x. cal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley wants to resolve x. cal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley wants to resolve x. cal.
+mit.edu there's a huge number of round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu there's a huge number of round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu there's a huge number of round
+trips that they have to do to all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that they have to do to all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips that they have to do to all sorts
+of name servers all over the world or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of name servers all over the world or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of name servers all over the world or at
+least all over the country before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least all over the country before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least all over the country before they
+can figure out what the IP address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what the IP address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what the IP address is
+for my machine and you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my machine and you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my machine and you know this is a
+little bit silly because often they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit silly because often they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit silly because often they
+might want to connect to your web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to connect to your web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to connect to your web page
+and get a 4 kilobyte thing which takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a 4 kilobyte thing which takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a 4 kilobyte thing which takes a
+couple of round trips to get and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of round trips to get and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of round trips to get and in
+order to do that they're spending you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that they're spending you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that they're spending you
+know a huge number of round trips um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a huge number of round trips um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a huge number of round trips um
+latency huge latency in in getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency huge latency in in getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency huge latency in in getting the
+getting this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this right
+answer so the the approach that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so the the approach that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so the the approach that we're
+going to take to solve the too much too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to solve the too much too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take to solve the too much too
+many round trips problem is an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many round trips problem is an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many round trips problem is an approach
+you've already seen we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caching and in order for this caching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching and in order for this caching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching and in order for this caching to
+work there's actually um something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's actually um something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there's actually um something in
+this picture that you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that you have to understand
+and a little bit more detail about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit more detail about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit more detail about two
+different kinds of name resolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of name resolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of name resolution that
+are really going on the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really going on the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really going on the first kind of
+name resolution that's going on in DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name resolution that's going on in DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name resolution that's going on in DNS
+is um the kind of resolution that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the kind of resolution that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the kind of resolution that the
+edu name server or the mit.edu name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu name server or the mit.edu name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu name server or the mit.edu name
+server is doing in this picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is doing in this picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is doing in this picture and
+that's called iterative resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called iterative resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called iterative resolution
+iterative resolution says the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative resolution says the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative resolution says the following
+if I ask you to do some work for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you to do some work for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you to do some work for me to
+resolve a name you just tell me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve a name you just tell me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve a name you just tell me you
+don't if you don't know the answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you don't know the answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you don't know the answer you
+just tell me I don't know the answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me I don't know the answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me I don't know the answer but
+you go here and find out the answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here and find out the answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go here and find out the answer so
+you're getting these pointers referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting these pointers referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting these pointers referring
+you to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the right
+place the second kind of resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the second kind of resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the second kind of resolution
+that's going on is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on is the kind of
+resolution that this box is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that this box is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that this box is doing this
+any name server box and it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any name server box and it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any name server box and it's doing
+something called recursive resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called recursive resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called recursive resolution
+because what's going on here is the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's going on here is the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's going on here is the stop
+resolver is telling it here's a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver is telling it here's a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver is telling it here's a name
+resolve it for me and what he's doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve it for me and what he's doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve it for me and what he's doing is
+basically saying okay I'll resolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying okay I'll resolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying okay I'll resolve it
+for you and get you the final answer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and get you the final answer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and get you the final answer I'm
+not going to give you a referral back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you a referral back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you a referral back to
+other places which means that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places which means that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places which means that eventually
+once it figures out the answer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it figures out the answer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it figures out the answer if
+there's one it's going to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one it's going to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one it's going to know the
+answer even though it did not originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even though it did not originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer even though it did not originate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+query and the moment you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and the moment you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and the moment you have have
+recursive resolution it means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive resolution it means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive resolution it means that you
+can cash the answer because if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cash the answer because if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cash the answer because if somebody
+else comes and asks you the same query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else comes and asks you the same query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else comes and asks you the same query
+you already have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have the answer
+cached and notice that this benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cached and notice that this benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cached and notice that this benefit
+doesn't occre if you're doing purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occre if you're doing purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occre if you're doing purely
+iterative resolution if everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative resolution if everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative resolution if everybody was
+just sending referrals back to the stub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sending referrals back to the stub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sending referrals back to the stub
+resolver the only caching you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver the only caching you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolver the only caching you would
+really be gaining primarily be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be gaining primarily be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be gaining primarily be be
+gaining is for all of the requests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining is for all of the requests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining is for all of the requests that
+are common to this computer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common to this computer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common to this computer because
+nobody is actually cashing getting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is actually cashing getting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is actually cashing getting any
+answers along the way nobody's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers along the way nobody's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers along the way nobody's even
+getting any referrals along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any referrals along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any referrals along the way
+they're only getting um um you know only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only getting um um you know only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only getting um um you know only
+only the node that's starting the um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the node that's starting the um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the node that's starting the um um
+name resolution is going to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name resolution is going to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name resolution is going to be getting
+any answers or any referrals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any answers or any referrals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any answers or any referrals at
+all so the secret to getting good DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the secret to getting good DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so the secret to getting good DNS
+performance is for certain nodes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is for certain nodes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is for certain nodes for
+certain name servers to agree to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain name servers to agree to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain name servers to agree to do
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resolution and an example of that is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and an example of that is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and an example of that is any
+name server in this picture so now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server in this picture so now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server in this picture so now if
+you have a lot of computers here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of computers here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of computers here with a
+lot of applications running on it all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications running on it all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of applications running on it all of
+which use the same name server and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which use the same name server and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which use the same name server and that
+name server is configured to recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server is configured to recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name server is configured to recursively
+resolve names then that name server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve names then that name server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve names then that name server
+benefits from being able to cach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from being able to cach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits from being able to cach the
+answers to previous DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to previous DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to previous DNS
+lookups but notice that they can cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups but notice that they can cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookups but notice that they can cach
+two kinds of answers and one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of answers and one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of answers and one of which is
+much more important than the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important than the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important than the other the
+first kind of answer they can cach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kind of answer they can cach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kind of answer they can cach is
+the final answer that you get back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer that you get back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer that you get back that
+says x. c. mit.edu is at a particular IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says x. c. mit.edu is at a particular IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says x. c. mit.edu is at a particular IP
+address so the next time somebody goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so the next time somebody goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so the next time somebody goes
+to x. c. mit.edu um they have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. c. mit.edu um they have the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. c. mit.edu um they have the answer
+right there but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there but if you look at the
+statistics of DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of DNS
+requests there's some commonality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests there's some commonality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests there's some commonality in
+that everybody wants to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody wants to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody wants to go to
+www.cnn.com or google.com or yahoo.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.cnn.com or google.com or yahoo.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.cnn.com or google.com or yahoo.com
+and so on but there's a huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but there's a huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but there's a huge number of
+requests going to machines like yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests going to machines like yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests going to machines like yours
+and mine which you know aren't running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mine which you know aren't running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mine which you know aren't running
+anything interesting and we the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting and we the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting and we the only
+people interested in those machines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in those machines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in those machines so
+really what's going on and why caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what's going on and why caching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what's going on and why caching
+helps is that not only are the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps is that not only are the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps is that not only are the final
+answers being cached these referral are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers being cached these referral are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers being cached these referral are
+being cached so for example any name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cached so for example any name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cached so for example any name
+server already knows the root but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server already knows the root but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server already knows the root but now
+after the first request it knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first request it knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first request it knows the
+mapping for edu's name service and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping for edu's name service and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping for edu's name service and after
+the second one U after the first one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one U after the first one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one U after the first one to
+mit.edu it can cach the mapping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu it can cach the mapping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu it can cach the mapping for
+mit.edu name server as well so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu name server as well so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu name server as well so the next
+time somebody asks for anything. mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time somebody asks for anything. mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time somebody asks for anything. mit.edu
+this name Server doesn't have to go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name Server doesn't have to go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name Server doesn't have to go all
+the way back to the rout in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to the rout in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back to the rout in fact it
+doesn't even have to go all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to go all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have to go all the way back
+to edu it just has to start with mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edu it just has to start with mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edu it just has to start with mit.edu
+whose name service entry it already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name service entry it already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name service entry it already has
+in its cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its cache
+and that really gives is the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really gives is the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really gives is the reason why
+um the DNS scales very very well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the DNS scales very very well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the DNS scales very very well it's
+because it does caching but the real key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does caching but the real key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does caching but the real key
+is that it's caching referrals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's caching referrals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's caching referrals it's
+caching these name server entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching these name server entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching these name server entries
+associated with these labels um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these labels um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these labels um it's
+getting some benefit from cashing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some benefit from cashing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some benefit from cashing the
+final answers but it's really gaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answers but it's really gaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answers but it's really gaining a
+lot of benefit from cashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+referrals now of course when you cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals now of course when you cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals now of course when you cash
+things you have to worry about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to worry about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to worry about things
+being stale because you certainly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stale because you certainly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stale because you certainly don't
+want to cash it forever if you cashed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cash it forever if you cashed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cash it forever if you cashed it
+forever then then nobody could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever then then nobody could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever then then nobody could change
+anything so how do you you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so how do you you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so how do you you know let's
+say you decide to change the mapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you decide to change the mapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you decide to change the mapping of
+www.mit.edu a record from one IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.mit.edu a record from one IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.mit.edu a record from one IP address
+to another how do you tell the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another how do you tell the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another how do you tell the whole
+world that you've changed it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you've changed it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you've changed it well
+there's two high level strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two high level strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two high level strategies for
+this one is to somehow keep track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is to somehow keep track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is to somehow keep track of all
+the people who've cashed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who've cashed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who've cashed it and
+invalidate entries and you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalidate entries and you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalidate entries and you know a few
+lectures from now we'll look at ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now we'll look at ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now we'll look at ways in
+which that kind of approach might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that kind of approach might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that kind of approach might be
+made to work for different systems DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to work for different systems DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made to work for different systems DNS
+deals with it in a sort of different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with it in a sort of different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with it in a sort of different in
+a different way it doesn't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way it doesn't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way it doesn't worry about
+invalid instead it sets expiration time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid instead it sets expiration time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid instead it sets expiration time
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries also called ttls or time to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries also called ttls or time to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries also called ttls or time to live
+that's sort of abused and overloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of abused and overloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of abused and overloaded
+term in in networks but it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in in networks but it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in in networks but it's really an
+expiration time it says that here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration time it says that here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration time it says that here's the
+answer to any of these questions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to any of these questions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to any of these questions to a
+referral or to The Final Answer here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral or to The Final Answer here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referral or to The Final Answer here's
+the mapping and it's valid for such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping and it's valid for such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping and it's valid for such and
+such a time okay like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a time okay like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a time okay like it could be
+anywhere from 15 seconds or 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 15 seconds or 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 15 seconds or 30 seconds
+to you know 3 hours or a day usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know 3 hours or a day usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know 3 hours or a day usually
+it's a day or two it's never usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a day or two it's never usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a day or two it's never usually
+never more than a couple of days uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never more than a couple of days uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never more than a couple of days uh
+because you reach the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you reach the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you reach the point of
+diminishing returns you know one request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing returns you know one request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing returns you know one request
+every two days is not a big deal so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two days is not a big deal so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two days is not a big deal so um
+you know usually it's on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually it's on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually it's on the order of
+you know several seconds if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know several seconds if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know several seconds if you want the
+mapping to be fine grained um or an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to be fine grained um or an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to be fine grained um or an hour
+or a day and after that any access made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a day and after that any access made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a day and after that any access made
+after that to the same entry whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that to the same entry whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that to the same entry whether it
+be a referral or whether it be a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a referral or whether it be a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a referral or whether it be a final
+answer has to go back to the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to go back to the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer has to go back to the server
+that's authoritative that's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's authoritative that's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's authoritative that's responsible
+for that entry so for example if um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that entry so for example if um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that entry so for example if um you
+you went for the first time doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went for the first time doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went for the first time doing a
+lookup of the name and you got back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup of the name and you got back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup of the name and you got back that
+mit.edu is name service was some name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu is name service was some name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu is name service was some name
+and that it was valid for an hour then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it was valid for an hour then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it was valid for an hour then
+the first request that happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first request that happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first request that happens for
+anything. mit.edu from here after an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. mit.edu from here after an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. mit.edu from here after an
+hour has to go here I mean edu assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour has to go here I mean edu assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour has to go here I mean edu assuming
+that edu is still a valid hasn't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edu is still a valid hasn't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edu is still a valid hasn't yet
+expired um this entry has to go here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired um this entry has to go here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired um this entry has to go here so
+if you look at a time sequence of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a time sequence of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a time sequence of when
+you go um to the when the cash when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go um to the when the cash when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go um to the when the cash when you
+actually go back to the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go back to the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go back to the server
+responsible for a name you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a name you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for a name you can kind of
+divide up time into these chunks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up time into these chunks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up time into these chunks which
+are the expiration time intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the expiration time intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the expiration time intervals
+assuming they don't change they're set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they don't change they're set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they don't change they're set
+by the server and then you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the server and then you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the server and then you might have
+accesses in between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and if you look at the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you look at the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you look at the only
+accesses that go to the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses that go to the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses that go to the server
+responsible for the name are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the name are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the name are the first
+ones after um every TTL after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expiration so in terms of uh this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration so in terms of uh this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration so in terms of uh this so
+this is the basic story for how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic story for how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic story for how you get
+reasonably good performance and save a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good performance and save a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably good performance and save a
+lot of round trips uh in DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of round trips uh in DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of round trips uh in DNS
+and the real reason for the scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real reason for the scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real reason for the scalability
+of the domain name system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain name system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain name system is a
+combination of administrative delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of administrative delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of administrative delegation
+so you don't have the some human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the some human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have the some human being
+involved in every name that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in every name that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in every name that's being
+added to the network it's distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the network it's distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the network it's distributed
+across different organizations um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different organizations um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different organizations um and
+the fact that you have caching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you have caching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you have caching in
+particular you're caching these NS name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you're caching these NS name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you're caching these NS name
+server these name server records which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server these name server records which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server these name server records which
+means that um you can save a lot of load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um you can save a lot of load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um you can save a lot of load
+on the root and on the edu or Comm name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the root and on the edu or Comm name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the root and on the edu or Comm name
+servers um originally the designers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers um originally the designers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers um originally the designers of
+of DNS one thinking one thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNS one thinking one thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNS one thinking one thought that
+they had was that DNS would scale very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was that DNS would scale very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had was that DNS would scale very
+well because the name space is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the name space is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the name space is extremely
+divided and hierarchical which meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided and hierarchical which meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided and hierarchical which meant
+that you were getting a lot from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were getting a lot from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were getting a lot from the
+hierarchy and that's why it would scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and that's why it would scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy and that's why it would scale
+but that's actually not true because 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's actually not true because 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's actually not true because 90
+more than 90% of the domain namespace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 90% of the domain namespace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 90% of the domain namespace is
+not hierarchical in any deep sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hierarchical in any deep sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hierarchical in any deep sense
+everybody is something.com everybody of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is something.com everybody of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is something.com everybody of
+importance is something.com or wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is something.com or wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is something.com or wants to
+be something.com and so you know most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something.com and so you know most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something.com and so you know most of
+the load gets here so there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load gets here so there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load gets here so there's no real
+deep hierarchy that you're benefiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep hierarchy that you're benefiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep hierarchy that you're benefiting
+from here that's usually some flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that's usually some flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here that's usually some flat
+name.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name.com
+but it's divided and it's delegated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's divided and it's delegated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's divided and it's delegated and
+that's the really nice thing about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really nice thing about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really nice thing about it so
+you're gaining much more from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gaining much more from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gaining much more from the fact
+that it's delegated you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's delegated you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's delegated you would probably
+gain the same scalability if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the same scalability if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the same scalability if everything
+were just something do root okay we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just something do root okay we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just something do root okay we we
+didn't really need too much of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need too much of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need too much of this in
+terms of scalability although it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of scalability although it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of scalability although it's very
+convenient to be able to do delegation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to be able to do delegation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to be able to do delegation
+but primarily it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but primarily it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but primarily it seems to be
+universities um that take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities um that take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities um that take advantage of
+this kind of a depth here most companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a depth here most companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a depth here most companies
+tend not to pay much attention to depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to pay much attention to depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to pay much attention to depth
+but yet the system scales because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet the system scales because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet the system scales because it is
+in fact administratively um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact administratively um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact administratively um
+delegated so one word on replication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegated so one word on replication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegated so one word on replication of
+the DNS name servers responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS name servers responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNS name servers responsible for
+these names are replicated there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names are replicated there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these names are replicated there's you
+know you can't set up a DNS name um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't set up a DNS name um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't set up a DNS name um and
+have a name service associated with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name service associated with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name service associated with it a
+DNS name server record has to have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS name server record has to have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS name server record has to have at
+least two entries and they have to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two entries and they have to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two entries and they have to be on
+two different networks U and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different networks U and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different networks U and that's one
+way so that if one of them is down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that if one of them is down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that if one of them is down you
+can get to the other um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to the other um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to the other um and
+unfortunately it turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it turns out that that
+simple rule is often violated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rule is often violated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rule is often violated um
+probably the most celebrated incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most celebrated incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most celebrated incident
+here was Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was Microsoft
+um you know update site or one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know update site or one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know update site or one of those
+sites was down for more than 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites was down for more than 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites was down for more than 24 hours
+and in the end turned out like in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end turned out like in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end turned out like in all
+these cases to be a complicated set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases to be a complicated set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases to be a complicated set of
+reasons for why it failed nothing fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for why it failed nothing fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for why it failed nothing fails
+for a simple reason but uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a simple reason but uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a simple reason but uh one of the
+root causes was that they had DNS name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes was that they had DNS name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root causes was that they had DNS name
+servers that were replicated but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers that were replicated but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers that were replicated but they
+happened to be behind the same ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be behind the same ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be behind the same ethernet
+switch on the same subnet which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on the same subnet which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on the same subnet which is not
+you know recommended but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know recommended but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know recommended but that's what
+they had so it's it's it's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had so it's it's it's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had so it's it's it's the kind of
+thing that you need to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to be careful about
+doing so I'm going to stop here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so I'm going to stop here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so I'm going to stop here and uh
+from Wednesday we will uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wednesday we will uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wednesday we will uh talk about
+fall tolerance the recitation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall tolerance the recitation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall tolerance the recitation for
+tomorrow is a very short paper about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is a very short paper about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is a very short paper about um
+called Google and 911 but tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Google and 911 but tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Google and 911 but tomorrow
+you'll see a little bit about how Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little bit about how Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little bit about how Google
+works
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q69ILtZSteE.txt b/Q69ILtZSteE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a466ef95005f480efcb679aa73cbdd505eaadc58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q69ILtZSteE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome to our fifth week of shaping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to our fifth week of shaping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to our fifth week of shaping the
+future of work my name is Christine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work my name is Christine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work my name is Christine
+meren and I'm a PhD student here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meren and I'm a PhD student here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meren and I'm a PhD student here at the
+institute for work and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute for work and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute for work and employment
+research at MIT I'm filling in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at MIT I'm filling in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at MIT I'm filling in for
+Professor Koken this morning who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Koken this morning who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Koken this morning who you
+will hear from later in the week there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hear from later in the week there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hear from later in the week there
+are two items we want to highlight as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two items we want to highlight as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two items we want to highlight as we
+start this week of the course one is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this week of the course one is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this week of the course one is our
+upcoming topic regarding worker voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming topic regarding worker voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming topic regarding worker voice
+and good quality jobs in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good quality jobs in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good quality jobs in the context of
+changing forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing forms of
+work the second is something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the second is something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the second is something we're
+really excited about which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about which is a
+simulated negotiation over the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated negotiation over the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated negotiation over the future
+social contract at work something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social contract at work something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social contract at work something that
+you will be participating in next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be participating in next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be participating in next week
+and which really brings all of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which really brings all of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which really brings all of the ideas
+in this course together in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course together in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course together in a very
+concrete way so this week we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way so this week we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete way so this week we're going to
+get you set up for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you set up for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you set up for that
+negotiation but first our focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation but first our focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation but first our focus on
+worker voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker voice and
+advocacy so last week we heard from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy so last week we heard from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy so last week we heard from a
+number of individuals about new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals about new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals about new
+arrangements and forms of work whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and forms of work whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements and forms of work whether
+it be new patterns of job growth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be new patterns of job growth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be new patterns of job growth the
+organization of work through technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of work through technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of work through technology
+or new strategies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new strategies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or new strategies in
+entrepreneurship from the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship from the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship from the discussion
+boards these seem to be topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards these seem to be topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards these seem to be topics that
+resonate with your thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with your thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate with your thinking about the
+future of work not only in terms of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work not only in terms of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of work not only in terms of your
+own jobs or careers but also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own jobs or careers but also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own jobs or careers but also in the
+bigger picture of the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture of the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture of the labor
+market within this realm the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market within this realm the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market within this realm the issue of
+job quality is front and center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job quality is front and center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job quality is front and center
+so these two themes changing forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two themes changing forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two themes changing forms of
+work and good Employment Practices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and good Employment Practices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and good Employment Practices are
+critical to our upcoming module on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to our upcoming module on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to our upcoming module on
+worker voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker voice and
+advocacy we're going to extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy we're going to extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy we're going to extend this
+discussion to consider how worker voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to consider how worker voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to consider how worker voice
+and organizing are changing as new forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organizing are changing as new forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organizing are changing as new forms
+of organizing work are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing work are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing work are
+emerging to do so we're going to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging to do so we're going to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging to do so we're going to first
+discuss the decline in Union membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the decline in Union membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the decline in Union membership
+a traditional means of exercising voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional means of exercising voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional means of exercising voice
+on the job we'll Identify some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the job we'll Identify some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the job we'll Identify some of the
+ways in which new work arrangements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which new work arrangements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which new work arrangements are
+challenging voice and job quality we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging voice and job quality we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging voice and job quality we'll
+then talk about how new forms of worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about how new forms of worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about how new forms of worker
+organizing are starting to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing are starting to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing are starting to adapt to
+these changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and
+challenges firms as we'll see are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges firms as we'll see are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges firms as we'll see are also
+making decisions and how they integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions and how they integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions and how they integrate
+new ways of doing work such as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of doing work such as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways of doing work such as those
+brought by technology in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by technology in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought by technology in ways that
+maintain good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain good job
+standards however we want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards however we want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards however we want to take a
+moment to emphasize an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to emphasize an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to emphasize an important point
+that puts these discussions in a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts these discussions in a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts these discussions in a broader
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+in a number of our videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of our videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number of our videos and
+discussions we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions we've talked about
+alternative work Arrangements such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative work Arrangements such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative work Arrangements such as
+freelancing or Contracting and On Demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing or Contracting and On Demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing or Contracting and On Demand
+or gig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gig
+jobs according to a recent study by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs according to a recent study by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs according to a recent study by us
+Economist Lawrence Catz and Alan Krueger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist Lawrence Catz and Alan Krueger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist Lawrence Catz and Alan Krueger
+such alternative Arrangements have grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such alternative Arrangements have grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such alternative Arrangements have grown
+most notably in the last 10 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notably in the last 10 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notably in the last 10 years and
+now account for about 15% of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now account for about 15% of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now account for about 15% of workers
+jobs throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs throughout the
+US this growth and the visibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US this growth and the visibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US this growth and the visibility of
+Arrangements like those of the ond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements like those of the ond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements like those of the ond
+demand economy are bringing renewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand economy are bringing renewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand economy are bringing renewed
+attention to related labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to related labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to related labor market
+challenges still some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges still some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges still some of these
+Arrangements make up a relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements make up a relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements make up a relatively small
+portion of jobs the on demand economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of jobs the on demand economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of jobs the on demand economy
+for instance accounted for less than 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance accounted for less than 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance accounted for less than 1%
+of total employment in 2015 according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total employment in 2015 according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total employment in 2015 according to
+Kats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kats and
+Krueger so given this there are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krueger so given this there are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krueger so given this there are really
+two tasks at hand in this week's agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tasks at hand in this week's agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tasks at hand in this week's agenda
+one as we've stated is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as we've stated is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as we've stated is to understand
+emerging forms of voice that overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging forms of voice that overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging forms of voice that overcome
+some of the challenges in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges in these
+Arrangements in our videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements in our videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangements in our videos and
+additional resource section you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional resource section you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional resource section you'll see
+inspiring examples and accounts of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring examples and accounts of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring examples and accounts of how
+change is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being
+achieved the second task is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved the second task is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved the second task is to
+critically examine what these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically examine what these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically examine what these new
+challenges are telling us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are telling us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are telling us about the
+overall labor market encouragingly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall labor market encouragingly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall labor market encouragingly we
+have arrived at a point where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrived at a point where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrived at a point where we are
+engaging in public discourse about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in public discourse about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in public discourse about
+issues like the rights of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like the rights of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like the rights of independent
+contractors with OnDemand companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors with OnDemand companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors with OnDemand companies like
+Uber or task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber or task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber or task
+rabbit one way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit one way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit one way to think about this
+discourse is that it provides a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse is that it provides a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse is that it provides a window
+or a way in to thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a way in to thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a way in to thinking about the
+challenges found throughout the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges found throughout the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges found throughout the labor
+market and experience by workers across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and experience by workers across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and experience by workers across
+the board whether in an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board whether in an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board whether in an alternative
+Arrangement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement or
+not so given this the question we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so given this the question we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so given this the question we ask
+becomes how can we take the ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes how can we take the ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes how can we take the ideas and
+the proposals and lessons we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposals and lessons we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposals and lessons we learn from
+these emerging forms and use those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these emerging forms and use those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these emerging forms and use those to
+think critically about solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think critically about solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think critically about solutions to
+challenges and the need for a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and the need for a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and the need for a stronger
+role of worker voice across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of worker voice across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of worker voice across different
+segments of the labor market like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the labor market like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the labor market like those
+discussed by Bureau of Labor Statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed by Bureau of Labor Statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed by Bureau of Labor Statistics
+Chief Economist Heidi shareholds last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chief Economist Heidi shareholds last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chief Economist Heidi shareholds last
+week doing so places our thinking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week doing so places our thinking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week doing so places our thinking in the
+trajectory we've been on throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we've been on throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we've been on throughout this
+course which has focused in recent weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which has focused in recent weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which has focused in recent weeks
+on the gradual demise of Labor Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradual demise of Labor Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradual demise of Labor Market
+institutions and the social contract at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and the social contract at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and the social contract at
+work we're excited to see how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're excited to see how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we're excited to see how you're
+thinking about these in the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these in the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these in the discussion
+boards over the coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards over the coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards over the coming
+week now onto the negotiation exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week now onto the negotiation exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week now onto the negotiation exercise
+in week six you'll be engaging with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in week six you'll be engaging with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in week six you'll be engaging with your
+course colleagues in dialogue regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course colleagues in dialogue regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course colleagues in dialogue regarding
+different actions and Employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions and Employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actions and Employment
+Practices that can serve as building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practices that can serve as building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practices that can serve as building
+blocks for the new social contract at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for the new social contract at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for the new social contract at
+work to do this you'll be assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do this you'll be assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do this you'll be assigned to
+groups and will negotiate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and will negotiate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and will negotiate from the
+perspective of a given role including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a given role including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a given role including
+management labor unions and professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management labor unions and professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management labor unions and professional
+groups the federal government or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the federal government or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the federal government or
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+institutions the idea behind this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the idea behind this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions the idea behind this is to
+bring all of our lessons and material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of our lessons and material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of our lessons and material
+together in a concrete way but one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a concrete way but one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a concrete way but one that
+hinges on your creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges on your creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges on your creativity and
+participation so the outcome of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation so the outcome of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation so the outcome of the
+exercise is really dependent upon having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is really dependent upon having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is really dependent upon having
+as many perspectives and participants as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many perspectives and participants as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many perspectives and participants as
+possible this week you're given basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this week you're given basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this week you're given basic
+information and instructions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and instructions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and instructions for the
+negotiation you're also asked to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation you're also asked to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation you're also asked to sign up
+for the exercise and fill out a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercise and fill out a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercise and fill out a short
+preparation survey we encourage all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation survey we encourage all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation survey we encourage all of
+you whether you're taking the class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you're taking the class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you're taking the class for
+a certificate or not to participate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate or not to participate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate or not to participate so
+that we can collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can collectively
+really make the most out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make the most out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make the most out of this
+opportunity to think creatively about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to think creatively about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to think creatively about
+the issues we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues we care
+about next week you'll receive your role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next week you'll receive your role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next week you'll receive your role
+and your group assignments and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your group assignments and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your group assignments and we'll
+start your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your
+negotiations on our discussion board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations on our discussion board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations on our discussion board
+you'll notice a new thread entitled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice a new thread entitled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice a new thread entitled
+negotiation exercise where this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation exercise where this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation exercise where this weekend
+next you can post questions or let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can post questions or let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can post questions or let us
+know if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you need
+assistance we hope that you'll join us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance we hope that you'll join us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance we hope that you'll join us
+for the exercise and for a live event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercise and for a live event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exercise and for a live event
+presentation in week 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation in week 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation in week 7
+the details of which will post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of which will post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of which will post
+soon there we'll talk about your plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there we'll talk about your plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there we'll talk about your plans
+for Action so stay tuned
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R7U0Xezxo_0.txt b/R7U0Xezxo_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7440ff32df5253e7a19ff7b8bde485d40eae4ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R7U0Xezxo_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+A key technology for timesharing is the periodic
+interrupt from the external timer device.
+
+Let's remind ourselves how the interrupt hardware
+in the Beta works.
+
+External devices request an interrupt by asserting
+the Beta's interrupt request (IRQ) input.
+
+If the Beta is running in user mode, i.e.,
+the supervisor bit stored in the PC is 0,
+
+asserting IRQ will trigger the following actions
+on the clock cycle the interrupt is recognized.
+
+The goal is to save the current PC+4 value
+in the XP register and force the program counter
+
+(PC) to a particular kernel-mode instruction,
+which starts the execution of the interrupt
+
+handler code.
+
+The normal process of generating control signals
+based on the current instruction is superseded
+
+by forcing particular values for some of the
+control signals.
+
+PCSEL is set to 4, which selects a specified
+kernel-mode address as the next value of the
+
+program counter.
+
+The address chosen depends on the type of
+external interrupt.
+
+In the case of the timer interrupt, the address
+is 0x80000008.
+
+Note that PC[31], the supervisor bit, is being
+set to 1 and the CPU will be in kernel-mode
+
+as it starts executing the code of the interrupt
+handler.
+
+The WASEL, WDSEL, and WERF control signals
+are set so that PC+4 is written into the XP
+
+register (i.e., R30) in the register file.
+
+And, finally, MWR is set to 0 to ensure that
+if we're interrupting a ST instruction that
+
+its execution is aborted correctly.
+
+So in the next clock cycle, execution starts
+with the first instruction of the kernel-mode
+
+interrupt handler,
+which can find the PC+4 of the interrupted
+
+instruction in the XP register of the CPU.
+
+As we can see the interrupt hardware is pretty
+minimal:
+
+it saves the PC+4 of the interrupted user-mode
+program in the XP register and sets the program
+
+counter to some predetermined value that depends
+on which external interrupt happened.
+
+The remainder of the work to handle the interrupt
+request is performed in software.
+
+The state of the interrupted process, e.g.,
+the values in the CPU registers R0 through
+
+R30, is stored in main memory in an OS data
+structure called UserMState.
+
+Then the appropriate handler code, usually
+a procedure written in C, is invoked to do
+
+the heavy lifting.
+
+When that procedure returns, the process state
+is reloaded from UserMState.
+
+The OS subtracts 4 from the value in XP, making
+it point to the interrupted instruction and
+
+then resumes user-mode execution with a JMP(XP).
+
+Note that in our simple Beta implementation
+the first instructions for the various interrupt
+
+handlers occupy consecutive locations in main
+memory.
+
+Since interrupt handlers are longer than one
+instruction, this first instruction is invariably
+
+a branch to the actual interrupt code.
+
+Here we see that the reset interrupt (asserted
+when the CPU first starts running) sets the
+
+PC to 0, the illegal instruction interrupt
+sets the PC to 4, the timer interrupt sets
+
+the PC to 8, and so on.
+
+In all cases, bit 31 of the new PC value is
+set to 1 so that handlers execute in supervisor
+
+or kernel mode, giving them access to the
+kernel context.
+
+A common alternative is provide a table of
+new PC values at a known location and have
+
+the interrupt hardware access that table to
+fetch the PC for the appropriate handler routine.
+
+This provides the same functionality as our
+simple Beta implementation.
+
+Since the process state is saved and restored
+during an interrupt, interrupts are transparent
+
+to the running user-mode program.
+
+In essence, we borrow a few CPU cycles to
+deal with the interrupt, then it's back to
+
+normal program execution.
+
+Here's how the timer interrupt handler would
+work.
+
+Our initial goal is to use the timer interrupt
+to update a data value in the OS that records
+
+the current time of day (TOD).
+
+Let's assume the timer interrupt is triggered
+every 1/60th of a second.
+
+A user-mode program executes normally, not
+needing to make any special provision to deal
+
+with timer interrupts.
+
+Periodically the timer interrupts the user-mode
+program to run the clock interrupt handler
+
+code in the OS, then resumes execution of
+the user-mode program.
+
+The program continues execution just as if
+the interrupt had not occurred.
+
+If the program needs access to the TOD, it
+makes the appropriate service request to the
+
+OS.
+
+The clock handler code in the OS starts and
+ends with a small amount of assembly-language
+
+code to save and restore the state.
+
+In the middle, the assembly code makes a C
+procedure call to actually handle the interrupt.
+
+Here's what the handler code might look like.
+
+In C, we find the declarations for the TOD
+data value and the structure, called UserMState,
+
+that temporarily holds the saved process state.
+
+There's also the C procedure for incrementing
+the TOD value.
+
+A timer interrupt executes the BR() instruction
+at location 8, which branches to the actual
+
+interrupt handler code at CLOCK_H.
+
+The code first saves the values of all the
+CPU registers into the UserMState data structure.
+
+Note that we don't save the value of R31 since
+its value is always 0.
+
+After setting up the kernel-mode stack, the
+assembly-language stub calls the C procedure
+
+above to do the hard work.
+
+When the procedure returns, the CPU registers
+are reloaded from the saved process state
+
+and the XP register value decremented by 4
+so that it will point to the interrupted instruction.
+
+Then a JMP(XP) resumes user-mode execution.
+
+Okay, that was simple enough.
+
+But what does this all have to do with timesharing?
+
+Wasn't our goal to arrange to periodically
+switch which process was running?
+
+Aha!
+
+We have code that runs on every timer interrupt,
+so let's modify it so that every so often
+
+we arrange to call the OS' Scheduler() routine.
+
+In this example, we'd set the constant QUANTUM
+to 2 if we wanted to call Scheduler() every
+
+second timer interrupt.
+
+The Scheduler() subroutine is where the time
+sharing magic happens!
+
+Here we see the UserMState data structure
+from the previous slide where the user-mode
+
+process state is stored during interrupts.
+
+And here's an array of process control block
+(PCB) data structures, one for each process
+
+in the system.
+
+The PCB holds the complete state of a process
+when some other process is currently executing
+
+- it's the long-term storage for processor
+state!
+
+As you can see, it includes a copy of MState
+with the process' register values, the MMU
+
+state, and various state associated with the
+process' input/output activities,
+
+represented here by a number indicating which
+virtual user-interface console is attached
+
+to the process.
+
+There are N processes altogether.
+
+The variable CUR gives the index into ProcTable
+for the currently running process.
+
+And here's the surprisingly simple code for
+implementing timesharing.
+
+Whenever the Scheduler() routine is called,
+it starts by moving the temporary saved state
+
+into the PCB for the current process.
+
+It then increments CUR to move to the next
+process, making sure it wraps back around
+
+to 0 when we've just finished running the
+last of the N processes.
+
+It then loads reloads the temporary state
+from the PCB of the new process and sets up
+
+the MMU appropriately.
+
+At this point Scheduler() returns and the
+clock interrupt handler reloads the CPU registers
+
+from the updated temporary saved state and
+resumes execution.
+
+Voila!
+
+We're now running a new process.
+
+Let's use this diagram to once again walk
+through how time sharing works.
+
+At the top of the diagram you'll see the code
+for the user-mode processes, and below the
+
+OS code along with its data structures.
+
+The timer interrupts the currently running
+user-mode program and starts execution of
+
+the OS' clock handler code.
+
+The first thing the handler does is save all
+the registers into the UserMState data structure.
+
+If the Scheduler() routine is called, it moves
+the temporarily saved state into the PCB,
+
+which provides the long-term storage for a
+process' state.
+
+Next, Scheduler() copies the saved state for
+the next process into the temporary holding
+
+area.
+
+Then the clock handler reloads the updated
+state into the CPU registers and resumes execution,
+
+this time running code in the new process.
+
+While we're looking at the OS, note that since
+its code runs with the supervisor mode bit
+
+set to 1, interrupts are disabled while in
+the OS.
+
+This prevents the awkward problem of getting
+a second interrupt while still in the middle
+
+of handling a first interrupt, a situation
+that might accidentally overwrite the state
+
+in UserMState.
+
+But that means one has to be very careful
+when writing OS code.
+
+Any sort of infinite loop can never be interrupted.
+
+You may have experienced this when your machine
+appears to freeze, accepting no inputs and
+
+just sitting there like a lump.
+
+At this point, your only choice is to power-cycle
+the hardware (the ultimate interrupt!) and
+
+start afresh.
+
+Interrupts are allowed during execution of
+user-mode programs, so if they run amok and
+
+need to be interrupted, that's always possible
+since the OS is still responding to, say,
+
+keyboard interrupts.
+
+Every OS has a magic combination of keystrokes
+that is guaranteed to suspend execution of
+
+the current process, sometimes arranging to
+make a copy of the process state for later
+
+debugging.
+
+Very handy!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RGSQq7x04p8.txt b/RGSQq7x04p8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f3b9bfc14ec1baa5f4b45975ca3120f4cb1f5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RGSQq7x04p8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+we have a little bit to finish up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little bit to finish up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little bit to finish up from
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a few things on sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few things on sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few things on sleep
+we were talking about sleep pathologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about sleep pathologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about sleep pathologies
+at the end of the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the last lecture
+and we had a little more to cover there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a little more to cover there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a little more to cover there
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+brain mechanisms in sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i posted a little announcement on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i posted a little announcement on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i posted a little announcement on the
+web about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web about
+along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+session on sleep that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on sleep that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session on sleep that that
+video of sleep pathologies is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video of sleep pathologies is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video of sleep pathologies is in the
+sharing plow if any of you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing plow if any of you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing plow if any of you want to see
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it's the narcolepsy section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the narcolepsy section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the narcolepsy section
+with two patients shown in video one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two patients shown in video one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two patients shown in video one a
+dog and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and one
+a human being a lady with cataplectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human being a lady with cataplectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human being a lady with cataplectic
+attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember what cataplexy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how could you summarize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you summarize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you summarize what
+what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong
+in cataplexy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cataplexy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cataplexy
+what's abnormal about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+what happens to us when we go into dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to us when we go into dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to us when we go into dream
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+we become totally paralyzed or muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we become totally paralyzed or muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we become totally paralyzed or muscles
+become relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become relaxed
+well if that state happens when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that state happens when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that state happens when you're
+supposed to be awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's rather incapacitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather incapacitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's rather incapacitating
+it's often in people that have it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often in people that have it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often in people that have it with
+narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcolepsy
+it's usually part of narcolepsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually part of narcolepsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually part of narcolepsy
+i'm not sure if it always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure if it always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure if it always is
+but it's basically an intrusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically an intrusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically an intrusion of the
+rem sleep phenomenon into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep phenomenon into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep phenomenon into
+otherwise ordinary waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise ordinary waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise ordinary waking
+state it's usually triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's usually triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's usually triggered by
+intense emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also mentioned
+a couple of things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathologies that usually get kids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies that usually get kids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologies that usually get kids have
+but it's not really pathologies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not really pathologies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not really pathologies because
+so many kids have it but then people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many kids have it but then people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many kids have it but then people get
+over it when they grow older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nightmares are in dream sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmares are in dream sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmares are in dream sleep
+night terrance and sleepwalking are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terrance and sleepwalking are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night terrance and sleepwalking are in
+occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in
+slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow wave sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow wave sleep
+which certainly proves that mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which certainly proves that mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which certainly proves that mental
+states occur in slow wave sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states occur in slow wave sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states occur in slow wave sleep
+you don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need the
+electroencephalograph of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalograph of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electroencephalograph of fast
+desynchronized activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desynchronized activity
+to show mental images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show mental images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show mental images
+which occur in night terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occur in night terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occur in night terror
+and in sleepwalking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sleepwalking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sleepwalking
+or even to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movement that's guided by a pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that's guided by a pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that's guided by a pretty high
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+of brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of brain activity
+in that people do organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that people do organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that people do organized
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+in the state of sleepwalking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state of sleepwalking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the state of sleepwalking
+my brother used to tell me that i tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother used to tell me that i tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother used to tell me that i tried
+to kill him when i was doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have
+shown sleepwalking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown sleepwalking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown sleepwalking
+fair number what about nightmares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has anybody had night terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody had night terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody had night terror
+but i was describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i was describing
+it seems to be more unusual i probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be more unusual i probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be more unusual i probably
+have had it only two or three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not always easy to distinguish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always easy to distinguish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always easy to distinguish from
+nightmares but when you go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the terror part of it is pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terror part of it is pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terror part of it is pretty similar
+to what occurs in nightmares but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what occurs in nightmares but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what occurs in nightmares but in
+nightmares the dream it's an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmares the dream it's an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmares the dream it's an ordinary
+dream it's just a terrible dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream it's just a terrible dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream it's just a terrible dream
+in my terror it's not a dream it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my terror it's not a dream it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my terror it's not a dream it's just
+particular images that are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular images that are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular images that are associated
+with intense emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intense emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intense emotion
+let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mechanisms
+we've it's been discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've it's been discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've it's been discovered that
+neuromodulator systems axons with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulator systems axons with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromodulator systems axons with very
+widespread axonal connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread axonal connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread axonal connections
+are important in controlling sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important in controlling sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important in controlling sleep and
+waking they're important for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waking they're important for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waking they're important for other
+things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too
+and we'll be talking about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be talking about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be talking about those
+when we after we finish sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today
+we know their accents like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know their accents like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know their accents like that
+originating in the hindbrain they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating in the hindbrain they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating in the hindbrain they use
+serotonin as a neurotransmitter they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin as a neurotransmitter they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serotonin as a neurotransmitter they
+occur in the raphe nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the raphe nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the raphe nuclei
+roughay means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughay means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughay means
+in the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midline
+okay the norepinephrine containing axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the norepinephrine containing axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the norepinephrine containing axons
+which originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which originate
+in comparably small numbers of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparably small numbers of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparably small numbers of neurons
+the best known group is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known group is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known group is in
+the so-called locus ceruleus the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called locus ceruleus the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called locus ceruleus the blue
+locus in the hindbrain below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus in the hindbrain below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus in the hindbrain below the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+we'll mention that again today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll mention that again today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll mention that again today
+and these axons go over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these axons go over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these axons go over the entire
+nervous system they go down the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system they go down the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system they go down the spinal
+cord they go into the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they go into the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they go into the midbrain
+diencephalon and forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon and forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon and forebrain
+similarly there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there are
+widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread
+acetylcholine projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine projections
+the best known one originates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known one originates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known one originates in the
+basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal forebrain
+and goes to most of the neocortex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to most of the neocortex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes to most of the neocortex but
+there's also acetylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also acetylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also acetylcholine
+neurons with wide pretty diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons with wide pretty diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons with wide pretty diffuse
+connections in the hindbrain involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections in the hindbrain involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections in the hindbrain involved
+that we know now are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in triggering rem sleep and in waking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in triggering rem sleep and in waking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in triggering rem sleep and in waking up
+okay let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go over some of just some highlights of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over some of just some highlights of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over some of just some highlights of
+the work on brain mechanisms and sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on brain mechanisms and sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on brain mechanisms and sleep
+one of the early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early studies
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well first of all the transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the transactions and
+then we'll go over notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go over notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go over notice
+early studies of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll talk about a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about a few of these
+other regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other regions
+i want you to understand what these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to understand what these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to understand what these in
+your textbook they talk about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook they talk about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook they talk about these two
+types of transection the cervoisilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of transection the cervoisilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of transection the cervoisilian
+and cephalia silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cephalia silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cephalia silly
+they just refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just refer to
+transections completely through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transections completely through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transections completely through
+the naraxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naraxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naraxis
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in cephali salay produces a spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cephali salay produces a spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cephali salay produces a spinal
+animal but the investigators they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but the investigators they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but the investigators they're
+calling it in spell easily because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it in spell easily because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it in spell easily because what
+they're studying is the isolated brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying is the isolated brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying is the isolated brain
+brain isolate they're sitting what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain isolate they're sitting what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain isolate they're sitting what's in
+front instead of what's behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front instead of what's behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front instead of what's behind
+not the movement that the animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the movement that the animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the movement that the animal is
+capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of
+but what the brain is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the brain is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the brain is doing
+and when you do that cut well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that cut well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that cut well first of
+all i show it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pictures you're more used to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures you're more used to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures you're more used to this is
+where the ins values that they cut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ins values that they cut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ins values that they cut is
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course if you do that the animal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you do that the animal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you do that the animal will
+stop breathing and he will die if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop breathing and he will die if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop breathing and he will die if you
+don't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support
+support his life with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support his life with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support his life with
+artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+by artificial means artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by artificial means artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by artificial means artificial
+respiration usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration usually
+the other cut called cervoisilla is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cut called cervoisilla is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cut called cervoisilla is
+through the middle of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle of the midbrain
+and that's shown here in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's shown here in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's shown here in the human
+it's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this one
+it's often called the mid collicular cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called the mid collicular cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called the mid collicular cut
+because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they
+usually go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually go in
+just in front of the inferior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in front of the inferior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in front of the inferior colliculus
+and completely transect the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely transect the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely transect the brain stem
+so if you compare those two cuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compare those two cuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you compare those two cuts and
+what the forebrain is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forebrain is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forebrain is doing
+you make the cut back here you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the cut back here you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the cut back here you find that
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+goes through sleeping and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through sleeping and waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through sleeping and waking
+the electrical activity shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical activity shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical activity shows
+sleep state part of the time and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep state part of the time and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep state part of the time and weight
+and state part of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and state part of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and state part of the time
+but if you make this more anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you make this more anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you make this more anterior
+transection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transection
+the brain is asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a sleep unless you electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sleep unless you electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sleep unless you electrically
+stimulate the midbrain we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate the midbrain we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate the midbrain we'll talk about
+that later if you stimulate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later if you stimulate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later if you stimulate in the
+middle of the radicular formation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the radicular formation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the radicular formation you
+can wake the brain up and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wake the brain up and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wake the brain up and that was a
+famous discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous discovery
+that led to many studies of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to many studies of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to many studies of these
+systems of widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of widespread
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the results of those two transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of those two transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of those two transactions
+those were early studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were early studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were early studies
+had led to a focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had led to a focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had led to a focus
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the hindbrain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is
+where we have the mechanisms controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the mechanisms controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the mechanisms controlling
+normal sleep and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sleep and waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sleep and waking
+and that made people sort of forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that made people sort of forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that made people sort of forget
+about the studies it had been early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the studies it had been early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the studies it had been early
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+elite studies of nauta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite studies of nauta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite studies of nauta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's a complicated area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody makes a new discovery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody makes a new discovery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody makes a new discovery and the
+attention shifts to different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention shifts to different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention shifts to different things and
+it's easy to forget about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to forget about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to forget about earlier
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+nota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nota
+was studying hypothalamus and in the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was studying hypothalamus and in the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was studying hypothalamus and in the rat
+he made lesions in the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made lesions in the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made lesions in the anterior
+hypothalamus and compared them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and compared them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and compared them to
+lesions and posterior thalamus pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions and posterior thalamus pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions and posterior thalamus pretty
+large lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lesions
+but restricted to these areas and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but restricted to these areas and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but restricted to these areas and he was
+a very good neuroanatomist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good neuroanatomist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good neuroanatomist
+he became after this one of the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became after this one of the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he became after this one of the world's
+best neuron systems are anatomists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best neuron systems are anatomists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best neuron systems are anatomists
+and he ended his career here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ended his career here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ended his career here at mit
+when he made the lesions in the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he made the lesions in the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he made the lesions in the anterior
+hypothalamus he had rats with insomnia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus he had rats with insomnia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus he had rats with insomnia
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they just didn't sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just didn't sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just didn't sleep
+he slept very little or not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he slept very little or not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he slept very little or not at all
+and animals with severe insomnia would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals with severe insomnia would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and animals with severe insomnia would
+eventually die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually die
+they couldn't sleep at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't sleep at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't sleep at all
+he made the lesions in the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made the lesions in the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made the lesions in the posterior
+hypothalamus he had hypersomnia animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus he had hypersomnia animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus he had hypersomnia animals
+that slept all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the animals
+appeared to be normal the animals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to be normal the animals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared to be normal the animals with
+insomnia showed normal behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia showed normal behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia showed normal behaviors
+they just became more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just became more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just became more and more
+debilitated when they couldn't sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that time
+some of the regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems have been discovered for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have been discovered for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have been discovered for example
+i mentioned that the raphe nuclei or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that the raphe nuclei or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned that the raphe nuclei or the
+uh have cert use serotonin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have cert use serotonin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have cert use serotonin as
+neurotransmitter and they're very widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter and they're very widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter and they're very widely
+projecting they in the raphe of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting they in the raphe of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting they in the raphe of the
+midline midbrain and the hindbrain they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline midbrain and the hindbrain they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline midbrain and the hindbrain they
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you make lesions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get insomnia and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get insomnia and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get insomnia and how much
+insomnia you get depends on how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia you get depends on how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insomnia you get depends on how many of
+those neurons you wipe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons you wipe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons you wipe out
+and the correlations are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correlations are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the correlations are very good
+the more serotonin axons you destroy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more serotonin axons you destroy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more serotonin axons you destroy by
+killing these cells in the midline rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing these cells in the midline rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing these cells in the midline rough
+a the rough way of the hindbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the rough way of the hindbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the rough way of the hindbrain and
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+the less sleep you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less sleep you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less sleep you get
+so we it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we it's
+and there are other studies that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other studies that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other studies that have
+supported that that it appears to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported that that it appears to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported that that it appears to be a
+major regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major regulation
+it probably it how much of it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably it how much of it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably it how much of it works
+through regulating those systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through regulating those systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through regulating those systems in the
+hypothalamus is not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus is not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus is not very clear
+because in fact the serotonin canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact the serotonin canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact the serotonin canadian
+accents don't just go to hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents don't just go to hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents don't just go to hypothalamus
+they go all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go all over the place
+so in fact we don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact we don't understand
+that interaction yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+fascinating study concerns the locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating study concerns the locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating study concerns the locus
+release region now the locus releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release region now the locus releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release region now the locus releases
+where the norepinephrine accents there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the norepinephrine accents there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the norepinephrine accents there
+but in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the region
+of the locus ceruleus and these doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the locus ceruleus and these doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the locus ceruleus and these doesn't
+mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that
+critical lesion is just of the serotonin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical lesion is just of the serotonin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical lesion is just of the serotonin
+of the norepinephrine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the norepinephrine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the norepinephrine neurons
+you get an amazing syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an amazing syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an amazing syndrome
+when it was first done by jouve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was first done by jouve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was first done by jouve in
+france with cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+pretty early very clear what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early very clear what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early very clear what was going
+on because the cat would go to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the cat would go to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the cat would go to sleep
+and then he would come to a ram period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he would come to a ram period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he would come to a ram period
+as indicated by the electrocephalograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated by the electrocephalograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated by the electrocephalograph
+recordings and rather than just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings and rather than just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings and rather than just remember
+what usually happens in rem sleep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what usually happens in rem sleep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what usually happens in rem sleep the
+animal becomes very relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal becomes very relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal becomes very relaxed
+okay but except for eye movements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but except for eye movements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but except for eye movements and
+some twitching of the extremities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some twitching of the extremities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some twitching of the extremities the
+same thing people go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing people go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing people go through
+but now when they entered rem sleep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when they entered rem sleep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now when they entered rem sleep the
+cat got up and moved around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got up and moved around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat got up and moved around
+often showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often showing
+fragments of fixed action patterns like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of fixed action patterns like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments of fixed action patterns like
+attack behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack behavior
+striking out imaginary objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if
+and because that's part of the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that's part of the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that's part of the evidence
+that in that region there's specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that region there's specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that region there's specific
+mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for
+removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+descending influences on motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending influences on motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending influences on motor neurons
+and if you get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you get rid of it
+then when the brain becomes active in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the brain becomes active in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the brain becomes active in
+rem sleep you basically act out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep you basically act out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem sleep you basically act out the
+dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are
+it's very rare in neurology to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare in neurology to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare in neurology to have
+people with this but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with this but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with this but there are
+one or two cases like this that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two cases like this that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two cases like this that i have
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have
+get they lose the rem atonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they lose the rem atonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get they lose the rem atonium
+rabbit eye movement sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit eye movement sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit eye movement sleep
+stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+relaxation the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+where the locus release itself is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the locus release itself is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the locus release itself is in the
+textbook diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook diagram
+it's in the rostral hindbrain below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the rostral hindbrain below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the rostral hindbrain below the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also note that legion lesions in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note that legion lesions in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note that legion lesions in that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+can completely abolish rem sleep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can completely abolish rem sleep okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can completely abolish rem sleep okay
+but in fact these lesions we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact these lesions we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact these lesions we're talking
+about will leave rem sleep they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will leave rem sleep they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will leave rem sleep they just
+remove the atonia of rem sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll mention a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll mention a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll mention a little bit about
+these other systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other systems
+there's many acetylcholine neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many acetylcholine neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many acetylcholine neurons in
+the reticular formation of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation of the brain
+stem and we know now that ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and we know now that ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem and we know now that ascending
+influences from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences from there
+come into the midbrain reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the midbrain reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the midbrain reticular
+formation and tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and tween brain
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause an activation of the forebrain i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause an activation of the forebrain i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause an activation of the forebrain i
+also mentioned the acetylcholine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the acetylcholine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the acetylcholine neurons
+in the basal forebrain which are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basal forebrain which are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basal forebrain which are known
+to be very important in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very important in memory
+how much that has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that has to do with this
+activation how much it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation how much it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation how much it has to do with
+things more specific to memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more specific to memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more specific to memory
+is not so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do some of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of you know
+what the disease is where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the disease is where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the disease is where these
+acetylcholine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine neurons
+are begin to be lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are begin to be lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are begin to be lost
+that's correlated the loss is correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated the loss is correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated the loss is correlated
+with memory problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alzheimer's disease that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's disease that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's disease that's right
+there are many other changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other changes in
+alzheimer's disease too but that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's disease too but that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's disease too but that's one
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+that's been found to be pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been found to be pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been found to be pretty important
+in the depend the cognitive losses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the depend the cognitive losses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the depend the cognitive losses in
+alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just want to mention here before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to mention here before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to mention here before we go
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+studies of waking animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of waking animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of waking animals and
+habituation the novel stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation the novel stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation the novel stimuli
+that involve these same systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve these same systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve these same systems
+another type of neuromodulator that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of neuromodulator that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of neuromodulator that has
+been less studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less studied
+namely chemicals in the cerebral spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely chemicals in the cerebral spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely chemicals in the cerebral spinal
+fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+convincing experiments now they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing experiments now they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing experiments now they actually
+know what some of the chemicals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what some of the chemicals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what some of the chemicals are
+although exactly how they're integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although exactly how they're integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although exactly how they're integrated
+with these other systems it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these other systems it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these other systems it's not so
+well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+but the initial discoveries involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the initial discoveries involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the initial discoveries involved
+very straightforward experiments they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward experiments they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward experiments they
+would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they would actually remove servo spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually remove servo spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually remove servo spinal
+fluid from a sleeping animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid from a sleeping animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid from a sleeping animal
+and inject it into the ventricular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inject it into the ventricular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inject it into the ventricular
+system of an animal that was awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of an animal that was awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of an animal that was awake
+and of course they did all the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they did all the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course they did all the control
+so they would remove it and remove fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would remove it and remove fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would remove it and remove fluid
+from a waking animal as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a waking animal as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a waking animal as well
+and when they remove the fluid from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they remove the fluid from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they remove the fluid from a
+sleeping animal it would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping animal it would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping animal it would cause
+the animal you injected it in to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal you injected it in to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal you injected it in to go to
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+and not if he was awake so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not if he was awake so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not if he was awake so there was
+something different about the cerebral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different about the cerebral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different about the cerebral
+spinal fluid that influenced the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal fluid that influenced the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal fluid that influenced the brain
+the other animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now i've given you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i've given you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i've given you another
+handout today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a good introduction to sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good introduction to sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good introduction to sensory
+systems we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we'll be talking about
+starting to talk about the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we do that we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that we're going to talk a
+little bit about novelty responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about novelty responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about novelty responses
+orienting responses and habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they involve these axon systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve these axon systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve these axon systems with
+widespread connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread connections
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+talk very briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they involve sympathetic activation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve sympathetic activation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve sympathetic activation and
+we know that posterior hypothalamus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that posterior hypothalamus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that posterior hypothalamus that
+area that nauta when he lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that nauta when he lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that nauta when he lesion
+cause animals to sleep all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause animals to sleep all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause animals to sleep all the time
+it's a major area along with midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major area along with midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major area along with midbrain
+reticular formation for sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation for sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation for sympathetic
+arousal so we're going to review what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal so we're going to review what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal so we're going to review what
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+we'll define the orienting response or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define the orienting response or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define the orienting response or
+it was called orienting reflex when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called orienting reflex when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called orienting reflex when the
+studies were many studies were done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies were many studies were done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies were many studies were done in
+russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll talk about the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about the various
+components of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of that
+compare it to lie detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to lie detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to lie detectors
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i'll go through a specific study very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go through a specific study very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go through a specific study very
+famous study of habituation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous study of habituation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous study of habituation of the
+arousal response and sleeping cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about it
+how the those studies can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the those studies can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the those studies can be used to
+study brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and electrical stimulation of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrical stimulation of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrical stimulation of the brain
+many of the studies have been especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the studies have been especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the studies have been especially
+in russia were done in awake humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in russia were done in awake humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in russia were done in awake humans
+and that added some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that added some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that added some very interesting
+aspects to those studies and led to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to those studies and led to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to those studies and led to some
+specific models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember i mentioned that if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i mentioned that if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i mentioned that if you do a
+servo isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servo isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servo isolate
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+in front of the cut is asleep which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the cut is asleep which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the cut is asleep which is
+you know in large brained animals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in large brained animals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in large brained animals is
+most of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the brain
+but if you put an electrode into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put an electrode into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you put an electrode into the
+that core of the midbrain in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core of the midbrain in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core of the midbrain in the area
+that an atomous color reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an atomous color reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an atomous color reticular
+formation you can suddenly get an awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation you can suddenly get an awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation you can suddenly get an awake
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you don't have the servoisula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you don't have the servoisula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you don't have the servoisula and
+you do that you not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you not only
+get an awake brain you get an awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an awake brain you get an awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an awake brain you get an awake
+animal but of course the cervical a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but of course the cervical a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal but of course the cervical a has
+no control over movement so you don't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no control over movement so you don't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no control over movement so you don't it
+was just the electro activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the electro activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the electro activity
+now you could use functional imaging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could use functional imaging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could use functional imaging and
+do something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact functional imaging shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact functional imaging shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact functional imaging shows that
+when the brain is awake indications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the brain is awake indications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the brain is awake indications are
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's accompanied by consciousness which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accompanied by consciousness which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accompanied by consciousness which
+means that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that an
+animal that or person that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that or person that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal that or person that's completely
+comatose according to his motor activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comatose according to his motor activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comatose according to his motor activity
+might have an awake brain part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an awake brain part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an awake brain part of the
+time and imaging studies have supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and imaging studies have supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and imaging studies have supported
+that and that people will show specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that people will show specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that people will show specific
+responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+to their name for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their name for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their name for example
+and answer the questions and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer the questions and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer the questions and so forth
+even though they cannot make any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they cannot make any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they cannot make any other
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are different kinds of arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different kinds of arousal
+and you'll see that as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that as we go through
+this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are topics that we'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are topics that we'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are topics that we'll cover
+now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think we said enough about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we said enough about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we said enough about this before
+so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll
+as it comes up in the lecture we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes up in the lecture we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes up in the lecture we'll talk
+we'll review it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you activate posterior hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you activate posterior hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you activate posterior hypothalamus
+from the brain articulate formation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brain articulate formation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brain articulate formation we
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+activity of the sympathetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the sympathetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the sympathetic nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+not parasympathetic sympathetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not parasympathetic sympathetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not parasympathetic sympathetic nervous
+system which whenever it's activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which whenever it's activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which whenever it's activated
+causes very widespread effects on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes very widespread effects on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes very widespread effects on the
+body if you activate one part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if you activate one part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body if you activate one part you
+generally activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally activate
+other parts as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts as well
+that can be caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be caused
+normally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally by
+stimulation some sensory visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation some sensory visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation some sensory visceral
+sensory auditory system these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory auditory system these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory auditory system these are
+other other sensory systems can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other sensory systems can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other sensory systems can also
+cause it but these are often the ones if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it but these are often the ones if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it but these are often the ones if
+it's very intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very intense
+also causes pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also causes pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also causes pain
+and negative reinforcement that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative reinforcement that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative reinforcement that is
+the animal or a person doesn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh this is what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is what we're talking about
+these areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas
+here like when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like when we were talking about
+midbrain before we divided reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain before we divided reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain before we divided reticular
+areas into somatic and limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas into somatic and limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas into somatic and limbic
+any place marked there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place marked there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place marked there
+will when stimulated give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will when stimulated give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will when stimulated give you
+sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same thing happens if you move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happens if you move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happens if you move into
+these regions in front of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions in front of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions in front of the midbrain
+if you go from the limbic areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go from the limbic areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go from the limbic areas here
+and follow axonal pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow axonal pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow axonal pathways
+you end up in hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up in hypothalamus
+if you stimulate in these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate in these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate in these regions
+you get activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get activation
+arousal of the brain the forebrain same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal of the brain the forebrain same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal of the brain the forebrain same
+thing for posterior hypothalamus and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for posterior hypothalamus and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for posterior hypothalamus and you
+get sympathetic activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sympathetic activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sympathetic activation
+for all those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those regions
+the same thing is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reticular formation outside these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation outside these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation outside these
+limbic areas and this is the region they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic areas and this is the region they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic areas and this is the region they
+call the ascending reticular activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the ascending reticular activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the ascending reticular activating
+system because when stimulated arouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because when stimulated arouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because when stimulated arouses
+the brain so what is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain so what is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain so what is the difference
+difference is that the limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the limbic system
+when you stimulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stimulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stimulate it
+is accompanied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accompanied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accompanied by
+positive or negative rewarding effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative rewarding effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative rewarding effects
+it's pleasurable or painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pleasurable or painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pleasurable or painful
+whereas on the other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas on the other parts of the
+reticular formation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation here
+that is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not true
+might be very mildly rewarding but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very mildly rewarding but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very mildly rewarding but it is
+that's not characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not characteristic
+of the stimulation and furthermore when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulation and furthermore when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulation and furthermore when
+you stimulate out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stimulate out here
+if you repeat the stimulation you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat the stimulation you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat the stimulation you get
+habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation
+but when you stimulate in the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you stimulate in the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you stimulate in the limbic
+areas you don't get habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you don't get habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you don't get habituation
+so there's two kinds of arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two kinds of arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two kinds of arousal
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you are exposed to something novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are exposed to something novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are exposed to something novel
+novel sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel sensory input
+it does it causes transient sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it causes transient sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it causes transient sympathetic
+arousal and it's that response that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal and it's that response that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal and it's that response that's
+called the orienting reflex by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the orienting reflex by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the orienting reflex by the
+russians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russians
+and in the west it was often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the west it was often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the west it was often called the
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+response or the arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or the arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or the arousal response
+a by americans and canadians the latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a by americans and canadians the latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a by americans and canadians the latter
+half of the last century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get it you need a novel stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it you need a novel stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it you need a novel stimulus
+unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless
+you're dealing with a stimulus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a stimulus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a stimulus that's
+associated with reward in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with reward in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with reward in which case you
+can get the arousal without the novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the arousal without the novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the arousal without the novelty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+when your name is called you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your name is called you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your name is called you'll
+generally get an orienting reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally get an orienting reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally get an orienting reflex
+including some sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some sympathetic arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some sympathetic arousal
+because your name is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your name is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your name is associated with
+positive or negative reward hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative reward hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative reward hopefully
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's how we can define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we can define it
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+as i've mentioned you get the eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've mentioned you get the eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've mentioned you get the eeg
+arousal we call it remember that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal we call it remember that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal we call it remember that's the
+flattening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening
+lower voltage faster desynchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage faster desynchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage faster desynchronized
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+but you also get other things you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get other things you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get other things you get a
+lowering of sensory thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering of sensory thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering of sensory thresholds
+in every sensory modality when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every sensory modality when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every sensory modality when you get
+that activation you actually become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activation you actually become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activation you actually become more
+sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+to stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimuli
+the various mechanisms for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various mechanisms for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various mechanisms for that
+including some that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some that act
+close to the periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the periphery
+if the novelty is great enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the novelty is great enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the novelty is great enough
+behavior will actually stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior will actually stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior will actually stop
+and you'll get an oriented movement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get an oriented movement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get an oriented movement that
+is an animal can be doing something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an animal can be doing something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an animal can be doing something else
+he can be engaged in feeding or foraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be engaged in feeding or foraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be engaged in feeding or foraging
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+and he will just stop doing what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will just stop doing what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will just stop doing what he's
+doing in orient of course that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in orient of course that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in orient of course that has
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+adaptive effects because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive effects because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptive effects because
+he may have to deal with a predator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may have to deal with a predator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may have to deal with a predator or
+something else important for his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else important for his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else important for his life
+and you get sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get sympathetic arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get sympathetic arousal
+with sympathetic growth these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sympathetic growth these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sympathetic growth these are the
+science now sympathetic arousal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science now sympathetic arousal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science now sympathetic arousal we
+talked a little about that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little about that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little about that when we
+talked about the synthetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the synthetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the synthetic nervous
+system in the first half the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the first half the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the first half the term
+pupils dilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils dilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils dilate
+you get increased muscle tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are vascular changes too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are vascular changes too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are vascular changes too and
+they're different in the limbs and head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different in the limbs and head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different in the limbs and head
+in the limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limbs
+like in the finger it's often measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the finger it's often measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the finger it's often measured
+in these studies put a little cuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these studies put a little cuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these studies put a little cuff on
+the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finger
+okay and the volume will decrease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the volume will decrease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the volume will decrease and
+it's very it can be very transient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it can be very transient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it can be very transient it
+happens immediately with the novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens immediately with the novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens immediately with the novel
+stimulus you'll get vasoconstriction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus you'll get vasoconstriction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus you'll get vasoconstriction in
+the limbs but in the head you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbs but in the head you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbs but in the head you get
+vasodilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vasodilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vasodilation
+you also get electrical changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get electrical changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get electrical changes in the
+skin it's called the galvanic skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin it's called the galvanic skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin it's called the galvanic skin
+response and that's often used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and that's often used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and that's often used in the
+laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory
+you can also record heart rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also record heart rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also record heart rate and
+respiration and you will see changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration and you will see changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration and you will see changes
+for the heart it's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heart it's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heart it's usually a
+normalization so if the heart is beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so if the heart is beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so if the heart is beating
+more slowly it will speed up if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly it will speed up if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly it will speed up if it's
+beating very fast already it will slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating very fast already it will slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating very fast already it will slow
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the very those are the same measures by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very those are the same measures by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very those are the same measures by
+the way and i just like to point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and i just like to point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way and i just like to point this
+out since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you read about this every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about this every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about this every once in a
+while about lie detectors all it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while about lie detectors all it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while about lie detectors all it is
+they're measures of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're measures of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're measures of these things
+sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i just want to point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to point out here that
+in either either case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either either case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either either case you have a
+conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+with the lie detector it's obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lie detector it's obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lie detector it's obvious that
+it's between conflict between what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between conflict between what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's between conflict between what you
+know to be the truth and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be the truth and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be the truth and what you're
+actually saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saying
+okay and that causes sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that causes sympathetic arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that causes sympathetic arousal
+and a normal person really can't inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a normal person really can't inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a normal person really can't inhibit
+that very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very well
+i mean maybe you can learn to do it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean maybe you can learn to do it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean maybe you can learn to do it some
+people can pull these machines but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can pull these machines but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can pull these machines but it's
+very difficult for most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's certainly not a foolproof method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not a foolproof method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not a foolproof method to
+detect the lie but that is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the lie but that is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the lie but that is what's
+involved in lie detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in lie detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in lie detection
+in the case of novel stimuli the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of novel stimuli the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of novel stimuli the
+conflict is between what we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is between what we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict is between what we expect
+based on our memory and what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our memory and what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our memory and what we actually
+what's actually coming in so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually coming in so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually coming in so it's
+another kind of conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in each case there's some comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in each case there's some comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in each case there's some comparison
+being made that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made that's
+when there's a difference it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a difference it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a difference it leads to
+the arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arousal response
+now here is the classic study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is the classic study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is the classic study of the
+arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal response
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+they were interested in habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in habituation
+as a way of studying non-associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of studying non-associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of studying non-associative
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+the original study was done in back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original study was done in back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original study was done in back in
+the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s
+here's what they had they had cats with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what they had they had cats with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what they had they had cats with
+electrodes implanted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes implanted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes implanted in
+these were not microelectrodes they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were not microelectrodes they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were not microelectrodes they were
+larger electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger electrodes
+similar they got recording similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they got recording similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they got recording similar to
+the electroencephalograph which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electroencephalograph which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electroencephalograph which are
+actually scalp potentials induced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scalp potentials induced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scalp potentials induced in the
+scalp by underlying brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp by underlying brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalp by underlying brain activity
+they put the electrodes right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put the electrodes right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put the electrodes right on the
+cortical surface the cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical surface the cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical surface the cat is
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+it's much more difficult to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more difficult to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more difficult to get a good
+eeg from the cat but so they put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eeg from the cat but so they put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eeg from the cat but so they put the
+electrodes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes on
+the cortex they called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex they called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex they called the
+electrocorticogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocorticogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocorticogram
+and they did the study by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the study by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the study by
+waiting until the animal went to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+when the animal eeg indicated he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the animal eeg indicated he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the animal eeg indicated he was
+asleep then they would present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep then they would present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep then they would present
+stimuli and they were using pure tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and they were using pure tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli and they were using pure tones
+they could vary the frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could vary the frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could vary the frequency and
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+and i just i'll describe the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just i'll describe the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just i'll describe the typical
+session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they come in the lab they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in the lab they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in the lab they
+hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook
+the animal up his electrodes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal up his electrodes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal up his electrodes to a
+recorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder
+and they wait for the animal to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wait for the animal to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wait for the animal to go to
+sleep so these experiments lasted a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep so these experiments lasted a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep so these experiments lasted a long
+time they were good electrophysiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were good electrophysiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were good electrophysiologists
+and they were used to working all night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were used to working all night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were used to working all night
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if they'd done it in a day they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they'd done it in a day they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they'd done it in a day they might
+have found it just even easier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found it just even easier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found it just even easier to get
+the cat to go to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they'd wait of course it was light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'd wait of course it was light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'd wait of course it was light in
+the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab
+which also may have complicated a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also may have complicated a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also may have complicated a little
+bit so what what is the indication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so what what is the indication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so what what is the indication that
+the cat is going to sleep well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat is going to sleep well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat is going to sleep well first of
+all just behaviorally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just behaviorally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just behaviorally
+the animal go to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal go to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal go to a certain
+position where he wants to sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where he wants to sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where he wants to sleep and
+he'll curl up and always do preparatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll curl up and always do preparatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll curl up and always do preparatory
+movements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and
+lie down well when he first does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie down well when he first does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie down well when he first does that
+his electroencephalograph still shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his electroencephalograph still shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his electroencephalograph still shows
+the low voltage fast activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they have to wait until the eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to wait until the eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have to wait until the eeg
+indicates that the animal is sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the animal is sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the animal is sleeping
+and first you get little interruptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first you get little interruptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first you get little interruptions
+of the low voltage fast activity by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low voltage fast activity by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low voltage fast activity by what
+we call sleep spindles little bursts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call sleep spindles little bursts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call sleep spindles little bursts of
+high voltage activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage activity
+somewhat slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually 12 per second or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 12 per second or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 12 per second or so
+and then it goes back to the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes back to the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes back to the fast
+activity but then you start it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but then you start it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but then you start it starts
+shifting to the low voltage fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't have the tablet working here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have the tablet working here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have the tablet working here
+okay i would show you what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i would show you what that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i would show you what that looks
+like but you've all probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but you've all probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but you've all probably seen
+recordings eeg recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings eeg recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings eeg recordings
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so only when they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only when they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only when they had
+the animal showing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal showing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal showing this
+low voltage as high voltage slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low voltage as high voltage slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low voltage as high voltage slow
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+for a certain period of time did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain period of time did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain period of time did they
+start presenting stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start presenting stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start presenting stimuli
+and then they would suddenly present for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would suddenly present for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would suddenly present for
+example a 500 hertz tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a 500 hertz tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a 500 hertz tone
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal
+typically would wake up the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically would wake up the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically would wake up the first time
+he may not but usually they had both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not but usually they had both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not but usually they had both a
+behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral
+arousal and eeg arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal and eeg arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal and eeg arousal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that was the response and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the response and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the response and that
+continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some minutes
+for example the first time they did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the first time they did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the first time they did this
+for the one i was talking about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one i was talking about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one i was talking about three
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+the animal was awake and then they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal was awake and then they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal was awake and then they got
+the low voltage fast activity again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low voltage fast activity again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low voltage fast activity again
+then they would repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would repeat it
+and they would get it over again but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would get it over again but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would get it over again but the
+animal may not lift his head up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal may not lift his head up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal may not lift his head up that
+time at all but they knew in fact he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at all but they knew in fact he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at all but they knew in fact he had
+woken up just from the eg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you do that with people and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that with people and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that with people and you
+ask them about it later it's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them about it later it's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them about it later it's very clear
+that they were awake even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were awake even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were awake even though they
+may not have shown it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have shown it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have shown it
+so that's what they were doing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were doing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were doing and they
+they kept doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept doing that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+got less and less of response usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got less and less of response usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got less and less of response usually
+a shorter duration response less of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter duration response less of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter duration response less of the
+behavior indicating waking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior indicating waking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior indicating waking up
+and if they did that over a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they did that over a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they did that over a period of
+about an hour and a half with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour and a half with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour and a half with three
+presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually they got no response at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they got no response at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they got no response at all
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+original 500 hertz tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 500 hertz tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 500 hertz tone
+so when that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when that happened
+if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had
+enough time they would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time they would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time they would then
+change the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the tone
+okay they could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they could change
+this this one they changed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they woke the end the animal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they woke the end the animal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they woke the end the animal just
+woke up now it wasn't a more intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woke up now it wasn't a more intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woke up now it wasn't a more intense
+tone all it was is a different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone all it was is a different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone all it was is a different frequency
+so that was the only novelty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the only novelty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the only novelty
+that was enough to wake the animal up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was enough to wake the animal up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was enough to wake the animal up
+and whether he showed behavioral waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether he showed behavioral waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether he showed behavioral waking
+or not they got the arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they got the arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they got the arousal response
+then they would get habituation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would get habituation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would get habituation to that
+they would go back to the 500 hertz tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go back to the 500 hertz tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go back to the 500 hertz tone
+and they found out he maintained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found out he maintained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found out he maintained that
+habituation so it's a kind of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation so it's a kind of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation so it's a kind of learning
+he's remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's remembering
+even though he's asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he's asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he's asleep
+the brain is retaining the habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is retaining the habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain is retaining the habituation
+and then if they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they change
+say instead of 100 hertz they went to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say instead of 100 hertz they went to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say instead of 100 hertz they went to a
+higher frequency tone like a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency tone like a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency tone like a thousand
+hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz
+uh they could get an activation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they could get an activation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they could get an activation the
+first time they did that it was for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time they did that it was for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time they did that it was for 30
+seconds and then they could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then they could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then they could get
+habituation again indicating that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation again indicating that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation again indicating that there
+was a frequency specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a frequency specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a frequency specificity
+and in fact the more they changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the more they changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the more they changed the
+frequency the longer the urals response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the longer the urals response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the longer the urals response
+they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the properties that
+they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh
+in their summary of their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their summary of their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their summary of their work
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+recorded from various brand sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from various brand sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from various brand sites and
+they kept they they got the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept they they got the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kept they they got the same thing
+it didn't matter whether they were over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't matter whether they were over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't matter whether they were over
+the occipital lobe or central cortex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occipital lobe or central cortex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the occipital lobe or central cortex or
+temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that they were getting the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were getting the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were getting the same thing
+pretty much it would be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much it would be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much it would be small
+differences but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences but
+in general the results were very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the results were very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the results were very similar
+it was specific for frequency and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was specific for frequency and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was specific for frequency and there
+was some generalization on the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some generalization on the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some generalization on the pitch
+continuum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum so the
+more the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the change
+the more the arousal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what we call generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we call generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we call generalization
+they also noted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also noted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also noted that
+the change didn't have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change didn't have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change didn't have to be in
+frequency it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it could be
+intensity they could make it louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity they could make it louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity they could make it louder
+that's not too surprising but in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too surprising but in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too surprising but in fact if
+they made it softer they could also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made it softer they could also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made it softer they could also get
+an arousal response okay so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to
+the loudness of the tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even more interesting if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more interesting if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more interesting if they just
+instead of giving a a one second tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving a a one second tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving a a one second tone
+they gave say a three second tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave say a three second tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave say a three second tone
+they could get an arousal response when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get an arousal response when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get an arousal response when
+the animal detected the change in timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal detected the change in timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal detected the change in timing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+he would respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would respond
+when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it
+suddenly became longer than normal so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly became longer than normal so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly became longer than normal so it
+was the now that was there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the now that was there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the now that was there was a lot of
+indications that it was the novelty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications that it was the novelty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications that it was the novelty the
+animal was responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal was responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal was responding to
+they also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also got
+pattern specific habituation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specific habituation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern specific habituation so
+they could get the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get the cat
+and these were other studies other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were other studies other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were other studies other
+nights they did this repeatedly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights they did this repeatedly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights they did this repeatedly in a
+number of different cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different cats
+they would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would try
+using patterns what's a auditory pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using patterns what's a auditory pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using patterns what's a auditory pattern
+well something more like music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well something more like music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well something more like music
+so they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a lot of different frequencies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of different frequencies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of different frequencies they
+would keep doing that until they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep doing that until they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would keep doing that until they got
+habituation then they suddenly would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation then they suddenly would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation then they suddenly would
+change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+frequencies same intensity just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies same intensity just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies same intensity just a
+difference in pattern and the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in pattern and the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in pattern and the animal
+would show the arousal response again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show the arousal response again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show the arousal response again
+so it was pattern specific also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they studied memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they studied memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they studied memory
+noting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that
+if they waited only a little while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they waited only a little while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they waited only a little while the
+habituation was retained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation was retained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation was retained
+but if they waited for hours they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they waited for hours they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they waited for hours they got
+some recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recovery
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if they want did the same tone night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want did the same tone night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want did the same tone night
+after night there was some habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after night there was some habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after night there was some habituation
+over days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over days
+but it was mainly an increased speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was mainly an increased speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was mainly an increased speed of
+habituation in other words they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation in other words they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation in other words they get the
+arousal response again the next night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal response again the next night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal response again the next night
+it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just
+they got faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got faster
+faster eventuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster eventuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster eventuation
+they then went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then went to
+using some of these cats to study brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these cats to study brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these cats to study brain
+lesions for example they tried ablating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions for example they tried ablating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions for example they tried ablating
+the auditory regions of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they found that they could still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that they could still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that they could still get the
+frequency specific habituation but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency specific habituation but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency specific habituation but they
+couldn't get that habituation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get that habituation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get that habituation to the
+tonal patterns anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal patterns anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal patterns anymore
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they couldn't get frequency modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get frequency modulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get frequency modulated
+tones to they couldn't get habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones to they couldn't get habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones to they couldn't get habituation
+specific to the kind of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the kind of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the kind of frequency
+modulation they were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they tried going into the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried going into the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried going into the midbrain and
+cutting the pathway from inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the pathway from inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the pathway from inferior
+colliculus to the medial geniculate body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus to the medial geniculate body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus to the medial geniculate body
+so now that means auditory input which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that means auditory input which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that means auditory input which
+comes in behind brain okay was reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in behind brain okay was reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in behind brain okay was reaching
+the midbrain but it couldn't reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain but it couldn't reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain but it couldn't reach the
+forearm anymore that pathway comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forearm anymore that pathway comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forearm anymore that pathway comes into
+the medial junctual body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial junctual body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial junctual body
+okay and if they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if they did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if they did that
+they could still get habituation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could still get habituation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could still get habituation to
+intense tones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense tones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense tones but
+it generalized to all tones the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalized to all tones the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalized to all tones the same
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+it was modality specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+its disability to even in brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its disability to even in brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its disability to even in brain damage
+animal to study this kind of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to study this kind of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to study this kind of learning
+that led people to begin to use methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led people to begin to use methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led people to begin to use methods
+like this using these measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this using these measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this using these measures of
+synthetic arousal to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic arousal to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic arousal to study
+sensory abilities in babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory abilities in babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory abilities in babies
+because obviously they can't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously they can't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously they can't talk
+they're not going to tell you that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to tell you that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to tell you that they
+can hear but you can look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear but you can look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear but you can look at their
+synthetic arousal effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic arousal effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic arousal effects
+and find out if they can detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out if they can detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out if they can detect the
+novelty indicating that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty indicating that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty indicating that their
+they have sensory abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+sorry these were based on that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these were based on that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these were based on that earlier
+study and the the date for the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and the the date for the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and the the date for the discovery
+of the ascending reticular activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ascending reticular activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ascending reticular activating
+system was 1949 in italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was 1949 in italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was 1949 in italy
+but much later 12 years later it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much later 12 years later it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much later 12 years later it was
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+in a much more specific studies of rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more specific studies of rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more specific studies of rats
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+was parallel in many ways to the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was parallel in many ways to the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was parallel in many ways to the study
+the behavioral studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavioral studies
+in animals and then later in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals and then later in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals and then later in people
+they were stimulating the brainstem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were stimulating the brainstem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were stimulating the brainstem
+reticular formation they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation they would have
+electrodes in different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in different parts of the
+midbrain reticular formation for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation for example
+and they found again that they could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found again that they could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found again that they could get
+habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation
+with repeated stimulation at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with repeated stimulation at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with repeated stimulation at a given
+locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus
+they got recovery if they waited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got recovery if they waited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got recovery if they waited a
+certain period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time
+they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got
+if they changed the pulse frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they changed the pulse frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they changed the pulse frequency of
+the stimulation they would get arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulation they would get arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulation they would get arousal
+so that was similar to what they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was similar to what they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was similar to what they could
+get with behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with behavior
+if they changed the locus from one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they changed the locus from one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they changed the locus from one part
+of the midbrain to another they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain to another they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain to another they would
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+the arousal response again so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arousal response again so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arousal response again so it was
+specific to location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to location
+they also found certain locations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also found certain locations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also found certain locations where
+they didn't get habituation at all and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get habituation at all and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't get habituation at all and i
+mentioned this already these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this already these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this already these were the
+areas that were in the limbic system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were in the limbic system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that were in the limbic system in
+the central gray or in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray or in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray or in the ventral
+pigmental area if they were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmental area if they were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmental area if they were in the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and we know there they were stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know there they were stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know there they were stimulating
+areas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas which
+behaviorally appear to be rewarding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally appear to be rewarding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally appear to be rewarding or
+punishing to the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishing to the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punishing to the animal
+so they could get in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could get in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could get in other words
+stimulating the reticular formation gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the reticular formation gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the reticular formation gave
+effects very parallel to what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects very parallel to what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects very parallel to what they were
+getting in the behavioral studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go then to studies of human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go then to studies of human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go then to studies of human beings
+and many of these were done by sokolov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these were done by sokolov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these were done by sokolov
+eugene sukholov in moscow he came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eugene sukholov in moscow he came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eugene sukholov in moscow he came and
+visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited
+this department at mit after he had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department at mit after he had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this department at mit after he had done
+many of these studies he was very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these studies he was very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these studies he was very well
+known for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for them
+i remember when he came he spent most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember when he came he spent most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember when he came he spent most of
+his time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time
+using the big computer because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the big computer because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the big computer because they
+didn't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have them
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+moscow as he was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the kind of same same properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of same same properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the kind of same same properties
+they found studying humans now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found studying humans now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found studying humans now
+what they did these were awake people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did these were awake people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did these were awake people
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sitting in a chair with measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a chair with measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a chair with measures of
+sympathetic arousal and usually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal and usually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal and usually they
+were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using
+the volume of the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the finger
+and the galvanic skin response these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the galvanic skin response these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the galvanic skin response these
+were easy to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you give a stimulus you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you give a stimulus you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you give a stimulus you get
+these transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transient
+effects on sympathetic rows of transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on sympathetic rows of transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on sympathetic rows of transient
+sympathetic arousal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic arousal
+all the same properties were we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same properties were we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same properties were we were
+talking about they discovered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about they discovered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about they discovered with
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+but then with humans they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then with humans they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then with humans they could do
+some additional things i mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional things i mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional things i mentioned this
+was true of cats too they could decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true of cats too they could decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true of cats too they could decrease
+intensity and get an arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and get an arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and get an arousal response
+but he also discovered you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also discovered you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also discovered you could just
+in a train of stimuli if you suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a train of stimuli if you suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a train of stimuli if you suddenly
+admitted a stimulus that was novel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted a stimulus that was novel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted a stimulus that was novel and
+that would lead to an arousal response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead to an arousal response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead to an arousal response
+changes in duration would lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in duration would lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in duration would lead to an
+algebraic browser response changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic browser response changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic browser response changes in
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+that the person detected as different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person detected as different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person detected as different
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the work with humans led to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work with humans led to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work with humans led to a different
+kind of model than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model than
+people were working on with animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were working on with animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were working on with animals
+let's talk about the simple model first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the simple model first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the simple model first
+central adaptation gabriel horn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central adaptation gabriel horn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central adaptation gabriel horn in
+england and many others have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england and many others have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england and many others have done this
+and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been
+the most common model of habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common model of habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common model of habituation
+it's the model used for spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the model used for spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the model used for spinal
+habituation of spinal reflexes by robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation of spinal reflexes by robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituation of spinal reflexes by robert
+richard thompson and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the model is central adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the model is central adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the model is central adaptation
+i don't know if i illustrate that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i illustrate that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i illustrate that here
+yeah i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's considered the most parsimonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered the most parsimonious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered the most parsimonious
+model for habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for habituation
+in general we think of adaptation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we think of adaptation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we think of adaptation is
+different from habituation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from habituation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from habituation because
+adaptation is peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation is peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation is peripheral
+with adaptation with repeated stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adaptation with repeated stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adaptation with repeated stimulus
+you get less and less input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get less and less input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get less and less input
+if it's you're stimulating the skin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's you're stimulating the skin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's you're stimulating the skin you
+have less input coming into the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less input coming into the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less input coming into the cns
+that's adaptation it's a peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's adaptation it's a peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's adaptation it's a peripheral
+decrease with repeated stimulation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease with repeated stimulation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease with repeated stimulation but
+now if you simply move that centrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you simply move that centrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you simply move that centrally
+and say at a central location at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say at a central location at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say at a central location at a
+synapse in the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse in the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse in the central nervous system
+you're getting decreased sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting decreased sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting decreased sensitivity
+with a repeated stimulation and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a repeated stimulation and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a repeated stimulation and we call
+it habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it habituation
+warren said that when you get a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warren said that when you get a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warren said that when you get a change
+like that it's self-generated depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's self-generated depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's self-generated depression
+that's the term he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+how can you account for habituation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you account for habituation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you account for habituation to
+decreases in intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in intensity
+well actually that's not very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's not very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's not very hard
+because you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have
+neurons that are intensity specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are intensity specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that are intensity specific
+in the auditory system in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the auditory system in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the auditory system in particular we
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+so some neurons respond best to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some neurons respond best to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some neurons respond best to one
+intensity some neurons respond best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity some neurons respond best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity some neurons respond best to
+lower intensities or higher intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower intensities or higher intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower intensities or higher intensities
+okay so as long as you have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as long as you have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as long as you have that kind of
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection
+of stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimuli
+a self-generated depression or central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self-generated depression or central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self-generated depression or central
+adaptation can explain habituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation can explain habituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation can explain habituation
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+what they don't explain easily is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they don't explain easily is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they don't explain easily is time
+dependent effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent effects
+in other words you suddenly omit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you suddenly omit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you suddenly omit a
+stimulation a stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation a stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation a stimulus
+we don't know of neurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know of neurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know of neurons that are
+tuned to nothingness so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to nothingness so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to nothingness so that's a big
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and sokolov it led sokolov to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sokolov it led sokolov to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sokolov it led sokolov to
+argue that you need a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you need a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that you need a different kind of
+model to talk about that a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to talk about that a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to talk about that a much more
+complex model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex model
+so in his theory i'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in his theory i'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in his theory i'm just going to go
+over this briefly it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this briefly it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this briefly it's related to
+something i mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i mentioned in the
+introductory lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures
+he said the brain must have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the brain must have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the brain must have a model
+of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+a model of the perceived world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of the perceived world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of the perceived world
+that it's comparing with inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he assumed that the cortex and reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed that the cortex and reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he assumed that the cortex and reticular
+activating system have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating system have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating system have very different
+roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles
+they we know they each get sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we know they each get sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we know they each get sensory
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+he claimed that in the cortex is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he claimed that in the cortex is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he claimed that in the cortex is where
+we form a model of the stimulus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form a model of the stimulus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form a model of the stimulus that's
+our memory compare it all the time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memory compare it all the time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memory compare it all the time with
+current input and when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current input and when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current input and when there's a
+mismatch you get activation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch you get activation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch you get activation of the
+reticular activating system i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular activating system i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular activating system i've
+sketched out his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched out his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched out his
+the way he initially presented it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he initially presented it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he initially presented it it's
+very simple he has the inputs coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple he has the inputs coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple he has the inputs coming in
+to the reticular system in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reticular system in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reticular system in the midbrain
+and as well as to neocortex he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as well as to neocortex he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as well as to neocortex he's not
+showing the anatomical pathways involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the anatomical pathways involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the anatomical pathways involved
+this is where he says there's a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where he says there's a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where he says there's a model of
+the stimulus a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus a memory
+is being compared with the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there's a mismatch of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a mismatch of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a mismatch of the internal
+model with that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with that input
+then he claims it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activation of the reticular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the reticular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the reticular system
+when the reticular system is activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the reticular system is activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the reticular system is activated
+it affects the cortex so you get the eeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the cortex so you get the eeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects the cortex so you get the eeg
+arousal but you also get behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal but you also get behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal but you also get behavioral
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+general largely effects we associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general largely effects we associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general largely effects we associate
+with sympathetic activation and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sympathetic activation and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sympathetic activation and more
+specific effects of orienting movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific effects of orienting movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific effects of orienting movements
+and this is the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way i
+said it here's the reflex level we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it here's the reflex level we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it here's the reflex level we have
+sensory analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory analysis
+comparator neurons in an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator neurons in an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator neurons in an output
+the motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor system
+you have the model this of course would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the model this of course would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the model this of course would
+should be much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be much bigger
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a model of the sensory world which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of the sensory world which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of the sensory world which is
+compared all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared all the time
+the comparison am i going over my time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison am i going over my time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison am i going over my time i
+don't have my watch today i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have my watch today i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have my watch today i'm sorry
+what time is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is it
+i should have told somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have told somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have told somebody
+are we over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we over
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we'll we'll finish this up next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll finish this up next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll we'll finish this up next time
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RQsIwQbXRsA.txt b/RQsIwQbXRsA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3072334566081da1229a27416e463b71ee3d27ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RQsIwQbXRsA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so go ahead and open up Jupiter notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead and open up Jupiter notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead and open up Jupiter notebook
+and we'll get started working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get started working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get started working with
+streams what's very different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams what's very different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams what's very different from this
+topic and many other topics we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and many other topics we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and many other topics we'll have
+is that the introduction to the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the introduction to the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the introduction to the topic
+will also be the unlocking video for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be the unlocking video for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be the unlocking video for the
+topic you've certainly done enough with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you've certainly done enough with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you've certainly done enough with
+representation in topic 2 representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in topic 2 representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in topic 2 representation
+that you deserve to have some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you deserve to have some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you deserve to have some way of
+representing music to start so we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing music to start so we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing music to start so we can go
+ahead and from music 21 import stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and from music 21 import stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and from music 21 import stream
+the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+module you're also going to get a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module you're also going to get a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module you're also going to get a second
+unlock now and that is from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock now and that is from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock now and that is from music 21
+import Corpus and Corpus is a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import Corpus and Corpus is a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import Corpus and Corpus is a collection
+of pieces that you've either created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that you've either created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that you've either created
+yourself or we'll be using a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or we'll be using a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or we'll be using a collection
+of pieces that come with music 21 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that come with music 21 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that come with music 21 so the
+Corpus uh the Corpus module has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus uh the Corpus module has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus uh the Corpus module has one
+method that we'll use a lot and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we'll use a lot and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we'll use a lot and that's
+parse and so you load something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and so you load something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and so you load something from the
+dis you uh can look online in the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis you uh can look online in the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis you uh can look online in the music
+21 users guide to see the list of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 users guide to see the list of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 users guide to see the list of pieces
+that come together come with the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come together come with the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come together come with the music
+21 Corpus but uh we happen to know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Corpus but uh we happen to know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 Corpus but uh we happen to know one
+pretty well from our last look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well from our last look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well from our last look and
+that's Bach bwv 66 6.6 and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Bach bwv 66 6.6 and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Bach bwv 66 6.6 and we'll call
+that Bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bach
+score second n we'll just call it bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score second n we'll just call it bach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score second n we'll just call it bach
+bach equals BW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach equals BW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach equals BW
+66.6 and we see what Bach is we see hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.6 and we see what Bach is we see hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.6 and we see what Bach is we see hey
+it's a type of stream called a score uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a type of stream called a score uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a type of stream called a score uh
+what we'll find out is that the music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll find out is that the music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll find out is that the music 21
+basic uh way of representing music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh way of representing music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh way of representing music
+starts usually with a score there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts usually with a score there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts usually with a score there are
+some things bigger than score called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things bigger than score called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things bigger than score called
+Opus and stuff like that but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opus and stuff like that but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opus and stuff like that but usually
+you're going to start with score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start with score
+and like any music 21 object you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like any music 21 object you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like any music 21 object you can
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+it so we can show the entire score it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we can show the entire score it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we can show the entire score it
+usually takes a little bit longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually takes a little bit longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually takes a little bit longer the
+first time but then it comes up and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time but then it comes up and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time but then it comes up and we
+can see it has four parts soprano Alto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it has four parts soprano Alto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it has four parts soprano Alto
+tenor base it's in 44 abbreviated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenor base it's in 44 abbreviated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenor base it's in 44 abbreviated as
+common time it begins with a pickup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common time it begins with a pickup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common time it begins with a pickup
+that's always going to be hard and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be hard and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be hard and uh
+one of the things we'll see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we'll see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we'll see is that
+though music 21 will call this measure 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though music 21 will call this measure 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though music 21 will call this measure 0
+1 2 and so on uh your notation software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and so on uh your notation software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and so on uh your notation software
+such as Muse mcore which is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Muse mcore which is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Muse mcore which is what I'm
+using to automatically generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to automatically generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to automatically generate this
+might not know how to work with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know how to work with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know how to work with um
+pickup measures as generated from music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measures as generated from music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measures as generated from music
+21 we're generating automatically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 we're generating automatically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 we're generating automatically to
+music XML and then loading that into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML and then loading that into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML and then loading that into uh
+Muse score and then generating a a PNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muse score and then generating a a PNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muse score and then generating a a PNG
+file and putting it back into jupyter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and putting it back into jupyter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and putting it back into jupyter
+notebook lots happening on the the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook lots happening on the the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook lots happening on the the fly
+when we say bo. show in any case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say bo. show in any case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say bo. show in any case for
+some reason the measure numbers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason the measure numbers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason the measure numbers don't
+translate so watch out for this music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate so watch out for this music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate so watch out for this music 21
+thinks of this as measure three and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of this as measure three and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks of this as measure three and me
+score thinks so is measure four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score thinks so is measure four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score thinks so is measure four so
+anyhow we have four parts pretty short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow we have four parts pretty short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow we have four parts pretty short
+score all fits over here and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score all fits over here and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score all fits over here and I've
+already asked you to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already asked you to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already asked you to think about what
+the key is What are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is What are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is What are some interesting
+weird moments in various parts and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird moments in various parts and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird moments in various parts and so on
+um we can also show this as a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can also show this as a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can also show this as a m
+file though the sound's not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file though the sound's not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file though the sound's not nearly as
+good as the recording we listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so that's kind of useful if I made my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that's kind of useful if I made my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that's kind of useful if I made my
+screen bigger than uh then the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen bigger than uh then the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen bigger than uh then the thing
+looks pretty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty right
+but so we have a score and a a score is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have a score and a a score is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have a score and a a score is
+a type of stream and a stream is a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of stream and a stream is a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of stream and a stream is a type
+of container and so it works kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of container and so it works kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of container and so it works kind of
+like a list you can see exactly what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a list you can see exactly what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a list you can see exactly what is
+in the score and we can see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the score and we can see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the score and we can see that there's
+a metadata object and then four part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metadata object and then four part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metadata object and then four part
+objects and something called the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and something called the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and something called the staff
+group and that kind of makes it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that kind of makes it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that kind of makes it so that
+uh all the parts look right together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the parts look right together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the parts look right together so
+within this we can get the soprano part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this we can get the soprano part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this we can get the soprano part
+by getting the second element from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting the second element from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting the second element from it
+which we can call that P0 for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can call that P0 for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can call that P0 for the first
+first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part
+because we can get that as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can get that as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can get that as the first
+thing and we can see that P0 is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we can see that P0 is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we can see that P0 is another
+type of stream called a part so parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stream called a part so parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stream called a part so parts
+are contained within scores think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contained within scores think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contained within scores think about
+whether this is time wise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is time wise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is time wise or
+partwise well it has part so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partwise well it has part so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partwise well it has part so it's
+partwise so we can also take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partwise so we can also take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partwise so we can also take this and
+show this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this particular
+part and I reset for a second so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I reset for a second so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I reset for a second so it
+takes a little bit longer there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit longer there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit longer there we go
+just one part going there and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one part going there and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one part going there and we can see
+everything that is in part zero since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is in part zero since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is in part zero since
+I've said that this is a part-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that this is a part-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that this is a part-wise
+format think about what you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format think about what you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format think about what you would expect
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next okay have you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay have you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay have you thought about
+it that's right it's mostly a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's right it's mostly a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's right it's mostly a bunch of
+measures there's an instrument object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures there's an instrument object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures there's an instrument object
+that says it's a soprano instrument but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it's a soprano instrument but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it's a soprano instrument but
+then there's uh just 10 measures measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's uh just 10 measures measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's uh just 10 measures measure
+zero is numbered that way because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is numbered that way because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is numbered that way because it's a
+pickup measure and so on so we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measure and so on so we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measure and so on so we can get
+the pickup measure we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pickup measure we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pickup measure we'll call it
+pickup and what do we want to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup and what do we want to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup and what do we want to do it's
+the second element in there so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second element in there so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second element in there so we get
+one right and we can just show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pickup that's not too exciting let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup that's not too exciting let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup that's not too exciting let's get
+the first real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure yep great right and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure yep great right and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure yep great right and we can see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+M1 is also a stream it's a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 is also a stream it's a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 is also a stream it's a measure
+object and it reports that its number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it reports that its number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it reports that its number is
+one yep and we can see and has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yep and we can see and has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yep and we can see and has something
+called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an
+offset and as we said in music 21 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and as we said in music 21 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and as we said in music 21 we
+measure things in quarter lengths for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things in quarter lengths for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things in quarter lengths for
+the most part and so measure one begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part and so measure one begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part and so measure one begins
+one quarter note from the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter note from the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter note from the beginning of
+the piece itself and we we look again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece itself and we we look again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece itself and we we look again at
+this part yeah you can see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part yeah you can see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part yeah you can see there's
+coordin note 0 coordin note 0.5 cordin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin note 0 coordin note 0.5 cordin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin note 0 coordin note 0.5 cordin
+note one so measure two begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note one so measure two begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note one so measure two begins
+where right at offset five and then 9 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where right at offset five and then 9 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where right at offset five and then 9 13
+in this particular score they're all off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular score they're all off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular score they're all off
+by four great so let's see what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four great so let's see what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four great so let's see what's inside
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+one and here we have the notes finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here we have the notes finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here we have the notes finally
+there could be if there were multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be if there were multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be if there were multiple
+voices in the Stream there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices in the Stream there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices in the Stream there could be
+voices at this point but there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices at this point but there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices at this point but there aren't
+this is just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a single
+part so now that you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now that you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so now that you can see these
+elements of a stream let me show one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a stream let me show one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of a stream let me show one
+other important thing that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important thing that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important thing that you can do
+you've done this show uh which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this show uh which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this show uh which by
+default puts it out as music XML when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default puts it out as music XML when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default puts it out as music XML when
+you're putting it in a script or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting it in a script or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting it in a script or in the
+jupit notebook it puts it out as music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jupit notebook it puts it out as music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jupit notebook it puts it out as music
+XML um opens up Muse score if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML um opens up Muse score if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML um opens up Muse score if you have
+it turns it into a PNG and puts it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns it into a PNG and puts it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns it into a PNG and puts it right
+back but there's another thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but there's another thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but there's another thing you can
+do you can show it as a text file and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can show it as a text file and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can show it as a text file and
+that shows you not only what elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you not only what elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you not only what elements
+are inside the measure but also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside the measure but also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside the measure but also what
+their offsets are so every element every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offsets are so every element every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offsets are so every element every
+music 21 object every note every clef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 object every note every clef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 object every note every clef
+has a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a an
+offset within its current stream within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset within its current stream within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset within its current stream within
+its current container and it also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current container and it also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current container and it also has a
+duration and in this case each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration and in this case each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration and in this case each of them
+is quarter notes their durations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quarter notes their durations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quarter notes their durations are
+1.0 I forgot when I was making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 I forgot when I was making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 I forgot when I was making this
+video first there's something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video first there's something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video first there's something really
+important here notice that this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here notice that this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here notice that this first
+note has an offset of zero but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note has an offset of zero but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note has an offset of zero but it's not
+the first note in the piece it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note in the piece it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note in the piece it's the
+second or third note in the piece but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third note in the piece but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third note in the piece but at
+the second quarter note so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second quarter note so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second quarter note so why is it
+offset not one well it turns out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset not one well it turns out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset not one well it turns out all of
+the offsets are measured from the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are measured from the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are measured from the start
+of the container so this is a measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the container so this is a measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the container so this is a measure
+that begins at offset one one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins at offset one one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins at offset one one and
+therefore its first note is at offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its first note is at offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its first note is at offset
+zero within the container so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero within the container so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero within the container so if you're
+going to figure out what the offset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out what the offset of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to figure out what the offset of a
+particular element is within the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element is within the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular element is within the piece
+as a whole you're going to need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole you're going to need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole you're going to need to add
+up all of the offsets of previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of the offsets of previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of the offsets of previous
+containers back to previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers back to previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers back to previous
+point so this is how you can load up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this is how you can load up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so this is how you can load up a
+score that already exists and get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that already exists and get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that already exists and get to
+particular notes so in fact let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular notes so in fact let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular notes so in fact let's get
+that a say zero and we can see that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a say zero and we can see that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a say zero and we can see that a is
+a note and we can get its full name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note and we can get its full name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note and we can get its full name and
+all the other things that we worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other things that we worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other things that we worked with
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+duration duration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration duration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration duration.
+type and so on so this is how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and so on so this is how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and so on so this is how you can
+load a pre-existing stream from a music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load a pre-existing stream from a music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load a pre-existing stream from a music
+XML file like bwv 66.6 or from a midi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML file like bwv 66.6 or from a midi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML file like bwv 66.6 or from a midi
+file or from an ABC file or any of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file or from an ABC file or any of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file or from an ABC file or any of a
+number of music representation formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of music representation formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of music representation formats
+that music 21 supports but now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that music 21 supports but now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that music 21 supports but now let's go
+the opposite way let's create and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way let's create and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite way let's create and build
+up our own stream so we'll Build It Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our own stream so we'll Build It Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our own stream so we'll Build It Up
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scratch let's import notes which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch let's import notes which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch let's import notes which have
+already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been
+unlocked and let's create a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we show this note music 21's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we show this note music 21's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we show this note music 21's
+actually doing something for us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing something for us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing something for us it's
+creating a whole set of streams around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a whole set of streams around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a whole set of streams around
+it for us but we can do it our own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for us but we can do it our own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for us but we can do it our own way
+so let's create a voice which is a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's create a voice which is a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's create a voice which is a type
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stream and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and we
+will insert that note at position zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will insert that note at position zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will insert that note at position zero
+oops we will insert that note at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we will insert that note at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops we will insert that note at
+position Z into the stream You' only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z into the stream You' only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z into the stream You' only
+think that working with music 21 for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that working with music 21 for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that working with music 21 for 15
+years and having created it I'd remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and having created it I'd remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and having created it I'd remember
+what goes first the offset or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes first the offset or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes first the offset or the
+element but I size forget great um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but I size forget great um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but I size forget great um we'll
+unlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock
+another module for you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module for you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module for you right
+now unlock the meter module yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlock the meter module yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unlock the meter module yay
+unlocking and we'll create a meter and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocking and we'll create a meter and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocking and we'll create a meter and a
+time signature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature of
+14 we kind of see that T like this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 we kind of see that T like this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 we kind of see that T like this as
+things like that now let's create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that now let's create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that now let's create a
+measure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and we will insert at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will insert at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we will insert at the beginning
+of the measure the time signature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measure the time signature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measure the time signature and
+also insert at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also insert at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also insert at the beginning of the
+measure the voice that contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the voice that contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the voice that contains the
+note we can put more than one thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we can put more than one thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note we can put more than one thing at
+the beginning because time signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because time signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because time signatures
+don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any
+duration now we can create a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can insert the part at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can insert the part at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can insert the part at the
+beginning the measure at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the measure at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the measure at the beginning
+of the part or we can put the measure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part or we can put the measure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part or we can put the measure at
+the end of the part and since there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the part and since there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the part and since there's
+nothing in the part right now A pend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the part right now A pend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the part right now A pend is
+will be the same as inserting a zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same as inserting a zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same as inserting a zero but
+you don't have to remember how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to remember how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to remember how many
+things are in there yet now we'll create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in there yet now we'll create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in there yet now we'll create
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+score and we'll put the part at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and we'll put the part at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and we'll put the part at the
+beginning of the score one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the score one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the score one of the
+mistakes that people make with music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that people make with music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that people make with music 21
+quite often is that they get so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often is that they get so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often is that they get so used to
+appending things that they'll append the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending things that they'll append the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending things that they'll append the
+part to the score which the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to the score which the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to the score which the first part
+that's fine but then they'll append the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then they'll append the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then they'll append the
+second part to the score and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part to the score and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part to the score and if you
+think about it Parts don't follow each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it Parts don't follow each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it Parts don't follow each
+other they're all at position zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're all at position zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they're all at position zero so
+you want to make sure to always insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure to always insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure to always insert
+Parts at position zero now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts at position zero now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts at position zero now we have a
+score that looks basically the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that looks basically the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that looks basically the same as
+when we created the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we created the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we created the n
+note if we modify some parts of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if we modify some parts of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if we modify some parts of the um
+of the original note objects something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original note objects something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original note objects something
+we can see that the score will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the score will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the score will be
+updated as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated as we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+now that doesn't match the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't match the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't match the time
+signature because we explicitly put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature because we explicitly put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature because we explicitly put a
+time signature in there so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature in there so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature in there so it doesn't
+create one for us so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one for us so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one for us so let's
+create a rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then in that voice let's insert at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in that voice let's insert at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in that voice let's insert at
+0.5 now let's let's make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 now let's let's make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 now let's let's make it easier
+append the rest to there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append the rest to there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append the rest to there and
+now show all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show all
+this if we do a show of text on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we do a show of text on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we do a show of text on the
+score we can see that it includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score we can see that it includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score we can see that it includes the
+part the measure the time signature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the measure the time signature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the measure the time signature the
+voice and then the note and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice and then the note and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice and then the note and the rest
+well that's enough for streams for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's enough for streams for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's enough for streams for today
+thanks for paying attention
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RfEmF7LgU7Y.txt b/RfEmF7LgU7Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf39c429e90f8d03497b4dff213eac51e0e92f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RfEmF7LgU7Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're talking about cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about cholesterol
+homeostasis and I said at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and I said at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis and I said at the very
+beginning the first two lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the first two lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the first two lectures are
+going to be focused on the Turpin home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on the Turpin home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on the Turpin home
+and how you make cholesterol okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you make cholesterol okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you make cholesterol okay and in
+in the beginning and yesterday in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning and yesterday in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning and yesterday in
+Monday's lecture we had gotten through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's lecture we had gotten through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday's lecture we had gotten through
+the first few steps and cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few steps and cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few steps and cholesterol
+biosynthesis starting with acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis starting with acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis starting with acetyl co a
+and we'd gotten up to the position where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd gotten up to the position where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd gotten up to the position where
+we content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we content
+we had condensed three molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had condensed three molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had condensed three molecules of
+acetic oe using clays and and aldol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic oe using clays and and aldol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic oe using clays and and aldol
+reactions to form this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to form this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to form this molecule
+hydroxymethyl little ryuko way and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl little ryuko way and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl little ryuko way and at
+the end of the last lecture we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the last lecture we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the last lecture we were
+talking about hmg-coa reductase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hmg-coa reductase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about hmg-coa reductase which is
+abbreviated in the browner Goldstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated in the browner Goldstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated in the browner Goldstein
+papers like that which requires two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers like that which requires two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers like that which requires two
+molecules this should be NADPH I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this should be NADPH I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this should be NADPH I
+announced that before all of the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that before all of the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that before all of the notes
+in ADH should be replaced with in AD pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ADH should be replaced with in AD pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ADH should be replaced with in AD pH
+okay we're doing biosynthesis we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing biosynthesis we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're doing biosynthesis we talked
+about the mechanism of how you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanism of how you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mechanism of how you go from
+this Kawai analogue to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Kawai analogue to a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Kawai analogue to a double
+reduction to form an alcohol and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction to form an alcohol and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction to form an alcohol and the
+question is why is that interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is that interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is that interesting and
+important and it's interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it's interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it's interesting and
+important because it's a major target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's a major target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's a major target of
+thirty billion dollar drug drugs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty billion dollar drug drugs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty billion dollar drug drugs the
+statins which specifically target HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins which specifically target HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statins which specifically target HMG
+co-reductase and so what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase and so what i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase and so what i want to do
+i'm not going to spend a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend a lot of time on
+this but i want to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want to say a little bit
+about this given its central role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this given its central role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this given its central role in
+many people's health nowadays so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's health nowadays so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people's health nowadays so how do
+how do these analogs end up working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these analogs end up working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these analogs end up working and
+so we have an intermediate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an intermediate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an intermediate in this
+process which I drew out in detail last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which I drew out in detail last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which I drew out in detail last
+time I'm not going to draw it out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm not going to draw it out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm not going to draw it out again
+so I'm going to go through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to go through two
+reductions the first reduction forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions the first reduction forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions the first reduction forms a
+thio hemiacetal which then kicks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio hemiacetal which then kicks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thio hemiacetal which then kicks out
+Kawai to form the aldehyde which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai to form the aldehyde which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kawai to form the aldehyde which then
+gets reduced again I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced again I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reduced again I'm not going to
+write that out this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that out this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that out this is the first
+intermediate you see and what we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate you see and what we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate you see and what we'll see
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+hitters all look like this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitters all look like this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitters all look like this intermediate
+okay so when they look like the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when they look like the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when they look like the normal
+substrate or an intermediate along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate or an intermediate along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate or an intermediate along the
+pathway those are called competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway those are called competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway those are called competitive
+inhibitors so these are competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors so these are competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors so these are competitive
+inhibitors you don't remember what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors you don't remember what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors you don't remember what a
+competitive inhibitor is or how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive inhibitor is or how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive inhibitor is or how it's
+described you might want to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you might want to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you might want to go back and
+look it up invoke vote or whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up invoke vote or whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up invoke vote or whatever your
+basic biochemistry textbook is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biochemistry textbook is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biochemistry textbook is and so
+what we'll see is all of the compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is all of the compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is all of the compounds
+that are actually used clinically look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually used clinically look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually used clinically look
+like this and so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and so if you look at this
+then they're not exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're not exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're not exactly the same but
+it's proposed to be a model of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proposed to be a model of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proposed to be a model of this
+particular intermediate and the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular intermediate and the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular intermediate and the reaction
+so this is the thio hemiacetal okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the thio hemiacetal okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the thio hemiacetal okay but
+here I've drawn drawn a lap tone rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've drawn drawn a lap tone rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've drawn drawn a lap tone rather
+than an acid and in general oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an acid and in general oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an acid and in general oops
+in general lap tones are actually given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general lap tones are actually given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general lap tones are actually given
+as the drug rather than the acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the drug rather than the acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the drug rather than the acid and
+doesn't anybody have any any clue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anybody have any any clue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anybody have any any clue as to
+why that might be true why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that might be true why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that might be true why would you
+want to use this molecule as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this molecule as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use this molecule as opposed to
+the ring open species which would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring open species which would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring open species which would look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me
+I said I'll take ya so its uptake issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I'll take ya so its uptake issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I'll take ya so its uptake issues
+so what happens is you give this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is you give this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is you give this and
+you'll see this is true also across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is true also across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is true also across the
+in the last section of hearings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last section of hearings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last section of hearings and
+pyrimidine x' how you deliver the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine x' how you deliver the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidine x' how you deliver the drug
+it needs to be able to get across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be able to get across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be able to get across the
+membrane in an efficient fashion and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in an efficient fashion and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in an efficient fashion and so
+they give them lap tone but the lap tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them lap tone but the lap tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them lap tone but the lap tone
+rapidly ringa opens inside the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly ringa opens inside the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly ringa opens inside the cell so
+that's the analog I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the analog I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the analog I don't know if you
+can see it but it's the same animal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it but it's the same animal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it but it's the same animal I
+got drawn up there and I drew last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got drawn up there and I drew last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got drawn up there and I drew last time
+on the board and then these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board and then these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board and then these are the
+drugs and so the drug I've written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and so the drug I've written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and so the drug I've written this
+part looks like this part so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part looks like this part so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part looks like this part so this is
+where the competitive part comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the competitive part comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the competitive part comes from
+and what's down here down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's down here down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's down here down here is
+remember the co way and down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the co way and down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the co way and down here and
+the drugs stuff and the key to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs stuff and the key to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs stuff and the key to this
+stuff is hydrophobicity okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is hydrophobicity okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is hydrophobicity okay and so the
+key to almost all drugs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to almost all drugs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to almost all drugs is
+hydrophobicity so it can't be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity so it can't be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobicity so it can't be so
+hydrophobic that it's insoluble but lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic that it's insoluble but lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic that it's insoluble but lots
+of times you have pockets that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you have pockets that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you have pockets that you can't
+see in protein structures it's Ertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in protein structures it's Ertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in protein structures it's Ertz
+itself and you get a lot of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you get a lot of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you get a lot of binding
+energy okay so if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so if you look at these
+these again or on your on the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these again or on your on the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these again or on your on the PowerPoint
+presentation what you see here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation what you see here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation what you see here these are
+they're all the ring open here and ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the ring open here and ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the ring open here and ring
+closed and then if you look down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and then if you look down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and then if you look down here
+what you see is all this stuff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is all this stuff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is all this stuff and you
+see the stuff is dramatically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the stuff is dramatically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the stuff is dramatically different
+you can look at it but each company has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at it but each company has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at it but each company has
+tried to get its cut of the billion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get its cut of the billion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get its cut of the billion it's
+already billion dollar market okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already billion dollar market okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already billion dollar market okay and
+what I'm gonna show you on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna show you on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna show you on the next
+slide is this molecule so again the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is this molecule so again the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is this molecule so again the key
+thing is what's common to all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what's common to all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what's common to all of these
+inhibitors is this moiety okay and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors is this moiety okay and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors is this moiety okay and when
+you look at the structure as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure as you can see
+this guy and then this guy will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and then this guy will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and then this guy will have
+slightly different orientations within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different orientations within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different orientations within
+the structures okay so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures okay so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures okay so if you look at
+the structures of HMG co-reductase on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of HMG co-reductase on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures of HMG co-reductase on
+what you can see and if you pull this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see and if you pull this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see and if you pull this up
+and stare at it that looks like a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stare at it that looks like a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stare at it that looks like a mess
+but it really isn't a mess if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really isn't a mess if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really isn't a mess if you look
+at this you're gonna see on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this you're gonna see on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this you're gonna see on all the
+structures here's the carboxylate here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here's the carboxylate here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here's the carboxylate here's
+a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car
+box wait and this is the hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box wait and this is the hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box wait and this is the hydroxyl group
+okay so that's the key part over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the key part over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the key part over here
+the carboxylate in the hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylate in the hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylate in the hydroxyl group
+they're in the hemiacetal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the hemiacetal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the hemiacetal the
+carboxylates not there yet so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylates not there yet so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylates not there yet so what you
+can't put in the active species as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put in the active species as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put in the active species as they
+turn over so what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over so what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over so what you're doing is
+throwing in components to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing in components to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing in components to prevent
+turnover but to give you a feeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover but to give you a feeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover but to give you a feeling for
+we had the different substrates bind Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the different substrates bind Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the different substrates bind Co
+a is not attached to this moiety but Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is not attached to this moiety but Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is not attached to this moiety but Co
+a is attached here and I think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is attached here and I think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is attached here and I think what's
+unusual about this I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about this I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about this I don't know if you
+look at any structures at any structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any structures at any structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any structures at any structures
+in the polyketide synthases but Kawai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polyketide synthases but Kawai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polyketide synthases but Kawai
+you would think at the end of Co a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think at the end of Co a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think at the end of Co a if
+you look at the structure has an adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure has an adenine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure has an adenine
+moiety on it and you would think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moiety on it and you would think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moiety on it and you would think you
+would get a lot of binding energy onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a lot of binding energy onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a lot of binding energy onto
+this hydrophobic adenine moiety which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic adenine moiety which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic adenine moiety which
+can also hydrogen bonds and almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also hydrogen bonds and almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also hydrogen bonds and almost all
+structures to that part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to that part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to that part of the molecule
+never finds to the protein stuck out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never finds to the protein stuck out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never finds to the protein stuck out in
+solution so this is sort of typical why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is sort of typical why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so this is sort of typical why
+nature design things this way I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature design things this way I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature design things this way I don't
+know she's got this huge she could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she's got this huge she could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she's got this huge she could have
+used a thio methyl group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a thio methyl group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a thio methyl group and the
+chemistry would have been exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry would have been exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry would have been exactly the
+same but she uses this huge coway moiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but she uses this huge coway moiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but she uses this huge coway moiety
+and in most cases you see the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most cases you see the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most cases you see the chain
+extended and the mean on the outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and the mean on the outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and the mean on the outside so
+if you look at that the chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at that the chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at that the chemistry is
+gonna come over here I mean if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come over here I mean if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come over here I mean if you look
+at this yellow yellow is sulfur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this yellow yellow is sulfur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this yellow yellow is sulfur so
+that's where the sulfur would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the sulfur would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the sulfur would be
+connected to the hydroxymethyl glue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hydroxymethyl glue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hydroxymethyl glue to
+rate and then what do you see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then what do you see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then what do you see over here
+hopefully you can see this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see this but this is
+another adenine ring and then over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another adenine ring and then over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another adenine ring and then over here
+is the pyridine ring and we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pyridine ring and we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pyridine ring and we went through
+the mechanism last time that transfer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism last time that transfer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism last time that transfer is
+the hydride so this green part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydride so this green part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydride so this green part is the
+reductant and this part is a mimic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductant and this part is a mimic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductant and this part is a mimic of
+the hydroxymethyl glue to Rockaway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxymethyl glue to Rockaway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxymethyl glue to Rockaway and
+in all cases we have hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all cases we have hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all cases we have hundreds of
+structures now what you will see is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now what you will see is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures now what you will see is if
+you look at the inhibitor binding is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inhibitor binding is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inhibitor binding is you
+have changes in conformation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changes in conformation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changes in conformation in this
+region and the km for binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the km for binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the km for binding of
+hydroxymethyl glittery oak away is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glittery oak away is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glittery oak away is one
+micromolar but the KD for binding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromolar but the KD for binding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromolar but the KD for binding of the
+inhibitors is about nanomolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors is about nanomolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors is about nanomolar
+so you're gaining a lot by sticking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gaining a lot by sticking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gaining a lot by sticking this
+hydrophobic mess on and what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic mess on and what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic mess on and what happens so
+here's again this hydrophobic mess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again this hydrophobic mess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's again this hydrophobic mess and
+what you can see this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see this is one of the
+analogues I had before again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogues I had before again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogues I had before again
+hydroxymethyl glue to rate the glue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue to rate the glue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue to rate the glue to
+rate and the two carboxylates are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the two carboxylates are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the two carboxylates are there
+and then they stick on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stick on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stick on something
+hydrophobic in this part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic in this part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic in this part of the molecule
+and if you look at the confirmation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the confirmation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the confirmation of
+these gila sees in this region and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gila sees in this region and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gila sees in this region and you
+really have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to look at the
+three-dimensional structure to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure to see
+something that's the region where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's the region where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's the region where you
+see changes in binding so as an induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see changes in binding so as an induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see changes in binding so as an induced
+fit mechanism of binding and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit mechanism of binding and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit mechanism of binding and in fact
+this induced fit occurs in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this induced fit occurs in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this induced fit occurs in all of the
+analogues that are looked at and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogues that are looked at and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogues that are looked at and so if
+you look here and you can look at this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here and you can look at this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here and you can look at this I
+would say you take it home and spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you take it home and spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you take it home and spend
+some time looking at it again this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time looking at it again this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time looking at it again this part
+of the molecule and all of these analogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule and all of these analogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule and all of these analogs
+is exactly the same and what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same and what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same and what you had
+different is this hydrophobic mess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is this hydrophobic mess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is this hydrophobic mess in
+this part of the molecule and changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the molecule and changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the molecule and changes in
+this region of binding and people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of binding and people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region of binding and people are
+still working on trying to make you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working on trying to make you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working on trying to make you know
+usually it's the first couple of drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's the first couple of drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's the first couple of drugs
+that make all the money and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make all the money and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make all the money and if your
+third or fourth you don't make enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth you don't make enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth you don't make enough
+money okay but there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay but there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay but there are lots of
+problems that keep coming up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that keep coming up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that keep coming up and so
+people are still really heavily focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still really heavily focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still really heavily focused
+on trying to lower cholesterol levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to lower cholesterol levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to lower cholesterol levels
+okay so hmg-coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hmg-coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hmg-coa reductase
+I told you last time it's a huge protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you last time it's a huge protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you last time it's a huge protein
+880 amino acids half of it stuck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+880 amino acids half of it stuck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+880 amino acids half of it stuck in the
+ER okay you can cut off the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER okay you can cut off the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER okay you can cut off the the other
+half that is soluble is in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half that is soluble is in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half that is soluble is in the cytosol
+and we're going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this
+because if rate limiting step plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if rate limiting step plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if rate limiting step plays a
+key role and sensing of cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and sensing of cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role and sensing of cholesterol
+levels so in lecture the end of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so in lecture the end of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so in lecture the end of what
+show three are into lecture four we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show three are into lecture four we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show three are into lecture four we're
+gonna spend come back to hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend come back to hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend come back to hmg-coa
+reductase because of its central role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase because of its central role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase because of its central role in
+cholesterol homeostasis okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis okay so we're
+not here yet remember the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene
+the chirpy gnome was to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chirpy gnome was to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chirpy gnome was to get to the
+building blocks we still haven't gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks we still haven't gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks we still haven't gotten
+to the building blocks yet what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the building blocks yet what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the building blocks yet what were the
+building blocks isopentane oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks isopentane oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks isopentane oh and
+dimethyl ll pyrophosphate remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethyl ll pyrophosphate remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimethyl ll pyrophosphate remember the
+common building block is an isoprene but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common building block is an isoprene but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common building block is an isoprene but
+the isoprene is not the reactive species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isoprene is not the reactive species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isoprene is not the reactive species
+we needed to get it into some form where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to get it into some form where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to get it into some form where
+you can actually do chemistry on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do chemistry on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do chemistry on it so
+our goal has been to get to IPP and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal has been to get to IPP and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal has been to get to IPP and we
+are here okay so the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here okay so the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here okay so the rest of the
+biosynthetic pathway to get to IPP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway to get to IPP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway to get to IPP is
+pretty straightforward I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward I'm not going to
+draw out the details at all but we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw out the details at all but we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw out the details at all but we go
+from malonic acid and so we use ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from malonic acid and so we use ATP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from malonic acid and so we use ATP and
+a kinase and we use a second a key P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase and we use a second a key P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase and we use a second a key P and
+a kinase and then we use a third ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase and then we use a third ATP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase and then we use a third ATP and
+so if you look at the pathway here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the pathway here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the pathway here what
+happens is your phosphorylating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is your phosphorylating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is your phosphorylating the
+alcohol that we just created with HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol that we just created with HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol that we just created with HMG
+co-reductase okay so we're sticking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase okay so we're sticking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase okay so we're sticking a
+phosphate on another ATP sticks a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate on another ATP sticks a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate on another ATP sticks a second
+phosphate on and in the end we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate on and in the end we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate on and in the end we need to
+get to isopentenyl pyrophosphate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to isopentenyl pyrophosphate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to isopentenyl pyrophosphate and so
+we have a third enzyme that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a third enzyme that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a third enzyme that is going to
+phosphorylate to facilitate finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate to facilitate finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate to facilitate finally
+conversion of the c63 acid he'll go ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of the c63 acid he'll go ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of the c63 acid he'll go ways
+into the c5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the c5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the c5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate so
+if you look at what's going on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what's going on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what's going on in that
+reaction we have a third ATP and the ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have a third ATP and the ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we have a third ATP and the ATP
+is used to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the alcohol okay so what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol okay so what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alcohol okay so what we're doing
+basically is making it into a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is making it into a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is making it into a good
+leaving group okay and we've got the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group okay and we've got the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving group okay and we've got the two
+phosphates on there by the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates on there by the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates on there by the first two
+kinase --is and so now what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase --is and so now what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase --is and so now what we want to
+do I forgot a methyl group here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I forgot a methyl group here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I forgot a methyl group here okay and
+so now what we've done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we've done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we've done by
+phosphorylating this is we've activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylating this is we've activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylating this is we've activated
+this for a decarboxylate of elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a decarboxylate of elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a decarboxylate of elimination
+reaction okay and so now we are are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay and so now we are are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay and so now we are are we
+we're now finally at isopentenyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now finally at isopentenyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now finally at isopentenyl
+pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we've gotten to our c5 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gotten to our c5 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've gotten to our c5 and the
+key thing remember is we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing remember is we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing remember is we started with a
+Satoko a during this reaction we lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoko a during this reaction we lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoko a during this reaction we lose a
+co2 and that's why we've gone from a c6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and that's why we've gone from a c6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and that's why we've gone from a c6
+to c5 during this reaction we lose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c5 during this reaction we lose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c5 during this reaction we lose that
+and again we see ATP use over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we see ATP use over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we see ATP use over and over
+down gtp using the same thing is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down gtp using the same thing is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down gtp using the same thing is used to
+make things into better leaving groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things into better leaving groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things into better leaving groups
+and facilitate the overall chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilitate the overall chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facilitate the overall chemistry so
+I'm not going to talk again about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk again about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk again about the
+details of any of these steps the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of any of these steps the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of any of these steps the steps
+are all straightforward you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all straightforward you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all straightforward you've seen
+these steps in primary metabolism with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps in primary metabolism with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps in primary metabolism with
+the role of ATP over and over again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of ATP over and over again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of ATP over and over again but
+the key thing we want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing we want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing we want to talk about is
+the terpene home and to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terpene home and to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terpene home and to get to the
+turkey nome we needed to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey nome we needed to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey nome we needed to get to
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl
+aloe pyrophosphate so that we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloe pyrophosphate so that we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloe pyrophosphate so that we can look
+at the new way of forming carbon-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new way of forming carbon-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new way of forming carbon-carbon
+bonds with c5 units okay so we finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with c5 units okay so we finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with c5 units okay so we finished
+we've gotten through the first few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten through the first few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten through the first few steps
+that's what I call the initiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I call the initiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I call the initiation
+process we started with acetic away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we started with acetic away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we started with acetic away and
+got to IPP dimethyl owl pyrophosphate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to IPP dimethyl owl pyrophosphate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to IPP dimethyl owl pyrophosphate if
+you look at these hydrogen's hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these hydrogen's hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these hydrogen's hopefully
+you know a little like hydrogen's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little like hydrogen's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little like hydrogen's are
+moderately acidic and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately acidic and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately acidic and there's an
+isomerase that can convert this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase that can convert this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase that can convert this molecule
+into this molecule and so this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this molecule and so this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this molecule and so this is done
+Ethel a little pyrophosphate and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethel a little pyrophosphate and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethel a little pyrophosphate and we're
+into the second part of the biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the second part of the biosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the second part of the biosynthetic
+pathway for cholesterol so we through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for cholesterol so we through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for cholesterol so we through
+the initiation we've got our building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initiation we've got our building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initiation we've got our building
+blocks now what we want to do is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now what we want to do is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now what we want to do is do the
+elongation step and so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation step and so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation step and so now we're going
+to use this so IPP we're now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this so IPP we're now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this so IPP we're now going to
+look at the elongation reactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the elongation reactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the elongation reactions okay
+and I guess I'll use a second board over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I'll use a second board over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I'll use a second board over
+here and so let me do it over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so let me do it over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so let me do it over here and
+then so what we want to do then is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so what we want to do then is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so what we want to do then is take
+C 5 plus C 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna we're gonna look at
+this reaction in detail and the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction in detail and the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction in detail and the enzyme
+that's gonna do this is called fpp sente
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna do this is called fpp sente
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna do this is called fpp sente
+farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase I'll
+write that down in a minute and you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down in a minute and you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down in a minute and you form
+C 10 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 10 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 10 okay
+and C 10 then this is the same enzyme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 10 then this is the same enzyme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 10 then this is the same enzyme so
+it's also fpp synthase fpp is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also fpp synthase fpp is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also fpp synthase fpp is a product
+on our steel pyrophosphate and IPP gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our steel pyrophosphate and IPP gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our steel pyrophosphate and IPP gives
+us C 15 okay so this is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us C 15 okay so this is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us C 15 okay so this is a major
+elongation reaction and what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation reaction and what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation reaction and what I want you
+to see is that the C 15 3 c 5 stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that the C 15 3 c 5 stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that the C 15 3 c 5 stuck
+together is linear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is linear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is linear okay
+and if you go back and you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back and you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back and you look at your
+notes from last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last time we talked about
+isoprenoids and terpenoids and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids and terpenoids and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoprenoids and terpenoids and you can
+make linear molecules that can go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make linear molecules that can go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make linear molecules that can go from a
+couple of units like geranyl geranyl C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of units like geranyl geranyl C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of units like geranyl geranyl C
+10 that sorry geranium pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that sorry geranium pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that sorry geranium pyrophosphate
+that's C 10 that's called a monoterpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C 10 that's called a monoterpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C 10 that's called a monoterpene
+and you can add and know their C 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add and know their C 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add and know their C 5
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate that's ac15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate that's ac15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate that's ac15
+that's called a sesqui terpene Cesc week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a sesqui terpene Cesc week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a sesqui terpene Cesc week
+comes from one and a half so well you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from one and a half so well you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from one and a half so well you'll
+see and then the next thing if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then the next thing if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and then the next thing if you got
+another five you have a C 20 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five you have a C 20 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another five you have a C 20 that's a
+diterpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diterpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diterpene
+and if you go to ac30 that's a try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to ac30 that's a try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to ac30 that's a try to
+repeat nomenclatures you can google it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat nomenclatures you can google it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat nomenclatures you can google it
+but the nomenclature is complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nomenclature is complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nomenclature is complicated but
+that's where they come from is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they come from is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they come from is the
+different c5 units okay so really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different c5 units okay so really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different c5 units okay so really this
+is this chemistry is the basis for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this chemistry is the basis for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this chemistry is the basis for all
+the reactions in the turpino okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions in the turpino okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions in the turpino okay we're
+gonna so we're gonna do is go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna so we're gonna do is go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna so we're gonna do is go through
+that chemistry how do you form a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry how do you form a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry how do you form a new
+carbon-carbon bond using these building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond using these building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond using these building
+blocks what are the general principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks what are the general principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks what are the general principles
+and I showed you the hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you the hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you the hundreds of
+different kinds of natural products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of natural products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of natural products that
+you can find in humans and plants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find in humans and plants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find in humans and plants and
+bacteria all over the place they're play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria all over the place they're play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria all over the place they're play
+an incredibly important role in primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly important role in primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly important role in primary
+and secondary metabolism and where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary metabolism and where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondary metabolism and where we're
+going to look at is the general way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is the general way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is the general way that
+these carbon carbon bonds are made okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbon carbon bonds are made okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbon carbon bonds are made okay
+so alright so again let me stress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so again let me stress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so again let me stress that
+this is linear and you'll see that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linear and you'll see that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linear and you'll see that when
+we actually look at this okay so fpp let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look at this okay so fpp let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look at this okay so fpp let
+me write this down so it's farnesyl PP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write this down so it's farnesyl PP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write this down so it's farnesyl PP
+pyrophosphate we talked about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate we talked about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate we talked about this last
+time it's a central player in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a central player in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a central player in many many
+many reactions it's ac15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reactions it's ac15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reactions it's ac15
+ok so the finer silk IRA phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the finer silk IRA phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so the finer silk IRA phosphate
+synthase was the first enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase was the first enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase was the first enzyme
+characterized for parental transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized for parental transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized for parental transfer
+reactions for these c5 forming reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for these c5 forming reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions for these c5 forming reactions
+it's been studied extremely extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been studied extremely extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been studied extremely extensively
+and it served as a by Dale Poulter's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it served as a by Dale Poulter's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it served as a by Dale Poulter's lab
+at Utah and it served as a paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Utah and it served as a paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Utah and it served as a paradigm
+really for thinking about all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for thinking about all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for thinking about all of the
+biochemistry did any of you guys ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry did any of you guys ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry did any of you guys ever
+hear it saw when Stein it shows how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it saw when Stein it shows how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it saw when Stein it shows how old
+I am anyhow saw when Stein was a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am anyhow saw when Stein was a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am anyhow saw when Stein was a faculty
+member at UCLA many years ago probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at UCLA many years ago probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member at UCLA many years ago probably
+in the 1970s but if you've taken 543
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s but if you've taken 543
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s but if you've taken 543
+hopefully they still talk about or 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they still talk about or 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they still talk about or 5
+what's advanced physical organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's advanced physical organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's advanced physical organic
+chemistry course you guys take any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry course you guys take any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry course you guys take any of
+you had that anyhow you've had have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had that anyhow you've had have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had that anyhow you've had have you
+heard about so I've you never heard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about so I've you never heard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about so I've you never heard it
+so bad bad anyhow he's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad bad anyhow he's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad bad anyhow he's the one that
+figured out how to how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to how to think about
+classical and non-classical carbo cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and non-classical carbo cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical and non-classical carbo cation
+and tell Poulter work from him they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell Poulter work from him they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell Poulter work from him they'll
+Poulter moved and enzymatic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poulter moved and enzymatic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poulter moved and enzymatic reaction
+systems and really sort of unraveled how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and really sort of unraveled how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and really sort of unraveled how
+these things work and budgetary and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work and budgetary and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things work and budgetary and I'm
+going to give you every enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you every enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you every enzymes
+different but the paradigm I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the paradigm I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the paradigm I'm gonna
+give you I really think Ashley founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you I really think Ashley founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you I really think Ashley founded
+on the physical organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical organic chemistry
+um and from Dale's lab so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and from Dale's lab so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and from Dale's lab so these are
+pretty important contributions and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important contributions and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important contributions and what
+we'll see is this is called a type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is this is called a type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is this is called a type 1
+synthase and if you read the the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and if you read the the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and if you read the the fine
+reading you'll see there a type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you'll see there a type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you'll see there a type 2
+synthases so there's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthases so there's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthases so there's more than one
+structure to of the enzymes involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to of the enzymes involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to of the enzymes involved and
+these systems we're gonna specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems we're gonna specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems we're gonna specifically
+focus on in the class on the type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in the class on the type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in the class on the type 1
+synthase and it's basically an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it's basically an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and it's basically an alpha
+helical bundle okay and I think on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical bundle okay and I think on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical bundle okay and I think on the
+next if I can remember what I have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if I can remember what I have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if I can remember what I have yeah
+so this was taken out of the article you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was taken out of the article you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was taken out of the article you
+are supposed to read and so this is fpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to read and so this is fpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to read and so this is fpp
+synthase this is a monomer but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase this is a monomer but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase this is a monomer but it's a
+dimer okay and all I want you to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer okay and all I want you to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimer okay and all I want you to see if
+you take the 30,000 view 30,000 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the 30,000 view 30,000 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the 30,000 view 30,000 foot
+view there are a five HeLa C's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there are a five HeLa C's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there are a five HeLa C's here
+they're unread okay if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unread okay if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unread okay if you look at this
+long he looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long he looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long he looks
+it's everywhere everything's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everywhere everything's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everywhere everything's a little
+bit of juggled around okay you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of juggled around okay you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of juggled around okay you can see
+you have a couple blues here a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a couple blues here a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a couple blues here a couple
+blues here so there's structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues here so there's structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues here so there's structurally
+homologous to each other and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to each other and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to each other and I think
+what's most remarkable about this so fpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most remarkable about this so fpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's most remarkable about this so fpp
+synthetase me makes cakes to see fives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase me makes cakes to see fives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetase me makes cakes to see fives
+make sassy tendons just see 15 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sassy tendons just see 15 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sassy tendons just see 15 okay so
+it's a linear squalene synthase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear squalene synthase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear squalene synthase which
+we'll look at in a minute takes to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at in a minute takes to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at in a minute takes to see
+15s and mix of c30 the precursor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15s and mix of c30 the precursor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15s and mix of c30 the precursor to
+making the ring structure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the ring structure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the ring structure for
+cholesterol but these two guys in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but these two guys in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but these two guys in the in
+the middle which look eggs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which look eggs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which look eggs and this is
+linear as well these two guys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as well these two guys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear as well these two guys in the
+middle which look remarkably similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle which look remarkably similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle which look remarkably similar
+actually structurally they're pretty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually structurally they're pretty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually structurally they're pretty if
+you superimpose the structures there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you superimpose the structures there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you superimpose the structures there
+they're um they're really similar do six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um they're really similar do six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um they're really similar do six
+more cyclic terpenes so they form cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cyclic terpenes so they form cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cyclic terpenes so they form cyclic
+we terpenes I'll show you this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we terpenes I'll show you this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we terpenes I'll show you this in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+so the command they used fpp so here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the command they used fpp so here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the command they used fpp so here all
+of these enzymes use of PP and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these enzymes use of PP and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these enzymes use of PP and the
+question and they all look alike sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and they all look alike sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and they all look alike sort of
+from the 30,000 foot point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 30,000 foot point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 30,000 foot point of view and
+the question is then how do you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is then how do you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is then how do you control
+what the chemistry is in in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chemistry is in in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chemistry is in in the active
+site okay so they have homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site okay so they have homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site okay so they have homologous
+structures so these are all structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so these are all structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so these are all structurally
+homologous another thing that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous another thing that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous another thing that you need
+to remember about these systems is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about these systems is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about these systems is that
+they have similar metal binding motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if you look at the reaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you look at the reaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you look at the reaction of
+IPP okay if you think about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPP okay if you think about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPP okay if you think about this this
+isn't what P P looks like does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what P P looks like does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what P P looks like does everybody
+know what P P looks like hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what P P looks like hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what P P looks like hopefully
+you've seen this over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this over and over again
+what would the metal be or metals yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the metal be or metals yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the metal be or metals yeah
+so whenever you have pyrophosphates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have pyrophosphates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have pyrophosphates or
+ATP's and GTP's you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's and GTP's you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's and GTP's you always have
+magnesium magnesium plays a central role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium magnesium plays a central role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium magnesium plays a central role
+in everything in biology and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything in biology and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything in biology and we can
+never look at magnesium because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look at magnesium because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look at magnesium because the
+Lydians r has to change in it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lydians r has to change in it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lydians r has to change in it moves
+around all over the place so it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all over the place so it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all over the place so it's hard
+to freeze out and understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freeze out and understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freeze out and understand the
+function of magnesium but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of magnesium but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of magnesium but it turns out
+most of these proteins require three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these proteins require three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these proteins require three
+magnesium's okay and as with many metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium's okay and as with many metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium's okay and as with many metal
+based reactions if you line things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based reactions if you line things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based reactions if you line things up
+you really don't find that much sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really don't find that much sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really don't find that much sequence
+homology but if you know where to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology but if you know where to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homology but if you know where to look
+you find sequence homology around where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find sequence homology around where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find sequence homology around where
+the metals fine so what you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals fine so what you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals fine so what you see in the
+case of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the linear
+farnesyl pyrophosphate you see a DD xxd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate you see a DD xxd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate you see a DD xxd
+motif okay and you find that in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif okay and you find that in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif okay and you find that in almost
+all of these enzymes and if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these enzymes and if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these enzymes and if you go to
+the terpenoids so the nonlinear ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terpenoids so the nonlinear ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terpenoids so the nonlinear ones you
+see a D again I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a D again I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a D again I don't expect you to
+remember something like this but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember something like this but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember something like this but I do
+expect you to remember that these metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to remember that these metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to remember that these metal
+motifs once you know how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs once you know how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs once you know how to think about
+something are actually very helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something are actually very helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something are actually very helpful and
+trying to define the function of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to define the function of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to define the function of an
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+open reading frame if you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open reading frame if you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open reading frame if you know how to
+look okay in there they're 50% more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay in there they're 50% more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay in there they're 50% more than
+50% of all annotated genes are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of all annotated genes are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of all annotated genes are open
+quote for proteins we have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote for proteins we have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote for proteins we have no idea what
+they do so looking at these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so looking at these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so looking at these kinds of
+motifs can actually actually be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs can actually actually be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs can actually actually be quite
+informative so then what you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative so then what you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative so then what you need to do
+to really understand what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really understand what they're doing
+is dive in and look at where the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dive in and look at where the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dive in and look at where the metals
+find if you're lucky enough to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you're lucky enough to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you're lucky enough to be able
+to get a structure of that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a structure of that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a structure of that structure
+with the metals found so we have alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the metals found so we have alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the metals found so we have alpha
+helical motif and metal binding motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical motif and metal binding motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical motif and metal binding motifs
+and then the other kind of motif that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other kind of motif that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other kind of motif that I
+think is really interesting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really interesting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really interesting for the
+linear system so that's fire seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system so that's fire seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system so that's fire seal
+pyrophosphate is how you control chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is how you control chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is how you control chain
+lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+okay so fpp sent a is that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fpp sent a is that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fpp sent a is that's what we're
+talking about there's a dimer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's a dimer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about there's a dimer and the
+metal binding motifs sit up there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding motifs sit up there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal binding motifs sit up there okay
+so the metal binding motifs sit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metal binding motifs sit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the metal binding motifs sit in the
+top the way I've drawn this here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the way I've drawn this here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the way I've drawn this here so you
+have metals they're thought to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have metals they're thought to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have metals they're thought to be three
+metals and then we're building C 5 C 5 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and then we're building C 5 C 5 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and then we're building C 5 C 5 C
+5 witness a chain go and what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 witness a chain go and what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 witness a chain go and what you'll see
+is there is a cone shape which migrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a cone shape which migrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is a cone shape which migrates
+towards the bottom of the structure I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom of the structure I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom of the structure I'll
+show you a picture of this in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture of this in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture of this in a minute
+and so then the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the question is what
+controls chain length okay so if you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls chain length okay so if you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls chain length okay so if you end
+up looking at the structure what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking at the structure what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up looking at the structure what you see
+is a phenylalanine and the phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phenylalanine and the phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phenylalanine and the phenylalanine
+is a molecular doorstop so the chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecular doorstop so the chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecular doorstop so the chain is
+extending because we're going from C 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending because we're going from C 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending because we're going from C 5
+to C 10 to see 15 why don't we go to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C 10 to see 15 why don't we go to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C 10 to see 15 why don't we go to C
+50 and I showed you in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and I showed you in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and I showed you in the first lecture
+Dolokhov and um lipid to have c 20 c 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolokhov and um lipid to have c 20 c 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolokhov and um lipid to have c 20 c 55
+s how do you control the chain length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s how do you control the chain length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s how do you control the chain length
+okay so that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an interesting question
+and polymer biochemistry here we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polymer biochemistry here we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polymer biochemistry here we control
+up biomolecular door steps stop so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up biomolecular door steps stop so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up biomolecular door steps stop so if I
+replace the phenylalanine with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the phenylalanine with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the phenylalanine with a
+an alanine what might happen yeah I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alanine what might happen yeah I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alanine what might happen yeah I say
+they meet up to I think can't remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meet up to I think can't remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meet up to I think can't remember I
+even read the paper in a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even read the paper in a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even read the paper in a long time but
+they can make c50 MERS okay so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make c50 MERS okay so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make c50 MERS okay so they can
+actually see it in there they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in there they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it in there they're not
+uniform okay so that's a key thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform okay so that's a key thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform okay so that's a key thing you
+want them to be uniform so if you look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be uniform so if you look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be uniform so if you look I
+think in the next has a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the next has a picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the next has a picture of this
+again this is graphics from really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is graphics from really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is graphics from really quite
+some time ago now 1996 so the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago now 1996 so the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago now 1996 so the pictures
+aren't very good but you can see sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very good but you can see sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very good but you can see sort of
+the tunnel and the metal binding sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnel and the metal binding sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnel and the metal binding sites
+are actually up there and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually up there and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually up there and if you look at
+the structure you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure you can see the
+phenylalanine okay so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine okay so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine okay so that's what we
+know sort of about the type 1 synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of about the type 1 synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of about the type 1 synthesis
+they're involved in making the c15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in making the c15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in making the c15
+farnesyl pyrophosphate so now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate so now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesyl pyrophosphate so now we want to
+look at the chemistry what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the chemistry what's going on in
+the chemistry and can we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and can we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and can we make a
+generalization about how this chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization about how this chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization about how this chemistry
+is used to put all see five units on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to put all see five units on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to put all see five units on
+together okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay so that's
+what I want to focus on next okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to focus on next okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to focus on next okay so
+what a minute now look at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a minute now look at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a minute now look at is the
+proposed mechanisms and I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed mechanisms and I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed mechanisms and I'm not really
+good to go in too much detail I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go in too much detail I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go in too much detail I'm going
+to give you a generic overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a generic overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a generic overview of the
+things you need to remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to remember if you
+encounter something like this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter something like this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter something like this the first
+guess would be a mechanism similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would be a mechanism similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess would be a mechanism similar to
+the one I'm proposing now but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm proposing now but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I'm proposing now but then you
+have to look at it more detail to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at it more detail to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at it more detail to figure
+out what's really going on okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's really going on okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's really going on okay so what
+do we have we have dimethylallyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have dimethylallyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have dimethylallyl
+pyrophosphate and I have a cartoon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and I have a cartoon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and I have a cartoon for
+you to look at there but I'm gonna draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at there but I'm gonna draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at there but I'm gonna draw
+it differently than this cartoon but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differently than this cartoon but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differently than this cartoon but you
+can just watch me cuz you're gonna know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just watch me cuz you're gonna know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just watch me cuz you're gonna know
+again the key thing is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the key thing is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the key thing is thinking about
+how you form the carbon-carbon bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you form the carbon-carbon bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you form the carbon-carbon bond and
+what's going on in these reactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in these reactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in these reactions okay
+so we just looked at the pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just looked at the pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just looked at the pyrophosphate
+and if you look over there what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look over there what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look over there what do you
+need you need to have a bunch of metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need to have a bunch of metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you need to have a bunch of metals
+bound and recently this is a fairly old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and recently this is a fairly old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and recently this is a fairly old
+paper they have better papers I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they have better papers I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they have better papers I think I
+took all the pictures out because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the pictures out because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the pictures out because it's
+hard to see things without looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see things without looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see things without looking at it
+in detail but in fact the magnesium's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but in fact the magnesium's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but in fact the magnesium's
+are interacting with the pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with the pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interacting with the pyrophosphate
+and adjacent to the pyrophosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjacent to the pyrophosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjacent to the pyrophosphate and
+it's clear they play a key role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear they play a key role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear they play a key role in
+catalysis but whether they move during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis but whether they move during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis but whether they move during
+the transformation again I think we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation again I think we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation again I think we just
+don't know that much at this stage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much at this stage it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much at this stage it's
+hard to trap it in an informative state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to trap it in an informative state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to trap it in an informative state
+like it is with all crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is with all crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is with all crystallography
+okay so here's its dimethylallyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's its dimethylallyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's its dimethylallyl
+pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+here's isopentenyl pyrophosphate the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's isopentenyl pyrophosphate the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's isopentenyl pyrophosphate the two
+guys we were after and the first step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we were after and the first step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys we were after and the first step in
+all of these reactions is ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these reactions is ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these reactions is ionization
+okay so this is an unusual reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an unusual reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is an unusual reaction and
+biochemistry there are almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry there are almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry there are almost no
+examples of carbo cations and biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of carbo cations and biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of carbo cations and biological
+transformations this is one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations this is one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations this is one of the few
+places where you see this so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you see this so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you see this so this is the
+ionization step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization step
+and all of the reactions we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the reactions we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the reactions we are going to
+be looking at involved ionization other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at involved ionization other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at involved ionization other
+kinds of chemistry can also happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chemistry can also happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of chemistry can also happen
+we're not going to discuss okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to discuss okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to discuss okay so what
+do we generate it we generated and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we generate it we generated and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we generate it we generated and a
+little account ion okay and what we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little account ion okay and what we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little account ion okay and what we also
+have is we lost pyrophosphate okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is we lost pyrophosphate okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is we lost pyrophosphate okay and
+I'm not I'm being sloppy I'm not drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm being sloppy I'm not drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm being sloppy I'm not drawing
+out how these are interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how these are interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how these are interacting with
+metals but the charges are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but the charges are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but the charges are pretty much
+neutralized okay on some form that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized okay on some form that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized okay on some form that we
+don't know the details obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the details obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the details obviously you
+can't forget about the charges and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't forget about the charges and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't forget about the charges and so we
+can just put down magnesium three plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put down magnesium three plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put down magnesium three plus
+okay and then what we do want to do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we do want to do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we do want to do we
+want to make a carbon-carbon bond let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a carbon-carbon bond let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a carbon-carbon bond let me
+get this right if I make a mistake on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right if I make a mistake on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this right if I make a mistake on
+the board like sometimes I always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board like sometimes I always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board like sometimes I always get
+mixed up with four or five carbons raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up with four or five carbons raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up with four or five carbons raise
+your hands that you've got the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands that you've got the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands that you've got the wrong
+number of carbons okay you tell me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons okay you tell me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of carbons okay you tell me you
+be the cops okay so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cops okay so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the cops okay so what we're going to
+do now is we're ready to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're ready to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're ready to form a
+carbon-carbon bond and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond and we're going to be
+forming a new carbo cation hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a new carbo cation hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a new carbo cation hope you
+remember from introductory chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from introductory chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from introductory chemistry
+that carbo cations that a tertiary are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbo cations that a tertiary are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbo cations that a tertiary are
+more stable and when you look at terpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable and when you look at terpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable and when you look at terpene
+types of chemistry you see tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry you see tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry you see tertiary
+carbo cations used over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations used over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations used over and over and
+over again that being said I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that being said I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that being said I'm putting
+brackets around this because despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets around this because despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets around this because despite the
+fact that I draw this intermediate no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I draw this intermediate no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I draw this intermediate no
+one's ever seen it in the enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's ever seen it in the enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's ever seen it in the enzymatic
+reaction using the normal substrate see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction using the normal substrate see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction using the normal substrate see
+how to play games to study mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play games to study mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play games to study mechanism
+just like you have to do in organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you have to do in organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you have to do in organic
+chemistry so what happens now is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so what happens now is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so what happens now is you're
+set up to form the carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to form the carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to form the carbon-carbon bond
+which has been the goal of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been the goal of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been the goal of what we've
+been trying to do in the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to do in the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying to do in the first couple of
+lectures and so what do you generate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so what do you generate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so what do you generate you
+generate the new carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the new carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the new carbon-carbon bond
+which is the skeleton for geranyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the skeleton for geranyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the skeleton for geranyl
+pyrophosphate you generated a new carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate you generated a new carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate you generated a new carbo
+cation and it's a tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we have our pyrophosphate is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our pyrophosphate is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have our pyrophosphate is still
+sitting in the active site okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the active site okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the active site okay and so
+now what we're ready to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're ready to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're ready to do is we're
+going to form our c10 geranyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form our c10 geranyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form our c10 geranyl
+pyrophosphate and we'll see one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and we'll see one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and we'll see one of the
+types of reactions that you see over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reactions that you see over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reactions that you see over and
+over again when you make carbon-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again when you make carbon-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again when you make carbon-carbon
+bonds is loss of a proton and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds is loss of a proton and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds is loss of a proton and that gives
+you the c10 which is these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the c10 which is these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the c10 which is these two things
+stuck together which is a monoterpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together which is a monoterpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together which is a monoterpene
+which is called geranyl pyrophosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called geranyl pyrophosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called geranyl pyrophosphate so
+what's interesting about this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about this and I
+think this is sort of something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is sort of something that's
+pretty general is the par phosphate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty general is the par phosphate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty general is the par phosphate in
+the active site if you look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site if you look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site if you look in the
+active sites they're amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites they're amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites they're amazingly
+hydrophobic in the pyrophosphate in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic in the pyrophosphate in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic in the pyrophosphate in some
+way stereo specifically I haven't drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way stereo specifically I haven't drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way stereo specifically I haven't drawn
+the stereochemistry here removes the HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry here removes the HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry here removes the HR
+proton to generate the olefin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to generate the olefin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to generate the olefin
+okay so what you've now generated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you've now generated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you've now generated is
+geranyl pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's C 10 and this is geranyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's C 10 and this is geranyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's C 10 and this is geranyl
+pyrophosphate let me also put brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate let me also put brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate let me also put brackets
+around this intermediate okay again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this intermediate okay again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this intermediate okay again we
+haven't seen this intermediate and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this intermediate and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this intermediate and and
+how do we know this is true because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know this is true because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know this is true because we
+know a lot from Winston and brown about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot from Winston and brown about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot from Winston and brown about
+carbo-cation chemistry and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo-cation chemistry and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo-cation chemistry and people have
+been really creative in figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really creative in figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really creative in figuring out how
+to show that this model is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this model is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this model is in fact
+correct hopefully I have c10 there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct hopefully I have c10 there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct hopefully I have c10 there and
+so this is an intermediate because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an intermediate because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an intermediate because we're
+still going to go on the enzyme doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to go on the enzyme doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to go on the enzyme doesn't
+stop at C 10 it adds another isopentenyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at C 10 it adds another isopentenyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at C 10 it adds another isopentenyl
+pyrophosphate so if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate so if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate so if you want to think
+about how nature might design that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how nature might design that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how nature might design that if
+you look at this molecule and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this molecule and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this molecule and you look
+at this part of the molecule and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this part of the molecule and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this part of the molecule and replace
+it with in our group okay so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with in our group okay so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with in our group okay so we have an
+R here what does this look like it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here what does this look like it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here what does this look like it looks
+just like dimethyl owl pyrophosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like dimethyl owl pyrophosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like dimethyl owl pyrophosphate so
+now what we need to put the R group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to put the R group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to put the R group
+somewhere so we're going in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so we're going in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so we're going in the case of
+FTP some things were going down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTP some things were going down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTP some things were going down the
+tunnel okay so we're getting it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel okay so we're getting it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel okay so we're getting it out of
+the way but we're gonna do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but we're gonna do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way but we're gonna do the same
+chemistry that we just did over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that we just did over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that we just did over again
+and we just replaced our methyl within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just replaced our methyl within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just replaced our methyl within
+our group okay so so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group okay so so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group okay so so that's the basic
+chemistry okay it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay it's pretty
+straightforward the only chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward the only chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward the only chemistry that
+I'm aware of in biological systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of in biological systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of in biological systems that
+involve carbo cations these are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve carbo cations these are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve carbo cations these are special
+carbo cations that is there in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations that is there in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations that is there in general
+stabilize their allylic or in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize their allylic or in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize their allylic or in many cases
+they can be tertiary so let's emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be tertiary so let's emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be tertiary so let's emphasize
+that again if you don't remember e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again if you don't remember e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again if you don't remember e
+organic chemistry should go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry should go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry should go back and
+look up the sections on carbo cations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the sections on carbo cations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the sections on carbo cations
+okay so I told you that farnesyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you that farnesyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you that farnesyl
+pyrophosphate is sort of central to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is sort of central to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is sort of central to many
+things okay and farnesyl in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and farnesyl in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and farnesyl in this case
+i'm not going to draw her out farnesyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw her out farnesyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw her out farnesyl
+pyrophosphate the chemistry is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate the chemistry is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate the chemistry is the same
+you can repeat it yourself but here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat it yourself but here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat it yourself but here he
+is our finest eel pyrophosphate but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our finest eel pyrophosphate but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our finest eel pyrophosphate but look
+what it can form okay remember you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can form okay remember you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can form okay remember you saw
+all those smells if you break a pine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those smells if you break a pine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those smells if you break a pine
+needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle
+you have PI need what you see is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have PI need what you see is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have PI need what you see is this
+one intermediate is and can form all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one intermediate is and can form all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one intermediate is and can form all of
+these compounds so the question is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds so the question is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compounds so the question is at
+with an enzyme that looks just like fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an enzyme that looks just like fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an enzyme that looks just like fire
+pyrophosphate in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate in three-dimensional
+structure okay so that's sort of amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so that's sort of amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay so that's sort of amazing
+and what you're doing here is taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're doing here is taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're doing here is taking a
+linear molecule and in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear molecule and in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear molecule and in this particular
+case and I'm going to come I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'm going to come I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'm going to come I'm not gonna
+talk about this slide in detail but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this slide in detail but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this slide in detail but I
+will talk about one case in detail what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about one case in detail what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about one case in detail what
+you're now doing is getting it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now doing is getting it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now doing is getting it to do
+alternative chemistry so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative chemistry so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative chemistry so how would you
+design the active site of your enzyme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the active site of your enzyme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the active site of your enzyme to
+end up doing that to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing that to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up doing that to use the same
+chemistry ionization and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry ionization and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry ionization and then you have
+to do cyclisation and loss of a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cyclisation and loss of a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do cyclisation and loss of a proton
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+how does nature design all of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does nature design all of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does nature design all of this so
+once we get through this set of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get through this set of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get through this set of lectures
+I would suggest this would be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest this would be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would suggest this would be something
+you could go back and practice on how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back and practice on how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back and practice on how do
+we get to all these guys okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to all these guys okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to all these guys okay I'm going
+to show you one example of that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you one example of that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you one example of that I'm not
+going to go through the slide it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the slide it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the slide it's way
+too complicated but I think it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated but I think it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated but I think it shows you
+sort of the amazing diversity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the amazing diversity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the amazing diversity of the
+terpene own using farnesyl pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene own using farnesyl pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terpene own using farnesyl pyrophosphate
+okay so what I want to do is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I want to do is sort of
+give you an overview of the rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an overview of the rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an overview of the rules and
+then I'll go through one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go through one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go through one specific
+example okay so let's make general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanistic comments and in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic comments and in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic comments and in the original
+and the original version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original version of the
+PowerPoint this slide wasn't in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint this slide wasn't in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint this slide wasn't in there
+anyhow the first thing is you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow the first thing is you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow the first thing is you've already
+seen up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen up here
+and this is going to be common if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be common if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be common if you
+lose a proton okay so after it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a proton okay so after it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a proton okay so after it so the
+first step is ionization okay that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is ionization okay that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is ionization okay that's so
+ionization happens in almost all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization happens in almost all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization happens in almost all these
+reactions there exception to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions there exception to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions there exception to this but
+most first steps are ionization okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most first steps are ionization okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most first steps are ionization okay
+the second step convolve proton loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm gonna write down what the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna write down what the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna write down what the steps
+are and then we'll come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then we'll come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then we'll come back and look at
+a specific example okay we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example okay we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example okay we're gonna see
+and we're going to see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see this in
+cholesterol one can have with carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol one can have with carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol one can have with carbo
+cations if you go back and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cations if you go back and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cations if you go back and you think
+about what you learned in if you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you learned in if you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you learned in if you've had
+the second semester of organic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second semester of organic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second semester of organic with
+carbo cations you can do hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations you can do hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cations you can do hydride
+transfers okay so that's a hydrogen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers okay so that's a hydrogen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers okay so that's a hydrogen with
+a pair of electrons we can have hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of electrons we can have hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of electrons we can have hydride
+transfers we're also gonna see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we're also gonna see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we're also gonna see this is
+in both of these icky and cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these icky and cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these icky and cholesterol
+biosynthesis we can have methyl anion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis we can have methyl anion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis we can have methyl anion
+transfers we can have and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we can have and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we can have and the other
+thing is these reactions all go stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is these reactions all go stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is these reactions all go stereo
+specifically and that's one thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and that's one thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and that's one thing I mean
+if you if you become an entomologist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you become an entomologist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you become an entomologist you
+realize that's what's cool that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that's what's cool that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that's what's cool that's why
+you have such big huge enzymes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such big huge enzymes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such big huge enzymes they
+control the stereochemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the stereochemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the stereochemistry of
+everything so they do everything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so they do everything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so they do everything with
+100% EE they don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% EE they don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% EE they don't have to worry about
+it like how much worry about it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like how much worry about it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like how much worry about it but they
+pay a price they have a big huge protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a price they have a big huge protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a price they have a big huge protein
+the third thing and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing and this is going to
+become important it was just important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important it was just important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important it was just important
+in the slide I showed you previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slide I showed you previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slide I showed you previously
+we're gonna see cyclisation x' and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see cyclisation x' and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see cyclisation x' and
+cyclisation x' require in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclisation x' require in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclisation x' require in general
+protonation of an olefin okay I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonation of an olefin okay I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonation of an olefin okay I'll give
+you an example of that or protonation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a box ID so in some way you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a box ID so in some way you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a box ID so in some way you're gonna
+have to do some more chemistry to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some more chemistry to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some more chemistry to get
+your olefin everybody know what an epoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your olefin everybody know what an epoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your olefin everybody know what an epoxy
+it is okay so we're converting an olefin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay so we're converting an olefin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is okay so we're converting an olefin
+into a clock side we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clock side we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a clock side we're going to
+protonate it and then we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate it and then we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate it and then we're gonna do
+cyclisation so okay and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclisation so okay and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclisation so okay and the third
+general type of reactions is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type of reactions is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type of reactions is water
+addition so if you have a carbo cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so if you have a carbo cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition so if you have a carbo cation
+sitting around you have water bang you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around you have water bang you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around you have water bang you
+have a reaction in form an alcohol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reaction in form an alcohol okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reaction in form an alcohol okay
+so okay so the other generalizations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the other generalizations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so the other generalizations I
+want to make so that's the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make so that's the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make so that's the chemistry
+we're going to see this chemistry play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see this chemistry play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see this chemistry play
+out over and over again because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over and over again because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over and over again because I've
+selected examples of this view to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected examples of this view to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected examples of this view to look
+at okay but it's quite common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at okay but it's quite common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at okay but it's quite common
+the second thing besides these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing besides these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing besides these
+mechanistic issues are how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic issues are how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic issues are how do you
+distinguish between linear versus cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between linear versus cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between linear versus cyclic
+okay and you've already seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you've already seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you've already seen the
+strategy with farnesyl pyrophosphate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with farnesyl pyrophosphate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with farnesyl pyrophosphate you
+really sort of have a tiny little cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of have a tiny little cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of have a tiny little cavity
+where the IPP and the dimethylallyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the IPP and the dimethylallyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the IPP and the dimethylallyl
+pyrophosphate Brian and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate Brian and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate Brian and then you have a
+long tunnel okay what do you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tunnel okay what do you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tunnel okay what do you have in the
+case of cyclic terpenes which you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of cyclic terpenes which you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of cyclic terpenes which you saw in
+the previous slide to this one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide to this one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide to this one and the
+key thing is the shape of the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is the shape of the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing is the shape of the active
+site and what you will see if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and what you will see if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and what you will see if you look
+at a lot of these active sites it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lot of these active sites it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lot of these active sites it's in
+general they're very hydrophobic why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're very hydrophobic why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're very hydrophobic why is
+that true so if somehow you got to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true so if somehow you got to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that true so if somehow you got to take
+care of the pyrophosphates but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the pyrophosphates but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the pyrophosphates but they're
+very hydrophobic because we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hydrophobic because we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hydrophobic because we're dealing
+with these hydrocarbons which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these hydrocarbons which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these hydrocarbons which are
+hydrophobic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic okay
+so the question then is can you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is can you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then is can you take
+this farnesyl pyrophosphate and fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this farnesyl pyrophosphate and fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this farnesyl pyrophosphate and fold it
+and folding it in different ways if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and folding it in different ways if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and folding it in different ways if we
+go back to the last whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the last whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the last whoops
+if we go back to the last slide if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to the last slide if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to the last slide if you
+look at it here for example and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it here for example and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it here for example and you
+ionize here to form a carbo cation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize here to form a carbo cation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize here to form a carbo cation you
+could have a cyst or a trans carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a cyst or a trans carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a cyst or a trans carbo
+cation and that then can lead to further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and that then can lead to further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation and that then can lead to further
+types of chemistry where you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry where you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of chemistry where you form
+different kinds of ring structures so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ring structures so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of ring structures so it
+really is all about folding in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is all about folding in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is all about folding in the
+active site at the enzyme so the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site at the enzyme so the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site at the enzyme so the active
+site is the key to determine which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is the key to determine which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site is the key to determine which of
+these many kinds of things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many kinds of things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many kinds of things that can
+happen that if you did this in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that if you did this in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that if you did this in solution
+you might actually get a mixture of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually get a mixture of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually get a mixture of all
+of these kinds of things okay so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of things okay so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds of things okay so the key
+then is hydrophobic in the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is hydrophobic in the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is hydrophobic in the shape of the
+active site and then another key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and then another key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and then another key thing
+is I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to show you
+the in many of these reactions you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in many of these reactions you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in many of these reactions you go
+through like we saw up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like we saw up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like we saw up there
+these carbo cation intermediates well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbo cation intermediates well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbo cation intermediates well
+there might be three different carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be three different carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be three different carbo
+cation intermediates you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation intermediates you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation intermediates you could go
+through how do you decide how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how do you decide how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how do you decide how do you
+decide how does how did enzymes of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how does how did enzymes of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how does how did enzymes of all
+to give you a specific carbo cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a specific carbo cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a specific carbo cation
+intermediates how might you stabilized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates how might you stabilized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates how might you stabilized a
+carbo cation intermediate anybody got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cation intermediate anybody got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cation intermediate anybody got
+any ideas what would you expect to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas what would you expect to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas what would you expect to find
+in the active site that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the active site that I'm going to
+show you on the next slide which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you on the next slide which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you on the next slide which is sort
+of a generic active site of a terpene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a generic active site of a terpene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a generic active site of a terpene
+that can cyclize any any guesses how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cyclize any any guesses how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cyclize any any guesses how
+would you stabilize the carbocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you stabilize the carbocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you stabilize the carbocation so
+one way what you might have an aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way what you might have an aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way what you might have an aspartate
+that nature doesn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature doesn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature doesn't do that
+okay so that way well I mean the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that way well I mean the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that way well I mean the problem
+is if you do that you form a covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do that you form a covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do that you form a covalent
+bond that's the end of your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that's the end of your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that's the end of your reaction
+okay so how you do this is is you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how you do this is is you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how you do this is is you know I
+don't think we really totally understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we really totally understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we really totally understand
+it but how else could you stabilize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but how else could you stabilize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but how else could you stabilize and
+anybody else what did you learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else what did you learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else what did you learn about
+weak non covalent interactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak non covalent interactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak non covalent interactions in
+biochemistry that could help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry that could help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry that could help us
+everybody heats wait non covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heats wait non covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heats wait non covalent
+interactions the key to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the key to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the key to everything
+key to everything in how enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to everything in how enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to everything in how enzymes
+function so but electron rich so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so but electron rich so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so but electron rich so that
+but that would be doing that's what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be doing that's what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be doing that's what she
+was suggesting you have a carboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting you have a carboxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting you have a carboxylate
+and a spark aid or a glutamate then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spark aid or a glutamate then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a spark aid or a glutamate then you
+would form a bond and then you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form a bond and then you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form a bond and then you would be
+stuck so the way nature actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck so the way nature actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck so the way nature actually does
+this is she uses aromatics okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is she uses aromatics okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is she uses aromatics okay and it
+was discovered maybe about fifteen years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered maybe about fifteen years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered maybe about fifteen years
+ago that you can have an aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that you can have an aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that you can have an aromatic
+whatever and you have some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you have some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you have some kind of a
+cation so this is called a pi cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation so this is called a pi cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation so this is called a pi cation
+interaction usually the pike had I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction usually the pike had I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction usually the pike had I
+interactions or with metals but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or with metals but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or with metals but here we
+have a carbo cation so the model is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbo cation so the model is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a carbo cation so the model is that
+you might find in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find in the active site
+tryptophane tyrosines phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane tyrosines phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane tyrosines phenylalanine
+and so these become really key and if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these become really key and if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these become really key and if in
+fact if you look at an active site so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at an active site so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you look at an active site so I
+don't even remember what young time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember what young time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even remember what young time this
+is and somebody was trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and somebody was trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and somebody was trying to study
+something and they have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and they have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and they have a small
+inhibitor in the active site but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor in the active site but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor in the active site but you
+notice you don't have a long site where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you don't have a long site where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you don't have a long site where
+this chain can extend what you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain can extend what you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain can extend what you've done
+is constrained the active site much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained the active site much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained the active site much more
+and that shape is gonna be key to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that shape is gonna be key to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that shape is gonna be key to the
+many different reactions you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different reactions you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different reactions you could have
+and then if you look carefully you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look carefully you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look carefully you can't
+really think about this but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about this but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about this but you have
+phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan or no
+the tyrosine and the active site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrosine and the active site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrosine and the active site and
+that's what you see in many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see in many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you see in many of these
+protein structures all over again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structures all over again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structures all over again we
+have fpp synthase which has this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fpp synthase which has this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fpp synthase which has this thing
+and then we have these terpene cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these terpene cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these terpene cycle
+Isis which has this thing and each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis which has this thing and each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis which has this thing and each one
+of them is different and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is different and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is different and so the
+difference is related to the shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is related to the shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is related to the shape and
+it's proposed that this stabilizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proposed that this stabilizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proposed that this stabilizes this
+interaction it's been challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it's been challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction it's been challenging to
+show this chemically but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this chemically but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this chemically but these
+interactions worth quite a bit I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions worth quite a bit I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions worth quite a bit I mean
+these are all so hard to measure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all so hard to measure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all so hard to measure but
+it's something that was discovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that was discovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that was discovered and
+now has been actually widely observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has been actually widely observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has been actually widely observed
+okay and the other thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other thing I want to
+mention about these enzymes which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about these enzymes which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about these enzymes which I
+think is interesting and distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is interesting and distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is interesting and distinct from
+other enzymes that that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other enzymes that that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other enzymes that that you've
+encountered isn't generally really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered isn't generally really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered isn't generally really not
+very specific so if you start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific so if you start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific so if you start looking at
+these you know I mean you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know I mean you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know I mean you look at this
+how could you make one cation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you make one cation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you make one cation here
+versus the three others if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the three others if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the three others if you start
+looking at how to get to these cyclize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how to get to these cyclize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how to get to these cyclize
+products you say how the heck did nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you say how the heck did nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you say how the heck did nature
+ever do that I mean there's no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do that I mean there's no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do that I mean there's no way you
+could guess at what the product would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guess at what the product would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guess at what the product would be
+in my opinion so what happens is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion so what happens is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion so what happens is these
+enzymes actually when you start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes actually when you start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes actually when you start looking
+we have good analytical methods a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good analytical methods a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good analytical methods a really
+promiscuous so they might produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous so they might produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous so they might produce a
+predominant product but they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant product but they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominant product but they always
+produce a bunch you know 1% 5% sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a bunch you know 1% 5% sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a bunch you know 1% 5% sometimes
+even more of other products and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of other products and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more of other products and I think
+if you look at the chemistry that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the chemistry that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the chemistry that we've
+been talking about basically all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about basically all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about basically all of this
+sort of makes sense ok so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense ok so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense ok so what I want to
+do now is give you an example of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is give you an example of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is give you an example of all of
+these reactions in one case and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions in one case and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions in one case and this
+case I guess I didn't write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I guess I didn't write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I guess I didn't write down the
+references but I took it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references but I took it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references but I took it out of the
+literature it's from David Christensen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it's from David Christensen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it's from David Christensen's
+lab so here we have farnesyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so here we have farnesyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab so here we have farnesyl
+pyrophosphate and here's the product we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and here's the product we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate and here's the product we
+want to get to so you'll have you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to so you'll have you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to so you'll have you'll
+have a picture you'll have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture you'll have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture you'll have something
+like that's not a problem set okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's not a problem set okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's not a problem set okay that
+I'm gonna ask you and it will be simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ask you and it will be simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna ask you and it will be simple
+I won't give you something that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't give you something that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't give you something that's so
+hard to see but for me lots of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but for me lots of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see but for me lots of times
+when you look at these rearrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at these rearrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at these rearrangements
+it's easier if you make models I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier if you make models I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier if you make models I don't
+know if anybody ever uses models anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody ever uses models anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anybody ever uses models anymore
+I still use models because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still use models because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still use models because you have to
+bend things in the right way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend things in the right way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend things in the right way to see
+what's possible and of the orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible and of the orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's possible and of the orbitals
+overlapping in the right way you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping in the right way you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping in the right way you've got
+to really think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really think about the
+stereochemistry okay so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry okay so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry okay so what do we have
+here so the first step is ionization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the first step is ionization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the first step is ionization so
+we would form an allylic cation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would form an allylic cation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would form an allylic cation here
+that's what we just did over here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just did over here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just did over here which
+like hid okay so that's what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hid okay so that's what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hid okay so that's what we just
+stand over here no we didn't do it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand over here no we didn't do it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand over here no we didn't do it over
+here here over here we form this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here over here we form this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here over here we form this a
+little accountant okay and once you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little accountant okay and once you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little accountant okay and once you do
+this then they didn't show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then they didn't show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then they didn't show you that
+intermediate they went on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate they went on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate they went on to the next
+step so once you generate a cation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so once you generate a cation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so once you generate a cation there
+they drew the conformation such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they drew the conformation such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they drew the conformation such that
+this thinkin's likewise okay so but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinkin's likewise okay so but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thinkin's likewise okay so but when
+you cyclize you have electron deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cyclize you have electron deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cyclize you have electron deficiency
+at this carbon okay so you have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this carbon okay so you have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this carbon okay so you have a second
+carbo cation this is not allylic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cation this is not allylic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbo cation this is not allylic but
+it's a tertiary carbo cation okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tertiary carbo cation okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tertiary carbo cation okay so now
+the question is what can happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what can happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what can happen and
+again you've got to keep your eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've got to keep your eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you've got to keep your eye on
+what your goal is way down at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your goal is way down at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your goal is way down at the end
+and you could probably draw more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could probably draw more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could probably draw more than
+one mechanism to get from A to B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mechanism to get from A to B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mechanism to get from A to B and
+then you have to figure out experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to figure out experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to figure out experiments
+of how you would test it if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you would test it if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you would test it if you really
+care about that so what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that so what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that so what happens here
+you're losing a proton and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing a proton and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing a proton and again the
+pyrophosphate is acting as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is acting as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate is acting as a general
+base catalyst so that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalyst so that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalyst so that's exactly what
+happens in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the case
+or what's proposed to happen in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's proposed to happen in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's proposed to happen in the case
+of farnesyl pyrophosphate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of farnesyl pyrophosphate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of farnesyl pyrophosphate so you
+generate this species well this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this species well this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this species well this might be
+stable you might actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you might actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you might actually be able to
+isolate that as an intermediate along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that as an intermediate along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that as an intermediate along
+the reaction pathway but we know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction pathway but we know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction pathway but we know in the
+end we end up with two six-membered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we end up with two six-membered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we end up with two six-membered
+rings with the stereochemistry and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings with the stereochemistry and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings with the stereochemistry and with
+methyl groups in certain places and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl groups in certain places and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl groups in certain places and so
+then you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to think about
+how can how can we get there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can how can we get there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can how can we get there okay so
+remember that I told you that terpenoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I told you that terpenoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I told you that terpenoids
+do cyclisation x' and one way they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cyclisation x' and one way they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cyclisation x' and one way they can
+do it is to protonate the olefin so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is to protonate the olefin so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is to protonate the olefin so here
+there might be a group in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a group in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a group in the active
+site maybe it's a phosphate that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site maybe it's a phosphate that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site maybe it's a phosphate that would
+help facilitate you just use it as an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help facilitate you just use it as an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help facilitate you just use it as an a
+general base catalyst now it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base catalyst now it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base catalyst now it's got a
+proton it could now function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it could now function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it could now function as a
+general acid catalyst you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general acid catalyst you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general acid catalyst you could
+protonate this position and now form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate this position and now form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate this position and now form to
+six membered rings and a new carbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six membered rings and a new carbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six membered rings and a new carbo
+cadion okay so in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadion okay so in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadion okay so in general the
+nomenclature is when you draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature is when you draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature is when you draw these
+things you if you have a stick like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you if you have a stick like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you if you have a stick like that
+that means you got a methyl group okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you got a methyl group okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you got a methyl group okay
+if this if you want to put a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if you want to put a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if you want to put a hydrogen
+that you put a hydrogen on it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put a hydrogen on it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put a hydrogen on it so if
+there's nothing there because ch3 takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there because ch3 takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there because ch3 takes
+up more room and they become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up more room and they become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up more room and they become very
+complicated and dry the methyl group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and dry the methyl group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and dry the methyl group has
+nothing and the hydrogen you put on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and the hydrogen you put on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and the hydrogen you put on okay
+so you can distinguish one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can distinguish one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can distinguish one from the
+other okay so now what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so now what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so now what happens is
+remember I told you one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you one of the
+mechanisms I told you is hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I told you is hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I told you is hydride
+transfer and again I think looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and again I think looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and again I think looking at
+the stereochemistry of these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry of these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry of these systems
+helps see how this could happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps see how this could happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps see how this could happen but
+these are all stereospecific so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all stereospecific so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all stereospecific so you have
+hydride transfer from this position on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer from this position on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride transfer from this position on
+to this position and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position and when you have
+hydride a hydrogen with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride a hydrogen with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydride a hydrogen with a pair of
+electrons what you have left is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons what you have left is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons what you have left is a new
+tertiary carbo cation okay in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary carbo cation okay in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary carbo cation okay in this new
+tertiary carbo cation let me see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary carbo cation let me see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary carbo cation let me see what's
+going on is now in the end we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is now in the end we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on is now in the end we get a
+methyl group here we have no methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group here we have no methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group here we have no methyl
+group there now we have a ch3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group there now we have a ch3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group there now we have a ch3 minus
+group migrating and that's the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group migrating and that's the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group migrating and that's the third
+method that I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that I described
+so the ch3 minor minus group met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ch3 minor minus group met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ch3 minor minus group met
+migrates giving you a new carbo cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrates giving you a new carbo cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrates giving you a new carbo cation
+and then the last step it's again loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last step it's again loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last step it's again loss
+of a proton so here's an example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proton so here's an example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proton so here's an example this is
+a complex example but you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex example but you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex example but you know there are
+70,000 of these guys okay so Nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70,000 of these guys okay so Nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70,000 of these guys okay so Nature has
+figured out and these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out and these are sort of the
+general rules Nature has figured out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules Nature has figured out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules Nature has figured out how
+to make all these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all these different kinds of
+natural products okay so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products okay so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products okay so what I want to
+do now so those are the general overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now so those are the general overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now so those are the general overview
+of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the
+systems work I do oh I'm sorry I get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems work I do oh I'm sorry I get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems work I do oh I'm sorry I get so
+lost anyhow I wanted to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anyhow I wanted to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anyhow I wanted to get through
+cholesterol but next time we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but next time we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol but next time we'll come
+back and in the very beginning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and in the very beginning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and in the very beginning we're
+gonna see how we take C 15 s to go to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see how we take C 15 s to go to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see how we take C 15 s to go to C
+30s and then how you cycle eyes this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and then how you cycle eyes this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s and then how you cycle eyes this in
+the most in my opinion amazing reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most in my opinion amazing reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most in my opinion amazing reaction
+in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+other than ribonucleotide reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than ribonucleotide reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than ribonucleotide reductase
+anyhow okay see you next time see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow okay see you next time see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow okay see you next time see you
+Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S7MG1hgn0dY.txt b/S7MG1hgn0dY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c87aa98692708269430aaf7d8c0511db49c55fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S7MG1hgn0dY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1942 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: During the course,
+we've developed a number of
+
+very powerful and
+useful tools.
+
+And we've seen how these can
+be used in designing and
+
+analyzing systems.
+
+For example, for filtering,
+for modulation, et cetera.
+
+I'd like to conclude this series
+of lectures with an
+
+introduction to one more
+important topic.
+
+Namely, the analysis of
+feedback systems.
+
+And one of the principle reasons
+that we have left this
+
+discussion to the last part of
+the course is so that we can
+
+exploit some of the ideas that
+we've just developed in some
+
+of the previous lectures.
+
+Namely, the tools afforded us
+by Laplace and z-transforms.
+
+Now, as I had indicated in one
+of the very first lectures, a
+
+common example of a feedback
+system is the problem of,
+
+let's say balancing a broom, or
+in the case of that lecture
+
+balancing my son's horse in
+the palm of your hand.
+
+And kind of the idea there is
+that what that relies on, in
+
+order to make that a stable
+system, is feedback.
+
+In that particular case,
+visual feedback.
+
+That specific problem, the one
+of balancing something, let's
+
+say in the palm of your hand,
+is an example of a problem,
+
+which is commonly referred to
+as the inverted pendulum.
+
+And it's one that we will
+actually be analyzing in a
+
+fair amount of detail
+not in this lecture,
+
+but in the next lecture.
+
+But let me just kind of indicate
+what some of the
+
+issues are.
+
+Let me describe this in the
+context not of balancing a
+
+broom on your hand, but let's
+say that we have a mechanical
+
+system which consists
+of a cart.
+
+And the cart can move, let's say
+in one dimension, and it
+
+has mounted on it a bar, a rod
+with a weight on the top, and
+
+it pivots around the base.
+
+So that essentially represents
+the inverted pendulum.
+
+So that system can be, more
+or less, depicted as I've
+
+indicated here.
+
+And this is the cart that can
+move along the x-axis.
+
+And here we have a pivot
+point, a rod, a
+
+weight at the top.
+
+And then, of course, there are
+several forces acting on this.
+
+There is an acceleration that
+can be applied to the cart,
+
+and that will be thought of
+as the external input.
+
+And then on the pendulum itself,
+on the weight, there
+
+is the force of gravity.
+
+And then typically, a set of
+external disturbances that
+
+might represent, for example,
+air currents, or wind, or
+
+whatever, that will attempt
+to destabilize the system.
+
+Specifically, to have the
+pendulum fall down.
+
+Now, if we look at this system
+in, more or less, a
+
+straightforward way, what we
+have then are the system
+
+dynamics and several inputs, one
+of which is the external
+
+disturbances and a second is the
+acceleration, which is the
+
+external acceleration
+that's applied.
+
+And the output of the system
+can be thought of as the
+
+angular displacement
+of the pendulum.
+
+Which if we want it balanced,
+we would like that angular
+
+displacement to be equal to 0.
+
+Now, if we know exactly what the
+system dynamics are and if
+
+we knew exactly what the
+external disturbances are,
+
+then in principle, we could
+design an acceleration.
+
+Namely, an input.
+
+That would exactly generate
+0 output.
+
+In other words, the angle
+would be equal to 0.
+
+But as you can imagine, just as
+it's basically impossible
+
+to balance a broom in the palm
+of your hand with you eyes
+
+closed, what is very hard to
+ascertain in advance are what
+
+the various dynamics and
+disturbances are.
+
+And so more typically what you
+would think of doing is
+
+measuring the output angle,
+and then using that
+
+measurement to somehow
+influence the applied
+
+acceleration or force.
+
+And that, then, is an example
+of a feedback system.
+
+So we would measure the output
+angle and generate an input
+
+acceleration, which is some
+function of what that
+
+output angle is.
+
+And if we choose the feedback
+dynamics correctly, then in
+
+fact, we can drive
+this output to 0.
+
+This is one example of a system
+which is inherently
+
+unstable because if we left
+it to its own devices, the
+
+pendulum would simply
+fall down.
+
+And essentially, by applying
+feedback, what we're trying to
+
+do is stabilize this inherently
+unstable system.
+
+And we'll talk a little bit
+more about that specific
+
+application of feedback
+shortly.
+
+Another common example of
+feedback is in positioning or
+
+tracking systems, and I indicate
+one here which
+
+corresponds to the problem of
+positioning a telescope, which
+
+is mounted on a rotating
+platform.
+
+So in a system of that type, for
+example, I indicate here
+
+the rotating platform
+and the telescope.
+
+It's driven by a motor.
+
+And again, we could imagine, in
+principle, the possibility
+
+of driving this to the desired
+angle by choosing an
+
+appropriate applied
+input voltage.
+
+And as long as we know such
+things as what the
+
+disturbances are that influence
+the telescope mount
+
+and what the characteristics of
+the motor are, in principle
+
+we could in fact carry this
+out in a form which is
+
+referred to as open loop.
+
+Namely, we can choose an
+appropriate input voltage to
+
+drive the motor to set the
+platform angle at the desired
+
+angular position.
+
+However, again, there are enough
+unknowns in a problem
+
+like that, so that one is
+motivated to employ feedback.
+
+Namely, to make a measurement
+of the output angle and use
+
+that in a feedback loop to
+influence the drive for the
+
+motor, so that the telescope
+platform is positioned
+
+appropriately.
+
+So if we look at this in a
+feedback context, we would
+
+then take the measured output
+angle and the measured output
+
+angle would be fed
+back and compared
+
+with the desired angle.
+
+And the difference between
+those, which essentially is
+
+the error between the platform
+positioning and the desired
+
+position would be put perhaps
+through an appropriate gain or
+
+attenuation and used as the
+excitation to the motor.
+
+So in the mechanical or physical
+system, that would
+
+correspond to measuring the
+angle, let's say with a
+
+potentiometer.
+
+So here we're measuring the
+angle and we have an output,
+
+which is proportional to
+that measured angle.
+
+And then we would use feedback,
+comparing the
+
+measured angle to some
+proportionality factor
+
+multiplying the desired angle.
+
+So here we have the desired
+angle, again through some type
+
+of potentiometer.
+
+The two are compared.
+
+Out of the comparator, we
+basically have an indication
+
+of what the difference is, and
+that represents an error
+
+between the desired and
+the true angle.
+
+And then that is used through
+perhaps an amplifier to
+
+control the motor.
+
+And in that case, of course,
+when the error goes to 0, that
+
+means that the actual
+angle and the
+
+desired angle are equal.
+
+And in fact, in that case also
+with this system, the input to
+
+the motor is, likewise,
+equal to 0.
+
+Now, as I've illustrated it
+here, it tends to be in the
+
+context of a continuous
+time or analog system.
+
+And in fact, another very
+common way of doing
+
+positioning or tracking is to
+instead implement the feedback
+
+using a discrete-time
+or digital system.
+
+And so in that case, we would
+basically take the position
+
+output as it's measured, sample
+it, essentially convert
+
+that to a digital discrete-time
+signal.
+
+And then that is used in
+conjunction with the desired
+
+angle, which both form inputs
+to this processor.
+
+And the output of that is
+converted, let's say, back to
+
+an analog or continuous-time
+voltage and used
+
+to drive the motor.
+
+Now, you could ask, why would
+you go to a digital or
+
+discrete-time measurement rather
+than doing it the way I
+
+showed on the previous overlay
+which seemed relatively
+
+straightforward?
+
+And the reason, principally,
+is that in the context of a
+
+digital implementation of the
+feedback process, often you
+
+can implement a better
+controlled and often also,
+
+more sophisticated algorithm
+for the feedback dynamics.
+
+So that you can take a count,
+perhaps not only of the angle
+
+itself, but also of the rate
+of change of angle.
+
+And in fact, the rate of
+change of the rate
+
+of change of angle.
+
+So the system, as it's shown
+there then, basically has a
+
+discrete-time or digital
+feedback loop around a
+
+continuous time system.
+
+Now, this is an example of, in
+fact, a more general way in
+
+which discrete-time
+feedback is used
+
+with continuous systems.
+
+And let me indicate, in general,
+what the character or
+
+block diagram of such
+a system might be.
+
+Typically, if we abstract away
+from the telescope positioning
+
+system, we might have
+a more general
+
+continuous-time system.
+
+And around which we want to
+apply some feedback, which we
+
+could do with a continuous-time
+system or with
+
+a discrete-time system by first
+converting these signals
+
+to discrete-time signals.
+
+Then, processing that with
+a discrete-time system.
+
+And then, through an appropriate
+interpolation
+
+algorithm, we would then
+convert that back to a
+
+continuous-time signal.
+
+And the difference between
+the input signal and this
+
+continuous-time signal which
+is fed back, then forms the
+
+excitation to the system
+that essentially
+
+we're trying to control.
+
+And in many systems of this
+type, the advantage is that
+
+this system can be implemented
+in a very reproducible way,
+
+either with a digital computer
+or with a microprocessor.
+
+And although we're not going to
+go into this in any detail
+
+in this lecture, there
+is some discussion
+
+of this in the text.
+
+Essentially, if we make certain
+assumptions about this
+
+particular feedback system, we
+can move the continuous to
+
+discrete-time converter up to
+this point and to this point,
+
+and we can move the
+interpolating system outside
+
+the summer.
+
+And what happens in that case
+is that we end up with what
+
+looks like an inherently
+discrete-time feedback system.
+
+So, in fact, if we take those
+steps, then what we'll end up
+
+with for a feedback system is a
+system that essentially can
+
+be analyzed as a discrete-time
+system.
+
+Here we have what is, in the
+forward path, is basically the
+
+continuous-time system with the
+interpolator at one end
+
+and the continuous to
+discrete-time converter
+
+at the other end.
+
+And then we have whatever system
+it was in the feedback
+
+loop-- discrete-time--
+
+that shows up in this
+feedback loop.
+
+Well, I show this mainly to
+emphasize the fact, although
+
+there are some steps there that
+we obviously left out.
+
+I show that mainly to emphasize
+the fact that
+
+feedback arises not just in the
+context of continuous-time
+
+systems, but also the analysis
+of discrete-time feedback
+
+systems becomes important.
+
+Perhaps because we have used
+discrete-time feedback around
+
+a continuous-time system.
+
+But also perhaps because the
+feedback system is inherently
+
+discrete-time.
+
+And let me just illustrate one,
+or indicate one example
+
+in which that might arise.
+
+This is an example which is
+also discussed in somewhat
+
+more detail in the text.
+
+But basically, population
+studies, for example,
+
+represent examples of
+
+discrete-time feedback systems.
+
+Where let's say that we have
+some type of model for
+
+population growth.
+
+And since people come in
+integer amounts that
+
+represents essentially the
+output of any population
+
+model, essentially
+or inherently
+
+represents a sequence.
+
+Namely, it's indexed on
+an integer variable.
+
+And typically, models for
+population growth
+
+are unstable systems.
+
+You can kind of imagine that
+because if you take these
+
+simple models of population,
+what happens is that in any
+
+generation, the number of
+people, or animals, or
+
+whatever it is that this is
+modeling, grows essentially
+
+exponentially with the size of
+the previous generation.
+
+Now, where does the
+feedback come in?
+
+Well, the feedback typically
+comes in, in incorporating in
+
+the overall model various
+retarding factors.
+
+For example, as the population
+increases, the food supply
+
+becomes more limited.
+
+And that essentially is a
+feedback process that acts to
+
+retard the population growth.
+
+And so an overall model--
+
+somewhat simplified--
+
+for a population system is the
+open loop model in the absence
+
+of retarding factors.
+
+And then, very often the
+retarding factors can be
+
+described as being related to
+the size of the population.
+
+And those essentially act to
+reduce the overall input to
+
+the population model.
+
+And so population studies are
+one very common example of
+
+discrete-time feedback
+systems.
+
+Well, what we want to look at
+and understand are the basic
+
+properties of feedback
+systems.
+
+And to do that, let's look at
+the basic block diagram and
+
+equations for feedback
+systems, either
+
+continuous-time or
+discrete-time.
+
+Let's begin with the
+continuous-time case.
+
+And now what we've done is
+simply abstract out any of the
+
+applications to a fairly general
+system, in which we
+
+have a system H of s in what's
+referred to as the forward
+
+path, and a system G of s
+in the feedback path.
+
+The input to the system H of s
+is the difference between the
+
+input to the overall system
+and the output of
+
+the feedback loop.
+
+And I draw your attention
+to the fact that what we
+
+illustrate here and what we're
+
+analyzing is negative feedback.
+
+Namely, this output is
+subtracted from the input.
+
+And that's done more for reasons
+of convention then for
+
+any other reasons.
+
+It's typical to do that and
+appropriate certainly in some
+
+feedback systems, but not all.
+
+And the output of the adder is
+commonly referred to as the
+
+error signal, indicating that
+it's the difference between
+
+the signal fed back and the
+input to the overall system.
+
+Now, if we want to analyze the
+feedback system, we would do
+
+that essentially by writing
+the appropriate equations.
+
+In generating the equivalent
+system function for the
+
+overall system, it's best done
+in the frequency or Laplace
+
+transform domain rather than
+in the time domain.
+
+And let me just indicate
+what the steps
+
+are that are involved.
+
+And there are a few steps of
+algebra that I'll leave in
+
+your hands.
+
+But basically, if we look at
+this feedback system, we can
+
+label, of course-- since the
+output is y of t, we can label
+
+the Laplace transform of
+the output as Y of s.
+
+And we also have Y of
+s as the input here.
+
+Because this is the system
+function, the Laplace
+
+transform of r of t is simply
+the Laplace transform of this
+
+input, which is Y of
+s times G of s.
+
+So here we have Y of
+s times G of s.
+
+At the adder, the input
+here is x of s.
+
+And so the Laplace transform of
+the error signal is simply
+
+x of s minus r of s, which
+is Y of s G of s.
+
+So this is minus
+Y of s G of s.
+
+That's the Laplace transform
+of the error signal.
+
+The Laplace transform of the
+output of this system is
+
+simply this expression
+times H of s.
+
+So that's what we have here.
+
+But what we have here we
+already called Y of s.
+
+So in fact, we can simply say
+that these two expressions
+
+have to be equal.
+
+And so we've essentially done
+the analysis, saying that
+
+those two expressions
+are equal.
+
+Let's solve for Y of s over x
+of s, which is the overall
+
+system function.
+
+And if we do that, what we end
+up with for the overall system
+
+function is the algebraic
+expression
+
+that I indicate here.
+
+It's H of s divided by
+1 plus G of s H of s.
+
+Said another way, it's the
+system function in the open
+
+loop forward path divided by 1
+plus, what's referred to as
+
+the loop gain, G of
+s times H of s.
+
+Let's just look back up
+at the block diagram.
+
+G of s times H of s is simply
+the gain around the entire
+
+loop from this point around
+to this point.
+
+So the overall system function
+is the gain in the forward
+
+path divided by 1 plus the loop
+gain, which is H of s
+
+times G of s.
+
+Now, none of the equations
+that we wrote had relied
+
+specifically on this being
+continuous-time.
+
+We just did some algebra and
+we used the system function
+
+property of the systems.
+
+And so, pretty obviously, the
+same kind of algebraic
+
+procedure would work
+in discrete-time.
+
+And so, in fact, if we carried
+out a discrete-time analysis
+
+rather than a continuous-time
+analysis, we would simply end
+
+up with exactly the same system
+and exactly the same
+
+equation for the overall
+system function.
+
+The only difference being that
+here things are a function of
+
+z, whereas if I just
+flip back the other
+
+overlay, we simply have--
+
+previously everything is
+function of t and in the
+
+frequency domain s.
+
+In the discrete-time case, we've
+simply replaced in the
+
+time domain, the independent
+variable by n.
+
+And in the frequency domain, the
+independent variable by z.
+
+So what we see is that we have a
+basic feedback equation, and
+
+that feedback equation is
+exactly the same for
+
+continuous-time and
+discrete-time.
+
+Although we have to be careful
+about what implications we
+
+draw, depending on whether
+we're talking about
+
+continuous-time or
+discrete-time.
+
+Now, to illustrate the
+importance of feedback, let's
+
+look at a number of common
+applications.
+
+And also, as we talk about these
+applications, what will
+
+see is that while these
+applications and context in
+
+which feedback is used are
+extremely useful and powerful,
+
+they fall out in an almost
+straightforward way from this
+
+very simple feedback equation
+that we've just derrived.
+
+Well, the examples that I want
+to just talk about are, first
+
+of all, the use of feedback
+in amplifier design.
+
+And we're not going to design
+amplifiers in detail, but what
+
+I'd like to illustrate is the
+basic principle behind why
+
+feedback is useful in designing
+amplifiers.
+
+In particular, how it plays a
+role in compensating for a
+
+non-constant frequency
+response.
+
+So that's one context that
+we'll talk about.
+
+A second that I'll indicate
+is the use of feedback for
+
+implementing inverse systems.
+
+And the third, which we
+indicated in the case of the
+
+inverted pendulum, is an
+important context in which
+
+feedback is used is in
+stabilizing unstable systems.
+
+And what we want to see is why
+or how a feedback system or
+
+the basic feedback equation, in
+fact, let's us do each of
+
+these various things.
+
+Well, let's begin with
+amplifier design.
+
+And let's suppose that we've
+built somehow without
+
+feedback, an amplifier that is
+terrific in terms of its gain,
+
+but has the problem that whereas
+we might like the
+
+amplifier to have a very flat
+frequency response, in fact
+
+the frequency response of this
+amplifier is not constant.
+
+And what we'd like to do
+is compensate for that.
+
+Well, it turns out,
+interestingly, that if we
+
+embed the amplifier in a
+feedback loop where in the
+
+feedback path we incorporate an
+attenuator, then in fact,
+
+we can compensate for that
+
+non-constant frequency response.
+
+Well, let's see how that
+works out from
+
+the feedback equation.
+
+We have the basic feedback
+equation that we derived.
+
+And we want to look at frequency
+response, so we'll
+
+look specifically at the
+Fourier transform.
+
+And of course, the frequency
+response of the overall system
+
+is the frequency response of the
+Fourier transform of the
+
+output divided by the input.
+
+Using the feedback equation that
+we had just arrived, that
+
+has, in the numerator, the
+frequency response in the
+
+forward path divided by 1 plus
+the loop gain, which is H of j
+
+omega times k.
+
+And this is the key.
+
+Because here, if we choose k
+times H of j omega to be very
+
+large, much larger than 1,
+then what happens is that
+
+these two cancel out.
+
+H of j omega here and in the
+denominator will cancel out as
+
+long as this term dominates.
+
+And in that case, under that
+assumption, the overall system
+
+function is approximately 1/k.
+
+Well, if k is constant as a
+function of frequency, then we
+
+somehow magically have ended up
+with an amplifier that has
+
+a flat frequency response.
+
+Well, it seems like we're
+getting something for nothing.
+
+And actually, we're not.
+
+There's a price that
+we pay for that.
+
+Because notice the fact that
+in order to get gain out of
+
+the overall system, k
+must be less than 1.
+
+So this has to correspond
+to attenuator.
+
+And we also require that k,
+which is less than 1, times
+
+the gain of the original
+amplifier, that that product
+
+be greater than 1.
+
+And the implication of this,
+without tracking it in detail
+
+right now, the implication in
+this is that whereas we
+
+flatten the frequency response,
+we have in fact paid
+
+a price for that.
+
+The price that we've paid is
+that the gain is somewhat
+
+reduced from the gain that we
+had before the feedback.
+
+Because k times h must be much
+larger than 1, but the gain is
+
+proportional to 1/k.
+
+Now, one last point to
+make related to that.
+
+One could ask, well, why is it
+any easier to make k flat with
+
+frequency than to build an
+amplifier with a flat
+
+frequency response?
+
+The reason is that the gain
+in the feedback path is an
+
+attenuator, not an amplifier.
+
+And generally, attenuation with
+a flat frequency response
+
+is much easier to get
+than gain is.
+
+For example, a resistor, which
+attenuates, would generally
+
+have a flatter frequency
+response than a
+
+very high-gain amplifier.
+
+So that's one common example
+of feedback.
+
+And feedback, in fact, is very
+often used in high-quality
+
+amplifier systems.
+
+Another very common example in
+which feedback is used is in
+
+implementing inverse systems.
+
+Now, what I mean by that is,
+suppose that we have a system,
+
+which I indicate
+here, P of s--
+
+input and output.
+
+And what we would like to do is
+implement a system which is
+
+the inverse of this system.
+
+Namely, has a Laplace transform
+or system function
+
+which is 1 over P of s.
+
+For example, we may have
+measured a particular system
+
+and what we would like
+to design is a
+
+compensator for it.
+
+And the question is, by putting
+this in a feedback
+
+loop, can we, in fact,
+implement the
+
+inverse of this system?
+
+The answer to that is yes.
+
+And the feedback system,
+in that case, is
+
+as I indicate here.
+
+So here what we choose to do
+is to put the system whose
+
+inverse we're trying to generate
+in the feedback loop.
+
+And in this case, a high-gain
+in the forward path.
+
+Now for this situation, k
+is, again, a constant.
+
+But in fact, it's a high-gain
+constant.
+
+And now if we look at the
+feedback equation, then what
+
+we see is an equation
+of this form.
+
+And notice that if k times P
+of s is large compared with
+
+one, then this term dominates.
+
+The gain in the forward
+path cancels out.
+
+And what we're left with is a
+system function, which is just
+
+1 over P of s.
+
+And a system of this
+type is used in a
+
+whole variety of contexts.
+
+One very common one is in
+building what are called
+
+logarithmic devices or
+logarithmic amplifiers.
+
+Ones in which the input-output
+characteristic is logarithmic.
+
+It's common to do that with a
+diode that has an exponential
+
+characteristic.
+
+And using that with feedback--
+
+as feedback around a high-gain
+operational amplifier.
+
+And by the way, the logarithmic
+
+amplifier is nonlinear.
+
+What I've said here
+is linear, or the
+
+analysis here was linear.
+
+But that example, in fact,
+suggests something which is
+
+true, which is that same basic
+idea, in fact, can be used
+
+often in the context of
+nonlinear feedback and
+
+nonlinear feedback systems.
+
+Well, as a final example, what
+I'd like to analyze is the
+
+context in which we
+would consider
+
+stabilizing unstable systems.
+
+And I had indicated that one
+context in which that arises
+
+and which we will be analyzing
+in the next lecture is the
+
+inverted pendulum.
+
+And in that situation, or in
+a situation where we're
+
+attempting to stabilize an
+unstable system, we have now
+
+in the forward path a system
+which is unstable.
+
+And in the feedback path,
+we've put an appropriate
+
+system so that the overall
+system, in fact, is stable.
+
+Now, how can stability arise
+out of having an initially
+
+unstable system?
+
+Well, again, if we look at the
+basic feedback equation, the
+
+overall system function is the
+system function for the
+
+forward path divided by 1
+plus the loop gain, G of
+
+s times H of s.
+
+And for stability what we want
+to examine are the roots of 1
+
+plus G of s times H of s.
+
+And in particular, the poles are
+the zeroes of that factor.
+
+And as long as we choose
+G of s, so that the
+
+poles of this term--
+
+I'm sorry, so that the zeroes
+of this term are in the left
+
+half of the s-plane,
+then what we'll
+
+end up with is stability.
+
+So stability is dependent not
+just on h of s for the
+
+closed-loop system, but on 1
+plus G of s times H of s.
+
+And this kind of notion is used
+in lots of situations.
+
+I indicated the inverted
+pendulum.
+
+Another very common example is
+in some very high-performance
+
+aircraft where the basic
+aircraft system
+
+is an unstable system.
+
+But in fact, it's stabilized by
+putting the right kind of
+
+feedback dynamics around it.
+
+And those feedback dynamics
+might, in fact, involve the
+
+pilot as well.
+
+Now, for the system that we
+just talked about, the
+
+stability was described
+in terms of a
+
+continuous-time system.
+
+And the stability condition
+that we end up with, of
+
+course, relates to the zeroes
+of this denominator term.
+
+And we require for stability
+that the real parts of the
+
+associated roots be in the
+left half of the s-plane.
+
+Exactly the same kind of
+analysis, in terms of
+
+stability, applies
+in discrete-time.
+
+That is, in discrete-time, as
+we saw previously, the basic
+
+discrete-time feedback system
+is exactly the same, except
+
+that the independent variable
+is now an integer variable
+
+rather than a continuous
+variable.
+
+The feedback equation
+is exactly the same.
+
+So to analyze stability of the
+feedback system, we would want
+
+to look at the zeroes of 1
+plus G of z times H of z.
+
+So again, it's those zeroes
+that affect stability.
+
+And the principal difference
+between the continuous-time
+
+and discrete-time cases is the
+fact that the stability
+
+condition in discrete-time is
+different than it is in
+
+continuous-time.
+
+Namely, in continuous-time, we
+care for stability about poles
+
+of the overall system being in
+the left half of the s-plane
+
+or the right half
+of the s-plane.
+
+In discrete-time, what we care
+about is whether the poles are
+
+inside or outside
+the unit circle.
+
+So in the discrete-time case,
+what we would impose for
+
+stability is that the zeroes
+have a magnitude which
+
+is less than 1.
+
+So the basic analysis is the
+same, but the details of the
+
+stability condition, of
+course, are different.
+
+Now, what I've just indicated
+is that feedback can be used
+
+to stabilize an unstable
+system.
+
+And as you can imagine there's
+the other side of the coin.
+
+Namely, if you start with a
+stable system and put feedback
+
+around it, if you're not careful
+what can happen, in
+
+fact, is that you can
+destabilize the system.
+
+So there's always the potential
+hazard, unless it's
+
+something you want to have
+happen, that feedback around
+
+what used to be a stable system
+now generates a system
+
+which is unstable.
+
+And there are lots of
+examples of that.
+
+One very common example
+is in audio systems.
+
+And this is probably an example
+that you're somewhat
+
+familiar with.
+
+Basically, an audio system, if
+you have the speaker and the
+
+microphone in any kind of
+proximity to each other is, in
+
+fact, a feedback system.
+
+Well, first of all, the audio
+input to the microphone
+
+consists of the external audio
+inputs, and the external audio
+
+inputs might, for example,
+be my voice.
+
+It might be the room noise.
+
+And in fact, as we'll illustrate
+shortly if I'm not
+
+careful, might in fact be the
+output from a speaker, which
+
+represents feedback.
+
+That audio, of course, after
+appropriate amplification
+
+drives a speaker.
+
+And if, in fact, the speaker
+is, let's say has any
+
+proximity to the microphone,
+then there can be a certain
+
+amount of the output of the
+speaker that feeds back around
+
+and is fed back into
+the microphone.
+
+Now, the system function
+associated with the feedback I
+
+indicate here as a constant
+times e to the minus s times
+
+capital T. The e to the minus
+s times capital T represents
+
+the fact that there is, in
+general, some delay between
+
+the time delay between the
+speaker output and the input
+
+that it generates to
+the microphone.
+
+The reason for that delay of
+course, being that there may
+
+be some distance between the
+speaker and the microphone.
+
+And then the constant K2 that
+I have in the feedback path
+
+represents the fact that between
+the speaker and the
+
+microphone, there may
+be some attenuation.
+
+So if I have, for example, a
+speaker as I happen to have
+
+here, and I were to have that
+speaker putting out what in
+
+fact I'm putting into the
+microphone, or the output of
+
+the microphone, then what we
+have is a feedback path.
+
+And the feedback path is from
+the microphone, through the
+
+speaker, out of the speaker,
+back into the microphone.
+
+And the feedback path is from
+here to the microphone.
+
+And the characteristics or
+frequency response or system
+
+function is associated with
+the characteristics of
+
+propagation or transmission.
+
+If I were to move closer to the
+speaker and I, by the way,
+
+don't have the speaker
+on right now.
+
+And I'm sure you all
+understand why.
+
+If I move closer, then the
+constant K2 gets what?
+
+Gets larger.
+
+And if I move further away the
+constant K2 gets smaller.
+
+Well, let's look at an analysis
+of this and see what
+
+it is, or why it is, that
+in fact we get an
+
+instability in terms--
+
+or that an instability is
+predicted by the basic
+
+feedback equation.
+
+Now, notice first of all, that
+we're talking about positive
+
+feedback here.
+
+And just simply substituting
+the appropriate system
+
+functions into our basic
+feedback equation, we have an
+
+equation that says that the
+overall system function is
+
+given by the forward gain,
+which is the gain of the
+
+amplifier between the microphone
+and the speaker,
+
+divided by 1 minus--
+
+and the minus because we have
+positive feedback--
+
+the overall loop gain, which
+is K1, K2, e to the minus s
+
+capital T. And these two gains,
+K1 and K2 are assumed
+
+to be positive, and generally
+are positive.
+
+So in order for us to--
+
+well, if we want to look at the
+poles of the system, then
+
+we want to look at the zeroes
+of this denominator.
+
+And the zeroes of this
+denominator occur at values of
+
+s such that e to the minus s
+capital T is equal to 1 over
+
+K1 times K2.
+
+And equivalently that says that
+the poles of the closed
+
+loop system occur at 1 over
+capital T, and capital T is
+
+related to the time delay.
+
+1 over capital T times the log
+to the base e of K1 times K2.
+
+Well, for stability we want
+these poles to all be in the
+
+left half of the s-plane.
+
+And what that means then is
+that for stability what we
+
+require is that K1 times
+K2 be less than 1.
+
+In other words, we require that
+the overall loop gain be
+
+less-- the magnitude of the
+loop gain be less than 1.
+
+If it's not, then what we
+generate is an instability.
+
+And just to illustrate that,
+let's turn the speaker on.
+
+And what we'll demonstrate
+is feedback.
+
+Right now the system
+is stable.
+
+And I'm being careful to keep my
+distance from the speaker.
+
+As I get closer, K2
+will increase.
+
+And as K2 increases, eventually
+the poles will move
+
+into the right half of the
+s-plane, or they'll try to.
+
+What will happen is that the
+system will start to oscillate
+
+and go into nonlinear
+distortion.
+
+So as I get closer, you can hear
+that we get feedback, we
+
+get oscillation.
+
+And I guess neither you nor I
+can take too much of that.
+
+But you can see that
+what's happening--
+
+if we can just turn the
+speaker off now.
+
+You can see that what's
+happening is that as K2
+
+increases, the poles are moving
+on to the j omega axis,
+
+the system starts
+to oscillate.
+
+They won't actually move into
+the right half plane because
+
+there are nonlinearities that
+inherently control the system.
+
+OK, so what we've seen in
+today's lecture is the basic
+
+analysis equation and a few
+of the applications.
+
+And one application, or one both
+application and hazard
+
+that we've talked about, is the
+application in which we
+
+may stabilize unstable
+systems.
+
+Or if we're not careful,
+destabilize stable systems.
+
+As I've indicated at several
+times during the lecture, one
+
+common example of an unstable
+system which feedback can be
+
+used to stabilize is the
+inverted pendulum, which I've
+
+referred to several times.
+
+And in the next lecture, what
+I'd like to do is focus in on
+
+a more detailed analysis
+of this.
+
+And what we'll see, in fact, is
+that the feedback dynamics,
+
+the form of the feedback
+dynamics are important with
+
+regard to whether you can and
+can't stabilize the system.
+
+Interestingly enough, for this
+particular system, as we'll
+
+see in the next lecture, if you
+simply try to measure the
+
+angle and feed that back that,
+in fact, you can't stabilize
+
+the system.
+
+What it requires is not only
+the angle, but some
+
+information about the rate
+of change of angle.
+
+But we'll see that in much more
+
+detail in the next lecture.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Sdw8_0RDZuw.txt b/Sdw8_0RDZuw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..265c1bafb36b7f3774f84d9a4a06d7d97b621676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sdw8_0RDZuw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+directed acyclic graphs are a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graphs are a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graphs are a special
+class of graphs that really haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of graphs that really haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of graphs that really haven't
+warrant the theory of their own of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant the theory of their own of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant the theory of their own of
+course directed acyclic graphs is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course directed acyclic graphs is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course directed acyclic graphs is a lot
+of syllables so they're called eggs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syllables so they're called eggs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of syllables so they're called eggs for
+short okay so here's where is why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short okay so here's where is why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short okay so here's where is why they
+come up all the time let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up all the time let's look at a
+diagram that may be familiar to you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that may be familiar to you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that may be familiar to you this
+shows the prerequisite structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the prerequisite structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the prerequisite structure of
+required courses in the 6-3 program of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required courses in the 6-3 program of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required courses in the 6-3 program of
+MIT electrical engineering and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT electrical engineering and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT electrical engineering and computer
+science department there are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science department there are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science department there are similar
+charts for the other sub majors of EECS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts for the other sub majors of EECS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts for the other sub majors of EECS
+and in other departments as well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other departments as well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other departments as well so what
+does it mean well let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean well let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean well let's look at this
+vertex corresponding to the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex corresponding to the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex corresponding to the first term
+calculus class 1801 and there's an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus class 1801 and there's an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus class 1801 and there's an edge
+that points to 60 42 and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points to 60 42 and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points to 60 42 and that's because
+if you look at the catalog 6042 lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the catalog 6042 lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the catalog 6042 lists
+1801 as a prerequisite if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 as a prerequisite if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 as a prerequisite if you look at
+the algorithms introductory algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms introductory algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms introductory algorithms
+class six double O six you'll find if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class six double O six you'll find if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class six double O six you'll find if
+you look in the catalog that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the catalog that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look in the catalog that it has
+listed two prerequisites 6042 and 601
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed two prerequisites 6042 and 601
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed two prerequisites 6042 and 601
+and the fact that that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that that they're
+explicitly listed in the catalog as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly listed in the catalog as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly listed in the catalog as
+prerequisites is why there's an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites is why there's an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites is why there's an arrow
+from 60 16 double oh sixty-seven you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 60 16 double oh sixty-seven you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 60 16 double oh sixty-seven you
+want to take six double 06 of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take six double 06 of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take six double 06 of course
+it's you have to attend and not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have to attend and not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have to attend and not just the
+fact that you have to take 60 for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have to take 60 for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have to take 60 for to
+first and 60 one first but you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and 60 one first but you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and 60 one first but you've got to
+take the prerequisites of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the prerequisites of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the prerequisites of those
+prerequisites for so you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites for so you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites for so you really have to
+take 1801 before you can take six double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 1801 before you can take six double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 1801 before you can take six double
+06 and you need to take 80 two before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 and you need to take 80 two before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+06 and you need to take 80 two before
+you can take six double 06 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take six double 06 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take six double 06 there are
+co-requisites here let's just ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-requisites here let's just ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-requisites here let's just ignore
+those and pretend that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and pretend that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and pretend that they were
+prerequisites because they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites because they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites because they're kind of
+another kind of arrow that don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of arrow that don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of arrow that don't even
+distract us okay so that's what the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract us okay so that's what the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distract us okay so that's what the this
+diagram is telling us and this is a dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is telling us and this is a dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is telling us and this is a dag
+um it's simply a bunch of vertices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's simply a bunch of vertices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's simply a bunch of vertices the
+course labels in in rectangular boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course labels in in rectangular boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course labels in in rectangular boxes
+and and directed arrows showing catalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and directed arrows showing catalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and directed arrows showing catalog
+listings and what I said was that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listings and what I said was that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listings and what I said was that when
+you're planning your coursework you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning your coursework you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning your coursework you're
+really interested in the indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in the indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in the indirect
+prerequisites so one class you is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites so one class you is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites so one class you is an
+indirect prerequisite of another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect prerequisite of another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect prerequisite of another class
+VIII means that there's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VIII means that there's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VIII means that there's a sequence of
+requisites starting from you and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisites starting from you and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisites starting from you and going
+to V it means that you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V it means that you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V it means that you really have to
+have taken you some time before you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken you some time before you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken you some time before you took
+V and that's a crucial fact and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that's a crucial fact and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that's a crucial fact and think
+that you need to take account of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take account of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take account of when
+you're planning a course schedule so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning a course schedule so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning a course schedule so in
+terms of graph digraph language you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of graph digraph language you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of graph digraph language you is
+an indirect prerequisite of V just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indirect prerequisite of V just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indirect prerequisite of V just means
+that there's a positive length walk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a positive length walk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a positive length walk that
+goes from u to V in the digraph in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from u to V in the digraph in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from u to V in the digraph in this
+case we're talking about the 6-3 digraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about the 6-3 digraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're talking about the 6-3 digraph
+of prerequisites so there's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prerequisites so there's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prerequisites so there's a positive
+length walk from 1801 to six double 060
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length walk from 1801 to six double 060
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length walk from 1801 to six double 060
+means that you really have to have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you really have to have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you really have to have taken
+1801 before you take six double o 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 before you take six double o 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 before you take six double o 6 and
+of course we're talking then about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're talking then about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're talking then about the
+positive length walk relation the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length walk relation the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length walk relation the plus
+of the digraph d if d is the digraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the digraph d if d is the digraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the digraph d if d is the digraph
+shown in the prerequisite your direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the prerequisite your direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the prerequisite your direct
+prerequisite chart then we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite chart then we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite chart then we're interested
+in D plus and you d plus V just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D plus and you d plus V just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D plus and you d plus V just means
+there's a positive length walk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive length walk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive length walk that's
+what the plus is for going from u to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the plus is for going from u to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the plus is for going from u to V
+now what happens if you have a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if you have a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens if you have a closed
+walk well a closed walk is a walk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk well a closed walk is a walk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk well a closed walk is a walk that
+starts and ends at the same vertex um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at the same vertex um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at the same vertex um
+and we can ask this question suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can ask this question suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can ask this question suppose
+there was a closed walk that started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a closed walk that started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a closed walk that started at
+60 for two and end in it 60 for two how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 for two and end in it 60 for two how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 for two and end in it 60 for two how
+long does it take to graduate then well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to graduate then well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take to graduate then well
+it takes a long time because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a long time because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a long time because you can't
+take 60 for two until you've taken 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 60 for two until you've taken 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 60 for two until you've taken 60
+for two and you're never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two and you're never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two and you're never going to be
+able to take it that's a bad thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take it that's a bad thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take it that's a bad thing we
+definitely don't want the prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely don't want the prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely don't want the prerequisite
+of structure of courses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure of courses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure of courses in the
+department to have a closed walk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to have a closed walk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to have a closed walk of
+positive length and in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length and in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length and in fact there's a
+faculty committee that checks for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty committee that checks for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty committee that checks for this
+kind of thing it bugs like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing it bugs like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing it bugs like this
+occasionally creep in when some busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally creep in when some busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally creep in when some busy
+curricular office of a department is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricular office of a department is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricular office of a department is
+planning a complicated program with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning a complicated program with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning a complicated program with
+dozens if not 100 courses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens if not 100 courses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens if not 100 courses and the
+committee on curriculars job is to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on curriculars job is to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on curriculars job is to check
+for that kind of thing this whole staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of thing this whole staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that kind of thing this whole staff
+it does it I used to be the chair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it I used to be the chair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it I used to be the chair of
+that committee and we did spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that committee and we did spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that committee and we did spend a lot of
+time with proposals from departments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with proposals from departments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with proposals from departments and
+making sure that those proposed course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that those proposed course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that those proposed course
+requirements satisfied faculty rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements satisfied faculty rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements satisfied faculty rules
+okay so a special case of a closed walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a special case of a closed walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a special case of a closed walk
+is a cycle a cycle is a walk whose only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cycle a cycle is a walk whose only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cycle a cycle is a walk whose only
+repeat vertex is it start and end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat vertex is it start and end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat vertex is it start and end and
+and let me remark because we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remark because we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remark because we keep
+talking about positive length cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about positive length cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about positive length cycles
+that a single vertex will by itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a single vertex will by itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a single vertex will by itself is a
+length zero cycle so you're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero cycle so you're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero cycle so you're never going
+to be able to get rid of length zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get rid of length zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get rid of length zero
+cycles cause the same they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles cause the same they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles cause the same they're the same
+as vertices but positive length cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vertices but positive length cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vertices but positive length cycles
+you can hope to ensure are not there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hope to ensure are not there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hope to ensure are not there so
+if you're going to represent the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to represent the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to represent the cycle
+as a path you'd show the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a path you'd show the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a path you'd show the sequence of
+vertices and edges v-0 v1 v2 where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges v-0 v1 v2 where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges v-0 v1 v2 where the
+understanding is that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is that all of the
+vertices from v-0 up to VN minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices from v-0 up to VN minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices from v-0 up to VN minus 1 and
+different that's what makes it a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's what makes it a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that's what makes it a cycle
+except that the last vertex V 0 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the last vertex V 0 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the last vertex V 0 is a
+repeat of the first one that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of the first one that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of the first one that's the one
+repeat that's allowed in a cycle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that's allowed in a cycle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that's allowed in a cycle so it's
+naturally draw it in a in a circle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally draw it in a in a circle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally draw it in a in a circle like
+this where you started v-0 you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you started v-0 you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you started v-0 you follow
+the edges around from VI tu VI plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges around from VI tu VI plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges around from VI tu VI plus 1
+all the way back around to v-0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back around to v-0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back around to v-0 and
+that's kind of what a cycle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what a cycle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what a cycle is going to
+look like so we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so we have a very
+straightforward lemma about cycles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward lemma about cycles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward lemma about cycles and
+closed walks namely that the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walks namely that the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walks namely that the shortest
+positive length closed walk from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length closed walk from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length closed walk from a
+vertex to itself it's closed means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to itself it's closed means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to itself it's closed means it
+starts and ends at V is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at V is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at V is a positive
+length cycle starting and ending at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length cycle starting and ending at V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length cycle starting and ending at V
+and the reasoning and proof is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reasoning and proof is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reasoning and proof is basically
+the same proof that said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof that said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same proof that said that the
+shortest walk between one place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk between one place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk between one place and
+another is a path from one place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is a path from one place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is a path from one place to the
+other the logic is that if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the logic is that if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the logic is that if I have a
+closed walk from V to V and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk from V to V and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk from V to V and there was a
+repeat in it other than at V I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat in it other than at V I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat in it other than at V I could
+clip out the piece of the walk between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip out the piece of the walk between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip out the piece of the walk between
+the repeat occurrences and I'd get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repeat occurrences and I'd get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repeat occurrences and I'd get a
+shorter walk so the close the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter walk so the close the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter walk so the close the shortest
+closed walk can't have any repeats it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk can't have any repeats it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk can't have any repeats it's
+got to be a positive ones cycling so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a positive ones cycling so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a positive ones cycling so it
+directed acyclic graph now is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graph now is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graph now is defined
+simply as a positive as a digraph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a positive as a digraph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a positive as a digraph that
+has no positive length cycles it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no positive length cycles it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no positive length cycles it's a
+cyclic no positive length cycles and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic no positive length cycles and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic no positive length cycles and of
+course we can equally well define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can equally well define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can equally well define it
+since cycles or a special case of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since cycles or a special case of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since cycles or a special case of closed
+works and closed works of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and closed works of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and closed works of positive
+length employ cycles as a digraph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length employ cycles as a digraph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length employ cycles as a digraph that
+has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no
+positive length closed walk some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length closed walk some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length closed walk some
+examples of tags that come up well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of tags that come up well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of tags that come up well the
+prerequisite graph um is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite graph um is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite graph um is going to be one
+and in general any kind of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general any kind of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general any kind of set of
+constraints on tasks that you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on tasks that you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on tasks that you have to do
+which ones you have to do before you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones you have to do before you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones you have to do before you do
+other ones is going to be defining a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones is going to be defining a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones is going to be defining a a
+dag structure a one that you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag structure a one that you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag structure a one that you might not
+have thought of is the successor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of is the successor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought of is the successor
+function defines a relation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defines a relation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defines a relation on the
+integers say going from n to n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers say going from n to n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers say going from n to n plus one
+so I'm going to have an arrow that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have an arrow that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to have an arrow that goes
+directly from n to n plus 1 and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from n to n plus 1 and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from n to n plus 1 and what's
+the work relation then the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work relation then the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work relation then the positive
+length walk relation in this graph well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length walk relation in this graph well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length walk relation in this graph well
+there's a positive length walk from n2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive length walk from n2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a positive length walk from n2m
+precisely when n is less than M so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely when n is less than M so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely when n is less than M so the
+successor dag its pads represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor dag its pads represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor dag its pads represent the
+less than relation and of course less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than relation and of course less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than relation and of course less
+than it doesn't have any cycles because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it doesn't have any cycles because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it doesn't have any cycles because
+if a is less than B you're never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is less than B you're never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is less than B you're never going
+to get around from be back to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around from be back to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around from be back to something
+that's less than it like back to a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than it like back to a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than it like back to a so
+there can't be any cycles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any cycles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can't be any cycles in the
+successor dag and that's why it is a dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor dag and that's why it is a dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor dag and that's why it is a dag
+another similar one is the proper subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similar one is the proper subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another similar one is the proper subset
+relation between sets so here I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between sets so here I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between sets so here I'm going
+to draw an arrow from this set to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw an arrow from this set to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw an arrow from this set to that
+said if this set is contained in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if this set is contained in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if this set is contained in that
+set and but they're not equal so a B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and but they're not equal so a B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and but they're not equal so a B is
+a subset of a BD but but a BD has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of a BD but but a BD has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of a BD but but a BD has this
+extra element D so the left-hand set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra element D so the left-hand set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra element D so the left-hand set is
+a proper subset at the right hands said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper subset at the right hands said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper subset at the right hands said
+and I'm going to draw an arrow there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw an arrow there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw an arrow there and
+by the same reasoning there can't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same reasoning there can't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same reasoning there can't be any
+cycles in this graph positive length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in this graph positive length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in this graph positive length
+cycle because if there was it would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle because if there was it would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle because if there was it would mean
+that the the set had to be a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the set had to be a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the set had to be a proper
+subset of itself which doesn't happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself which doesn't happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself which doesn't happen so
+this would be another basic example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be another basic example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be another basic example of a
+dag and you know I hope you begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag and you know I hope you begin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag and you know I hope you begin to see
+from these examples why the eggs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these examples why the eggs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these examples why the eggs are
+really or pervasive and in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really or pervasive and in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really or pervasive and in mathematics
+and in other areas and why they merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other areas and why they merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other areas and why they merit
+attention so when we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so when we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so when we're looking at a
+deck though we're basically usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck though we're basically usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck though we're basically usually
+interested in just the walk relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just the walk relation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just the walk relation of
+the deck so that if we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck so that if we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck so that if we're only
+interested in the walk relation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the walk relation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the walk relation of the
+deck then I it would be typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck then I it would be typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck then I it would be typically the
+case that many different tags are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that many different tags are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that many different tags are going
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+same work relation and it's natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same work relation and it's natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same work relation and it's natural to
+ask what's the most economical one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the most economical one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the most economical one is
+there a minimum say dag that defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a minimum say dag that defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a minimum say dag that defines a
+give and walk relation so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and walk relation so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and walk relation so let's look at
+this example here's a simple tag and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here's a simple tag and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here's a simple tag and you
+can check that there are no cycles in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that there are no cycles in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that there are no cycles in it
+um what's the smallest dag with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the smallest dag with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the smallest dag with the same
+relation as this one and the way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation as this one and the way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation as this one and the way I can
+get it is by going through the edges one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it is by going through the edges one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it is by going through the edges one
+at a time and asking whether I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and asking whether I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and asking whether I can get
+rid of the edge because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the edge because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the edge because it's not
+contributing anything so look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing anything so look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing anything so look here
+there's a path from a to b to e that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path from a to b to e that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a path from a to b to e that
+goes through be well that tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through be well that tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through be well that tells me that
+having this direct edge from A to E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this direct edge from A to E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this direct edge from A to E is
+not contributing anything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contributing anything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contributing anything in terms of
+connectedness and that means I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectedness and that means I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectedness and that means I could get
+rid of it and I'm still going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and I'm still going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it and I'm still going to wind up
+with the same possibility of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same possibility of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same possibility of walking
+from one place to another because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to another because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to another because I can
+always walk from A to E going through be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always walk from A to E going through be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always walk from A to E going through be
+instead of going directly from 80 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going directly from 80 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going directly from 80 I
+didn't need that edge another example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need that edge another example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need that edge another example is
+here's a walk from A to D that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a walk from A to D that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a walk from A to D that goes
+through see there's no need for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through see there's no need for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through see there's no need for me to
+walk directly from A to D as long as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk directly from A to D as long as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk directly from A to D as long as I'm
+walking I can take the longer walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking I can take the longer walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking I can take the longer walking
+and get rid of the short circuit from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of the short circuit from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of the short circuit from A
+to D likewise if i look at this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D likewise if i look at this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D likewise if i look at this path
+from C to D to F I don't need that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to D to F I don't need that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to D to F I don't need that edge
+from C to F and as a matter of fact now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to F and as a matter of fact now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C to F and as a matter of fact now
+if I look at this length 3 path from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at this length 3 path from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at this length 3 path from A
+to C D to F there's no need for me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C D to F there's no need for me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C D to F there's no need for me in
+order to get from A to F there's no need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get from A to F there's no need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get from A to F there's no need
+for me to take the direct edge I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to take the direct edge I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to take the direct edge I can get
+rid of that too it's kind of a redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that too it's kind of a redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that too it's kind of a redundant
+extra edge finally if i look at the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra edge finally if i look at the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra edge finally if i look at the path
+from B to D to F I can get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to D to F I can get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to D to F I can get rid of the
+direct edge from b2f and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct edge from b2f and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct edge from b2f and at this point
+i'm i'm done i'm left with the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm done i'm left with the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm done i'm left with the set of
+edges called covering edges which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges called covering edges which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges called covering edges which have
+the property that are the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that are the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that are the only way to
+get from a one vertex to another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a one vertex to another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a one vertex to another is
+going to have to be to use a covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be to use a covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be to use a covering
+edge to the target vertex or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to the target vertex or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to the target vertex or more
+precisely the only way to get from safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the only way to get from safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the only way to get from safe
+from A to B is going to be to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B is going to be to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B is going to be to use that
+covering edge if there was any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering edge if there was any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering edge if there was any other
+path that meant from a elsewhere and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that meant from a elsewhere and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that meant from a elsewhere and got
+back to be without using this edge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to be without using this edge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to be without using this edge then
+it wouldn't be a covering edge anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be a covering edge anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be a covering edge anymore
+the fact that it's a covering edge means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a covering edge means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a covering edge means
+that if you broke it there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you broke it there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you broke it there's no way
+anymore to get from A to B so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore to get from A to B so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore to get from A to B so that's the
+definition of covering edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of covering edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of covering edges
+do a class problem about them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a class problem about them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a class problem about them or
+precisely in minutes so the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in minutes so the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely in minutes so the the other
+edges are unneeded to define the walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are unneeded to define the walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are unneeded to define the walk
+relation and all we need to keep on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and all we need to keep on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and all we need to keep on the
+covering relations to get the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering relations to get the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering relations to get the minimum
+representation of the walk relation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the walk relation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the walk relation in
+terms of a dag
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SsBxcpkyMMw.txt b/SsBxcpkyMMw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40da1cce79e18abb6dfadbfdcf9094c408a38af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SsBxcpkyMMw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2753 @@
+PROFESSOR: Well, now that we've
+given you some power to
+
+make independent local state
+and to model objects, I
+
+thought we'd do a bit of
+programming of a very
+
+complicated kind, just to
+illustrate what you can do
+
+with this sort of thing.
+
+I suppose, as I said, we were
+motivated by physical systems
+
+and the ways we like to think
+about physical systems, which
+
+is that there are these things
+that the world is made out of.
+
+And each of these things has
+particular independent local
+
+state, and therefore
+it is a thing.
+
+That's what makes it a thing.
+
+And then we're going to say
+that in the model in the
+
+world--we have a world and a
+model in our minds and in the
+
+computer of that world.
+
+And what I want to make is a
+correspondence between the
+
+objects in the world and the
+objects in the computer, the
+
+relationships between the
+objects in the world and the
+
+relationships between those same
+obj...--the model objects
+
+in the computer, and the
+functions that relate things
+
+in the world to the functions
+that relate
+
+things in the computer.
+
+This buys us modularity.
+
+If we really believe the world
+is like that, that it's made
+
+out of these little pieces, and
+of course we could arrange
+
+our world to be like that, we
+could only model those things
+
+that are like that, then we can
+inherit the modularity in
+
+the world into our
+programming.
+
+That's why we would invent some
+of this object-oriented
+
+programming.
+
+Well, let's take the best
+kind of objects I know.
+
+They're completely--they're
+completely wonderful:
+
+electrical systems. Electrical
+systems really are the
+
+physicist's best,
+best objects.
+
+You see over here I have some
+piece of machinery.
+
+Right here's a piece
+of machinery.
+
+And it's got an electrical wire
+connecting one part of
+
+the machinery with another
+part of the machinery.
+
+And one of the wonderful
+properties of the electrical
+
+world is that I can say this is
+an object, and this is an
+
+object, and they're--
+
+the connection between
+them is clear.
+
+In principle, there is no
+connection that I didn't
+
+describe with these wires.
+
+Let's say if I have light bulbs,
+a light bulb and a
+
+power supply that's plugged
+into the outlet.
+
+Then the connection is
+perfectly clear.
+
+There's no other connections
+that we know of.
+
+If I were to tie a knot in the
+wire that connects the light
+
+bulb to the power supply, the
+light remains lit up.
+
+It doesn't care.
+
+That the way the physics is
+arranged is such that the
+
+connection can be made abstract,
+at least for low
+
+frequencies and things
+like that.
+
+So in fact, we have captured all
+of the connections there
+
+really are.
+
+Well, as you can go one step
+further and talk about the
+
+most abstract types of
+electrical systems we have,
+
+digital to dual circuits.
+
+And here there are certain
+kinds of objects.
+
+For example, in digital
+circuits we
+
+have things like inverters.
+
+We have things like and-gates.
+
+We have things like or-gates.
+
+We connect them together by
+sort-of wires which represent
+
+abstract signals.
+
+We don't really care as physical
+variables whether
+
+these are voltages or currents
+or some combination or
+
+anything like that, or water,
+water pressure.
+
+These abstract variables
+represent certain signals.
+
+And we build systems by
+wiring these things
+
+together with wires.
+
+So today what I'm going to show
+you, right now, we're
+
+going to build up an invented
+language in Lisp, embedded in
+
+the same sense that Henderson's
+picture language
+
+was embedded, which is not the
+same sense as the language of
+
+pattern match and substitution
+was done yesterday.
+
+The pattern match/substitution
+language was interpreted by a
+
+Lisp program.
+
+But the embedding of Henderson's
+program is that we
+
+just build up more and more
+procedures that encapsulate
+
+the structure we want.
+
+So for example here, I'm going
+to have some various primitive
+
+kinds of objects, as you see,
+that one and that one.
+
+I'm going to use wires
+to combine them.
+
+The way I represent
+attaching--
+
+I can make wires.
+
+So let's say A is a wire.
+
+And B is a wire.
+
+And C is a wire.
+
+And D is a wire.
+
+And E is wire.
+
+And S is a wire.
+
+Well, an or-gate that has both
+inputs, the inputs being A and
+
+B, and the output being Y or
+D, you notate like this.
+
+An and-gate, which has inputs
+A and B and output C, we
+
+notate like that.
+
+By making such a sequence of
+declarations, like this, I can
+
+wire together an arbitrary
+circuit.
+
+So I've just told you a set
+of primitives and means of
+
+combination for building digital
+circuits, when I need
+
+more in a real language
+than abstraction.
+
+And so for example,
+here I have--here
+
+I have a half adder.
+
+It's something you all
+know if you've
+
+done any digital design.
+
+It's used for adding numbers
+together on A and B and
+
+putting out a sum and a carry.
+
+And in fact, the wiring
+diagram is
+
+exactly what I told you.
+
+A half adder with things that
+come out of the box-- you see
+
+the box, the boundary, the
+abstraction is always a box.
+
+And there are things that come
+out of it, A, B, S, and C.
+
+Those are the declared
+variables--declared variables
+
+of a lambda expression,
+which is the one that
+
+defines half adder.
+
+And internal to that, I make up
+some more wires, D and E,
+
+which I'm going to use for
+the interconnect--
+
+here E is this one and D is this
+wire, the interconnect
+
+that doesn't come through
+the walls of the box--
+
+and wire things together
+as you just saw.
+
+And the nice thing about this
+that I've just shown you is
+
+this language is hierarchical
+in the right way.
+
+If a language isn't hierarchical
+in the right way,
+
+if it turns out that a compound
+object doesn't look
+
+like a primitive, there's
+something
+
+wrong with the language--
+
+at least the way I
+feel about that.
+
+So here we have--here, instead
+of starting with mathematical
+
+functions, or things that
+compute mathematical
+
+functions, which is what we've
+been doing up until now,
+
+instead of starting with
+things that look like
+
+mathematical functions, or
+compute such things, we are
+
+starting with things that are
+electrical objects and we
+
+build up more electrical
+objects.
+
+And the glue we're using
+is basically the
+
+Lisp structure: lambdas.
+
+Lambda is the ultimate
+glue, if you will.
+
+And of course, half adder itself
+can be used in a more
+
+complicated abstraction called
+a full adder, which in fact
+
+involves two half adders, as you
+see here, hooked together
+
+with some extra wires, that you
+see here, S, C1, and C2,
+
+and an or-gate, to manufacture
+a full adder, which takes a
+
+input number, another input
+number, a carry in, and
+
+produces output, a sum
+and a carry out.
+
+And out of full adders, you can
+make real adder chains and
+
+big adders.
+
+So we have here a language so
+far that has primitives, means
+
+of combination, and means of
+abstraction to real language.
+
+Now, how are we going
+to implement this?
+
+Well, let's do it easily.
+
+Let's look at the primitives.
+
+The only problem is we have to
+implement the primitives.
+
+Nothing else has to be
+implemented, because we're
+
+picking up the means of
+combination and abstraction
+
+from Lisp, inheriting them
+in the embedding.
+
+OK, so let's look at a
+particular primitive.
+
+An inverter is a nice one.
+
+Now, inverter has two wires
+coming in, an in and an out.
+
+And somehow, it's going to have
+to know what to do when a
+
+signal comes in.
+
+So somehow it's going to have
+to tell its input wire--
+
+and now we're going to talk
+about objects and we're going
+
+to see this in a little
+more detail soon--
+
+but it's going to have to tell
+its input wire that when you
+
+change, tell me.
+
+So this object, the object which
+is the inverter has to
+
+tell the object which
+is the input wire,
+
+hi, my name is George.
+
+And my, my job is to do
+something with results when
+
+you change.
+
+So when you change, you get a
+change, tell me about it.
+
+Because I've got to do
+something with that.
+
+Well, that's done down here by
+adding an action on the input
+
+wire called invert-in, where
+invert-in is defined over here
+
+to be a procedure of no
+arguments, which gets the
+
+logical not of the signal
+on the input wire.
+
+And after some delay, which is
+the inverter delay, all these
+
+electrical objects have delays,
+we'll do the following
+
+thing-- set the signal on the
+output wire to the new value.
+
+A very simple program.
+
+Now, you have to imagine that
+the output wire has to be
+
+sensitive and know that when
+its signal changes, it may
+
+have to tell other guys,
+hey, wake up.
+
+My value has changed.
+
+So when you hook together
+inverter with an and-gate or
+
+something like that, there has
+to be a lot of communication
+
+going on in order to
+make sure that the
+
+signal propagates right.
+
+And down here is nothing
+very exciting.
+
+This is just the definition
+of logical not for some
+
+particular representations
+of the logical values--
+
+1, 0 in this case.
+
+And we can look at things more
+complicated like and-gates.
+
+And-gates take two inputs, A1
+and A2, we'll call them, and
+
+produce an output.
+
+But the structure of the
+and-gate is identical to the
+
+one we just saw.
+
+There's one called an and-action
+procedure that's
+
+defined, which is the thing that
+gets called when an input
+
+is changed.
+
+And what it does, of course, is
+nothing more than compute
+
+the logical and of the signals
+on the inputs.
+
+And after some delay, called the
+and-gate delay, calls this
+
+procedure, which sets a signal
+on the output to a new value.
+
+Now, how I implement
+these things
+
+is all wishful thinking.
+
+As you see here, I have an
+assignment operation.
+
+It's not set.
+
+It's a derived assignment
+operation in the same way we
+
+had functions that were derived
+from CAR and CDR. So
+
+I, by convention, label that
+with an exclamation point.
+
+And over here, you see there's
+an action, which is to inform
+
+the wire, called A1 locally in
+this and-gate, to call the
+
+and-action procedure when it
+gets changed, and the wire A2
+
+to call the and-action
+procedure
+
+when it gets changed.
+
+All very simple.
+
+Well, let's talk a little bit
+about this communication that
+
+must occur between these
+various parts.
+
+Suppose, for example, I have
+a very simple circuit which
+
+contains an and with wires A
+and B. And that connects
+
+through a wire called C to an
+inverter which has a wire
+
+output called D. What are
+the comput...--here's
+
+the physical world.
+
+It's an abstraction of
+the physical world.
+
+Now I can buy these out of
+little pieces that you get at
+
+Radio Shack for a few cents.
+
+And there are boxes that act
+like this, which have little
+
+numbers on them like
+LS04 or something.
+
+Now supposing I were to
+try to say what's the
+
+computational model.
+
+What is the thing that
+corresponds to that, that part
+
+of reality in the mind of
+us and in the computer?
+
+Well, I have to assign for every
+object in the world an
+
+object in the computer, and for
+every relationship in the
+
+world between them a
+relationship in the computer.
+
+That's my goal.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+Well, I have some sort of thing
+called the signal, A.
+
+This is A. It's a signal.
+
+It's a cloudy thing like that.
+
+And I have another one down here
+which I'm going to call
+
+B. It's another signal.
+
+Now this signal--these two
+signals are somehow going to
+
+have to hook together into a
+box, let's call it this, which
+
+is the and-gate, action
+procedure.
+
+That's the and-gate's
+action procedure.
+
+And it's going to produce--well,
+it's going to
+
+interact with a signal object,
+which we call C--a wire
+
+object, excuse me, we call
+C. And then the--
+
+this is going to put out again,
+or connect to, another
+
+action procedure which is one
+associated with the inverter
+
+in the world, not.
+
+And I'm going to have
+another--another wire, which
+
+we'll call D.
+
+So here's my layout of stuff.
+
+Now we have to say what's inside
+them and what they have
+
+to know to compute.
+
+Well, every--every one of these
+wires has to know what
+
+the value of the signal that's
+on that wire is.
+
+So there's going to be some
+variable inside here, we'll
+
+call it signal.
+
+And he owns a value.
+
+So there must be some
+environment
+
+associated with this.
+
+And for each one of these, there
+must be an environment
+
+that binds signal.
+
+And there must be a signal
+here, therefore.
+
+And presumably, signal's a value
+that's either 1 or 0,
+
+and signal.
+
+Now, we also have to have some
+list of people to inform if
+
+the signal here changes.
+
+We're going to have
+to inform this.
+
+So I've got that list.
+We'll call it the
+
+Action Procedures, AP.
+
+And it's presumably a list.
+But the first thing on the
+
+list, in this case,
+is this guy.
+
+And the action procedures of
+this one happens to have some
+
+list of stuff.
+
+There might be other people
+who are sharing A, who are
+
+looking at it.
+
+So there might be other guys
+on this list, like somebody
+
+over there that we
+don't know about.
+
+It's the other guy
+attached to A.
+
+And the action procedure here
+also has to point to that, the
+
+list of action procedures.
+
+And of course, that means this
+one, its action procedures has
+
+to point up to here.
+
+This is the things--
+
+the people it has to inform.
+
+And this guy has some too.
+
+But I don't know what they
+are because I didn't
+
+draw it in my diagram.
+
+It's the things connected
+to D.
+
+Now, it's also the case that
+when the and-action procedure
+
+is awakened, saying one of the
+people who know that you've
+
+told--one of the people you've
+told to wake you up if their
+
+signal changes, you have to go
+look and ask them what's their
+
+signal so you can do the
+and, and produce a
+
+signal for this one.
+
+So there has to be, for example,
+information here
+
+saying A1, my A1 is this guy,
+and my A2 is this guy.
+
+And not only that, when I do my
+and, I'm going to have to
+
+tell this guy something.
+
+So I need an output--
+
+being this guy.
+
+And similarly, this guy's going
+to have a thing called
+
+the input that he interrogates
+to find out what the value of
+
+the signal on the input is, when
+the signal wakes up and
+
+says, I've changed, and sends
+a message this way saying,
+
+I've changed.
+
+This guy says, OK, what's
+your value now?
+
+When he gets that value, then
+he's going to have to say, OK,
+
+output changes this guy,
+changes this guy.
+
+And so on.
+
+And so I have to have at least
+that much connected-ness.
+
+Now, let's go back and look, for
+example, at the and-gate.
+
+Here we are back
+on this slide.
+
+And we can see some
+of these parts.
+
+For any particular and-gate,
+there is an A1, there is an
+
+A2, and the output.
+
+And those are, those are an
+environment that was created
+
+at the--those produce a frame
+at the time and-gate was
+
+called, a frame where A1, A2,
+and output are--have as their
+
+values, they're bound to the
+wires which, they are--which
+
+were passed in.
+
+In that environment, I
+constructed a procedure--
+
+this one right there.
+
+And-action procedure was
+constructed in that
+
+environment.
+
+That was the result of
+evaluating a lambda
+
+expression.
+
+So it hangs onto the frame
+where these were defined.
+
+Local--part of its local
+state is that.
+
+The and-action procedure,
+therefore, has access to A1,
+
+A2, and output as we see here.
+
+A1, A2, and output.
+
+Now, we haven't looked
+inside of a wire yet.
+
+That's all that remains.
+
+Let's look at a wire.
+
+Like the overhead, very good.
+
+Well, the wire, again,
+is a, is a
+
+somewhat complicated mess.
+
+Ooh, wrong one.
+
+It's a big complicated
+mess, like that.
+
+But let's look at it in detail
+and see what's going on.
+
+Well, the wire is
+one of these.
+
+And it has to have two things
+that are part of
+
+it, that it's state.
+
+One of them is the signal
+we see here.
+
+In other words, when we call
+make-wire to make a wire, then
+
+the first thing we do is we
+create some variables which
+
+are the signal and the action
+procedures for this wire.
+
+And in that context, we define
+various functions--or
+
+procedures, excuse
+me, procedures.
+
+One of them is called
+set-my-signal to a new value.
+
+And what that does is takes
+a new value in.
+
+If that's equal to my current
+value of my signal, I'm done.
+
+Otherwise, I set the signal to
+the new value and call each of
+
+the action procedures that
+I've been, that I've
+
+been--what's the right word?--
+
+introduced to.
+
+I get introduced when the
+and-gate was applied to me.
+
+I add action procedure
+at the bottom.
+
+Also, I have to define a way
+of accepting an action
+
+procedure-- which is what
+you see here---
+
+which increments my action
+procedures using set to the
+
+result of CONSing up a new
+process--a procedure, which is
+
+passed to me, on to my actions
+procedures list. And for
+
+technical reasons, I have to
+call that procedure one.
+
+So I'm not going to tell you
+anything about that, that has
+
+to do with event-driven
+simulations and getting them
+
+started, which takes a little
+bit of thinking.
+
+And finally, I'm going to define
+a thing called the
+
+dispatcher, which is a way of
+passing a message to a wire,
+
+which is going to be used to
+extract from it various
+
+information, like what is the
+current signal value?
+
+What is the method of
+setting your signal?
+
+I want to get that out of it.
+
+How do I--how do I add another
+action procedure?
+
+And I'm going to return
+that dispatch, that
+
+procedure as a value.
+
+So the wire that I've
+constructed is a message
+
+accepting object which accepts
+a message like, like what's
+
+your method of adding
+action procedures?
+
+In fact, it'll give me a
+procedure, which is the add
+
+action procedure, which I can
+then apply to an action
+
+procedure to create another
+action procedure in the wire.
+
+So that's a permission.
+
+So it's given me permission to
+change your action procedures.
+
+And in fact, you can
+see that over here.
+
+Next slide.
+
+Ah.
+
+This is nothing very
+interesting.
+
+The call each of the action
+procedures is just a CDRing
+
+down a list. And I'm
+not going to even
+
+talk about that anymore.
+
+We're too advanced for that.
+
+However, if I want to
+get a signal from a
+
+wire, I ask the wire--
+
+which is, what is the wire?
+
+The wire is the dispatch
+returned by creating the wire.
+
+It's a procedure.
+
+I call that dispatch on the
+message get-signal.
+
+And what I should expect
+to get is a method
+
+of getting a signal.
+
+Or actually, I get the signal.
+
+If I want to set a signal, I
+want to change a signal, then
+
+what I'm going to do is take a
+wire as an argument and a new
+
+value for the signal, I'm going
+to ask the wire for
+
+permission to set its signal and
+use that permission, which
+
+is a procedure, on
+the new value.
+
+And if we go back to the
+overhead here, thank you, if
+
+we go back to the overhead here,
+we see that the method--
+
+if I ask for the method of
+setting the signal, that's
+
+over here, it's set-my-signal,
+a procedure that's defined
+
+inside the wire, which if we
+look over here is the thing
+
+that says set my internal value
+called the signal, my
+
+internal variable, which is the
+signal, to the new value,
+
+which is passed to me as an
+argument, and then call each
+
+of the action procedures
+waking them up.
+
+Very simple.
+
+Going back to that slide, we
+also have the one last thing--
+
+which I suppose now you can
+easily work out for yourself--
+
+is the way you add an action.
+
+You take a wire--a wire and
+an action procedure.
+
+And I ask the wire for
+permission to add an action.
+
+Getting that permission, I use
+that permission to give it an
+
+action procedure.
+
+So that's a real object.
+
+There's a few more details
+about this.
+
+For example, how am I going
+to control this thing?
+
+How do I do these delays?
+
+Let's look at that
+for a second.
+
+The next one here.
+
+Let's see.
+
+We know when we looked at the
+and-gate or the not-gate that
+
+when a signal changed on the
+input, there was a delay.
+
+And then it was going to call
+the procedure, which was going
+
+to change the output.
+
+Well, how are we going
+to do this?
+
+We're going to make up some
+mechanism, a fairly
+
+complicated mechanism at that,
+which we're going to have to
+
+be very careful about.
+
+But after a delay, we're
+going to do an action.
+
+A delay is a number, and an
+action is a procedure.
+
+What that's going to be is
+they're going to have a
+
+special structure called an
+agenda, which is a thing that
+
+organizes time and actions.
+
+And we're going to see
+that in a while.
+
+I don't want to get into
+that right now.
+
+But the agenda has a
+moment at which--at
+
+which something happens.
+
+We're setting up for later at
+some moment, which is the sum
+
+of the time, which is the delay
+time plus the current
+
+time, which the agenda
+thinks is now.
+
+We're going to set up to do this
+action, and add that to
+
+the agenda.
+
+And the way this machine will
+now run is very simple.
+
+We have a thing called
+propagate, which is the way
+
+things run.
+
+If the agenda is empty, we're
+done--if there's nothing more
+
+to be done.
+
+Otherwise, we're going to take
+the first item off the agenda,
+
+and that's a procedure
+of no arguments.
+
+So that we're going to see
+extra parentheses here.
+
+We call that on no arguments.
+
+That takes the action.
+
+Then we remove that first item
+from the agenda, and we go
+
+around the propagation loop.
+
+So that's the overall structure
+of this thing.
+
+Now, there's a, a few other
+things we can look at.
+
+And then we're going to
+look into the agenda a
+
+little while from now.
+
+Now the overhead again.
+
+Well, in order to set this thing
+going, I just want to
+
+show you some behavior out
+of this simulator.
+
+By the way, you may think this
+simulator is very simple, and
+
+probably too simple
+to be useful.
+
+The fact of the matter is that
+this simulator has been used
+
+to manufacture a fairly
+large computer.
+
+So this is a real
+live example.
+
+Actually, not exactly this
+simulator, because I'll tell
+
+you the difference.
+
+The difference is that there
+were many more different kinds
+
+of primitives.
+
+There's not just the word
+inverter or and-gate.
+
+There were things like
+edge-triggered, flip-flops,
+
+and latches, transparent
+latches, and adders, and
+
+things like that.
+
+And the difficulty with that
+is that there's pages and
+
+pages of the definitions of
+all these primitives with
+
+numbers like LS04.
+
+And then there's many more
+parameters for them.
+
+It's not just one delay.
+
+There's things like set
+up times and hold
+
+times and all that.
+
+But with the exception of that
+part of the complexity, the
+
+structure of the simulator that
+we use for building a
+
+real computer, that works
+is exactly what
+
+you're seeing here.
+
+Well in any case, what we have
+here is a few simple things.
+
+Like, there's inverter delays
+being set up and
+
+making a new agenda.
+
+And then we can make
+some inputs.
+
+There's input-1, input-2,
+a sum and a
+
+carry, which are wires.
+
+I'm going to put a special kind
+of object called a probe
+
+onto, onto some of the wires,
+onto sum and onto carry.
+
+A probe is a, can object that
+has the property that when you
+
+change a wire it's attached to,
+it types out a message.
+
+It's an easy thing to do.
+
+And then once we have that, of
+course, the way you put the
+
+probe on, the first thing it
+does, it says, the current
+
+value of the sum at time 0 is
+0 because I just noticed it.
+
+And the value of the carry
+at time 0, this is
+
+the time, is 0.
+
+And then we go off and we
+build some structure.
+
+Like, we can build a structure
+here that says you have a
+
+half-adder on input-1, input-2,
+sum, and carry.
+
+And we're going to set the
+signal on input-1 to 1.
+
+We do some propagation.
+
+At time 8, which you could see
+going through this thing if
+
+you wanted to, the new value
+of sum became 1.
+
+And the thing says I'm done.
+
+That wasn't very interesting.
+
+But we can send it some
+more signals.
+
+Like, we set-signal on
+input-2 to be one.
+
+And at that time if we
+propagate, then it carried at
+
+11, the carry becomes 1, and
+at 16, the sum's new
+
+value becomes 0.
+
+And you might want to work out
+that, if you like, about the
+
+digital circuitry.
+
+It's true, and it works.
+
+And it's not very interesting.
+
+But that's the kind
+of behavior we
+
+get out of this thing.
+
+So what I've shown you right now
+is a large-scale picture,
+
+how you, at a bigger, big
+scale, you implement an
+
+event-driven simulation
+of some sort.
+
+And how you might organize it
+to have nice hierarchical
+
+structure allowing you to build
+abstract boxes that you
+
+can instantiate.
+
+But I haven't told you any of
+the details about how this
+
+agenda and things
+like that work.
+
+That we'll do next.
+
+And that's going to involve
+change and mutation of data
+
+and things like that.
+
+Are there any questions
+now, before I go on?
+
+Thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
+
+Well, we've been making
+a simulation.
+
+And the simulation is an
+event-driven simulation where
+
+the objects in the world are the
+objects in the computer.
+
+And the changes of state that
+are happening in the world in
+
+time are organized to be time
+in the computer, so that if
+
+something happens after
+something else in the world,
+
+then we have it happen after,
+after the corresponding events
+
+happen in the same order
+in the computer.
+
+That's where we have
+assignments, when
+
+we make that alignment.
+
+Right now I want to show you a
+way of organizing time, which
+
+is an agenda or priority queue,
+it's sometimes called.
+
+We'll do some--we'll do
+a little bit of just
+
+understanding what are the
+things we need to be able to
+
+do to make agendas.
+
+And so we're going to have--and
+so right now over
+
+here, I'm going to write down
+a bunch of primitive
+
+operations for manipulating
+agendas.
+
+I'm not going to show you the
+code for them because they're
+
+all very simple, and you've got
+
+listings of all that anyway.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have things like make-agenda
+which produces a
+
+new agenda.
+
+We can ask--we get the
+current-time of an agenda,
+
+which gives me a
+number, a time.
+
+We can get--we can ask whether
+an agenda is empty,
+
+empty-agenda.
+
+And that produces either
+a true or a false.
+
+We can add an object
+to an agenda.
+
+Actually, what we add to an
+agenda is an operation--an
+
+action to be done.
+
+And that takes a time, the
+action itself, and the agenda
+
+I want to add it to.
+
+That inserts it in
+the appropriate
+
+place in the agenda.
+
+I can get the first item off an
+agenda, the first thing I
+
+have to do, which is going
+to give me an action.
+
+And I can remove the first
+item from an agenda.
+
+That's what I have to be able
+to do with agendas.
+
+That is a big complicated
+mess.
+
+From an agenda.
+
+Well, let's see how we can
+organize this thing as a data
+
+structure a bit.
+
+Well, an agenda is going to be
+some kind of list. And it's
+
+going to be a list that
+I'm going to have
+
+to be able to modify.
+
+So we have to talk about
+modifying of lists, because
+
+I'm going to add things to it,
+and delete things from it, and
+
+things like that.
+
+It's organized by time.
+
+It's probably good to keep
+it in sorted order.
+
+But sometimes there are lots of
+things that happen at the
+
+same time--approximate
+same time.
+
+What I have to do is say, group
+things by the time at
+
+which they're supposed
+to happen.
+
+So I'm going to make an agenda
+as a list of segments.
+
+And so I'm going to draw you a
+data structure for an agenda,
+
+a perfectly reasonable one.
+
+Here's an agenda.
+
+It's a thing that begins
+with a name.
+
+I'm going to do it right now
+out of list structure.
+
+It's got a header.
+
+There's a reason
+for the header.
+
+We're going to see
+the reason soon.
+
+And it will have a segment.
+
+It will have--it will be
+a list of segments.
+
+Supposing this agenda has two
+segments, they're the car's--
+
+successive car's of this
+list. Each segment is
+
+going to have a time--
+
+say for example, 10--
+
+that says that the things
+that happen in this
+
+segment are at time 10.
+
+And what I'm going to have in
+here is another data structure
+
+which I'm not going to describe,
+which is a queue of
+
+things to do at time 10.
+
+It's a queue.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that in a second.
+
+But abstractly, the queue is
+just a list of things to do at
+
+a particular time.
+
+And I can add things
+to a queue.
+
+This is a queue.
+
+There's a time, there's
+a segment.
+
+Now, I may have another segment
+in this agenda.
+
+Supposing this is stuff that
+happens at time 30.
+
+It has, of course, another
+queue of things that are
+
+queued up to be done
+at time 30.
+
+Well, there are various
+things I have to be
+
+able to do to an agenda.
+
+Supposing I want to add to an
+agenda another thing to be
+
+done at time 10.
+
+Well, that's not very hard.
+
+I'm going to walk down
+here, looking for the
+
+segment of time 10.
+
+It is possible that there is
+no segment of time 10.
+
+We'll cover that case
+in a second.
+
+But if I find a segment of time
+10, then if I want to add
+
+another thing to be done
+at time 10, I just
+
+increase that queue--
+
+"just increase" isn't such
+an obvious idea.
+
+But I increase the things
+to be done at that time.
+
+Now, supposing I want to
+add something to be
+
+done at time 20.
+
+There is no segment
+for time 20.
+
+I'm going to have to create
+a new segment.
+
+I want my time 20 segment
+to exist between
+
+time 10 and time 30.
+
+Well, that takes
+a little work.
+
+I'm going to have
+to do a CONS.
+
+I'm going to have to make a
+new element of the agenda
+
+list--list of segments.
+
+I'm going to have to change.
+
+Here's change.
+
+I'm going to have to change
+the CDR of the CDR of the
+
+agenda to point that a new CONS
+of the new segment and
+
+the CDR of the CDR of the CDR of
+the agenda, the CD-D-D-DR.
+
+And this is going to have a
+new segment now of time 20
+
+with its own queue, which now
+has one element in it.
+
+If I wanted to add something at
+the end, I'm going to have
+
+to replace the CDR of this, of
+this list with something.
+
+We're going to have to change
+that piece of data structure.
+
+So I'm going to need new
+primitives for doing this.
+
+But I'm just showing you
+why I need them.
+
+And finally, if I wanted to add
+a thing to be done at time
+
+5, I'm going to have to change
+this one, because I'm going to
+
+have to add it in over here,
+which is why I planned ahead
+
+and had a header cell,
+which has a place.
+
+If I'm going to change things,
+I have to have
+
+places for the change.
+
+I have to have a place
+to make the change.
+
+If I remove things from the
+agenda, that's not so hard.
+
+Removing them from the beginning
+is pretty easy,
+
+which is the only case I have.
+I can go looking for the
+
+first, the first segment.
+
+I see if it has a
+non-empty queue.
+
+If it has a non-empty queue,
+well, I'm going to delete one
+
+element from the queue,
+like that.
+
+If the queue ever becomes empty,
+then I have to delete
+
+the whole segment.
+
+And then this, this changes
+to point to here.
+
+So it's quite a complicated data
+structure manipulation
+
+going on, the details of which
+are not really very exciting.
+
+Now, let's talk about queues.
+
+They're similar.
+
+Because each of these agendas
+has a queue in it.
+
+What's a queue?
+
+A queue is going to have
+the following primitive
+
+operations.
+
+To make a queue, this gives
+me a new queue.
+
+I'm going to have to be
+able to insert into
+
+a queue a new item.
+
+I'm going to have to be able
+to delete from a queue the
+
+first item in the queue.
+
+And I want to be able to get the
+first thing in the queue
+
+from some queue.
+
+I also have to be able to test
+whether a queue is empty.
+
+And when you invent things like
+this, I want you to be
+
+very careful to use the kinds
+of conventions I use for
+
+naming things.
+
+Notice that I'm careful to say
+these change something and
+
+that tests it.
+
+And presumably, I did the
+same thing over here.
+
+OK, and there should be an
+empty test over here.
+
+OK, well, how would
+I make a queue?
+
+A queue wants to be something
+I can add to at the end of,
+
+and pick up the thing
+at the beginning of.
+
+I should be able to delete
+from the beginning
+
+and add to the end.
+
+Well, I'm going to show
+you a very simple
+
+structure for that.
+
+We can make this out
+of CONSes as well.
+
+Here's a queue.
+
+It has--it has a queue header,
+which contains two parts--
+
+a front pointer and
+a rear pointer.
+
+And here I have a queue
+with two items in it.
+
+The first item, I don't know,
+it's perhaps a 1.
+
+And the second item, I don't
+know, let's give it a 2.
+
+The reason why I want two
+pointers in here, a front
+
+pointer and a rear pointer,
+is so I can add to the end
+
+without having to chase down
+from the beginning.
+
+So for example, if I wanted to
+add one more item to this
+
+queue, if I want to add on
+another item to be worried
+
+about later, all I have to do is
+make a CONS, which contains
+
+that item, say a 3.
+
+That's for inserting
+3 into the queue.
+
+Then I have to change this
+pointer here to here.
+
+And I have to change this one
+to point to the new rear.
+
+If I wish to take the first
+element of the queue, the
+
+first item, I just go chasing
+down the front pointer until I
+
+find the first one
+and pick it up.
+
+If I wish to delete the first
+item from the queue,
+
+delete-queue, all I do
+is move the front
+
+pointer along this way.
+
+The new front of the
+queue is now this.
+
+So queues are very simple too.
+
+So what you see now is that I
+need a certain number of new
+
+primitive operations.
+
+And I'm going to give
+them some names.
+
+And then we're going to look
+into how they work, and how
+
+they're used.
+
+We have set the CAR of some
+pair, or a thing produced by
+
+CONSing, to a new value.
+
+And set the CDR of a pair
+to a new value.
+
+And then we're going to look
+into how they work.
+
+I needed setting CAR over
+here to delete the first
+
+element of the queue.
+
+This is the CAR, and
+I had to set it.
+
+I had to be able to set the
+CDR to be able to move the
+
+rear pointer, or to be able to
+increment the queue here.
+
+All of the operations I did were
+made out of those that I
+
+just showed you on the, on
+the last blackboard.
+
+Good.
+
+Let's pause the time, and take
+a little break then.
+
+When we originally introduced
+pairs made out of CONS, made
+
+by CONS, we only said a few
+axioms about them, which were
+
+of the form--
+
+what were they--
+
+for all X and Y, the CAR of the
+CONS of X and Y is X and
+
+the CDR of the CONS of X and Y
+is Y. Now, these say nothing
+
+about whether a CONS has an
+identity like a person.
+
+In fact, all they say is
+something sort of abstract,
+
+that a CONS is the parts
+it's made out of.
+
+And of course, two things are
+made out of the same parts,
+
+they're the same, at least
+from the point of view of
+
+these axioms.
+
+But by introducing
+assignment--
+
+in fact, mutable data is a kind
+of assignment, we have a
+
+set CAR and a set CDR--
+
+by introducing those, these
+axioms no longer tell the
+
+whole story.
+
+And they're still true if
+written exactly like this.
+
+But they don't tell
+the whole story.
+
+Because if I'm going to set a
+particular CAR in a particular
+
+CONS, the questions are, well,
+is that setting all CARs and
+
+all CONSes of the same
+two things or not?
+
+If I--if we use CONSes to make
+up things like rational
+
+numbers, or things like 3 over
+4, supposing I had two
+
+three-fourths.
+
+Are they the same one--
+
+or are they different?
+
+Well, in the case of numbers,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+Because there's no meaning
+to changing the
+
+denominator of a number.
+
+What you could do is make a
+number which has a different
+
+denominator.
+
+But the concept of changing a
+number which has to have a
+
+different denominator is sort
+of a very weird, and sort of
+
+not supported by what you
+think of as mathematics.
+
+However, when these CONSes
+represent things in the
+
+physical world, then changing
+something like the CAR is like
+
+removing a piece of
+the fingernail.
+
+And so CONSes have
+an identity.
+
+Let me show you what I mean
+about identity, first of all.
+
+Let's do some little
+example here.
+
+Supposing I define A to
+the CONS of 1 and 2.
+
+Well, what that means, first of
+all, is that somewhere in
+
+some environment I've made a
+symbol A to have a value which
+
+is a pair consisting of pointers
+to a 1 and a pointer
+
+to a 2, just like that.
+
+Now, supposing I also say define
+B to be the CONS--
+
+it doesn't matter, but I like
+it better, it's prettier--
+
+of A and A.
+
+Well, first of all, I'm using
+the name A twice.
+
+At this moment, I'm
+going to think of
+
+CONSes as having identity.
+
+This is the same one.
+
+And so what that means is I make
+another pair, which I'm
+
+going to call B. And it contains
+two pointers to A. At
+
+this point, I have three
+names for this object.
+
+A is its name.
+
+The CAR of B is its name.
+
+And the CDR of B is its name.
+
+It has several aliases,
+they're called.
+
+Now, supposing I do something
+like set-the-CAR, the CAR of
+
+the CAR of B to 3.
+
+What that means is I find the
+CAR of B, that's this.
+
+I set the CAR of that to
+be 3, changing this.
+
+I've changed A. If I were
+to ask what's the
+
+CAR of A--of A now?
+
+I would get out 3, even though
+here we see that A was the
+
+CONS of 1 and 2.
+
+I caused A to change
+by changing B.
+
+There is sharing here.
+
+That's sometimes what we want.
+
+Surely in the queues and things
+like that, that's
+
+exactly what we defined
+our--organized our data
+
+structures to facilitate--
+
+sharing.
+
+But inadvertent sharing,
+unanticipated interactions
+
+between objects, is the source
+of most of the bugs that occur
+
+in complicated programs. So by
+introducing this possibility
+
+of things having identity and
+sharing and having multiple
+
+names for the same thing,
+we get a lot of power.
+
+But we're going to pay
+for it with lots of
+
+complexity and bugs.
+
+So also, for example, if I just
+looked at this just to
+
+drive that home, the CADR of
+B, which has nothing to do
+
+with even the CAR of
+B, apparently.
+
+The CADR of B, what's that?
+
+Take that CDR of B and now
+take the CAR of that.
+
+Oh, that's 3 also.
+
+So I can have non-local
+interactions by sharing.
+
+And I have to be very
+careful of that.
+
+Well, so far, of course, it
+seems I've introduced several
+
+different assignment
+operators--
+
+set, set CAR, set CDR. Well,
+maybe I should just get rid of
+
+set CAR and set CDR. Maybe
+they're not worthwhile.
+
+Well, the answer is that once
+you let the camel's nose into
+
+the tent, the rest
+of him follows.
+
+All I have to have is set, and
+I can make all of the--all of
+
+the bad things that
+can happen.
+
+Let's play with that
+a little bit.
+
+A couple of days ago, when we
+introduced compound data, you
+
+saw Hal show you a definition
+of CONS in terms
+
+of a message acceptor.
+
+I'm going to show you even
+a more horrible thing, a
+
+definition of CONS in terms of
+nothing but air, hot air.
+
+What is the definition of CONS,
+of the old functional
+
+kind, in terms of purely
+lambdic expressions,
+
+procedures?
+
+Because I'm going to then modify
+this definition to get
+
+assignment to be only one kind
+of assignment, to get rid of
+
+the set CAR and set CDR
+in terms of set.
+
+So what if I define CONS of X
+and Y to be a procedure of one
+
+argument called a message
+M, which calls that
+
+message on X and Y?
+
+This [? idea ?] was invented by
+Alonzo Church, who was the
+
+greatest programmer of the
+20th century, although he
+
+never saw a computer.
+
+It was done in the 1930s.
+
+He was a logician, I suppose
+at Princeton at the time.
+
+Define CAR of X to be the result
+of applying X to that
+
+procedure of two arguments, A
+and D, which selects A. I will
+
+define CDR of X to be that
+procedure, to be the result of
+
+applying X to that procedure of
+A and D, which selects D.
+
+Now, you may not recognize this
+as CAR, CDR, and CONS.
+
+But I'm going to demonstrate to
+you that it satisfies the
+
+original axioms, just once.
+
+And then we're going to do
+some playing of games.
+
+Consider the problem CAR of
+CONS of, say, 35 and 47.
+
+Well, what is that?
+
+It is the result of taking car
+of the result of substituting
+
+35 and 47 for X and Y
+in the body of this.
+
+Well, that's easy enough.
+
+That's CAR of the result of
+substituting into lambda of M,
+
+M of 35 and 47.
+
+Well, what this is, is the
+result of substituting this
+
+object for X in the
+body of that.
+
+So that's just lambda of M--
+
+that's substituted, because
+this object is being
+
+substituted for X, which is
+the beginning of a list,
+
+lambda of M--
+
+M of 35 and 47, applied to that
+procedure of A and D,
+
+which gives me A. Well, that's
+the result of substituting
+
+this for M here.
+
+So that's the same thing
+as lambda of A, D, A,
+
+applied to 35 and 47.
+
+Oh, well that's 35.
+
+That's substituting 35 for A
+and for 47 for D in A. So I
+
+don't need any data at all,
+not even numbers.
+
+This is Alonso Church's hack.
+
+Well, now we're going to do
+something nasty to him.
+
+Being a logician, he
+wouldn't like this.
+
+But as programmers, let's
+look at the overhead.
+
+And here we go.
+
+I'm going to change the
+definition of CONS.
+
+It's almost the same as Alonzo
+Church's, but not quite.
+
+What do we have here?
+
+The CONS of two arguments, X
+and Y, is going to be that
+
+procedure of one argument M,
+which supplies M to X and Y as
+
+before, but also to two
+permissions, the permission to
+
+set X to N and the permission
+to set Y to N, given that I
+
+have an N.
+
+So besides the things that
+I had here in Church's
+
+definition, what I have is
+that the thing that CONS
+
+returns will apply its argument
+to not just the
+
+values of the X and Y that the
+CONS is made of, but also
+
+permissions to set X and
+Y to new values.
+
+Now, of course, just
+as before, CAR
+
+is exactly the same.
+
+The CAR of X is nothing more
+than applying X, as in
+
+Church's definition, to a
+procedure, in this case, of
+
+four arguments, which selects
+out the first one.
+
+And just as we did before, that
+will be the value of X
+
+that was contained in the
+procedure which is the result
+
+of evaluating this lambda
+expression in the environment
+
+where X and Y are defined
+over here.
+
+That's the value of CONS.
+
+Now, however, the
+exciting part.
+
+CDR, of course, is the same.
+
+The exciting part, set CAR and
+set CDR. Well, they're nothing
+
+very complicated anymore.
+
+Set CAR of a CONS X to a new
+value Y is nothing more than
+
+applying that CONS, which is
+the procedure of four--the
+
+procedure of one argument which
+applies its argument to
+
+four things, to a procedure
+which is of four arguments--
+
+the value of X, the value of
+Y, permission to set X, the
+
+permission to set Y--
+
+and using it--using that
+permission to set
+
+X to the new value.
+
+And similarly, set-cdr
+is the same thing.
+
+So what you've just seen is that
+I didn't introduce any
+
+new primitives at all.
+
+Whether or not I want to
+implement it this way is a
+
+matter of engineering.
+
+And the answer is of course I
+don't implement it this way
+
+for reasons that have to
+do with engineering.
+
+However in principle, logically,
+once I introduced
+
+one assignment operator,
+I've assigned--I've
+
+introduced them all.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Yes, David.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can follow you up
+until you get--I can follow
+
+all of that.
+
+But when we bring in the
+permissions, defining CONS in
+
+terms of the lambda N, I don't
+follow where N gets passed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+I'll show you.
+
+Let's follow it.
+
+Of course, we could do
+it on the blackboard.
+
+It's not so hard.
+
+But it's also easy here.
+
+Supposing I wish to set-cdr of
+X to Y. See that right there.
+
+set-cdr of X to Y. X is
+presumably a CONS, a thing
+
+resulting from evaluating
+CONS.
+
+Therefore X comes from a place
+over here, that that X is of
+
+the result of evaluating
+this lambda expression.
+
+Right?
+
+That when I evaluated that
+lambda expression, I evaluated
+
+it in an environment
+where the arguments
+
+to CONS were defined.
+
+That means that as free
+variables in this lambda
+
+expression, there is the--there
+are in the frame,
+
+which is the parent frame of
+this lambda expression, the
+
+procedure resulting from this
+lambda expression, X and Y
+
+have places.
+
+And it's possible to set them.
+
+I set them to an N, which
+is the argument of the
+
+permission.
+
+The permission is a procedure
+which is passed to M, which is
+
+the argument that the CONS
+object gets passed.
+
+Now, let's go back here in the
+set-cdr The CONS object, which
+
+is the first argument
+of set-cdr
+
+gets passed an argument.
+
+That--there's a procedure of
+four things, indeed, because
+
+that's the same thing as this M
+over here, which is applied
+
+to four objects.
+
+The object over here, SD, is,
+in fact, this permission.
+
+When I use SD, I apply
+it to Y, right there.
+
+So that comes from this.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what do you--
+
+PROFESSOR: So to finish that,
+the N that was here is the Y
+
+which is here.
+
+How's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, OK.
+
+Now, when you do a set-cdr,
+X is the value the
+
+CDR is going to become.
+
+PROFESSOR: The X over here.
+
+I'm sorry, that's not true.
+
+The X is--set-cdr has
+two arguments--
+
+The CONS I'm changing and the
+value I'm changing it to.
+
+So you have them backwards,
+that's all.
+
+Are there any other questions?
+
+Well, thank you.
+
+It's time for lunch.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SwW1K7Dibc8.txt b/SwW1K7Dibc8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f32bc72fd397bb52cef6888f7997e62941a0688b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SwW1K7Dibc8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements we're now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we're now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements we're now going to
+look at the first chemical enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first chemical enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the first chemical enrichment
+events and how the universe recycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and how the universe recycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and how the universe recycles
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine that this is the primordial gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is the primordial gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is the primordial gas
+leftover from after the Big Bang and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from after the Big Bang and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover from after the Big Bang and as
+we already said the first star is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said the first star is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said the first star is formed
+from this gas so here is a first star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this gas so here is a first star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this gas so here is a first star
+and stars are not static objects they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stars are not static objects they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stars are not static objects they
+actually evolve with time which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolve with time which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolve with time which is an
+interesting thing and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing and we're going to
+look into more detail at that later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into more detail at that later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into more detail at that later but
+for now we're just going to say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we're just going to say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we're just going to say that you
+know they evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example into something that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example into something that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example into something that's called
+a red giant actually it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red giant actually it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red giant actually it's going to get
+much bigger and what happens is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger and what happens is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger and what happens is already
+during this evolutionary phase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this evolutionary phase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this evolutionary phase here
+stars have strong stellar winds so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars have strong stellar winds so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars have strong stellar winds so they
+can lose mass from their surface and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose mass from their surface and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lose mass from their surface and was
+whatever is in in in that gas that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in in in that gas that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in in in that gas that's
+being lost gets put back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being lost gets put back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being lost gets put back into the
+reservoir here if this is a massive star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir here if this is a massive star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir here if this is a massive star
+which is a given in the case of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a given in the case of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a given in the case of first
+star this star is going to you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this star is going to you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this star is going to you keep
+evolving until it explodes as a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving until it explodes as a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving until it explodes as a giant
+supernova so it's an explosion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernova so it's an explosion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernova so it's an explosion of the
+star the star gets completely disrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star the star gets completely disrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star the star gets completely disrupted
+and naturally everything from the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and naturally everything from the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and naturally everything from the outer
+portions as well as the inner portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions as well as the inner portions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions as well as the inner portions
+off the star gets spilled around and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the star gets spilled around and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the star gets spilled around and put
+back into the reservoir again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the reservoir again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the reservoir again and so
+here we now have all the new elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now have all the new elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now have all the new elements
+from the core of the star that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the core of the star that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the core of the star that are being
+put in into the reservoir and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in into the reservoir and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in into the reservoir and so
+sometime later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later
+after the death of these first stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the death of these first stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the death of these first stars
+this gas cloud is chemically enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gas cloud is chemically enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gas cloud is chemically enriched
+and then the next generation of stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next generation of stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next generation of stars
+forms from from is enriched material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms from from is enriched material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms from from is enriched material
+they're evolved the massive ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evolved the massive ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evolved the massive ones
+contribute new elements make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute new elements make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute new elements make new
+elements and contribute them low-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and contribute them low-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and contribute them low-mass
+dies they don't explode as supernovae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies they don't explode as supernovae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies they don't explode as supernovae
+they just keep sitting there happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just keep sitting there happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just keep sitting there happily
+ever after pretty much so they they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after pretty much so they they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever after pretty much so they they do
+not contribute to this chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contribute to this chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contribute to this chemical
+evolution cycle but all the massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution cycle but all the massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution cycle but all the massive
+stars with every new generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars with every new generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars with every new generation
+contribute to a successive build-up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a successive build-up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a successive build-up of
+all the elements with time now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements with time now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements with time now an
+interesting consequence of that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting consequence of that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting consequence of that is that
+old stars have a lower overall abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old stars have a lower overall abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old stars have a lower overall abundance
+of these heavy elements because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these heavy elements because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these heavy elements because they're
+simply formed at a time when this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply formed at a time when this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply formed at a time when this cycle
+here had only gone round a few times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had only gone round a few times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had only gone round a few times so
+all stars contain little of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stars contain little of the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stars contain little of the heavy
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heavier than hydrogen and helium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than hydrogen and helium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than hydrogen and helium and
+consequently younger stars starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently younger stars starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently younger stars starting with
+the Sun and even younger than that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and even younger than that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and even younger than that they
+contain a relatively larger amount so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a relatively larger amount so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a relatively larger amount so
+yeah more enriched and we already had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more enriched and we already had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more enriched and we already had it
+the Sun has 1.4 percent of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun has 1.4 percent of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun has 1.4 percent of all these
+heavy elements and a star that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy elements and a star that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy elements and a star that would be
+born today would have 2 percent these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born today would have 2 percent these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born today would have 2 percent these
+old stars here however compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old stars here however compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old stars here however compared to the
+Sun contain only a millionth of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun contain only a millionth of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun contain only a millionth of what the
+Sun contains so a million's of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun contains so a million's of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun contains so a million's of one
+percent that's a really really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that's a really really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent that's a really really small
+number so that really makes all stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that really makes all stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so that really makes all stars
+stand out the issue for us is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out the issue for us is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand out the issue for us is that we
+need to figure out a way how to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out a way how to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out a way how to measure
+the element composition of our stars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element composition of our stars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element composition of our stars so
+that we can figure out are there older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can figure out are there older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can figure out are there older
+or younger which really means have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or younger which really means have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or younger which really means have
+they're formed early on in this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're formed early on in this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're formed early on in this cycle
+here or much later we equate that to old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or much later we equate that to old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or much later we equate that to old
+age or younger age but we do so without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age or younger age but we do so without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age or younger age but we do so without
+an actual age measurement so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual age measurement so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual age measurement so it's an
+inferred quantity for a quantity for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred quantity for a quantity for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred quantity for a quantity for now
+but various independent tests have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but various independent tests have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but various independent tests have shown
+that this is a pretty good assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a pretty good assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a pretty good assumption
+and that starts with very little of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that starts with very little of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that starts with very little of all
+the elements really are old and formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements really are old and formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements really are old and formed
+as some stars in these very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some stars in these very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some stars in these very early
+generations now in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations now in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations now in terms of the
+nomenclature we have to introduce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature we have to introduce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature we have to introduce one
+important term namely all stars well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term namely all stars well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term namely all stars well as
+I just said we don't really have an age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said we don't really have an age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said we don't really have an age
+measurement we just infer that it formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we just infer that it formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we just infer that it formed
+soon after the Big Bang and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the Big Bang and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the Big Bang and so what
+astronomers use is the term metal-poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers use is the term metal-poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers use is the term metal-poor
+because that actually describes what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually describes what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually describes what the
+stars composition is it is poor in heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars composition is it is poor in heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars composition is it is poor in heavy
+elements metals as astronomers say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements metals as astronomers say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements metals as astronomers say and
+it is poor compared to the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is poor compared to the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is poor compared to the Sun
+the Sun is our reference star the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun is our reference star the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun is our reference star the Sun
+has 1.4% of metals and our our old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 1.4% of metals and our our old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 1.4% of metals and our our old stars
+from the early universe contain only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early universe contain only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the early universe contain only a
+tiny tiny fraction of this here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny fraction of this here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny fraction of this here and so
+we call them metal poor and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them metal poor and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them metal poor and when you
+look for the oldest stars or want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the oldest stars or want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the oldest stars or want to
+look for the old stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the old stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the old stars
+what you actually have to do is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually have to do is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you actually have to do is you have
+to search for the most metal-poor stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for the most metal-poor stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for the most metal-poor stars
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TRVS5Wo9LoM.txt b/TRVS5Wo9LoM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9412da66ecb85119b91b9ff1c742bb19a423f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TRVS5Wo9LoM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1821 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to this recitation so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this recitation so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this recitation so in this
+recitation we're going to look at linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we're going to look at linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation we're going to look at linear
+systems with complex Roots so the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with complex Roots so the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with complex Roots so the system
+we're examining is the one giving us x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're examining is the one giving us x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're examining is the one giving us x
+dotal minus 3x - 2 and Y dot = 5x - Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotal minus 3x - 2 and Y dot = 5x - Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotal minus 3x - 2 and Y dot = 5x - Y
+and you're asked to use the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asked to use the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're asked to use the Matrix
+methods to solve this system so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve this system so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to solve this system so why
+don't you take the pose here and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take the pose here and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take the pose here and try to
+solve this problem and I'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem and I'll be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem and I'll be right
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back okay so the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back okay so the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back okay so the first step is
+to write this system in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+so introduce the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so introduce the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so introduce the vector
+XY The Matrix multiplying colum Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY The Matrix multiplying colum Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY The Matrix multiplying colum Vector
+XY again the coefficient are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY again the coefficient are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY again the coefficient are going to be
+minus 3 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 - 2
+five minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minus
+one so the first step in solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the first step in solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the first step in solving this
+system is to find the aen values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to find the aen values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to find the aen values of the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so the aan values of Matrix a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the aan values of Matrix a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the aan values of Matrix a are
+basically the solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the solutions to this
+following determinant equals to zero - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant equals to zero - 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant equals to zero - 3
+- Lambda - 2 5 -1 - Lambda determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Lambda - 2 5 -1 - Lambda determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- Lambda - 2 5 -1 - Lambda determinant
+equals to zero here the land are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to zero here the land are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to zero here the land are the
+unknown a values and to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown a values and to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown a values and to get this
+determinant we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant we're
+basically multiplying these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically multiplying these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically multiplying these two
+terms minus Min -2.5 which gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus Min -2.5 which gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms minus Min -2.5 which gives us a
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+10 so here we're going to have Landa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so here we're going to have Landa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so here we're going to have Landa
+Square 3 Lambda + one Lambda gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 3 Lambda + one Lambda gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 3 Lambda + one Lambda gives us
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+Lambda and 4 + 10 gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and 4 + 10 gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and 4 + 10 gives
+us 3 + 10 gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 so this uh second order polinomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 so this uh second order polinomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 so this uh second order polinomial in
+LDA will give us the two aen values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA will give us the two aen values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA will give us the two aen values for
+this Matrix so let's examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so let's examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix so let's examine the
+discriminant so we have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant so we have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant so we have e
+Square - 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square - 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square - 4 a
+b and this this gives us plus - 36 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and this this gives us plus - 36 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and this this gives us plus - 36 so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+discriminant is negative and that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant is negative and that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant is negative and that tells
+us that we're going to have two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we're going to have two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that we're going to have two complex
+Roots which is the title of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots which is the title of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots which is the title of the
+recitation and these two complex roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and these two complex roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and these two complex roots
+are going to be complex conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be complex conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be complex conjugate of
+each other so the formula gives us plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the formula gives us plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so the formula gives us plus
+or minus I of 6 for the root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I of 6 for the root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus I of 6 for the root of the
+discriminant here we have -4 over 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant here we have -4 over 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant here we have -4 over 2 so
+the two roots are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two roots are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two roots are basically
+- 2 plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 plus or minus
+I3 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 or 3
+I so these are our two Roots so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so these are our two Roots so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so these are our two Roots so now
+let's focus on one of the roots to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on one of the roots to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on one of the roots to get
+the Egan Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egan Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egan Vector
+associated with The Egan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with The Egan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with The Egan
+value so let's focus on the positive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so let's focus on the positive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so let's focus on the positive one
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and we could do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we could do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we could do all the
+following again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following again
+minus two thank you we can do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two thank you we can do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two thank you we can do all the
+following calculation that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following calculation that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following calculation that I'm going to
+go do now for the complex conjugate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do now for the complex conjugate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do now for the complex conjugate and
+I will explain at the end how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will explain at the end how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will explain at the end how that
+basically not change the result okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not change the result okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not change the result okay so
+for this aen value we need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this aen value we need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this aen value we need to compute
+now the a vector so to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the a vector so to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the a vector so to do that we
+basically have to use minus 3 minus I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to use minus 3 minus I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to use minus 3 minus I'm
+just going to write it the system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write it the system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write it the system here
+so that you see what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solving this system so where this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this system so where this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this system so where this where
+did this system come from it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this system come from it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this system come from it comes from
+the fact that we're looking for an aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're looking for an aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're looking for an aen
+vectors angen Vector v+ that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors angen Vector v+ that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors angen Vector v+ that is
+defined as A+ lamb plus v+ and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as A+ lamb plus v+ and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as A+ lamb plus v+ and you can
+then bring everything on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring everything on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring everything on the left hand
+side A minus lamb I applied to v+ gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side A minus lamb I applied to v+ gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side A minus lamb I applied to v+ gives
+us the zero Vector so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the zero Vector so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the zero Vector so that's what we
+have here the nknown are A1 A2 and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the nknown are A1 A2 and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the nknown are A1 A2 and we're
+going to try to solve for this so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to solve for this so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to solve for this so if we
+plug in now for the value of LDA plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now for the value of LDA plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now for the value of LDA plus
+that we have we have Min -3 + 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we have Min -3 + 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we have Min -3 + 2 which
+gives us minus1 and then we have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us minus1 and then we have a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us minus1 and then we have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and minus
+two and for the second line second entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and for the second line second entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and for the second line second entry
+of this Matrix you have five - one - - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix you have five - one - - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix you have five - one - - 2
+so we have 2 - one which is 1 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have 2 - one which is 1 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have 2 - one which is 1 and and
+then we have minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I A1 A2 = 2 0 0 so here you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I A1 A2 = 2 0 0 so here you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I A1 A2 = 2 0 0 so here you can check
+for yourself that these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself that these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself that these two equations
+given by the first line the second line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the first line the second line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the first line the second line
+are actually the same and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually the same and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually the same and so basically
+we to get A1 A2 we it's it is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to get A1 A2 we it's it is sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to get A1 A2 we it's it is sufficient
+to just solve for for example the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one where here I just wrote -1 - 3 iip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where here I just wrote -1 - 3 iip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where here I just wrote -1 - 3 iip
+by A1 - 2 A2 equals to Z and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by A1 - 2 A2 equals to Z and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by A1 - 2 A2 equals to Z and I just
+brought the minus two on this side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the minus two on this side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the minus two on this side so
+here you could see that if we pick A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could see that if we pick A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could see that if we pick A1
+equals to Z equals to + two which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z equals to + two which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z equals to + two which would
+be our first entry we can then cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our first entry we can then cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our first entry we can then cancel
+out these two and just have A2 = to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these two and just have A2 = to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these two and just have A2 = to
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+oneus 3 I so this would be one aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus 3 I so this would be one aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneus 3 I so this would be one aen
+vector associated with this aen value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector associated with this aen value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector associated with this aen value we
+could have picked other ones they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked other ones they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked other ones they're
+basically a parallel to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a parallel to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a parallel to this
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+so now what so what we need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what so what we need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what so what we need to remember
+is the meaning of all of this seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the meaning of all of this seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the meaning of all of this seeking
+The Egan values and the eggan vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Egan values and the eggan vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Egan values and the eggan vectors
+basically equivalent to seeking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically equivalent to seeking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically equivalent to seeking a
+solution in the form Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in the form Lambda T
+exponential Lambda t with the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Lambda t with the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Lambda t with the direction
+of the aen vector associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aen vector associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aen vector associated with this
+aen value so now that we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen value so now that we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aen value so now that we actually have
+this aen vector and this a value we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aen vector and this a value we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aen vector and this a value we can
+write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the
+solution and I'm just going to write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I'm just going to write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I'm just going to write uh
+the solution in x which has entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in x which has entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in x which has entries
+basically X and Y and one way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X and Y and one way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X and Y and one way of writing
+it would be just to basically first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be just to basically first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be just to basically first
+start by writing what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I'm just going to spell it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm just going to spell it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm just going to spell it out so
+we have this multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this multiplied
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 minus 3 I so what do we do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 3 I so what do we do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 3 I so what do we do with this
+well we remember our earlier formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we remember our earlier formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we remember our earlier formula so
+this is exponential minus 2 t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential minus 2 t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential minus 2 t plus
+exponential 3 I T so we can split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 3 I T so we can split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 3 I T so we can split the
+exponential 3 it into a cosine and a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 3 it into a cosine and a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential 3 it into a cosine and a s
+and this we're going to also be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we're going to also be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we're going to also be able to
+split it into the complex part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into the complex part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into the complex part and the
+real part and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and then we're going to
+combine the real Parts all the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the real Parts all the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the real Parts all the real
+parts and the complex parts so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the complex parts so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the complex parts so let's do
+that exponential minus 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential minus 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential minus 2T
+multiplying uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh basically
+cosine 3T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T plus
+I sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin
+3T for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T for the
+entry 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry 2 minus
+one minus 3 I so we have an I here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus 3 I so we have an I here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus 3 I so we have an I here and
+an I here so things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I here so things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I here so things can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined
+into a real part so in the first entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a real part so in the first entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a real part so in the first entry
+here what are we going to have we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are we going to have we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what are we going to have we're
+going to have cos 3T multiplying two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have cos 3T multiplying two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have cos 3T multiplying two
+that's going to be in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part and I'm going to keep some space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another uh entry here at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another uh entry here at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another uh entry here at the second
+entry of this Vector is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of this Vector is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of this Vector is going to give us
+cosine 3T multip by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T multip by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T multip by minus
+one oops here it should be a 3T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so
+minus cosine 3T now where where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine 3T now where where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cosine 3T now where where are we
+going to have another real part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another real part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another real part here
+it's going to come from a multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come from a multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come from a multiplication
+of I sin 3T by 3 I so the two I together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I sin 3T by 3 I so the two I together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I sin 3T by 3 I so the two I together
+gives a minus one and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a minus one and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a minus one and we end up with a
+plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3
+sin 3T so we're done for the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 3T so we're done for the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 3T so we're done for the real part
+now let's focus on the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's focus on the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's focus on the imaginary part
+what do we have we have an i sin 3T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have we have an i sin 3T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have we have an i sin 3T
+multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and we have a minus 3 I here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we have a minus 3 I here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we have a minus 3 I here
+multiplying cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying cosine
+3T so we going to have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T so we going to have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T so we going to have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T and finally this minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T and finally this minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 3T and finally this minus one
+multiplying this sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3T okay so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T okay so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T okay so now we
+did oh yeah thank you two from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did oh yeah thank you two from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did oh yeah thank you two from this
+operation okay so now we did split our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so now we did split our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so now we did split our
+solution into a real part and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into a real part and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution into a real part and imaginary
+part so how can we write the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so how can we write the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so how can we write the general
+solution of the system well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the system well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the system well we know that
+for this linear system of equations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this linear system of equations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this linear system of equations if
+uh we have a complex number that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a complex number that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a complex number that is
+solution to the linear equation then its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linear equation then its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the linear equation then its
+real part and its imaginary part are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and its imaginary part are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and its imaginary part are
+also two independent Solutions so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two independent Solutions so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also two independent Solutions so we can
+write the general solution of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the general solution of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the general solution of the system
+as a linear combination of the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of the real part
+and the imaginary part and I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary part and I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary part and I can just
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+U1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 of
+T and U2 of T here as vector and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and U2 of T here as vector and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and U2 of T here as vector and we can
+then write the general solution in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write the general solution in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write the general solution in terms
+of any constant that would be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any constant that would be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any constant that would be determined
+by the initial condition if we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the initial condition if we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the initial condition if we had one
+exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+2T along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T along
+U1 plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus C2
+exponential minus 2T along Vector U Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 2T along Vector U Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 2T along Vector U Q2
+which is also which are also functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also which are also functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also which are also functions
+of T which is the difference from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which is the difference from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which is the difference from uh
+what we had before uh so here basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before uh so here basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before uh so here basically
+we seed for the Egen values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seed for the Egen values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seed for the Egen values of the
+Matrix we looked for the Egen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we looked for the Egen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we looked for the Egen Vector
+associated with the complex aen value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the complex aen value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the complex aen value we
+were able to write the full solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to write the full solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to write the full solution and
+then because of the linearity property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because of the linearity property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because of the linearity property
+we were able to just then extract two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to just then extract two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to just then extract two
+linearly independent Solutions the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent Solutions the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent Solutions the real
+part of the solution we had and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution we had and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution we had and the
+imaginary part of the solution we had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the solution we had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the solution we had so
+what I uh mentioned earlier was that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I uh mentioned earlier was that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I uh mentioned earlier was that we
+could do this whole um this whole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this whole um this whole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this whole um this whole uh
+calculation for the other Egen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the other Egen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the other Egen value
+with a minus and we would basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus and we would basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus and we would basically just
+if you try to do it and trickle down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to do it and trickle down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to do it and trickle down
+your minus you would see that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minus you would see that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your minus you would see that basically
+you would just end up with minus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just end up with minus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would just end up with minus signs
+here uh for basically in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for basically in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for basically in front of the
+signs and what you could do then is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and what you could do then is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and what you could do then is just
+see simply absorb that minus sign for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see simply absorb that minus sign for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see simply absorb that minus sign for
+the general solution in C1 C2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution in C1 C2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution in C1 C2 and
+basically it gives you exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it gives you exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it gives you exactly the same
+form for the general solution so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the general solution so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the general solution so you
+don't need to redo it for the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to redo it for the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to redo it for the second one
+uh you would still end up with only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would still end up with only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would still end up with only two
+linearly and dependent Solutions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and dependent Solutions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and dependent Solutions not
+four okay so that ends this recitation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TUenwZezzdk.txt b/TUenwZezzdk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0e4514cfd56148ed9e07ca9b8931257d9519747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TUenwZezzdk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2964 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK,
+today's lecture will
+
+begin with photon
+states, which is
+
+a very interesting
+application of what we've
+
+learned about coherent states.
+
+And in a sense, it's
+an advanced topic.
+
+Photon states are states of
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+They are quantum states of
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+A photon, this
+particle, is a quantum
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+There's a discrete piece of
+energy and momentum carried
+
+by this particle.
+
+So when we talk
+about photon states,
+
+we're really doing
+quantum field theory.
+
+So in some sense,
+this lecture, you
+
+will see how quantum
+field theory works.
+
+A first introduction to
+quantum field theory.
+
+And it's interesting that
+the harmonic oscillator plays
+
+such an important role in that.
+
+So a key identity that we
+are going to use, of course,
+
+is this coherent states
+that were defined
+
+as displacements of the vacuum.
+
+For D, if I remember right,
+was e to the alpha a dagger
+
+minus alpha star a.
+
+And it had the property
+that a acting on alpha
+
+was equal to alpha--
+
+alpha, the operator a.
+
+So these were the
+coherent states
+
+we've been talking about.
+
+And today we're going to
+talk about photon states.
+
+So that will be probably
+about half of the lecture.
+
+And in the second
+half of the lecture,
+
+we will begin a more systematic
+study of two-state systems.
+
+Two-state systems, of
+course, are our spin states,
+
+are the classical
+two-state system.
+
+And we're going to sort
+of put it all together.
+
+We'll understand the general
+dynamics of a two-spin system,
+
+what is the most general
+Hamiltonian you can have,
+
+and therefore the
+most General Dynamics.
+
+And then we'll solve that.
+
+And we'll have two
+physical examples,
+
+one having to deal with
+the ammonia molecule.
+
+And another having to do with
+nuclear magnetic resonance.
+
+Both are applications
+of two-state systems.
+
+So till it's the end of the
+lecture, we'll be doing that.
+
+So about photon states.
+
+Well, photon states have to do
+with electromagnetic fields.
+
+That's electric and
+magnetic fields.
+
+And one important
+quantity that you
+
+know about the electromagnetic
+fields is the energy.
+
+If you have an electromagnetic
+field, you have an energy.
+
+And remember, energies have
+to do with Hamiltonians.
+
+So we're going to try to
+do a quantum description
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+Therefore, knowing the energy
+would be a good place to start.
+
+So the energy, as you know,
+in an electromagnetic field
+
+goes like e squared times
+some epsilon and b squared.
+
+And you add the two of them.
+
+So here we go.
+
+Let me write a precise formula.
+
+The energy is equal
+to 1/2 the integral
+
+over volume, epsilon 0,
+the electric field squared,
+
+plus c squared times the
+magnetic field squared.
+
+So this is our energy.
+
+And we're going to try to
+describe a configuration
+
+of electromagnetic fields.
+
+We will to focus on one mode
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+So I will imagine I have some
+sort of cavity, finite volume.
+
+And in there I have one
+electromagnetic field,
+
+what you usually called in
+802 or in 8022 or 807 a wave.
+
+A single wave with some
+wavelength, some frequency,
+
+and that's all we have.
+
+So we're going to
+simplify to the case
+
+where we have a single one
+consistent with Maxwell's
+
+equations and some boundary
+conditions that we need not
+
+worry about.
+
+And I will normalize them
+as follows with a V in here.
+
+That this is the
+volume of the system.
+
+So, volume.
+
+And that could be the
+volume of the cavity that
+
+has this electromagnetic field.
+
+Or some large box.
+
+Or you can let it almost be
+infinite and work with that
+
+as well.
+
+So we'll have a wave.
+
+Omega would be the frequency.
+
+K is omega over c for
+a electromagnetic wave.
+
+So we'll have this
+times omega sine
+
+of kz, a spatial distribution.
+
+And there will be a function
+of time, as you know.
+
+But this function
+of time, I want
+
+to leave it a little
+ambiguous at this moment--
+
+or, general.
+
+Not ambiguous, general.
+
+So I'll call it q of t,
+some function of time
+
+to be determined.
+
+There's going to be an
+electromagnetic and magnetic
+
+component to this field, By.
+
+c times By will also
+depend on z and t
+
+and will have the
+same pre-factor.
+
+I put the c here.
+
+So your c squared b
+squared also works well.
+
+Epsilon 0 v.
+
+This time I'll put another
+function, p of t cosine of kz.
+
+It's another function of time
+and I just call them that way.
+
+There is a question there.
+
+STUDENT: Why is your frequency
+outside your function of time?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just
+another constant here.
+
+STUDENT: What would
+that mean then?
+
+PROFESSOR: No particular
+meaning to it.
+
+At this moment,
+whatever this constant
+
+is you would say probably it's
+useful because you somehow
+
+wanted the q here.
+
+That has some meaning.
+
+So you probably would put
+the same constants here
+
+in first trial.
+
+You wouldn't have
+this omega here.
+
+But if you put it, this
+is just another way
+
+of changing their own
+normalization of q.
+
+So it doesn't have a
+profound meaning so far.
+
+Any other questions about this?
+
+This is and electromagnetic
+field configuration.
+
+And this q of t and p of
+t are functions of time.
+
+You know your
+Maxwell's equations.
+
+And you will check things
+related to Maxwell's equations
+
+for this configuration
+in the homework.
+
+But at this moment,
+it's not too crucial.
+
+The thing that this
+important is that we can try
+
+to calculate the energy now.
+
+And if you do it, well, the
+squares, the epsilon 0's
+
+are going to disappear.
+
+And you're going to
+have to integrate
+
+over the box, this integral of
+sine squared of kz or cosine
+
+squared of kz.
+
+The functions of
+time don't matter--
+
+this energy could
+depend on time.
+
+And the way we've prepared
+is when you integrate over
+
+sine squared of kz,
+if the box is big,
+
+it's a good situation
+where you can replace
+
+that for 1/2, which
+is the average,
+
+and 1/2 for the average of this.
+
+Or you could define
+where the box extends,
+
+from what values of z to
+what other values of z's.
+
+And so the integral, in fact,
+is not any complicated integral.
+
+And we have
+immediately the answer
+
+that energy is 1/2 p squared
+of t plus omega squared q
+
+squared of t.
+
+And that was why
+this omega was here.
+
+There's not really much to this.
+
+Except that when you square
+it and you take the integral
+
+over the volume, you replace
+the sine squared by 1/2
+
+and the cosine squared by 1/2.
+
+And that's it.
+
+So actually, the labels
+that we've chosen here
+
+are pretty good.
+
+This starts to look like
+a harmonic oscillator.
+
+Except that the mass is gone.
+
+1 over 2m p squared should
+be plus 1/2 m omega squared
+
+q squared.
+
+So the units are wrong here.
+
+p squared over 2m
+has units of energy.
+
+But p squared doesn't
+have units of energy.
+
+And 1/2 m omega squared q
+squared has units of energy
+
+but this one doesn't.
+
+So the units are a little off
+for a harmonic oscillator.
+
+So it's interesting
+to notice now.
+
+But you couldn't
+have done better.
+
+Because photons have no mass.
+
+And we're trying to describe
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+It has photons.
+
+So there's no way this could
+have showed up a mass there.
+
+There's no such thing.
+
+And that's why it
+doesn't show up.
+
+On the other hand,
+you can say, well, OK,
+
+let's see if this makes
+a minimum of sense.
+
+How do we deal with this unit?
+
+So p has units of
+square root of energy.
+
+And q has units of time
+times square root of energy.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Because omega has
+units of 1 over time.
+
+So q over time
+squared is energy.
+
+So q is t times
+square root of energy.
+
+And therefore p doesn't have the
+right units to deserve the name
+
+p.
+
+And q doesn't have the right
+units to deserve the name q.
+
+But p times q has the
+units of time times energy,
+
+which are the units of h bar.
+
+So that's good.
+
+This p and q have the
+right units in some sense.
+
+So this thing could be viewed
+as an inspiration for you.
+
+And you say at
+this moment, well,
+
+I don't know what is a quantum
+of an electromagnetic field.
+
+But here I have a
+natural correspondence
+
+between one mode of
+vibration, classical,
+
+of the electromagnetic field,
+and an energy functional
+
+that looks exactly like
+a harmonic oscillator.
+
+So I will declare these things
+to be a Hamiltonian and this p
+
+of t and q of t to be
+the Heisenberg operators
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+So what we're saying
+now is that I'm
+
+going to just call
+the Hamiltonian 1/2 p
+
+hat squared plus omega
+squared q hat squared.
+
+This is a time
+independent Hamiltonian.
+
+If you're doing Heisenberg,
+it's the same thing
+
+as the Hamiltonian that
+would have p hat square of t
+
+plus omega q hat squared of t.
+
+Now, at this moment,
+this might sound to you
+
+just too speculative.
+
+But you can do a couple of
+checks that this is reasonable.
+
+So one check, remember
+that the Hamiltonian--
+
+quantum equations of motion,
+of Heisenberg operators
+
+should look like classical
+equations of motion.
+
+So I can now compute what
+are the Heisenberg equation
+
+of motions for the operators.
+
+Remember something like v
+dt of p Heisenberg of t dt
+
+is related to h
+with p Heisenberg.
+
+And you can calculate the
+Heisenberg equations of motion.
+
+I may have signs wrong here.
+
+Nevertheless, you know those
+for the harmonic oscillator
+
+and you can write them.
+
+But you also know
+Maxwell's equations.
+
+And you can plug into
+Maxwell's equations.
+
+And that's one check you will do
+in homework, in which you will
+
+take Maxwell's equations
+and see what equations
+
+you have for q of t p of t.
+
+And then they will
+be exactly the same
+
+as the Heisenberg equations
+of motion of this Hamiltonian,
+
+giving you evidence that this
+is a reasonable thing to do.
+
+That we can think of this
+dynamical system with q and p
+
+being quantum operators.
+
+So let's accept that this is
+a Hamiltonian for this quantum
+
+system that we
+want to work with.
+
+And therefore, write the
+operators that we have.
+
+And what are they?
+
+Well, we had
+formulas with masses.
+
+But now mass goes to 1.
+
+So know the units.
+
+You cannot let in general in a
+formula mass going to 1 unless
+
+you're going to do
+something with the units.
+
+But we agreed already that these
+p's and q's have funny units.
+
+So those units are in fact
+consistent with a mass
+
+that has no units.
+
+And you can set it equal to 1.
+
+So I claim that you can take
+all the formulas we had with m
+
+and just put m equals to 1
+and nothing would go wrong.
+
+Nothing goes funny.
+
+So in particular,
+you had an expression
+
+for x that now is called q terms
+of creation and annihilation
+
+operators and now that reads--
+
+And you have an
+expression for p.
+
+And that one reads
+now a minus a dagger.
+
+These formulas used
+to have m's in there.
+
+And I've just set m equals to 1.
+
+And that should be
+the right thing.
+
+Unit-wise, indeed h bar
+omega has units of energy.
+
+And we claim that p has units of
+energy, square root of energy.
+
+So this is fine.
+
+So what else do we get
+from this Hamiltonian?
+
+Well, we can write it in
+terms of the number operators.
+
+So this Hamiltonian now,
+it's equal to h bar omega
+
+a dagger a plus 1/2.
+
+And this is just because this
+p and q written in this way
+
+corresponds to m equals to 1.
+
+And m doesn't show up
+anyway in this formula.
+
+So no reason to be worried
+that anything has gone wrong.
+
+And this is H equals to h
+bar omega, N hat plus 1/2.
+
+And this is a number operator.
+
+And then you get
+the interpretation,
+
+the physical interpretation
+that if you have states
+
+with some number operator, the
+energy is the number times h
+
+omega, which is exactly
+what we think about photons.
+
+If you have N photons
+in a given state,
+
+you would have an energy
+N times h bar omega.
+
+So it may look a little
+innocent what we've done here.
+
+But this is a
+dramatic assumption.
+
+You've really done something
+that took physicists
+
+30 years to figure out, how
+to do quantum field theory.
+
+And of course, this is
+just the very beginning.
+
+And there's lots of
+things to learn about it.
+
+But the first thing that is
+happening is that somehow--
+
+look what's happening.
+
+In normal quantum mechanics, x
+and p became quantum operators.
+
+In a sense here, this q
+and p are like x and p.
+
+But they have nothing to do with
+usual position and momentum.
+
+Nothing absolutely.
+
+q is like E really.
+
+And p is like B.
+
+So who has become
+a quantum operator?
+
+Not x and p, in a sense.
+
+E and B have become
+quantum operators.
+
+Quantum field theory is
+the idea that the fields
+
+become operators.
+
+That's what's really happening.
+
+And it seems to be
+right in the sense
+
+that our intuition that
+the state with N photos
+
+would be viewed as a
+state of a harmonic
+
+oscillator, an usual
+one with mass equals 1.
+
+So that this really
+is not a momentum
+
+and this is not a position.
+
+But they behave as that.
+
+So we can turn now this
+formula to its Heisenberg form
+
+so that q of t is square
+root of h bar over 2 omega.
+
+Remember a as a
+function of time becomes
+
+e to the minus i omega t a hat--
+
+that's the Heisenberg
+version of a--
+
+plus e to the plus i
+omega t a hat dagger.
+
+So given that, we
+can substitute back
+
+to our electric field
+that has this omega here,
+
+that has this factor in there.
+
+So I will write it
+all together here.
+
+Therefore, Ex of z t-- and
+now I've put a hat here.
+
+And z t, the t is the t of
+a Heisenberg operator now.
+
+Is equal to E naught e to
+the minus i omega t a plus
+
+e to the i omega t a
+hat dagger sine of kz,
+
+where this constant E zero is
+h bar omega over epsilon 0 V.
+
+It's just a mnemonic for
+some constant at this moment.
+
+So we plugged-in here,
+there's all these factors.
+
+There's the omega
+and there's the q.
+
+So all these factors
+together give you this.
+
+The factor and sine of kz.
+
+And this is the
+electromagnetic field operator.
+
+The electric field is not
+anymore an electric field.
+
+It's an operator.
+
+So if we want to
+get an intuition
+
+about this electric
+field operator,
+
+let's try to find its
+expectation value.
+
+It's an operator.
+
+The closest thing we can have
+an intuition about an operator
+
+is its expectation value.
+
+So very good.
+
+Let's take a photon
+state and energy
+
+eigenstate of the harmonic
+oscillator of occupation number
+
+n.
+
+And we have a state now of n
+photons, an energy eigenstate.
+
+In fact, with energy n h omega
+plus this 1/2 h bar omega.
+
+And let's figure out
+what is the expectation
+
+value of Ex in that state n.
+
+So we go to this formula.
+
+And we say, OK, it's E naught
+e to the minus i omega t n--
+
+and we're all very curious.
+
+We want to see how the
+electromagnetic field
+
+of the n-th state of the
+harmonic oscillator, n
+
+photons in an energy eigenstate,
+how does that wave look?
+
+Let's see.
+
+n a hat n plus e to the i
+omega t n a dagger n sine kz.
+
+So this is a field operator.
+
+So we put it in a
+state and we want
+
+to know how does the
+field look in that state.
+
+And how much do we get?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.
+
+OK, that seems a little strange.
+
+Because indeed,
+the matrix element
+
+of a in an energy
+eigenstate is 0.
+
+This reduces, makes n
+minus 1 orthogonal to this.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+And this is n plus 1 n.
+
+This is 0.
+
+So actually no great
+illumination has happened.
+
+We got 0.
+
+So actually this
+is not too strange.
+
+Energy eigenstates
+are very unintuitive.
+
+The energy eigenstate of
+a harmonic oscillator,
+
+the n-th state is some sort
+of wave that is like that.
+
+Nothing changes in
+time in that wave.
+
+Nothing all that
+interesting happens.
+
+So the fact that this
+electromagnetic field operator
+
+has zero expectation value
+on this n photon state
+
+is maybe not too surprising.
+
+So let's take a more
+thoughtful state.
+
+We've said so many times
+that coherent states
+
+act like classical states.
+
+So let's put a coherent state
+of photons into this state.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Now the state will
+be an alpha state,
+
+which is a coherent state.
+
+And therefore, the expectation
+value of Ex on the alpha state
+
+will be equal to E naught
+e to the minus i omega
+
+t alpha a alpha plus e to
+the plus i omega t alpha
+
+a hat dagger alpha sine of kz.
+
+Well, we're in better shape now.
+
+a on alpha is the
+number alpha, as we
+
+reviewed at the beginning.
+
+And then alpha with alpha is 1.
+
+Remember, it's a unitary
+transform of the vacuum.
+
+Therefore, this
+whole thing is alpha.
+
+So this is E naught alpha being
+a number e to the minus i omega
+
+t plus here is alpha star e
+to the i omega t sine of kz.
+
+And now we're very happy.
+
+The coherent state is the state
+for which the expectation value
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field is precisely
+
+the kind of waves you've
+seen all your life.
+
+This wave, travelling
+waves, stationary waves.
+
+All those only appeared
+because only on coherent states
+
+a and a dagger have
+expectation values.
+
+So what we really call a
+classical wave resonating
+
+in a cavity is a coherent state
+of the electromagnetic field
+
+in this sense.
+
+The state of photons
+form a coherent state.
+
+They're not an
+energy eigenstate.
+
+They're not positioned
+for anything.
+
+They're not the number
+eigenstates either,
+
+because they're not
+an energy eigenstates.
+
+They have uncertainties.
+
+But they have a nice,
+classical picture.
+
+The expectation value of
+the operator is a real wave.
+
+So any time in 802 or in 8022,
+you have a classical wave
+
+to analyze, the quantum
+description of that wave
+
+is a coherent state of
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+Lasers are coherent states
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+They have these
+uncertainties that we
+
+discussed last time with number
+and phase that are very strong.
+
+If the number goes large,
+then certainty on the phase
+
+is extremely small.
+
+So there we go.
+
+This is a coherent state.
+
+We can do a little more on
+that, write it more explicitly.
+
+This is epsilon 2 E
+not, the real part
+
+of alpha e to the minus
+i omega t sine of kz.
+
+And if we write,
+for example, alpha
+
+to be length of alpha
+e to the i theta,
+
+then this would be 2 E not.
+
+Length of alpha would
+go out, and the i theta
+
+to minus i omega
+t would give you
+
+cosine of omega t
+minus theta sine of kz.
+
+And this is something
+like a standing wave.
+
+It just changes in time and with
+a fixed spatial distribution.
+
+So it's a classical wave,
+and nevertheless, it
+
+has a good description
+classically,
+
+a good description
+quantum mechanically.
+
+It's a coherent state.
+
+And its energy is
+the expectation value
+
+of the Hamiltonian.
+
+The expectation
+value of the energy--
+
+let me write this expectation
+value-- of H is H omega.
+
+Expectation value of N plus 1/2.
+
+And in a coherent state,
+the expectation value of N
+
+is alpha squared.
+
+So you have this of the
+coherent state alpha
+
+has alpha squared photons.
+
+And that's because it's
+the number operator,
+
+and that's pretty much the end
+of our story for photon states.
+
+There's more that one could do.
+
+One could do basically all
+kinds of things put together
+
+different modes.
+
+We considered here one mode.
+
+You could consider
+electric fields
+
+have superposition
+of modes and discuss
+
+commutation relations
+for the field operators,
+
+and all kinds of things.
+
+But that's really a quantum
+field theory course.
+
+At this moment, the main
+story I wanted to get across
+
+is that naturally, the harmonic
+oscillator has entered here,
+
+but in a very funny way.
+
+q and p were not
+positioned in momentum,
+
+were basically electric
+field and magnetic field.
+
+And there's an
+uncertainty between
+
+electric and magnetic fields.
+
+And the result of all this is
+that at the end of the day,
+
+you have a description
+by a harmonic oscillator
+
+and with energy levels that
+correspond to different amount
+
+of photons in the field.
+
+Finally, the classical
+things, if you
+
+want to recover
+classical waves, you
+
+must consider coherence states.
+
+These are the states
+that were classical.
+
+When you looked at the harmonic
+oscillator doing motion
+
+and for electromagnetic
+field, they
+
+give you the
+classical wave picture
+
+of an electric and
+magnetic field oscillating
+
+in position and time.
+
+So are there any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If we're
+associating h bar
+
+with [INAUDIBLE],, what object
+would you associate the zero
+
+point energy with?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it's
+a zero point energy
+
+of this quantum of vibration.
+
+So just like an
+electromagnetic field,
+
+basically, if this
+is like q and p,
+
+there's a minimum
+energy state in which
+
+you're in the ground state
+of the harmonic oscillator.
+
+But E and B cannot be zero, like
+delta x and delta p cannot be
+
+zero.
+
+So every mode of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+has a zero point energy.
+
+You cannot reduce it.
+
+So the vacuum of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+has a lot of zero
+point energies, one
+
+for every mode of radiation.
+
+Now, that zero point energies
+don't get you in trouble
+
+unless you're trying
+to do gravity.
+
+Gravity's the universal force
+and universal interaction
+
+that notes every bit of energy.
+
+So your zero point energies
+are quite important if you
+
+consider gravity.
+
+And you would have encountered
+here the first complication
+
+associated with
+quantum field theory.
+
+Every mode of the
+electromagnetic field--
+
+a frequency one, a frequency
+1.1, a frequency 1.2--
+
+every one of them has a ground
+state energy of 1/2H bar omega.
+
+If you add them all
+up, you get infinity.
+
+So you get an infinity
+of ground state energies.
+
+And people have learned how
+to work with this infinities.
+
+That infinity is not physical.
+
+But, if you suitably
+treat it, you
+
+can figure out all
+kinds of things.
+
+And there's several
+people, I think
+
+even some
+undergraduates, working
+
+on this with Professor
+Kardar and Professor Jaffe,
+
+called Casimir energies,
+in which the zero point
+
+energies of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+are treated in a
+more careful way,
+
+and the infinities are
+seen to be irrelevant,
+
+but there are some physical
+dependence on the parameters
+
+that keeps there.
+
+So you see the origin of
+this is because every mode
+
+of the electromagnetic field
+has a zero point energy, just
+
+like any quantum oscillator.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+uncountable things,
+
+we already have seen some.
+
+Maybe they didn't look
+that sophisticated,
+
+but we had position states
+that were uncountable.
+
+So the electromagnetic field,
+yes, it has uncountable things.
+
+And there's nothing
+wrong about it.
+
+You just have to
+work with integrals.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, no, no.
+
+They're not really normalized
+because just like these states,
+
+the position states
+are not normalized,
+
+they're delta function
+normalized and things
+
+like that.
+
+So look, if you want to avoid
+conceptual troubles with that,
+
+people and many
+physicists and textbooks
+
+on quantum field theory begin
+with space, a big, big, box.
+
+And then you see that it
+works for any size box,
+
+and then you say, well, it will
+work if the box is infinite.
+
+And we just proceed.
+
+All right.
+
+So I'll move on now to the
+second part of the lecture
+
+that deals with two-state
+systems and spin
+
+states and goes back and puts
+together a few of the things
+
+we've been doing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+close the sun shade?
+
+I can't really see the board.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, sure.
+
+Board.
+
+I think maybe we
+need all the way?
+
+No, that won't
+make a difference.
+
+It's the other shades, I think.
+
+I'll leave it like that.
+
+Maybe I should use another
+board for the people
+
+that watch these movies.
+
+That may be better.
+
+So let's do this board.
+
+OK, so here's what we
+want to understand.
+
+Two-state systems.
+
+It's probably going
+to be about this,
+
+and two more lectures on that.
+
+And what we want to understand
+first is spin procession.
+
+You say, well, spin
+procession looks
+
+like a very particular
+kind of problem.
+
+When you have spins, you
+have magnetic fields.
+
+But at the end of
+the day, what we
+
+will see is that spin process--
+
+you can view any
+two-state system
+
+as a system in which you've
+put a spin in a magnetic field.
+
+Even though you may be
+talking about electrons
+
+shared between two atoms, or
+ammonia molecule, or anything
+
+like that.
+
+Mathematically, you go
+back always to spins.
+
+Because spins are things we
+have become familiar already.
+
+So we exploit that
+to the maximum.
+
+So we do the one thing we
+haven't done rigorously so far,
+
+and then we'll explore
+this analogy to some point.
+
+So what was our
+discussion of spin?
+
+So two-state systems, and we'll
+begin with spin procession.
+
+So the idea of spin procession
+all arises, as you remember,
+
+because if you have a charged
+particle that has some spin,
+
+there's a relation between
+the particle's magnetic moment
+
+and the spin, or the angular
+momentum, of that particle,
+
+of that little ball of material.
+
+And we made an argument
+that this was just
+
+q over 2m times the
+angular momentum.
+
+And this will be
+angular momentum.
+
+This was classical.
+
+Nevertheless, the
+fact that we claim
+
+is true quantum mechanically
+is that in fact this idea is
+
+roughly right, except that
+there's two modifications.
+
+The true magnetic moment that
+enters into the Hamiltonian
+
+under the particle has
+is not quite the same
+
+as suggested by the
+classical argument,
+
+but it's modified by a g factor.
+
+And that modification
+is important.
+
+And this S is not just a plain
+classical angular momentum
+
+of a rotated ball with
+some mass and some radius,
+
+but it's a spin angular momentum
+and intrinsic angular momentum.
+
+A rather abstract
+thing that in fact
+
+should be best viewed
+as an operator,
+
+and that's the way
+we've thought about it.
+
+The magnetic dipole moment
+now becomes an operator,
+
+because it's proportional
+to the spin operator.
+
+So it's an operator.
+
+And different values of g
+apply for different particles.
+
+And we saw that g equals 2
+applies for the electron.
+
+That's a famous value,
+in fact predicted
+
+by Dirac's equation,
+relativistic equation,
+
+for the electron, and observed
+to great accuracy of course
+
+as well.
+
+And for other particles, like
+the proton or the neutron,
+
+the quantity g has
+different values.
+
+You might be surprised that the
+neutron has a dipole moment.
+
+Because you would say a neutron
+is an uncharged particle,
+
+so a charge rotating
+doesn't do anything.
+
+Nevertheless, a
+neutron is uncharged,
+
+but it has three quarks,
+two with some charge, one
+
+with an opposite charge
+to the other two.
+
+And if they distribute cleverly,
+say the negative ones are
+
+farther away from the
+center, and in the center
+
+is the positive one, this could
+have angular magnetic moment.
+
+And in fact, it does
+have magnetic moment.
+
+The neutron has a
+significant magnetic moment.
+
+So at the end of
+the day, we're going
+
+to write this as
+mu equal gamma S.
+
+And this constant gamma is going
+to summarize everything, g, q,
+
+m, all these things.
+
+And this will be
+a good notation.
+
+Gamma S is brief and simple.
+
+And this constant,
+we're going to use it.
+
+So the Hamiltonian minus mu
+dot B is a quantum Hamiltonian
+
+because mu is an operator.
+
+B, at this moment, even
+though we were just
+
+talking about
+photon states, this
+
+will be a static
+magnetic field typically.
+
+Can be a to time
+dependent, but it will not
+
+be sufficiently important
+if it has time dependence,
+
+and we have to quantize it and
+to think of it as a quantum
+
+field.
+
+But in some problems
+of radiation
+
+of electromagnetic fields
+by the motion of spins,
+
+you would have to quantize
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+But this is not the case now.
+
+So this is minus gamma S
+dot B. And we typically
+
+like to write it as
+minus gamma B dot S.
+
+And that means very explicitly
+minus gamma BxSx operator
+
+plus BySy operator
+plus BzSz operator.
+
+So let me remind you of
+a simple situation when
+
+you had a magnetic field
+in the z direction.
+
+B along z if B is B times z hat.
+
+Then H is minus gamma.
+
+BSz.
+
+And the unitary operator
+that generates time evolution
+
+of states, the unitary operator
+u of t0 is exponential minus i.
+
+I'll call it H sub s for spin.
+
+H sub s t over H bar.
+
+And I'll put it like this
+exponential of minus i minus
+
+gamma B t Sz over H bar.
+
+So I substituted
+what Hs is, moved
+
+the t sort of inside the
+parentheses minus gamma B Sz.
+
+I put the Sz out
+and put this here.
+
+So far so good?
+
+This is our time
+development operator.
+
+Now, I want you to
+recall one property
+
+that you only justified by
+checking it in the homework.
+
+But in the next few
+lectures, we will just
+
+make sure you understand this
+why it's true in general.
+
+But we talked in the homework
+about an operator Rn sub alpha,
+
+which was exponential of
+minus i alpha Sn over H bar.
+
+Where n was a unit
+vector, and Sn
+
+is defined as n dot S.
+So nxSx, nySy, nzSz.
+
+So this operator
+that you considered
+
+was called the
+rotation operator,
+
+and it did perform
+rotation of spin states.
+
+In fact, what it did was rotate
+any spin state by an angle,
+
+alpha, around the nth direction.
+
+So if you had the
+n direction here,
+
+and you had any spin state
+in some arbitrary direction,
+
+it would rotate it by an
+angle alpha around this.
+
+So you have this,
+it would rotate it
+
+to another point over here
+with an angle alpha in between.
+
+So in words, it rotates
+by an angle alpha,
+
+rotates spin states.
+
+And when you think
+of a spin state,
+
+you must think of some n
+vector, n prime vector.
+
+So maybe n prime here
+would be a good notation.
+
+So you have a spin state
+in the n prime direction.
+
+Remember your spin states
+were of the form n plus minus.
+
+Well, the state that
+points in the direction n
+
+is n plus, so some
+n prime direction.
+
+This operator rotates those
+states by an angle alpha.
+
+Now, it probably is a little
+vague in your mind, that idea,
+
+because you checked
+it several weeks ago.
+
+And you only checked it by
+taking some particular states
+
+and rotating them.
+
+So we will have to elaborate
+on this, and we will.
+
+So this will become
+clear that this
+
+rotates any spin state by
+an angle alpha and rotates
+
+spin states using an axis, with
+respect to the axis defined
+
+by n over here.
+
+So that's interpretation of
+this state, of this operator.
+
+That's what it does.
+
+And now I want you to
+look at this operator.
+
+Well, it's similar.
+
+In fact, this plays
+the role of alpha,
+
+and this plays the role of Sn.
+
+So this is the spin
+in the z direction,
+
+and this operator
+must rotate states
+
+by this angle alpha,
+which is gamma Bt.
+
+If what we said is right, that's
+what this operator must do.
+
+Even though I think you've
+done this calculation as part
+
+of tests, problems,
+or other problems,
+
+practice problems,
+not quite homework.,
+
+I want to do this
+calculation again.
+
+So let's take an
+arbitrary spin state, xyz.
+
+Now, don't confuse the arbitrary
+spin states with the n here.
+
+The n is here the axis around
+which this Hamiltonian rotates
+
+states.
+
+But there's no states here.
+
+This is a rotation operator.
+
+I'm sorry, I called
+it a Hamiltonian.
+
+It's not precise.
+
+This is a unitary operator.
+
+It rotates states.
+
+And this is the direction,
+the axis, of rotation.
+
+Your spin state
+is another object.
+
+It's a spin that lives
+in some direction.
+
+So here, we're having
+the magnetic field
+
+in the z direction.
+
+So the magnetic field is here.
+
+And we'll put a spin
+state over here, an n,
+
+a spin state that has some value
+of phi and some value of theta.
+
+And that's the spin state
+at time equals zero.
+
+So psi 0 is the spin state this
+that with your formula sheet,
+
+this cosine theta over 2
+plus plus sine theta over 2 e
+
+to the i phi, I think
+with a plus, yes.
+
+I'll call it phi not, and
+maybe theta naught, y naught,
+
+and minus.
+
+So this is a state, a spin state
+pointing in this direction,
+
+the direction n.
+
+That was the general
+formula for a spin state.
+
+Now we are going to apply the
+operator, the time evolution
+
+operator.
+
+But let's do a
+preliminary calculation.
+
+HS on plus is minus gamma B
+Sz on plus minus gamma B H
+
+bar over 2 plus, and Hs
+minus is equal to minus
+
+gamma BSz on minus equal plus
+gamma B H bar over 2 minus.
+
+So we want to add with this
+operator on this state.
+
+So here we have it,
+the state that any time
+
+is going to be E to the
+minus iHst over H bar times
+
+this state over here
+acting on psi 0.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+Well, on the first term
+is cosine theta 0 over 2.
+
+And you have this
+exponent acting on plus.
+
+But the exponent has Hs
+that's acting on plus is this.
+
+So you can just put that
+thing on the exponent.
+
+So you put e to the
+minus i, and Hs on plus
+
+is this, minus gamma
+B H bar over 2.
+
+Then you have the p and
+the H bar and the plus.
+
+And continue here.
+
+So we just need to do the second
+term, plus sine theta over 2,
+
+e to the minus i.
+
+And now the same thing,
+but with a plus sign.
+
+Plus gamma B H bar over 2, t
+over H bar on the minus state.
+
+So just in case I
+got you confused
+
+and the small type
+is a problem here,
+
+this operator active on initial
+state just acts on plus,
+
+then acts on minus.
+
+On plus, the operator
+is an eigen state.
+
+So you can just put the
+number in the exponential.
+
+So you put the plus eigen
+value, the minus eigen value.
+
+So what do we get?
+
+Psi t is equal, cosine theta
+naught over 2, e to the i gamma
+
+B t over 2 plus sine
+theta naught over 2, e
+
+to the minus i gamma
+B t over 2 minus.
+
+Now, this state
+this is not quite--
+
+I hope I got my signs right.
+
+Yes.
+
+This state is not
+quite in readable form.
+
+To compare it with
+a general end state,
+
+you need null phase here.
+
+So we must factor
+this phase out.
+
+e to the i gamma B t over 2.
+
+And it's an irrelevant phase.
+
+So then you have cosine
+theta naught over 2
+
+plus sine theta naught over 2.
+
+I'm sorry, I forgot to have
+the e to the i phi naught here.
+
+I didn't copy it.
+
+So here, what do we have?
+
+e to the i phi naught
+minus gamma B t minus.
+
+Look, when you
+factor this one out,
+
+you get minus the
+same thing here.
+
+So this becomes a minus 1.
+
+And then you put the two faces
+together, and you got that.
+
+So now you look at
+this state, and you
+
+say, oh, I know what this is.
+
+This is a spin state that has
+theta as a function of time,
+
+just theta naught.
+
+But the angle, phi,
+as a function of time
+
+is phi naught minus gamma B t.
+
+So this spin will precess
+and will go like this.
+
+Phi naught minus gamma B t is
+the phi as a function of time.
+
+So have the magnetic field.
+
+You have a procession
+of the spin over here.
+
+So this is spin procession.
+
+And indeed, this is exactly
+what we're claiming here.
+
+If this rotates states
+by an angle alpha,
+
+this operator, this Hamiltonian
+that we've discussed here,
+
+must rotate states by this angle
+alpha, which is minus gamma Bt,
+
+along the z-axis.
+
+So you have the z-axis, and
+you rotate by minus gamma Bt.
+
+The sine is the reason the
+phi decreases in time and goes
+
+in this direction, as opposed
+to going in the other direction.
+
+So this is a basic confirmation
+of what the spin is doing.
+
+And I want to give you the
+general result so that you
+
+can really use it more clearly.
+
+So I think the lights
+are gone, so we
+
+can go to this blackboard.
+
+First of all, classical picture.
+
+What is it about
+spin procession?
+
+Is it a quantum phenomenon or a
+classical phenomenon, or both?
+
+Well, it's really both.
+
+And this idea of
+procession, you can
+
+get it from the classical
+picture as well.
+
+So what do you have?
+
+If you have a mu in a B
+field, you get a torque.
+
+And that you can easily
+convince yourself.
+
+I'm sure you've done
+the computation in 802.
+
+You have a little
+square wire not
+
+aligned with the magnetic field.
+
+You calculate the force on one
+side, the force on the other.
+
+You see that there is a torque.
+
+And the torque is given by
+mu cross B. That's E and M.
+
+On the other hand, the rate
+of change of angular momentum
+
+is the torque.
+
+So this is mu cross
+B. But mu is gamma
+
+S, so this is gamma S cross B.
+And this is minus gamma B cross
+
+S.
+
+OK.
+
+This equation, which I
+rewrite it here, ds/dt equals
+
+minus gamma B cross S,
+is a particular case
+
+of a very famous equation
+in classical mechanics,
+
+and this equation for
+a rotating vector.
+
+If you have a vector,
+dx/dt is omega cross x.
+
+This is the equation
+satisfied by a vector
+
+x that is rotating with angular
+frequency omega around the axis
+
+defined by the vector omega.
+
+A famous equation.
+
+OK, so you have here
+omega vector is omega n.
+
+So here is the direction
+of n, the unit vector.
+
+Here's omega.
+
+And you have a
+vector x over here.
+
+Then this vector, the
+solution of this equation,
+
+is a vector that is rotating
+around omega with the angular
+
+velocity magnitude of omega.
+
+In the notes, I just
+give a little hint
+
+of how you derive that.
+
+But truly speaking,
+you guys should
+
+be able to just
+scribble a few notes
+
+if you don't know the situation
+by heart, and convince yourself
+
+this is true.
+
+So this equation is
+of that form in which
+
+the omega x is played by
+S. Omega is minus gamma B.
+
+So this defines what is called
+the Larmor frequency, which
+
+is minus gamma B, is
+the Larmor frequency.
+
+Now, this Larmor
+frequency is precisely
+
+that one because
+was minus gamma B.
+
+And here you have
+minus gamma B times t.
+
+Omega times t is the angle.
+
+So in fact, this is rotating
+with a Larmor frequency.
+
+And there you go.
+
+In the same blackboard, you
+have a classical mechanics
+
+derivation of the
+Larmor frequency
+
+and a quantum
+mechanical derivation
+
+of the Larmor frequency.
+
+Again, at the end of the
+day, this is no coincidence.
+
+We've made dynamical
+classical variables
+
+into quantum operators, and we
+haven't changed the physics.
+
+Mu dot B is a classical energy.
+
+Well, it became Hamiltonian,
+and it's doing the right thing.
+
+So we can now use the
+Larmor frequency to rewrite
+
+the Hamiltonian, of course.
+
+It's here.
+
+So a little bit of
+emphasis is worth it.
+
+Hs is minus mu dot B, and
+it's minus gamma B dot S,
+
+and it's finally equal
+to omega L dot S.
+
+So if somebody gives
+you a Hamiltonian
+
+that at the end of the
+day, you can write it
+
+as some vector dot S, you
+already know that for spins,
+
+that is the Larmor
+frequency of rotation.
+
+It's a very simple thing.
+
+Hs, something times
+S, well that's
+
+precisely the rotation
+frequency for the spin states.
+
+They will all rotate that way.
+
+So we can say that the spin
+states in this Hamiltonian
+
+rotate with omega L frequency.
+
+So that's good.
+
+That's a general discussion of
+precession in a magnetic field.
+
+But I want to go one more
+step in generalization.
+
+It's a simple step,
+but let's just take it.
+
+So that you see
+even more generally
+
+why any system can be
+thought of as a spin system.
+
+And this is quite practical.
+
+In fact, it's
+probably the best way
+
+to imagine physically, the
+effects of any Hamiltonian.
+
+So let's consider
+time-independent Hamiltonians
+
+the most general Hamiltonian
+for a two-state system.
+
+How can it be?
+
+Well, a two-state
+system, remember
+
+two-state system is a word.
+
+It really means a system
+with two basis states.
+
+Once you have two basis
+states, a plus and the minus
+
+have infinitely many
+states, of course.
+
+But two-state system
+is two basis states.
+
+And therefore, in
+the Hamiltonian,
+
+in this two basis states,
+is a 2 by 2 matrix.
+
+And it's a 2 by 2
+Hermitian matrix.
+
+So there's not too
+much it can be.
+
+In fact, you can have
+a constant that I
+
+will call maybe not the base
+notation, g naught and g
+
+naught.
+
+And that's Hermitian.
+
+It's real constant.
+
+You can put a g3 and a minus g3.
+
+That's still Hermitian.
+
+And that's reasonable.
+
+There's no reason why this
+number should be equal to this.
+
+So there are two numbers here
+that are arbitrary, real.
+
+And therefore, you can put
+them wherever you want.
+
+And I decided to call
+one g naught plus g3
+
+and one g naught minus g3.
+
+Here, I can put again an
+arbitrary complex number,
+
+as long as I put here
+the complex conjugate.
+
+So I will call this g1 minus
+ig2, and this g1 plus ig2.
+
+And that's the most
+general 2 by 2 Hamiltonian.
+
+Tonya If those would be
+time-dependent functions,
+
+this is the most general
+Hamiltonian ever for a 2
+
+by 2 system.
+
+It doesn't get more complicated.
+
+That's a great
+advantage of this.
+
+But I've written it
+in a way that you
+
+can recognize something.
+
+You can recognize that
+this is g naught times
+
+the identity plus g1 times sigma
+1 plus g2 times sigma 2 plus g3
+
+times sigma 3.
+
+And this is because the
+Pauli matrices are, together
+
+with the unit matrix, a
+basis for all Hermitian 2
+
+by 2 matrices.
+
+So the Pauli matrices
+are Hermitian.
+
+The unit matrix is Hermitian.
+
+The most general 2
+by 2 Hermitian matrix
+
+is a number times the one
+matrix, then number times
+
+the first part, then number,
+second, number, third.
+
+OK.
+
+So at this moment, we've got
+the most general Hamiltonian.
+
+And I will write it as g
+naught times 1 plus g vector
+
+dot sigma, where g
+vector is g1, g2, g3.
+
+If we write the g
+vector as length
+
+of g, which is
+just the letter g,
+
+shouldn't be confused because
+we have g not, g1, g2, g3,
+
+but we haven't had a
+g without an index.
+
+So g without an
+index is going to be
+
+the magnitude of g
+vector, and n is going
+
+to be a particular vector.
+
+So look, you're talking about
+the most general Hamiltonian,
+
+and you're saying it's most
+easily understood as g naught
+
+multiplying the identity,
+and that g vector
+
+multiplying the sigma vector.
+
+So on the other hand, g is this.
+
+So this is also g naught 1
+plus g times n dot sigma.
+
+But let's continue here.
+
+We know how to
+solve this problem.
+
+And you can say,
+well, all right.
+
+I have to diagonalize this
+matrix, find the eigen vectors,
+
+find the eigenvalues,
+and all that.
+
+But you've done all that work.
+
+It's already been done.
+
+What were the eigen states?
+
+Well, n dot sigma,
+the eigen states
+
+were the end states, the
+spin states, n plus minus.
+
+And they were plus minus
+n comma plus minus.
+
+Remember that S
+is H over 2 sigma.
+
+So this corresponds to n dot
+S on n plus minus equal plus
+
+minus H bar over 2
+n plus minus, which
+
+might be the form in which
+you remember it better.
+
+But the sigma
+matrices, n dot sigma
+
+is diagonalized
+precisely by this thing.
+
+So in fact, you never have
+to diagonalize this matrix.
+
+It's already been done for you.
+
+And these are the eigen
+states of this Hamiltonian.
+
+And what is the value of
+the energy on n plus minus?
+
+Well, energy on n plus minus
+is g naught times 1 plus g n
+
+dot sigma on the n plus minus.
+
+And g naught times
+1 here on this state
+
+is g naught plus g n dot
+sigma, the thing is plus minus.
+
+So plus minus g, n plus minus.
+
+So in fact, you
+have the energies,
+
+and you have the eigen vectors.
+
+So the eigen states are n
+plus with energy equal g
+
+naught plus g and n minus with
+energy equal g naught minus g.
+
+So what we did by inventing
+the Pauli matrices
+
+and inventing spin
+states and all
+
+that was solve for you the most
+general 2 by 2 Hamiltonian,
+
+Hermitian Hamiltonian.
+
+If you have a 2 by
+2 Hermitian matrix,
+
+you don't have to
+diagonalize it by hand.
+
+You know the answers
+are this state.
+
+And how do you
+build those states?
+
+Well, you know what n is
+because you know the g's.
+
+If you know the three g's,
+you know what the vector g is.
+
+You know what the vector n is.
+
+You know what this g is as well.
+
+And therefore, with a vector
+n, you construct this state,
+
+as you know already very well.
+
+And given that you
+know g and g not,
+
+well the energies are
+this, at the splitting
+
+is 2g between those states.
+
+This is the ground state.
+
+This is the excited state.
+
+Splitting two g's, so you
+look at the Hamiltonian,
+
+and you say, what's the
+splitting between the two eigen
+
+states of this.
+
+You just take this numbers,
+compute g, and multiply by 2.
+
+Now, last thing
+that you would want
+
+to do with this Hamiltonian
+is time evolution.
+
+So what do we say
+about time evolution?
+
+Well, we have here
+H is equal to this.
+
+And we also had omega L dot
+S. So omega L dot S in here
+
+should be identified with this.
+
+So sigma and S, as you remember,
+S is equal H bar over 2 sigma.
+
+So this term can be
+written as g vector sigma.
+
+In fact, this is
+better from here.
+
+g vector sigma, and
+sigma is H bar over 2S.
+
+I got a 2 over H bar.
+
+2 over H bar S.
+
+So from here, g dot sigma is
+2g over H bar S. And remember,
+
+a Hamiltonian for a
+spin system, whatever's
+
+multiplying the vector
+that is multiplying S
+
+is omega L. So in this system--
+
+I will write it like that--
+
+omega L is 2g over H bar.
+
+And this is a great
+physical help.
+
+Because now that
+you have this, I
+
+should remark this
+part of the Hamiltonian
+
+is the one that does procession.
+
+A part proportional to the
+identity cannot do procession,
+
+is just a constant term that
+produces a constant phase,
+
+just produces a pure phase.
+
+That's a change,
+an overall phase
+
+that doesn't change the state.
+
+You would have an extra factor
+of e to the minus i times
+
+that constant, g
+naught t over H bar,
+
+multiplying all the states.
+
+Doesn't change the action
+on plus or minus state.
+
+It's an overall phase.
+
+This term in the Hamiltonian
+is almost never very important.
+
+It doesn't do anything
+to the physical states,
+
+just gives them pure phases.
+
+And this term is the
+thing that matters.
+
+So now with this
+Hamiltonian, because g
+
+dot sigma is the form
+of the Hamiltonian,
+
+and we've identified this
+physical phenomenon of Larmor
+
+frequency, if you know your
+vector g for any Hamiltonian,
+
+this might be the Hamiltonian
+for ammonia molecule,
+
+then you know how the
+states evolve in time.
+
+Because you represent the state.
+
+You have one state
+and a second state.
+
+You think of the one
+state as the plus
+
+of a spin, the minus of a spin.
+
+And then you know that this
+is processing with this Larmor
+
+frequency.
+
+So it may sound a little
+abstract at this moment,
+
+but this gives you the way
+to evolve any arbitrary state
+
+intuitively.
+
+You know the vector
+V where it points.
+
+You know where your state points
+in the configuration space.
+
+And you have a physical picture
+of what it does in time.
+
+It's always precessing.
+
+Therefore, the dynamics of
+a two-state system in time
+
+is always procession, and
+that's what we have to learn.
+
+So next time will be ammonia
+molecule, and then NMR.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TUueMeRooBk.txt b/TUueMeRooBk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d795d2890035033c034b19052cb610b1488da9e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TUueMeRooBk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we come to a interesting variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to a interesting variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to a interesting variant
+of ordinary induction called strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary induction called strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary induction called strong
+induction and here's how it works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and here's how it works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and here's how it works with
+strong induction just as with ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong induction just as with ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong induction just as with ordinary
+induction you prove the base case P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction you prove the base case P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction you prove the base case P of
+zero you're trying to prove for all n p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're trying to prove for all n p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're trying to prove for all n p
+of n so you prove P of Zer but now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so you prove P of Zer but now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so you prove P of Zer but now in
+order to prove P of n + one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prove P of n + one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to prove P of n + one in the
+inductive step assuming P of n with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step assuming P of n with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step assuming P of n with
+ordinary induction with strong induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction with strong induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary induction with strong induction
+you can assume not just P of n but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume not just P of n but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume not just P of n but you
+can assume P of z p of one all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume P of z p of one all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume P of z p of one all of the uh
+properties that all the numbers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that all the numbers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that all the numbers up
+through n have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n have the
+property and from this of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and from this of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and from this of course you can
+conclude that for that everything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that for that everything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that for that everything has
+the property that for all m p of M now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that for all m p of M now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that for all m p of M now
+an intuitive way to justify this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuitive way to justify this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuitive way to justify this is you
+think about it the way the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the way the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it the way the induction
+works is you start off at zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you start off at zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you start off at zero and then
+you make a step to one and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a step to one and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a step to one and you make
+another step to two and you make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step to two and you make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another step to two and you make another
+step to three and the induction step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to three and the induction step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to three and the induction step
+going from n to n plus one justifies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from n to n plus one justifies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from n to n plus one justifies of
+those steps by the time you get to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps by the time you get to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps by the time you get to n and
+you have to prove you can get to n+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prove you can get to n+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prove you can get to n+ one
+you've already been through 01 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already been through 01 up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already been through 01 up to n
+you might as well take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well take advantage of that
+fact instead of only remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact instead of only remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact instead of only remembering that
+you're at the end step you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the end step you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the end step you might as well
+remember that you got there that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you got there that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you got there that's an
+intuitive handwavy argument which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive handwavy argument which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive handwavy argument which can be
+justified formally um in a way that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified formally um in a way that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified formally um in a way that will
+emerge in the next segment so let's hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in the next segment so let's hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in the next segment so let's hold
+off on that and just uh bite the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that and just uh bite the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that and just uh bite the bullet
+and accept this as a basic principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accept this as a basic principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accept this as a basic principle of
+math that we're going to live with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're going to live with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that we're going to live with and
+use all right um as an application of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all right um as an application of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all right um as an application of it
+let's prove something that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove something that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove something that we've already
+proved by well ordering in fact strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by well ordering in fact strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by well ordering in fact strong
+induction and well ordering are closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and well ordering are closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and well ordering are closely
+related as we'll also discuss later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related as we'll also discuss later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related as we'll also discuss later so
+let's prove that using three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove that using three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove that using three and five
+cent stamps that you can get any amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps that you can get any amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps that you can get any amount
+of postage greater than or equal to 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of postage greater than or equal to 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of postage greater than or equal to 8
+cent stamps and I'm going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps and I'm going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps and I'm going to prove this
+by strong induction with the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by strong induction with the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by strong induction with the induction
+hypothesis P of n that says I can form n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis P of n that says I can form n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis P of n that says I can form n
+Plus 8 cent stamps clearly if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8 cent stamps clearly if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8 cent stamps clearly if I can
+prove for all n p of n then I've proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for all n p of n then I've proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for all n p of n then I've proved
+that I can get for every amount greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get for every amount greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get for every amount greater
+than or equal to 8 cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 8 cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 8 cent
+stamps and um let's do the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps and um let's do the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps and um let's do the base case
+well the base case P of zero can I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base case P of zero can I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base case P of zero can I make
+8 cent stamps sure three and five that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 cent stamps sure three and five that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 cent stamps sure three and five that's
+that one and that's okay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that's okay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that's okay for the
+inductive step um I have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step um I have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step um I have to get
+uh M I'm allowed to assume rather that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M I'm allowed to assume rather that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M I'm allowed to assume rather that I
+can get m Plus 8 cents for any M from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get m Plus 8 cents for any M from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get m Plus 8 cents for any M from n
+down to zero instead of just assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero instead of just assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero instead of just assuming
+that I can get n Plus 8 cents to get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get n Plus 8 cents to get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get n Plus 8 cents to get n
+plus one plus 8 cents I can assume any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one plus 8 cents I can assume any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one plus 8 cents I can assume any
+amount uh less than what I'm aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh less than what I'm aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount uh less than what I'm aiming for
+so I may as well assume that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I may as well assume that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I may as well assume that I can get
+any amount of postage from 8 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amount of postage from 8 up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amount of postage from 8 up to n
+Plus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8
+cents and my objective then is to get n+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents and my objective then is to get n+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents and my objective then is to get n+
+1 plus 8 cents namely n plus 9 cents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 8 cents namely n plus 9 cents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 8 cents namely n plus 9 cents so
+I have to prove that for all n greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to prove that for all n greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to prove that for all n greater
+than or equal to zero I can get n plus 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero I can get n plus 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero I can get n plus 9
+cents assuming I can get from 8 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents assuming I can get from 8 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents assuming I can get from 8 to n
+Plus 8 cents well that's not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8 cents well that's not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus 8 cents well that's not too hard to
+do um the inductive step is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um the inductive step is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um the inductive step is actually
+going to break up into a couple of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break up into a couple of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break up into a couple of cases
+depending on uh the value of N I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh the value of N I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh the value of N I have to
+prove n plus 9 cents for all n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove n plus 9 cents for all n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove n plus 9 cents for all n so
+suppose n equals z I have to get 9 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose n equals z I have to get 9 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose n equals z I have to get 9 cents
+well 3 3es uh if n is one I have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 3 3es uh if n is one I have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 3 3es uh if n is one I have to get
+1 plus 9 cents or 10 cents two fives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 9 cents or 10 cents two fives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 9 cents or 10 cents two fives so
+those cases are disposed of so now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases are disposed of so now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases are disposed of so now my
+job is to get n + 9 cents where n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to get n + 9 cents where n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to get n + 9 cents where n is
+greater than or equal to two well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two well the
+nice thing about n being greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about n being greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about n being greater than or
+equal to two is that if I subtract two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two is that if I subtract two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two is that if I subtract two
+from it it's a smaller number and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it it's a smaller number and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it it's a smaller number and it's
+still non- negative and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still non- negative and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still non- negative and that means that
+I can get that amount Plus 8 cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get that amount Plus 8 cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get that amount Plus 8 cent
+stamps um so uh I'm in this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps um so uh I'm in this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps um so uh I'm in this nice
+situation where I by strong induction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I by strong induction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I by strong induction I
+can get nus 2 + 8 cent stamps there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get nus 2 + 8 cent stamps there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get nus 2 + 8 cent stamps there they
+are and how do I get to n+ 9 well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how do I get to n+ 9 well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how do I get to n+ 9 well it's
+easy I add a 3 cent stamp and you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I add a 3 cent stamp and you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy I add a 3 cent stamp and you have n
+plus 9 cents which completes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 9 cents which completes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 9 cents which completes the proof
+of the induction case and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the induction case and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the induction case and the whole
+theorem is proved we can conclude then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is proved we can conclude then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is proved we can conclude then
+that it works for all n and that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works for all n and that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works for all n and that you can
+indeed get n Plus 8 cents using 3 and5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed get n Plus 8 cents using 3 and5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed get n Plus 8 cents using 3 and5
+Cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stance for all of them so much for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance for all of them so much for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance for all of them so much for that
+example all right let's look at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right let's look at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right let's look at another
+example this is a a a game that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a a a game that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a a a game that we used
+to play in class you start off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play in class you start off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play in class you start off with a
+stack of blocks say 10 blocks and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of blocks say 10 blocks and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of blocks say 10 blocks and uh
+you're allowed to make a move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to make a move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to make a move that
+consists of splitting the stack into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of splitting the stack into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of splitting the stack into two
+smaller Stacks so if the stack has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Stacks so if the stack has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Stacks so if the stack has
+height a plus b you can split it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height a plus b you can split it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height a plus b you can split it into a
+stack of height a and a stack of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of height a and a stack of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of height a and a stack of height
+B and you get a score for that move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you get a score for that move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you get a score for that move the
+score is a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is a *
+B uh and then you keep doing that until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and then you keep doing that until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and then you keep doing that until
+you can't make any more moves that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make any more moves that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make any more moves that is
+when all you have left are stacks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all you have left are stacks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all you have left are stacks of
+height one which you can't split anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one which you can't split anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one which you can't split anymore
+um and then your overall score is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then your overall score is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then your overall score is the
+total that you got for all the moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that you got for all the moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that you got for all the moves
+that uh you made until that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you made until that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you made until that
+point um now when we played this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um now when we played this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um now when we played this in
+class we would have students competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we would have students competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we would have students competing
+and they would try various strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would try various strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would try various strategies so
+one strategy the the simplest strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy the the simplest strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strategy the the simplest strategy
+maybe not the best but the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the best but the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the best but the simplest
+strategy would be you start off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy would be you start off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy would be you start off with a
+of 10 so you take one off and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 so you take one off and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 so you take one off and that
+leaves you with a stack of one and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with a stack of one and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you with a stack of one and nine
+your score is nine then you take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your score is nine then you take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your score is nine then you take another
+one off of the stack of nine and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off of the stack of nine and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off of the stack of nine and you're
+left with a one and an eight your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a one and an eight your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a one and an eight your your
+score is eight and so on and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is eight and so on and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is eight and so on and you can see
+in fact if you took the one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you took the one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you took the one at a time
+process then um uh your score with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then um uh your score with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process then um uh your score with a
+stack of height n would be n minus1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of height n would be n minus1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of height n would be n minus1 plus
+n minus 2 down to 2 + 1 another strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 2 down to 2 + 1 another strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 2 down to 2 + 1 another strategy
+that might be sort of more in the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be sort of more in the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be sort of more in the spirit
+of computer science would be to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science would be to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science would be to keep
+splitting in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting in two
+so for example if you had a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you had a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you had a stack of
+height 10 you could split it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height 10 you could split it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height 10 you could split it into two
+fives and then you take one of the fives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives and then you take one of the fives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives and then you take one of the fives
+and split into a three and a two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split into a three and a two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split into a three and a two and
+then you'd split the two into two ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd split the two into two ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd split the two into two ones
+and so on splitting as evenly as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on splitting as evenly as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on splitting as evenly as you can
+each time and that seems like it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and that seems like it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time and that seems like it might
+be a better strategy uh and again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better strategy uh and again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better strategy uh and again we
+would have students try various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have students try various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have students try various
+strategies and guess what they all came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and guess what they all came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and guess what they all came
+in in a tie and that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a tie and that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a tie and that's what we're going
+to prove now every way of unstacking end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove now every way of unstacking end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove now every way of unstacking end
+blocks gives the same score well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks gives the same score well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks gives the same score well what
+score well we know that the score for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score well we know that the score for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score well we know that the score for
+the simple strategy of taking one block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple strategy of taking one block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple strategy of taking one block
+off at a time is this sum from one to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a time is this sum from one to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at a time is this sum from one to uh
+n-1 and that has a nice formula n * n -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-1 and that has a nice formula n * n -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-1 and that has a nice formula n * n -1
+/ 2 so we can formulate our claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 so we can formulate our claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 so we can formulate our claim that
+no matter how you play the unstacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you play the unstacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how you play the unstacking
+game with a stack of size n your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with a stack of size n your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game with a stack of size n your final
+score will be n * nus1 over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score will be n * nus1 over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score will be n * nus1 over two and
+we're going to prove this by strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this by strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this by strong
+induction with this statement called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction with this statement called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction with this statement called a
+claim of n is going to be the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of n is going to be the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim of n is going to be the induction
+hypothesis that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that's what we're trying to
+prove well let's start in the usual way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove well let's start in the usual way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove well let's start in the usual way
+the base case is n equals Zer well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case is n equals Zer well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case is n equals Zer well you
+might be bothered that's no blocks well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bothered that's no blocks well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be bothered that's no blocks well
+let's see what happens with no blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens with no blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens with no blocks
+the score is zero because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score is zero because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score is zero because there's
+nothing to do and indeed the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do and indeed the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do and indeed the formula
+that is alleged to be your score comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is alleged to be your score comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is alleged to be your score comes
+out to be zero so the base case n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be zero so the base case n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be zero so the base case n equals
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+Works um let's continue for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um let's continue for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um let's continue for the
+inductive case I have to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive case I have to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive case I have to assume that the
+given score formula holds for all stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given score formula holds for all stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given score formula holds for all stacks
+of height n or less and I have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of height n or less and I have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of height n or less and I have to prove
+that it holds for a stack of height n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it holds for a stack of height n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it holds for a stack of height n +
+1 that is that an n+1 stack score is n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that is that an n+1 stack score is n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that is that an n+1 stack score is n +
+1 * n / 2 well how shall I do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * n / 2 well how shall I do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * n / 2 well how shall I do that well
+I'm going to split the inductive case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to split the inductive case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to split the inductive case
+into two cases it turns out that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cases it turns out that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cases it turns out that I need
+to prove that c of n + 1 holds assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that c of n + 1 holds assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that c of n + 1 holds assuming
+C of n for n and less than n but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of n for n and less than n but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of n for n and less than n but in
+particular let's just deal with the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's just deal with the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's just deal with the case
+that n plus 1 is one the smallest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n plus 1 is one the smallest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n plus 1 is one the smallest value
+it could have and knock that one off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have and knock that one off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have and knock that one off
+separately namely if the stack is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately namely if the stack is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately namely if the stack is of
+height one again my score is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one again my score is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height one again my score is zero
+because there's no move to make and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no move to make and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no move to make and the
+formula still evaluates to zero so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula still evaluates to zero so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula still evaluates to zero so in
+the case that n plus 1 is 1 I've proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that n plus 1 is 1 I've proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that n plus 1 is 1 I've proved
+the claim at n plus one which I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim at n plus one which I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim at n plus one which I was
+obligated to do for the base case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to do for the base case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligated to do for the base case for
+the inductive step well the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductive step well the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductive step well the other case
+um in the inductive step is that n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the inductive step is that n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the inductive step is that n plus1
+is greater than one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one this is the
+interesting one because now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because now it's
+possible to make a move so since n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make a move so since n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to make a move so since n plus1
+is greater than one it's two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one it's two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one it's two or more
+blocks I can make a move into uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I can make a move into uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I can make a move into uh two
+stacks that are both of positive size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks that are both of positive size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks that are both of positive size so
+suppose I do that suppose I split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I do that suppose I split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I do that suppose I split the
+stack of size n plus1 into an a stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of size n plus1 into an a stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of size n plus1 into an a stack
+and a b stack where A and B sum to n+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b stack where A and B sum to n+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b stack where A and B sum to n+
+one and what's my score going to be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's my score going to be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's my score going to be then
+well my score on that move that I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my score on that move that I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my score on that move that I make
+where I split into the aack and the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I split into the aack and the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I split into the aack and the B
+stack is a b and the uh rest of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is a b and the uh rest of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack is a b and the uh rest of the game
+consists of playing as well as I can on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of playing as well as I can on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of playing as well as I can on
+the a stack and as well as I can on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a stack and as well as I can on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a stack and as well as I can on the
+B stack But A and B are smaller than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B stack But A and B are smaller than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B stack But A and B are smaller than n
+plus one they're less than or equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one they're less than or equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one they're less than or equal to n
+which means that by strong induction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that by strong induction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that by strong induction I
+know that no matter how I play on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that no matter how I play on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that no matter how I play on the a
+stack I'm going to wind up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack I'm going to wind up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack I'm going to wind up with this
+score a * a min-1 over2 no matter how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score a * a min-1 over2 no matter how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score a * a min-1 over2 no matter how I
+play on the B stack I'm going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on the B stack I'm going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on the B stack I'm going to wind up
+with B * b - 1 over2 so that means means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B * b - 1 over2 so that means means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B * b - 1 over2 so that means means
+that my score on the a plus b stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my score on the a plus b stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my score on the a plus b stack is
+going to be this formula a b + a * a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this formula a b + a * a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this formula a b + a * a -
+1/ 2 plus b * b - 1 over 2 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ 2 plus b * b - 1 over 2 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ 2 plus b * b - 1 over 2 so you
+simplify that into to organize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that into to organize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify that into to organize it so
+it's a plus b * a plus B minus 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a plus b * a plus B minus 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a plus b * a plus B minus 1 which
+is exactly uh n + 1 * n / 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly uh n + 1 * n / 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly uh n + 1 * n / 2 which is
+what we were trying to prove we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were trying to prove we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were trying to prove we've
+proved C of n + 1 um the inductive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved C of n + 1 um the inductive step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved C of n + 1 um the inductive step
+is complete and indeed we've proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complete and indeed we've proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complete and indeed we've proved that
+no matter how big the stack is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how big the stack is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how big the stack is your
+score comes out the same
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TX_vooSnhm8.txt b/TX_vooSnhm8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd9e37888909bb326c1f314b1d5c700e8510761c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TX_vooSnhm8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is the lecture on the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the lecture on the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the lecture on the singular
+value decomposition but everybody calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition but everybody calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition but everybody calls
+it the SVD so this is the final and best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the SVD so this is the final and best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the SVD so this is the final and best
+factorization of a matrix let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of a matrix let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of a matrix let me tell
+you what's coming the factors will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's coming the factors will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's coming the factors will be
+orthogonal matrix diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix diagonal matrix
+orthogonal matrix so it's things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so it's things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix so it's things that
+we've seen for these special good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen for these special good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen for these special good
+matrices orthogonal diagonal the the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices orthogonal diagonal the the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices orthogonal diagonal the the new
+point is that we need two orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that we need two orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that we need two orthogonal
+matrices a can be any matrix whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a can be any matrix whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a can be any matrix whatsoever
+any matrix whatsoever has this singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix whatsoever has this singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any matrix whatsoever has this singular
+value decomposition so a diagonal one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so a diagonal one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so a diagonal one in
+the middle but I need two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but I need two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle but I need two different
+probably different orthogonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different orthogonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably different orthogonal matrices
+to be able to do this okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do this okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do this okay and this
+factorization has jumped into importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization has jumped into importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization has jumped into importance
+and is properly I think maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is properly I think maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is properly I think maybe the
+bringing together of everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together of everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing together of everything in this
+course one thing will bring together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one thing will bring together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one thing will bring together is
+like this the good the very good family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the good the very good family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the good the very good family
+of matrices that we just studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices that we just studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices that we just studied
+symmetric positive-definite do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive-definite do you
+remember the story with those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story with those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the story with those guys
+because they were symmetric their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were symmetric their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were symmetric their
+eigenvectors were orthogonal so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors were orthogonal so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors were orthogonal so I could
+produce an orthogonal matrix instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an orthogonal matrix instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an orthogonal matrix instead
+this is my usual one my usual one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my usual one my usual one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my usual one my usual one is the
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and eigenvalues in this
+symmetric case the eigenvectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case the eigenvectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case the eigenvectors are
+orthogonal so i've got the good might my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so i've got the good might my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so i've got the good might my
+ordinary s has become a especially good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary s has become a especially good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary s has become a especially good
+q and positive definite by ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and positive definite by ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and positive definite by ordinary
+lambda has become a positive lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda has become a positive lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda has become a positive lambda so
+this is that's the that's the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's the that's the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that's the that's the singular
+value decomposition in case our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition in case our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition in case our matrix
+is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric
+that have definite in that case I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have definite in that case I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have definite in that case I don't
+need to you and a v1 matrix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you and a v1 matrix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to you and a v1 matrix one
+orthogonal matrix will do for both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix will do for both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix will do for both sides
+but so this would be no good in it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this would be no good in it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this would be no good in it in
+general because usually the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general because usually the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general because usually the eigenvector
+matrix isn't orthogonal so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix isn't orthogonal so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix isn't orthogonal so this is not
+what I that's not what I'm after I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that's not what I'm after I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I that's not what I'm after I'm
+looking for orthogonal times diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for orthogonal times diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for orthogonal times diagonal
+times orthogonal and let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal and let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal and let me show you
+what that means and where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means and where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means and where it comes from
+okay what does it mean you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does it mean you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does it mean you remember the
+the picture of any linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of any linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of any linear transformation
+this was like the most important figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like the most important figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like the most important figure
+in 1806 and what am I looking for now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1806 and what am I looking for now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1806 and what am I looking for now a
+typical vector in the row space typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical vector in the row space typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical vector in the row space typical
+vector let me call it v1 gets taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me call it v1 gets taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me call it v1 gets taken over
+to some vector in the column space say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some vector in the column space say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some vector in the column space say
+u1 so u1 is a v1 okay now another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 so u1 is a v1 okay now another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 so u1 is a v1 okay now another vector
+gets taken over here somewhere what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken over here somewhere what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken over here somewhere what am I
+looking for in this SVD this singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in this SVD this singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in this SVD this singular
+value decomposition what I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition what I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition what I'm looking for
+is an orthogonal basis here that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthogonal basis here that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an orthogonal basis here that gets
+knocked over into an orthogonal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked over into an orthogonal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked over into an orthogonal basis
+over there that's see that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there that's see that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there that's see that's pretty
+special to have to have an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to have to have an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to have to have an orthogonal
+basis in the row space that goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the row space that goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the row space that goes over
+into an orthogonal basis so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an orthogonal basis so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an orthogonal basis so this is like
+a right angle and this is a right angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right angle and this is a right angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right angle and this is a right angle
+into an orthogonal basis in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an orthogonal basis in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an orthogonal basis in the column
+space so that's all right that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's all right that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's all right that's our
+goal is to find you see how things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to find you see how things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to find you see how things are
+coming together first of all can I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together first of all can I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together first of all can I find
+an orthogonal basis for this row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis for this row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal basis for this row space
+of course no no big deal define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no no big deal define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course no no big deal define an
+orthogonal basis gram-schmidt tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis gram-schmidt tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis gram-schmidt tells me
+how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it
+start with any old basis and great use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with any old basis and great use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with any old basis and great use
+grind through gram-schmidt outcomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind through gram-schmidt outcomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind through gram-schmidt outcomes an
+orthogonal basis but then if I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis but then if I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis but then if I just take
+any old orthogonal basis then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old orthogonal basis then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old orthogonal basis then when I
+multiply by a there's no reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a there's no reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a there's no reason why it
+should be orthogonal over here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be orthogonal over here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be orthogonal over here so I'm
+looking for this special set up where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this special set up where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this special set up where a
+takes these basis vectors into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these basis vectors into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes these basis vectors into
+orthogonal vectors over there now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors over there now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors over there now you
+might have noticed that the null space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have noticed that the null space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have noticed that the null space I
+didn't include why don't I stick that ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't include why don't I stick that ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't include why don't I stick that ik
+that in remember our usual finger had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in remember our usual finger had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in remember our usual finger had a
+little null space and a little null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little null space and a little null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little null space and a little null
+space and those are no problems those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and those are no problems those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and those are no problems those
+are no spaces are going to show up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no spaces are going to show up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no spaces are going to show up as
+zeros on the diagonal of Sigma so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros on the diagonal of Sigma so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros on the diagonal of Sigma so that
+that's not what we're that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what we're that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what we're that doesn't
+present any difficulty our difficulty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present any difficulty our difficulty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present any difficulty our difficulty is
+to find these so do you see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find these so do you see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find these so do you see what this
+will mean this will mean that a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mean this will mean that a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mean this will mean that a times
+this these V's V 1 V 2 up to what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these V's V 1 V 2 up to what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these V's V 1 V 2 up to what's the
+dimension of this row space V R sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this row space V R sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this row space V R sorry
+that'd be a little smaller up to V R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a little smaller up to V R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a little smaller up to V R so
+that's a V 1 is gonna be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a V 1 is gonna be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a V 1 is gonna be the first
+column so let me here's what I'm here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so let me here's what I'm here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so let me here's what I'm here's
+what I'm achieving oh I would like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm achieving oh I would like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm achieving oh I would like I'm
+not only gonna make these orthogonal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only gonna make these orthogonal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only gonna make these orthogonal but
+why not make forth of normal make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not make forth of normal make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not make forth of normal make them
+unit vectors so this may be the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors so this may be the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors so this may be the unit
+vector is here is the u1 and this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is here is the u1 and this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is here is the u1 and this might
+be a multiple of it so really what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a multiple of it so really what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a multiple of it so really what's
+happening is a v1 is some multiple of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is a v1 is some multiple of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is a v1 is some multiple of u1
+right I'm gonna these guys will be unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm gonna these guys will be unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm gonna these guys will be unit
+vectors and they'll go over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and they'll go over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and they'll go over into
+multiples of unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of unit vector
+and the multiple I'm not gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiple I'm not gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiple I'm not gonna call
+lambda anymore I'm calling it Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda anymore I'm calling it Sigma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda anymore I'm calling it Sigma so
+that's the number the the stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number the the stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number the the stretching
+number and similarly AV 2 is Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and similarly AV 2 is Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and similarly AV 2 is Sigma 2
+YouTube this is what this is my goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube this is what this is my goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube this is what this is my goal and
+now I want to express that goal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to express that goal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to express that goal in
+matrix language that's the usual step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language that's the usual step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language that's the usual step
+think of what you want and then express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what you want and then express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of what you want and then express
+it as a matrix multiplication so AV 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matrix multiplication so AV 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matrix multiplication so AV 1 is
+Sigma 1 nu 1 actually here we here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 nu 1 actually here we here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 nu 1 actually here we here we go
+let me pull out these u 1 u 2 2 u R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pull out these u 1 u 2 2 u R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pull out these u 1 u 2 2 u R and
+then a matrix with the Sigma's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a matrix with the Sigma's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a matrix with the Sigma's it's
+everything you know is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know is going to be in
+this in that in that little part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in that in that little part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in that in that little part of the
+blackboard do you see that this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard do you see that this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard do you see that this equation
+says what I'm trying to do with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what I'm trying to do with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what I'm trying to do with my
+figure 8 is the first basis vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 8 is the first basis vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 8 is the first basis vector
+should be Sigma 1 times this times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be Sigma 1 times this times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be Sigma 1 times this times the
+other basis the other first basis vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other basis the other first basis vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other basis the other first basis vector
+these are the basis vectors in row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basis vectors in row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basis vectors in row space
+these are the basis vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basis vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basis vectors in the
+column space and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and these are the
+multiplying factors so AV 2 is Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying factors so AV 2 is Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying factors so AV 2 is Sigma 2
+times u 2 a vr is Sigma R times u R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u 2 a vr is Sigma R times u R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u 2 a vr is Sigma R times u R and
+then we've got a whole lot of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got a whole lot of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got a whole lot of zeros and
+maybe some zeros at the end but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some zeros at the end but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some zeros at the end but this is
+that's the heart of it now if I express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the heart of it now if I express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the heart of it now if I express
+that in as matrices because you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in as matrices because you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in as matrices because you knew
+that was coming that's what I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was coming that's what I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was coming that's what I have so
+this is my goal to find an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my goal to find an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my goal to find an orthogonal
+basis in the roast orthonormal even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the roast orthonormal even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the roast orthonormal even
+bases in the row space and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in the row space and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in the row space and an
+orthonormal basis in the column space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis in the column space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis in the column space so
+that I'm sort of diagonalized the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sort of diagonalized the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sort of diagonalized the matrix
+the matrix a is like getting converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a is like getting converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a is like getting converted
+to this diagonal mate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagonal mate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagonal mate
+Sigma and you notice that usually I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and you notice that usually I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and you notice that usually I have
+to do I have to allow myself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I have to allow myself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I have to allow myself to
+different bases my my little comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bases my my little comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bases my my little comment
+about symmetric positive-definite was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about symmetric positive-definite was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about symmetric positive-definite was
+the one case where it's a Q equal Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one case where it's a Q equal Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one case where it's a Q equal Q
+Sigma where V and u are the same Q but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma where V and u are the same Q but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma where V and u are the same Q but
+mostly you know I'm gonna take a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you know I'm gonna take a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you know I'm gonna take a matrix
+like oh let me take a matrix like 4 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh let me take a matrix like 4 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh let me take a matrix like 4 4
+minus 3 3 okay there's a 2 by 2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 3 okay there's a 2 by 2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 3 okay there's a 2 by 2 matrix
+it's invertible so it has rank 2 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's invertible so it has rank 2 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's invertible so it has rank 2 so I'm
+gonna look for two vectors V 1 and V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look for two vectors V 1 and V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look for two vectors V 1 and V 2
+in the in the row space and you so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the row space and you so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the row space and you so I'm
+gonna look for V 1 V 2 in the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look for V 1 V 2 in the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look for V 1 V 2 in the row space
+which of course is r2 and I'm gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is r2 and I'm gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is r2 and I'm gonna look
+for u 1 u 2 in the column space which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u 1 u 2 in the column space which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u 1 u 2 in the column space which of
+course is also r2 and I'm gonna look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is also r2 and I'm gonna look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is also r2 and I'm gonna look for
+numbers Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Sigma 1 and Sigma 2 so that it
+all comes out right so these guys are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes out right so these guys are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all comes out right so these guys are or
+thought orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought orthonormal
+these guys are orthonormal and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are orthonormal and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are orthonormal and these are
+the scaling factors so I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling factors so I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling factors so I'll do that
+example as soon as I get the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as soon as I get the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as soon as I get the matrix
+picture straight okay do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture straight okay do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture straight okay do you see that
+this expresses what I want can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expresses what I want can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expresses what I want can I just
+say two words about null spaces if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two words about null spaces if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two words about null spaces if we
+have if there's some null space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if there's some null space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if there's some null space then
+we've got we want to stick in a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got we want to stick in a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got we want to stick in a basis
+for those for that so here comes a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those for that so here comes a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those for that so here comes a basis
+for the null space V R plus 1 down to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space V R plus 1 down to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space V R plus 1 down to V
+n so if if we only had an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if if we only had an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if if we only had an hour
+dimensional row space and the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional row space and the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional row space and the other end
+- our dimensions were in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- our dimensions were in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- our dimensions were in the null space
+ok we'll take an orthogonal or so normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok we'll take an orthogonal or so normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok we'll take an orthogonal or so normal
+basis there no problem and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there no problem and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there no problem and then we'll
+just get zeros so actually with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zeros so actually with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zeros so actually with those
+we'll come out from the from the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come out from the from the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come out from the from the on the
+diagonal matrix so while I'll complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix so while I'll complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix so while I'll complete
+that to two orthonormal basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to two orthonormal basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to two orthonormal basis for the
+whole space RM I complete this to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space RM I complete this to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space RM I complete this to an
+orthonormal basis for the whole space RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for the whole space RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for the whole space RN
+and I complete that with zeros null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I complete that with zeros null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I complete that with zeros null
+spaces are no problem here so really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are no problem here so really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are no problem here so really the
+true the true problem is in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the true problem is in a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the true problem is in a matrix
+like that which isn't symmetric so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which isn't symmetric so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that which isn't symmetric so I
+can't use its eigenvectors they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use its eigenvectors they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use its eigenvectors they're not
+orthogonal but somehow I have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but somehow I have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but somehow I have to get
+these orthogonal in fact orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orthogonal in fact orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orthogonal in fact orthonormal
+guys that make it work I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that make it work I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that make it work I have to find
+this these are orthonormal guys these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are orthonormal guys these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are orthonormal guys these
+orthonormal guys and I want AV 1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal guys and I want AV 1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal guys and I want AV 1 to be
+Sigma 1 u 1 and AV 2 to be Sigma 2 u 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 u 1 and AV 2 to be Sigma 2 u 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 u 1 and AV 2 to be Sigma 2 u 2
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's my goal here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal here's here's the
+matrices that are going to get me there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that are going to get me there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that are going to get me there
+now these are orthogonal matrices I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are orthogonal matrices I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are orthogonal matrices I can
+put that if I multiply on both both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that if I multiply on both both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that if I multiply on both both
+sides by V inverse I have a equals u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by V inverse I have a equals u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by V inverse I have a equals u
+Sigma V inverse and of course you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V inverse and of course you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V inverse and of course you know
+the other way I can write V inverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way I can write V inverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way I can write V inverse this
+is one of those square orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those square orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of those square orthogonal
+matrices so it's the same as u Sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it's the same as u Sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it's the same as u Sigma V
+transpose okay here's my problem I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay here's my problem I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay here's my problem I've
+got two orthogonal matrices here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two orthogonal matrices here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two orthogonal matrices here and I
+don't want to find them both at once so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to find them both at once so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to find them both at once so
+I want to cook up some expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cook up some expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cook up some expression that
+will make use disappear I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make use disappear I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make use disappear I would like to
+make the use disappear and leave me only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the use disappear and leave me only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the use disappear and leave me only
+with the V's and here's how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the V's and here's how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the V's and here's how to do it
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's the same combination that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same combination that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same combination that keeps
+showing up whenever we have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up whenever we have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up whenever we have a general
+rectangular matrix then it's a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix then it's a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix then it's a transpose
+a that's the great matrix that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the great matrix that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the great matrix that's the
+great matrix that's the matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great matrix that's the matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great matrix that's the matrix that's
+symmetric and in fact positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and in fact positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and in fact positive definite
+or at least positive semi definite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least positive semi definite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least positive semi definite this
+is the matrix with nice properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the matrix with nice properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the matrix with nice properties so
+let's see what will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what will it be
+so if I took the transpose then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I took the transpose then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I took the transpose then I would
+have a transpose a will be what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transpose a will be what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transpose a will be what what do
+I have if I transpose that I have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I transpose that I have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I transpose that I have V
+Sigma transpose u transpose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose u transpose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose u transpose that's
+that's the a transpose now the a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the a transpose now the a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the a transpose now the a and
+what if I got looks like worse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I got looks like worse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I got looks like worse because
+it's got six things now together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got six things now together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got six things now together but
+it's going to collapse into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to collapse into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to collapse into something
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+what does u transpose u collapse into I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does u transpose u collapse into I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does u transpose u collapse into I
+the identity so that's the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity so that's the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity so that's the key point
+this is the identity and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the identity and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the identity and we don't have
+you anymore and Sigma transpose times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anymore and Sigma transpose times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anymore and Sigma transpose times
+Sigma those are diagonal matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma those are diagonal matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma those are diagonal matrices so
+their product is just going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product is just going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product is just going to have
+Sigma Squared's on the diagonal so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Squared's on the diagonal so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Squared's on the diagonal so do
+you see what we've got here this is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what we've got here this is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what we've got here this is V
+times this easy matrix Sigma 1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this easy matrix Sigma 1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this easy matrix Sigma 1 squared
+Sigma 2 squared times V transpose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 squared times V transpose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 squared times V transpose this
+is this is the a transpose a this is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the a transpose a this is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the a transpose a this is let
+me copy down a transpose a is that user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy down a transpose a is that user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy down a transpose a is that user
+out of the picture now I'm only having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture now I'm only having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture now I'm only having
+to choose the V's and what are these V's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the V's and what are these V's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the V's and what are these V's
+and what are these Sigma's do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are these Sigma's do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are these Sigma's do you know
+what the V's are they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the V's are they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the V's are they're the
+eigenvectors they see this is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors they see this is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors they see this is a perfect
+eigenvector eigenvalue Q lambda Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector eigenvalue Q lambda Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector eigenvalue Q lambda Q
+transpose for the matrix a transpose a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for the matrix a transpose a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose for the matrix a transpose a a
+itself is like nothing special but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is like nothing special but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is like nothing special but a
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+we'll be spittle it'll be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spittle it'll be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spittle it'll be symmetric
+positive-definite so this will be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite so this will be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive-definite so this will be its
+eigenvectors and this will be its eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and this will be its eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and this will be its eigen
+values and the eigen values will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the eigen values will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the eigen values will be
+positive because this thing's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because this thing's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because this thing's positive
+definite can I just now so so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite can I just now so so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite can I just now so so this is my
+method this tells me what the V's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this tells me what the V's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this tells me what the V's are
+and how am I going to find the use well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how am I going to find the use well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how am I going to find the use well
+one way would be to look at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way would be to look at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way would be to look at a a
+transpose put multiply a by a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose put multiply a by a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose put multiply a by a transpose
+in the opposite order that will stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite order that will stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite order that will stick
+the B's in the middle knock them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's in the middle knock them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B's in the middle knock them out and
+leave me with the use so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me with the use so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave me with the use so here's the
+overall picture then the B's are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall picture then the B's are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall picture then the B's are the
+eigen vectors of a transpose a the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors of a transpose a the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors of a transpose a the use
+are the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvectors of a a transpose
+which are different and the Sigma's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different and the Sigma's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different and the Sigma's are
+the square roots of these and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square roots of these and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square roots of these and the
+positive square roots so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square roots so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square roots so we have
+positive Sigma's let me do that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Sigma's let me do that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Sigma's let me do that for that
+example this is this is really what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is this is really what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is this is really what you
+should know and be able to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know and be able to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know and be able to do for the
+the SVD okay let me take that matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD okay let me take that matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD okay let me take that matrix so
+what's my first step compute a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my first step compute a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my first step compute a transpose
+a because I want its eigenvectors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because I want its eigenvectors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because I want its eigenvectors okay
+so I have to compute a transpose a so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to compute a transpose a so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to compute a transpose a so a
+transpose is 4 4 minus 3 3 and a is 4 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is 4 4 minus 3 3 and a is 4 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is 4 4 minus 3 3 and a is 4 4
+minus 3 3 and I do that multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 3 and I do that multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 3 and I do that multiplication
+and I get 16 I get 25 I get 16 minus 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 16 I get 25 I get 16 minus 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 16 I get 25 I get 16 minus 9
+is that 7 and that better cut symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 7 and that better cut symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 7 and that better cut symmetric
+and oh ok and then it comes out 25 ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh ok and then it comes out 25 ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh ok and then it comes out 25 ok so
+I want its eigenvectors and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want its eigenvectors and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want its eigenvectors and its
+eigenvalues its eigenvectors will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues its eigenvectors will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues its eigenvectors will be the
+V's its eigenvalues will be the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's its eigenvalues will be the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's its eigenvalues will be the squares
+of the Cygnus okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cygnus okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cygnus okay what are the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this guy
+have you have you seen that 2x2 example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have you seen that 2x2 example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have you seen that 2x2 example
+enough to recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to recognize that the
+eigenvectors are that one one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are that one one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are that one one is an
+eigenvector so this is here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so this is here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so this is here is a
+transpose a I'm looking for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a I'm looking for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a I'm looking for its
+eigenvectors so it's eigenvectors i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so it's eigenvectors i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so it's eigenvectors i
+think are 1 1 and 1 minus 1 because if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are 1 1 and 1 minus 1 because if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are 1 1 and 1 minus 1 because if i
+multiply that matrix by 1 1 what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that matrix by 1 1 what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that matrix by 1 1 what do I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+if I multiply that matrix by 1 1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply that matrix by 1 1 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply that matrix by 1 1 I get
+32 32 so which is 32 of 1 1 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 32 so which is 32 of 1 1 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 32 so which is 32 of 1 1 so there's
+the first eigenvector and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvector and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvector and there's the
+eigenvalue for a transpose a so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue for a transpose a so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue for a transpose a so i'm
+going to take its square root in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take its square root in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take its square root in the in
+the McKay what is the eigenvector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the McKay what is the eigenvector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the McKay what is the eigenvector that
+goes with eigenvalue that goes with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with eigenvalue that goes with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with eigenvalue that goes with this
+one if I do that multiplication what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I do that multiplication what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I do that multiplication what do
+I get I get some multiple of 1 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I get some multiple of 1 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get I get some multiple of 1 minus 1
+and what is that multiple looks like 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so those are the two eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the two eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the two eigenvectors
+but oh just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh just a moment
+I didn't normalize them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't normalize them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't normalize them to make
+everything absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything absolutely right
+I ought to normalize these eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ought to normalize these eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ought to normalize these eigenvectors
+divided by their length square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their length square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their length square root of 2
+so all these guys should be true unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these guys should be true unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these guys should be true unit
+vectors and of course that normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and of course that normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and of course that normalization
+didn't change the 32 and the 18 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the 32 and the 18 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the 32 and the 18 okay so
+I'm happy with the v's here the B's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy with the v's here the B's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy with the v's here the B's so
+now let me put together the the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me put together the the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me put together the the pieces
+here here's my a here's my a let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's my a here's my a let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's my a here's my a let me let
+me write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down a
+yeah this should if if life is right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this should if if life is right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this should if if life is right we
+should get you which I don't yet know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get you which I don't yet know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get you which I don't yet know
+you I don't get no Sigma I do now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't get no Sigma I do now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't get no Sigma I do now know
+what's Sigma so I'm looking for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Sigma so I'm looking for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Sigma so I'm looking for you
+Sigma V transpose u the diagonal guy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V transpose u the diagonal guy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma V transpose u the diagonal guy at
+V transpose okay let's just see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose okay let's just see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose okay let's just see that
+come out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right
+so what's what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what are the what are the
+Sigma's they're the square roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's they're the square roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's they're the square roots of
+these things so square root of 32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so square root of 32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so square root of 32 and
+square root of 1800 okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1800 okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 1800 okay what are the
+bees they're these two and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees they're these two and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees they're these two and I have to
+transpose maybe that maybe that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose maybe that maybe that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose maybe that maybe that just
+leaves me with one with one over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves me with one with one over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves me with one with one over square
+root of two in that row and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two in that row and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two in that row and the other
+one is one over square root of two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is one over square root of two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is one over square root of two minus
+one over square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now finally I've got to know the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finally I've got to know the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finally I've got to know the use
+well actually one way to do since I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually one way to do since I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually one way to do since I now
+know all the other pieces I could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the other pieces I could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the other pieces I could put
+those together and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those together and figure out what the
+use are but let me do it the a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are but let me do it the a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use are but let me do it the a a
+transpose way okay find the use now u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose way okay find the use now u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose way okay find the use now u1
+and u2 and what are they I look at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u2 and what are they I look at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u2 and what are they I look at a a
+transpose so a is supposed to be u Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so a is supposed to be u Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so a is supposed to be u Sigma
+V transpose and then when I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose and then when I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose and then when I transpose
+that I get V Sigma transpose u transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm just doing it in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just doing it in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just doing it in the opposite
+order a times a transpose and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a times a transpose and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a times a transpose and what's the
+good part here that in the middle V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good part here that in the middle V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good part here that in the middle V
+transpose V is going to be the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V is going to be the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V is going to be the identity
+so this is just u Sigma Sigma transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just u Sigma Sigma transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just u Sigma Sigma transpose
+that's some diagonal mate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some diagonal mate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some diagonal mate
+tricks with Sigma Squared's and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks with Sigma Squared's and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks with Sigma Squared's and you
+transpose so what I seeing here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what I seeing here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what I seeing here I'm
+seeing here again a symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here again a symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here again a symmetric positive
+definite or at least semi definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or at least semi definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or at least semi definite
+matrix and I'm seeing its eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I'm seeing its eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I'm seeing its eigenvectors
+and its eigenvalues so if I compute a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its eigenvalues so if I compute a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its eigenvalues so if I compute a a
+transpose its eigenvectors will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose its eigenvectors will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose its eigenvectors will be the
+things that go into you okay so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into you okay so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into you okay so I need
+to compute a a transpose I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a a transpose I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a a transpose I guess I'm
+going to have to go let me can I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go let me can I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go let me can I can I
+move that up just a little maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that up just a little maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that up just a little maybe a
+little more and do a a transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more and do a a transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more and do a a transpose so
+what's a 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and what's a
+transpose 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose 4 4 minus 3 and 3 and when I
+do that multiplication I get what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that multiplication I get what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that multiplication I get what do I
+get 16 and 16 32 that one comes out 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 16 and 16 32 that one comes out 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 16 and 16 32 that one comes out 0 so
+this is a lucky case and that one comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lucky case and that one comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lucky case and that one comes
+out 18 so this is it like an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 18 so this is it like an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 18 so this is it like an accident
+that a a transpose happens to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a transpose happens to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a transpose happens to come out
+diagonal so we know easily its eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so we know easily its eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so we know easily its eigen
+vectors and eigen value so that sigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and eigen value so that sigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and eigen value so that sigan
+vectors are what's the first eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are what's the first eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are what's the first eigenvector
+for this a a transpose matrix it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this a a transpose matrix it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this a a transpose matrix it's just
+1 0 and when I do that multiplication I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 and when I do that multiplication I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 and when I do that multiplication I
+get 32 times 1 0 and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 32 times 1 0 and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 32 times 1 0 and the other
+eigenvector is just 0 1 and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is just 0 1 and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector is just 0 1 and when I
+multiply by that I get 18 so this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that I get 18 so this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by that I get 18 so this is a a
+transpose multiplying that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose multiplying that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose multiplying that gives me the
+32 a a transpose multiplying this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 a a transpose multiplying this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 a a transpose multiplying this guy
+gives me 18 first of all I got 32 and 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 18 first of all I got 32 and 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me 18 first of all I got 32 and 18
+again am I surprised you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again am I surprised you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again am I surprised you know it's
+clearly not an accident the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not an accident the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not an accident the eigenvalues
+of a a transpose were exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a transpose were exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a transpose were exactly the same
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+values of this one was a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's no surprise at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no surprise at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no surprise at all the
+eigenvalues of a B are same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a B are same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a B are same as the
+eigenvalues of BA the the order if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of BA the the order if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of BA the the order if
+that's a very nice fact as eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very nice fact as eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very nice fact as eigenvalues
+stay the same if I switch the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same if I switch the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same if I switch the order of
+multiplication so no surprise to see 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so no surprise to see 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so no surprise to see 32
+and 18 what what I learned first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 18 what what I learned first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 18 what what I learned first that
+check that things were numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that things were numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that things were numerically
+correct but now I've learned these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but now I've learned these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but now I've learned these
+eigenvectors and actually they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and actually they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and actually they're about
+as nice as can be they're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nice as can be they're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nice as can be they're the best
+orthogonal matrix just the identity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my claim is that it ought to all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my claim is that it ought to all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my claim is that it ought to all get
+together that this no matter this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that this no matter this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that this no matter this these
+numbers should come out right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should come out right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should come out right the
+numbers should come out right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should come out right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should come out right because
+the the matrix multiplications use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the matrix multiplications use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the matrix multiplications use the
+properties that we want okay so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want okay so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want okay so we just
+check that here's the identity so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that here's the identity so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that here's the identity so I'm
+not doing anything square root of 32 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything square root of 32 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything square root of 32 is
+multiplying that row so that's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that row so that's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that row so that's square
+root of 32 divided by square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 32 divided by square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 32 divided by square root of 2
+means square root of 16 4 correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means square root of 16 4 correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means square root of 16 4 correct and
+square root of 18 is divided by square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 18 is divided by square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 18 is divided by square
+root of 2 so that leaves me square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 so that leaves me square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 so that leaves me square root
+of 9 which is 3 but now professor Strang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9 which is 3 but now professor Strang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9 which is 3 but now professor Strang
+you see the problem why is that okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the problem why is that okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the problem why is that okay why
+am I getting minus 3 3 here and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I getting minus 3 3 here and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I getting minus 3 3 here and here I'm
+getting 3 minus 3 Phooey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 3 minus 3 Phooey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 3 minus 3 Phooey
+I don't know why it shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why it shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why it shouldn't have
+happened but it did now okay you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but it did now okay you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but it did now okay you could
+say well just that the eigenvector there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well just that the eigenvector there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well just that the eigenvector there
+could have I could have had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I could have had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I could have had the
+- sign here for that eigenvector but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sign here for that eigenvector but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- sign here for that eigenvector but I'm
+not happy happy about that hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy happy about that hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy happy about that hmm
+okay so I realize there's a little catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I realize there's a little catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I realize there's a little catch
+here somewhere and I may not see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere and I may not see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere and I may not see it
+until Wednesday which then gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Wednesday which then gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Wednesday which then gives you a
+very important reason to come back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important reason to come back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important reason to come back on
+Wednesday to catch that sign difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to catch that sign difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday to catch that sign difference
+so did what did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did what did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did what did I do
+illegally I think I put the eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegally I think I put the eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegally I think I put the eigenvectors
+in that matrix V transpose okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that matrix V transpose okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that matrix V transpose okay I'm
+going to have to think why did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think why did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to think why did that come
+out with with the opposite sign so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with with the opposite sign so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with with the opposite sign so you
+see I mean if I had a minus there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean if I had a minus there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean if I had a minus there I
+would be alright but I don't want that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alright but I don't want that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alright but I don't want that I
+want positive entries down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want positive entries down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want positive entries down the diagonal
+of Sigma squared okay it'll come to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma squared okay it'll come to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma squared okay it'll come to me
+but I'm gonna leave this example to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna leave this example to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna leave this example to two
+to finish okay and the beauty of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish okay and the beauty of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish okay and the beauty of these
+sliding boards is I can make that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding boards is I can make that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding boards is I can make that go
+away can I let me let me not do it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away can I let me let me not do it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away can I let me let me not do it yet
+let me take a second example let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a second example let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a second example let me take
+a second example where the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second example where the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second example where the matrix is
+singular so rank one okay so let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so rank one okay so let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so rank one okay so let me take
+as an example to where my matrix a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example to where my matrix a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example to where my matrix a is
+going to be rectangular again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be rectangular again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be rectangular again let me
+just make it four three eight six okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it four three eight six okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it four three eight six okay
+that's a rank one matrix so that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rank one matrix so that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rank one matrix so that has a
+null space and only a one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space and only a one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space and only a one dimensional
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+space and column space so actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and column space so actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and column space so actually the
+my picture it becomes easy for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture it becomes easy for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture it becomes easy for this
+matrix because what's my columns of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because what's my columns of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix because what's my columns of my
+row space for this one so this is 2x2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space for this one so this is 2x2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space for this one so this is 2x2 so
+my my pictures both two-dimensional my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my pictures both two-dimensional my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my pictures both two-dimensional my
+my row space is all multiples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my row space is all multiples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my row space is all multiples of the
+vector 4 3 so the whole the row space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 4 3 so the whole the row space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 4 3 so the whole the row space is
+just a line right that's the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line right that's the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line right that's the row space
+and the null space of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null space of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the null space of course is the
+perpendicular line so the row space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line so the row space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line so the row space for
+this matrix is multiples of 4 3 typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is multiples of 4 3 typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix is multiples of 4 3 typical
+row okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay
+what's the column space the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the column space the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the column space the columns are
+all multiples of 4 8 3 6 1 2 the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiples of 4 8 3 6 1 2 the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all multiples of 4 8 3 6 1 2 the column
+space then goes in like this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then goes in like this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then goes in like this direction
+so the column space when I look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the column space when I look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the column space when I look at those
+columns the column space there was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the column space there was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the column space there was only
+one dimensional because the rank is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional because the rank is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional because the rank is 1
+it's multiples of of 4 8 ok and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiples of of 4 8 ok and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiples of of 4 8 ok and what's
+the null space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose
+it's the perpendicular guy there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the perpendicular guy there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the perpendicular guy there's so
+this was the null space of a and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the null space of a and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the null space of a and this is
+the null space of a transpose okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose okay what
+I want to say here is that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say here is that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say here is that the that
+choosing these orthogonal basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing these orthogonal basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing these orthogonal basis for the
+row space and the column space is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space and the column space is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space and the column space is like
+no problem they're only one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem they're only one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem they're only one dimensional
+so what should VB V should be v1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should VB V should be v1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should VB V should be v1 but
+yeah v1 rather v1 is supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah v1 rather v1 is supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah v1 rather v1 is supposed to be a
+unit vector there's only one v1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector there's only one v1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector there's only one v1 to
+choose here only one dimension in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose here only one dimension in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose here only one dimension in the
+road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+space I just want to make it a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I just want to make it a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I just want to make it a unit
+vector so v1 will be it'll be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so v1 will be it'll be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so v1 will be it'll be this
+vector but made into a unit vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four point eight point six 4/5 3/5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point eight point six 4/5 3/5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point eight point six 4/5 3/5 and
+what will be u 1 u 1 will be the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be u 1 u 1 will be the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be u 1 u 1 will be the unit
+vector there so I want to turn for 8 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there so I want to turn for 8 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector there so I want to turn for 8 or
+1/2 into a unit vector so u 1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 into a unit vector so u 1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 into a unit vector so u 1 will be
+let's see if it's 1/2 then it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if it's 1/2 then it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if it's 1/2 then it's what
+multiple of 1 - do I want that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 - do I want that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 - do I want that has
+length square root of 5 so I have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length square root of 5 so I have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length square root of 5 so I have 2
+divided by square root of 5 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by square root of 5 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by square root of 5 let me
+complete the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the singular value
+decomposition for this matrix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition for this matrix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition for this matrix so this
+matrix 4 3 8 6 is so I know what u 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 4 3 8 6 is so I know what u 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 4 3 8 6 is so I know what u 1
+here's the a and I want to get you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the a and I want to get you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the a and I want to get you the
+basis in the column space and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the column space and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the column space and it has to
+start with sky 1 over square root of 5 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with sky 1 over square root of 5 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with sky 1 over square root of 5 2
+over square root of 5 then I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 5 then I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of 5 then I want the
+Sigma okay what are we expecting now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay what are we expecting now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma okay what are we expecting now for
+Sigma where this is only a this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma where this is only a this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma where this is only a this is only
+a rank one matrix we're only expecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rank one matrix we're only expecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rank one matrix we're only expecting a
+sigma one which I have to find but zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma one which I have to find but zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma one which I have to find but zeros
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so what's Sigma 1 its we should see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's Sigma 1 its we should see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's Sigma 1 its we should see
+it it should be the where did these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should be the where did these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it should be the where did these
+Sigma's come from they came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's come from they came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's come from they came from a
+transpose a so I can I do that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a so I can I do that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a so I can I do that little
+calculation over here a transpose a is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation over here a transpose a is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation over here a transpose a is 4
+3 4 3 8 6 times 4 3 8 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this had better this is a rank one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had better this is a rank one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had better this is a rank one
+matrix this is going to be the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this is going to be the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this is going to be the whole
+thing will have rank one that's 16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will have rank one that's 16 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will have rank one that's 16 and
+64 is 80 12 and 48 is 60 12 and 48 is 69
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is 80 12 and 48 is 60 12 and 48 is 69
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 is 80 12 and 48 is 60 12 and 48 is 69
+and 36 is 45 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 36 is 45 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 36 is 45 okay
+it's a rank one matrix of course every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rank one matrix of course every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rank one matrix of course every
+Row is a multiple of 4 3 and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row is a multiple of 4 3 and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row is a multiple of 4 3 and what's the
+eigen what are the eigenvalues of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen what are the eigenvalues of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen what are the eigenvalues of that
+matrix so this is like the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is like the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so this is like the calculation
+is like practicing now what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like practicing now what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like practicing now what are the
+eigenvalues of this Rank 1 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of this Rank 1 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of this Rank 1 matrix
+well tell me one eigenvalue since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tell me one eigenvalue since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well tell me one eigenvalue since the
+rank is only one one eigenvalue is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is only one one eigenvalue is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is only one one eigenvalue is going
+to be 0 and then you know that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 and then you know that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 0 and then you know that the other
+eigenvalue is going to be 125 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is going to be 125 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is going to be 125 so that's
+Sigma squared right in a transpose a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared right in a transpose a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared right in a transpose a so
+this will be the square root of 125 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the square root of 125 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the square root of 125 and
+then finally the V transpose the v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the V transpose the v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the V transpose the v's
+will be there's V 1 and what's V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there's V 1 and what's V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be there's V 1 and what's V 2
+what's V 2 in the what's how do I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's V 2 in the what's how do I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's V 2 in the what's how do I make
+this into a orthonormal basis well V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a orthonormal basis well V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a orthonormal basis well V 2
+is in the null space direction it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the null space direction it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the null space direction it's it's
+perpendicular to that so 0.6 and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that so 0.6 and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that so 0.6 and minus
+0.8 so those are the V's that go in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 so those are the V's that go in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 so those are the V's that go in here
+point eight point six and 0.6 minus 0.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight point six and 0.6 minus 0.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight point six and 0.6 minus 0.8
+okay and I guess I better finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I guess I better finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I guess I better finish this
+guy so this guy all I want is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so this guy all I want is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so this guy all I want is to
+complete the orthonormal basis it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the orthonormal basis it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the orthonormal basis it'll be
+coming from there it'll be a two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there it'll be a two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from there it'll be a two over
+square root of five and a minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five and a minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five and a minus one over
+square root of five I could have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five I could have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five I could have taken
+didn't let me take square root of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't let me take square root of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't let me take square root of five
+out of that matrix to make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that matrix to make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that matrix to make it look
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+so 1 over square root of 5 times what 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 over square root of 5 times what 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 over square root of 5 times what 1
+to 2 minus 1 okay so there I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 minus 1 okay so there I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 minus 1 okay so there I have
+including the square root of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the square root of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the square root of 5
+that's an orthogonal matrix that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an orthogonal matrix that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an orthogonal matrix that's an
+orthogonal matrix that's a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that's a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that's a diagonal
+matrix and it's rank is only 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's rank is only 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it's rank is only 1 and now
+if I do that multiplication I pray that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that multiplication I pray that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that multiplication I pray that
+it comes out right the square root of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out right the square root of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out right the square root of 5
+will cancel into that square root of 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel into that square root of 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cancel into that square root of 125
+and leave me with the square root of 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave me with the square root of 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave me with the square root of 25
+which is 5 and 5 will multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 5 and 5 will multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 5 and 5 will multiply these
+numbers and I'll get whole numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'll get whole numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I'll get whole numbers and
+out will come a ok that's a second like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will come a ok that's a second like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will come a ok that's a second like
+a second example showing how the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second example showing how the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second example showing how the null
+space guy so this this vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space guy so this this vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space guy so this this vector and the
+and and this one were multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this one were multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this one were multiplied by this
+zero so they they were easy to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they they were easy to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so they they were easy to deal with
+it was the key ones are the ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the key ones are the ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the key ones are the ones in the
+column space and the row space do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and the row space do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space and the row space do you
+see how I'm getting columns here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I'm getting columns here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I'm getting columns here
+diagonal here rows here coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here rows here coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal here rows here coming together
+to produce a ok that's the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a ok that's the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a ok that's the singular
+value decomposition so let me think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so let me think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition so let me think what
+I want to add to complete this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what we're really doing so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what we're really doing so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what we're really doing so that's
+two examples and now let's think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples and now let's think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples and now let's think what
+we're really doing where we're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really doing where we're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really doing where we're choosing
+the right basis for the four subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right basis for the four subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right basis for the four subspaces
+of linear algebra let me let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra let me let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra let me let me let me
+write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down
+so V 1 up to V R is an orthonormal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the row space u1 up to you are is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the row space u1 up to you are is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the row space u1 up to you are is an
+orthonormal basis for the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis for the column space
+and then I just finish those out by V R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just finish those out by V R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just finish those out by V R
+plus one the rest up to VN is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one the rest up to VN is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one the rest up to VN is an
+orthonormal basis for the null space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally you are plus one up to you M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you are plus one up to you M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you are plus one up to you M is
+an orthonormal basis for the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis for the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthonormal basis for the null space
+of a transpose do you see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose do you see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose do you see that we
+finally got the basis right there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally got the basis right there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally got the basis right there right
+because they're orthonormal and also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're orthonormal and also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're orthonormal and also I
+mean the again gram-schmidt would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the again gram-schmidt would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the again gram-schmidt would have
+done this in Chapter four here we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in Chapter four here we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in Chapter four here we needed
+eigen values because these bases make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values because these bases make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values because these bases make
+the matrix diagonal a times V I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix diagonal a times V I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix diagonal a times V I is a
+multiple of U I so I'll put an the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix has been made diagonal when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has been made diagonal when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has been made diagonal when we
+choose these bases there the there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these bases there the there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these bases there the there's no
+coupling between V's and no coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between V's and no coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between V's and no coupling
+between use each a a times each V is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between use each a a times each V is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between use each a a times each V is in
+the direction of the corresponding u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the corresponding u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the corresponding u so
+it's exactly the right basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the right basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the right basis for the
+four fundamental subspaces and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four fundamental subspaces and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four fundamental subspaces and of course
+their dimensions are what we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimensions are what we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dimensions are what we know the
+dimension of the row space is the rank R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the row space is the rank R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the row space is the rank R
+and so is the dimension of the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is the dimension of the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is the dimension of the column
+space the dimension of the null space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the dimension of the null space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the dimension of the null space is
+n minus R that's how many vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus R that's how many vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus R that's how many vectors we
+need and M minus our basis vectors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and M minus our basis vectors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and M minus our basis vectors for
+the left null space the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space the null space of a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+okay I'm going to stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop there
+I could develop further from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could develop further from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could develop further from the from
+the SVD but we'll see it again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD but we'll see it again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD but we'll see it again in the
+very last lectures of the course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last lectures of the course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last lectures of the course there's
+a SVD thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Te1qKOJd8aw.txt b/Te1qKOJd8aw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..181638a5fe829f3027a2e531c8412e31eeaaf89c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Te1qKOJd8aw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+high quality educational resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today i'm going to continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today i'm going to continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today i'm going to continue with
+frequency response and filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response and filtering
+but also begin the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also begin the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also begin the story of
+spectral content of signals so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content of signals so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content of signals so our
+starting point is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point is still
+something you've seen before namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've seen before namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've seen before namely the
+statement that for an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that for an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that for an lti system
+a sinusoid into the system gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid into the system gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid into the system gives you a
+sinusoid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid out
+at the same frequency but may be shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency but may be shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency but may be shifted
+in phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase
+and scaled in amplitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaled in amplitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaled in amplitude so
+a bit of terminology here just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of terminology here just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of terminology here just for
+general interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest
+we refer to the exponential as an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the exponential as an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we refer to the exponential as an eigen
+function of the lti system because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lti system because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the lti system because the
+only effect the lti system has on it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect the lti system has on it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect the lti system has on it is
+a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling
+so an input to some kind of a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an input to some kind of a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an input to some kind of a mapping
+which comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes out
+the same except for a scaling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except for a scaling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same except for a scaling is
+referred to as an eigenfunction or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as an eigenfunction or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as an eigenfunction or an
+eigenvector if you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector if you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector if you're talking about
+matrices so we say that the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we say that the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we say that the exponential
+the complex exponential here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex exponential here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex exponential here
+is an eigenfunction of the lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenfunction of the lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenfunction of the lti system
+because when it comes through it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it comes through it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when it comes through it's just
+the same exponential but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exponential but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same exponential but
+scaled by some number and that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some number and that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by some number and that number is
+what we refer to as the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we refer to as the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we refer to as the frequency
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+right and we've seen that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we've seen that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we've seen that there's a
+simple expression for it and let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for it and let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for it and let me put
+that expression up because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression up because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression up because we're going
+to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it
+repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the m here is irrelevant it can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m here is irrelevant it can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m here is irrelevant it can be any
+dummy index because we're summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy index because we're summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy index because we're summing over
+the m you can call it anything you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m you can call it anything you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m you can call it anything you want
+all right and i just should mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i just should mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i just should mention that
+there's other notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other notation
+for this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are people who refer to it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who refer to it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who refer to it as well
+it's often referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of e j omega because actually the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of e j omega because actually the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of e j omega because actually the way
+omega enters is always in the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega enters is always in the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega enters is always in the term
+e to the j omega so this is uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega so this is uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega so this is uh if you
+want to think of it that way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of it that way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of it that way this is
+e to the j omega to the power minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega to the power minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega to the power minus m
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh well let me just write it as 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let me just write it as 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well let me just write it as 1 over
+1 over e to the j omega m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over e to the j omega m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over e to the j omega m
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's some function of e to the j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some function of e to the j omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some function of e to the j omega
+and people will often write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people will often write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people will often write it this way
+and one of the advantages of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the advantages of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the advantages of this is the
+notation right away tells you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation right away tells you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation right away tells you that this
+object is periodic with period 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is periodic with period 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is periodic with period 2 pi
+because if you were to increase omega by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you were to increase omega by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you were to increase omega by
+an integer multiple of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer multiple of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer multiple of 2 pi
+in the numerator here you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator here you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator here you get the same
+argument again and therefore h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again and therefore h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument again and therefore h
+must be the same again so this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same again so this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same again so this notation
+has the value that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the value that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the value that it
+keeps the periodicity front and center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the periodicity front and center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the periodicity front and center
+uh it also makes sense when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it also makes sense when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it also makes sense when you're
+developing various other transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing various other transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing various other transforms
+there's something called the z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the z transform
+which we won't deal with in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't deal with in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't deal with in this class
+but it's used a lot when dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's used a lot when dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's used a lot when dealing with
+discrete time systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems
+and the way that you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that you get from the
+z transform to this object is by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform to this object is by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform to this object is by making
+the substitution z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution z
+equals e j omega and so um people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e j omega and so um people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e j omega and so um people will
+use this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation
+so the z transform uses z exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the z transform uses z exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the z transform uses z exactly where
+we use e to the j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use e to the j omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use e to the j omega
+but for our purposes this is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes this is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes this is a much
+simpler notation it's just that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler notation it's just that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler notation it's just that we need
+you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to remember
+when you see this that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this that we're talking
+about something that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something that's got
+a period pi and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period pi and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period pi and if you look at the
+definition that becomes clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that becomes clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that becomes clear
+if you increase big omega here by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase big omega here by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase big omega here by any
+integer multiple of 2 pi you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of 2 pi you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of 2 pi you're going to
+get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing
+back again there's another bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again there's another bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again there's another bit of
+notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notational
+confusion that can arise which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people will sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write little omega instead of big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write little omega instead of big omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write little omega instead of big omega
+okay so that's also used um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's also used um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's also used um so this is
+other notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation
+and it's notation that we will try not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's notation that we will try not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's notation that we will try not
+to use but you might see vestiges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use but you might see vestiges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use but you might see vestiges of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+when you look through old problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look through old problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look through old problems
+because in some terms we may have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some terms we may have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some terms we may have used
+this notation and some terms we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation and some terms we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation and some terms we may have
+used a little omega instead of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a little omega instead of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a little omega instead of a big
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+but for our purposes we'll stick to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we'll stick to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our purposes we'll stick to this
+okay so when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we say
+big omega we're thinking of it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega we're thinking of it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big omega we're thinking of it as an
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+around the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle
+so if you've got the complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at an angle big omega this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at an angle big omega this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at an angle big omega this complex
+number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+e to the j omega right so we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega right so we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega right so we're thinking
+of big omega as an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big omega as an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big omega as an angle
+something measured in radians and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something measured in radians and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something measured in radians and it's
+different from little omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from little omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from little omega
+okay you can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can write the
+expression for the frequency response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the frequency response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the frequency response in
+various ways so here i've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways so here i've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways so here i've just
+used euler's identity to split that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used euler's identity to split that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used euler's identity to split that into
+a cosine and a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and a sine
+and that's straightforward enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's straightforward enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's straightforward enough
+the sums are over infinite intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums are over infinite intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums are over infinite intervals and
+we talked last time about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about how
+stability of the system bounded input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the system bounded input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the system bounded input
+bounded output stability of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded output stability of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded output stability of the system
+will guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that
+those summations are well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those summations are well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those summations are well defined
+okay now there's another name for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's another name for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's another name for this
+formula basically we've called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula basically we've called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula basically we've called it the
+frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+but when you compute an h of omega using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you compute an h of omega using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you compute an h of omega using
+this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula
+another way to say what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say what you're doing is
+to say that you're taking the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you're taking the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you're taking the discrete
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+fourier transform of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of the sequence
+h dot okay so it's a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h dot okay so it's a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h dot okay so it's a discrete time
+fourier transform again that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform again that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform again that's just
+terminology for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for now
+we'll come to expand our view of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to expand our view of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come to expand our view of it
+later but um we've called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but um we've called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but um we've called it the
+frequency response so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so far
+uh because it describes how sinusoids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it describes how sinusoids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it describes how sinusoids or
+exponentials here get to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials here get to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials here get to the output
+but it's also referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also referred to as the
+discrete time fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time fourier transform
+of the unit sample response so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response so you've
+got some time signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some time signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some time signal
+happens to be a unit sample response you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a unit sample response you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a unit sample response you
+compute an object through this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an object through this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute an object through this formula
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+an h of omega that's the dtft okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing we've already seen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we've already seen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we've already seen is that
+knowing that you have an lti system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you have an lti system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you have an lti system and
+that a cosine is a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cosine is a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cosine is a superposition of
+complex exponentials you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials you can use the
+result that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we had
+so far to just uh describe what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far to just uh describe what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far to just uh describe what happens
+to a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a cosine
+when it goes through the system so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through the system so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through the system so it's
+no longer a complex exponential it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a complex exponential it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a complex exponential it's a
+real signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real signal
+of the kind that we're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that we're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that we're more likely to
+work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with
+and we've seen that the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen that the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen that the only thing that
+happens is the cosine that went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the cosine that went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the cosine that went in
+gets scaled in amplitude by an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets scaled in amplitude by an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets scaled in amplitude by an extra
+factor which is the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is the magnitude of the
+frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+and whatever phase it had you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever phase it had you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever phase it had you get an
+extra phase which is the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra phase which is the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra phase which is the angle of the
+frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+so actually if you had an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you had an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you had an lti system
+this is a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good way to
+measure the frequency response in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the frequency response in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the frequency response in the
+lab what you do is you take your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what you do is you take your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what you do is you take your system
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+excited with a sinusoid in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited with a sinusoid in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited with a sinusoid in continuous
+time we know we can do that with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we know we can do that with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we know we can do that with an
+oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+in discrete time you generate a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discrete time you generate a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discrete time you generate a sequence
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and then look to see what comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look to see what comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look to see what comes out of
+the uh system and express it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh system and express it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh system and express it in this
+form and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you'll
+label the scale factor there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the scale factor there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the scale factor there is the
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the frequency response and
+the extra phase angle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra phase angle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra phase angle as
+the phase angle of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase angle of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase angle of the frequency
+response okay so it makes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay so it makes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay so it makes for a
+very systematic way to probe a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic way to probe a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic way to probe a system
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+get at the frequency response again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the frequency response again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the frequency response again
+a point that i've made before which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that i've made before which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that i've made before which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when you do this probing you only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this probing you only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this probing you only need
+to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very
+big omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the range minus pi to pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range minus pi to pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range minus pi to pi so
+when we write a frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because h of omega is periodic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because h of omega is periodic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because h of omega is periodic with
+period two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period two pi
+we only need to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of omega either the magnitude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of omega either the magnitude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of omega either the magnitude that
+would be one plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one plot and
+the angle would be another plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle would be another plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle would be another plot
+both of these would be plotted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these would be plotted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these would be plotted from
+minus pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because outside of that range well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because outside of that range well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because outside of that range well
+you can see it already with the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it already with the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it already with the cosine
+if i added an integer multiple of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i added an integer multiple of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i added an integer multiple of 2 pi
+to omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to omega 0
+i'm going to get an integer multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get an integer multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get an integer multiple of
+2 pi added into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi added into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi added into the
+argument of a cosine and i'm getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of a cosine and i'm getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of a cosine and i'm getting the
+same cosine back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cosine back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cosine back again
+okay and the reason that's the case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason that's the case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason that's the case is
+because the n that's multiplying it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the n that's multiplying it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the n that's multiplying it here
+is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer
+so in continuous time it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in continuous time it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in continuous time it doesn't work
+quite the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same way
+if i had a little omega naught t and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a little omega naught t and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a little omega naught t and i
+added a multiple of 2 pi i wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a multiple of 2 pi i wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a multiple of 2 pi i wouldn't get
+the same argument back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument back again
+so what's different here is that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's different here is that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's different here is that if i
+increase omega naught by an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase omega naught by an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase omega naught by an integer
+multiple of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 2 pi
+because i've got an integer and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've got an integer and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've got an integer and outside
+that again i end up adding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again i end up adding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again i end up adding an
+integer multiple of 2 pi and i'm back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of 2 pi and i'm back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiple of 2 pi and i'm back at
+the same cosine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cosine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cosine so
+frequency response for a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for a discrete time
+system is always in the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is always in the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is always in the interval
+minus pi to pi it repeats periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to pi it repeats periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to pi it repeats periodically
+outside of that if you chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that if you chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that if you chose to
+look at some other omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i've said that already um you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've said that already um you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've said that already um you've
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+heard the term frequency response in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the term frequency response in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the term frequency response in all
+sorts of settings i'm sure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of settings i'm sure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of settings i'm sure one
+uh setting in which it's used a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh setting in which it's used a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh setting in which it's used a lot is
+in describing for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing for instance the
+performance characteristics of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance characteristics of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance characteristics of a
+loudspeaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker
+so people will uh tell you how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people will uh tell you how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people will uh tell you how good
+their loudspeaker is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their loudspeaker is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their loudspeaker is by
+showing you the frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the frequency response of
+the speaker and what they're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker and what they're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker and what they're doing is
+they're applying a sinusoidal voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applying a sinusoidal voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applying a sinusoidal voltage
+to the input and looking at the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input and looking at the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input and looking at the sound
+pressure that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that comes out
+spl here is sound pressure level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spl here is sound pressure level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spl here is sound pressure level
+this is measured in db so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measured in db so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is measured in db so it's actually
+a measurement of the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement of the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement of the ratio of the
+pressure that you hear under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that you hear under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that you hear under certain
+standardized conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized conditions
+to a pressure which is taken as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pressure which is taken as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pressure which is taken as the
+the lowest audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest audible
+pressure on the ear so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the ear so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the ear so there's a
+particular ratio there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ratio there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ratio there
+so what they'll do is they'll feed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they'll do is they'll feed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they'll do is they'll feed the
+loudspeaker with one watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker with one watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudspeaker with one watt
+at a thousand hertz it's just a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a thousand hertz it's just a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a thousand hertz it's just a steady
+tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+and then a meter away from the speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a meter away from the speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a meter away from the speaker
+in an anechoic chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an anechoic chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an anechoic chamber
+they'll look to see what sound pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look to see what sound pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look to see what sound pressure
+they pick up on a specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick up on a specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick up on a specialized
+sensor a detector a microphone basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor a detector a microphone basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor a detector a microphone basically
+and that number and db is what they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number and db is what they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number and db is what they'll
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+and so typical speakers are have values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so typical speakers are have values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so typical speakers are have values
+in that kind of range now if you probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of range now if you probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of range now if you probe
+it at different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at different frequencies
+applying the same uh input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the same uh input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the same uh input voltage
+and looking at pressure you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at pressure you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at pressure you'll get
+varying pressure depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying pressure depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying pressure depending on
+uh the frequency that you probe at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frequency that you probe at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the frequency that you probe at so
+this is the frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the frequency response of the
+speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker
+and uh you know if you go too low in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know if you go too low in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know if you go too low in
+frequency then you don't get much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then you don't get much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then you don't get much of a
+response if you go too high in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if you go too high in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if you go too high in frequency
+you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get
+much of a response okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a response okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a response okay so
+now of course when you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course when you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course when you um
+use the speaker you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the speaker you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the speaker you're not going to
+probe it with sines and cosines you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe it with sines and cosines you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe it with sines and cosines you're
+actually going to put more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to put more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to put more complicated
+sounds in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in there
+so what you're really interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're really interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're really interested in is
+how does a speaker behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a speaker behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a speaker behave
+to signals that are combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signals that are combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signals that are combinations of
+cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines
+okay and again we're using our model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we're using our model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we're using our model of
+the speaker as an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker as an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker as an lti system
+all bets are off if you uh drive your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bets are off if you uh drive your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bets are off if you uh drive your
+speaker so hard that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so hard that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so hard that you
+get distortion and exercise all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distortion and exercise all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get distortion and exercise all the
+non-linearities there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearities there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearities there
+or burn it out but if you're in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or burn it out but if you're in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or burn it out but if you're in a normal
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+the speaker's acting linearly uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker's acting linearly uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker's acting linearly uh you can
+talk about its frequency response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its frequency response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about its frequency response and
+what you're really interested in is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really interested in is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really interested in is how
+does the speaker respond to linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the speaker respond to linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the speaker respond to linear
+combinations of cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of cosines
+uh and all of these various signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all of these various signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and all of these various signals
+can be thought of as at least over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be thought of as at least over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be thought of as at least over
+reasonable time intervals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time intervals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable time intervals as
+combinations of cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of cosines
+appropriately chosen so if you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately chosen so if you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately chosen so if you hit the
+particular key on the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular key on the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular key on the piano
+you get a dominant note but you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a dominant note but you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a dominant note but you'll get
+harmonics of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics of that
+and that's what's going into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's going into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's going into your
+speaker okay so knowing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker okay so knowing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker okay so knowing how
+an lti system responds to cosines then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system responds to cosines then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system responds to cosines then
+puts you in a position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you in a position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you in a position to
+say how it responds to combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how it responds to combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how it responds to combinations of
+cosines or signals that are combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines or signals that are combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines or signals that are combinations
+of cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cosines
+so the other part of the story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other part of the story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other part of the story that
+we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to
+and maybe even by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even by the end of this
+lecture is we need a way to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is we need a way to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is we need a way to take a
+general signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general signal
+and represent it as a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and represent it as a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and represent it as a combination of
+cosines and that's what we refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and that's what we refer to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and that's what we refer to as
+the spectral content of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral content of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral content of the signal
+so when we talk of exposing the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk of exposing the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk of exposing the spectral
+content of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of a signal
+as over here what we're saying is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as over here what we're saying is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as over here what we're saying is we're
+going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you
+what combination of cosines it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of cosines it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of cosines it takes to
+make up that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up that signal
+and once you figure that out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you figure that out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you figure that out and you
+have the frequency response of your lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the frequency response of your lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the frequency response of your lti
+system you can say how your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can say how your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can say how your system
+responds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to that
+okay so this theme runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this theme runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this theme runs through
+every stage of what happens actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage of what happens actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage of what happens actually in
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now the example i've given you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now the example i've given you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now the example i've given you here
+is is one that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one that you would
+typically probe with a continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically probe with a continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically probe with a continuous time
+oscillator in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in the lab
+and so there's some connections that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some connections that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's some connections that you
+might want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make
+between probing with a continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between probing with a continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between probing with a continuous time
+signal and probing with a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and probing with a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and probing with a discrete time
+sequence that comes from sampling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that comes from sampling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that comes from sampling that
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+but i'm going to leave you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to leave you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to leave you to look at
+that later or leave your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later or leave your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later or leave your recitation
+instructors to pull that back or leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to pull that back or leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to pull that back or leave
+you to draw this up if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw this up if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to draw this up if you
+have a homework problem that needs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homework problem that needs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a homework problem that needs you
+to think about how continuous time maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how continuous time maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how continuous time maps
+to discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discrete time
+but the basic point is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic point is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic point is the actual
+physical speaker you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical speaker you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical speaker you might
+probe with a cosine and continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with a cosine and continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with a cosine and continuous time
+if you're generating that signal from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're generating that signal from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're generating that signal from a
+computer what you'd actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what you'd actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what you'd actually be
+sending to your amplifier is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending to your amplifier is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending to your amplifier is a sequence
+of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+and the frequency of the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of the numbers that
+you would send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would send
+uh this frequency is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this frequency is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this frequency is related to the
+frequency of the continuous time cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the continuous time cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the continuous time cosine
+that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+in a very particular way so i'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very particular way so i'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very particular way so i'll leave
+you to chew on that but i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to chew on that but i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to chew on that but i don't want to
+spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time
+on that now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that now so
+let's spend a little time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend a little time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's spend a little time talking about
+the properties of frequency response now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of frequency response now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of frequency response now
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+know why we would use it and this i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why we would use it and this i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why we would use it and this i've
+already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the value of the frequency response at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the frequency response at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the frequency response at
+some of this by the way you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this by the way you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this by the way you may have
+seen in recitation but it doesn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in recitation but it doesn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in recitation but it doesn't hurt
+to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat
+the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at frequency zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at frequency zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at frequency zero well
+we've said if you've got e to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said if you've got e to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said if you've got e to the j
+omega sub zero n some frequency omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sub zero n some frequency omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sub zero n some frequency omega
+sub zero going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a system h omega a system with frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system h omega a system with frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system h omega a system with frequency
+response h omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response h omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response h omega
+an lti system with frequency response h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system with frequency response h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system with frequency response h
+omega right i'm leaving out lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega right i'm leaving out lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega right i'm leaving out lots of
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+but frequency response doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frequency response doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frequency response doesn't make
+sense unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense unless you
+have an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an lti system
+okay so for what kind of input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for what kind of input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for what kind of input signal
+would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you
+be looking at omega equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dc right a constant signal it's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc right a constant signal it's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc right a constant signal it's what the
+electrical engineers call dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which used to stand for direct current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which used to stand for direct current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which used to stand for direct current
+but has now come to mean constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when we say a dc input we just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we say a dc input we just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we say a dc input we just mean
+a constant input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant input
+um so if i pick omega sub 0 to be 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if i pick omega sub 0 to be 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if i pick omega sub 0 to be 0 then
+e to the j 0 n well that's just one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j 0 n well that's just one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j 0 n well that's just one for
+all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all time
+and so i'm feeding the system with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm feeding the system with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm feeding the system with a
+constant that's the slowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the slowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's the slowest possible
+input that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that you can find
+it's a zero frequency input and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a zero frequency input and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a zero frequency input and the
+amount that it's scaled by is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that it's scaled by is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that it's scaled by is the number
+that you're going to plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to plot here
+okay so whatever value you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whatever value you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whatever value you get
+is going to end up being plotted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up being plotted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up being plotted there
+at omega equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at omega equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at omega equals zero
+and let's see do we believe this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see do we believe this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see do we believe this other
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+h0 it's just a substitution in here if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 it's just a substitution in here if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 it's just a substitution in here if i
+put omega equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put omega equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put omega equals zero
+it's the summation of all the hms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the summation of all the hms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the summation of all the hms but
+there's another way to think of it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to think of it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way to think of it also
+if you want to think of it in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think of it in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think of it in the time
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an lti system
+it's got some unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm feeding it with an input that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm feeding it with an input that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm feeding it with an input that's
+constant for all time it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all time it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all time it's actually
+constant of the value 1 for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the value 1 for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the value 1 for all time
+if you're thinking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're thinking in terms of
+convolution the flip slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the flip slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution the flip slide
+and dot product picture what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dot product picture what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dot product picture what is the
+output at any time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to draw out your unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw out your unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw out your unit
+sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+you're going to draw out your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw out your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to draw out your input
+which is one for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one for all time
+take one of them and flip it over slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of them and flip it over slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one of them and flip it over slide
+it the appropriate amount over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the appropriate amount over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the appropriate amount over the other
+and then take the dot product well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the dot product well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the dot product well for
+every shift of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shift of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shift of this
+flipped and shifted input you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped and shifted input you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped and shifted input you're going
+to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up
+all of the unit sample response so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the unit sample response so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the unit sample response so at
+every time you're going to get summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're going to get summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're going to get summation
+hm outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm outside
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you fed an input that was dc at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you fed an input that was dc at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you fed an input that was dc at
+the value one this is what the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value one this is what the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value one this is what the output
+will be at all times you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at all times you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at all times you can see that
+from the convolution picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the convolution picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the convolution picture
+so what's the frequency response at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the frequency response at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the frequency response at
+frequency zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency zero
+what's the ratio of the output to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ratio of the output to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ratio of the output to the
+input uh the the output amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the the output amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the the output amplitude
+to the input this is for all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input this is for all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input this is for all time
+so the input amplitude was one and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input amplitude was one and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input amplitude was one and each
+time the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the output
+amplitude was that and so that's the dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude was that and so that's the dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude was that and so that's the dc
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+the dc gain of the system or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dc gain of the system or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dc gain of the system or the
+frequency response of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see so h0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so h0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so h0 is
+what's referred to as the dc gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about high frequency so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about high frequency so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about high frequency so what's the
+highest frequency variation that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency variation that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency variation that you can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+with a discrete time sequence i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discrete time sequence i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discrete time sequence i've got a
+sequence here at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've seen what the slowest variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen what the slowest variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen what the slowest variation
+possible is it's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is it's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is it's something that's
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+if you're talking about a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about a discrete time
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+that can only take values at integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only take values at integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only take values at integer
+times what's the highest frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what's the highest frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what's the highest frequency
+variation that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just something that alternates in sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that alternates in sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that alternates in sign
+right so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so is this of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is this of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is this of the form
+e to the j omega 0 and for some omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega 0 and for some omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j omega 0 and for some omega 0
+is that a signal of exponential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah if you take omega not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah if you take omega not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah if you take omega not equal to
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+this is just e to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just e to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just e to the j
+pi n in fact you can take plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n in fact you can take plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n in fact you can take plus or minus
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when you probe the system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you probe the system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you probe the system with
+an input of this type which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input of this type which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input of this type which is the
+highest frequency input that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency input that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency input that you can
+probe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with
+what you're really probing is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really probing is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're really probing is what's the
+frequency response at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response at this point
+you get the same value at uh minus pi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same value at uh minus pi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same value at uh minus pi or
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+right so these are the two extremes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are the two extremes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are the two extremes and
+then the frequency response the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the frequency response the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the frequency response the rest of
+it lies in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lies in between
+for other sorts of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now do you believe this other identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do you believe this other identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do you believe this other identity
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i have up there well you can go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have up there well you can go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have up there well you can go back to
+the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition
+set big omega equal to pi or minus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set big omega equal to pi or minus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set big omega equal to pi or minus pi
+and you'll get an alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get an alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get an alternating
+sequence of one ones and minus ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of one ones and minus ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of one ones and minus ones here
+and so that verifies that identity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that verifies that identity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that verifies that identity or
+you can think in terms of convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think in terms of convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think in terms of convolution
+if i convolve a sequence like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i convolve a sequence like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i convolve a sequence like this
+with this with the system with this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with the system with this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with the system with this unit
+sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+what comes out at every time is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out at every time is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out at every time is an
+alternating sum of the hms except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating sum of the hms except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating sum of the hms except the
+sign flips from one time to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign flips from one time to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign flips from one time to the next
+and so again you can verify in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again you can verify in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again you can verify in
+in the time domain that that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain that that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain that that's actually
+the high frequency gain of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency gain of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency gain of the system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's a bunch of other symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of other symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of other symmetry
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+of the frequency response that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the frequency response that i think
+at least in some of the recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some of the recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some of the recitations
+you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done
+and the easiest way to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easiest way to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easiest way to see these
+symmetry properties is to actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties is to actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry properties is to actually go
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+the rewriting i did of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rewriting i did of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rewriting i did of the frequency
+response in terms of sines and cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in terms of sines and cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in terms of sines and cosines
+uh this first term here i'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this first term here i'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this first term here i'm calling
+c of omega the second term here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of omega the second term here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of omega the second term here the
+summation i'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation i'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation i'm calling
+s of omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of omega so
+where would a statement like this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would a statement like this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would a statement like this come
+from uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh let's see
+for real h of n that's the only kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real h of n that's the only kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real h of n that's the only kind of
+h of n we're going to worry about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of n we're going to worry about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of n we're going to worry about in
+general we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we're going to talk about
+systems with real unit sample responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with real unit sample responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with real unit sample responses
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if h is real why would it be true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if h is real why would it be true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if h is real why would it be true that
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+part of the frequency response is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the frequency response is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the frequency response is an
+even function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even function of
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the real part of the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the real part of the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the real part of the frequency of
+the frequency response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response is
+this term right because the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right because the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term right because the other term
+is the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the imaginary part
+so the real part of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real part of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real part of the frequency
+response is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is this term
+and if i change big omega to minus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i change big omega to minus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i change big omega to minus omega
+the cosine doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine doesn't change
+it's the same and therefore the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same and therefore the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same and therefore the real
+part is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is even
+okay so the real part of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the real part of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the real part of the frequency
+response is an even function of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is an even function of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is an even function of omega
+the imaginary part which is the minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part which is the minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part which is the minus s
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+well if i change omega to minus omega i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i change omega to minus omega i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i change omega to minus omega i
+flip the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the sign
+so that's an odd function of omega all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an odd function of omega all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an odd function of omega all
+right and so on so you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so on so you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so on so you can go through
+these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties
+whenever you're stuck trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're stuck trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're stuck trying to figure
+out a property this is the expression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a property this is the expression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a property this is the expression to
+go back to so rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to so rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to so rewrite the
+basic definition in this form and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definition in this form and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definition in this form and you'll
+understand a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot of this
+and again you'll get practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you'll get practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you'll get practice and
+recitation if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation if you haven't
+done that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay another important property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that you encounter when you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you encounter when you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you encounter when you go from
+the time domain to the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain to the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain to the frequency domain
+so remember in the time domain we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in the time domain we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember in the time domain we said
+that if you have an input here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an input here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an input here
+you can involve that input with h1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can involve that input with h1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can involve that input with h1 to
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+output of the intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the intermediate point
+okay so if i call the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i call the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i call the output of the
+intermediate point i should have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point i should have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point i should have done it
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but here's h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i call this w this is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i call this w this is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i call this w this is x
+and then i go into a second system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h2 and here's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well w is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well w is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well w is equal to
+h1 convolved with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 convolved with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 convolved with x
+and y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y equals
+h2 convolved with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 convolved with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 convolved with w
+so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this
+but i can put the parentheses any way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can put the parentheses any way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can put the parentheses any way i
+like for convolution right we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for convolution right we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for convolution right we've already
+established that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the net effect of the cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net effect of the cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net effect of the cascade of
+systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is
+the effect you'd get by having a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect you'd get by having a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect you'd get by having a single
+system lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lti
+with this unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this unit sample response
+now if i think in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i think in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i think in the frequency domain
+if i put e to the j omega n here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what comes out at the intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out at the intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out at the intermediate point
+at the intermediate point i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intermediate point i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intermediate point i get
+h1 omega ej omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 omega ej omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 omega ej omega n
+all right so that's w n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is again an input of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is again an input of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is again an input of
+exponential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential form
+so what comes out of the second system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what comes out of the second system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what comes out of the second system
+when i put this input into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i put this input into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i put this input into it
+so what's w n sorry what's y of n going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's w n sorry what's y of n going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's w n sorry what's y of n going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so it's basically the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's basically the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's basically the second
+system's frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's frequency response
+uh scaling the exponential that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scaling the exponential that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scaling the exponential that went
+into the second system which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the net effect when i put ej
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the net effect when i put ej
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the net effect when i put ej
+omega n of the first spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n of the first spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n of the first spot
+is at the output i get the same ejm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the output i get the same ejm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the output i get the same ejm
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+but scaled by the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scaled by the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scaled by the product of the two
+frequency responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses
+so the the nice thing here is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the nice thing here is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the nice thing here is that when
+i'm describing a cascade of two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm describing a cascade of two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm describing a cascade of two systems
+if i describe the net effect in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i describe the net effect in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i describe the net effect in the time
+domain i've got to do a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain i've got to do a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain i've got to do a convolution
+of these two unit sample responses if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two unit sample responses if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two unit sample responses if i
+think of it in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in the frequency domain
+i just have to take the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just have to take the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just have to take the product of the
+individual frequency responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency responses
+okay so the key observation here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key observation here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key observation here is that
+um convolution and the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maps to multiplication of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps to multiplication of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps to multiplication of the frequency
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+so if i wanted the dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted the dtft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted the dtft
+of this if i want to the discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if i want to the discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if i want to the discrete time
+fourier transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of
+this result of a convolution i can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result of a convolution i can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result of a convolution i can find
+it by just multiplying the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by just multiplying the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by just multiplying the individual
+dtfts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtfts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dtfts
+all right so convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so convolution
+in time maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time maps to
+multiplication in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this actually makes design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually makes design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually makes design
+uh much more easy because we're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much more easy because we're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much more easy because we're often
+cascading systems in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading systems in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading systems in this form
+and if you think in terms of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think in terms of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think in terms of frequency
+you can track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can track
+a frequency component through a cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency component through a cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency component through a cascade
+of such systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such systems
+just focusing on the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focusing on the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focusing on the frequency response
+of each system as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each system as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each system as you go
+so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a channel
+um let's let's say that it's a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's say that it's a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's say that it's a channel
+with an echo so when i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me actually draw it out here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually draw it out here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually draw it out here um
+so i've got a channel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i'm modeling as lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm modeling as lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm modeling as lti
+and if i put in a unit sample function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i put in a unit sample function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i put in a unit sample function
+here so this has the value one at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this has the value one at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this has the value one at time
+one suppose the channel is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one suppose the channel is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one suppose the channel is one that
+has some echoing in it so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some echoing in it so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some echoing in it so what i
+actually get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get out
+for this input is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this input is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this input is the same
+delta of n plus 0.8 delta of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n plus 0.8 delta of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n plus 0.8 delta of n
+minus 1. so the there's a a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. so the there's a a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1. so the there's a a later
+arrival scaled by something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival scaled by something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival scaled by something which
+corresponds to the echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the echo
+okay so this must be the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this must be the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this must be the unit sample
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the frequency response of the
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+so if i call this h1 of n what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i call this h1 of n what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i call this h1 of n what is
+h1 big of omega a big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 big of omega a big omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 big of omega a big omega
+h1 of big omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't have it up there do i no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have it up there do i no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have it up there do i no
+anyone just from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the problem here that you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem here that you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem here that you don't quite
+see what h10 is h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what h10 is h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what h10 is h1
+1 h12 and so on if i asked you to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 h12 and so on if i asked you to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 h12 and so on if i asked you to plot
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+how would you plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry
+uh is it 1.8 where where would you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it 1.8 where where would you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it 1.8 where where would you put
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+just over there oh you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over there oh you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over there oh you're talking about
+the frequency response let's get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response let's get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response let's get the uh
+unit sample response first let's sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response first let's sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response first let's sketch
+this what's your sketch of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's your sketch of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's your sketch of that
+at zero b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and 0 everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and 0 everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and 0 everywhere else
+that's the unit sample response okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit sample response okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit sample response okay so
+what's the frequency response well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the frequency response well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the frequency response well we
+just plug it into the definition all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into the definition all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug it into the definition all the
+h's except the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's except the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's except the ones that
+argument 0 and 1 are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument 0 and 1 are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument 0 and 1 are equal to
+0 so this is going to be 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this is going to be 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so this is going to be 1 plus
+0.8 e to the minus g omega is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 e to the minus g omega is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 e to the minus g omega is that what
+you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said
+was not quite what you said right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite what you said right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite what you said right
+what you said was the number i'd get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said was the number i'd get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said was the number i'd get at
+omega equals zero the dc gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals zero the dc gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals zero the dc gain of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+but the frequency response is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+let's just work backwards here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the frequency response is that or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the frequency response is that or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the frequency response is that or if
+i wanted to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to write it
+um we're going from that board to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going from that board to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going from that board to here
+h1 of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 of omega
+i can write it as a real plus imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write it as a real plus imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write it as a real plus imaginary
+part so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so it would be
+1 plus 0.8 cosine omega this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 0.8 cosine omega this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 0.8 cosine omega this would be
+the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+then i have a minus j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry 0.8 sine omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the frequency response
+some complex number with a real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complex number with a real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complex number with a real part and
+an imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if i asked you to give it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i asked you to give it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i asked you to give it to me
+in magnitude and angle form you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitude and angle form you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitude and angle form you could do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it's just rearranging rearranging things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just rearranging rearranging things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just rearranging rearranging things
+so you'd the magnitude would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd the magnitude would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd the magnitude would be the
+square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of
+the sum of squares of these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squares of these two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squares of these two pieces
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and the angle would be the arctan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle would be the arctan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle would be the arctan of the
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+so i assume that you know how to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i assume that you know how to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i assume that you know how to do all
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+and what you find actually you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find actually you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you find actually you can see
+it in these expressions already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in these expressions already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in these expressions already
+just as well i didn't quite claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well i didn't quite claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well i didn't quite claim this
+earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but
+the magnitude of the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the frequency response
+will always be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a real
+function of frequency sorry an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency sorry an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency sorry an even
+function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency
+and the phase will always be an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase will always be an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase will always be an odd
+function of frequency so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency so if you're
+drawing the results of a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the results of a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the results of a computation
+like this and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you find
+that you don't have an even function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have an even function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have an even function
+for the magnitude then you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude then you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude then you know you've
+done something wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something wrong so
+i'm not i'm going to sketch something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm going to sketch something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm going to sketch something
+here which i'm not pretending is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which i'm not pretending is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which i'm not pretending is the
+magnitude of that i just want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that i just want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that i just want you to get
+the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of
+what i mean by even right it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by even right it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by even right it's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that's symmetric in omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's symmetric in omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's symmetric in omega
+this is the magnitude and then if i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the magnitude and then if i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the magnitude and then if i did
+the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+the phase is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is always going to be
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+an odd function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if it's an odd function of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's an odd function of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's an odd function of frequency
+what's the value at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value at zero
+of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got to go through zero right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to go through zero right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to go through zero right and so
+i might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might get
+uh well what would it actually be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well what would it actually be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well what would it actually be some
+some shape i'm not i'm not pretending i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape i'm not i'm not pretending i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape i'm not i'm not pretending i
+have the right shape here but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right shape here but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right shape here but it's going
+to have an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an odd
+symmetry i'll leave you to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry i'll leave you to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry i'll leave you to figure out
+what it actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually looks like
+okay so that's the frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the frequency response of
+this echo channel so here's what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this echo channel so here's what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this echo channel so here's what i want
+you to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do now
+at your receiver build for me a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your receiver build for me a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your receiver build for me a filter
+that's going to undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to undo
+the distortion that the echo has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion that the echo has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion that the echo has
+produced so what i'd like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced so what i'd like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced so what i'd like is
+i'd like an output after you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like an output after you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like an output after you've done
+your filtering to be exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filtering to be exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filtering to be exactly equal to
+the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input
+so my question is what should and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is what should and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my question is what should and my
+claim is you can do that with an lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can do that with an lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is you can do that with an lti
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+how would you describe that lti filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you describe that lti filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you describe that lti filter
+what should that lti filter be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the output to be exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to be exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to be exactly equal to the
+input no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input no matter what the
+input was you want a frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input was you want a frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input was you want a frequency response
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one
+overall and the overall frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and the overall frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and the overall frequency
+response we know is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we know is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we know is the product of the
+two individual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individual ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individual ones
+and so we want h2 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want h2 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want h2 omega
+times h1 omega to be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h1 omega to be equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times h1 omega to be equal to one
+and therefore h2 should be one over h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore h2 should be one over h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore h2 should be one over h1
+so you can see here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here how
+things get a lot easier when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a lot easier when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a lot easier when you think
+in the frequency domain if i had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain if i had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain if i had to do
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+the time domain i would have had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain i would have had to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain i would have had to say
+h2 convolved with h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 convolved with h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 convolved with h1
+has got to give me the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to give me the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to give me the unit sample
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and i'll give you h1 now you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you h1 now you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you h1 now you've got to
+figure h2 well you've got to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure h2 well you've got to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure h2 well you've got to go and
+work the convolution picture backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the convolution picture backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the convolution picture backwards
+which is doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is doable
+for simple cases but this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simple cases but this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simple cases but this is much
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+so this shows that h2 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over h1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seems like a reasonable way to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a reasonable way to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a reasonable way to go and
+you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+work the whole thing through but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the whole thing through but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the whole thing through but there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+problem with this and we've seen this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this and we've seen this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this and we've seen this in
+other settings as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings as well
+which is something that works fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that works fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that works fine in
+the noise free case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't work so well when you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well when you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work so well when you've got
+noise in your system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in your system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in your system so
+look at what this receiver filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what this receiver filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what this receiver filter is
+doing the receiver filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the receiver filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the receiver filter
+let's see what is its magnitude how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is its magnitude how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is its magnitude how does
+the magnitude of the receiver filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the receiver filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the receiver filter
+relate to the magnitude of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the magnitude of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the magnitude of the channel
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the channel uh frequency response so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel uh frequency response so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel uh frequency response so
+this magnitude is a magnitude of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnitude is a magnitude of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnitude is a magnitude of one
+over h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h1
+that the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over magnitude of h1 that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over magnitude of h1 that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over magnitude of h1 that how
+complex numbers work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers work
+okay right so look what happens where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so look what happens where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so look what happens where
+the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel
+has a very low frequency response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very low frequency response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very low frequency response in
+other words where the channel output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words where the channel output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words where the channel output
+is very low for a sinusoidal input at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very low for a sinusoidal input at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very low for a sinusoidal input at
+that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency
+the receiver filter is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver filter is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver filter is going to have a
+very high magnitude so the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high magnitude so the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high magnitude so the receiver
+filter is trying to boost up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is trying to boost up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is trying to boost up
+whatever signal it sees in a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever signal it sees in a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever signal it sees in a frequency
+range where the channel actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where the channel actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range where the channel actually has
+very little output so what happens if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little output so what happens if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little output so what happens if i
+come and have a bit of noise here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and have a bit of noise here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and have a bit of noise here
+where i'm receiving the signal was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm receiving the signal was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm receiving the signal was going
+to be very badly exaggerated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very badly exaggerated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very badly exaggerated by the
+inverse filter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse filter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse filter okay so
+um a little bit of noise here will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit of noise here will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit of noise here will get
+accentuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated
+at frequencies where the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at frequencies where the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at frequencies where the frequency
+response of the receiver filter is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the receiver filter is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the receiver filter is large
+but that's precisely where the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's precisely where the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's precisely where the channel
+had a very low frequency response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very low frequency response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very low frequency response and
+it's precisely where the output the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's precisely where the output the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's precisely where the output the
+channel has nothing interesting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel has nothing interesting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel has nothing interesting for me
+so my receiver filter ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my receiver filter ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my receiver filter ends up
+accentuating the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuating the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuating the noise
+okay so yet again we see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yet again we see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yet again we see that these
+sorts of inversion operations may look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of inversion operations may look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of inversion operations may look
+nice on paper but if you don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice on paper but if you don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice on paper but if you don't take
+account of what noise does then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of what noise does then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of what noise does then you can
+run into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble
+and the picture is very transparent when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture is very transparent when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture is very transparent when
+you think in the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in the frequency domain
+okay some more practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filters and cascade i think i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and cascade i think i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and cascade i think i'm going to
+leave you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to
+work through this in recitation perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this in recitation perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through this in recitation perhaps
+so i'll leave it on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll leave it on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll leave it on the slides
+but let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design of filters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of filters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of filters okay
+so now we're we've seen one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're we've seen one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're we've seen one example of
+trying to design a filter the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design a filter the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to design a filter the receiver
+filter to undo the distortion channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to undo the distortion channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to undo the distortion channel
+here's another actually i want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another actually i want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another actually i want that
+here is another design problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another design problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another design problem that you
+run into all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is that you see a signal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you see a signal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you see a signal that's
+got a whole bunch of frequencies mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole bunch of frequencies mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a whole bunch of frequencies mixed
+up in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in it
+and you want to exclude some of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to exclude some of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to exclude some of them so
+maybe you're looking for an audio signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're looking for an audio signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're looking for an audio signal
+you know that the combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the combinations of
+sinusoids that make up an audio signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids that make up an audio signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoids that make up an audio signal
+are unlikely to go above whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unlikely to go above whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unlikely to go above whatever you
+want pick your number 10 kilohertz 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want pick your number 10 kilohertz 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want pick your number 10 kilohertz 20
+kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz
+and so you want to exclude frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to exclude frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to exclude frequencies
+outside of that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that range
+so you're very often in the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're very often in the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're very often in the position of
+trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build
+what's called an ideal low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an ideal low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an ideal low-pass filter
+so here's an ideal low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd like you to build for me a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to build for me a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to build for me a filter
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+passes all frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes all frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes all frequencies
+in some range without distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some range without distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some range without distortion
+and that completely kills everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completely kills everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that completely kills everything
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me call this the cutoff frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the age of omega i want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the age of omega i want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the age of omega i want and
+now my question is how are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my question is how are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my question is how are you going to
+build this filter i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this filter i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this filter i want you to
+give me the unit sample response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the unit sample response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the unit sample response that
+goes with it and you see a hint over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with it and you see a hint over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with it and you see a hint over
+here but can you tell me how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but can you tell me how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but can you tell me how you might
+go about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about that
+not so obvious right because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious right because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious right because we've
+specified the filter characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the filter characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified the filter characteristic
+in the frequency domain and now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain and now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain and now we want
+to find the h's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the h's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the h's that
+go with it so what we're really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it so what we're really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with it so what we're really looking
+for is a formula that will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a formula that will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is a formula that will give us
+the time domain signal in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain signal in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain signal in terms of the
+frequency domain so we want to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain so we want to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain so we want to invert
+this somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this somehow
+so what we're looking for is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking for is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're looking for is really
+what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the
+inverse dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually if you've done fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you've done fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you've done fourier
+series you've seen this trick before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you've seen this trick before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you've seen this trick before
+because really we're not far from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really we're not far from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really we're not far from for
+your series here it's just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your series here it's just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your series here it's just that the
+domains are a little different so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains are a little different so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains are a little different so maybe
+you don't recognize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recognize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't recognize it
+here we've got a periodic something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got a periodic something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got a periodic something
+expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as
+a combination of sines and cosines or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of sines and cosines or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of sines and cosines or as
+a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of
+exponentials and now we want to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and now we want to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and now we want to invert
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay if you thought of these as fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you thought of these as fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you thought of these as fourier
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+for some periodic signal and then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some periodic signal and then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some periodic signal and then went
+and looked up whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked up whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked up whatever
+book you use for for your series you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you use for for your series you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you use for for your series you'd
+get the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the formula
+okay because we're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we're just trying to
+extract the fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the fourier coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the fourier coefficients
+for this periodic signal but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this periodic signal but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this periodic signal but you can
+actually do it from scratch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it from scratch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it from scratch so
+if you think of multiplying both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of multiplying both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of multiplying both sides
+of this by let's say e to the j omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm going to multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i've got e to the minus j omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m minus n now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to then integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to then integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to then integrate both
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+over an interval of length two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any contiguous interval of length two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any contiguous interval of length two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any contiguous interval of length two pi
+it actually doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of the periodicity so i take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the periodicity so i take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the periodicity so i take any
+interval of length two pi and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length two pi and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length two pi and i
+integrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll assume that i can hop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll assume that i can hop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll assume that i can hop this
+integral in there i'll assume my signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in there i'll assume my signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in there i'll assume my signal
+is well behaved enough for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well behaved enough for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well behaved enough for that
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's what i end up getting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i end up getting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i end up getting on this
+right hand side i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side i get
+summation integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hm oh i should put a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm oh i should put a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm oh i should put a d
+omega there sorry i've gotten casual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega there sorry i've gotten casual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega there sorry i've gotten casual
+with my integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on this side i have this integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this side i have this integral on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this side i have this integral on
+this side i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side i have
+that integral and if you work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and if you work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and if you work through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+out of all this infinity of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of all this infinity of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of all this infinity of terms
+there's only one term that survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one term that survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one term that survives
+because any term in which m is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any term in which m is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any term in which m is different
+from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n
+will have this exponential still sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this exponential still sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this exponential still sitting
+here this exponential is like a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this exponential is like a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this exponential is like a cosine
+plus a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a j
+sine or cosine minus a j sine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine or cosine minus a j sine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine or cosine minus a j sine you're
+integrating it over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it over an
+interval of 2 pi so any term here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of 2 pi so any term here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of 2 pi so any term here that
+has the exponential or has the sine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exponential or has the sine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exponential or has the sine or
+cosine in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in it
+will disappear under the integration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear under the integration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear under the integration the
+only term that survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that survives
+is the one where m equals n and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where m equals n and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one where m equals n and so what
+you discover is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is that this is
+two pi hn when you're all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi hn when you're all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi hn when you're all done
+okay i'm not going through the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not going through the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not going through the details
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so here's the formula we wanted for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the formula we wanted for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the formula we wanted for the
+inverse dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the inverse dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i forgot my colored chalk today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i forgot my colored chalk today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i forgot my colored chalk today but
+that'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i gave you a filter characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i gave you a filter characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i gave you a filter characteristic
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and asked you to find the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked you to find the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked you to find the unit sample
+response of the filter that went with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the filter that went with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the filter that went with it
+uh you would just have to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would just have to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would just have to plug in
+the frequency response characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response characteristic
+that i gave you and solve for the h's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i gave you and solve for the h's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i gave you and solve for the h's
+all right i think i have a bunch of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think i have a bunch of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think i have a bunch of this
+on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides
+this is what we just went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so let's do this now for the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do this now for the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do this now for the ideal
+low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter
+what is it that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've got the formula that i just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the formula that i just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the formula that i just derived
+for you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you there
+h is equal to one in the pass band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is equal to one in the pass band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is equal to one in the pass band of
+the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter
+and it's zero outside of that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero outside of that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero outside of that okay so
+i set h equal to one in the passband of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set h equal to one in the passband of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set h equal to one in the passband of
+the filter which is from minus omega c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter which is from minus omega c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter which is from minus omega c
+to plus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus omega
+c and the rest of it doesn't contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and the rest of it doesn't contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and the rest of it doesn't contribute
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+and then i just work out this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just work out this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i just work out this integral
+and i've actually got to do it in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've actually got to do it in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've actually got to do it in two
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+for n not equal to zero this is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n not equal to zero this is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n not equal to zero this is what i
+get for n equals zero this is what i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for n equals zero this is what i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for n equals zero this is what i get
+if n was continuous actually you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n was continuous actually you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n was continuous actually you'd say
+that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the same
+expression as here because you just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as here because you just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as here because you just use
+l'hopital's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l'hopital's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l'hopital's rule
+and you'll get from here to here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get from here to here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get from here to here but
+since n is an integer we've got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n is an integer we've got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n is an integer we've got to be a
+little careful how we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful how we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little careful how we write
+it okay so you can't really say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so you can't really say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so you can't really say you're
+going to use l'hopital's rule to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use l'hopital's rule to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use l'hopital's rule to see
+what this is in the limit of n going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is in the limit of n going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is in the limit of n going to
+zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because
+n takes integer values but if you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n takes integer values but if you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n takes integer values but if you work
+it out uh from scratch for n equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out uh from scratch for n equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out uh from scratch for n equals zero
+you'll see that you get a formula that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you get a formula that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you get a formula that's
+consistent with using l'hopital's rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with using l'hopital's rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with using l'hopital's rule
+okay so this is a function that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a function that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a function that we'll
+see again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again and again
+when we do filtering of this type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do filtering of this type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do filtering of this type and
+it's referred to as a sync function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's referred to as a sync function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's referred to as a sync function
+so it's not sin but sinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not sin but sinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not sin but sinc
+and if you plot it out this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot it out this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot it out this is what it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh it's got the oscillation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it's got the oscillation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh it's got the oscillation that
+comes from the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sine
+but it's got a reduction in amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a reduction in amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a reduction in amplitude
+that comes from the one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the one over n
+so it's a signal that falls off as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a signal that falls off as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a signal that falls off as one
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this with this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this kind of a
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay do you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you think it's
+bounded input bounded output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded input bounded output stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded input bounded output stable
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+what's your hunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember what it takes for a system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it takes for a system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it takes for a system to
+be stable the unit sample response has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stable the unit sample response has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stable the unit sample response has
+to be absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be absolutely summable
+so if you take the absolute values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the absolute values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the absolute values here
+and sum from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum from minus infinity to infinity
+you want to get something finite to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get something finite to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get something finite to call
+the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well since this only falls off as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since this only falls off as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since this only falls off as one
+over n it turns out to not be stable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n it turns out to not be stable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n it turns out to not be stable so
+it's actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an
+extreme idealization that is not bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme idealization that is not bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme idealization that is not bounded
+input bounded output stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input bounded output stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input bounded output stable
+but it's close okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's close okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's close okay so
+just to go back when i showed you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to go back when i showed you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to go back when i showed you this
+filter characteristic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter characteristic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter characteristic here
+uh to get the cheap version of a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get the cheap version of a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to get the cheap version of a low
+pass filter what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter what we actually
+did was uh take the sink function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and truncate it to a finite interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truncate it to a finite interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truncate it to a finite interval and
+so what happens when you truncate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when you truncate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when you truncate it to
+a finite interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite interval
+is that instead of the sharp box-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of the sharp box-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of the sharp box-like
+shape for the frequency response you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for the frequency response you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for the frequency response you get
+a close approximation to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close approximation to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close approximation to it
+not exactly the ideal low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the ideal low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the ideal low-pass filter
+but maybe good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe good enough
+uh the other thing that you might notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other thing that you might notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other thing that you might notice
+if you're looking carefully is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking carefully is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking carefully is that
+i had a sink that was centered around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a sink that was centered around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a sink that was centered around
+zero and even and now i seem to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and even and now i seem to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and even and now i seem to have a
+causal version of the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal version of the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal version of the filter
+and i think i'll leave you in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i'll leave you in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i'll leave you in recitation
+to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out
+how you can go from the centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can go from the centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can go from the centered
+non-causal filter to a causal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal filter to a causal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-causal filter to a causal filter
+and what that does to phase and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does to phase and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does to phase and to
+frequency response magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response magnitude
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically i'll leave you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i'll leave you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i'll leave you to go
+through the details here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the details here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the details here
+but the key idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea here is
+the inverse dtft okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse dtft okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse dtft okay
+so now i want to just take a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to just take a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to just take a slightly
+different perspective on this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective on this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective on this formula
+that we derived we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived we
+said we've got a frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we've got a frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we've got a frequency response
+which we're calling the dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calling the dtft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calling the dtft
+of the signal h of n the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal h of n the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal h of n the unit sample
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+we've got an inverse formula that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an inverse formula that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an inverse formula that allows
+us to get the time signal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get the time signal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get the time signal from the
+frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response
+but here's yet another way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's yet another way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's yet another way of looking at
+what this formula is telling us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this formula is telling us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this formula is telling us this
+formula is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is saying
+i can think of h of n as being made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of h of n as being made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of h of n as being made up
+of a whole bunch of complex exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a whole bunch of complex exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a whole bunch of complex exponentials
+so you see that this is what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that this is what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that this is what we were
+looking for we were looking for a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we were looking for a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we were looking for a way to
+take a signal and figure out its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a signal and figure out its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a signal and figure out its
+spectral content we want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content we want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content we want to know what
+complex exponentials or what sinusoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials or what sinusoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials or what sinusoids
+does it take to make that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to make that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to make that signal
+well we have a hint of that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a hint of that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a hint of that in this
+expression because this is saying take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because this is saying take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because this is saying take
+the time domain signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time domain signal
+i can think of it as being a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of it as being a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of it as being a combination
+now this is not a finite combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not a finite combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not a finite combination
+it's a continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuum
+but it is a combination of exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a combination of exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a combination of exponentials
+of the type that we know to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type that we know to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type that we know to work with
+okay so this is actually giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually giving us a
+spectral decomposition of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral decomposition of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral decomposition of the unit
+sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+where the amount of e to the j omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the amount of e to the j omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the amount of e to the j omega n
+that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+that it takes to make up the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to make up the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to make up the signal is
+told to me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told to me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told to me by
+h of omega so the h of omegas are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of omega so the h of omegas are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of omega so the h of omegas are sort
+of the weights that we use to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weights that we use to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weights that we use to combine
+these exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials
+to get the signal so the the idea for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the signal so the the idea for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the signal so the the idea for a
+spectral decomposition or for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral decomposition or for describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral decomposition or for describing
+the spectral nature of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral nature of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral nature of a signal
+is actually sitting there all we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually sitting there all we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually sitting there all we have to
+do is say we'll use the same formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say we'll use the same formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say we'll use the same formulas
+but let's no longer restrict it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's no longer restrict it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's no longer restrict it to the
+unit sample response of a system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response of a system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response of a system and the
+frequency response of that system let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of that system let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of that system let's
+use it for any signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for any signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for any signal
+so the same formulas but now for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same formulas but now for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same formulas but now for any
+signal xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal xn
+give me any signal xn i'll compute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me any signal xn i'll compute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me any signal xn i'll compute for
+you this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this object
+which is the dtft of that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the dtft of that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the dtft of that signal
+all right just the same way i did for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just the same way i did for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just the same way i did for a
+frequency response so i'll compute the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so i'll compute the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so i'll compute the x
+of omega for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega for u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega for u
+what's the significance of x of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the significance of x of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the significance of x of omega
+well it tells me in what combination i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells me in what combination i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells me in what combination i
+have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait
+the e to the j omega ends to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the j omega ends to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the j omega ends to construct
+for you the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you the signal
+so the x of big omega the dtft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x of big omega the dtft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x of big omega the dtft
+tells me what the spectral content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what the spectral content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what the spectral content of
+the signal is if i plot that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal is if i plot that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal is if i plot that as a
+function of frequency it tells me how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency it tells me how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency it tells me how to
+assemble the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble the signal
+out of sums of sines and cosines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sums of sines and cosines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of sums of sines and cosines uh
+so let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more specifically what i would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically what i would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically what i would say is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the dtf t at omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dtf t at omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dtf t at omega 0
+omega sub 0 times d omega is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sub 0 times d omega is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega sub 0 times d omega is the
+spectral content of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral content of the signal
+in that particular interval and if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular interval and if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular interval and if i
+uh add up all those components over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add up all those components over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add up all those components over all
+frequencies in this two pi range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this two pi range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in this two pi range
+i'll get the original signal that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get the original signal that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get the original signal that i'm
+interested in so what we'll do next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so what we'll do next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in so what we'll do next time
+is work with this idea to see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work with this idea to see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work with this idea to see how it
+lets us think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about
+signals through systems and and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals through systems and and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals through systems and and how it
+enables us to do filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to do filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to do filtering
+in a systematic way all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way all right let's
+leave it at that for now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TxoAbm57ELE.txt b/TxoAbm57ELE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10e2d5b3bd644d045c251d468e61f5953a404950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TxoAbm57ELE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're going to turn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to turn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to turn from the
+analytics and the positive analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and the positive analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and the positive analysis of
+international trade to the normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade to the normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade to the normative
+analysis of international trade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of international trade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of international trade and
+we're bring our tools of welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bring our tools of welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're bring our tools of welfare
+analysis to thinking about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to thinking about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to thinking about how we
+evaluate International Trade okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate International Trade okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate International Trade okay so
+we're going to we're going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to start by
+talking about the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impacts of trade of international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of trade of international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of trade of international trade
+and how we how that helps us think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we how that helps us think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we how that helps us think about
+the debate over free trade now we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over free trade now we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over free trade now we showed
+L what we're going to start with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what we're going to start with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L what we're going to start with is the
+standard model and the standard model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and the standard model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and the standard model is
+going to show us that free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us that free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us that free trade
+unambiguously raises social welfare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously raises social welfare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously raises social welfare and
+the intuition I'll do that I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition I'll do that I'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition I'll do that I'll do the
+graphics in a second the intuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics in a second the intuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics in a second the intuition is
+pretty clear which is international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear which is international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear which is international
+trade allows for New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade allows for New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade allows for New
+Opportunities where people value Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opportunities where people value Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opportunities where people value Goods
+at more than what they cost to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at more than what they cost to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at more than what they cost to produce
+anytime you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a new
+opportunity where which allows people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity where which allows people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity where which allows people to
+value a good at more than it's produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a good at more than it's produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a good at more than it's produced
+you raise welfare it's that simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise welfare it's that simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise welfare it's that simple so
+let's actually see it graphically let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually see it graphically let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually see it graphically let's
+go to the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the market for
+Roses okay in figure 191 we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roses okay in figure 191 we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roses okay in figure 191 we have the
+market for Roses under artari remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Roses under artari remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Roses under artari remember
+our word for no trade you've got and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our word for no trade you've got and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our word for no trade you've got and let
+me be very clear this figure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be very clear this figure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be very clear this figure and the
+figure show so now doing National trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure show so now doing National trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure show so now doing National trade
+we have to be very clear on what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be very clear on what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be very clear on what kind of
+figure we're looking at this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we're looking at this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we're looking at this is the
+figure for the US Rose Market okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for the US Rose Market okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for the US Rose Market okay we're
+going to look at different figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at different figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at different figures
+different countries and different Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and different Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and different Goods
+so it's important to keep track this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to keep track this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to keep track this is
+the figure for the US Rose Market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure for the US Rose Market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure for the US Rose Market and
+this is in figure 191 we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in figure 191 we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in figure 191 we have what's
+that market look like before trade well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market look like before trade well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market look like before trade well
+before trade you have um a domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before trade you have um a domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before trade you have um a domestic
+demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for
+roses a domestic supply for Roses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses a domestic supply for Roses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses a domestic supply for Roses you
+get a equilibrium Price p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a equilibrium Price p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a equilibrium Price p
+a and an equilibrium quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and an equilibrium quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and an equilibrium quantity
+QA and you end up with a consumer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA and you end up with a consumer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QA and you end up with a consumer and
+producer surplus of the type we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus of the type we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer surplus of the type we derived
+a few lectures ago in a standard Mark in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures ago in a standard Mark in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures ago in a standard Mark in
+a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard
+market now let's imagine we open up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now let's imagine we open up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now let's imagine we open up to
+international trade and let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade and let's imagine
+that tra comparative advantage is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tra comparative advantage is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tra comparative advantage is such
+that the US Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the US Imports
+roses remember last time we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses remember last time we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses remember last time we're talking
+about a two good model like computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two good model like computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a two good model like computers
+and Roses now we're just focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Roses now we're just focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Roses now we're just focusing on the
+market for Roses but let's say that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Roses but let's say that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Roses but let's say that two
+good model delivered the outcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model delivered the outcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model delivered the outcome that
+the US would import roses as it implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US would import roses as it implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US would import roses as it implied
+last time what would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time what would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time what would that
+do well Imports do not affect domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well Imports do not affect domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well Imports do not affect domestic
+demand and Supply domestic demand has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply domestic demand has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply domestic demand has
+not changed people still want roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed people still want roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed people still want roses
+domestic supply has not changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic supply has not changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic supply has not changed the
+marginal cost of producing a rose has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of producing a rose has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of producing a rose has
+not changed just because we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed just because we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed just because we can now
+import them from Colombia what's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import them from Colombia what's changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import them from Colombia what's changed
+is the is the equilibrium price which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is the equilibrium price which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is the equilibrium price which is
+now essentially we have lowered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially we have lowered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially we have lowered the
+price by incorporating a new source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price by incorporating a new source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price by incorporating a new source of
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+Supply okay another way you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply okay another way you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply okay another way you could do
+this it's not you know you could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not you know you could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not you know you could ask
+where's this new line come from Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's this new line come from Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's this new line come from Imagine
+you could if you want imagine a new line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could if you want imagine a new line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could if you want imagine a new line
+which is below the domestic supply line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is below the domestic supply line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is below the domestic supply line
+which is domestic plus International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is domestic plus International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is domestic plus International
+Supply that would be a line parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply that would be a line parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply that would be a line parallel to
+the red line and that would intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line and that would intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line and that would intersect
+domestic demand at the price PW so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand at the price PW so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic demand at the price PW so think
+of a new supply curve below that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new supply curve below that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new supply curve below that but
+that's not really true so we don't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true so we don't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really true so we don't draw
+it but that's sort of a way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's sort of a way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's sort of a way to think
+about how we get to this new price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we get to this new price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we get to this new price that
+by allowing in cheap roses you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing in cheap roses you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing in cheap roses you've
+lowered the price and basically people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered the price and basically people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered the price and basically people
+canot have more roses so now at that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot have more roses so now at that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canot have more roses so now at that new
+price people want C subt roses at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price people want C subt roses at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price people want C subt roses at that
+new lower International Trade price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new lower International Trade price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new lower International Trade price
+people want C subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want C subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want C subt
+roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+okay um uh and now we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um uh and now we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um uh and now we're going to assume
+that world Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world Supply
+here's an important assumption okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important assumption okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an important assumption okay this
+is a very important assumption often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important assumption often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important assumption often
+made in trade models World Supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in trade models World Supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in trade models World Supply is
+perfectly elastic with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic with respect to
+domestic markets let me restate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic markets let me restate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic markets let me restate that
+we're assuming that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that world
+Supply is perfectly elastic with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply is perfectly elastic with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply is perfectly elastic with respect
+to domestic markets that is this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to domestic markets that is this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to domestic markets that is this is what
+we typically call a small open economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically call a small open economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically call a small open economy
+model small country open economy model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model small country open economy model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model small country open economy model
+we're assuming the US is so small that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming the US is so small that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming the US is so small that
+demand from the US can't actually affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand from the US can't actually affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand from the US can't actually affect
+the the underlying supply of roses now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the underlying supply of roses now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the underlying supply of roses now
+that's not true for many markets us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true for many markets us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true for many markets us is
+that big but for but just think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big but for but just think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big but for but just think about a
+case where the US is a small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the US is a small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the US is a small enough
+share of the World Market that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the World Market that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the World Market that basically
+it's a bunch of that it's basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of that it's basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of that it's basically like
+facing uh a a a perfectly uh uh a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing uh a a a perfectly uh uh a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing uh a a a perfectly uh uh a market
+with a perfectly competitive perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a perfectly competitive perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a perfectly competitive perfectly
+elastic supply curve so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic supply curve so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic supply curve so basically the
+production the key point is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the key point is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the key point is we're going
+to assume the production of roses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the production of roses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the production of roses in the
+US doesn't impact world supp supp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US doesn't impact world supp supp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US doesn't impact world supp supp and
+that's probably true in roses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true in roses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true in roses right
+because we're small we're small producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're small we're small producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're small we're small producer
+of roses so how many Ros are us produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of roses so how many Ros are us produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of roses so how many Ros are us produced
+didn't really matter for World Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really matter for World Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really matter for World Supply
+it's certainly not true in computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not true in computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's certainly not true in computers and
+it's sort of unclear about oil okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of unclear about oil okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of unclear about oil okay you
+know most oil comes from outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most oil comes from outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know most oil comes from outside the
+world we do produce some oil here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we do produce some oil here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we do produce some oil here in the
+US but for Rose it's a pretty fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US but for Rose it's a pretty fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US but for Rose it's a pretty fair
+assumption it's pretty fair to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it's pretty fair to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it's pretty fair to assume
+that the domestic supply of roses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the domestic supply of roses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the domestic supply of roses is
+Trivial Rel to the world supply of roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial Rel to the world supply of roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial Rel to the world supply of roses
+so we get this flat supply curve so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get this flat supply curve so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get this flat supply curve so what
+do we get well the US consumers now want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get well the US consumers now want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get well the US consumers now want
+that should be a q by the way um uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a q by the way um uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a q by the way um uh that
+should be a q subt uh so the US the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a q subt uh so the US the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a q subt uh so the US the US
+consumers now want that change that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want that change that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want that change that to
+from CCT to Q subt the US consumers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CCT to Q subt the US consumers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from CCT to Q subt the US consumers now
+want Q sub T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Q sub T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Q sub T
+roses okay but at that new low price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses okay but at that new low price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses okay but at that new low price
+domestic producers don't want to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic producers don't want to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic producers don't want to supply
+cupt remember domestic producers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupt remember domestic producers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupt remember domestic producers have to
+respect their supply curve they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect their supply curve they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect their supply curve they only
+want to produce where price equals Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce where price equals Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce where price equals Mar
+marginal cost so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost so they're going to
+produce Q subt oh I'm sorry that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Q subt oh I'm sorry that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Q subt oh I'm sorry that's what
+I got backwards yes I'm sorry that is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got backwards yes I'm sorry that is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got backwards yes I'm sorry that is C
+subt that's what I miss scratch what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt that's what I miss scratch what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt that's what I miss scratch what I
+said earlier C subt is domestic quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier C subt is domestic quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier C subt is domestic quantity
+demanded Q subt is domestic quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded Q subt is domestic quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded Q subt is domestic quantity
+produced that's what I got wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that's what I got wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that's what I got wrong so
+leave at C subt I was wrong about that Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave at C subt I was wrong about that Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave at C subt I was wrong about that Q
+subt is domestic quantity supplied C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is domestic quantity supplied C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is domestic quantity supplied C
+subt is domestic quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is domestic quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is domestic quantity
+demanded okay consumers at this new La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded okay consumers at this new La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded okay consumers at this new La
+price low price want C subt producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price low price want C subt producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price low price want C subt producers
+want to produce Q subt what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce Q subt what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce Q subt what's the
+difference the difference is the roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is the roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is the roses
+that come from other countries which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from other countries which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from other countries which we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Imports so the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports so the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports so the Dynamics
+are we open the market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we open the market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we open the market to
+Colombia because of that the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia because of that the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia because of that the price of
+roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses
+Falls at that lower price consumers want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls at that lower price consumers want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls at that lower price consumers want
+see subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see subt
+roses producers only want produce Q subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses producers only want produce Q subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses producers only want produce Q subt
+roses what's the difference the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses what's the difference the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses what's the difference the ones we
+import from Columbia okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import from Columbia okay questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import from Columbia okay questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that got understand that basic graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got understand that basic graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got understand that basic graph
+because now we're going to use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to use that to
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+welfare now let's go to figure 193 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now let's go to figure 193 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare now let's go to figure 193 and
+think about what are the welfare impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the welfare impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the welfare impacts
+of this trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this trade
+well here what we have is initially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here what we have is initially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here what we have is initially we
+start with domestic Supply and domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with domestic Supply and domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with domestic Supply and domestic
+demand before trade we have QA roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand before trade we have QA roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand before trade we have QA roses
+being sold in the US at a price PA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold in the US at a price PA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sold in the US at a price PA so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pre-trade consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-trade consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-trade consumer surplus
+before trade the consumer surplus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before trade the consumer surplus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before trade the consumer surplus so
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autarchy consumer surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w and producer Surplus is X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay that's a producer consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that's a producer consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay that's a producer consumer
+surplus before there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus before there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus before there's
+trade now we open up to trade what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade now we open up to trade what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade now we open up to trade what
+happens under Trade is now consumers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens under Trade is now consumers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens under Trade is now consumers get
+to consume C subt so consumer surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume C subt so consumer surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume C subt so consumer surplus is
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+W plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W plus
+x w + x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x w + x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x w + x plus
+Z consumer surplus is is W plus X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z consumer surplus is is W plus X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z consumer surplus is is W plus X Plus
+Z producer Surplus has fallen all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z producer Surplus has fallen all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z producer Surplus has fallen all the
+way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y okay so basically what we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so basically what we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay so basically what we've done is
+by expanding the trade we we've done two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expanding the trade we we've done two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by expanding the trade we we've done two
+things we've transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've transferred
+X from producers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from producers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X from producers to
+Consumers but we've added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers but we've added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers but we've added
+Z so welfare has gone up it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so welfare has gone up it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so welfare has gone up it's the
+opposite of the Dead weight loss case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the Dead weight loss case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the Dead weight loss case
+the dead weight loss case it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dead weight loss case it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dead weight loss case it with a
+minimum wage or other regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage or other regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage or other regulation
+restrictions we would transfer but we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions we would transfer but we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions we would transfer but we'd
+have an efficiency loss in that transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an efficiency loss in that transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an efficiency loss in that transfer
+here's a transfer with an efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a transfer with an efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a transfer with an efficiency
+gain this the opposite of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this the opposite of those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this the opposite of those cases
+remember before whenever you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before whenever you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember before whenever you saw
+transfers before they came along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers before they came along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers before they came along with
+deadweight losses here's a transfer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight losses here's a transfer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadweight losses here's a transfer that
+comes along with the Dead We with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along with the Dead We with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along with the Dead We with the
+gain okay we've now transferred X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay we've now transferred X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay we've now transferred X to
+Consumers but also given them Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers but also given them Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers but also given them Z so
+consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+win by a lot and producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win by a lot and producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win by a lot and producers
+lose okay and that's the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose okay and that's the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose okay and that's the welfare
+analysis of international trade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of international trade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of international trade of
+imports questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports questions about
+that consumers win producers lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers win producers lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumers win producers lose
+consumers win because they get a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers win because they get a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers win because they get a ton of
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+roses consu producers lose because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses consu producers lose because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses consu producers lose because they
+lose that production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that production
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+colia now of course International Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colia now of course International Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colia now of course International Trade
+consists of both imports and exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of both imports and exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of both imports and exports
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+exports so now let's turn to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so now let's turn to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so now let's turn to the market
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computers okay now we have a 194
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay now we have a 194
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay now we have a 194
+computers now here we're gonna we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers now here we're gonna we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers now here we're gonna we're
+going to continue to assume World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to assume World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to assume World
+supplies in perfectly elastic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies in perfectly elastic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies in perfectly elastic that's
+probably wrong the US is big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wrong the US is big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wrong the US is big enough to
+affect the mark for computers but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the mark for computers but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the mark for computers but let's
+just assume the US is small for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume the US is small for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume the US is small for a second
+makes life much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life much easier
+so what happens is we're initially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is we're initially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is we're initially in
+autarchy at Point Q sub a p sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy at Point Q sub a p sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy at Point Q sub a p sub
+a now the US says we're going to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now the US says we're going to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now the US says we're going to send a
+bunch of the computers we're making in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the computers we're making in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the computers we're making in
+the US and send them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and send them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and send them to
+Colombia what does that do that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia what does that do that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia what does that do that means
+that there's fewer computers in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's fewer computers in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's fewer computers in the US
+so the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price goes
+up okay Supply there's less Supply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay Supply there's less Supply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay Supply there's less Supply in
+the US the supply curve hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the supply curve hasn't changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the supply curve hasn't changed
+underlying marginal costs haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying marginal costs haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying marginal costs haven't
+changed it's just that they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's just that they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's just that they're taking
+some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those
+computers that they used to produce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that they used to produce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that they used to produce for
+the US and produced for columia as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and produced for columia as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US and produced for columia as a
+result you move up the supply curve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you move up the supply curve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you move up the supply curve to
+the new higher price PW that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new higher price PW that's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new higher price PW that's the new
+higher price once you open up to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price once you open up to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price once you open up to trade
+that's good for the computer producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for the computer producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for the computer producers
+they can now sell to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can now sell to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can now sell to more
+people so now at that higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so now at that higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so now at that higher
+price okay producers want to produce cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay producers want to produce cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay producers want to produce cup
+te but consumers only want CES sub te we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te but consumers only want CES sub te we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te but consumers only want CES sub te we
+flipped it consumers now want to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it consumers now want to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it consumers now want to produce
+Q subt the price is up they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subt the price is up they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q subt the price is up they don't
+produce a lot of computers consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of computers consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of computers consumers are
+like look computers are more expensive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look computers are more expensive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look computers are more expensive I
+don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the
+computers so you end up with Q subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers so you end up with Q subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers so you end up with Q subt
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+produced C subt being domestically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced C subt being domestically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced C subt being domestically
+demanded and the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded and the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded and the difference is
+exports so it's the flip case okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so it's the flip case okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports so it's the flip case okay for
+imports we open up Columbia they lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports we open up Columbia they lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports we open up Columbia they lower
+the price of roses you end up with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of roses you end up with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of roses you end up with more
+cons consumers wanting more roses than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons consumers wanting more roses than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons consumers wanting more roses than
+the producers willing to produce you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers willing to produce you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producers willing to produce you get
+Imports with exports we open Market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports with exports we open Market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports with exports we open Market to
+Colombia producers in the US produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia producers in the US produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia producers in the US produce
+fewer computers raise the price goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer computers raise the price goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer computers raise the price goes up
+so you have more computers being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have more computers being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have more computers being
+produced than people want so prod few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced than people want so prod few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced than people want so prod few
+computers they raise the price because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they raise the price because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers they raise the price because
+they can sell at a higher price in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell at a higher price in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell at a higher price in the
+World Market you have more computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Market you have more computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Market you have more computers
+being produced than people want and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced than people want and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced than people want and you
+up with exports now what's the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with exports now what's the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with exports now what's the welfare
+analysis of exports this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of exports this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of exports this is quite
+interesting let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let's go to figure
+195 okay under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+195 okay under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+195 okay under
+autarchy what is the consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy what is the consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy what is the consumer surplus
+well under art tarkey the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under art tarkey the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under art tarkey the consumer
+surplus is w+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and what is the producer Surplus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what is the producer Surplus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what is the producer Surplus it's
+y now what happens under Trade well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now what happens under Trade well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now what happens under Trade well
+under Trade you move from PA to PW so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Trade you move from PA to PW so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under Trade you move from PA to PW so
+consumer surplus shrinks it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus shrinks it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus shrinks it's only
+W consumers aren't getting as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W consumers aren't getting as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W consumers aren't getting as much
+Surplus because they're paying more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because they're paying more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because they're paying more for
+computers but what's producer Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers but what's producer Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers but what's producer Surplus
+now well it's X Plus y + z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the flip case now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the flip case now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the flip case now we've
+transferred Surplus from consumers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred Surplus from consumers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred Surplus from consumers to
+producers and producers have also gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and producers have also gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and producers have also gotten
+Z so it's a transfer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so it's a transfer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so it's a transfer with a
+gain you've got consumers losing by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain you've got consumers losing by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain you've got consumers losing by X
+producers winning by X Plus Z total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers winning by X Plus Z total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers winning by X Plus Z total
+social welfare goes up by the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare goes up by the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare goes up by the area
+Z so this is kind of bizarre if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is kind of bizarre if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is kind of bizarre if you
+think about it Imports increase social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it Imports increase social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it Imports increase social
+welfare and exports increase social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and exports increase social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and exports increase social
+welfare it's kind of crazy but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare it's kind of crazy but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare it's kind of crazy but it's true
+basically both are true because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically both are true because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically both are true because you are
+creating gains from trade by opening up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating gains from trade by opening up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating gains from trade by opening up
+to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New
+Market so in either case you get gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so in either case you get gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market so in either case you get gain
+you get welfare increases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get welfare increases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get welfare increases from
+trade this is the fundamental analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade this is the fundamental analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade this is the fundamental analytics
+of international trade that economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international trade that economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of international trade that economists
+grow up with okay it's whispered to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with okay it's whispered to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with okay it's whispered to us
+at bedtime okay okay free trade is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at bedtime okay okay free trade is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at bedtime okay okay free trade is good
+why is free trade good free trade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is free trade good free trade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is free trade good free trade is
+good because it opens up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it opens up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it opens up new
+possibilities for welfare improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for welfare improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for welfare improving
+trades it opens up new possibilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades it opens up new possibilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades it opens up new possibilities for
+people who value a good to get it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who value a good to get it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who value a good to get it at
+above what it cost to produce it full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what it cost to produce it full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what it cost to produce it full
+stop okay now you might say well that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay now you might say well that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop okay now you might say well that is
+great we know everybody listens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we know everybody listens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we know everybody listens to
+Economist of course so that seems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist of course so that seems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist of course so that seems the
+end of the problem but in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the problem but in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the problem but in fact it's not
+in fact if you follow the news at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you follow the news at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you follow the news at all
+you'll know that this is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that this is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that this is not necessarily
+a consensus view that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus view that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus view that there's a lot of
+debate in the policy world and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in the policy world and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in the policy world and in the
+economics World about trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy there's a lot of debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy there's a lot of debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy there's a lot of debate about
+trade policy let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy let's start with the
+simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest
+case Imports are a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Imports are a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Imports are a job
+killer Imports are a job killer why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer Imports are a job killer why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer Imports are a job killer why are
+Imports a job killer well because since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports a job killer well because since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports a job killer well because since
+we are growing more rows than Columbia I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are growing more rows than Columbia I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are growing more rows than Columbia I
+and fewer here producer Surplus is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer here producer Surplus is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer here producer Surplus is down
+fewer roses are grown in the US so fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer roses are grown in the US so fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer roses are grown in the US so fewer
+Rose workers are needed so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose workers are needed so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose workers are needed so they get
+fired there were presumably thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired there were presumably thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired there were presumably thousands of
+people employed in producing Ros in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people employed in producing Ros in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people employed in producing Ros in the
+US that now no longer have a job because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that now no longer have a job because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that now no longer have a job because
+we get them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get them from
+Colombia so as a result people say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia so as a result people say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia so as a result people say we
+should limit Imports because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should limit Imports because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should limit Imports because they're
+killing American jobs they always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing American jobs they always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing American jobs they always use
+the word kill it's very violent they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word kill it's very violent they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word kill it's very violent they're
+not you know taking away their Killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know taking away their Killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know taking away their Killing
+American jobs okay so we should that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American jobs okay so we should that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American jobs okay so we should that's
+the that we should have some limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that we should have some limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that we should have some limitation
+trade policy okay so basically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy okay so basically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade policy okay so basically for
+example we could impose a tariff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could impose a tariff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could impose a tariff I
+mentioned this earlier in the course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this earlier in the course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this earlier in the course a
+tariff is a tax on imported goods so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is a tax on imported goods so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff is a tax on imported goods so we
+could say that any roses that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that any roses that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that any roses that come from
+Columbia we will tax them so it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia we will tax them so it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia we will tax them so it's a a
+tariff is a specific tax on import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well as I'll show you in a minute but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I'll show you in a minute but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as I'll show you in a minute but I
+think your intuition could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your intuition could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think your intuition could tell you
+already this turns out to be a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this turns out to be a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this turns out to be a bad idea
+because while it does help producers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while it does help producers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while it does help producers it
+hurts consumers more and to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts consumers more and to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts consumers more and to see that
+let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to figure
+196 now we're back to the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+196 now we're back to the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+196 now we're back to the market for
+Roses the red and blue lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roses the red and blue lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roses the red and blue lines are
+autarchy under World Trade we went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy under World Trade we went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autarchy under World Trade we went down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+PW and we imported Q the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW and we imported Q the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW and we imported Q the difference
+between q1 and C1 okay slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between q1 and C1 okay slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between q1 and C1 okay slightly
+different slightly different magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slightly different magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slightly different magnitudes
+here so once again Under World Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so once again Under World Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so once again Under World Trade
+went from the initial equilibrium down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from the initial equilibrium down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from the initial equilibrium down
+to PW producers only produced q1 so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PW producers only produced q1 so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to PW producers only produced q1 so a
+lot of jobs got lost consumers wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of jobs got lost consumers wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of jobs got lost consumers wanted
+see1 see had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see1 see had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see1 see had a lot of
+imports now we impose a tariff well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports now we impose a tariff well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports now we impose a tariff well what
+does a tariff do it raises the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a tariff do it raises the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a tariff do it raises the price of
+columia specific roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columia specific roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columia specific roses
+in particular if the Tariff was the was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the Tariff was the was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if the Tariff was the was
+the exact difference between P PT I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact difference between P PT I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact difference between P PT I'm
+sorry between between the initial price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry between between the initial price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry between between the initial price
+it's not marked here but PA where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not marked here but PA where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not marked here but PA where the
+red and blue lines intersect if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue lines intersect if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue lines intersect if the
+Tariff was the actual difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff was the actual difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff was the actual difference between
+PA the initial the autarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA the initial the autarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA the initial the autarchy
+price and the world price then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the world price then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the world price then you'd
+shut down Imports there' be no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down Imports there' be no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down Imports there' be no reason to
+import them because you get them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import them because you get them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import them because you get them from
+the same price in the US but that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same price in the US but that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same price in the US but that's an
+unting case uninteresting case let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unting case uninteresting case let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unting case uninteresting case let's
+imagine a tariff but it's not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a tariff but it's not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a tariff but it's not quite as
+big as the differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the differ
+between the price the world price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the price the world price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the price the world price and
+the US price so a tariff now of an of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US price so a tariff now of an of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US price so a tariff now of an of an
+amount that raises the price from PW to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that raises the price from PW to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that raises the price from PW to
+PT we put in a tariff but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT we put in a tariff but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT we put in a tariff but it's not
+enough to wipe out Colombia's Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to wipe out Colombia's Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to wipe out Colombia's Advantage
+it just reduces Columbia's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just reduces Columbia's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just reduces Columbia's
+advantage and why is that a shift up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and why is that a shift up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and why is that a shift up of
+the line because essentially we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line because essentially we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line because essentially we've done
+is we've made the imported roses more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've made the imported roses more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've made the imported roses more
+expensive so that raises the price those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so that raises the price those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so that raises the price those
+imported roses face so we move now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported roses face so we move now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imported roses face so we move now to
+PT okay and we move to New equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT okay and we move to New equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT okay and we move to New equilibrium
+where consumers consume fewer roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where consumers consume fewer roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where consumers consume fewer roses
+C2 producers in the US remember it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 producers in the US remember it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 producers in the US remember it's a
+US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US
+diagram producers in the US produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram producers in the US produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram producers in the US produce more
+roses Q2 and we end up with a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses Q2 and we end up with a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses Q2 and we end up with a smaller
+level of imports after tariff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of imports after tariff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of imports after tariff the
+Imports have shrunk from C1 minus q1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports have shrunk from C1 minus q1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports have shrunk from C1 minus q1 to
+C2 minus Q2 questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 minus Q2 questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 minus Q2 questions about the
+analytics I know I'm going fast here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics I know I'm going fast here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics I know I'm going fast here
+this is sort of a new world so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a new world so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a new world so please
+stop me if there's questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if there's questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me if there's questions about this
+okay now let's look at the let's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's look at the let's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's look at the let's then
+take that and look at the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that and look at the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that and look at the welfare
+analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of
+tariffs well now we're going to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs well now we're going to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs well now we're going to compare
+a world with free trade to a world with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world with free trade to a world with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world with free trade to a world with
+a tariff with free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trade we are at q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we are at q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we are at q1 and
+C1 with the Tariff we've dropped to Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 with the Tariff we've dropped to Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 with the Tariff we've dropped to Q2
+and C2 what has happened well by moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 what has happened well by moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 what has happened well by moving
+from Q q1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q q1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q q1 to
+Q2 okay we have increased producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 okay we have increased producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 okay we have increased producer
+Surplus by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus by
+a make sure you see that produ Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a make sure you see that produ Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a make sure you see that produ Surplus
+up by a why is produ Surplus up by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a why is produ Surplus up by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a why is produ Surplus up by a
+because the price is up from PW to PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price is up from PW to PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price is up from PW to PT
+and they're selling more roses produc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're selling more roses produc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're selling more roses produc
+Surplus is up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is up by
+a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumer
+surplus however has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus however has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus however has
+fallen by b c consumer I'm sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen by b c consumer I'm sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen by b c consumer I'm sorry so
+consumer surplus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus has
+Fallen um by uh by all of uh AB C and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallen um by uh by all of uh AB C and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallen um by uh by all of uh AB C and D
+consumer surplus is down by the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is down by the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is down by the entire
+trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+ABCD that's all come out of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD that's all come out of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD that's all come out of consumer
+surplus that's all sales that were under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus that's all sales that were under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus that's all sales that were under
+the demand curve above the price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve above the price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve above the price that
+are now gone okay so can people see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now gone okay so can people see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now gone okay so can people see that
+whole trapezoid I've added four letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole trapezoid I've added four letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole trapezoid I've added four letters
+but it's really just one trapezoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just one trapezoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just one trapezoid that
+whole trapezoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole trapezoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole trapezoid is
+gone okay because that's the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay because that's the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay because that's the area under
+the demain cover above the price that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demain cover above the price that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demain cover above the price that's
+now no longer there so consumers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no longer there so consumers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now no longer there so consumers have
+transferred a to producers but they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred a to producers but they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred a to producers but they've
+lost a plus b plus C plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a plus b plus C plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost a plus b plus C plus
+d now here's the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now here's the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d now here's the extra
+wrinkle C is different than b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle C is different than b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrinkle C is different than b and
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+c is not dead weight loss normally say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is not dead weight loss normally say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is not dead weight loss normally say
+well if producers didn't gain it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if producers didn't gain it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if producers didn't gain it and
+consumers lost it it's dead weight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers lost it it's dead weight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers lost it it's dead weight loss
+but what have what have we forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what have what have we forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what have what have we forgotten
+here what's the other party in play here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the other party in play here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the other party in play here
+why is this not a deadweight loss rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not a deadweight loss rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not a deadweight loss rather
+a transfer and who's it a transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer and who's it a transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer and who's it a transfer to
+yeah the government yeah it's a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the government yeah it's a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the government yeah it's a transfer
+to the government because the tarist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government because the tarist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government because the tarist
+rais money give her a high five there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais money give her a high five there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais money give her a high five there
+she got it okay because the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got it okay because the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got it okay because the government
+raised money all right the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money all right the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money all right the government
+raises money by this tariff and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises money by this tariff and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises money by this tariff and that's
+another transfer so essentially and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transfer so essentially and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transfer so essentially and the
+amount of money the government raises is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money the government raises is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money the government raises is
+what well the amount of remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the amount of remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well the amount of remaining
+Imports C2 minus Q2 times the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports C2 minus Q2 times the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imports C2 minus Q2 times the size of
+the Tariff which is the rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tariff which is the rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tariff which is the rectangle
+C so what's happened here is consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what's happened here is consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so what's happened here is consumers
+have lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost
+AB c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB c
+d producers have gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d producers have gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d producers have gained
+a the government has gained C and B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the government has gained C and B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the government has gained C and B plus
+d are welfare our dead weight loss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d are welfare our dead weight loss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d are welfare our dead weight loss so
+the Tariff has overall lowered welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tariff has overall lowered welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tariff has overall lowered welfare
+we are worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are worse
+off in order to transfer C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in order to transfer C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in order to transfer C to the
+government and a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and a to
+producers we've given up as well B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we've given up as well B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we've given up as well B plus
+d so we're worse off so Society is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so we're worse off so Society is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so we're worse off so Society is worse
+off from restricting that okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from restricting that okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from restricting that okay so the
+fundamental a for trade free trade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental a for trade free trade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental a for trade free trade is
+once again a barrier to free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a barrier to free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a barrier to free trade
+lowers welfare this is just a corollary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers welfare this is just a corollary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers welfare this is just a corollary
+of the previous proof which show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous proof which show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous proof which show the
+free trade maximize welfare well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade maximize welfare well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade maximize welfare well here
+we're showing how a barrier to free TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing how a barrier to free TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing how a barrier to free TR
+this is operationalizing how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is operationalizing how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is operationalizing how does a
+barrier to free trade lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to free trade lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to free trade lower
+welfare okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare okay questions about
+that now that's why economists like free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now that's why economists like free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now that's why economists like free
+trade but it's not the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade but it's not the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade but it's not the only reason
+economists like free trade there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists like free trade there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists like free trade there's two
+there's fundamentally three Arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fundamentally three Arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fundamentally three Arguments
+for free trade the first of free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free trade the first of free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free trade the first of free trade
+is the basic welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the basic welfare
+analysis welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis welfare
+maximization the second analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization the second analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization the second analysis for
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trade is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade is
+that when you impose that tariff you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you impose that tariff you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you impose that tariff you're
+not done because what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done because what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done because what's going to happen
+then what's Colombia going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what's Columbia going to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's Columbia going to do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's Columbia going to do yeah
+on Us's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Us's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Us's what
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+remember our welfare was maximized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our welfare was maximized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our welfare was maximized for
+exports by opening up the trade to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports by opening up the trade to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports by opening up the trade to
+exports well Colombia is can to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports well Colombia is can to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports well Colombia is can to say well
+screw you got a tariff on my roses I'm G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you got a tariff on my roses I'm G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you got a tariff on my roses I'm G
+have a tariff on your computers well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tariff on your computers well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tariff on your computers well I
+don't do the example here you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the example here you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the example here you should be
+able to go back and show yourself how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go back and show yourself how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go back and show yourself how a
+Colombian tax tariff on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian tax tariff on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian tax tariff on our
+exports okay it's going to it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay it's going to it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports okay it's going to it's going to
+raise the price in Colombia imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the price in Colombia imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the price in Colombia imagine a
+Colombian domestic Market just like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian domestic Market just like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombian domestic Market just like our
+tariff so imagine instead of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so imagine instead of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff so imagine instead of the market
+for roses in the US do the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses in the US do the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for roses in the US do the market for
+computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and
+Colombia what you'll see is a tariff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia what you'll see is a tariff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia what you'll see is a tariff on
+us computers will lower the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us computers will lower the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us computers will lower the number of
+computers sold in Colombia well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers sold in Colombia well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers sold in Colombia well that
+hurts our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts our
+producers so by imposing this tariff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so by imposing this tariff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so by imposing this tariff and
+starting a potential trade War which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a potential trade War which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a potential trade War which
+isn't nearly as cool as it sounds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't nearly as cool as it sounds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't nearly as cool as it sounds okay
+by starting a trade War what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting a trade War what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting a trade War what we've done
+is essentially hurt not only our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially hurt not only our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially hurt not only our
+consumers we've also hurt our producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we've also hurt our producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we've also hurt our producers
+remember the whole idea was to help our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the whole idea was to help our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the whole idea was to help our
+producers but by helping the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers but by helping the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers but by helping the rose
+producers we've now hurt the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we've now hurt the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers we've now hurt the computer
+producers so it's not even clear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so it's not even clear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers so it's not even clear we
+raise producer Surplus at all we clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise producer Surplus at all we clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise producer Surplus at all we clearly
+lower consumer surplus it's not clear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower consumer surplus it's not clear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower consumer surplus it's not clear we
+raise producer Surplus at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise producer Surplus at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise producer Surplus at
+all okay so first of all the welfare now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so first of all the welfare now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay so first of all the welfare now
+is even stronger than you think because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even stronger than you think because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even stronger than you think because
+you're missing the fact that if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing the fact that if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're missing the fact that if there's
+a trade War our exporters get hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade War our exporters get hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade War our exporters get hurt
+too second of all what have we forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too second of all what have we forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too second of all what have we forgotten
+in our typical American americ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our typical American americ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our typical American americ
+fashion that there's other people out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that there's other people out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that there's other people out
+there in the world that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world that matter
+too okay and just as free trade makes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay and just as free trade makes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay and just as free trade makes us
+better it also makes other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it also makes other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it also makes other countries
+better so you could redo this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you could redo this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you could redo this whole
+analysis I've done you guys have plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I've done you guys have plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I've done you guys have plenty
+of free time do it for fun sometime read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free time do it for fun sometime read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free time do it for fun sometime read
+this whole analys I've done from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole analys I've done from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole analys I've done from
+Colombia's perspective and show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia's perspective and show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia's perspective and show how
+opening up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up to
+trade to the US made Colombia better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade to the US made Colombia better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade to the US made Colombia better off
+it increased consumer surplus more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increased consumer surplus more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increased consumer surplus more than
+producer Surplus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computers okay and uh I'm sorry for rce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay and uh I'm sorry for rce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay and uh I'm sorry for rce
+Consumer for for for yes for computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer for for for yes for computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer for for for yes for computers
+and uh and basic and and for Roses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and basic and and for Roses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and basic and and for Roses uh
+Society also is made better off you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society also is made better off you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society also is made better off you can
+do the same flip of the analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same flip of the analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same flip of the analysis and
+show that free trade helped Columbia too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that free trade helped Columbia too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that free trade helped Columbia too
+so even if you don't buy the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you don't buy the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you don't buy the welfare
+maximization argument even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization argument even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization argument even if you don't
+buy the trade argument if you care at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the trade argument if you care at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the trade argument if you care at
+all about people around the world then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about people around the world then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about people around the world then
+that's another for free trade you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another for free trade you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another for free trade you're not
+only helping us you're helping everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only helping us you're helping everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only helping us you're helping everyone
+else okay I have never seen that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay I have never seen that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay I have never seen that as
+vividly as when I went to Vietnam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly as when I went to Vietnam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly as when I went to Vietnam I
+talked about the Vietnam rice example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Vietnam rice example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Vietnam rice example a
+few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures
+ago you know Vietnam was in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know Vietnam was in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago you know Vietnam was in a really
+horrific war with the US and it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific war with the US and it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific war with the US and it's an
+incredibly moving place to go for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly moving place to go for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly moving place to go for that
+reason especially people of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason especially people of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason especially people of my
+generation live through that war but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation live through that war but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation live through that war but
+they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love
+Americans and they asked why they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans and they asked why they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans and they asked why they said
+because we were a desperately poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were a desperately poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were a desperately poor
+starving country until you opened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving country until you opened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving country until you opened to
+free trade in 1994 build Clinton's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade in 1994 build Clinton's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trade in 1994 build Clinton's their
+hero when you open a free trade in 1994
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero when you open a free trade in 1994
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero when you open a free trade in 1994
+and allowed us to export our rice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed us to export our rice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed us to export our rice to
+America it massively incre our wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America it massively incre our wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America it massively incre our wealth
+increased our wealth levels and I saw I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased our wealth levels and I saw I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased our wealth levels and I saw I
+showed you one results of that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one results of that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you one results of that there was
+less child labor in Vietnam but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less child labor in Vietnam but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less child labor in Vietnam but
+generally their standard L just went way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally their standard L just went way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally their standard L just went way
+up and it really brought home to me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it really brought home to me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it really brought home to me this
+argument okay which is that we can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay which is that we can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay which is that we can help
+other countries by allowing free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries by allowing free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries by allowing free trade
+too and we shouldn't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and we shouldn't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and we shouldn't forget
+that okay now this is it this has if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now this is it this has if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now this is it this has if you
+think about it this kind of smacks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this kind of smacks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this kind of smacks of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flavor of the Nash model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the Nash model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the Nash model with
+non-cooperative and Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative and Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative and Cooperative
+equilibria free trade is a Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria free trade is a Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria free trade is a Cooperative
+equilibria where we're all better off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria where we're all better off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria where we're all better off by
+cooperating we're not explicitly forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating we're not explicitly forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating we're not explicitly forming
+a a a uh a cartel but we're cooperating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a uh a cartel but we're cooperating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a uh a cartel but we're cooperating
+to allow free trade by lowering barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow free trade by lowering barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow free trade by lowering barriers
+to trade we're making everyone better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade we're making everyone better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade we're making everyone better
+off whereas the non Afric Li is wow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off whereas the non Afric Li is wow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off whereas the non Afric Li is wow I
+don't want I don't want my guys to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want I don't want my guys to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want I don't want my guys to lose
+job so I'm impose a tariff so you impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so I'm impose a tariff so you impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job so I'm impose a tariff so you impose
+a tariff and we both end up horse off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tariff and we both end up horse off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tariff and we both end up horse off so
+this very much feels like Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very much feels like Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very much feels like Cooperative
+versus non-cooperative equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non-cooperative equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non-cooperative equilibrium the
+Nash model and in fact that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash model and in fact that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash model and in fact that's been
+realized enough over time that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized enough over time that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized enough over time that there's
+been more and more movement towards free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more and more movement towards free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more and more movement towards free
+trade so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so if you look at the
+decades from really World War II all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades from really World War II all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades from really World War II all the
+way up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2007 was a steady movement towards free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 was a steady movement towards free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 was a steady movement towards free
+trade around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade around the world
+there were arrangements and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were arrangements and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were arrangements and the way that
+was done was by a number of rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done was by a number of rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done was by a number of rules that
+were set up to impose free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set up to impose free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were set up to impose free trade
+essentially the world the companies got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the world the companies got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the world the companies got
+together and formed a cartel and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and formed a cartel and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and formed a cartel and they
+said look we're going to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look we're going to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look we're going to make sure we
+trade fre each other by setting up rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade fre each other by setting up rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade fre each other by setting up rules
+that don't allow any one country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't allow any one country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't allow any one country to
+impose tariffs and start a trade War so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose tariffs and start a trade War so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose tariffs and start a trade War so
+it's like a unilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a unilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a unilateral
+disarmament among countries there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarmament among countries there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarmament among countries there were
+agreements there was the World Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements there was the World Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements there was the World Trade
+Organization was set up which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization was set up which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization was set up which it's
+trying to promote free trade by setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to promote free trade by setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to promote free trade by setting
+rules that uh setting rules that um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that uh setting rules that um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that uh setting rules that um have
+trade be free around countries there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade be free around countries there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade be free around countries there was
+very importantly in the US NAFTA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very importantly in the US NAFTA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very importantly in the US NAFTA the
+North American Free Trade Agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American Free Trade Agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American Free Trade Agreement
+which was once again signed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was once again signed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was once again signed in the
+Clinton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clinton
+Administration okay which established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration okay which established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration okay which established
+virtually taror free trade between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually taror free trade between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually taror free trade between
+Canada the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada the US and
+Mexico and a number of other free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and a number of other free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and a number of other free trade
+agreements were negotiated around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements were negotiated around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements were negotiated around the
+world and once again let me be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and once again let me be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and once again let me be very
+clear what's stunning from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's stunning from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's stunning from my
+perspective is that it was Democrats as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is that it was Democrats as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective is that it was Democrats as
+well Republicans were into this when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Republicans were into this when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Republicans were into this when I
+grew up Democrats were against free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up Democrats were against free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up Democrats were against free
+trade Republicans were for it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade Republicans were for it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade Republicans were for it that
+changed Bill Clinton really led the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Bill Clinton really led the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed Bill Clinton really led the
+charge so really we had a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so really we had a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so really we had a world where
+there was sort of a universal consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a universal consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of a universal consensus
+for free trade okay now I'm not saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free trade okay now I'm not saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free trade okay now I'm not saying I
+shouldn't say Universal there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say Universal there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say Universal there was a lot
+of movement plenty people are upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement plenty people are upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement plenty people are upset
+about it for various reasons I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for various reasons I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for various reasons I remember
+my sister graduated univers Chicago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sister graduated univers Chicago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sister graduated univers Chicago in
+1999 and Bill Clinton was a presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and Bill Clinton was a presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 and Bill Clinton was a presidential
+speaker and a bunch of people wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and a bunch of people wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and a bunch of people wouldn't
+shake his hand because they didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake his hand because they didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake his hand because they didn't like
+the free trade deal he'd signed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free trade deal he'd signed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free trade deal he'd signed I
+thought that was pretty intense so BAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was pretty intense so BAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was pretty intense so BAS
+basically uh it wasn't Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh it wasn't Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh it wasn't Universal
+agreement but certainly there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement but certainly there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement but certainly there was a
+large move in that direction for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large move in that direction for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large move in that direction for many
+many decades and that completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades and that completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades and that completely
+reversed and It reversed it was starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed and It reversed it was starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed and It reversed it was starting
+to reverse pre-co and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse pre-co and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse pre-co and it's really
+reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed
+postco okay and basically we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postco okay and basically we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postco okay and basically we are now
+moving away from that President Trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from that President Trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving away from that President Trump
+put in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a lot of
+anti-trade Provisions in particularly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-trade Provisions in particularly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-trade Provisions in particularly a
+large tariff on Chinese Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to be honest President Biden has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be honest President Biden has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be honest President Biden has
+kept a lot of it I mean he got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a lot of it I mean he got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept a lot of it I mean he got rid of
+some of it but he's kept more than he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it but he's kept more than he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it but he's kept more than he's
+gotten rid of in terms of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of in terms of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of in terms of international
+trade restrictions so it's sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade restrictions so it's sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade restrictions so it's sort of that
+we've gone from a cons very rapidly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone from a cons very rapidly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone from a cons very rapidly from
+a consensus for Inter National trade to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus for Inter National trade to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consensus for Inter National trade to
+one against and Co made it much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one against and Co made it much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one against and Co made it much much
+worse why did Co make it much much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse why did Co make it much much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse why did Co make it much much worse
+because Co exposed the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Co exposed the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Co exposed the problem with
+international trade which is it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade which is it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade which is it creates
+interdependencies in production chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies in production chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies in production chains
+you often heard the term supply chain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often heard the term supply chain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often heard the term supply chain as
+a problem what was going wrong during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem what was going wrong during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem what was going wrong during
+covid because of free trade we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid because of free trade we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid because of free trade we created
+production processes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production processes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production processes that were
+integrated around the world and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated around the world and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated around the world and when
+trade shut down during covid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade shut down during covid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade shut down during covid that's
+those Supply process he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Supply process he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Supply process he sort of
+collapsed the most Vivid example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the most Vivid example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the most Vivid example
+semiconductors semiconductors are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors semiconductors are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors semiconductors are the
+core of every modern thing we own from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of every modern thing we own from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of every modern thing we own from
+our car s phones to now in toilets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our car s phones to now in toilets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our car s phones to now in toilets and
+everything okay and I and basically as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and I and basically as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and I and basically as I
+think I mentioned before 75% of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned before 75% of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mentioned before 75% of all
+semiconductors are produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors are produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors are produced in
+Taiwan okay and we couldn't get them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan okay and we couldn't get them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan okay and we couldn't get them all
+of a sudden and the us and we saw prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden and the us and we saw prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden and the us and we saw prices
+for cars go through the roof I don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cars go through the roof I don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cars go through the roof I don't if
+you know but during Co prices for cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but during Co prices for cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but during Co prices for cars
+went up two or three times it largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up two or three times it largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up two or three times it largely
+just because of the shortage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the shortage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the shortage and
+semiconductors okay so now there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors okay so now there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors okay so now there is
+basically uh a lot of people arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh a lot of people arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh a lot of people arguing
+against free trade and what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against free trade and what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against free trade and what are their
+basic arguments Okay so why do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic arguments Okay so why do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic arguments Okay so why do people
+oppose free trade well one argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose free trade well one argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose free trade well one argument is
+the new one I mentioned which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one I mentioned which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one I mentioned which is sort of
+supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependencies supply chain dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies supply chain dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies supply chain dependencies
+slash National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash National
+Security so the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security so the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security so the argument is
+look if 75% of semiconductors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if 75% of semiconductors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if 75% of semiconductors are
+produced within 100 miles of China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced within 100 miles of China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced within 100 miles of China and
+we feel that we might go to war with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that we might go to war with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that we might go to war with
+China we're pretty screwed if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China we're pretty screwed if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China we're pretty screwed if we don't
+have a domestic semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a domestic semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a domestic semiconductor
+industry well how do you make a domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry well how do you make a domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry well how do you make a domestic
+semiconductor industry well you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry well you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry well you can do
+two things one is you can tax Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one is you can tax Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one is you can tax Chinese
+Taiwanese semiconductors but we don't to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwanese semiconductors but we don't to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwanese semiconductors but we don't to
+do that because Taiwan is an ally of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because Taiwan is an ally of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because Taiwan is an ally of
+ours the other thing you could do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours the other thing you could do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours the other thing you could do is you
+could subsidize the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could subsidize the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could subsidize the American
+Semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor
+industry think about the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry think about the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry think about the American
+Semiconductor industry they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor industry they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor industry they are doing
+the same analys done marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same analys done marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same analys done marginal cost
+marginal benefit they're saying look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit they're saying look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal benefit they're saying look the
+truth is at the price point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is at the price point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is at the price point for
+Semiconductor today we can't produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor today we can't produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semiconductor today we can't produce
+them cheaply enough so we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cheaply enough so we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cheaply enough so we're just going
+to let them come from Taiwan what if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let them come from Taiwan what if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let them come from Taiwan what if he
+said to them you know what we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to them you know what we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to them you know what we'll give
+you a bunch of money if we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of money if we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of money if we produce
+semiconductors and might say well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and might say well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and might say well if you
+give us enough then we can produce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us enough then we can produce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us enough then we can produce them
+even if it's we can't compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's we can't compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's we can't compete
+effectively with Taiwan and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with Taiwan and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with Taiwan and that's what
+we did we set up we passed the chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we set up we passed the chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we set up we passed the chips
+plus science act which puts 52 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus science act which puts 52 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus science act which puts 52 billion
+dollar aside for us domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar aside for us domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar aside for us domestic
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+manufacturing to try to build that and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing to try to build that and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing to try to build that and a
+lot of the argument was we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the argument was we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the argument was we don't want to
+spend the supply chains that China make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the supply chains that China make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the supply chains that China make
+a control and would and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control and would and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control and would and part of the
+reason is National Security so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is National Security so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is National Security so that's
+one reason people are proposing free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason people are proposing free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason people are proposing free
+trade okay the second argument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay the second argument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade okay the second argument is the
+one where economists have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where economists have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where economists have probably
+fallen down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen down the
+most which is we might call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which is we might call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most which is we might call this
+argument non-compensation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+losers the basic argument for free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers the basic argument for free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers the basic argument for free trade
+that I grew up with runs as follows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I grew up with runs as follows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I grew up with runs as follows if
+you allow Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow Imports
+consumers will gain more than producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers will gain more than producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers will gain more than producers
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+lose as long as we take some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose as long as we take some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose as long as we take some of that
+extra and transfer it back to producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra and transfer it back to producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra and transfer it back to producers
+everybody wins let's go up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wins let's go up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wins let's go up to here
+imagine that we move this is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we move this is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we move this is with
+trade we move to trade remember trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we move to trade remember trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade we move to trade remember trade
+took consumer surplus from W to W plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took consumer surplus from W to W plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took consumer surplus from W to W plus X
+Plus Z produc Surplus from X Plus y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Z produc Surplus from X Plus y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Z produc Surplus from X Plus y to
+Y what if we took the x from consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what if we took the x from consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what if we took the x from consumers
+and moved it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moved it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moved it over here
+well then what happens consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what happens consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what happens consumers are
+better off they still have W plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off they still have W plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off they still have W plus Z
+producers are no worse off they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are no worse off they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are no worse off they're the
+same as they were before so we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as they were before so we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as they were before so we can make
+everybody better off we can create no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody better off we can create no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody better off we can create no
+losers from free trade by simply taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers from free trade by simply taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers from free trade by simply taking
+some of the extra benefits that created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the extra benefits that created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the extra benefits that created
+and giving them to the losers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving them to the losers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving them to the losers it's
+theoretically brilliant it's a great way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically brilliant it's a great way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically brilliant it's a great way
+to argue I free trade's good because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue I free trade's good because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue I free trade's good because as
+long as the winners win by more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the winners win by more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the winners win by more than the
+losers lose you can take some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers lose you can take some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers lose you can take some of the
+winners winnings and give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners winnings and give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners winnings and give it to the
+losers keep them whole and everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers keep them whole and everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers keep them whole and everybody's
+better off or at least no worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or at least no worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or at least no worse
+off okay the problem is we haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay the problem is we haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay the problem is we haven't done
+that in theory it works in practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in theory it works in practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in theory it works in practice we
+don't do it and this is made no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it and this is made no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it and this is made no more
+evident than by the fascinating research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident than by the fascinating research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident than by the fascinating research
+of my colleague David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my colleague David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my colleague David
+otter David otter who's an outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter David otter who's an outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter David otter who's an outstanding
+labor Economist has looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Economist has looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Economist has looked at what
+happened around the US due to Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened around the US due to Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened around the US due to Rising
+imports from China and is a very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports from China and is a very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports from China and is a very clever
+study where he looks at as looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where he looks at as looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where he looks at as looks at
+Industries basically Chinese Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries basically Chinese Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries basically Chinese Imports
+became much cheaper after he passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much cheaper after he passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much cheaper after he passed the
+Free Trade Agreement it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Trade Agreement it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Trade Agreement it looks at
+industries that were more and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that were more and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that were more and less
+susceptible to Chinese Imports and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to Chinese Imports and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to Chinese Imports and where
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+located and what he found was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and what he found was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located and what he found was the
+industries that were most Su set to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that were most Su set to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that were most Su set to the
+chines Imports basically got crushed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chines Imports basically got crushed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chines Imports basically got crushed and
+those communities lost millions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those communities lost millions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those communities lost millions and
+millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of
+jobs now at the same time life for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs now at the same time life for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs now at the same time life for
+consumers was great this based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers was great this based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers was great this based on how
+walm smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walm smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walm smart
+functions okay I was like you know I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay I was like you know I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay I was like you know I've
+got this sweater here okay this sweater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this sweater here okay this sweater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this sweater here okay this sweater
+you can't really see it's a nice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really see it's a nice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really see it's a nice you
+know it's like mediocre sweater okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like mediocre sweater okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like mediocre sweater okay
+this sweater probably cost me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sweater probably cost me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sweater probably cost me I don't
+know 30 bucks okay when I was a kid when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 bucks okay when I was a kid when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 bucks okay when I was a kid when
+prices were a third of what they are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were a third of what they are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were a third of what they are now
+the sweater would cost me maybe 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater would cost me maybe 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sweater would cost me maybe 40
+bucks okay would be 120 today's dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks okay would be 120 today's dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks okay would be 120 today's dollars
+why because imports from China because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because imports from China because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because imports from China because
+when I was a kid that had to be made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a kid that had to be made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a kid that had to be made in
+North Carolina our textile mills in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Carolina our textile mills in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Carolina our textile mills in
+North Carolina and they were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Carolina and they were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Carolina and they were more
+expensive now I get it from China it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive now I get it from China it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive now I get it from China it's
+cheap the techy guys had no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap the techy guys had no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap the techy guys had no longer have
+jobs well the easy answer is tax me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs well the easy answer is tax me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs well the easy answer is tax me on
+my sweater imagine if with this $30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sweater imagine if with this $30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sweater imagine if with this $30
+sweater they imposed a $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweater they imposed a $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweater they imposed a $15
+tax well I'd still be way better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax well I'd still be way better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax well I'd still be way better off
+than I would have been without trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have been without trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have been without trade
+this would have been 120 bucks without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been 120 bucks without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have been 120 bucks without
+trade so I'm still way better off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so I'm still way better off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade so I'm still way better off and
+that money could have compensated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money could have compensated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money could have compensated all
+the textile workers who lost their jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textile workers who lost their jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textile workers who lost their jobs
+everybody wins but we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wins but we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wins but we didn't do
+it as a result while theoretically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a result while theoretically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a result while theoretically we
+can make everybody better off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make everybody better off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make everybody better off in
+practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+haven't and that has led to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and that has led to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and that has led to a lot of
+opposition or free trade okay this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or free trade okay this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition or free trade okay this gets
+in a big issue which is well gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big issue which is well gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big issue which is well gee
+couldn't we just help these texti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't we just help these texti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't we just help these texti
+workers some other way and we'll talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers some other way and we'll talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers some other way and we'll talk in
+a couple lectures about that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple lectures about that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple lectures about that that's
+about redistribution policy but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about redistribution policy but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about redistribution policy but in
+practice that's what least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that's what least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that's what least the
+opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a great question so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so that's
+the other argument for free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other argument for free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other argument for free trade
+actually I should put that is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should put that is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should put that is another
+argument this sort of relay to the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this sort of relay to the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this sort of relay to the trade
+War argument for free trade which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War argument for free trade which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War argument for free trade which is
+that basically um the idea is economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically um the idea is economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically um the idea is economists
+say here's another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's another way to think about
+this the rose workers lose their jobs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the rose workers lose their jobs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the rose workers lose their jobs if
+we train them to be computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we train them to be computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we train them to be computer
+workers then everybody's better off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers then everybody's better off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers then everybody's better off the
+rose workers move into a better sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose workers move into a better sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose workers move into a better sector
+computer workers make more than Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer workers make more than Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer workers make more than Rose
+workers consumers in the US get cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers consumers in the US get cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers consumers in the US get cheaper
+roses everybody wins so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses everybody wins so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses everybody wins so the way you
+could do this is by literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is by literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is by literally just
+retraining workers but that takes money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraining workers but that takes money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraining workers but that takes money
+and we didn't do it and a lot of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't do it and a lot of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't do it and a lot of workers
+turns out it's hard to become a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's hard to become a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's hard to become a computer
+programmer okay or you know or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer okay or you know or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer okay or you know or you know
+uh be electrical engineer you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be electrical engineer you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be electrical engineer you know I
+mean you're all studying to do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're all studying to do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you're all studying to do that okay
+it's hard for these people who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard for these people who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard for these people who didn't
+grow up with proper education or work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with proper education or work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with proper education or work in
+the Rose sector to do that so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rose sector to do that so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rose sector to do that so as a
+result in theory you can do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in theory you can do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in theory you can do that in
+practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we
+didn't so that's one big that's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so that's one big that's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so that's one big that's a second
+big reason people oppose free trade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason people oppose free trade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason people oppose free trade and
+the third reason people oppose free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third reason people oppose free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third reason people oppose free
+trade I already talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade I already talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade I already talked about last
+lecture which is socially damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which is socially damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture which is socially damaging
+comparative advantage and I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage and I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage and I talked about
+that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture with with Chinese battery plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with with Chinese battery plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with with Chinese battery plant
+and the fact they built this battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact they built this battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact they built this battery
+plant and since they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and since they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and since they have no
+environmental regulations the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental regulations the stuff
+leaked and killed a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked and killed a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked and killed a bunch of
+people okay that's the third issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay that's the third issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay that's the third issue
+finally the last issue and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last issue and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the last issue and the most
+controversial is trade as a foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial is trade as a foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial is trade as a foreign
+policy tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we have many
+reasons okay to be mad at China there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons okay to be mad at China there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons okay to be mad at China there's
+many reasons Trump was mad at China now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons Trump was mad at China now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons Trump was mad at China now
+some were're irrational Trump was upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some were're irrational Trump was upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some were're irrational Trump was upset
+about our trade deficit with China as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our trade deficit with China as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our trade deficit with China as I
+said that's just a Pikachu deficit we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's just a Pikachu deficit we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's just a Pikachu deficit we
+shouldn't care okay but Trump had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't care okay but Trump had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't care okay but Trump had
+legitimate reasons for being mad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate reasons for being mad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate reasons for being mad at
+China for example we have a larger World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China for example we have a larger World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China for example we have a larger World
+Trading System under the World Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading System under the World Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading System under the World Trade
+Organization that as I said is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization that as I said is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization that as I said is like a
+club that imposes a set of free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club that imposes a set of free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club that imposes a set of free trade
+rules to try to have welfare maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to try to have welfare maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to try to have welfare maximizing
+trade around the world China's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade around the world China's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade around the world China's been
+violating the rules that organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating the rules that organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating the rules that organization
+repeatedly over and over again China's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly over and over again China's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly over and over again China's
+been doing things which violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing things which violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing things which violate the
+rules so for example it says you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so for example it says you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so for example it says you can't
+import any Goods into China that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import any Goods into China that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import any Goods into China that aren't
+you could be have foreign Goods in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be have foreign Goods in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be have foreign Goods in China
+but they must be produced in Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they must be produced in Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they must be produced in Chinese
+factories well that's not free trade if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories well that's not free trade if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories well that's not free trade if
+you say you can't have computers sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you can't have computers sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say you can't have computers sold in
+China by American companies unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China by American companies unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China by American companies unless you
+come here and build a factory here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here and build a factory here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here and build a factory here in
+China you can own it America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China you can own it America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China you can own it America
+but you got to come here and employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got to come here and employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got to come here and employ
+Chinese workers and build a factory here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese workers and build a factory here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese workers and build a factory here
+well that's against the rules of the WTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's against the rules of the WTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's against the rules of the WTO
+that's against the Free Trade Agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's against the Free Trade Agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's against the Free Trade Agreement
+and China's been doing that for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China's been doing that for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and China's been doing that for years
+there's also significant industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also significant industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also significant industrial
+Espionage now I'm not saying we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espionage now I'm not saying we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Espionage now I'm not saying we don't do
+it too but there's a lot of evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too but there's a lot of evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too but there's a lot of evidence of
+the fact that free trade has opened up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that free trade has opened up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that free trade has opened up
+the exposure of our companies to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure of our companies to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure of our companies to other
+countries and they've been studying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and they've been studying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and they've been studying and
+copying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying our
+methods and that's another reason that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's another reason that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's another reason that's
+another kind of bad behavior we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of bad behavior we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of bad behavior we should
+be worried about these are significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about these are significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried about these are significant
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+so you might say well gee China's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say well gee China's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might say well gee China's a bad
+actor why not then slap a tariff on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor why not then slap a tariff on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor why not then slap a tariff on him
+why isn't that the right answer and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't that the right answer and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't that the right answer and it
+turns out it's a bad answer as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's a bad answer as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's a bad answer as a way of
+getting back at this problem be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back at this problem be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back at this problem be for
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+reasons there's three reasons why using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there's three reasons why using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons there's three reasons why using
+trade restrictions as a tool of foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade restrictions as a tool of foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade restrictions as a tool of foreign
+policy makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makes no
+sense okay reason one is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay reason one is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay reason one is the standard
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis which is sure you strike back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is sure you strike back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is sure you strike back
+at China but along the way you hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at China but along the way you hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at China but along the way you hurt
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+consumers okay indeed um there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay indeed um there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers okay indeed um there was a lot
+of evidence that the price of goods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence that the price of goods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence that the price of goods that
+were produced using Chinese Parts went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced using Chinese Parts went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced using Chinese Parts went
+through the roof once Trump not through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the roof once Trump not through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the roof once Trump not through
+the roof but went up a lot once Trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof but went up a lot once Trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof but went up a lot once Trump
+raised his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his
+tariffs so that's the first argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs so that's the first argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs so that's the first argument the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+argument is that it's not even clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that it's not even clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is that it's not even clear how
+you do this because what is made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this because what is made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this because what is made in
+China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+car where the construction the bodies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car where the construction the bodies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car where the construction the bodies in
+the US but all the components come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US but all the components come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US but all the components come from
+China is that a Chinese good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China is that a Chinese good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China is that a Chinese good and
+American good and if you POS a tariff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American good and if you POS a tariff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American good and if you POS a tariff on
+that you're hurting American car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're hurting American car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're hurting American car
+companies they use that as an input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they use that as an input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they use that as an input in
+their production which will kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production which will kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production which will kill
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+jobs so you're actually if the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so you're actually if the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs so you're actually if the idea of a
+tariff to protect American jobs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff to protect American jobs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariff to protect American jobs but the
+Tariff doesn't make it more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff doesn't make it more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tariff doesn't make it more expensive
+the inputs that Americans need for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs that Americans need for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs that Americans need for their
+jobs you actually hurt American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you actually hurt American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you actually hurt American
+jobs okay so that's the second argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs okay so that's the second argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs okay so that's the second argument
+the third argument is you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordination which is the US isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination which is the US isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination which is the US isn't the
+only party that trades with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only party that trades with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only party that trades with
+China the US is not the only party that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China the US is not the only party that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China the US is not the only party that
+that that trades with China so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that trades with China so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that trades with China so suppose
+you're trading your Pokemon with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading your Pokemon with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading your Pokemon with your
+friends but your friend has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends but your friend has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends but your friend has a bunch of
+people he's trading with and you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he's trading with and you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people he's trading with and you decide
+because your friend pissed you off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your friend pissed you off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your friend pissed you off you
+won't trade with him he'll just trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't trade with him he'll just trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't trade with him he'll just trade
+the cards to someone else now he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards to someone else now he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards to someone else now he might
+not get quite as good a deal but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get quite as good a deal but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get quite as good a deal but he's
+not as he not suddenly like he can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as he not suddenly like he can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as he not suddenly like he can't
+trade his cards he just got to trade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade his cards he just got to trade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade his cards he just got to trade in
+with someone else and basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone else and basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone else and basically uh
+that's what happened is China just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened is China just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened is China just
+started selling their goods to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started selling their goods to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started selling their goods to other
+countries so basically the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so basically the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so basically the reason that
+this was a bad way to approach our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a bad way to approach our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a bad way to approach our
+problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with
+China was it's bad for American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was it's bad for American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China was it's bad for American
+consumers it might be bad for American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers it might be bad for American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers it might be bad for American
+Producers it doesn't do much if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Producers it doesn't do much if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Producers it doesn't do much if you
+don't coordinate internationally that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't coordinate internationally that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't coordinate internationally that's
+why most economists who are smart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why most economists who are smart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why most economists who are smart in
+this area said we should have serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area said we should have serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area said we should have serious
+trade re repercussions against China we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade re repercussions against China we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade re repercussions against China we
+should think about barriers trade with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about barriers trade with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about barriers trade with
+China but has to be done an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China but has to be done an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China but has to be done an
+internationally coordinated way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally coordinated way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally coordinated way and that
+wasn't what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what was
+done so basically you end up with fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so basically you end up with fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so basically you end up with fairly
+ineffective trade barriers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective trade barriers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective trade barriers on
+China okay now the latest attempt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China okay now the latest attempt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China okay now the latest attempt of
+this to use foreign po to use trade as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to use foreign po to use trade as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to use foreign po to use trade as a
+foreign policy tool was s on Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign policy tool was s on Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign policy tool was s on Russian
+oil not allowing people to buy Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil not allowing people to buy Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil not allowing people to buy Russian
+oil because the Ukraine war once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil because the Ukraine war once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil because the Ukraine war once again
+this didn't work so well because other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't work so well because other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't work so well because other
+countries were still Rising other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were still Rising other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were still Rising other
+countries were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were still
+buying okay and that's a and b this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying okay and that's a and b this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying okay and that's a and b this
+became incredibly painful for Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became incredibly painful for Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became incredibly painful for Europe
+because Europe depended so much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Europe depended so much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Europe depended so much on
+Russia for their fuel and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia for their fuel and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia for their fuel and the question
+is can Europe really are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can Europe really are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can Europe really are you going to
+break apart the European Coalition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart the European Coalition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart the European Coalition
+because they don't want to keep placing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to keep placing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to keep placing
+such high high prices for fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high high prices for fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high high prices for fuel
+okay on the other hand if you if you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you if you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you if you um
+if you uh tell countries they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh tell countries they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you uh tell countries they can't
+export goods to Russia that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export goods to Russia that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export goods to Russia that might be
+more effective because that makes life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective because that makes life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective because that makes life
+the life miserable in Russia maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life miserable in Russia maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life miserable in Russia maybe
+they'll throw off their leader they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw off their leader they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll throw off their leader they
+probably won't but that would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't but that would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't but that would be another
+way you could approach it so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could approach it so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could approach it so these are
+really interesting and difficult issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and difficult issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and difficult issues
+to think through and exciting think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through and exciting think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through and exciting think
+about how we can once again use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can once again use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we can once again use the
+tools of microeconomics to come at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of microeconomics to come at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools of microeconomics to come at this
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's it's it's a great point so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's it's a great point so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's it's a great point so the
+trade War you're asking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade War you're asking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade War you're asking about this
+argument the trade War argument is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the trade War argument is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the trade War argument is less
+powerful if you're talking about country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful if you're talking about country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful if you're talking about country
+we don't really sell them much now North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really sell them much now North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really sell them much now North
+Korea is different we have that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea is different we have that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea is different we have that's
+sanctions that's just we won't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions that's just we won't deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions that's just we won't deal with
+them but if you think about a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if you think about a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if you think about a small
+country if you think about suddenly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country if you think about suddenly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country if you think about suddenly we
+got mad think about Columbia they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mad think about Columbia they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mad think about Columbia they don't
+buy that many computers okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that many computers okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that many computers okay so you
+might say this argument is not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say this argument is not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say this argument is not super
+relevant uh if the country is small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh if the country is small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh if the country is small okay
+I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree with
+that okay let me talk about one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let me talk about one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let me talk about one other
+since I haven't been controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I haven't been controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I haven't been controversial
+enough today let's talk about one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough today let's talk about one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough today let's talk about one other
+non-controversial topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-controversial topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-controversial topic which is
+immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immigration the same set of principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration the same set of principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration the same set of principles
+that applies to free flow of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to free flow of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies to free flow of goods
+applies to the free flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the free flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to the free flow of
+workers so look at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so look at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so look at figure
+198 think about producing fruit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 think about producing fruit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 think about producing fruit in the
+US okay originally under art tarkey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay originally under art tarkey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay originally under art tarkey we
+have L1 workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L1 workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have L1 workers
+producing fruit at a wage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing fruit at a wage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing fruit at a wage of
+W1 now if we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 now if we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 now if we allow
+immigration that shifts out the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration that shifts out the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration that shifts out the supply
+of workers shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workers shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workers shifts
+out now we have S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we have S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we have S2
+workers at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers at a lower
+wage well what does that do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage well what does that do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage well what does that do to the
+market for fruit let's go to figure 199
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for fruit let's go to figure 199
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for fruit let's go to figure 199
+so this is I'm sorry 8 is not the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I'm sorry 8 is not the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I'm sorry 8 is not the market
+for fruit this is this a bit unclear 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fruit this is this a bit unclear 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fruit this is this a bit unclear 98
+is the labor market for people producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the labor market for people producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the labor market for people producing
+fruit very clear 198 is the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit very clear 198 is the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit very clear 198 is the labor market
+diagram in Fruit production 199 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in Fruit production 199 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in Fruit production 199 is the
+fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit
+market well what's happened I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market well what's happened I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market well what's happened I just
+showed you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in
+198 that the wage went down if the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 that the wage went down if the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 that the wage went down if the wage
+goes down marginal cost goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down marginal cost goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down marginal cost goes down so
+supply curve shifts out from S1 to S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve shifts out from S1 to S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve shifts out from S1 to S2
+what does that do it allows more fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do it allows more fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do it allows more fruit
+at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower
+price so this is why economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so this is why economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so this is why economists
+generally favor relatively free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally favor relatively free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally favor relatively free
+immigration because by having immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration because by having immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration because by having immigrants
+come in and do jobs we allow Goods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and do jobs we allow Goods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and do jobs we allow Goods to
+produce more cheaply and it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more cheaply and it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more cheaply and it creates
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+surplus okay on the other hand figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus okay on the other hand figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus okay on the other hand figure
+198 is why many people in America don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 is why many people in America don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 is why many people in America don't
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+immigration which is the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration which is the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration which is the wage
+Falls so it's once again a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls so it's once again a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls so it's once again a standard
+tradeoff much like trade by allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff much like trade by allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff much like trade by allowing
+immigrants in we allow more consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in we allow more consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants in we allow more consumer
+surplus through cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus through cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus through cheaper
+fruit but we lower the wage that workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit but we lower the wage that workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit but we lower the wage that workers
+get in the fruit producing sector and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the fruit producing sector and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the fruit producing sector and I
+don't need to go through the graphs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go through the graphs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to go through the graphs to
+show you that the former dominates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that the former dominates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that the former dominates the
+latter overall we're better off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter overall we're better off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter overall we're better off with
+immigration now we're only overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration now we're only overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration now we're only overall
+better off immigration however however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off immigration however however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off immigration however however
+if we can make some mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can make some mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can make some mechanism to
+compensate the losers if we for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate the losers if we for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate the losers if we for example
+said well look we're now going to tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well look we're now going to tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well look we're now going to tax
+fruit fruit's cheaper we're going to tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fruit's cheaper we're going to tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fruit's cheaper we're going to tax
+fruit and give the money to the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit and give the money to the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit and give the money to the former
+fruit producers then that would work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit producers then that would work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit producers then that would work but
+we're not doing it not do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing it not do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing it not do anything to
+help those frood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help those frood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help those frood
+producers okay so the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers okay so the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers okay so the question is how
+big a problem is this and the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a problem is this and the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a problem is this and the there's
+actually a number of really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number of really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a number of really good
+studies of how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of how does
+immigration affect domestic wages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration affect domestic wages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration affect domestic wages and
+prices what they find is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what they find is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what they find is more
+immigration does lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration does lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration does lower
+prices what they also find is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what they also find is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices what they also find is more
+immigration doesn't much lower has if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration doesn't much lower has if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration doesn't much lower has if
+anything a negligible effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a negligible effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything a negligible effect on the
+wages of us born workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages of us born workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages of us born workers
+relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small
+effect which could be for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which could be for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which could be for two reasons
+one reason could be because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason could be because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason could be because of
+elasticities the other could be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities the other could be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities the other could be because
+they're in sectors that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in sectors that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in sectors that people don't
+want to work in people don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work in people don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work in people don't want to
+pick fruit they don't want to work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick fruit they don't want to work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick fruit they don't want to work at
+the gas station of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas station of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas station of
+7-Eleven okay so basically this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7-Eleven okay so basically this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7-Eleven okay so basically this is one
+reason I'm not alling wages is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm not alling wages is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm not alling wages is because
+these are jobs people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are jobs people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are jobs people didn't
+want okay but here's the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay but here's the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay but here's the fascinating
+Fact one group does get hurt by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fact one group does get hurt by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fact one group does get hurt by more
+immigration the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration the previous
+immigrants so people who actually hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants so people who actually hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants so people who actually hurt
+by this the group for which wages fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this the group for which wages fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this the group for which wages fall
+are the last generation of immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the last generation of immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the last generation of immigrants
+because they are working in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are working in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are working in those
+sectors this leads to the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors this leads to the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors this leads to the fascinating
+Paradox at the heart of a concern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox at the heart of a concern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox at the heart of a concern in
+politics that many have on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics that many have on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics that many have on the left
+which is GE why are immigrants turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is GE why are immigrants turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is GE why are immigrants turning
+against the Democratic party turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Democratic party turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Democratic party turning
+against free trade turning its free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against free trade turning its free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against free trade turning its free
+immigration why don't immigrants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration why don't immigrants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration why don't immigrants the
+Democrats are clearly the party of much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrats are clearly the party of much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrats are clearly the party of much
+freeer immigration than the republ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeer immigration than the republ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeer immigration than the republ
+Republicans yet they're losing immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republicans yet they're losing immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republicans yet they're losing immigrant
+votes well actually it kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes well actually it kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes well actually it kind of makes
+sense if you think about it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think about it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think about it because the
+future immigrants are going to hurt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future immigrants are going to hurt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future immigrants are going to hurt the
+wage of the existing immigrants so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the existing immigrants so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the existing immigrants so it
+kind of makes sense it's sort of a pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense it's sort of a pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense it's sort of a pull
+the ladder up behind me argument once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder up behind me argument once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ladder up behind me argument once
+I'm in and I want more people in once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in and I want more people in once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in and I want more people in once
+I've got my job in the fruit picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my job in the fruit picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my job in the fruit picking
+sector I don't want more people to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector I don't want more people to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector I don't want more people to come
+in I'll lower my wage so it's Pro it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'll lower my wage so it's Pro it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'll lower my wage so it's Pro it's
+perhaps not irrational for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not irrational for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not irrational for some
+immigrants to oppose additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants to oppose additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants to oppose additional
+immigration because they're the one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration because they're the one not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration because they're the one not
+not us-born people but immigrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not us-born people but immigrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not us-born people but immigrants
+previous immigrants the ones whose wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous immigrants the ones whose wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous immigrants the ones whose wages
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+suffer so once again a subtle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer so once again a subtle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer so once again a subtle but
+important arguments we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important arguments we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important arguments we think about
+obviously with immigration there's a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously with immigration there's a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously with immigration there's a ton
+of other issues we won't get into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other issues we won't get into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other issues we won't get into here
+that aren't about economics I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't about economics I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't about economics I'm not
+claiming this is the the end point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is the the end point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is the the end point of
+immigration policy discussion but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration policy discussion but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration policy discussion but it's
+important to remember that the tools I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember that the tools I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to remember that the tools I
+taught you about trade can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you about trade can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you about trade can be applied
+broadly including the immigration debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly including the immigration debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly including the immigration debate
+okay let's stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TxtNBnAXmh8.txt b/TxtNBnAXmh8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9cb78b66d49e4c6701330e4d9542f1ddd7dd77a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TxtNBnAXmh8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+And finally, our last speaker is Brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, our last speaker is Brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, our last speaker is Brian
+Erl, who is a senior vice president at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erl, who is a senior vice president at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erl, who is a senior vice president at
+Salis O'Brien and their director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salis O'Brien and their director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salis O'Brien and their director of
+geothermal operations, and he'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal operations, and he'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal operations, and he'll be
+joining us virtually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah, good morning everybody. Uh, sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, good morning everybody. Uh, sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, good morning everybody. Uh, sorry
+I can't be there. Um, I'm actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be there. Um, I'm actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be there. Um, I'm actually going
+to be in Boston all next week for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in Boston all next week for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in Boston all next week for more
+geothermal and thermal energy network uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal and thermal energy network uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal and thermal energy network uh
+uh conferences and and symposiums and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conferences and and symposiums and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conferences and and symposiums and uh
+looking forward to that next week. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to that next week. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to that next week. But
+um uh let's see is that in screen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see is that in screen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh let's see is that in screen?
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+There we go. Okay. Um yeah, thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Okay. Um yeah, thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Okay. Um yeah, thanks for
+having me. So I'm going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me. So I'm going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having me. So I'm going to talk a little
+bit about uh the introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uh the introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uh the introduction to
+designing geothermal energy networks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing geothermal energy networks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing geothermal energy networks or
+thermal energy networks. Um I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy networks. Um I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy networks. Um I know
+Nicholas and thank you for that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas and thank you for that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholas and thank you for that uh
+mentioned something about a case study.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned something about a case study.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned something about a case study.
+I think maybe the agenda might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe the agenda might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think maybe the agenda might have
+gotten changed a little bit but um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten changed a little bit but um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten changed a little bit but um so
+we're going to talk a little bit briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk a little bit briefly
+about uh you know kind of the highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know kind of the highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know kind of the highlevel
+technical aspects of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects of design
+considerations for thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations for thermal energy
+networks and and geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and and geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and and geothermal energy
+networks. So primarily these are the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So primarily these are the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So primarily these are the six
+kind of uh um most important topics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um most important topics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh um most important topics or
+design considerations that in my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design considerations that in my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design considerations that in my mind
+when looking at these systems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at these systems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at these systems that you
+have to really consider think very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really consider think very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really consider think very you
+know thoroughly through and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thoroughly through and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thoroughly through and understand
+uh as you move forward in the design. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you move forward in the design. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you move forward in the design. So
+number one site selection uh obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one site selection uh obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one site selection uh obviously
+extremely important. Now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important. Now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important. Now I'm going to
+talk specifically about the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk specifically about the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk specifically about the technical
+aspects of this uh of the design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this uh of the design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this uh of the design.
+Obviously with site selection there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously with site selection there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously with site selection there's
+all kinds of other ramifications and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other ramifications and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other ramifications and and
+you know aspects of why you might choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know aspects of why you might choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know aspects of why you might choose
+a site uh over certain technical aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site uh over certain technical aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a site uh over certain technical aspects
+but just from a technical perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just from a technical perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just from a technical perspective
+we'll go through that. We'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through that. We'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through that. We'll talk a
+little bit about thermal resources but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about thermal resources but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about thermal resources but
+obviously you've been hearing all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you've been hearing all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you've been hearing all about
+that and and so I'm not going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and so I'm not going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and so I'm not going to spend a
+lot of time there. Uh we'll also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time there. Uh we'll also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time there. Uh we'll also just
+dive into a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into a little bit about the
+differences between a single pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between a single pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between a single pipe
+ambient loops versus two-pipe ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient loops versus two-pipe ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient loops versus two-pipe ambient
+loops and then what's an energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and then what's an energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and then what's an energy transfer
+station, why or why may you may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station, why or why may you may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station, why or why may you may or may
+not uh incorporate that into a design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh incorporate that into a design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh incorporate that into a design,
+what impacts that may have. Uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impacts that may have. Uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impacts that may have. Uh and then
+some of the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the infrastructure
+ramifications, pump houses primarily,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications, pump houses primarily,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications, pump houses primarily,
+because we're pumping fluid, we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're pumping fluid, we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're pumping fluid, we've got
+to have a lot of these types of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of these types of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of these types of uh uh
+systems throughout the network. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems throughout the network. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems throughout the network. And so
+where do they get located? Um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they get located? Um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they get located? Um and that's
+always a really big uh topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a really big uh topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a really big uh topic and
+discussion with the client and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the client and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with the client and the
+community about you know uh where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community about you know uh where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community about you know uh where do
+where do these go? How do you locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these go? How do you locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these go? How do you locate
+them and uh what they might look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh what they might look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh what they might look like?
+uh then also talk just briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then also talk just briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then also talk just briefly about
+modeling these systems because it's ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these systems because it's ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these systems because it's ex
+you know these are relatively new from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are relatively new from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are relatively new from
+um the modeling community and so to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the modeling community and so to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the modeling community and so to try
+to dynamically model the impacts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamically model the impacts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamically model the impacts and the
+optimization of these systems I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of these systems I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of these systems I think is
+really important and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then of course
+gathering data on existing systems so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering data on existing systems so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering data on existing systems so we
+can continue to refine the modeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to refine the modeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to refine the modeling is
+also you know extremely important which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know extremely important which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you know extremely important which
+we know HEAT is doing a fantastic job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know HEAT is doing a fantastic job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know HEAT is doing a fantastic job
+with uh with their leg up program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with their leg up program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with their leg up program and
+And uh you know thinking about future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh you know thinking about future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh you know thinking about future
+expansion, we've got a lot of pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion, we've got a lot of pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion, we've got a lot of pilot
+projects going on in the country right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects going on in the country right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects going on in the country right
+now, but we need to think about and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but we need to think about and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but we need to think about and have
+as part of the design consideration, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the design consideration, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the design consideration, how
+do we expand these systems and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we expand these systems and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we expand these systems and what that
+might look like and make sure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like and make sure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like and make sure that we're
+incorporating proper um fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating proper um fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating proper um fundamentals
+within the system to be able to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system to be able to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the system to be able to to to
+accommodate that expansion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that expansion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that expansion in the
+future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future.
+So first of all, site selection. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, site selection. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, site selection. Just
+looking at this from a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this from a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this from a technical
+perspective again, first thing we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective again, first thing we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective again, first thing we always
+look for when we're looking at sites is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for when we're looking at sites is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for when we're looking at sites is
+are there thermal assets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there thermal assets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there thermal assets that are
+available and accessible within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and accessible within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and accessible within that
+site. And what I mean by accessible is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. And what I mean by accessible is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. And what I mean by accessible is,
+you know, through both regulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, through both regulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, through both regulation and
+land uh uh agreements or access, can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh uh agreements or access, can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh uh agreements or access, can you
+can you make that thermal asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you make that thermal asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you make that thermal asset
+available to the system? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the system? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the system? So that's
+really important. So it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. So it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. So it might be
+vertical bore holes, but where do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bore holes, but where do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bore holes, but where do those
+go? Are they on somebody's private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Are they on somebody's private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Are they on somebody's private
+property? Are they within the street?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property? Are they within the street?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property? Are they within the street?
+Um, are they in a parking lot? You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are they in a parking lot? You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, are they in a parking lot? You know,
+what does that look like? Is it is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like? Is it is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like? Is it is there
+a river or a or a surface body of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a river or a or a surface body of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a river or a or a surface body of water
+nearby? Uh, you know, any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby? Uh, you know, any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby? Uh, you know, any of those
+things that are going to be utilized,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be utilized,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be utilized,
+are they accessible and available? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they accessible and available? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they accessible and available? And
+then how do you get to those uh sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you get to those uh sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you get to those uh sites
+and incorporate that into your into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incorporate that into your into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incorporate that into your into your
+system? The next thing would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? The next thing would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? The next thing would be the
+building stock. You know, number one, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stock. You know, number one, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stock. You know, number one, we
+always want to look for a diverse load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to look for a diverse load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to look for a diverse load
+profile within the building stock that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile within the building stock that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile within the building stock that's
+going to be uh connected to the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh connected to the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh connected to the system.
+The reason for that is really just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason for that is really just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reason for that is really just to
+try to reduce capital costs and peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reduce capital costs and peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reduce capital costs and peak
+loads and try to share energy. If we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads and try to share energy. If we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads and try to share energy. If we're
+not sharing energy during peak times, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing energy during peak times, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing energy during peak times, we
+still have to size the total for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to size the total for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to size the total for the for
+the for the sum of the peaks, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the sum of the peaks, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the sum of the peaks, right? So
+we don't get a real benefit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get a real benefit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get a real benefit from the
+diverse loads on the on the peak sizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse loads on the on the peak sizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse loads on the on the peak sizing
+which then doesn't offset any capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then doesn't offset any capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then doesn't offset any capital
+expenditures. So what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures. So what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures. So what we're really
+looking for is commercial buildings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is commercial buildings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is commercial buildings that
+have in in heating dominant climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in in heating dominant climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in in heating dominant climate
+zones have cooling dominant load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones have cooling dominant load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones have cooling dominant load
+profiles so we can share that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles so we can share that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles so we can share that energy
+with then some residential buildings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with then some residential buildings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with then some residential buildings on
+that same network. That's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same network. That's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same network. That's really
+important. as you were going south in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. as you were going south in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. as you were going south in,
+you know, uh, in into cooling dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, in into cooling dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, in into cooling dominant
+climate zones, then you would look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate zones, then you would look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate zones, then you would look for
+things like domestic hot water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like domestic hot water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like domestic hot water and
+things that are using, uh, uh, heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are using, uh, uh, heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are using, uh, uh, heat
+versus, um, getting rid of heat. So, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus, um, getting rid of heat. So, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus, um, getting rid of heat. So, it
+depends on, of course, where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on, of course, where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on, of course, where this is
+being done. Uh, number one, most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done. Uh, number one, most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done. Uh, number one, most of the
+systems we're seeing today are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're seeing today are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're seeing today are in
+heating dominant climate zones. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating dominant climate zones. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating dominant climate zones. So,
+we're looking for that commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for that commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for that commercial
+offtaker that can give heat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offtaker that can give heat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offtaker that can give heat to the
+system. And, uh, and then also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And, uh, and then also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And, uh, and then also the
+building density. You know, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building density. You know, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building density. You know, we don't
+want to run miles of pipe and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run miles of pipe and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run miles of pipe and only
+connect a few buildings. We want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a few buildings. We want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a few buildings. We want to make
+sure that our building density is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that our building density is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that our building density is such
+that we have enough connected customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have enough connected customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have enough connected customers
+to reduce that overall cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce that overall cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce that overall cost of the
+network. And and it makes sense to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. And and it makes sense to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. And and it makes sense to do
+that. Um and then of course the site has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um and then of course the site has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um and then of course the site has
+to have uh areas for infrastructure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh areas for infrastructure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh areas for infrastructure.
+Where does the infrastructure go? Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does the infrastructure go? Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where does the infrastructure go? Where
+do these pump houses or vaults go? Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these pump houses or vaults go? Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these pump houses or vaults go? Where
+do where do we put the thermal assets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where do we put the thermal assets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where do we put the thermal assets in
+in and how we connect those systems?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and how we connect those systems?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and how we connect those systems?
+Because with these systems, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because with these systems, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because with these systems, you're going
+to have infrastructure that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have infrastructure that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have infrastructure that has to be
+placed somewhere both electrically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed somewhere both electrically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed somewhere both electrically uh
+hydraulically. Um so are they within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically. Um so are they within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically. Um so are they within
+buildings? Are they out uh um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings? Are they out uh um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings? Are they out uh um you know
+uh freestanding buildings? Are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh freestanding buildings? Are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh freestanding buildings? Are they
+built into maybe new developments? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into maybe new developments? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into maybe new developments? Uh
+you know, where do those things um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, where do those things um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, where do those things um uh
+you know, where are they going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, where are they going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, where are they going to be
+located? And that's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located? And that's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located? And that's really important
+because as these get built out, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as these get built out, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as these get built out, I think
+the last thing a lot of communities want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing a lot of communities want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing a lot of communities want
+to see is all kinds of just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is all kinds of just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is all kinds of just uh
+infrastructure that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that has to do with
+operating the system throughout their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system throughout their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating the system throughout their
+neighborhoods. So that's certainly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods. So that's certainly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods. So that's certainly uh
+technically we have to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we have to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we have to understand that
+and figure out where we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out where we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out where we're going to put
+it. And then of course the building age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then of course the building age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then of course the building age
+and the community that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the community that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the community that you're looking
+at, you know, what is the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, you know, what is the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, you know, what is the age of the
+buildings? Typically the older buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings? Typically the older buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings? Typically the older buildings
+are going to be harder to heat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be harder to heat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be harder to heat because
+of the envelopes. They need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelopes. They need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelopes. They need to be
+improved. They don't have as good of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. They don't have as good of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved. They don't have as good of
+insulation. uh you know windows etc. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation. uh you know windows etc. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation. uh you know windows etc. And
+then also the HVAC systems are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the HVAC systems are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the HVAC systems are probably
+such that they're not easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they're not easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they're not easily
+retrofitable to a geothermal heat pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitable to a geothermal heat pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitable to a geothermal heat pump
+system. So the deeper the retrofits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So the deeper the retrofits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So the deeper the retrofits of
+course the higher the cost. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the higher the cost. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the higher the cost. So those are
+all things when it comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things when it comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things when it comes to the
+technical site selection that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical site selection that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical site selection that we take
+into account when looking at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account when looking at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account when looking at that and
+helping our clients really pick the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our clients really pick the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping our clients really pick the best
+sites for these projects moving forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for these projects moving forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites for these projects moving forward.
+Thermal assets or thermal resources. We,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal assets or thermal resources. We,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermal assets or thermal resources. We,
+you know, uh, Nick did a really good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, Nick did a really good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, Nick did a really good job
+talking about this. Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this. Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this. Um, you know,
+obviously we've got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we've got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we've got all kinds of
+different earth energy type systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different earth energy type systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different earth energy type systems
+where you're talking about vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're talking about vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're talking about vertical
+closed loop, surface water, uh, openloop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop, surface water, uh, openloop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop, surface water, uh, openloop
+reinjection, energy piles. Uh, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinjection, energy piles. Uh, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinjection, energy piles. Uh, there's
+all kinds of really good geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of really good geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of really good geothermal
+resources, but there's also that waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, but there's also that waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, but there's also that waste
+heat, the waste heat that's around all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat, the waste heat that's around all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat, the waste heat that's around all
+of our communities that we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our communities that we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our communities that we can try to
+take advantage of. And so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of. And so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of. And so those are the
+thermal assets that we've always try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal assets that we've always try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal assets that we've always try to
+analyze, look at and figure out is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze, look at and figure out is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze, look at and figure out is it
+available, is it accessible and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available, is it accessible and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available, is it accessible and then
+what's the cost implication to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost implication to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost implication to that
+thermal asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+single pipe versus two pipe uh ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pipe versus two pipe uh ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pipe versus two pipe uh ambient
+temperature loop. So the connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loop. So the connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loop. So the connect the
+interconnecting pipe that runs around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnecting pipe that runs around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnecting pipe that runs around
+the community or the network and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community or the network and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community or the network and how to
+connect these buildings is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these buildings is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these buildings is really
+important. Number one, uh technically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Number one, uh technically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Number one, uh technically to
+to put stuff in existing streets, to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put stuff in existing streets, to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put stuff in existing streets, to put
+new infrastructure in existing streets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infrastructure in existing streets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new infrastructure in existing streets,
+you have to coordinate with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to coordinate with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to coordinate with all the
+other utilities and and a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other utilities and and a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other utilities and and a lot of these
+older neighborhoods and communities have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older neighborhoods and communities have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older neighborhoods and communities have
+a lot of utilities in the streets. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of utilities in the streets. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of utilities in the streets. So
+having a two-pipe system versus a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a two-pipe system versus a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a two-pipe system versus a one
+pipe system makes that a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe system makes that a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe system makes that a bit more
+challenging and a bit more cost costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and a bit more cost costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and a bit more cost costly
+to install. Uh the other nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install. Uh the other nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install. Uh the other nice thing
+about the single pipe versus the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the single pipe versus the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the single pipe versus the two
+pipe is it's much more flexible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe is it's much more flexible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe is it's much more flexible for
+expansion for distributed resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for distributed resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for distributed resources and
+distributed uh uh assets. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh uh assets. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh uh assets. So you can
+have multitude of of thermal assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitude of of thermal assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multitude of of thermal assets and
+you can place those in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can place those in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can place those in different
+locations where with a two pipe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where with a two pipe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where with a two pipe it's a
+lot harder hydraulically to interconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder hydraulically to interconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder hydraulically to interconnect
+all of those systems and it also becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those systems and it also becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those systems and it also becomes
+a little bit more challenging. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more challenging. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more challenging. Um and
+then and just the building connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and just the building connections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and just the building connections.
+Now uh the downside to a single pipe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the downside to a single pipe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh the downside to a single pipe is
+if you only had one thermal resource to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only had one thermal resource to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only had one thermal resource to
+draw from then you have to size and pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from then you have to size and pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from then you have to size and pump
+the single pipe such that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single pipe such that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single pipe such that all the
+customers are still getting roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are still getting roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are still getting roughly the
+same temperature uh to those heat pumps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature uh to those heat pumps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature uh to those heat pumps.
+Usually we try to you know maintain less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually we try to you know maintain less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually we try to you know maintain less
+than a 5°ree delta t Fahrenheit between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a 5°ree delta t Fahrenheit between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a 5°ree delta t Fahrenheit between
+all of those buildings because that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those buildings because that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those buildings because that way
+everybody's getting the same efficiency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's getting the same efficiency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's getting the same efficiency.
+If you start to allow 7 8 10° between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you start to allow 7 8 10° between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you start to allow 7 8 10° between
+buildings, now you're impacting, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, now you're impacting, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, now you're impacting, you
+know, the person uh that's first off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the person uh that's first off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the person uh that's first off of
+the line versus the last off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line versus the last off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line versus the last off of the
+line, you know, uh differently. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, you know, uh differently. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, you know, uh differently. And
+that's not necessarily equitable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily equitable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily equitable and
+fair to to those customers. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to to those customers. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to to those customers. So, um
+that's one reason why when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason why when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason why when you're
+looking at a single pipe ambient system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single pipe ambient system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a single pipe ambient system,
+distributed thermal resources are key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed thermal resources are key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed thermal resources are key to
+those uh designs. Whereas a two-pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh designs. Whereas a two-pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh designs. Whereas a two-pipe
+system, you know, everybody's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, you know, everybody's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, you know, everybody's getting
+the same temperature. You can locate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature. You can locate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature. You can locate one
+larger uh thermal asset and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh thermal asset and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh thermal asset and everybody
+gets the same temperature. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the same temperature. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the same temperature. So, it's a
+little bit easier to manage uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to manage uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to manage uh with a
+two-pipe system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-pipe system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-pipe system.
+I'll also say that the single pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also say that the single pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also say that the single pipe
+systems generally on average have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems generally on average have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems generally on average have lower
+flows through that single pipe through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows through that single pipe through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows through that single pipe through
+the ambient loop, which means smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambient loop, which means smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambient loop, which means smaller
+pipe, smaller pumps, less energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe, smaller pumps, less energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe, smaller pumps, less energy to
+operate. So those are also some benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate. So those are also some benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate. So those are also some benefits
+of the singlepipe system versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singlepipe system versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singlepipe system versus the
+two-pipe system. The other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-pipe system. The other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-pipe system. The other thing that
+just touch on briefly is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just touch on briefly is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just touch on briefly is the energy
+transfer station or or basically uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer station or or basically uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer station or or basically uh in
+layman terms would be just a hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layman terms would be just a hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layman terms would be just a hydraulic
+isolation between the building fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation between the building fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation between the building fluid and
+piping system and the infrastructure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping system and the infrastructure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping system and the infrastructure uh
+fluid and piping system. The reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and piping system. The reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and piping system. The reason why
+you do that is uh especially for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that is uh especially for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that is uh especially for larger
+buildings is if you have a lot of piping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings is if you have a lot of piping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings is if you have a lot of piping
+in your building, you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your building, you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your building, you have a lot of
+fluid, a lot of connections, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, a lot of connections, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid, a lot of connections, a lot of
+joints, you have a larger risk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints, you have a larger risk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints, you have a larger risk for
+potential leaks and and breakage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential leaks and and breakage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential leaks and and breakage that
+would impact the entire infrastructure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impact the entire infrastructure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impact the entire infrastructure.
+So, a heat exchanger to isolate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a heat exchanger to isolate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a heat exchanger to isolate the
+building from the infrastructure then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building from the infrastructure then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building from the infrastructure then
+allows you know every building to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you know every building to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you know every building to have
+its own system. uh the infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own system. uh the infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own system. uh the infrastructure is
+completely isolated and that way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely isolated and that way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely isolated and that way the
+fluids don't mix, the pressures don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids don't mix, the pressures don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids don't mix, the pressures don't
+mix. If I had a mid-rise or a high-rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix. If I had a mid-rise or a high-rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix. If I had a mid-rise or a high-rise
+building on one of these systems, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on one of these systems, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on one of these systems, that
+pressure would would impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure would would impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure would would impact the
+infrastructure pressure if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure pressure if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure pressure if I didn't
+isolate that. So, most systems we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that. So, most systems we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate that. So, most systems we see
+today have what we call an ETS or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have what we call an ETS or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have what we call an ETS or an
+energy transfer station to isolate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer station to isolate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer station to isolate those
+systems. Keep in mind every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Keep in mind every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Keep in mind every one of those
+heat exchangers though do reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers though do reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers though do reduce the
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+uh and efficiency of the system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and efficiency of the system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and efficiency of the system because
+we're not getting a a straight through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting a a straight through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting a a straight through
+zero degree approach from infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degree approach from infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degree approach from infrastructure
+temperature to building temperature. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to building temperature. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to building temperature. You
+generally lose a couple of degrees which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lose a couple of degrees which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lose a couple of degrees which
+then again you know can negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you know can negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you know can negatively
+impact the heat pump performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the heat pump performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the heat pump performance
+slightly. Not a huge deal but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly. Not a huge deal but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly. Not a huge deal but it does
+there is an impact there. Uh if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an impact there. Uh if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an impact there. Uh if you had
+all residential homes and all just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all residential homes and all just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all residential homes and all just one
+heat pump per home, maybe an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pump per home, maybe an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pump per home, maybe an energy
+transfer station isn't necessary. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer station isn't necessary. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer station isn't necessary. Uh
+there's a great case study uh the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great case study uh the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great case study uh the one in
+in in Markham, Ontario, where all 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Markham, Ontario, where all 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Markham, Ontario, where all 300
+homes do not have an energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes do not have an energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes do not have an energy transfer
+station because there's very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station because there's very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station because there's very limited
+piping. There's no pressure implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping. There's no pressure implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piping. There's no pressure implications
+of additional building height. It's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional building height. It's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional building height. It's all
+single family. So again, project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family. So again, project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single family. So again, project
+specific, but just understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific, but just understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific, but just understand what the
+differences are and why you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are and why you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are and why you might use
+that uh versus when you maybe wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh versus when you maybe wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh versus when you maybe wouldn't
+use it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it.
+And then let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then let's talk a little bit about
+these pump houses and and infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pump houses and and infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pump houses and and infrastructure
+and where do we put those? Uh you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we put those? Uh you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we put those? Uh you know,
+the above grade pump houses uh obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above grade pump houses uh obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above grade pump houses uh obviously
+need to have architectural designs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have architectural designs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have architectural designs to
+meet any city standards and neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet any city standards and neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet any city standards and neighborhood
+standards from an from an architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards from an from an architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards from an from an architectural
+perspective. Um, you obviously have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. Um, you obviously have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. Um, you obviously have to
+have uh uh in certain cases have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh uh in certain cases have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh uh in certain cases have to have
+conditioned space. Uh when you get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned space. Uh when you get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned space. Uh when you get over
+certain square footages, we've uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain square footages, we've uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain square footages, we've uh in
+certain areas the code would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas the code would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain areas the code would require
+potentially a bathroom to be installed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a bathroom to be installed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a bathroom to be installed.
+So, you know, designing above grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, designing above grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, designing above grade
+structures, number one, there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, number one, there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, number one, there's a lot
+larger cost implications. It's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cost implications. It's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cost implications. It's something
+that people are going to see. So, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are going to see. So, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are going to see. So, where
+do you put that? What does it look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put that? What does it look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put that? What does it look like?
+um you know, great for educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, great for educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, great for educational
+purposes, but other than that, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes, but other than that, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes, but other than that, you know,
+it's really just there to operate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just there to operate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just there to operate the
+system. Uh are you going to have, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Uh are you going to have, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Uh are you going to have, you
+know, actual hardware installed there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, actual hardware installed there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, actual hardware installed there to
+operate the system, or is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the system, or is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the system, or is everything
+remote, you know? So, what goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote, you know? So, what goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote, you know? So, what goes into
+this pump house? How big is it? Uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pump house? How big is it? Uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pump house? How big is it? Uh some
+of these that we've seen on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that we've seen on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that we've seen on some of
+these pilot projects are 20x 40 foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pilot projects are 20x 40 foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pilot projects are 20x 40 foot
+long. So, a relatively large pump house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. So, a relatively large pump house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. So, a relatively large pump house
+uh that needs quite a bit of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that needs quite a bit of space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that needs quite a bit of space and
+obviously can be, you know, can be seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously can be, you know, can be seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously can be, you know, can be seen.
+So, so you know, when you're into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you know, when you're into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you know, when you're into the
+beginning concepts, where do you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning concepts, where do you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning concepts, where do you put
+these? What do they look like? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these? What do they look like? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these? What do they look like? What are
+the sizes? Uh what are the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes? Uh what are the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes? Uh what are the implications
+of having above grade structures? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having above grade structures? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having above grade structures? And
+you know, you might have one, you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you might have one, you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you might have one, you may
+have more than one depending on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one depending on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one depending on how many
+different pump stations you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pump stations you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pump stations you might have
+in a system. So, those are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system. So, those are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system. So, those are things that
+need to be considered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be considered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be considered.
+The other thing you could consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing you could consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing you could consider is
+what if we do this below grade? Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we do this below grade? Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we do this below grade? Okay, so
+now we don't have to look at anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't have to look at anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't have to look at anything.
+Everything is below ground. Uh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is below ground. Uh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is below ground. Uh but what
+are the implications of that? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implications of that? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the implications of that? Well,
+number one, anybody that's owning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one, anybody that's owning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one, anybody that's owning,
+operating, and maintaining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating, and maintaining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating, and maintaining these
+systems, you have to have confined space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, you have to have confined space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, you have to have confined space
+uh trained and and certified uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trained and and certified uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trained and and certified uh uh
+service technicians to be able to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service technicians to be able to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service technicians to be able to access
+those vaults and be down inside those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vaults and be down inside those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vaults and be down inside those
+spaces. It does make for a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces. It does make for a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces. It does make for a bit more
+challenging for that maintenance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for that maintenance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for that maintenance and
+repair if if needed. Um, you also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair if if needed. Um, you also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair if if needed. Um, you also have a
+very uh high humidity environment. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh high humidity environment. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh high humidity environment. So,
+you have to be careful with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful with some of the
+materials that are used. And then where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are used. And then where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are used. And then where
+do you place these? Where do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you place these? Where do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you place these? Where do you have
+room for these? Generally, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for these? Generally, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for these? Generally, in the
+street, you may not have room because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, you may not have room because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, you may not have room because of
+all the other utilities. So, are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other utilities. So, are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other utilities. So, are they
+going to be placed in private property?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be placed in private property?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be placed in private property?
+If so, you have to have easements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If so, you have to have easements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If so, you have to have easements and
+and land access agreements to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land access agreements to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and land access agreements to access
+these vaults. Um, so just thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vaults. Um, so just thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vaults. Um, so just thinking that
+all through about number one, who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through about number one, who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through about number one, who's the
+owner? Who's going to own and operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner? Who's going to own and operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner? Who's going to own and operate
+and maintain the system? What are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain the system? What are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain the system? What are their
+capabilities? Where do you have space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities? Where do you have space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities? Where do you have space
+for this stuff? And then, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stuff? And then, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stuff? And then, you know,
+what's the longevity? What are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longevity? What are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longevity? What are what are
+the service and maintenance implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service and maintenance implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service and maintenance implications
+of having something below grade? If this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having something below grade? If this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having something below grade? If this
+was in the street, it has to be vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the street, it has to be vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the street, it has to be vehicle
+load rated, etc. Here's just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load rated, etc. Here's just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load rated, etc. Here's just a couple of
+pictures of a project. Uh uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of a project. Uh uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of a project. Uh uh this was
+the one I mentioned up in Markham,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I mentioned up in Markham,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I mentioned up in Markham,
+Ontario. Uh that's been installed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario. Uh that's been installed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ontario. Uh that's been installed and
+operating for a couple of years now. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating for a couple of years now. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating for a couple of years now. And
+these uh they have 15 belowgrade vaults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh they have 15 belowgrade vaults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh they have 15 belowgrade vaults
+all located in the street. So, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all located in the street. So, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all located in the street. So, as you
+can see, you know, you have to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see, you know, you have to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see, you know, you have to access
+those from a manhole down into the vault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from a manhole down into the vault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from a manhole down into the vault
+to be able to get at the pumps, etc. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get at the pumps, etc. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to get at the pumps, etc. Uh,
+you still have electrical and some water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have electrical and some water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have electrical and some water
+um uh pedestals above grade that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh pedestals above grade that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh pedestals above grade that you're
+still going to see within the community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to see within the community.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to see within the community.
+So, where do you put those? Is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, where do you put those? Is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, where do you put those? Is that on
+someone's private property or or is it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's private property or or is it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's private property or or is it,
+you know, public property? Where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, public property? Where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, public property? Where does
+that get located? So with these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get located? So with these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get located? So with these systems
+we do have to con you know consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have to con you know consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have to con you know consider
+technically where does all this stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically where does all this stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically where does all this stuff um
+uh you know where do we place all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know where do we place all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know where do we place all of it
+and um uh you know uh what are the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh you know uh what are the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh you know uh what are the cost
+implications and then what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and then what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and then what are the
+maintenance and future you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and future you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance and future you know
+accessibility to these systems uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility to these systems uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility to these systems uh look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and then I just talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just talk a little bit about
+modeling uh modeling these systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh modeling these systems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling uh modeling these systems can
+get quite complicated uh the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quite complicated uh the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quite complicated uh the bigger the
+systems the different types of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the different types of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the different types of energy
+sources is when you're adding in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources is when you're adding in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources is when you're adding in any
+type of supplemental or hybridization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of supplemental or hybridization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of supplemental or hybridization of
+the systems. Uh you know uh depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems. Uh you know uh depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems. Uh you know uh depending on
+the building loads and the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building loads and the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building loads and the different
+diversity of each of the buildings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of each of the buildings,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of each of the buildings,
+you're you need to model these in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you need to model these in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you need to model these in a
+dynamic transient way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic transient way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic transient way that we can
+actually really number one understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really number one understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really number one understand
+how they're going to operate hour by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're going to operate hour by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're going to operate hour by
+hour, yearbyear, you know, over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour, yearbyear, you know, over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour, yearbyear, you know, over the long
+term. uh we need to understand and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. uh we need to understand and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. uh we need to understand and be
+able to run sequence sequencing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to run sequence sequencing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to run sequence sequencing and
+operational models or dispatch models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational models or dispatch models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational models or dispatch models so
+we can really understand how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really understand how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really understand how to build
+proper control schematics on on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper control schematics on on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper control schematics on on how to
+operate these so we can give those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate these so we can give those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate these so we can give those to
+the client. And then also just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client. And then also just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client. And then also just looking
+at long-term what happens to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at long-term what happens to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at long-term what happens to the system
+or throughout the year what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or throughout the year what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or throughout the year what happens when
+you know one building shifts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one building shifts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one building shifts from
+heating to cooling or uh you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating to cooling or uh you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating to cooling or uh you know maybe
+one asset isn't available because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one asset isn't available because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one asset isn't available because of the
+temperature profile or you know so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile or you know so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile or you know so so
+there's a lot of different things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different things that
+are happening within these systems. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening within these systems. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening within these systems. And
+then we can also really look at not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also really look at not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also really look at not just
+the heat pump efficiencies we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat pump efficiencies we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat pump efficiencies we can also
+dive into the the parasitic pump loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into the the parasitic pump loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into the the parasitic pump loss
+efficiencies. And because one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies. And because one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies. And because one thing you
+see with these large um uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with these large um uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with these large um uh thermal
+energy networks is there's a lot of pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy networks is there's a lot of pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy networks is there's a lot of pump
+energy. You the bigger they get, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. You the bigger they get, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. You the bigger they get, the
+more pumping you have. And so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pumping you have. And so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pumping you have. And so how much
+are we being penalized by connecting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we being penalized by connecting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we being penalized by connecting all
+this together? Or is there different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together? Or is there different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this together? Or is there different
+ways we can do this to maintain small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can do this to maintain small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can do this to maintain small
+parasitic losses on the pump side? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic losses on the pump side? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic losses on the pump side? And
+so the cost to operate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost to operate the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cost to operate the system
+doesn't offset as if you were to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't offset as if you were to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't offset as if you were to go
+through and and maybe do these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and and maybe do these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and and maybe do these in
+smaller pieces. So those are all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces. So those are all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces. So those are all things
+that we need to really understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to really understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to really understand and
+need to model correctly uh as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model correctly uh as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to model correctly uh as we're
+designing these systems. So again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these systems. So again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these systems. So again the
+temperature profile of the ambient loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile of the ambient loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile of the ambient loop
+I mentioned earlier we want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier we want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier we want all the
+buildings to get roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings to get roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings to get roughly the same
+efficiency and the same temperature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and the same temperature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and the same temperature. So
+with that we need to model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we need to model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we need to model that
+temperature profile throughout the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile throughout the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature profile throughout the year
+and then obviously at the very coldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously at the very coldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously at the very coldest
+point and the and the warmest point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the and the warmest point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the and the warmest point in
+the year and what that looks like. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and what that looks like. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year and what that looks like. So
+this is that project in Markham, Ontario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that project in Markham, Ontario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that project in Markham, Ontario
+where you can see all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see all the different
+energy sources injecting or rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources injecting or rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources injecting or rejecting
+heat into that ambient loop and then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat into that ambient loop and then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat into that ambient loop and then how
+it uh the temperature profile follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the temperature profile follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the temperature profile follows
+that 2 miles of pipe around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 miles of pipe around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 miles of pipe around the
+development. So we know that based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. So we know that based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. So we know that based on
+this nobody's getting more than a 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nobody's getting more than a 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nobody's getting more than a 5
+degree difference which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree difference which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree difference which means
+everybody's getting really good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's getting really good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's getting really good and
+pretty close to the same efficiencies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the same efficiencies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the same efficiencies at
+their home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their home.
+And then of course we always look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then of course we always look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then of course we always look at
+long-term net effects of of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term net effects of of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term net effects of of the system
+especially when we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're looking at
+vertical ground loop heat exchangers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ground loop heat exchangers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ground loop heat exchangers and
+if we have large uh um uh bore fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have large uh um uh bore fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have large uh um uh bore fields
+that we could impact with either putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could impact with either putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could impact with either putting
+too much heat in or taking too much heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much heat in or taking too much heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much heat in or taking too much heat
+out and how that impacts the earth over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and how that impacts the earth over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and how that impacts the earth over
+time. Uh and that's the other beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh and that's the other beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh and that's the other beautiful
+thing about you know distributed thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about you know distributed thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about you know distributed thermal
+assets is the smaller you make them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets is the smaller you make them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets is the smaller you make them and
+the more distributed the less we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more distributed the less we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more distributed the less we're
+going to have any impact of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any impact of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have any impact of the earth
+over the long haul versus if we put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long haul versus if we put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long haul versus if we put all
+that into one area. Um so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into one area. Um so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into one area. Um so you can see
+here that we've you know you model five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've you know you model five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we've you know you model five
+years you model 10 years um even as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you model 10 years um even as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you model 10 years um even as much
+as 30 40 years just to see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 30 40 years just to see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 30 40 years just to see you know
+what's the trend of that of that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trend of that of that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trend of that of that model
+look like and you can see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and you can see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and you can see here that
+there is no trend either going up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no trend either going up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no trend either going up or
+down which means that we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which means that we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which means that we have a very
+stable and consistent load profile both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and consistent load profile both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and consistent load profile both
+energy in energy out so the ground is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in energy out so the ground is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in energy out so the ground is
+going to be very stable over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very stable over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very stable over the long
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and then we can also model all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can also model all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can also model all the
+efficiencies of the system so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of the system so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of the system so these are
+the the heat pumps throughout throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat pumps throughout throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heat pumps throughout throughout
+the year um or for one year of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year um or for one year of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year um or for one year of operation
+that was in the third year both heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the third year both heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the third year both heating
+and cooling. So that's every heat pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling. So that's every heat pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling. So that's every heat pump
+in the system and looking at the coops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system and looking at the coops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system and looking at the coops
+of those uh different buildings and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh different buildings and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh different buildings and how
+they're operating on the system. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating on the system. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're operating on the system. So we
+can look and go okay everybody's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look and go okay everybody's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look and go okay everybody's pretty
+much operating around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much operating around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much operating around the same
+efficiencies and we can also just get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and we can also just get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and we can also just get an
+aggregate of the total coop of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of the total coop of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of the total coop of the
+system not including pump energy but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not including pump energy but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not including pump energy but of
+the heat pumps in the in the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat pumps in the in the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat pumps in the in the customers
+that are being served by the system. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being served by the system. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being served by the system. So
+we can really get a good snapshot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really get a good snapshot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really get a good snapshot of you
+know how efficient these systems are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how efficient these systems are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how efficient these systems are and
+is it is it penciling out to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it penciling out to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it penciling out to what you
+know the consumers are going to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the consumers are going to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the consumers are going to expect
+on their utility bills.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their utility bills.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their utility bills.
+And then the last thing I would just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last thing I would just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last thing I would just say
+uh you know when designing these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know when designing these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know when designing these systems
+we really have to consider the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have to consider the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have to consider the expansion
+of these systems in the future and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems in the future and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these systems in the future and how
+are we doing that. Um, for instance, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing that. Um, for instance, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing that. Um, for instance, one
+of the projects we worked on, uh, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects we worked on, uh, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects we worked on, uh, with
+heat actually in Framingham, um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat actually in Framingham, um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat actually in Framingham, um, you
+know, they had put some TE's and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they had put some TE's and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they had put some TE's and some
+valves on the piping, thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valves on the piping, thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valves on the piping, thinking about
+expansion, and then as we got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion, and then as we got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion, and then as we got into
+designing the expansion, we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the expansion, we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the expansion, we realized
+that that really wasn't done, uh, in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really wasn't done, uh, in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really wasn't done, uh, in a
+way that could do it um, uh, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that could do it um, uh, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that could do it um, uh, the the
+most optimized way for hydraulics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most optimized way for hydraulics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most optimized way for hydraulics and
+for energy sharing. uh what what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy sharing. uh what what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for energy sharing. uh what what it was
+initially thought was that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially thought was that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially thought was that you could
+just use the entire center pipe as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the entire center pipe as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the entire center pipe as the
+mix loop for connecting the two. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix loop for connecting the two. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix loop for connecting the two. Well,
+hydraulically when you add the flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically when you add the flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulically when you add the flow rate
+of the second loop that increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second loop that increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second loop that increased the
+pump sizes. Whoops. Uh it increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sizes. Whoops. Uh it increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sizes. Whoops. Uh it increased the
+pump sizes dramatically for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sizes dramatically for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sizes dramatically for both
+systems. Um so that really wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Um so that really wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Um so that really wasn't the
+most optimized way to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most optimized way to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most optimized way to do that and
+because the pipe wasn't large enough. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pipe wasn't large enough. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pipe wasn't large enough. So
+rather than digging up and replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than digging up and replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than digging up and replacing
+that entire section, creating two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire section, creating two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire section, creating two
+smaller 20- foot mix loop sections on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 20- foot mix loop sections on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 20- foot mix loop sections on
+each end and just replacing that section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end and just replacing that section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end and just replacing that section
+uh and then modeling that to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then modeling that to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then modeling that to make sure
+we can still transfer enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still transfer enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still transfer enough energy
+within that 20 foot and see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that 20 foot and see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that 20 foot and see how that
+worked to see whether or not that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to see whether or not that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked to see whether or not that was a
+good way to expand the system. But we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to expand the system. But we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to expand the system. But we
+have to understand what is you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what is you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what is you know when
+we look at a a system where would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a a system where would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a a system where would you
+expand what's the building stock get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand what's the building stock get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand what's the building stock get
+high level what are the loads of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level what are the loads of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level what are the loads of that
+potential expansion loop are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential expansion loop are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential expansion loop are there
+energy resources available on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources available on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources available on that
+particular expansion loop or do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expansion loop or do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular expansion loop or do I need
+to feed it all from the original loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed it all from the original loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed it all from the original loop
+you know how does that all work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does that all work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how does that all work together
+and so um this is showing how that mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um this is showing how that mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um this is showing how that mix
+loop actually works those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop actually works those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop actually works those two different
+spots which you can see here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots which you can see here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots which you can see here at the
+beginning um and then at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um and then at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um and then at the at the
+center of the loop where the two come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the loop where the two come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the loop where the two come
+together for 20 foot and mix. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for 20 foot and mix. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for 20 foot and mix. You can
+see that the temperatures actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the temperatures actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the temperatures actually do
+benefit one another and bring the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit one another and bring the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit one another and bring the two
+closer together as they operate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together as they operate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together as they operate uh
+simultaneously. Even though you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously. Even though you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously. Even though you only
+have two 20ft sections, we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 20ft sections, we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two 20ft sections, we're still
+getting shared energy benefit across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting shared energy benefit across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting shared energy benefit across
+both of the loops. And actually the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the loops. And actually the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the loops. And actually the red
+loop is is being benefited more from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is is being benefited more from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is is being benefited more from the
+black loop because we've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black loop because we've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black loop because we've got a little
+bit better temperatures on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better temperatures on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better temperatures on the on the
+second loop, I should say, the phase 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second loop, I should say, the phase 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second loop, I should say, the phase 2
+loop. Um so that's benefiting phase one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Um so that's benefiting phase one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Um so that's benefiting phase one.
+Okay. And so uh as you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so uh as you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so uh as you can see here
+we've we've lo you know um put numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've lo you know um put numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've lo you know um put numbers
+on that where the actual mix loops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that where the actual mix loops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that where the actual mix loops are
+one and three which is here one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three which is here one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three which is here one and
+three and then how the systems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then how the systems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then how the systems kind of
+operate together. So thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate together. So thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate together. So thinking about
+expansion which direction you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which direction you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which direction you might
+expand um and and then just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand um and and then just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand um and and then just thinking
+about you know the hydraulics of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the hydraulics of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know the hydraulics of it and
+also the energy where is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the energy where is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the energy where is the energy
+going to come from? Will there be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from? Will there be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from? Will there be new
+energy assets being installed or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy assets being installed or does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy assets being installed or does it
+need to come from phase one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come from phase one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to come from phase one of the
+project? And so those are just kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project? And so those are just kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project? And so those are just kinds of
+things that you can think through high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can think through high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can think through high
+level as as you're designing a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as as you're designing a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as as you're designing a project
+and asking clients, you know, is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking clients, you know, is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking clients, you know, is this
+potentially going to be expanded? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially going to be expanded? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially going to be expanded? Which
+direction would you expand? Are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction would you expand? Are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction would you expand? Are there
+more customers that you already have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more customers that you already have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more customers that you already have in
+mind that you want to add later on? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you want to add later on? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that you want to add later on? Um,
+so those are all some of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all some of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are all some of the design
+considerations that I consider when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that I consider when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that I consider when
+designing these geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing these geothermal energy
+networks. Really critical. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. Really critical. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. Really critical. um you know
+from from the kind of major or six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the kind of major or six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the kind of major or six six
+most critical uh considerations. So with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most critical uh considerations. So with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most critical uh considerations. So with
+that, I thank you uh for your time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I thank you uh for your time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I thank you uh for your time.
+Again, apologize I can't be there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, apologize I can't be there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, apologize I can't be there in
+person. Wish I could have. Uh I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. Wish I could have. Uh I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. Wish I could have. Uh I'm sure
+I'll see a bunch of you next week. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see a bunch of you next week. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see a bunch of you next week. And
+uh I guess we're opening it up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we're opening it up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we're opening it up for
+questions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U57wvHVpe-8.txt b/U57wvHVpe-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbd316d2f7be3ba5e8480dd68f7c2fda2a7a3ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U57wvHVpe-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+logistic regression predicts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression predicts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression predicts the
+probability of the outcome variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the outcome variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the outcome variable
+being true in this example a logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true in this example a logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true in this example a logistic
+regression model would predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model would predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model would predict the
+probability that the patient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the patient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the patient is
+receiving poor care or if we denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving poor care or if we denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving poor care or if we denote the
+poor care variable by Y the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care variable by Y the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care variable by Y the probability
+that y equals 1 for the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 1 for the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 1 for the remainder of
+this lecture we will denote poor care by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we will denote poor care by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we will denote poor care by
+1 and good care by 0 so since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and good care by 0 so since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and good care by 0 so since the
+outcome is either 0 or 1 this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is either 0 or 1 this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is either 0 or 1 this means that
+the probability that the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the outcome
+variable is 0 is just 1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is 0 is just 1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is 0 is just 1 minus the
+probability that the outcome variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the outcome variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the outcome variable is
+1 so by predicting the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so by predicting the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so by predicting the probability that
+y equals 1 we also get the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 1 we also get the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals 1 we also get the probability
+that y equals 0 just like in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 0 just like in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 0 just like in linear
+regression we have a set of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we have a set of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we have a set of independent
+variables x1 through XK where K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables x1 through XK where K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables x1 through XK where K is the
+total number of independent variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of independent variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of independent variables we
+have then to predict the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have then to predict the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have then to predict the probability
+that y equals 1 we use what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 1 we use what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals 1 we use what's called the
+logistic response function this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic response function this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic response function this seems
+like a complicated nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a complicated nonlinear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a complicated nonlinear equation
+but you can see the familiar linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see the familiar linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see the familiar linear
+regression equation in this logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation in this logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation in this logistic
+response function the logistic response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response function the logistic response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response function the logistic response
+function is used to produce a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is used to produce a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is used to produce a number
+between 0 & 1 let's understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 let's understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 let's understand this
+function a little better this plot shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a little better this plot shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a little better this plot shows
+the logistic response function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistic response function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistic response function for
+different values of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of the linear
+regression piece the logistic response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression piece the logistic response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression piece the logistic response
+function always takes values between 0 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function always takes values between 0 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function always takes values between 0 &
+1 which makes sense since it equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which makes sense since it equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which makes sense since it equals a
+probability a positive coefficient value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a positive coefficient value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a positive coefficient value
+for a variable increases the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variable increases the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variable increases the linear
+regression piece which increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression piece which increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression piece which increases the
+probability that y equals 1 or increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y equals 1 or increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y equals 1 or increases
+the probability of poor care on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of poor care on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of poor care on the
+other hand a negative coefficient value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand a negative coefficient value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand a negative coefficient value
+for a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variable
+decreases the linear regression piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the linear regression piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the linear regression piece
+which in turn decreases the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn decreases the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn decreases the probability
+that y equals one or increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals one or increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y equals one or increases the
+probability of good care the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of good care the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of good care the
+coefficients or betas are selected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or betas are selected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients or betas are selected to
+predict a high probability for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a high probability for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a high probability for the
+actual poor care cases and to predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual poor care cases and to predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual poor care cases and to predict a
+low probability for the actual good care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low probability for the actual good care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low probability for the actual good care
+cases another useful way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases another useful way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases another useful way to think about
+the logistic response function is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistic response function is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistic response function is in
+terms of odds like in gambling the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of odds like in gambling the odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of odds like in gambling the odds
+are the probability of one divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probability of one divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the probability of one divided by
+the probability of zero the odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of zero the odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of zero the odds are
+greater than one if one is more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one if one is more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one if one is more likely
+and less than one if zero is more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one if zero is more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than one if zero is more likely
+the odds are equal to one if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds are equal to one if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds are equal to one if the
+outcomes are equally likely if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are equally likely if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are equally likely if you
+substitute the logistic response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the logistic response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the logistic response
+function for the probabilities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the probabilities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the probabilities in the
+odds equation on the previous slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds equation on the previous slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds equation on the previous slide you
+can see that the odds are equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the odds are equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the odds are equal to e
+raised to the power of the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of the linear
+regression equation by taking the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation by taking the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation by taking the log of
+both sides the log odds or what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the log odds or what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the log odds or what we call
+the logit looks exactly like the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logit looks exactly like the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logit looks exactly like the linear
+regression equation this helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation this helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation this helps us
+understand how the coefficients or betas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the coefficients or betas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the coefficients or betas
+affect our prediction of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our prediction of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect our prediction of the probability
+a positive eighth of a beta value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive eighth of a beta value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive eighth of a beta value
+increases the lidget which in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the lidget which in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the lidget which in turn
+increases the odds of one a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the odds of one a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the odds of one a negative
+beta value decreases the logit which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta value decreases the logit which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta value decreases the logit which in
+turn decreases the odds of one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn decreases the odds of one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn decreases the odds of one in the
+next video we'll build a logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll build a logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll build a logistic
+regression model in R and predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model in R and predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model in R and predict the
+quality of care
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UNUrfM30DTk.txt b/UNUrfM30DTk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1949065937759e89180148c4a937417601138e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UNUrfM30DTk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome to the second special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to the second special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to the second special
+recitation on exam problem solving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on exam problem solving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on exam problem solving as
+you may have experienced when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have experienced when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have experienced when you do
+homework problems you can give every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems you can give every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems you can give every
+problem or even every step a careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or even every step a careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or even every step a careful
+thought you may even try different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you may even try different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you may even try different
+methods in solving one problem just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in solving one problem just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in solving one problem just to
+check your answers and also to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your answers and also to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your answers and also to find the
+optimal way but in the real exam these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way but in the real exam these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way but in the real exam these
+may not be available to you anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be available to you anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be available to you anymore
+because time is the main issue so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is the main issue so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is the main issue so you
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+the same time today's recitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time today's recitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time today's recitation is
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+look at a real exam problem so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a real exam problem so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a real exam problem so this is
+the problem from um a 15 minute linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem from um a 15 minute linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem from um a 15 minute linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+exam okay um by now you've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay um by now you've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay um by now you've developed
+enough background to completely solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough background to completely solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough background to completely solve
+this problem problem so because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem problem so because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem problem so because this is
+a 15-minute exam a good suggestion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15-minute exam a good suggestion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15-minute exam a good suggestion on
+time spending on this problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time spending on this problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time spending on this problem would be
+no more than 15 minutes which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than 15 minutes which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than 15 minutes which means
+within 15 minutes you have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 15 minutes you have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 15 minutes you have to read
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+questions understand what they're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions understand what they're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions understand what they're asking
+for and completely solve all three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and completely solve all three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and completely solve all three parts
+why don't you hit pause now and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit pause now and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit pause now and try to
+complete this problem as if you were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this problem as if you were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this problem as if you were in
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+minutes if you finish early don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes if you finish early don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes if you finish early don't forget
+to check your answer you want to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check your answer you want to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check your answer you want to get all
+the credits you deserve in an exam okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credits you deserve in an exam okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credits you deserve in an exam okay
+I'll come back later and show you how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back later and show you how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back later and show you how I
+would speed up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exam okay have you finished well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay have you finished well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay have you finished well let's
+solve this problem together we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem together we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem together we're
+looking at a 4x4 Matrix a here as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a 4x4 Matrix a here as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a 4x4 Matrix a here as you
+can see this Matrix is made up by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this Matrix is made up by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this Matrix is made up by The
+Examiner in a rather casual way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Examiner in a rather casual way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Examiner in a rather casual way because
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+entes of this Matrix and in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entes of this Matrix and in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entes of this Matrix and in the first
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+terms in this big formula to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this big formula to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this big formula to compute
+determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a
+so the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the determinant of
+a so that's part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's equal to a big summation of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to a big summation of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to a big summation of plus
+or minus A1 Alpha A2 beta A3 gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus A1 Alpha A2 beta A3 gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus A1 Alpha A2 beta A3 gamma and
+A4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4
+data so what I'm doing here is I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so what I'm doing here is I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so what I'm doing here is I choose
+one entry from each row with the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry from each row with the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry from each row with the columns
+being all different so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all different so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all different so in other words if
+I take this column numbers down so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this column numbers down so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this column numbers down so let
+me write it here Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here Alpha
+beta gamma and Delta I want this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta gamma and Delta I want this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta gamma and Delta I want this to be a
+permutation of numbers one two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of numbers one two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of numbers one two 3
+4 okay so how would you do it well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay so how would you do it well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay so how would you do it well if
+you follow this order you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow this order you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow this order you may want to
+start with the first row and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the first row and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the first row and you go
+through all the possibilities of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the possibilities of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the possibilities of this
+Alpha Beta gamma and Delta and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma and Delta and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta gamma and Delta and at the
+end you drop the terms which are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you drop the terms which are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you drop the terms which are zero
+but if you do it in that way how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it in that way how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do it in that way how many
+terms do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do you have to
+compute this is a 4x4 Matrix so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is a 4x4 Matrix so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this is a 4x4 Matrix so in
+general this sum will contain four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this sum will contain four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this sum will contain four
+factorial which is 24 terms that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is 24 terms that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial which is 24 terms that sounds
+time consuming so can you do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consuming so can you do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consuming so can you do it in a
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+way well since we only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well since we only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well since we only care about
+nonzero terms in this sum let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero terms in this sum let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero terms in this sum let's look at
+where zero occurs in Matrix a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zero occurs in Matrix a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zero occurs in Matrix a they're
+here you have zero entries in this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have zero entries in this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have zero entries in this four
+four spots okay so they all occur in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four spots okay so they all occur in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four spots okay so they all occur in the
+third row and the fourth row which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row and the fourth row which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row and the fourth row which means
+when you make your choice of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make your choice of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make your choice of the last
+two entries in order not to get zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries in order not to get zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries in order not to get zero you
+can only choose within this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box right because you want to avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right because you want to avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right because you want to avoid this
+zeros which means the choice of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which means the choice of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros which means the choice of the last
+two entries can only be either e 912 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either e 912 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either e 912 or
+1011 okay now if that's the case we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1011 okay now if that's the case we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1011 okay now if that's the case we will
+happen to the first two entries since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the first two entries since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the first two entries since
+they all have to come come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to come come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have to come come from
+different columns which means when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns which means when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different columns which means when you
+choose the first two entries they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the first two entries they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the first two entries they can
+only be from this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box which means the choice of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which means the choice of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which means the choice of the first
+two entries can only be either 1 six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either 1 six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either 1 six or
+25 so how many terms am I talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so how many terms am I talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so how many terms am I talking about
+two possibilities here and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities here and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities here and two
+possibilities here which comes to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here which comes to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here which comes to four
+so in other words instead of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words instead of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words instead of computing
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+let's put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them
+down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+so we start with this Choice 1 69 9 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with this Choice 1 69 9 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with this Choice 1 69 9 12
+so that's 1 * 6 * 9 * 12 well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 1 * 6 * 9 * 12 well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 1 * 6 * 9 * 12 well these are
+from diagonal right so of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagonal right so of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagonal right so of course this
+coordinate numbers will just be A1 1 a22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate numbers will just be A1 1 a22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate numbers will just be A1 1 a22
+A3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 3
+a44 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a44 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a44 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+plus sign let's continue now um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign let's continue now um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign let's continue now um I'm
+going to look at 1 six but 10 11 so 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at 1 six but 10 11 so 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at 1 six but 10 11 so 1 *
+6 * 10 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 * 10 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 * 10 *
+11 what is um the coordinate number what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 what is um the coordinate number what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 what is um the coordinate number what
+are the coordinate numbers of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coordinate numbers of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coordinate numbers of this
+Choice a11 a22 10 comes from a34 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice a11 a22 10 comes from a34 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice a11 a22 10 comes from a34 so here
+I have four in the front the last one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have four in the front the last one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have four in the front the last one is
+A4 three so three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 three so three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A4 three so three here
+this is a permutation of 1 2 3 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a permutation of 1 2 3 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a permutation of 1 2 3 4 in
+order to get back to this I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get back to this I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get back to this I have to
+exchange three and four just do it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange three and four just do it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange three and four just do it once
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front a negative sign in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front a negative sign in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front a negative sign in front of the
+entire product well let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product well let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire product well let's continue
+um I'm gonna write it down here as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna write it down here as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna write it down here as you
+can see the blue part indicate the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the blue part indicate the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the blue part indicate the um
+the signature of columns okay so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of columns okay so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature of columns okay so next
+term I'm going to put I've exhausted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to put I've exhausted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to put I've exhausted the
+first possibility of you know choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first possibility of you know choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first possibility of you know choosing
+one six right so let's look at 2 five 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six right so let's look at 2 five 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six right so let's look at 2 five 2
+* 5 * 9 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 what is the uh column what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what is the uh column what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what is the uh column what are the
+column numbers two comes from one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column numbers two comes from one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column numbers two comes from one two
+entry so I have a two in the front five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry so I have a two in the front five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry so I have a two in the front five
+is two one entry so 2 one and then three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two one entry so 2 one and then three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two one entry so 2 one and then three
+four three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three
+4 again I need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 again I need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 again I need one
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+means I have a negative sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have a negative sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have a negative sign in the
+front the last one would be 2 five 2 * 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front the last one would be 2 five 2 * 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front the last one would be 2 five 2 * 5
+* 10 11 so * 10 * 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 11 so * 10 * 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 11 so * 10 * 11
+okay columns are a12 A2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay columns are a12 A2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay columns are a12 A2 1
+a34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a34
+a43 so you exchange the first two spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a43 so you exchange the first two spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a43 so you exchange the first two spot
+and the second the last two spots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second the last two spots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second the last two spots you
+get back to 1 2 34 but you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to 1 2 34 but you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to 1 2 34 but you have to do
+twice two exchanges which means you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice two exchanges which means you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice two exchanges which means you need
+a plus sign the front that's it this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus sign the front that's it this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus sign the front that's it this big
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+of four terms and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four terms and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four terms and you can
+computed if you don't make any algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed if you don't make any algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed if you don't make any algebra
+mistake the result should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake the result should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake the result should be
+eight okay did you get the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay did you get the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay did you get the right answer
+all right time is really precious let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right time is really precious let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right time is really precious let's
+move on to the second part in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the second part in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the second part in the second
+part we need to find co-actors C11 C12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need to find co-actors C11 C12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need to find co-actors C11 C12
+C13 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C13 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C13 and
+c14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14
+um let me okay let me put the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me okay let me put the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me okay let me put the second
+part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're looking for the co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking for the co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking for the co-actors
+of the first row of Matrix a let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first row of Matrix a let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first row of Matrix a let's just
+write everything down C11 C11 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write everything down C11 C11 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write everything down C11 C11 is the
+co-actor of this entry here so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of this entry here so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor of this entry here so you're
+looking at the determinant of this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the determinant of this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the determinant of this left
+over 3x3 Matrix so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3x3 Matrix so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3x3 Matrix so that's
+determinant of copy it down 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of copy it down 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of copy it down 6 7
+8 0 9 10 0 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 0 9 10 0 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 0 9 10 0 11
+12 how would you compute this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 how would you compute this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 how would you compute this this is a
+3X3 Matrix of course you can use the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 Matrix of course you can use the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 Matrix of course you can use the big
+summation formula again in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula again in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula again in other words
+you can write down um this determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down um this determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down um this determinant
+this formula but for the specific 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula but for the specific 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula but for the specific 3x3
+Matrix but that will involve three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but that will involve three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but that will involve three
+factorial terms right which is six terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial terms right which is six terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial terms right which is six terms
+all right is there a way that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is there a way that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is there a way that you can do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+faster just notice that the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster just notice that the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster just notice that the First Column
+of this Matrix has only one nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix has only one nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix has only one nonzero
+entry which is this one one entry six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry which is this one one entry six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry which is this one one entry six so
+why don't we just expand this along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just expand this along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just expand this along the
+First Column and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column and use
+co-actors let's do it that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors let's do it that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors let's do it that this
+determinant is equal to 6 times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is equal to 6 times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is equal to 6 times its
+co-actor and its co-actor comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and its co-actor comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor and its co-actor comes to the
+determinant of this 2x2 matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this 2x2 matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this 2x2 matrix which is
+easy that becomes 9 * 12 - 10 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11 and if you compute this correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and if you compute this correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and if you compute this correctly
+that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+-12 okay that's not too bad let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 okay that's not too bad let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 okay that's not too bad let's look
+at the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second one
+C12 okay C12 is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 okay C12 is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C12 okay C12 is the determinant
+of this 3x3 Matrix so I have to delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 3x3 Matrix so I have to delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this 3x3 Matrix so I have to delete
+the first row and the second column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and the second column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row and the second column and
+I rate what is left over and I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rate what is left over and I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rate what is left over and I put it
+here so that's 5 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's 5 7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's 5 7 8
+0 9 10 0 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 9 10 0 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 9 10 0 11
+12 same thing the First Column has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 same thing the First Column has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 same thing the First Column has only
+one 0er entry you expanded along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0er entry you expanded along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 0er entry you expanded along the
+First Column use co-actors the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column use co-actors the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column use co-actors the result
+will be 10 okay there's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 10 okay there's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 10 okay there's one thing that
+I've forgotten here because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten here because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten here because we're
+looking at one to ENT tray so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one to ENT tray so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one to ENT tray so for the
+co-actor I have to put an extra negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor I have to put an extra negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor I have to put an extra negative
+sign here so this is actually -1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this is actually -1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this is actually -1 times
+the determinant of this 3x3 Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this 3x3 Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of this 3x3 Matrix and
+the result will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be
+10 okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay let's
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+C13 let's hope the computation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C13 let's hope the computation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C13 let's hope the computation is going
+to get easier and easier so C13 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get easier and easier so C13 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get easier and easier so C13 is the
+determinant of the left over 3x3 Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the left over 3x3 Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the left over 3x3 Matrix
+so I'll directly rate from that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll directly rate from that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll directly rate from that that's
+going to be 5 6 8 0 0 10 and 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 what is the determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what is the determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what is the determinant of this
+Matrix again you can use the same method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix again you can use the same method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix again you can use the same method
+as we did for the first two because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did for the first two because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did for the first two because the
+First Column has only one non Zero Entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column has only one non Zero Entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column has only one non Zero Entry
+and if you do that the result should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that the result should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that the result should be
+zero but you should be able to tell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you should be able to tell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you should be able to tell it
+without any direct computation why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any direct computation why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any direct computation why is
+that well clearly the first two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well clearly the first two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well clearly the first two columns
+are linearly in are linearly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly in are linearly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linearly in are linearly dependent
+because what the second column is 6 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the second column is 6 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the second column is 6 over
+five times the First Column so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the First Column so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the First Column so this is a
+singular Matrix right away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Matrix right away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Matrix right away the
+determinant is zero right so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c14 c14 is the determinant of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14 c14 is the determinant of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c14 c14 is the determinant of the Matrix
+of five 6 7 0 0 9 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five 6 7 0 0 9 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five 6 7 0 0 9 0 0
+11 same thing it's singular so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 same thing it's singular so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 same thing it's singular so it's
+determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+zero all right so that completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so that completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so that completes the
+second part you can move on to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you can move on to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you can move on to the third
+part now but before you do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now but before you do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now but before you do that just
+notice this may be a good point to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this may be a good point to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this may be a good point to check
+your answer from the first part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer from the first part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer from the first part right
+because you have all the F co-actors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have all the F co-actors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have all the F co-actors of
+the first row of a and if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row of a and if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row of a and if you use the
+other formula to compute determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula to compute determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formula to compute determinant of
+a you can see the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can see the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can see the determinant
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+a is equal to the dotproduct of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the dotproduct of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the dotproduct of the
+first row with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row with its
+co-actors so because the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so because the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors so because the last two
+co-actors are zero I only have two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are zero I only have two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors are zero I only have two terms
+in the sum right so determin of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum right so determin of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum right so determin of a is
+equal to a11 entry which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a11 entry which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a11 entry which is
+one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times
+C11 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is2
+plus a12 entry which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a12 entry which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a12 entry which is
+2times C12 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 what is
+that -12 + 20 that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that -12 + 20 that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that -12 + 20 that gives you
+eight okay at least the answers from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay at least the answers from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight okay at least the answers from the
+first two parts are consistent so by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two parts are consistent so by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two parts are consistent so by now
+you should be um more confident to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be um more confident to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be um more confident to move
+on to the third part I have a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the third part I have a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the third part I have a problem of
+space so please allow me to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so please allow me to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so please allow me to put the
+third part here I'm going to come all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part here I'm going to come all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part here I'm going to come all
+the way back here so that's my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back here so that's my third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back here so that's my third
+part what is third part third part asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what is third part third part asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what is third part third part asks
+asks you to find the First Column of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to find the First Column of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to find the First Column of a
+inverse well it seems that involves more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well it seems that involves more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well it seems that involves more
+computation of co-actors but as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of co-actors but as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of co-actors but as many
+well-designed exam problems the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-designed exam problems the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-designed exam problems the answer
+from third part can be directly derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from third part can be directly derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from third part can be directly derived
+from the first part and the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first part and the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first part and the second part
+okay so that's how you how you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you how you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you how you should do
+it so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what is a
+inverse the formula for a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the formula for a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the formula for a inverse
+is equal to to one/ determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to to one/ determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to to one/ determinant of
+a times the transpose of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the transpose of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times the transpose of a matrix
+C this Matrix C is composed by co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this Matrix C is composed by co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this Matrix C is composed by co-actors
+of Matrix a we want to find the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix a we want to find the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Matrix a we want to find the First
+Column of a inverse so the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Column of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of a
+inverse should be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse should be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse should be one of
+determinant of a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a this
+constant times the first row of C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the first row of C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the first row of C the
+transpose right so I I have to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so I I have to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so I I have to put here
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row of C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of C the
+transpose determin of a comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose determin of a comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose determin of a comes from the
+first part and the first row of C comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part and the first row of C comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part and the first row of C comes
+from the second part so I just copy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second part so I just copy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second part so I just copy what
+I have from the first two parts down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have from the first two parts down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have from the first two parts down
+that's 1/ 8 this column Vector will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1/ 8 this column Vector will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1/ 8 this column Vector will
+become -12 10 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 that's it that completes this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's it that completes this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's it that completes this problem
+have you got your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got your answer
+right um okay before I finish there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay before I finish there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay before I finish there are
+two things that I like to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that I like to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that I like to remind you
+first as you can see this is an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as you can see this is an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as you can see this is an exercise
+on the big summation formula to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big summation formula to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the big summation formula to compute
+determinant of a in previous recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a in previous recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a in previous recitation
+we've practiced using the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've practiced using the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've practiced using the combination of
+elimination and the method by co-actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and the method by co-actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and the method by co-actors
+to compute determinants but we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute determinants but we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute determinants but we should
+never forget this formula because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget this formula because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget this formula because it
+always works and in a lot of cases this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always works and in a lot of cases this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always works and in a lot of cases this
+will turn out to be an easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be an easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be an easy way to
+compute determinant for example for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute determinant for example for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute determinant for example for this
+Matrix a here and second in your real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a here and second in your real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a here and second in your real
+exam it will be really helpful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam it will be really helpful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam it will be really helpful if you
+can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put
+down your work like this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your work like this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your work like this because it
+helps you to check your work and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to check your work and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to check your work and also
+even if you don't get your final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't get your final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't get your final answer
+correct this may get you some partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this may get you some partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct this may get you some partial
+credits okay I'm going to stop here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits okay I'm going to stop here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits okay I'm going to stop here and
+thank you for watching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U_Ot1PTuUv4.txt b/U_Ot1PTuUv4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a423654395aafdfb5624db3f83eedcf78af1beb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U_Ot1PTuUv4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2778 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in
+that case I can
+
+begin by giving a quick
+review of last time.
+
+We began last time by talking
+about the data of measurements
+
+of the cosmic
+microwave background,
+
+starting with the data as
+it existed in 1975 which
+
+I advertised as being an
+incredible mess, which it was.
+
+You could easily believe that
+this data fit this solid line
+
+curve, which was what
+it's supposed to fit.
+
+But you could equally well
+believe that it didn't.
+
+Things got worse
+before they got better.
+
+There was the famous
+Berkeley-Nagoya Rocket Flight
+
+experiment of 1987 which
+had a data point which
+
+missed the theoretical curve by
+16 standard deviations, which
+
+might seem fairly disappointing.
+
+It reminds one, by the
+way, of a famous quote
+
+of Arthur Eddington--
+which you may or may not
+
+be familiar with-- but
+Eddington pointed out
+
+that while we always say that
+we should not believe theories
+
+until the confirmed
+by experiment,
+
+it's in fact equally true that
+we should not believe data
+
+that's put forward until
+it's confirmed by theory,
+
+and that certainly
+was the case here.
+
+This data was never
+confirmed by theory
+
+and turned out to be wrong.
+
+The beautiful data
+was achieved in 1990
+
+by this fabulous COBE
+satellite experiment, which
+
+showed-- unambiguously,
+for the first time--
+
+that the cosmic background
+radiation really
+
+does obey an essentially
+perfect blackbody curve, which
+
+is just gorgeous.
+
+We then went on, in
+our last lecture,
+
+to begin to talk about
+the cosmological constant
+
+and its effect on the
+evolution of the universe--
+
+completely changing gear
+here-- and the key issue
+
+is the cosmological
+effect of pressure.
+
+Earlier we had
+derived this equation.
+
+The equation shows the
+significant role of pressure
+
+during the
+radiation-dominated era,
+
+but it also shows
+that pressure--
+
+if it were negative--
+could perhaps
+
+have the opposite
+effect, causing
+
+an acceleration of the universe.
+
+Furthermore, we
+learned last time
+
+that vacuum energy-- first
+thing we learned, I guess,
+
+is just that's synonymous
+with Einstein's cosmological
+
+constant, related to Einstein's
+cosmological constant lambda
+
+by this equation.
+
+That is, the energy
+density of the vacuum
+
+is equal to the mass
+density of the vacuum times
+
+C squared and is equal to
+this expression in terms
+
+of Einstein's original
+cosmological constant.
+
+And most important,
+in terms of physics,
+
+we learned that if we have a
+non-zero vacuum energy-- vacuum
+
+energy by definition
+does not change with time
+
+because the vacuum
+is the vacuum,
+
+it's simply the lowest
+possible energy density allowed
+
+by the laws of physics,
+and the laws of physics,
+
+as far as we know, do
+not change with time,
+
+and therefore vacuum
+energy density does not
+
+change with time-- and
+that is enough to imply
+
+that the pressure
+of the vacuum has
+
+to be equal to minus the
+energy density in a vacuum,
+
+and therefore minus
+that expression in terms
+
+of the cosmological constant--
+which is exactly what will give
+
+us a repulsive
+gravitational effect,
+
+where we put that into
+the Friedmann equation.
+
+Now I should emphasize
+here that the effect
+
+of the pressure that
+we are talking about
+
+is not the mechanical
+effect of the pressure.
+
+The mechanical effect
+of the pressure
+
+is literally zero because the
+pressure that we are discussing
+
+here is a uniform pressure,
+and pressures only
+
+cause mechanical
+forces when there's
+
+gradients in the
+pressure-- more pressure
+
+on one side than the other.
+
+And if all this pressure
+is always balanced,
+
+the mechanical force of
+the pressure is zero.
+
+But nonetheless, that pressure
+contributes-- according
+
+to Einstein's equations--
+as a contribution
+
+to the gravitational field,
+and a positive pressure
+
+creates an attractive
+gravitational field
+
+but a negative pressure produces
+repulsive gravitational fields.
+
+And a positive vacuum
+energy corresponds
+
+to a negative pressure which,
+in fact, would dominate
+
+this equation, resulting in
+a gravitational repulsion.
+
+So it's useful to
+divide the total energy
+
+density into a normal
+component plus vacuum energy,
+
+and similarly we can
+divide the pressure
+
+into a normal component
+plus the vacuum contribution
+
+to the pressure.
+
+The vacuum contribution
+to the pressure
+
+will instantly disappear
+from all of our equations
+
+because we know
+how to express it
+
+in terms of the
+vacuum mass density.
+
+It's just minus
+Rho vac C squared.
+
+So we can then re-write
+the Friedmann equations
+
+making those
+substitutions, and we
+
+conceive-- in the
+second-order equation--
+
+that the vacuum contribution,
+negative, negative
+
+is a positive, produces
+a positive acceleration--
+
+as we've been saying-- and a
+positive vacuum energy also
+
+contributes to the
+right-hand side
+
+of the first-order
+Friedmann equation.
+
+And in many, many situations--
+although not quite all--
+
+this vacuum energy will
+dominate at late times.
+
+It definitely falls
+off more slowly
+
+than any of the
+other contributions.
+
+The vacuum energy is a constant,
+and every other contribution
+
+to that right-hand
+side falls off
+
+with A. The only
+way that Rho vac can
+
+fail to dominate
+if it's non-zero
+
+is if you have a closed universe
+that collapses before it has
+
+a chance to dominate,
+which is a possibility.
+
+But barring that, eventually
+the vacuum energy will dominate,
+
+and once the vacuum
+energy dominates,
+
+we just have H
+squared-- A dot over A
+
+is H. H squared
+equals a constant,
+
+and that just says that
+H approaches its vacuum
+
+value, which is the square
+root of 8 pi over 3 G Rho vac,
+
+and with H being a
+constant we can also
+
+solve for A. The
+scale factor itself
+
+is just proportional to an
+exponential of E to the H T,
+
+where H is the H
+associated with the vacuum.
+
+So this will be a very easy
+to obtain asymptotic solution
+
+to the equations of the
+universe, and, in fact,
+
+we think that our real universe
+is approaching an exponentially
+
+expanding phase of
+exactly this sort today.
+
+We're not there yet, but
+we are approaching it.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So does an
+exponential A of T
+
+mean that the universe just
+keeps expanding forever
+
+and just spins out
+into nothingness?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, an
+exponentially expanding
+
+A means the universe will
+continue expanding forever
+
+and ordinary matter will
+thin out to nothing,
+
+but this vacuum
+energy density will
+
+remain as a constant
+contribution.
+
+So the universe would go
+on expanding exponentially
+
+forever.
+
+Now, there is the possibility
+that this vacuum that we're
+
+living in is actually what might
+be called a false vacuum-- that
+
+is, an unstable
+vacuum-- a vacuum which
+
+behaves like a vacuum
+for a long time
+
+but is subjected to the
+possibility of decay.
+
+If that's the case,
+it's still true
+
+that most of our
+future space time
+
+will continue to
+exponentially expand exactly
+
+as this equation shows, but
+a kind of a Swiss cheese
+
+situation will develop
+where decays in the vacuum
+
+would occur in places,
+producing spherical holes
+
+in this otherwise exponentially
+expanding background.
+
+We'll be talking
+a little bit more
+
+about that later in the course.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, well what I
+want to do now is
+
+to work on a few
+calculations which
+
+I'd like to present today.
+
+If all goes well, we might have
+as many as three calculations,
+
+or at least two
+calculations that we'll do
+
+and one that we'll talk
+about a little bit.
+
+The first thing I
+want to do-- and I
+
+guess we just talked about
+starting it last time--
+
+is calculate the age of the
+universe in this context.
+
+How do we express the
+age of the universe
+
+in terms of measurable,
+cosmological parameters,
+
+taking into account the
+fact that vacuum energy is
+
+one of the ingredients
+of our universe
+
+along with radiation and
+non-relativistic matter, which
+
+we have already discussed.
+
+So to start that calculation
+we can write down
+
+the first-order
+Friedmann equation.
+
+A dot over A squared is equal
+to 8 pi over 3 G times Rho
+
+and now I'm going to divide
+Rho into all contributions
+
+we know about.
+
+Rho sub M, which represents
+non-relativistic matter,
+
+plus Rho sub radiation,
+which represents radiation,
+
+plus vacuum energy, which is
+our new contribution, which
+
+will not depend on time at all.
+
+And then to complete
+the equation
+
+there is minus KC
+squared over A squared.
+
+And the strategy
+here is really simply
+
+that because we know the
+time evolution of each
+
+of the terms on the
+right-hand side,
+
+we will be able to start
+from wherever we are today
+
+in the universe-- which
+will just take from data,
+
+the values of these
+mass densities--
+
+and we will be able to integrate
+backwards and ask how far back
+
+do we have to go
+before we find the time
+
+when the scale factor vanished,
+which is the instant of the Big
+
+Bang.
+
+So what we want to do is
+to put into this equation
+
+the time dependents
+that we know.
+
+So Rho sub M of T,
+for example, can
+
+be written as A of T naught
+divided by A of T cubed,
+
+times Rho sub M zero.
+
+And all these zeroes, of
+course, mean the present time.
+
+So this formula
+says, first of all,
+
+that the mass density
+falls off as 1
+
+over the cube of
+the scale factor.
+
+A of T is the only factor
+on the right-hand here
+
+that depends on T. The
+numerator depends on T sub zero,
+
+but not T. The
+other constant, T is
+
+zero in the numerator
+and Rho sub M zero.
+
+Rho sub M zero denotes
+the present value
+
+of the mass density.
+
+And the constants here
+are just rearranged
+
+so that when T equals
+T naught, you just
+
+get Rho is equal to
+its present value.
+
+And we can do the same
+thing for radiation,
+
+and here I won't
+write everything out
+
+because most things
+are the same.
+
+The quantity in brackets
+will be the same
+
+but this time it will
+occur to the fourth power
+
+because radiation falls
+off like the fourth power
+
+of the matter-- fourth
+power of the scale factor--
+
+and then we have
+Rho radiation zero.
+
+And then finally, for
+the vacuum energy,
+
+we will just write on the
+blackboard what we already
+
+know, which is that's
+independent of time.
+
+So this gives us the time
+dependents of all three terms
+
+here.
+
+Now we could just go from
+there, but cosmologists
+
+like to talk about
+mass densities in terms
+
+of the fraction of the
+critical density, omega.
+
+So we're going to
+change the notation just
+
+to correspond to the
+way people usually
+
+talk about these things.
+
+So we will recall that the
+critical density-- which
+
+is just that total
+mass density that
+
+makes little K equal
+to zero and hence
+
+the universe geometrically
+flat-- so Rho sub C,
+
+we learned, is 3 H
+squared over 8 pi G
+
+and then we will introduce
+different components of omega.
+
+So I'm going to write omega sub
+X here where X really is just
+
+a stand-in for matter or
+radiation or vacuum energy.
+
+And whichever one of
+those we're talking about,
+
+omega sub X is just a shorthand
+for the corresponding mass
+
+density, but
+normalized by dividing
+
+by this critical density.
+
+And then I'm just going to
+rewrite these three equations
+
+in terms of omega
+instead of Rho.
+
+So Rho sub M of T becomes then
+3 H naught squared over 8 pi G
+
+times the same A of T
+zero over A of T cubed,
+
+but not I'm multiplying,
+omega sub M zero.
+
+And from the definitions
+we've just written,
+
+this equation is just a
+rewriting of that equation.
+
+And we can do the same thing,
+of course, for radiation.
+
+Rho radiation of T is
+equal to the same factor
+
+out front, the same
+quantity in brackets
+
+but this time to
+the fourth power,
+
+and then times omega
+radiation at the present time.
+
+And finally, Rho vac doesn't
+really depend on time--
+
+but we'll write it as if
+it was a function of time--
+
+it consists of the same factor
+of 3 H naught squared over 8 pi
+
+G, and no powers of the
+quantity in brackets,
+
+but then just multiplying
+omega sub vac zero.
+
+[ELECTRONIC RINGING]
+
+Everybody should turn off
+their cell phone, by the way.
+
+[LAUGHING]
+
+OK, sorry about that.
+
+OK, now to make the
+equation look prettier,
+
+I'm going to rewrite
+even this last term
+
+as if it has something
+to do with an omega.
+
+And we can do that
+by defining omega sub
+
+K zero to be equal to minus
+KC squared over A squared of T
+
+naught times H naught
+squared, which is just
+
+the last term that appears
+there [INAUDIBLE] of factor
+
+of H squared, which we'll
+be able to factor out.
+
+And doing all that, the original
+Friedmann equation can now
+
+be rewritten as H squared-- also
+known as A dot over A squared--
+
+can be written as H naught
+squared-- oh, I'm sorry,
+
+one other definition I
+want to introduce here.
+
+This ratio-- A of T naught
+over A-- keeps recurring,
+
+so it's nice to give
+it a name, and I'm
+
+going to give 1
+over that a name.
+
+I'm going to let X equal
+the scale factor normalized
+
+by the scale factor today.
+
+And I might point out that
+in Barbara Ryden's book, what
+
+I'm calling X is just what
+she calls the scale factor,
+
+because she chooses to normalize
+the scale factor so that it's
+
+equal to 1 today.
+
+So we haven't done that yet
+but we are effectively doing it
+
+here by redefining a
+new thing X. Having done
+
+that, the right-hand side
+of the Friedmann equation
+
+can now be written
+in a simple way.
+
+It's H naught squared
+over X squared
+
+times a function F of X--
+which is just an abbreviation
+
+to not have to write something
+many times-- this is not,
+
+by any means, a
+standard definition.
+
+It really is just for today.
+
+It allows us to save some
+writing on the blackboard.
+
+So I'm going to, for today,
+be using the abbreviation
+
+F of X is equal to omega sub
+M zero times X plus omega sub
+
+radiation zero times no
+powers of X plus omega
+
+sub vac zero times X to
+the fourth, and finally
+
+plus omega sub K
+zero times X squared.
+
+And this just lists
+all the things
+
+that would occur in parentheses
+here if we factored everything
+
+out.
+
+Notice I factored out
+some powers of X squared,
+
+so the powers of X that appear
+here do not look familiar,
+
+but the relative powers do.
+
+That is, omega should fall
+like-- omega matter should
+
+fall like 1 over X cubed.
+
+Omega radiation should fall
+off like one power faster
+
+than that, and it does.
+
+This is one less power
+of X there than there,
+
+and omega vacuum should fall
+off like four powers of X
+
+different from radiation,
+and it does, et cetera.
+
+But there's no real
+offset here that makes
+
+the factors there
+not look familiar.
+
+OK, all of this was just to
+put things in a simple form,
+
+but there's one other very
+useful fact to look at.
+
+Suppose we now apply
+this for T equals
+
+T zero, which means
+for X equals 1.
+
+OK, it's true at any
+time, but in particular
+
+we can look at what
+it says for X equals 1
+
+and it tells us something
+about our definitions
+
+that we could have
+noticed in other ways--
+
+but didn't notice yet-- which is
+that we set X equal to 1 here.
+
+These just becomes
+the sum of omegas.
+
+The powers of X's
+all become just ones.
+
+And the left-hand side
+is just H zero squared,
+
+which matches the
+H zero squared here
+
+because at T equals T naught
+H squared is H zero squared,
+
+so these H zeros
+squareds cancel.
+
+So applying it to
+T equals T naught X
+
+equal to 1, what
+you get is simply
+
+1 is equal to omega sum M zero
+plus omega sub radiation zero
+
+plus omega sub vac
+zero plus omega sub K
+
+zero, which gives
+us the simplest
+
+way of thinking about what this
+omega sub K zero really means.
+
+We defined it initially up
+there in terms of little K,
+
+but for this equation, we
+can see that omega sub K
+
+zero really is just
+another way of writing
+
+1 minus all the other omegas.
+
+So you could think of this as
+being the definition of what
+
+I'm calling omega sub k zero.
+
+So it's a language in
+which you essentially
+
+think that the total
+omega has to equal 1,
+
+and whatever is not contained
+in real matter becomes
+
+a piece of omega sub k, the
+curvature or contribution
+
+to omega.
+
+OK, now it's really
+just a matter
+
+of simple manipulations
+and I-- the main purpose
+
+of defining F of x is
+to be able to write
+
+these simple manipulations
+simpler than they would be
+
+if you had to write out
+what F of x was every time.
+
+We're first just going
+to take the square root
+
+of the key equation up there--
+the Friedmann equation-- and we
+
+get a dot over a is also
+equal to x dot over x.
+
+Note that the constant of
+proportionality there, a
+
+of t naught-- which
+is a constant--
+
+cancels when you
+take a dot over a.
+
+So a dot over a is the
+same as x dot over x.
+
+And that-- just taking the
+square root of that equation--
+
+is H naught over x.
+
+Hold on a second.
+
+Yeah, we're taking the
+square root of the equation,
+
+so yeah, we had H naught
+squared over x squared.
+
+Here we have H naught
+over x and then just times
+
+the square root of f.
+
+And these x's cancel each other.
+
+Wait a minute.
+
+Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+They're not supposed
+to cancel because I
+
+didn't write this
+quite correctly.
+
+That should have
+been x to the fourth.
+
+Apologies.
+
+And now here we have x squared.
+
+And this can just
+be-- by manipulating
+
+where the x's go--
+rewritten as x times dx dt.
+
+So I multiply the
+whole equation by x
+
+squared to get rid of
+that factor on the right,
+
+and now on the
+right-hand side we just
+
+have H zero times
+square root of F.
+
+And now I just want to do
+the usual trick of separating
+
+the dx pieces from dt
+pieces in this equation.
+
+And we can rewrite
+that equation as dt
+
+is equal to 1 over
+H naught times
+
+x dx over the square root of
+F. And maybe I'll rewrite it
+
+as the square root of F
+of x to make it explicit
+
+that F depends on x.
+
+So this is just the
+rewriting of this equation,
+
+moving factors around,
+and in this form
+
+we can integrate
+it and determine
+
+the age of the universe.
+
+The present age of the
+universe can be obtained just
+
+by integrating this
+expression from the big bang
+
+up to the present.
+
+And that will be the integral
+dt from the big bang up
+
+to present, the
+sum of all the time
+
+intervals from the
+big bang until now.
+
+And it's just equal
+to 1 over H zero times
+
+the integral of x dx over
+the square root of F of x.
+
+And now-- just to think about
+the limits of integration--
+
+what should limits
+of integration be?
+
+AUDIENCE: Zero to one.
+
+PROFESSOR: I hear zero to
+one, and that's correct.
+
+We're integrating from the
+big bang up to the present.
+
+At the big bang,
+a is equal to zero
+
+and therefore x
+is equal to zero.
+
+And, at the present time,
+t is equal to t naught
+
+and therefore x is equal to 1.
+
+So we integrate up
+to one if we want
+
+the present age of the universe.
+
+We could also integrate
+it up to any other value
+
+of x that we want, and it will
+tell us the age of universe
+
+when the scale factor
+had that value.
+
+So this is the final,
+state of the art
+
+formula for the age
+of the universe,
+
+expressed in terms of
+the matter contribution
+
+to omega, the radiation
+contribution to omega,
+
+and the vacuum
+contribution to omega,
+
+and the value of H naught.
+
+Those are the only ingredients
+on the right-hand side there.
+
+And then you can
+calculate the age.
+
+And it's the completely
+state of the art formula.
+
+It's exactly what the Planck
+people did when they told you
+
+that the age of the universe
+was 13.9 billion years, using
+
+that formula.
+
+Now as far as actually doing the
+integral, in the general case,
+
+the only way to do
+it is numerically.
+
+That's how it's usually done.
+
+Special cases can be
+done analytically.
+
+We've already talked about
+the case where there's
+
+no cosmological constants, no
+vacuum energy, but just matter
+
+and curvature-- omega,
+in this language.
+
+There's another special
+case which can be done,
+
+which is the case
+that involves vacuum
+
+energy and
+nonrelativistic matter.
+
+And this is the flat case, only,
+that can be done analytically.
+
+So it corresponds
+to omega radiation
+
+equals omega k
+equals zero, and that
+
+means that omega matter plus
+omega vac is equal to 1,
+
+because the sum of all the
+omegas is always equal to 1.
+
+So in this case I can
+write an answer for you.
+
+And I don't intend to try
+to derive this answer,
+
+but it's worth knowing that
+can be written analytically.
+
+That's the main point, I guess.
+
+So it does get divided
+into three cases
+
+depending on whether omega
+matter is larger than, smaller
+
+than, or equal to 1.
+
+So the first case will
+be if omega matter
+
+zero is greater than 1.
+
+And if omega matter
+is greater than 1,
+
+that corresponds to
+omega vac less than 1
+
+because the sum of the two is
+equal to 1 in all cases, here.
+
+So omega vac has
+to be less than 0.
+
+So this is not our real
+universe but it's a calculation
+
+that you can do, and
+it's 2 over 3 H naught
+
+times the inverse tangent of
+the square root of omega sub
+
+m zero 1 over the square root
+of omega sub m zero minus 1.
+
+So if you plug this
+integral into mathematica,
+
+you should get that answer or
+something equivalent to it.
+
+For the case-- the
+borderline case, here--
+
+where omega matter
+zero equals 1,
+
+that's the special case
+where omega vac is equal to 0
+
+because the sum of
+these is always one.
+
+So this special
+case in the middle
+
+is the case we
+already knew, it's
+
+just the matter-dominated
+flat universe.
+
+So that's two thirds H inverse.
+
+So it's 2 over 3 H naught.
+
+And then, finally, if omega
+matter zero is less than 1
+
+and then omega vac is positive.
+
+And this [INAUDIBLE]
+approximation
+
+is our universe, that is, that
+our universe has possibly zero
+
+curvature-- in any case,
+unmeasureably small curvature--
+
+and very, very small radiation
+for most of its evolution.
+
+So this last case
+is our universe
+
+except for cases that are near
+the radiation-dominated era,
+
+and the formula here is
+2 over 3 H naught times
+
+the inverse hyperbolic
+tangent of 1
+
+minus-- square root, excuse
+me-- of 1 minus omega sub m
+
+zero over the square root
+of 1 minus omega sub m zero.
+
+OK, so this is just
+a result obtained
+
+by doing that integral
+for the special case
+
+that we're talking about.
+
+Now, I don't know
+any simpler way
+
+to write it except
+as these three cases.
+
+It is, however, a single
+analytic function,
+
+and when you graph it--
+and I'll show you a graph--
+
+it is one smooth function right
+across the range of these three
+
+cases, which is similar
+to what we found
+
+the earlier for the flat,
+matter-dominated case.
+
+So let's see.
+
+This is not that yet.
+
+This is the case that
+we did a long time ago,
+
+actually, the case of a
+matter-dominated universe
+
+with nothing but
+nonrelativistic matter
+
+and possibly with curvature.
+
+And I can remind
+you, here, that what
+
+we found for that model is
+that we tended to get ages
+
+there were too young.
+
+So if we take a
+reasonable value for H
+
+of 67 to 70 kilometers per
+second per megaparsec--
+
+which is in this range--
+and take a reasonable value
+
+for omega-- which is somewhere
+between, say, 0.2 and 1
+
+depending on what you
+consider reasonable,
+
+this model doesn't work
+anyway-- but if you
+
+take omega anywhere
+between 0.1 and 1,
+
+you get numbers
+for the age which
+
+are in the order of 10 billion
+years, which is not old enough
+
+to be consistent
+with what we know
+
+about the ages of
+the older stars.
+
+And especially if you think
+that omega should be one,
+
+you get a very young age of
+more like 9 billion years,
+
+which is what we found earlier.
+
+This is just a graph of
+those same equations.
+
+But, if we include
+vacuum energy,
+
+it makes all the difference.
+
+So this now is a graph
+of those equations.
+
+What's shown is the age, T
+naught, as a function of H
+
+and for various values of
+omega sub m, the same omega sub
+
+m that's called omega sub
+m zero on the blackboard.
+
+And shown here are the Barbara
+Ryden a benchmark point,
+
+which is the left-most of these
+two almost overlapping points.
+
+And also shown here
+is the favored point
+
+from the WMAP satellite
+seven-year data.
+
+They lie almost on
+top of each other.
+
+I didn't get a chance to
+plot the Planck point, which
+
+is the one that we
+would consider the most
+
+authoritative these
+days, but I'll
+
+add that before I
+post the lectures.
+
+It lies almost on top of
+these, and it corresponds
+
+to a Hubble expansion
+rate of a little under 70,
+
+and a vacuum energy
+contribution of about 0.7,
+
+and therefore a matter
+contribution of about 0.3.
+
+This curve.
+
+And it gives an age of 13.7,
+13.8 billion years-- perfectly
+
+consistent with estimates of
+the age of the oldest stars.
+
+So this age problem
+which had been,
+
+until the discovery of the
+dark energy, a serious problem
+
+in cosmology for
+many, many years
+
+goes away completely once
+one adds in the dark energy.
+
+So that's it for
+the age calculation.
+
+Are there any questions about
+the age of the universe?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So when
+you say dark energy,
+
+are you using that synonymously
+with vacuum energy?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry, yes.
+
+I used the word
+dark energy there
+
+and I've been talking
+about vacuum energy,
+
+and what's the relationship?
+
+When I said dark energy I
+really meant vacuum energy.
+
+In general, the way
+these words are used
+
+is that vacuum energy has
+a very specific meaning.
+
+It really does mean the
+energy of the vacuum,
+
+and by definition,
+therefore, it does not
+
+change with time, period.
+
+We don't know for
+sure what this stuff
+
+is that's driving the
+acceleration of the universe,
+
+and hence the name dark energy,
+which is more ambiguous.
+
+I think the technical
+definition of dark energy
+
+is it's whatever the
+stuff is that's driving
+
+the acceleration
+of the universe.
+
+And the other conceivable
+possibility-- and observers
+
+are hard at work trying to
+distinguish, experimentally,
+
+between these two options-- the
+other possibility is that it
+
+could be a very
+slowly evolving scalar
+
+field of the same type
+that drives inflation
+
+that we'll be
+talking about later.
+
+But this would be a
+much lower energy scale
+
+than the inflation of
+the early universe,
+
+and much more slowly evolving.
+
+So far, we have not yet
+found any time variation
+
+in the dark energy.
+
+So, so far, everything we' have
+learned about the dark energy
+
+is consistent with
+the possibility
+
+that it is simply vacuum energy.
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the amount
+of dark energy related
+
+to the amount of dark matter?
+
+PROFESSOR: Is the amount
+of dark energy related to.
+
+the amount of dark matter?
+
+No.
+
+They're both numbers
+and they differ
+
+by a factor of 2 and
+1/2 or so, but there's
+
+no particular relationship
+between them that we know of.
+
+AUDIENCE: But
+doesn't dark matter
+
+imply that they have a
+certain attraction to bodies
+
+around it, which is
+a form of energy?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, well let's
+talk about this later.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we have any idea
+what dark energy is at all?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the
+question is, do we
+
+have any idea what
+dark energy is at all?
+
+And the answer is probably yes.
+
+That is, I think there's a good
+chance it is vacuum energy.
+
+Now if you ask what is
+vacuum energy, what is it
+
+about the vacuum that gives
+it this nonzero energy,
+
+there we're pretty
+much clueless.
+
+I was going to talk
+about that a little more
+
+at the end of today,
+if we get there.
+
+But whatever property
+of the vacuum
+
+it is that gives it its
+energy-- we know of many,
+
+it's just a matter
+of what dominates
+
+and how they add up--
+the end result is pretty
+
+much the same as far as the
+phenomenology of vacuum energy.
+
+So we understand the
+phenomenology of vacuum energy,
+
+I would say, completely.
+
+The big issue, which
+I'll talk about either
+
+at the end of
+today or next time,
+
+is trying to estimate the
+magnitude of the vacuum energy,
+
+and there we're really
+totally clueless,
+
+as I will try to describe.
+
+OK, that's it for my slides.
+
+OK, I wanted to now talk
+about another very important
+
+calculation, which is
+basically the calculation which
+
+led to the original evidence
+that the universe is
+
+accelerating to begin with.
+
+OK, discovery that the
+universe was accelerating
+
+was made, as I said earlier,
+by two groups of astronomers
+
+in 1998, and the key observation
+was using a type 1a supernovae
+
+as standard candles to
+measure the expansion
+
+rate of the universe
+versus time,
+
+looking back into the past.
+
+And basically what they found
+is that when they look back
+
+about 5, 6 billion years,
+the expansion rate then
+
+was actually slower
+than expansion rate now,
+
+meaning that the
+universe has accelerated.
+
+And that was the
+key observation.
+
+So the question
+for us to calculate
+
+is, what do we expect, as a
+function of these parameters,
+
+for redshift versus luminosity?
+
+These astronomers, by
+using type 1a supernovae
+
+as standard candles,
+are basically
+
+using the luminosity
+measurements of these type
+
+1a supernovae as estimates
+of their distance.
+
+So what they actually measured
+was simply luminosity verses
+
+redshift, and that's what we
+will learn how to calculate,
+
+and the formula
+that will get will
+
+be, again, exactly
+the formula that they
+
+used when they were trying to
+fit their data-- to understand
+
+what their data
+was telling them--
+
+about possible acceleration
+of the universe.
+
+So the calculation
+we're about to do
+
+is really nothing
+new to you folks
+
+because we have
+calculated luminosities
+
+in another contexts.
+
+Now we will just write down the
+equations in their full glory,
+
+including the contribution
+due to vacuum energy.
+
+So we'd like to do
+these calculations
+
+in a way that allows
+for curvature, even
+
+though-- in the end--
+we're going to discover
+
+that the curvature
+of our universe
+
+is-- as far as anybody
+can tell-- negligible.
+
+But people still look for
+it and it still very well
+
+could be there at the
+level of one part in 1,000
+
+or something like that.
+
+But at the level of 1 part
+in 100, it's not there.
+
+So we begin by writing down
+the Robertson-Walker metric,
+
+ds squared is equal
+to minus c squared
+
+dt squared plus a
+squared of t times dr
+
+squared over 1 minus little k
+times r squared plus r squared
+
+d theta squared plus sine
+squared theta d phi squared,
+
+end curly brackets.
+
+OK, so this is the metric
+that we're familiar with.
+
+We're going to be interested,
+mainly, in radial motion,
+
+and if you're interested
+mainly in radial motion,
+
+it helps to simplify the
+radial part of this metric
+
+by using a different
+radial variable.
+
+And we've done
+this before, also.
+
+At this point, we
+really need to pick
+
+whether we're talking
+about open or closed.
+
+If we're talking
+about flat, we don't
+
+need to do anything, really.
+
+If you eliminate k,
+here, the radial part
+
+is as simple as it gets.
+
+But if we want talk
+about open or closed,
+
+it pays to use
+different variables,
+
+and the variable
+that we'd use would
+
+be different in two cases.
+
+So I'm going to consider
+the closed-universe case.
+
+And I'm going to introduce
+an angle, sine of psi
+
+being equal to the
+square root of k-- which
+
+is positive in this
+case-- times little r.
+
+And this psi is, in fact, if
+you trace everything back,
+
+the angle from the
+w-axis that we originally
+
+used when we
+constructed the closed
+
+Robertson-Walker universe
+in the first place.
+
+But now we're essentially
+working backwards.
+
+We've learned to know
+and love this expression,
+
+so we're going to
+just rewrite it
+
+in terms of the new
+variable, sin of psi
+
+equals the square
+root of k times r.
+
+And from this, by
+just differentiation,
+
+you discover that deep psi
+is equal to the square root
+
+of k times dr over cosine psi.
+
+And that is equal
+to the square root
+
+of k times dr over the square
+root of 1 minus kr squared.
+
+So this, then, fits in very
+nicely with the metric itself.
+
+The metric is just the
+square of this factor,
+
+and therefore it is just
+proportional to deep psi
+
+squared all by itself.
+
+And rewriting the whole
+metric, we can write it
+
+as ds squared is equal to
+minus c squared dt squared
+
+plus a new scale factor--
+which I'll define
+
+in a second in terms of the old
+one-- times deep psi squared
+
+plus-- now, the
+angular term becomes
+
+nonstandard instead of just
+having an r squared here,
+
+we have sine squared of psi.
+
+Which is, of course,
+proportional to r squared.
+
+And that multiplies d theta
+squared plus sine squared
+
+theta d phi squared,
+end curly brackets.
+
+And a tilde is just
+equal to our original
+
+a divided by the
+square root of k.
+
+So we scaled it.
+
+And I should mention that
+I'm putting a tilde here
+
+because we've already written
+an a without a tilde there,
+
+and they're not equal to other.
+
+If you want to just
+start here, you can,
+
+and then there's no
+need for the tilde.
+
+You could just call
+this the scale factor
+
+and it doesn't need a tilde.
+
+The tilde is only to distinguish
+the two cases from each other.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do a and a tilde
+have different units?
+
+PROFESSOR: Didn't hear you?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do a and a tilde
+have different units?
+
+PROFESSOR: They do have
+different-- yes, a and a tilde
+
+do have different units.
+
+That's right, and
+that's because in what
+
+one might call
+conventional units here,
+
+r is some kind of a
+coordinate distance.
+
+So in my language I'd
+measure it in notches,
+
+and then a has units
+of meters per notch.
+
+On the other hand,
+here psi is an angle.
+
+It is naturally dimensionless.
+
+So one doesn't introduce
+notches in this case,
+
+and therefore a just
+has units of length--
+
+a tilde, rather-- just
+has units of length.
+
+OK, now we want to imagine
+that some distant galaxy is
+
+radiating-- or a distant
+supernova, perhaps--
+
+and we want to ask,
+what is the intensity
+
+of the radiation that
+we receive on earth?
+
+And we'll draw the
+same picture that we've
+
+drawn at least twice
+before, if not more.
+
+We'll put the source
+in the middle.
+
+We'll imagine a sphere
+surrounding the source,
+
+with the source of
+the center, and we'll
+
+imagine that the sphere has been
+drawn so that our detector is
+
+on the surface of the sphere.
+
+This will be the detector.
+
+And we'll give a symbol for
+the area of the detector.
+
+It will be a.
+
+And we'll imagine drawing this
+in our co-moving coordinate
+
+system where psi is
+our radial variable.
+
+So the sphere here
+will be at some value,
+
+psi equals psi sub d-- where d
+stands for detector-- and psi
+
+equals zero at the center.
+
+OK, I'm going to make the
+same kind of arguments
+
+we've made in the past.
+
+We say that the
+fraction of light
+
+that hits the sphere--
+which hits the detector--
+
+is just equal to the
+area of the detector
+
+over the area of the sphere.
+
+Now, the area of detector
+is, by definition, a.
+
+The area of the
+sphere we have to be
+
+a little bit careful
+about because we
+
+have to calculate the area of
+the sphere using the metric.
+
+Now, the metric is
+slightly nontrivial,
+
+but the sphere is just described
+by varying theta and phi.
+
+And if we just vary theta and
+phi, this piece of the metric
+
+is what we're used to-- it's
+the standard Euclidean spherical
+
+element-- and the coefficient
+that multiplies is just
+
+the square of the
+radius of that sphere.
+
+So the radius of our sphere
+is a tilde times sine psi.
+
+That's the important thing
+that we get from the metric.
+
+The thing that multiplies
+d theta squared and d phi
+
+squared, et cetera,
+is just the square
+
+of the radius of the sphere
+that determines distances
+
+on the surface of the sphere.
+
+So what goes here is 4 pi
+times the radius squared.
+
+So it's 4 pi times a tilde
+squared of t naught times
+
+sine squared of psi sub d.
+
+It's t naught because
+we're interested in what
+
+happens when we detect
+this radiation today.
+
+Our detector is detecting it
+today and has area a today,
+
+and we want to compare it with
+entire sphere that surrounds
+
+this distant source as
+that sphere appears today,
+
+so that all of the distances
+are measured today,
+
+and therefore can be
+properly compared.
+
+The other thing we
+have to remember
+
+is the effect of the redshift.
+
+The redshift,
+we've said earlier,
+
+and it's just a repetition,
+it reduces the energy
+
+of each photon by a factor
+of 1 plus z, the redshift,
+
+and similarly it reduces
+the rate at which photons
+
+are arriving at the sphere by
+that same factor-- 1 plus z.
+
+It basically says that
+any clock slows down
+
+by a factor of 1 plus
+z, and that clock
+
+could be the frequency
+of the photon-- which
+
+affects its energy
+proportionally--
+
+or the arrival rate
+of the photons.
+
+That's also a clock that get
+time dilated in the same way.
+
+So we get two factors of 1
+plus z sub s, I'll call it.
+
+s for z of the source,
+the z between the time
+
+of emission at the
+source to a time
+
+where it arrives at us today.
+
+So 1 plus z is equal to
+a of t naught divided
+
+by a of t emission.
+
+I'll just put it
+here to remind us.
+
+One from redshift of photons
+and one from arrival rate.
+
+OK, putting that
+together we can now
+
+say that the total
+power received is
+
+equal to the power originally
+emitted by the source-- p
+
+will just be the power emitted
+by the source-- divided
+
+by 1 plus the redshift
+z of the source squared,
+
+and then just
+times the fraction.
+
+A over 4 pi a twiddle
+squared sine squared psi d.
+
+And then, finally, what
+we're really interested in
+
+is J-- the intensity
+of the source
+
+as we measure it-- which
+is just the power received
+
+by our detector
+divided by its area.
+
+So from this formula we
+just get rid of the A there.
+
+We can write it as the power
+emitted by the source, capital
+
+P, divided by 4
+pi 1 plus z sub s
+
+squared a twiddle squared
+of t naught times sine
+
+squared psi sub d.
+
+Now that effectively
+is the answer
+
+to this question except
+that we prefer to rewrite it
+
+in terms of things
+that are more directly
+
+meaningful to astronomers.
+
+a twiddle is not particularly
+meaningful to the astronomer.
+
+The redshift is, that's OK.
+
+But a twiddle is
+not particularly
+
+meaningful to an astronomer, nor
+is sine squared of psi sub d.
+
+Now, many astronomers who
+know general relativity
+
+can figure this out,
+of course, but it's
+
+our job to figure it out.
+
+We would like to
+express this in terms
+
+of things that are directly
+measured by astronomers.
+
+So to do that, first
+of all, a tilde--
+
+to get a tilde related
+to other things,
+
+it really just goes
+back to the definition
+
+that we gave for
+omega sub k sub 0.
+
+And if you look back
+at that definition,
+
+you'll find that a
+of t naught tilde
+
+is just equal to c times the
+inverse of the present Hubble
+
+expansion rate times the
+square root of minus omega
+
+sub k comma zero.
+
+And this is for the
+close-universe case.
+
+The closed-universe case,
+little k is positive.
+
+But if you remember the
+definition of omega sub k
+
+naught-- maybe I should write
+it back on the blackboard,
+
+or is it findable?
+
+It's not findable.
+
+The original definition big
+A for this omega sub k naught
+
+was just minus Kc squared over
+a squared of t naught H naught
+
+squared.
+
+So this is just
+rewriting of that,
+
+and for our closed-universe
+case, k is positive,
+
+omega sub k naught is
+negative, this is then
+
+the square root of a positive
+number with that extra minus
+
+sign, so everything
+fits together.
+
+So that takes care
+of expressing a tilde
+
+in terms of measurable things.
+
+We use this formula.
+
+Expansion rate is measurable,
+omega sub k comma zero
+
+is measurable.
+
+And then, in terms of
+sine squared psi sub d,
+
+we obtain that by
+reminding ourselves
+
+that we know how to trace light
+rays through this universe.
+
+Light waves just travel
+locally at the speed c,
+
+they travel locally
+on null geodesics.
+
+So if we're looking
+at a radial light ray,
+
+this metric tells us-- if we
+apply it to a radial light ray
+
+where ds squared equals minus dc
+squared-- where ds squared has
+
+to be zero-- that says
+that minus c squared dt
+
+squared plus a twiddle squared
+of t d psi squared equals zero.
+
+This is just the
+equation that says
+
+we have a null line,
+a null radial line.
+
+That implies that
+deep psi dt has
+
+to equals c over a
+twiddle of t, which
+
+is a formula that,
+in other cases,
+
+we try to motivate just
+by using intuition.
+
+But, in that case,
+we were probably not
+
+talking about curved
+universe where
+
+the intuition is a
+little bit less strong.
+
+But you see it does
+follow immediately
+
+from assuming that we're
+talking about a null geodesic
+
+in the Robertson-Walker metric.
+
+Now, the point is that the
+Friedmann equation, which we've
+
+been writing and rewriting,
+tells us what to do with that.
+
+The Friedmann equation
+basically allows
+
+us to integrate that
+because it allows
+
+us to express a in
+terms of x, and we
+
+know some things about x.
+
+So let me try to get that
+on the blackboard, here.
+
+We know that H squared-- which
+is x dot over x squared--
+
+can be written as H zero squared
+over x to the fourth times
+
+this famous function F of x.
+
+And psi of a given redshift,
+according to this equation,
+
+could just be obtained by
+integration of the time
+
+that the source emits
+the radiation up
+
+to the present time of c
+over a twiddle of t times dt.
+
+And now to rewrite this
+in terms of redshift,
+
+we can use the fact that
+1 plus z is equal to 1
+
+over x because we know
+how to relate 1 plus z
+
+to the scale factor.
+
+1 plus z is just the
+ratio of scale factors
+
+and it's precisely the ratio
+that we called 1 over x.
+
+And we can then
+differentiate this equation
+
+and find that dz is equal to
+minus a twiddle of t naught
+
+over a twiddle of t squared
+times a twiddle dot times
+
+dt, rewriting x in terms of
+a of t naught over a of t.
+
+And this, then, is equal to
+minus a twiddle of t naught
+
+times H of t times, oops,
+times dt over a tilde of t.
+
+And this allows us to replace
+the dt that appears there
+
+and the final relationship
+is that psi of s
+
+is equal to 1 over a tilde of
+t naught times the integral
+
+from zero up to z sub
+s of c over H of z dz.
+
+Yeah, I think that
+looks like it works.
+
+So it really is just a
+matter of changing variables
+
+to express things in terms
+of H and integrating over z
+
+instead of integrating over t.
+
+And the usefulness
+of that is simply
+
+that z is the variable
+that astronomers
+
+use to measure time.
+
+And this then can be
+written in more detail,
+
+and it really finishes
+the answer more or less.
+
+Psi of z sub s can be
+written just-- writing
+
+in what a tilde is according
+to our definition here--
+
+square root of the
+magnitude of omega comma k
+
+zero-- this could also have
+been written as minus omega of k
+
+comma 0 because we know
+it's a negative quantity--
+
+and then times the integral from
+0 to z sub s and integral dz.
+
+Now I'm just writing
+H as a function of z.
+
+Earlier we had written H--
+it's no longer on the screen,
+
+I guess-- earlier we had
+written H in terms of F of z,
+
+oh, excuse me, F of x.
+
+x is related to z
+simply by this formula.
+
+So since the
+integral was written
+
+with z as the variable
+of integration,
+
+I'm going to rewrite the
+integrand in terms of z,
+
+but it really is just
+our old friend F of x.
+
+So it would be the square
+root of omega sub m zero 1
+
+plus z cubed plus omega sub
+radiation zero times 1 plus z
+
+to the fourth, all
+inside the square root,
+
+here, plus omega sub vac
+zero plus omega sub k
+
+zero times 1 plus z squared.
+
+And this, then, is the
+answer for psi of z.
+
+And then we put that into here
+and replace a twiddle by this,
+
+and we get a formula for
+what we're looking for,
+
+an expression for the
+actual measured intensity
+
+of the source at the Earth in
+terms of the parameters chosen
+
+here-- the current
+values of omega
+
+and the redshift of the source.
+
+And that's all that goes
+into this final formula.
+
+So if you know the
+current values of omega
+
+and the redshift
+of the source, you
+
+can calculate what you expect
+the measure intensity to be
+
+in terms of the
+intrinsic intensity.
+
+And that's exactly
+what the supernova
+
+people did in 1998 using
+exactly this formula--
+
+nothing different--
+and discovered that,
+
+in order to fit their data,
+they needed a very significant
+
+contribution from this vacuum
+energy, namely a contribution
+
+in the order of 60 or 70%.
+
+So we will stop there for today.
+
+We will continue on Thursday
+to talk a little bit more
+
+about the physics
+of vacuum energy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Uz7aJtbfqkU.txt b/Uz7aJtbfqkU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df23ff4fc5be0b25cd86428d12d39aeb816c390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Uz7aJtbfqkU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, this is this is our last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is this is our last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is this is our last class
+before spring break. This is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before spring break. This is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before spring break. This is sort of
+like the halfway mark of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the halfway mark of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the halfway mark of the of the
+semester. Um, in the beginning of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um, in the beginning of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Um, in the beginning of it,
+I'm going to continue with some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to continue with some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to continue with some product
+theory. Um, and uh try to get to a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um, and uh try to get to a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um, and uh try to get to a good
+a good place with it. Um but then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place with it. Um but then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good place with it. Um but then in the
+second half I wanted to kind of check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half I wanted to kind of check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half I wanted to kind of check in
+with everybody about some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody about some possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody about some possible
+directions for the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions for the second half of the
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+Um okay so in in some product theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so in in some product theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so in in some product theory
+last time we introduced some fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced some fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced some fundamental
+tools from additive combinotaurics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from additive combinotaurics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from additive combinotaurics the
+like plunka inequality and ra inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plunka inequality and ra inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like plunka inequality and ra inequality
+and so on and the the theme of today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the the theme of today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the the theme of today is
+like practicing using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like practicing using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like practicing using those
+inequalities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities.
+So let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lica
+Raa toolbox.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um so these are all inequalities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so these are all inequalities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so these are all inequalities that
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+sums and diff different combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and diff different combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and diff different combinations of
+sums and differences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and differences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and differences.
+So there's the ruer triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the ruer triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the ruer triangle inequality
+and it says that a * b minus c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that a * b minus c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that a * b minus c is
+bounded by a minus b * a minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a minus b * a minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a minus b * a minus c
+or if you you can replace b and c by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you you can replace b and c by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you you can replace b and c by
+negative themselves. So you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+a + b is at most k * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + b is at most k * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + b is at most k * a
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B added to it to itself M * minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B added to it to itself M * minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B added to it to itself M * minus B
+added to itself N times is bounded by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to itself N times is bounded by K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to itself N times is bounded by K
+to the M + N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the main lema inside the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the main lema inside the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the main lema inside the proof of
+Plunicus inequality is also useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that says um that there exists so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says um that there exists so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says um that there exists so that
+we have the same. If if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same. If if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same. If if
+then there exists a subset in A which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a subset in A which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a subset in A which
+sort of has the subset that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the subset that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the subset that has the
+additive structure that causes this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure that causes this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive structure that causes this to
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+So that for any set C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X + C + B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + C + B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X + C + B,
+this over X + C is also at most.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So one of our goals today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So one of our goals today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So one of our goals today is
+to practice using this toolbox.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice using this toolbox.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice using this toolbox.
+Um I was reflecting a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I was reflecting a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I was reflecting a little bit on
+where these come from. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think
+high level point of view of where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level point of view of where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level point of view of where these
+come from is that if if say this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from is that if if say this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from is that if if say this set is
+small then there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then there are a lot of
+coincidences where a1 plus b1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences where a1 plus b1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences where a1 plus b1 is the
+same as a2 plus b2 and um by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a2 plus b2 and um by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a2 plus b2 and um by kind of
+rearranging those coincidences can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging those coincidences can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging those coincidences can see
+that there are also a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are also a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are also a lot of
+coincidences over there. That's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences over there. That's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences over there. That's the um
+uh rough uh reason for these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rough uh reason for these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rough uh reason for these things.
+Okay. Now, I made a small mistake last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, I made a small mistake last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, I made a small mistake last
+time, so I'm going to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, so I'm going to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, so I'm going to begin by
+correcting it. Thanks for the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting it. Thanks for the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting it. Thanks for the person who
+pointed it out to me. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed it out to me. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed it out to me. Um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and correcting it is not a bad thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correcting it is not a bad thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correcting it is not a bad thing.
+It's it's already a good opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's already a good opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's already a good opportunity to
+practice these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these things.
+Okay, so LMA one from last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so LMA one from last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so LMA one from last time was
+stated not quite right. It should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated not quite right. It should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated not quite right. It should have
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+if A is in Z mod P. So this is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if A is in Z mod P. So this is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if A is in Z mod P. So this is let's say
+let's call this corrections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a minus a over a minus a is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a over a minus a is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a over a minus a is everything
+or um some kind of big mess with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um some kind of big mess with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um some kind of big mess with a lot
+of addition and multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of addition and multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of addition and multiplication and
+subtraction of a's is a lot bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction of a's is a lot bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction of a's is a lot bigger than
+a okay but the big mess uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay but the big mess uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay but the big mess uh actually
+should look like this. So you have a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like this. So you have a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like this. So you have a *
+a. You add that to itself a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. You add that to itself a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. You add that to itself a bunch of
+times. You also subtract that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. You also subtract that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. You also subtract that from
+itself a bunch of times. This is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a bunch of times. This is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a bunch of times. This is what we
+had last time. But I also need to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time. But I also need to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time. But I also need to divide
+by a minus a, which I left out last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minus a, which I left out last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a minus a, which I left out last
+time. Okay. So the second possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So the second possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So the second possibility is
+if you make this giant mess, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make this giant mess, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make this giant mess, it's
+significantly bigger than a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bigger than a.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+the proof of this is very clean. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this is very clean. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of this is very clean. Um so
+the point is that if a minus a over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if a minus a over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if a minus a over a
+minus a is not everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is not everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is not everything
+then you can find some b in a minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find some b in a minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can find some b in a minus a
+over a minus a so that b + one is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a minus a so that b + one is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a minus a so that b + one is not a
+minus a minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we can say that a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can say that a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can say that a squared
+is at most a + ba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most a + ba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most a + ba
+because if you had any coincidences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had any coincidences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had any coincidences in
+that sum, it would cause b to be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum, it would cause b to be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum, it would cause b to be written
+uh sorry b + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we had any coincidences in this sum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we had any coincidences in this sum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we had any coincidences in this sum,
+you could solve for b + one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve for b + one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve for b + one and you
+would be able to write it in this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to write it in this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to write it in this way.
+Okay. But b by hypothesis can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But b by hypothesis can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But b by hypothesis can be written
+this way. So now we have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. So now we have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way. So now we have a plus
+a minus a over a minus a + one * a. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a over a minus a + one * a. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus a over a minus a + one * a. This
+is less than or equal to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the size of
+this thing. Okay. And then now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. Okay. And then now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. Okay. And then now you just
+expand out this thing. And if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out this thing. And if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out this thing. And if you just
+expand it out you get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out you get this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out you get this.
+Um, now what I did wrong before is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now what I did wrong before is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now what I did wrong before is I
+said we can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we can like
+sort of multiply by a minus a and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply by a minus a and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply by a minus a and and
+like move it. Um, that's that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move it. Um, that's that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move it. Um, that's that's not
+right. I just want to do something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I just want to do something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I just want to do something very
+simple. You just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. You just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. You just this is
+a set of a1 + a2 - a3 over a4 - a5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of a1 + a2 - a3 over a4 - a5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of a1 + a2 - a3 over a4 - a5
++ 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+* a6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a6.
+That's just what this means. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just what this means. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just what this means. And then
+take this thing and put it over a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing and put it over a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing and put it over a common
+denominator and expand it out. And all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and expand it out. And all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and expand it out. And all
+those things you can write this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+It's always good not to trust me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's always good not to trust me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's always good not to trust me too
+much, but does it does it look okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, but does it does it look okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much, but does it does it look okay to
+people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um,
+cool. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So then
+I had a lema two from last time, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a lema two from last time, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a lema two from last time, which
+was true, but the uh because it depended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true, but the uh because it depended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true, but the uh because it depended
+on lema one, I'm going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lema one, I'm going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on lema one, I'm going to have to make
+it a little bit weaker. Um and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit weaker. Um and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit weaker. Um and it says
+that if a is in zp and the size of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a is in zp and the size of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a is in zp and the size of a is
+p to the s z less than s less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the s z less than s less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p to the s z less than s less than one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can have a cubed minus a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a cubed minus a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a cubed minus a cubed
+should be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at least
+p to the s plus a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So last time we had a^2 minus a^2 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we had a^2 minus a^2 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So last time we had a^2 minus a^2 but
+but that was based on having this nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was based on having this nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was based on having this nicer
+thing over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+The proof of this is an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The proof of this is an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The proof of this is an excellent
+example of practicing using plunic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of practicing using plunic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of practicing using plunic and
+ruse inequalities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse inequalities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse inequalities.
+And what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we're going to do is we're
+going to suppose that this is not true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suppose that this is not true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suppose that this is not true.
+So this thing is quite small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing is quite small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing is quite small.
+And then we'll keep using Pluna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we'll keep using Pluna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we'll keep using Pluna
+inversion. We'll see like many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. We'll see like many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion. We'll see like many other
+things are small and eventually we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are small and eventually we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are small and eventually we'll
+see that this thing is small uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this thing is small uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this thing is small uh and this
+thing is small uh and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small uh and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small uh and which is
+impossible by lema one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible by lema one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible by lema one.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+let's start with a remark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a remark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a remark.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+all right. So that we have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So that we have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So that we have that that
+messy thing a^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy thing a^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy thing a^ 2
++ 3 - a^ 2 + 3. Let's call this b. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 - a^ 2 + 3. Let's call this b. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3 - a^ 2 + 3. Let's call this b. A
+minus a call it c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a call it c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a call it c.
+And so lema 1 tells us that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so lema 1 tells us that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so lema 1 tells us that the size of
+b / c is at least p to the s plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b / c is at least p to the s plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b / c is at least p to the s plus a
+little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+why? Um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? Um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why? Um well
+uh this this B over C it contains just A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this B over C it contains just A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this B over C it contains just A
+minus A over A minus A. So one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A over A minus A. So one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A over A minus A. So one
+possibility is it has the full size P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is it has the full size P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is it has the full size P.
+And then that would be good. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that would be good. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that would be good. That's a
+little bigger than P to the S. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger than P to the S. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger than P to the S. And the
+other possibility is that it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibility is that it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibility is that it's at least
+a squ. So then it's at least P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squ. So then it's at least P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squ. So then it's at least P to the
+2s. And again that's that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s. And again that's that's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s. And again that's that's good.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this guy is actually pretty big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy is actually pretty big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy is actually pretty big and
+we're going to to we're going to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to to we're going to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to to we're going to say if
+we suppose that this is small then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suppose that this is small then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suppose that this is small then more
+and more things will be small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more things will be small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more things will be small and
+eventually this will be small and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this will be small and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this will be small and have a
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+Okay, so we'll do a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we'll do a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we'll do a proof by
+contradiction. All right, let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. All right, let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. All right, let me just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+a cub minus a cubed is less than k* a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub minus a cubed is less than k* a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub minus a cubed is less than k* a.
+And we're going to see that try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to see that try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to see that try to prove
+that k is big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k is big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that k is big.
+All right. So this has a couple of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this has a couple of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this has a couple of easy
+corlaries. One is that a cubed itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlaries. One is that a cubed itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlaries. One is that a cubed itself is
+bounded by k * a. And another thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by k * a. And another thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by k * a. And another thing is
+that a cub minus a cubed is bounded by k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cub minus a cubed is bounded by k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cub minus a cubed is bounded by k
+* a cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So I can now plug this one into plumacus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can now plug this one into plumacus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can now plug this one into plumacus
+inequality into into yeah inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality into into yeah inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality into into yeah inequality.
+Once this one difference is small then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once this one difference is small then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once this one difference is small then I
+could add up many copies of a cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add up many copies of a cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add up many copies of a cubed and
+that would be also small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also small.
+So this inequality says that I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this inequality says that I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this inequality says that I can take
+a cub to one big power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub to one big power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub to one big power
+minus a cubed to some other big power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a cubed to some other big power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a cubed to some other big power
+and that will be bounded by k + n * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be bounded by k + n * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be bounded by k + n * a
+cubed but a cubed by hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but a cubed by hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed but a cubed by hypothesis is
+basically n. So this is k + n + 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So all of these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all of these guys are
+okay. Now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now what about
+um so um that covers B. So B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um that covers B. So B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um that covers B. So B is
+certainly small but um we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly small but um we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly small but um we need to think
+about B divided by C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about B divided by C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about B divided by C.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah so B divided by C is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so B divided by C is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so B divided by C is not quite
+obvious how it fits in here. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how it fits in here. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how it fits in here. But if you
+take B and you multiply it by C then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take B and you multiply it by C then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take B and you multiply it by C then
+you'll get a sum of degree three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sum of degree three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a sum of degree three things
+which will be part of this. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be part of this. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be part of this. So that
+tells us that B * C is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and B * C and B divided by C are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B * C and B divided by C are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B * C and B divided by C are related
+to each other. We can I we can also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. We can I we can also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. We can I we can also say
+that a * b and a * c these will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a * b and a * c these will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a * b and a * c these will also be
+c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so then we can use ruse's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so then we can use ruse's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so then we can use ruse's
+inequality to relate b / c to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to relate b / c to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to relate b / c to these
+guys. And so could say a * b / c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And so could say a * b / c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And so could say a * b / c is
+smaller than uh a * b a * c. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than uh a * b a * c. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than uh a * b a * c. So this is
+the multiplicative version of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative version of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative version of uh the
+rusa inequality version two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So subtraction has been replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So subtraction has been replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So subtraction has been replaced by
+division and addition has been replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and addition has been replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and addition has been replaced
+by multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplication.
+Okay. And then this is bounded by k to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this is bounded by k to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this is bounded by k to
+the order of 1 * a^ 2 and cancel the a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1 * a^ 2 and cancel the a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1 * a^ 2 and cancel the a's
+and we get that uh so b over c on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that uh so b over c on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get that uh so b over c on the
+one hand is big p to the s plus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand is big p to the s plus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand is big p to the s plus gamma
+it's bounded by b over c but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded by b over c but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded by b over c but on the
+other hand it's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you compare these you see that k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you compare these you see that k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you compare these you see that k
+needs to be at least a small power of p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then our third lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh was that if you if you take a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was that if you if you take a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was that if you if you take a subset
+a and you it starts off maybe small p to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you it starts off maybe small p to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and you it starts off maybe small p to
+the s and you'd like to get take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s and you'd like to get take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s and you'd like to get take
+products and stuff and and you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and stuff and and you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and stuff and and you'd like to
+get up to something much bigger some p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to something much bigger some p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to something much bigger some p
+to the t then you can do that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the t then you can do that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the t then you can do that with a
+controlled number of additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled number of additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled number of additions and
+multiplications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications.
+Um, okay. So, here's what it says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, here's what it says.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, here's what it says.
+So, the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the definition
+poly k of a is a take a product of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly k of a is a take a product of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly k of a is a take a product of k
+things take a sum of k of those and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take a sum of k of those and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things take a sum of k of those and you
+can also subtract similar stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then lema 3 says uh if 0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lema 3 says uh if 0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lema 3 says uh if 0 is less
+than s is less than t is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s is less than t is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s is less than t is less than one
+then there exists some k that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists some k that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists some k that only
+depends on s and t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on s and t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on s and t.
+So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that
+um if A is a subset of FP of size P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if A is a subset of FP of size P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if A is a subset of FP of size P to
+the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+the size of poly K of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of poly K of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of poly K of A
+is at least P to the T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I sort of you start with a set A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sort of you start with a set A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I sort of you start with a set A and
+you're allowed to add and multiply then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to add and multiply then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to add and multiply then
+in a controlled amount of time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a controlled amount of time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a controlled amount of time you can
+spread out to cover a very large chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out to cover a very large chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out to cover a very large chunk
+of FB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the proof of this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the proof of this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the proof of this is just
+repeat lambda 2 many times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So this is sort of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is sort of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is sort of where we
+left off last time with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off last time with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off last time with with this
+mistake about the denominators correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So um a takeaway that I have from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um a takeaway that I have from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um a takeaway that I have from the
+Rusa and Punicus inequality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusa and Punicus inequality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rusa and Punicus inequality is that
+there's some kind of contagiousness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of contagiousness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of contagiousness of
+structure. So if if you see that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So if if you see that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So if if you see that one
+projection or few projections are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection or few projections are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection or few projections are very
+small um then it implies that some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um then it implies that some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um then it implies that some other
+projections are small or few if a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are small or few if a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are small or few if a few
+subsets are small it implies that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are small it implies that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are small it implies that other
+subsets are small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets are small.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so let me spell that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contagious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contagious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contagious
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, contagious structure lema one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, contagious structure lema one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, contagious structure lema one
+says that uh so Z isn't it? So, in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh so Z isn't it? So, in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh so Z isn't it? So, in in
+all of these things maybe I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things maybe I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things maybe I should say
+These are theorems that work in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are theorems that work in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are theorems that work in any
+aelion group. So Z is an aelion group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aelion group. So Z is an aelion group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aelion group. So Z is an aelion group
+and and and they have some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and they have some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and they have some of them have
+versions of nonabelian groups too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of nonabelian groups too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of nonabelian groups too that
+are not that different although we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that different although we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that different although we won't
+talk about that too but okay and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that too but okay and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that too but okay and we have
+some subsets of this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so same setting. So Z is a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same setting. So Z is a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same setting. So Z is a billion
+group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So suppose that a + t1 * a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So suppose that a + t1 * a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So suppose that a + t1 * a is
+not too much bigger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much bigger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much bigger than a
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+a + t2 * a is not that much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t2 * a is not that much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t2 * a is not that much bigger than
+a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+And remember that these are this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And remember that these are this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And remember that these are this so this
+kind of thing is basic in some additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing is basic in some additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing is basic in some additive
+combinator some product theory but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinator some product theory but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinator some product theory but it
+also looks like a projection. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looks like a projection. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looks like a projection. We're
+taking the products at a cross a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the products at a cross a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the products at a cross a and
+we're projecting it in the t2 direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're projecting it in the t2 direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're projecting it in the t2 direction.
+Okay. So if we have these two small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we have these two small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we have these two small
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if I project in the direction t1 plus t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I project in the direction t1 plus t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I project in the direction t1 plus t2
+it's also small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also small
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let's do let's do t1 times t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do let's do t1 times t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's do let's do t1 times t2
+first because that's easier and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that's easier and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that's easier and this
+will be a nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a nicer
+fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, there's the proof. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, this this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this this is uh
+actually let me also make all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, let's also make all of these minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let's also make all of these minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let's also make all of these minus
+signs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, a minus t1 a is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, a minus t1 a is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, a minus t1 a is quite small
+and a minus t2 a is quite small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus t2 a is quite small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus t2 a is quite small.
+I'm going to multiply this just by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply this just by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply this just by a
+constant t1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant t1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant t1.
+So, so this here it implies that t1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this here it implies that t1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this here it implies that t1 a
+minus t1 t2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t1 t2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t1 t2 a
+is quite small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+Russa had this funny idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russa had this funny idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russa had this funny idea
+that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to
+sort of think of the size of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of the size of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of the size of this as
+some kind of distance between A and T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of distance between A and T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of distance between A and T1
+A. So A is kind of close to T1 A. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So A is kind of close to T1 A. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So A is kind of close to T1 A. And
+also T1 A is kind of close to T1 T2 A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also T1 A is kind of close to T1 T2 A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also T1 A is kind of close to T1 T2 A.
+And so something like the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so something like the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so something like the triangle
+inequality would tell us that A is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality would tell us that A is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality would tell us that A is close
+to T1 T2 A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T1 T2 A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T1 T2 A.
+And you you can really use the rera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you you can really use the rera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you you can really use the rera
+triangle inequality in this way. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality in this way. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality in this way. Okay.
+So the proof is by rera triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proof is by rera triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proof is by rera triangle
+inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and um so we have to decide who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um so we have to decide who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um so we have to decide who's a
+and who's b and who's c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's b and who's c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's b and who's c.
+And we want b minus c. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want b minus c. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want b minus c. We're going to
+try to bond b minus c. So this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bond b minus c. So this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bond b minus c. So this is going
+to be b minus c. Um so our um so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be b minus c. Um so our um so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be b minus c. Um so our um so our
+I'll call it b bar is a c bar is t1 t2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it b bar is a c bar is t1 t2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it b bar is a c bar is t1 t2 a
+and then a bar I guess must be t1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then the inequality says t1 a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the inequality says t1 a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the inequality says t1 a *
+a minus t1 t2 a bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus t1 t2 a bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus t1 t2 a bounded by
+um a bar minus b bar. So t1 a minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bar minus b bar. So t1 a minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bar minus b bar. So t1 a minus a
+time a bar minus c bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a bar minus c bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a bar minus c bar
+t1 a - t1 t2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So a * a minus t1 t2 a is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So a * a minus t1 t2 a is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So a * a minus t1 t2 a is bounded
+by these guys that are both small k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that's it. I just divide by a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if the d projection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if the d projection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if the d projection in the
+negative t1 direction and negative t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t1 direction and negative t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t1 direction and negative t2
+directions are small and same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are small and same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are small and same for the
+negative t1 * t2 direction that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t1 * t2 direction that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative t1 * t2 direction that's also
+small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Contagious structure lema 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can replace T by minus T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can replace T by minus T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can replace T by minus T.
+So if A + T A is less than or equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if A + T A is less than or equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if A + T A is less than or equal to K
+a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then
+a minus T A is less than or equal to K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus T A is less than or equal to K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus T A is less than or equal to K.
+Yeah. So we saw this last time that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we saw this last time that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we saw this last time that if
+if a sum set is big then the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a sum set is big then the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a sum set is big then the different
+set should also be sorry if a sum set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set should also be sorry if a sum set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set should also be sorry if a sum set is
+small then the different set should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the different set should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then the different set should also
+be pretty small and vice versa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty small and vice versa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty small and vice versa.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So this is also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also pl so this is going to be a pluna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pl so this is going to be a pluna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pl so this is going to be a pluna
+inequality proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's say that t a is b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that t a is b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that t a is b.
+So a plus b is pretty small. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a plus b is pretty small. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a plus b is pretty small. And then
+therefore we get that b minus b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's try Ruse's inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+I'll say this is B and this is C because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say this is B and this is C because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say this is B and this is C because
+I want to have that B minus C on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have that B minus C on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have that B minus C on the
+right hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side.
+And then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh M A I guess can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A minus T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A minus T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A minus T I
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+um and then let's use the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then let's use the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then let's use the second
+version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version.
+A + A A + T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A + A A + T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A + A A + T.
+So the so this one we know is small. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the so this one we know is small. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the so this one we know is small. Now
+we need to check that this one is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to check that this one is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to check that this one is small.
+Um and but by plunicus inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and but by plunicus inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and but by plunicus inequality
+starting here um a + a is less than a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here um a + a is less than a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here um a + a is less than a 2
+a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.
+So this is less than k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now the most interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now the most interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now the most interesting and
+difficult of the contagious structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult of the contagious structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult of the contagious structure
+leas says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leas says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leas says that if
+a + t a is small a + t1 a is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t a is small a + t1 a is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t a is small a + t1 a is small
+and a + t2 a is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+a + t1 + t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t1 + t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t1 + t2
+is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small.
+This is the trickiest. So, I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the trickiest. So, I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the trickiest. So, I ended up
+needing the largest exponent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+all right. So, this is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, this is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So, this is a very good
+exercise in combining these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in combining these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in combining these things.
+We're going to start with this and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to start with this and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to start with this and we're
+going to relate it to some sets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to relate it to some sets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to relate it to some sets that are
+sound even much bigger. Um, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound even much bigger. Um, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound even much bigger. Um, but then
+those sets we can easily chop through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets we can easily chop through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sets we can easily chop through
+with these inequalities and get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these inequalities and get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these inequalities and get back to
+to a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+a + t1 + t2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to bound that. And this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bound that. And this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bound that. And this this
+looks quite wasteful by a plus t1 a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks quite wasteful by a plus t1 a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks quite wasteful by a plus t1 a plus
+t2 a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is quite wasteful because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is quite wasteful because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is quite wasteful because I'm
+allowed to have t1 * one guy plus t2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have t1 * one guy plus t2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have t1 * one guy plus t2 *
+the other guy. Here I only had t1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy. Here I only had t1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy. Here I only had t1 plus
+t2 times the same guy. But it's a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 times the same guy. But it's a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 times the same guy. But it's a true
+inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh, and it's helpful because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it's helpful because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it's helpful because we know
+something about adding T1A to somebody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about adding T1A to somebody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about adding T1A to somebody.
+And actually, the nicest thing we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually, the nicest thing we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually, the nicest thing we know
+about adding T1A comes from the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adding T1A comes from the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adding T1A comes from the main
+LMA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here in the main lema, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here in the main lema, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here in the main lema, you know, we
+could have this B could be T1A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have this B could be T1A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have this B could be T1A.
+And then we'll have a very general thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we'll have a very general thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we'll have a very general thing
+about when you add B to somebody of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you add B to somebody of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you add B to somebody of this
+form. and it doesn't get very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. and it doesn't get very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. and it doesn't get very much
+bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So have the main lama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh and it tells us that there is subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it tells us that there is subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it tells us that there is subset
+x1 in a so that for every c x1 + c + t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 in a so that for every c x1 + c + t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 in a so that for every c x1 + c + t1
+a is bounded by k * x1 + c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is bounded by k * x1 + c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is bounded by k * x1 + c.
+Whenever you see a sum like this, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever you see a sum like this, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever you see a sum like this, you
+can remove this plus T1A and it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove this plus T1A and it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove this plus T1A and it only
+slightly increases the size of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you can Yeah. Okay. And same for X2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to bound this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to bound this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to bound this thing
+and we could get rid of the T1 A and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could get rid of the T1 A and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could get rid of the T1 A and get
+rid of the T2A by by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the T2A by by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the T2A by by using this
+inequality if the rest of the stuff had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the rest of the stuff had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the rest of the stuff had
+the form X1 plus somebody or X2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form X1 plus somebody or X2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form X1 plus somebody or X2 plus
+somebody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody.
+We don't have an X1 plus somebody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have an X1 plus somebody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have an X1 plus somebody here
+and X2 plus somebody in here. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X2 plus somebody in here. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X2 plus somebody in here. So I'm
+just going to add them in, which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to add them in, which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to add them in, which again
+sounds extremely wasteful, but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds extremely wasteful, but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds extremely wasteful, but is
+actually okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a + t1 a + t2 a that is bounded by x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a + t1 a + t2 a that is bounded by x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a + t1 a + t2 a that is bounded by x1
++ x2 + a + t1 a + t2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now this has the form x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now this has the form x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now this has the form x1
+plus some stuff plus t1a. And I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some stuff plus t1a. And I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some stuff plus t1a. And I can get
+rid of the T1A by main lema one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the T1A by main lema one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the T1A by main lema one.
+So that's less than X1 less than I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's less than X1 less than I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's less than X1 less than I pick
+up a factor of K. X1 + X2 + A plus T2 A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then this thing has X2 plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this thing has X2 plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this thing has X2 plus some
+stuff plus T2A. So I can get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff plus T2A. So I can get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff plus T2A. So I can get rid of the
+T2A by by main LMA one again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2A by by main LMA one again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2A by by main LMA one again.
+So this is less than k^2 x1 + x2 + a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now x1 and x2 are subsets of a. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now x1 and x2 are subsets of a. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now x1 and x2 are subsets of a. So this
+is less than k^ 2 a + a + a. And then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than k^ 2 a + a + a. And then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than k^ 2 a + a + a. And then by
+plunicas inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunicas inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunicas inequality
+this is less than k 5*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> What do you mean that a + a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What do you mean that a + a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What do you mean that a + a is less than
+k a but you can only get k^2 a from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a but you can only get k^2 a from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a but you can only get k^2 a from the
+a + t1?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t1?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a + t1?
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so starting from here and applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting from here and applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting from here and applying
+plunka I can say if you call this guy B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunka I can say if you call this guy B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunka I can say if you call this guy B
+that B cubed is smaller B plus B plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B cubed is smaller B plus B plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B cubed is smaller B plus B plus B
+is bounded by K cubed A and B plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by K cubed A and B plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by K cubed A and B plus B
+plus B is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+>> yeah it wouldn't really matter if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah it wouldn't really matter if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah it wouldn't really matter if this
+was a bigger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+Cool. Okay, so qualitatively we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Okay, so qualitatively we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Okay, so qualitatively we have
+this picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that
+the small projections are organized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small projections are organized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small projections are organized.
+They have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have um
+algebraic structure. You can take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic structure. You can take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic structure. You can take you
+can add two small projections. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add two small projections. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add two small projections. You can
+take the negative of one of them. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the negative of one of them. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the negative of one of them. You
+can multiply them. So they are a ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply them. So they are a ring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply them. So they are a ring.
+It's not so clear that one is in there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so clear that one is in there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so clear that one is in there,
+but um anyway, they have they have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um anyway, they have they have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um anyway, they have they have a lot
+of algebraic structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebraic structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algebraic structure.
+And that mesh is something that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that mesh is something that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that mesh is something that we saw
+in in in examples, you know, when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in examples, you know, when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in examples, you know, when we
+wrote down like here's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down like here's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down like here's an interesting
+set that has a lot of small projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has a lot of small projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has a lot of small projections
+on the first day. The interesting set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day. The interesting set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day. The interesting set
+was an integer grid. So integer cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an integer grid. So integer cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an integer grid. So integer cross
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+and the set of directions were rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set of directions were rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set of directions were rational
+numbers with small small uh numerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with small small uh numerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with small small uh numerators
+and denominators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominators
+and you know if you add two rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you add two rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you add two rational
+numbers you get another rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get another rational number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you get another rational number.
+If you multiply two rational numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you multiply two rational numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you multiply two rational numbers you
+get another rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another rational number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get another rational number.
+And um and the numerology here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um and the numerology here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um and the numerology here is
+roughly maybe not precisely but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly maybe not precisely but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly maybe not precisely but roughly
+consistent with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you took rational numbers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you took rational numbers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you took rational numbers with
+very small numerators and denominators,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small numerators and denominators,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small numerators and denominators,
+you get really great projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really great projections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get really great projections.
+Then if you add two of them, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then if you add two of them, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then if you add two of them, you get a
+new guy where the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new guy where the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new guy where the numerator and
+denominator are bigger. And that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator are bigger. And that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator are bigger. And that is
+still a pretty good projection even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a pretty good projection even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a pretty good projection even
+though it's not quite as great as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not quite as great as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not quite as great as what
+you started with. and and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. and and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. and and that's what we
+see here. So this guy is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here. So this guy is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here. So this guy is a pretty good
+projection although not quite as great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although not quite as great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection although not quite as great
+as what we started with. And same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we started with. And same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what we started with. And same with
+addition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition.
+Okay. So that structural feature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that structural feature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that structural feature of our
+first example, it was not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example, it was not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example, it was not just a
+coincidence about that example. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence about that example. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence about that example. It's a
+general thing and um and it follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing and um and it follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thing and um and it follows from
+these inequalities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. Great. So now with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Great. So now with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Great. So now with with this
+toolbox we're going to start to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox we're going to start to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox we're going to start to make
+progress towards the the Borgan cats tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards the the Borgan cats tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards the the Borgan cats tow
+projection theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we will we will prove uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will we will prove uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will we will prove uh an
+important an important inequality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important an important inequality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important an important inequality of
+some product theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there is a theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a theorem.
+So if a is a subset of FP and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if a is a subset of FP and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if a is a subset of FP and it has a
+certain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size
+P to the S A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the S A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the S A
+and D is a set of directions in FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is a set of directions in FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is a set of directions in FP.
+D is P to the S D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is P to the S D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is P to the S D.
+Um let's say that each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's say that each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's say that each of these is
+strictly between zero and one. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly between zero and one. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly between zero and one. Then
+there exists some epsilon depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some epsilon depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some epsilon depends on the
+dimens on the s's big greater than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that the following thing is true. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the following thing is true. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that the following thing is true. The
+maximum t and d of a + t a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum t and d of a + t a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum t and d of a + t a is
+significantly bigger than a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's make some remarks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's make some remarks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's make some remarks about
+it. So here's an easy correlary. Um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So here's an easy correlary. Um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So here's an easy correlary. Um if
+you just take a plus a time a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a plus a time a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a plus a time a that
+should be bigger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bigger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bigger than a
+uh why let a be d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why let a be d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why let a be d
+and plug it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it in.
+But this theorem is stronger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this theorem is stronger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this theorem is stronger than this
+corlary in two important ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlary in two important ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlary in two important ways.
+One point is that we're not taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One point is that we're not taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One point is that we're not taking the
+union over d of all these sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over d of all these sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union over d of all these sets.
+We're just taking the maximum overd of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just taking the maximum overd of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just taking the maximum overd of
+all these sets which op priori is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sets which op priori is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sets which op priori is a much
+smaller thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller thing.
+And the other point is that the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other point is that the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other point is that the set of
+directions is independent from A. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is independent from A. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is independent from A. So the
+most interesting case here is when SD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case here is when SD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case here is when SD is
+much smaller than SA. So we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than SA. So we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than SA. So we have a
+medium-sized set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized set
+uh a but we have we consider only quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a but we have we consider only quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a but we have we consider only quite
+few different projections and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different projections and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different projections and still
+that's enough that one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough that one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough that one of those
+projections will cause uh the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections will cause uh the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections will cause uh the projection
+to get bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um we're going to use one of our tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're going to use one of our tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're going to use one of our tools
+from Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Yeah.
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh this is essay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we're going to use one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to use one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to use one of our
+tools from day one of projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from day one of projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools from day one of projection theory
+which was the double counting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So at the beginning of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the beginning of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the beginning of projection
+theory, we proved that if X is in FP2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, we proved that if X is in FP2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, we proved that if X is in FP2
+and D is in FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is in FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is in FP
+Then um the maximum over t and d of pi t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then um the maximum over t and d of pi t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then um the maximum over t and d of pi t
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least
+a minimum of the size of x and the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum of the size of x and the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minimum of the size of x and the size
+of d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+so if it was the case that uh SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it was the case that uh SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it was the case that uh SD
+was bigger than S A then then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than S A then then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bigger than S A then then this
+double counter implies our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because then this maximum would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then this maximum would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then this maximum would be at
+least either P to the 2 SA which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least either P to the 2 SA which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least either P to the 2 SA which is the
+size of our X or P to the SD which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our X or P to the SD which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our X or P to the SD which is
+the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, by itself that so that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by itself that so that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, by itself that so that that is
+worth noticing. But by itself it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth noticing. But by itself it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth noticing. But by itself it's not
+that exciting. The hard case of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting. The hard case of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exciting. The hard case of our
+theorem is when SD is far smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is when SD is far smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is when SD is far smaller than
+S. It has to be positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's the proof of our theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof of our theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof of our theorem that
+combines the ideas that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines the ideas that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines the ideas that we've seen
+today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+So first of all, even though D itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, even though D itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first of all, even though D itself is
+small, if I'm allowed to add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, if I'm allowed to add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, if I'm allowed to add and
+multiply elements of D, then I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply elements of D, then I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply elements of D, then I can make
+that as big as I like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as big as I like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as big as I like.
+So the first step is by lema 3 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first step is by lema 3 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first step is by lema 3 there
+exists um some K which depends on SA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um some K which depends on SA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um some K which depends on SA and
+SD. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD. So that
+poly k of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly k of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly k of d
+is significantly bigger than p to the s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And therefore
+by our double counting argument there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our double counting argument there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our double counting argument there is
+a u in poly k of d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that a + u aa is significantly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that a + u aa is significantly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that a + u aa is significantly bigger
+than a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we don't yet have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't yet have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't yet have
+a a a u that's actually in d, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a u that's actually in d, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a u that's actually in d, but we
+have a u that is formed by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a u that is formed by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a u that is formed by doing a
+bounded number of multiplications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of multiplications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of multiplications and
+additions and so on of things in d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we play this against the contagious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we play this against the contagious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we play this against the contagious
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the maximum t and d of a + t a was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum t and d of a + t a was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum t and d of a + t a was less
+than k a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than k a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than k a.
+Then we can use contagious structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can use contagious structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can use contagious structure
+many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times
+and we'll see that also this guy should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that also this guy should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that also this guy should
+be small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then
+here's our contagious structure and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our contagious structure and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our contagious structure and we
+get that the maximum U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the maximum U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the maximum U
+in poly K of D of A plus UA is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poly K of D of A plus UA is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poly K of D of A plus UA is smaller
+than K to a power um power here. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K to a power um power here. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K to a power um power here. And so
+this power depends on little K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power depends on little K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power depends on little K.
+But then if you unwind, little K depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then if you unwind, little K depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then if you unwind, little K depends
+on SA and S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So if all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if all of these
+projections had been really small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections had been really small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections had been really small then
+other projections would be small where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projections would be small where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projections would be small where
+you add or take negatives or multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add or take negatives or multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add or take negatives or multiply
+and you would get by putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would get by putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would get by putting that
+together you would get that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you would get that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you would get that these are
+small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. And so the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And so the conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And so the conclusion is
+that K to the C is bigger than P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K to the C is bigger than P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K to the C is bigger than P to the
+gamma. And so K is bigger than P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma. And so K is bigger than P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma. And so K is bigger than P to the
+gamma over C which is our P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma over C which is our P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma over C which is our P to the
+epsilon. That's the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let me restate um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me restate um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me restate um the
+projection theorem that was sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theorem that was sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theorem that was sort of this
+uh that we announced on Tuesday as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we announced on Tuesday as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we announced on Tuesday as our
+next big goal and we'll compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big goal and we'll compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big goal and we'll compare it to
+this theorem and we'll see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem and we'll see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem and we'll see that it's
+closely related, but there there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related, but there there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related, but there there's still
+something that we need to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So our our goal which we won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our our goal which we won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So our our goal which we won't get
+to today but assume is a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today but assume is a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today but assume is a theorem
+KT that if X contained in FP^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT that if X contained in FP^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT that if X contained in FP^2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+X could be P to the SX where SX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X could be P to the SX where SX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X could be P to the SX where SX is
+really between zero and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really between zero and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really between zero and two
+and D is contained at FP. P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is contained at FP. P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is contained at FP. P
+the size of D is P to the SD where SD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of D is P to the SD where SD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of D is P to the SD where SD is
+bigger than zero. Um then the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero. Um then the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero. Um then the maximum of
+the projections is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections is bigger than the
+square root of X. So the maximum T of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of X. So the maximum T of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of X. So the maximum T of D
+of projection T of X is at least P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projection T of X is at least P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projection T of X is at least P to
+the epsilon X to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, so this theorem although the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this theorem although the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this theorem although the epsilon
+is small is important because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small is important because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small is important because it's the
+first theorem in projection theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem in projection theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem in projection theory that
+fundamentally distinguishes the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally distinguishes the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally distinguishes the prime
+fields from not prime fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from not prime fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from not prime fields.
+And that is important in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is important in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is important in many
+applications and it gets kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it gets kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and it gets kind of
+bootstrapped in the strong theorems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped in the strong theorems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped in the strong theorems that
+that recent uh you know strong theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recent uh you know strong theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recent uh you know strong theorems
+like ka conjecture versus conjecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ka conjecture versus conjecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ka conjecture versus conjecture and
+stuff like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that.
+Okay. So let's compare this goal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's compare this goal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's compare this goal to what
+we have from some product theory. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from some product theory. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have from some product theory. They
+look almost the same if you just set x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same if you just set x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same if you just set x
+equal to a cross a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a cross a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a cross a.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So theorem one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem one is equal to
+theorem bkt in the special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem bkt in the special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem bkt in the special case
+that x is a product set a cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions or comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so maybe it's worth reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so maybe it's worth reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so maybe it's worth reflecting
+since this was our main goal. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this was our main goal. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this was our main goal. Um,
+why in the proof of theorem one did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the proof of theorem one did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the proof of theorem one did we
+need to know that X was a product set?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So proof of theorem one is over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof of theorem one is over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof of theorem one is over here.
+It's not very long. This double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not very long. This double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not very long. This double counting
+argument has nothing to do with product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument has nothing to do with product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument has nothing to do with product
+sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets.
+And we start to go along. We can say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we start to go along. We can say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we start to go along. We can say um
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+the direction self it itself might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction self it itself might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction self it itself might be
+very small but we if we take polomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small but we if we take polomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small but we if we take polomials
+in the direction set then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction set then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction set then we get
+something big. So up to here we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something big. So up to here we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something big. So up to here we have not
+used at all that our set is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at all that our set is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at all that our set is a product
+set. This would have worked for any x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. This would have worked for any x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. This would have worked for any x
+and then we use the contagious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use the contagious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use the contagious
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+So the contagious structure said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the contagious structure said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the contagious structure said that if
+if if all of these guys were small then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if all of these guys were small then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if all of these guys were small then
+also the projections in directions t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the projections in directions t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the projections in directions t
+plus one t1 plus t2 and so on are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one t1 plus t2 and so on are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one t1 plus t2 and so on are also
+small. That contagious structure step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. That contagious structure step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. That contagious structure step
+did use the fact that this had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did use the fact that this had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did use the fact that this had this
+particular form which allowed us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form which allowed us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular form which allowed us to
+think about everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about everything in terms of
+ruse's inequality and the pluna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse's inequality and the pluna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruse's inequality and the pluna
+inequality and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and so on.
+So I have been asking myself if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have been asking myself if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have been asking myself if it is
+possible to prove those contagious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove those contagious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to prove those contagious
+structure things uh directly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure things uh directly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure things uh directly for
+arbitrary sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary sets.
+Um I I believe that they're true. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I believe that they're true. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I believe that they're true. Um
+and it sort of follow so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of follow so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of follow so that the the
+proof of this theorem is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this theorem is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this theorem is going to be
+some kind of reduction to the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of reduction to the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of reduction to the case of
+product sets. Um, so I think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sets. Um, so I think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sets. Um, so I think that in
+hindsight the contagious structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight the contagious structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight the contagious structure is
+true in general and so it I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in general and so it I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in general and so it I don't know
+it seems like perhaps it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like perhaps it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like perhaps it would be
+natural that it could be proven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural that it could be proven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural that it could be proven in
+general but I'm not sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now on the other hand I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the other hand I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the other hand I would like to
+argue that okay so so so then then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that okay so so so then then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that okay so so so then then at
+first you see this and you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you see this and you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you see this and you say well
+product sets are extremely special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sets are extremely special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sets are extremely special
+subclass of all sets. So this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass of all sets. So this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subclass of all sets. So this is not
+very good. But I would like to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. But I would like to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. But I would like to try to
+argue that if X uh is a if this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if X uh is a if this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if X uh is a if this if this
+thing is small at all then X is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small at all then X is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is small at all then X is quite
+close to a product set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a product set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a product set.
+And if I convince you of that then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I convince you of that then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I convince you of that then maybe
+you'll feel like like what we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll feel like like what we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll feel like like what we've done so
+far is actually pretty close to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is actually pretty close to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is actually pretty close to our
+goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So let's talk about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So okay. So remember that pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So okay. So remember that pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So okay. So remember that pi
+t of x1 x2 is x1 + t x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of x1 x2 is x1 + t x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of x1 x2 is x1 + t x2
+and also pi infinity of x1 x2 is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also pi infinity of x1 x2 is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also pi infinity of x1 x2 is simply
+x2. It's just a convention. Okay. Now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2. It's just a convention. Okay. Now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2. It's just a convention. Okay. Now we
+have some set of directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of directions
+and by performing a change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by performing a change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by performing a change of variables
+we can assume that two of the directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume that two of the directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume that two of the directions
+are zero and infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and infinity.
+So without loss of generality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So without loss of generality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So without loss of generality the
+direction D is zero and infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction D is zero and infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction D is zero and infinity and
+then some other directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some other directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some other directions.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Right. So now X is any set X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So now X is any set X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So now X is any set X is
+contained in pi 0 of X cross pi infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in pi 0 of X cross pi infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in pi 0 of X cross pi infinity
+of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X.
+So pi 0 of X are all the possible first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi 0 of X are all the possible first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi 0 of X are all the possible first
+coordinates of anybody in X. Pi infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of anybody in X. Pi infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of anybody in X. Pi infinity
+of X is all the possible second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is all the possible second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is all the possible second
+coordinates of everybody in X. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of everybody in X. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of everybody in X. And so
+this product contains X. So this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product contains X. So this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product contains X. So this is true
+for any set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But because these are directions in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because these are directions in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because these are directions in our
+direction set um so okay so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction set um so okay so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction set um so okay so let's say
+let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+that the maximum t and d of the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum t and d of the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum t and d of the size of
+pi t of x is at most k * the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi t of x is at most k * the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi t of x is at most k * the square root
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and imagine that k is pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case
+the size of pi 0x cross p<unk> infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of pi 0x cross p<unk> infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of pi 0x cross p<unk> infinity
+x. That's the size of p<unk> 0x * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's the size of p<unk> 0x * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's the size of p<unk> 0x * the
+size of pi infinity x. That's at most k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of pi infinity x. That's at most k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of pi infinity x. That's at most k^
+2 times the size of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times the size of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times the size of x.
+So this here is an actual product set. X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is an actual product set. X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is an actual product set. X
+is sitting inside of it and x is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting inside of it and x is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting inside of it and x is um
+occupies a large fraction of it if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies a large fraction of it if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies a large fraction of it if this
+is a scenario that we're worried about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scenario that we're worried about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scenario that we're worried about.
+Okay. So in order to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in order to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in order to prove this theorem
+um it suffices to prove it for sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it suffices to prove it for sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it suffices to prove it for sets that
+are a large fraction of a product set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a large fraction of a product set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a large fraction of a product set
+and on the other hand we've just proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand we've just proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand we've just proven
+it for actual product sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for actual product sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for actual product sets.
+Okay. So now maybe it feels like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now maybe it feels like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now maybe it feels like this
+theorem is is in reach that we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is is in reach that we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is is in reach that we just have
+to all we have to do is to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all we have to do is to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all we have to do is to take our
+proof that works for honest product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that works for honest product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that works for honest product
+sets. We have to extend it to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. We have to extend it to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. We have to extend it to something
+that is a large fraction of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a large fraction of a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a large fraction of a product
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, we'll do that after the break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we'll do that after the break.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we'll do that after the break.
+It does involve some significant ideas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does involve some significant ideas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does involve some significant ideas.
+There are significant recurring ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are significant recurring ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are significant recurring ideas in
+additive cominatorics and projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive cominatorics and projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive cominatorics and projection
+theory and lots of stuff. Uh, and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and lots of stuff. Uh, and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and lots of stuff. Uh, and there
+are ideas about going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ideas about going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ideas about going back and forth
+between something that is true um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that is true um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between something that is true um a
+large fraction of the time and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fraction of the time and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fraction of the time and something
+that's true uh all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's the part of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the part of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the part of the class
+today about some product theory. Take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about some product theory. Take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about some product theory. Take a
+minute and see if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and see if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and see if you have any questions
+or comments and then we'll let that rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments and then we'll let that rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments and then we'll let that rest
+for the break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> So is it like in the true we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So is it like in the true we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So is it like in the true we have our
+freedom to choose like gamma?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah that's right. We have a lot of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah that's right. We have a lot of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah that's right. We have a lot of we
+have freedom to choose gamma. So lma 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have freedom to choose gamma. So lma 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have freedom to choose gamma. So lma 3
+lets us put here any exponent t that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us put here any exponent t that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us put here any exponent t that we
+like and then this k will depend on t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then this k will depend on t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then this k will depend on t.
+So this gamma can be pretty big. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gamma can be pretty big. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gamma can be pretty big. Um this
+you know we could be halfway from SA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could be halfway from SA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could be halfway from SA to
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+>> Can you see there depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you see there depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you see there depends on
+like like in the last line it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like in the last line it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like in the last line it's like
+sort of like absolute equal to gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like absolute equal to gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like absolute equal to gamma
+in the last.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last.
+>> Yeah. So this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So this C
+um yeah I mean we could make it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I mean we could make it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I mean we could make it maybe
+it's more maybe it's helpful to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more maybe it's helpful to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more maybe it's helpful to say
+gamma is one minus SA over two. So yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is one minus SA over two. So yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is one minus SA over two. So yes
+things depend on gamma but gamma just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things depend on gamma but gamma just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things depend on gamma but gamma just
+depends on SA. So things still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on SA. So things still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on SA. So things still only
+depend on SA and S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on SA and S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on SA and S.
+>> Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um
+would there be a like gamma that give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be a like gamma that give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be a like gamma that give us
+a nice bump for the absolute there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice bump for the absolute there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice bump for the absolute there?
+>> Yeah. So another thing you might wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So another thing you might wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So another thing you might wonder
+about is you might like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you might like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you might like you know you
+might want to write down the actual size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to write down the actual size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to write down the actual size
+of epsilon and you might like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of epsilon and you might like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of epsilon and you might like to uh
+adjust the parameters in our argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the parameters in our argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the parameters in our argument
+strategically to make it as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically to make it as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically to make it as big as
+possible. Um so you can do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um so you can do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um so you can do that the
+actual size of epsilon is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of epsilon is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual size of epsilon is there's a
+formula for it but it it is pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it but it it is pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it but it it is pretty small
+and so people often don't write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people often don't write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people often don't write it down
+that carefully. Um adjusting gamma who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carefully. Um adjusting gamma who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carefully. Um adjusting gamma who
+knows I think something like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows I think something like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows I think something like this is
+reasonable. um it's not going to help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. um it's not going to help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. um it's not going to help a
+whole lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot.
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+>> What is kind of the complication? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What is kind of the complication? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What is kind of the complication? If you
+just kind of try and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of try and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of try and sort of
+straightforwardly plug this into theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly plug this into theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly plug this into theorem
+one, you can say that this will be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you can say that this will be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you can say that this will be kind
+of less than guess you can take pi 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less than guess you can take pi 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less than guess you can take pi 0 of
+x union of pi infinity of x as a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x union of pi infinity of x as a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x union of pi infinity of x as a and
+then apply to theorem one which seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply to theorem one which seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply to theorem one which seems
+like it would contradict kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would contradict kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would contradict kind of the the
+statement that the projections are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that the projections are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that the projections are all
+less than the square root of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the square root of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the square root of x.
+Am I missing something kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Am I missing something kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Am I missing something kind of more
+subtle there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle there?
+>> Yeah. Okay. So what so what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So what so what happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So what so what happens now
+if we try to directly deduce our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to directly deduce our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to directly deduce our goal
+theorem from theorem one. So let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem from theorem one. So let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem from theorem one. So let's let's
+say a is defined to be pi 0 of x union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a is defined to be pi 0 of x union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a is defined to be pi 0 of x union
+pi infinity of x and so x is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi infinity of x and so x is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi infinity of x and so x is indeed a
+subset of a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a cross
+and the size of a is still basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this or this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this.
+Okay. So now theorem one tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now theorem one tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now theorem one tells us that
+the maximum uh t and d of the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum uh t and d of the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum uh t and d of the size of
+pi t of a cross a is big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we actually want to bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we actually want to bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we actually want to bound the
+size of pi t of x. How are these related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of pi t of x. How are these related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of pi t of x. How are these related
+to each other? Well, this is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other? Well, this is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other? Well, this is a subset of
+this. So, we we know this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, we we know this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, we we know this.
+Um, but that's the wrong direction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but that's the wrong direction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but that's the wrong direction for
+this to be helpful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be helpful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be helpful.
+So, we're worried about the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're worried about the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're worried about the following
+scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario
+that x so a cross a is a product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's a cross a and inside of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a cross a and inside of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a cross a and inside of it is
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+which is a pretty big fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty big fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a pretty big fraction
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and then somehow we managed to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow we managed to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow we managed to find a
+projection where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection where
+the projection of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of x
+is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite small
+even though the projection of a cross a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the projection of a cross a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the projection of a cross a
+we know the projection of a cross a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the projection of a cross a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the projection of a cross a is
+large but maybe there's significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but maybe there's significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but maybe there's significant
+piece that got projected onto something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that got projected onto something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that got projected onto something
+small. That's what we don't know yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um
+so your next homework assignment is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your next homework assignment is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your next homework assignment is due
+the week after the break and it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after the break and it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week after the break and it's not a
+regular problem set with problems. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular problem set with problems. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular problem set with problems. It is
+a check-in and reflection about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a check-in and reflection about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a check-in and reflection about the
+class. So, you'll ask people to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So, you'll ask people to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So, you'll ask people to reflect
+on um you know what what we've what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you know what what we've what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you know what what we've what
+we've learned so far, see what parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far, see what parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned so far, see what parts
+seem confusing or what parts seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem confusing or what parts seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem confusing or what parts seem like
+clear. Um and then to um and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Um and then to um and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Um and then to um and then to
+think about what direction we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what direction we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what direction we'd like to
+go in in the second half of the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in in the second half of the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in in the second half of the class.
+Um so there are a bunch of topics that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there are a bunch of topics that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there are a bunch of topics that I
+think is cool are cool that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is cool are cool that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is cool are cool that we could
+talk about and we could talk about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and we could talk about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and we could talk about just
+one or two of them in depth. we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two of them in depth. we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two of them in depth. we could do
+all of them in less depth. Um, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them in less depth. Um, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them in less depth. Um, and I
+wanted to get your thoughts about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get your thoughts about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get your thoughts about it.
+So, I remind people what the topics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I remind people what the topics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I remind people what the topics are
+and introduce some of them that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce some of them that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce some of them that I
+haven't properly introduced before. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't properly introduced before. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't properly introduced before. So,
+for for for context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for context.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So, these are topics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, these are topics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, these are topics that are
+connected to maybe applications of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to maybe applications of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to maybe applications of maybe
+extensions of the stuff in projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of the stuff in projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions of the stuff in projection
+theory that we have learned.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So one topic is um mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So one topic is um mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So one topic is um mixing
+or random walks on discrete groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some of the key names are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+another topic is a part of homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic is a part of homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic is a part of homogeneous
+dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+and it's also about mixing. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also about mixing. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also about mixing. It's like
+mixing of orchids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and some of the names involved in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and some of the names involved in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and some of the names involved in it
+are Margulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Margulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Margulus
+Danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danny
+Aratner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and there's some recent work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there's some recent work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there's some recent work of
+Lynden Strauss.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, there is um Fenberg which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there is um Fenberg which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there is um Fenberg which is like
+the sharp sharp projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharp sharp projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharp sharp projection theory
+estimate in two dimensions. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in two dimensions. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in two dimensions. Um and
+another thing that's related to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's related to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that's related to this is
+the CA problem and there's a recent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA problem and there's a recent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA problem and there's a recent you
+know recent proof of the CA conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recent proof of the CA conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know recent proof of the CA conjecture.
+Monday after break the colloquium Hong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday after break the colloquium Hong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday after break the colloquium Hong
+Wong is going to come and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong is going to come and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong is going to come and talk about the
+Ka conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka conjecture.
+Okay. Um, so I wanted to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so I wanted to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so I wanted to tell you a
+little bit about some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of these things
+and um, uh, I just you can make give be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um, uh, I just you can make give be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um, uh, I just you can make give be
+a little informed as you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little informed as you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little informed as you think about
+what you'd like to study. Um, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to study. Um, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to study. Um, okay. So,
+this one I tried to mention on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I tried to mention on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I tried to mention on the first
+day, but I don't think we really talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, but I don't think we really talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day, but I don't think we really talked
+about it at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to say something about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So, so homo the word homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, so homo the word homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, so homo the word homogeneous
+is a reference to homogeneous spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reference to homogeneous spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reference to homogeneous spaces and
+a typical example of a homogeneous space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical example of a homogeneous space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical example of a homogeneous space
+is slnr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slnr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slnr
+modulo slnz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo slnz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo slnz
+call this x. It's homogeneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this x. It's homogeneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this x. It's homogeneous in the
+sense that slnr acts on this space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that slnr acts on this space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that slnr acts on this space on
+the left and it the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and it the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and it the action is
+transitive. So every point gets mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive. So every point gets mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive. So every point gets mapped
+to every other point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every other point.
+um why would you care about this space?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why would you care about this space?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why would you care about this space?
+So you can think of X as the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can think of X as the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can think of X as the space
+of lises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+with co one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with co one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with co one
+y. So start with the unit cube lice. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So start with the unit cube lice. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So start with the unit cube lice. I
+can make another lattice of co one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make another lattice of co one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make another lattice of co one by
+applying an element of sr to my lattice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying an element of sr to my lattice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying an element of sr to my lattice.
+Um, now not all of those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now not all of those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now not all of those will be
+different. So if my element was in SLNZ,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So if my element was in SLNZ,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So if my element was in SLNZ,
+it will map the lattice Z to the N to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will map the lattice Z to the N to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will map the lattice Z to the N to
+itself. So that's the kernel of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. So that's the kernel of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. So that's the kernel of this
+map. And so the space of lises is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map. And so the space of lises is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map. And so the space of lises is the
+quotient like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient like this.
+Okay. Um, so that's a homogeneous space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so that's a homogeneous space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so that's a homogeneous space.
+They're homogeneous dynamics. So SLNR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're homogeneous dynamics. So SLNR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're homogeneous dynamics. So SLNR
+acts on X and it acts uh transitively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts on X and it acts uh transitively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts on X and it acts uh transitively.
+So if you take any X and X um the orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take any X and X um the orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take any X and X um the orbit
+SNR of X is the whole space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNR of X is the whole space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SNR of X is the whole space.
+However, um SLNR has many interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, um SLNR has many interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, um SLNR has many interesting
+subgroups and you could take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups and you could take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups and you could take one of
+those subgroups and look at that orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subgroups and look at that orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subgroups and look at that orbit
+and then different things can happen. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then different things can happen. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then different things can happen. So
+let's say H is a subgroup of SLNR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say H is a subgroup of SLNR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say H is a subgroup of SLNR
+and you look at H * X. Um so that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at H * X. Um so that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at H * X. Um so that's so
+some kind of visual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of visual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of visual.
+So this space is almost a manifold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this space is almost a manifold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this space is almost a manifold and
+it has finite volume and it has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has finite volume and it has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has finite volume and it has a little
+cusp which sometimes important sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp which sometimes important sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp which sometimes important sometimes
+not important. Um and we have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important. Um and we have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important. Um and we have a point
+little x in here and we take it orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little x in here and we take it orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little x in here and we take it orbit
+which wraps around this thing in a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wraps around this thing in a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which wraps around this thing in a sort
+of crazy way. It looks sort of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy way. It looks sort of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy way. It looks sort of looks
+like this. And uh people would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And uh people would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And uh people would like to
+know um is this kind of evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um is this kind of evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um is this kind of evenly
+distributed on the whole space or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed on the whole space or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed on the whole space or does
+it uh concentrate somewhere and if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh concentrate somewhere and if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh concentrate somewhere and if so
+where might it concentrate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where might it concentrate?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where might it concentrate?
+So how is the orbit distributed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So questions of this type come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So questions of this type come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So questions of this type come up
+in many places. Let me mention one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places. Let me mention one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places. Let me mention one of
+them to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so here is an application in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so here is an application in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so here is an application in number
+theory called the Oenheim conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's say Q of X1 up to Xn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say Q of X1 up to Xn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say Q of X1 up to Xn is a
+quadratic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form
+and the question is to understand how Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is to understand how Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is to understand how Q
+behaves when you put in integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves when you put in integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves when you put in integers.
+So question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question
+how is Q of Z to the N distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So one observation is that if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one observation is that if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one observation is that if Q is
+always positive for real numbers then Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive for real numbers then Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive for real numbers then Q
+of Z to the N will be always positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z to the N will be always positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z to the N will be always positive.
+Um and another observation is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and another observation is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and another observation is that if
+the coefficients of Q are all integers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of Q are all integers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of Q are all integers,
+then Q of Z to the N will be integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q of Z to the N will be integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q of Z to the N will be integers.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and those are the main obvious reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the main obvious reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the main obvious reasons
+why Q of Z to the N would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Q of Z to the N would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Q of Z to the N would not be
+distributed evenly on the real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed evenly on the real numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed evenly on the real numbers.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so motivated by that, Oenheim made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so motivated by that, Oenheim made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so motivated by that, Oenheim made this
+conjecture quite a while ago. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture quite a while ago. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture quite a while ago. So
+conjecture is that if n is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is that if n is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture is that if n is at least
+three and the signature of q is next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the signature of q is next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the signature of q is next so
+it's not always positive and not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always positive and not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always positive and not always
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+and um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the uh
+u the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the coefficients
+of q are not contained in z time alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q are not contained in z time alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q are not contained in z time alpha
+for any alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any alpha.
+Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q of Z to the N should be dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and also in fact not just dense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also in fact not just dense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also in fact not just dense but
+kind of these conjectures said it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these conjectures said it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these conjectures said it should
+be dense but later people thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dense but later people thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dense but later people thought you
+know if you take a big ball and Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take a big ball and Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take a big ball and Z to the
+N and you apply Q to it you should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and you apply Q to it you should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and you apply Q to it you should get a
+set of points that are quite evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points that are quite evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points that are quite evenly
+distributed in um along an interval in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in um along an interval in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed in um along an interval in
+the real way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real way.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this conjecture was proven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this conjecture was proven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this conjecture was proven by
+Margulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his proof involves connecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his proof involves connecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his proof involves connecting this
+problem to this setup of an orbit in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to this setup of an orbit in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to this setup of an orbit in in
+the space of lises.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of lises.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of lises.
+So how does the connection go? Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the connection go? Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the connection go? Well, the
+way I've written it right now, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've written it right now, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I've written it right now, I have
+the standard lattice Zn and I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard lattice Zn and I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard lattice Zn and I have some
+obscure quadratic form. But I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure quadratic form. But I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure quadratic form. But I could make
+a change of variables so that Q is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variables so that Q is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variables so that Q is a
+standard quadratic form and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard quadratic form and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard quadratic form and then I would
+have some obscure lattice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some obscure lattice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some obscure lattice.
+So after a change of variables,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after a change of variables,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after a change of variables,
+um Q could be just X1 2 plus X K. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Q could be just X1 2 plus X K. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Q could be just X1 2 plus X K. Let's
+say we're just in three variables and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're just in three variables and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're just in three variables and we
+have a mixed size. Q is just this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mixed size. Q is just this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mixed size. Q is just this.
+But um Z3 is becomes maybe Q becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um Z3 is becomes maybe Q becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um Z3 is becomes maybe Q becomes
+this Z3 becomes lambda a new lattice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now we have a lattice which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have a lattice which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have a lattice which is one
+point in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that space
+and we don't know anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know anything about it
+really. could be any point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really. could be any point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really. could be any point.
+But why would we have a whole orbit?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But why would we have a whole orbit?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But why would we have a whole orbit?
+Well, we have a whole orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have a whole orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have a whole orbit
+because this quadratic form has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quadratic form has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this quadratic form has a lot of
+symmetries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remark
+um the group SO21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the group SO21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the group SO21
+sitting in SL3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in SL3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in SL3
+R uh that preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh that preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh that preserves
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that's just the definition of this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the definition of this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the definition of this group
+and a somewhat non-trivial fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a somewhat non-trivial fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a somewhat non-trivial fact is that
+this is a large group. It's not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large group. It's not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large group. It's not you know
+it's not the identity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the identity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the identity.
+Um, okay. And so you could use lambda,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And so you could use lambda,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And so you could use lambda,
+but you could also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also use
+any of these guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you could use the the lattice lambda,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could use the the lattice lambda,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could use the the lattice lambda,
+but you could also change coordinates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also change coordinates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also change coordinates by
+anybody in so 21. So you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in so 21. So you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in so 21. So you get a lot of
+other lises and you can use any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lises and you can use any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other lises and you can use any of these
+lises and it's equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lises and it's equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lises and it's equivalent to the
+original problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem.
+Okay. So now over here this orbit h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now over here this orbit h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now over here this orbit h
+this is going to be so one and n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be so one and n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be so one and n is
+going to be three in in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three in in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three in in this particular
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+and this initial point little x is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this initial point little x is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this initial point little x is going
+to be our lambda and so we can use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our lambda and so we can use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our lambda and so we can use any
+lambda in this whole thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in this whole thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in this whole thing.
+Okay, so now it matters like who is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now it matters like who is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now it matters like who is in
+this orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orbit
+and if the orbit was dense, so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the orbit was dense, so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the orbit was dense, so then
+lambda is allowed to be basically any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is allowed to be basically any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is allowed to be basically any
+lattice. Um and uh okay and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice. Um and uh okay and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice. Um and uh okay and then once
+you're allowed once lambda could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed once lambda could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed once lambda could be
+basically any lattice, then maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any lattice, then maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any lattice, then maybe it's
+believable that um that Q of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable that um that Q of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable that um that Q of lambda
+should behave in a nice way. Or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should behave in a nice way. Or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should behave in a nice way. Or on the
+other hand u maybe maybe this orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand u maybe maybe this orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand u maybe maybe this orbit is
+quite a bit smaller and there are only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit smaller and there are only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit smaller and there are only a
+few special lambdas in the orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few special lambdas in the orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few special lambdas in the orbit and
+then it's not so clear what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not so clear what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not so clear what's going to
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+Okay. So that is how this setting setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that is how this setting setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that is how this setting setup
+in homogeneous dynamics occurs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homogeneous dynamics occurs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homogeneous dynamics occurs in a
+natural way in this number theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way in this number theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way in this number theory
+application and there are there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and there are there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and there are there are more
+applications also in a similar sphere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+now what does it have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does it have to do with
+projection theory?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory?
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right. So there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So there are lots of
+different subgroups uh h there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subgroups uh h there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subgroups uh h there and this
+problem actually behaves in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem actually behaves in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem actually behaves in really
+different ways for different subgroups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for different subgroups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for different subgroups
+and the subgroups where there are strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subgroups where there are strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the subgroups where there are strong
+theorems are uh are unipotent subgroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems are uh are unipotent subgroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems are uh are unipotent subgroups.
+Let me just write an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just write an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just write an example of a
+unipotent subgroup. So let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent subgroup. So let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent subgroup. So let's say we have
+SL and R and our group our group H but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and R and our group our group H but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL and R and our group our group H but
+I'll call it U for unipotent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it U for unipotent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it U for unipotent is the
+group that looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that looks like this.
+Right? So you have all ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have all ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have all ones on the
+diagonal. You have one guy in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. You have one guy in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. You have one guy in the upper
+right hand corner called T which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner called T which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner called T which is not
+one and everything else is zero. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and everything else is zero. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and everything else is zero. So this
+is a subgroup u and this is one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subgroup u and this is one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subgroup u and this is one that is
+behaved particularly nicely for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved particularly nicely for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved particularly nicely for this
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+Okay. What is nice about it? Let's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What is nice about it? Let's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What is nice about it? Let's also
+let's also just for example we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also just for example we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also just for example we work with
+SL2R. So U is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Okay. So what I'd like to do is I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what I'd like to do is I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what I'd like to do is I'd like
+to take so let's say UT is one T 01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take so let's say UT is one T 01.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take so let's say UT is one T 01.
+Um, and so I'm in principle interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so I'm in principle interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so I'm in principle interested
+in the infinite orbit, but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite orbit, but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the infinite orbit, but I'm going to
+I'm sort of interested in the asmtoic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of interested in the asmtoic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of interested in the asmtoic
+behavior. So I'm going to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So I'm going to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So I'm going to I want to
+study the set of u subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the set of u subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the set of u subt
+where t goes in some range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+So what's important about this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's important about this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's important about this structure
+is that it interplays very nicely with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it interplays very nicely with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it interplays very nicely with a
+different uh matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh matrix.
+So suppose now that little a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose now that little a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose now that little a is the
+diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix
+um little a r maybe is e to the r 0 e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little a r maybe is e to the r 0 e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little a r maybe is e to the r 0 e to
+the minus r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus r.
+So that's sub 2 r also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's sub 2 r also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's sub 2 r also.
+And the nifty thing about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the nifty thing about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the nifty thing about this is that
+little a r u t little a minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a r u t little a minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a r u t little a minus r
+is u e to the r t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so I can take utx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can take utx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can take utx
+where t just goes from zero to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where t just goes from zero to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where t just goes from zero to one and
+then I can apply a to it many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can apply a to it many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can apply a to it many times and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a inverse to it a a1 let's say many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse to it a a1 let's say many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse to it a a1 let's say many
+times and a1 inverse many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and a1 inverse many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and a1 inverse many times
+and this thing is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say we do this n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+so in other words in order to study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words in order to study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words in order to study this
+thing I start with that which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I start with that which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I start with that which is quite
+innocent looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent looking
+so that's just like a nice segment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just like a nice segment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just like a nice segment that
+I can draw in my manifold and then I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw in my manifold and then I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw in my manifold and then I I
+do this operation of conjugating by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this operation of conjugating by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this operation of conjugating by a
+and I keep conjugating by a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep conjugating by a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep conjugating by a and
+eventually I get this thing. So to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I get this thing. So to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually I get this thing. So to
+understand this thing I just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this thing I just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this thing I just it's
+important it's what's just important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's what's just important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's what's just important to
+understand what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens when we
+conjugate by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate by a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what happens when we conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when we conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when we conjugate
+by a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+um All right. So the conjugation map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um All right. So the conjugation map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um All right. So the conjugation map
+conjugation by a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation by a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation by a,
+it takes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes our
+homogeneous space to itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous space to itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous space to itself.
+Um, but if you look at a little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but if you look at a little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but if you look at a little piece of
+the homogeneous space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a little box here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little box here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little box here,
+then some of these directions will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of these directions will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of these directions will be
+stretched and some of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched and some of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched and some of them will be
+contracted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+get maybe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say let's say our orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say let's say our orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say let's say our orbit is
+yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow.
+So we've we've done this a few times. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've we've done this a few times. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've we've done this a few times. So
+we have some piece of orbit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some piece of orbit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some piece of orbit.
+Um, and now we want to see what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and now we want to see what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and now we want to see what's going
+to happen to the orbit. Uh, well, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to the orbit. Uh, well, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to the orbit. Uh, well, some
+of the some piece of it got squashed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some piece of it got squashed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the some piece of it got squashed.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so okay. Um so it it depends upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay. Um so it it depends upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay. Um so it it depends upon this
+orbit and then um if the if the if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then um if the if the if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit and then um if the if the if two
+strands here are separated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands here are separated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands here are separated by a
+direction that's the squash direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's the squash direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's the squash direction
+then they'll end up closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll end up closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll end up closer together
+here. And if they're in a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And if they're in a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And if they're in a direction
+separated by a direction that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a direction that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by a direction that doesn't
+get squashed then they'll stay far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get squashed then they'll stay far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get squashed then they'll stay far
+apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so in this box there is a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this box there is a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this box there is a direction
+so this is a box is B and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a box is B and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a box is B and there's a
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+D subB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D subB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D subB
+direction in B that gets contracted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's not quite true but it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not quite true but it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not quite true but it's almost like
+this box gets completely flattened. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box gets completely flattened. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box gets completely flattened. It's
+almost like the box is being projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the box is being projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like the box is being projected
+to something lower dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something lower dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something lower dimensional
+projection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection.
+Okay. Um, and these guys go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and these guys go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and these guys go through a
+bunch of boxes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of boxes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of boxes.
+So here's B2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B1, B2, and so on. And um the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1, B2, and so on. And um the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1, B2, and so on. And um the direction
+DBJ is is changing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So um so you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So um so you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So um so you can choose
+coordinates so that the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that the direction of
+these orbits is a coordinate axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbits is a coordinate axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbits is a coordinate axis and
+then the direction that's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the direction that's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the direction that's getting
+squashed is changing. So it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed is changing. So it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed is changing. So it's sort of
+like as you go along here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as you go along here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as you go along here there are
+projections in different directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right so that's let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's let's call this
+conjugation map fee. So fe restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation map fee. So fe restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation map fee. So fe restricted to
+B is sort of like a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is sort of like a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is sort of like a projection
+and changing B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing B
+is sort of like looking at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like looking at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like looking at different
+projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so we have one set of orbits but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we have one set of orbits but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we have one set of orbits but they
+pass through a bunch of boxes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a bunch of boxes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a bunch of boxes and so
+we're applying different projections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're applying different projections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're applying different projections to
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is roughly how projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is roughly how projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is roughly how projection
+theory comes into understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory comes into understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory comes into understanding how
+these orbits look like which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbits look like which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbits look like which has
+applications in different areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I guess I mostly talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I guess I mostly talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I guess I mostly talked about
+about this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+uh but it was the one that we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it was the one that we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it was the one that we hadn't
+talked about and I thought I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and I thought I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and I thought I should say
+something about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have just a couple minutes. Should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a couple minutes. Should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a couple minutes. Should we
+It's almost spring break. Maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost spring break. Maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost spring break. Maybe we
+should take a break. We should just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a break. We should just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a break. We should just stop
+early.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early.
+Yeah, let's do that. So, let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let's do that. So, let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, let's do that. So, let's stop
+there. I wish you a very nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I wish you a very nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I wish you a very nice and
+restful and fun spring break and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restful and fun spring break and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restful and fun spring break and I will
+see you afterwards.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V-mbUZhovOo.txt b/V-mbUZhovOo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1857e9f8c99bbdf5656a1ea979e8bb7a1beae4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V-mbUZhovOo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you let's uh let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you let's uh let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you let's uh let's talk about
+control a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control a little bit
+more what I wanted to do today was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what I wanted to do today was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what I wanted to do today was a
+little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an
+example um just to illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um just to illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um just to illustrate the
+tradeoffs and what you need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs and what you need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs and what you need to do to
+think about a control design for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a control design for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a control design for a
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+converter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter um
+and the example I'm going to do is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example I'm going to do is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example I'm going to do is very
+very Garden variety it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Garden variety it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Garden variety it's not it's not
+very you know it's not very extreme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know it's not very extreme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know it's not very extreme in
+any Dimension right so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Dimension right so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Dimension right so let's think about
+our poost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poost
+converter where I have some input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter where I have some input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter where I have some input
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+U an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor a
+switch modulating with qft a diode an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch modulating with qft a diode an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch modulating with qft a diode an
+output capacitor C and resistive load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output capacitor C and resistive load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output capacitor C and resistive load
+with the output voltage on it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the output voltage on it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the output voltage on it okay and
+the parameters I chose for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters I chose for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters I chose for this
+are exam very very very simple not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exam very very very simple not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exam very very very simple not
+aggressive right L is 10 micr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive right L is 10 micr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive right L is 10 micr
+henries C is 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries C is 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries C is 50
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+microfarads the switching frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarads the switching frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfarads the switching frequency is
+100 khz pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 khz pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 khz pretty
+low um the output reference that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um the output reference that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um the output reference that we're
+going to try try to make this go to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try try to make this go to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try try to make this go to V
+ref is equal to 24 Vols and we said some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref is equal to 24 Vols and we said some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref is equal to 24 Vols and we said some
+designs that output might move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that output might move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that output might move around
+you know the reference that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reference that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reference that you want to
+program it to might move around here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it to might move around here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it to might move around here I'm
+just going to pretend it's fixed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pretend it's fixed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pretend it's fixed that's
+about the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the simplest
+case Okay uh and what were the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay uh and what were the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay uh and what were the things we
+said we had to deal with in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we had to deal with in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we had to deal with in terms of
+variations in a practical converter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in a practical converter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in a practical converter well
+one of them is the input voltage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is the input voltage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is the input voltage right
+my input voltage might not always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input voltage might not always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input voltage might not always be
+what I wanted to so we might say the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nominal the nominal input voltage might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal the nominal input voltage might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal the nominal input voltage might
+be 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 9
+volts okay but we're going to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay but we're going to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay but we're going to design
+this for 8 volts less than U is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for 8 volts less than U is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for 8 volts less than U is less
+than 10 volts okay now that's a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 volts okay now that's a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 volts okay now that's a variable
+range because I want to illustrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because I want to illustrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because I want to illustrate to
+you the impact of a variable input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the impact of a variable input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the impact of a variable input
+voltage range but that's a pretty narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage range but that's a pretty narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage range but that's a pretty narrow
+range I mean many converters 2:1 is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range I mean many converters 2:1 is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range I mean many converters 2:1 is very
+typical 4:1 sometimes depending upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical 4:1 sometimes depending upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical 4:1 sometimes depending upon the
+application even more than that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application even more than that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application even more than that right so
+I don't want you to get the ex notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to get the ex notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to get the ex notion
+this is some extreme range this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some extreme range this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some extreme range this is
+actually a really narrow range okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really narrow range okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really narrow range okay the
+other thing we said we had to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we said we had to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we said we had to deal with
+was variations in the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was variations in the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was variations in the load
+resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+okay and I'm going to use a range of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to use a range of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to use a range of 2
+ohms that's the heaviest load less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms that's the heaviest load less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms that's the heaviest load less than
+R is less than 10 ohms and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is less than 10 ohms and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is less than 10 ohms and I'm just
+going to use a Pure resistive load for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a Pure resistive load for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a Pure resistive load for
+Simplicity okay um so that's about of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity okay um so that's about of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity okay um so that's about of
+you know this is the heavy load case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the heavy load case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the heavy load case
+that's high power for a given up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's high power for a given up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's high power for a given up of
+voltage this is the low power case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is the low power case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is the low power case this
+is about a 5 to one power range all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a 5 to one power range all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a 5 to one power range all
+right that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a little bit more
+respectable but again a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable but again a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable but again a lot of
+converters have to deal with very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters have to deal with very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters have to deal with very wide
+Power Ranges and and sometimes we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Ranges and and sometimes we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Ranges and and sometimes we bring
+in additional tricks that I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in additional tricks that I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in additional tricks that I'm not going
+to discuss to deal with really wide load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss to deal with really wide load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss to deal with really wide load
+ranges but you'll get a notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges but you'll get a notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges but you'll get a notion of the
+impact of load resistance by the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of load resistance by the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of load resistance by the load
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+okay all right so that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's going to be our
+example let's step back and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's step back and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's step back and just
+remember what we did to model all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we did to model all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we did to model all this
+stuff we um started off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we um started off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we um started off with the
+switched equations of state right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched equations of state right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched equations of state right so I'm
+just going to copy these down just so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to copy these down just so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to copy these down just so we
+can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the
+progression so this is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression so this is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression so this is D
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+DT is equal to U over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to U over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to U over l
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u
+v/ l 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v/ l 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v/ l 1 -
+q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dvdt is equal to -1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt is equal to -1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt is equal to -1/
+RCV plus 1 / c i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l minus 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RCV * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCV * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCV * 1 -
+q and I should have said this is Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and I should have said this is Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and I should have said this is Q of
+t Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay so
+in this original model all we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this original model all we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this original model all we've done is
+said broken this down into two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said broken this down into two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said broken this down into two states
+and used my switching function to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used my switching function to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used my switching function to sort
+of switch back and forth between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch back and forth between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of switch back and forth between the
+states and if I knew initial values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and if I knew initial values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and if I knew initial values for
+IL andv and I knew Q of T how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IL andv and I knew Q of T how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IL andv and I knew Q of T how it was
+modulating basically at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating basically at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating basically at least in
+continuous conduction mode I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous conduction mode I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous conduction mode I could
+exactly simulate the actual behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly simulate the actual behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly simulate the actual behavior of
+that converter okay so if I if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converter okay so if I if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converter okay so if I if I did
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I simulated that set of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I simulated that set of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I simulated that set of equations and
+I put a change in the load at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a change in the load at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a change in the load at some time
+and I put in a new r i could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in a new r i could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put in a new r i could calculate
+the transient there okay but we said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient there okay but we said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient there okay but we said you
+know that I don't really care about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I don't really care about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I don't really care about all
+this Ripple I can't do anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ripple I can't do anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ripple I can't do anything about
+that in my controller so we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my controller so we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my controller so we want to get
+rid of that right and the thing we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that right and the thing we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that right and the thing we said
+we were going to do was apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do was apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to do was apply this
+notion of State space averaging right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of State space averaging right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of State space averaging right so
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+apply an averaging to this okay uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply an averaging to this okay uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply an averaging to this okay uh this
+is you know xar is equal to 1 / T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know xar is equal to 1 / T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know xar is equal to 1 / T
+integral T minus capital T to T of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral T minus capital T to T of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral T minus capital T to T of X of
+T to I can do that to the Circuit or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to I can do that to the Circuit or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to I can do that to the Circuit or I
+can do that to these equations either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that to these equations either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that to these equations either
+way I can generate an average set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can generate an average set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can generate an average set of
+equations so I get an average model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and in this case it was Dil bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case it was Dil bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case it was Dil bar
+DT is equal to 1 / l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / l
+u minus 1 l v Bar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 l v Bar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 l v Bar D
+Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+d v v bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v v bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d v v bar
+DT is equal to -1 RC V bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to -1 RC V bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to -1 RC V bar
+plus 1 / c i l Bar D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 / c i l Bar D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 / c i l Bar D
+Prime okay and so this is our state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay and so this is our state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay and so this is our state
+space average model I could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space average model I could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space average model I could also
+generate a state SPAC average circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a state SPAC average circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a state SPAC average circuit
+which would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would have the same
+Dynamics okay and that's helpful right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay and that's helpful right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay and that's helpful right
+why because this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because this thing
+here right doesn't have any switching in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right doesn't have any switching in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right doesn't have any switching in
+it at all right d is sort of how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all right d is sort of how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all right d is sort of how I'm
+varying Duty ratio over time not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying Duty ratio over time not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying Duty ratio over time not the
+switching function it wouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching function it wouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching function it wouldn't have any
+switching ripples so in fact if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching ripples so in fact if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching ripples so in fact if I
+simulated this model right first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated this model right first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated this model right first of all
+I apply the averaging which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply the averaging which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply the averaging which kind of
+kills the switching Ripple and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the switching Ripple and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the switching Ripple and I
+simulate the average model I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the average model I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the average model I will get
+what we see up there the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see up there the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see up there the sort of the
+solid lines that capture the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid lines that capture the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid lines that capture the low
+frequency dyamics and kill the Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dyamics and kill the Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dyamics and kill the Ripple
+okay and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's pretty
+nice right um that helps me right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice right um that helps me right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice right um that helps me right if I
+thought about my uh original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about my uh original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about my uh original
+goal for building a control system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for building a control system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for building a control system right
+it was along the following lines I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was along the following lines I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was along the following lines I maybe
+I have some reference voltage V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some reference voltage V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some reference voltage V
+ref right and what I could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref right and what I could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref right and what I could think about
+from a control modeling point of view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a control modeling point of view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a control modeling point of view is
+comparing that to the output voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that to the output voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing that to the output voltage and
+here I'll think about the Aver local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll think about the Aver local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll think about the Aver local
+average output voltage I'll put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average output voltage I'll put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average output voltage I'll put that
+in to some compensator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which maybe I'll call GC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe I'll call GC of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe I'll call GC of
+s right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so this is the
+error maybe I think about the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe I think about the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe I think about the local
+average error and then I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average error and then I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average error and then I'm going to get
+a duty ratio and then I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duty ratio and then I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duty ratio and then I'm going to put
+that into the model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter and the converter also has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the converter also has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and the converter also has an
+input U the input voltage and out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input U the input voltage and out comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input U the input voltage and out comes
+I bar and V bar which is the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bar and V bar which is the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bar and V bar which is the thing I
+want to control and I feed that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to control and I feed that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to control and I feed that back
+right so I could take sort of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could take sort of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could take sort of this set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+equations and stick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and suddenly I would have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and suddenly I would have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and suddenly I would have a model
+for my control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the only fly in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only fly in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only fly in that
+ointment is the fact that this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ointment is the fact that this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ointment is the fact that this average
+model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is
+nonlinear okay and the nonline linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear okay and the nonline linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear okay and the nonline linearity
+really comes in here and here okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in here and here okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in here and here okay now
+that doesn't mean I can't build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean I can't build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean I can't build a
+controller with a nonlinear model people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller with a nonlinear model people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller with a nonlinear model people
+do that all the time but a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that all the time but a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that all the time but a lot of the
+tools that you have for control design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that you have for control design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that you have for control design
+are based around the notion of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based around the notion of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based around the notion of a linear
+system like that's the easiest thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like that's the easiest thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like that's the easiest thing to
+do it's the most flexible so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the most flexible so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the most flexible so people
+generally would like to have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally would like to have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally would like to have sort of a
+linear model uh for their system so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model uh for their system so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model uh for their system so it's
+the duty cycle that introduces the it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle that introduces the it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle that introduces the it is
+the fact that the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the response of the
+system has the product of the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has the product of the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has the product of the complement
+of the duty cycle and the voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the duty cycle and the voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the duty cycle and the voltage and
+the compliment of duty cycle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliment of duty cycle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliment of duty cycle in the
+current so it's the fact that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it's the fact that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so it's the fact that when I
+modulate duty cycle I'm doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate duty cycle I'm doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate duty cycle I'm doing something
+that modulates how the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modulates how the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modulates how the inductor current
+changes and that modulation is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and that modulation is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and that modulation is also
+proportional to the output voltage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the output voltage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the output voltage okay
+so it's the fact that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the fact that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the fact that you know you can
+see that in here is basically it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in here is basically it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in here is basically it comes
+time the the duty ratio and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the the duty ratio and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the the duty ratio and the output
+voltage affect how this is coming as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage affect how this is coming as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage affect how this is coming as a
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+okay we don't like that we want to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't like that we want to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we don't like that we want to weigh
+around it so what do we do um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so what do we do um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so what do we do um we
+linearize and we said what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize and we said what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize and we said what we can do is
+we can say suppose this converter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say suppose this converter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say suppose this converter is
+operating at some point and all I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at some point and all I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at some point and all I want
+to know is if I move it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is if I move it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is if I move it a little bit
+away from that point how will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that point how will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that point how will the
+response wiggle I perturb the input just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response wiggle I perturb the input just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response wiggle I perturb the input just
+a tiny bit the out perturbation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit the out perturbation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny bit the out perturbation in the
+states and the output maybe that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the output maybe that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the output maybe that looks
+close to linear right so we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear right so we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to linear right so we went through
+our linearization process which we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linearization process which we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linearization process which we met
+we uh did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh did last
+time and here's the result we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here's the result we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here's the result we
+got uh now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh now we're going to talk about
+instead of about the uh average models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of about the uh average models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of about the uh average models
+we're going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about uh
+perturbations things like I Tilda which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations things like I Tilda which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations things like I Tilda which
+is equal to uh the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh the difference between
+the actual local average current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual local average current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual local average current in the
+inductor and the DC current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and the DC current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and the DC current in the
+inductor so it's the deviation away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so it's the deviation away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor so it's the deviation away from
+the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state
+okay and when we did that we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when we did that we said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when we did that we said okay
+here's the kind of equations I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the kind of equations I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the kind of equations I'm going
+to get I'm going to get D Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get I'm going to get D Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get I'm going to get D Tilda
+DT is equal to 1 / l u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / l u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 / l u
+Tilda uh minus D Prime /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda uh minus D Prime /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda uh minus D Prime /
+l v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l v
+Tilda Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda Plus
+v l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v l
+dlda okay and DV tlda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and DV tlda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and DV tlda
+DT is equal to um minus one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to um minus one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to um minus one /
+RC uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC uh V
+Tilda plus d Prime / c i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus d Prime / c i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda plus d Prime / c i
+Tilda minus I over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda minus I over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda minus I over
+c d TOA okay what did I do to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d TOA okay what did I do to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d TOA okay what did I do to get this
+essentially we took the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we took the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we took the nonlinear
+differential equations and we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we did a
+tailor series expansion we threw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion we threw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor series expansion we threw out the
+DC terms because we're only looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC terms because we're only looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC terms because we're only looking at
+variations and we threw out the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and we threw out the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and we threw out the products
+of small variations so it's only valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small variations so it's only valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small variations so it's only valid
+in a limited range but surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a limited range but surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a limited range but surprisingly
+especially for switching power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for switching power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for switching power
+converters where the ripples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters where the ripples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters where the ripples are
+triangular it turns out you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular it turns out you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular it turns out you can get
+pretty far away from the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far away from the operating point
+and it's still pretty good okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still pretty good okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still pretty good okay so this
+model's pretty good what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model's pretty good what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model's pretty good what's important
+about this model from our perspective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model from our perspective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model from our perspective is
+that you know I have this is um a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I have this is um a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I have this is um a pair
+of linear constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear constant coefficient
+differential equations right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations right and
+constant coefficient in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient in the sense that
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+coefficients okay to the variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay to the variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay to the variables so
+now my variables are all small signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my variables are all small signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my variables are all small signal
+these are all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all just
+constants all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants all
+right and with this that's linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with this that's linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with this that's linear system
+I can take a lass transform of it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take a lass transform of it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can take a lass transform of it get
+nice stuff I can make transfer functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stuff I can make transfer functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stuff I can make transfer functions
+everything else okay and um the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay and um the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay and um the only
+caveat is that notice that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat is that notice that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat is that notice that these
+constants are each like if my out if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are each like if my out if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are each like if my out if I
+decide my DC output voltage changes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide my DC output voltage changes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide my DC output voltage changes or
+for example I operate from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I operate from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I operate from a different
+input voltage I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage I'm going to get a
+different steady state Duty ratio D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steady state Duty ratio D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different steady state Duty ratio D and
+then hence a different one minus D which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hence a different one minus D which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hence a different one minus D which
+is D Prime here right right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D Prime here right right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D Prime here right right so these
+constants do depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants do depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants do depend
+upon the load current the input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the load current the input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the load current the input voltage
+all those things so I got to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things so I got to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things so I got to think that
+the solution I get is only for one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution I get is only for one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution I get is only for one point
+and I got to go find the the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got to go find the the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got to go find the the numerical
+values at different points okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at different points okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at different points okay but
+nonetheless here I have this model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless here I have this model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless here I have this model which
+maybe is even better to put in here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is even better to put in here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is even better to put in here the
+difference is here I might have D Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is here I might have D Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is here I might have D Tilda
+I might have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have V
+Tilda this is V error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda this is V error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda this is V error
+Tilda and so forth okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and so forth okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda and so forth okay and I
+TOA okay so that's a better model to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA okay so that's a better model to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOA okay so that's a better model to use
+or or a simpler model to use from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a simpler model to use from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a simpler model to use from a
+control design point of view okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control design point of view okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control design point of view okay and
+then we said well how how do we mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well how how do we mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well how how do we mostly
+use that kind of thing well what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that kind of thing well what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that kind of thing well what we can
+do is we could say take the laass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we could say take the laass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we could say take the laass
+Transformer this thing this ddts becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer this thing this ddts becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer this thing this ddts becomes
+s * I and this comes s * V right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s * I and this comes s * V right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s * I and this comes s * V right I can
+then eliminate I from the equation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eliminate I from the equation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eliminate I from the equation and I
+can actually come up with a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually come up with a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually come up with a transfer
+function and if we do that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we do that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we do that we're going
+to get uh if I at U is equal to U in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh if I at U is equal to U in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh if I at U is equal to U in
+other words the input's not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the input's not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the input's not changing
+what I get is H of s is equal to V Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is H of s is equal to V Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is H of s is equal to V Tilda
+of s over dlda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s over dlda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s over dlda of
+s which is equal to minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is equal to minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is equal to minus s
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+V over rcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over rcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over rcd
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+plus v d Prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d Prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v d Prime over
+LC /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC /
+S2 Plus 1/ RC S Plus D Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 Plus 1/ RC S Plus D Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 Plus 1/ RC S Plus D Prime
+squ over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over
+LC okay so this is now a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so this is now a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so this is now a transfer
+function and I can just stick h of s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and get my transfer function from D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get my transfer function from D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get my transfer function from D
+to D to vlda and now I'm in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D to vlda and now I'm in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D to vlda and now I'm in a position
+to do control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do control
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um before I move on are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I move on are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I move on are there any
+questions about any of these steps these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of these steps these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about any of these steps these
+are the steps we kind of covered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps we kind of covered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps we kind of covered in the
+last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures okay so I I taken my switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay so I I taken my switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay so I I taken my switched
+equations or I've got derived my switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or I've got derived my switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or I've got derived my switch
+equations and I've averaged them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I've averaged them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I've averaged them then
+I've linearized them and now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've linearized them and now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've linearized them and now I have a
+transfer function I can start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function I can start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function I can start to think
+about my converter control okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my converter control okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my converter control okay let's
+think about what does this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what does this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what does this transfer
+function look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+okay if I plotted the poles of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I plotted the poles of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I plotted the poles of this
+circuit right so here's the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right so here's the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right so here's the complex
+plane um right here's the real value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um right here's the real value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um right here's the real value of
+s imaginary value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s imaginary value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s imaginary value of
+s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right
+um what I would see is I will have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would see is I will have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would see is I will have one
+right half plane zero right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero right because I
+have a positive value of zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive value of zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive value of zero which
+generates a zero in the numerator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a zero in the numerator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a zero in the numerator so
+somewhere over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over
+here I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to have a
+zero and then if I plug values in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then if I plug values in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then if I plug values in here
+for typical parameters like I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for typical parameters like I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for typical parameters like I'm going to
+see what we're going to see is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we're going to see is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we're going to see is we're
+going to have a pair of lightly damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a pair of lightly damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a pair of lightly damped
+poles in the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the left half
+plane okay okay so this means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay okay so this means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay okay so this means the
+response is naturally oscillatory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is naturally oscillatory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is naturally oscillatory that
+shouldn't surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't surprise
+you because when we did a little load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because when we did a little load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because when we did a little load
+step there we saw a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step there we saw a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step there we saw a second order
+oscillatory response and settling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory response and settling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory response and settling down
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+um and again where these poles are we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again where these poles are we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again where these poles are we'll
+notice that there's a d Prime squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's a d Prime squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there's a d Prime squared
+here so where the actual poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so where the actual poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so where the actual poles are
+depends upon the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the operating point
+all right depends upon what steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right depends upon what steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right depends upon what steady state
+Duty ratio I'm operating at but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio I'm operating at but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio I'm operating at but it looks
+something like this now you might ask G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this now you might ask G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this now you might ask G
+you know you did all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you did all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you did all this
+math is this model that's popping out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is this model that's popping out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math is this model that's popping out is
+that just kind of random and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just kind of random and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just kind of random and and the
+reason you might want to wonder that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to wonder that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to wonder that is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+because you know this system has a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this system has a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know this system has a right
+half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+zero right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right now
+those who've designed Control Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who've designed Control Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who've designed Control Systems
+hate right half plane zeros they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate right half plane zeros they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate right half plane zeros they are
+very annoying okay why are they annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very annoying okay why are they annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very annoying okay why are they annoying
+because usually if I take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if I take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if I take some
+system and I put some gain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I put some gain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I put some gain you know
+forget about what this control is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about what this control is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about what this control is let
+say it's just a proportional gain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just a proportional gain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's just a proportional gain and I
+turn up and I close the loop and I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up and I close the loop and I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up and I close the loop and I turn
+up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+gain what tends to happen is the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain what tends to happen is the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain what tends to happen is the poles
+move right the idea is I had some open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right the idea is I had some open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right the idea is I had some open
+loop poles and when I put a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop poles and when I put a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop poles and when I put a feedback
+loop around them the Dynamics are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop around them the Dynamics are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop around them the Dynamics are going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+change and what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and what happens is that the
+closed loop poles When I close that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop poles When I close that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop poles When I close that um
+are somewhere else okay but it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhere else okay but it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhere else okay but it tends to
+be that as I turn up the gain the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that as I turn up the gain the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that as I turn up the gain the open
+loop poles tend to move towards the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop poles tend to move towards the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop poles tend to move towards the open
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+zero okay and what that means is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and what that means is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and what that means is if I
+took this thing and I say put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this thing and I say put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this thing and I say put in a
+proportional feedback loop um the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional feedback loop um the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional feedback loop um the poles
+would tend to move towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tend to move towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tend to move towards the
+zero now if the poles move towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now if the poles move towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now if the poles move towards a
+zero and the zero is in the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the zero is in the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the zero is in the right half
+plane that means the thing tends to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that means the thing tends to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that means the thing tends to go
+unstable so something with a right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so something with a right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so something with a right half
+plane zero is very very easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero is very very easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero is very very easy to make
+unstable generally okay so we don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable generally okay so we don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable generally okay so we don't like
+that but you could say well okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could say well okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you could say well okay you're
+mathematically finagling a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically finagling a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically finagling a bunch of
+stuff can't you just do a version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can't you just do a version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff can't you just do a version of a
+model that's not going to have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's not going to have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's not going to have a right
+half plane zero right like why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero right like why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero right like why do we
+have to be why does life have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be why does life have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be why does life have to be
+difficult and the answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and the answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and the answer is the
+mathematical model you get actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model you get actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical model you get actually very
+nicely reflects the physical dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely reflects the physical dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely reflects the physical dynamics of
+the system it's not accidental that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it's not accidental that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system it's not accidental that
+there's a right half plane zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a right half plane zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a right half plane zero in the
+equations it's intrinsic to the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's intrinsic to the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's intrinsic to the behavior
+of the system okay what does a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay what does a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay what does a right
+half plane zero tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero tend to
+do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if
+I take a system with a right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a system with a right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a system with a right half plane
+zero and I step the input so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I step the input so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I step the input so suppose
+here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my
+input right and I step my input right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right and I step my input right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input right and I step my input right up
+a little bit what I expect to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit what I expect to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit what I expect to do
+eventually what I want is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what I want is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what I want is that the
+response the output should go up too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the output should go up too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the output should go up too
+right a system with a right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a system with a right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a system with a right half plane
+zero tends to do this I want it my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tends to do this I want it my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tends to do this I want it my
+output to go up from some this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to go up from some this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output to go up from some this is the
+output I want it to go up from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want it to go up from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I want it to go up from some
+level to some higher level but what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to some higher level but what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to some higher level but what a
+system with a right half plane zero will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a right half plane zero will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a right half plane zero will
+do is as soon as I step the input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is as soon as I step the input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is as soon as I step the input the
+output will actually go the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will actually go the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will actually go the wrong way
+and and eventually will settle down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and eventually will settle down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and eventually will settle down and
+go the direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the direction I
+want all right so right half plane zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right so right half plane zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all right so right half plane zeros
+are also considered nasty because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also considered nasty because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also considered nasty because you
+know you want it to go in One Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want it to go in One Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want it to go in One Direction
+but before it goes in that direction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it goes in that direction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before it goes in that direction it
+goes in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in some other
+direction right and this systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and this systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right and this systems like
+that but I would argue that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I would argue that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I would argue that this
+system's like that because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's like that because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's like that because of the way
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+behaves suppose I wanted to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves suppose I wanted to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves suppose I wanted to make my
+output voltage bigger right forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage bigger right forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage bigger right forget about
+closing the loop suppose I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the loop suppose I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the loop suppose I just want
+want to I'm running at some Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I'm running at some Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I'm running at some Duty ratio
+suppose suppose my input voltage is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose my input voltage is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose my input voltage is 5
+volts I'm running at 50% volt Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts I'm running at 50% volt Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts I'm running at 50% volt Duty ratio
+and I and so my output voltage goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and so my output voltage goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I and so my output voltage goes to
+10 volts is at 10 volts right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 volts is at 10 volts right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 volts is at 10 volts right but
+suppose I not suddenly want to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I not suddenly want to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I not suddenly want to make my
+output voltage higher what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what do I do to my duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what do I do to my duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what do I do to my duty
+ratio I increase it right so suppose at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I increase it right so suppose at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I increase it right so suppose at
+some point I said No 10 volts isn't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I said No 10 volts isn't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I said No 10 volts isn't good
+enough I want to go to 20 volts I step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I want to go to 20 volts I step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I want to go to 20 volts I step
+my duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio
+up okay well I so so I was running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay well I so so I was running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay well I so so I was running at
+50% whatever is in my inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% whatever is in my inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% whatever is in my inductor current
+half the time is going to the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time is going to the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time is going to the output and
+that's what's supplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's supplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's supplying the
+resistor suddenly I increase the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor suddenly I increase the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor suddenly I increase the duty
+ratio now suddenly instead of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio now suddenly instead of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio now suddenly instead of going to
+the output half the time the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output half the time the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output half the time the inductor
+currents going to ground half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents going to ground half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents going to ground half the
+time so suddenly there's less current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so suddenly there's less current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so suddenly there's less current
+feeding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding to the
+output and so what's the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and so what's the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and so what's the output voltage
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+it's going to start to fall because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start to fall because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start to fall because
+you're not feeding as much current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not feeding as much current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not feeding as much current to
+the output eventually because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output eventually because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output eventually because I've
+turned up the duty ratio I'm applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up the duty ratio I'm applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned up the duty ratio I'm applying a
+positive voltage across the inductor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across the inductor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage across the inductor the
+inductor current is going to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current is going to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current is going to build up
+and eventually the inductor current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the inductor current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the inductor current will
+catch up and it'll feed the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and it'll feed the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up and it'll feed the right
+current to the output but what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to the output but what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to the output but what you're
+going to get is exactly a behavior like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is exactly a behavior like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is exactly a behavior like
+this the output it's going to droop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the output it's going to droop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the output it's going to droop and
+then it's going to come up okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to come up okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to come up okay so the
+right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane
+zero in my control model model this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in my control model model this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in my control model model this guy
+here in fact precisely reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact precisely reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact precisely reflects the
+fundamental physics of how energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics of how energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics of how energy is
+going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the
+converter okay so you're sort of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so you're sort of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay so you're sort of going
+to have to live with it it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to live with it it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to live with it it's not a
+fiction of the math it's a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of the math it's a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of the math it's a fundamental
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+thing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+so now let's think about building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's think about building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's think about building a
+controller right I want to come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right I want to come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right I want to come up here
+and I want to build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to build some
+compensator um GC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s right and the idea here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right and the idea here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right and the idea here is that you
+know I'm going to have some error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to have some error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to have some error
+between my reference and my output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my reference and my output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my reference and my output that
+generates an error voltage I amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an error voltage I amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates an error voltage I amplify
+that such that if that error voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such that if that error voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that such that if that error voltage is
+positive D gets bigger and my error then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive D gets bigger and my error then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive D gets bigger and my error then
+gets smaller and I get sort of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and I get sort of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and I get sort of close to
+what I want right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want right so
+this thing at least at DC ought to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at least at DC ought to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at least at DC ought to have
+a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high
+gain okay um so let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay um so let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain okay um so let's think about this
+what do my plant poles look like here my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do my plant poles look like here my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do my plant poles look like here my
+plant poles I said were one right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant poles I said were one right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant poles I said were one right half
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and two left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and two left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and two left half
+plane uh lightly damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh lightly damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh lightly damped
+poles okay all right and they're complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles okay all right and they're complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles okay all right and they're complex
+conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates
+okay so what would happen if I made GC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would happen if I made GC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would happen if I made GC
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s just a proportional controller right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s just a proportional controller right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s just a proportional controller right
+I'm going to make this a constant gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make this a constant gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make this a constant gain
+so I'm going to get a duty ratio that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get a duty ratio that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get a duty ratio that's
+proportional to the error all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the error all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the error all right and
+what I would want is to turn that gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would want is to turn that gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would want is to turn that gain
+up so that you know a tiny error gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that you know a tiny error gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that you know a tiny error gives
+me a big Duty ratio and I get a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a big Duty ratio and I get a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a big Duty ratio and I get a small
+steady state error right what I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state error right what I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state error right what I told you
+is as I change values of GC of s uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I change values of GC of s uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I change values of GC of s uh if I
+use one Val you know first value of GC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one Val you know first value of GC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one Val you know first value of GC
+of s if I use a first value of KP maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s if I use a first value of KP maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s if I use a first value of KP maybe
+my closed loop holes would move here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my closed loop holes would move here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my closed loop holes would move here and
+if I kept higher value of KP they'd move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I kept higher value of KP they'd move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I kept higher value of KP they'd move
+here and if you do this you can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you do this you can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you do this you can form
+what's a root Locus and say as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a root Locus and say as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a root Locus and say as as a
+function as I turn up KP where do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as I turn up KP where do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as I turn up KP where do my
+Clos Loop poles go and what this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop poles go and what this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop poles go and what this thing
+would do is it would do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and then the poles would split and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then the poles would split and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then the poles would split and
+so these are for different values of KP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of a
+problem because if I turn up I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if I turn up I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because if I turn up I want a
+high KP because I want the error to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high KP because I want the error to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high KP because I want the error to be
+small but if I make KP too big once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but if I make KP too big once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but if I make KP too big once that
+pole moves to the right half plane this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole moves to the right half plane this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole moves to the right half plane this
+whole thing's going to oscillate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing's going to oscillate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing's going to oscillate right
+so this is the nasty thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the nasty thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the nasty thing about the
+right half plane zero is that these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero is that these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane zero is that these the
+closed loop values will be moved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop values will be moved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop values will be moved from
+where the open loop poles are somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the open loop poles are somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the open loop poles are somewhere
+into the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half
+plane okay so you wouldn't want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so you wouldn't want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so you wouldn't want to do a
+prop proportional compensator on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop proportional compensator on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop proportional compensator on this
+just because you're going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're going to you know
+either you're going to H either it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to H either it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you're going to H either it's
+going to have very bad stability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very bad stability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very bad stability or
+what's going to happen is if you limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is if you limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is if you limit
+your G gain to be a really low value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your G gain to be a really low value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your G gain to be a really low value
+that means that you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you're going to have to
+end up with living with a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with living with a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with living with a pretty big
+error between the output voltage you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the output voltage you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the output voltage you're
+getting in your reference voltage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in your reference voltage it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in your reference voltage it's
+going to be very droopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very droopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very droopy
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+okay so what could I do I could pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what could I do I could pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what could I do I could pick
+some other compensator now I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other compensator now I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other compensator now I'm not going
+to try to design a good compensator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to design a good compensator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to design a good compensator for
+you here that's not the topic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here that's not the topic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here that's not the topic of this
+class CL but what's the next simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class CL but what's the next simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class CL but what's the next simplest
+compensator maybe I could think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator maybe I could think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator maybe I could think of that
+would fix that problem and I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fix that problem and I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fix that problem and I would argue
+you could use GC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s is equal to ki/ S this is an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to ki/ S this is an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to ki/ S this is an integral
+controller right one/ s is an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right one/ s is an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right one/ s is an integrator
+so what I could do is instead of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I could do is instead of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I could do is instead of making
+my D proportional to the error voltage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my D proportional to the error voltage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my D proportional to the error voltage I
+could make it proportional to the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it proportional to the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it proportional to the inter
+integral of the error voltage right so p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the error voltage right so p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the error voltage right so p
+and I are parts of P ID controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are parts of P ID controllers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are parts of P ID controllers
+right and the beauty of an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the beauty of an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the beauty of an integral
+controller is eventually it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is eventually it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is eventually it will
+integrate up the error and leave me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate up the error and leave me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate up the error and leave me with
+zero steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero steady state
+error okay so if I did that I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay so if I did that I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay so if I did that I still have
+my plant poles I have two lightly damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plant poles I have two lightly damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my plant poles I have two lightly damp
+plant poles and a right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant poles and a right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant poles and a right half plane
+zero and if I did this well I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if I did this well I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if I did this well I'm also
+going to have another in my for loop I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another in my for loop I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another in my for loop I
+also have now the Dynamics associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have now the Dynamics associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have now the Dynamics associated
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+compensator so here's his open loop Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator so here's his open loop Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator so here's his open loop Pole
+right and when I start dialing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when I start dialing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when I start dialing those
+around um what it would look like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um what it would look like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um what it would look like is
+this this pole would move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this pole would move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this pole would move this
+way trying to cross through Infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trying to cross through Infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way trying to cross through Infinity to
+come back to the zero and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the zero and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the zero and then this
+these poles would do something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these poles would do something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these poles would do something like uh
+they they'd first swing inwards and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'd first swing inwards and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they'd first swing inwards and then
+they come outwards like this they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come outwards like this they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come outwards like this they do
+something like this okay and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this okay and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this okay and you know if
+you take a control class they'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a control class they'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a control class they'll tell
+you exactly how to calculate all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly how to calculate all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly how to calculate all these
+geometries or what they do all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries or what they do all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries or what they do all right so
+this is you know if if I had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know if if I had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know if if I had a certain
+value of Ki maybe my poles would sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Ki maybe my poles would sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Ki maybe my poles would sit
+here if I turned up Ki really big maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I turned up Ki really big maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I turned up Ki really big maybe
+my pole would poles would be here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pole would poles would be here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pole would poles would be here and I
+wouldn't want that because now it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want that because now it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want that because now it would
+be oscillating so I can still make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillating so I can still make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillating so I can still make this
+thing unstable by using too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing unstable by using too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing unstable by using too much
+integral gain but even with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gain but even with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gain but even with a small
+integral gain I can still get to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gain I can still get to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gain I can still get to zero
+error here gives me a duty ratio it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error here gives me a duty ratio it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error here gives me a duty ratio it's
+gets my output so my my output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets my output so my my output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets my output so my my output voltage
+will track my reference even with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will track my reference even with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will track my reference even with a
+small integral gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small integral gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small integral gain
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+that yeah Lor I didn't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah Lor I didn't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah Lor I didn't know which
+line how how how how do I know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line how how how how do I know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line how how how how do I know which
+value I'm that on the line I guess I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'm that on the line I guess I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'm that on the line I guess I see
+each of them represents for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them represents for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them represents for a different
+yeah no each of these each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no each of these each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no each of these each of these
+points these two points represent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points these two points represent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points these two points represent one
+gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of
+Ki these two points represent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki these two points represent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki these two points represent some
+bigger value of Ki and so forth so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger value of Ki and so forth so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger value of Ki and so forth so I can
+pick a value of Ki that would keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a value of Ki that would keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a value of Ki that would keep my
+poles over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um all right so you know I wouldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so you know I wouldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so you know I wouldn't do
+this in the real world but maybe I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the real world but maybe I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the real world but maybe I could
+say well if I'm really careful maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if I'm really careful maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if I'm really careful maybe I
+can get away with an integral controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with an integral controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with an integral controller
+on this thing it'll do the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing it'll do the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this thing it'll do the right thing
+okay so now let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's start
+thinking about doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing this
+design maybe I'll use an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design maybe I'll use an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design maybe I'll use an integral
+controller because it's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller because it's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller because it's the easiest
+thing I can think of let's start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can think of let's start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can think of let's start talking
+about my open loop poles and zeros all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my open loop poles and zeros all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my open loop poles and zeros all
+right um firstly we got to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um firstly we got to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um firstly we got to remember that
+this transfer function varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function varies with
+operating condition right so if I'm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating condition right so if I'm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating condition right so if I'm in a
+different value of load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of load
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm going to have a different uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to have a different uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to have a different uh zero
+location and I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and I'm going to have a
+different um I this does doesn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um I this does doesn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um I this does doesn't show
+very cleanly that the pole locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cleanly that the pole locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cleanly that the pole locations
+will differ except that it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ except that it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ except that it's in this
+term which actually relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which actually relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which actually relates to the
+damping okay so if I calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay so if I calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay so if I calculate this
+transfer functions poles and Zer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions poles and Zer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions poles and Zer for
+different values of r at the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of r at the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of r at the nominal
+input resistance this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input resistance this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input resistance this is what you're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+see okay uh the poles in the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay uh the poles in the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay uh the poles in the right half
+zero right half plane these are the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right half plane these are the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right half plane these are the I'm
+sorry the zeros in the right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the zeros in the right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the zeros in the right half plane
+the location of the zero mov moves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the zero mov moves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the zero mov moves with
+different values of load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of load
+resistance if I look at the locations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance if I look at the locations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance if I look at the locations of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+poles they move with the load resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles they move with the load resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles they move with the load resistance
+and what will happen is as R gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what will happen is as R gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what will happen is as R gets bigger
+this thing gets less and less damped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gets less and less damped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gets less and less damped the
+open loop poles are moving towards the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles are moving towards the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles are moving towards the J
+Omega axis which is right here okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis which is right here okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis which is right here okay why
+does it do that well if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do that well if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do that well if you think about
+back to the original converter what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original converter what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original converter what's
+happening essentially L and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening essentially L and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening essentially L and C are
+oscillating okay they they slide energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating okay they they slide energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating okay they they slide energy
+back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth
+dynamically not just directly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically not just directly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically not just directly because
+they're not directly connected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not directly connected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not directly connected but
+modulated through the duty ratio they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated through the duty ratio they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated through the duty ratio they're
+still trading energy back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trading energy back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trading energy back and forth and
+that's the source of oscillation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the source of oscillation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the source of oscillation that's
+why it's second ordering can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's second ordering can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's second ordering can be
+underdamped okay the resistor damps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdamped okay the resistor damps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdamped okay the resistor damps that
+right so it's some funny modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's some funny modulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's some funny modulated
+version of the LC oscillation with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the LC oscillation with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the LC oscillation with a
+parallel resistor so basically it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel resistor so basically it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel resistor so basically it's like
+a parallel resonant tank and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel resonant tank and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel resonant tank and the
+resistor is what's damping that thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is what's damping that thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is what's damping that thing if
+you make the r big the damping is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the r big the damping is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the r big the damping is small
+and it oscillates more so it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates more so it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates more so it shouldn't
+be surprising that the location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprising that the location of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprising that the location of the
+open loop poles gets closer to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles gets closer to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles gets closer to the J
+Omega axis and less damped as uh as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis and less damped as uh as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis and less damped as uh as R
+gets bigger okay so I might really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger okay so I might really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets bigger okay so I might really have
+a trouble if my R went to 100 but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trouble if my R went to 100 but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trouble if my R went to 100 but I'm
+only making it go to 10 okay notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only making it go to 10 okay notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only making it go to 10 okay notice
+thing that also things vary with input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that also things vary with input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that also things vary with input
+voltage right because if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right because if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right because if I think about
+input voltage D Prime here is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage D Prime here is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage D Prime here is changing
+right so that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's also
+changing the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the pole
+locations in fact very directly and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in fact very directly and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in fact very directly and in
+fact you can see that here so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can see that here so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can see that here so this is a
+plot of what happens when I vary both R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of what happens when I vary both R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of what happens when I vary both R
+and um input voltage and hence Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um input voltage and hence Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um input voltage and hence Duty
+ratio and all I did was I clunked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and all I did was I clunked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and all I did was I clunked the
+pole locations into mat lab and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations into mat lab and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations into mat lab and said
+plot it form okay so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it form okay so any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it form okay so any questions about
+that so any compensator I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any compensator I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so any compensator I'm going to
+have to build the typical thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build the typical thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to build the typical thing you do
+you could build a variable compensator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a variable compensator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a variable compensator
+that did different things for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did different things for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did different things for different
+operating points but the most typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating points but the most typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating points but the most typical
+thing to do in a dcds converter is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in a dcds converter is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in a dcds converter is to
+say I know my plant characteristics vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I know my plant characteristics vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I know my plant characteristics vary
+let me Design One compensator that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Design One compensator that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Design One compensator that'll
+work for any location on that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for any location on that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for any location on that that's the
+simplest thing you can do okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing you can do okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing you can do okay and so
+let's see what would happen if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would happen if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what would happen if we try to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that what I'm going to do is let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I'm going to do is let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I'm going to do is let me put
+this system in a control closed loop I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system in a control closed loop I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system in a control closed loop I'm
+going to use a compensator I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a compensator I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a compensator I'm going to
+use this compensator I'm going to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this compensator I'm going to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this compensator I'm going to use an
+integral controller okay and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral controller okay and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral controller okay and I'm going
+to use my plant Dynamics there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use my plant Dynamics there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use my plant Dynamics there and then
+for different values of Ki I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of Ki I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of Ki I'm going to
+take the closed loop I'm going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the closed loop I'm going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the closed loop I'm going to find
+the closed loop pole locations then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop pole locations then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop pole locations then I'm
+just going to plop them okay and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to plop them okay and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to plop them okay and I'm
+just going to do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do that you know
+physically in mat lab here we go so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in mat lab here we go so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in mat lab here we go so the
+open loop pole locations of the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop pole locations of the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop pole locations of the ends
+here and this is for a load resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is for a load resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is for a load resistance
+of two ohms this is one end of my load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two ohms this is one end of my load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two ohms this is one end of my load
+range this is the heavy load end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this is the heavy load end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this is the heavy load end of my
+load range we can see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load range we can see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load range we can see that for
+KI the because I have this integral gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KI the because I have this integral gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KI the because I have this integral gain
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+five um my I'm going to have a pull here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um my I'm going to have a pull here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um my I'm going to have a pull here
+that's due to the compensator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to the compensator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to the compensator and then
+the poles that's due to the plan are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles that's due to the plan are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles that's due to the plan are
+going to be here and the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be here and the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be here and the right half
+plane zero is out here okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero is out here okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero is out here okay so that
+system ought to at least be stable and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ought to at least be stable and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ought to at least be stable and I
+plotted this for bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this for bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this for bunch of different
+values increasing values of Ki so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values increasing values of Ki so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values increasing values of Ki so this
+root Locus that I was sort of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus that I was sort of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus that I was sort of showing
+you I've calculated for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I've calculated for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I've calculated for a bunch of
+different values of Ki so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of Ki so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of Ki so you can see
+what will happen if I make Ki too big I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if I make Ki too big I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if I make Ki too big I
+will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get
+instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability
+okay now that's for one end of my load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's for one end of my load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's for one end of my load
+range but keep in mind the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but keep in mind the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but keep in mind the starting
+place of my poles my open loop poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of my poles my open loop poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of my poles my open loop poles
+depended upon my load resistance if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended upon my load resistance if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended upon my load resistance if I
+started with the other end of my load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the other end of my load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the other end of my load
+range 10 10 ohms light load this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 10 10 ohms light load this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 10 10 ohms light load this is what
+it would look like all right the for KI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like all right the for KI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like all right the for KI
+equals 5 I have a dominant pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 I have a dominant pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 I have a dominant pole
+here right this is the Clos Loop pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the Clos Loop pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the Clos Loop pole
+location and this is I have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and this is I have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and this is I have a pair of
+super lightly damped poles here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lightly damped poles here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lightly damped poles here
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um I could then say all right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could then say all right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could then say all right let me
+calculate the closed loop pole locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the closed loop pole locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the closed loop pole locations
+that's how once I have the feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how once I have the feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how once I have the feedback loop
+if I kick the output that's how it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I kick the output that's how it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I kick the output that's how it'll
+oscillate once it went with my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate once it went with my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate once it went with my my
+control system in place okay and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system in place okay and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system in place okay and I could
+calculate that for every possible value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that for every possible value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that for every possible value
+of R and input voltage that I might deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and input voltage that I might deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R and input voltage that I might deal
+with and if you do that this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and if you do that this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and if you do that this is what you
+get okay so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so you could
+argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+um no matter what here it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter what here it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no matter what here it's at least
+stable right all the poles are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right all the poles are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right all the poles are in the
+left half plane right this is the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane right this is the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane right this is the J
+Omega axis on the right here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis on the right here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis on the right here okay and
+I'm going to have a dominant kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a dominant kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a dominant kind of
+first order poll and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order poll and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order poll and then I'm going to
+have some lightly damped higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some lightly damped higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some lightly damped higher order
+poles any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles any questions about
+that so I could at least say I built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I could at least say I built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I could at least say I built a
+stable system it won't blow up hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system it won't blow up hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system it won't blow up hopefully
+for any of the loads or input voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of the loads or input voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of the loads or input voltages
+I'm going to put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay um you know how stable is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay um you know how stable is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay um you know how stable is it
+and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where
+uh me and your average control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me and your average control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh me and your average control
+textbook break paths in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook break paths in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook break paths in terms of what
+we're happy with okay um a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy with okay um a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy with okay um a typical
+measure for those who do control are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for those who do control are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for those who do control are
+things are either like the phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are either like the phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are either like the phase margin
+you have or the gain margin you have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or the gain margin you have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or the gain margin you have on
+your Loop right so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Loop right so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Loop right so what you do is you
+Loop look at the Loop gain and you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop look at the Loop gain and you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop look at the Loop gain and you plot
+that out and you can look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and you can look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and you can look at the the
+open loop loop gain um with a controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop loop gain um with a controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop loop gain um with a controller
+this is what it looks like so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like so this would
+tell you at 10 ohms which is the lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you at 10 ohms which is the lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you at 10 ohms which is the lightly
+most lightly damped point in that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most lightly damped point in that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most lightly damped point in that um
+this says we have a gain margin of 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says we have a gain margin of 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says we have a gain margin of 17
+DB uh and a phase margin of almost 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB uh and a phase margin of almost 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB uh and a phase margin of almost 90
+degrees so any control guy will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so any control guy will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so any control guy will tell you
+that's a super stable system you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a super stable system you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a super stable system you're not
+you're not going to be unstable no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be unstable no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be unstable no no
+worries and they're right it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries and they're right it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries and they're right it's not the
+output's not going to blow up whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output's not going to blow up whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output's not going to blow up whether
+it's acceptable or not is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptable or not is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acceptable or not is another
+question okay and that's what you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay and that's what you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay and that's what you got to
+think about and so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and so let's look at this
+let's look at some load step responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some load step responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some load step responses
+okay so what we do is we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we do is we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we do is we have the the
+Clos Loop control then we pip the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop control then we pip the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop control then we pip the load
+and we see how does the voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see how does the voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see how does the voltage and
+current respond okay in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current respond okay in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current respond okay in this case we're
+stepping up the uh we're stepping down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping up the uh we're stepping down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping up the uh we're stepping down
+the resistance to see a load step from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance to see a load step from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance to see a load step from
+light load to heavy load and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light load to heavy load and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light load to heavy load and then from
+heavy load to light load okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy load to light load okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy load to light load okay so here's
+one from one input end to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from one input end to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from one input end to the other and
+we can see that here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that here's the here's the
+voltage response and here's the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response and here's the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage response and here's the current
+response here and it pretty much settles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here and it pretty much settles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here and it pretty much settles
+out I think this is a simulation thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I think this is a simulation thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I think this is a simulation thing
+out here um so you could say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here um so you could say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here um so you could say you know
+that's not too badly damped I don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too badly damped I don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too badly damped I don't mind
+that so much it it's all right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so much it it's all right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so much it it's all right it's not
+great but it's it's stable right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it's it's stable right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it's it's stable right but
+that's going from light load to heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going from light load to heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going from light load to heavy
+load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um what happens oh and I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens oh and I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens oh and I should say
+that's that's the actual switch circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the actual switch circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the actual switch circuit
+model what is the average model say will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what is the average model say will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what is the average model say will
+happen there it is so the average model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there it is so the average model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there it is so the average model
+the thing I want to point out is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I want to point out is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I want to point out is even
+though that's a pretty big load step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a pretty big load step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a pretty big load step the
+average model does a really good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average model does a really good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average model does a really good job of
+capturing what goes on right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what goes on right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing what goes on right so you can
+really kind of get behind averaging as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of get behind averaging as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of get behind averaging as a
+way to get a simple look at what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get a simple look at what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get a simple look at what your
+system's doing and in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's doing and in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's doing and in fact if you
+calculated what the oscillation Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated what the oscillation Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated what the oscillation Dynamics
+looks like the small signal model still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the small signal model still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the small signal model still
+looks pretty darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty darn
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+right all right well what about if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right well what about if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right well what about if I go
+in the other direction right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction right now I'm
+going to take I have heavy load a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I have heavy load a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take I have heavy load a lot of
+load on the converter now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the converter now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the converter now I'm going to
+step the load light okay well here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the load light okay well here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the load light okay well here we go
+boom the first thing you'll notice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom the first thing you'll notice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom the first thing you'll notice by
+the way is when the load went away what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is when the load went away what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is when the load went away what
+happens to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the output
+voltage it Rockets up why does it rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it Rockets up why does it rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage it Rockets up why does it rocket
+up because there was all this current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because there was all this current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because there was all this current in
+the inductor and the load resistance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and the load resistance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor and the load resistance you
+know the load went away and so all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the load went away and so all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the load went away and so all that
+energy that was in the inductor ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that was in the inductor ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that was in the inductor ends up
+in the output capacitor right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output capacitor right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output capacitor right and that
+output voltage swings way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage swings way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage swings way
+up and there ain't a lot you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there ain't a lot you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there ain't a lot you can do
+about that right the the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right the the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right the the energy in the
+inductor has to go somewhere and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor has to go somewhere and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor has to go somewhere and it goes
+into the output voltage okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the output voltage okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the output voltage okay so in the
+real world if I didn't want to see a a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if I didn't want to see a a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world if I didn't want to see a a g
+ginormous Spike on my output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous Spike on my output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous Spike on my output voltage
+like a 10vt spike on my output voltage I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10vt spike on my output voltage I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 10vt spike on my output voltage I
+better throw a bigger output capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better throw a bigger output capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better throw a bigger output capacitor
+on there or use a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there or use a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there or use a smaller
+inductor okay so when you're thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay so when you're thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay so when you're thinking in
+your design projects about how to size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your design projects about how to size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your design projects about how to size
+lnc and you want some cut off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnc and you want some cut off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnc and you want some cut off you know
+using a one Henry inductor and a paa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a one Henry inductor and a paa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a one Henry inductor and a paa
+farad load Capac filter capacitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farad load Capac filter capacitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farad load Capac filter capacitor is
+probably a bad idea because you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a bad idea because you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a bad idea because you got to
+eat the energy in that inductor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat the energy in that inductor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat the energy in that inductor in the
+load transient right so word to the wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load transient right so word to the wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load transient right so word to the wise
+you got to you got to size those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to you got to size those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to you got to size those very
+wisely and make sure you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely and make sure you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely and make sure you have enough
+energy surging your capacitor that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surging your capacitor that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy surging your capacitor that he's
+not going to be too unhappy to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be too unhappy to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be too unhappy to absorb
+the energy from the inductor in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy from the inductor in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy from the inductor in a
+transient okay but more to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient okay but more to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient okay but more to the point
+what else goes on here here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else goes on here here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else goes on here here's what
+happens to the energy in the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the energy in the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the energy in the inductor
+right the inductor current this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the inductor current this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the inductor current this is the
+inductor current here it goes blam it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current here it goes blam it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current here it goes blam it
+goes down to zero basically the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to zero basically the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to zero basically the output
+voltage gets big the converter says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gets big the converter says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage gets big the converter says oh
+my God turn uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God turn uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God turn uh you
+know what can I do I the most I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what can I do I the most I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what can I do I the most I can do
+is turn my duty ratio to zero and I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turn my duty ratio to zero and I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turn my duty ratio to zero and I turn
+my duty ratio to zero and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio to zero and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my duty ratio to zero and all that
+energy in the inductor ends up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the inductor ends up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the inductor ends up in the
+capacitor and then it starts to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then it starts to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and then it starts to switch
+again but you notice here things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but you notice here things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but you notice here things are
+clipped at zero in this time period this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipped at zero in this time period this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipped at zero in this time period this
+converter is actually in discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter is actually in discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter is actually in discontinuous
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+mode okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode okay
+um so actually that average model isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually that average model isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually that average model isn't
+quite right anymore okay now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right anymore okay now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right anymore okay now if we
+simulate this we actually do do pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this we actually do do pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate this we actually do do pretty
+well but the simulation actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the simulation actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the simulation actually we
+stick in a diode to to keep the we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in a diode to to keep the we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in a diode to to keep the we we
+clamped it so so in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped it so so in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped it so so in in the in the
+simulation so that it sort of wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that it sort of wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so that it sort of wouldn't
+have the inductor current go negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inductor current go negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inductor current go negative
+why because this has a switch and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because this has a switch and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because this has a switch and a
+diode in it now if you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode in it now if you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode in it now if you had two
+switches the this States this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches the this States this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches the this States this average
+model is perfect it works all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is perfect it works all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is perfect it works all the time
+it is still clipped like in our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still clipped like in our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still clipped like in our system
+we can never have duty ratios greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can never have duty ratios greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can never have duty ratios greater
+than one or less than zero so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one or less than zero so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one or less than zero so there is
+some clipping that goes on all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clipping that goes on all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clipping that goes on all right but
+the other thing I wanted to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I wanted to point out
+and this is related to what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is related to what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is related to what we said
+earlier I showed you we have the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I showed you we have the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I showed you we have the gain
+margin of what 17 D 17 DB and the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of what 17 D 17 DB and the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of what 17 D 17 DB and the phase
+margin was like 90 degrees right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin was like 90 degrees right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin was like 90 degrees right that's
+perfectly stable right anybody would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly stable right anybody would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly stable right anybody would say
+that's very stable but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very stable but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very stable but look at the
+oscillation in the output voltage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in the output voltage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation in the output voltage here
+like to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to my
+mind I'm sorry this is the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I'm sorry this is the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I'm sorry this is the oscillation
+of the current but there's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current but there's also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the current but there's also an
+oscillation of the voltage that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the voltage that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation of the voltage that's very
+ringy I wouldn't like that at all in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringy I wouldn't like that at all in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringy I wouldn't like that at all in you
+know in a real converter especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a real converter especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a real converter especially if
+I'm feeding some sensitive load and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm feeding some sensitive load and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm feeding some sensitive load and when
+I set the load the Alpa voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the load the Alpa voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the load the Alpa voltage is
+going right and what you can and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and what you can and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right and what you can and where
+does this oscillation come from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this oscillation come from right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this oscillation come from right
+this oscillation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation comes
+from these lightly damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these lightly damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these lightly damped
+poles the dominant pole here makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles the dominant pole here makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles the dominant pole here makes it
+really stable it's not going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stable it's not going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stable it's not going to the
+output's not going to walk off and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output's not going to walk off and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output's not going to walk off and go to
+infinity or something so that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or something so that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or something so that's why the
+model says it's stable nonetheless these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model says it's stable nonetheless these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model says it's stable nonetheless these
+lightly damp p P still cause oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damp p P still cause oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damp p P still cause oscillation
+in the output now I'm I chose kind of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output now I'm I chose kind of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output now I'm I chose kind of on
+purpose an extreme example that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose an extreme example that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose an extreme example that makes it
+look pretty bad what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty bad what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look pretty bad what you can see
+sometimes is that you'll have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is that you'll have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is that you'll have something
+that's very very stable but there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very stable but there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very stable but there'll be
+some really lightly damped pole maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really lightly damped pole maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really lightly damped pole maybe
+not even you know a little bit down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even you know a little bit down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even you know a little bit down but
+way down and what you often see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and what you often see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and what you often see when you
+do that if you leave this lightly damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you leave this lightly damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you leave this lightly damped
+pole hanging there is that um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole hanging there is that um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole hanging there is that um your
+output voltage will look fine on a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage will look fine on a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage will look fine on a macro
+scale but then you zoom in on it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but then you zoom in on it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but then you zoom in on it and you
+find it's wobbling by 10 or 20 or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's wobbling by 10 or 20 or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it's wobbling by 10 or 20 or 30
+Mill volts on top of your 24 volt output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill volts on top of your 24 volt output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mill volts on top of your 24 volt output
+and then you have to ask the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to ask the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to ask the question is
+that tolerable and you know maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tolerable and you know maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tolerable and you know maybe I
+don't care about 30 molts a ripple at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about 30 molts a ripple at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about 30 molts a ripple at 20
+khz because there's some lightly damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz because there's some lightly damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz because there's some lightly damp
+pole pair right I could I could live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair right I could I could live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair right I could I could live
+with that but there's other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but there's other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but there's other applications
+where they tell you oh buy the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they tell you oh buy the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they tell you oh buy the way
+you've got to have your output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have your output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have your output voltage
+Rock Solid and some lightly damp pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Solid and some lightly damp pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Solid and some lightly damp pole
+pairs that's going to get excited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that's going to get excited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that's going to get excited by
+noise and just wble around is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and just wble around is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and just wble around is probably
+not acceptable so in addition to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acceptable so in addition to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acceptable so in addition to making
+your control loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your control loops
+stable I would argue you've got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable I would argue you've got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable I would argue you've got to think
+about uh how precise does it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how precise does it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how precise does it have to
+track the output voltage how much will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the output voltage how much will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the output voltage how much will
+it wiggle when something happens to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wiggle when something happens to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wiggle when something happens to it
+and is that acceptable and in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that acceptable and in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is that acceptable and in power
+supplies very often you know your job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies very often you know your job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies very often you know your job is
+to make the world clean you know solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world clean you know solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world clean you know solid
+voltage no matter what and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage no matter what and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage no matter what and in those
+cases you've got to think very care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you've got to think very care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you've got to think very care
+carefully about how you want to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how you want to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how you want to deal
+with the closed loop poles right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the closed loop poles right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the closed loop poles right maybe
+you want to make sure that no poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that no poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that no poles are
+super lightly damped even if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lightly damped even if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super lightly damped even if they're
+pretty far down and not contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far down and not contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far down and not contributing
+that much to stability maybe they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much to stability maybe they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much to stability maybe they will
+make your output response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your output response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your output response
+unpleasant so that was me talking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant so that was me talking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant so that was me talking a lot
+are there any questions about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about those
+examples s like what devices would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples s like what devices would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples s like what devices would
+require like a more stable output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like a more stable output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require like a more stable output
+voltage if you were building a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if you were building a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if you were building a power
+supply to feed a sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to feed a sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to feed a sensitive
+instrumentation amplifier for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation amplifier for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation amplifier for example
+right um because if if you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um because if if you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um because if if you if you have
+some instrumentation amplifier that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instrumentation amplifier that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instrumentation amplifier that's
+picking up some tiny signal I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up some tiny signal I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up some tiny signal I don't know
+for an EKG or whatever it is right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an EKG or whatever it is right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an EKG or whatever it is right that
+amplifier has some power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has some power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has some power supply
+rejection ratio meaning the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection ratio meaning the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection ratio meaning the output of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+amplifier will give you the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier will give you the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier will give you the response to
+the input but there's a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input but there's a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input but there's a tiny little
+response to the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the power supply
+variation and that little response may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and that little response may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and that little response may
+be bad so if your power supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad so if your power supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad so if your power supply is
+wiggling around a little bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggling around a little bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggling around a little bit of that
+gets into the output and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the output and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the output and so you don't
+like that right if what I'm feeding is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right if what I'm feeding is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right if what I'm feeding is a
+resistor maybe I don't care right but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor maybe I don't care right but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor maybe I don't care right but so
+it depends on the application but a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the application but a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the application but a lot
+of the time you know if it's a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you know if it's a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you know if it's a power
+supply for instrumentation amplifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for instrumentation amplifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for instrumentation amplifier or
+for an RF transmitter or for a receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an RF transmitter or for a receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an RF transmitter or for a receiver
+or something like that you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you've got to
+keep it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it very
+clean yeah Jack the the phase margin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean yeah Jack the the phase margin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean yeah Jack the the phase margin for
+the transfer function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from
+to yeah that's that's true yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah that's that's true yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah that's that's true yes that's
+why you showed us like low step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you showed us like low step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you showed us like low step that
+that f mark is different that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f mark is different that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f mark is different that that's
+right but on the other hand from a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but on the other hand from a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but on the other hand from a small
+signal point of view all the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal point of view all the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal point of view all the pole
+locations are like right once I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations are like right once I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations are like right once I have a
+linear system the pole locations are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system the pole locations are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system the pole locations are the
+same for any input to any for for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for any input to any for for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for any input to any for for any
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+right uh that's a good question but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh that's a good question but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh that's a good question but the
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+margin i' I'd have to think I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin i' I'd have to think I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin i' I'd have to think I'd have to
+think about whether that's true but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether that's true but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether that's true but it's
+also true that you would still see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true that you would still see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true that you would still see that
+if I if I did a tiny load load step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I did a tiny load load step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I did a tiny load load step
+you'd still see that kind of thing I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still see that kind of thing I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still see that kind of thing I if
+I did a tiny reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a tiny reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a tiny reference
+step and came back to what I'm treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and came back to what I'm treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and came back to what I'm treating
+as the input you'd still see that yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input you'd still see that yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input you'd still see that yeah I
+guess high is pretty what's that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess high is pretty what's that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess high is pretty what's that like
+90° is pry d right but the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° is pry d right but the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° is pry d right but the only thing
+that's telling you is what the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling you is what the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling you is what the dominant
+pole is doing it is very damped right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is doing it is very damped right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is doing it is very damped right it
+will the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the majority of the
+transition will reflect that dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition will reflect that dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition will reflect that dominant
+Pole right so the reason this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole right so the reason this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole right so the reason this looks
+damped is because it's dominated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped is because it's dominated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped is because it's dominated by this
+guy down here let me put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down here let me put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy down here let me put on
+that right but that doesn't mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but that doesn't mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but that doesn't mean there's
+not some small oscillations so the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some small oscillations so the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some small oscillations so the small
+oscillations aren't going to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations aren't going to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations aren't going to make your
+circuit blow up and that's why they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit blow up and that's why they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit blow up and that's why they say
+oh it's it's great it's very very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's it's great it's very very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's it's great it's very very stable
+and it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's true
+the problem is if these wiggling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is if these wiggling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is if these wiggling around
+even if it's very very small might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's very very small might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's very very small might be
+unacceptable as a as a response at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable as a as a response at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable as a as a response at the
+output that's the point I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's the point I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's the point I wanted to
+make does that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make does that answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make does that answer your question
+okay um so this is just to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is just to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so this is just to give you an
+idea of the way people first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the way people first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the way people first of all the
+process people use to get a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process people use to get a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process people use to get a model and
+then the way they think about you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the way they think about you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the way they think about you what
+you might use that model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use that model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use that model for
+understanding if some of you had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if some of you had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if some of you had had
+control system design and some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system design and some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system design and some of you
+hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't
+um you notice the question I dodged is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you notice the question I dodged is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you notice the question I dodged is
+um well if this is a bad compensator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if this is a bad compensator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if this is a bad compensator and
+this is a bad compensator what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bad compensator what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bad compensator what's a good
+compensator right um and the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator right um and the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator right um and the answer to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um there's a lot of things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of things you can do
+okay one of them if I just wanted to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of them if I just wanted to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of them if I just wanted to use
+something like an integral controller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an integral controller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an integral controller or
+you know a more fancy version that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a more fancy version that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a more fancy version that's not
+just an integral controller but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral controller but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral controller but
+something that was a good Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a good Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was a good Duty ratio
+control scheme one thing I could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control scheme one thing I could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control scheme one thing I could do is
+um change my plant so that it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change my plant so that it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um change my plant so that it had
+friendlier Dynamics I already said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendlier Dynamics I already said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendlier Dynamics I already said if
+you don't want the voltage overshoot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want the voltage overshoot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want the voltage overshoot I
+use a bigger capacitor right I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a bigger capacitor right I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a bigger capacitor right I can also
+do things to the actual converter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things to the actual converter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things to the actual converter to
+make it friendlier for my Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it friendlier for my Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it friendlier for my Dynamics and
+what we saw as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw as one
+example was that well what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was that well what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was that well what's really
+happening is this resistor is damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is this resistor is damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is this resistor is damping
+the LC oscillation modulated through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LC oscillation modulated through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LC oscillation modulated through the
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+right but the problem is when R gets big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the problem is when R gets big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the problem is when R gets big
+it's not well damped well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well damped well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not well damped well what happens
+if I walk up to this thing and I say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I walk up to this thing and I say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I walk up to this thing and I say you
+know what I will throw a damping leg on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I will throw a damping leg on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I will throw a damping leg on
+the output of this I'll put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this I'll put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this I'll put another
+resistor in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rd and here I have C big right um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd and here I have C big right um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd and here I have C big right um we
+talk about filter design you'll also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about filter design you'll also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about filter design you'll also see
+see these kind of damping legs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these kind of damping legs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these kind of damping legs and
+you've seen it in snubbers too right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it in snubbers too right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it in snubbers too right the
+idea is at frequencies near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is at frequencies near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is at frequencies near the
+oscillation point with L and C if C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation point with L and C if C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation point with L and C if C
+looks like a short circuit then Rd is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a short circuit then Rd is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a short circuit then Rd is
+sort of in parallel with r and damps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel with r and damps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel with r and damps
+this and then if R gets big or small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then if R gets big or small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then if R gets big or small it
+always has Rd in parallel with it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has Rd in parallel with it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has Rd in parallel with it so if
+this was 2 ohms and I was happy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 2 ohms and I was happy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was 2 ohms and I was happy with the
+response I saw for 2 ohm damping then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I saw for 2 ohm damping then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I saw for 2 ohm damping then
+maybe this damping leg added onto my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this damping leg added onto my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this damping leg added onto my
+converter would um you know satisfy me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter would um you know satisfy me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter would um you know satisfy me
+okay and I also have some more big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also have some more big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I also have some more big
+capacitance here to help me absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance here to help me absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance here to help me absorb
+larger voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger voltage
+transients okay so one thing I can do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients okay so one thing I can do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients okay so one thing I can do if
+I don't like my Dynamics and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like my Dynamics and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like my Dynamics and you might
+not either because the overshoots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not either because the overshoots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not either because the overshoots are
+too big or because it's not as as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big or because it's not as as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big or because it's not as as well
+damped as you want is you can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped as you want is you can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped as you want is you can do things
+like add damping legs or other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like add damping legs or other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like add damping legs or other things to
+the plant to the actual converter change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant to the actual converter change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant to the actual converter change
+the comp component values so that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp component values so that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp component values so that it is
+is better damped or that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better damped or that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better damped or that it has
+friendlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendlier
+response okay nothing wrong with that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay nothing wrong with that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay nothing wrong with that do
+it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the
+time the up the upside is it works the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the up the upside is it works the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the up the upside is it works the
+downside is now I've got to go B go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is now I've got to go B go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is now I've got to go B go out
+and buy an extra capacitor and damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy an extra capacitor and damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy an extra capacitor and damping
+resistor you know it's more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you know it's more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor you know it's more expensive
+right there's some things you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's some things you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's some things you can't
+change right I mean some some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right I mean some some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right I mean some some things you
+must change the plant if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change the plant if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change the plant if I want to
+reduce that amount that voltage is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that amount that voltage is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that amount that voltage is going
+to swing up when the load steps down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swing up when the load steps down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swing up when the load steps down I
+better go get more capacitors there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go get more capacitors there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go get more capacitors there's no
+way around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around it
+okay because there's nowhere else for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there's nowhere else for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because there's nowhere else for
+the energy to go unless I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to go unless I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy to go unless I'm going to
+somehow dump it um so sometimes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dump it um so sometimes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dump it um so sometimes you have
+to change things but you don't tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change things but you don't tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change things but you don't tend to
+like to add Hardware if you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add Hardware if you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add Hardware if you can do it in
+control okay and the the way I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay and the the way I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay and the the way I would I
+might think about doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about doing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about doing something like
+that I'd certainly use a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd certainly use a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd certainly use a bigger
+capacitor the other thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the other thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor the other thing I would
+probably do in this kind of converter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do in this kind of converter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do in this kind of converter is
+a different control scheme you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different control scheme you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different control scheme you notice
+that in this control scheme we we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this control scheme we we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this control scheme we we sort
+of reduced everything down to a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduced everything down to a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduced everything down to a transfer
+function from Duty ratio to voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from Duty ratio to voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from Duty ratio to voltage and
+I just ignored what the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ignored what the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ignored what the inductor current
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+doing well it turns out that control guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well it turns out that control guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well it turns out that control guy
+will tell you well you should be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you well you should be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you well you should be doing
+full State feedback in other words don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full State feedback in other words don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full State feedback in other words don't
+just feedback V but feedback I and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feedback V but feedback I and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just feedback V but feedback I and use
+that knowledge to improve the control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge to improve the control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge to improve the control so
+that you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you basically
+don't make your polls worse but you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make your polls worse but you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make your polls worse but you make
+them better and it turns out that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and it turns out that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and it turns out that just
+by doing better control by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing better control by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing better control by looking at
+the inductor current and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and the
+voltage I can make a better controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I can make a better controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I can make a better controller
+that will be lead to a much nice more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be lead to a much nice more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be lead to a much nice more
+nicely damped response okay and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely damped response okay and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely damped response okay and we will
+talk about that that that technique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that that that technique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that that that technique is
+called current mode control or current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called current mode control or current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called current mode control or current
+program control and that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program control and that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program control and that will be the
+topic of next class have a great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VhvLk6AY9M0.txt b/VhvLk6AY9M0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39fe63ce59c403cc7a3171b553683d43a146ccab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VhvLk6AY9M0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello my name is Steve lurman and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is Steve lurman and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is Steve lurman and I'll
+be giving a 15minute lecture and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving a 15minute lecture and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be giving a 15minute lecture and then uh
+what I'll try to do during this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll try to do during this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll try to do during this lecture
+is give you a broad overview about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give you a broad overview about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give you a broad overview about some
+of the Innovations in the educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovations in the educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Innovations in the educational
+uses of Technology let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of Technology let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses of Technology let me first
+introduce myself a little um I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce myself a little um I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce myself a little um I am a
+professor at MIT I've been here about 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT I've been here about 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at MIT I've been here about 26
+years and I currently direct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I currently direct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and I currently direct an
+interdisciplinary Research Center called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary Research Center called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary Research Center called
+the center for educational Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for educational Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for educational Computing
+initiatives this is a center that cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives this is a center that cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives this is a center that cuts
+across all of MIT schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of MIT schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of MIT schools and
+departments and tries to undertake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and tries to undertake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and tries to undertake
+Innovative research in how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative research in how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative research in how different
+Technologies computer Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies computer Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies computer Technologies and
+Communications Technologies can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Technologies can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Technologies can be used
+in educational settings most of our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational settings most of our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational settings most of our work
+is in higher education but occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in higher education but occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in higher education but occasionally
+we do do projects that go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do projects that go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do projects that go beyond that
+scope what I thought I would do is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope what I thought I would do is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope what I thought I would do is first
+give you uh a little bit of a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh a little bit of a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh a little bit of a sense of
+some of the opportunities that we as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the opportunities that we as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the opportunities that we as a
+group uh have been exploring and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh have been exploring and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh have been exploring and they
+really have to do about changing how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do about changing how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do about changing how we
+think about teaching and learning and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about teaching and learning and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about teaching and learning and so
+I've shown a slide up here uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown a slide up here uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown a slide up here uh which
+contrasts two different ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts two different ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts two different ways of thinking
+uh on the left side as you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left side as you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left side as you look at it
+are what might think of as more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what might think of as more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what might think of as more
+traditional ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways of thinking about
+educational processes and on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational processes and on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational processes and on the right
+side are some of the ways in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are some of the ways in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are some of the ways in which we
+want to transform that thinking so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transform that thinking so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transform that thinking so for
+example we often talk in about teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we often talk in about teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we often talk in about teaching
+and I'd rather focus more on learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd rather focus more on learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd rather focus more on learning
+what the student learns rather than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the student learns rather than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the student learns rather than what
+the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher
+teaches rather than thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches rather than thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches rather than thinking of a
+teacher necessarily one could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher necessarily one could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher necessarily one could think of
+an individual who acts more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual who acts more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual who acts more like a
+mentor or coach in certain settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor or coach in certain settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor or coach in certain settings
+students uh are really Learners they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh are really Learners they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh are really Learners they may
+not be students in the formal sense they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be students in the formal sense they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be students in the formal sense they
+can be people in Industry trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be people in Industry trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be people in Industry trying to
+acquire new skills they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire new skills they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire new skills they can be
+individuals at home we normally think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals at home we normally think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals at home we normally think of
+teaching as a synchronous process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching as a synchronous process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching as a synchronous process you
+and I are in the same place at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are in the same place at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I are in the same place at the same
+time while we're learning when in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time while we're learning when in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time while we're learning when in fact
+at least right now we're not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least right now we're not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least right now we're not I'm
+teaching this uh lecture or this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this uh lecture or this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this uh lecture or this piece
+in a uh Studio here at MIT and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh Studio here at MIT and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh Studio here at MIT and you're
+watching it somewhere else at a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it somewhere else at a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it somewhere else at a totally
+different time so a lot of teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time so a lot of teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time so a lot of teaching and
+learning can be thought of as less as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can be thought of as less as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning can be thought of as less as a
+synchronous activity and more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous activity and more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous activity and more of an
+asynchronous one too much of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous one too much of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous one too much of education
+at least in my view is passive we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my view is passive we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my view is passive we put
+students in classrooms or in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in classrooms or in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in classrooms or in lecture
+halls in higher education and we talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halls in higher education and we talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halls in higher education and we talk to
+them there's been a strong move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's been a strong move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's been a strong move to
+changing that relationship where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that relationship where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that relationship where the
+student becomes far more active an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student becomes far more active an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student becomes far more active an
+active participant in his or her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active participant in his or her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active participant in his or her own
+learning and we also uh have gone very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and we also uh have gone very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and we also uh have gone very
+much from a scheduled learning there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from a scheduled learning there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from a scheduled learning there are
+classes at certain hours to much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes at certain hours to much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes at certain hours to much more
+ability to learn on demand when you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to learn on demand when you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to learn on demand when you need
+it where you need it and finally uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where you need it and finally uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where you need it and finally uh we
+often think of a set of materials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think of a set of materials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think of a set of materials for
+teaching there's a set of lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching there's a set of lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching there's a set of lecture notes
+that we hand out to students for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hand out to students for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hand out to students for example
+and it's actually now much more interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually now much more interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually now much more interest
+in focusing on students working towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focusing on students working towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focusing on students working towards
+some goal now no single transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some goal now no single transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some goal now no single transformation
+we're working on has all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on has all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on has all these
+attributes simultaneously but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes simultaneously but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes simultaneously but they
+represent for us a direction that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent for us a direction that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent for us a direction that the
+research lab I direct is trying to head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab I direct is trying to head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research lab I direct is trying to head
+in and I thought the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I thought the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I thought the best way to
+illustrate some of that was to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of that was to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate some of that was to talk a
+little about some of the projects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about some of the projects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about some of the projects the
+work that goes on at the center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that goes on at the center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that goes on at the center for
+educational for Center for educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational for Center for educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational for Center for educational
+Computing initiative CCI really falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing initiative CCI really falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing initiative CCI really falls
+into three different intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three different intersecting
+areas one area is enabling Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas one area is enabling Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas one area is enabling Technologies
+not all of the technologies that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the technologies that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the technologies that we need
+to help people learn better are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people learn better are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people learn better are
+necessarily available today and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily available today and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily available today and so
+there's some element of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of the research
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at technology that can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at technology that can help
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+
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+students in different ways things that
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+
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+
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+enable ways of new teach ways of
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+applications building realworld
+ 
+
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+educational software and Communications
+
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+educational software and Communications
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and applying them to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and applying them to with
+actual learners most of the activity we
+
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+actual learners most of the activity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual learners most of the activity we
+do in my Center in fact falls into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in my Center in fact falls into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in my Center in fact falls into this
+area of Applied research looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Applied research looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Applied research looking at
+opportunities for how we might improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for how we might improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for how we might improve
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+education building things that help
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and then putting them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+classroom settings the third area is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom settings the third area is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+I think of as evaluation or assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of as evaluation or assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's sometimes called and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the question fundamentally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the question fundamentally so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the goal is to improve education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the goal is to improve education
+then one has to ask hard questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one has to ask hard questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one has to ask hard questions about
+does a technology actually help do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a technology actually help do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually learn differently or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually learn differently or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or faster and even that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient the types of questions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to ask really are much more fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to ask really are much more fine
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained who learns better what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained who learns better what types of
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technology than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+conventional means how much does it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional means how much does it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional means how much does it cost
+both to create the Technologies and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to create the Technologies and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to create the Technologies and to
+use them how does that compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them how does that compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them how does that compare with
+traditional educational settings and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional educational settings and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional educational settings and so
+it's not sufficient simply to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient simply to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient simply to do things
+and argue and wave one hands and say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argue and wave one hands and say but
+ 
+
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+and argue and wave one hands and say but
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+we do have fairly detailed assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have fairly detailed assessment
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans associated with them where the
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+
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+goal as best as possible is to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal as best as possible is to make some
+inferences about learning outcomes and
+
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+inferences about learning outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about learning outcomes and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how both students and teachers uh use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how both students and teachers uh use
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+
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+the materials to effectively help the
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+
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+
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+
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+learn well with that I'd like to tell
+
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+learn well with that I'd like to tell
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+
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+learn well with that I'd like to tell
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+
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+you about a couple of the projects going
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+
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+you about a couple of the projects going
+on in my lab not all the projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in my lab not all the projects are
+ 
+
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+on in my lab not all the projects are
+ones I direct uh myself the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I direct uh myself the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I direct uh myself the first
+example I want to give you is directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to give you is directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to give you is directed
+by Professor Peter Donaldson he is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Peter Donaldson he is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Professor Peter Donaldson he is uh
+the head of the literature section at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the literature section at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the literature section at
+MIT and a Shakespearean scholar and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and a Shakespearean scholar and he's
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+
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+
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+been working in a Project based in my
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+actually several years which is an
+ 
+
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+actually several years which is an
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+
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+attempt to give students access as part
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+
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+
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+of the educational process to a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+wider array of materials that they can
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to help learn uh about Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to help learn uh about Shakespeare
+and his work they call this project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his work they call this project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his work they call this project the
+Shakespeare electronic art archive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare electronic art archive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+while I'll only be able to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'll only be able to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'll only be able to tell you a
+few things about it right now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about it right now I'd
+ 
+
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+few things about it right now I'd
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to illustrate by a very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to illustrate by a very
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+
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+simple example one of the things that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+Professor Donaldson wants to do is to
+ 
+
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+Professor Donaldson wants to do is to
+give students exposure to the fact that
+
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+give students exposure to the fact that
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+
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+give students exposure to the fact that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shake body of Shakespearean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shake body of Shakespearean
+literature the plays in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the plays in this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the plays in this case uh
+which he focuses on primarily is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he focuses on primarily is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he focuses on primarily is not
+really a fixed body that is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a fixed body that is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a fixed body that is there's no
+single authoritative version of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single authoritative version of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single authoritative version of The
+Shakespearean plays in fact these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespearean plays in fact these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespearean plays in fact these were
+living plays they were plays that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living plays they were plays that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living plays they were plays that people
+performed that Shakespeare himself
+
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+performed that Shakespeare himself
+ 
+
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+performed that Shakespeare himself
+probably changed we do not have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably changed we do not have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably changed we do not have anything
+written in Shakespeare's own handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in Shakespeare's own handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in Shakespeare's own handwriting
+that is we don't know what he wrote what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we don't know what he wrote what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we don't know what he wrote what
+we do know is what was published some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know is what was published some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know is what was published some of
+it contemporaneously during his life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contemporaneously during his life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contemporaneously during his life and
+they're actually multiple versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually multiple versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually multiple versions of
+some of the plays and perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the plays and perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the plays and perhaps the most
+famous of all lines in one of the plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous of all lines in one of the plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous of all lines in one of the plays
+is from Hamlet and in a version the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Hamlet and in a version the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Hamlet and in a version the
+printed version called the first folio
+
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+printed version called the first folio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed version called the first folio
+Edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition
+Hamlet says to be or not to be that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet says to be or not to be that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet says to be or not to be that is
+the question this is the line that those
+
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+the question this is the line that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question this is the line that those
+of us who grew up in English speaking
+
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+of us who grew up in English speaking
+ 
+
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+of us who grew up in English speaking
+world all learned and that was the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world all learned and that was the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world all learned and that was the way
+we all thought about Hamlet but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all thought about Hamlet but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all thought about Hamlet but what
+Professor Donaldson tries to do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Donaldson tries to do is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Donaldson tries to do is make
+students aware uh that there are
+
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+students aware uh that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students aware uh that there are
+multiple versions and so what he's done
+
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+multiple versions and so what he's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions and so what he's done
+is digitized the some of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is digitized the some of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is digitized the some of the existing
+copies of the earliest printed work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the earliest printed work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the earliest printed work of
+Shakespeare and so uh slide you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare and so uh slide you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare and so uh slide you can look
+at now has uh the first folio Edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now has uh the first folio Edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at now has uh the first folio Edition
+slide and this is i' actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and this is i' actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and this is i' actually a
+digitized version at high resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized version at high resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized version at high resolution of
+that particular quotation from Hamlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular quotation from Hamlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular quotation from Hamlet
+and then it goes on in the normal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes on in the normal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes on in the normal way
+well it turns out that there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that there's another
+Edition called the first quto edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition called the first quto edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition called the first quto edition
+which uh in its earliest printed version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh in its earliest printed version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh in its earliest printed version
+actually predating the folio Edition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predating the folio Edition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually predating the folio Edition uh
+says to be or not to be I there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to be or not to be I there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to be or not to be I there's the
+point it's a different line from the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's a different line from the one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's a different line from the one
+that we've all learned and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've all learned and what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've all learned and what
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+
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+Professor Donaldson wants to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Donaldson wants to do is
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+
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+explore the subtle questions about well
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+
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+explore the subtle questions about well
+first of all which is right well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which is right well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which is right well the
+answer probably is both uh at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer probably is both uh at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer probably is both uh at various
+times these were performed why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these were performed why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these were performed why are they
+different how did they come that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different how did they come that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different how did they come that to be
+different what might have happened we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what might have happened we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what might have happened we
+don't know for certain but what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for certain but what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know for certain but what might
+have happened to lead to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to lead to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to lead to these two
+Divergent additions now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent additions now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent additions now if you look at
+the quos and and folio additions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quos and and folio additions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quos and and folio additions there
+are many cases where there's significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many cases where there's significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many cases where there's significant
+Divergence not so much necessarily in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence not so much necessarily in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence not so much necessarily in a
+single line but in fact groups of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line but in fact groups of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line but in fact groups of lines
+the quto are highly condensed the folio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quto are highly condensed the folio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quto are highly condensed the folio
+additions probably come closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions probably come closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions probably come closer to the
+full play but what he wants to do not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full play but what he wants to do not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full play but what he wants to do not so
+much is tell the students what's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is tell the students what's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is tell the students what's right
+or wrong but stimulate a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong but stimulate a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong but stimulate a very different
+discussion revolving around these close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion revolving around these close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion revolving around these close
+to original Source materials this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to original Source materials this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to original Source materials this is the
+best that we have in terms of source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that we have in terms of source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that we have in terms of source
+materials and so he's actually created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and so he's actually created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and so he's actually created
+digitized editions uh of all the plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized editions uh of all the plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized editions uh of all the plays
+that is the full first folio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the full first folio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the full first folio and the
+first quto and actually there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first quto and actually there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first quto and actually there's another
+round of Publications called the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of Publications called the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of Publications called the second
+quto edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quto edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quto edition
+he's gotten access to the very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gotten access to the very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gotten access to the very small
+number some of the very small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some of the very small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some of the very small number of
+these that actually exist today and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that actually exist today and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that actually exist today and he's
+got created high resolution digitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got created high resolution digitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got created high resolution digitized
+versions of them with permissions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of them with permissions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of them with permissions of the
+owners and he uses those as discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and he uses those as discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and he uses those as discussion
+materials and then he's carefully index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then he's carefully index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then he's carefully index
+those against uh things like the Oxford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those against uh things like the Oxford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those against uh things like the Oxford
+English edition of the plays and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English edition of the plays and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English edition of the plays and so what
+he's created is a highly linked uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's created is a highly linked uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's created is a highly linked uh set
+of materials that can serve as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials that can serve as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials that can serve as the
+foundation for a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation for a very different
+discussion would that would normally go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion would that would normally go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion would that would normally go
+on in a Shakespeare course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a Shakespeare course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a Shakespeare course this is a
+screen that you'll probably have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you'll probably have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you'll probably have trouble
+seeing uh right now but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh right now but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh right now but this is an
+example of the complete interface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the complete interface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the complete interface you
+get at these materials through a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at these materials through a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at these materials through a web
+browser and what I wanted to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and what I wanted to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and what I wanted to illustrate
+here on the right side you'll see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right side you'll see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the right side you'll see uh
+part of a performance in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a performance in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a performance in addition to
+looking at the plays he's digitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the plays he's digitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the plays he's digitized
+versions of the actual performances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the actual performances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the actual performances of
+the plays focusing particularly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plays focusing particularly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plays focusing particularly on
+Hamlet and he's been able to get access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and he's been able to get access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamlet and he's been able to get access
+to a whole range of Hamlet performances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a whole range of Hamlet performances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a whole range of Hamlet performances
+including some that that aren't even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some that that aren't even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including some that that aren't even in
+English one of them is a Swedish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English one of them is a Swedish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English one of them is a Swedish
+performance and so he's able to link the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so he's able to link the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so he's able to link the
+text to the plays to performances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text to the plays to performances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text to the plays to performances of
+those plays and then compare how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plays and then compare how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plays and then compare how
+different actors have interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors have interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors have interpreted
+important roles this then leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important roles this then leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important roles this then leads to a
+very different discussion because a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different discussion because a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different discussion because a play
+is not a piece of text a play is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a piece of text a play is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a piece of text a play is a
+living thing that is meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living thing that is meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living thing that is meant to be
+performed by actors in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by actors in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by actors in a particular
+setting different actors with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting different actors with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting different actors with different
+directors interpret the words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors interpret the words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors interpret the words of
+Shakespeare to the best we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare to the best we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare to the best we can
+reconstruct those words differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct those words differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct those words differently and
+he wants to bring early in students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to bring early in students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to bring early in students
+education this idea then finally he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education this idea then finally he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education this idea then finally he's
+also brought together a body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also brought together a body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also brought together a body of
+thousands of pieces of art that relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pieces of art that relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pieces of art that relate
+to The Shakespearean plays some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to The Shakespearean plays some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to The Shakespearean plays some of this
+is contemporaneous to Shakespeare's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contemporaneous to Shakespeare's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contemporaneous to Shakespeare's time
+the Elizabethan era and then others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Elizabethan era and then others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Elizabethan era and then others are
+renderings of various plays in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderings of various plays in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderings of various plays in different
+time periods when they were performed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time periods when they were performed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time periods when they were performed or
+pictures of different actors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of different actors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of different actors or
+different settings and so he's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings and so he's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different settings and so he's able to
+bring to bear a rich extensive body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear a rich extensive body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear a rich extensive body of
+materials to talk about uh Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to talk about uh Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to talk about uh Shakespeare
+with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his
+students another project is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students another project is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students another project is something
+we've been working on uh which tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on uh which tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working on uh which tries to
+bring together a collection of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together a collection of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring together a collection of film
+about modern China when I say modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modern China when I say modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about modern China when I say modern
+China I really mean Revolution and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I really mean Revolution and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China I really mean Revolution and later
+China we've been working with a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China we've been working with a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China we've been working with a film
+company called Longbow Productions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called Longbow Productions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called Longbow Productions
+longbo is a independent documentary film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longbo is a independent documentary film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longbo is a independent documentary film
+production company that does perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production company that does perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production company that does perhaps the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+uh independent documentaries about China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh independent documentaries about China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh independent documentaries about China
+they've won SE many awards in their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've won SE many awards in their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've won SE many awards in their work
+uh and they have graciously made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they have graciously made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they have graciously made
+available their complete film Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available their complete film Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available their complete film Library
+not just the documentaries that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the documentaries that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the documentaries that they
+produce themselves but the films uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce themselves but the films uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce themselves but the films uh that
+they used before they cut together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used before they cut together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used before they cut together the
+documentary for every hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary for every hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary for every hour of
+documentary there might be a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary there might be a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary there might be a hundred
+more hours of source video and film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hours of source video and film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hours of source video and film and
+they've agreed to allow uh us to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed to allow uh us to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed to allow uh us to work
+with them they of course still own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them they of course still own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them they of course still own the
+film but to digitize portions of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but to digitize portions of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but to digitize portions of it and
+to then uh create on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then uh create on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then uh create on the internet
+various uh representations of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh representations of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh representations of that so
+people can search this archive and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can search this archive and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can search this archive and we've
+been working with them we've developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them we've developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them we've developed
+what I would call a prototype we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call a prototype we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would call a prototype we have
+not yet done a complete project but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet done a complete project but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet done a complete project but I
+wanted to show you some pieces of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you some pieces of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you some pieces of this
+uh on slides so one of the things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on slides so one of the things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on slides so one of the things we've
+done is created a searchable archive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is created a searchable archive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is created a searchable archive and
+what we've done with them and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done with them and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done with them and actually
+they did most of the work on creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did most of the work on creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did most of the work on creating
+these IND indexes uh has created a two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IND indexes uh has created a two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these IND indexes uh has created a two-
+tiered indexing hierarchy there's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiered indexing hierarchy there's a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiered indexing hierarchy there's a set
+of topic areas things like actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topic areas things like actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topic areas things like actions
+places people uh education history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places people uh education history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places people uh education history
+festivals and for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals and for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals and for each of those
+categories we've created a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories we've created a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories we've created a set of
+keywords and we've indexed portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords and we've indexed portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords and we've indexed portions of
+their film collection uh against those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their film collection uh against those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their film collection uh against those
+keywords down to small segments so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords down to small segments so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords down to small segments so a
+single documentary might have as many as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single documentary might have as many as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single documentary might have as many as
+20 to 50 to 100 segments Each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 to 100 segments Each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 to 100 segments Each of which
+was indexed separately so this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was indexed separately so this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was indexed separately so this is uh the
+search screen and so a user can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search screen and so a user can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search screen and so a user can put
+together a search uh across various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a search uh across various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a search uh across various uh
+topics for example uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for example uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for example uh one of the
+documentaries they did had a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries they did had a segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries they did had a segment
+that went into a uh Village a rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into a uh Village a rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into a uh Village a rural
+Village and interviewed many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village and interviewed many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village and interviewed many of the
+older women uh who had of course grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older women uh who had of course grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older women uh who had of course grown
+up as young girls before the Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as young girls before the Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as young girls before the Revolution
+and these were women who had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were women who had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were women who had gone
+through the traditional footbinding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the traditional footbinding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the traditional footbinding that
+had was uh not uncommon in preau China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was uh not uncommon in preau China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was uh not uncommon in preau China
+and they talk about both the ceremony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk about both the ceremony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they talk about both the ceremony
+and the effects on them and how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects on them and how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects on them and how it was
+perceived and why they did it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived and why they did it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived and why they did it and what
+their parents thought and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents thought and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents thought and these
+interviews are also translated and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews are also translated and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews are also translated and so
+one might be very interested in studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be very interested in studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be very interested in studying
+that to understand preow pre-revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to understand preow pre-revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to understand preow pre-revolution
+rural China and these materials allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural China and these materials allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural China and these materials allow
+students to go in and look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go in and look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go in and look at those
+sorts of questions here is a result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of questions here is a result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of questions here is a result from
+that search uh we call a sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search uh we call a sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search uh we call a sample of the
+media every piece of media every small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media every piece of media every small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media every piece of media every small
+video clip uh eventually every picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip uh eventually every picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video clip uh eventually every picture
+or image has a set of Records associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or image has a set of Records associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or image has a set of Records associated
+with it and this is a summary of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and this is a summary of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and this is a summary of the set
+of Records so the student gets a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Records so the student gets a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Records so the student gets a summary
+about the record where it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the record where it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the record where it came from
+that's what documentary or what part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what documentary or what part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what documentary or what part of
+a larger piece of film or video it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger piece of film or video it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger piece of film or video it came
+from and then and most importantly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then and most importantly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then and most importantly they
+watch that sample of media there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that sample of media there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that sample of media there's a
+little video player on the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video player on the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video player on the right side of
+the screen that allows the student or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that allows the student or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen that allows the student or
+the professor teaching from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor teaching from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor teaching from these
+materials to bring up those materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to bring up those materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to bring up those materials
+and show the students so this allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show the students so this allows the
+ 
+
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+over certain subjects again and again uh
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+pace and also the reality is that in
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+about a typical semester between 36 and
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+about a typical semester between 36 and
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+39 lectures we have taken a textbook uh
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+searchable in addition uh one of our
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+graduate students Stephen Nim has been
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+graduate students Stephen Nim has been
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+So-Cal the agents software agents that
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+collection and then Combs through the
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+field say angular momentum uh the T the
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+quality that they're highly Advanced
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+that is they're not more introductory
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+subsidiary units that some cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary units that some cases are
+profit making uh and the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit making uh and the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit making uh and the question of
+course for all universities is has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for all universities is has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for all universities is has this
+been a sensible thing to do and for MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sensible thing to do and for MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a sensible thing to do and for MIT
+does it make sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense for
+us MIT has undertaken a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us MIT has undertaken a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us MIT has undertaken a variety of
+experiments in educational technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in educational technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in educational technology
+but we really feel at this point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we really feel at this point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we really feel at this point in time
+we need some sort of coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some sort of coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some sort of coordinated
+strategy what we've decided and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy what we've decided and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy what we've decided and
+recommended actually we this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended actually we this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended actually we this is not a
+decision-making body and much as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making body and much as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making body and much as an
+advisory body to the senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory body to the senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory body to the senior
+administration of MIT but we thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration of MIT but we thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration of MIT but we thought we
+believe that MIT should use technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that MIT should use technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that MIT should use technology
+to enhance the core educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the core educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the core educational
+experience and by that at MIT a mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and by that at MIT a mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and by that at MIT a mean a
+residential-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential-based
+university where we teach relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university where we teach relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university where we teach relatively
+small numbers of students in intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers of students in intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers of students in intensive
+ways that doesn't mean doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that doesn't mean doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that doesn't mean doing something
+different doesn't make sense for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doesn't make sense for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different doesn't make sense for another
+University or another organization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University or another organization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University or another organization but
+one of the key findings and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key findings and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key findings and and
+recommendations of this group is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations of this group is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations of this group is that
+what MIT should do is leverage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MIT should do is leverage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MIT should do is leverage the
+opportunities technology provides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities technology provides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities technology provides to
+enhance what it's already doing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance what it's already doing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance what it's already doing that we
+shouldn't become a global distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't become a global distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't become a global distance
+learning University with millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning University with millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning University with millions of
+students simultaneously for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students simultaneously for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students simultaneously for example that
+may make sense for some organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make sense for some organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make sense for some organizations
+certainly the open university in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the open university in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the open university in the
+United Kingdom was founded on that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom was founded on that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom was founded on that as
+their basic model but given mit's core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their basic model but given mit's core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their basic model but given mit's core
+strengths and core abilities we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and core abilities we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and core abilities we decided
+that what it made sense is to do focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it made sense is to do focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it made sense is to do focus
+on two major things uh and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two major things uh and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on two major things uh and basically
+these res essentially mean stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these res essentially mean stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these res essentially mean stretching
+certain barriers or certain areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain barriers or certain areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain barriers or certain areas that
+we're now working in first uh we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working in first uh we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working in first uh we should
+launch uh an enhanced version of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh an enhanced version of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch uh an enhanced version of our
+current research and development issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current research and development issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current research and development issues
+in educ educational technology and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educ educational technology and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educ educational technology and what
+we have seen at MIT in the last year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen at MIT in the last year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen at MIT in the last year or
+two since this recommendation was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two since this recommendation was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two since this recommendation was made
+is a steady ramp up of the types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a steady ramp up of the types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a steady ramp up of the types and
+Innovation sort of the level of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sort of the level of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sort of the level of activity
+in educational Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational Technology
+Innovation and we now have far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and we now have far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and we now have far more
+initiatives certainly many more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives certainly many more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives certainly many more than
+I've shown you in this brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you in this brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you in this brief
+presentation uh and we've been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh and we've been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh and we've been able to
+get funding to do a wider range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funding to do a wider range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funding to do a wider range of
+things to explore different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to explore different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to explore different
+opportunities for improving our oncampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for improving our oncampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for improving our oncampus
+educational experience for our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational experience for our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational experience for our students
+the second is something that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is something that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is something that's a little
+more subtle and that is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and that is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and that is to find
+different ways to use Technologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to use Technologies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to use Technologies to
+basically stretch the boundaries of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stretch the boundaries of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stretch the boundaries of what
+it means to learn at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to learn at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to learn at
+MIT uh at its extreme one might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh at its extreme one might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh at its extreme one might think of
+an undergraduate education as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate education as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undergraduate education as a
+four-year initiation into a lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year initiation into a lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year initiation into a lifelong
+Club right now students tend to think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club right now students tend to think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Club right now students tend to think I
+come to University and I leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to University and I leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to University and I leave the
+university and for many of them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and for many of them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and for many of them their
+sole contact is when they get alumni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole contact is when they get alumni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole contact is when they get alumni
+newsletters and solicitations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletters and solicitations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletters and solicitations for
+donations that is for many students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations that is for many students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donations that is for many students
+today the university EXP experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the university EXP experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the university EXP experience is
+highly bounded within a 4-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly bounded within a 4-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly bounded within a 4-year
+interval we're fairly convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we're fairly convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we're fairly convinced that
+that's not really the best model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really the best model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really the best model that
+particularly for our students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for our students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for our students who are
+intensively involved over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively involved over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively involved over their
+lifetimes in engineering and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes in engineering and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes in engineering and Technology
+over about well over about two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about well over about two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about well over about two-thirds of
+our students undergraduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students undergraduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students undergraduate students
+major in engineering and roughly 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in engineering and roughly 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in engineering and roughly 20%
+more or less major in science these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less major in science these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less major in science these are
+fields that change rapidly and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that change rapidly and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that change rapidly and what the
+students have learned in their four-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have learned in their four-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have learned in their four-year
+undergraduate experience will be to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate experience will be to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate experience will be to a
+large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent
+outdated particularly the the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated particularly the the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated particularly the the base
+knowledge the facts of course what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the facts of course what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the facts of course what we
+really hope is they've learned a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope is they've learned a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope is they've learned a way to
+learn that will last them a lifetime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that will last them a lifetime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that will last them a lifetime and
+so what we're trying to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're trying to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're trying to do now is to
+shift uh into much more activity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift uh into much more activity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift uh into much more activity to
+provide opportunities for LIF learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide opportunities for LIF learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide opportunities for LIF learn
+lifelong learning we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learning we've been working
+with our alumni association uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our alumni association uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our alumni association uh we have a
+concept called knowledge updates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called knowledge updates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called knowledge updates that
+provide opportunities for Learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide opportunities for Learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide opportunities for Learners
+beyond the four-year experience we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the four-year experience we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the four-year experience we also
+have been trying to find ways to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been trying to find ways to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been trying to find ways to use
+technology to make it easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to make it easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to make it easier for
+students to be off the campus at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to be off the campus at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to be off the campus at various
+times MIT has embarked on a Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MIT has embarked on a Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MIT has embarked on a Exchange
+program with Cambridge University uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with Cambridge University uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with Cambridge University uh
+that allow that will eventually have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow that will eventually have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow that will eventually have at
+least 50 of our students there and 50 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50 of our students there and 50 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 50 of our students there and 50 of
+our their students here and part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our their students here and part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our their students here and part of what
+makes that possible is the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that possible is the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that possible is the ability to
+take courses MIT also has a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take courses MIT also has a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take courses MIT also has a large
+program with the National University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with the National University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with the National University of
+Singapore and nanyang Technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and nanyang Technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore and nanyang Technological
+University something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University something called the
+Singapore MIT Alliance that's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance that's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore MIT Alliance that's using
+Technologies we've been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies we've been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies we've been looking at
+various options uh for programs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various options uh for programs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various options uh for programs that we
+have now under study uh one is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now under study uh one is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now under study uh one is these
+flexible educational options lifelong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible educational options lifelong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible educational options lifelong
+learning I've talked about we also think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning I've talked about we also think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning I've talked about we also think
+it's important to extend some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to extend some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to extend some of the
+Computing capabilities we have on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing capabilities we have on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing capabilities we have on campus
+to the larger community of Learners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the larger community of Learners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the larger community of Learners and
+they have a variety of things uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a variety of things uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a variety of things uh that we
+have been planning and working on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been planning and working on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been planning and working on to
+find ways to extend out the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to extend out the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to extend out the digital
+infrastructure of the university the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure of the university the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure of the university the
+libraries and other digital resources it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and other digital resources it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and other digital resources it
+turns out there's a lot of complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a lot of complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a lot of complexity
+that is both technological in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both technological in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both technological in nature
+what happens when we have uh 10 times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we have uh 10 times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we have uh 10 times as
+many people who are part of our digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who are part of our digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who are part of our digital
+Community as we have now and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community as we have now and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community as we have now and also
+frankly legal and uh economic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly legal and uh economic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly legal and uh economic the
+libraries for example have licenses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries for example have licenses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries for example have licenses for
+a variet of digital materials not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variet of digital materials not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variet of digital materials not all of
+which can be provided outside the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be provided outside the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be provided outside the campus
+because of the licensing agreements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the licensing agreements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the licensing agreements we
+have with various providers of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with various providers of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with various providers of those
+resources well in the class session that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources well in the class session that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources well in the class session that
+I'll be giving that uh Professor mea's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be giving that uh Professor mea's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be giving that uh Professor mea's
+course I will be talking more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I will be talking more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I will be talking more about
+these and others and I hope to stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and others and I hope to stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and others and I hope to stimulate
+a discussion if you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion if you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion if you want more
+information on the slide or as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the slide or as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the slide or as my
+contact information and you can contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact information and you can contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact information and you can contact
+me and when we do have the class I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and when we do have the class I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and when we do have the class I hope
+to have an active and and Lively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an active and and Lively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an active and and Lively
+discussion about some of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about some of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about some of these issues
+look forward to talking to you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WVAfgCmFonU.txt b/WVAfgCmFonU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f7d998194be691492cd070667c3bd52a0bc5793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WVAfgCmFonU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I know some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I know some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I know some of you have
+succeeded to do the homework and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded to do the homework and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded to do the homework and some of
+you I think have not it's this incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think have not it's this incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think have not it's this incorrect
+okay so I was wondering if someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was wondering if someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I was wondering if someone who
+has succeeded in homework my comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has succeeded in homework my comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has succeeded in homework my comment on
+how small a mess do you need to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so about L oh okay so you need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about L oh okay so you need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about L oh okay so you need something
+order of L to convert just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of L to convert just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of L to convert just that's
+correct so if you're trying to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if you're trying to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if you're trying to do the
+problem using mesh much bigger than L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem using mesh much bigger than L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem using mesh much bigger than L
+you should probably tie it tighter mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably tie it tighter mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably tie it tighter mesh
+yes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right
+yes yes yes all right and as anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes all right and as anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes all right and as anyone
+managed to get the COMSOL solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get the COMSOL solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get the COMSOL solution to
+actually be consistent with the your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be consistent with the your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be consistent with the your own
+solution are there three or four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution are there three or four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution are there three or four percent
+okay and I assume that console was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I assume that console was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I assume that console was also
+using a message of similar size hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a message of similar size hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a message of similar size hard to
+tell hey yeah but it's a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell hey yeah but it's a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell hey yeah but it's a really really
+tiny ones at the bottom you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny ones at the bottom you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny ones at the bottom you might want
+to blow it up and just take a look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow it up and just take a look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow it up and just take a look and
+see - beep you to be sure all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see - beep you to be sure all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see - beep you to be sure all right
+and it's backslash able to handle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's backslash able to handle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's backslash able to handle a
+million million by billion matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million million by billion matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million million by billion matrix that's
+SP dioxo k so you need to do this sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP dioxo k so you need to do this sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP dioxo k so you need to do this sparse
+allocation and and MATLAB is so smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and and MATLAB is so smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation and and MATLAB is so smart
+that it can just handle it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can just handle it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can just handle it with a
+million million five million which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million million five million which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million million five million which is
+pretty amazing actually it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing actually it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty amazing actually it's a pretty
+big majors all right try this - all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big majors all right try this - all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big majors all right try this - all
+right so last time we were doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last time we were doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so last time we were doing some
+elementary things about probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary things about probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary things about probability
+actually are there any way any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are there any way any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are there any way any more
+questions about the homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the homework problem
+before you go certainly that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go certainly that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go certainly that's the
+answer you can ask your classmates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you can ask your classmates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you can ask your classmates
+questions all right so I had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so I had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so I had you
+confused a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a little bit
+we have this one we will probably only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this one we will probably only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this one we will probably only
+have of either A or B so I asked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of either A or B so I asked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of either A or B so I asked like
+what the probability if I flip two coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability if I flip two coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability if I flip two coins
+that one of them be a head and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them be a head and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them be a head and I could
+see a lot of consternation the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of consternation the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of consternation the general
+formula for this is the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this is the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for this is the probability of a
+plus the probability of B minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of B minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the probability of B minus the
+probability of a and B all right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and B all right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a and B all right it
+can't just be the two of them added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just be the two of them added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just be the two of them added
+together because if you have a 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because if you have a 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because if you have a 50%
+chance for a head of one of the penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for a head of one of the penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for a head of one of the penny
+and the dime is a 50% chances for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dime is a 50% chances for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dime is a 50% chances for that
+up to a hundred percent chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a hundred percent chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a hundred percent chance that
+you'll get a head but you know sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a head but you know sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a head but you know sometimes
+it's not true and then the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true and then the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true and then the probability
+of a and B is often written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B is often written in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and B is often written in terms of
+the conditional probabilities probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probabilities probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probabilities probably
+only eight times the probability that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only eight times the probability that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only eight times the probability that B
+would happen given that a already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen given that a already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen given that a already
+happened which is also equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened which is also equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened which is also equal to the
+other way around and this has to be read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around and this has to be read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around and this has to be read
+carefully it means B already happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it means B already happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully it means B already happened
+and then the one with probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the one with probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the one with probability a
+given that B already happened so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B already happened so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that B already happened so sort of
+like this happened first and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this happened first and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this happened first and now I'm
+checking the probability that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the probability that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the probability that that's
+gonna happen now a nice little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen now a nice little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen now a nice little example
+of this is given in beers this textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is given in beers this textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is given in beers this textbook
+and I think it's nice stuff too it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's nice stuff too it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's nice stuff too it's
+worthwhile to spend a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to spend a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to spend a few minutes
+talking about it so he was yours who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it so he was yours who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it so he was yours who
+read the textbook was not actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the textbook was not actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the textbook was not actually a
+numerical guy he was a polymer chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical guy he was a polymer chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical guy he was a polymer chemist
+and so he gave a nice polymer example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he gave a nice polymer example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he gave a nice polymer example so
+if you have a polymer and the monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a polymer and the monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a polymer and the monomers
+have some big molecule and at one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some big molecule and at one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some big molecule and at one side
+they have a sort of acceptor group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a sort of acceptor group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a sort of acceptor group and
+the other side some kind of donor group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side some kind of donor group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side some kind of donor group
+I guess and these are the monomers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and these are the monomers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and these are the monomers and
+so they can link together the donor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can link together the donor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can link together the donor can
+react to the acceptor so you can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to the acceptor so you can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to the acceptor so you can end up
+with things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on so this is the monomer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so this is the monomer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so this is the monomer this is
+the dimer and you can keep on alig of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimer and you can keep on alig of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimer and you can keep on alig of
+ricin with this and many many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ricin with this and many many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ricin with this and many many many of
+the materials you use every day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials you use every day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials you use every day the
+fabrics and the seats that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrics and the seats that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrics and the seats that you're
+sitting on the backs of the seats your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the backs of the seats your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the backs of the seats your
+clothing the wine guru hoping to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing the wine guru hoping to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing the wine guru hoping to talk
+together all the stuff is made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the stuff is made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the stuff is made from
+polymers like this so this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers like this so this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers like this so this is pretty
+important actually practical problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important actually practical problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important actually practical problem and
+so you start with the monomers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with the monomers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start with the monomers and they
+react where you have a reacting plus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react where you have a reacting plus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react where you have a reacting plus d
+over and over again and we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and we want to know
+we want to understand like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand like the
+statistics of like what length chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of like what length chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of like what length chain
+lengths are we gonna make all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are we gonna make all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are we gonna make all right
+maybe weight weight percent or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe weight weight percent or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe weight weight percent or what
+would the average molecular weight be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the average molecular weight be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the average molecular weight be
+something like that would be because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that would be because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that would be because of
+things we care about so a way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we care about so a way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we care about so a way to think
+about it is if I I've reacted this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is if I I've reacted this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is if I I've reacted this to
+some extent and I just grab random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent and I just grab random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent and I just grab random
+polymer chain any any molecule in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain any any molecule in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain any any molecule in there
+and I look and find say the unreacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look and find say the unreacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look and find say the unreacted
+the end so any any oligomers gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so any any oligomers gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so any any oligomers gonna have
+one unreacted d end you can see no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unreacted d end you can see no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unreacted d end you can see no
+matter how long I make it they'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how long I make it they'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how long I make it they'll still
+be one an unreacted the end and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one an unreacted the end and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one an unreacted the end and I mean
+I'm neglecting the possibly this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm neglecting the possibly this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm neglecting the possibly this might
+circle around and make a loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around and make a loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around and make a loop so
+assuming no loops then whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no loops then whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no loops then whatever I
+anymore kill I grab is going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore kill I grab is going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore kill I grab is going to have one
+unreacted D end so I grab a molecule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreacted D end so I grab a molecule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreacted D end so I grab a molecule I
+started the unreacted D end and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the unreacted D end and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the unreacted D end and I look
+at the a that's next to it and I say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the a that's next to it and I say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the a that's next to it and I say is
+that a reacted or not so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a reacted or not so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a reacted or not so if it's a
+monomer I grab the D I look over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer I grab the D I look over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer I grab the D I look over here
+the a is unreacted so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is unreacted so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is unreacted so the probability
+that it's a monomer is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a monomer is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a monomer is going to be equal
+sort of like 1 minus P where P is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like 1 minus P where P is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like 1 minus P where P is the
+probability of riah of that age react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of riah of that age react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of riah of that age react
+okay so it didn't react so like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it didn't react so like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it didn't react so like that
+this one the one next to it has reacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the one next to it has reacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the one next to it has reacted
+so that's this is gonna be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is gonna be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this is gonna be the
+probability of a timer it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a timer it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a timer it's a
+probability that my nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reacted and next devar is unreacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so I can write that this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I can write that this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I can write that this way
+I could say so what's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say so what's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say so what's the probability
+that my nearest reacted times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my nearest reacted times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my nearest reacted times a
+conditional probability next unreacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if nearest is react so far so good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nearest is react so far so good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nearest is react so far so good you
+guys okay with us so I grabbed a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay with us so I grabbed a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys okay with us so I grabbed a chain
+I'm trying to see if it's a dimer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to see if it's a dimer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to see if it's a dimer I'm
+gonna calculate the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna calculate the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna calculate the probability that
+this next acceptor group has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next acceptor group has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next acceptor group has been
+reacted to a donor group if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted to a donor group if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted to a donor group if it has
+reacted that I'm gonna check the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted that I'm gonna check the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted that I'm gonna check the next
+one after that I call it so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after that I call it so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after that I call it so this is the
+nearest neighbor this is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor this is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor this is the next
+nearest neighbor and I want this one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor and I want this one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor and I want this one to
+be unreacted that's both true then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unreacted that's both true then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unreacted that's both true then I
+have a donor if either of those is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a donor if either of those is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a donor if either of those is false
+then it's not good so okay so now I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not good so okay so now I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not good so okay so now I need
+to have a probability so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a probability so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a probability so what's the
+probability that the nearest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the nearest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the nearest one is
+reacted there's some probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted there's some probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacted there's some probability that
+things have reacted so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have reacted so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have reacted so this is this is
+gonna be my P probability that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be my P probability that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be my P probability that that
+thing's reacted and I want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's reacted and I want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's reacted and I want this to be
+unreacted now there's a question are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreacted now there's a question are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreacted now there's a question are
+these correlated or not now in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correlated or not now in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these correlated or not now in reality
+everything's Carla did everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's Carla did everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's Carla did everything
+so probably the correlated but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably the correlated but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably the correlated but we're
+trying to make a model and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a model and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a model and think about
+it the fact that this thing reacted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the fact that this thing reacted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the fact that this thing reacted at
+this side doesn't really affect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side doesn't really affect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side doesn't really affect this
+side of this is a big enough block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this is a big enough block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this is a big enough block so
+the good approximation this is independ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good approximation this is independ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good approximation this is independ
+of whether or not you reacted or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not you reacted or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether or not you reacted or not so
+this is still going to have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still going to have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still going to have the the
+ordinary probability of being unreacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary probability of being unreacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary probability of being unreacted
+which would be one minus P so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be one minus P so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be one minus P so I can
+write down that the probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that the probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that the probability of being
+a monomer monomer is equal to one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monomer monomer is equal to one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monomer monomer is equal to one minus
+P the probability of being a dimer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the probability of being a dimer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the probability of being a dimer is
+equal to P times 1 minus P what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P times 1 minus P what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P times 1 minus P what's the
+probability of being a trimer P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what might be in a general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what might be in a general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what might be in a general the
+probability of being an N mur is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being an N mur is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being an N mur is equal
+to P and minus one so now you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P and minus one so now you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P and minus one so now you guys are
+statistical polymer chemist you just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical polymer chemist you just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical polymer chemist you just so
+this derivation was derived by a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation was derived by a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation was derived by a guy
+named with flurry he got the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named with flurry he got the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named with flurry he got the Nobel Prize
+it's a pretty important guy if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty important guy if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty important guy if you want
+to learn a lot about him I think both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a lot about him I think both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a lot about him I think both
+professor Cohen and pressor Rutledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Cohen and pressor Rutledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Cohen and pressor Rutledge
+teach classes that are basically learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach classes that are basically learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach classes that are basically learn
+what mr. florea figured out maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mr. florea figured out maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mr. florea figured out maybe that's
+a little bit too strong but pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit too strong but pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit too strong but pretty much
+there's nothing any did Jenna did a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing any did Jenna did a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing any did Jenna did a bit
+to degenerate flurry basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degenerate flurry basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to degenerate flurry basically
+everything about polymers we're dumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about polymers we're dumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about polymers we're dumping
+these guys and all they did was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and all they did was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and all they did was just
+probability theory so there's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory so there's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory so there's a piece of
+cake and so if you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake and so if you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake and so if you this is the
+probability that you have an N mer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have an N mer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have an N mer so
+now we can compute things like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can compute things like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can compute things like what is
+the expectation value of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the chain
+length how many guys link together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length how many guys link together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length how many guys link together and
+that's defined to be the sum of n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined to be the sum of n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined to be the sum of n times
+the probability of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that in this case is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum of N times P to n minus 1 that's 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N times P to n minus 1 that's 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of N times P to n minus 1 that's 1 -
+all right now a lot of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now a lot of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now a lot of these kinds of
+simple series summations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple series summations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple series summations there's
+formulas for it maybe in high school you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for it maybe in high school you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for it maybe in high school you
+guys might study serious I don't if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might study serious I don't if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might study serious I don't if you
+remember um and so you can look up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um and so you can look up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um and so you can look up and
+some of these have analytical formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these have analytical formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these have analytical formulas
+are really simple but you can just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really simple but you can just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really simple but you can just leave
+in this way - cuz you can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way - cuz you can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way - cuz you can evaluate
+numerically not loud no trouble ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out what is the
+concentration of a pot of oligomers with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a pot of oligomers with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a pot of oligomers with
+n units in them and so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n units in them and so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n units in them and so that's going to
+be equal to the total concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the total concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to the total concentration
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+polymers times the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers times the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers times the probability that it
+says in right so this one we just worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in right so this one we just worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in right so this one we just worked
+out the total concentration a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the total concentration a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the total concentration a way to
+figure that out is to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's there's one monomer or one mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one monomer or one mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one monomer or one mole
+I'll call this a polymer - this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this a polymer - this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this a polymer - this is a
+polymer is one unit there's one polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is one unit there's one polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is one unit there's one polymer
+molecule per unreacted end under yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule per unreacted end under yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule per unreacted end under yet
+idea right so it's really wonder how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so it's really wonder how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so it's really wonder how
+many are unreacted so that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one minus P times the amount of monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P times the amount of monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P times the amount of monomer
+I had to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to start with
+it could be a or D doesn't matter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a or D doesn't matter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a or D doesn't matter right
+it's like how many of them I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like how many of them I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like how many of them I started
+with a certain amount of free ends what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of free ends what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of free ends what
+fraction of them have reacted it's not 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them have reacted it's not 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them have reacted it's not 1
+minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as P goes yeah it's Q P goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as P goes yeah it's Q P goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as P goes yeah it's Q P goes to
+infinity I think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I think that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I think that's right
+yeah when P is I'm totally confused here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when P is I'm totally confused here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when P is I'm totally confused here
+now almost eaten right hey do the bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost eaten right hey do the bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost eaten right hey do the bread
+reasoning backwards this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning backwards this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning backwards this is this is
+definitely right formula I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely right formula I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely right formula I'm just
+confusing myself in my language this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing myself in my language this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing myself in my language this is
+a at least for me endemic problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at least for me endemic problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at least for me endemic problem with
+probability you could say things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you could say things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you could say things very
+glibly you got to go exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glibly you got to go exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glibly you got to go exactly what you
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+so the concentration of unreacted ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so initially this was equal to a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially this was equal to a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially this was equal to a right
+it was all was all in reacted ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all was all in reacted ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all was all in reacted ends and
+as the process proceeds the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the process proceeds the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the process proceeds the speed
+increases then at the end it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases then at the end it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases then at the end it's going to
+be very small right so this is right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small right so this is right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small right so this is right and
+the connotation of unreacted ends is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connotation of unreacted ends is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connotation of unreacted ends is
+equal to total consecration polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to total consecration polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to total consecration polymers
+number of polymers provides so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of polymers provides so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of polymers provides so this
+times all right and this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right and this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all right and this is called a
+flurry distribution and that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry distribution and that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry distribution and that's the the
+concentrations of all your oligomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of all your oligomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of all your oligomers
+after you do a polymerization if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do a polymerization if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do a polymerization if they're
+all uncorrelated and you know for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uncorrelated and you know for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uncorrelated and you know for many
+loops it's often very important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops it's often very important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops it's often very important to know
+that the width of the distribution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width of the distribution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the width of the distribution you
+make a polymer you want to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a polymer you want to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a polymer you want to make things
+have as monodisperse as possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as monodisperse as possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as monodisperse as possible because
+you really like to make just a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really like to make just a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really like to make just a pure
+chemical though you know you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical though you know you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical though you know you there's
+some polymer chain length which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer chain length which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer chain length which is
+optimal for your purpose you want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for your purpose you want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for your purpose you want to try
+to make sure that the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the average value
+average value this is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value this is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value this is going to be equal
+to the value you want so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value you want so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value you want so you want to
+keep running P up until you reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep running P up until you reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep running P up until you reach the
+point where the average chain length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the average chain length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the average chain length is
+that is the chain length it's optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the chain length it's optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the chain length it's optimal
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+for your application if you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your application if you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your application if you make the
+polymer too long that's to be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer too long that's to be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer too long that's to be hard to
+dissolve it it's kind of it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it it's kind of it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it it's kind of it's going to
+be hard to handle and it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to handle and it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to handle and it's gonna be
+solid if you make it too short then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid if you make it too short then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid if you make it too short then it
+may not have the mechanical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the mechanical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have the mechanical properties
+you need for the polymer a half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for the polymer a half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for the polymer a half so
+there's some optimal choice so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some optimal choice so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some optimal choice so you
+should typically choose the run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should typically choose the run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should typically choose the run the
+conversion until PP reaches a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion until PP reaches a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion until PP reaches a number so
+that this is your optimal value but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is your optimal value but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is your optimal value but then
+you care about what's the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about what's the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about what's the dispersion
+about that optimal value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimal value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimal value and
+particularly like the unreacted monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like the unreacted monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like the unreacted monomers
+that are left might be a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left might be a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left might be a problem because
+they might leach out over time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might leach out over time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might leach out over time because
+they might still be liquids or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might still be liquids or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might still be liquids or even
+gaseous and come out so this famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous and come out so this famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous and come out so this famous
+problem people make baby bottles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem people make baby bottles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem people make baby bottles and
+they have some leftover small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some leftover small molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some leftover small molecules
+and the baby bottles and then they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the baby bottles and then they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the baby bottles and then they can
+leach out into the milk and the mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leach out into the milk and the mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leach out into the milk and the mothers
+don't appreciate that so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't appreciate that so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't appreciate that so there's a lot
+of real practical problems about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real practical problems about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real practical problems about how to
+do this so anyway you'd be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so anyway you'd be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so anyway you'd be interested in
+the width of the distribution so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the distribution so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the distribution so we
+define what's called the variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what's called the variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what's called the variance and
+the variance of n is written this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of n is written this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of n is written this way
+and it's just defined to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just defined to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just defined to be the
+expectation value of N squared minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of N squared minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of N squared minus the
+expectation value of N squared these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of N squared these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of N squared these two
+are always different almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always different almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always different almost always
+different so it's not zero so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so it's not zero so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so it's not zero so this is
+equal to the summation of N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the summation of N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the summation of N squared
+times the probability of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and a lot of times in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and a lot of times in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and a lot of times in the
+Palmer field what they'll take is I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmer field what they'll take is I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmer field what they'll take is I'll
+take the square root of this and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of this and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of this and they'll
+compare Sigma and divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Sigma and divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Sigma and divide it by
+expectation value of n this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n this is a
+dimensionless number because Sigma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number because Sigma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number because Sigma n
+will have the dimensions Sigma squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the dimensions Sigma squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the dimensions Sigma squared
+is dimension 2n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dimension 2n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dimension 2n squared
+this is dimensions of n it's just number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dimensions of n it's just number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dimensions of n it's just number
+and that's a call I think the coldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a call I think the coldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a call I think the coldest
+versity now notice that when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versity now notice that when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versity now notice that when we use
+these weightings when I wrote it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weightings when I wrote it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weightings when I wrote it this
+way it's implicitly that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's implicitly that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's implicitly that these things
+are divided by the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided by the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided by the summation of the
+probability event but because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability event but because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability event but because he's
+probably sum to one I can just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sum to one I can just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably sum to one I can just leave it
+out all right but sometimes you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right but sometimes you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right but sometimes you may be
+difficult for you to figure out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to figure out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you to figure out exactly
+what the probabilities are and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probabilities are and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probabilities are and you'll
+need a scaling factor to force this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a scaling factor to force this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a scaling factor to force this
+thing to be equal to one so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be equal to one so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be equal to one so sometimes
+people leave these in this denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people leave these in this denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people leave these in this denominator
+there's another thing you might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you might care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing you might care
+about which would be like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which would be like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which would be like what's the
+weight percent three percent of P n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight percent three percent of P n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight percent three percent of P n so
+what fraction of the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the weight of the
+polymer is my particular ligand where P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is my particular ligand where P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer is my particular ligand where P
+and cocoa fumes times I'm special yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cocoa fumes times I'm special yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cocoa fumes times I'm special yeah
+anyone know its weight percent so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know its weight percent so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know its weight percent so that's
+going to be equal to the weight of p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the weight of p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the weight of p.m.
+in the mix divided by the total weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's equal to the weight of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's equal to the weight of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's equal to the weight of M
+times the probability of M divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of M divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of M divided by
+the total weight which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total weight which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total weight which is going to be
+the weight of all these guys times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of all these guys times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of all these guys times
+probably of each of them and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably of each of them and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably of each of them and you can see
+this is different this is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different this is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different this is not the same
+as not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's not the same thing so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the same thing so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the same thing so just
+watch out when you do this and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out when you do this and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out when you do this and in fact
+of the polymer world they always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polymer world they always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polymer world they always have to
+say I did weight average I did number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I did weight average I did number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I did weight average I did number
+average because they're different yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because they're different yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because they're different yes
+okay yeah so I would my general comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so I would my general comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so I would my general comment
+this at least for me my skip steps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at least for me my skip steps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at least for me my skip steps I
+always get it wrong when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get it wrong when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get it wrong when I do
+probability so don't skip steps one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so don't skip steps one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so don't skip steps one by
+one by one what do you really need then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one what do you really need then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one what do you really need then
+to be okay alright now this is a cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be okay alright now this is a cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be okay alright now this is a cute
+little example it's discrete variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example it's discrete variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example it's discrete variables
+this easy account everything very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy account everything very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easy account everything very often
+we care about probability distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about probability distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about probability distributions
+of continuous variables and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous variables and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous variables and we have to
+do those probability density functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those probability density functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those probability density functions
+that I talked about last time which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about last time which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about last time which have
+units of and so as we mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of and so as we mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of and so as we mentioned last
+time if you want to know the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you want to know the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you want to know the probability
+that a continuous variable that X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a continuous variable that X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a continuous variable that X is a
+member of this interval probably this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this interval probably this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this interval probably this is
+true is equal to P X of x times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is equal to P X of x times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is equal to P X of x times DX
+alright and so this quantity has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and so this quantity has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright and so this quantity has units
+of 1 over X whatever the units of X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over X whatever the units of X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over X whatever the units of X are
+yeah and then you have to multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then you have to multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then you have to multiply it by
+X in order to get the units to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in order to get the units to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in order to get the units to be
+dimensionless which what the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless which what the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless which what the probability
+is all right and this is like obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right and this is like obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right and this is like obvious
+things by p PX of x prime wall value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by p PX of x prime wall value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by p PX of x prime wall value as
+possible of x is equal to 1 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible of x is equal to 1 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible of x is equal to 1 it's a
+probability which is same as same that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is same as same that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is same as same that's
+probably the exit some value anywhere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the exit some value anywhere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the exit some value anywhere is
+1 so there's some next adventure and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so there's some next adventure and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so there's some next adventure and you
+also have a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a probability
+that X is less than or equal to X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is less than or equal to X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is less than or equal to X Prime
+and that's the integral from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the integral from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the integral from negative
+infinity to X Prime yes and the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to X Prime yes and the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to X Prime yes and the mean is
+just the integral X px and you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral X px and you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the integral X px and you compute
+the x-squared average of X is x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-squared average of X is x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-squared average of X is x squared
+something you gotta do anything you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you gotta do anything you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you gotta do anything you put
+these together you can get Sigma x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together you can get Sigma x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together you can get Sigma x
+squared is equal to x squared minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to x squared minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to x squared minus the
+average squared that's the variance of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average squared that's the variance of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average squared that's the variance of X
+you can also do this with any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do this with any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do this with any function
+so you can say that the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say that the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say that the average value of
+a function is equal to integral f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is equal to integral f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function is equal to integral f of X
+DX of X DX this is the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of X DX this is the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX of X DX this is the average value of
+a function of a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of a random variable
+described by probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by probability density
+function with P of X and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with P of X and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with P of X and then you can
+get things like Sigma F squared is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things like Sigma F squared is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things like Sigma F squared is equal
+to the integral of f of X quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of f of X quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of f of X quantity
+squared DX of X - all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything's okay yeah all right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay yeah all right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay yeah all right so a
+lot of times people are going to say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times people are going to say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times people are going to say we
+do sampling from px says sampling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sampling from px says sampling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sampling from px says sampling from
+px means that we have some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px means that we have some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px means that we have some probability
+distribution function px of X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function px of X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function px of X and we
+want to have one value of x that we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have one value of x that we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have one value of x that we draw
+from that probably distribution when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that probably distribution when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that probably distribution when we
+say it that way we mean that we're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it that way we mean that we're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it that way we mean that we're more
+likely to find X's where px has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find X's where px has a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find X's where px has a high
+value and we're less likely to draw an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we're less likely to draw an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we're less likely to draw an x
+value that px has a low value all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that px has a low value all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that px has a low value all right
+so that's a sampling from now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a sampling from now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a sampling from now you could
+do that mathematically using random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that mathematically using random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that mathematically using random
+number generators and MATLAB for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators and MATLAB for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators and MATLAB for example
+and we'll do that sometimes but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do that sometimes but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do that sometimes but you do
+it all the time when you do experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time when you do experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time when you do experiments
+so the experiment has some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment has some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment has some probability
+density function that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function that you're going to
+observe something you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe something you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe something you're going to
+measure something and you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something and you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something and you don't know
+what that distribution is but every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that distribution is but every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that distribution is but every time
+you make a measurement you're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a measurement you're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a measurement you're sampling
+from that distribution so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution so that's like
+the key conceptual idea is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key conceptual idea is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key conceptual idea is that there is
+a px of X out there for our measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a px of X out there for our measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a px of X out there for our measurement
+so you try to measure how tall I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you try to measure how tall I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you try to measure how tall I am
+you know you get every time you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get every time you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you get every time you measure
+it you're drawing from a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're drawing from a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're drawing from a distribution of
+experimental measurements of professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements of professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental measurements of professor
+greens height and and there is some px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens height and and there is some px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens height and and there is some px
+of X that exists even though you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that exists even though you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X that exists even though you don't
+know what it is and each time you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is and each time you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is and each time you make
+the measurement you're drawing numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement you're drawing numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement you're drawing numbers
+from that distribution and if you draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution and if you draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that distribution and if you draw a
+lot of them then you can do an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them then you can do an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them then you can do an average
+and it should be an average that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be an average that's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be an average that's close
+to this if you if you drew an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this if you if you drew an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this if you if you drew an infinite
+number of values then you're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values then you're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of values then you're sampling
+this you can make a histogram plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can make a histogram plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can make a histogram plot of
+the heights you measure of me and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heights you measure of me and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heights you measure of me and it
+should have some shape that's similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have some shape that's similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have some shape that's similar to
+px of X does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px of X does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px of X does that make sense
+all right so actually every day you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so actually every day you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so actually every day you're
+drawing from probability distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from probability distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from probability distributions
+you just didn't know it you know as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just didn't know it you know as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just didn't know it you know as I
+cross the aim Street the probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the aim Street the probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the aim Street the probability the
+bus is gonna hit me or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus is gonna hit me or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus is gonna hit me or not
+that's driver gonna stop I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driver gonna stop I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driver gonna stop I think it's a
+high probability always a little worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability always a little worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability always a little worried
+actually but you know I'm drawing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but you know I'm drawing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but you know I'm drawing from
+it so it's a pretty cool instance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's a pretty cool instance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's a pretty cool instance at
+that probability distribution about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability distribution about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability distribution about
+whether the bus drivers really gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the bus drivers really gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the bus drivers really gonna
+stop or not and and you know if I sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop or not and and you know if I sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop or not and and you know if I sample
+enough times I might be dead but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times I might be dead but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times I might be dead but anyway
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also have often we have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have often we have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have often we have multiple
+variables so you can write down you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you can write down you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you can write down you can
+define P X hat so now I have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define P X hat so now I have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define P X hat so now I have multiple
+exits like more than one variable X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exits like more than one variable X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exits like more than one variable X and
+one of the probably gency functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the probably gency functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the probably gency functions
+we're going to measure this and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure this and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure this and this and
+this and this alright and this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this alright and this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this alright and this is equal
+to the probability that X 1 is a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that X 1 is a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability that X 1 is a member
+of the set X 1 X 1 plus B X 1 and X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set X 1 X 1 plus B X 1 and X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set X 1 X 1 plus B X 1 and X 2
+and okay that's the probably density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay that's the probably density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay that's the probably density
+function means with mobile variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means with mobile variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means with mobile variables so
+this is very common for us because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common for us because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common for us because we
+often measure an experiment more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often measure an experiment more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often measure an experiment more than
+one thing right so you measure the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing right so you measure the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing right so you measure the flow
+rate and the temperature you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the temperature you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the temperature you measure the
+yield and absorption at some wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and absorption at some wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield and absorption at some wavelength
+that corresponds to an impurity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to an impurity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to an impurity right
+you just usually win you can experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just usually win you can experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just usually win you can experiment
+you often measure multiple things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often measure multiple things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often measure multiple things and so
+you're sampling from multiple multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling from multiple multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling from multiple multiple
+observable simultaneously and implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable simultaneously and implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable simultaneously and implicitly
+you're sampling from some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling from some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling from some complicated
+PDF like this even you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF like this even you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF like this even you know you don't
+know the shape of the PDF usually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shape of the PDF usually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shape of the PDF usually to
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and so then you can when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so then you can when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so then you can when you
+have this multiple variable case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this multiple variable case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this multiple variable case you can
+define anything called the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define anything called the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define anything called the covariance
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're the elements of the matrix C IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the elements of the matrix C IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the elements of the matrix C IJ
+are equal to X I XJ the mean value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to X I XJ the mean value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to X I XJ the mean value of
+that product minus X I and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product minus X I and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product minus X I and so you can
+see that for example Sigma I squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that for example Sigma I squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that for example Sigma I squared is
+equal CI a-- but the diagnol ents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal CI a-- but the diagnol ents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal CI a-- but the diagnol ents are
+just the variances but now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the variances but now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the variances but now we have the
+covariance it's because we measured say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance it's because we measured say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance it's because we measured say
+two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so suppose we do n measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we compute the average of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compute the average of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we compute the average of our
+repeats so we've just repeat the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so we've just repeat the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats so we've just repeat the same
+measurement over and over okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over and over okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over and over okay so
+suppose you measure my height my weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you measure my height my weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you measure my height my weight
+okay I go the you're talking as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I go the you're talking as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I go the you're talking as a
+medical clinic they always measure my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical clinic they always measure my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical clinic they always measure my
+height my weight my blood pressure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height my weight my blood pressure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height my weight my blood pressure yeah
+three numbers and I could go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers and I could go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers and I could go back in
+there 47 times and they'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 47 times and they'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 47 times and they'll do it
+forty-seven times and if a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty-seven times and if a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty-seven times and if a different
+technician measured it using a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician measured it using a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician measured it using a different
+speaker manometer and a different scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker manometer and a different scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker manometer and a different scale
+I might get a different number sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might get a different number sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might get a different number sometimes
+I forget to take your shoes off so I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget to take your shoes off so I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget to take your shoes off so I'm a
+little bit taller than I would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit taller than I would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit taller than I would have been
+okay so the numbers go up and down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the numbers go up and down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the numbers go up and down they
+fluctuate right you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate right you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate right you would expect that
+right if you looked at the medical chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you looked at the medical chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you looked at the medical chart
+it's not the same number every time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same number every time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same number every time and
+so what do you think everything's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think everything's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think everything's right
+in the world that if I I'm an old guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that if I I'm an old guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world that if I I'm an old guy
+and go the medical clinic for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go the medical clinic for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go the medical clinic for a long
+time then I look at my chart and average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I look at my chart and average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I look at my chart and average
+all those numbers it should be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those numbers it should be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those numbers it should be somewhere
+close to the true value of those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true value of those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true value of those numbers
+so I should have that the average values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have that the average values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should have that the average values
+experimentally which I just find to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally which I just find to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally which I just find to be
+the averages this is a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averages this is a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averages this is a number of
+experiments okay so I can have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments okay so I can have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments okay so I can have these
+averages and I would expect that as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and I would expect that as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and I would expect that as n
+goes to infinity I hope that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity I hope that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity I hope that my
+experimental values go to the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental values go to the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental values go to the same value
+of x that I would have gotten from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that I would have gotten from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that I would have gotten from the
+troodon probability distribution my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troodon probability distribution my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troodon probability distribution my new
+at px of X is and I evaluated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at px of X is and I evaluated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at px of X is and I evaluated the
+integral and I got X I think it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and I got X I think it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and I got X I think it should
+be the same as the experiment as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the experiment as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the experiment as long as
+I did enough repeats okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did enough repeats okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did enough repeats okay so this is
+like almost like an article of faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost like an article of faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost like an article of faith
+here yeah so you expect I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the interesting thing about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interesting thing about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interesting thing about this I
+mean this is probably you've done this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is probably you've done this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is probably you've done this a
+lot you probably did experiments any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you probably did experiments any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot you probably did experiments any
+average of things before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of things before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of things before right
+if everybody think in the in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody think in the in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody think in the in the class
+tried to measure how tall I was you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to measure how tall I was you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to measure how tall I was you guys
+well wouldn't get the same number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wouldn't get the same number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wouldn't get the same number but
+you'd think that if you took the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think that if you took the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think that if you took the average
+of the whole classroom it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole classroom it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole classroom it might be
+pretty close to my true height right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the key idea here is that the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key idea here is that the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key idea here is that the Sigma
+square of the X measurement experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we define to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wish it is white at times but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish it is white at times but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish it is white at times but I
+couldn't you know have a better of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you know have a better of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't you know have a better of these
+guys for all the different measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys for all the different measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys for all the different measurements
+so some are in my height or some where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some are in my height or some where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some are in my height or some where
+my weight there's some different or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my weight there's some different or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my weight there's some different or my
+blood pressure measurement but they each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure measurement but they each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure measurement but they each
+have their own variances okay I can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own variances okay I can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own variances okay I can even
+have the covariances okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the covariances okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the covariances okay so these are
+all the experimental quantities you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the experimental quantities you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the experimental quantities you guys
+maybe even computed all this before your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even computed all this before your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even computed all this before your
+life and we expect that this skill like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and we expect that this skill like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and we expect that this skill like
+this as n goes to infinity now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n goes to infinity now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n goes to infinity now what's
+gonna happen to these guys as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to these guys as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to these guys as n goes to
+infinity that's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that's a really important
+question so there's an amazing theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there's an amazing theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so there's an amazing theorem
+called the central limit theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the central limit theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the central limit theorem of
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what this theorem says that as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this theorem says that as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this theorem says that as n
+gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if trials are uncorrelated and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if trials are uncorrelated and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if trials are uncorrelated and if
+the X's are uncorrelated which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are uncorrelated which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's are uncorrelated which is the
+same as saying that CIJ is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that CIJ is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that CIJ is equal to zero
+off the diagonals then the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonals then the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonals then the probability
+of making the measurement X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the measurement X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the measurement X is
+proportional to a Gaussian a bell curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is only true as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is only true as n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is only true as n gets
+very large the dough specify exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large the dough specify exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large the dough specify exactly how
+large has to be but it's true for any PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large has to be but it's true for any PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large has to be but it's true for any PX
+any distribution function probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any distribution function probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any distribution function probably
+location function so everything becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location function so everything becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location function so everything becomes
+a bell curve if you look at the averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bell curve if you look at the averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bell curve if you look at the averages
+and Sigma I squared and that limit goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma I squared and that limit goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sigma I squared and that limit goes
+to 1 over N Sigma X I squared X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over N Sigma X I squared X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 over N Sigma X I squared X and this
+is really important so what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important so what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important so what this says is
+that the the width of this Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of this Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the width of this Gaussian
+distribution gets narrower and narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gets narrower and narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gets narrower and narrower
+as you increase the number of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase the number of repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase the number of repeated
+experiments or increase the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or increase the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or increase the number
+samples so this is really saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so this is really saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so this is really saying that
+the Sigma of the mean inserting the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma of the mean inserting the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma of the mean inserting the mean
+is scaling as 1 over root n where n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scaling as 1 over root n where n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scaling as 1 over root n where n is
+the number of samples or number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of samples or number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of samples or number of
+experiments that's repeated ok now Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's repeated ok now Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's repeated ok now Sigma
+the variance is not like that at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is not like that at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is not like that at all so
+this this quantity actually as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this quantity actually as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this quantity actually as you
+increase n just goes to a constant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase n just goes to a constant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase n just goes to a constant it
+goes to whatever the real variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to whatever the real variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to whatever the real variances
+which you know you're measuring me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know you're measuring me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know you're measuring me you
+might be how could your ruler is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be how could your ruler is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be how could your ruler is or
+something I'll tell you roughly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'll tell you roughly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'll tell you roughly what the
+real variance is and that that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variance is and that that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variance is and that that number
+does not go to 0 as number of repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not go to 0 as number of repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not go to 0 as number of repeats
+happens I mean I could get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I mean I could get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I mean I could get the whole
+student body to measure how tall I am at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body to measure how tall I am at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body to measure how tall I am at
+MIT and they're still not gonna have 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and they're still not gonna have 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and they're still not gonna have 0
+variance it's gonna still be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's gonna still be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's gonna still be some
+variance right so that's this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right so that's this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right so that's this quantity
+stays constant as n increases or goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constant as n increases or goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constant as n increases or goes to
+a ghos to a constant value once the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ghos to a constant value once the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ghos to a constant value once the sort
+of stabilisers have to have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stabilisers have to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stabilisers have to have enough
+samples but this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples but this quantity
+the inserting the mean value gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inserting the mean value gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inserting the mean value gets
+smaller and smaller and smaller as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller as the
+square root of n okay now this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n okay now this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n okay now this is only
+true in the limit as n is large now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the limit as n is large now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the limit as n is large now this
+is a huge problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge problem because
+experimentalists are lazy and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists are lazy and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists are lazy and you don't
+want to do that many measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that many measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that many measurements and
+it's hard to do a measurement so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do a measurement so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do a measurement so for
+example the Higgs boson was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Higgs boson was discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Higgs boson was discovered
+what your and a half ago two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your and a half ago two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your and a half ago two years ago
+and I think altogether they had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think altogether they had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think altogether they had like
+nine observations or something when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine observations or something when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine observations or something when they
+reported it okay so nine is not infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported it okay so nine is not infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported it okay so nine is not infinity
+and so they don't have infinitely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they don't have infinitely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they don't have infinitely small
+error bars on that measurement and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars on that measurement and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars on that measurement and in
+fact who knows if it really looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact who knows if it really looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact who knows if it really looks like a
+Gaussian distribution from such a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution from such a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution from such a small
+sample but they still report it ninety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but they still report it ninety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample but they still report it ninety
+percent it's confidence interval using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent it's confidence interval using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent it's confidence interval using
+the Gaussian distribution formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaussian distribution formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaussian distribution formula to
+figure out a couple confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a couple confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a couple confidence intervals
+so everybody does this event is big it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody does this event is big it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody does this event is big it
+should be right and you could prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be right and you could prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be right and you could prove
+mathematically its right but the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically its right but the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically its right but the formula
+doesn't really tell you how big is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you how big is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you how big is big
+so this is like a general problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a general problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a general problem and it
+leads to us oftentimes miss estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to us oftentimes miss estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to us oftentimes miss estimating
+how accurate our results are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate our results are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate our results are because
+we're going to use formulas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use formulas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use formulas that are
+based on assuming that we have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on assuming that we have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on assuming that we have enough
+we've averaged enough repeats that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've averaged enough repeats that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've averaged enough repeats that were
+in this limit where we can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this limit where we can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this limit where we can use a
+Gaussian formulas and get this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian formulas and get this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian formulas and get this nice
+limited formula but in fact we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited formula but in fact we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited formula but in fact we haven't
+really reached that because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reached that because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reached that because we haven't
+done enough repeats so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done enough repeats so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done enough repeats so this is just a
+the way life is that's the way life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way life is that's the way life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way life is that's the way life is
+and I think there's even discussed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's even discussed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's even discussed into
+the statistics journals and stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics journals and stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics journals and stuff about
+how to how to make corrections and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to make corrections and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how to make corrections and you
+know use slightly better forms that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know use slightly better forms that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know use slightly better forms that get
+the fact that your your distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that your your distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that your your distribution of
+the mean doesn't doesn't narrow down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean doesn't doesn't narrow down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean doesn't doesn't narrow down to
+a beautiful Gaussian so fast it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful Gaussian so fast it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful Gaussian so fast it has some
+stuff in the tails people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the tails people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the tails people talk about
+that like low probability events out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like low probability events out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like low probability events out the
+tails of distribution stuff like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails of distribution stuff like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails of distribution stuff like that so
+that's that's a big field of statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a big field of statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a big field of statistics
+I don't know too much about it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know too much about it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know too much about it but it's
+like I mean it's very practical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it's very practical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean it's very practical because
+now unfortunately oftentimes in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately oftentimes in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately oftentimes in chemical
+engineering we make so few repeats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we make so few repeats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering we make so few repeats that
+we have like no chance to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like no chance to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like no chance to figure out
+what the tails are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tails are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the tails are doing
+maybe overseeing your tails and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe overseeing your tails and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe overseeing your tails and so this
+is a big problem for trying to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big problem for trying to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big problem for trying to make sure
+you really have things right so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have things right so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have things right so I would
+say in general this is an optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general this is an optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general this is an optimistic
+estimate of of what the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of what the uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of of what the uncertainty in
+the mean is at the uncertain is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is at the uncertain is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean is at the uncertain is that
+usually bigger so you shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually bigger so you shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually bigger so you shouldn't be
+surprised if you don't repeat if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if you don't repeat if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if you don't repeat if your
+data doesn't match a model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data doesn't match a model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data doesn't match a model this
+brilliantly well as predicted by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly well as predicted by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly well as predicted by this
+formula okay now it's off by some orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay now it's off by some orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay now it's off by some orders
+of magnitude you might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude you might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude you might be a little
+alarmed and that might be the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmed and that might be the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmed and that might be the normal
+situation too but anyway that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation too but anyway that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation too but anyway that you know
+it's just off by a little bit I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just off by a little bit I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just off by a little bit I wouldn't
+sweat it because it's you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat it because it's you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweat it because it's you're probably
+not really you probably have done no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really you probably have done no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really you probably have done no
+freebies to really become to be entitled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freebies to really become to be entitled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freebies to really become to be entitled
+to such a beautiful result as this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such a beautiful result as this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such a beautiful result as this we
+can write this similar actually so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this similar actually so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this similar actually so here
+I assumed that the X's are uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assumed that the X's are uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assumed that the X's are uncorrelated
+that's almost never true if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost never true if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's almost never true if you actually
+numerically evaluate the C's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically evaluate the C's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically evaluate the C's usually
+they have off diagonal elements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have off diagonal elements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have off diagonal elements for
+example my weight and my blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my weight and my blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my weight and my blood pressure
+are probably correlated and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably correlated and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably correlated and so you know
+that you wouldn't expect them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't expect them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't expect them to be
+totally uncorrelated and so the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally uncorrelated and so the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally uncorrelated and so the there's
+another formula like this it's given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula like this it's given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another formula like this it's given in
+the notes by Joe Scott that includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes by Joe Scott that includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes by Joe Scott that includes the
+covariance and you just get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and you just get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and you just get a different
+form of what you expect okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what you expect okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what you expect okay and the
+covariance should also converge roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance should also converge roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance should also converge roughly
+as as 1 over n if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as 1 over n if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as 1 over n if you have enough
+samples so you should eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so you should eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so you should eventually get
+some real covariance you can write very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real covariance you can write very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real covariance you can write very
+similar formulas like this for functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formulas like this for functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formulas like this for functions
+so if I have a function f of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a function f of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a function f of X and
+that's really what I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember I said that I have the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that I have the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that I have the average
+value of F is equal to yes and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of F is equal to yes and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of F is equal to yes and I can
+make these vectors if I want and I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these vectors if I want and I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these vectors if I want and I give
+my function and I get some number and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function and I get some number and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my function and I get some number and I
+can view the variance I have a Sigma F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is something I'd like to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something I'd like to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something I'd like to do a
+lot of times then if we do experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times then if we do experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times then if we do experimental
+Delta F so we instead of a value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F so we instead of a value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F so we instead of a value we
+don't know what the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the probability
+distribution function is usually or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is usually or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is usually or
+often so we'll try to value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so we'll try to value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so we'll try to value this
+experimentally this is gonna be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally this is gonna be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally this is gonna be one over
+n the value is f of X little n the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the value is f of X little n the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the value is f of X little n the nth
+trial all right and we can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial all right and we can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial all right and we can write a
+similar thing for Sigma F which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing for Sigma F which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing for Sigma F which I just
+did right there you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right there you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did right there you can do the same
+thing just make these experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just make these experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just make these experimental
+values now the Sigma F squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now the Sigma F squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now the Sigma F squared
+experimental should go to 1 over n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental should go to 1 over n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental should go to 1 over n times
+the variance and this is the Sigma in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and this is the Sigma in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance and this is the Sigma in
+the mean of F 1 over N times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of F 1 over N times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of F 1 over N times the
+variance of the signal all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the signal all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the signal all right so this
+is the same beautiful thing that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same beautiful thing that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same beautiful thing that the the
+uncertainty in the mean value of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the mean value of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the mean value of F
+narrows with the number of trials so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrows with the number of trials so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrows with the number of trials so you
+have some original variance and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some original variance and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some original variance and there
+you can that you computed here either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you computed here either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can that you computed here either
+experimentally or from the PDF spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally or from the PDF spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally or from the PDF spread
+Meli's fine and then now you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meli's fine and then now you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meli's fine and then now you want to
+know the uncertainty in the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uncertainty in the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uncertainty in the me
+and that drops down the number of drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that drops down the number of drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that drops down the number of drives
+and the number of things you average so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of things you average so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of things you average so
+this all leads in two directions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all leads in two directions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all leads in two directions where
+we're talking about first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about first
+it's about comparing models versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about comparing models versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about comparing models versus
+experiments where we're sampling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where we're sampling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where we're sampling by
+doing the experiment okay so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment okay so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment okay so that's one
+really important direction maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important direction maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important direction maybe the
+most important one but also suggest ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important one but also suggest ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important one but also suggest ways
+you could do numerical integration so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do numerical integration so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do numerical integration so if
+I wanted to evaluate an integral that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to evaluate an integral that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to evaluate an integral that
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+f of X P of X DX and if I had some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X P of X DX and if I had some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of X P of X DX and if I had some way
+to sample from P X then this one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample from P X then this one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample from P X then this one way to
+evaluate this numerical integral would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this numerical integral would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this numerical integral would
+be to a lot of species there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to a lot of species there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to a lot of species there a lot of
+directions um I would evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um I would evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um I would evaluate this
+multiple integral a lot of intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple integral a lot of intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple integral a lot of intervals
+every dren should have X that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dren should have X that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dren should have X that would be
+very hard to do right we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do right we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do right we talked about in
+quadrature if you get more than about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature if you get more than about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature if you get more than about
+three or four of these integral signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four of these integral signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four of these integral signs
+usually you're in big trouble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're in big trouble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're in big trouble so
+evaluate the integral but you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral but you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral but you can do it
+by what's called Monte Carlo sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what's called Monte Carlo sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what's called Monte Carlo sampling
+where you sample from P of X and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sample from P of X and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you sample from P of X and just
+evaluate the value of effort some-some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the value of effort some-some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the value of effort some-some
+particular X points you pull as a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X points you pull as a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X points you pull as a sample
+and just take compute their average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take compute their average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take compute their average and
+the average of those things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of those things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of those things should
+converge according to this formula as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge according to this formula as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge according to this formula as
+you increase the number of samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the number of samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the number of samples and
+so that's the whole principle of Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole principle of Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole principle of Monte
+Carlo methods and we'll come back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo methods and we'll come back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo methods and we'll come back to a
+little bit later and you can apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later and you can apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later and you can apply that
+to a lot of problems basically any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of problems basically any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of problems basically any
+problem you have in numerix you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have in numerix you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have in numerix you have a
+choice you can use deterministic methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can use deterministic methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can use deterministic methods
+or stochastic methods termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stochastic methods termination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stochastic methods termination
+methods if you can do them usually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you can do them usually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you can do them usually are
+the fastest and more accurate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest and more accurate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest and more accurate but
+stochastic ones are often very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic ones are often very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic ones are often very easy to
+program and sometimes or they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and sometimes or they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and sometimes or they actually
+the fastest way to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest way to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest way to do it and
+particularly this kind of case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this kind of case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this kind of case we have
+lots of lots of dimensions many many X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of dimensions many many X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of dimensions many many X's
+it turns out to that stochastic ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to that stochastic ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to that stochastic ones are
+pretty good way to do it but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good way to do it but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good way to do it but we're going
+to talk mostly about models versus data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk mostly about models versus data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk mostly about models versus data
+because that's going to be important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be important to
+all of you in your research so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you in your research so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you in your research so let's
+talk about that for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just comment there's really good notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just comment there's really good notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just comment there's really good notes
+posted on the stellar website for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the stellar website for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the stellar website for all
+this material so you should definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material so you should definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material so you should definitely
+read it and the textbook has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and the textbook has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and the textbook has a lot of
+material it's maybe not so easy to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's maybe not so easy to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's maybe not so easy to read
+as the notes are but plenty to learn for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the notes are but plenty to learn for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the notes are but plenty to learn for
+sure so we generally have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we generally have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we generally have a situation
+where we have an experiment and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an experiment and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have an experiment and what do
+we have in the experiment we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the experiment we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in the experiment we have some
+knobs these are things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs these are things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs these are things that we can
+change so we can change some valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so we can change some valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so we can change some valve
+positions we can change how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we can change how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we can change how much
+electricity goes into our heaters we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity goes into our heaters we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity goes into our heaters we can
+change the setting on a back pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the setting on a back pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the setting on a back pressure
+regulator we could change the chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator we could change the chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator we could change the chemicals
+we pour into the system right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pour into the system right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pour into the system right so there's
+a lot of knobs that we control and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of knobs that we control and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of knobs that we control and I'm
+going to call the knobs X and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the knobs X and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the knobs X and then we
+have parameters and these are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parameters and these are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have parameters and these are other
+things that affect the result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that affect the result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that affect the result the
+experiment that we don't have control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we don't have control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we don't have control
+over okay and I'll going to call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay and I'll going to call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over okay and I'll going to call those
+theta okay so for example I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so for example I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay so for example I do a
+kinetics experiment it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics experiment it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics experiment it depends on the
+rate coefficients I have no control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate coefficients I have no control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate coefficients I have no control of
+the rate coefficients you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate coefficients you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate coefficients you know they're
+given to me by God as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to me by God as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to me by God as far as I know
+right there just there are some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there just there are some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there just there are some numbers
+and but they definitely affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they definitely affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they definitely affect the
+result and if the rate coefficient had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and if the rate coefficient had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and if the rate coefficient had a
+different value I would got into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value I would got into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value I would got into a
+result in the kinetic experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the kinetic experiment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the kinetic experiment right
+you know the molecular weight of sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the molecular weight of sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the molecular weight of sulfur
+I have no control over that that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no control over that that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no control over that that's just
+a parameter but if I weigh something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter but if I weigh something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter but if I weigh something a
+certain number of atoms of sulphur it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of atoms of sulphur it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of atoms of sulphur it's
+gonna be a very important parameter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a very important parameter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a very important parameter in
+determining the result right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the result right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the result right so we have
+these two things and then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things and then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things and then we're gonna
+have some some measurables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+things that we can measure let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can measure let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can measure let's call
+them one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one okay
+and in general we think that we set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general we think that we set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general we think that we set the
+x value and we know the theta values we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value and we know the theta values we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value and we know the theta values we
+should get some measurable values and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get some measurable values and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get some measurable values and so
+there's a Y that the model says that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Y that the model says that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Y that the model says that's a
+function of the X's in the fetus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the X's in the fetus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the X's in the fetus now
+this I write this as a simple function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I write this as a simple function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I write this as a simple function
+like this this might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this might be really
+complicated it might have a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it might have a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it might have a partial
+differential equations embedded inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations embedded inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations embedded inside
+it it might have all kinds of horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might have all kinds of horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it might have all kinds of horrible
+stuff inside it but you guys already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff inside it but you guys already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff inside it but you guys already
+know how to solve all this problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve all this problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve all this problems
+already because you've done it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already because you've done it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already because you've done it in this
+class four through seven homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class four through seven homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class four through seven homeworks
+already and so no problem right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so no problem right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so no problem right so if I
+give you something I give you some knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something I give you some knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something I give you some knobs
+I give you some parameters you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you some parameters you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you some parameters you can
+compete it alright and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete it alright and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete it alright and so then the
+question is that's what the model sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that's what the model sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that's what the model sets
+we could predict the forward prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could predict the forward prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could predict the forward prediction
+of what the model should say if I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the model should say if I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the model should say if I knew
+what the parameter values were if I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameter values were if I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameter values were if I knew
+it the knob values were all right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want to oftentimes when I measure Y data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to oftentimes when I measure Y data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to oftentimes when I measure Y data
+which is a function of the knobs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of the knobs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of the knobs it's
+it's implicitly punch of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implicitly punch of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implicitly punch of the parameters
+but I have no control of them so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no control of them so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no control of them so I'm not
+gonna even put them in here so I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna even put them in here so I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna even put them in here so I set the
+knobs I want I get some data I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs I want I get some data I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs I want I get some data I want
+these to to like match each other all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to to like match each other all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to to like match each other all
+right I think this should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think this should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think this should be the same
+thing if my model is true yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if my model is true yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if my model is true yeah this is
+my model really okay but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model really okay but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model really okay but I don't think
+they should be exactly the same I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be exactly the same I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be exactly the same I mean
+you know just like when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like when you try to
+measure my height you don't get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure my height you don't get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure my height you don't get exactly
+the same numbers so these Y data are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same numbers so these Y data are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same numbers so these Y data are not
+going to be exactly the same numbers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same numbers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same numbers as
+I would have as my model would say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have as my model would say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have as my model would say so
+now I have to cope with the fact I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to cope with the fact I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to cope with the fact I've
+had deviations between the data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had deviations between the data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had deviations between the data and the
+model and how am I going to handle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how am I going to handle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how am I going to handle that
+all right so and we also we have a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and we also we have a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and we also we have a we
+have a set of these guys typically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of these guys typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of these guys typically do
+some repeats so we have like several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repeats so we have like several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some repeats so we have like several
+numbers for each setting the exes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for each setting the exes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for each setting the exes and
+they don't even agree with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even agree with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even agree with each other
+just they're different right I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they're different right I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they're different right I have
+every time I repeated the experiment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I repeated the experiment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I repeated the experiment I
+got some different it's all that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some different it's all that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some different it's all that's my
+Y's for each X and then I've changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's for each X and then I've changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's for each X and then I've changed the
+X a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X a few times
+different knob settings and make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different knob settings and make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different knob settings and make some
+more measurements and I have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more measurements and I have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more measurements and I have a whole
+bunch of Y values that are all scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Y values that are all scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Y values that are all scattered
+numbers that baby scatter around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that baby scatter around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that baby scatter around this
+model possibly if I'm lucky the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model possibly if I'm lucky the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model possibly if I'm lucky the models
+right often usually I don't also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right often usually I don't also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right often usually I don't also don't
+know the models correct so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the models correct so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the models correct so that's
+another thing that holding back your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that holding back your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that holding back your
+mind it's like we're gonna do this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's like we're gonna do this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it's like we're gonna do this whole
+comparison assuming the model is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison assuming the model is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison assuming the model is correct
+and then we might at the end decide hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we might at the end decide hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we might at the end decide hmm
+maybe the models aren't really right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the models aren't really right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the models aren't really right I
+may have to go make a new model okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to go make a new model okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to go make a new model okay so
+that's just the thing to keep in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the thing to keep in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the thing to keep in the
+back of your mind is that problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind is that problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind is that problem well
+we'll be optimistic to start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be optimistic to start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be optimistic to start with and
+we'll assume that the models good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that the models good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume that the models good and
+our only challenge is we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our only challenge is we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our only challenge is we just don't have
+the right values that the Thetas maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right values that the Thetas maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right values that the Thetas maybe
+too in my model and this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too in my model and this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too in my model and this is another
+thing too so the Thetas are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too so the Thetas are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too so the Thetas are things like
+great coefficients and molecular weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great coefficients and molecular weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great coefficients and molecular weights
+and viscosities and stuff that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and viscosities and stuff that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and viscosities and stuff that would
+look properties of the map of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look properties of the map of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look properties of the map of the
+universe and the real numbers maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and the real numbers maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and the real numbers maybe
+they're also things like the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also things like the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also things like the length of
+my apparatus and stuff like that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apparatus and stuff like that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apparatus and stuff like that but I
+don't know those numbers perfectly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know those numbers perfectly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know those numbers perfectly to
+perfect precision right you're the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect precision right you're the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect precision right you're the best
+number I can find if I look in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I can find if I look in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I can find if I look in the in
+the databases you know you can find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the databases you know you can find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the databases you know you can find like
+the speed of light to like 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light to like 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light to like 11
+significant figures but I don't know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures but I don't know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures but I don't know to
+the 12th significant figure so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th significant figure so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12th significant figure so I don't
+know any of the numbers perfectly and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of the numbers perfectly and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of the numbers perfectly and a
+lot of numbers I don't even know at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers I don't even know at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of numbers I don't even know at all
+so there's some rate coefficients no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some rate coefficients no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some rate coefficients no one
+has ever measured or calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever measured or calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever measured or calculated the
+history of the world that's my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the world that's my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the world that's my my
+students have to do that a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have to do that a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have to do that a lot in the
+green room so you know it's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green room so you know it's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green room so you know it's there's a
+lot of these are quite uncertain whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these are quite uncertain whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these are quite uncertain whether
+you'll have some that are pretty certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some that are pretty certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some that are pretty certain
+you have quite a quite a big variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have quite a quite a big variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have quite a quite a big variance
+actually how certain you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how certain you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how certain you know the
+parameter values so one idea a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values so one idea a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values so one idea a very
+popular idea is to say you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular idea is to say you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular idea is to say you know I have
+this deviation between the model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deviation between the model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this deviation between the model and the
+experiment so I want to sort of do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I want to sort of do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so I want to sort of do a
+minimization by varying say parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization by varying say parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization by varying say parameter
+values of of some measure of the err
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of of some measure of the err
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of of some measure of the err
+between the model and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow I want to minimize that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to minimize that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to minimize that and I
+have to think of well what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of well what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of well what should I
+really minimize and the popular thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimize and the popular thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimize and the popular thing to
+minimize is these guys squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize is these guys squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize is these guys squared and
+actually to weight them by some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to weight them by some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to weight them by some kind of
+Sigma for each one of these guys so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma for each one of these guys so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma for each one of these guys so this
+is we should change the notation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should change the notation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we should change the notation because
+they're these guys one model and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these guys one model and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these guys one model and it's
+the ice ice measurement the car splints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice ice measurement the car splints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice ice measurement the car splints
+that ant experiment so I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ant experiment so I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ant experiment so I think that I
+think that the difference between what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the difference between what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the difference between what I
+measured by measured and what the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by measured and what the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by measured and what the model
+calculated should be sort of scaled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated should be sort of scaled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated should be sort of scaled by
+the variance right so I would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance right so I would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance right so I would expect
+that this sum has a bunch of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum has a bunch of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum has a bunch of numbers
+there sort of order of one because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of order of one because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of order of one because I
+expect the deviation to be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the deviation to be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the deviation to be approximately
+scale of the of the variance of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the of the variance of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the of the variance of my
+measurements and if these deviations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and if these deviations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and if these deviations are
+much larger than the variance then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the variance then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the variance then I
+think my models not right and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my models not right and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my models not right and what I'm
+gonna try to do right here is I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to do right here is I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to do right here is I'm gonna
+try to adjust the Thetas the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to adjust the Thetas the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to adjust the Thetas the parameters
+to try to force them all to agree better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to force them all to agree better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to force them all to agree better
+to my experiment okay and then this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my experiment okay and then this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my experiment okay and then this form
+looks a lot like this do you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like this do you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like this do you see this
+you see I have a sum of the deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I have a sum of the deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I have a sum of the deviations
+between an experiment and theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an experiment and theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an experiment and theoretical
+sort of thing divided by some variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing divided by some variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing divided by some variance
+and so this is the motivation of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the motivation of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the motivation of where
+this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from
+is that I want to make the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I want to make the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I want to make the probability
+that I would make this observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would make this observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would make this observation
+experimentally will be maximum if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally will be maximum if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally will be maximum if this
+quantity in the in the exponent is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in the in the exponent is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in the in the exponent is as
+small as possible so I'm gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible so I'm gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as possible so I'm gonna try to
+minimize that quantity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that quantity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that quantity and that's
+exactly what I'm doing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I'm doing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I'm doing over here
+all right okay so next time we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so next time we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so next time we come back
+I'll talk more about how we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about how we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about how we actually do
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X60J__-GMx8.txt b/X60J__-GMx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd458af92a42d84bb5ba5741a521a71742380399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X60J__-GMx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1289 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome back.
+
+Today, we will
+consider problems where
+
+the solutions are
+standing waves.
+
+So the first problem I'm going
+to do is shown over here.
+
+What we have is a string
+attached at both ends.
+
+The length of the
+string is L. And it
+
+is distorted in
+this strange shape.
+
+The dimensions are
+given everywhere.
+
+It's symmetric about
+the middle, OK?
+
+Somehow miraculously,
+it's held fixed.
+
+You could imagine maybe sort
+of nails nailed here and here
+
+and fingers holding there.
+
+And then miraculously,
+we let go, all right?
+
+And the question
+is after we let go,
+
+what is the wavelength of
+the lowest mode that is not
+
+excited, the amplitude of the
+lowest mode which is excited?
+
+And finally, the
+question is, what
+
+is the shape of this string
+at this strange time?
+
+Now, then what do they tell us?
+
+That this is an ideal
+lossless string,
+
+which has a mass per
+unit length of mu.
+
+It has a uniform tension T.
+For all the equations to work
+
+and the derivation
+of the wave equation,
+
+you have to assume that the
+angle is sine angle, et cetera,
+
+is equal like this, which
+is-- you look at this
+
+and say, holy smoke.
+
+How can this be the case?
+
+Well, of course, this is
+an idealized situation.
+
+In reality, this would
+be very, very small
+
+compared to that, all right?
+
+And one would have to have
+some curvature at these points.
+
+The differences will
+be, the real situation
+
+from this idealised
+one, will only
+
+differ in some very
+high frequencies.
+
+So the first approximation,
+one can almost
+
+imagine that it's
+possible to set this up.
+
+And this assumption, as
+I told you, initially
+
+is the system, at t
+equals 0, is stationary.
+
+OK.
+
+The above, as I was just saying,
+is really highly idealized.
+
+It is almost a
+mathematical representation
+
+already of a real situation.
+
+So you could imagine
+this almost being
+
+a mathematical description
+of this situation.
+
+And what makes it physics
+rather than the mathematics
+
+is that string obeys
+the wave equation.
+
+It obeys this wave equation.
+
+Once I've told you that
+that picture on that diagram
+
+satisfies the wave equation
+where V is a constant given
+
+by this quantity, we've
+now converted this problem
+
+completely to mathematics.
+
+One thing to notice, this
+is the phase velocity
+
+of propagation of a
+progressive wave on a string.
+
+So here, that time,
+they ask us in part
+
+C-- is the shape of the string
+at a time L over V from time
+
+equals 0.
+
+So we're now solving this
+problem, mathematics problem.
+
+We know that if you have
+a coupled oscillator,
+
+there are normal mode
+solutions, solutions
+
+where every oscillator
+is oscillating
+
+with the same
+frequency and phase.
+
+For a system, a
+continuous system
+
+like this is, an infinite
+number of identical oscillators
+
+in a straight line for a
+string like that, the most
+
+general solution
+will also be-- one
+
+will be able to represent
+it as a superposition
+
+of normal modes.
+
+Of course, if you
+look at such a system
+
+and you distort this
+from equilibrium,
+
+you can set up an infinite
+different varieties
+
+of solutions.
+
+But what I'm saying is that
+any one of those solutions
+
+however complicated,
+one could always
+
+reduce it to a superposition
+of normal modes.
+
+In particular, if you
+study the solutions
+
+of a system like this,
+one dimensional system
+
+like that, you will find
+that the normal modes are,
+
+in fact, standing waves
+which are sinusoidal.
+
+So I've written for you here
+a completely general solution
+
+to a string.
+
+And you can write it, as
+I said, as a superposition
+
+of an infinite number of normal
+modes, pretty complicated.
+
+It tells you at every
+position on the string
+
+and at every time what
+is the displacement.
+
+You can calculate the
+transverse velocity
+
+by differentiating, et cetera.
+
+It just tells you everything
+about the oscillations
+
+of a string.
+
+This is not any old string.
+
+Because we are told
+some things about it.
+
+We are told it's
+attached at both ends
+
+so that string has no
+displacement in the Y
+
+direction at x equals 0 and
+at x equals L. For all times
+
+t this equation will satisfy
+that string-- doesn't matter
+
+even what distortion
+it is-- provided
+
+we put some constraints
+on these various constants
+
+such that this is true.
+
+Well, you can almost
+do it in your head.
+
+If you look at this, all
+these-- if for all times, at x
+
+equals 0, y is 0, this
+term, B of N, has to be 0.
+
+So this, you could forget about.
+
+And you're down to this.
+
+Furthermore, you
+know it has to be
+
+0 at x equals L. That puts
+a constraint on k of n.
+
+So your solution
+then is of this form.
+
+This is any arbitrary constant.
+
+For the wave equation,
+you can show for a string
+
+that these two are related
+through the phase velocity.
+
+And so once you've
+established this,
+
+then we've got that constant.
+
+So you're still left with
+quite a number of constants
+
+and an infinite series where
+the An can be anything.
+
+This phase can be anything.
+
+It's always useful
+to check yourself.
+
+There are some
+things you can check.
+
+So for example, let's consider
+the n equals 1 harmonic,
+
+that normal mode, the
+first normal mode.
+
+If you look at this, it's
+clear that the wavelength
+
+of that harmonic is 2L.
+
+If you look at this, the period
+of that harmonic is 2L over v.
+
+Period is 1 over frequency,
+or frequency is 1 over period.
+
+So the frequency is v/2L.
+
+We know that for harmonic
+waves or standing waves
+
+that lambda times F
+is the phase velocity.
+
+Let's check it here,
+multiply lambda by F,
+
+and you get that
+this is satisfied.
+
+So at least this
+is a quick check
+
+that we haven't made
+some stupid mistake.
+
+All right, so this
+satisfies any string
+
+of length L which is
+tied at both ends.
+
+But our string is
+not any string.
+
+We've said that initially, at
+t equals 0 for all positions,
+
+the string is stationary.
+
+So our description of it must
+take into account the equation
+
+which describes this
+shape of the string
+
+and it must have this
+boundary condition, OK?
+
+So we take this
+equation-- so far,
+
+we've reduced it to
+that-- differentiate it
+
+with respect to time, get this.
+
+And that's an easy-- we
+just have to differentiate--
+
+the cosine gives you minus sine.
+
+OK, so you end up with this.
+
+And this, we know is 0.
+
+It's 0 at-- I'm sorry,
+this is a t equals 0.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+We know that at t equals
+0 at every position
+
+x-- we said that.
+
+We're holding this string
+with nothing moving.
+
+At t equals 0, it's stationary.
+
+We then let go.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+And if you look
+at this, this will
+
+be 0 at all values
+of x at t equals 0,
+
+only if all values
+of phi n is 0.
+
+So notice, gradually, by making
+use of all the information we
+
+have about the situation--
+what string it is, where it's
+
+attached, how long it is,
+what is its motion at t
+
+equals 0-- we're gradually
+getting rid of the constants
+
+or determining them.
+
+Now that phi n is
+0, I go back to this
+
+and rewrite the equation.
+
+And now, we've ended up that
+the general equation which
+
+describes a string
+which has length L tied
+
+at both ends, stationary
+at t equals 0 is this.
+
+An is still to be determined.
+
+We have not made use, so
+far, of the information what
+
+is the shape of the
+string at t equals 0.
+
+That's what we'll do next.
+
+But before I do this, I
+just want to make a comment.
+
+In many books,
+problems, et cetera,
+
+you'll find people starting
+with this equation.
+
+And you'll be wondering, how
+on Earth-- is this the most
+
+general equation
+for string problems?
+
+No.
+
+The answer why they
+started with this
+
+is, often without telling
+you, doing all this analysis
+
+in their head.
+
+This is only true
+for a situation
+
+where this string
+is tied at both ends
+
+and initially stationary.
+
+That forces you to that.
+
+And An now is now
+not determined.
+
+And in order to find out the
+value of An-- in other words,
+
+the amplitude of the
+different normal modes--
+
+we have to make use of the shape
+of the string at t equals 0.
+
+And that's what we'll do now.
+
+All right, so now,
+I'm going to make
+
+use of the last bit
+of information I have.
+
+And since that defines the
+physical situation completely,
+
+there'd better be enough
+to find all the constants.
+
+There should be nothing left.
+
+They should be then
+completely determined.
+
+So first of all, I said we
+didn't make use of the shape
+
+at t equals 0.
+
+At t equals 0, cosine of 0 is 1.
+
+So what we know is that the
+string shape is given by,
+
+from here, by this equation.
+
+So this tells us that--
+this is a description
+
+of the shape of
+the string in terms
+
+of an infinite series
+of sinusoidal functions.
+
+OK, we notice this tells us the
+shape of the string at every X
+
+position at t equals 0.
+
+So I look at that,
+the original shape.
+
+And I can describe
+it mathematically.
+
+y of x at time equals 0 is
+0 at all points from one
+
+end of the string to where
+the distortion starts.
+
+And it starts at 3/8 L if
+you look at the diagram.
+
+Then from position x
+of 3/8 L to x is 5/8 L,
+
+the string is straight again,
+and its displaced by a distance
+
+H. And afterwards, past
+the 5/8 L, it's back to 0.
+
+For a second, let's go
+back and just look at that.
+
+So we're talking about
+this shape, right?
+
+It's 0, 0 in Y, and then jumps
+to H between 3/8 L and 5/8 L.
+
+This shape, when
+you let go, that
+
+will determine the amplitude
+of the different normal modes
+
+that are important in the
+oscillation of that system.
+
+OK, so we must determine these
+infinite number of constants.
+
+At first sight, it looks
+like an impossible task
+
+if it wasn't for a
+brilliant mathematician
+
+in the 18th century,
+Fourier, who
+
+made a relatively simple
+but incredibly important
+
+observation.
+
+When applied to this
+problem, it is the following.
+
+He realized that one can
+do the following trick.
+
+If you take this
+function, sine n pi
+
+over L x to 1 which is
+describing our shape
+
+over there, if you multiply
+it-- and by the way,
+
+n-- I'm just reminding you--
+goes from 1 to infinity.
+
+It's 1, 2, 3, 4,
+5, 6, et cetera.
+
+If you take this function
+and you multiply it
+
+by a similar function, but
+with different value of m,
+
+then this integral from one
+end of the string to the other,
+
+is equal to 0 if this,
+the m you've chosen here,
+
+is different than n.
+
+Try it.
+
+I don't want-- a good
+exercise for yourself.
+
+Take this function.
+
+And do the integration, and
+you'll find it comes out to 0.
+
+It's not hard to do.
+
+So that is 0 if n
+is not equal to m.
+
+On the other hand,
+if m equals n--
+
+so this is the integral of
+sine squared n pi over L--
+
+it comes out to be L/2.
+
+You can do it for yourself.
+
+This trick allows us to
+solve for all values of An.
+
+Now, let me tell
+you, I did not do
+
+this in-- the Fourier
+trick-- in general.
+
+If you go into books,
+you'll find the formulation
+
+of this trick known
+as Fourier's theorem
+
+for any periodic function.
+
+The advantage of learning it,
+how to do it for any function,
+
+you don't have to do
+this integral every time.
+
+Because suppose our
+function turned out
+
+there to be a cosine, we
+would have to then figure out,
+
+what do I multiply it by to
+make this come out so simply?
+
+As I say, the
+advantage is then you
+
+can use formulate
+in books, et cetera.
+
+There's nothing wrong with that.
+
+It is good.
+
+And the way one changes a
+physical situation into one
+
+where you can apply Fourier's
+theorem, which only applies
+
+to periodic functions, is
+to take your original shape,
+
+and out of it, create
+a periodic function.
+
+Once you've done that, you
+can use Fourier's theorem.
+
+I've, in this particular
+case because I find it easier
+
+to explain it, simply
+essentially derived
+
+the Fourier theorem for
+this particular problem.
+
+For this particular
+problem, the function
+
+by which you multiply
+this is sine m pi.
+
+OK, once you've realized
+that this is true,
+
+I can go back and use it
+to determine every An.
+
+I go to this function.
+
+I multiply both sides in
+turn by sine m pi over L
+
+for every n where I want to find
+the value of An, for each one.
+
+So I have to do
+an infinite number
+
+of integrals in principle.
+
+But often you don't need
+to know every value of n.
+
+You may want to
+know each one of An
+
+is the amplitude
+of the harmonic.
+
+You may be interested
+in what is the amplitude
+
+of the first harmonic solution
+or the second or third.
+
+However many you want, so
+many integrals you have to do.
+
+No magic.
+
+You're basically solving
+infinite number of equations.
+
+And if I apply this
+to our problem,
+
+we find that An is equal
+to 2/L. It's from here.
+
+The integral of 0 of
+2L of y sine at dx.
+
+Right?
+
+All I'm taking, I'm multiplying
+both sides of this equation
+
+by sine of m pi L over
+x and integrating them
+
+both from 0 to L.
+On one side, you
+
+end up with An and on the
+other, 2/L times this integral.
+
+Then once you've done this
+integral, you know the answer.
+
+In our case, y of x of
+0 is particularly easy.
+
+It's 0 in this range,
+0 in this range,
+
+and a constant for the rest.
+
+Well, over the part of
+the range where it's 0,
+
+if I multiply
+something by 0, it's 0.
+
+And so I only have to do
+this integral over the range
+
+where y of x for 0 time is H.
+So I have to do this integral.
+
+And now I have reduced
+the situation that every n
+
+that we are
+interested in, we can
+
+calculate by doing
+this integral.
+
+So in principle, we've solved
+it for all values of n.
+
+So finally, I can
+answer the question.
+
+So the first question was
+what lowest value of n
+
+for which An is 0.
+
+Well, let's start.
+
+Take number 1, 2, 3.
+
+And for n equals 1, this
+integral is not equal to 0,
+
+because what you have
+to do is you basically
+
+are integrating
+this-- for n equals
+
+1, that's what the sine
+pi over L x looks like.
+
+You're integrating that
+and multiply it by 0.
+
+And here, you're multiplying
+by a constant and 0.
+
+Clearly, this is not
+going to give you a 0.
+
+Let's take the second
+one, the second harmonic
+
+in this calculation.
+
+You're multiplying
+this y by this function
+
+and integrating it, OK?
+
+Notice the sine function
+is symmetric about 0
+
+and so is this symmetric.
+
+Except here, this is an
+anti-symmetric function.
+
+So the sine is negative
+to the right of the middle
+
+and positive to the left.
+
+If I multiply this positive by
+that, I get a positive number.
+
+If I multiply this by that,
+I get a negative number.
+
+The two are equal.
+
+And so the integral
+across there is 0.
+
+So n equals 2 is the lowest
+harmonic for which An is 0.
+
+When I let that string
+go, the second harmonic
+
+will not be excited.
+
+Which is the lowest n for which
+it is excited-- in other words
+
+that An is not equal 0.
+
+Well, I told you when n
+equals 1, clearly An is not 0.
+
+So that will be excited.
+
+So the first harmonic
+will be excited.
+
+What is the amplitude?
+
+Well, we have to calculate it.
+
+I told you, every An--
+I told you what it is.
+
+I have to do some work.
+
+So you take A of 1 is 2/L. The
+integral from that to the H
+
+times this function
+where n is 1, all right?
+
+And that, fortunately, is
+an easy integral to do.
+
+Integrate the sine,
+you get the cosine.
+
+And putting in the limits,
+you get this answer.
+
+So that is our answer to
+that part of the problem.
+
+The final part of
+the problem was
+
+they said, OK, I
+have this shape.
+
+I let go.
+
+What will that shape
+look like at a time
+
+was L-- in the problem,
+the time was L times
+
+the square root of mu over T.
+T's the tension in the string.
+
+But I know that square
+root of mu over t
+
+is 1/d, the phase velocity.
+
+So they ask us to calculate
+the shape of that string
+
+at the time which is the
+length of the string divided
+
+by the phase velocity
+of progressive waves
+
+on the string.
+
+OK, now we know completely what
+is the shape of the string.
+
+It is this formula.
+
+This is the formula
+that tells us
+
+what the string looks like
+at all places, all times.
+
+From our knowledge
+of this integral,
+
+depending where it's
+symmetric or anti-symmetric
+
+sinusoidal function
+about the center,
+
+we know that every
+second one will be 0.
+
+So this sum now,
+I've only summed
+
+for n equals 1, 3,
+5, 7, et cetera.
+
+The terms n equals 2, 4, 6, et
+cetera, will have 0 amplitude.
+
+But this now describes our
+situation in its entirety--
+
+because I've now not only know
+the spatial shape, but also
+
+as a function of time.
+
+So this describes
+what it was at time t.
+
+What will it be if I increase
+the time-- let's start from 0,
+
+and I go to a time L/v?
+
+All right, well, if this
+changes from 0 to L/v,
+
+this changes to cosine n pi.
+
+But you know that for n
+equals 1, 3, 5, et cetera,
+
+cosine of n pi-- in other
+words, at pi, at 3 pi,
+
+et cetera-- is minus 1.
+
+So at this later time,
+every term in this expansion
+
+has changed signs.
+
+But it's exactly the same
+series, except it's minus 1
+
+here.
+
+So what has happened
+to the string?
+
+It is exactly the same
+shape with an opposite sign.
+
+So with the string, instead
+of being up here like that
+
+like it was over here, it's
+flipped over like that.
+
+Without doing any more work,
+I can conclude that simply
+
+because I have the same series
+as before with a negative sign.
+
+So that is the answer.
+
+So I've solved the problem.
+
+But at this instance, I just
+want to digress for a second
+
+and tell you this
+actually is a problem
+
+that we could have almost
+done all by thinking alone.
+
+It wasn't necessary to do big
+fraction of the work we did.
+
+The only part which
+there was no choice
+
+is this amplitude [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Because I could have gone
+back, scratched my memory
+
+and knowledge, and
+said, look, hold on.
+
+When I have been a
+string, I could always
+
+analyze it in terms
+of normal modes.
+
+But also, we know that we
+can describe the solutions
+
+in terms of progressive waves.
+
+The two are equivalent
+to each other.
+
+It's not extra solutions.
+
+But by adding
+appropriately normal modes,
+
+I can get a superposition
+of progressive waves.
+
+I can use the uniqueness
+theorem to see
+
+if I've got a solution
+which represents
+
+the situation at hand.
+
+If you look at the
+original problem,
+
+if you look at this problem,
+this is stationary, all right?
+
+So I could imagine this
+solution being the superposition
+
+of two progressive waves
+that look like this but half
+
+the amplitude, one moving
+to the left and one
+
+moving to the right.
+
+As they overlap--
+in other words,
+
+I have two waves, one like
+this moving to the right,
+
+and one like this
+moving to the left.
+
+If I add them, I'll
+get this distortion,
+
+which is stationary.
+
+Therefore, if I
+solved the problem
+
+for each one of these
+progressive waves and add them,
+
+I'll get the answer to this.
+
+It'll satisfy all the
+boundary conditions.
+
+By the uniqueness
+theorem, it will
+
+be the correct description
+of what happened.
+
+And then with
+that, I can predict
+
+what will be the
+shape at any time.
+
+So for example, in
+the time they ask L/v,
+
+a progressive wave
+will move a distance L.
+
+So the wave over
+here, which was going
+
+to do the right would hit this
+boundary-- that pulse-- would
+
+flip over.
+
+And you know that this
+string is fixed there.
+
+What happens if a pulse
+comes to a fixed end?
+
+Imagine you are
+causing the pulse.
+
+You are the forcewave
+moving along
+
+which causes the distortion.
+
+When you come to the
+rigid end, you're pulling.
+
+It won't give.
+
+So the only way to happen,
+the string will pull you down.
+
+So you'll flip over.
+
+So this pulse, when
+it hits this end,
+
+will flip over
+upside down, and then
+
+progress this way upside down.
+
+This one will go to this end,
+flip over, and progress back.
+
+By the time t has changed
+by L over the velocity,
+
+those flipped pulses would have
+come back here and overlapped,
+
+but upside down.
+
+And so this would have flipped.
+
+By this kind of analysis, if
+you use your wits about it,
+
+sometimes you can solve
+more difficult problems
+
+quickly by using all the
+knowledge you have about waves,
+
+the propagation, et cetera.
+
+Probably a good time to stop.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X84g21RcQuI.txt b/X84g21RcQuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0defa0959f062bdd1c8af7d3ffcfe9a57fda3ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X84g21RcQuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello we welcome today Michael good who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we welcome today Michael good who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we welcome today Michael good who
+is a vice president of Music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vice president of Music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vice president of Music XML
+Technologies at make music Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies at make music Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies at make music Incorporated
+creators of finale spart music and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creators of finale spart music and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creators of finale spart music and so
+many other great things and um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other great things and um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other great things and um and a
+dear friend of computational musicology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear friend of computational musicology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear friend of computational musicology
+and music theory at MIT welcome Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and music theory at MIT welcome Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and music theory at MIT welcome Michael
+hi thanks uh for the invitation great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi thanks uh for the invitation great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi thanks uh for the invitation great to
+be here great virtually yeah I well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here great virtually yeah I well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here great virtually yeah I well
+there's some great advantages to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some great advantages to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some great advantages to to the
+way we're setting things up right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're setting things up right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're setting things up right now
+and allows you to the students to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows you to the students to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows you to the students to get to
+meet you in a way that we wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet you in a way that we wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet you in a way that we wouldn't be
+able to perhaps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perhaps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perhaps in the
+past I just want to jump in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I just want to jump in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I just want to jump in there and
+and just ask you're the creator of Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just ask you're the creator of Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just ask you're the creator of Music
+XML I mean this is incredible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML I mean this is incredible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML I mean this is incredible for me to
+be able to talk to person who has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to person who has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to person who has done
+so much why did you create music XML in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much why did you create music XML in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much why did you create music XML in
+2000 and what what problems existed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and what what problems existed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and what what problems existed that
+you H to solve with it yeah in 2000 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you H to solve with it yeah in 2000 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you H to solve with it yeah in 2000 I
+was working at sap uh and I was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working at sap uh and I was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working at sap uh and I was the
+representative actually to the MIT media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative actually to the MIT media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative actually to the MIT media
+lab at that point which will come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at that point which will come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at that point which will come in
+later and it was just the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and it was just the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and it was just the beginning of
+digital sheet music happening sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sheet music happening sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sheet music happening sheet
+music direct was out there which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music direct was out there which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music direct was out there which I
+didn't know at the time but son Haw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know at the time but son Haw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know at the time but son Haw
+released things where you could download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released things where you could download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released things where you could download
+digital sheet I go W this is really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sheet I go W this is really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sheet I go W this is really cool
+until I figured out oh you can only play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I figured out oh you can only play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I figured out oh you can only play
+it in in the Su Hawk player well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the Su Hawk player well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the Su Hawk player well that's
+really silly I want and finale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really silly I want and finale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really silly I want and finale and
+sellus were there for notation programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellus were there for notation programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellus were there for notation programs
+you couldn't move them back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't move them back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't move them back and forth
+and get anything reasonable out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get anything reasonable out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get anything reasonable out of it
+and it was like well the internet boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like well the internet boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like well the internet boom
+is happening and people want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and people want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and people want to make
+money on digital sheet this isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on digital sheet this isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on digital sheet this isn't going
+to work without a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work without a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work without a standard
+format to exchange sheet music between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format to exchange sheet music between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format to exchange sheet music between
+applications people aren't going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications people aren't going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications people aren't going to want
+to be stuck in just one thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck in just one thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck in just one thing you know
+we need something like midi for musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something like midi for musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need something like midi for musical
+instruments or HTML for the web and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments or HTML for the web and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments or HTML for the web and a
+lot of people tried to do an interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people tried to do an interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people tried to do an interchange
+format and it had succeeded but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and it had succeeded but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and it had succeeded but I
+figured I I could give it a good go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I I could give it a good go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured I I could give it a good go and
+I had some ideas for it and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some ideas for it and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some ideas for it and when I
+visited the media lab uh I went to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited the media lab uh I went to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited the media lab uh I went to my
+old uh thesis adviser Barry verco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh thesis adviser Barry verco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh thesis adviser Barry verco
+Professor very verko who was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor very verko who was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor very verko who was at the
+experimental music studio and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental music studio and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental music studio and then the
+media lab and bounced this idea off him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and bounced this idea off him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab and bounced this idea off him
+you know you've worked in this area a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've worked in this area a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've worked in this area a
+lot um am I missing something obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um am I missing something obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot um am I missing something obvious
+that makes it not going to work I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it not going to work I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it not going to work I said
+sounds like it's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like it's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like it's going to work
+go over to Stanford and talk to Walter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to Stanford and talk to Walter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over to Stanford and talk to Walter
+huet and elor srichfield with Muse data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huet and elor srichfield with Muse data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huet and elor srichfield with Muse data
+and talk with David her on of humdrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk with David her on of humdrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk with David her on of humdrum
+because they're doing the stuff closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doing the stuff closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doing the stuff closest
+to what you're doing and David humdrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're doing and David humdrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're doing and David humdrum
+was at Stanford that turn so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Stanford that turn so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at Stanford that turn so that was
+great I didn't have to go to Ohio to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I didn't have to go to Ohio to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I didn't have to go to Ohio to uh
+to talk with him so I did that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with him so I did that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with him so I did that and
+basically the first version of Music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first version of Music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first version of Music XML
+was an XML version of muse data used XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an XML version of muse data used XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an XML version of muse data used XML
+because at sap we were using XML to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at sap we were using XML to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at sap we were using XML to
+communicate between our R3 system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate between our R3 system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate between our R3 system and
+other systems so it's like old G it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems so it's like old G it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems so it's like old G it
+seems like you have some standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you have some standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like you have some standard
+technology that the whole computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that the whole computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that the whole computer
+industry is behind why not use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is behind why not use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is behind why not use that to
+exchange for music notation back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for music notation back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for music notation back and
+forth and so it's just we've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so it's just we've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and so it's just we've got to be
+able to exchange between applications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exchange between applications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to exchange between applications so
+the format is optimized very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format is optimized very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format is optimized very much for
+exchange between applications not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between applications not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange between applications not as a
+native uh format for any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native uh format for any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native uh format for any particular
+application so how did you get um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so how did you get um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so how did you get um the
+initial application you users to to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial application you users to to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial application you users to to buy
+into to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+format yeah that was always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format yeah that was always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format yeah that was always going to be
+a tricky question I knew that it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky question I knew that it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tricky question I knew that it had to
+work with either finale or seia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with either finale or seia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with either finale or seia so
+nobody would care and so I gave myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would care and so I gave myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody would care and so I gave myself
+yeah if I can't get it within two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I can't get it within two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I can't get it within two years
+or so to do two-way you know not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to do two-way you know not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to do two-way you know not just
+writing not just reading but two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing not just reading but two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing not just reading but two-way
+communication with either finale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with either finale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with either finale or
+sellus I didn't care which one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellus I didn't care which one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sellus I didn't care which one then
+nobody was going to care and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was going to care and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was going to care and it turned
+out that finale had a better plug-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that finale had a better plug-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that finale had a better plug-in
+development git than Celia for that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development git than Celia for that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development git than Celia for that so I
+was able to build a plugin that did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to build a plugin that did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to build a plugin that did the
+two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way
+communication and the way that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and the way that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and the way that things
+really got rolling is that uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got rolling is that uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got rolling is that uh there was
+a developer up in the north of Scotland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a developer up in the north of Scotland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a developer up in the north of Scotland
+Graham Jones who had the sharpy music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Jones who had the sharpy music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Jones who had the sharpy music
+Reader Program which was the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reader Program which was the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reader Program which was the best
+scanning program out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning program out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning program out there
+except the differences in the scanning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the differences in the scanning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the differences in the scanning I
+mean you could only transfer via mid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could only transfer via mid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could only transfer via mid so
+you all the great recognition that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the great recognition that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the great recognition that you
+got in sharp ey you loss going into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in sharp ey you loss going into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in sharp ey you loss going into a
+notation program because midi couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation program because midi couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation program because midi couldn't
+handle it so I contacted Graham and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it so I contacted Graham and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it so I contacted Graham and said
+hey we got this music XML format you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we got this music XML format you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we got this music XML format you
+know if you do that we can and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do that we can and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do that we can and I got
+this importer that goes into finale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this importer that goes into finale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this importer that goes into finale so
+if you add this you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add this you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add this you know you could
+really make things work better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make things work better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make things work better for
+finale and increase your sales and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finale and increase your sales and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finale and increase your sales and he
+said well because he supported nith at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well because he supported nith at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well because he supported nith at
+the time nith was an older uh attempt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time nith was an older uh attempt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time nith was an older uh attempt at
+a standard notation format that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard notation format that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard notation format that only
+worked well for scanners so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well for scanners so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well for scanners so all the
+scanning programs incremented it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning programs incremented it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning programs incremented it but
+nobody else did so they said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else did so they said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else did so they said well you
+could do a nift to music XML converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a nift to music XML converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a nift to music XML converter
+and then I wouldn't have to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I wouldn't have to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I wouldn't have to do that I
+yeah I'm not going to do that so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not going to do that so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not going to do that so you can
+do a music XML and he did uh he wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a music XML and he did uh he wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a music XML and he did uh he wrote a
+music XML uh exporter out of sharp eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML uh exporter out of sharp eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML uh exporter out of sharp eye
+and then the make music people saw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the make music people saw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the make music people saw you
+geez this scanning thing this is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez this scanning thing this is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez this scanning thing this is better
+than what we have built in uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we have built in uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we have built in uh with
+finale and it's better than what selus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finale and it's better than what selus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finale and it's better than what selus
+has so that's when they got interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so that's when they got interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so that's when they got interested
+in music XML and started to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music XML and started to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in music XML and started to include the
+plugin as part of finale 2003 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugin as part of finale 2003 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugin as part of finale 2003 for
+Windows uh and and so once finale had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows uh and and so once finale had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows uh and and so once finale had it
+in there you know you keep marketing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know you keep marketing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know you keep marketing it
+you keep pushing it you know I I I spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep pushing it you know I I I spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep pushing it you know I I I spent
+you know 11 years really pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 11 years really pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 11 years really pushing
+developers to you know marketing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to you know marketing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to you know marketing to
+developers to support the format and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to support the format and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to support the format and now
+we have over 250 applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over 250 applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over 250 applications that
+support it so it's great so you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it so it's great so you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support it so it's great so you started
+with a leader in one domain of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a leader in one domain of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a leader in one domain of music
+notation and a leader in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and a leader in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and a leader in a different
+domain that could communicate and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that could communicate and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that could communicate and that
+ended up being part of the snowball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being part of the snowball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being part of the snowball
+instead of right because because it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of right because because it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of right because because it's to
+to useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to useful
+things and it it solves people go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it it solves people go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it it solves people go oh
+this is useful so because I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful so because I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful so because I could
+imagine that some of the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that some of the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that some of the industry
+leaders might might have liked lock in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders might might have liked lock in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders might might have liked lock in
+that they had before sure everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had before sure everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had before sure everybody was
+very skeptical of of you know a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skeptical of of you know a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skeptical of of you know a standard
+form which is one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which is one of the reasons why
+it's not designed at all to be a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not designed at all to be a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not designed at all to be a native
+format um because it had to be to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format um because it had to be to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format um because it had to be to a
+reference you know it's modeling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you know it's modeling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you know it's modeling a
+musical score it's not modeling how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical score it's not modeling how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical score it's not modeling how
+somebody would represent a musical score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would represent a musical score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would represent a musical score
+because then you would get oh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would get oh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would get oh your
+favoring finale your favorite sellus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favoring finale your favorite sellus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favoring finale your favorite sellus and
+and and you would get into all that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you would get into all that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you would get into all that that
+conflict but once we had you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but once we had you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but once we had you know make
+me we had the finale plug-in developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we had the finale plug-in developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we had the finale plug-in developer
+kit and we had the two way communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit and we had the two way communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit and we had the two way communication
+that was already working when I made my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already working when I made my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already working when I made my
+first presentation to make music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first presentation to make music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first presentation to make music and
+John Paulson the CEO said yep it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Paulson the CEO said yep it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Paulson the CEO said yep it's going
+to happen nobody's gonna stop you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen nobody's gonna stop you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen nobody's gonna stop you so
+make music figured they might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music figured they might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music figured they might as well
+jump on board because there wasn't a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on board because there wasn't a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump on board because there wasn't a way
+to to stop it now that it was out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stop it now that it was out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stop it now that it was out so
+let's use it for for the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use it for for the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use it for for the benefit of the
+company which turned out to be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which turned out to be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company which turned out to be for the
+enormous benefit of the company over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous benefit of the company over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous benefit of the company over the
+years so just to be clear for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so just to be clear for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so just to be clear for people who
+see your current position and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your current position and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your current position and you were
+not an employee at make music this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an employee at make music this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an employee at make music this was
+not make music project yeah no I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make music project yeah no I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make music project yeah no I started
+my in in 2000 at the beginning 2000 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in in 2000 at the beginning 2000 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in in 2000 at the beginning 2000 I
+left sap and started my own company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sap and started my own company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sap and started my own company
+called radari don't have me name your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called radari don't have me name your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called radari don't have me name your
+company can't nobody can spell it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can't nobody can spell it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company can't nobody can spell it or
+pronounce it unless they're Coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it unless they're Coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it unless they're Coral
+singers uh and I did a a program called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers uh and I did a a program called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singers uh and I did a a program called
+Dole for the uh uh which everybody calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dole for the uh uh which everybody calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dole for the uh uh which everybody calls
+dlet to go with record a so yeah don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlet to go with record a so yeah don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlet to go with record a so yeah don't
+have me music xml's okay but don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have me music xml's okay but don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have me music xml's okay but don't have
+me do Crea of names for your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do Crea of names for your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do Crea of names for your products
+I'm not very good at it but I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not very good at it but I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not very good at it but I can I can
+write music notation software pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write music notation software pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write music notation software pretty
+well so I had my own company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I had my own company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I had my own company called
+recordar that was through 2011 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordar that was through 2011 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordar that was through 2011 and then
+the assets of the company were purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets of the company were purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets of the company were purchased
+by make music in November 2011 and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by make music in November 2011 and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by make music in November 2011 and I've
+been a make music employee ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a make music employee ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a make music employee ever
+since so you mentioned 250 applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so you mentioned 250 applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so you mentioned 250 applications
+uh which from my look this might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which from my look this might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which from my look this might be an
+undercount uh can read or write or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercount uh can read or write or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercount uh can read or write or do
+something interesting with music XML I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting with music XML I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting with music XML I I
+imagine you define that a success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you define that a success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you define that a success
+why be beyond the initial startup what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why be beyond the initial startup what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why be beyond the initial startup what
+aspects of Music XML have or your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Music XML have or your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Music XML have or your um
+advocacy of it have led to this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy of it have led to this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy of it have led to this the
+continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued
+success well the continued I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success well the continued I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success well the continued I mean it's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+technology uh and we know been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh and we know been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh and we know been
+continuing to Market in and improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to Market in and improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to Market in and improve it
+we're now working on music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working on music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now working on music XML
+4.0 um and a nice thing now is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0 um and a nice thing now is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0 um and a nice thing now is that it's
+part of the uh it's being maintained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh it's being maintained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh it's being maintained in
+the worldwide Web Consortium is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide Web Consortium is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide Web Consortium is you know
+as a community group we have a music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a community group we have a music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a community group we have a music
+notation community group which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation community group which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation community group which is
+independent of make music or recordar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of make music or recordar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of make music or recordar I
+mean when I was at recordar we were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I was at recordar we were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I was at recordar we were kind
+of independent you know it's just a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent you know it's just a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent you know it's just a you
+know a one in one8 person company very I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a one in one8 person company very I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a one in one8 person company very I
+had one one very part-time person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one one very part-time person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one one very part-time person
+helping me so we were sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me so we were sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping me so we were sort of like
+Switzerland you know the neutral Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland you know the neutral Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland you know the neutral Place
+everybody could go to but once I joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could go to but once I joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody could go to but once I joined
+make music forget about it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music forget about it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music forget about it and and
+things did not improve with music XML so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things did not improve with music XML so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things did not improve with music XML so
+Joe berkovitz was very persuasive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe berkovitz was very persuasive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe berkovitz was very persuasive and
+worked on me for many years to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on me for many years to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on me for many years to uh to
+transfer music XML from make music uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer music XML from make music uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer music XML from make music uh
+ownership to know being maintained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership to know being maintained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership to know being maintained in
+the worldwide Web Consortium as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide Web Consortium as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide Web Consortium as part of
+a community group and my condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community group and my condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community group and my condition on
+that was that uh Steinberg also transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that uh Steinberg also transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that uh Steinberg also transfer
+the smole standard music front layout at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smole standard music front layout at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smole standard music front layout at
+the same time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so
+which they agree to so we have both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they agree to so we have both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they agree to so we have both of
+those standards in the w3c music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those standards in the w3c music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those standards in the w3c music
+notation group as well as a Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation group as well as a Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation group as well as a Next
+Generation project called them next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation project called them next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation project called them next
+which tries to deal with the issue of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to deal with the issue of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to deal with the issue of a
+native format and take the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native format and take the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native format and take the you know
+we're trying to disrupt music XML from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to disrupt music XML from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to disrupt music XML from
+inside rather than out because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside rather than out because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside rather than out because if you
+don't keep improving formats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep improving formats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep improving formats and
+improving Technologies if you think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving Technologies if you think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving Technologies if you think yeah
+we're done it's succeeded we can kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done it's succeeded we can kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done it's succeeded we can kick
+back and relax yeah in a few years your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and relax yeah in a few years your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and relax yeah in a few years your
+your toast and so whether you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toast and so whether you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toast and so whether you know we've
+there have been these awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been these awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been these awkward
+transitions from midi one to MIDI 2 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from midi one to MIDI 2 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from midi one to MIDI 2 from
+python 2 to Python 3 HTML 4 to HTML 5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python 2 to Python 3 HTML 4 to HTML 5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python 2 to Python 3 HTML 4 to HTML 5 so
+you know we're trying to manage that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're trying to manage that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're trying to manage that as
+best we can for what's the next step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can for what's the next step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can for what's the next step in
+the evolution of of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of of notation
+Technologies and be ready for that while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and be ready for that while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and be ready for that while
+still just keep on on working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just keep on on working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just keep on on working on
+improving music XML for the use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving music XML for the use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving music XML for the use cases
+that it does really really well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does really really well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does really really well so you
+mentioned uh w3c's uh mnx format and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh w3c's uh mnx format and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh w3c's uh mnx format and
+also that music XML was soon to release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that music XML was soon to release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that music XML was soon to release
+version 4.0 and we see that there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 4.0 and we see that there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version 4.0 and we see that there there
+other notation formats that are not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation formats that are not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notation formats that are not part
+of w3c such as Mei and other um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w3c such as Mei and other um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w3c such as Mei and other um more
+Niche formats that are continuing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche formats that are continuing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Niche formats that are continuing to be
+developed um why why is music are music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um why why is music are music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um why why is music are music
+representation formats still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation formats still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation formats still being
+developed what what are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed what what are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed what what are the things that
+are that are not totally solved here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are not totally solved here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are not totally solved here
+well it's not so much that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not so much that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not so much that they're
+whether they're totally solved it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're totally solved it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're totally solved it's
+having the right tool for the right job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the right tool for the right job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the right tool for the right job
+um music XML is optimized for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um music XML is optimized for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um music XML is optimized for the
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+between documents it's not optimized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between documents it's not optimized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between documents it's not optimized for
+doing editing as in Finale or musicology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing editing as in Finale or musicology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing editing as in Finale or musicology
+as in music21 or assessment as in smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in music21 or assessment as in smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in music21 or assessment as in smart
+music it's designed for exchange and mnx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it's designed for exchange and mnx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music it's designed for exchange and mnx
+is designed more for a native format but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed more for a native format but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed more for a native format but
+that's still going to be you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be you know more
+simple applications webbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple applications webbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple applications webbased
+applications it's probably not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's probably not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications it's probably not something
+where if you wanted to build the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you wanted to build the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you wanted to build the next
+competitor to finale sellus or Doro you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to finale sellus or Doro you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor to finale sellus or Doro you
+would use mnx maybe you would but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use mnx maybe you would but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use mnx maybe you would but it's
+not intended for that level as as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intended for that level as as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intended for that level as as you
+get more and more sophisticated problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more sophisticated problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and more sophisticated problems
+and more specialized problems you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specialized problems you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specialized problems you want
+your own you know your own abilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you know your own abilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you know your own abilities to
+you know you want to optimize things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to optimize things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to optimize things for
+those problems so Mei is optimized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so Mei is optimized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems so Mei is optimized for
+you know they think for the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they think for the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they think for the the the
+issues of musicology I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of musicology I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of musicology I I have
+issues with u how they have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with u how they have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with u how they have done that
+and whether it really serves serves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it really serves serves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it really serves serves the
+community or not but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or not but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or not but it's a it's a
+specialized format for for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized format for for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized format for for a particular
+type of application but nearly anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of application but nearly anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of application but nearly anybody
+who's developing their own new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's developing their own new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's developing their own new
+application it might be music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it might be music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it might be music XML
+influenced and a lot of them are now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced and a lot of them are now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced and a lot of them are now you
+know they oh okay I can take make if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they oh okay I can take make if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they oh okay I can take make if I
+cover all these Concepts from music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all these Concepts from music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover all these Concepts from music XML
+I'm probably doing pretty good but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably doing pretty good but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm probably doing pretty good but it's
+not going to look exactly like music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look exactly like music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to look exactly like music XML
+I mean smart music is that way the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean smart music is that way the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean smart music is that way the uh
+the format is very much influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format is very much influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format is very much influenced by
+music XML but it's not you know music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML but it's not you know music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music XML but it's not you know music
+XML inside it's a lot closer to music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML inside it's a lot closer to music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML inside it's a lot closer to music
+XML inside than finale is but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML inside than finale is but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML inside than finale is but it's still
+not you know it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know it's a different
+format now you mentioned your advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format now you mentioned your advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format now you mentioned your advisor
+Barry verco you're an MIT grad You're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry verco you're an MIT grad You're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry verco you're an MIT grad You're a
+Rat bre rat is that yeah there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rat bre rat is that yeah there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rat bre rat is that yeah there we
+go you're an MIT grad and you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you're an MIT grad and you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go you're an MIT grad and you're a
+supporter of the MIT Music Theater arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporter of the MIT Music Theater arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporter of the MIT Music Theater arts
+section the leis music music library and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the leis music music library and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section the leis music music library and
+especially Jazz programs so I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Jazz programs so I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Jazz programs so I just want
+to ask you um what advice would you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you um what advice would you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you um what advice would you give
+to MIT students or I suppose students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT students or I suppose students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT students or I suppose students
+anywhere who want to combine their love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere who want to combine their love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere who want to combine their love
+for computer and their love for music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer and their love for music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer and their love for music
+throughout their life like you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their life like you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their life like you yeah
+that's that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an interesting question
+because everybody has their own path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody has their own path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody has their own path
+it's not just me I met my wife in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just me I met my wife in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just me I met my wife in the
+MIT concert band so uh and we're both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT concert band so uh and we're both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT concert band so uh and we're both uh
+lifelong performers so one one thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong performers so one one thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong performers so one one thing um
+that we found out as an adult it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found out as an adult it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found out as an adult it's a lot
+easier to have high quality performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to have high quality performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to have high quality performance
+opportunities if you're a singer or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities if you're a singer or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities if you're a singer or a
+string player than if you're a brass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string player than if you're a brass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string player than if you're a brass or
+a wind player like we were uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind player like we were uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wind player like we were uh because
+there are a lot of really good Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of really good Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of really good Community
+orchestras and choruses but not so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestras and choruses but not so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestras and choruses but not so many
+good really good Community bands so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good really good Community bands so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good really good Community bands so we
+switched to singing I switched when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to singing I switched when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to singing I switched when I
+was 30 and my wife followed a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 and my wife followed a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 and my wife followed a few years
+later and now we sing together in Opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and now we sing together in Opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and now we sing together in Opera
+courses so you know being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so you know being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses so you know being able to
+maintain you know high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain you know high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain you know high quality
+performance opportunities is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance opportunities is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance opportunities is one thing
+uh if you want to do it for your day job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to do it for your day job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to do it for your day job
+that's harder because it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder because it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's harder because it's a small
+industry I mean I spent the first 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I mean I spent the first 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I mean I spent the first 20
+years of my work working like well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of my work working like well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of my work working like well when
+I graduated from MIT there was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I graduated from MIT there was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I graduated from MIT there was this was
+before midi there was no computer music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before midi there was no computer music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before midi there was no computer music
+industry there was okay there was New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there was okay there was New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry there was okay there was New
+England digital doing some clavas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England digital doing some clavas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England digital doing some clavas but
+outside of that there were you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that there were you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that there were you know and
+a few other synthesizer things but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other synthesizer things but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few other synthesizer things but there
+was no computer music industry at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no computer music industry at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no computer music industry at the
+time so I did usability work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I did usability work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I did usability work for the
+first 20 years of my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 20 years of my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 20 years of my career
+and then moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then moved
+into uh music software but when I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh music software but when I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh music software but when I worked
+I worked at deck and then I worked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked at deck and then I worked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked at deck and then I worked at
+SAP with a virtual reality startup in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAP with a virtual reality startup in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAP with a virtual reality startup in
+between there but deck and sap those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there but deck and sap those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there but deck and sap those
+companies by themselves were way bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by themselves were way bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by themselves were way bigger
+than the entire music technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the entire music technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the entire music technology
+industry so it's hard but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so it's hard but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so it's hard but you know
+you're from MIT you do hard things so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from MIT you do hard things so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from MIT you do hard things so um
+you know connect with people uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know connect with people uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know connect with people uh do you
+know do projects make your projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do projects make your projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do projects make your projects
+visible contribute to open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible contribute to open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible contribute to open source
+projects uh Network um you can't go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh Network um you can't go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh Network um you can't go to a
+am show now n isn't going to happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am show now n isn't going to happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am show now n isn't going to happen next
+year but yeah when nams come back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but yeah when nams come back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but yeah when nams come back you
+could you know visit the N show and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know visit the N show and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know visit the N show and
+visit all the different companies doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the different companies doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the different companies doing
+things that you want to do show folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to do show folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you want to do show folks
+what you're doing um most companies at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing um most companies at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing um most companies at I
+mean you see the N thing it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you see the N thing it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you see the N thing it says it's
+only open to members of the trade and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only open to members of the trade and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only open to members of the trade and go
+I'm not I'm a student I'm not a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm a student I'm not a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm a student I'm not a member
+of the trade well sometimes they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trade well sometimes they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trade well sometimes they have
+student programs for access and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student programs for access and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student programs for access and most
+companies have a very large guest list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have a very large guest list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have a very large guest list
+that they can use to invite people so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use to invite people so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use to invite people so go
+to one of the companies that you're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the companies that you're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the companies that you're that
+you you are a customer of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you are a customer of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you are a customer of you know
+something where you you've bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you you've bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you you've bought
+something from them and see if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from them and see if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from them and see if they're
+if they're exhibiting that they have see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're exhibiting that they have see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're exhibiting that they have see
+if they can get you in or something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can get you in or something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can get you in or something to
+to to exhibit the just it it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to exhibit the just it it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to exhibit the just it it's like
+anything else and a when when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and a when when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else and a when when you have a
+nich market you know you got to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich market you know you got to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nich market you know you got to do a lot
+of networking and make your stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of networking and make your stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of networking and make your stuff you
+know self-promotion make yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know self-promotion make yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know self-promotion make yourself
+visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible
+you know look for the job openings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look for the job openings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look for the job openings that
+are there if you're specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there if you're specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there if you're specifically
+interested in music technology you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in music technology you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in music technology you know
+i' I've got a list of you know the 25050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've got a list of you know the 25050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've got a list of you know the 25050
+programs that support musicxml on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that support musicxml on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that support musicxml on the
+music xml.com websites with links to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music xml.com websites with links to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music xml.com websites with links to all
+of them so you can ah here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so you can ah here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so you can ah here are all the
+folks who are doing at least music XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are doing at least music XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are doing at least music XML
+related stuff so there's a handy uh list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related stuff so there's a handy uh list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related stuff so there's a handy uh list
+of you know most of those are like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know most of those are like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know most of those are like one
+or two person companies but some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two person companies but some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two person companies but some of them
+are quite a bit bigger so uh everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite a bit bigger so uh everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite a bit bigger so uh everybody
+has their own path I mean my path was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their own path I mean my path was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their own path I mean my path was
+start my own company that's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start my own company that's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start my own company that's another way
+to do it but I could do start my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but I could do start my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but I could do start my own
+company because I married well and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company because I married well and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company because I married well and I
+Married an analog integrated circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Married an analog integrated circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Married an analog integrated circuit
+designer course 61 who did very well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer course 61 who did very well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer course 61 who did very well at
+her company and so we were able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her company and so we were able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her company and so we were able to take
+the financial hit of yeah let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial hit of yeah let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial hit of yeah let's start
+this totally speculative thing which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this totally speculative thing which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this totally speculative thing which may
+not have any income for a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any income for a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any income for a couple years
+most people are not in such a lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not in such a lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not in such a lucky
+position to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to be able to do
+that well thank you Michael your path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well thank you Michael your path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well thank you Michael your path
+has C been inspirational to so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has C been inspirational to so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has C been inspirational to so many
+including myself so I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself so I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself so I really want to
+thank you for taking the time to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for taking the time to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for taking the time to to uh
+speak to me and to speak to the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to me and to speak to the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to me and to speak to the students
+in 21m 383 computational music theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 21m 383 computational music theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 21m 383 computational music theory
+and Analysis well thanks so much for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis well thanks so much for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis well thanks so much for the
+invitation and everything that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation and everything that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation and everything that you've
+done with music 21 which has been a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with music 21 which has been a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with music 21 which has been a big
+contributor for music XML and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor for music XML and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor for music XML and for
+musicology and just the whole general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicology and just the whole general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicology and just the whole general
+area of computer uh music technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of computer uh music technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of computer uh music technology and
+everything that you do at at Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you do at at Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you do at at Mi
+thank you Michael
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XIm-f183Ijg.txt b/XIm-f183Ijg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c0e773b0ccc5ca8f639f133940d2084bf04608e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XIm-f183Ijg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a differential head manometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential head manometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential head manometer
+which i'll probably screw up somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an idea this should be quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea this should be quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea this should be quite a
+bit further out on the lake but i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further out on the lake but i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further out on the lake but i don't
+have enough tubing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough tubing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough tubing
+did you get that it should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get that it should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get that it should go
+no you don't need to they shouldn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't need to they shouldn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't need to they shouldn't need
+to this should turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we did is um as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is um as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is um as part of the
+monitoring in addition to the stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring in addition to the stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring in addition to the stuff in
+the lake we also drove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake we also drove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake we also drove uh
+i used a little tiny drill rig on it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used a little tiny drill rig on it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used a little tiny drill rig on it on
+an all-terrain vehicle kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an all-terrain vehicle kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an all-terrain vehicle kind of cool
+and we drove it out here and hammered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drove it out here and hammered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we drove it out here and hammered in
+well points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well points
+down to depths of 100 feet so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to depths of 100 feet so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to depths of 100 feet so we have a
+cluster here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster here uh
+10 30 10 30 70 and 100 feet below ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 30 10 30 70 and 100 feet below ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 30 10 30 70 and 100 feet below ground
+there's just a little opening to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a little opening to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a little opening to these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and there's are little tiny wells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's are little tiny wells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's are little tiny wells for
+lack of a better word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of a better word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of a better word
+i hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and um what i've done is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um what i've done is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um what i've done is uh
+i'm trying to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to show you we're in an outflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you we're in an outflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you we're in an outflow
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's see if this works here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's see if this works here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's see if this works here
+we put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put one
+uh tube down in the well hopefully we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tube down in the well hopefully we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tube down in the well hopefully we're
+deep enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last person to do this couldn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last person to do this couldn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last person to do this couldn't uh
+take the tube out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this tube gets shorter on every field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube gets shorter on every field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tube gets shorter on every field
+trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost through the knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just a little suction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a little suction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a little suction
+pump here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's give this a try we'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's give this a try we'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's give this a try we'll find out
+pretty damn quickly if this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn quickly if this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty damn quickly if this is going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you see the water coming up anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the water coming up anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see the water coming up anybody
+see that how exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's perfect
+i couldn't have done that better on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't have done that better on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't have done that better on the
+first try if i did i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first try if i did i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first try if i did i wanted to
+let's just let it sit for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let it sit for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let it sit for a little while
+which one's in the aquifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's in the aquifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's in the aquifer
+and which one's higher hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one's higher hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one's higher hey
+okay so the difference in head is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in head is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the difference in head is uh
+somewhere around five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around five
+centimeters so the water level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters so the water level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters so the water level
+in the aquifer is higher than the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aquifer is higher than the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aquifer is higher than the water
+level in the lake by about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the lake by about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the lake by about five
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+so you have outflow and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have outflow and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have outflow and in fact
+if we if we have time but if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we have time but if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we have time but if you did
+well to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to well
+what you find out is that the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find out is that the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find out is that the water
+level in the shallowest well is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the shallowest well is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the shallowest well is the
+closest to the lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to the lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to the lake
+and the one level in the deepest well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one level in the deepest well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one level in the deepest well is
+the highest because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest because of course
+flow's also moving up through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow's also moving up through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow's also moving up through the
+aquifer and there's a head loss as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquifer and there's a head loss as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquifer and there's a head loss as you
+move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+so just like you know you take out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like you know you take out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like you know you take out a
+textbook and look at you know a flow net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and look at you know a flow net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and look at you know a flow net
+around a lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a lake
+and it would say you drill near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would say you drill near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would say you drill near the
+inflow side of a lake you should have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflow side of a lake you should have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflow side of a lake you should have an
+increasing head with depth that you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing head with depth that you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing head with depth that you take
+its outflow and that's exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outflow and that's exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outflow and that's exactly what you
+see right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right there
+that difference right there now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference right there now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference right there now of
+course the difference in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the difference in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the difference in this case here
+is also a function of the permeability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a function of the permeability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a function of the permeability
+because obviously if you had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously if you had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously if you had lots of
+confining layers you'd have to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining layers you'd have to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining layers you'd have to have more
+push to get the water out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push to get the water out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push to get the water out
+and if we have time we'll figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have time we'll figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have time we'll figure out the
+cranberry bogs a very big head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranberry bogs a very big head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranberry bogs a very big head
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+because it's having a hard time getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's having a hard time getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's having a hard time getting
+on the bog but we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bog but we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bog but we used
+this we actually have a cluster here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we actually have a cluster here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we actually have a cluster here
+we've rented a barge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've rented a barge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've rented a barge
+we have a cluster at 40 feet out we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cluster at 40 feet out we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cluster at 40 feet out we have
+a clustered 100 feet out and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clustered 100 feet out and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clustered 100 feet out and we have a
+cluster up on the shore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster up on the shore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster up on the shore
+and we actually have a head transect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually have a head transect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually have a head transect to
+actually draw one of those flow nets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw one of those flow nets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw one of those flow nets in
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+to help calibrate our models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the distance to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the distance to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the distance to where
+uh i'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm gonna tell you
+a thousand meters three thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand meters three thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand meters three thousand feet
+the lake is the lake is about a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake is the lake is about a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake is the lake is about a half
+mile to a mile long it depends what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile to a mile long it depends what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile to a mile long it depends what
+direction you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you go
+so that's kind of neat uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of neat uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of neat uh you know you
+see this in textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in textbooks
+and every time i see they go wow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time i see they go wow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time i see they go wow that's
+kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of neat
+then my wife goes you're weird we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my wife goes you're weird we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my wife goes you're weird we
+brought our wives on our last field trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought our wives on our last field trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought our wives on our last field trip
+they didn't come this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't come this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't come this time
+they were a little freaked out leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were a little freaked out leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were a little freaked out leave
+that part at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a piezometer is just a term for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piezometer is just a term for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piezometer is just a term for a
+a way a place you can measure hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way a place you can measure hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way a place you can measure hydraulic
+head in fact even the wells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in fact even the wells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in fact even the wells are
+presometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presometers
+in that sense these have very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense these have very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense these have very short
+screens just like a prisoner would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens just like a prisoner would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens just like a prisoner would
+um and the reason why we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason why we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason why we use this
+instead of the drill rig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the drill rig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the drill rig
+is because uh ecologically a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh ecologically a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because uh ecologically a lot less
+damage to get in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to get in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to get in here
+so that's it and you said you put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it and you said you put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it and you said you put these
+far outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far outside
+how do you get how do you get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get how do you get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get how do you get those
+scuba divers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scuba divers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scuba divers
+we have scuba divers that come in show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have scuba divers that come in show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have scuba divers that come in show
+your tube down they actually put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tube down they actually put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tube down they actually put a
+connector and bring us a pipe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector and bring us a pipe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connector and bring us a pipe to the
+surface temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface temporarily
+uh one of the agreements with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the agreements with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the agreements with the
+conservation commission is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation commission is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation commission is that we
+couldn't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have anything
+in the water that was sticking up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that was sticking up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water that was sticking up any
+distance because of concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because of concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because of concerns about
+people hitting it with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hitting it with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hitting it with both
+stuff so everything had to be flush or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so everything had to be flush or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so everything had to be flush or
+close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to it
+so so this is an ongoing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is an ongoing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is an ongoing thing
+we'll know in october how well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know in october how well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know in october how well it's
+working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and
+that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XS1SEINTLy0.txt b/XS1SEINTLy0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55ebde229c47455a63bd9a83cea7dbc37d9a5368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XS1SEINTLy0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'd like to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to introduce
+neuroscience to you by going through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to you by going through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience to you by going through a
+bit of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of history
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use to
+describe three kinds of goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe three kinds of goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe three kinds of goals
+that recur in this field since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recur in this field since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recur in this field since
+the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century
+through different kinds of goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different kinds of goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through different kinds of goals
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+what modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what modern
+people are doing sort of a synthesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing sort of a synthesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing sort of a synthesis the
+subsystems approach we'll describe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems approach we'll describe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems approach we'll describe in
+the fourth lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but these are the goals and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the goals and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the goals and we're going
+to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start
+today talking about this one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today talking about this one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today talking about this one okay
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific coming up with specific neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific coming up with specific neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific coming up with specific neural
+circuits which could explain behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits which could explain behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits which could explain behavior
+and if we could do that adequately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we could do that adequately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we could do that adequately we
+would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come up with a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a machine
+that would behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would behave
+just like a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'll talk about how that goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about how that goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about how that goal
+originated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated
+with the discovery of the reflex arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which was not in the 19th century it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not in the 19th century it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not in the 19th century it was
+long before at least the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before at least the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before at least the concept of
+reflexes discovered a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes discovered a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes discovered a long time ago
+that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to
+a philosophical view called reflexology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophical view called reflexology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophical view called reflexology
+and i'll explain that to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk a little bit about the
+machines that have inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that have inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that have inspired
+neuroscientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists
+models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and behavior
+currently of course especially computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently of course especially computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently of course especially computers
+and then we'll talk a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little more
+philosophy before we go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy before we go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy before we go on to
+talk about nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this first goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first goal of
+reducing behavior to specific neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing behavior to specific neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing behavior to specific neural
+circuits which could be used to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits which could be used to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits which could be used to build a
+machine can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can be
+described very well by a story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described very well by a story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described very well by a story about
+carl ashley who's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carl ashley who's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carl ashley who's considered
+one of the pioneers in behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pioneers in behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pioneers in behavioral
+neuroscience he did his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience he did his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience he did his work
+largely in the 1920s and 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely in the 1920s and 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely in the 1920s and 30s
+though he continued for some time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he continued for some time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he continued for some time after
+that and we'll be encountering some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll be encountering some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll be encountering some of
+his work in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work in these
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+a couple times in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times in the class
+when he was just a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was just a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was just a student
+so roughly your age he encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly your age he encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly your age he encountered
+histological sections of the frog brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histological sections of the frog brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histological sections of the frog brain
+now do you know what histological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do you know what histological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do you know what histological
+sections means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections means
+histology means the study of tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histology means the study of tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histology means the study of tissues
+and you can study tissues by fixing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can study tissues by fixing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can study tissues by fixing them
+slicing them into them sections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing them into them sections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slicing them into them sections and
+mounting those sections on slides and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting those sections on slides and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting those sections on slides and if
+you stain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stain them
+with certain stains you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stains you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stains you can see
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+depending on the stain you use you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the stain you use you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the stain you use you will
+see different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see different things
+and he had some slides like that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had some slides like that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had some slides like that of the
+frog brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog brain
+where he could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nervous tissue some of the elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous tissue some of the elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous tissue some of the elements and
+the neurons at least the accent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons at least the accent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons at least the accent you
+could tell axons from cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell axons from cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell axons from cells
+and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he
+that's the idea he had that i list there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea he had that i list there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea he had that i list there
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+said i could explain the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i could explain the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i could explain the behavior of
+this fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fraud
+if i could just figure out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could just figure out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could just figure out all the
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+in that brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was actually a pretty naive view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it'd be
+pretty difficult with that kind of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult with that kind of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult with that kind of slide
+even to see the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to see the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to see the connections
+an enormous amount of effort has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of effort has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of effort has been
+made developing techniques where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made developing techniques where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made developing techniques where we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+get evidence of connections in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get evidence of connections in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get evidence of connections in the brain
+so we'll talk about some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about some of those
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+in this class and then much more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and then much more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and then much more in the
+second term class 914 which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term class 914 which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term class 914 which is more
+focused on their anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and development and evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say that
+the techniques were good enough and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques were good enough and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques were good enough and you
+could see all the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see all the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see all the connections
+and this has actually been done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has actually been done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has actually been done for
+the nematode c elegans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nematode c elegans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nematode c elegans
+they've been able to specify pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been able to specify pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been able to specify pretty much
+all the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the connections
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+allow you to explain behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to explain behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to explain behavior
+you know the circuit diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it sounds like a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sounds like a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sounds like a great idea
+we have all the connections we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the connections we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the connections we could
+draw the picture then we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture then we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture then we've got the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and we should be able to simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be able to simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should be able to simulate the
+behavior of the animal if we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the animal if we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the animal if we know how
+those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are
+those elements are hooked up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements are hooked up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements are hooked up to the
+sensory apparatus and to the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory apparatus and to the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory apparatus and to the muscles
+we ought to be able to explain behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to explain behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to explain behavior
+you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will learn
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+why that in fact doesn't work so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that in fact doesn't work so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that in fact doesn't work so well
+why it was naive it turns out that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was naive it turns out that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was naive it turns out that those
+elements the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the neurons
+are incredibly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incredibly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incredibly complex
+and just knowing how they're connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just knowing how they're connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just knowing how they're connected
+doesn't give you enough information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you enough information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give you enough information
+neurons can do a lot they have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons can do a lot they have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons can do a lot they have a lot of
+activity even without connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity even without connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity even without connections
+but we'll learn about that as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll learn about that as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll learn about that as we go
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't and i've listed here some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't and i've listed here some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't and i've listed here some of
+the ways that they're not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that they're not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways that they're not like
+electrical circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical circuits
+these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons
+knowing where a connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where a connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing where a connection is
+even where it is on the neuron doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even where it is on the neuron doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even where it is on the neuron doesn't
+necessarily tell you how effective the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you how effective the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you how effective the
+connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is
+it doesn't even distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even distinguish between
+two basic types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic types of
+activity at the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at the connections between
+neurons the synapses excitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the synapses excitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the synapses excitation and
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+there are some differences as you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some differences as you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some differences as you that
+you can't be seen in electron microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be seen in electron microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be seen in electron microscopy
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in many places in the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places in the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places in the nervous system
+it's not obvious at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also doesn't tell you anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't tell you anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't tell you anything about
+the effect of the chemical background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the chemical background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the chemical background
+the temperature these affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature these affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature these affect the
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+the responsiveness of the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it tells you nothing about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you nothing about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you nothing about the time
+course the dynamics of the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the dynamics of the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the dynamics of the nervous
+system including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system including
+endogenous activity what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does endogenous mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah internally generated activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah internally generated activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah internally generated activity
+generated from within the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from within the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated from within the neuron
+and not from those connections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from those connections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from those connections from
+outside the neuron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the neuron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the neuron okay
+so we'll talk a little bit about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk a little bit about that in
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+now i'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to say that
+simplifications can be pretty useful we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications can be pretty useful we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications can be pretty useful we
+use them in science all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them in science all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them in science all the time
+so we want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to consider
+how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far
+reflex connections can go in explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections can go in explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections can go in explaining
+behavior in terms of neural circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in terms of neural circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in terms of neural circuits
+because that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the first
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+attempt to do to explain behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do to explain behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to do to explain behavior
+neurological terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but before i go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before i go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before i go on
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+which you didn't all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you didn't all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you didn't all know
+or i would say probably a lot of you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i would say probably a lot of you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i would say probably a lot of you did
+but you were just too shy to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were just too shy to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were just too shy to tell me
+being mit students not wanting to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mit students not wanting to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mit students not wanting to make
+photos of yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos of yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos of yourselves
+and that's a bad mistake i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a bad mistake i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a bad mistake i can tell you
+got to be willing to ask dumb questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be willing to ask dumb questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be willing to ask dumb questions
+because they're a lot better than dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a lot better than dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're a lot better than dumb
+mistakes later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes later
+and that's where you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you learn
+i love dumb questions because it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love dumb questions because it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love dumb questions because it shows
+me what i'm not getting across to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what i'm not getting across to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what i'm not getting across to you
+and what i need to get across to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i need to get across to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i need to get across to you so
+you can help me teach you by asking me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help me teach you by asking me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help me teach you by asking me
+good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions
+but one thing i'm going to do to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing i'm going to do to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing i'm going to do to help
+you that's different than what i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's different than what i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's different than what i've done
+in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past
+is that we have a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a computer program
+a flashcard program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flashcard program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flashcard program
+that's better than most such programs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better than most such programs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better than most such programs it
+was written here at mit by a student of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written here at mit by a student of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written here at mit by a student of
+mine and in course six jordan gilliland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and in course six jordan gilliland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine and in course six jordan gilliland
+so we will post that on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will post that on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will post that on the website
+we'll give you a link to his website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you a link to his website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you a link to his website so
+you can download the program and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download the program and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download the program and then i
+will provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will provide
+text files that give words that teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text files that give words that teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text files that give words that teach
+you vocabulary of neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vocabulary of neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vocabulary of neuroscience
+i think i will add audio files to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i will add audio files to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i will add audio files to it so
+i will also pronounce the more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will also pronounce the more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will also pronounce the more difficult
+words for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for you
+because that's also a difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also a difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also a difficulty
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+neuroscience in my two classes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience in my two classes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience in my two classes is
+learning a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a language
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you'll be amazed how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be amazed how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be amazed how much
+at the end of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of these terms
+how many more words you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll help you with that program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll help you with that program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll help you with that program and
+i will have i will ask jordan to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will have i will ask jordan to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will have i will ask jordan to come to
+the class probably on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class probably on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class probably on friday
+to explain more about that program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain more about that program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain more about that program to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and you'll be it's a program you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be it's a program you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be it's a program you can use
+in your other classes too you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your other classes too you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your other classes too you can add
+your own files to it you can add file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own files to it you can add file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own files to it you can add file
+adwords to the terms to the things i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adwords to the terms to the things i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adwords to the terms to the things i
+give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to the first goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the existence of reflexes was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understood by rene descartes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood by rene descartes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood by rene descartes
+and so we'll start with him and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll start with him and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll start with him and then
+we'll talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how
+we became aware of its anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we became aware of its anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we became aware of its anatomy
+and how it was studied by physiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it was studied by physiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it was studied by physiologists
+like charles scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sherrington we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherrington we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherrington we think
+that got the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got the idea
+for reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflexes
+when he was walking in the french royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was walking in the french royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was walking in the french royal
+gardens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardens
+the king had a sense of humor and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king had a sense of humor and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king had a sense of humor and he
+installed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed these
+hydraulic dowels that when people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic dowels that when people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic dowels that when people would
+cut trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut trigger
+the thing in the path they were walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing in the path they were walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing in the path they were walking
+on this big thing would jump out at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this big thing would jump out at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this big thing would jump out at them
+a big doll would be triggered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big doll would be triggered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big doll would be triggered into
+somewhat lifelike action and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lifelike action and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat lifelike action and that led
+the cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cart
+to the idea we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea we think
+of stimulus leading to a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus leading to a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulus leading to a response
+through the intermediary of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intermediary of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intermediary of connections
+in the nervous system now he did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system now he did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system now he did the
+sections and he knew something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and he knew something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and he knew something about
+anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he didn't he wasn't totally he's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't he wasn't totally he's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't he wasn't totally he's known
+as a philosopher but he did do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a philosopher but he did do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a philosopher but he did do some
+simple kind of science scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of science scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of science scientific
+observations as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in his dissections he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in his dissections he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in his dissections he
+saw nerves and they appeared to him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw nerves and they appeared to him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw nerves and they appeared to him to
+be fluid-filled tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fluid-filled tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fluid-filled tubes
+which in fact they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected between the body surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected between the body surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected between the body surface and
+the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the spinal cord of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord of course is
+connected to the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the brain
+and he saw such nerves connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he saw such nerves connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he saw such nerves connected to the
+muscles as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles as well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is what he postulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i might come back to the little one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might come back to the little one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might come back to the little one in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture what he shows here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boy sticking his foot into the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy sticking his foot into the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy sticking his foot into the fire
+he was doing an experiment on himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fire here stimulated the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire here stimulated the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire here stimulated the beginning
+of a nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nerve
+okay and he shows the mirror beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he shows the mirror beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he shows the mirror beginning
+at a and going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a and going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a and going up
+he shows it as continuously going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows it as continuously going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he shows it as continuously going all
+the way up to the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he said it went up to the brain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it went up to the brain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said it went up to the brain that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and then to an area of the of the pineal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to an area of the of the pineal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to an area of the of the pineal
+gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland
+where it then interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness
+in his view he couldn't think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his view he couldn't think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his view he couldn't think of this
+without consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without consciousness
+even though now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though now we
+do that more readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that more readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that more readily
+and then he said the impulses came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he said the impulses came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he said the impulses came back
+to the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles
+so there was a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triggered and that caused contraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered and that caused contraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered and that caused contraction of
+the muscles of the leg withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles of the leg withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles of the leg withdrawal
+of the leg from the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now he wasn't right about the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he wasn't right about the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he wasn't right about the details of
+the anatomy he didn't understand that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anatomy he didn't understand that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anatomy he didn't understand that in
+fact the connections don't go directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the connections don't go directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the connections don't go directly
+from the skin all the way up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the skin all the way up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the skin all the way up to the
+brain and the pineal gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the pineal gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and the pineal gland
+they in fact go to the spinal cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in fact go to the spinal cord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in fact go to the spinal cord and
+then there are many interconnections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are many interconnections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are many interconnections
+many interruptions in the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interruptions in the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interruptions in the pathway
+and in fact the reflex he was exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the reflex he was exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the reflex he was exp
+talking about the withdrawal reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the withdrawal reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the withdrawal reflex
+doesn't depend on the brain at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a
+what we call a spinal animal an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a spinal animal an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a spinal animal an animal
+that is spinal because he and not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is spinal because he and not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is spinal because he and not with
+no brain connected you can disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no brain connected you can disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no brain connected you can disconnect
+the brain from the spinal cord you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain from the spinal cord you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain from the spinal cord you'll
+still get withdrawal reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+pinch your hand or stick your hand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinch your hand or stick your hand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinch your hand or stick your hand on
+something sharp or something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sharp or something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sharp or something you
+withdraw and of course you feel it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw and of course you feel it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw and of course you feel it you
+might feel pain you'll become aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel pain you'll become aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel pain you'll become aware of
+it but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but in fact
+the pain you feel in the awareness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain you feel in the awareness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain you feel in the awareness you
+have comes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have comes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have comes after
+the triggering of the withdrawal reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triggering of the withdrawal reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triggering of the withdrawal reflex
+and we'll talk more about the withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about the withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about the withdrawal
+reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to
+studies of the motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the motor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of the motor system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't understand completely how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand completely how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand completely how the
+details of how the reflex worked but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how the reflex worked but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how the reflex worked but his
+the basic idea was a correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea was a correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea was a correct one
+and the demonstrations of the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the demonstrations of the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the demonstrations of the existence
+of reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflexes
+uh increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certain lawful relationships were worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lawful relationships were worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lawful relationships were worked
+out they knew that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they knew that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they knew that you could
+they varied with the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they varied with the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they varied with the strength of the
+stimulus with the number of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus with the number of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus with the number of times the
+stimulus was applied and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to
+a simple sr model of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is behavior can be explained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is behavior can be explained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is behavior can be explained in
+terms of stimuli leading to responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of stimuli leading to responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of stimuli leading to responses
+through the intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the intermediary
+of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that didn't mean that the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't mean that the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't mean that the model
+could point to any specific neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could point to any specific neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could point to any specific neural
+circuit yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit yet
+it hadn't been discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hadn't been discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hadn't been discovered
+we had the this kind of dissections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the this kind of dissections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the this kind of dissections that
+descartes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descartes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descartes did
+and many others did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others did
+but those dissections are not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those dissections are not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those dissections are not capable of
+really seeing connections now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing connections now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing connections now we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+some dissection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dissection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dissection
+for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class
+when we can arrange to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can arrange to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can arrange to get
+some sheet brains and schedule it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sheet brains and schedule it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sheet brains and schedule it's
+difficult with the classes size to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult with the classes size to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult with the classes size to do it
+but we will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will do it
+we'll get the loom next door and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the loom next door and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the loom next door and we'll
+have to have multiple sessions so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have multiple sessions so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have multiple sessions so all of
+you get a chance to do it how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a chance to do it how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a chance to do it how many of
+you have dissected a sheep brain before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe a quarter of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe a quarter of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe a quarter of you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+even if you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've done it
+you can benefit from doing it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can benefit from doing it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can benefit from doing it again and
+those of you who have not done it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not done it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not done it will
+i don't know some of the things i talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know some of the things i talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know some of the things i talk
+about in class will take on a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class will take on a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class will take on a more
+reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there were people that were critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there were people that were critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there were people that were critical
+of the sr model of behavior saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sr model of behavior saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sr model of behavior saying that
+hey behavior is too complex to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey behavior is too complex to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey behavior is too complex to explain
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it got a big boost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got a big boost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got a big boost by
+certain discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain discoveries
+about these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these connections
+and the main one was what i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main one was what i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main one was what i want to talk
+about first here is the discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first here is the discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first here is the discovery of the
+law of roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you know about this also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you know about this also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you know about this also from
+your introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your introductory
+classes was discovered twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes was discovered twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes was discovered twice
+independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the 18th early 1800s sir charles bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 18th early 1800s sir charles bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 18th early 1800s sir charles bell
+in england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in england
+did simple experiments on spinal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did simple experiments on spinal nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did simple experiments on spinal nerve
+roots of living animals it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of living animals it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of living animals it's pretty
+gruesome to read about what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gruesome to read about what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gruesome to read about what they did
+because they didn't have anesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have anesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have anesthetics
+and they had to do these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to do these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to do these on
+live animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live animals
+with exposed spinal nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what he said was very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he said was very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he said was very very simple
+because all the only kind of stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the only kind of stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the only kind of stimulation
+he used was mechanical he said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used was mechanical he said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used was mechanical he said that if
+he would tweak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would tweak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would tweak the
+roots that were on the ventral side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that were on the ventral side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that were on the ventral side of
+the cord he got contractions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord he got contractions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord he got contractions of the
+muscles he didn't get them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles he didn't get them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles he didn't get them from
+stimulating the dorsi the nerves coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the dorsi the nerves coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating the dorsi the nerves coming
+on the other side the spinal cord he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the spinal cord he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the spinal cord he
+could see that there was a separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that there was a separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that there was a separation
+between the nerve roots coming in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nerve roots coming in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nerve roots coming in the
+dorsal and the ventral side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+than he published that in the paper will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he published that in the paper will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he published that in the paper will
+not really publish but he circulated an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really publish but he circulated an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really publish but he circulated an
+article to his friends who will count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article to his friends who will count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article to his friends who will count
+that as a publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a publication
+in 1811 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1811 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1811 and then
+in france the frenchman francois marsh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france the frenchman francois marsh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france the frenchman francois marsh
+indeed did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed did
+a series of more convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of more convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of more convincing
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+what converged on the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what converged on the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what converged on the same idea
+he for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he for example
+also dissected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also dissected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also dissected the
+saw the distinction between dorsal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the distinction between dorsal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the distinction between dorsal and
+ventral roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral roots
+he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used
+not only the mechanical stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the mechanical stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the mechanical stimulation
+that bell had used he used electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bell had used he used electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bell had used he used electrical
+stimulation called at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation called at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation called at that time
+galvanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanism
+and he noted that he could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he noted that he could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he noted that he could get
+contractions of the muscles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions of the muscles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions of the muscles from
+stimulating ventral roots or dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating ventral roots or dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating ventral roots or dorsal
+roots but the contractions were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots but the contractions were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots but the contractions were much
+more vigorous and strong from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vigorous and strong from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vigorous and strong from
+stimulating the ventral roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he also tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also tried
+cutting the ventral roots or the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the ventral roots or the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the ventral roots or the dorsal
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+he found that cutting the dorsal roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that cutting the dorsal roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found that cutting the dorsal roots
+did not produce any paralysis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not produce any paralysis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not produce any paralysis but
+cutting the ventral roots did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the ventral roots did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the ventral roots did
+produced a flaccid paralysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a flaccid paralysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a flaccid paralysis of the
+muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+okay he tried the same kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he tried the same kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he tried the same kinds of
+experiments after giving the animal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments after giving the animal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments after giving the animal a
+convulsive drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsive drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsive drug
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and again the convulsions would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the convulsions would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the convulsions would still
+occur with dorsal roots cut but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur with dorsal roots cut but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur with dorsal roots cut but with
+ventral roots cut even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral roots cut even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral roots cut even with the
+convulsions going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsions going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convulsions going on
+the muscles that were affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles that were affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles that were affected by
+this lesion the ventral roots remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lesion the ventral roots remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lesion the ventral roots remain
+completely flaccid relaxed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flaccid relaxed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flaccid relaxed okay
+so putting that all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting that all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting that all together
+they came to the same conclusion namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to the same conclusion namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came to the same conclusion namely
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you look at the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you look at the spinal cord
+we're looking here at the dorsal dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking here at the dorsal dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking here at the dorsal dorsal
+view of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the spinal cord
+and you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here
+connections of the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections of the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections of the roots
+you see little rootlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see little rootlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see little rootlets
+here is a nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a nerve
+okay a spinal nerve it's branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a spinal nerve it's branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a spinal nerve it's branches
+coming into the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the cord
+and it's actually dividing here outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually dividing here outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually dividing here outside
+the chord one branch is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chord one branch is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chord one branch is going in
+dorsally after dividing into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally after dividing into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally after dividing into multiple
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it's being joined by a loop coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's being joined by a loop coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's being joined by a loop coming
+out more eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more eventually
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's not too obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not too obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not too obvious
+you see the spinal cord inside one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the spinal cord inside one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the spinal cord inside one of
+the spinal vertebrae you see the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal vertebrae you see the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal vertebrae you see the cord
+surrounded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a
+kind of canvas-like structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canvas-like structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of canvas-like structure here
+the meninges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meninges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meninges
+the dura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dura
+this is dorsal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dorsal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is dorsal here
+ventral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral here
+and here you see the roots attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see the roots attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see the roots attached
+it's not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very clear
+but when you do that okay you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you do that okay you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you do that okay you see here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section of
+a board and fetus a human fetus where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board and fetus a human fetus where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a board and fetus a human fetus where
+you see the 32 spinal nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the 32 spinal nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the 32 spinal nerves
+now every one of them when they before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every one of them when they before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every one of them when they before
+they enter the cord divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter the cord divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter the cord divides
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+dorsal and eventually where's my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal and eventually where's my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal and eventually where's my picture
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so if you made a cross cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the spinal nerve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spinal nerve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spinal nerve here
+and here you see it dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see it dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see it dividing
+into a dorsal and ventral root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dorsal and ventral root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a dorsal and ventral root
+and what both dal and majendi were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what both dal and majendi were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what both dal and majendi were
+saying was that the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was that the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was that the dorsal root
+is sensory providing input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sensory providing input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sensory providing input
+in the ventral root is motor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leading out of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading out of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading out of the cord
+and going towards the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going towards the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going towards the muscles
+so then the spinal nerves here must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the spinal nerves here must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the spinal nerves here must be
+mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+sensory and motor input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and motor input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and motor input and output
+and that was a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a correct
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it didn't say anything about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't say anything about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't say anything about how the
+connections between input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between input and output
+were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there were a number of people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a number of people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a number of people that
+worked on that problem in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on that problem in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on that problem in the 19th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the most comprehensive work was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most comprehensive work was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most comprehensive work was done
+by a man in spain we often call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a man in spain we often call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a man in spain we often call the
+father of neuroanatomy even though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of neuroanatomy even though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of neuroanatomy even though there
+were many neuroanatomists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many neuroanatomists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many neuroanatomists
+around his time and even before him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his time and even before him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his time and even before him
+but kahal's work santiago ramone kahal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kahal's work santiago ramone kahal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but kahal's work santiago ramone kahal's
+work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the
+so-called golgi method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called golgi method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called golgi method
+was the one that established the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that established the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that established the neuron
+doctrine the neuron is the basic element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine the neuron is the basic element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine the neuron is the basic element
+of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll look at some of his pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look at some of his pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look at some of his pictures of
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+charles scott sharington did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles scott sharington did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles scott sharington did
+physiological studies around that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies around that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies around that same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+electrophysiological studies mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological studies mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological studies mainly
+using cats with their brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cats with their brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cats with their brains
+disconnected from the cord so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the cord so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the cord so he was
+studying spinal caps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying spinal caps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying spinal caps
+and he worked out many of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he worked out many of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he worked out many of the properties
+of various kinds of reflexes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various kinds of reflexes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various kinds of reflexes and
+it was sharington the physiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sharington the physiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sharington the physiologist
+that actually gave the name we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually gave the name we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually gave the name we
+use for the connections between neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the connections between neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for the connections between neurons
+okay the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the name
+synapses or synapse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's only with kahal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only with kahal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only with kahal
+that we were finally able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were finally able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were finally able to
+reduce a reflex to a specific neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a reflex to a specific neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a reflex to a specific neural
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at
+some of those pictures with the golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those pictures with the golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those pictures with the golgi
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+you see individual neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see individual neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see individual neurons
+that are more or less completely filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less completely filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are more or less completely filled
+so they appear like silhouettes you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they appear like silhouettes you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they appear like silhouettes you see
+older processes that look like tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older processes that look like tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older processes that look like tree
+branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connections although it is not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections although it is not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections although it is not obvious
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that to a naive person look using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a naive person look using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a naive person look using the
+golgi method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi method
+the nature of those connections but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of those connections but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of those connections but you
+can see for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for example
+if in green here this is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in green here this is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in green here this is a piece of
+a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron
+okay the whole neuron would be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole neuron would be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole neuron would be like this
+okay with its branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with its branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with its branches
+the nucleus would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus would be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus would be here
+okay and here i'm showing one dendrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then an axon coming in here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an axon coming in here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an axon coming in here which
+i'll show in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and ending in these little swellings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ending in these little swellings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ending in these little swellings and
+some of those swellings ended on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those swellings ended on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those swellings ended on the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+of this neuron others would end on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neuron others would end on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neuron others would end on other
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+they might appear like they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might appear like they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might appear like they're just
+ending in space because the golgi method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending in space because the golgi method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending in space because the golgi method
+is only staining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only staining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only staining
+a small percentage of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small percentage of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small percentage of neurons
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it stains enough of them that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stains enough of them that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stains enough of them that you
+can see some of these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some of these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some of these connections
+golgi who invented the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi who invented the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi who invented the method
+came to the wrong conclusion about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the wrong conclusion about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the wrong conclusion about those
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+he thought that there was continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought that there was continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought that there was continuity
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+these fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fibers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the cells they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells they were
+attaching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching to
+he thought there was cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought there was cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought there was cytoplasmic
+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+kahal correctly concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal correctly concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal correctly concluded
+that that was wrong that these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was wrong that these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was wrong that these were
+distinct there was a membrane separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct there was a membrane separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct there was a membrane separation
+we didn't actually have the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually have the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually have the proof
+of kahal's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kahal's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kahal's idea
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+around 1950
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1950
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1950
+when the electron microscope was applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron microscope was applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron microscope was applied
+with good fixation methods the em method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good fixation methods the em method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good fixation methods the em method
+was applied to the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was applied to the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was applied to the nervous system
+here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+harvard by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard by
+several people sandy pele among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people sandy pele among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several people sandy pele among them
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they were able to see the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to see the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to see the synapse
+and see the gap we call it the synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the gap we call it the synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see the gap we call it the synaptic
+cleft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleft
+okay the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the separation
+between the two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some pictures
+from ramonica hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ramonica hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ramonica hall
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+this is a picture of axons and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of axons and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of axons and the
+spinal cord now the method works best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord now the method works best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord now the method works best
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh young animals so he was using you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh young animals so he was using you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh young animals so he was using you
+usually using young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually using young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually using young
+mice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice or
+cats kittens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats kittens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats kittens
+and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on
+details of how the method was applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how the method was applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how the method was applied
+and depending somewhat on chance or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending somewhat on chance or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending somewhat on chance or at
+least some factors we don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some factors we don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some factors we don't understand
+very well even now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well even now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well even now
+he would get different elements staining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would get different elements staining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would get different elements staining
+in different preparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different preparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different preparations
+in this particular one he was mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular one he was mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular one he was mainly
+seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them
+use at the top up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the top up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the top up
+here we're coming in from the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're coming in from the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're coming in from the dorsal
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see some of their ant arbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see some of their ant arbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see some of their ant arbors
+we call those the in arborization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those the in arborization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those the in arborization of the
+axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon
+the bush-like harbors ending in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bush-like harbors ending in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bush-like harbors ending in these
+often in these little swellings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in these little swellings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in these little swellings
+terminating on cells in the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating on cells in the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating on cells in the nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the axons there could be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the axons there could be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the axons there could be coming
+from descending pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from descending pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from descending pathways
+and they're going also into the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going also into the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going also into the ventral
+part of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one where
+in his picture he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his picture he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his picture he's
+separated dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated dendrites
+and axons now the dendrites are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axons now the dendrites are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axons now the dendrites are the
+receiving part of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving part of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving part of the cell
+and they conduct differently from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they conduct differently from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they conduct differently from the
+axons and we'll be talking about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and we'll be talking about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and we'll be talking about that in
+some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail
+and you'll be reading about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be reading about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be reading about it
+now in the actual picture when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the actual picture when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the actual picture when he's
+looking through the microscope what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the microscope what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the microscope what he's
+shown in red here looks black just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in red here looks black just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in red here looks black just like
+everything else but he saw structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but he saw structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but he saw structural
+details that allowed him to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that allowed him to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that allowed him to separate the
+axon and the dendrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dendrite tends to taper more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrite tends to taper more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrite tends to taper more from
+the cell body the axon tends to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell body the axon tends to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell body the axon tends to start
+more abruptly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also the structure of the axon along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the structure of the axon along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the structure of the axon along
+its length looks different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length looks different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its length looks different from the
+dendrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite
+that's not always very true but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not always very true but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not always very true but it's
+often true and so he was often able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often true and so he was often able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often true and so he was often able to
+separate axons and dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate axons and dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate axons and dendrites
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he was helped in that conclusion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was helped in that conclusion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was helped in that conclusion by
+noting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting that
+we knew that it was axons that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that it was axons that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that it was axons that came out
+of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nervous system
+in the ventral roots and going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ventral roots and going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ventral roots and going to the
+muscles conducting to the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles conducting to the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles conducting to the muscles
+so when he saw them going out like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when he saw them going out like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when he saw them going out like this
+one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here
+you know it must be an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are more neurons in the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are more neurons in the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are more neurons in the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+and here was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here was his
+a diagram summarizing a lot of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram summarizing a lot of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram summarizing a lot of its
+observations on the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on the spinal cord
+which was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the first
+picture based on real anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture based on real anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture based on real anatomical
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+of a reflex arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reflex arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reflex arc
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+showing the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the connection between
+okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side
+and the response on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the response on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the response on this side
+that is where i've shown the s he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where i've shown the s he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where i've shown the s he's
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+the sensory apparatus he shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+endings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings of
+normal processes in the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal processes in the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal processes in the skin
+and then he shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he shows
+the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction
+of nervous conduction with the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nervous conduction with the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nervous conduction with the arrow
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going in through a bar salute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case the cell body of the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the cell body of the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the cell body of the dorsal
+group gangly is sitting off to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group gangly is sitting off to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group gangly is sitting off to the side
+there that's a peculiar kind of neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's a peculiar kind of neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's a peculiar kind of neuron
+most of them are not like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it shows that acts on branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it shows that acts on branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it shows that acts on branching
+many times but ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times but ending
+various places in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places in the spinal cord
+contacting other cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting other cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting other cells
+and in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases
+that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial
+what we call a primary sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a primary sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a primary sensory neuron
+and we'll define all these terms for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll define all these terms for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll define all these terms for you
+as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along
+i don't expect you to pick them all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect you to pick them all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect you to pick them all up
+the first time i say them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time i say them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time i say them
+it's contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's contacting
+what he defined as a motor neuron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he defined as a motor neuron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he defined as a motor neuron a
+motor neuron is defined as the neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron is defined as the neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron is defined as the neuron
+whose axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose axon
+goes out of the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out of the central nervous system
+and contacts an effector organ like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contacts an effector organ like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contacts an effector organ like a
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+and so he shows that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he shows that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he shows that here
+so here we will be showing a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we will be showing a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we will be showing a complete
+diagram of what we would call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of what we would call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of what we would call a
+monosynaptic reflex arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosynaptic reflex arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosynaptic reflex arc
+which we now know to be a muscle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now know to be a muscle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now know to be a muscle to
+muscle reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle reflex
+okay and we'll be talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll be talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll be talking about that
+when we talk about reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+certainly put the sr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly put the sr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly put the sr model
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+much firmer basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much firmer basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much firmer basis
+in fact sr thinking became very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sr thinking became very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact sr thinking became very popular
+in psychology and the work of kahal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in psychology and the work of kahal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in psychology and the work of kahal
+was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but not just the work of kahal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking about reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about reflexes
+initially it was done largely through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was done largely through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it was done largely through
+philosophers or natural natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers or natural natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers or natural natural
+philosophers you could call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers you could call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers you could call them
+thinking about nature but not doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about nature but not doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about nature but not doing what
+real experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments
+the way modern scientists do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way modern scientists do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way modern scientists do
+i like the way it comes cut the thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like the way it comes cut the thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like the way it comes cut the thinking
+culminated in the work of lemontree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminated in the work of lemontree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminated in the work of lemontree
+the philosopher who dealt with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher who dealt with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher who dealt with the
+question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of
+if everything can be explained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything can be explained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything can be explained as
+reflexes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes then
+how are humans unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just
+descartes said animals are reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descartes said animals are reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descartes said animals are reflex
+machines but humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines but humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines but humans
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+all those reflexes but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those reflexes but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those reflexes but they have
+something more they have rash have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more they have rash have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more they have rash have a
+rational soul that interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational soul that interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational soul that interacts
+with these physical processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these physical processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these physical processes
+that was descartes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was descartes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was descartes
+dualistic thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's often called metaphysical dualism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called metaphysical dualism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often called metaphysical dualism
+because it requires thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires thinking of a
+physical realm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical realm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical realm in a
+realm of consciousness it's separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of consciousness it's separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of consciousness it's separate
+lemon tree said something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemon tree said something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemon tree said something different
+he said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no
+humans are different just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are different just because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are different just because of the
+complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+of the reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reflexes
+they're just more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and certainly looking doing the sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly looking doing the sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly looking doing the sections
+of the human brain and spinal cord it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human brain and spinal cord it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human brain and spinal cord it
+was easy to support that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy to support that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easy to support that it was
+incredibly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complex
+and seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seemed like
+a nightmarish impossibility ever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightmarish impossibility ever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightmarish impossibility ever to
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+details of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of behavior
+in terms of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of that complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that complexity
+but there was another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was another thing
+that was missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was missing
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+reflex connections the way we were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections the way we were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections the way we were being
+described would be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described would be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described would be fixed
+but wait a minute you know humans at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait a minute you know humans at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wait a minute you know humans at
+least are not fixed we learn we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such and in his student pavlov changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and in his student pavlov changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and in his student pavlov changed
+that picture and allowed reflexes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture and allowed reflexes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture and allowed reflexes to be
+continued as a major model to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued as a major model to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued as a major model to explain
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+through pavlov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered
+conditional reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional reflexes
+or conditioned reflexes it's more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conditioned reflexes it's more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conditioned reflexes it's more often
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+next time i will bring with you bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time i will bring with you bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time i will bring with you bring to
+class a quotation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a quotation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a quotation from
+section off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section off
+and his book reflexes of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the original title was an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title was an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title was an attempt to
+establish the physiological basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the physiological basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the physiological basis of
+psychical processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychical processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychical processes
+but he couldn't use that title because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he couldn't use that title because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he couldn't use that title because
+the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensors
+objected okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so he presents an argument for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he presents an argument for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he presents an argument for why
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+it was a perfectly good title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a perfectly good title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a perfectly good title
+but he didn't mind the reflexes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't mind the reflexes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't mind the reflexes of the
+brain either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he was accused of immorality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was accused of immorality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was accused of immorality of
+supporting immorality because he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting immorality because he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting immorality because he said
+that things were inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things were inevitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things were inevitable
+just due to connections in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to connections in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to connections in the brain
+in other words people said that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words people said that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words people said that we are
+physiologically determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically determined
+by the anatomy of our nervous systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so think about that and i'll read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about that and i'll read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about that and i'll read you
+what he said next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pavlov showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavlov showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavlov showed that
+reflexes can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes can change
+he demonstrated reflexes mostly in dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he demonstrated reflexes mostly in dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he demonstrated reflexes mostly in dogs
+that were fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were fixed
+but that they can be modified through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they can be modified through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they can be modified through
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have
+encountered that already if you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that already if you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that already if you've had
+introductory psychology or done other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory psychology or done other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory psychology or done other
+readings about the pavlovian reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also call we often call it classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also call we often call it classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also call we often call it classical
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+classically condition a professor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically condition a professor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically condition a professor and
+alter his behavior just by giving him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter his behavior just by giving him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter his behavior just by giving him
+reward for maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward for maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward for maybe
+renting or something like that and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting or something like that and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting or something like that and by
+the end of the class he's grunting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class he's grunting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class he's grunting a lot
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+and quite unaware of it because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quite unaware of it because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quite unaware of it because you've
+conditioned him through subtle rewards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned him through subtle rewards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned him through subtle rewards
+that he's responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's responding to
+which just shows that some of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just shows that some of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just shows that some of this kind
+of learning sort of unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning sort of unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning sort of unconscious
+can happen to us even without much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen to us even without much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen to us even without much
+awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+of course you and me are immune to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you and me are immune to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you and me are immune to that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh
+in the last century the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last century the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last century the middle of the
+last century that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last century that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last century that
+donald mackay wreaked in england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donald mackay wreaked in england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donald mackay wreaked in england
+reconsidered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsidered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsidered
+these ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+sachin off had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachin off had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sachin off had
+dealt with a century almost a century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with a century almost a century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with a century almost a century
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+determinism and freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and freedom and
+responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+and he presents a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he presents a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he presents a very interesting
+argument saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if we accept a determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we accept a determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we accept a determinism
+if we apply it strictly to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply it strictly to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply it strictly to human
+behavior we can't use it to argue that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can't use it to argue that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we can't use it to argue that a
+person is not responsible for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is not responsible for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is not responsible for his
+actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions
+now why do you think that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do you think that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do you think that could be
+it has to do with the way we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the way we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the way we define
+what's true and what isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true and what isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true and what isn't
+let's say i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i know
+the whole state of your nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole state of your nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole state of your nervous system
+will be put this into a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be put this into a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be put this into a thought
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+my science is so advanced that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my science is so advanced that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my science is so advanced that i can
+make out all the connections in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out all the connections in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out all the connections in your
+nervous system and their activity and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and their activity and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and their activity and i
+should be able to predict your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to predict your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to predict your next
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+after all what else is determining your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all what else is determining your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all what else is determining your
+behavior just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior just
+your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+but the thing is if i told you about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is if i told you about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is if i told you about it
+which i would have to do if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i would have to do if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i would have to do if it's
+generally true it has to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true it has to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true it has to be true for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+you of course could compound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course could compound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of course could compound that
+you could choose to follow it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose to follow it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose to follow it or not
+it's a sort of a logical conundrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a logical conundrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of a logical conundrum that
+he was pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was pointing out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes the strength of the argument away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the strength of the argument away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the strength of the argument away
+from using this argument to say support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a person who's arguing that he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who's arguing that he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who's arguing that he couldn't
+help doing something he couldn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help doing something he couldn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help doing something he couldn't help
+murdering somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he had no choice was determined by his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no choice was determined by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no choice was determined by his
+structure of his brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of his brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of his brain
+you can't argue that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in any logical sense and i will post a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any logical sense and i will post a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any logical sense and i will post a
+paper on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on the web
+by makai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by makai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by makai
+because i think it's interesting enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it's interesting enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think it's interesting enough
+you should be familiar with it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XSTSfCs74bg.txt b/XSTSfCs74bg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b413233a5dac9e535599e5ae9a41090230b7d57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XSTSfCs74bg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well good afternoon everyone thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good afternoon everyone thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good afternoon everyone thanks for
+joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining
+so this is uh 1404
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh 1404
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh 1404
+and the title is economic science you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the title is economic science you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the title is economic science you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+why momentarily so in terms of who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why momentarily so in terms of who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why momentarily so in terms of who we
+are i'm professor townsend i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i'm professor townsend i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i'm professor townsend i'll be
+teaching the main lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the main lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the main lectures
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what is this course about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about
+this is about not just theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about not just theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about not just theory and
+certainly not just data it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not just data it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not just data it's about the
+combination of theory and data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of theory and data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of theory and data from the
+perspective of economics as a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of economics as a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of economics as a science
+so in that respect and maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that respect and maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that respect and maybe a little
+bit different from classes that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different from classes that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different from classes that you're
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+it's not to memorize theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to memorize theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to memorize theoretical
+material and know which way to shift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and know which way to shift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and know which way to shift a
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+it's not just reading empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just reading empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just reading empirical
+literature and discussing it it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and discussing it it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and discussing it it's a more
+challenging and more fun job of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and more fun job of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and more fun job of bringing
+those two things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together
+background quickly just in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background quickly just in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background quickly just in case you're
+worried about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about it
+we do assume you've had multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do assume you've had multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do assume you've had multivariate
+calculus as well as basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as well as basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as well as basic
+economic theory in 1401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory in 1401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory in 1401
+there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be
+some use of linear algebra statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some use of linear algebra statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some use of linear algebra statistics
+and some language having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some language having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some language having to do with
+algorithms and computing but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and computing but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and computing but you're not
+to worry about that because if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that because if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about that because if you are
+not familiar with the level that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with the level that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not familiar with the level that we need
+and it's not a very deep level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a very deep level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a very deep level
+on terms of the readings all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on terms of the readings all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on terms of the readings all the
+class readings and the relevant textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class readings and the relevant textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class readings and the relevant textbook
+chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters
+there's not one single textbook for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not one single textbook for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not one single textbook for the
+class there's four or so but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's four or so but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's four or so but we
+carefully selected the relevant sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully selected the relevant sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully selected the relevant sections
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+textbooks and you don't need to scramble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and you don't need to scramble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and you don't need to scramble
+to find them because they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them because they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find them because they're on the
+class website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class website
+so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each
+topic in each lecture has a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in each lecture has a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in each lecture has a set of
+readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings
+one two or three will be designated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or three will be designated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two or three will be designated as a
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's because they're really the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they're really the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they're really the basis
+of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture
+or provide key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or provide key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or provide key
+complementary material you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary material you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary material you are
+responsible for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for those
+in terms of exams and you'll need them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of exams and you'll need them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of exams and you'll need them
+for problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problem sets
+there are other things on the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things on the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things on the reading
+list recommended readings that i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list recommended readings that i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list recommended readings that i hope
+you will engage in and enjoy and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will engage in and enjoy and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will engage in and enjoy and in fact
+those could be subjects for discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could be subjects for discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could be subjects for discussion
+in piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in piazza
+um we're going to focus focus on theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to focus focus on theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to focus focus on theory
+and applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applications
+uh we're going to be using empirical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to be using empirical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to be using empirical and
+theoretical papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical papers
+and ideally we are combining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideally we are combining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ideally we are combining them
+as i was already alluding to this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was already alluding to this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was already alluding to this is not
+an easy thing to do one has to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy thing to do one has to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy thing to do one has to learn how
+to do this and i'm sure you cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and i'm sure you cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this and i'm sure you cannot do it
+on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own
+so i strongly encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i strongly encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i strongly encourage you to
+participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate
+in the lectures and recitations and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lectures and recitations and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lectures and recitations and and
+interactions but anyway please engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but anyway please engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but anyway please engage
+when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're
+online and avoid uh texting tweeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and avoid uh texting tweeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and avoid uh texting tweeting
+emailing blogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailing blogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emailing blogging
+etc etc shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc shopping
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's really you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really you may
+think that you can multitask but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can multitask but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can multitask but
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+quality of learning would suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of learning would suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of learning would suffer
+so now we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we get into
+the more fun part which is what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fun part which is what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fun part which is what are we
+going to be studying in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be studying in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be studying in this class
+and i'm going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+spirit of it economic science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of it economic science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of it economic science
+and talk about the economies we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the economies we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about the economies we're going
+to be studying and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be studying and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be studying and then
+uh go through the syllabus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go through the syllabus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go through the syllabus and
+in a kind of a broad way not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of a broad way not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of a broad way not trying to
+read everything that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read everything that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read everything that's there
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the uh i'm going to draw on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh i'm going to draw on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh i'm going to draw on these
+authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors
+uh frisch for thinking about economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frisch for thinking about economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frisch for thinking about economics
+as experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as experiments
+mad skin for a review of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad skin for a review of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad skin for a review of some of the
+fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of
+vocabulary of econometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of econometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of econometrics
+and chris for randomized and natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chris for randomized and natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chris for randomized and natural
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+varian for big data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the need of theory for causal causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of theory for causal causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of theory for causal causal
+influence and lucas on what are models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence and lucas on what are models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence and lucas on what are models
+what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are
+artificial economies and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economies and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economies and what is
+what is the role of models versus data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of models versus data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of models versus data
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+how does computation help us so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does computation help us so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does computation help us so that's
+just an outline of what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an outline of what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an outline of what's coming
+fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh
+opened his lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened his lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened his lecture
+in 1926
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1926
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1926
+with an article entitled on a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an article entitled on a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an article entitled on a problem in
+pure economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure economics
+and to quote him he said intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to quote him he said intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to quote him he said intermediate
+between mathematics statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mathematics statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mathematics statistics
+and economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics
+econometrics he kind of invented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics he kind of invented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics he kind of invented the
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+as its aim to subject abstract laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its aim to subject abstract laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as its aim to subject abstract laws of
+theoretical political economy or pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical political economy or pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical political economy or pure
+economics to experimental or numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to experimental or numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to experimental or numerical
+validation and thus to turn pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and thus to turn pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation and thus to turn pure
+economics as far as possible into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as far as possible into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as far as possible into a
+science in the strictest sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the strictest sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the strictest sense of the
+word or to put this more in layman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or to put this more in layman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or to put this more in layman's
+terms he's saying economics is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms he's saying economics is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms he's saying economics is not just
+about theory it's about validating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theory it's about validating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about theory it's about validating
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+so just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like the
+linear accelerator at stanford bombards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear accelerator at stanford bombards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear accelerator at stanford bombards
+particles to see whether the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to see whether the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to see whether the outcomes
+are consistent with the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with the predictions
+that's kind of our framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of our framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of our framework for
+thinking about actual economies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about actual economies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about actual economies by
+running experiments on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments on them
+to validate them and to do policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to validate them and to do policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to validate them and to do policy
+now this is it this is a graph from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is it this is a graph from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is it this is a graph from
+burns and mitchell a book on business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns and mitchell a book on business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns and mitchell a book on business
+cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you look closely you'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look closely you'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look closely you'll see these
+dates are pretty early they run from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates are pretty early they run from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates are pretty early they run from
+1875 to 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1875 to 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1875 to 1900
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as the business cycle goes it's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the business cycle goes it's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the business cycle goes it's talking
+about depressed activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about depressed activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about depressed activity
+versus upswings and so on you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus upswings and so on you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus upswings and so on you can you
+can see the ups and downs you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the ups and downs you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the ups and downs you might be
+interested to know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know that the
+national bureau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national bureau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national bureau
+of economic research which is now housed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic research which is now housed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic research which is now housed
+here in cambridge actually began in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in cambridge actually began in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in cambridge actually began in
+colombia where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia where
+where burns and mitchell were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where burns and mitchell were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where burns and mitchell were working on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so coupmons reacted to bernstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coupmons reacted to bernstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coupmons reacted to bernstein
+mitchell's book which was quite famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitchell's book which was quite famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitchell's book which was quite famous
+and obviously had an enormous influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously had an enormous influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously had an enormous influence
+arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing
+about whether measurement is enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether measurement is enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether measurement is enough
+which he says no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he says no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he says no
+we need theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need theory
+and we need the whole enterprise to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the whole enterprise to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the whole enterprise to be
+about understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding
+and utilizing the framework for policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utilizing the framework for policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and utilizing the framework for policy
+so there's a bunch of quotes here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bunch of quotes here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bunch of quotes here from
+coupmont's in this famous article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupmont's in this famous article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupmont's in this famous article
+measurement without theory he says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement without theory he says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement without theory he says the
+author's scientific strategy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author's scientific strategy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author's scientific strategy has
+measurement and observation preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and observation preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and observation preceding
+and largely independent of any attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and largely independent of any attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and largely independent of any attempt
+to really explain the variables but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really explain the variables but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really explain the variables but he
+coup mons believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup mons believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coup mons believes
+there should be could be more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be could be more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be could be more of a
+purpose that more is meant namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that more is meant namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose that more is meant namely
+a genuine explanation of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genuine explanation of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genuine explanation of economic
+fluctuations with the idea that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations with the idea that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations with the idea that there
+are a few extra economic phenomena that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few extra economic phenomena that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few extra economic phenomena that
+are accepted as data without inquiry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accepted as data without inquiry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accepted as data without inquiry but
+most of it has to do with phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it has to do with phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it has to do with phenomenon
+being generated by assumed behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated by assumed behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated by assumed behavior of
+individuals and the interaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and the interaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and the interaction of the
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+in markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in markets
+and then he goes on i'm not sure i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he goes on i'm not sure i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he goes on i'm not sure i don't
+know if this is tongue-in-cheek or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is tongue-in-cheek or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is tongue-in-cheek or just
+soft selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft selling
+i am not sure whether a still further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not sure whether a still further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not sure whether a still further
+objective is included which extrapolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is included which extrapolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is included which extrapolates
+the idea of explanation to prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of explanation to prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of explanation to prediction
+within the narrowest attainable limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the narrowest attainable limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the narrowest attainable limits
+the effect of economic policy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of economic policy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of economic policy on the
+movement of economic variables he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of economic variables he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of economic variables he
+actually says i feel that prediction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says i feel that prediction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says i feel that prediction is
+actually the most important objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most important objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the most important objective of
+the analysis of economic fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of economic fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of economic fluctuations
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+it's not just measurement it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just measurement it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just measurement it's
+measurement with theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement with theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement with theory for
+understanding and with that baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and with that baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and with that baseline
+conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+policy assessments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy assessments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy assessments
+well business cycles are still with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well business cycles are still with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well business cycles are still with us
+with us although this discussion may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us although this discussion may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us although this discussion may
+seem a bit dated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a bit dated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem a bit dated
+so i give you a contemporary example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i give you a contemporary example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i give you a contemporary example
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+measuring understanding and predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring understanding and predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring understanding and predicting
+the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of
+the economic impact of covert 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic impact of covert 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic impact of covert 19
+and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will
+return to this theme periodically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this theme periodically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this theme periodically
+throughout some of the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matskin is about econometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matskin is about econometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matskin is about econometrics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+she delineates the ingredients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she delineates the ingredients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she delineates the ingredients here
+quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well
+you have an economic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an economic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an economic model
+describing the agents who are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the agents who are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the agents who are involved
+their objective functions their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their objective functions their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their objective functions their
+information the way they're interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the way they're interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the way they're interacting
+the econometrician tries to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the econometrician tries to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the econometrician tries to fit
+the economic model to the data and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic model to the data and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic model to the data and has
+to make the following distinctions first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the following distinctions first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the following distinctions first
+of all which variables in the model are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all which variables in the model are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all which variables in the model are
+observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable
+and which are unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which are unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which are unobservable
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+which variables are determined outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables are determined outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables are determined outside
+the model versus those that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model versus those that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model versus those that are
+determined inside the model exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined inside the model exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined inside the model exogenous
+versus endogenous variables determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus endogenous variables determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus endogenous variables determined
+within the model are usually determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the model are usually determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the model are usually determined
+by the choices of agents by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the choices of agents by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the choices of agents by their
+interaction with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with each other
+a model also contains a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model also contains a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model also contains a list of
+functions and distributions some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and distributions some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and distributions some of
+these functions are primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are primitive
+exogenously determined they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously determined they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenously determined they may be
+observed or unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed or unobserved
+and others are determined within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are determined within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others are determined within the
+model itself they're not deep concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model itself they're not deep concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model itself they're not deep concepts
+but important to remember observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but important to remember observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but important to remember observed
+versus unobserved exogenous versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unobserved exogenous versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unobserved exogenous versus
+endogenous parameters versus functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous parameters versus functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous parameters versus functions
+versus distributions uh josh anchrist on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus distributions uh josh anchrist on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus distributions uh josh anchrist on
+running experiments as in randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments as in randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments as in randomized
+controlled trial versus quasi-natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial versus quasi-natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial versus quasi-natural
+experiments so he's referring here to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so he's referring here to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so he's referring here to a
+genuine randomized control trial engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine randomized control trial engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine randomized control trial engaged
+by fair and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fair and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fair and good
+where they selected some bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they selected some bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they selected some bicycle
+messengers to receive temporarily higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers to receive temporarily higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messengers to receive temporarily higher
+wages and had a control group that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and had a control group that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and had a control group that did
+not receive the increase and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not receive the increase and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not receive the increase and then you
+compare across the two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare across the two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare across the two groups
+the study showed that increase in wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study showed that increase in wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study showed that increase in wages
+did make people work harder and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did make people work harder and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did make people work harder and because
+it was temporary it didn't really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was temporary it didn't really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was temporary it didn't really change
+lifetime wealth so one is able to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime wealth so one is able to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime wealth so one is able to sort
+out the impact of income changes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the impact of income changes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the impact of income changes as
+opposed to wealth changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to wealth changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to wealth changes
+or in the jargon you'll learn we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the jargon you'll learn we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the jargon you'll learn we can
+identify the intertemporal substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the intertemporal substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the intertemporal substitution
+of elasticity and its magnitude but josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity and its magnitude but josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity and its magnitude but josh
+goes on to say experiments are time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to say experiments are time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on to say experiments are time
+consuming they're expensive they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming they're expensive they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming they're expensive they're not
+always practical but this frame that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always practical but this frame that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always practical but this frame that we
+use of experiments is still very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of experiments is still very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of experiments is still very helpful
+especially because human institutions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because human institutions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because human institutions or
+the forces of nature step into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces of nature step into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces of nature step into the
+breach and provide natural or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breach and provide natural or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breach and provide natural or
+quasi-natural experiments so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-natural experiments so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-natural experiments so an
+influential paper by david card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential paper by david card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential paper by david card
+looked at the marielle boatlift uh fidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the marielle boatlift uh fidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the marielle boatlift uh fidel
+castro temporarily allowed free exodus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castro temporarily allowed free exodus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castro temporarily allowed free exodus
+of cubans to the u.s and they came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubans to the u.s and they came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cubans to the u.s and they came to
+miami there was a seven percent increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miami there was a seven percent increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miami there was a seven percent increase
+over a period of three months and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of three months and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of three months and that
+can be used to study the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to study the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to study the impact of
+immigration another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration another example
+is the destruction of public housing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the destruction of public housing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the destruction of public housing in
+chicago where they literally were giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicago where they literally were giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicago where they literally were giving
+residents alternative places to live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents alternative places to live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents alternative places to live and
+then dynamiting the building and blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dynamiting the building and blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dynamiting the building and blowing
+it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up
+and it's documented that they chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's documented that they chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's documented that they chose
+ineffectively a random way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffectively a random way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffectively a random way which
+building to blow up and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to blow up and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to blow up and so you can
+compare what's happening in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what's happening in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what's happening in public
+housing that remains versus what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing that remains versus what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing that remains versus what's
+happening to the residents who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the residents who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to the residents who have been
+moved elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved elsewhere
+and to a degree the financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a degree the financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to a degree the financial crisis
+also provides something of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides something of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides something of a series of
+natural experiments in banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural experiments in banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural experiments in banking
+so i'm not sure how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not sure how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not sure how many of you have
+heard this term big data it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this term big data it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard this term big data it's quite
+widely used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used and
+attracts a lot of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts a lot of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracts a lot of attention
+and varian is talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and varian is talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and varian is talking about that
+machine learning specialists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning specialists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning specialists are
+primarily concerned with developing high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily concerned with developing high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily concerned with developing high
+performance computer systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance computer systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance computer systems that
+provide predictions in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide predictions in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide predictions in the presence of
+challenging computational constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging computational constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging computational constraints
+data science is a somewhat newer term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science is a somewhat newer term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science is a somewhat newer term
+concerned with prediction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with prediction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with prediction and
+summarization but also manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarization but also manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarization but also manipulation
+visualization and other tasks however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and other tasks however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and other tasks however
+shoe drops most important area for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe drops most important area for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe drops most important area for
+collaboration involves casual inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration involves casual inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration involves casual inference
+machine learning has its part to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning has its part to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning has its part to play
+it deals with pure prediction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with pure prediction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with pure prediction but
+there's a difference between correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between correlation
+among variables and causation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among variables and causation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among variables and causation
+and he gives this example which nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gives this example which nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gives this example which nowadays
+is a bit more nuanced than it was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more nuanced than it was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit more nuanced than it was when
+he wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it
+a classic example there are often more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example there are often more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic example there are often more
+police in precincts with high crime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police in precincts with high crime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police in precincts with high crime but
+that does not mean that increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not mean that increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not mean that increasing
+number of police in a precinct would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of police in a precinct would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of police in a precinct would
+increase the crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the crime
+in other words what he's trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what he's trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words what he's trying to say
+is which way does the causality go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which way does the causality go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which way does the causality go from
+police to crime or from crime to police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police to crime or from crime to police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police to crime or from crime to police
+and just seeing a correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just seeing a correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just seeing a correlation between
+police and crime in the data does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police and crime in the data does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police and crime in the data does not
+tell you what the outcome would be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the outcome would be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what the outcome would be of
+increasing the number of police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the number of police
+so ruben who's an advocate of uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ruben who's an advocate of uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ruben who's an advocate of uh who
+thought of as in the behavioral group he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as in the behavioral group he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as in the behavioral group he
+is actually in agreement that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in agreement that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in agreement that we need to
+think about the causal impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the causal impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the causal impact of
+treatment to compare outcomes of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to compare outcomes of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to compare outcomes of an
+intervention to what would have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention to what would have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention to what would have happened
+without the intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the intervention
+you can't do it alone with data you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it alone with data you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it alone with data you need
+some model to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lucas on artificial economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas on artificial economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas on artificial economies
+one of the functions of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the functions of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the functions of theoretical
+economics is to provide articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is to provide articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is to provide articulated
+artificial economic systems that service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economic systems that service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economic systems that service
+laboratories in which policies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories in which policies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories in which policies that are
+prohibitively expensive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitively expensive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibitively expensive to do
+in actual economies can be tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual economies can be tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual economies can be tested
+through the model at much lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model at much lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the model at much lower cost
+but he goes on to say that to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he goes on to say that to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he goes on to say that to do this
+well it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really important to
+distinguish the artificial model economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the artificial model economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the artificial model economy
+as sharply as possible from actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sharply as possible from actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sharply as possible from actual
+economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies
+so this is a bit subtle insofar as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit subtle insofar as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit subtle insofar as there
+is confusion between the statements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is confusion between the statements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is confusion between the statements of
+opinion as to the way we believe actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as to the way we believe actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion as to the way we believe actual
+economies would react to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies would react to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies would react to particular
+policies and confused with statements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and confused with statements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and confused with statements of
+verifiable fact as to how the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable fact as to how the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable fact as to how the model
+would react then we're not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would react then we're not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would react then we're not using the
+theory effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory effectively
+in other words people will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words people will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words people will make
+statements about what they believe will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about what they believe will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about what they believe will
+happen as a consequence of a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as a consequence of a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as a consequence of a policy
+change and the danger is we may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the danger is we may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the danger is we may not know
+and they may not be clear if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may not be clear if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may not be clear if their
+prediction of what would happen is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of what would happen is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of what would happen is based
+on data or based on the logic of a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data or based on the logic of a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data or based on the logic of a model
+and then going on if we have the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going on if we have the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going on if we have the model
+we can see the predicted outcome based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the predicted outcome based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see the predicted outcome based
+on the logic of the model and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the logic of the model and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the logic of the model and then we
+can go to the data and see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the data and see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the data and see which
+statements of opinion are accurate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of opinion are accurate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of opinion are accurate or
+not so that's lucas's view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so that's lucas's view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so that's lucas's view of the
+science of economics and in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of economics and in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of economics and in other words
+instead of being pushed toward what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being pushed toward what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being pushed toward what
+would seem to be an attractive goal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would seem to be an attractive goal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would seem to be an attractive goal to
+make models more and more complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models more and more complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models more and more complicated so
+that they're more realistic bob lucas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're more realistic bob lucas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're more realistic bob lucas is
+actually pushing the opposite point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pushing the opposite point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pushing the opposite point of
+view which is to keep them to earmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which is to keep them to earmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which is to keep them to earmark
+them as artificial potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as artificial potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as artificial potentially
+relatively simple so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple so that we can
+understand the logic of what of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic of what of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic of what of what the
+models predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models predict
+well as i said keep them relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as i said keep them relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as i said keep them relatively
+simple on the other hand economists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple on the other hand economists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple on the other hand economists are
+getting better and better at writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and better at writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and better at writing
+down and analyzing models and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and analyzing models and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and analyzing models and one of the
+innovations that has happened over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that has happened over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations that has happened over the
+years is not just the mathematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is not just the mathematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is not just the mathematics for
+which bob lucas is well known along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bob lucas is well known along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bob lucas is well known along with
+his economics but also the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his economics but also the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his economics but also the ability to
+compute solutions which he feels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute solutions which he feels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute solutions which he feels is
+neglected in the history of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected in the history of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected in the history of economic
+science but which is in fact an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but which is in fact an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science but which is in fact an
+important consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you guys are all mit students i probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are all mit students i probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are all mit students i probably
+don't have to say this but we in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to say this but we in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to say this but we in this
+class are also not going to shy away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are also not going to shy away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are also not going to shy away
+from computational issues when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computational issues when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computational issues when they
+arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise
+and i will take you through some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will take you through some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will take you through some of the
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+and share those with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share those with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share those with you
+now i want to turn to the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to turn to the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to turn to the description of
+five economies and they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five economies and they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five economies and they're also
+partly representative of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly representative of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly representative of the kind of
+economies we're going to be studying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we're going to be studying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we're going to be studying in
+the class and then i'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then i'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and then i'll get back to
+economic science and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic science and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic science and we'll talk about
+how we're going to analyze them so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to analyze them so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to analyze them so let
+me focus on economies uh for now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me focus on economies uh for now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me focus on economies uh for now so the
+first economy a medieval village economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first economy a medieval village economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first economy a medieval village economy
+consists of about 300 households they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of about 300 households they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of about 300 households they
+can grow wheat with plows oxen and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow wheat with plows oxen and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can grow wheat with plows oxen and of
+course land but the land is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course land but the land is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course land but the land is not
+consolidated the land is spread out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated the land is spread out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated the land is spread out over
+the various fields into long narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various fields into long narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various fields into long narrow
+strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips
+quite fragmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fragmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite fragmented
+on average something like 30 to 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average something like 30 to 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average something like 30 to 60
+strips for each household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips for each household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips for each household
+second economy is a thai village economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second economy is a thai village economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second economy is a thai village economy
+households are growing rice and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households are growing rice and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households are growing rice and they're
+growing it in patties not in scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing it in patties not in scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing it in patties not in scattered
+land if the monsoons are overly abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land if the monsoons are overly abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land if the monsoons are overly abundant
+households with low-lying land will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households with low-lying land will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households with low-lying land will
+experience flooding and uh households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience flooding and uh households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience flooding and uh households
+with land on the rise actually do quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with land on the rise actually do quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with land on the rise actually do quite
+well but the opposite is true in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the opposite is true in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the opposite is true in a
+medium to dry year the low-lying land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium to dry year the low-lying land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium to dry year the low-lying land
+does well and the land on the rise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well and the land on the rise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well and the land on the rise is
+subject to a drought so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a drought so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to a drought so there's a lot of
+variation a lot of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation a lot of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation a lot of risk
+all households in the thai village are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all households in the thai village are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all households in the thai village are
+obliged to transfer a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to transfer a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to transfer a certain amount of
+their crop to the local temple buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their crop to the local temple buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their crop to the local temple buddhist
+monks run the temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks run the temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks run the temple
+then the households with low crops in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the households with low crops in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the households with low crops in a
+given year can request an allotment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given year can request an allotment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given year can request an allotment from
+the temple stocks and they don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temple stocks and they don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temple stocks and they don't even
+necessarily have to repay right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to repay right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to repay right away
+that's a function in subsequent years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function in subsequent years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function in subsequent years of
+whether they get their yields back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get their yields back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they get their yields back up
+and otherwise remarkably there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise remarkably there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise remarkably there's no
+borrowing and lending in this village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending in this village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending in this village
+just this institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this institution
+the third economy is drawn on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third economy is drawn on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third economy is drawn on a
+description of oaxaca and mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of oaxaca and mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of oaxaca and mexico
+it's a set of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of villages
+not just one the villages are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one the villages are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one the villages are separated
+from each other by non-trivial distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other by non-trivial distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other by non-trivial distances
+sometimes it's flat land on a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's flat land on a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's flat land on a plane
+sometimes there are rivers and valleys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are rivers and valleys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are rivers and valleys
+and other topological features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other topological features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other topological features
+each village specializes in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each village specializes in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each village specializes in production
+of a distinct good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a distinct good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a distinct good
+could be baskets or pottery or textiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be baskets or pottery or textiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be baskets or pottery or textiles
+machetes they produce a lot of that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machetes they produce a lot of that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machetes they produce a lot of that good
+and relatively little of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relatively little of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relatively little of the other ones
+but each village values the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each village values the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each village values the
+commodities which does not produce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities which does not produce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodities which does not produce and
+then trade occurs in this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trade occurs in this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trade occurs in this series of
+regional markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional markets
+the fourth economy is similar except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth economy is similar except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth economy is similar except
+that when traders meet in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when traders meet in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when traders meet in these
+geographically separated markets they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically separated markets they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically separated markets they're
+observed to give up produced goods not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to give up produced goods not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed to give up produced goods not
+for other goods but for paper notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other goods but for paper notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other goods but for paper notes
+which are ious promising to pay goods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are ious promising to pay goods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are ious promising to pay goods in
+the future or pay money in the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future or pay money in the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future or pay money in the future so
+these notes are observed and used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes are observed and used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notes are observed and used in
+exchange and circulate around the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and circulate around the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and circulate around the uh the
+regional markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional markets
+the fifth economy is from malinowski's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth economy is from malinowski's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth economy is from malinowski's
+book argonauts of the pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book argonauts of the pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book argonauts of the pacific
+it's another set of islands well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another set of islands well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another set of islands well
+villages but they're on islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages but they're on islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages but they're on islands
+and they form a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form a circle
+so typically residents of each island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically residents of each island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically residents of each island
+embark in canoes on trading expeditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embark in canoes on trading expeditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embark in canoes on trading expeditions
+traveling either in a clockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling either in a clockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling either in a clockwise or
+counterclockwise direction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise direction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise direction to the
+nearest island neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest island neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest island neighbor
+if they're traveling in a clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're traveling in a clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're traveling in a clockwise
+direction when they reach the beach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when they reach the beach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction when they reach the beach of
+the island of destination they give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island of destination they give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the island of destination they give up
+their cargo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cargo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cargo
+to those neighboring islanders in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those neighboring islanders in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those neighboring islanders in a
+series of elaborate ceremonies the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of elaborate ceremonies the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of elaborate ceremonies the goods
+go one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one way
+and distinctive white shell armbands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinctive white shell armbands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinctive white shell armbands
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+if they were traveling in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were traveling in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were traveling in the other
+opposite direction counterclockwise then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction counterclockwise then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction counterclockwise then
+they reach the nearest island they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach the nearest island they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach the nearest island they
+unload the cargo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload the cargo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload the cargo and
+receive distinctive red shell necklaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive distinctive red shell necklaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive distinctive red shell necklaces
+i'm not making this up it's in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not making this up it's in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not making this up it's in the book
+these armbands and necklaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these armbands and necklaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these armbands and necklaces are
+entirely used for these ceremonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely used for these ceremonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely used for these ceremonies
+prohibited to be used for other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited to be used for other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited to be used for other things
+and it's very very rare for cargo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very rare for cargo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very rare for cargo to
+arrive without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive without the
+shells and armbands going in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells and armbands going in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells and armbands going in the other
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+okay so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at this point
+you may be a little worried that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be a little worried that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be a little worried that we're
+about to study villages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to study villages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to study villages and
+anthropological works but let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological works but let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological works but let me draw
+an analogy that is revealing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy that is revealing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy that is revealing about the
+way economists think about modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way economists think about modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way economists think about modeling
+economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies
+lucas the same bob lucas i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas the same bob lucas i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas the same bob lucas i mentioned
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+talks about trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about trees
+bearing fruit which is an agrarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing fruit which is an agrarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing fruit which is an agrarian
+metaphor but he didn't really mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor but he didn't really mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor but he didn't really mean a
+village and lucas doesn't like villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village and lucas doesn't like villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village and lucas doesn't like villages
+very much actually he actually meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much actually he actually meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much actually he actually meant
+financial market so a security is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial market so a security is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial market so a security is an
+asset like a tree that bears dividends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset like a tree that bears dividends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset like a tree that bears dividends
+like fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fruit
+so this is the language that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the language that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the language that allows us
+to go back and forth from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and forth from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and forth from something
+concrete like a tree in a village to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete like a tree in a village to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete like a tree in a village to
+something a little more abstract like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more abstract like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more abstract like
+financial securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial securities
+one of those economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those economies
+the fourth one mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one mentioned
+ious they were bills of exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious they were bills of exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ious they were bills of exchange
+historically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically and
+now they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're called
+repos so these treasuries back used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repos so these treasuries back used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repos so these treasuries back used as
+collateral to back loan called a repo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral to back loan called a repo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral to back loan called a repo
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+and that repo will circulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that repo will circulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that repo will circulate
+where the original borrower becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the original borrower becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the original borrower becomes a
+lender and the repo contract goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender and the repo contract goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lender and the repo contract goes down
+the financial chain and then comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial chain and then comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial chain and then comes back
+and that strange malinowski economy i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that strange malinowski economy i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that strange malinowski economy i
+mentioned to you is actually a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you is actually a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you is actually a close
+analogy to bitcoin because bitcoin tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to bitcoin because bitcoin tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to bitcoin because bitcoin tried
+to keep track of histories of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of histories of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of histories of things to
+condition outcomes and they realize they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition outcomes and they realize they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition outcomes and they realize they
+need to quote-unquote color the coins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to quote-unquote color the coins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to quote-unquote color the coins in
+order to distinguish more history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to distinguish more history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to distinguish more history
+nowadays they do it differently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they do it differently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they do it differently but
+there was a period where bitcoin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period where bitcoin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period where bitcoin was
+featuring colored coins and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featuring colored coins and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featuring colored coins and that's very
+similar the economics of that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the economics of that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the economics of that is very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+to these seashells in indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these seashells in indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these seashells in indonesia
+so i've gone all the way from villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've gone all the way from villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've gone all the way from villages
+if not primitive economies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not primitive economies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not primitive economies to
+not only modern day financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only modern day financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only modern day financial markets
+but also to bitcoin and i'm in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to bitcoin and i'm in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to bitcoin and i'm in the class
+gonna maintain and come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna maintain and come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna maintain and come back
+periodically to a study of bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically to a study of bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically to a study of bitcoin
+of blockchains and distributed ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchains and distributed ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchains and distributed ledgers
+thinking about it as innovation in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as innovation in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as innovation in in
+the technology so what is a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology so what is a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology so what is a distributed
+ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger
+a distributed ledger technology refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distributed ledger technology refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distributed ledger technology refers
+to the processes and related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the processes and related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the processes and related
+technologies that enable nodes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that enable nodes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that enable nodes in a
+network or some arrangement to securely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or some arrangement to securely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or some arrangement to securely
+propose validate and record state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose validate and record state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose validate and record state
+changes to a synchronized ledger that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to a synchronized ledger that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to a synchronized ledger that is
+distributed across the network nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the network nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across the network nodes
+a bit long-winded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit long-winded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit long-winded
+we'll come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to it
+is it important yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it important yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it important yes
+that's from harvard business school uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from harvard business school uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from harvard business school uh
+colleagues asante and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a quote from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote from them
+contracts transactions and the records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts transactions and the records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts transactions and the records
+of them are among the most defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are among the most defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are among the most defining
+structures in economic legal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in economic legal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in economic legal and
+political systems yet these critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political systems yet these critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political systems yet these critical
+tools and the bureaucracy forum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and the bureaucracy forum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and the bureaucracy forum to
+manage them have not kept up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them have not kept up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage them have not kept up with the
+economy's digital transformation they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's digital transformation they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's digital transformation they're
+like a rush hour gridlock trapping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rush hour gridlock trapping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rush hour gridlock trapping a
+formula one race car with blockchain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula one race car with blockchain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula one race car with blockchain we
+can imagine a world in which contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine a world in which contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine a world in which contracts
+are embedded in digital code stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in digital code stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in digital code stored in
+transparent shared databases where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent shared databases where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent shared databases where they
+are protected from deletion tampering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are protected from deletion tampering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are protected from deletion tampering
+and revision in other words the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revision in other words the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revision in other words the entire
+landscape can change with these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape can change with these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape can change with these new
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+the harvard business school colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harvard business school colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harvard business school colleagues
+are trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to be
+neutral their enthusiasm is evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral their enthusiasm is evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral their enthusiasm is evident
+and there's a lot of controversy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of controversy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of controversy about
+bitcoin and about blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and about blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and about blockchain
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+satoshi nakamoto we don't know if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto we don't know if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto we don't know if he's
+real or not this is a pen name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or not this is a pen name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or not this is a pen name
+presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably
+invented bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented bitcoin
+and in doing so he said what is needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing so he said what is needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in doing so he said what is needed
+is an electronic payment system based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an electronic payment system based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an electronic payment system based on
+cryptographic proof instead of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic proof instead of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic proof instead of trust
+allowing two willing parties to transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing two willing parties to transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing two willing parties to transact
+directly with each other without a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with each other without a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with each other without a need
+for a trusted third party well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a trusted third party well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a trusted third party well this
+message was not lost on central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message was not lost on central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message was not lost on central banks
+because satoshi is basically saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because satoshi is basically saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because satoshi is basically saying we
+don't need fiat money we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need fiat money we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need fiat money we just need
+bitcoin or bitcoin can replace fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin or bitcoin can replace fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin or bitcoin can replace fiat
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+so you'll see the bank for international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see the bank for international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see the bank for international
+settlement with statements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement with statements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement with statements like
+decentralized technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized technology
+associated with cryptocurrencies however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cryptocurrencies however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cryptocurrencies however
+sophisticated is a poor substitute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated is a poor substitute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated is a poor substitute for
+the solid institutional backing of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid institutional backing of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid institutional backing of money
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+dennis and lee and martin two of whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dennis and lee and martin two of whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dennis and lee and martin two of whom
+are co-authors of mine at the new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are co-authors of mine at the new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are co-authors of mine at the new york
+fed people do trust third parties they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed people do trust third parties they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed people do trust third parties they
+trust central banks to provide currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust central banks to provide currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust central banks to provide currency
+and reserves and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reserves and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reserves and to
+and they trust derivative payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trust derivative payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they trust derivative payment
+systems that are run by named and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are run by named and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are run by named and
+trusted institutions he has in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted institutions he has in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted institutions he has in mind
+commercial banks that maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks that maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks that maintain the
+ledgers and the operating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers and the operating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers and the operating system
+trustless expensive decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustless expensive decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustless expensive decentralized
+systems are not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are not needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are not needed
+many of these distributed ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these distributed ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these distributed ledger
+platforms promoted by the industry use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms promoted by the industry use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms promoted by the industry use
+the word disintermediation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word disintermediation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word disintermediation
+now if you view it kindly what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you view it kindly what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you view it kindly what they mean
+is third parties are extracting monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is third parties are extracting monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is third parties are extracting monopoly
+rents but if you're a regulator and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents but if you're a regulator and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents but if you're a regulator and you
+see someone trying to disintermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone trying to disintermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see someone trying to disintermediate
+the financial system you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial system you're going to be
+a little bit worried about that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit worried about that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit worried about that so it's
+a very interesting a very controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting a very controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting a very controversial
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+every i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every i don't know
+five or six lectures or so will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six lectures or so will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six lectures or so will come
+back to the theory and data that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the theory and data that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the theory and data that we've
+been dealing with and ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dealing with and ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dealing with and ask questions
+about bitcoin and see what we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bitcoin and see what we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bitcoin and see what we can learn
+through through the lens of of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the lens of of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the lens of of economics
+so i listed previously five economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i listed previously five economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i listed previously five economies
+then the comment that their metaphors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the comment that their metaphors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the comment that their metaphors
+really including for the study of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really including for the study of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really including for the study of modern
+economies including all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies including all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies including all the way through
+bitcoin and things that are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and things that are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and things that are happening
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+here's a partial list we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a partial list we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a partial list we're going to
+study the medieval village economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the medieval village economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the medieval village economy
+we're going to study village india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study village india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study village india
+northern thai villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern thai villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern thai villages
+we're going to go from villages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go from villages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go from villages to
+local economies as in oaxaca in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local economies as in oaxaca in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local economies as in oaxaca in this
+case thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case thailand
+to regional economies to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regional economies to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regional economies to the whole
+national economy so we're as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national economy so we're as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national economy so we're as much
+talking about nation states as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about nation states as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about nation states as we are
+about individual villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual villages
+in fact we'll go to the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll go to the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we'll go to the united states
+and talk about local state and the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about local state and the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about local state and the u.s
+national economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national economy
+we will be looking at u.s financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be looking at u.s financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be looking at u.s financial
+markets as well here and there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets as well here and there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets as well here and there we'll
+talk about china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about china
+which uh you might say started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you might say started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh you might say started as a
+village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+or a bunch of villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bunch of villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bunch of villages
+and has become you know a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has become you know a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has become you know a very important
+international player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international player
+so that's a list of economies now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a list of economies now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a list of economies now what
+do we mean by an economy when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by an economy when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we mean by an economy when we
+model them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model them
+there is a systematic way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a systematic way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a systematic way to do this
+that you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will learn
+and that is when we write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when we write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when we write down an
+economy we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we mean
+to specify the commodity space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the commodity space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify the commodity space and
+within the commodity space we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the commodity space we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the commodity space we'll talk
+about the preferences of agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the preferences of agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the preferences of agents
+their endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their endowments
+and the technology available to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technology available to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technology available to them
+so one way to remember this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to remember this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to remember this is like a
+pet economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet economy
+which is not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the most
+favorable way of thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable way of thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable way of thinking about it
+but it had as in preferences endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had as in preferences endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had as in preferences endowments
+and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology
+and it is possible when you're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is possible when you're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is possible when you're learning
+the tools of how to do the analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools of how to do the analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools of how to do the analysis to
+get so lost in the notation that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so lost in the notation that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so lost in the notation that you'll
+forget about the applications so i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the applications so i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the applications so i want
+to keep coming back even on the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep coming back even on the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep coming back even on the early
+building block lectures to the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block lectures to the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block lectures to the idea that
+we have a common way of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a common way of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a common way of constructing
+economies that will allow us to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that will allow us to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies that will allow us to consider
+dynamics allow us to consider geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics allow us to consider geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics allow us to consider geography
+and allow us to deal with risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to deal with risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow us to deal with risk and
+uncertainty as in states of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i want to be more specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to be more specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to be more specific about
+what we're going to be doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing in the
+class and i'm going to do this in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i'm going to do this in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and i'm going to do this in two
+ways the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the first
+is to go through the main headers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go through the main headers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go through the main headers so
+you'll see the content and the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the content and the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the content and the topics
+and a bit of the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bit of the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bit of the methods
+and then i'm going to come back and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to come back and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to come back and kind
+of selectively look at the smaller print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selectively look at the smaller print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selectively look at the smaller print
+and make some auxiliary points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make some auxiliary points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make some auxiliary points
+well today is lecture one we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today is lecture one we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today is lecture one we're talking
+about economic science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about economic science
+then starting thursday we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then starting thursday we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then starting thursday we're going to
+focus on the building blocks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the building blocks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the building blocks for
+constructing economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing economies
+as i said preference endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said preference endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said preference endowments and
+technology and we're going to try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and we're going to try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and we're going to try to use
+that material right away so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material right away so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material right away so we'll be
+engaged in conducting some partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in conducting some partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in conducting some partial
+equilibrium applications and experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium applications and experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium applications and experiments
+so the building blocks are consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the building blocks are consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the building blocks are consumer
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+consumer behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer behavior
+and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production
+this is the traditional way to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the traditional way to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the traditional way to teach
+micro but it tends to consume much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro but it tends to consume much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro but it tends to consume much more
+of the course than we will i want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course than we will i want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course than we will i want to get
+the basics down and build on the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics down and build on the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basics down and build on the basics
+as i have been saying but here you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i have been saying but here you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i have been saying but here you may
+lose track of the fact that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of the fact that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose track of the fact that we're doing
+these building blocks which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these building blocks which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these building blocks which we're
+subsequently going to use when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently going to use when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently going to use when we're
+constructing economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing economies
+the next section lectures five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section lectures five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next section lectures five and six
+talk about decision making under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about decision making under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about decision making under
+uncertainty focusing on risk and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty focusing on risk and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty focusing on risk and on
+linear programs and dynamic programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs and dynamic programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs and dynamic programs and
+i'll come back to that momentarily then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll come back to that momentarily then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll come back to that momentarily then
+lectures seven through nine we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures seven through nine we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures seven through nine we finally
+get to entire economies will develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to entire economies will develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to entire economies will develop a
+concept of welfare called pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of welfare called pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of welfare called pareto
+optimality and will right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality and will right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality and will right away
+move toward applications risk sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move toward applications risk sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move toward applications risk sharing
+and dynamics in village economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dynamics in village economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dynamics in village economies
+including social networks supply chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including social networks supply chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including social networks supply chains
+impact of health shocks and here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of health shocks and here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of health shocks and here right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+we'll get into the impact of covid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the impact of covid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the impact of covid as a
+function of whether or not there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of whether or not there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of whether or not there are
+these insurance networks and we'll merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insurance networks and we'll merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these insurance networks and we'll merge
+this with supply chains and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with supply chains and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with supply chains and production
+uh as in lecture nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as in lecture nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as in lecture nine
+uh lecture ten is about financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture ten is about financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture ten is about financial
+accounts and management so it will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and management so it will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and management so it will talk
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh
+income statements and balance sheets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statements and balance sheets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statements and balance sheets and
+household financial statements generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household financial statements generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household financial statements generally
+and then also talk about cash management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also talk about cash management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also talk about cash management
+which brings us to bitcoin i promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to bitcoin i promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to bitcoin i promise
+bitcoin and distributed ledgers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and distributed ledgers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and distributed ledgers
+ledgers means accounts so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers means accounts so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers means accounts so this is the
+natural way to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to start talking about
+bitcoin and ledgers and management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and ledgers and management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin and ledgers and management
+uh lectures 11 through 12 start to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lectures 11 through 12 start to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lectures 11 through 12 start to bring
+in obstacles to trade particular private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in obstacles to trade particular private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in obstacles to trade particular private
+information where we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information where we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information where we need to think about
+contracts and mechanism design so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and mechanism design so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts and mechanism design so we'll
+do this in theory and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in theory and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in theory and we'll
+in an application right away and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an application right away and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an application right away and do
+we'll actually do several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually do several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually do several
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+lectures 13 through 15 these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 13 through 15 these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures 13 through 15 these three
+lectures are going to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are going to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are going to deal with the
+definition of a competitive equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a competitive equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a competitive equilibrium
+or voldrazian equilibrium in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or voldrazian equilibrium in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or voldrazian equilibrium in the general
+equilibrium setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium setting
+and we're going to use it for prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use it for prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use it for prediction
+namely what is the impact of trade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what is the impact of trade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what is the impact of trade or
+tariffs uh what is the impact of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs uh what is the impact of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tariffs uh what is the impact of not
+only real but also financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real but also financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real but also financial
+liberalization and repression we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalization and repression we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberalization and repression we'll do
+that in thailand and we'll do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in thailand and we'll do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in thailand and we'll do it in the
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then lectures 16 and 17 deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lectures 16 and 17 deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lectures 16 and 17 deal with
+whether or not competitive equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not competitive equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not competitive equilibria
+are pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pareto optimal
+and with issues of existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with issues of existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with issues of existence of
+competitive equilibria and nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria and nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria and nash
+equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria
+these two lectures 18 and 19 are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lectures 18 and 19 are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lectures 18 and 19 are a
+juxtaposition of the micro and the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposition of the micro and the macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtaposition of the micro and the macro
+the macro being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro being
+dealing with aggregates from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with aggregates from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with aggregates from the top
+imposing the structure basically from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing the structure basically from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing the structure basically from
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+versus juxtaposed with the micro and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus juxtaposed with the micro and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus juxtaposed with the micro and the
+data where we can talk about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where we can talk about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where we can talk about whether
+anything can be really identified talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be really identified talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be really identified talk
+about identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identifying
+identification and falsification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and falsification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and falsification
+the last two lectures focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two lectures focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two lectures focus on the
+failure of the two welfare theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the two welfare theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the two welfare theorems
+which have to do with whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to do with whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to do with whether
+competitive equilibria are optimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria are optimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibria are optimal and
+whether optimal allocations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether optimal allocations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether optimal allocations can be
+supported as competitive equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported as competitive equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported as competitive equilibria
+those two theorems can fail but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two theorems can fail but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two theorems can fail but there
+are interesting consequences of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting consequences of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting consequences of that
+namely in those economies we have valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely in those economies we have valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely in those economies we have valued
+intrinsically worthless but valued money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically worthless but valued money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically worthless but valued money
+we can talk about the value of bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about the value of bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about the value of bitcoin
+for example and other cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and other cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example and other cryptocurrencies
+and we can talk about monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about monetary policy
+and indeed we can focus on bubbles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed we can focus on bubbles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed we can focus on bubbles and
+not whether bubbles are bad necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not whether bubbles are bad necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not whether bubbles are bad necessarily
+but whether ironically whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether ironically whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whether ironically whether they're
+big enough so those are the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough so those are the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough so those are the broad
+headers i'm quite excited about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers i'm quite excited about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headers i'm quite excited about the
+class and teaching the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and teaching the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and teaching the class and
+interacting with you hopefully going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with you hopefully going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with you hopefully going
+through that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that you can see
+how much material we will cover and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much material we will cover and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much material we will cover and the
+importance of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the material
+but let me come back a minute without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me come back a minute without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me come back a minute without
+going into the details of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the details of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the details of everything
+here to let you in on a secret of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to let you in on a secret of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to let you in on a secret of the
+strategy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so
+when we get for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get for example
+right away on thursday to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away on thursday to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away on thursday to consumer
+choice we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we'll be talking about
+consumption sets and rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption sets and rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption sets and rational
+preferences and utility functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and utility functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and utility functions and
+properties of various things which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of various things which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of various things which is
+extremely important but we jump into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important but we jump into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important but we jump into an
+application even in that lecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application even in that lecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application even in that lecture which
+is utility maximization subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utility maximization subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utility maximization subject to
+budget constraints and in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraints and in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraints and in order to do
+those things we need our first major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things we need our first major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things we need our first major
+method so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so we're going to talk about
+constrained optimization and the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization and the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization and the use of
+lagrangian programs so the not so secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian programs so the not so secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian programs so the not so secret
+secret is is going to be that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret is is going to be that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret is is going to be that we're
+training hopefully learning the methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training hopefully learning the methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training hopefully learning the methods
+of analysis as these theories and topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis as these theories and topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis as these theories and topics
+come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+usually in every lecture or almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in every lecture or almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in every lecture or almost every
+lecture there's something about a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there's something about a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there's something about a method
+that will be very powerful that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be very powerful that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be very powerful that i want
+you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn
+and we will take the time to go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will take the time to go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will take the time to go over it
+consumer behavior just lecture three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer behavior just lecture three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer behavior just lecture three is
+an elaboration on the application which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaboration on the application which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaboration on the application which
+is what happens and how the consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens and how the consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens and how the consumers
+behave when prices are moving and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave when prices are moving and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave when prices are moving and their
+incomes are moving about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are moving about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are moving about
+so there's some abstract stuff you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some abstract stuff you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some abstract stuff you may
+have seen before about normal goods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before about normal goods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before about normal goods and
+gifting goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifting goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifting goods
+instead of just memorizing that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just memorizing that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just memorizing that stuff
+we're going to go to an actual economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go to an actual economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go to an actual economy
+which is china where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is china where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is china where
+the authors actually did one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors actually did one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors actually did one of our
+randomized controlled trial experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized controlled trial experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized controlled trial experiments
+and varied prices and looked at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and varied prices and looked at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and varied prices and looked at whether
+or not demand actually went the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not demand actually went the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not demand actually went the wrong
+way demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way demand
+went up when prices go up and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up when prices go up and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up when prices go up and then we'll
+learn some more tools we'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some more tools we'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some more tools we'll make this
+distinction between compensated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between compensated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between compensated and
+uncompensated demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated demands
+duality slutsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality slutsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality slutsky
+doesn't mean anything now probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything now probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean anything now probably
+uh but again we're building towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but again we're building towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but again we're building towards
+statements of if you had data could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of if you had data could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements of if you had data could you
+use data to accept or reject a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data to accept or reject a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use data to accept or reject a model
+so the mapping from the theory to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mapping from the theory to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mapping from the theory to the
+data as lucas would have put it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as lucas would have put it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as lucas would have put it is
+happening with the ingredients at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the ingredients at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening with the ingredients at the
+the end of lecture three lecture four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture three lecture four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture three lecture four is
+on production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on production
+that's the second building block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second building block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second building block and
+there we do production functions inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we do production functions inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we do production functions inputs
+and outputs return to scale but again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs return to scale but again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outputs return to scale but again we
+jump to an application which is profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to an application which is profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to an application which is profit
+maximization which is the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization which is the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization which is the analog
+firms maximize profits given prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms maximize profits given prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms maximize profits given prices
+consumers maximize utility subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers maximize utility subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers maximize utility subject to
+prices and income so we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and income so we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and income so we'll go through
+that and derive some properties and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and derive some properties and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and derive some properties and then
+up pops another method namely we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pops another method namely we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pops another method namely we need
+something called the envelope theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the envelope theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the envelope theorem so
+when we get there we can go over what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get there we can go over what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get there we can go over what
+that means and then we jump back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and then we jump back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and then we jump back at the
+end of this lecture to some fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture to some fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture to some fake
+economies robinson crusoe economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies robinson crusoe economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies robinson crusoe economy
+is one you know the economist all-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one you know the economist all-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one you know the economist all-time
+favorite an island populated by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite an island populated by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite an island populated by one
+person essentially but that immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person essentially but that immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person essentially but that immediately
+leads to international trade two country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to international trade two country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to international trade two country
+examples and i'll show you some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and i'll show you some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and i'll show you some work
+that leonteef did on input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leonteef did on input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leonteef did on input output
+matrices that is actually relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that is actually relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that is actually relevant for
+studying for understanding google search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying for understanding google search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying for understanding google search
+algorithms and for studying the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and for studying the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and for studying the great
+east japan earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east japan earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east japan earthquake
+and on this topic of decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this topic of decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this topic of decision making
+under uncertainty we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty we will talk about
+risk and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and uh
+measures of willingness to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of willingness to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of willingness to get out of
+risk if you had the option to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if you had the option to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if you had the option to buy
+insurance so we will go through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so we will go through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance so we will go through some
+important concepts but then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts but then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts but then we will
+immediately apply it to this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately apply it to this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately apply it to this to the
+medieval village economy that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval village economy that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval village economy that i've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+referred you to including land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred you to including land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred you to including land
+fragmentation and then for methods we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation and then for methods we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation and then for methods we'll
+be focusing on linear programs and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on linear programs and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on linear programs and that
+carries over not just to this topic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over not just to this topic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries over not just to this topic but
+we will use linear programs frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use linear programs frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use linear programs frequently
+from this point on through many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point on through many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point on through many of the
+other subsequent lectures and coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subsequent lectures and coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subsequent lectures and coupled
+with linear programs are dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear programs are dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear programs are dynamic
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+where things are happening over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are happening over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things are happening over time and
+the application there is going to be why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application there is going to be why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application there is going to be why
+were these medieval villages starving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these medieval villages starving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these medieval villages starving to
+death every 12 years even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death every 12 years even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death every 12 years even though in
+principle they could be storing grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they could be storing grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they could be storing grain
+they didn't do it much and the method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do it much and the method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't do it much and the method is
+going to be dynamic programming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dynamic programming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dynamic programming and
+value functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value functions
+we get to pareto optimality of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to pareto optimality of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to pareto optimality of course
+we'll define what it means we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define what it means we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define what it means we'll talk
+about the pareto frontier we'll have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pareto frontier we'll have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pareto frontier we'll have our
+almost first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost first
+genuinely spelled out economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely spelled out economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuinely spelled out economy and
+edgeworth box economy in the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edgeworth box economy in the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edgeworth box economy in the abstract
+i'll show you a way to determine the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a way to determine the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you a way to determine the set
+of efficient pareto optimal allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficient pareto optimal allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficient pareto optimal allocations
+for any given economy uh and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given economy uh and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given economy uh and uh and then
+we have another tool separating hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another tool separating hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another tool separating hyper
+planes and i'll define it and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and i'll define it and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and i'll define it and show you
+some pictures and then we go right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures and then we go right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures and then we go right away
+to an example which has to do with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an example which has to do with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an example which has to do with how
+would you know whether an economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know whether an economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know whether an economy is
+really efficiently allocating risk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really efficiently allocating risk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really efficiently allocating risk or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+in fact the next two lectures do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the next two lectures do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the next two lectures do that in
+much greater detail going to village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater detail going to village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater detail going to village
+india which i mentioned was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india which i mentioned was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india which i mentioned was one of the
+economies we were going to study looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we were going to study looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies we were going to study looking
+at relationship between consumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relationship between consumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relationship between consumption and
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+and then go back to the medieval village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to the medieval village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go back to the medieval village
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+and try to understand whether the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand whether the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand whether the way
+they were dividing up land into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were dividing up land into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were dividing up land into those
+narrow strips would or would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow strips would or would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow strips would or would not be
+consistent with an optimal allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with an optimal allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with an optimal allocation of
+risk bearing it and under what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing it and under what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk bearing it and under what
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+and then we throw production in there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we throw production in there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we throw production in there as
+well so now we have risk consumers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now we have risk consumers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now we have risk consumers and
+production we'll talk about risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we'll talk about risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we'll talk about risk and
+return and risk premia whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and risk premia whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and risk premia whether they
+share idiosyncratic household specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share idiosyncratic household specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share idiosyncratic household specific
+shocks what to do about common macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks what to do about common macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks what to do about common macro
+aggregate shocks and uh and this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate shocks and uh and this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate shocks and uh and this part of
+the lecture ends with the role of gifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture ends with the role of gifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture ends with the role of gifts
+the role of social networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of social networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of social networks
+and the transmission of shocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission of shocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transmission of shocks and
+villages the transmission of shocks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages the transmission of shocks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages the transmission of shocks is
+actually a health shock it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a health shock it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a health shock it wasn't a
+covet shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covet shock
+but it does give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give us
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+way of thinking about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about the impact of
+covid in terms of impacting a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid in terms of impacting a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid in terms of impacting a household
+and whether or not they have formal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not they have formal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not they have formal or
+informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal
+coverage of uh to cover that bad shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of uh to cover that bad shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of uh to cover that bad shock
+and if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't
+how the impact can spread around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the impact can spread around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the impact can spread around to
+other people that they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that they've been
+interacting with and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with and i don't
+mean the spread of the virus i mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the spread of the virus i mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the spread of the virus i mean the
+economic adverse outcomes that propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic adverse outcomes that propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic adverse outcomes that propagate
+what the way the virus propagates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the way the virus propagates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the way the virus propagates but
+through economic mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through economic mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through economic mechanisms
+when we get to household financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to household financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to household financial
+accounts i mentioned this already about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts i mentioned this already about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts i mentioned this already about
+five minutes ago we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes ago we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes ago we'll talk about
+ledgers and management we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers and management we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers and management we'll talk about
+household financial accounts because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household financial accounts because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household financial accounts because we
+need them to understand ledgers with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them to understand ledgers with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them to understand ledgers with the
+income and the balance sheet we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and the balance sheet we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and the balance sheet we can talk
+about life cycle management and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle management and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life cycle management and i'll
+show you a wealth planner a life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a wealth planner a life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a wealth planner a life cycle
+wealth planner that we implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth planner that we implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth planner that we implemented in
+thai villages and show you an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai villages and show you an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai villages and show you an analog
+wealth planner for the us then we merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth planner for the us then we merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth planner for the us then we merge
+to bitcoin for which you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bitcoin for which you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bitcoin for which you need to
+understand the statement of cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the statement of cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the statement of cash flow
+and the relationship between the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relationship between the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relationship between the flow
+and the stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stocks
+as in the balance sheet and the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the balance sheet and the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the balance sheet and the cash
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+which will take us to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take us to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take us to thinking about
+alternative economies for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative economies for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative economies for example
+thailand again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand again
+which is still using paper currency all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still using paper currency all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still using paper currency all
+over the place we'll talk about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place we'll talk about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place we'll talk about whether
+that's efficient or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's efficient or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's efficient or not
+to sweden which has virtually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweden which has virtually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweden which has virtually no
+currency left it's a virtually cashless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency left it's a virtually cashless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency left it's a virtually cashless
+economy now they're worried about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy now they're worried about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy now they're worried about that
+thinking about instead of fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about instead of fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about instead of fighting
+bitcoin they're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin they're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin they're thinking about
+introducing a central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a central bank digital
+currency can talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency can talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency can talk about that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+kenya is a poor developing country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya is a poor developing country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenya is a poor developing country in
+between where they have both kenyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where they have both kenyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where they have both kenyan
+shillings which is fiat money as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shillings which is fiat money as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shillings which is fiat money as well as
+an electronic money uh in pesa which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic money uh in pesa which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic money uh in pesa which is
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claims on your cell phone basically cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on your cell phone basically cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on your cell phone basically cell
+phone accounts cell phone credits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone accounts cell phone credits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone accounts cell phone credits and
+we'll talk about some of the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some of the issues that
+come up with distributed ledgers in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with distributed ledgers in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with distributed ledgers in in
+in all those three contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those three contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all those three contexts
+thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand
+sweden and kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden and kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden and kenya
+we'll get to contracts next which has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to contracts next which has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to contracts next which has to
+do with private information in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with private information in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with private information in terms of
+methods i'll share with you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods i'll share with you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods i'll share with you something
+called the revelation principle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the revelation principle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the revelation principle which
+allows us to append some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to append some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to append some extra
+constraints onto things that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints onto things that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints onto things that we did
+previously and continue to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and continue to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and continue to use the same
+methods here we'll need some lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods here we'll need some lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods here we'll need some lotteries
+to get the commodity space to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the commodity space to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the commodity space to be
+tractable and in this lecture we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and in this lecture we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractable and in this lecture we'll go
+to those harvard business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those harvard business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those harvard business school
+professors and talk about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and talk about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and talk about smart
+contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means
+how to implement solutions to mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement solutions to mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to implement solutions to mechanism
+design problems this part again is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problems this part again is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problems this part again is now
+now when you understand contracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you understand contracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you understand contracts the
+language of smart contracts will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of smart contracts will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of smart contracts will make
+more sense we'll do both together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense we'll do both together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense we'll do both together and
+then we'll have applications studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have applications studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll have applications studying
+contracts in practice for a small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts in practice for a small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts in practice for a small and
+medium enterprise in thailand in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enterprise in thailand in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enterprise in thailand in this
+case again one of these papers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again one of these papers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again one of these papers where
+lectures where we combine the theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures where we combine the theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures where we combine the theory and
+the data together to make inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data together to make inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data together to make inferences
+about what the obstacles to trade are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the obstacles to trade are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the obstacles to trade are
+so then we get to the balrasian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get to the balrasian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we get to the balrasian
+equilibrium competitive equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium competitive equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium competitive equilibrium
+we'll define it and we'll immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define it and we'll immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define it and we'll immediately
+apply it to the concept of trade across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the concept of trade across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the concept of trade across
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+the gains from trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains from trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains from trade
+or actually who loses not just who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually who loses not just who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually who loses not just who wins
+from trade and some well-known theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trade and some well-known theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from trade and some well-known theorems
+about that about the effect of trade on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that about the effect of trade on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that about the effect of trade on
+wages and input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages and input prices
+with that theory in hand we'll go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that theory in hand we'll go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that theory in hand we'll go to two
+different economies we'll go to thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies we'll go to thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies we'll go to thailand
+and talk about villages as small open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about villages as small open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about villages as small open
+economies what's been the impact on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies what's been the impact on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies what's been the impact on them
+of increasing trade within the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing trade within the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of increasing trade within the economy
+the impact on them in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on them in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact on them in terms of the
+opening up of the financial system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up of the financial system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up of the financial system so
+that money is flowing more easily which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money is flowing more easily which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money is flowing more easily which
+is the flip side of tariffs and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flip side of tariffs and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flip side of tariffs and there
+are losers to liberalization just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are losers to liberalization just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are losers to liberalization just like
+there are losers to trade so the thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are losers to trade so the thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are losers to trade so the thrust
+of all of this is try to use the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is try to use the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is try to use the model
+with the data to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data to identify
+who wins and who loses from trade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wins and who loses from trade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wins and who loses from trade and
+then obviously will be set up to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously will be set up to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then obviously will be set up to talk
+about the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the us
+in terms of the thing now called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the thing now called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the thing now called the
+china shock which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china shock which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china shock which is the
+rise of china the rise of china exports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of china the rise of china exports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of china the rise of china exports
+into europe and into the us and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into europe and into the us and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into europe and into the us and the
+impact that that has had on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that that has had on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that that has had on various
+states that used to produce goods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that used to produce goods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that used to produce goods which
+are now not so competitive with chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now not so competitive with chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now not so competitive with chinese
+imports regardless of your view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports regardless of your view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imports regardless of your view
+uh you can see the importance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see the importance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see the importance here
+because what's going on in the u.s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's going on in the u.s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's going on in the u.s and
+these policy measures that are adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policy measures that are adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these policy measures that are adopted
+having to do with trade and which used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with trade and which used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with trade and which used
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+nafta and so on and now it's pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nafta and so on and now it's pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nafta and so on and now it's pulling out
+of the asia-pacific agreement and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the asia-pacific agreement and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the asia-pacific agreement and having
+this contest with china so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contest with china so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this contest with china so we want to
+look at those issues not from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those issues not from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those issues not from a
+political standpoint but from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political standpoint but from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political standpoint but from an
+economic standpoint to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic standpoint to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic standpoint to understand what
+we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the
+beneficiaries and the losers and ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries and the losers and ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries and the losers and ideally
+try to quantify that this section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to quantify that this section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to quantify that this section is
+also about the data available to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about the data available to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about the data available to do the
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+sometimes we have far less data than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have far less data than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we have far less data than we
+wish that we did and in particular i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that we did and in particular i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that we did and in particular i
+have a section which i have to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a section which i have to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a section which i have to update
+periodically on what is the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically on what is the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically on what is the impact of
+kogit 19 on the u.s economy and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kogit 19 on the u.s economy and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kogit 19 on the u.s economy and again
+we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back to
+what's the impact on income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the impact on income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the impact on income
+looking at income levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at income levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at income levels and
+ethnicity and so on but also what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and so on but also what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and so on but also what's the
+impact on the balance sheet and on debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the balance sheet and on debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the balance sheet and on debt
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+can we know some things but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we know some things but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we know some things but you will
+discover that the integrated data is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the integrated data is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the integrated data is not
+available in the us so they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the us so they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in the us so they're actually
+surprising things we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising things we don't know
+likewise all this discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise all this discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise all this discussion about
+inequality how much wealth the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality how much wealth the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality how much wealth the top one
+percent own that's much less securely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent own that's much less securely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent own that's much less securely
+measured than you might imagine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured than you might imagine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured than you might imagine and
+we'll go into the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into the reasons why
+and we have optimality of competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have optimality of competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have optimality of competitive
+equilibria and existence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and existence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and existence we have
+theorems existence of competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems existence of competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems existence of competitive
+equilibria existence of nash equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria existence of nash equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria existence of nash equilibria
+for the nash equilibria will go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nash equilibria will go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nash equilibria will go to a
+model of u.s financial markets and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of u.s financial markets and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of u.s financial markets and try
+to analyze why we see trade fails where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze why we see trade fails where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze why we see trade fails where
+those repo contracts fail and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those repo contracts fail and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those repo contracts fail and whether
+penalties could or should have been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties could or should have been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties could or should have been in
+place to prevent those failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to prevent those failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to prevent those failures
+i think i said enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i said enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i said enough about
+aggregation and identification already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation and identification already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation and identification already
+when i went through this the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i went through this the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i went through this the first time
+and we end with when the welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end with when the welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end with when the welfare
+theorems fail but not stopping there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems fail but not stopping there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems fail but not stopping there
+will the analogy with pollution uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the analogy with pollution uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the analogy with pollution uh is to
+fix it by having selling rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it by having selling rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it by having selling rights to
+pollute we'll talk about how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute we'll talk about how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollute we'll talk about how to handle
+externalities much more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities much more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities much more generally
+we'll talk about failures of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about failures of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about failures of the first
+welfare theorem when there's dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem when there's dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare theorem when there's dynamics
+and an infinite amount of wealth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an infinite amount of wealth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an infinite amount of wealth and
+likewise when it fails we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise when it fails we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise when it fails we'll see the
+emergence of money both fiat money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of money both fiat money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of money both fiat money and
+bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin
+you know one word about bitcoin when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one word about bitcoin when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one word about bitcoin when the
+former head of the new york fed referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former head of the new york fed referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former head of the new york fed referred
+to bitcoin as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bitcoin as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bitcoin as the
+adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary
+uh he was saying something about there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was saying something about there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was saying something about there's
+nothing fundamental pinning down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fundamental pinning down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing fundamental pinning down the
+value of bitcoin well if you're central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of bitcoin well if you're central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of bitcoin well if you're central
+banker don't throw stones when you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banker don't throw stones when you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banker don't throw stones when you live
+in glass houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glass houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glass houses
+because there's absolutely nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's absolutely nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's absolutely nothing
+fundamental pinning down the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pinning down the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pinning down the value of
+the us dollar either and and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar either and and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us dollar either and and the same
+model will make clear that statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model will make clear that statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model will make clear that statement and
+hence why it's possible bitcoin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence why it's possible bitcoin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence why it's possible bitcoin is
+volatile and danger again for fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and danger again for fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and danger again for fiat
+monies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monies
+and and remedies having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remedies having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remedies having to do with
+monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+the course moves you know systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course moves you know systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course moves you know systematically
+so try to keep up but thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XUB7FcjaLRI.txt b/XUB7FcjaLRI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a732fcdb7bc9aa77452190e906316f4a3d496575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XUB7FcjaLRI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we start on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we start on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so we start on this
+review session and I'm figuring that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review session and I'm figuring that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review session and I'm figuring that the
+main topic would be finite elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic would be finite elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main topic would be finite elements
+because the last review session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the last review session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the last review session
+focused on the trust problems uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the trust problems uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the trust problems uh one
+note um about codes so probably you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um about codes so probably you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um about codes so probably you've
+looked at the uh csse page where uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the uh csse page where uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the uh csse page where uh some
+codes that we had earlier uh are put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes that we had earlier uh are put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes that we had earlier uh are put
+there section by section uh now people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there section by section uh now people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there section by section uh now people
+are contributing a trust code so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributing a trust code so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contributing a trust code so I don't
+see any reason why that shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any reason why that shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any reason why that shouldn't
+eventually go onto the csse page if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually go onto the csse page if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually go onto the csse page if you
+have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other
+codes like finite element codes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes like finite element codes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes like finite element codes for
+specific problems uh think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problems uh think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problems uh think about you
+know if you get them with some comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get them with some comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you get them with some comments
+if they're appropriate to go on the csse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're appropriate to go on the csse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're appropriate to go on the csse
+page that's certainly a possibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that's certainly a possibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that's certainly a possibility and
+the homework solutions which are now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework solutions which are now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework solutions which are now on
+the 08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 08
+18086 18085 page will uh migrate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 18085 page will uh migrate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18086 18085 page will uh migrate to the
+csse page for their permanent status so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csse page for their permanent status so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csse page for their permanent status so
+that just to say this is a page that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to say this is a page that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to say this is a page that's
+growing and uh any help is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and uh any help is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and uh any help is very very
+welcome uh so I'm ready for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome uh so I'm ready for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome uh so I'm ready for questions
+about finite elements maybe specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite elements maybe specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite elements maybe specifically
+or other things too um thanks and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things too um thanks and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things too um thanks and then
+yeah lots lots to say about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots lots to say about finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lots lots to say about finite
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is finite elements for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is finite elements for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is finite elements for heat
+transfer okay which course was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right free or fixed boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right free or fixed boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right free or fixed boundary
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uhuh I see so the question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhuh I see so the question is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhuh I see so the question is how do we
+how do we handle boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we handle boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we handle boundary conditions
+which are not something equals zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not something equals zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not something equals zero but
+something equals a constant or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals a constant or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals a constant or something
+is given right good point and and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given right good point and and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given right good point and and uh um
+so somehow when we're given numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow when we're given numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow when we're given numbers
+they're they're going to input source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're going to input source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're going to input source
+source terms they're going to show up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source terms they're going to show up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source terms they're going to show up on
+the right hand side right eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side right eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side right eventually
+they'll be part of the right side Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be part of the right side Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be part of the right side Vector
+F in in some appropriate way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in in some appropriate way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in in some appropriate way so that
+will be solving kuu equal F where U will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be solving kuu equal F where U will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be solving kuu equal F where U will
+represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the
+unknowns uh the unknown uh displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh the unknown uh displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh the unknown uh displacements
+whatever they are in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are in the in the in the
+uh problem uh so let's see what do I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem uh so let's see what do I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problem uh so let's see what do I say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+forming the getting things correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the getting things correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the getting things correctly
+onto the rightand side so maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the rightand side so maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the rightand side so maybe my
+general thought would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thought would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general thought would be uh
+so we create a matrix that I might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we create a matrix that I might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we create a matrix that I might call
+k0 that that's a matrix where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 that that's a matrix where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 that that's a matrix where we have
+not knocked out any rows or columns it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knocked out any rows or columns it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knocked out any rows or columns it's
+probably almost surely singular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably almost surely singular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably almost surely singular it's
+it's got It's got all all uh uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's got all all uh uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got It's got all all uh uh all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+unknowns even those that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns even those that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns even those that are not
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+uh in in uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in uh it
+associated with The Columns of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with The Columns of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with The Columns of that
+Matrix so we start with that start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we start with that start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we start with that start with
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+now suppose let's take things in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose let's take things in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose let's take things in order
+then suppose we F suppose U7 is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose we F suppose U7 is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose we F suppose U7 is set to
+zero so what will that do to our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what will that do to our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what will that do to our Matrix
+K how do we how do we having created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K how do we how do we having created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K how do we how do we having created
+this Matrix K let's suppose we've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix K let's suppose we've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix K let's suppose we've got it
+how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+include in it the boundary condition U7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in it the boundary condition U7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in it the boundary condition U7
+equals 0 okay well that column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 okay well that column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 okay well that column of the
+Matrix the column number seven I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the column number seven I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the column number seven I guess
+or the the column corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the column corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the column corresponding to that
+unknown is going to go is that right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is going to go is that right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is going to go is that right yes
+uh that's what we've done we've struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what we've done we've struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's what we've done we've struck
+out a column and we should also I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a column and we should also I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a column and we should also I guess
+strike out a row we we would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike out a row we we would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike out a row we we would really like
+to end up with symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with symmetric
+and normally positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normally positive definite
+matrices uh so so this would be a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh so so this would be a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh so so this would be a column
+row I'm I'm speaking roughly because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'm I'm speaking roughly because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'm I'm speaking roughly because I
+didn't have advanced preparation on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have advanced preparation on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have advanced preparation on this
+question so so column row uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so column row uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so column row uh
+removed okay now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed okay now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed okay now suppose
+U7 is uh some has some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 is uh some has some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 is uh some has some value
+a how do we account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we do U7 isn't still unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do U7 isn't still unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do U7 isn't still unknown
+so we don't want we want to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want we want to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want we want to get that
+column out of our Matrix but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column out of our Matrix but something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column out of our Matrix but something
+has to happen to account for the a so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen to account for the a so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen to account for the a so so
+what is that uh so my picture is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that uh so my picture is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that uh so my picture is that in
+my original K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original K
+not which had my original K not and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not which had my original K not and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not which had my original K not and then
+all the U's equal all the fs uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the U's equal all the fs uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the U's equal all the fs uh so this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+had this had uh column for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this had uh column for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this had uh column for everybody
+including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh
+U7 so there was the other U's including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 so there was the other U's including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 so there was the other U's including
+U7 and these FS maybe came from uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 and these FS maybe came from uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U7 and these FS maybe came from uh uh
+body uh forces inter stuff inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh forces inter stuff inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body uh forces inter stuff inside the
+interval now here comes probably perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now here comes probably perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now here comes probably perhaps
+a boundary condition well I wrote it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition well I wrote it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition well I wrote it in
+the middle anyway but so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle anyway but so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle anyway but so what happens
+when I set U7 to a so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I set U7 to a so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I set U7 to a so I think that
+becomes I strike out that unknown strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I strike out that unknown strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes I strike out that unknown strike
+out that column strike out that row I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that column strike out that row I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that column strike out that row I
+think but what should happen somehow how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but what should happen somehow how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but what should happen somehow how
+does the a come in well that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the a come in well that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the a come in well that a
+multiplied that column right that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that column right that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that column right that a
+multipli this equation expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipli this equation expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipli this equation expressed
+equilibrium those equations were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium those equations were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium those equations were all
+valid uh it's just that we didn't as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid uh it's just that we didn't as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid uh it's just that we didn't as you
+could say we haven't imposed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say we haven't imposed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say we haven't imposed the
+boundary conditions yet now when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yet now when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yet now when we do
+so that a multiplies that column so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a multiplies that column so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a multiplies that column so what
+what happens now what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now what do you think
+should I do it seems to me that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it seems to me that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do it seems to me that I should
+bring a times that column over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a times that column over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a times that column over to the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+side with a minus of course because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with a minus of course because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with a minus of course because I
+put it on the other side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the other side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the other side of the equation
+so I would think i' do this a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would think i' do this a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would think i' do this a times
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+7 I think I I think that that would seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 I think I I think that that would seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 I think I I think that that would seem
+right now you're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're going to ask
+about and you unfortunately did ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you unfortunately did ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you unfortunately did ask
+about a free condition say U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime so what what am I I better think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what what am I I better think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what what am I I better think
+here what's what's cooking now so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's what's cooking now so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's what's cooking now so I
+could have it's I could prescribe U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it's I could prescribe U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it's I could prescribe U
+Prime let me say 1 equals z let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime let me say 1 equals z let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime let me say 1 equals z let's just
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+that uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what
+does what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+there so let's see well U Prime now so U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's see well U Prime now so U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's see well U Prime now so U
+Prime was not one of our U so this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime was not one of our U so this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime was not one of our U so this isn't
+just simply okay assign a value zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply okay assign a value zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply okay assign a value zero or
+a to a u u Prime being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to a u u Prime being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to a u u Prime being
+zero well that so that came in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that so that came in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that so that came in as a
+natural boundary condition right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural boundary condition right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural boundary condition right so if I
+remember my own lectures so that U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my own lectures so that U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my own lectures so that U Prime
+equals z came in as a natural boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z came in as a natural boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z came in as a natural boundary
+condition and what did that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what did that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what did that mean that
+meant that I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that I didn't have
+to I didn't have to I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I didn't have to I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I didn't have to I don't have to
+impose it the finite element method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it the finite element method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose it the finite element method
+should deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should deal with
+that that this is a this is really our W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is a this is really our W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this is a this is really our W
+our our dual unknown W it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our dual unknown W it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our dual unknown W it's it's it's
+better to think about as W maybe cuu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to think about as W maybe cuu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to think about as W maybe cuu
+Prime is what what it is but it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is what what it is but it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is what what it is but it's good
+to think of it as W okay so I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as W okay so I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as W okay so I think of
+that as something we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as something we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as something we don't have to
+impose in other words the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose in other words the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose in other words the way I'm
+thinking now I don't have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now I don't have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now I don't have to think about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there was a you know there's I've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a you know there's I've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a you know there's I've got uh
+trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+functions that whose combinations will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that whose combinations will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that whose combinations will
+get me close to the correct answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me close to the correct answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me close to the correct answer and
+uh it they will n the the equations will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it they will n the the equations will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it they will n the the equations will
+naturally uh do that okay now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh do that okay now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh do that okay now you're
+asking this serious question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking this serious question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking this serious question what
+if finally what about W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if finally what about W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if finally what about W equal
+a what about that how do how how or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what about that how do how how or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what about that how do how how or B
+let me make it something different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make it something different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make it something different okay
+suppose I have the now I okay let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have the now I okay let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have the now I okay let let me
+say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off that I don't without having prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that I don't without having prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that I don't without having prepared
+a good answer to this question I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer to this question I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer to this question I'm not
+going to do it as well as I should so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it as well as I should so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it as well as I should so
+maybe what I my real answer should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what I my real answer should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what I my real answer should be
+let me think through the best answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think through the best answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think through the best answer and
+and do it another time what what it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it another time what what it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it another time what what it it's
+going to contribute some term some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute some term some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute some term some some
+new term as well as the as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term as well as the as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term as well as the as the
+uh you know in when we integrated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in when we integrated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in when we integrated by
+parts right to get to the weak form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right to get to the weak form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts right to get to the weak form this
+guy has showed up and up to now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has showed up and up to now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has showed up and up to now we've
+just assumed that b was Zero when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that b was Zero when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that b was Zero when we
+didn't worry but somewhere in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't worry but somewhere in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't worry but somewhere in that
+integration by parts a term is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts a term is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts a term is going to
+appear that I have to that I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear that I have to that I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear that I have to that I can't just
+throw away yeah so let me think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away yeah so let me think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away yeah so let me think about
+that more properly I mean that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more properly I mean that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more properly I mean that's a very
+good question and and and the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and and and the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and and and the lectures
+didn't uh allow for that yeah okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh allow for that yeah okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh allow for that yeah okay okay
+if I can put that one off and and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can put that one off and and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can put that one off and and give
+you a good answer because it deserves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good answer because it deserves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good answer because it deserves it
+okay other questions other discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions other discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions other discussion
+yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+a a silly question good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay compare finite elements with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay compare finite elements with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay compare finite elements with finite
+differences okay yeah that's a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay yeah that's a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay yeah that's a well
+that's not a silly question that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a silly question that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a silly question that's a
+yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so so finite differences is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so finite differences is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so finite differences is certainly
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+values at a mesh here would be one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at a mesh here would be one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at a mesh here would be one way
+to think of so the question is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of so the question is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of so the question is finite
+elements finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements finite element
+method versus finite difference method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method versus finite difference method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method versus finite difference method
+and of course there are other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there are other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there are other methods
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+okay I I could think about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences yeah I mean one way of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences yeah I mean one way of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences yeah I mean one way of of of
+seeing them together there is I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them together there is I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them together there is I could
+think about finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about finite
+differences this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this way
+um my test functions you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my test functions you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my test functions you remember I
+which I always integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I always integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I always integrate
+against instead of taking the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against instead of taking the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against instead of taking the test
+functions to be the trial functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be the trial functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be the trial functions
+which is giving us our our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is giving us our our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is giving us our our standard
+finite element K I could take the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element K I could take the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element K I could take the test
+functions to be Delta functions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be Delta functions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to be Delta functions what
+would happen if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I take the
+so again just think about that suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just think about that suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again just think about that suppose I
+my I have my my solution U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I have my my solution U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I have my my solution U is a
+combination of the fees as always as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before but my test functions V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but my test functions V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but my test functions V
+are Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Delta
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+at at mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then just just this is a because up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just just this is a because up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just just this is a because up to
+now we've always taken the v's to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've always taken the v's to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've always taken the v's to be the
+same as the Fe so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the Fe so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the Fe so the
+vi the test functions and I'll want n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi the test functions and I'll want n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi the test functions and I'll want n of
+them I'll have n mesh points at my n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll have n mesh points at my n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll have n mesh points at my n
+mesh points I'll those will give me n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh points I'll those will give me n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh points I'll those will give me n
+Delta functions n test functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions n test functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions n test functions and
+what happens then when I when I uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then when I when I uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then when I when I uh look
+at the at the the integral the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the the integral the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the the integral the the
+finite element says take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element says take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element says take your
+combination of uh take the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+well okay I'm gonna and you'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I'm gonna and you'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I'm gonna and you'll see why
+I'm going to take the weak form before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the weak form before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the weak form before I
+do the integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integration by
+parts why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts why is
+that because when I integrated by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because when I integrated by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because when I integrated by Parts
+you remember what the effect was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what the effect was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what the effect was the
+effect was to take a derivative off of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was to take a derivative off of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect was to take a derivative off of U
+and throw it onto the test function V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it onto the test function V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw it onto the test function V
+but now that I'm choosing Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that I'm choosing Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that I'm choosing Delta
+functions for the v's I don't that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the v's I don't that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the v's I don't that's too
+risky I can't throw I don't want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky I can't throw I don't want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky I can't throw I don't want a
+derivative of a Delta function I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a Delta function I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a Delta function I better
+keep it all over here so I'll have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it all over here so I'll have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it all over here so I'll have minus
+c u dou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c u dou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c u dou
+Prime Times V this is what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times V this is what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime Times V this is what I had
+originally this is I just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally this is I just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally this is I just took the
+equation you remember how how I how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you remember how how I how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you remember how how I how we
+got these equations I just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these equations I just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these equations I just took the
+strong form multiplied by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong form multiplied by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong form multiplied by V
+integrated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and
+now I usually integrated by Parts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I usually integrated by Parts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I usually integrated by Parts but
+I'm backing off of that because uh my V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm backing off of that because uh my V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm backing off of that because uh my V
+is too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too too
+uh uh singular to do it now so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh singular to do it now so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh singular to do it now so again
+what would I do my U would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do my U would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do my U would be a
+combination as always of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination as always of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination as always of
+these and what will I get for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and what will I get for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and what will I get for these
+integrals what will I get for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals what will I get for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals what will I get for those
+integrals well of course if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well of course if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well of course if that's a
+Delta function at a mesh point when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at a mesh point when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function at a mesh point when I
+integrate something against the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate something against the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate something against the Delta
+function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I
+get what do I get when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what do I get when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what do I get when I integrate
+against the Delta function if V if VI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Delta function if V if VI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Delta function if V if VI is
+the Delta function at a particular mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function at a particular mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function at a particular mesh
+point I I'll get as always I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I'll get as always I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I'll get as always I get the
+value of that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that at
+I at I so I'll get minus c u Prime will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at I so I'll get minus c u Prime will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I at I so I'll get minus c u Prime will
+be whatever it is it will be this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever it is it will be this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whatever it is it will be this sum of
+UI the unknown constants times the FI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI the unknown constants times the FI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI the unknown constants times the FI
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime and what will I get on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and what will I get on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and what will I get on the right
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side when I integrate F times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side when I integrate F times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side when I integrate F times
+VI I'll get F at that mesh Point fi in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI I'll get F at that mesh Point fi in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI I'll get F at that mesh Point fi in
+other words I think what I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is essentially a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is essentially a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is essentially a difference
+equation it's I'm back to I'm back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's I'm back to I'm back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's I'm back to I'm back to
+pretty much to finite differences I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to finite differences I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much to finite differences I'm
+taking the value F not integrated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the value F not integrated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the value F not integrated now
+but just it's value at I because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just it's value at I because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just it's value at I because that's
+what I get when I do a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I do a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I do a Delta function
+and I'm taking this notice yeah a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking this notice yeah a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taking this notice yeah a lot of
+things are different here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are different here and and
+there's a name for this this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for this this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for this this is called
+collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation
+so in a way I guess what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way I guess what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way I guess what I'm saying is
+collocation this idea is somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation this idea is somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation this idea is somewhere in
+the in between I'm interpolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between I'm interpolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in between I'm interpolating
+collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation
+between the the finite element the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the finite element the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the finite element the the
+gallican principle and finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallican principle and finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallican principle and finite
+differences where I don't even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences where I don't even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences where I don't even think
+about Trial functions in between is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Trial functions in between is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Trial functions in between is
+something that really looks like uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I don't know if that wonderful music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if that wonderful music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if that wonderful music
+comes through on the on the uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes through on the on the uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes through on the on the uh open
+course Weare tape but anyway that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare tape but anyway that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Weare tape but anyway that this
+is MIT we get uh a brass band here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT we get uh a brass band here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MIT we get uh a brass band here okay
+so that's what uh that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what uh that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what uh that would be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that would be
+uh uh find it find it a very very F A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh find it find it a very very F A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh find it find it a very very F A
+Difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Difference
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+um equ set of equations to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equ set of equations to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equ set of equations to approximate
+the original differential equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original differential equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original differential equation the
+point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to
+make is this gives me a chance to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is this gives me a chance to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is this gives me a chance to make a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+here could I use hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could I use hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could I use hat
+functions could I use hat functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions could I use hat functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions could I use hat functions in
+this as my trial functions if I was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as my trial functions if I was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as my trial functions if I was if I
+was not going to integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not going to integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not going to integrate by
+parts when could when are hat functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts when could when are hat functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts when could when are hat functions
+allowed because hat functions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed because hat functions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed because hat functions have a
+jump in the slope right hat functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the slope right hat functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in the slope right hat functions
+have a jump in the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump in the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump in the slope
+then my answer you can see it coming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my answer you can see it coming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my answer you can see it coming is
+no hat functions are not they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hat functions are not they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hat functions are not they don't have
+good second derivatives they so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good second derivatives they so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good second derivatives they so so I
+wanted to make that point also for beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make that point also for beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make that point also for beam
+bending and let me let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so so your question is leading me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so your question is leading me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so so your question is leading me to
+another topic that I wanted to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic that I wanted to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic that I wanted to to uh to
+mention that hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions V Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Fe double Prime second rers of hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Fe double Prime second rers of hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Fe double Prime second rers of hat
+functions are basically let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are basically let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are basically let me just say
+it in a word not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a word not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a word not
+okay so that it so so so this is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that it so so so this is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that it so so so this is okay
+this is for second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations well second order equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well second order equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well second order equations
+have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second
+derivative look looking bad but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative look looking bad but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative look looking bad but when I
+integrate part by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate part by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate part by Parts
+after integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after integration by
+parts and that's how exactly how we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that's how exactly how we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that's how exactly how we've
+used them we've used them for our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them we've used them for our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them we've used them for our second
+order equations we integrated by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equations we integrated by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equations we integrated by parts
+we had terms like c u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had terms like c u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had terms like c u
+Prime uh c c v primes times V primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh c c v primes times V primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh c c v primes times V primes
+first derivatives no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives no
+problem so but but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+for collocation what I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for collocation what I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for collocation what I've just
+this this method that I've just spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this method that I've just spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this method that I've just spoken
+about because we're not integrating by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because we're not integrating by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because we're not integrating by
+Parts our test function V the Delta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts our test function V the Delta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts our test function V the Delta was
+not smooth enough to move a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smooth enough to move a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smooth enough to move a derivative
+over there and now my additional not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and now my additional not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and now my additional not
+okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bending so this is just bringing us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending so this is just bringing us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending so this is just bringing us into
+today's lecture uh but maybe it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture uh but maybe it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture uh but maybe it's it
+completes a point so in bending we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes a point so in bending we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes a point so in bending we did
+integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by
+Parts what so what did we get we our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts what so what did we get we our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts what so what did we get we our
+bending thing our bending our bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending thing our bending our bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending thing our bending our bending
+weak form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak form
+our vend our fourth order equation weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vend our fourth order equation weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vend our fourth order equation weak
+form say u u fourth derivative equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form say u u fourth derivative equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form say u u fourth derivative equal F
+ofx when I integrated by Parts twice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx when I integrated by Parts twice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx when I integrated by Parts twice you
+you remember I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember I had
+u4 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 times a
+v times a test TR times a test function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times a test TR times a test function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times a test TR times a test function
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+and my idea so really we're seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my idea so really we're seeing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my idea so really we're seeing it
+here for the first time was to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the first time was to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the first time was to do two
+Integrations by parts get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations by parts get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrations by parts get two
+derivatives off of U put them on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives off of U put them on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives off of U put them on to
+V and and this was and maybe there's a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and and this was and maybe there's a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and and this was and maybe there's a c
+of X in here too this was our integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X in here too this was our integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X in here too this was our integral
+to be done that was our that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done that was our that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done that was our that's the basic
+integral that leads to all the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that leads to all the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that leads to all the entries
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+K but the trouble is so that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but the trouble is so that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but the trouble is so that's in the
+bending problem in the fourth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending problem in the fourth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending problem in the fourth order
+problem our our integrals are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem our our integrals are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem our our integrals are going to
+look like that and we have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that and we have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that and we have to use
+functions that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are good
+enough so if I use hat functions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if I use hat functions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if I use hat functions they're
+not good enough why is that if suppose u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough why is that if suppose u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good enough why is that if suppose u
+and v are the same then I'm integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v are the same then I'm integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v are the same then I'm integrating
+the second derivative squared and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative squared and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative squared and what
+is the second derivative what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative what's its
+square and what's the integral that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and what's the integral that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and what's the integral that that
+this is really worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really worth
+recognizing so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing so let's
+just so suppose Fe is the same as V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so suppose Fe is the same as V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so suppose Fe is the same as V and
+it's the Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Hat
+function and if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if I want to
+integrate some constant or some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate some constant or some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate some constant or some nice
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+times times F Prime Time V Prime what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times F Prime Time V Prime what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times F Prime Time V Prime what do
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+get what's the second derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what's the second derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what's the second derivative of that
+what's the first derivative of of my hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first derivative of of my hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first derivative of of my hat
+function it's up right it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's up right it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's up right it's the first
+derivative so let me do V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let me do V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so let me do V Prime
+V Prime is let me draw its graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is let me draw its graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is let me draw its graph the
+first derivative is zero up to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero up to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative is zero up to there
+then the first derivative jumps up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first derivative jumps up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first derivative jumps up to
+something high up to the middle then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something high up to the middle then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something high up to the middle then it
+drops to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops to the
+negative and then it comes back to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it comes back to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it comes back to zero
+right that's my that's my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's my that's my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's my that's my first
+derivative I'm okay integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm okay integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm okay integrating
+that I'm okay squaring it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm okay squaring it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm okay squaring it and
+integr but this second derivative if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integr but this second derivative if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integr but this second derivative if I
+graph V Prime which will be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph V Prime which will be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph V Prime which will be the same as
+V Prime what's the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime what's the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime what's the second derivative of
+that of that function it's zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that function it's zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of that function it's zero and then
+what is it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it at this
+point the the derivative Now Delta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the the derivative Now Delta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the the derivative Now Delta right
+spikes up then nothing until this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes up then nothing until this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes up then nothing until this point
+at that point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point what
+happens spikes down twice as far really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens spikes down twice as far really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens spikes down twice as far really
+way down and then finally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and then finally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and then finally there's
+there's a spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay I can integrate spikes times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay I can integrate spikes times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay I can integrate spikes times
+nice functions what I can't integrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice functions what I can't integrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice functions what I can't integrate is
+a spike times a spike the integral of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike times a spike the integral of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike times a spike the integral of so
+the the answer for this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer for this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer for this integral is
+what it's infinite there's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's infinite there's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's infinite there's the the
+integral is no good if I if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is no good if I if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is no good if I if I have a
+spike times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike times a
+spike you see that's that's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike you see that's that's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike you see that's that's more than
+you know Delta functions I'm okay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Delta functions I'm okay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Delta functions I'm okay with a
+with a nice function f ofx times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice function f ofx times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice function f ofx times a
+Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is
+okay but not okay for the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but not okay for the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but not okay for the integral of
+Delta of X time Delta of X that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of X time Delta of X that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of X time Delta of X that's not
+okay that one is infinite that one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one is infinite that one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that one is infinite that one that
+one is not in our space of of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not in our space of of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not in our space of of functions
+that we can integ great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can integ great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can integ great okay
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the the the difficulty you meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the difficulty you meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the difficulty you meet with
+higher order problems is that your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order problems is that your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order problems is that your your
+functions some of the old functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions some of the old functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions some of the old functions that
+work fine are no longer okay I need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine are no longer okay I need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work fine are no longer okay I need two
+derivatives uh I need or I need I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uh I need or I need I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives uh I need or I need I need
+to be able to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to integrate
+uh the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second derivative
+squared it can have a jump but it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it can have a jump but it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it can have a jump but it can't
+have a spike so where what functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spike so where what functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spike so where what functions
+have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we
+chosen where where have we how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen where where have we how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen where where have we how would we
+deal with bending problems and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with bending problems and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with bending problems and I guess
+that will probably come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will probably come
+into maybe quickly into Friday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into maybe quickly into Friday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into maybe quickly into Friday's lecture
+how would I do finite elements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I do finite elements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I do finite elements for
+bending I'm not allowed to use hats so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending I'm not allowed to use hats so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending I'm not allowed to use hats so
+what will I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I use
+use those you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those you remember that
+construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+Munday those cubics remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munday those cubics remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munday those cubics remember those
+cubics those C1 cubics would be okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubics those C1 cubics would be okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubics those C1 cubics would be okay why
+is that because they have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because they have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because they have a continuous
+derivative they're they're one degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative they're they're one degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative they're they're one degree
+smoother than hat functions these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother than hat functions these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother than hat functions these were
+c0 hat functions and they were still c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 hat functions and they were still c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 hat functions and they were still c0
+when I put bubbles in there I had to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put bubbles in there I had to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put bubbles in there I had to get
+up to that extra degree of smoothness a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that extra degree of smoothness a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that extra degree of smoothness a
+continuous slope then I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous slope then I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous slope then I can take the
+second derivative the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative the second derivative
+may have a jump jumps are okay a jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a jump jumps are okay a jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a jump jumps are okay a jump in
+the second derivative there and a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative there and a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative there and a jump
+there I can I can multiply two jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I can I can multiply two jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I can I can multiply two jump
+functions in integrate so this those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in integrate so this those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in integrate so this those so
+those C1 cubics that we constructed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those C1 cubics that we constructed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those C1 cubics that we constructed uh
+you remember they had a there was a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember they had a there was a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember they had a there was a at
+every note I had two unknowns the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note I had two unknowns the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note I had two unknowns the height
+and the slope so there were two cubics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slope so there were two cubics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the slope so there were two cubics
+for each uh mesh Point uh but the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh mesh Point uh but the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh mesh Point uh but the key
+idea was that they had this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuity and let me just say looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and let me just say looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and let me just say looking
+ahead uh these splines that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh these splines that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh these splines that are also
+coming Friday have one more degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming Friday have one more degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming Friday have one more degree of
+Freedom one I'm sorry one more there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom one I'm sorry one more there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom one I'm sorry one more there's
+C2 so splines cubic splines let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so splines cubic splines let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so splines cubic splines let me just
+I'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just put
+that let me I'll put it here because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me I'll put it here because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me I'll put it here because it
+fits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits I
+C2 for cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splines that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splines that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splines that's coming
+Monday that's functions that have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that's functions that have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that's functions that have two
+continuous derivatives and the jump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous derivatives and the jump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous derivatives and the jump is
+in the third derivative so those could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third derivative so those could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third derivative so those could
+be used well they could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used well they could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used well they could be used for
+sixth order problems of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth order problems of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth order problems of course we're
+never going to see a six order problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see a six order problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see a six order problem I
+I I hope but they could be used there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope but they could be used there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I hope but they could be used there or
+they could be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be used in
+collocation uh for fourth well could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation uh for fourth well could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation uh for fourth well could
+they be used for fourth order problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be used for fourth order problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be used for fourth order problems
+I'm not sure yeah anyway the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure yeah anyway the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure yeah anyway the more
+smoothness I as I go up in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness I as I go up in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness I as I go up in the in the in
+the derivatives I have to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives I have to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives I have to get more
+smoothness in in all the finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness in in all the finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness in in all the finite element
+in the finite element constructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finite element constructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the finite element constructions and
+it gets a lot harder actually I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a lot harder actually I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets a lot harder actually I can do
+it in 1D but it gets ser seriously hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 1D but it gets ser seriously hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 1D but it gets ser seriously hard
+in two Dimensions to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two Dimensions to figure out
+functions surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions surfaces
+that uh this is what CAD is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is what CAD is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is what CAD is all about
+actually it's figuring out how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's figuring out how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's figuring out how do you
+get smooth surfaces the whole CAD cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smooth surfaces the whole CAD cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smooth surfaces the whole CAD cam
+world of nerves and piecewise rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of nerves and piecewise rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of nerves and piecewise rational
+things is is a it's a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is a it's a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is is a it's a very complicated
+construction to to to get the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction to to to get the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction to to to get the shape of
+some engineering uh piece uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineering uh piece uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineering uh piece uh
+approximated including its curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated including its curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated including its curved
+boundary by smooth peace wise pols or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary by smooth peace wise pols or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary by smooth peace wise pols or
+peace wise something uh that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace wise something uh that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace wise something uh that's that
+whole world of CAD is is is not trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world of CAD is is is not trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world of CAD is is is not trivial
+to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do
+that well okay that's my speech you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well okay that's my speech you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well okay that's my speech you got
+me started with your question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me started with your question all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me started with your question all right
+did I answer your question in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I answer your question in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I answer your question in some way
+it went beyond your question yes it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went beyond your question yes it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went beyond your question yes it did
+it did that's right that's right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did that's right that's right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did that's right that's right these
+are things that uh I I may not have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that uh I I may not have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that uh I I may not have time
+to develop in the Friday lecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop in the Friday lecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop in the Friday lecture because
+I really have to get on to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have to get on to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have to get on to two
+dimensions and and uh gradients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and and uh gradients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and and uh gradients and
+Divergence is all that good stuff has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is all that good stuff has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is all that good stuff has to
+start Monday so we'll see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Monday so we'll see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Monday so we'll see something
+about splines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about splines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about splines
+Friday but uh the whole ele the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday but uh the whole ele the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday but uh the whole ele the whole
+world of different elements is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of different elements is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of different elements is sort of
+interesting actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually can
+I can I say one more thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I say one more thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I say one more thing about the
+about the elements that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the elements that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the elements that we've already
+constructed I want to say one more one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed I want to say one more one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed I want to say one more one
+more point that occurs to me and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more point that occurs to me and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more point that occurs to me and then I
+really will stop and answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you this extra point occurred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this extra point occurred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this extra point occurred to
+me you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you remember
+our example where we had hat functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example where we had hat functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example where we had hat functions
+and then we also had bubble functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also had bubble functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also had bubble functions
+right so where did the bubble go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where did the bubble go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where did the bubble go this
+was the the these were only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the these were only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the the these were only
+c0 hats plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 hats plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 hats plus
+bubbles plus Parabola bubbles quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles plus Parabola bubbles quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles plus Parabola bubbles quadratic
+bubbles Parabola bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles Parabola bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles Parabola bubble
+functions so what how did those go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so what how did those go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so what how did those go
+between between two mesh points I put I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between two mesh points I put I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between two mesh points I put I
+better make those a little make sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make those a little make sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better make those a little make sorry
+better leave myself more space for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better leave myself more space for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better leave myself more space for that
+bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so one of these guys goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so one of these guys goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so one of these guys goes up
+down one of these guys another hat goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one of these guys another hat goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one of these guys another hat goes
+up and down and then between two I threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and then between two I threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and then between two I threw
+in a bubble function like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bubble function like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bubble function like so
+right so those were all all in my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those were all all in my list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those were all all in my list
+of of trial functions and test test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of trial functions and test test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of trial functions and test test
+functions two kinds hats and Bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions two kinds hats and Bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions two kinds hats and Bubbles
+okay now that's all fine and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's all fine and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that's all fine and we can do
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+integrals but one point I P I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals but one point I P I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals but one point I P I sort of
+went past so my so let's call this fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went past so my so let's call this fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went past so my so let's call this fee
+left fee bubble and fee right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left fee bubble and fee right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left fee bubble and fee right
+okay so my trial functions my my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my trial functions my my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so my trial functions my my my my
+approximate solution U is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution U is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate solution U is going to be
+some amount of that left hat some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of that left hat some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of that left hat some amount
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+bubble and some amount of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and some amount of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and some amount of the right
+hat and more functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and more functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and more functions on
+other other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other uh
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+now my point is just a simple one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my point is just a simple one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my point is just a simple one when
+we only had hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only had hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only had hats
+that then you then the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you then the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then you then the coefficient of
+this hat was exactly the value of you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat was exactly the value of you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat was exactly the value of you at
+that mesh Point why was that because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mesh Point why was that because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mesh Point why was that because all
+the other hats were zero there so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hats were zero there so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hats were zero there so when I
+only had hats these U's U left and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had hats these U's U left and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had hats these U's U left and U
+right were exactly the values of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were exactly the values of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were exactly the values of my
+approximation at the nodes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at the nodes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at the nodes and that's
+why it looked so much like finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it looked so much like finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it looked so much like finite
+differences what I want to ask you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences what I want to ask you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences what I want to ask you is
+what so if I take the halfway point as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if I take the halfway point as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if I take the halfway point as
+the sort of mesh point for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of mesh point for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of mesh point for the
+bubble what is the value of U of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble what is the value of U of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble what is the value of U of my
+approximation at that halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point I I just want to plug in halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I just want to plug in halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I just want to plug in halfway
+point evaluate everything at the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point evaluate everything at the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point evaluate everything at the halfway
+point so I want to find U at the at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I want to find U at the at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I want to find U at the at this
+halfway point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway point right
+there do you see what's happening you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you see what's happening you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you see what's happening you
+bubble what is U bubble or Fe Bubble at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble what is U bubble or Fe Bubble at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble what is U bubble or Fe Bubble at
+the halfway point one the bubble goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halfway point one the bubble goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halfway point one the bubble goes up
+to one at the halfway point so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one at the halfway point so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one at the halfway point so the
+coefficient that multiplies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that multiplies it
+multiplies one and you think ah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies one and you think ah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies one and you think ah you
+might think all right that's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think all right that's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think all right that's the value
+of my approximation at the at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my approximation at the at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my approximation at the at the at the
+halfway point but that's not wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway point but that's not wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway point but that's not wrong
+correct what is the value of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what is the value of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct what is the value of my
+approximation at the halfway point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at the halfway point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at the halfway point here
+well this guy is not zero at the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this guy is not zero at the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this guy is not zero at the halfway
+point this one is not zero this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this one is not zero this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this one is not zero this should
+have been R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been R
+sorry the right hat these hats are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the right hat these hats are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the right hat these hats are not
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+there my my basis is not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there my my basis is not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there my my basis is not quite as
+beautiful it's not quite as beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful it's not quite as beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful it's not quite as beautiful
+because the my trial functions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the my trial functions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the my trial functions are not
+one trial function per mesh Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trial function per mesh Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trial function per mesh Point
+including halfway points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as before no problem I I can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as before no problem I I can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as before no problem I I can do all
+the integrals I can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals I can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals I can get the
+values I I can solve KU equal F to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I I can solve KU equal F to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I I can solve KU equal F to find
+the weights and then I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and then I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and then I just have to
+remember that my basis is not as perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that my basis is not as perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that my basis is not as perfect
+as before because at that mesh point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before because at that mesh point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before because at that mesh point
+three functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three functions are
+contributing is that probably I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing is that probably I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing is that probably I'm making
+this sound like a big deal it isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sound like a big deal it isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sound like a big deal it isn't a
+big deal but you have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal but you have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal but you have to remember that
+that's the case that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case that that that
+coefficient of the bubble is not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the bubble is not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the bubble is not your
+solution at that point you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at that point you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at that point you have to
+remember that that the the left hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that the the left hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that the the left hat and
+the right hat are also contributing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hat are also contributing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hat are also contributing at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+or or I could rethink the test the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or I could rethink the test the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or I could rethink the test the the
+my functions and make them now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions and make them now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my functions and make them now that's
+the that's the cool thing so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the cool thing so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the cool thing so that's the
+the idea just so you see that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea just so you see that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea just so you see that that I
+could do that I could let me here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that I could let me here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that I could let me here's my
+left Point here's my halfway point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Point here's my halfway point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left Point here's my halfway point and
+here's my right point so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my right point so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my right point so now I want to
+I'm going to have the same combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have the same combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have the same combinations
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+the piecewise parabas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piecewise parabas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piecewise parabas that are
+continuous at the at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at the at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at the at the uh
+nodes all I wanted here let me show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes all I wanted here let me show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes all I wanted here let me show it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+you I could change from half hats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I could change from half hats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I could change from half hats and
+Bubbles two I'll keep the bubble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubbles two I'll keep the bubble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bubbles two I'll keep the bubble because
+that's one at the halfway point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one at the halfway point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one at the halfway point that's
+good but I want what should what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I want what should what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I want what should what I have
+to fix those hat functions if I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix those hat functions if I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix those hat functions if I want the
+Hat functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat functions to
+be Focus entire if I want the F left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Focus entire if I want the F left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Focus entire if I want the F left
+function I call that a hat function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I call that a hat function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I call that a hat function but
+I'm going to it's going to change shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to it's going to change shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to it's going to change shape
+it won't be a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be a con
+hat if I want a fe function I want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat if I want a fe function I want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat if I want a fe function I want it to
+be one at that point it's its own home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one at that point it's its own home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one at that point it's its own home
+point but what else do I want I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but what else do I want I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but what else do I want I want it
+to be zero there I don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero there I don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero there I don't want it to
+contribute there if if I want like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute there if if I want like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute there if if I want like this
+Perfection or is there so my you see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection or is there so my you see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection or is there so my you see my
+hat instead of coming down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat instead of coming down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat instead of coming down like
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+being half one half at that point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being half one half at that point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being half one half at that point what
+shall I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I do
+I replace that hat by some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replace that hat by some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I replace that hat by some combination
+of the hat and the bubble to make it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hat and the bubble to make it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hat and the bubble to make it go
+to make a parabola that does that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a parabola that does that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a parabola that does that and
+I'll do of course this other way will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do of course this other way will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do of course this other way will be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I
+don't so that's not a hat anymore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so that's not a hat anymore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so that's not a hat anymore what
+name should I give it anybody suggest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it's sort of a
+hat some BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat some BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat some BR
+Sombrero okay so I now have Sombrero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sombrero okay so I now have Sombrero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sombrero okay so I now have Sombrero
+function right okay good right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right okay good right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right okay good right and and
+there'll be a sombrero function that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a sombrero function that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a sombrero function that was
+instead of the Hat it was replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the Hat it was replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the Hat it was replaced by a
+better hat now what about the one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better hat now what about the one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better hat now what about the one here
+just tell me how do I draw that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me how do I draw that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me how do I draw that one
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+function it's it's I'll do it with Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's it's I'll do it with Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's it's I'll do it with Dash
+lines it goes it's zero it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it goes it's zero it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it goes it's zero it should be
+zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at
+the at at its nodes at the at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at at its nodes at the at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at at its nodes at the at the at the
+nodes that are not its node so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are not its node so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are not its node so you see
+each each one is going to come down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each one is going to come down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each one is going to come down and
+back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up
+just I really I'm just saying you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I really I'm just saying you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I really I'm just saying you have
+the freedom to do this by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom to do this by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom to do this by using
+combinations of those functions I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those functions I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those functions I get
+exactly the same as combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as combinations of
+these functions the only difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions the only difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions the only difference is
+that that with these new Sombrero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that with these new Sombrero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that with these new Sombrero
+functions so so so now I have a u left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so so so now I have a u left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so so so now I have a u left
+Sombrero times a fe left sombrero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sombrero times a fe left sombrero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sombrero times a fe left sombrero and a
+u bubble times its own bubble I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u bubble times its own bubble I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u bubble times its own bubble I didn't
+change and a u WR Sombrero times its Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and a u WR Sombrero times its Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and a u WR Sombrero times its Fe
+WR sombrero and the only point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR sombrero and the only point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WR sombrero and the only point is that
+at that halfway point what is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that halfway point what is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that halfway point what is what does
+this equal at the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal at the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal at the halfway
+point it equals that right right I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it equals that right right I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it equals that right right I I've
+just done a little change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just done a little change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just done a little change of variables
+I've changed the I've changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed the I've changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've changed the I've changed the
+function so that will change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that will change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that will change its
+coefficients but it's still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but it's still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but it's still the same
+bunch of the same space of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the same space of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the same space of test
+functions I didn't change that my space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I didn't change that my space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I didn't change that my space
+of test functions these are all still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test functions these are all still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test functions these are all still
+piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise
+parabas there there were always were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas there there were always were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas there there were always were
+peace wise parabas but some of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace wise parabas but some of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace wise parabas but some of them were
+straight parabas now they're uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight parabas now they're uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight parabas now they're uh more
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+parabolas okay that that's that may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas okay that that's that may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas okay that that's that may be a
+point you didn't think about anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you didn't think about anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you didn't think about anyway but
+uh it it shows you that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it shows you that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it shows you that uh in
+constructing finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing finite
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+um it's really what fun what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really what fun what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really what fun what
+combinations you get more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you get more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you get more than what
+individual hats or not or sombreros you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual hats or not or sombreros you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual hats or not or sombreros you
+might use in other words you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use in other words you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use in other words you could use
+either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of
+those if you use the Hat functions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if you use the Hat functions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if you use the Hat functions then
+you could build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build on
+uh easy integrals those integrals would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy integrals those integrals would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easy integrals those integrals would
+be a little trickier uh not seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little trickier uh not seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little trickier uh not seriously
+and then the solution would be it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the solution would be it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the solution would be it would
+be like a finite difference thing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a finite difference thing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a finite difference thing every
+U would link to a mesh Point okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U would link to a mesh Point okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U would link to a mesh Point okay I'll
+I'll uh leave that and hope you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh leave that and hope you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll uh leave that and hope you guys
+have some questions about homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions about homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions about homework
+thanks oh question about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah yeah when I say better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah when I say better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah when I say better
+accuracy um yeah when I put the hats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy um yeah when I put the hats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy um yeah when I put the hats in
+the bubbles together the the Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles together the the Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles together the the Improvement
+would be noticed in in between in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be noticed in in between in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be noticed in in between in
+between yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah these guys you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these guys you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these guys you mean
+well yeah I didn't change a thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I didn't change a thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah I didn't change a thing in the
+the answer would still be the same my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would still be the same my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would still be the same my my
+capital u that would come out would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u that would come out would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u that would come out would be
+no different it's just I've chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no different it's just I've chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no different it's just I've chosen a
+different basis you could say but to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basis you could say but to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basis you could say but to to
+represent it but uh there wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it but uh there wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it but uh there wouldn't be
+any difference and it would still be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference and it would still be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference and it would still be so
+what would be the accuracy now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the accuracy now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the accuracy now this is
+like a good review what what how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good review what what how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good review what what how close
+will you be to the true solution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be to the true solution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be to the true solution well
+I've got up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got up to
+quadratic second degree so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic second degree so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic second degree so I would
+expect H cubed error because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect H cubed error because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect H cubed error because that's the
+term I'm missing and that's the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm missing and that's the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm missing and that's the term
+that the cubics would get right yes oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cubics would get right yes oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cubics would get right yes oh
+go ahead yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I uh so the question is why did I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh so the question is why did I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh so the question is why did I pick
+well so I had my hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I had my hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I had my hats
+so I guess essentially I wanted to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess essentially I wanted to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess essentially I wanted to throw
+in some additional functions the bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some additional functions the bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some additional functions the bubbles
+that would up the accuracy without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would up the accuracy without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would up the accuracy without
+serious increase in work yeah without uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious increase in work yeah without uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious increase in work yeah without uh
+and and the natural construction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the natural construction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the natural construction would
+was was that one yeah yeah then I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was that one yeah yeah then I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was that one yeah yeah then I got
+peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace
+wise um Peace wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um Peace wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um Peace wise
+parabolas um and uh yeah that that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas um and uh yeah that that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolas um and uh yeah that that sort
+of you you look for you look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you look for you look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you look for you look for a
+construction of finite elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of finite elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of finite elements that
+come kind of comes out neatly and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come kind of comes out neatly and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come kind of comes out neatly and and
+this one did yeah there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one did yeah there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one did yeah there was another
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh these parabas would produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh these parabas would produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh these parabas would produce
+that's a good question yeah these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question yeah these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question yeah these
+parabas would produce a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas would produce a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabas would produce a Delta function
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there you see they have a jump in slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see they have a jump in slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see they have a jump in slope
+even if they're parabas they only they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're parabas they only they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're parabas they only they
+were they don't have uh smooth slope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they don't have uh smooth slope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they don't have uh smooth slope so
+that could this could not be used for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could this could not be used for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could this could not be used for a
+bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending
+problem or let me say it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or let me say it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or let me say it a little
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+because people commit crimes I I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people commit crimes I I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people commit crimes I I call
+them variational crimes people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them variational crimes people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them variational crimes people have
+tried you know it's a heck of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried you know it's a heck of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried you know it's a heck of a lot of
+work to construct smoother uh trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to construct smoother uh trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to construct smoother uh trial
+functions so people say well just ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so people say well just ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so people say well just ignore
+that Delta function put it in anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta function put it in anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta function put it in anyway
+integrate elsewhere and just skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate elsewhere and just skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate elsewhere and just skip the
+Delta function so that would be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so that would be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so that would be called a
+nonconforming function oh yeah there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconforming function oh yeah there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconforming function oh yeah there's a
+very famous way to create non-conforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous way to create non-conforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous way to create non-conforming
+functions and that's very hot stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's very hot stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's very hot stuff
+actually Professor Pereira and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Professor Pereira and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Professor Pereira and others
+and arrow are the are World experts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrow are the are World experts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrow are the are World experts on
+that um those are called discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um those are called discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um those are called discontinuous
+gurin discontinuous gurin now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gurin discontinuous gurin now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gurin discontinuous gurin now let me
+yeah this is this is fun you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is this is fun you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is this is fun you you see
+what this world is about so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this world is about so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this world is about so what's
+discontinuous gurin those will be ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous gurin those will be ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous gurin those will be ones
+where there's a jump in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a jump in the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a jump in the function
+like like uh here I I don't need much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like uh here I I don't need much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like uh here I I don't need much
+space to show you discontinuous gurin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to show you discontinuous gurin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to show you discontinuous gurin so
+there is a mesh Point there's a mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mesh Point there's a mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a mesh Point there's a mesh
+Point discontinuous gurin might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this oh no not there that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh no not there that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh no not there that's that's
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+sorry discontinuous can like you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry discontinuous can like you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry discontinuous can like you would
+use uh half hats inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh half hats inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh half hats inside inside the
+interval it would use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it would use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it would use that
+one and and then another one it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and then another one it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and then another one it would
+use would be one that jump this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use would be one that jump this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use would be one that jump this
+way in other words it it sticks within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in other words it it sticks within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in other words it it sticks within
+two within within an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two within within an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two within within an
+interval it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval it
+uh uses two functions instead of one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses two functions instead of one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uses two functions instead of one one
+it it it there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it there are two
+unknowns uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns uh
+the yeah do you see what's happening now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah do you see what's happening now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah do you see what's happening now
+my my space of trial functions is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my space of trial functions is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my space of trial functions is going
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jumps you know up to now my trial all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps you know up to now my trial all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps you know up to now my trial all my
+Good Hat my ordinary hat functions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Hat my ordinary hat functions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Hat my ordinary hat functions were
+all continuous they were all c z now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous they were all c z now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous they were all c z now I'm
+dropping back to C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping back to C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping back to C minus
+one the somehow my functions have jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the somehow my functions have jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the somehow my functions have jumps
+so this is called DG discontinuous gurin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called DG discontinuous gurin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called DG discontinuous gurin
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh how could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how could it be
+justified I mean right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified I mean right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified I mean right these are
+functions that are not now now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are not now now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are not now now I've got
+a function that's not allowed in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that's not allowed in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that's not allowed in my
+second order problem right if I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order problem right if I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order problem right if I looked
+at my list here what was okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my list here what was okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my list here what was okay and what
+was not okay if I look at uh interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not okay if I look at uh interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not okay if I look at uh interior
+half hats if if I look at functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hats if if I look at functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hats if if I look at functions that
+that have a jumps jump functions say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a jumps jump functions say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a jumps jump functions say
+shall I say JUMP functions those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say JUMP functions those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I say JUMP functions those would
+be C minus one jump functions and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C minus one jump functions and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C minus one jump functions and those
+would V Prime is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I
+won't tell you and I wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tell you and I wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tell you and I wouldn't be able to
+do it well uh how do they rescue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well uh how do they rescue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well uh how do they rescue that
+however Professor Pereira and others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however Professor Pereira and others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however Professor Pereira and others are
+others Professor Dharma fall a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others Professor Dharma fall a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others Professor Dharma fall a whole
+group in Arrow uh Computing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Arrow uh Computing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Arrow uh Computing with
+functions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that have
+jumps and the way they manag to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and the way they manag to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and the way they manag to do it is
+they have to add some penalty term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add some penalty term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add some penalty term that
+penalizes the jumps that controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalizes the jumps that controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalizes the jumps that controls the
+jumps if they just took the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps if they just took the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps if they just took the standard
+setup as we have and tried their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup as we have and tried their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup as we have and tried their
+functions it would fail completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it would fail completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it would fail completely so
+they adjust the they just the energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they adjust the they just the energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they adjust the they just the energy to
+penalize jumps anyway you some somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize jumps anyway you some somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize jumps anyway you some somebody
+might sometime end up working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sometime end up working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sometime end up working
+in with on on some project with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with on on some project with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with on on some project with them and
+uh DG would be very possible yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DG would be very possible yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DG would be very possible yeah so you
+didn't ask me about any homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask me about any homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask me about any homework
+problems yet uh last chance any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yet uh last chance any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems yet uh last chance any anything
+to ask about you you got a lecture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask about you you got a lecture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask about you you got a lecture about
+crazy stuff today sorry about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff today sorry about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy stuff today sorry about that in a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+uh but I hope it was all right uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I hope it was all right uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I hope it was all right uh so
+homework uh is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh is now
+posted uh with a matlb question using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted uh with a matlb question using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted uh with a matlb question using uh
+um the elements that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the elements that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the elements that we've talked about
+and some questions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some questions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some questions from the
+text uh and don't forget then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text uh and don't forget then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text uh and don't forget then my
+original comment that if we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original comment that if we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original comment that if we end up with
+some good codes for csse for that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good codes for csse for that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good codes for csse for that that
+could be used by other people I I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used by other people I I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used by other people I I'm very
+grateful to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful to get
+them okay let's end it today a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay let's end it today a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay let's end it today a little
+early and uh I'll see you Friday for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and uh I'll see you Friday for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early and uh I'll see you Friday for
+spine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XZQxhZT5MaE.txt b/XZQxhZT5MaE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b029c03f5344a8a55870464bf4e16c2a361bfa59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XZQxhZT5MaE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't have a way of calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a way of calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a way of calculating
+when's the optimal time there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's the optimal time there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when's the optimal time there are some
+methods for dealing with that such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for dealing with that such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods for dealing with that such as
+dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming
+but it implies dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it implies dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it implies dynamic programming
+implies there's nothing you can do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies there's nothing you can do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies there's nothing you can do about
+it to affect future aspects this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to affect future aspects this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to affect future aspects this is the
+so-called path independence function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called path independence function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called path independence function
+and the whole point of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole point of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole point of having
+flexibility is precisely that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is precisely that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is precisely that you can do
+things so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that um
+that powerful method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powerful method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powerful method
+does not work for for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work for for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work for for us
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and there's so many paths i mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many paths i mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many paths i mean if we
+think about 2 000 samples of what may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 2 000 samples of what may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about 2 000 samples of what may
+happen that's only 2 000 samples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that's only 2 000 samples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that's only 2 000 samples of what
+may be a millionth possibility of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a millionth possibility of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a millionth possibility of past
+as a combination of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a combination of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a combination of the different
+probabilities at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities at different times
+of prices and quantities and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices and quantities and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices and quantities and so forth
+it's much too large to be searched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much too large to be searched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much too large to be searched
+so the procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the procedure is
+to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define
+what we know as decision rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know as decision rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know as decision rules
+the apriori condition for when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apriori condition for when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apriori condition for when to
+exercise flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise flexibility
+these apriori conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apriori conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these apriori conditions
+may be set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be set by
+higher level mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level mandate
+this is standard operating procedure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is standard operating procedure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is standard operating procedure and
+here's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you do
+or it could be this is the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be this is the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be this is the way the
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+wants to behave and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to behave and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to behave and this is
+what they what we are looking at as how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what we are looking at as how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what we are looking at as how
+they will behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will behave
+so in the an example of it is the one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the an example of it is the one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the an example of it is the one we
+used for the parking garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the parking garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for the parking garage
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+uh in the base case i mean we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the base case i mean we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the base case i mean we tried
+various samples at some other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various samples at some other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various samples at some other points
+that expand if the observed demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expand if the observed demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expand if the observed demand is
+greater than the capacity over two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the capacity over two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the capacity over two years
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+this implies you don't do it in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies you don't do it in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies you don't do it in advance
+you wait until the demand is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait until the demand is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait until the demand is there
+and you just don't take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just don't take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just don't take into account
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+a special event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special event that
+a one-time event that may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time event that may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time event that may not be
+repeated so you might want to wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so you might want to wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so you might want to wait until
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+more sure that the demand is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sure that the demand is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sure that the demand is going to be
+there so you might wait two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you might wait two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you might wait two years
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it it's not a stupid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a stupid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a stupid uh
+one it's not obviously the best one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not obviously the best one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not obviously the best one you
+can try different ones but it's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try different ones but it's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try different ones but it's say this
+is the way we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we're going to think about
+the management behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management behavior
+now this doesn't have to be a rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this doesn't have to be a rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this doesn't have to be a rule that
+applies over the entire period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies over the entire period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies over the entire period
+for example you might want to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might want to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you might want to change it
+says in the if you've got a 20-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in the if you've got a 20-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in the if you've got a 20-year
+lease on the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease on the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease on the land
+which is the example of appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the example of appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the example of appropriate to
+the garage case you might say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage case you might say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage case you might say well we
+are only we're not going to expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only we're not going to expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only we're not going to expand in
+the last five years it will be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last five years it will be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last five years it will be enough
+time to pay off for any investment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to pay off for any investment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to pay off for any investment so
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+uh decision rule is okay for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decision rule is okay for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decision rule is okay for the first
+15 years but not for the end of life the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years but not for the end of life the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years but not for the end of life the
+last five years of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five years of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five years of it so
+it trying to mimic what would seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to mimic what would seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trying to mimic what would seem to
+make sense from a magazine point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh automation of the implementational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh automation of the implementational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh automation of the implementational
+flexibility is to say as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is to say as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is to say as we go through
+as a computer goes through time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a computer goes through time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a computer goes through time from
+period one to period two to period three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one to period two to period three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one to period two to period three
+each period checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each period checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each period checks
+to see whether the decision rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether the decision rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether the decision rule is
+invoked that is have the conditions be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked that is have the conditions be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked that is have the conditions be
+met if the conditions have met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met if the conditions have met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met if the conditions have met
+for example the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the capacity
+is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has
+been less than the actual demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less than the actual demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less than the actual demand
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you would say all right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say all right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say all right we're going to
+make the investment the bill an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the investment the bill an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the investment the bill an extra
+floor it's going to cost money it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it's going to cost money it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor it's going to cost money it's
+going to increase the capacity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the capacity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the capacity you
+include that expense in the cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that expense in the cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that expense in the cash flow
+you increase the capacity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the capacity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the capacity for the
+analysis of the next period when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the next period when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the next period when the
+situation of the capacity is expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of the capacity is expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of the capacity is expanded
+and so you can go through a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can go through a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can go through a simulation
+and maybe never the decision will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe never the decision will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe never the decision will be
+invoked maybe both second year third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked maybe both second year third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked maybe both second year third
+year fifth year eighth year could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year fifth year eighth year could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year fifth year eighth year could be
+invoked many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked many times and
+this process is very powerful comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is very powerful comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is very powerful comparison
+with alternative features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alternative features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alternative features
+so it can analyze many flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can analyze many flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can analyze many flexibility
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+because simultaneously because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because simultaneously because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because simultaneously because you might
+have decision about plant capacity may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decision about plant capacity may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decision about plant capacity may
+you may also have decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also have decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also have decisions about
+pricing you may say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing you may say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing you may say well
+i'm going to increase my plant capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to increase my plant capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to increase my plant capacity
+and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to
+cut my price by 20 so i increase my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut my price by 20 so i increase my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut my price by 20 so i increase my
+market share or stimulate my market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share or stimulate my market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share or stimulate my market
+share or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share or
+market's so good i'm going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market's so good i'm going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market's so good i'm going to increase
+capacity but i'm also going to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity but i'm also going to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity but i'm also going to raise
+prices so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices so you can have
+not just one flexibility but a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one flexibility but a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one flexibility but a range of
+flexibilities that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibilities that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibilities that you can have
+and some that you may never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that you may never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that you may never have
+never never use for example things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never use for example things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never use for example things are
+going well you're not going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going well you're not going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going well you're not going to have the
+capacity to close the plant down but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to close the plant down but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to close the plant down but if
+things are going badly maybe that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going badly maybe that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going badly maybe that would
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+flexibility you'd like to invoke under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility you'd like to invoke under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility you'd like to invoke under
+those circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circumstances
+so that the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the simulation
+enables you to look at lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to look at lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to look at lots of different
+kinds of flexibilities in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of flexibilities in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of flexibilities in lots of
+different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ultimately the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the question is
+what's the value of this flexibility why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of this flexibility why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of this flexibility why
+should i go to the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i go to the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i go to the effort
+of creating this ability to change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating this ability to change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating this ability to change my
+system or to invoke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or to invoke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or to invoke it
+or or how much do i get out of it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or how much do i get out of it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or how much do i get out of it maybe
+it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't require any extra effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require any extra effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't require any extra effort to
+be able to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to have a
+flexibility for example to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for example to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for example to close the
+plan maybe i don't have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maybe i don't have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maybe i don't have to do anything
+special in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in advance
+but what's the value of having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the value of having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the value of having that
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you get the outcomes for plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the outcomes for plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the outcomes for plan
+flexibility it's for example if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility it's for example if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility it's for example if we're
+doing in monetary terms it's npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in monetary terms it's npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in monetary terms it's npv
+it's expected npv the target curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected npv the target curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected npv the target curve
+you get that with the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that with the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that with the flexibility
+and then you compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compare them
+and the value of the flexibility at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the flexibility at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the flexibility at the
+first order is the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order is the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order is the difference in the
+enpv's the expectations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enpv's the expectations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enpv's the expectations of the
+difference with and without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with and without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with and without the
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+and when you compare the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you compare the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you compare the target
+curves you show where that value comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves you show where that value comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves you show where that value comes
+from is it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is it comes from
+making it small at the beginning so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it small at the beginning so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it small at the beginning so we
+don't have losses is it coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have losses is it coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have losses is it coming from
+having greater capacity if needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having greater capacity if needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having greater capacity if needed
+but you can see that we can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that we can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that we can imagine
+develop that idea by looking at the com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that idea by looking at the com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop that idea by looking at the com
+by comparing the target curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparing the target curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparing the target curves
+so the takeaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the takeaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the takeaway
+from this first portion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this first portion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this first portion is
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+defines the outcome distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the outcome distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the outcome distributions
+the target curves and consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target curves and consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target curves and consequently the
+value of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility
+it is computationally efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secondly and deal with all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly and deal with all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly and deal with all kinds of
+uncertainties it's not limited by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties it's not limited by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties it's not limited by some
+assumption that the distribution has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the distribution has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the distribution has to
+be this way or that way or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this way or that way or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this way or that way or like the
+dynamic program has to be path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program has to be path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program has to be path
+independent etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a nice aspect of it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice aspect of it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice aspect of it also
+is that it's relatively easy to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's relatively easy to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's relatively easy to explain
+to the decision makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decision makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the decision makers
+why because you say well look we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you say well look we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you say well look we're
+looking at all the combinations see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all the combinations see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all the combinations see what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+you don't have any complicated mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any complicated mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any complicated mass to
+explain you don't have decision trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you don't have decision trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you don't have decision trees
+which can be very complicated we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be very complicated we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be very complicated we don't
+have any high-powered theory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any high-powered theory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any high-powered theory which is
+what's appropriate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's appropriate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's appropriate for
+financial options analysis which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial options analysis which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial options analysis which will be
+in the second half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half of the course
+so the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom line is
+that simulation can be a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simulation can be a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simulation can be a very good
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+it's powerful it goes through lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's powerful it goes through lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's powerful it goes through lots of
+cases and it's relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XmQM5pHxX-o.txt b/XmQM5pHxX-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09ab2099cc1ee49764c9b27c5217bbcaf6f54825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XmQM5pHxX-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've begun learning about various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've begun learning about various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've begun learning about various
+different ways to describe planes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to describe planes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to describe planes in
+three-dimensional space in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space in particular
+their equations and ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their equations and ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their equations and ways you can
+translate between other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between other
+characterizations so I have here four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations so I have here four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizations so I have here four
+different planes for you described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes for you described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes for you described in
+four different ways and what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different ways and what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different ways and what I'd like
+you to do is try and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is try and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is try and figure out what the
+equations for each of these four planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for each of these four planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for each of these four planes
+are so let me see what they are so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so let me see what they are so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so let me see what they are so we've
+got the first one part A we have a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first one part A we have a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first one part A we have a plane
+where I'm giving you its normal Vector n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm giving you its normal Vector n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm giving you its normal Vector n
+which is the vector 1 2 3 and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vector 1 2 3 and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the vector 1 2 3 and I'm going
+to tell you that the plane is passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that the plane is passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that the plane is passing
+through the point 1us one in Part B I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point 1us one in Part B I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point 1us one in Part B I'm
+telling you that the plane passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the plane passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the plane passes
+through the origin and also that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and also that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin and also that it's
+parallel to two vectors it's parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to two vectors it's parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to two vectors it's parallel to
+the vector 1 -1 and to the vector -12 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 1 -1 and to the vector -12 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 1 -1 and to the vector -12 0
+in part C I'm telling you that the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part C I'm telling you that the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part C I'm telling you that the plane
+that a that a plane passes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a that a plane passes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a that a plane passes through the
+points 1 2 2 0 311 and 2 0 uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 1 2 2 0 311 and 2 0 uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points 1 2 2 0 311 and 2 0 uh and in
+part D I'm telling you that the plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part D I'm telling you that the plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part D I'm telling you that the plane is
+parallel to the plane in part A and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the plane in part A and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the plane in part A and also
+that it passes through the point 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it passes through the point 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it passes through the point 1 2 3
+so what I'd like you to do is try for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is try for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is try for
+each of these four descriptions figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these four descriptions figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these four descriptions figure
+out what the equation of the associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the equation of the associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the equation of the associated
+plane is so why don't you pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is so why don't you pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is so why don't you pause the
+video take a few minutes work those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video take a few minutes work those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video take a few minutes work those all
+out uh come back and we can work them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh come back and we can work them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh come back and we can work them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you had some luck working
+on these problems let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these problems let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these problems let's get
+started so we may as well start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we may as well start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we may as well start with the
+first one so in part A we're given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so in part A we're given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one so in part A we're given that
+the normal Vector n is the vector I + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Vector n is the vector I + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal Vector n is the vector I + 2
+J + 3 K or 1 2 3 and that it passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J + 3 K or 1 2 3 and that it passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J + 3 K or 1 2 3 and that it passes
+through the point P which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point P which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point P which I'm going to
+call p 0 1 0 minus one so this is a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call p 0 1 0 minus one so this is a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call p 0 1 0 minus one so this is a form
+you learned in lecture um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in lecture um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in lecture um and so it's
+it's pretty straightforward to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward to write
+down the equation here the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equation here the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the equation here the thing to
+remember is that if a point XYZ is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if a point XYZ is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if a point XYZ is on
+the plane then we have to have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane then we have to have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane then we have to have that the
+vector n the normal is orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n the normal is orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector n the normal is orthogonal to the
+vector connecting the point XY Z to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector connecting the point XY Z to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector connecting the point XY Z to the
+point we know so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we know so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we know so that's the
+vector x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector x
+-1 y - 0 which is just y z + 1 so n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 y - 0 which is just y z + 1 so n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 y - 0 which is just y z + 1 so n and
+this Vector that lies in the plane have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector that lies in the plane have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector that lies in the plane have
+to be orthogonal so their dotproduct has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal so their dotproduct has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal so their dotproduct has
+to be zero and now you just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and now you just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and now you just multiply
+this out so in our case so n is 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out so in our case so n is 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out so in our case so n is 1 2 3
+and you take the dot product with x -1 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the dot product with x -1 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the dot product with x -1 y
+z and you get 1 * x -1 + 2 * y + 3 * Z +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and you get 1 * x -1 + 2 * y + 3 * Z +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and you get 1 * x -1 + 2 * y + 3 * Z +
+1 equal 0 so that's the equation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equal 0 so that's the equation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 equal 0 so that's the equation of of
+the plane you could also rewrite this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you could also rewrite this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you could also rewrite this a
+bunch of different ways for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different ways for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different ways for example you
+could multiply through and collect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply through and collect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply through and collect all
+the constants together so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants together so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants together so you could
+write this as x + 2 y + 3 Z and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as x + 2 y + 3 Z and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as x + 2 y + 3 Z and then
+we've got a minus1 + 3 so that's + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a minus1 + 3 so that's + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a minus1 + 3 so that's + 2
+equals z so these are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z so these are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z so these are two different
+possible forms for that equation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible forms for that equation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible forms for that equation you can
+you know sometimes people write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes people write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes people write the
+constant over on this side instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over on this side instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over on this side instead of
+leaving zero over there all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving zero over there all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving zero over there all right so
+several several different equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several different equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several several different equivalent
+ways to rewrite it but here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to rewrite it but here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to rewrite it but here all right so
+there's the equation for part A now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the equation for part A now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the equation for part A now
+let's take a look at Part B so for Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at Part B so for Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at Part B so for Part
+B we have let's let's go just back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we have let's let's go just back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we have let's let's go just back and
+remind ourselves what the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves what the question was
+so we have a plane that passes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a plane that passes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a plane that passes through
+the origin so we know a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so we know a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so we know a point on the
+plane and we know that it's parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we know that it's parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we know that it's parallel to
+the two vectors 1 0 -1 and -1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors 1 0 -1 and -1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors 1 0 -1 and -1 2
+0 Okay so we've got a point and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Okay so we've got a point and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Okay so we've got a point and we have
+two direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction
+vectors and so those that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so those that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so those that that that
+definitely describes a plane for us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely describes a plane for us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely describes a plane for us as
+long as the two directions aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the two directions aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the two directions aren't
+parallel which which they aren't in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel which which they aren't in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel which which they aren't in this
+case so the question is how how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the question is how how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the question is how how do we
+figure out what the equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the equation for that
+plane is well we have this nice way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is well we have this nice way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is well we have this nice way of
+figuring out equation for planes when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out equation for planes when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out equation for planes when we
+know a point and a normal and we know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a point and a normal and we know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a point and a normal and we know a
+point so what would be great is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what would be great is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what would be great is if we
+could come up with a normal direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with a normal direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with a normal direction to
+this plane so okay so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane so okay so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane so okay so we have two
+vectors in the plane and we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane and we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane and we want to find
+a vector that's perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's perpendicular to the
+plane well we have a nice tool when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well we have a nice tool when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well we have a nice tool when
+you're given two vectors to figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given two vectors to figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given two vectors to figure out a
+vector perpendicular to both of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector perpendicular to both of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector perpendicular to both of them and
+that's to take the cross product so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to take the cross product so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to take the cross product so our
+normal Vector should be the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector should be the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector should be the cross
+product of these two vectors or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two vectors or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two vectors or you know
+any multiple of it um would as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any multiple of it um would as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any multiple of it um would as well so
+um so for Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for Part
+B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the
+normal n should be the cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal n should be the cross product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal n should be the cross product of
+the two vectors that are in the plane so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors that are in the plane so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors that are in the plane so
+it should be the cross product of 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the cross product of 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be the cross product of 1 0
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one and what's the other one minus one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's the other one minus one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and what's the other one minus one 2
+0 so all right so we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so all right so we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so all right so we just have to
+compute what that cross product is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what that cross product is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what that cross product is so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant whose first row is i j k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant whose first row is i j k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant whose first row is i j k and
+whose second and third rows are the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose second and third rows are the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose second and third rows are the are
+the two vectors we're crossing and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors we're crossing and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vectors we're crossing and okay
+so we can expand this out so if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can expand this out so if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can expand this out so if you like
+this is so I the coordinate of I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so I the coordinate of I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so I the coordinate of I is
+going to be 0 - -2 so that's 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0 - -2 so that's 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0 - -2 so that's 2 the
+coordinate of J is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of J is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of J is going to be the
+negative of the determinant of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the determinant of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the determinant of this
+minor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor which is
+0- - 1 * -1 so the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0- - 1 * -1 so the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0- - 1 * -1 so the determinant of the
+minor is min-1 so the coordinate of J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor is min-1 so the coordinate of J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor is min-1 so the coordinate of J is
+going to be +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be +
+one and the coordinate of K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the coordinate of K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the coordinate of K is the
+determinant of this minor which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this minor which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this minor which is just
+two so the normal Vector in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the normal Vector in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the normal Vector in this case is
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+212 um so okay so now we've got a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 um so okay so now we've got a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 um so okay so now we've got a normal
+vector and we have a point we were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we have a point we were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we have a point we were given
+that the plane passes through the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plane passes through the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plane passes through the origin
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation using the same idea as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using the same idea as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using the same idea as in the
+previous question so the origin is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question so the origin is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question so the origin is just
+0 0 0 that's a nice point to know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 that's a nice point to know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 that's a nice point to know it
+passes through so the equation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through so the equation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through so the equation is just
+2x + y + 2 Z is equal to Z so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x + y + 2 Z is equal to Z so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x + y + 2 Z is equal to Z so this is
+the equation in in in Part B all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in in in Part B all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation in in in Part B all right
+so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part
+C we're given that the plane passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we're given that the plane passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we're given that the plane passes
+through three points so once again three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three points so once again three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three points so once again three
+points so we have a point in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we have a point in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so we have a point in particular
+we have three of them um and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three of them um and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three of them um and so what we
+need then to get to the equation is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then to get to the equation is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need then to get to the equation is we
+need a normal um and we saw in Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a normal um and we saw in Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a normal um and we saw in Part B
+that we could get a normal if we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could get a normal if we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could get a normal if we knew
+two vectors that lay in the plane so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors that lay in the plane so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors that lay in the plane so in
+this case we have three points so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have three points so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we have three points so what
+we'd like is to find two vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like is to find two vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like is to find two vectors that
+lie in the plane and then use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the plane and then use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in the plane and then use those
+those two vectors to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors to come up with a
+normal to the plane so in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the plane so in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the plane so in our case
+that's that's particularly well in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's particularly well in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's particularly well in any
+case that's that's not that hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's that's not that hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's that's not that hard you
+have three points right so so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three points right so so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three points right so so you have
+three points somewhere p q and R and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points somewhere p q and R and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points somewhere p q and R and so
+if you want to know two vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know two vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know two vectors in the
+same plane as these three points well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plane as these three points well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plane as these three points well
+you could just take the vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just take the vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just take the vectors that
+connect one of the points to two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect one of the points to two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect one of the points to two of the
+others for example so in our case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others for example so in our case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others for example so in our case the
+plane since the plane passes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane since the plane passes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane since the plane passes through the
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so passes through the points 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so passes through the points 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so passes through the points 1 2
+0 uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+311 and what's the last one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 so the plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel to well it doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to well it doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to well it doesn't matter which
+which which one we choose so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one we choose so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one we choose so for example
+we can say the vector that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say the vector that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say the vector that goes from
+here to here so we take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here so we take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here so we take this and
+subtract that from it so that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from it so that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that from it so that would give
+us for example 2 -1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for example 2 -1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for example 2 -1 1
+and we could say the vector from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say the vector from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say the vector from here to
+here so we take this and subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we take this and subtract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we take this and subtract that
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+it and that'll give us 1 - 2 0 so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that'll give us 1 - 2 0 so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that'll give us 1 - 2 0 so from
+three points we could get two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points we could get two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points we could get two vectors
+that are parallel to the plane and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are parallel to the plane and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are parallel to the plane and we
+have a choice of a point to use we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice of a point to use we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice of a point to use we could
+use for example this same point 1 two 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for example this same point 1 two 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for example this same point 1 two 0
+as our base point and so then we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our base point and so then we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our base point and so then we can go
+back and do exactly what we did in Part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do exactly what we did in Part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do exactly what we did in Part
+B so with those two vectors you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so with those two vectors you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so with those two vectors you can take
+their cross product and and find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cross product and and find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cross product and and find a
+normal Vector to the plane so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector to the plane so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector to the plane so I'm not
+going to do that for you I'll leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that for you I'll leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that for you I'll leave that
+for you as an exercise um finally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as an exercise um finally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you as an exercise um finally in
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+D we have a plane that's parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D we have a plane that's parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D we have a plane that's parallel to the
+plane in part A and passes through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in part A and passes through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in part A and passes through one
+two 3 the point 1 2 3 so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 the point 1 2 3 so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 the point 1 2 3 so let me just
+rewrite over here what parallel to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite over here what parallel to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite over here what parallel to so
+the plane in part A had equation x + 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane in part A had equation x + 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane in part A had equation x + 2 y
++ 3 Z + 2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and passing through the point 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and passing through the point 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and passing through the point 1 2
+3 all right so this is the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 all right so this is the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 all right so this is the information
+that we know about our plane in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about our plane in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know about our plane in this
+case we know that it's parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we know that it's parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we know that it's parallel to the
+plane with this equation and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with this equation and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with this equation and that it
+passes through the point 1 2 3 well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the point 1 2 3 well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the point 1 2 3 well it's
+parallel to this plane two planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to this plane two planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to this plane two planes are
+parallel exactly when they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel exactly when they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel exactly when they have the same
+normal Al Vector so remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Al Vector so remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Al Vector so remember that the
+normal Vector here is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector here is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Vector here is always going to be
+encoded by these coefficients of XYZ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by these coefficients of XYZ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by these coefficients of XYZ in
+part A the the This Plane had normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A the the This Plane had normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A the the This Plane had normal
+Vector 1 2 3 and that 1 2 3 shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector 1 2 3 and that 1 2 3 shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector 1 2 3 and that 1 2 3 shows up in
+the coefficients of X coefficient of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of X coefficient of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of X coefficient of Y
+and coefficient of Z which are 1 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coefficient of Z which are 1 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coefficient of Z which are 1 2 and
+three respectively so to get parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three respectively so to get parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three respectively so to get parallel
+planes when you have the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes when you have the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes when you have the equation
+already one thing you could do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already one thing you could do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already one thing you could do is you
+can just say oh so that just means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say oh so that just means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say oh so that just means I
+leave these coefficients the same and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave these coefficients the same and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave these coefficients the same and I
+have to change the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the constant
+another thing you could do is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could do is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could do is you could
+just go back to our definition and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to our definition and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to our definition and say
+okay so we know that the normal Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that the normal Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that the normal Vector
+is 1 2 3 the vector 23 and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 2 3 the vector 23 and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 2 3 the vector 23 and that it
+passes through the point one 2 3 either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the point one 2 3 either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes through the point one 2 3 either
+either of these two methods will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these two methods will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these two methods will will
+work so let me describe let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so let me describe let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so let me describe let me show you
+what this this second this new method I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this second this new method I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this second this new method I
+I mentioned is so we we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned is so we we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned is so we we know that the
+equation of the plane has to be x + 2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane has to be x + 2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane has to be x + 2 y
++ 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 3
+z+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z+
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that's a a big question mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a big question mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a big question mark
+there equal to zero we know that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equal to zero we know that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equal to zero we know that the the
+equation of the plane is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane is going to have
+to look like this because it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this because it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this because it has the
+same normal Vector it has to be parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same normal Vector it has to be parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same normal Vector it has to be parallel
+to this plane and so then we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this plane and so then we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this plane and so then we just need
+to figure out what goes into this box in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what goes into this box in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what goes into this box in
+order to make this the equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make this the equation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make this the equation of the
+right plane well what else do we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plane well what else do we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plane well what else do we know we
+know that it passes through the point 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it passes through the point 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it passes through the point 1
+2 3 so when we put in one for x two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 so when we put in one for x two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 so when we put in one for x two for
+y and three for Z this equation has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and three for Z this equation has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and three for Z this equation has to
+be true the this this this point 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true the this this this point 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true the this this this point 1 2 3
+has to be a solution to this equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a solution to this equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a solution to this equation so
+when we put in 1 two and three we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in 1 two and three we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in 1 two and three we have
+to have that one + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that one + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that one + 2 * 2 + 3 * 3 plus
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+same question mark is equal to zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question mark is equal to zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question mark is equal to zero well
+this part is 1 + 4 + 9 is 14 so 14 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1 + 4 + 9 is 14 so 14 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is 1 + 4 + 9 is 14 so 14 plus
+whatever goes in here has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes in here has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goes in here has to be equal to
+zero so this better be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this better be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this better be equal to
+-14 -14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-14 -14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-14 -14
+so the equation for the plane in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation for the plane in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation for the plane in this
+case is exactly x + 2 y + 3 Z - 14s zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly x + 2 y + 3 Z - 14s zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly x + 2 y + 3 Z - 14s zero
+now if you if you didn't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you didn't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you didn't like that
+method the other thing you can do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the other thing you can do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the other thing you can do which
+I said before let me just repeat it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before let me just repeat it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before let me just repeat it is
+that since it's parallel to this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's parallel to this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's parallel to this plane
+it has the same normal vector and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same normal vector and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same normal vector and we
+knew that the normal Vector to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that the normal Vector to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that the normal Vector to this
+plane was 1 2 3 so you have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane was 1 2 3 so you have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane was 1 2 3 so you have a normal
+Vector the vector 1 2 3 and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the vector 1 2 3 and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the vector 1 2 3 and you have a
+point the point 1 2 3 and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point 1 2 3 and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point 1 2 3 and so you can
+just use the usual process given a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the usual process given a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the usual process given a point
+in a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal
+Vector so just to recap we had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so just to recap we had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so just to recap we had four
+different characterizations of a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characterizations of a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characterizations of a plane
+we had a plane given in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a plane given in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a plane given in terms of its
+normal vector and a point that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector and a point that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector and a point that it
+contains we had a plane given in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains we had a plane given in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains we had a plane given in terms
+of a point and two vectors parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point and two vectors parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point and two vectors parallel to
+it we had a plane given in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we had a plane given in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we had a plane given in terms of
+three points on it and we had a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points on it and we had a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points on it and we had a plane
+given in terms of a point and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms of a point and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in terms of a point and another
+plane parallel to it so we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane parallel to it so we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane parallel to it so we have we have
+in all these different cases we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these different cases we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these different cases we can
+apply different methods to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply different methods to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply different methods to compute the
+equation of our plane so in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of our plane so in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of our plane so in the first
+case we just do this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we just do this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we just do this very
+straightforward computation that you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward computation that you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward computation that you saw
+in lecture here where you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture here where you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture here where you you just
+realize that the normal Vector has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the normal Vector has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the normal Vector has to be
+orthogonal to the to to the vector lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the to to the vector lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the to to the vector lying
+in the plane so you take their dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane so you take their dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane so you take their dot
+product and that gives you the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that gives you the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that gives you the equation
+right away in the second case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away in the second case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away in the second case where you
+had uh two two parallel Vector sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh two two parallel Vector sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh two two parallel Vector sorry
+yeah two parallel vectors to the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two parallel vectors to the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah two parallel vectors to the plane
+two vectors lying in the plane you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors lying in the plane you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors lying in the plane you need
+to come up with a normal and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a normal and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a normal and you can
+always come up with the normal by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come up with the normal by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come up with the normal by taking
+a cross product of those two vectors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product of those two vectors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product of those two vectors as
+long as you're careful if you accident L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're careful if you accident L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're careful if you accident L
+chose your two vectors parallel to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose your two vectors parallel to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose your two vectors parallel to each
+other that wouldn't wouldn't work You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that wouldn't wouldn't work You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that wouldn't wouldn't work You'
+just get zero here and that's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zero here and that's no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zero here and that's no good
+but so you have to choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you have to choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so you have to choose two
+nonparallel vectors in the plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparallel vectors in the plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparallel vectors in the plane in
+order to make this work in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make this work in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make this work in the third
+case you have three points and so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have three points and so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have three points and so with
+three points what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points what you can do is you can
+choose two vectors connecting some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two vectors connecting some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two vectors connecting some of
+those points and that gives you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points and that gives you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points and that gives you two
+vectors that lie in the plane and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that lie in the plane and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that lie in the plane and that
+reduces to the case of the previous part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the case of the previous part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to the case of the previous part
+and then it again you can take a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it again you can take a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it again you can take a cross
+product to get a normal Vector finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to get a normal Vector finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to get a normal Vector finally
+we did this fourth problem where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this fourth problem where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this fourth problem where we were
+given a plane parallel to it and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a plane parallel to it and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a plane parallel to it and so you
+can read off the normal Vector from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off the normal Vector from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read off the normal Vector from the
+from the coefficients of X Y and Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coefficients of X Y and Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coefficients of X Y and Z in
+the equation and then either use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and then either use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and then either use the the
+method the the very first method with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the the very first method with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the the very first method with a
+point and normal vector or just realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and normal vector or just realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and normal vector or just realize
+that you just have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just have to find the
+appropriate value of the constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate value of the constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate value of the constant so
+that this point actually lies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point actually lies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point actually lies on the
+plane so I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xsg27_uGVZA.txt b/Xsg27_uGVZA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95e30af6e7d51fa3c0dec4fbbbb24b1432897d75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xsg27_uGVZA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we wrote down the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we wrote down the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we wrote down the momentum of the
+system of our rocket at time T and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of our rocket at time T and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of our rocket at time T and the
+momentum the system of the rocket at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the system of the rocket at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the system of the rocket at
+time T plus delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T plus delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T plus delta-t
+let's make some simplifications in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some simplifications in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some simplifications in our
+notation just to make our calculations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation just to make our calculations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation just to make our calculations a
+little more easy to read so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more easy to read so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more easy to read so the first
+thing we want to do is we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to do is we want to say
+that the mass of the rocket at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass of the rocket at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass of the rocket at time T
+this is the mass of the rocket plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mass of the rocket plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mass of the rocket plus the
+mass of the fuel in the rocket at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the fuel in the rocket at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the fuel in the rocket at time T
+we're just going to denote that by M R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to denote that by M R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to denote that by M R
+and keep in mind that when you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep in mind that when you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep in mind that when you write the
+mass at time T plus delta-t will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at time T plus delta-t will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at time T plus delta-t will write
+that as the mass at time t plus delta mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the mass at time t plus delta mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the mass at time t plus delta mr
+this is precisely how you define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is precisely how you define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is precisely how you define a
+differential even if this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential even if this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential even if this quantity is
+pot is negative you always write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is negative you always write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is negative you always write the
+difference M of R of T plus Delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference M of R of T plus Delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference M of R of T plus Delta t
+minus M of RT equal to Delta M R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M of RT equal to Delta M R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M of RT equal to Delta M R that's
+how we write a differential Delta mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we write a differential Delta mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we write a differential Delta mass
+of the rocket so the mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket so the mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket so the mass of the rocket
+at time T looks simpler M of R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T looks simpler M of R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T looks simpler M of R plus
+Delta M R so those are two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M R so those are two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta M R so those are two ways of
+simplifying our expressions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying our expressions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying our expressions for the
+terms that are appearing here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are appearing here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are appearing here and there
+now the next thing was recall from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing was recall from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing was recall from our
+mass conservation that we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation that we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass conservation that we had the
+condition that Delta M fuel was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that Delta M fuel was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that Delta M fuel was equal to
+minus Delta M rocket so now we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta M rocket so now we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta M rocket so now we'll take
+those two simplifications and now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two simplifications and now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two simplifications and now we'll
+write down our system momentum at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our system momentum at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our system momentum at time T
+that's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple
+M R B of R at time T and we'll now write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R B of R at time T and we'll now write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R B of R at time T and we'll now write
+the momentum at time T plus delta T well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum at time T plus delta T well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum at time T plus delta T well
+we have the first piece which is M R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the first piece which is M R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the first piece which is M R
+plus Delta M R times the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta M R times the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta M R times the velocity of the
+rocket at time T plus delta T now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket at time T plus delta T now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket at time T plus delta T now be
+careful here because we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here because we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here because we're going to use
+our conservation of mass condition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conservation of mass condition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conservation of mass condition to
+replace Delta M fuel with minus Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Delta M fuel with minus Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Delta M fuel with minus Delta M
+rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket
+we'll use our expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use our expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use our expression for the
+velocity of fuel in the ground frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of fuel in the ground frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of fuel in the ground frame of
+the rocket so we have minus Delta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket so we have minus Delta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket so we have minus Delta M
+rocket times the velocity u plus B of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket times the velocity u plus B of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket times the velocity u plus B of R
+of T plus delta T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T plus delta T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T plus delta T and this
+simplification will write equations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification will write equations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification will write equations one
+and equation two will enable us to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equation two will enable us to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equation two will enable us to apply
+the momentum principle in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum principle in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum principle in a very
+transparent way and that's what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent way and that's what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent way and that's what we'll do
+next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Yp67PhU7Jt0.txt b/Yp67PhU7Jt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..908cea4133f9556540dfbe94db66db6e70bca441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Yp67PhU7Jt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is Mike Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is Mike Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is Mike Lee
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+he's going to hand out his parts and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to hand out his parts and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to hand out his parts and uh
+then what we'll do is we'll do a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll do is we'll do a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll do is we'll do a rough
+run through of stuff we'll look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through of stuff we'll look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through of stuff we'll look at a
+couple things that might be tricky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things that might be tricky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things that might be tricky and
+then we'll do a rough run through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do a rough run through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do a rough run through this
+is for each piece and then we'll um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each piece and then we'll um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each piece and then we'll um then
+we'll you know try to do a a finish take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know try to do a a finish take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know try to do a a finish take
+as much as we can so everybody's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can so everybody's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as we can so everybody's got
+roughly 15 to 20 minutes so we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 15 to 20 minutes so we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 15 to 20 minutes so we should be
+able to handle that in in good shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to handle that in in good shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to handle that in in good shape and
+then we'll do some of the things I as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do some of the things I as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do some of the things I as I
+said so it's fast for the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so it's fast for the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so it's fast for the beginning and
+then it goes to the slower Tempo and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to the slower Tempo and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes to the slower Tempo and is
+it is it in the slower Tempo most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it in the slower Tempo most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it in the slower Tempo most of the
+rest of the way um so well no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the way um so well no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the way um so well no this is
+all still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still
+fast oh but it said half time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast oh but it said half time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast oh but it said half time so it
+starts at half timee and accelerates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at half timee and accelerates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at half timee and accelerates to
+regular time so it's like it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular time so it's like it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular time so it's like it's like you
+speed up the pattern but the end result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the pattern but the end result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the pattern but the end result
+is that you're still what's the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're still what's the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're still what's the quarter
+note here 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so when you say half time so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's okay so let's try this let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so let's try this let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so let's try this let's try
+this and I just want to check a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I just want to check a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I just want to check a couple
+of things to make sure that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to make sure that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to make sure that we are
+uh on the same literally have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the same literally have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the same literally have the same
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+uh just watch with me as we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just watch with me as we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just watch with me as we go through
+this so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at
+letter B it looks like it goes to Half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter B it looks like it goes to Half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter B it looks like it goes to Half
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+everybody has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has that
+marked yes no yes yeah C is back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked yes no yes yeah C is back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked yes no yes yeah C is back to
+temple one how you going to do the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple one how you going to do the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple one how you going to do the I'm
+not sure um very carefully I'm cue each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure um very carefully I'm cue each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure um very carefully I'm cue each
+person individually play with that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person individually play with that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person individually play with that for a
+little while and then when I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and then when I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and then when I give you
+the cue to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue to the
+hold that's the formata so when you cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold that's the formata so when you cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold that's the formata so when you cue
+us we just play the line right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we just play the line right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we just play the line right but
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+freely so it's just out of time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely so it's just out of time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely so it's just out of time it's
+really an open repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an open repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an open repeat
+right but but we're treating it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but we're treating it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but we're treating it as an
+open repeat so we going to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open repeat so we going to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open repeat so we going to play it
+several times is this correct so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times is this correct so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times is this correct so you're
+going to so put repeats there it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so put repeats there it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to so put repeats there it's going
+to be an open repeat treat it as an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an open repeat treat it as an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an open repeat treat it as an open
+repeat f one bar treat it as an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat f one bar treat it as an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat f one bar treat it as an open
+repeat then I'll give the Q to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat then I'll give the Q to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat then I'll give the Q to the
+formada this is the bar before g g comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formada this is the bar before g g comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formada this is the bar before g g comes
+back in at the half time and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in at the half time and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in at the half time and then when
+we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to
+F we're back to the original tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we get to there's no letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get to there's no letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get to there's no letter
+number but it's about the ninth bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but it's about the ninth bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but it's about the ninth bar
+after it looks like it goes out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it looks like it goes out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it looks like it goes out of time
+and you just play freely with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just play freely with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just play freely with what you
+have notated de Crescendo and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have notated de Crescendo and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have notated de Crescendo and do you
+want that EV gradually to sort of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that EV gradually to sort of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that EV gradually to sort of come
+apart and just kind of deconstruct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and just kind of deconstruct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and just kind of deconstruct so
+just watch me and then I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch me and then I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch me and then I'll give you a
+big cue for the final chord everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cue for the final chord everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cue for the final chord everybody
+cool on that so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool on that so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool on that so I think we
+count h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count h
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the yeah good point so I'll I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah good point so I'll I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah good point so I'll I'll I'll
+give you two full bars there before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two full bars there before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two full bars there before
+letter H everybody I'll give two full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter H everybody I'll give two full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter H everybody I'll give two full
+bars under the form under the formata or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars under the form under the formata or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars under the form under the formata or
+whatever one two one two three four like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever one two one two three four like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever one two one two three four like
+that so I think the only way we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think the only way we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I think the only way we can do
+this is just to do it so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to do it so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to do it so there's a
+couple uh three bars of three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh three bars of three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh three bars of three but
+hopefully that won't be too bad so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that won't be too bad so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that won't be too bad so we'll
+take it a little relaxed to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a little relaxed to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it a little relaxed to begin with
+and then see what happens as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what happens as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what happens as we get
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+cots oh yeah that's during those so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cots oh yeah that's during those so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cots oh yeah that's during those so in
+time meaning so free solo play whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meaning so free solo play whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meaning so free solo play whatever
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so the time still going be be is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the time still going be be is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the time still going be be is my
+solo two beats long this is everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo two beats long this is everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo two beats long this is everyone so
+everyone in that you mean like here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in that you mean like here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in that you mean like here no
+here right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here
+right here the three four bars at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the three four bars at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here the three four bars at
+H so you just want us to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you just want us to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you just want us to sort of
+blather okay got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blather okay got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blather okay got it
+one one 2 one 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one 2 one 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one 2 one 2 3 4
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I guess uh one thing is a g um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess uh one thing is a g um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess uh one thing is a g um I
+probably taking slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably taking slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably taking slower
+that g is that the Corral yeah right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g is that the Corral yeah right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g is that the Corral yeah right so
+the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect
+is that the brass is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the brass is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the brass is pretty much
+doubling the the the saxophone section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the the the saxophone section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling the the the saxophone section
+um but then the sax is cut off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then the sax is cut off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then the sax is cut off and the
+brass sustain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass sustain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass sustain kind of
+to simulate a room Reverb even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a room Reverb even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a room Reverb even though
+there's no room Reverb and then the sax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room Reverb and then the sax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no room Reverb and then the sax
+come back in so like the sax should cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in so like the sax should cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back in so like the sax should cut
+off and there should be another hole on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and there should be another hole on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and there should be another hole on
+the sax rest and the grass stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sax rest and the grass stain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sax rest and the grass stain
+everybody understands that I I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands that I I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands that I I the
+double double formas are right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double formas are right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double formas are right yeah so
+there needs to be shoe holes in of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh really oh you never want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh really oh you never want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh really oh you never want to say
+that don't look at him it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't look at him it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't look at him it only
+encourages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more just what you me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+like scar oh okay and at C so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scar oh okay and at C so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scar oh okay and at C so the first
+time through this kind of pression it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this kind of pression it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this kind of pression it's
+like a standard 12 Bar Blu um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a standard 12 Bar Blu um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a standard 12 Bar Blu um but the
+second time through it there's an added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time through it there's an added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time through it there's an added
+bar at the end so uh the trumpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar at the end so uh the trumpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar at the end so uh the trumpet
+entrance um I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance um I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance um I think one
+of yeah each sub time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in while we're there at C that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in while we're there at C that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in while we're there at C that those
+little figures that come in think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little figures that come in think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little figures that come in think we can
+make more of it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more of it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more of it so it's
+one if I'm getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is that correct what I just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that correct what I just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that correct what I just saying
+one two one two three 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one 2 one 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very nice very nice any comments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice very nice any comments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice very nice any comments from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composer It's Tricky with the rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer It's Tricky with the rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer It's Tricky with the rhythmic
+stuff if we had a little more time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff if we had a little more time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff if we had a little more time we
+could really bring it out but we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really bring it out but we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really bring it out but we're in
+this situation but really nice really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation but really nice really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation but really nice really
+nice you should you should know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you should you should know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you should you should know that
+actually this was easy to play even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was easy to play even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was easy to play even with
+that Tempo and that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tempo and that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tempo and that's that's an
+accomplishment because a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment because a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment because a lot of people
+when they write odm things that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they write odm things that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they write odm things that they're
+that they're just playing difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're just playing difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're just playing difficult to
+play just actually played itself pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play just actually played itself pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play just actually played itself pretty
+well that's a that's a fine compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a that's a fine compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a that's a fine compliment
+coming from our band I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from our band I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from our band I'll tell you
+because we see some odd stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see some odd stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see some odd stuff
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZMe7jSsPmW4.txt b/ZMe7jSsPmW4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b607f23c2572e02fbcbbfa707096c6eba1974811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZMe7jSsPmW4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today the last
+official day of lecture um we'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official day of lecture um we'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official day of lecture um we'll finish
+up Joshua and Kenneth Reed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Joshua and Kenneth Reed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Joshua and Kenneth Reed and then
+we'll jump right into postproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll jump right into postproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll jump right into postproduction
+so whenever you're ready uh laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so the science of search have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the science of search have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the science of search have you
+ever found it difficult to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever found it difficult to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever found it difficult to find a
+particular item in your house let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular item in your house let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular item in your house let's say
+you have lost a pair of gloves and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lost a pair of gloves and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lost a pair of gloves and you
+spend the entire afternoon looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the entire afternoon looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the entire afternoon looking for
+it but you just can't find it you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you just can't find it you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you just can't find it you have
+encountered the same problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the same problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the same problem that
+companies like Google or Yahoo try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Yahoo try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Google or Yahoo try to
+solve every single day the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve every single day the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve every single day the problem of
+search just like a house which stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search just like a house which stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search just like a house which stores
+about a thousand different items Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand different items Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand different items Google
+stores 45 billion different index pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores 45 billion different index pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores 45 billion different index pages
+of information if each page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information if each page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information if each page of
+information was a sheet of paper and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was a sheet of paper and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was a sheet of paper and we
+stack them High all together we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them High all together we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them High all together we would
+create a tower 610 times taller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a tower 610 times taller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a tower 610 times taller than the
+Mount Everest so how can a search engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount Everest so how can a search engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount Everest so how can a search engine
+like Google find your results so quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Google find your results so quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Google find your results so quickly
+or we find it so difficult to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we find it so difficult to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we find it so difficult to find a
+pair of gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of gloves
+well it turns out that searching on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that searching on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that searching on the
+Internet is kind of like looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet is kind of like looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet is kind of like looking for a
+person in a hotel room let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in a hotel room let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in a hotel room let's suppose
+we're looking for a guest called James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a guest called James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a guest called James
+to find James the simplest way would to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find James the simplest way would to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find James the simplest way would to
+would be to run to every room nearest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to run to every room nearest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to run to every room nearest to
+you until you find him but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until you find him but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until you find him but that would
+take very long there's a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take very long there's a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take very long there's a better way
+known as binary search let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as binary search let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as binary search let's say the
+people were arranged in alphabetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were arranged in alphabetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were arranged in alphabetical
+order in increasing numbers of the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in increasing numbers of the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in increasing numbers of the hotel
+rooms we could run the in we could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms we could run the in we could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms we could run the in we could run
+to the room in the middle and check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the room in the middle and check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the room in the middle and check if
+the name of the person is James if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the person is James if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the person is James if the
+person's name starts with a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name starts with a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name starts with a letter
+before J we head to the right if not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before J we head to the right if not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before J we head to the right if not we
+will go to the left we then head off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the left we then head off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the left we then head off to
+the middle room of the newly sectioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle room of the newly sectioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle room of the newly sectioned
+area and we rings and repeat eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and we rings and repeat eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and we rings and repeat eventually
+we will find James just like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find James just like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will find James just like the first
+method but we found him much faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but we found him much faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but we found him much faster than
+using the first method how much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the first method how much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the first method how much faster
+would that be but that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be but that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be but that depends on the
+people staying in the hotel the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people staying in the hotel the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people staying in the hotel the number
+of people in staying in the hotel let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in staying in the hotel let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in staying in the hotel let's
+say it takes 10 seconds not on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it takes 10 seconds not on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it takes 10 seconds not on each
+Hotel door and there 500 people it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel door and there 500 people it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel door and there 500 people it would
+take about 80 minutes for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 80 minutes for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 80 minutes for the first
+method and one and a half minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and one and a half minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and one and a half minutes for
+binary search but if there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search but if there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search but if there were a
+thousand people in the hotel room it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people in the hotel room it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people in the hotel room it
+would take 160 m minutes for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take 160 m minutes for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take 160 m minutes for the first
+method but only 1.6 minutes for binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but only 1.6 minutes for binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but only 1.6 minutes for binary
+search now that's a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search now that's a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search now that's a whole lot of
+difference so a name like James is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a name like James is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so a name like James is just
+a word but companies like Google will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word but companies like Google will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word but companies like Google will
+take in searches for a long combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in searches for a long combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in searches for a long combination
+of words making it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words making it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words making it a little bit more
+complicated so just like identifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so just like identifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so just like identifying the
+word James from its first letter Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word James from its first letter Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word James from its first letter Google
+identifies unique characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies unique characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies unique characteristics of
+search phrases using over 200 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search phrases using over 200 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search phrases using over 200 different
+factors also notice how the better meod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors also notice how the better meod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors also notice how the better meod
+depends on pre-arranging the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on pre-arranging the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on pre-arranging the people in
+alphabetical order computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order computer scientists
+are always actively looking for better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always actively looking for better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always actively looking for better
+methods to to sort manage and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to to sort manage and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods to to sort manage and eventually
+retrieve the data in the same way simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve the data in the same way simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve the data in the same way simply
+by placing your home items in location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing your home items in location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing your home items in location
+where they have a natural relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have a natural relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have a natural relationship
+to make it easier for us to find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier for us to find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier for us to find them
+for example the TV remote goes near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the TV remote goes near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the TV remote goes near the
+TV the shoes goes near the shoe rack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV the shoes goes near the shoe rack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV the shoes goes near the shoe rack the
+coats go near the cupboard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coats go near the cupboard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coats go near the cupboard and the
+winter gloves goes in the winter jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter gloves goes in the winter jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter gloves goes in the winter jacket
+aha so that's where my gloves are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha so that's where my gloves are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha so that's where my gloves are and
+that's the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+search you're clocking in around 3 to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you're clocking in around 3 to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you're clocking in around 3 to 4
+minutes which is really good place to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which is really good place to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which is really good place to be
+all right so Joshua script is up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Joshua script is up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Joshua script is up on
+annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Studio let me turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on turn oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry Joshua this script has come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Joshua this script has come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Joshua this script has come along
+a really really far way this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really far way this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really really far way this is really
+tight very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight very good
+um I think the flow of it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the flow of it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the flow of it is very
+natural I also thought your delivery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural I also thought your delivery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural I also thought your delivery was
+very natural um I don't know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural um I don't know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural um I don't know if you've
+been practicing or maybe you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been practicing or maybe you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been practicing or maybe you've just
+felt a little more at ease today but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt a little more at ease today but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt a little more at ease today but I
+think the way you pause at certain words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way you pause at certain words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way you pause at certain words
+and just sort of the natural feel of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of the natural feel of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of the natural feel of it
+is it's nice it sounds like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's nice it sounds like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's nice it sounds like you're
+really just talking to us I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just talking to us I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just talking to us I think I
+learned a lot from Andre from Andre yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from Andre from Andre yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from Andre from Andre yeah
+yesterday when she said um what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday when she said um what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday when she said um what was it
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+said during class basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said during class basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said during class basically just
+observing like how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing like how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing like how she
+presented I kind of learned how I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented I kind of learned how I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented I kind of learned how I should
+oh you were sort of copying her style a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you were sort of copying her style a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you were sort of copying her style a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go I think something that works really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I think something that works really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I think something that works really
+well for this script is that you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this script is that you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this script is that you build
+complexity which is a topic that we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is a topic that we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is a topic that we sort
+of talked about earlier in the class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talked about earlier in the class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talked about earlier in the class but
+I think is hard to really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is hard to really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is hard to really understand
+unless you see a specific example of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you see a specific example of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you see a specific example of it
+but he starts off with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he starts off with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he starts off with a very simple
+example of losing your gloves and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of losing your gloves and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of losing your gloves and then
+he clearly relates it to how Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he clearly relates it to how Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he clearly relates it to how Google
+searches for something that is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for something that is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for something that is far
+greater in number and complexity but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in number and complexity but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in number and complexity but he
+connects it very clearly to the glove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects it very clearly to the glove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects it very clearly to the glove
+analogy which is why I think it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy which is why I think it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy which is why I think it works
+um I think this explanation of binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this explanation of binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this explanation of binary
+search is very clear because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is very clear because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is very clear because you're
+relating it to the context of the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating it to the context of the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating it to the context of the hotel
+analogy so um I know in like earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy so um I know in like earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy so um I know in like earlier
+iterations of your script you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of your script you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of your script you were just
+describing binary search as a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing binary search as a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing binary search as a concept
+where people take um a set of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people take um a set of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people take um a set of data and
+then they split it in half and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they split it in half and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they split it in half and then they
+search the data and then they split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the data and then they split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the data and then they split it
+in half again right I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half again right I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half again right I think that's the
+tendency that a lot of us would have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that a lot of us would have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that a lot of us would have uh
+in defining Concepts and topics but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining Concepts and topics but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining Concepts and topics but for
+me personally I I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally I I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally I I think that this
+definition works really well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition works really well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition works really well in the
+context of this video um did I anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this video um did I anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of this video um did I anyone
+have any thoughts about the script up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any thoughts about the script up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any thoughts about the script up
+until this point up until like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is like purely cosmetic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like purely cosmetic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like purely cosmetic I
+thought the script like i' definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the script like i' definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the script like i' definitely
+understand the basics of binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basics of binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basics of binary search
+after listening to you not even reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after listening to you not even reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after listening to you not even reading
+the script so I think that's really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script so I think that's really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script so I think that's really good
+just something I do I and this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something I do I and this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something I do I and this is you
+can take it or you can leave it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it or you can leave it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it or you can leave it but
+whenever I do like it's like 600 10 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I do like it's like 600 10 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I do like it's like 600 10 like
+I don't know sometimes if I did like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know sometimes if I did like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know sometimes if I did like
+hundreds of times of the Mount Everest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of times of the Mount Everest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of times of the Mount Everest
+that that kind of it can be 100 it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of it can be 100 it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of it can be 100 it can
+be like you know up to a thousand so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know up to a thousand so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like you know up to a thousand so it
+it kind of scales it a little better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of scales it a little better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of scales it a little better but
+that's very like nit I think that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very like nit I think that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very like nit I think that's okay
+and like the other one was like uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the other one was like uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the other one was like uh over
+a thousand different items like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand different items like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand different items like maybe
+just thousands of items in your house or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thousands of items in your house or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thousands of items in your house or
+something yeah that that was it though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah that that was it though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah that that was it though I
+thought the rest was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the rest was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the rest was really
+good thought it was really beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thought it was really beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thought it was really beautifully
+written like just just those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like just just those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written like just just those those
+layers of complexity the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of complexity the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of complexity the way that they
+you know I'm not someone who processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not someone who processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm not someone who processes
+particularly well just by hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well just by hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well just by hearing
+something but the way that you brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the way that you brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the way that you brought
+me from a simple a simple concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from a simple a simple concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from a simple a simple concept to
+making it more complicated and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it more complicated and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it more complicated and more
+complicated and then bringing it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then bringing it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and then bringing it back to
+the simple it's it was a beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple it's it was a beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple it's it was a beautifully
+designed piece really well but keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed piece really well but keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed piece really well but keep in
+mind this has happened over several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this has happened over several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this has happened over several
+iterations and so I wouldn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and so I wouldn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and so I wouldn't feel
+discouraged if maybe um you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged if maybe um you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged if maybe um you feel like
+your script isn't in as tide of a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script isn't in as tide of a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script isn't in as tide of a place
+cuz if you look at your earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you look at your earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you look at your earlier
+iterations I mean it was a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations I mean it was a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations I mean it was a very very
+different idea very different script and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea very different script and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea very different script and
+we talked a lot after class uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot after class uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a lot after class uh pretty
+much every day last week um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every day last week um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every day last week um but I think
+do you feel happy with how it is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel happy with how it is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel happy with how it is right
+now yeah yeah you feel happy I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah yeah you feel happy I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah yeah you feel happy I think the
+challenge is going to be in realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is going to be in realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is going to be in realizing
+this visually um because the script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visually um because the script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visually um because the script
+itself is very tightly written but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is very tightly written but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is very tightly written but um
+executing the whole hotel analogy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing the whole hotel analogy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing the whole hotel analogy I
+think will be really key and it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will be really key and it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will be really key and it's nice
+that you actually have access to a hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually have access to a hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually have access to a hotel
+since you you're staying in the highet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you you're staying in the highet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you you're staying in the highet
+right now um but scaling back far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um but scaling back far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um but scaling back far enough
+so that people understand oh the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people understand oh the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people understand oh the key to
+the reason why this works is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this works is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this works is that people
+are arranged alphabetically in ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged alphabetically in ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged alphabetically in ascending
+numerical hotel rooms is a really vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical hotel rooms is a really vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical hotel rooms is a really vital
+piece of information that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information that you can use
+the visuals to convey really well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visuals to convey really well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visuals to convey really well um
+let's see what about the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what about the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what about the second half of
+the sech or of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+script I don't think you need this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script I don't think you need this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script I don't think you need this last
+thing right here I mean that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here I mean that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here I mean that's what I
+was trying to say yesterday that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to say yesterday that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to say yesterday that often
+times we feel like we have to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we feel like we have to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we feel like we have to continue
+the ending longer than it needs to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending longer than it needs to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending longer than it needs to be so
+like this is why this is awesome uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is why this is awesome uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is why this is awesome uh you
+know this is and that's the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is and that's the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is and that's the story of
+search and this is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and this is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and this is the definition
+of um prime numbers right it reads a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um prime numbers right it reads a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um prime numbers right it reads a
+little like at the end you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like at the end you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little like at the end you know and I
+personally just don't think it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally just don't think it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally just don't think it's as
+necessary but I like how you tied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but I like how you tied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but I like how you tied it
+back to your opening I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strong does anyone have any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong does anyone have any comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong does anyone have any comments
+about this at all yeah so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at all yeah so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at all yeah so on
+the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the
+um the 80 minutes for the first method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the 80 minutes for the first method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the 80 minutes for the first method
+and then and a half minutes for binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and a half minutes for binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and a half minutes for binary
+search you explain how you derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you explain how you derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you explain how you derive the
+80 because it's like 10 seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 because it's like 10 seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 because it's like 10 seconds and
+there you know 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know 500
+people oh but then how do you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh but then how do you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh but then how do you get the
+one and a half and I guess my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half and I guess my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half and I guess my point is
+you might not need the let's say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not need the let's say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not need the let's say it
+takes 10 seconds to knock on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 10 seconds to knock on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 10 seconds to knock on each
+door yeah that's an interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door yeah that's an interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door yeah that's an interesting point
+cuz you could explain the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you could explain the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you could explain the calculations
+you did to get to the binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did to get to the binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did to get to the binary search
+estimate but again I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but again I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate but again I don't think it's
+super necessary to the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super necessary to the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super necessary to the point of the
+video other calculation either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video other calculation either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video other calculation either and
+that'll make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make it a little
+cleaner cuz I really think the 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner cuz I really think the 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner cuz I really think the 1 and 1
+half minutes is very dramatic In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes is very dramatic In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes is very dramatic In the
+comparison and like I sort of pictured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and like I sort of pictured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and like I sort of pictured
+little CLS CU I was also thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little CLS CU I was also thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little CLS CU I was also thinking about
+like that could be like instead of 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that could be like instead of 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that could be like instead of 500
+to a th000 it could be 500 to 5,000 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a th000 it could be 500 to 5,000 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a th000 it could be 500 to 5,000 but
+I I don't know how how I'm not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know how how I'm not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know how how I'm not so sure
+whether how realistic that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether how realistic that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether how realistic that was like
+picture be of 5,000 people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture be of 5,000 people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture be of 5,000 people in a
+hotel but I mean I understand why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel but I mean I understand why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel but I mean I understand why you
+brought up the specific numbers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up the specific numbers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up the specific numbers because
+you're trying to show sense of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to show sense of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to show sense of scale
+right that like the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that like the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that like the difference between
+the two methods isn't as exaggerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two methods isn't as exaggerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two methods isn't as exaggerated
+when you're only looking through a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're only looking through a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're only looking through a few
+hundred items but when you up that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred items but when you up that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred items but when you up that to
+thousands or even close to what Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or even close to what Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or even close to what Google
+searches then the difference in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches then the difference in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches then the difference in the time
+becomes super super dramatic so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes super super dramatic so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes super super dramatic so in that
+sense I I mean I personally am totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I I mean I personally am totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I I mean I personally am totally
+okay with having those numbers in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with having those numbers in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with having those numbers in there
+cuz I think that the script is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I think that the script is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I think that the script is written
+naturally enough to where I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally enough to where I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally enough to where I'm not
+overwhelmed or distracted too much by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed or distracted too much by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmed or distracted too much by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+um I had one thought and I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had one thought and I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had one thought and I know the
+hotel concept works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel concept works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel concept works
+because when I think of a hotel I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I think of a hotel I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I think of a hotel I think
+of a very simple box with like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very simple box with like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very simple box with like a very
+linear line through it and rooms going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line through it and rooms going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line through it and rooms going
+off in different directions right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in different directions right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in different directions right which
+is why it works but I wondered if having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it works but I wondered if having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it works but I wondered if having
+instead of it being a hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it being a hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of it being a hotel
+it's looking for something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking for something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's looking for something at
+MIT because then instead of it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT because then instead of it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT because then instead of it being
+grounded at the hotel it grounds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded at the hotel it grounds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded at the hotel it grounds the
+film on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film on
+campus yeah it could work with like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus yeah it could work with like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus yeah it could work with like but
+I'm not so familiar with the campus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so familiar with the campus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so familiar with the campus is
+there a place where totally it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a place where totally it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a place where totally it's very
+uniform very the infinite Corridor down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform very the infinite Corridor down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform very the infinite Corridor down
+the middle Hall is like a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Hall is like a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle Hall is like a very very
+standard place with doors you know but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard place with doors you know but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard place with doors you know but I
+just I just that was the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just that was the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just that was the only thing that
+that fundamentally felt like if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamentally felt like if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fundamentally felt like if we could
+shift it it would it would help grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it it would it would help grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it it would it would help grow
+around this instead of being at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this instead of being at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this instead of being at the
+Hyatt to being here on campus yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyatt to being here on campus yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyatt to being here on campus yeah
+that's a really that's a nice suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really that's a nice suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really that's a nice suggestion
+and there's a fun there a couple fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a fun there a couple fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a fun there a couple fun
+ways that you could shoot that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you could shoot that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you could shoot that if you
+wanted to getting 5,000 people MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to getting 5,000 people MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to getting 5,000 people MIT is
+veryy if you wanted to shoot centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryy if you wanted to shoot centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryy if you wanted to shoot centered
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this and start whoever's filming you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and start whoever's filming you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and start whoever's filming you um
+start relatively close and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start relatively close and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start relatively close and you
+have the classrooms branching off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the classrooms branching off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the classrooms branching off this
+way does this drawing make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does this drawing make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does this drawing make sense to
+people okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay um
+instead you'd have to find some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you'd have to find some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you'd have to find some sort of
+Doling maybe take a rolling chair but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doling maybe take a rolling chair but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doling maybe take a rolling chair but
+then slowly pan back as he says but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly pan back as he says but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly pan back as he says but if I
+had if there were like 5,000 people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if there were like 5,000 people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if there were like 5,000 people and
+then it's a nice reveal and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a nice reveal and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a nice reveal and it's sort of
+it's an exaggerated angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an exaggerated angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an exaggerated angle
+too time Li knocking on every sing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too time Li knocking on every sing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too time Li knocking on every sing yeah
+yeah that'd be a nice b-roll to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that'd be a nice b-roll to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that'd be a nice b-roll to put
+there or even Al I mean having a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or even Al I mean having a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or even Al I mean having a little
+fun fun snapshot looking for James and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fun snapshot looking for James and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fun snapshot looking for James and
+like all these funny buildings on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these funny buildings on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all these funny buildings on campus
+I mean not that it takes up a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not that it takes up a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean not that it takes up a lot of
+time but it's a fun way to brownness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's a fun way to brownness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it's a fun way to brownness
+really and being about an Amite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and being about an Amite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and being about an Amite
+experience um I think a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um I think a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um I think a really good
+place for that and that's what I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for that and that's what I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for that and that's what I imagine
+this uh building before if you go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh building before if you go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh building before if you go on the
+first floor um then it's just a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor um then it's just a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first floor um then it's just a standard
+hallway and um all of the rooms I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway and um all of the rooms I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway and um all of the rooms I'm
+pretty sure are classrooms so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure are classrooms so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure are classrooms so they're
+available if you want to like enter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you want to like enter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you want to like enter them
+and then also there's an exit to kilan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also there's an exit to kilan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also there's an exit to kilan
+court so that might be like a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so that might be like a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so that might be like a nice
+location CU there's the Dome and grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location CU there's the Dome and grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location CU there's the Dome and grass
+all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um any final thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any final thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any final thoughts about this
+script again I think it's come a a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script again I think it's come a a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script again I think it's come a a super
+long way it's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way it's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way it's this is
+very this pretty much ready to film I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this pretty much ready to film I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very this pretty much ready to film I
+think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all
+right Kenneth you are next do you mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Kenneth you are next do you mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Kenneth you are next do you mind
+giving your mic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving your mic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving your mic to
+him to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to do
+is not the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah but I don't know I just sent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but I don't know I just sent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but I don't know I just sent I
+just checked the link it has the doc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just checked the link it has the doc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just checked the link it has the doc the
+word google doc has everything there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word google doc has everything there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word google doc has everything there's
+still like a few paragraphs below but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like a few paragraphs below but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like a few paragraphs below but
+it's okay I'll just read what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay I'll just read what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay I'll just read what I have
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+together yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together yeah
+sure okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure okay so
+um how would you feel if you organize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you feel if you organize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you feel if you organize a
+party and no one attends pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and no one attends pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and no one attends pretty much
+like this one right now and then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one right now and then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one right now and then they'll
+show me at the head of a table with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me at the head of a table with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me at the head of a table with lots
+of food and no one I said all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food and no one I said all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food and no one I said all right I
+forgot to send the invites out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to send the invites out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to send the invites out and then
+they'll cut to a shot of me dropping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cut to a shot of me dropping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cut to a shot of me dropping the
+sck outle envelopes into the mailbox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sck outle envelopes into the mailbox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sck outle envelopes into the mailbox and
+I like hm wait a minute I guess the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like hm wait a minute I guess the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like hm wait a minute I guess the only
+way that anyone could attend a party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that anyone could attend a party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that anyone could attend a party
+right now is if they actually traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is if they actually traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is if they actually traveled
+back in time but if they had received my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time but if they had received my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time but if they had received my
+invite they would have traveled back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite they would have traveled back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite they would have traveled back in
+time and I would have seen them and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I would have seen them and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I would have seen them and that
+means I may not send out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I may not send out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I may not send out this
+invitations oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations oh
+right so um and then after there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um and then after there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um and then after there'll be
+sorry uh this is actually what we call A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh this is actually what we call A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh this is actually what we call A
+Time Paradox but let me just go and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Paradox but let me just go and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Paradox but let me just go and talk
+about okay never mind I'm at living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay never mind I'm at living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay never mind I'm at living
+right now I'm sorry that's okay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm sorry that's okay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I'm sorry that's okay your
+real thing yeah then somehow there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing yeah then somehow there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing yeah then somehow there's a
+transition and now there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and now there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and now there'll be a
+transition to this next line but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to this next line but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to this next line but but
+wait could we actually travel through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait could we actually travel through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait could we actually travel through
+time this was in fact an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this was in fact an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this was in fact an experiment
+conducted by Steven Hawkins in 2009 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted by Steven Hawkins in 2009 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted by Steven Hawkins in 2009 to
+show that time travel was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that time travel was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that time travel was probably
+improbable to be invented even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable to be invented even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable to be invented even in the
+future but wouldn't being able to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but wouldn't being able to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but wouldn't being able to travel
+through time be cool we we could submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time be cool we we could submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time be cool we we could submit
+that homework that was due yesterday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework that was due yesterday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homework that was due yesterday but
+only completed today or head to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only completed today or head to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only completed today or head to the
+really cool party that I just organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool party that I just organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool party that I just organized
+but how could we time travel and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how could we time travel and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how could we time travel and is it
+actually possible a lot of what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible a lot of what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible a lot of what we know
+about time travel or what we think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time travel or what we think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time travel or what we think we
+know comes from Einstein theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know comes from Einstein theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know comes from Einstein theory of
+special and general relativity now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and general relativity now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and general relativity now this
+is all part of what we call Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all part of what we call Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all part of what we call Modern
+physics and it's still being explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and it's still being explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and it's still being explored
+and tested as we speak it doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tested as we speak it doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tested as we speak it doesn't mean
+that all of it is wrong it just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of it is wrong it just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of it is wrong it just that
+mean means that we're still unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means that we're still unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means that we're still unfamiliar
+with much of it as we are with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much of it as we are with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much of it as we are with the
+universe around us now back to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe around us now back to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe around us now back to time
+traveling when you think about it we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling when you think about it we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling when you think about it we are
+all actually time traveling but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all actually time traveling but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all actually time traveling but not in
+the manner Sci-Fi movies has often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manner Sci-Fi movies has often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manner Sci-Fi movies has often
+depicted them we are traveling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted them we are traveling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted them we are traveling through
+time at a pace of 1 hour per hour in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at a pace of 1 hour per hour in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at a pace of 1 hour per hour in
+other words as our bodies experience an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words as our bodies experience an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words as our bodies experience an
+hour of time the world around us has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of time the world around us has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of time the world around us has
+also experienced an hour of time sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experienced an hour of time sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also experienced an hour of time sounds
+simple but stay with me this is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but stay with me this is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but stay with me this is where it
+gets interesting within Einstein's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets interesting within Einstein's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets interesting within Einstein's the
+of special relativity there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special relativity there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of special relativity there is a
+phenomenon he describes which is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon he describes which is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon he describes which is known
+as time dilation and in there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time dilation and in there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time dilation and in there'll be a
+subtext that says um dilation means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtext that says um dilation means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtext that says um dilation means to
+expand now now the gist of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand now now the gist of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand now now the gist of this
+phen the gist of this phenomenon states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phen the gist of this phenomenon states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phen the gist of this phenomenon states
+that the faster you travel the slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the faster you travel the slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the faster you travel the slower
+time passes around us in other words at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes around us in other words at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes around us in other words at
+high speeds we could be traveling at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speeds we could be traveling at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speeds we could be traveling at a
+higher rate than 1 hour per hour this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rate than 1 hour per hour this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher rate than 1 hour per hour this is
+however only noticeable traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however only noticeable traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however only noticeable traveling at
+really really high speeds near the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really high speeds near the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really high speeds near the speed
+of light itself and then the C equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light itself and then the C equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light itself and then the C equals to
+3.0 * 10^ 8 m/s will appear overhead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.0 * 10^ 8 m/s will appear overhead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.0 * 10^ 8 m/s will appear overhead and
+say I invent a spaceship that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I invent a spaceship that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I invent a spaceship that could
+travel at 90% the speed 90% of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel at 90% the speed 90% of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel at 90% the speed 90% of the the
+speed of light and I have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light and I have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light and I have a pair of
+newborn twins and I'll have two babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn twins and I'll have two babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn twins and I'll have two babies
+in my hands uh Cartoon babies and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hands uh Cartoon babies and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my hands uh Cartoon babies and one of
+them I'll put into this spaceship and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll put into this spaceship and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll put into this spaceship and he
+will be in the spaceship and I'll send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the spaceship and I'll send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the spaceship and I'll send
+the spaceship off to space for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaceship off to space for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaceship off to space for a year
+after the baby comes back for a year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the baby comes back for a year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the baby comes back for a year the
+baby will have aged for one year while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby will have aged for one year while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby will have aged for one year while
+the one that remains on Earth will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that remains on Earth will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that remains on Earth will have
+aged approximately 2 and a half years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged approximately 2 and a half years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged approximately 2 and a half years
+old we can see that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old we can see that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old we can see that they have
+experienced times at different rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced times at different rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced times at different rates and
+the baby on Earth had experienced times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby on Earth had experienced times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby on Earth had experienced times
+about a 2.3 mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 2.3 mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 2.3 mag
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+experienced time at a rate of now 2.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced time at a rate of now 2.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced time at a rate of now 2.3
+years per year when we travel at 0.9 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years per year when we travel at 0.9 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years per year when we travel at 0.9 C
+if my spaceship was capable of traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my spaceship was capable of traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my spaceship was capable of traveling
+at even higher speeds now fling the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at even higher speeds now fling the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at even higher speeds now fling the baby
+One S side this rates will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One S side this rates will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One S side this rates will increase
+exponentially as shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as shown in this
+particular graph as you travel towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graph as you travel towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graph as you travel towards
+the speed of light which is this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light which is this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light which is this part
+there'll be a graph overlay as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a graph overlay as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a graph overlay as you
+travel towards the speed of light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel towards the speed of light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel towards the speed of light the
+magnitude of the time will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the time will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the time will change
+dramatically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and
+exponentially so we could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so we could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so we could potentially
+travel forward in time we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel forward in time we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel forward in time we just have to
+travel extremely high speeds to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel extremely high speeds to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel extremely high speeds to do so
+but I think the question on everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the question on everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the question on everyone's
+mind is how do we travel back in time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is how do we travel back in time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is how do we travel back in time I
+mean surely isn't that a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean surely isn't that a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean surely isn't that a lot more
+interesting and a lot sorry let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and a lot sorry let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and a lot sorry let me just
+scroll back isn't that a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll back isn't that a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll back isn't that a lot more
+interesting than traveling forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than traveling forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting than traveling forward in
+time do we have to run backwards really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do we have to run backwards really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do we have to run backwards really
+really quickly and then we'll show The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and then we'll show The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and then we'll show The
+Flash running backwards across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash running backwards across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash running backwards across the
+screen all that change is probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen all that change is probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen all that change is probably just
+the direction we're facing as we travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction we're facing as we travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction we're facing as we travel
+unfortunately and that doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and that doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately and that doesn't seem to
+be helping our case now looking back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helping our case now looking back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helping our case now looking back at
+our previous graph we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous graph we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous graph we can see that the
+amount of time that passes seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that passes seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that passes seems to be
+ASM topic to the speed of light what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM topic to the speed of light what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM topic to the speed of light what
+happens on the other side of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the other side of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the other side of the graph
+then scientists thinks that the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then scientists thinks that the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then scientists thinks that the idea
+scientists think that the idea to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists think that the idea to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists think that the idea to think
+that the secret to time traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the secret to time traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the secret to time traveling at
+negative rates in subx negative rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative rates in subx negative rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative rates in subx negative rate
+equals time travel backwards lies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals time travel backwards lies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals time travel backwards lies on the
+other side rephrasing that we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side rephrasing that we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side rephrasing that we would have
+to travel faster than the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel faster than the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel faster than the speed of light
+to maybe be able to travel back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe be able to travel back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe be able to travel back in time
+and this is where the dicey part comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the dicey part comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the dicey part comes
+in in general ativity Einstein describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general ativity Einstein describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general ativity Einstein describes
+another phenomenon known as relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phenomenon known as relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phenomenon known as relativistic
+mass when you have an object traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass when you have an object traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass when you have an object traveling
+at high enough speeds the mass of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high enough speeds the mass of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high enough speeds the mass of any
+object would increase severely to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object would increase severely to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object would increase severely to move
+an object with higher mass at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with higher mass at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with higher mass at the same
+velocity one would also require a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity one would also require a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity one would also require a lot
+more energy Einstein proposes that we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy Einstein proposes that we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy Einstein proposes that we as
+we put more energy into an object both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put more energy into an object both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put more energy into an object both
+the speed and mass would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed and mass would increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed and mass would increase
+however as we approach a speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as we approach a speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as we approach a speed of light
+it is more likely that the energy put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more likely that the energy put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more likely that the energy put in
+increases the mass of the object rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the mass of the object rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the mass of the object rather
+than the speed of the object and tus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the speed of the object and tus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the speed of the object and tus to
+be able to put in enough energy push an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to put in enough energy push an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to put in enough energy push an
+object beyond the speed of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object beyond the speed of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object beyond the speed of light that
+will require possibly an infinite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require possibly an infinite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require possibly an infinite amount
+of energy and thus rendering faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and thus rendering faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy and thus rendering faster than
+light motion highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light motion highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light motion highly
+unprobable but why are we so obsessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprobable but why are we so obsessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprobable but why are we so obsessed
+with time travel time travel often comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time travel time travel often comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time travel time travel often comes
+with its own set of problems referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its own set of problems referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its own set of problems referring
+back to my initial problem and say I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my initial problem and say I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my initial problem and say I do
+have friends in the future who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends in the future who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends in the future who are
+capable of traveling back in time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of traveling back in time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of traveling back in time as
+they receive the invitations after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive the invitations after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they receive the invitations after the
+party and travel back in time to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and travel back in time to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party and travel back in time to attend
+it I wouldn't have had an empty party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wouldn't have had an empty party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I wouldn't have had an empty party
+since I don't have an empty part party I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I don't have an empty part party I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I don't have an empty part party I
+wouldn't have to send out my invitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to send out my invitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to send out my invitations
+after it and if I had not sent out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it and if I had not sent out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it and if I had not sent out my
+invitations they may not have received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations they may not have received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations they may not have received
+it and they may not have traveled back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they may not have traveled back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they may not have traveled back
+in time and this is where the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and this is where the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and this is where the whole
+confusing part comes in and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing part comes in and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing part comes in and this is what
+we call a paradox in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a paradox in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a paradox in fact this
+particular Paradox is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Paradox is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Paradox is known as a
+grandfather Paradox in which two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox in which two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox in which two a
+conflicting series of events occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting series of events occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting series of events occurs
+based on whether I choose to time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whether I choose to time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on whether I choose to time travel
+or not to time travel this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to time travel this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to time travel this is just one
+of the three theories of time travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three theories of time travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three theories of time travel and
+more details can be seen in the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details can be seen in the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details can be seen in the link
+below and then there'll be a link at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and then there'll be a link at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and then there'll be a link at the
+YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+bar because if not the thing gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because if not the thing gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar because if not the thing gets really
+really long so it seems that our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long so it seems that our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long so it seems that our current
+understanding of modern physics based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of modern physics based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of modern physics based on
+our current understanding of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current understanding of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current understanding of modern
+physics time travel might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics time travel might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics time travel might not be
+possible for us to achieve yet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for us to achieve yet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for us to achieve yet that's
+not to say that things might not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say that things might not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to say that things might not change
+over the next decade or The Next Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next decade or The Next Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next decade or The Next Century
+as we are slowly figuring out the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are slowly figuring out the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are slowly figuring out the world
+around us better but for now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us better but for now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us better but for now if you're
+going to be planning a party be sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be planning a party be sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be planning a party be sure to
+send out an invitation before it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out an invitation before it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out an invitation before it and
+don't count on your friends on being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count on your friends on being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count on your friends on being
+able to travel back in time just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel back in time just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel back in time just to
+attend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend it
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+nice I know this one goes away yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice I know this one goes away yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice I know this one goes away yeah no
+it's okay this is great stuff to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay this is great stuff to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay this is great stuff to work
+with and actually I think that with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and actually I think that with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and actually I think that with just
+a couple fixes you will also be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple fixes you will also be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple fixes you will also be pretty
+ready to film as well um so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to film as well um so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to film as well um so this is not
+your script do you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script do you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script do you yeah
+um if you could open the the Google do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you could open the the Google do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you could open the the Google do I
+just I'm not because I I'm updating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm not because I I'm updating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm not because I I'm updating it
+in word itself um no I'm kind of is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in word itself um no I'm kind of is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in word itself um no I'm kind of is it
+um no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kenneth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenneth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenneth it's
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah yeah this should be it I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this should be it I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this should be it I feel like
+I have a fairly easy fix for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a fairly easy fix for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a fairly easy fix for the time
+the speaking of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FR I feel like the whole party invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR I feel like the whole party invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR I feel like the whole party invite
+thing is too confusing too confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is too confusing too confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is too confusing too confusing
+yeah that's what I felt when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what I felt when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what I felt when I was
+writing it but then the grand father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it but then the grand father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it but then the grand father
+Paradox is yeah I actually I like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox is yeah I actually I like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox is yeah I actually I like how
+you explain the Paradox at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain the Paradox at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain the Paradox at the end
+because it answers the question well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it answers the question well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it answers the question well if
+Stephen Hawking proved that time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking proved that time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking proved that time travel
+wasn't possible then why are we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't possible then why are we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't possible then why are we still
+thinking about it now like what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it now like what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it now like what sort of
+loopholes exist I think that maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes exist I think that maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes exist I think that maybe not
+mention it at the start um so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it at the start um so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it at the start um so I know
+that you had restructured this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had restructured this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had restructured this I'm
+guessing you restructured it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing you restructured it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing you restructured it because
+George had said earlier you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George had said earlier you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George had said earlier you know it
+would be nicer if you could actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nicer if you could actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nicer if you could actually get
+Stephen Hawking in this video as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking in this video as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking in this video as you're
+talking about the video or as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the video or as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the video or as you're
+talking about the party um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the party um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the party um
+but all this can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all this can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all this can go
+away I think that you can explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I think that you can explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I think that you can explain the
+setup with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with
+just what what you had before but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what what you had before but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what what you had before but like
+why do we need I mean I get I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need I mean I get I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need I mean I get I get that
+it's a cool story right but I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cool story right but I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cool story right but I I feel
+like you explaining this idea of I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you explaining this idea of I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you explaining this idea of I mean
+I I I must admit that I have not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I must admit that I have not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I must admit that I have not yet
+once in my life thought about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in my life thought about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in my life thought about time
+travel ever before this moment it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel ever before this moment it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel ever before this moment it's not
+something I think about I I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think about I I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think about I I don't even
+think that I was capable of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I was capable of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I was capable of thinking
+about time travel because it seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time travel because it seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time travel because it seemed like
+this very abstract idea that my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very abstract idea that my brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very abstract idea that my brain
+needs to think about right or capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to think about right or capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to think about right or capable of
+thinking about you did an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you did an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you did an incredibly
+good job of helping me even understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of helping me even understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of helping me even understand
+how someone would even think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how someone would even think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how someone would even think about that
+idea which I think is the beauty of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which I think is the beauty of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which I think is the beauty of your
+pieace that's like the essence of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieace that's like the essence of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieace that's like the essence of what
+you've done is you've simplified really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done is you've simplified really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done is you've simplified really
+complicated set of theories and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated set of theories and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated set of theories and all of
+that into something that I now could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into something that I now could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into something that I now could
+follow and be like oh I Now understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and be like oh I Now understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow and be like oh I Now understand
+how people devote their life into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people devote their life into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people devote their life into
+studying this idea I would have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this idea I would have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this idea I would have never
+ever thought about this before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever thought about this before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever thought about this before right
+this the the party to me I don't need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the party to me I don't need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the party to me I don't need it
+all in this to me not at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in this to me not at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in this to me not at the beginning
+not at the end the idea is time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the end the idea is time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the end the idea is time travel
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+possible is is interesting enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is is interesting enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is is interesting enough
+without that story from my perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that story from my perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that story from my perspective
+that I think the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the party
+piece it's just it's it's it's got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it's just it's it's it's got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it's just it's it's it's got so
+many double negatives in it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many double negatives in it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many double negatives in it that it's
+just really complicated to wrap my round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really complicated to wrap my round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really complicated to wrap my round
+my head around I I just wonder what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head around I I just wonder what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head around I I just wonder what it
+would look like if we took the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if we took the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if we took the party
+thing out entirely and focused on I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out entirely and focused on I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out entirely and focused on I was
+actually thinking an alternative was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking an alternative was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thinking an alternative was
+maybe a Boll of footage from Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a Boll of footage from Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a Boll of footage from Hollywood
+films of people traveling back in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of people traveling back in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of people traveling back in time
+like in Harry Potter or in Star Trek I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Harry Potter or in Star Trek I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Harry Potter or in Star Trek I
+think you need it I mean personally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need it I mean personally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need it I mean personally and
+then there's like a whole IP issue which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like a whole IP issue which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's like a whole IP issue which
+we're going to talk about in an hour um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in an hour um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in an hour um
+I mean here's the thing and and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here's the thing and and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean here's the thing and and again
+this is the part where like Personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part where like Personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part where like Personal
+Taste comes into play I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste comes into play I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste comes into play I think that the
+story is nice to nice as a storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is nice to nice as a storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is nice to nice as a storytelling
+element that you end the video nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that you end the video nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that you end the video nicely
+cuz you reference the beginning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you reference the beginning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you reference the beginning where
+you're just like just send out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like just send out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like just send out your
+invitations um but I do agree that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations um but I do agree that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitations um but I do agree that it
+takes a really long time to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a really long time to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a really long time to explain it
+and I wonder if you can cut this intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if you can cut this intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder if you can cut this intro
+down into a sentence I think this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a sentence I think this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a sentence I think this is an
+okay start held a party but like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start held a party but like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay start held a party but like you can
+take out yeah all this stuff I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out yeah all this stuff I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out yeah all this stuff I just I
+guess I get lost with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I get lost with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I get lost with the
+like he sent the ations no one came how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he sent the ations no one came how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he sent the ations no one came how
+does that like I don't know like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that like I don't know like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that like I don't know like it's
+really comp like for maybe I'm less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comp like for maybe I'm less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comp like for maybe I'm less
+Adept at thinking this way than the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adept at thinking this way than the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adept at thinking this way than the rest
+of this room but I really struggle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this room but I really struggle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this room but I really struggle with
+this one one thing I found when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one one thing I found when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one one thing I found when I was
+redoing my script was like mine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing my script was like mine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing my script was like mine was
+pretty worried to begin with and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty worried to begin with and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty worried to begin with and I think
+the story I think it's good and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story I think it's good and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story I think it's good and I think
+you get a lot of those words based off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of those words based off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of those words based off
+like what we were shooting like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we were shooting like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we were shooting like you know
+there's no one there and so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one there and so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one there and so the fact
+that you're describing it again I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're describing it again I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're describing it again I don't
+you think you have to do it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have to do it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have to do it because the
+video is going to get all that so it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is going to get all that so it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is going to get all that so it's I
+I like I like the uh the Stephen Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like I like the uh the Stephen Hawkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like I like the uh the Stephen Hawkins
+story but like Elizabeth San doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but like Elizabeth San doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but like Elizabeth San doing a
+sentence based up all the visual cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence based up all the visual cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence based up all the visual cues
+you're going to get from the video cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get from the video cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get from the video cuz I
+like that you talk about the grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you talk about the grandfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you talk about the grandfather
+Paradox and um and that I I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox and um and that I I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox and um and that I I actually
+didn't super understand the grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't super understand the grandfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't super understand the grandfather
+Paradox until I heard you read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox until I heard you read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox until I heard you read this
+paragraph aloud in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph aloud in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph aloud in the context of the
+party but again um Paul is totally right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party but again um Paul is totally right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party but again um Paul is totally right
+you can completely rely on the visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can completely rely on the visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can completely rely on the visuals
+to tell a lot of these words for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a lot of these words for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a lot of these words for you so
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+say um back in the back in 2009 Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um back in the back in 2009 Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um back in the back in 2009 Stephen
+Hawking held a party and he and Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking held a party and he and Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking held a party and he and Stephen
+Hawking held a party that no one came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking held a party that no one came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawking held a party that no one came to
+and he and he smiled at himself cuz he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he and he smiled at himself cuz he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he and he smiled at himself cuz he
+had just proven that time travel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just proven that time travel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just proven that time travel was
+possible right so you're reducing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right so you're reducing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right so you're reducing like
+everything down into a sentence not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down into a sentence not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down into a sentence not
+possible or yeah is not possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or yeah is not possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or yeah is not possible the
+reason is that he sent his invitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that he sent his invitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that he sent his invitations
+out after the party had finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after the party had finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out after the party had finished
+thinking that if people in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that if people in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that if people in the future
+sure uh were capable of time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh were capable of time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh were capable of time travel
+they'd receive those invitations after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd receive those invitations after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd receive those invitations after
+the party had ended and come so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party had ended and come so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party had ended and come so because
+the party was empty you know time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party was empty you know time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party was empty you know time travel
+is not possible or you know what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible or you know what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible or you know what I mean
+like really really condens it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really really condens it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really really condens it down to
+two sentences like really challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences like really challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences like really challenge
+yourself to explain the story in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to explain the story in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to explain the story in two
+sentences and I might need I mean for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and I might need I mean for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and I might need I mean for me
+I might actually want an animation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might actually want an animation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might actually want an animation in
+this part too just I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part too just I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part too just I don't know I don't
+know why I find it really complicated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I find it really complicated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I find it really complicated it
+is it's a complicated it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a complicated it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a complicated it's complicated
+because you don't really explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't really explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't really explain it
+until the very end which is okay like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end which is okay like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end which is okay like I
+agree that it's not vital to the St like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that it's not vital to the St like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that it's not vital to the St like
+to your content that the content is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your content that the content is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your content that the content is
+fascinating enough but it's used really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating enough but it's used really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating enough but it's used really
+well right now as the storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now as the storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right now as the storytelling
+device to open and close the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to open and close the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to open and close the video and
+then in the middle you bring it up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the middle you bring it up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the middle you bring it up again
+I think that there's a lot of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that there's a lot of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that there's a lot of stuff in
+the video that you can take out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video that you can take out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video that you can take out that
+might give you some time to to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you some time to to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you some time to to play
+around with like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with like for
+example um so this whole chunk can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so this whole chunk can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so this whole chunk can be
+cut down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down a lot
+let me change this to I'll just resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me change this to I'll just resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me change this to I'll just resolve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think the question that you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the question that you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the question that you can set
+yourself up with is so if time travel if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up with is so if time travel if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up with is so if time travel if
+he disprove time travel why are we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he disprove time travel why are we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he disprove time travel why are we still
+fascinated by question or like why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by question or like why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by question or like why do
+physicists still think about it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists still think about it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists still think about it well
+what exactly is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is time
+travel a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel a lot of
+this like here I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like here I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like here I don't think you
+necessarily need these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need these two
+sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I
+also wonder if you need this paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wonder if you need this paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wonder if you need this paragraph
+here yeah I mean it's it's fun it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I mean it's it's fun it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I mean it's it's fun it's also
+it's going to be a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a little hard to
+execute visually given the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute visually given the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute visually given the amount of
+time that you have left um so just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have left um so just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have left um so just from
+a production standpoint it'll be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production standpoint it'll be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production standpoint it'll be tricky
+this really worked for me it did yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really worked for me it did yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really worked for me it did yeah
+like at least for me when you when you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least for me when you when you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least for me when you when you I
+mean with the baby you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with the baby you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with the baby you don't actually
+need bu babies you can have dolls right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need bu babies you can have dolls right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need bu babies you can have dolls right
+I think just cop yeah or whatever like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just cop yeah or whatever like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just cop yeah or whatever like
+you don't I mean plus I as a mother like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't I mean plus I as a mother like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't I mean plus I as a mother like
+I there's no way I would lend you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's no way I would lend you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's no way I would lend you my
+child for this for this film no offense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child for this for this film no offense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child for this for this film no offense
+but there is no way I would lend you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no way I would lend you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no way I would lend you a
+child for this film um but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child for this film um but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child for this film um but I think that
+like like this example actually was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this example actually was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this example actually was very
+concrete okay and I think it' be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete okay and I think it' be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete okay and I think it' be done
+yes I was going to say that example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was going to say that example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was going to say that example I
+thought was really good too but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really good too but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was really good too but I think
+you can not the sentence before but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can not the sentence before but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can not the sentence before but the
+paragraph before you could turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph before you could turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph before you could turn that
+into one thought cuz you're explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one thought cuz you're explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one thought cuz you're explaining
+how you travel an hour for hour so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you travel an hour for hour so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you travel an hour for hour so I I
+think if you were able to just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you were able to just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you were able to just like
+maybe get a sentence out of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get a sentence out of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get a sentence out of that and
+just get rid of the rest and then kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of the rest and then kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of the rest and then kind
+of blend it with that now I take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blend it with that now I take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blend it with that now I take one
+twins paragraph that'd be very yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins paragraph that'd be very yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins paragraph that'd be very yeah I
+think the only issue with it is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the only issue with it is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the only issue with it is that it
+takes so long to getting to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so long to getting to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes so long to getting to explain to
+how we travel backwards in time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we travel backwards in time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we travel backwards in time and I
+don't know from the beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from the beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know from the beginning of this
+script that you're planning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that you're planning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script that you're planning on
+explaining that um that I'm just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining that um that I'm just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining that um that I'm just sort of
+waiting to see where you'll go next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to see where you'll go next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to see where you'll go next so
+maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you
+preface um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface um
+you preface like I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preface like I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you preface like I'm going to explain
+what time traveling is you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time traveling is you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time traveling is you can say well
+you know first in your own words you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first in your own words you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first in your own words you can
+say first I'm going to talk about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first I'm going to talk about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first I'm going to talk about how we
+travel forward in time and then backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel forward in time and then backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel forward in time and then backward
+in time or somehow indicate that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or somehow indicate that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or somehow indicate that to the
+viewer I don't know if anyone else felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer I don't know if anyone else felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer I don't know if anyone else felt
+that confusion sorry Andre I almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion sorry Andre I almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that confusion sorry Andre I almost
+wonder if you should lead off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if you should lead off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if you should lead off with the
+baby example as like you know let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby example as like you know let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby example as like you know let's do
+this experiment let's do this thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment let's do this thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment let's do this thought
+experiment where we do this and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we do this and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we do this and it might
+I think it'll help with your pacing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'll help with your pacing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it'll help with your pacing it
+was it was difficult for me to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was difficult for me to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was difficult for me to listen to
+it was pretty wordy I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty wordy I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty wordy I think if you
+actually like just grab two props as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like just grab two props as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like just grab two props as
+though you're acting it out and AD liit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're acting it out and AD liit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're acting it out and AD liit
+and record yourself doing it you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and record yourself doing it you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and record yourself doing it you'll get
+something that flows a lot better cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flows a lot better cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flows a lot better cuz
+you'll be able to cut out a lot of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to cut out a lot of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to cut out a lot of words
+cuz you be like there's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you be like there's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you be like there's a one
+one-year-old baby and here's a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year-old baby and here's a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year-old baby and here's a two and a
+halfy old Todd yeah and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfy old Todd yeah and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfy old Todd yeah and what would
+happen there are a lot of just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there are a lot of just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there are a lot of just like
+little phrases like this like we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phrases like this like we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phrases like this like we are
+with the universe around us that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the universe around us that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the universe around us that are
+very poetic right like they sound really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poetic right like they sound really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poetic right like they sound really
+nice in an essay but if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in an essay but if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in an essay but if you actually
+strip some of this away um and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip some of this away um and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip some of this away um and really
+just try to distill it down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to distill it down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to distill it down to the
+essential facts I think that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential facts I think that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential facts I think that's going to
+save you a lot of time too but overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you a lot of time too but overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you a lot of time too but overall
+um at this point it seems more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at this point it seems more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at this point it seems more like
+distilling ideas down do people agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilling ideas down do people agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilling ideas down do people agree
+with that um I'm glad that you fleshed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um I'm glad that you fleshed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that um I'm glad that you fleshed
+it out though cuz that before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out though cuz that before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out though cuz that before it was
+sort of missing some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of missing some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of missing some of the the
+essential explanations and I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential explanations and I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential explanations and I know you
+were worried about it getting too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried about it getting too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried about it getting too long
+because of it but I think that um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it but I think that um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of it but I think that um I
+think the overall structure of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the overall structure of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the overall structure of it is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+sound yes Julia um well I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound yes Julia um well I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound yes Julia um well I was going to
+say that um the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that um the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that um the topic
+of the the all of the topics involved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the all of the topics involved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the all of the topics involved um
+in the script kind of to me don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the script kind of to me don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the script kind of to me don't seem
+necessarily connected um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily connected um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily connected um
+because the uh paradoxes are more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh paradoxes are more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh paradoxes are more in the
+field of philosophy and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of philosophy and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of philosophy and then um
+relativity is physics and then the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is physics and then the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity is physics and then the twin
+paradox is a thought thought experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox is a thought thought experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox is a thought thought experiment
+so that's closer to philosophy um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's closer to philosophy um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's closer to philosophy um so I
+think it would be nice to um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be nice to um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be nice to um kind of
+separate the two to mention you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the two to mention you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the two to mention you this is
+actually scientifically proven and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scientifically proven and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually scientifically proven and this
+is just something that people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just something that people think
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+also the the most compelling part to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the most compelling part to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the most compelling part to me
+was and that's something that answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and that's something that answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and that's something that answers
+the question of time travel the best was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of time travel the best was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of time travel the best was
+the part where he talks about traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where he talks about traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where he talks about traveling
+forward in time and traveling backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and traveling backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in time and traveling backwards
+in time um and the backward part was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time um and the backward part was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time um and the backward part was
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+very um fleshed out um whereas there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um fleshed out um whereas there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um fleshed out um whereas there was
+a lot of time spent on the twin paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time spent on the twin paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time spent on the twin paradox
+that doesn't necessarily have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily have to do that
+much with time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with time travel
+um so I do think that there is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I do think that there is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I do think that there is a way to
+restructure it um or like focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructure it um or like focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructure it um or like focus on
+something other than time travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than time travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something other than time travel and
+that would be paradoxes that arise when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be paradoxes that arise when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be paradoxes that arise when
+you work with relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with relativity
+and um traveling in thisp of way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um traveling in thisp of way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um traveling in thisp of way so that
+would be the twin paradox and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the twin paradox and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the twin paradox and the
+grandfather Paradox and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather Paradox and then you could
+explain them um in more detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them um in more detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain them um in more detail and
+especially for the grandfather Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the grandfather Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the grandfather Paradox
+that would help because you could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help because you could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would help because you could split
+up the explanation into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the explanation into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the explanation into different
+sentences so you wouldn't use would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences so you wouldn't use would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences so you wouldn't use would have
+had multiple times I mean the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had multiple times I mean the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had multiple times I mean the only thing
+is that you are working with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are working with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are working with a very
+tight time constraint and I think like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight time constraint and I think like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight time constraint and I think like I
+think all of this information is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of this information is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all of this information is nice
+and it's good and it helps me understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's good and it helps me understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's good and it helps me understand
+it better um and would work really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better um and would work really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better um and would work really well
+if this were a blog post for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a blog post for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a blog post for instance
+but you do only have four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do only have four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do only have four or five
+minutes and I I actually like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I I actually like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and I I actually like the
+structure that you have waiting until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you have waiting until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you have waiting until
+the end to address the Paradox cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end to address the Paradox cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end to address the Paradox cuz
+you're kind of going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of going back to the
+beginning and you're saying you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you're saying you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you're saying you know why
+isn't time travel possible aside from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't time travel possible aside from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't time travel possible aside from
+the fact that we can't go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we can't go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we can't go beyond the
+speed of light you know how how else are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light you know how how else are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light you know how how else are
+you going to support Steph Hawkings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to support Steph Hawkings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to support Steph Hawkings
+claim that time travel isn't possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that time travel isn't possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that time travel isn't possible so
+I I like that the way you've split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like that the way you've split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like that the way you've split up
+putting the Paradox at the end um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the Paradox at the end um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the Paradox at the end um I
+don't know how you guys feel about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you guys feel about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how you guys feel about it
+how do you guys feel about the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you guys feel about the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you guys feel about the overall
+structure of the script I think that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the script I think that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the script I think that I
+think that uh it has I think the Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh it has I think the Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that uh it has I think the Paradox
+should be end and the time tring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be end and the time tring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be end and the time tring
+backward should be after the time tring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward should be after the time tring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward should be after the time tring
+forward yeah because and I think that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah because and I think that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah because and I think that he
+me my wrong but at you don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my wrong but at you don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my wrong but at you don't have enough
+information for tring because we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for tring because we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for tring because we also
+nobody knows how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows how to do
+it knows the exact method to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows the exact method to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows the exact method to travel
+backwards in time so you can't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time so you can't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time so you can't give a
+very concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concrete
+example all right like you can't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right like you can't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right like you can't have an
+analogous example because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think did you want to say something oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think did you want to say something oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think did you want to say something oh I
+just thought that person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought that person in the
+structure I actually really like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I actually really like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I actually really like how
+everything was laid out and that I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was laid out and that I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was laid out and that I feel
+like most of the work is just shortening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the work is just shortening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the work is just shortening
+individual c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual c
+yeah I I agree with Nathan on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I agree with Nathan on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I agree with Nathan on that and
+honestly the thing about the traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly the thing about the traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly the thing about the traveling
+backwards in time for me personally it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time for me personally it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards in time for me personally it's
+just that you don't get to it soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you don't get to it soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that you don't get to it soon
+enough so that I feel like we're waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that I feel like we're waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that I feel like we're waiting
+through a lot of intro and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of intro and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of intro and a lot of
+explanation of moving forward which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of moving forward which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of moving forward which I
+are important so I wouldn't say take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important so I wouldn't say take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important so I wouldn't say take
+them out completely or anything um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out completely or anything um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out completely or anything um but
+that I I had no idea what any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I had no idea what any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I had no idea what any of this
+was actually before I read this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually before I read this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually before I read this and it's
+like like I'm glad that you put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like I'm glad that you put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like I'm glad that you put it in
+there because that's really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that's really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that's really what the
+meat of it is like what exactly does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of it is like what exactly does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of it is like what exactly does it
+mean to travel back in time um and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to travel back in time um and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to travel back in time um and at
+first I was like why is he putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I was like why is he putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I was like why is he putting
+graphs up like this is being really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works but there's just too much yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but there's just too much yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but there's just too much yeah I
+think this paragraph is very vital and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this paragraph is very vital and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this paragraph is very vital and I
+wouldn't shorten that unless you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't shorten that unless you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't shorten that unless you're like
+going to take out fluffy words um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take out fluffy words um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take out fluffy words um if
+anything I would take out from the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I would take out from the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I would take out from the stuff
+before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it
+and this stuff is super interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this stuff is super interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this stuff is super interesting and
+I I don't want you to take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want you to take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want you to take it out
+because it's a further explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a further explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a further explanation of
+why time travel isn't possible but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why time travel isn't possible but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why time travel isn't possible but it
+gets really dense here like this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really dense here like this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really dense here like this is the
+part when you were talking where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when you were talking where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part when you were talking where I was
+like what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's another video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like this is okay but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this is okay but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this is okay but this
+paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um can you just say that would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you just say that would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you just say that would it would
+also need a lot more energy actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need a lot more energy actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need a lot more energy actually an
+infinite amount of energy to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of energy to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of energy to move it
+so traveling faster than the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so traveling faster than the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so traveling faster than the speed of
+light is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improbable I'm just afraid that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable I'm just afraid that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable I'm just afraid that it
+condenses the whole Chunk on traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses the whole Chunk on traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenses the whole Chunk on traveling
+back in time to yeah that's why I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time to yeah that's why I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in time to yeah that's why I I
+decided to talk a little more yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to talk a little more yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to talk a little more yeah no
+and I'm I'm glad that you flushed it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm glad that you flushed it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm I'm glad that you flushed it out
+I know that you were hesitant to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that you were hesitant to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that you were hesitant to add
+more stuff cuz you were aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff cuz you were aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff cuz you were aware of the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+constraint um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mention eal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention eal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention eal
+sare not exactly it it's effectively go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare not exactly it it's effectively go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare not exactly it it's effectively go
+saying that I was imagining eal squ then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I was imagining eal squ then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I was imagining eal squ then
+as you increase e as e increases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase e as e increases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase e as e increases uh
+normally you think that M stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you think that M stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you think that M stays the same
+as C increases e equal gamma M c² that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as C increases e equal gamma M c² that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as C increases e equal gamma M c² that's
+why I didn't really want to bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I didn't really want to bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I didn't really want to bring it in
+yeah yeah I don't think you should add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I don't think you should add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I don't think you should add
+any equations to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any equations to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any equations to this
+um aside from the fact that like equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aside from the fact that like equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aside from the fact that like equals
+C squ is like the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C squ is like the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C squ is like the characteristic
+Einstein equation that people but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation that people but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein equation that people but the
+thing is it doesn't really fully explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it doesn't really fully explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it doesn't really fully explain
+this that's why I didn't really feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's why I didn't really feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's why I didn't really feel
+like putting the other equation in I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting the other equation in I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting the other equation in I I
+agree with Jamie overall like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Jamie overall like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with Jamie overall like the
+structure I think is there the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I think is there the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I think is there the substance
+is there I don't think you necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there I don't think you necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there I don't think you necessarily
+need to add anything except for maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add anything except for maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add anything except for maybe a
+transition or or so but at this point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition or or so but at this point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition or or so but at this point I
+really think it's just again being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think it's just again being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think it's just again being
+ruthless about taking words out taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruthless about taking words out taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruthless about taking words out taking a
+sentence out or two you're only over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence out or two you're only over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence out or two you're only over
+by a few minutes which actually is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a few minutes which actually is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a few minutes which actually is an
+eternity fast yeah and I will say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity fast yeah and I will say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eternity fast yeah and I will say that
+slowing down your pace will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down your pace will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down your pace will help
+people yeah I think I started getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah I think I started getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah I think I started getting
+lost around the Einstein cuz you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost around the Einstein cuz you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost around the Einstein cuz you were
+talking a lot faster in that section too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot faster in that section too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot faster in that section too
+um but I I'd say at this point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I I'd say at this point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I I'd say at this point it's
+really like just pairing it down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like just pairing it down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like just pairing it down to the
+essentials and I can we can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentials and I can we can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentials and I can we can help you
+with that during office hours if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that during office hours if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that during office hours if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+any final thoughts for Kenneth yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any final thoughts for Kenneth yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any final thoughts for Kenneth yeah
+Joshua I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agree starting example has a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree starting example has a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree starting example has a bit
+confus yeah I was thinking whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confus yeah I was thinking whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confus yeah I was thinking whether I
+should even mention a paradox straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even mention a paradox straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even mention a paradox straight
+off or not to mention it at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or not to mention it at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or not to mention it at the top
+that's why I was just playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was just playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I was just playing
+around and yeah I think no is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and yeah I think no is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and yeah I think no is is there a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+POS you're saying cuz the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS you're saying cuz the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS you're saying cuz the double
+negatives are very confusing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives are very confusing yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives are very confusing yes
+per yeah was think perhaps it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per yeah was think perhaps it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per yeah was think perhaps it might be
+something kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind
+like he was happy because he proved time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he was happy because he proved time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he was happy because he proved time
+travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+wrong they could not come back in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they could not come back in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they could not come back in like
+so it makes it very clear that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once yeah maybe just little you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once yeah maybe just little you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once yeah maybe just little you might
+lose a bit of the complexity that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a bit of the complexity that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a bit of the complexity that you
+want people as I guess it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people as I guess it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people as I guess it's not the
+intent to help them understand this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent to help them understand this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent to help them understand this this
+part the intent is to tell them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the intent is to tell them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the intent is to tell them that
+stepen Hopkin was prove them prove I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen Hopkin was prove them prove I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen Hopkin was prove them prove I'm
+Trav wrong is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trav wrong is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trav wrong is that
+is then it might be okay to hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then it might be okay to hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then it might be okay to hide the
+complexity away not people might keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity away not people might keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity away not people might keep
+thinking about why is that why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about why is that why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about why is that why is that
+how did they prove it how did and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they prove it how did and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they prove it how did and you
+talk about it at the end I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it at the end I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it at the end I I think the
+whole grandfather paradox part is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grandfather paradox part is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grandfather paradox part is nice
+because it is a expansion of why maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a expansion of why maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a expansion of why maybe
+his proof wasn't really a proof and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his proof wasn't really a proof and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his proof wasn't really a proof and why
+people are still thinking about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still thinking about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are still thinking about time
+travel even though he supposedly proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel even though he supposedly proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel even though he supposedly proved
+that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+um what if you I mean I mean what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if you I mean I mean what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what if you I mean I mean what if you
+take the structured approach that Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the structured approach that Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the structured approach that Josh
+took in his whole piece in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took in his whole piece in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took in his whole piece in that little
+part make it really simple at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make it really simple at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part make it really simple at first
+stepen Hawkings hosted a party no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen Hawkings hosted a party no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepen Hawkings hosted a party no one
+showed up it proved the time travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up it proved the time travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up it proved the time travel
+wasn't possible actually it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't possible actually it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't possible actually it's a little
+more complicated and explain it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and explain it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and explain it a little
+further actually that you could open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further actually that you could open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further actually that you could open the
+video like that yeah you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video like that yeah you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video like that yeah you know just
+really tight and then and then it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight and then and then it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tight and then and then it allows
+you to use that story throughout but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use that story throughout but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use that story throughout but not
+confusing people with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing people with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing people with all the
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+right you going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all
+right any final thoughts I I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any final thoughts I I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any final thoughts I I mean this
+is in good shape too again it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in good shape too again it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in good shape too again it's much
+easier to I think it's easier to pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to I think it's easier to pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to I think it's easier to pair
+down from something that has too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from something that has too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from something that has too much
+content than the other way around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than the other way around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than the other way around for
+sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so
+yeah and the delivery again will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the delivery again will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the delivery again will help
+too these have come so far they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too these have come so far they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too these have come so far they really
+have I mean I I don't know if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I mean I I don't know if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I mean I I don't know if you guys
+have looked at your pitches that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at your pitches that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at your pitches that you
+made last week but um they really have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made last week but um they really have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made last week but um they really have I
+mean I'm really excited to watch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm really excited to watch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm really excited to watch these
+videos yes um I'm just going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos yes um I'm just going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos yes um I'm just going to say that
+I really like how um you were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like how um you were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like how um you were able to
+explain this this complex phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this this complex phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this this complex phenomenon
+words that are understandable na yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are understandable na yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that are understandable na yeah so
+I think that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's really
+problem and that's the whole like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the whole like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's the whole like
+building learning confidence with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building learning confidence with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building learning confidence with the
+viewer too that I talked about on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer too that I talked about on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer too that I talked about on the
+first day of like simple explainer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of like simple explainer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of like simple explainer
+videos are so compelling to people even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are so compelling to people even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos are so compelling to people even
+though they're quote unquote boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're quote unquote boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're quote unquote boring
+because people feel good when they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people feel good when they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people feel good when they feel
+like they've mastered a seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've mastered a seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they've mastered a seemingly
+complex subject and this is a video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex subject and this is a video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex subject and this is a video that
+is going to help people understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to help people understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to help people understand
+special relativity so I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity so I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity so I think that it's
+going to be a very compelling thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very compelling thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a very compelling thing to
+watch for people they're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for people they're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for people they're going to want
+to keep watching it because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep watching it because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep watching it because they're
+understanding what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying feel smart when you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying feel smart when you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying feel smart when you get something
+complicated yeah I'm like oh wow I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated yeah I'm like oh wow I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated yeah I'm like oh wow I just
+got like a really complicated business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like a really complicated business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like a really complicated business
+yeah you're helping them achieve Mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're helping them achieve Mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're helping them achieve Mastery
+which is nice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Zo23YuwWhZM.txt b/Zo23YuwWhZM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..868b23f026abca6148128fd2e60014245ed2b35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Zo23YuwWhZM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17496 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stepping back we were talking about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back we were talking about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back we were talking about on
+the tax section was we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax section was we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax section was we were talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+two different approaches to how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches to how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches to how you can
+think about sort of solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of solving the
+challenge of the of kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the of kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the of kind of information
+like okay of the information challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay of the information challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay of the information challenges
+in the developing in developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing in developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing in developing world
+and the tax structure right one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tax structure right one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tax structure right one of them
+was through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was through
+thinking about how do you design a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how do you design a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how do you design a tax
+code that sort of allows you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that sort of allows you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that sort of allows you to get
+information Revelation and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Revelation and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Revelation and the other is
+sort of how do you actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you actually sort of
+maybe through the tax administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe through the tax administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe through the tax administration
+system just sort of get better data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just sort of get better data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just sort of get better data on
+people okay and those were sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay and those were sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay and those were sort of the
+two approaches so we talked last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches so we talked last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches so we talked last time
+like in the examples of the vat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the examples of the vat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the examples of the vat about
+how do you think about that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about that through
+changing Tax Administration the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Tax Administration the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Tax Administration the other
+thing I want to talk about now is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about now is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to talk about now is how do
+you think about that how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that how do you think
+about like whether the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like whether the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like whether the tax
+administration margin is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration margin is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration margin is kind of
+interesting or is relevant and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or is relevant and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or is relevant and what are
+some of the challenges in doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges in doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges in doing that
+okay so I want to talk about two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to talk about two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to talk about two papers
+that that on this and then I'll more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that on this and then I'll more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that on this and then I'll more or
+less wrap this up and sort of switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less wrap this up and sort of switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less wrap this up and sort of switch to
+the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic
+okay so this is a paper actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a paper actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a paper actually this is
+also a paper these are these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a paper these are these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a paper these are these are both
+papers that I've worked on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I've worked on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that I've worked on so
+um you know for better for worse so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know for better for worse so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know for better for worse so this
+actually is a recent paper it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a recent paper it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a recent paper it's actually
+now forthcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now forthcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now forthcoming
+um on Tax Administration versus tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Tax Administration versus tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on Tax Administration versus tax
+rates to understand sort of it just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates to understand sort of it just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates to understand sort of it just at
+some very broad level like is tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very broad level like is tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very broad level like is tax
+administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration
+um sort of a a really big deal or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a a really big deal or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a a really big deal or not
+okay and um and so and we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and so and we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um and so and we want to do
+that in a way in which we can Benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way in which we can Benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way in which we can Benchmark
+it or compare it to like a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or compare it to like a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or compare it to like a traditional
+tax rate change okay so the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate change okay so the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate change okay so the typical
+thing you do if you're like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do if you're like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do if you're like you know
+reading about sort of what debates about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about sort of what debates about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about sort of what debates about
+uh tax is the typical thing we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tax is the typical thing we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tax is the typical thing we think
+about doing is you know raise the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing is you know raise the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing is you know raise the rate
+lower the rate change the base those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the rate change the base those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the rate change the base those
+kinds of things can we compare just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things can we compare just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things can we compare just a
+straightforward change in Improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward change in Improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward change in Improvement in
+Tax Administration to one of these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tax Administration to one of these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tax Administration to one of these more
+traditional things like changing the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things like changing the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional things like changing the tax
+rates okay and so we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay and so we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay and so we're going to do this
+in in Indonesia studying two reforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Indonesia studying two reforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Indonesia studying two reforms
+these are corporate taxpayers one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are corporate taxpayers one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are corporate taxpayers one was a
+corporate a taxpayer Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate a taxpayer Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate a taxpayer Administration
+reform and here the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and here the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and here the idea is that
+corporate taxes tend to be very skewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate taxes tend to be very skewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate taxes tend to be very skewed
+so people on the sort of the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people on the sort of the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people on the sort of the basically
+like you know the firm distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the firm distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the firm distribution is
+skewed so there's a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed so there's a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed so there's a small number of
+really large firms that pay most attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large firms that pay most attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large firms that pay most attacks
+and therefore you may want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you may want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you may want to sort of
+invest your sort of Tax Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest your sort of Tax Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest your sort of Tax Administration
+kind of on those firms lots of countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of on those firms lots of countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of on those firms lots of countries
+do this for the very biggest taxpayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for the very biggest taxpayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for the very biggest taxpayers
+in Indonesia when we're studying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Indonesia when we're studying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Indonesia when we're studying this
+was kind of ruling out this same idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of ruling out this same idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of ruling out this same idea to
+kind of medium-sized taxpayers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of medium-sized taxpayers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of medium-sized taxpayers okay so
+they in particular they they rolled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in particular they they rolled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in particular they they rolled out
+these medium-sized tax offices uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medium-sized tax offices uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these medium-sized tax offices uh to
+serve kind of the largest 330 taxpayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve kind of the largest 330 taxpayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve kind of the largest 330 taxpayers
+in each region and we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each region and we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each region and we're going to study
+kind of the the impact on firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the impact on firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the impact on firms and
+those were created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were created
+and we're gonna find really big impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna find really big impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna find really big impacts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um the second thing is just a tax rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second thing is just a tax rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second thing is just a tax rate
+reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform
+um and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here the identification is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the identification is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the identification is going to come
+from the fact that they I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that they I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that they I don't think I
+brought the graph actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the graph actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the graph actually
+um but they used to sort of I'm not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they used to sort of I'm not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they used to sort of I'm not you
+know actually I may not focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually I may not focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually I may not focus on this
+one I want to focus on the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to focus on the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want to focus on the tax
+administration reform but you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration reform but you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration reform but you can read
+the paper if you're interested they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper if you're interested they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper if you're interested they they
+had a switch from sort of um a a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a switch from sort of um a a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a switch from sort of um a a tax
+rate that was based on your taxable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that was based on your taxable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that was based on your taxable
+income to a tax rate it was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to a tax rate it was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to a tax rate it was based on
+your gross income and so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gross income and so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gross income and so that gives you
+identification for for the change in tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification for for the change in tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification for for the change in tax
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I want to focus on the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to focus on the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to focus on the tax
+administration reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration reform
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical
+um diffs assumption that you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um diffs assumption that you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um diffs assumption that you guys have
+seen in kind of multiple papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in kind of multiple papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in kind of multiple papers
+throughout the semester and I'm sure Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and I'm sure Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester and I'm sure Ed
+talks about it in sort of a distant disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about it in sort of a distant disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about it in sort of a distant disk
+lecture but did you how much did you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but did you how much did you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but did you how much did you go
+into like matching parenthesis score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like matching parenthesis score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like matching parenthesis score
+matchings up not all great because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings up not all great because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings up not all great because I'm
+going to talk about that right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that right now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that right now okay
+um is it control groups the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it control groups the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it control groups the control
+group is on the same trends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is on the same trends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is on the same trends of the
+treatment group of the treatment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group of the treatment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group of the treatment right
+that's the Assumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Assumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Assumption okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in this context
+we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study
+firms that so what's the identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that so what's the identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that so what's the identification
+the identification is in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification is in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification is in each of these
+or the thing we're studying is in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the thing we're studying is in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the thing we're studying is in each
+of these regions they create a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these regions they create a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these regions they create a special
+office for large firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for large firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for large firms
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um and they move the kind of biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they move the kind of biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they move the kind of biggest
+firms into the special tax office and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms into the special tax office and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms into the special tax office and we
+want to study the impact of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study the impact of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study the impact of that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+problem is that the firms are moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the firms are moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that the firms are moving in
+are large firms right they literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large firms right they literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large firms right they literally
+take the largest verbs in each in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the largest verbs in each in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the largest verbs in each in each
+area and move them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and move them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and move them in
+so if you saw this and you said like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you saw this and you said like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you saw this and you said like you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um what would be the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would be the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would be the you know the
+they're gonna treat the largest firms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna treat the largest firms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna treat the largest firms in
+each area like what would you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each area like what would you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each area like what would you think of
+in terms of identification strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you like were like rummaging around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like were like rummaging around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like were like rummaging around
+like the Indonesian tax office and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Indonesian tax office and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Indonesian tax office and came
+about this thing where they're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing where they're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing where they're creating
+a tax office for the largest firms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tax office for the largest firms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tax office for the largest firms in
+each region like what would you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each region like what would you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each region like what would you be
+thinking about for identification yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly right you would think you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you would think you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you would think you would
+do an RT and that's what we thought too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an RT and that's what we thought too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an RT and that's what we thought too
+um unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so we thought we would do an RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we thought we would do an RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we thought we would do an RT
+unfortunately we couldn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we couldn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we couldn't do that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+the the Rd was done on some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Rd was done on some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Rd was done on some combination
+of you know different other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know different other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know different other variables
+gross income which is your Revenue tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross income which is your Revenue tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross income which is your Revenue tax
+payments maybe some other variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments maybe some other variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments maybe some other variables in
+some formula they had some Excel sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formula they had some Excel sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formula they had some Excel sheet
+in each of the 19 different regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the 19 different regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the 19 different regions and
+the Excel sheets were lost to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Excel sheets were lost to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Excel sheets were lost to the
+recycle bin of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle bin of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle bin of time
+um so unfortunately and I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so unfortunately and I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so unfortunately and I've said
+despite our many many efforts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite our many many efforts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite our many many efforts right
+every we got graphs where we could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every we got graphs where we could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every we got graphs where we could try
+to replicate the formula you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate the formula you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate the formula you know we
+have graphs that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have graphs that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have graphs that look like this
+probability that you were assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you were assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you were assigned to
+the new thing right looks like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new thing right looks like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new thing right looks like this this
+is like firm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was like beautifully continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like beautifully continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like beautifully continuous
+and there were noticed continuities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were noticed continuities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were noticed continuities and
+I think that that's because you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that's because you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that's because you know so
+clearly like we had the right variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly like we had the right variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly like we had the right variables
+they were definitely doing it based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were definitely doing it based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were definitely doing it based on
+the assumption but because we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption but because we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption but because we couldn't
+reproduce the exact thing that was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the exact thing that was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the exact thing that was used
+we couldn't do an RD and I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't do an RD and I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't do an RD and I have to say
+this is not the first time this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the first time this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the first time this has
+happened to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me
+um that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we tried but but ultimately you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried but but ultimately you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried but but ultimately you kind of
+look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that
+so what we did instead is we used yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did instead is we used yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did instead is we used yeah
+even if you cannot produce exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you cannot produce exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you cannot produce exactly
+wooden fuzzy Rd but if the graph looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden fuzzy Rd but if the graph looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden fuzzy Rd but if the graph looks
+like this there's no discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's no discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this there's no discontinuity
+like it's all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like I think basically what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think basically what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think basically what happened is
+because we didn't know the formula well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't know the formula well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't know the formula well
+because I think that the the issue is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that the the issue is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that the the issue is we
+didn't know the underlying running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the underlying running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the underlying running
+variable nor do we know I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable nor do we know I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable nor do we know I think I think
+what happens a couple things number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens a couple things number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens a couple things number one
+we couldn't reproduce the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't reproduce the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't reproduce the exact
+underlining running variable for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlining running variable for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlining running variable for example
+maybe they use an older version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they use an older version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they use an older version of the
+tax data that wasn't exactly right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax data that wasn't exactly right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax data that wasn't exactly right maybe
+they had other things going on like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had other things going on like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had other things going on like we
+couldn't find an RD basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's the answer yes that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the answer yes that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the answer yes that's where
+we're going so uh instead we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going so uh instead we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going so uh instead we're going to
+use propensity matching match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use propensity matching match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use propensity matching match
+differences and differences and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and differences and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and differences and so I
+just wanted this is what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted this is what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted this is what I wanted to
+talk about so instead what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so instead what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so instead what we're going
+to do is we're going to say look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to say look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're going to say look it's
+pretty obvious with this kind of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious with this kind of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious with this kind of design
+that you know if I if I look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I if I look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if I if I look at sort of
+say these for like you know over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these for like you know over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these for like you know over here
+like everyone is treated over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone is treated over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everyone is treated over here
+nobody is treated so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is treated so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is treated so it's kind of
+hopeless there to find kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless there to find kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless there to find kind of
+reasonable comparison sets but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable comparison sets but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable comparison sets but in this
+group kind of in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group kind of in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group kind of in the middle
+right you know your probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know your probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know your probability of being
+treated is sort of somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated is sort of somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated is sort of somewhere in between
+you know is in some intermediate range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in some intermediate range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in some intermediate range
+and therefore you know we may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know we may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know we may be able to
+sort of compare similar firms just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compare similar firms just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of compare similar firms just some
+of them happen to get treated and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them happen to get treated and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them happen to get treated and some
+didn't happen not to get treated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen not to get treated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't happen not to get treated okay
+and that's kind of the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the idea of
+propensity score matching right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching right
+so so what do you do you basically so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do you do you basically so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what do you do you basically so so
+how do you do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+propensity score matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score matching
+okay so or in general for matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so or in general for matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so or in general for matching
+there's sort of a couple of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a couple of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a couple of steps
+the first step is exactly this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is exactly this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is exactly this you have
+to restrict you take your sample and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restrict you take your sample and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restrict you take your sample and you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you want to restrict to the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to restrict to the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to restrict to the area of
+which where there's called common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where there's called common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which where there's called common
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+right where basically there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where basically there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where basically there's going to
+be you know reasonable fractions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know reasonable fractions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know reasonable fractions of
+people who are both treated and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are both treated and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are both treated and not
+treated or in this case firms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or in this case firms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or in this case firms that are
+treated and not treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and not treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and not treated
+um so you have you know reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you have you know reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you have you know reasonable
+matching sets Okay so otherwise you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching sets Okay so otherwise you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching sets Okay so otherwise you end
+up there's nobody in the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's nobody in the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's nobody in the control group
+who's going to be a good comparison here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be a good comparison here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to be a good comparison here
+and no one in the treatment group who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one in the treatment group who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one in the treatment group who's
+going to be a comparison to this firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a comparison to this firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a comparison to this firm
+here so you just cut that sample out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you just cut that sample out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you just cut that sample out and
+you should recognize that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should recognize that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should recognize that sort of the
+late you're estimating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late you're estimating right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late you're estimating right
+localization in fact you're estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in fact you're estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in fact you're estimating
+is for that kind of medium set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for that kind of medium set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for that kind of medium set
+okay so in our case for example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our case for example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our case for example we're
+going to be estimating an effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be estimating an effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be estimating an effect for
+like the smaller firms that go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the smaller firms that go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the smaller firms that go into the
+medium tax office because the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium tax office because the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium tax office because the larger
+firms that go into the medium tax office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that go into the medium tax office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that go into the medium tax office
+like they're just you know getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're just you know getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're just you know getting
+treated with close to probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with close to probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with close to probability one
+okay so in our case actually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our case actually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in our case actually it's a
+little more complicated because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated because we're
+actually doing this on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing this on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing this on two different
+variables we have because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we have because we know that
+they matched on grow on your Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matched on grow on your Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matched on grow on your Revenue
+which is your gross income and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your gross income and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your gross income and your
+taxes paid so we're gonna do it on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes paid so we're gonna do it on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes paid so we're gonna do it on both
+but it looks kind of like this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks kind of like this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks kind of like this so this
+is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distribution of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is the distribution of gross income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of gross income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of gross income
+in the Baseline year this is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Baseline year this is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Baseline year this is the last
+the year they use for assignment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year they use for assignment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year they use for assignment and you
+can see that like the treated groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that like the treated groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that like the treated groups
+have much are much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much are much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much are much bigger than the
+control groups and so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control groups and so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control groups and so what we're going
+to do is we're gonna we're gonna say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're gonna we're gonna say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we're gonna we're gonna say I
+think you know do say 97th and 2.5 fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know do say 97th and 2.5 fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know do say 97th and 2.5 fifth
+percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile
+what does that mean we'll say well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean we'll say well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean we'll say well when
+I get down over here when there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get down over here when there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get down over here when there's only
+2.5 percent of the distribution hero may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 percent of the distribution hero may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 percent of the distribution hero may
+cut off there in the treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off there in the treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off there in the treatment group
+and then we'll go the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go the other way around
+and we'll get through the same cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get through the same cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get through the same cut off
+here in the control in the 97th and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the control in the 97th and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the control in the 97th and a
+half in the in the control group and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in the in the control group and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in the in the control group and so
+that gets us this intermediate set where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us this intermediate set where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets us this intermediate set where
+we sort of have like reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have like reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have like reasonably
+um like a reasonable number of of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a reasonable number of of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a reasonable number of of firms
+uh from both distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from both distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from both distributions
+now one thing you'll notice if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing you'll notice if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing you'll notice if you look
+at this graph of course kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graph of course kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graph of course kind of
+intuitively is that you know over down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is that you know over down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is that you know over down
+on this part of the distribution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part of the distribution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part of the distribution right
+you have way more controls than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have way more controls than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have way more controls than
+treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments
+and over on the this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over on the this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over on the this part of the
+distribution you have way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you have way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you have way more
+treatments than controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments than controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments than controls
+okay so the next step after you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next step after you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next step after you sort of
+made this common support restriction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this common support restriction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this common support restriction is
+you need to sort of deal with that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of deal with that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of deal with that fact
+and make these two groups kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make these two groups kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make these two groups kind of look
+similar uh by Waiting by waiting okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh by Waiting by waiting okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh by Waiting by waiting okay so
+as I mentioned we actually do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned we actually do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned we actually do this in
+two Dimensions we do in this Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions we do in this Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions we do in this Dimension
+this is on uh taxes paid it looks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on uh taxes paid it looks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on uh taxes paid it looks kind
+of you know similar idea right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know similar idea right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know similar idea right the the
+firm's assigned a treatment group are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's assigned a treatment group are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's assigned a treatment group are
+paying a lot more taxes okay so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a lot more taxes okay so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a lot more taxes okay so you do
+these restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these restrictions
+um The Next Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Next Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Next Step
+is you use the pre-period data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the pre-period data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the pre-period data to
+re-weight the treaty and control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weight the treaty and control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-weight the treaty and control group
+so that the way the distributions look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the way the distributions look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the way the distributions look
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+okay so instead of having this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of having this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so instead of having this because
+if I if I just took this regression kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I just took this regression kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I just took this regression kind
+of this on this sample without doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this on this sample without doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this on this sample without doing any
+weights it still would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights it still would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights it still would be
+um mostly bigger verbs and the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mostly bigger verbs and the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mostly bigger verbs and the treatment
+in mostly smaller firms in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mostly smaller firms in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mostly smaller firms in the control
+but you can easily sort of see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can easily sort of see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can easily sort of see from this
+picture How I Could Just re-weight them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture How I Could Just re-weight them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture How I Could Just re-weight them
+to make them look kind of the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them look kind of the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them look kind of the same okay
+and that's what that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that's what that's
+really all propensity score matching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all propensity score matching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all propensity score matching is
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+okay so so how do you do that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how do you do that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how do you do that okay so
+how do you actually compute the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually compute the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually compute the weight
+so there's a couple of different options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of different options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple of different options
+so one is what's called a propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is what's called a propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is what's called a propensity
+score so if you know the functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so if you know the functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so if you know the functional form
+of the assignment rule okay you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignment rule okay you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignment rule okay you can just
+estimate it and you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it and you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it and you can use it to
+calculate the weights okay so if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the weights okay so if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the weights okay so if for
+example you know uh say say it was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know uh say say it was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know uh say say it was sort
+of like you know a probate you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know a probate you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you know a probate you know like
+probability that you're in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're in the treatment
+group is some X Prime beta where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is some X Prime beta where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is some X Prime beta where some
+you know the X's right and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the X's right and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the X's right and you know this
+functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form
+you can run this auxiliary regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run this auxiliary regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run this auxiliary regression
+predict the probability you're in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the probability you're in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the probability you're in there
+as a function of these multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of these multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of these multiple
+different variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables
+and then um you can use weights one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um you can use weights one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um you can use weights one over
+P for the treatment unit and one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for the treatment unit and one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for the treatment unit and one over
+one minus P for the control group mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P for the control group mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus P for the control group mu
+control units using the predicted values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control units using the predicted values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control units using the predicted values
+and that'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll just
+make the weights balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the weights balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the weights balanced
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's option one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's option one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's option one
+the other option and this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other option and this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other option and this is kind of a
+newer approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer approach
+is a more non-parametric approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more non-parametric approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more non-parametric approach which
+just sort of solves for the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of solves for the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of solves for the weights
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+okay and basically and this is look if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically and this is look if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically and this is look if I
+don't know the functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the functional form
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'm going to look for a set of Weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for a set of Weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for a set of Weights
+in the control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the control group
+so that I balance so that I just match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I balance so that I just match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I balance so that I just match
+whatever moments I want to match uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever moments I want to match uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever moments I want to match uh in
+the um in the treatment group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in the treatment group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in the treatment group
+um on a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a variety of different
+characteristics okay and so this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay and so this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay and so this there
+are a couple of different versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of different versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of different versions of
+this this method by heinmiller is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this method by heinmiller is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this method by heinmiller is the
+one that we use in the paper the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we use in the paper the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we use in the paper the idea of
+it basically is to say look let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is to say look let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is to say look let me just
+solve for a set of Weights that matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for a set of Weights that matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for a set of Weights that matches
+on whatever things I wanted to match on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever things I wanted to match on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whatever things I wanted to match on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um are going to minimally deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are going to minimally deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are going to minimally deviate from
+uniform weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform weights
+okay so of course many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course many different
+combinations if you have if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations if you have if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations if you have if you have
+more observations than moments you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more observations than moments you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more observations than moments you want
+to match on there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match on there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match on there are many different
+ways of doing it it chooses the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing it it chooses the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing it it chooses the one that
+is like least uh has the least deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like least uh has the least deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like least uh has the least deviation
+from uniform weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uniform weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uniform weights
+okay so um and there's some arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and there's some arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um and there's some arguments
+actually that in cases where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that in cases where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that in cases where you don't
+actually know the propensity score or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the propensity score or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know the propensity score or
+the propensity score formula isn't exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity score formula isn't exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity score formula isn't exact
+these non-parametric methods can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-parametric methods can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non-parametric methods can
+actually do a better job kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a better job kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a better job kind of
+matching things and uh and that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching things and uh and that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching things and uh and that was our
+experience actually in doing this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience actually in doing this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience actually in doing this which
+is why we went for these yeah it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we went for these yeah it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we went for these yeah it doesn't
+really matter you can all the results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter you can all the results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter you can all the results in
+the paper go through if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper go through if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper go through if we do the
+regular parenthesis score but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular parenthesis score but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular parenthesis score but I just
+wanted to mention this as well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention this as well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention this as well because
+it's sort of a newer and there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a newer and there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a newer and there's a nice
+um it's a newer method and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a newer method and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a newer method and there's a
+nice sort of canned data package that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of canned data package that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice sort of canned data package that
+will do this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this for you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in any case First Step comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any case First Step comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in any case First Step comment
+support Second Step estimated propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Second Step estimated propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Second Step estimated propensity
+score and rebalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and rebalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and rebalance
+um third thing is then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um third thing is then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um third thing is then you can just
+estimate your difference and difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate your difference and difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate your difference and difference
+model on the related data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the related data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the related data
+okay and that's and that's what we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's and that's what we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's and that's what we're uh
+we're uh we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh we're gonna do
+you might have said well why do I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said well why do I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have said well why do I even
+care why even bar like one question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care why even bar like one question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care why even bar like one question you
+may have is why you even bother like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have is why you even bother like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have is why you even bother like
+this why why even do a different why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why why even do a different why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why why even do a different why
+even bother with this rereading why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother with this rereading why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bother with this rereading why not
+just do a regular difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a regular difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a regular difference in
+difference and I think the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and I think the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and I think the reason is
+that you might think that like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think that like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think that like these
+different there's two these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there's two these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there's two these different
+groups might be on kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups might be on kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups might be on kind of different
+Trends or whatever and so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends or whatever and so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends or whatever and so you really
+want to sort of have comparable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of have comparable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of have comparable the
+comparable to make sure you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to make sure you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to make sure you're sort of
+balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's mostly what I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's mostly what I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's mostly what I wanted to say
+about parentheses course but I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parentheses course but I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parentheses course but I sort of
+want to make throw it in there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exact note with replacement that match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact note with replacement that match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact note with replacement that match
+in treatment unit with one two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment unit with one two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment unit with one two to three
+embarrassing the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing the controls
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sort of like exact matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sort of like exact matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sort of like exact matching
+so I don't know how it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how it's a good question
+I don't have a Str um let me think for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a Str um let me think for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a Str um let me think for a
+minute and see if I have a good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and see if I have a good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and see if I have a good answer
+for you so so another meth so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so so another meth so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so so another meth so you're
+saying another option is for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying another option is for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying another option is for every
+option in the treatment group I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in the treatment group I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in the treatment group I find the
+closest match in the tree in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest match in the tree in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest match in the tree in the control
+group and I just sort of put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I just sort of put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and I just sort of put them
+together and put in a match fixed effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put in a match fixed effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put in a match fixed effect
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's a good question actually I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question actually I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question actually I don't
+have a good answer for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good answer for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good answer for why
+whether that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a good question I'm not sure I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question I'm not sure I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question I'm not sure I have
+the right answer I think if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer I think if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer I think if you have
+more treatment if you have more of once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more treatment if you have more of once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more treatment if you have more of once
+if you have if you have unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have if you have unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have if you have unbalanced
+numbers of observations and you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of observations and you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of observations and you end up
+either having to reuse the same ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either having to reuse the same ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either having to reuse the same ones
+multiple times it may be inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times it may be inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times it may be inefficient
+compared to this that's my best guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this that's my best guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this that's my best guess
+but I don't know the answer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know the answer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know the answer actually
+does anyone else have any ideas I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone else have any ideas I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone else have any ideas I don't
+know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer
+I do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do any
+school it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this just shows you the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just shows you the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this just shows you the raw data
+this is like total taxes paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like total taxes paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like total taxes paid
+this is kind of the this is a year when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the this is a year when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the this is a year when
+the thing is partially the thing takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is partially the thing takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is partially the thing takes
+two years to kind of fully turn on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years to kind of fully turn on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years to kind of fully turn on it's
+partially turned on in 2006 fully turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially turned on in 2006 fully turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially turned on in 2006 fully turned
+on 2007.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 2007.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 2007.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um what you can see is you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what you can see is you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what you can see is you can see
+that there this is just the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there this is just the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there this is just the raw data
+weighted so you can see that sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted so you can see that sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted so you can see that sort of the
+the pre-trends look kind of nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-trends look kind of nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-trends look kind of nice and
+balanced between once you once in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced between once you once in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced between once you once in these
+two rated samples and then clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rated samples and then clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rated samples and then clearly
+something pretty dramatic is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty dramatic is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty dramatic is happening
+when we turn on the the the medium tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn on the the the medium tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn on the the the medium tax
+office they seem to be paying a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office they seem to be paying a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office they seem to be paying a lot more
+taxes okay and this just shows you too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes okay and this just shows you too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes okay and this just shows you too
+in normal like different diff kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal like different diff kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal like different diff kind of
+estimation form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so in fact actually their taxes go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact actually their taxes go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact actually their taxes go up
+by a lot they go up by like more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot they go up by like more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lot they go up by like more than
+100 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 percent
+um and you know the government raised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the government raised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the government raised a
+lot of Revenue and you know comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Revenue and you know comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Revenue and you know comparing
+this to sort of tax uh tax rate changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to sort of tax uh tax rate changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to sort of tax uh tax rate changes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh it's uh it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's uh it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's uh it's you know
+uh it's sort of staggeringly large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of staggeringly large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of staggeringly large and
+equivalent to kind of raising taxes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to kind of raising taxes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to kind of raising taxes on
+raising the tax rate by uh I think six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the tax rate by uh I think six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the tax rate by uh I think six
+or eight percent on all taxpayers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight percent on all taxpayers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or eight percent on all taxpayers okay
+so uh the substantive point is that tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the substantive point is that tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the substantive point is that tax
+administration can make a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration can make a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration can make a really big
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+um and the thing I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the thing I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the thing I want to talk about
+methodologically sort of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically sort of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically sort of how do you
+think about doing these match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing these match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing these match
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm gonna skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna skip this
+oh actually no this I wanted to say too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually no this I wanted to say too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually no this I wanted to say too
+yeah sorry so you know why might this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so you know why might this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry so you know why might this
+make such a difference so is there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such a difference so is there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such a difference so is there one
+thing that's kind of striking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's kind of striking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's kind of striking and
+surprising I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising I think is that
+it continues to actually go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues to actually go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues to actually go up
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you might have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought
+that once taxed once you put in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once taxed once you put in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once taxed once you put in kind of
+a new tax enforcement regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new tax enforcement regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new tax enforcement regime
+there'll be like a direct effect where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be like a direct effect where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be like a direct effect where
+you'll sort of get more time collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sort of get more time collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sort of get more time collect
+more taxes and then firm will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more taxes and then firm will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more taxes and then firm will start to
+figure out how to adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to adapt
+so you might have like predicted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have like predicted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have like predicted it
+would go kind of like you know like up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go kind of like you know like up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go kind of like you know like up
+and then down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down
+right over time is from start to adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over time is from start to adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over time is from start to adapt
+that doesn't seem to be the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be the case in
+other measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to take some time to learn stuff and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some time to learn stuff and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some time to learn stuff and the
+tax and these tax inspectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and these tax inspectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and these tax inspectors are
+figuring stuff out that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring stuff out that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring stuff out that could be
+but one thing that we think is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that we think is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing that we think is kind of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+is that there may be also a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there may be also a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there may be also a change in
+size reduction in size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size reduction in size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size reduction in size dependent
+taxation so what do I mean by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation so what do I mean by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation so what do I mean by this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+imagine you have a simple model this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a simple model this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have a simple model this is
+actually not the model in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the model in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the model in the final
+version paper this is like a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version paper this is like a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version paper this is like a simpler
+model that was in a previous version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was in a previous version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was in a previous version
+paper but I think it just makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but I think it just makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but I think it just makes the
+point very clearly so imagine you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very clearly so imagine you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very clearly so imagine you're a
+firm right uh that you you know you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm right uh that you you know you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm right uh that you you know you uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+who's who can both make decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who can both make decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who can both make decisions about
+how much to pay and they can maybe evade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to pay and they can maybe evade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to pay and they can maybe evade
+some taxes e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some taxes e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some taxes e
+H they're taxed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they're taxed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H they're taxed on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um this is this is a model where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is a model where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is a model where there's
+distortions so they're supposed to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions so they're supposed to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions so they're supposed to pay
+taxes here they pay taxes on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes here they pay taxes on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes here they pay taxes on on this
+um but they can kind of evade some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they can kind of evade some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they can kind of evade some
+Revenue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue here
+so the the firms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the firms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the firms um
+uh production will be distorted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production will be distorted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production will be distorted by the
+taxes because the tax is not if the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because the tax is not if the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes because the tax is not if the tax
+is a profit tax doesn't it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a profit tax doesn't it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a profit tax doesn't it doesn't
+distort your Revenue but if it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your Revenue but if it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort your Revenue but if it's but
+since there's this wedge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's this wedge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's this wedge here
+um it may uh it may be uh there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may uh it may be uh there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may uh it may be uh there may be
+some distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distortions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what I want to say is suppose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say is suppose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to say is suppose in
+addition to that the cost of evasion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the cost of evasion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the cost of evasion now
+and you have some cost of tax evasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some cost of tax evasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some cost of tax evasion
+where Alpha is kind of the level of tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is kind of the level of tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Alpha is kind of the level of tax
+enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement
+suppose you have the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have the case where the
+level of tax enforcement is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of tax enforcement is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of tax enforcement is dependent on
+firm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm size
+okay so it's pretty intuitive that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's pretty intuitive that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's pretty intuitive that kind
+of if a as I mentioned before they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if a as I mentioned before they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if a as I mentioned before they're
+going after kind of the largest firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after kind of the largest firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after kind of the largest firm
+because they're for the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're for the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're for the biggest
+if that's true then that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true then that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true then that's going to
+create an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an additional
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there'll be the general Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be the general Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be the general Distortion
+taxation but there'll be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation but there'll be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation but there'll be these
+additional Distortion from taxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Distortion from taxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional Distortion from taxation
+coming from the fact that as you grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the fact that as you grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the fact that as you grow
+larger you're more likely to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you're more likely to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you're more likely to sort of get
+attacked by the tax Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by the tax Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by the tax Authority
+so if that's true you know once you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's true you know once you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's true you know once you so
+then the question is once you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is once you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is once you've been
+put into this medium-sized tax or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this medium-sized tax or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this medium-sized tax or
+organization does that change not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization does that change not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization does that change not just
+the level of enforcement but also does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of enforcement but also does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of enforcement but also does
+it change this slope of enforcement with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change this slope of enforcement with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change this slope of enforcement with
+respect to firm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to firm size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to firm size
+and if so like that could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so like that could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if so like that could potentially
+explain like like part of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like like part of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like like part of what's going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and so we actually in the also sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we actually in the also sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we actually in the also sort of
+looked at the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the relationship between the
+probability of enforcement as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of enforcement as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of enforcement as a function
+of firm side we look at the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firm side we look at the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firm side we look at the function of
+firm size and how that change when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm size and how that change when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm size and how that change when you
+moved to the MTO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the MTO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the MTO
+so for the the regular people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the the regular people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the the regular people in the
+small tax office the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tax office the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small tax office the probability of
+being audited for example is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being audited for example is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being audited for example is very
+strongly increasing in firm size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly increasing in firm size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly increasing in firm size
+once you're moved to the to the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're moved to the to the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're moved to the to the medium
+tax office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax office
+it's flat basically they have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat basically they have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's flat basically they have enough
+resources to audit everybody essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to audit everybody essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to audit everybody essentially
+or to audit not everybody but with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to audit not everybody but with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to audit not everybody but with high
+probability with higher much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with higher much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with higher much higher
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+um and this is true in sort of a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is true in sort of a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is true in sort of a couple
+of different dimensions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different dimensions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different dimensions that we can
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+and the reason I wanted to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I wanted to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I wanted to mention that
+is I think there's this issue where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think there's this issue where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think there's this issue where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think there's a there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a there could
+potentially be an issue where in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be an issue where in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be an issue where in a lot
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+developing country contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if the tax department is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the tax department is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the tax department is only
+starting to sort of pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to sort of pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to sort of pay attention to
+people who are kind of larger that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of larger that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of larger that that
+in itself can create distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself can create distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself can create distortions
+and so I just wanted to mention that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just wanted to mention that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just wanted to mention that so
+in this case we're actually the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're actually the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're actually the opposite
+happened kind of one thing got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened kind of one thing got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened kind of one thing got
+sufficiently once they were put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently once they were put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently once they were put in the
+MTA at that point that that already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTA at that point that that already had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTA at that point that that already had
+that was kind of sunk they were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of sunk they were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of sunk they were already
+getting you know the high tax treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know the high tax treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know the high tax treatment
+kind of regardless so at that point they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regardless so at that point they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of regardless so at that point they
+may as well sort of they lose that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may as well sort of they lose that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may as well sort of they lose that and
+that incentive not to grow too big kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incentive not to grow too big kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incentive not to grow too big kind
+of disappears but more generally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disappears but more generally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disappears but more generally that
+point about sort of size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about sort of size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about sort of size dependent
+taxation creating kind of distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation creating kind of distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation creating kind of distortions
+for firm size is one I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firm size is one I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for firm size is one I just wanted to
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's all I want to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to say about this
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+yeah Aaron I'm forgetting the paper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron I'm forgetting the paper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron I'm forgetting the paper but
+was there when these ngos were created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there when these ngos were created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there when these ngos were created
+was their displacement of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their displacement of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their displacement of people who
+were previously working in the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were previously working in the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were previously working in the smaller
+taxpayer offices and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer offices and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer offices and it was a
+were their effects on revenue from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were their effects on revenue from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were their effects on revenue from that
+I think it was small because the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was small because the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was small because the number
+the number of Staff they needed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Staff they needed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Staff they needed for the
+mtos was was pretty small and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtos was was pretty small and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mtos was was pretty small and so I think
+that they didn't really have to like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't really have to like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't really have to like and
+they could also promote other people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also promote other people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could also promote other people and
+so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if Tax Administration kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if Tax Administration kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if Tax Administration kind of
+matters then there's now a whole series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters then there's now a whole series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters then there's now a whole series
+of questions for sort of like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions for sort of like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions for sort of like how do we
+actually do it and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it and what are the
+particular kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh and that's true kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that's true kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that's true kind of
+everywhere but I guess a question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but I guess a question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but I guess a question for
+development class is like are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development class is like are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development class is like are there
+particular like development related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular like development related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular like development related
+issues in in doing that in changing Tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in in doing that in changing Tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in in doing that in changing Tax
+Administration so I wanted to to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration so I wanted to to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration so I wanted to to mention
+one last paper which is a paper of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last paper which is a paper of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last paper which is a paper of mine
+on uh on this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on this issue
+so one thing people have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing people have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing people have thought about
+doing to improve Tax Administration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to improve Tax Administration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to improve Tax Administration is
+to just give incentives to tax officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give incentives to tax officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just give incentives to tax officers
+right you know the whole idea is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the whole idea is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the whole idea is we need
+these people to sort of go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to sort of go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people to sort of go out and
+collect taxes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect taxes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect taxes like
+um in this low information environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this low information environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this low information environment
+we rely on the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rely on the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rely on the people
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um maybe we need to sort of give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we need to sort of give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we need to sort of give them
+incentives to do this okay so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to do this okay so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to do this okay so in fact
+giving high-powered incentives to task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving high-powered incentives to task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving high-powered incentives to task
+collectors is a very very old idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors is a very very old idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors is a very very old idea
+right in fact it goes back to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact it goes back to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact it goes back to like the
+the Roman Empire uh or or in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Roman Empire uh or or in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Roman Empire uh or or in the the
+French uh you know pre-revolution France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh you know pre-revolution France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh you know pre-revolution France
+they had people who were called tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had people who were called tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had people who were called tax
+farmers who basically paid a fixed fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers who basically paid a fixed fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers who basically paid a fixed fee
+to the king and they got to keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the king and they got to keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the king and they got to keep all the
+taxes on the margin okay so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes on the margin okay so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes on the margin okay so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incentive
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this was very unpopular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very unpopular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very unpopular
+um so for example the tax farmers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example the tax farmers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example the tax farmers were
+beheaded during the French Revolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beheaded during the French Revolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beheaded during the French Revolution so
+that was not um you know people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not um you know people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not um you know people didn't
+like this very much and why didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this very much and why didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this very much and why didn't they
+like it well because these people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it well because these people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it well because these people were
+super zealous in terms of in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super zealous in terms of in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super zealous in terms of in terms of
+collecting taxes because they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting taxes because they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting taxes because they got to
+keep it all on a margin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it all on a margin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it all on a margin right
+so you don't want to go too far and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to go too far and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to go too far and in
+fact if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you were to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact if you look at the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at the that
+um you all live in Massachusetts if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you all live in Massachusetts if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you all live in Massachusetts if you
+if you look at the Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the Massachusetts
+Department of revenues uh website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of revenues uh website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of revenues uh website
+there's a taxpayer Bill of Rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a taxpayer Bill of Rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a taxpayer Bill of Rights and
+one of the things that Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that Massachusetts
+States is that they will not under any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is that they will not under any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is that they will not under any
+circumstances create any incentives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances create any incentives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances create any incentives or
+even Target informal targets for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Target informal targets for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Target informal targets for for
+revenue for any of their tax staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for any of their tax staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for any of their tax staff
+in part because taxpayers don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because taxpayers don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because taxpayers don't like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so I think so we want to understand kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think so we want to understand kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think so we want to understand kind
+of in a more modern content on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a more modern content on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a more modern content on the other
+hand though if you go to a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand though if you go to a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand though if you go to a lot of these
+developing country contexts where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country contexts where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country contexts where the
+information problems are really severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problems are really severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information problems are really severe
+and you have to motivate these people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to motivate these people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to motivate these people to
+go collect taxes like maybe the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go collect taxes like maybe the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go collect taxes like maybe the state
+should think about kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about kind of like
+revisiting this trade-off so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting this trade-off so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisiting this trade-off so how do we
+think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this
+okay so we did this by look doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we did this by look doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we did this by look doing a
+randomized experiment in Pakistan where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment in Pakistan where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment in Pakistan where
+we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+working with property taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with property taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with property taxes
+and property taxes are collected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property taxes are collected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property taxes are collected by a
+team of tax collectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of tax collectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of tax collectors
+okay there's a team of three tax staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a team of three tax staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a team of three tax staff
+who and together if they were put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and together if they were put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and together if they were put in the
+treatment group they received between 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group they received between 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment group they received between 20
+to 40 percent of all the revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 40 percent of all the revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 40 percent of all the revenue
+collected above some historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected above some historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected above some historical
+benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so you can think of like each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can think of like each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can think of like each of them
+as sort of you know getting a 10 kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of you know getting a 10 kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of you know getting a 10 kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+payment on the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment on the margin
+okay so any thoughts on like what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any thoughts on like what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any thoughts on like what would
+likely to be hap to happen if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hap to happen if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be hap to happen if you did
+this treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treatment
+so you see why they would do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see why they would do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see why they would do it right
+you would do it because like so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it because like so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do it because like so so let
+them back up why why do they need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back up why why do they need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back up why why do they need this
+incentive in Pakistan and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive in Pakistan and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive in Pakistan and not in
+Brookline for example where I live right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookline for example where I live right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookline for example where I live right
+so in Brookline they have you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Brookline they have you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Brookline they have you know very
+good information about all the of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good information about all the of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good information about all the of all
+the houses right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the houses right and
+um you know they everyone's required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they everyone's required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they everyone's required to
+build to have a building permit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build to have a building permit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build to have a building permit you know
+the building permit is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building permit is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building permit is automatically
+linked to the tax people if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to the tax people if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to the tax people if you change
+your house the building people know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house the building people know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house the building people know that
+town knows about it through the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town knows about it through the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town knows about it through the building
+permits they can you know send the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits they can you know send the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits they can you know send the tax
+people out they sort of you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out they sort of you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out they sort of you know and
+it's all kind of linked together so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of linked together so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of linked together so they
+do rely on tax inspectors but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rely on tax inspectors but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do rely on tax inspectors but they have
+much more sort of data data underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of data data underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more sort of data data underlying
+on them and also the the panel you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and also the the panel you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and also the the panel you know
+the if the tax inspector were to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the tax inspector were to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the tax inspector were to come to
+my house and offer to you know adjust my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my house and offer to you know adjust my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my house and offer to you know adjust my
+taxes in return for a cash payment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in return for a cash payment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes in return for a cash payment the
+probability that would end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that would end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that would end up in
+detection that you know they would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection that you know they would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection that you know they would end
+up going and going to jail is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going and going to jail is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going and going to jail is probably
+reasonably high and so that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high and so that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high and so that probably
+doesn't happen very often okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very often okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very often okay so that's
+but in Pakistan that might not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Pakistan that might not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Pakistan that might not be true
+right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know what do you think is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what do you think is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what do you think is going to
+happen in this so that's why they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this so that's why they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this so that's why they might
+want to do incentives so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do incentives so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do incentives so what do you
+think is going to happen with incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Jenny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jenny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jenny
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so incentives matter they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so incentives matter they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so incentives matter they
+should they should exert more effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they should exert more effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they should exert more effort and
+collect more tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if there is like a collusive evasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there is like a collusive evasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if there is like a collusive evasion
+between the the tax staff and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the tax staff and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the tax staff and like the
+person being taxed uh you like might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person being taxed uh you like might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person being taxed uh you like might not
+observe any change in revenue and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe any change in revenue and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe any change in revenue and you
+just have like a change in like how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like a change in like how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like a change in like how they
+bargain exactly you've seen this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain exactly you've seen this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain exactly you've seen this paper
+before but yes exactly right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but yes exactly right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but yes exactly right so the
+other part the other the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part the other the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part the other the other thing is
+um so Jenny's totally right they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Jenny's totally right they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Jenny's totally right they could
+collect more tax revenue on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more tax revenue on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect more tax revenue on the other
+hand if they're sort of like bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if they're sort of like bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if they're sort of like bargaining
+with if they're potentially corrupt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if they're potentially corrupt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if they're potentially corrupt and
+kind of bargaining with the taxpayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bargaining with the taxpayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bargaining with the taxpayer
+this could just all this could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could just all this could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could just all this could do is
+kind of change the underlying bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the underlying bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the underlying bargaining
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+okay and so that's what we want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what we want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what we want to sort
+of illustrate in this paper is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrate in this paper is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustrate in this paper is how do we
+think about kind of those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about kind of those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about kind of those two different
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um we set up in the paper a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we set up in the paper a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we set up in the paper a very simple
+kind of Nash bargaining model with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Nash bargaining model with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Nash bargaining model with equal
+bargaining weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights
+okay between a taxpayer PE and a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay between a taxpayer PE and a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay between a taxpayer PE and a tax
+collector C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector C
+uh to collude and reduce their tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to collude and reduce their tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to collude and reduce their tax
+liabilities what does this mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities what does this mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities what does this mean this
+means I'm a taxpayer like I go to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm a taxpayer like I go to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm a taxpayer like I go to say
+Ashana and I say like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashana and I say like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashana and I say like you know
+I'm a tax collector I go to you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a tax collector I go to you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a tax collector I go to you and you
+say look you know your house is worth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know your house is worth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know your house is worth a
+thousand your tax is a thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand your tax is a thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand your tax is a thousand dollars
+but you know maybe you and I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know maybe you and I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know maybe you and I can work
+something out and uh in exchange for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out and uh in exchange for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out and uh in exchange for a
+payment maybe I can reduce your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment maybe I can reduce your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment maybe I can reduce your your
+official tax liability right so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official tax liability right so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official tax liability right so how does
+that kind of bargaining work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of bargaining work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of bargaining work
+so imagine that Tau star is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that Tau star is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine that Tau star is the true
+amount of tax which is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tax which is the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of tax which is the same for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+we can instead negotiate to pay a bribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can instead negotiate to pay a bribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can instead negotiate to pay a bribe
+B and Report less tax how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government
+so to get together together we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get together together we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get together together we can do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the taxpayers utility is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxpayers utility is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taxpayers utility is going to be
+minus Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Tau
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um they don't like paying taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't like paying taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't like paying taxes
+minus B they don't like paying bribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B they don't like paying bribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B they don't like paying bribes
+taxes and bribes are going to enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and bribes are going to enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and bribes are going to enter the
+same here those are just money kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here those are just money kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here those are just money kind of
+flowing out the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out the door
+and we're going to give them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give them an
+additional cost like Alpha times Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cost like Alpha times Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cost like Alpha times Tau
+star minus Tau which is sort of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus Tau which is sort of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star minus Tau which is sort of the like
+a disutility cost from uh from paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disutility cost from uh from paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disutility cost from uh from paying
+bribes or from underpaying their taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribes or from underpaying their taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribes or from underpaying their taxes
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay and maybe there's the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and maybe there's the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and maybe there's the different
+that Alpha is sort of heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha is sort of heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha is sort of heterogeneous
+among taxpayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the tax collector's utility is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax collector's utility is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax collector's utility is going to
+look like this it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this it's going to have a
+they're going to get an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get an incentive
+payment R times the taxes they pay our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment R times the taxes they pay our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment R times the taxes they pay our
+Tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau
+there also maybe get some bribes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also maybe get some bribes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also maybe get some bribes they
+like money and they let money is treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like money and they let money is treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like money and they let money is treated
+equally here they like incentives they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally here they like incentives they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally here they like incentives they
+like bribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bribes
+but they also get a disutility cost from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also get a disutility cost from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also get a disutility cost from
+underpay Under reporting the true taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpay Under reporting the true taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpay Under reporting the true taxes
+okay and you can think of that as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can think of that as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can think of that as like
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know some chance they get caught or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some chance they get caught or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some chance they get caught or
+or something maybe they just want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something maybe they just want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something maybe they just want to be
+honest or whatever okay and this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest or whatever okay and this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest or whatever okay and this simple
+model everything is linear there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model everything is linear there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model everything is linear there's a
+version of the paper in the appendix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the paper in the appendix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the paper in the appendix
+it's not that makes this quadratic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that makes this quadratic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that makes this quadratic and
+it's a linear version is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what happens in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens in this model
+okay so so the the the Nash bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the the the Nash bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the the the Nash bargaining
+solution says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution says look
+we're going to come to an agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to an agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to an agreement
+that's going to Max that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to Max that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to Max that's going to be
+efficient for the two of us for for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for the two of us for for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for the two of us for for me
+and the taxpayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the taxpayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the taxpayer
+what does that mean that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means we're
+going to maximize our joint Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize our joint Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize our joint Surplus
+and then we have to share the Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to share the Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to share the Surplus
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+and you know different bargaining models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know different bargaining models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know different bargaining models
+get predictions for how we should share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get predictions for how we should share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get predictions for how we should share
+the Surplus the Nash bargaining model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Surplus the Nash bargaining model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Surplus the Nash bargaining model
+says look we're each going to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look we're each going to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look we're each going to get our
+outside option and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and then we're going to
+get some some fixed share of the Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some some fixed share of the Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some some fixed share of the Surplus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the joy Surplus from agreement is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the joy Surplus from agreement is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the joy Surplus from agreement is we
+add up the taxpayers utility and the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the taxpayers utility and the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up the taxpayers utility and the tax
+collectors utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors utility
+okay we just add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we just add them up
+right and so I can re I can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I can re I can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I can re I can rewrite
+terms and I have this one minus r minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I have this one minus r minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I have this one minus r minus
+Alpha minus beta times Tau star minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus beta times Tau star minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus beta times Tau star minus
+Tau Tau star is the true tax liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau Tau star is the true tax liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tau Tau star is the true tax liability
+tau is the amount report we report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is the amount report we report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is the amount report we report
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what you can see is that as long as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can see is that as long as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can see is that as long as 1
+minus r minus minus Alpha minus beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r minus minus Alpha minus beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r minus minus Alpha minus beta is
+greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+then we're then we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're then we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're then we're going to want to
+under we're going to want to uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under we're going to want to uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under we're going to want to uh not
+report any taxes we'll maximize I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report any taxes we'll maximize I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report any taxes we'll maximize I mean
+so you can't you can't have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't you can't have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't you can't have negative
+taxes here so we'll set Tau equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes here so we'll set Tau equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes here so we'll set Tau equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and if this thing was less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this thing was less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this thing was less than zero
+then we might as well tell the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might as well tell the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might as well tell the truth and
+pay Tau equals Tau star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay Tau equals Tau star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay Tau equals Tau star
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that tells us something
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+that says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some combinations of taxpayers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some combinations of taxpayers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some combinations of taxpayers and
+tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+payers and uh and taxes inspectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers and uh and taxes inspectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payers and uh and taxes inspectors
+they'd be in the collusive equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be in the collusive equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be in the collusive equilibrium
+if R is equal to zero if like Alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if R is equal to zero if like Alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if R is equal to zero if like Alpha plus
+beta is less than one they'll be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is less than one they'll be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is less than one they'll be in the
+collusive of equilibrium and far is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive of equilibrium and far is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusive of equilibrium and far is less
+than zero but as I start to increase r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero but as I start to increase r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero but as I start to increase r
+right then some of them are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then some of them are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then some of them are going to be
+like you know what it's not worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what it's not worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know what it's not worth it
+anymore we're gonna we're gonna switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we're gonna we're gonna switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we're gonna we're gonna switch
+from the collusive equilibrium to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the collusive equilibrium to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the collusive equilibrium to the
+nonclusive vehicle over and just pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonclusive vehicle over and just pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonclusive vehicle over and just pay
+taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes
+and intuitively what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitively what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intuitively what's going on here
+what's going on it's like I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's like I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on it's like I'm getting
+some utility losses from from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some utility losses from from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some utility losses from from the from
+this from this collusion thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this collusion thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from this collusion thing
+and the government is sort of sweetening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government is sort of sweetening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the government is sort of sweetening
+the deal by throwing in this incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal by throwing in this incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal by throwing in this incentive
+and it's just at some point it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just at some point it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just at some point it gets the
+case where the incentive plus the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the incentive plus the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the incentive plus the two
+utility losses it makes the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility losses it makes the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility losses it makes the whole thing
+not worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it
+but the foregone incentive right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the foregone incentive right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the foregone incentive right so that
+says look so one thing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look so one thing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says look so one thing that's going to
+happen in this model is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this model is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this model is I'm going to
+stop some people will stop paying stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop some people will stop paying stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop some people will stop paying stop
+stop colluding and pay more taxes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop colluding and pay more taxes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop colluding and pay more taxes okay
+but the other thing that will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing that will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing that will happen
+is that so that's this this case over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so that's this this case over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so that's this this case over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the other thing that will happen though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that will happen though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that will happen though
+is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I
+stay colluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the amount of bribes I have to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of bribes I have to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of bribes I have to pay is
+going to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up
+why is that so that that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so that that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so that that's what that's
+you can see that in this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in this expression here
+that's just so so what how do you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just so so what how do you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just so so what how do you solve
+this expression here you basically solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here you basically solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here you basically solve
+for this by saying what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this by saying what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this by saying what is the
+um what is what is the bribe right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is what is the bribe right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is what is the bribe right
+the bribe is a way of transferring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bribe is a way of transferring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bribe is a way of transferring some
+share of the Surplus from the tax payer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the Surplus from the tax payer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the Surplus from the tax payer
+to the tax inspector in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tax inspector in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tax inspector in this model
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because if we didn't have any payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we didn't have any payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we didn't have any payment
+then the tax payer would get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the tax payer would get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the tax payer would get all the
+Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+okay but that's the share of a surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the share of a surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's the share of a surplus
+right say share is robust by paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say share is robust by paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say share is robust by paying
+through the bribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bribe
+and well what happened well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well what happened well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well what happened well
+remember that each person gets a share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that each person gets a share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that each person gets a share
+of their outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their outside option
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh they're outside option sorry plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're outside option sorry plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're outside option sorry plus
+share the Surplus so now the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the Surplus so now the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the Surplus so now the tax
+inspectors outside option has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors outside option has gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors outside option has gone up
+because if they don't collude the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they don't collude the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they don't collude the tax
+inspector is getting presented from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspector is getting presented from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspector is getting presented from the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+so now the taxpayer has to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the taxpayer has to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the taxpayer has to compensate
+the tax inspector for their foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax inspector for their foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax inspector for their foreground
+incentive plus share of the Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive plus share of the Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive plus share of the Surplus
+so that means that the amount they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the amount they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the amount they have
+to pay the bribe is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the bribe is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the bribe is going to be
+increasing in the incentive and that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the incentive and that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the incentive and that if
+you just if you the the mask is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just if you the the mask is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just if you the the mask is a little
+ugly with the alphas and betas but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly with the alphas and betas but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly with the alphas and betas but if
+you if you just sort of uh take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you just sort of uh take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you just sort of uh take the
+outside option and a share gamma of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and a share gamma of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option and a share gamma of the
+Surplus you get this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus you get this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus you get this expression here
+which is increasing in R the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is increasing in R the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is increasing in R the the
+incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's kind of the and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of the and you can
+sort of do a simple version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a simple version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a simple version of this
+right like imagine it was if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like imagine it was if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like imagine it was if there was
+no incentive imagine there was no Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incentive imagine there was no Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no incentive imagine there was no Alpha
+no beta if it was a simple version say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no beta if it was a simple version say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no beta if it was a simple version say
+you know bargaining over a dollar we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bargaining over a dollar we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bargaining over a dollar we
+split the we split the dollar and paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the we split the dollar and paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the we split the dollar and paid
+50 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 cents
+now imagine like the tax inspector was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine like the tax inspector was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine like the tax inspector was
+getting say 30 cents right uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting say 30 cents right uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting say 30 cents right uh an
+incentive a 30 incentive the Surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive a 30 incentive the Surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive a 30 incentive the Surplus is
+now 70 cents right half a surplus is 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 70 cents right half a surplus is 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now 70 cents right half a surplus is 35
+cents what's the bribe you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents what's the bribe you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents what's the bribe you have to pay
+it's the 30 cents a foreground incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the 30 cents a foreground incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the 30 cents a foreground incentive
+plus the 35 cents a half the Surplus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the 35 cents a half the Surplus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the 35 cents a half the Surplus the
+bribe goes to 50 cents to 65 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe goes to 50 cents to 65 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bribe goes to 50 cents to 65 cents
+okay and that's kind of the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that I'm going through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going through this kind of
+fast but is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but is that clear
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+okay so what that suggests is that we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that suggests is that we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that suggests is that we is
+that as we I basically said that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we I basically said that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we I basically said that I said
+all this right so we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this right so we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this right so we have two different
+things going on we have an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on we have an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on we have an equilibrium
+selection effect and equilibrium broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect and equilibrium broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection effect and equilibrium broad
+Mount going up and that suggested we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount going up and that suggested we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount going up and that suggested we
+look in the data we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the data we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the data we're going to want to
+look for both of those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for both of those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for both of those two different
+things okay and that's what we do so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and that's what we do so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and that's what we do so we
+chose property tax so so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose property tax so so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose property tax so so the first thing
+you sort of we get we get tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of we get we get tax revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of we get we get tax revenue
+that goes this is actual tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes this is actual tax revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes this is actual tax revenue
+from administrative data this is in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from administrative data this is in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from administrative data this is in log
+this goes up by about nine percent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes up by about nine percent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes up by about nine percent uh
+nine percent in the first year 9.4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent in the first year 9.4 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine percent in the first year 9.4 the
+second year so the government really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year so the government really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second year so the government really is
+collecting more tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting more tax revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting more tax revenue
+okay but to look for this kind of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to look for this kind of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to look for this kind of other
+thing going on we we did we did a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing going on we we did we did a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing going on we we did we did a survey
+and we looked both at the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked both at the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked both at the general
+population and it's a small subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and it's a small subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and it's a small subset of
+people whose actual official taxes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose actual official taxes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose actual official taxes uh
+tax liabilities change this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax liabilities change this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax liabilities change this is called
+this reassess sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reassess sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reassess sample
+and for the general population they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the general population they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the general population they are
+important treatment areas a higher kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important treatment areas a higher kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important treatment areas a higher kind
+of going bribery what does that mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going bribery what does that mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going bribery what does that mean we
+asked a question like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question like what is the
+typical rate people in your area might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical rate people in your area might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical rate people in your area might
+have to pay to get your taxes adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay to get your taxes adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay to get your taxes adjusted
+okay that was that was you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was that was you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was that was you know we
+didn't ask what you did but I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask what you did but I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask what you did but I said
+what's the going rate in your area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the going rate in your area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the going rate in your area and
+that's going up by about a third about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going up by about a third about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going up by about a third about
+30 roughly in the treatment area as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 roughly in the treatment area as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 roughly in the treatment area as well
+as the control areas okay how often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the control areas okay how often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the control areas okay how often you
+pay people people in your area tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay people people in your area tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay people people in your area tend to
+pay for eye payments also goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for eye payments also goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for eye payments also goes up
+um we have a subjected free perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a subjected free perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a subjected free perception
+of corruption that doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corruption that doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corruption that doesn't actually
+change but both these things go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but both these things go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but both these things go up
+we then also asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then also asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then also asked
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how is this different for kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this different for kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this different for kind of this
+group that was actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that was actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that was actually you know
+reassessed or like seeing their taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassessed or like seeing their taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassessed or like seeing their taxes
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+so these people pay a lot more in tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these people pay a lot more in tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these people pay a lot more in tax
+okay so their taxes are going way up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their taxes are going way up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so their taxes are going way up and
+they don't report any that this increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't report any that this increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't report any that this increase
+in bribe so this is like the reassessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bribe so this is like the reassessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bribe so this is like the reassessed
+people and the reassess in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the reassess in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the reassess in the treatment
+areas is like almost like the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas is like almost like the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas is like almost like the opposite
+of this so they're not actually seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so they're not actually seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so they're not actually seeing
+any changes in bribes nor are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any changes in bribes nor are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any changes in bribes nor are they
+seeing any changes in bribe agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any changes in bribe agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any changes in bribe agencies
+they're not actually seeing it go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually seeing it go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not actually seeing it go down
+on net but they're not seeing these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net but they're not seeing these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on net but they're not seeing these big
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+so that's consistent with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's consistent with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's consistent with the idea that
+sort of there's two different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's two different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there's two different things
+going on right one group is seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right one group is seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right one group is seeing the
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+change in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the high change in uh in in bribes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high change in uh in in bribes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high change in uh in in bribes and
+the other one is seeing like paying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is seeing like paying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is seeing like paying a
+lot more taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more taxes
+okay I think that's potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think that's potentially
+consistent with the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we also sort of look at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also sort of look at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also sort of look at whether
+they're being overtaxed they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being overtaxed they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being overtaxed they're not
+they're basically moving from being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically moving from being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically moving from being like
+under taxed to being correctly taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under taxed to being correctly taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under taxed to being correctly taxed
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you know so what's the sort of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so what's the sort of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know so what's the sort of point
+of going through this this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going through this this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going through this this is one
+example I think of how we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I think of how we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I think of how we can think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+so is it you know if you're moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it you know if you're moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it you know if you're moving to
+this question of Tax Administration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of Tax Administration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of Tax Administration you
+know as a solution to sort of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a solution to sort of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a solution to sort of some of
+the tax problems in these developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax problems in these developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax problems in these developing
+country contexts then you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country contexts then you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country contexts then you have to think
+about the realities of how you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the realities of how you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the realities of how you do this
+and this is one of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of some of the
+challenges that you actually face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that you actually face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that you actually face and
+there's a lot more uh stuff you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more uh stuff you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more uh stuff you could do
+in this area I just wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area I just wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area I just wanted to sort of
+leave it leave it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it leave it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it leave it at that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think I'll I'll stop here and switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll I'll stop here and switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll I'll stop here and switch
+to labor section if there's analysts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor section if there's analysts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor section if there's analysts of
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+okay the the actually let me just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the actually let me just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the actually let me just give
+you let me just give you uh one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let me just give you uh one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let me just give you uh one one
+slide on this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on this which is
+um the last topic that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last topic that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last topic that I wanted to
+mention is this idea of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is this idea of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is this idea of informal
+taxation so in the same way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation so in the same way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxation so in the same way that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are ideas about like informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ideas about like informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ideas about like informal
+insurance or sort of other informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or sort of other informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance or sort of other informal
+mechanisms sort of like supplementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms sort of like supplementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms sort of like supplementing
+kind of the when the formal sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the when the formal sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the when the formal sort of
+systems break down that people are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems break down that people are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems break down that people are sort
+of re you're insuring each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re you're insuring each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re you're insuring each other or
+doing other things I think the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other things I think the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing other things I think the same idea
+is actually also apply to taxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually also apply to taxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually also apply to taxation
+and we have a paper that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a paper that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a paper that sort of
+discusses a few of these phenomenon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses a few of these phenomenon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses a few of these phenomenon and
+tries to think about how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to think about how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to think about how do we think
+about some of these what are what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these what are what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these what are what is
+this phenomenon how do we think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon how do we think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phenomenon how do we think about it
+as a tax perspective and basically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tax perspective and basically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a tax perspective and basically there
+are a lot of cases where in local like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of cases where in local like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of cases where in local like
+Village contexts for example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village contexts for example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village contexts for example there are
+these phenomena where basically people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomena where basically people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomena where basically people
+are kind of contributing to local public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of contributing to local public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of contributing to local public
+goods rather for things that like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods rather for things that like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods rather for things that like in the
+US for example we would do like through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US for example we would do like through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US for example we would do like through
+the tax system so for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax system so for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax system so for example you know
+one of you know I've been in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you know I've been in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you know I've been in these
+villages in Indonesia where like we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in Indonesia where like we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in Indonesia where like we need
+to pave a road like in Brookline we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pave a road like in Brookline we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pave a road like in Brookline we need
+to pay a road they like set our taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a road they like set our taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a road they like set our taxes
+and they raise revenue from the taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they raise revenue from the taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they raise revenue from the taxes
+and they hire a tax you know a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they hire a tax you know a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they hire a tax you know a road
+paving company to pave the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paving company to pave the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paving company to pave the road
+in an Indonesian Village what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an Indonesian Village what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an Indonesian Village what they might
+do is they might say look we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they might say look we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they might say look we need to
+pave the road so we're all going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pave the road so we're all going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pave the road so we're all going to get
+together and have a meeting and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and have a meeting and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and have a meeting and we're
+going to kind of decide like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of decide like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of decide like you know
+how much we would like you to contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we would like you to contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we would like you to contribute
+to the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the road
+and you know what are you what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what are you what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what are you what are you
+all wanting to contribute and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wanting to contribute and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wanting to contribute and you know
+Sal is willing to contribute you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal is willing to contribute you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal is willing to contribute you know
+two days of Labor and you know Aaron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days of Labor and you know Aaron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days of Labor and you know Aaron is
+willing to contribute like a gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to contribute like a gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to contribute like a gallon of
+you know a tank of asphalt and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a tank of asphalt and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a tank of asphalt and so on and
+so forth and you know we'll get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you know we'll get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you know we'll get all
+these kind of voluntary contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of voluntary contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of voluntary contributions
+and use that together to build the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that together to build the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that together to build the road
+at some level these are like the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level these are like the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level these are like the same
+thing right we're both like collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we're both like collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we're both like collect
+Gathering a bunch of contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering a bunch of contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering a bunch of contributions from
+the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population
+um to fund some public good but in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to fund some public good but in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to fund some public good but in one
+case we're doing it through the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're doing it through the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're doing it through the tax
+system which is which is both formal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is which is both formal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is which is both formal and
+kind of has these very strong kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has these very strong kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has these very strong kind of
+for all punishments for refusal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all punishments for refusal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all punishments for refusal to
+comply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply
+or we could do it through this informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could do it through this informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could do it through this informal
+system and so uh you know in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so uh you know in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so uh you know in this paper
+we sort of think about like what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of think about like what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of think about like what is this
+informal system and what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal system and what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal system and what does it look
+like and how Progressive is it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how Progressive is it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and how Progressive is it and you
+know uh and what's going on this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh and what's going on this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh and what's going on this is an
+area where I think you know we've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where I think you know we've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where I think you know we've done a
+little work through this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little work through this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little work through this paper
+um uh but I think that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I think that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but I think that sort of
+understanding a little more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little more of these
+voluntary systems providing public goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary systems providing public goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary systems providing public goods
+is sort of an interesting area for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of an interesting area for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of an interesting area for for
+future work and development so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future work and development so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future work and development so I just
+want to sort of leave it out there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of leave it out there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of leave it out there at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you know we have some stylized box in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we have some stylized box in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we have some stylized box in
+this paper which I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper which I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper which I'm not going to go
+through now but if you're interested you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now but if you're interested you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now but if you're interested you
+could you could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay other questions
+okay sorry if I was a little bit rushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry if I was a little bit rushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry if I was a little bit rushing
+but I wanted to sort of to to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to sort of to to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to sort of to to make sure
+we get on to sort of the the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get on to sort of the the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get on to sort of the the labor
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right Switching gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+the next set of things I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next set of things I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next set of things I wanted to talk
+about are labor markets and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are labor markets and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are labor markets and development
+and this is actually another area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually another area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually another area where
+there's been a lot of I think a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of I think a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of I think a lot of
+movement in this literature even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in this literature even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in this literature even though
+the paper I assigned you to read is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I assigned you to read is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I assigned you to read is is
+an older one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an older one
+um there's been a lot of movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's been a lot of movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's been a lot of movement in
+this literature over the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature over the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature over the past
+um uh five years or so and so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh five years or so and so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh five years or so and so you'll see
+that even though some of this I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though some of this I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though some of this I'm going
+to start with today is a bit older some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with today is a bit older some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with today is a bit older some
+of the stuff I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff I'm going to talk about
+over the neck in the next lecture or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the neck in the next lecture or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the neck in the next lecture or two
+is is pretty pretty recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty pretty recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty pretty recent
+okay so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um overall plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall plan
+you know so a theme that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so a theme that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so a theme that we're going to
+look at is how do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is how do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is how do we think about
+efficiency in labor markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in labor markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in labor markets and
+development contexts I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contexts I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contexts I'm going to start
+with motivation from this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with motivation from this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with motivation from this idea of the
+you know quote Surplus labor hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quote Surplus labor hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quote Surplus labor hypothesis
+which is a very old idea and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very old idea and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very old idea and how do we
+think about that relating to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that relating to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that relating to sort of the
+separation paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation paper
+I'm going to talk about Labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about Labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about Labor Supply
+we're going to talk about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the the
+separation test it's a test for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation test it's a test for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation test it's a test for sort of
+frictionless Labor markets then next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless Labor markets then next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictionless Labor markets then next
+class we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we're going to talk about
+um nominal rigidities behavioral issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominal rigidities behavioral issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nominal rigidities behavioral issues
+and other challenges in labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other challenges in labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other challenges in labor Supply
+um and and some frictions in labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and some frictions in labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and some frictions in labor
+demand and then I'm going to talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and then I'm going to talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and then I'm going to talk a bit
+about Urban labor markets and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Urban labor markets and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Urban labor markets and how do we
+think about some of those issues as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of those issues as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some of those issues as well
+so that's kind of the overall plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so going even further back than the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going even further back than the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going even further back than the the
+reading that I gave you guys for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that I gave you guys for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that I gave you guys for this
+for this in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in some sense the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh you know classic reading in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know classic reading in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know classic reading in in uh in
+development is this paper by Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is this paper by Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is this paper by Arthur
+Lewis from 1954.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis from 1954.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis from 1954.
+and our Hulu is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Hulu is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our Hulu is basically
+um argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um argued
+that there was quote Surplus labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was quote Surplus labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was quote Surplus labor
+okay in the countryside in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the countryside in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the countryside in developing
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+and in particular he said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular he said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular he said you know
+roughly speaking about 25 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking about 25 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking about 25 percent
+of the labor has like zero marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the labor has like zero marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the labor has like zero marginal
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+okay there's way more people than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's way more people than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's way more people than you
+know we need we need for the tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need we need for the tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need we need for the tasks that
+are needing to be done and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needing to be done and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needing to be done and they're just
+kind of like just really on the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like just really on the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like just really on the kind of
+the flat part of the you know production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat part of the you know production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat part of the you know production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's clean therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's clean therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's clean therefore this is
+actually an important development claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important development claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important development claim
+was he said look we can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he said look we can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he said look we can increase
+aggregate productivity if we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate productivity if we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate productivity if we could just
+move some of that Surplus labor it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move some of that Surplus labor it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move some of that Surplus labor it's not
+doing anything useful from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything useful from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything useful from the
+countryside to the cities right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to the cities right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to the cities right we can
+do that and he said we can do it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and he said we can do it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and he said we can do it without
+even decreasing agricultural output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even decreasing agricultural output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even decreasing agricultural output
+okay because they have zero marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they have zero marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they have zero marginal
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that would mean that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would mean that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would mean that either
+the marginal product of labor is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor is zero
+because maybe because the agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe because the agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe because the agricultural
+production is leontaf like in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is leontaf like in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is leontaf like in general
+right we tend to think we don't tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we tend to think we don't tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we tend to think we don't tend to
+draw production functions you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw production functions you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw production functions you know I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+right we tend to draw for production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we tend to draw for production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we tend to draw for production
+boxes as concave right not actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes as concave right not actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes as concave right not actually like
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+right but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know
+maybe maybe it's uh maybe maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's uh maybe maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it's uh maybe maybe it's
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and why would it actually be flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why would it actually be flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and why would it actually be flat
+because at some point like it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point like it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at some point like it ends up
+being that you just need more land right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that you just need more land right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that you just need more land right
+like so I say when I say it's the anti-f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I say when I say it's the anti-f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I say when I say it's the anti-f
+what do I mean like at some point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean like at some point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean like at some point at
+some at some point you run out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at some point you run out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at some point you run out you know
+there's only so much we can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only so much we can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only so much we can do with a
+given amount of land right no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given amount of land right no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given amount of land right no matter how
+intensively we Farm it or weed it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively we Farm it or weed it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensively we Farm it or weed it or
+whatever like at some point you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like at some point you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like at some point you're sort
+of running out of right you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running out of right you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running out of right you run out of
+land okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or
+the other reason that that this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason that that this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason that that this could be
+is actually maybe labor Supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually maybe labor Supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually maybe labor Supply is
+totally elastic at some reservation wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally elastic at some reservation wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally elastic at some reservation wage
+rate and at some point you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and at some point you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and at some point you know maybe
+the mar maybe the marginal product is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar maybe the marginal product is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mar maybe the marginal product is is
+still kind of like positive over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of like positive over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of like positive over here
+but people just stop stop working right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people just stop stop working right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people just stop stop working right
+because you know people are being paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people are being paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people are being paid
+their marginal product right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal product right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal product right then the
+then it at some point there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it at some point there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it at some point there's some
+reservation wage rate you know if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage rate you know if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage rate you know if no
+one's gonna work you know beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's gonna work you know beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's gonna work you know beyond
+um you know say that you know the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know say that you know the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know say that you know the slope
+of this thing is equal to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing is equal to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing is equal to the market
+products equals the wage right if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products equals the wage right if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products equals the wage right if at
+this point if that wage no one's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point if that wage no one's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point if that wage no one's going
+to work any below that way no work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work any below that way no work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work any below that way no work
+anymore that's kind of how much labor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's kind of how much labor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore that's kind of how much labor we
+would get and all the people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get and all the people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get and all the people kind of
+beyond that would just be not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so the rationale here was that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the rationale here was that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the rationale here was that there
+was an important goal for development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an important goal for development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an important goal for development
+was to bring this Surplus labor kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to bring this Surplus labor kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to bring this Surplus labor kind of
+into the into the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the cities
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this question of sort of like should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of sort of like should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of sort of like should we
+have more people in the cities in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more people in the cities in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more people in the cities in less
+than the countryside is a a broader a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the countryside is a a broader a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the countryside is a a broader a
+very broad question in development I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad question in development I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad question in development I'm
+not going to talk I'm going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk I'm going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk I'm going to talk a
+little bit about that right now but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that right now but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about that right now but but
+I'm gonna we're gonna talk a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna we're gonna talk a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna we're gonna talk a lot more
+about that in 14772 where we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in 14772 where we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in 14772 where we talk about
+where we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to talk about
+migration and sort of the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and sort of the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and sort of the structural
+transformation from kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from kind of the the
+countryside to kind of the the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to kind of the the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to kind of the the and
+moving people from agriculture into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving people from agriculture into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving people from agriculture into the
+urban areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban areas
+um but I just want to say it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I just want to say it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I just want to say it's kind of
+it is related to kind of this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is related to kind of this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is related to kind of this idea that
+sort of not do people are not doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not do people are not doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not do people are not doing very
+much productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much productive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the spirit of some old papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the spirit of some old papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the spirit of some old papers
+um this is a paper there was a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a paper there was a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a paper there was a paper by
+Schultz 1964 which was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schultz 1964 which was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schultz 1964 which was one of the
+earliest natural experiment papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest natural experiment papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest natural experiment papers that
+I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find
+um which was about the circle saber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was about the circle saber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was about the circle saber
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+so Schultz studies that studies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schultz studies that studies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schultz studies that studies the
+1917-1918 flew flew uh pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917-1918 flew flew uh pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917-1918 flew flew uh pandemic
+um which uh killed six percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh killed six percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh killed six percent of the
+population in in India and reduced their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in in India and reduced their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in in India and reduced their
+Workforce by about eight percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce by about eight percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce by about eight percent
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can imagine given that we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine given that we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine given that we were just
+going through uh you know a disease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through uh you know a disease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through uh you know a disease that
+has like a one percent or two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a one percent or two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a one percent or two percent
+mortality rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality rate
+um you can imagine what this must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can imagine what this must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can imagine what this must have
+been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so Schultz says well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schultz says well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schultz says well look
+if there was really if Lewis is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was really if Lewis is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was really if Lewis is right
+and there's really 25 Surplus labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really 25 Surplus labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really 25 Surplus labor
+then we shouldn't have any they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we shouldn't have any they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we shouldn't have any they should
+have no impacts in agricultural output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what do you think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think of this as a
+test with an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this plausible not well it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this plausible not well it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this plausible not well it's a good
+test bad test what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm it
+hold it pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it pull it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+find it hard to believe hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it hard to believe hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it hard to believe hey
+like pandemic can have no impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pandemic can have no impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pandemic can have no impact on
+Capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets
+oh on Capital markets what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh on Capital markets what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh on Capital markets what do you mean
+so the test here assumes that okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test here assumes that okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test here assumes that okay this
+is a change in labor and like if nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a change in labor and like if nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a change in labor and like if nothing
+else changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else changes
+this will be a test of that like better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a test of that like better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a test of that like better
+than on the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than on the margin
+um better labor is like needed for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better labor is like needed for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better labor is like needed for these
+markets but if they are getting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets but if they are getting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets but if they are getting their
+inputs from like say from account from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from like say from account from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from like say from account from
+the countryside from other other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countryside from other other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countryside from other other places
+chances are in this epidemic things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are in this epidemic things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are in this epidemic things were
+not going going from all places together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going going from all places together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going going from all places together
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there could still be a reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there could still be a reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there could still be a reduction in
+reduction in production even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in production even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in production even though
+even in the case yes yes yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the case yes yes yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the case yes yes yes absolutely
+yes yes so let me just also say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so let me just also say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so let me just also say that I
+have taught this paper many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taught this paper many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taught this paper many times and
+this is the first time someone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time someone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time someone has
+brought up supply chain disruptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up supply chain disruptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up supply chain disruptions in
+my in my care in this but I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in my care in this but I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in my care in this but I think we've
+all had a lot of experience as the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had a lot of experience as the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had a lot of experience as the many
+sort of like different channels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like different channels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like different channels that
+pandemics can screw up the economy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemics can screw up the economy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemics can screw up the economy so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what sorry I'm just still waiting for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry I'm just still waiting for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sorry I'm just still waiting for my
+PS5 that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yes yes yes good point okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes yes yes good point okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes yes yes good point okay what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a new one for this I've taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new one for this I've taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new one for this I've taught
+this many times never never okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times never never okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times never never okay uh
+what's another yeah Christine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another yeah Christine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another yeah Christine and the
+people that were killed by the pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were killed by the pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that were killed by the pandemic
+are not necessarily equal to the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily equal to the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily equal to the ones
+that didn't die so it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't die so it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't die so it could have been
+like people that were more weak or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people that were more weak or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people that were more weak or less
+productive physically were the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive physically were the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive physically were the ones that
+were killed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were killed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were killed so
+I don't know or the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know or the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know or the other way around
+it's not necessarily around them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily around them yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily around them yeah
+it's not necessarily random again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily random again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily random again we're
+having so much better Insight on like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having so much better Insight on like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having so much better Insight on like on
+understanding pandemics as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding pandemics as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding pandemics as an
+identification strategy doesn't it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification strategy doesn't it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification strategy doesn't it yes
+exactly right it's not random yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right it's not random yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right it's not random yeah
+totally right and in particular it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right and in particular it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right and in particular it would
+be bad if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad if it was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he's actually gonna gonna reject gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually gonna gonna reject gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually gonna gonna reject gonna
+gonna reject this and so in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna reject this and so in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna reject this and so in if you
+thought the pandemic was killing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the pandemic was killing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the pandemic was killing people
+who were more productive than average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were more productive than average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were more productive than average
+that right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right yeah
+other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if you would assume I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you would assume I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you would assume I would have
+assumed something to it for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed something to it for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed something to it for the people
+who died to go another way like see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died to go another way like see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died to go another way like see I
+would assume younger people would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume younger people would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume younger people would have a
+higher probability of survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of survival
+chances are in a call culture market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are in a call culture market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are in a call culture market
+value specific things that build up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value specific things that build up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value specific things that build up like
+manual labor to do through the tasks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual labor to do through the tasks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual labor to do through the tasks I
+would assume people are like hey just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume people are like hey just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume people are like hey just
+plenty would be more effective than ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty would be more effective than ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty would be more effective than ages
+or yeah so you they'll go if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah so you they'll go if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah so you they'll go if that was
+true going against the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true going against the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true going against the direction of
+finding an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an effect
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would get sick have like lower marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get sick have like lower marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get sick have like lower marginal
+products after it yep yep so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products after it yep yep so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products after it yep yep so maybe
+there's a traditional thing Beyond sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a traditional thing Beyond sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a traditional thing Beyond sort
+of the death of people who are like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the death of people who are like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the death of people who are like who
+are sick okay any other okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sick okay any other okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sick okay any other okay any other
+ones yeah also say like a demand shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones yeah also say like a demand shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones yeah also say like a demand shop
+right because people who are dead are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because people who are dead are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because people who are dead are no
+longer demanding what's that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer demanding what's that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer demanding what's that right
+there's also a demand shot because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a demand shot because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a demand shot because the
+people who died no longer demand food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who died no longer demand food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who died no longer demand food
+yeah it's also Dimension right totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's also Dimension right totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's also Dimension right totally
+agree okay so that that would depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay so that that would depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay so that that would depend on
+whether or not you thought the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you thought the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you thought the the
+products whether there was that whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products whether there was that whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products whether there was that whether
+it was world trade or whatever although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was world trade or whatever although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was world trade or whatever although
+I guess it's kind of a global probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's kind of a global probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's kind of a global probably
+demand this is a global pandemic so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this is a global pandemic so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand this is a global pandemic so it
+was a global demand shock for food so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a global demand shock for food so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a global demand shock for food so
+yeah okay so all right so you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so all right so you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so all right so you may not
+love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love this
+um and the other thing I would also so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other thing I would also so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other thing I would also so I
+would also um the other thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also um the other thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also um the other thing I would
+also think about is the the the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about is the the the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about is the the the land
+reallocation process what it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocation process what it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocation process what it may have
+been particularly that's that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been particularly that's that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been particularly that's that's the one
+I've always sort of most worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always sort of most worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always sort of most worried about
+is that basically like you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically like you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically like you know if if
+someone dot like they'll we land markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone dot like they'll we land markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone dot like they'll we land markets
+are not super efficient and sort of fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not super efficient and sort of fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not super efficient and sort of fast
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+if I if I own my farm and and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I own my farm and and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I own my farm and and I'm a
+victim of the flu pandemic then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim of the flu pandemic then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victim of the flu pandemic then then
+you know it's not clear who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not clear who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not clear who's going to
+take over my farm and that process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over my farm and that process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over my farm and that process of
+reallocating that land the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocating that land the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocating that land the more
+productive uses may take a while too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive uses may take a while too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive uses may take a while too so
+that's all all good reasons why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all all good reasons why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all all good reasons why this is
+not uh the last word on this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the last word on this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the last word on this subject
+what does he do he looks at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he do he looks at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he do he looks at the the
+output in the sort of the the post you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the sort of the the post you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the sort of the the post you
+wrote or the pre-year which had similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote or the pre-year which had similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote or the pre-year which had similar
+weather and he looks at provinces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and he looks at provinces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and he looks at provinces that
+had greater influenza deaths had greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had greater influenza deaths had greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had greater influenza deaths had greater
+declines in output that was that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines in output that was that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines in output that was that's sort
+of his his test and uh he looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his his test and uh he looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his his test and uh he looks at
+actually a total acre of stone actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a total acre of stone actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a total acre of stone actually
+that's enough data on outputters so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough data on outputters so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough data on outputters so are
+they sort of like plotting less you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like plotting less you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like plotting less you know
+doing less stuff and um here's his he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing less stuff and um here's his he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing less stuff and um here's his he
+basically has the measure of deaths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has the measure of deaths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has the measure of deaths and
+has prediction predicted reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prediction predicted reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prediction predicted reduction in
+agricultural output and observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural output and observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural output and observe
+reduction in agriculture I put so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in agriculture I put so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in agriculture I put so he's
+running a regression of this against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a regression of this against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a regression of this against
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+or against that and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against that and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against that and um uh
+I actually had to ran the regression on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had to ran the regression on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had to ran the regression on
+my computer and you basically get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer and you basically get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer and you basically get with
+only 10 states he gets elasticity about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10 states he gets elasticity about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10 states he gets elasticity about
+respect to population about 0.4 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to population about 0.4 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to population about 0.4 okay so
+he he is actually finding a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he is actually finding a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he is actually finding a pretty
+substantial reduction in output uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial reduction in output uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial reduction in output uh from
+from the from the food pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the food pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the food pandemic
+otherwise we've discussed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we've discussed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we've discussed there are
+other reasons why this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right that's all by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all by the way
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but I guess you know I do I sort of want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I guess you know I do I sort of want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I guess you know I do I sort of want
+to mention this question of sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this question of sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this question of sort of our
+later markets efficient and you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later markets efficient and you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later markets efficient and you know are
+people sort of operating kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of operating kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of operating kind of like
+where are people relevant with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are people relevant with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are people relevant with the
+production function and or maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and or maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function and or maybe they
+sort of way past kind of the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of way past kind of the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of way past kind of the point where
+they have low marginal products isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have low marginal products isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have low marginal products isn't
+isn't is an issue that people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is an issue that people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is an issue that people have been
+thinking about for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about for a very long time
+okay I think it's sometimes I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think it's sometimes I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think it's sometimes I feel like
+we only teach really modern papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only teach really modern papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only teach really modern papers and
+it's sometimes nice to realize people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes nice to realize people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes nice to realize people
+been thinking about these issues for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about these issues for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about these issues for for
+a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while
+okay so now onto this Benjamin paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now onto this Benjamin paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now onto this Benjamin paper
+which you guys read for today and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys read for today and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys read for today and some
+of you asked why did I choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you asked why did I choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you asked why did I choose this
+particular paper to read uh it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular paper to read uh it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular paper to read uh it was not
+as you as you picked up it was not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you picked up it was not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you picked up it was not for
+the not for the empirics but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not for the empirics but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not for the empirics but I think
+that the and actually show you a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the and actually show you a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the and actually show you a more
+like up until oh this I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up until oh this I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like up until oh this I'm going to show
+you a more modern paper look that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more modern paper look that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more modern paper look that is a
+better empirical test actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better empirical test actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better empirical test actually of
+exactly these issues uh in a sec but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these issues uh in a sec but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly these issues uh in a sec but I
+wanted to read two papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to read two papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to read two papers
+um but what I like about this paper is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what I like about this paper is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what I like about this paper is I
+feel like it sort of really cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it sort of really cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it sort of really cleanly
+illustrates this idea of separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates this idea of separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates this idea of separation
+failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures
+um in sort of going through the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in sort of going through the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in sort of going through the various
+cases in various models I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in various models I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in various models I want to talk
+about that a little bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and I think this idea of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this idea of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this idea of uh
+of separation between like this why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation between like this why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation between like this why is
+this kind of an important development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of an important development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of an important development
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+I think that one thing that you see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that one thing that you see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that one thing that you see in a
+lot of developing contexts is you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of developing contexts is you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of developing contexts is you see a
+lot more self-employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more self-employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more self-employment
+that basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you know
+as we talked about actually in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about actually in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about actually in the in
+the last lecture the employee share is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture the employee share is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture the employee share is a
+lot lower right in a lot of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lower right in a lot of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lower right in a lot of developing
+country comments context so here like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country comments context so here like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country comments context so here like in
+developed country in developed country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed country in developed country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed country in developed country
+most people are not everyone most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not everyone most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not everyone most people
+are employees right and whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are employees right and whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are employees right and whereas in
+development contracts I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contracts I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development contracts I think most
+people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are
+um self-employed in some context right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-employed in some context right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um self-employed in some context right
+or working in working in their own where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working in working in their own where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working in working in their own where
+production and and that means we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and and that means we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and and that means we want to
+think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about sort of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+both for understanding their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for understanding their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for understanding their own
+household decision making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household decision making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household decision making for
+understanding consumption decisions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding consumption decisions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding consumption decisions but
+also for understanding production right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for understanding production right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for understanding production right
+if we have separation failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have separation failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have separation failures
+then understanding what's going on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then understanding what's going on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then understanding what's going on on
+the household side is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household side is going to be
+important for the productive side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the productive side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the productive side of the
+economy too and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy too and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy too and that's going to be
+really important in developing country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in developing country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important in developing country
+context if most of the people are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if most of the people are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context if most of the people are kind
+of doing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing both
+whereas if we're if we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we're if we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we're if we're sort of
+separated things out and we sort of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated things out and we sort of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated things out and we sort of are
+you know are in much larger context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are in much larger context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are in much larger context
+where people are sort of employees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are sort of employees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are sort of employees that
+issue is kind of less relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is kind of less relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is kind of less relevant for
+um in a developed country context so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a developed country context so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a developed country context so I
+sort of think of this as like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of this as like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of this as like one of
+these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like
+important Concepts that kind of comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts that kind of comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Concepts that kind of comes up
+a lot because it describes kind of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because it describes kind of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot because it describes kind of a lot
+of what people are doing in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people are doing in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people are doing in developing
+country contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country contacts
+okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question
+answer at some level is how efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at some level is how efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at some level is how efficient
+are rural labor markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rural labor markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rural labor markets
+and in particular particular he has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular particular he has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular particular he has this
+test of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of uh
+of the separation hypothesis and broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the separation hypothesis and broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the separation hypothesis and broadly
+speaking the way to think about the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the way to think about the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the way to think about the test
+of Separation hypothesis is like is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Separation hypothesis is like is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Separation hypothesis is like is my
+production decision any of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decision any of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decision any of my
+consumption decision are those separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decision are those separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decision are those separate
+decisions are they they can join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are they they can join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are they they can join
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the the basic theoretical idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic theoretical idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic theoretical idea
+is if I have fully functioning efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I have fully functioning efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I have fully functioning efficient
+markets then households can freely buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets then households can freely buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets then households can freely buy
+or sell their labor at wage w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sell their labor at wage w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sell their labor at wage w
+okay and therefore they're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore they're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore they're going to make
+two separate choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separate choices
+they're first going to choose a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're first going to choose a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're first going to choose a labor
+input for their Farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for their Farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for their Farms
+to maximize profits given the prevailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize profits given the prevailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize profits given the prevailing
+wage w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage w
+and then they're going to separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to separately
+choose the optimal labor Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the optimal labor Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the optimal labor Leisure
+trade-off for the family given wage w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off for the family given wage w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off for the family given wage w
+and with full ability to buy and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with full ability to buy and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with full ability to buy and sell
+sell sell w there is no reason those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell sell w there is no reason those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell sell w there is no reason those
+decisions should be linked okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions should be linked okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions should be linked okay so
+here's the key graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key graph
+right this is the key graph this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the key graph this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the key graph this
+basically says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says look
+um here's a production this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a production this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a production this is the
+production and by the way like I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and by the way like I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and by the way like I found
+these graphs like a little confusing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs like a little confusing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs like a little confusing uh
+I don't know if you do you find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you do you find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you do you find them
+were they clear or confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's necessary okay I'm gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary okay I'm gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary okay I'm gonna try to
+go let me say I've taught them a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let me say I've taught them a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let me say I've taught them a couple
+it took me a couple of times teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me a couple of times teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took me a couple of times teaching
+them before they became less interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before they became less interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before they became less interesting
+so I'm going to try let me see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try let me see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try let me see if I can
+elucidate though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidate though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidate though
+so what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going on
+this is the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the production function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how do you choose how much labor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you choose how much labor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you choose how much labor to
+to to to to to to use we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to to to use we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to to to use we're going to
+look for the tangency of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the tangency of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the tangency of uh you know
+we're we're going to go to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to go to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to go to the point
+where the marginal product of labor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the marginal product of labor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the marginal product of labor is
+equal to the prevailing wage okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the prevailing wage okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the prevailing wage okay so
+that's this that's given by the slope W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's given by the slope W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's given by the slope W
+that's the prevailing wage so the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the prevailing wage so the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the prevailing wage so the amount
+of Labor you're going to want on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor you're going to want on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor you're going to want on your
+farm is given by the tangency of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm is given by the tangency of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm is given by the tangency of the of
+the of a line with slope W the wage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of a line with slope W the wage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of a line with slope W the wage rate
+to the production function of the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production function of the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production function of the farm
+okay that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's this
+so that's that's the labor used on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the labor used on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the labor used on the
+farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm
+and then how much labor am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how much labor am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how much labor am I going to
+supply as a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply as a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply as a household
+well I'm going to look for the I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to look for the I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to look for the I'm going
+to have some utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some utility function
+right and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm gonna
+uh look I'm gonna look for the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look I'm gonna look for the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look I'm gonna look for the tangency
+between my utility function and the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my utility function and the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between my utility function and the wage
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+right so I have some labor leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have some labor leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have some labor leadership
+trade-off this is the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off this is the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off this is the utility function
+over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right
+um the the Bliss point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Bliss point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the Bliss point
+uh is over here right High consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is over here right High consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is over here right High consumption
+low labor that's the list point right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low labor that's the list point right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low labor that's the list point right so
+the utility function is facing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is facing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is facing kind of
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+um and I'm going to go to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to go to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to go to the point
+where sort of the tank where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the tank where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the tank where it's
+tangent to my to the wage rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to my to the wage rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to my to the wage rate and
+that's going to decide how much labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to decide how much labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to decide how much labor
+I'm going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to choose
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you can see here is these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see here is these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see here is these are like
+sep like these are separate decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep like these are separate decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep like these are separate decisions
+right this is like choosing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like choosing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is like choosing this is
+going to be driven any different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driven any different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driven any different people
+with different preferences they'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different preferences they'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different preferences they'll move
+kind of their like labor Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of their like labor Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of their like labor Leisure
+trade-off some people really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off some people really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off some people really like
+Leisure they're going to they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure they're going to they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure they're going to they're gonna
+be over here some people really labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over here some people really labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over here some people really labor
+they're gonna like over here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna like over here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna like over here like
+because I'm just going to be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm just going to be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm just going to be over here
+whatever people will choose different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever people will choose different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever people will choose different
+amounts over here and then the farms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts over here and then the farms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts over here and then the farms you
+know different Farms might have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different Farms might have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different Farms might have be
+steeper or flatter with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper or flatter with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper or flatter with different
+marginal products right you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal products right you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal products right you know or
+different amounts of Labor to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of Labor to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of Labor to sort of
+you know different marginal products for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different marginal products for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different marginal products for
+a given amount of Labor and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given amount of Labor and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given amount of Labor and therefore
+different amounts of optimal labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of optimal labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of optimal labor and
+that's going to be a separate decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a separate decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a separate decision
+over here okay so the Baseline model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so the Baseline model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so the Baseline model has
+two separate decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yes so this is not like I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes so this is not like I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes so this is not like I was just
+wondering why the the utility curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering why the the utility curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering why the the utility curve is
+not tangent to the production curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait what like I I I was wondering like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what like I I I was wondering like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what like I I I was wondering like
+yeah there's a market wage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a market wage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a market wage which is
+given yeah yeah so so exactly so and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given yeah yeah so so exactly so and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given yeah yeah so so exactly so and I
+think the idea the way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the idea the way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the idea the way to think about it
+is like there's lots of different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like there's lots of different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like there's lots of different people
+with lots of different views around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of different views around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of different views around
+there and some of them are down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and some of them are down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and some of them are down here and
+some of them over here whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them over here whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them over here whatever and
+there's some equilibrium in the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some equilibrium in the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some equilibrium in the labor
+market that's determining w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's determining w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's determining w
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that was related Sean's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that was related Sean's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that was related Sean's question
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+for an individual household it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual household it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual household it does not
+in the market sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market sure
+but this is an individual household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is an individual household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is an individual household
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes if households are all identical then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if households are all identical then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if households are all identical then
+it should yes but if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should yes but if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should yes but if there's
+heterogeneity even there's no reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity even there's no reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity even there's no reason it
+should in the for any given like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should in the for any given like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should in the for any given like some
+people so say some people really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so say some people really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so say some people really like
+consumption some people really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption some people really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption some people really like
+Leisure you know some people have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure you know some people have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure you know some people have big
+farms some small farms you know it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms some small farms you know it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms some small farms you know it's all
+going to kind of so for any there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of so for any there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of so for any there's no
+reason those should be the same in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason those should be the same in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason those should be the same in any
+particular household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular household
+but a conceptual framework is like I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a conceptual framework is like I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a conceptual framework is like I so
+then the production is my own production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the production is my own production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the production is my own production
+right yeah this is my this is like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah this is my this is like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah this is my this is like my
+farm I can work in my apartment I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm I can work in my apartment I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm I can work in my apartment I can
+say if I have three hours I have one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I have three hours I have one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I have three hours I have one or
+three more hours I can go work for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more hours I can go work for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more hours I can go work for three
+hours correct that is the that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours correct that is the that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours correct that is the that is the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there's reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the amount of off farm work I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount of off farm work I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount of off farm work I can get
+okay so suppose that for example like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose that for example like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose that for example like so
+for example Suppose there was a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Suppose there was a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Suppose there was a minimum
+wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+right so the minimum wage says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the minimum wage says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the minimum wage says the
+minimum wage says that basically people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage says that basically people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage says that basically people
+don't want to hire that much kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hire that much kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to hire that much kind of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh labor above some weights so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh labor above some weights so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh labor above some weights so so it's
+abrasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what's going to happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's going to happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's going to happen okay
+what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might happen
+so at this High wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this High wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this High wage
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+suppose it's ration to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's ration to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's ration to H
+so the farmer what what is the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the farmer what what is the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the farmer what what is the farmer
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+they're going to first work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to first work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to first work
+at the outside highways kind of as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outside highways kind of as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outside highways kind of as much
+as they can up to this cap h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can up to this cap h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can up to this cap h
+that's why this graph for the farmer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this graph for the farmer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this graph for the farmer is
+like shifted to the left of the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shifted to the left of the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like shifted to the left of the farm
+okay they're going to work at h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're going to work at h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're going to work at h
+and now after that then they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now after that then they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now after that then they're going to
+say well I still I'm not done consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I still I'm not done consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I still I'm not done consuming
+like suppose they're not done consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suppose they're not done consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suppose they're not done consuming
+at H they would like to work more hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at H they would like to work more hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at H they would like to work more hours
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+then they're going to start working up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to start working up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to start working up
+their own Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own Farm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and how much are they going to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much are they going to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much are they going to do well
+now they're just going to look to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're just going to look to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're just going to look to the
+point where the tangency of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the tangency of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the tangency of their
+they're gonna how much are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna how much are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna how much are they going to
+work on their own Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on their own Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on their own Farm
+they're going to work up to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work up to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work up to the point
+where their utility function is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their utility function is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their utility function is tangent
+to the production function from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production function from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the production function from the from
+the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because the more they work as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the more they work as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the more they work as they
+work you know right over here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know right over here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know right over here they're
+kind of earning a lot in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of earning a lot in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of earning a lot in some sense
+right because they're on the Steep part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're on the Steep part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're on the Steep part
+as they work or work they'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they work or work they'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they work or work they'll start
+earning less and less and less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning less and less and less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning less and less and less and
+they'll work to the point where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll work to the point where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll work to the point where they're
+where they're sort of uh indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're sort of uh indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're sort of uh indifferent
+where's our where's tangent okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's our where's tangent okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's our where's tangent okay and the
+tangency here is going to be at a um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency here is going to be at a um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency here is going to be at a um you
+know at this high at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this high at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at this high at this uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+higher Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Point here
+and so yeah so so in this case this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so so in this case this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so so in this case this is a
+case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where
+um they want more hours than they than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want more hours than they than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they want more hours than they than
+they than they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they than they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they than they can get
+and and what's critical here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's critical here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what's critical here
+is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now
+the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of
+work that's going to happen on the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's going to happen on the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that's going to happen on the farm
+like the amount of Labor that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amount of Labor that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amount of Labor that's going to
+be employed on this farm with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be employed on this farm with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be employed on this farm with this
+production function over here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function over here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function over here is going
+to be driven not by the market wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven not by the market wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be driven not by the market wage
+but by sort of how much labor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by sort of how much labor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by sort of how much labor this
+particular household wants to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry say it again the slope of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry say it again the slope of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry say it again the slope of like
+that dotted line was steeper than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dotted line was steeper than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dotted line was steeper than the
+slope of the off Farm wage then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the off Farm wage then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the off Farm wage then would
+they not work off the fund at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was like down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like down here
+yeah that's gonna be kind of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's gonna be kind of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's gonna be kind of the next
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if they wanted to work less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they wanted to work less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they wanted to work less than that
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+um they would they then would be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they would they then would be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they would they then would be in a
+separation case right what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation case right what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation case right what they would do
+is they would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they would work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I think what would happen is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think what would happen is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think what would happen is on
+this Farm actually what they would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Farm actually what they would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Farm actually what they would do is
+they would work say this amount down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would work say this amount down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would work say this amount down
+here and they'd hire some extra labor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they'd hire some extra labor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they'd hire some extra labor on
+the farm so that would be a separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm so that would be a separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm so that would be a separation
+case because they would be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because they would be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because they would be sort of
+choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the the amount of production on the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of production on the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of production on the farm
+will be driven by the market wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah right so there's only kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah right so there's only kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah right so there's only kind of an
+interesting cases the farm wants more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases the farm wants more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases the farm wants more
+labor if they want to supply more labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor if they want to supply more labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor if they want to supply more labor
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next case is
+uh kind of the opposite would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the opposite would you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of the opposite would you say
+suppose there's some rationing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's some rationing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's some rationing on the
+amount of Labor I can hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Labor I can hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Labor I can hire
+okay because the market weight is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the market weight is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the market weight is too
+low suppose the market wage doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low suppose the market wage doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low suppose the market wage doesn't go
+above like it would clear at some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above like it would clear at some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above like it would clear at some higher
+level but it's not kind of going above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but it's not kind of going above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but it's not kind of going above
+and by the way I'm going to talk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm going to talk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm going to talk in the
+next lecture we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we're going to talk about
+some evidence that these Market wages do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence that these Market wages do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence that these Market wages do
+we're not like looking at wages directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not like looking at wages directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not like looking at wages directly
+on do they or do they not kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on do they or do they not kind of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on do they or do they not kind of clear
+and adjust and why whatever so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust and why whatever so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust and why whatever so that's
+like another topic but what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another topic but what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another topic but what would happen
+what does this look like over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this look like over here
+so now it's kind of the opposite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's kind of the opposite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's kind of the opposite graph
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the farm the farm would like to hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm the farm would like to hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm the farm would like to hire
+this amount of Labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of Labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of Labor
+okay at the market wage but I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the market wage but I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at the market wage but I can't get
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so how much so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how much so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so how much so in that case
+what's going to happen is it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is it's going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+um it'll hire it can only get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll hire it can only get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll hire it can only get sort of
+this much this much l at the market wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much this much l at the market wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much this much l at the market wage
+right and then after that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then after that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then after that then the
+household will kind of fills in the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household will kind of fills in the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household will kind of fills in the mark
+the the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the margin
+and if the household is in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the household is in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the household is in this range
+over here like if the household kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here like if the household kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here like if the household kind of
+wanted to work more fine but if house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work more fine but if house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work more fine but if house
+was in this range over here then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this range over here then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this range over here then again
+the total amount that's produced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount that's produced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount that's produced in the
+farm is driven by the household utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm is driven by the household utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm is driven by the household utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+the final the final graph I have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final the final graph I have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final the final graph I have in the
+paper on this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on this is um
+imagine that sort of higher labor costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that sort of higher labor costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that sort of higher labor costs
+more than the farmers returned to off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the farmers returned to off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the farmers returned to off
+Farm appointment what's that imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm appointment what's that imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm appointment what's that imagine
+that basically it is cheaper for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically it is cheaper for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically it is cheaper for like
+it's more it's kind of Cheaper more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more it's kind of Cheaper more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more it's kind of Cheaper more
+efficient for me to do the work than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for me to do the work than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient for me to do the work than for
+me to hire on labor so like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to hire on labor so like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to hire on labor so like you might
+think there's Agency problems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's Agency problems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's Agency problems right
+moral hazard right so I'm gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard right so I'm gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard right so I'm gonna work
+really hard on my own farm and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard on my own farm and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard on my own farm and kind of
+slack off and work on someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack off and work on someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack off and work on someone else's
+Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm
+so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case
+if this is the market weight the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the market weight the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the market weight the the
+wage sort of the the market wage if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage sort of the the market wage if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage sort of the the market wage if I
+want to supply less labor in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to supply less labor in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to supply less labor in the market
+wage then fine I can supply that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage then fine I can supply that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage then fine I can supply that and I
+can hire some extra at the market that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hire some extra at the market that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hire some extra at the market that
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+um if I want to supply you know tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I want to supply you know tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I want to supply you know tons of
+kind of the outside wage I can supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the outside wage I can supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the outside wage I can supply
+over here that's fine but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that's fine but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that's fine but in this
+intermediate range again will get be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range again will get be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate range again will get be
+driven by these tendencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so what's the point of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's the point of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's the point of going
+through that if we think that the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that if we think that the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that if we think that the market
+is fully it is going back to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fully it is going back to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fully it is going back to this point
+if the market is fully efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the market is fully efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the market is fully efficient
+there should be no re no relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no re no relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no re no relationship
+between how much labor I want to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how much labor I want to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how much labor I want to supply
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and how much uh labor is used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how much uh labor is used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how much uh labor is used in the
+farm but with these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm but with these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm but with these different kinds of
+like restrictions if I can't hire an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restrictions if I can't hire an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restrictions if I can't hire an
+offline labor or I can't sell enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline labor or I can't sell enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline labor or I can't sell enough
+labor I may end up either wanting to I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor I may end up either wanting to I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor I may end up either wanting to I I
+you know how much it may be that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much it may be that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much it may be that how
+much labor I can provide on my own Farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much labor I can provide on my own Farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much labor I can provide on my own Farm
+determines how much labor is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much labor is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much labor is available
+on the farm or conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the farm or conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the farm or conversely
+um it may be that how much labor I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be that how much labor I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be that how much labor I can
+just Supply I how much work I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Supply I how much work I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Supply I how much work I can get
+just depends on how much work there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on how much work there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends on how much work there is
+to do on my own farm and in those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on my own farm and in those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on my own farm and in those cases
+the labor Supply decisions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor Supply decisions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor Supply decisions and the
+production decisions are interlinked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions are interlinked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions are interlinked
+okay that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic idea
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+the idea of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the paper
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+well if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+do household demographic characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which should affect labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should affect labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should affect labor Supply
+right do those affect labor demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do those affect labor demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do those affect labor demand for
+the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firm
+or for the farm for the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the farm for the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for the farm for the farm
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+okay so that's the so that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the so that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the so that's the idea
+say look we have shifters for household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we have shifters for household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we have shifters for household
+labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply
+if we're in the separation World those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in the separation World those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in the separation World those
+should not affect labor demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not affect labor demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not affect labor demand
+on the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the farm
+and if they do then we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they do then we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they do then we're sort of
+rejecting separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting separation
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know and I think this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I think this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I think this is a bit
+uh it's kind of related to like a milder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's kind of related to like a milder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's kind of related to like a milder
+view of the Surplus labor idea like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the Surplus labor idea like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the Surplus labor idea like if
+there are labor market frictions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are labor market frictions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are labor market frictions you
+know you may employ labor on the farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may employ labor on the farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you may employ labor on the farm
+even if the marginal product is is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the marginal product is is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the marginal product is is below
+the outside wage but we'll we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside wage but we'll we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside wage but we'll we'll talk
+about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this uh
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+okay so but then this becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but then this becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but then this becomes the
+empirical test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical test
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so why might there be limit separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why might there be limit separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why might there be limit separation
+so here are a few right so one could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are a few right so one could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are a few right so one could be
+literally minimum wages right those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally minimum wages right those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally minimum wages right those were
+that would that would create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would create
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+minimum wages said the market wage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wages said the market wage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wages said the market wage is
+too high right and therefore I may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high right and therefore I may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high right and therefore I may not
+be able to farm may not be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to farm may not be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to farm may not be able to get
+as many workers as it would like at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many workers as it would like at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many workers as it would like at that
+wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage
+and the minimum wage could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum wage could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum wage could be a
+statutory minimum wage or it could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory minimum wage or it could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory minimum wage or it could just
+be kind of a prevailing wage norm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a prevailing wage norm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of a prevailing wage norm and
+we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that
+in some of the papers we'll look at next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the papers we'll look at next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the papers we'll look at next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh it could be in perfect labor markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could be in perfect labor markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could be in perfect labor markets
+right or Agency problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Agency problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Agency problems
+um or sort of other market failures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or sort of other market failures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or sort of other market failures okay
+so so there could be sort of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there could be sort of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there could be sort of things
+going on the way but market so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the way but market so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the way but market so the thing
+isn't totally clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so any questions on that basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on that basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on that basic
+theoretical setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes no clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no clear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you guys noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you guys noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you guys noted
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what did you think of the empirics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you think of the empirics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you think of the empirics in
+this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there were various concerns about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were various concerns about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were various concerns about the
+empiricans paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricans paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricans paper
+that I read in your comments someone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I read in your comments someone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I read in your comments someone I
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah amen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah amen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah amen
+wages scanning impacts population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages scanning impacts population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages scanning impacts population
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+what's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's right
+population density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density
+packages yes I think all the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages yes I think all the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages yes I think all the other way
+around I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around I think
+using nasty as an instant for labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nasty as an instant for labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nasty as an instant for labor
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think exogenic assumption would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think exogenic assumption would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think exogenic assumption would
+be satisfied for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be satisfied for anything
+usually popular yes right so and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah you're interested in the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're interested in the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're interested in the effect
+of Labor Supply automation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor Supply automation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Labor Supply automation right
+um like say places that have high wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like say places that have high wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like say places that have high wages
+can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like
+attract people hopefully it can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract people hopefully it can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract people hopefully it can increase
+population density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean I just don't see any any way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I just don't see any any way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I just don't see any any way how
+what so okay so okay right so so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so okay so okay right so so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so okay so okay right so so as you
+saw like one thing he's doing is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw like one thing he's doing is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw like one thing he's doing is using
+population density as an instrument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density as an instrument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density as an instrument for
+wages but it is an instrument for labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages but it is an instrument for labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages but it is an instrument for labor
+Supply right and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply right and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply right and the idea is that
+there's more people around that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more people around that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more people around that's going
+to like lead to lower lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like lead to lower lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like lead to lower lower
+uh lower wages so why is that not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower wages so why is that not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower wages so why is that not a good
+instrument for labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for labor Supply
+what what are the concerns there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so one is there's demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one is there's demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one is there's demand for
+non-tradables right so like if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tradables right so like if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-tradables right so like if we have
+you know if labor Supply if people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if labor Supply if people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if labor Supply if people were
+there more people around we need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more people around we need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there more people around we need more
+haircuts like so there could affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircuts like so there could affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircuts like so there could affect
+through non-tradables any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll give you another one which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you another one which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you another one which is that
+um so you know it could why why are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know it could why why are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know it could why why are all
+those people there like maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people there like maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people there like maybe there's
+something productive like about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something productive like about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something productive like about the
+production side which gave all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production side which gave all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production side which gave all people
+there to begin with so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to begin with so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to begin with so in particular
+this this one takes place in this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one takes place in this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one takes place in this study
+takes place in Java in Indonesia which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in Java in Indonesia which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in Java in Indonesia which
+has like a lot of volcanic soil which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a lot of volcanic soil which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a lot of volcanic soil which is
+like super like productive and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like super like productive and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like super like productive and that's
+kind of why all the people are there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why all the people are there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of why all the people are there I
+think it's because like the soil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because like the soil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's because like the soil is
+reproductive so it's not necessarily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive so it's not necessarily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive so it's not necessarily a
+school instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school instrument
+um so you know just as you guys I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know just as you guys I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know just as you guys I think
+you guys already saw this but like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys already saw this but like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys already saw this but like I'm
+sure so like you know everything you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so like you know everything you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so like you know everything you've
+already seen this right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen this right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen this right so uh
+this is from an earlier version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from an earlier version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from an earlier version of the
+class we taught this earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we taught this earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we taught this earlier but
+obviously like you need you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like you need you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like you need you need the
+solution this is probably not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is probably not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is probably not gonna
+um not going to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not going to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not going to hold
+in this case so another issue that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so another issue that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so another issue that comes
+up is this question of endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is this question of endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is this question of endogenous
+household size so what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household size so what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household size so what's what's the
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+yes if I want more labor I'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if I want more labor I'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if I want more labor I'll have some
+more kids okay so now I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kids okay so now I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kids okay so now I want to ask you
+guys a harder question is that a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I mean by is that a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot generate suppose that was true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot generate suppose that was true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot generate suppose that was true so
+let's let's put us so suppose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put us so suppose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put us so suppose we're
+under the null hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the null hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the null hypothesis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+of Delta equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta equals zero
+can endogenous household size generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can endogenous household size generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can endogenous household size generate a
+false rejection of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you see that you see the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you see that you see the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you see that you see the question
+I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the left-hand side then you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side then you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side then you'll get
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+but in terms of like that's fine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of like that's fine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of like that's fine because
+like you're trying to see if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're trying to see if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're trying to see if there's a
+correlation anyway like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation anyway like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation anyway like I don't know
+like this is only interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is only interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is only interesting
+correlation right yeah so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation right yeah so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation right yeah so in that sense
+like it doesn't matter where you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it doesn't matter where you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it doesn't matter where you whether
+Which Way exactly right so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which Way exactly right so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which Way exactly right so so this is
+the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in in Wesley's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Wesley's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in Wesley's story
+I have more kids because I want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more kids because I want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more kids because I want more
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+in the household but the only reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the household but the only reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the household but the only reason I
+do that is because of Separation failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is because of Separation failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is because of Separation failure
+right so if in fact uh the there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if in fact uh the there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if in fact uh the there was no
+separation failure the Delta was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation failure the Delta was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation failure the Delta was equal
+to zero then I wouldn't be having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then I wouldn't be having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then I wouldn't be having more
+kids to sort of to to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to sort of to to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to sort of to to right
+so I think you know I I do this as a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you know I I do this as a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you know I I do this as a bit
+of an issue but I think it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an issue but I think it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an issue but I think it's worth
+thinking through like this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through like this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through like this is actually
+sort of a problem in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a problem in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a problem in there
+um in there you know what I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in there you know what I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in there you know what I do think
+could be an issue is if we had emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an issue is if we had emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an issue is if we had emitted
+variables like for example if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like for example if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables like for example if we have
+better land quality leading to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better land quality leading to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better land quality leading to more
+income and like you know more income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and like you know more income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and like you know more income
+like leading to you know that kids are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leading to you know that kids are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leading to you know that kids are a
+normal good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good
+um then that could right that channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then that could right that channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then that could right that channel
+could could could be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could could be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could could be a problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but that's a more complicated story than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a more complicated story than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a more complicated story than
+I think the one you were thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the one you were thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the one you were thinking of
+right because your story is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because your story is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because your story is only a
+problem under it's a null is false but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem under it's a null is false but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem under it's a null is false but
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+I don't know it's not a problem so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's not a problem so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know it's not a problem so I
+just think it's worth being a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think it's worth being a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think it's worth being a little
+more precise about sort of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise about sort of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise about sort of uh the the
+concerns that we have sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that we have sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that we have sometimes
+um does everyone understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does everyone understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does everyone understand this
+alternative story why this this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative story why this this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative story why this this could
+generate a false rejection of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a false rejection of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a false rejection of the null
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what other any other comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other any other comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other any other comments or
+thoughts from this paper from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else do you guys think of this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you guys think of this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you guys think of this from
+reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions or thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as you guys as many of you noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you guys as many of you noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you guys as many of you noted
+um the empirics this paper are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the empirics this paper are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the empirics this paper are a little
+bit dated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit dated
+and so one natural solution uh so Lafave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one natural solution uh so Lafave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one natural solution uh so Lafave
+and Thomas is kind of literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thomas is kind of literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thomas is kind of literally just
+updating this paper with better repairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this paper with better repairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating this paper with better repairs
+okay and in particular they have panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular they have panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular they have panel
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and so why is panel data going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so you have Lan fixed effects okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have Lan fixed effects okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have Lan fixed effects okay so
+what's going to be left so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be left so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be left so what what
+else do we write so now we have Lan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we write so now we have Lan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do we write so now we have Lan
+fixed effects so we can control for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects so we can control for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed effects so we can control for all
+the sort of like heterogeneity land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of like heterogeneity land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of like heterogeneity land
+quality and what that's quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and what that's quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and what that's quite right
+that's good what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if a place has like a product from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a place has like a product from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a place has like a product from
+black most individuals households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else so why would panel data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so why would panel data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else so why would panel data
+help solve some of the problems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help solve some of the problems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help solve some of the problems from
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're out of time I will leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're out of time I will leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're out of time I will leave you
+to think Ponder this question we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think Ponder this question we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think Ponder this question we'll come
+back to the beginning of the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning of the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning of the next class
+so you can have a look at this paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a look at this paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a look at this paper and
+then uh I think whatever the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I think whatever the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I think whatever the next couple
+star papers on the syllabus are we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star papers on the syllabus are we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star papers on the syllabus are we'll
+come back to this on on actually sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this on on actually sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this on on actually sorry
+there's no class on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no class on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no class on Wednesday
+um uh and we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we're going to come back to
+this so a week from today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_IFUfFuyQlU.txt b/_IFUfFuyQlU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d3397577ae466fedc9020952812a9310965c2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_IFUfFuyQlU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right I wanted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right I wanted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right I wanted to uh
+complete the discussion of volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discussion of volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the discussion of volatility
+modeling the first part of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the first part of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the first part of the lecture
+today and last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and last time we
+uh addressed the definition of arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addressed the definition of arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addressed the definition of arch
+models which allow for time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which allow for time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which allow for time varying
+volatility in modeling uh the returns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in modeling uh the returns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility in modeling uh the returns of
+a financial time series and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial time series and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial time series and we were
+looking last time at modeling the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking last time at modeling the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking last time at modeling the uh
+euro dollar exchange rate returns and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euro dollar exchange rate returns and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euro dollar exchange rate returns and we
+went through uh fitting Arch models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through uh fitting Arch models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through uh fitting Arch models to
+those returns and also looked at fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those returns and also looked at fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those returns and also looked at fitting
+uh the garch model to those returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the garch model to those returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the garch model to those returns and
+and to recap the a garch model extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to recap the a garch model extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to recap the a garch model extends
+upon the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the arch
+model uh by adding some extra terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh by adding some extra terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh by adding some extra terms so
+if you look at this expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this expression for the
+garch model the first two terms for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model the first two terms for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model the first two terms for the
+time varying volatility Sigma squ T is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying volatility Sigma squ T is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying volatility Sigma squ T is a
+linear combination of the past sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the past sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the past sort of
+residual returns squared that's the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual returns squared that's the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual returns squared that's the arch
+model P of those so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model P of those so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model P of those so the current
+volatility depends upon what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility depends upon what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility depends upon what's happened
+in excess returns over the last P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excess returns over the last P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excess returns over the last P
+periods but then we add an extra term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods but then we add an extra term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods but then we add an extra term uh
+which is corresponds to Q levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is corresponds to Q levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is corresponds to Q levels of the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+volatility and um so what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and um so what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and um so what we're doing
+with garch models is adding extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with garch models is adding extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with garch models is adding extra
+parameters to the arch but an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to the arch but an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to the arch but an advantage
+of considering these extra parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of considering these extra parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of considering these extra parameters
+which relate basically the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which relate basically the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which relate basically the current
+volatility Sigma s t with the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility Sigma s t with the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility Sigma s t with the previous
+or lagged value Sigma squ T minus J for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lagged value Sigma squ T minus J for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lagged value Sigma squ T minus J for
+lags J is that we may be able to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags J is that we may be able to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags J is that we may be able to have a
+model with many fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with many fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with many fewer
+parameters so indeed if we fit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so indeed if we fit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so indeed if we fit these
+models um to the uh exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um to the uh exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um to the uh exchange rate
+returns um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns um what we
+found last time let me go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found last time let me go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found last time let me go through and
+show that was um basically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was um basically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that was um basically here
+are various fits of the three cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various fits of the three cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various fits of the three cases of
+arch models Arch orders 1 two and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch models Arch orders 1 two and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch models Arch orders 1 two and 10
+thinking we maybe need many lab to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we maybe need many lab to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we maybe need many lab to fit
+volatility and then the garch model 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and then the garch model 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and then the garch model 11
+one where we only have one Arch term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we only have one Arch term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we only have one Arch term and
+one uh garch term and so uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh garch term and so uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh garch term and so uh basically
+the green line in or rather the Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line in or rather the Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line in or rather the Blue
+Line in this graph shows the plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line in this graph shows the plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line in this graph shows the plot of the
+fitted garch 111 model as compared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted garch 111 model as compared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted garch 111 model as compared with
+the arch models now in looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch models now in looking at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch models now in looking at uh
+these uh this graph one can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this graph one can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh this graph one can actually see
+some features of of how these models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features of of how these models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features of of how these models are
+fitting volatility which is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting volatility which is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting volatility which is important to
+understand um one is that the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um one is that the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um one is that the arch
+models have a hard lower bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have a hard lower bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have a hard lower bound on the
+volatility basically there's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility basically there's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility basically there's a constant
+term uh in the volatility equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh in the volatility equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh in the volatility equation and
+because the additional terms are squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the additional terms are squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the additional terms are squared
+uh excess returns it basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excess returns it basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excess returns it basically the
+volatility does have the lower bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility does have the lower bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility does have the lower bound of
+that intercept so depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intercept so depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intercept so depending on what
+range you fit the data over that lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you fit the data over that lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you fit the data over that lower
+bound sound is going to be defined by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound sound is going to be defined by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound sound is going to be defined by uh
+or it will be determined by the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it will be determined by the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it will be determined by the data
+you're fitting to um as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fitting to um as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fitting to um as you increase the
+arch uh order you basically allow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch uh order you basically allow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch uh order you basically allow for a
+greater range of or a lower lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater range of or a lower lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater range of or a lower lower bound
+of that and with the garch model you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and with the garch model you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and with the garch model you can
+see that this blue line is actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this blue line is actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this blue line is actually uh
+predicting very different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting very different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting very different levels of
+volatility over the entire range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility over the entire range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility over the entire range of the
+series so it really is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so it really is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so it really is much more
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+um now in in these fits we are assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now in in these fits we are assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now in in these fits we are assuming
+uh gaussian distributions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gaussian distributions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gaussian distributions for the
+Innovations in the return series we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations in the return series we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations in the return series we'll
+soon pursue looking at alternatives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon pursue looking at alternatives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon pursue looking at alternatives to
+that but let me uh talk just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but let me uh talk just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but let me uh talk just a little
+bit more about the gar model um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about the gar model um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about the gar model um going
+back to the lecture notes here so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the lecture notes here so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the lecture notes here so let me
+expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's the specification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the specification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's the specification of the
+garch 111 model um one thing to uh note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch 111 model um one thing to uh note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch 111 model um one thing to uh note
+is that this gar1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this gar1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this gar1
+model does relate to an Arma an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does relate to an Arma an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does relate to an Arma an
+autoaggressive moving average process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoaggressive moving average process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoaggressive moving average process in
+the squared residuals so um if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared residuals so um if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared residuals so um if we look
+at the top line which is the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top line which is the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top line which is the equation
+for the garch uh 11 model consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the garch uh 11 model consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the garch uh 11 model consider
+eliminating Sigma squ T by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating Sigma squ T by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating Sigma squ T by uh
+using a new innovation term little UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new innovation term little UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new innovation term little UT
+which is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between the
+squared residual and the true volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared residual and the true volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared residual and the true volatility
+given by the model so if you plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the model so if you plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the model so if you plug in the
+difference between our uh squared excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our uh squared excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our uh squared excess
+return and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and the current
+volatility that should have mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that should have mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that should have mean zero
+because Sigma squ T the teeth volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Sigma squ T the teeth volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Sigma squ T the teeth volatility
+squared is equal to the square or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to the square or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to the square or is
+equal to the expectation of the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the squared
+uh excess residual return Epsilon t^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excess residual return Epsilon t^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excess residual return Epsilon t^2 so
+if we plug that in we basically get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug that in we basically get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plug that in we basically get an
+Arma model for the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arma model for the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arma model for the squared
+residuals and uh so Epsilon t^2 is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and uh so Epsilon t^2 is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and uh so Epsilon t^2 is Alpha
+plus alpha 1 plus beta 1 the squared uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 1 plus beta 1 the squared uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus alpha 1 plus beta 1 the squared uh
+T minus1 leg plus UT minus beta 1 UT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus1 leg plus UT minus beta 1 UT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus1 leg plus UT minus beta 1 UT and
+so um what this implies is an Arma 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what this implies is an Arma 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um what this implies is an Arma 111
+model with the white noise that has mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with the white noise that has mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with the white noise that has mean
+zero and variance 2 Sigma to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance 2 Sigma to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance 2 Sigma to the fourth
+just you know plugging things in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know plugging things in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know plugging things in and
+through uh our knowledge understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh our knowledge understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh our knowledge understanding
+of univarate Time series models Arma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of univarate Time series models Arma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of univarate Time series models Arma
+models uh we can express this Arma model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh we can express this Arma model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh we can express this Arma model
+for the squared residuals as basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the squared residuals as basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the squared residuals as basically a
+polinomial lag of the squared residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial lag of the squared residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial lag of the squared residuals
+is equal to a polom lag of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a polom lag of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a polom lag of the
+Innovations and so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations and so we have this
+expression for uh what the Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for uh what the Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for uh what the Innovations
+are um and it's it's required that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um and it's it's required that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um and it's it's required that uh
+the roots of this a of L operator when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of this a of L operator when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of this a of L operator when
+it thought of on the complex plane have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thought of on the complex plane have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thought of on the complex plane have
+Roots outside the unit circle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots outside the unit circle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots outside the unit circle which
+corresponds to Alpha 1 plus beta 1 being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Alpha 1 plus beta 1 being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to Alpha 1 plus beta 1 being
+less than one in magnitude so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one in magnitude so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one in magnitude so in order
+for uh these volatility models not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these volatility models not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these volatility models not to
+blow up and be stationary covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up and be stationary covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up and be stationary covariant
+stationary uh we we have these bounds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary uh we we have these bounds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary uh we we have these bounds on
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay let's look at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's look at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's look at uh the
+unconditional volatility or long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional volatility or long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional volatility or long run
+variance of the garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the garch
+model um if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um if you take
+expectations on both sides of the garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations on both sides of the garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations on both sides of the garch
+model equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you basically have the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you basically have the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you basically have the expectation
+of Sigma s subt in the long run is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma s subt in the long run is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sigma s subt in the long run is Sigma
+star squ is Alpha plus alpha 1 plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star squ is Alpha plus alpha 1 plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star squ is Alpha plus alpha 1 plus beta
+1 Sigma star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Sigma star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Sigma star
+squ uh so that Sigma star squar there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh so that Sigma star squar there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh so that Sigma star squar there is
+the expectation of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of the uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh the the T minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the T minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the T minus one
+volatility uh squared in the limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh squared in the limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh squared in the limit and
+then you can just solve for this and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just solve for this and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just solve for this and see
+that Sigma star s is equal to Alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sigma star s is equal to Alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sigma star s is equal to Alpha over
+1 - alpha 1us beta 1 and uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha 1us beta 1 and uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - alpha 1us beta 1 and uh in terms of
+the stationarity conditions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationarity conditions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationarity conditions for the
+process if the long run variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if the long run variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if the long run variance in
+order for that to be finite you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for that to be finite you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for that to be finite you need
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 to be uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 to be uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 to be uh less than
+one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in
+magnitude um and if you consider uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude um and if you consider uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude um and if you consider uh the
+general garch PQ model then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general garch PQ model then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general garch PQ model then the same
+argument leads to a long run variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument leads to a long run variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument leads to a long run variance
+being equal to Alpha the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to Alpha the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to Alpha the sort of
+intercept term in the garch model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept term in the garch model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept term in the garch model
+divided by 1 minus the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 1 minus the sum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 1 minus the sum of all the
+parameters so these garch models lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so these garch models lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so these garch models lead
+to constraints on the parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constraints on the parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constraints on the parameters that
+are uh uh important to uh incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh important to uh incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh uh important to uh incorporate
+when we're doing any estimation uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing any estimation uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing any estimation uh of
+these of these underlying parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these underlying parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of these underlying parameters and
+it does complicate things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does complicate things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does complicate things actually
+um all right so with maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so with maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so with maximum likelihood
+estimation uh the routine for maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation uh the routine for maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation uh the routine for maximum
+likelihood estimation is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation is the same for
+all models we basically want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all models we basically want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all models we basically want to
+determine the likelihood function of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the likelihood function of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the likelihood function of our
+data given the unknown parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data given the unknown parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data given the unknown parameters and
+the likelihood function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood function is the
+probability density function of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function of the data
+conditional on the parameters so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the parameters so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on the parameters so our
+likelihood function is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood function is a function of the
+unknown parameters C Alpha and beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters C Alpha and beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters C Alpha and beta is
+the value of the probability density The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the probability density The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the probability density The
+Joint density of all the data condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint density of all the data condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joint density of all the data condition
+on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those
+parameters and that joint density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and that joint density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and that joint density
+function can be expressed as the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be expressed as the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be expressed as the product
+of successive conditional expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of successive conditional expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of successive conditional expectations
+of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series and those conditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and those conditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and those conditional uh
+densities uh are normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities uh are normal random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities uh are normal random variables
+so we can just plug in what we know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just plug in what we know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just plug in what we know to
+be the probability densities of normals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability densities of normals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability densities of normals
+for the teeth Innovation at excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the teeth Innovation at excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the teeth Innovation at excellent
+T and uh we just optimize that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and uh we just optimize that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and uh we just optimize that function
+now um the challenge with estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the challenge with estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the challenge with estimating
+these garch models in part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these garch models in part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these garch models in part is the
+constraints on the underlying parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the underlying parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the underlying parameters
+those need to be enforced so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those need to be enforced so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those need to be enforced so we have to
+have that the alpha I are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the alpha I are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the alpha I are greater than
+zero also the beta J are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero also the beta J are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero also the beta J are greater than
+zero and uh the sum of all of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh the sum of all of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh the sum of all of them is
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+one um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um let's see
+who in this class has had courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in this class has had courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in this class has had courses in
+numerical analysis and done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis and done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis and done some
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+of functions nonlinear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions nonlinear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions nonlinear functions
+anybody okay well uh in in addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay well uh in in addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay well uh in in addressing
+this kind of problem which will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem which will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem which will come up
+with any complex model that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any complex model that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any complex model that you need to
+estimate say via maximum likelihood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate say via maximum likelihood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate say via maximum likelihood um
+the optimization methods do really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization methods do really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization methods do really well
+if you're optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're optimizing
+a convex function you know finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convex function you know finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convex function you know finding the
+minimum of a convex function and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of a convex function and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of a convex function and it's
+always nice to uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice to uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice to uh do
+minimization over sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization over sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization over sort of an
+unconstrained range of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained range of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained range of underlying
+parameters and so uh and you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so uh and you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so uh and you know one of
+the tricks in solving for these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks in solving for these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricks in solving for these problems
+is to transform the parameters to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to transform the parameters to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to transform the parameters to a
+scale where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where
+they're uh Unlimited in range basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh Unlimited in range basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh Unlimited in range basically
+so if you have a positive random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a positive random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a positive random
+variable you might use the log of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you might use the log of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you might use the log of that
+variable as the thing to be optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the thing to be optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the thing to be optimizing
+over if the variable's between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if the variable's between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over if the variable's between zero and
+one then you might use that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you might use that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you might use that variable
+divided by one minus that variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one minus that variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by one minus that variable and
+then take the log of that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the log of that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the log of that and that's
+unconstrained so uh there are tricks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained so uh there are tricks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained so uh there are tricks for
+how you do this optimization which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do this optimization which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do this optimization which which
+which come into play anyway that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come into play anyway that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which come into play anyway that's the
+likelihood with the normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with the normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood with the normal distribution
+and uh you know we have uh computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we have uh computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we have uh computer
+programs that that will solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that that will solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that that will solve that
+directly so we don't have have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so we don't have have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so we don't have have to worry
+about this particular casee um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular casee um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular casee um the
+uh once we fit this model we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once we fit this model we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once we fit this model we want to
+evaluate how good it is and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how good it is and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate how good it is and uh uh the
+evaluation is based upon looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is based upon looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation is based upon looking at the
+residuals from the model so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals from the model so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals from the model so what we have
+are these Innovations Epsilon hat T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Innovations Epsilon hat T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Innovations Epsilon hat T
+which should be distributed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be distributed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be distributed with
+variance or volatility Sigma hat T um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or volatility Sigma hat T um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or volatility Sigma hat T um
+those should be uncorrelated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those should be uncorrelated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those should be uncorrelated with
+themselves or at least uh to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves or at least uh to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves or at least uh to the extent
+that uh they can be and the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they can be and the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they can be and the squared
+standardized residuals should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized residuals should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized residuals should also be
+uncorrelated what we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated what we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated what we're trying to do
+with these models is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these models is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these models is to
+capture the dependence actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the dependence actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the dependence actually in the
+squared residuals which is measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared residuals which is measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared residuals which is measuring the
+magnitude of the excess returns so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the excess returns so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the excess returns so those
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+uncorrelated uh okay there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated uh okay there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated uh okay there there are
+various tests for normality I've listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various tests for normality I've listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various tests for normality I've listed
+some of those that are that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those that are that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those that are that are most
+popular here um and then uh uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular here um and then uh uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular here um and then uh uh there's
+issues of model selection for deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of model selection for deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of model selection for deciding
+sort of which which garch model to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of which which garch model to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of which which garch model to to
+apply I wanted to uh go through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply I wanted to uh go through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply I wanted to uh go through an
+example of this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this analysis
+with the euro dollar exchange rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the euro dollar exchange rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the euro dollar exchange rate so
+let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go
+to this uh case steady note so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see there's a package in R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's a package in R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's a package in R uh
+called uh Ru garch for Univar garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh Ru garch for Univar garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh Ru garch for Univar garch
+models which fits various garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which fits various garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which fits various garch
+models um with different uh and fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um with different uh and fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um with different uh and fits
+them by maximum likelihood so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by maximum likelihood so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by maximum likelihood so with this
+pack with this particular library in r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack with this particular library in r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack with this particular library in r i
+uh fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit I fit the garch model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit I fit the garch model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit I fit the garch model
+after um actually fitting the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um actually fitting the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um actually fitting the mean
+process for the exchange rate returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the exchange rate returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the exchange rate returns
+now when we looked at things last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we looked at things last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we looked at things last time
+we were basically looked at modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were basically looked at modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were basically looked at modeling the
+squared returns in fact there may be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared returns in fact there may be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared returns in fact there may be an
+underlying mean process that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mean process that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying mean process that needs to be
+specified as well so in this section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified as well so in this section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified as well so in this section of
+the case note I initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case note I initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case note I initially
+fit an autoregressive process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit an autoregressive process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit an autoregressive process
+uh using the Aki confirmation Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the Aki confirmation Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the Aki confirmation Criterion
+to choose the order of the autor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the order of the autor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the order of the autor
+regressive process and then fit a garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive process and then fit a garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive process and then fit a garch
+model with a normal uh garch terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a normal uh garch terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with a normal uh garch terms and
+this um is a plot of the normal QQ plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is a plot of the normal QQ plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is a plot of the normal QQ plot
+of the uh autoregressive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh autoregressive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh autoregressive uh
+residuals and what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals and what you can see is that
+the points lie along a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points lie along a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points lie along a straight line
+sort of in the middle of the range but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the middle of the range but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the middle of the range but
+on the extremes they depart from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extremes they depart from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the extremes they depart from that
+straight line this uh basically is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line this uh basically is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line this uh basically is a
+measure of standardized uh uh quantile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of standardized uh uh quantile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of standardized uh uh quantile
+so in terms of standard units away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of standard units away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of standard units away from
+the mean for the for the residuals uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean for the for the residuals uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean for the for the residuals uh we
+tend to get many more High values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get many more High values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get many more High values and
+many more low values with the gine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more low values with the gine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more low values with the gine
+distribution so that really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that really isn't
+fitting very well um if we proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and fit okay actually that plot was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit okay actually that plot was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit okay actually that plot was just
+the simple Arch model with no garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple Arch model with no garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple Arch model with no garch
+terms and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then this is
+the uh graph of the uh QQ plot with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh graph of the uh QQ plot with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh graph of the uh QQ plot with uh
+with the gaussin Assumption so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gaussin Assumption so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gaussin Assumption so here we
+can see that uh the residuals from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that uh the residuals from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that uh the residuals from this
+modeler suggesting that it may do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeler suggesting that it may do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeler suggesting that it may do a
+pretty good job when things are only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job when things are only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job when things are only a
+few standard deviations away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few standard deviations away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few standard deviations away from the
+mean you know less than two two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know less than two two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know less than two two and a
+half but when we get to uh more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but when we get to uh more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but when we get to uh more extreme
+values this this isn't modeling things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this this isn't modeling things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this this isn't modeling things
+well so the one alternative is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the one alternative is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the one alternative is to
+consider a heavier tail distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a heavier tail distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a heavier tail distribution
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+normal namely the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal namely the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal namely the T
+distribution and uh consider identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh consider identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh consider identifying
+what T distribution best fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+so um let's just look at what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's just look at what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's just look at what ends up
+being the maximum likelihood estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the maximum likelihood estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the maximum likelihood estimate
+for the degrees of freedom parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degrees of freedom parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the degrees of freedom parameter
+which is 10 degrees of freedom um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 10 degrees of freedom um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 10 degrees of freedom um this
+shows the QQ plot when you have a non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the QQ plot when you have a non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the QQ plot when you have a non-
+galine distribution that's t with 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galine distribution that's t with 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galine distribution that's t with 10
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+freedom uh it basically is explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh it basically is explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh it basically is explaining
+these residual quite well so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these residual quite well so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these residual quite well so um so
+that's accommodating the heavier tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accommodating the heavier tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accommodating the heavier tail
+distribution of of these values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh this garch model uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh this garch model uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh this garch model uh let's see
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh if you compare sort of estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you compare sort of estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you compare sort of estimates of
+volatility under the garch and Arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility under the garch and Arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility under the garch and Arch
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+um with the or the Gus the garch models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the or the Gus the garch models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the or the Gus the garch models
+with the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the T
+distribution uh sorry T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh sorry T distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh sorry T distribution
+versus gaussian here's just a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gaussian here's just a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gaussian here's just a graph
+showing time series plots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing time series plots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing time series plots of the
+estimated volatility over time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated volatility over time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated volatility over time which
+actually look quite close but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look quite close but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look quite close but when you
+look at the differences there really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differences there really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the differences there really are
+differences um and so uh um it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences um and so uh um it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences um and so uh um it turns out
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+the volatility function um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility function um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility function um or the
+volatility estimate from garch models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility estimate from garch models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility estimate from garch models
+with gsum versus garch with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gsum versus garch with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gsum versus garch with t
+distributions are really very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are really very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are really very very
+similar um I the heavier tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um I the heavier tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um I the heavier tail
+distribution of the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the T
+distribution um means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um means that the
+distribution of actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of actual
+volatility uh you know can is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you know can is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility uh you know can is greater
+but in terms of estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of estimating the
+volatility you have quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility you have quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility you have quite similar
+estimates of the volatility coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the volatility coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the volatility coming out
+um and uh this display which you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh this display which you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh this display which you you'll
+be able to see clear more clearly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see clear more clearly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see clear more clearly in the
+case notes that I'll post up but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case notes that I'll post up but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case notes that I'll post up but you
+know show that these are really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know show that these are really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know show that these are really quite
+similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude and uh the value at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and uh the value at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and uh the value at risk
+concept that was uh introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that was uh introduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that was uh introduced by
+uh Ken uh you know a couple weeks ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Ken uh you know a couple weeks ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Ken uh you know a couple weeks ago in
+his lecture was from Morgan Stanley um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lecture was from Morgan Stanley um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lecture was from Morgan Stanley um
+concerns the issue of estimating what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the issue of estimating what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the issue of estimating what is
+the likelihood of returns exceeding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of returns exceeding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood of returns exceeding some
+threshold um and uh if we you know use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold um and uh if we you know use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold um and uh if we you know use
+the T distribution for measuring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution for measuring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution for measuring uh
+variability of the of the excess returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of the of the excess returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of the of the excess returns
+then uh the computations in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the computations in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the computations in the notes
+indicate you know how you compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate you know how you compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate you know how you compute these
+value at risk limits um if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk limits um if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk limits um if you compare
+the T distribution with the gussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution with the gussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution with the gussian
+distribution at these nominal levels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at these nominal levels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at these nominal levels for
+value at risk of like 2 and a half% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk of like 2 and a half% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at risk of like 2 and a half% or
+5% surprisingly you won't get too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% surprisingly you won't get too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% surprisingly you won't get too much
+difference it's really in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's really in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's really in looking at
+sort of the extreme tales of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the extreme tales of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the extreme tales of the
+distribution that things come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that things come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that things come into play
+and so I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wanted
+to show you how that plays out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how that plays out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how that plays out by
+um showing you another graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing you another graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing you another graph
+here those of you had who've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those of you had who've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those of you had who've had a
+statistics course before um have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics course before um have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics course before um have heard
+that sort of a t distribution can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a t distribution can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a t distribution can be a
+good approximation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to a
+normal or can be approximated well by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or can be approximated well by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or can be approximated well by a
+normal if the degrees of freedom for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal if the degrees of freedom for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal if the degrees of freedom for the
+T are at some level and who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T are at some level and who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T are at some level and who you know
+wants to suggest in degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to suggest in degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to suggest in degrees of freedom
+that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might
+have before you're comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before you're comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before you're comfortable
+approximating a te with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal 30 or 40 you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 30 or 40 you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 30 or 40 you know you know
+sometimes people say even 25 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people say even 25 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people say even 25 you know
+above 25 you can almost expect the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 25 you can almost expect the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 25 you can almost expect the T
+distribution to be a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to be a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to be a good approximation
+to the normal well this is a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the normal well this is a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the normal well this is a graph of
+the PDF for a standard normal versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF for a standard normal versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF for a standard normal versus a
+standard t with 30 degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard t with 30 degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard t with 30 degrees of freedom
+and you can see that the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the density
+functions are very very close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are very very close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are very very close the
+standard the the cdfs the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the the cdfs the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the the cdfs the cumulative
+distrib ution functions which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib ution functions which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib ution functions which is the
+likelihood of being less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of being less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of being less than or equal
+to the horizontal value you know range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the horizontal value you know range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the horizontal value you know range
+between Z and one is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and one is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and one is almost
+indistinguishable but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable but if you look at the
+tals of the distribution here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals of the distribution here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tals of the distribution here I've
+computed the log of the CDF function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the log of the CDF function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the log of the CDF function you
+basically have to move much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to move much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to move much more than
+two standard deviations away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standard deviations away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two standard deviations away from the
+mean before there's really a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean before there's really a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean before there's really a difference
+in the T distribution with the 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the T distribution with the 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the T distribution with the 30
+degrees of freedom now I'm going to page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom now I'm going to page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom now I'm going to page
+up by reducing the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by reducing the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by reducing the degrees of
+freedom let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom let's see
+see do a page down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do a page down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do a page down
+here page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here page
+down oh page up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down oh page up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down oh page up okay so
+here here is 20 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is 20 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is 20 degrees of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+here's 10 degrees of freedom in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 10 degrees of freedom in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 10 degrees of freedom in our
+case uh which turns out to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh which turns out to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh which turns out to be sort of
+the best fit of the T distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit of the T distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit of the T distribution and
+what you can see is that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is that in terms of
+standard deviation units up to about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation units up to about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation units up to about two
+standard deviations below the mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations below the mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations below the mean we're
+basically getting virtually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting virtually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically getting virtually the same
+probability mass at the extreme below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass at the extreme below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mass at the extreme below
+but as we go to four or six standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we go to four or six standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we go to four or six standard
+deviations then we get heavier Mass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations then we get heavier Mass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations then we get heavier Mass with
+the T distribution um in discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution um in discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution um in discussion of
+uh results in finance when you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh results in finance when you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh results in finance when you sort of
+fit models people talk about oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit models people talk about oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit models people talk about oh there
+was a six standard deviation move or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a six standard deviation move or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a six standard deviation move or you
+know which is just virtually impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is just virtually impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is just virtually impossible
+to occur well with t distributions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur well with t distributions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur well with t distributions a
+sixth standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth standard deviation
+move occurs about one in 10,000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move occurs about one in 10,000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move occurs about one in 10,000 times
+according to this fit um and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this fit um and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this fit um and so you know
+it actually is accommodating that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is accommodating that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is accommodating that and uh
+so it's important to know uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to know uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important to know uh you know
+that these T distributions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these T distributions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these T distributions are
+benefiting Us by giving us a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting Us by giving us a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting Us by giving us a much better
+gauge of of what the tail distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge of of what the tail distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge of of what the tail distribution
+is like and you know we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and you know we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and you know we call these
+distributions lepto kurtic meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions lepto kurtic meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions lepto kurtic meaning
+they're heavier tailed than a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier tailed than a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're heavier tailed than a normal
+distribution actually lepto means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution actually lepto means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution actually lepto means
+slender I believe if you're Greek or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slender I believe if you're Greek or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slender I believe if you're Greek or you
+know the Greek uh origin of the word um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Greek uh origin of the word um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Greek uh origin of the word um
+and you can see that the the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the the the blue
+curve which is the T distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is the T distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is the T distribution is
+sort of a bit more slender in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a bit more slender in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a bit more slender in the center
+of the distribution which allows it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution which allows it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution which allows it to
+have heavier Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right so so T distributions very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so T distributions very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so T distributions very
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+okay to this case note here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to this case note here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to this case note here which
+discusses this uh case note goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses this uh case note goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses this uh case note goes through
+actually fitting the T distribu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fitting the T distribu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fitting the T distribu
+identifying the degrees of freedom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the degrees of freedom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the degrees of freedom for
+this T model and so um with the ru garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T model and so um with the ru garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T model and so um with the ru garch
+uh package one can get the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh package one can get the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh package one can get the log
+likelihood of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of the data
+uh fit under uh the T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fit under uh the T distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fit under uh the T distribution
+assumption and here's a graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and here's a graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and here's a graph of the
+negative log likelihood versus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative log likelihood versus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative log likelihood versus the uh
+degrees of freedom in the T model so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in the T model so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom in the T model so it
+with maximum likelihood we identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum likelihood we identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maximum likelihood we identify the
+value which minimizes the negative log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which minimizes the negative log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which minimizes the negative log
+likelihood and that comes out as that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value all right let's go back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right let's go back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right let's go back to these
+notes and see what else we want want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and see what else we want want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and see what else we want want to
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay with with these garch models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay with with these garch models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay with with these garch models
+we actually uh are able to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually uh are able to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually uh are able to model
+volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+clustering and uh volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and uh volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and uh volatility
+clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+is where over time you expect vola ility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where over time you expect vola ility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where over time you expect vola ility
+to be high during some periods and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high during some periods and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be high during some periods and to be
+low during other periods and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low during other periods and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low during other periods and uh the
+garch model can accommodate that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model can accommodate that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model can accommodate that so
+large volatilities tend to be followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large volatilities tend to be followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large volatilities tend to be followed
+by large small volatilities tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large small volatilities tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by large small volatilities tend to be
+followed by small ones um okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by small ones um okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by small ones um okay the
+returns are you know have heavier Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns are you know have heavier Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns are you know have heavier Tails
+than gaussian distributions actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gaussian distributions actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than gaussian distributions actually
+even if we have gaussian errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we have gaussian errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we have gaussian errors in the
+garch model it's still heavier tailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model it's still heavier tailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch model it's still heavier tailed
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+gaussian uh the homework goes into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh the homework goes into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh the homework goes into that
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+um and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the
+uh uh well actually one of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well actually one of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well actually one of the original
+papers uh by angle with Bowlers Lev who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh by angle with Bowlers Lev who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh by angle with Bowlers Lev who
+introduced the garch model um discusses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the garch model um discusses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the garch model um discusses
+you know these these features and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these features and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these features and how
+useful they are for modeling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful they are for modeling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful they are for modeling uh
+Financial Times series now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Times series now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Times series now
+uh a property of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a property of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a property of these
+models that may be obvious perhaps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that may be obvious perhaps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that may be obvious perhaps but
+is okay these these are models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay these these are models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay these these are models that are
+appropriate for modeling coary covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for modeling coary covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for modeling coary covariant
+stationary time series so the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary time series so the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary time series so the volatility
+measure which is a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which is a measure of the
+squared uh excess return is uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh excess return is uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh excess return is uh basically
+a covariant stationary process so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant stationary process so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant stationary process so what
+does that mean that means it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means it's going to
+have a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long-term
+mean so with these garch models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so with these garch models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so with these garch models that are
+coant stationary there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coant stationary there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coant stationary there's going to be a
+long-term mean of the garch process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term mean of the garch process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term mean of the garch process and
+this discussion here details how um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here details how um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion here details how um this
+uh garch process is essentially a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh garch process is essentially a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh garch process is essentially a mean
+reversion of the arch of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion of the arch of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversion of the arch of the of the
+volatility to to that value so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility to to that value so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility to to that value so basically
+the sort of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of excess
+volatility of the squared residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the squared residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the squared residuals
+relative to their long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their long-term
+average is some multiple of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is some multiple of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is some multiple of the previous
+periods excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods excess
+volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility
+so if if we build forecasting models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if we build forecasting models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if we build forecasting models of
+volatility with garch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility with garch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility with garch
+models what's going to happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models what's going to happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models what's going to happen um
+basically in the long run we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the long run we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the long run we predict
+that any volatility value is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any volatility value is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any volatility value is going to
+revert to this long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revert to this long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revert to this long run
+average and in the short run it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and in the short run it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and in the short run it's going
+to move incrementally to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move incrementally to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move incrementally to that
+value so these garch models are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so these garch models are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so these garch models are very
+good for describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for describing
+volatility relative to the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility relative to the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility relative to the long-term
+average in terms of their usefulness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in terms of their usefulness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in terms of their usefulness for
+prediction while they really predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction while they really predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction while they really predict
+that volatility is going to revert back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that volatility is going to revert back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that volatility is going to revert back
+to the mean at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean at some
+rate and uh the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and uh the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and uh the rate at which the
+volatility reverts back is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility reverts back is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility reverts back is given by
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 so that number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 so that number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus beta 1 so that number which
+is less than one for covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one for covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one for covariant
+stationerity is of measuring you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity is of measuring you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity is of measuring you know
+basically how quickly you are reverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how quickly you are reverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how quickly you are reverting
+back to the mean and that that sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the mean and that that sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the mean and that that sum is
+actually called a persistence parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called a persistence parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called a persistence parameter
+in garch models as well so how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in garch models as well so how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in garch models as well so how you know
+is volatility persisting or not well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is volatility persisting or not well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is volatility persisting or not well the
+larger alpha 1 plus beta 1 is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger alpha 1 plus beta 1 is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger alpha 1 plus beta 1 is the more
+persistent volatility is meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent volatility is meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent volatility is meaning it's
+reverting back to that long run average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting back to that long run average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverting back to that long run average
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+slowly in the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in the implementation of
+volatility estimates uh with the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility estimates uh with the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility estimates uh with the risk
+metrics um methodology they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics um methodology they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics um methodology they actually
+don't assume that there is a long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assume that there is a long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't assume that there is a long run
+volatility and so that uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and so that uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and so that uh basically
+you'll have alpha 1 be equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have alpha 1 be equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have alpha 1 be equal to zero and
+beta 1 equal to say uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 equal to say uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 equal to say uh uh
+0.95 so um or rather the alpha not is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 so um or rather the alpha not is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 so um or rather the alpha not is is
+zero and and the uh uh alpha 1 and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and the uh uh alpha 1 and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and the uh uh alpha 1 and beta
+1 will sum actually sum to one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will sum actually sum to one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will sum actually sum to one and so
+you actually are tracking a potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually are tracking a potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually are tracking a potentially
+non-stationary volatility which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary volatility which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationary volatility which allows
+you to be estimating the average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be estimating the average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be estimating the average or
+estimating the the volatility without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the the volatility without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the the volatility without
+presuming a long run average is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming a long run average is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming a long run average is uh
+consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay there are many extensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay there are many extensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay there are many extensions of the
+garch models um and uh you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch models um and uh you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garch models um and uh you know there's
+a wide literature on that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide literature on that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide literature on that um you know
+for this course I think it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course I think it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course I think it's important
+to understand the fundamentals of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the fundamentals of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the fundamentals of of
+these models in terms of you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models in terms of you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models in terms of you know how
+they're specified under gaussian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specified under gaussian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specified under gaussian and
+assumptions um extending them U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um extending them U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions um extending them U you know
+can be very interesting and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very interesting and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very interesting and uh you know
+there are many papers to look at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many papers to look at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many papers to look at for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's pause for a minute and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pause for a minute and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pause for a minute and get the
+next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right the next topic is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right the next topic is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right the next topic is time
+series uh multivariate time series um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh multivariate time series um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh multivariate time series um in
+know two lectures ago of mine we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two lectures ago of mine we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two lectures ago of mine we talked
+about univariate time series and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about univariate time series and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about univariate time series and basic
+methodologies there we're now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies there we're now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies there we're now going to
+be extending that to multivariate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extending that to multivariate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extending that to multivariate time
+series uh turns out there's a the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh turns out there's a the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh turns out there's a the a
+multivariate world represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate world represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate world represent
+presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation
+theorem extension of the univariate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem extension of the univariate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem extension of the univariate one
+there are Auto regressive processes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Auto regressive processes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Auto regressive processes for
+multivariant cases which are vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant cases which are vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant cases which are vector
+autoregressive processes leas squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive processes leas squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive processes leas squares
+estimation comes into play and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation comes into play and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation comes into play and then
+we'll see where our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see where our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see where our regression
+analysis understanding allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis understanding allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis understanding allows us to
+specify these Vector autor regressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify these Vector autor regressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify these Vector autor regressive
+processes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes uh
+nicely um there's an optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely um there's an optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely um there's an optimality
+properties of ordinary lease squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ordinary lease squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of ordinary lease squares
+estimates component wise which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates component wise which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates component wise which we'll
+highlight in a few in about a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight in a few in about a half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight in a few in about a half an
+hour and uh go through the maximum likel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh go through the maximum likel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh go through the maximum likel
+estimation model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation model
+selection uh methods which are uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh methods which are uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection uh methods which are uh just
+very straightforward extensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward extensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward extensions of the
+same concepts for univariate uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same concepts for univariate uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same concepts for univariate uh time
+series and univariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and univariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and univariate
+regressions so let's talk let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions so let's talk let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions so let's talk let's
+introduce the notation for multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notation for multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notation for multivariate
+Time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time series
+okay we have a stochastic process which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a stochastic process which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a stochastic process which
+now is multivariate so we have bold X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is multivariate so we have bold X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is multivariate so we have bold X
+subt is some M dimensional valued random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is some M dimensional valued random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt is some M dimensional valued random
+variable and uh it's a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and uh it's a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and uh it's a stochastic
+process that uh varies over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that uh varies over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that uh varies over time
+T and we can think of this as M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we can think of this as M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we can think of this as M
+different time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time series
+corresponding to the m components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the m components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the m components of the
+given process so you know say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given process so you know say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given process so you know say with
+exchange rates we could be modeling M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates we could be modeling M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates we could be modeling M
+different exchange rate values and want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exchange rate values and want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exchange rate values and want
+to model uh those jointly as a as a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model uh those jointly as a as a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model uh those jointly as a as a Time
+series or we could have collections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or we could have collections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or we could have collections of
+stocks that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that we're
+modeling so each of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so each of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling so each of the components
+individually can be uh treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually can be uh treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually can be uh treated as
+univariate series with univarate methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate series with univarate methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate series with univarate methods
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with with the multivariant case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the multivariant case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the multivariant case we
+extend the definition of covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the definition of covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the definition of covariant
+stationerity to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationerity to correspond
+to finite bounded first and second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite bounded first and second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite bounded first and second order
+moments so we need to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so we need to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments so we need to talk about the
+first order moment of the multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order moment of the multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order moment of the multivariate
+time series mu now is an M Vector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series mu now is an M Vector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series mu now is an M Vector which
+is the vector of expected values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector of expected values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector of expected values of the
+individual components which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components which we can
+denote by mu1 through muum so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by mu1 through muum so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by mu1 through muum so we
+basically have M vectors for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean then for the variance covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix let's Define gamma 0 to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's Define gamma 0 to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's Define gamma 0 to be the
+variance covariance Matrix of the teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance Matrix of the teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance covariance Matrix of the teeth
+observation of our multivariate process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of our multivariate process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of our multivariate process
+so that's equal to the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's equal to the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's equal to the expected value of
+XT minus mu XT minus mu Prime so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write that down we have XT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write that down we have XT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write that down we have XT minus
+mu this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu this is
+basically an M by one vector and then XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an M by one vector and then XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an M by one vector and then XT
+minus mu Prime is a 1 by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu Prime is a 1 by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu Prime is a 1 by m
+vector and so the product of that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so the product of that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so the product of that is an
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+bym quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bym quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bym quantity
+so the one one element of that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one one element of that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one one element of that product
+is the variance of x1t and the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of x1t and the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of x1t and the diagonal
+entries are the variances of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are the variances of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are the variances of the
+component series and the off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component series and the off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component series and the off diagonal
+values are the covariance between the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the covariance between the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are the covariance between the E
+row series and the J column series as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row series and the J column series as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row series and the J column series as
+given by the E row of X and the jth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the E row of X and the jth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the E row of X and the jth
+column of X transpose so um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of X transpose so um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of X transpose so um so we're
+just collecting together all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collecting together all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just collecting together all the
+variances co-variances together and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances co-variances together and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances co-variances together and the
+notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is
+very straightforward and simple with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward and simple with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward and simple with the
+Matrix notation given here now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix notation given here now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix notation given here now the
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+Matrix R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R
+not is obtained by pre- and post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is obtained by pre- and post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is obtained by pre- and post
+multiplying this covariance Matrix gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this covariance Matrix gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this covariance Matrix gamma
+not by a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by a diagonal
+Matrix with the square roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the square roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the square roots of the
+diagonal of this Matrix now what now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of this Matrix now what now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of this Matrix now what now
+what's a correlation a correlation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a correlation a correlation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a correlation a correlation is
+the correlation between two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation between two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation between two random
+variables where we've standardized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where we've standardized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where we've standardized the
+variables to have mean zero and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to have mean zero and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to have mean zero and variance
+one so that's so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's so what we want to do is
+basically divide through all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divide through all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divide through all of these
+variables by their standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by their standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by their standard deviation
+and compute The covariance Matrix on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute The covariance Matrix on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute The covariance Matrix on
+that new scaling that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new scaling that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new scaling that's equivalent to
+just pre- and post multiplying by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pre- and post multiplying by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pre- and post multiplying by that
+diagonal of the inverse of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of the inverse of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal of the inverse of the standard
+deviations so with Matrix algebra you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations so with Matrix algebra you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations so with Matrix algebra you
+know that formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that formula is
+uh very I think it's very clear um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very I think it's very clear um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very I think it's very clear um and
+this is Now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the previous discussion was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the previous discussion was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the previous discussion was just
+looking at the sort of contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sort of contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sort of contemporary
+anous covariance Matrix of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anous covariance Matrix of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anous covariance Matrix of the time
+series values at a given time t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series values at a given time t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series values at a given time t with
+itself we want to look at also the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we want to look at also the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we want to look at also the cross
+covariance matrices so how are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrices so how are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrices so how are the
+current values of the multivariate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current values of the multivariate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current values of the multivariate time
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT how do they coary with the K flag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT how do they coary with the K flag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT how do they coary with the K flag of
+those values so gamma K is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values so gamma K is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values so gamma K is looking at
+how the current period is Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current period is Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current period is Vector of
+values is co-varied with the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is co-varied with the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is co-varied with the K
+flag of of those values so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag of of those values so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag of of those values so this
+covariance Matrix is you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix is you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix is you know has
+covariance elements given you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance elements given you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance elements given you know in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+display and uh we can Define The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and uh we can Define The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and uh we can Define The
+crosscorrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscorrelation
+Matrix uh by similarly pre post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh by similarly pre post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh by similarly pre post
+multiplying by the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by the inverse of the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviations the diagonal of gamma KN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations the diagonal of gamma KN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations the diagonal of gamma KN is
+the co-variance or is the Matrix of diag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-variance or is the Matrix of diag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-variance or is the Matrix of diag
+entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of
+variances now properties of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances now properties of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances now properties of these
+matrices is okay gamma not is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is okay gamma not is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices is okay gamma not is a
+symmetric Matrix that we had before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix that we had before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix that we had before but
+gamma K where K is greater than one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma K where K is greater than one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma K where K is greater than one or
+less than or greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or greater than or equal to
+one or less than basically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or less than basically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or less than basically different
+from zero this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero this is not
+symmetric basically uh you may have lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric basically uh you may have lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric basically uh you may have lags
+of some variables that are positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some variables that are positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some variables that are positively
+Cor corated with others and not vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cor corated with others and not vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cor corated with others and not vice
+versa so the off diagonal entries here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so the off diagonal entries here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so the off diagonal entries here
+uh aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aren't
+necessarily of the same even of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of the same even of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of the same even of the same
+sign let alone equal and symmetric so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign let alone equal and symmetric so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign let alone equal and symmetric so um
+with these covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these covariance
+matrices one can look at how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one can look at how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one can look at how things
+coary and whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coary and whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coary and whether they
+are uh whe whether there is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh whe whether there is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh whe whether there is basically a
+dependence between them and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between them and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between them and you can
+define basically the jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define basically the jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define basically the jar
+series the jar component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the jar component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the jar component of the
+multivariant time series may lead the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant time series may lead the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant time series may lead the J
+one if the co-variance of the Ki lag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the co-variance of the Ki lag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the co-variance of the Ki lag of
+Jar is POS is different than from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jar is POS is different than from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jar is POS is different than from zero
+or the covariance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the covariance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the covariance of
+Jar K lags ago is is nonzero Cor CO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jar K lags ago is is nonzero Cor CO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jar K lags ago is is nonzero Cor CO
+covaries with the J lag sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covaries with the J lag sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covaries with the J lag sorry the
+current lag so xtj star will lead xtj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current lag so xtj star will lead xtj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current lag so xtj star will lead xtj
+basically there's information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's information in the
+lagged values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagged values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagged values of
+jar for the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar for the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar for the component
+J so um if if we're trying to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so um if if we're trying to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so um if if we're trying to build
+models um I know linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um I know linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um I know linear regression
+models even where we're trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models even where we're trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models even where we're trying to look
+at how you know trying to predict values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you know trying to predict values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you know trying to predict values
+then if there's a nonzero covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's a nonzero covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's a nonzero covariance
+then we can use the those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the those variables
+information to uh actually project what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to uh actually project what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to uh actually project what
+the uh one variable is given the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one variable is given the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one variable is given the other
+now uh it can be the case that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it can be the case that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it can be the case that you have
+um nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nonzero
+covariant in both directions and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant in both directions and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant in both directions and so that
+suggests that there can be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that there can be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that there can be sort of
+feedback between these variables it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback between these variables it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback between these variables it's
+not just that one variable causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that one variable causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that one variable causes
+another but there can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but there can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but there can actually be
+feedback um in economics and finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um in economics and finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um in economics and finance
+there's a notion of Granger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notion of Granger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a notion of Granger
+causality um and uh you basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality um and uh you basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality um and uh you basically that
+oh Granger and Engle got the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Granger and Engle got the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Granger and Engle got the Nobel Prize
+number of years ago based on their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago based on their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago based on their work
+and that work deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that work deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that work deals with
+identifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying and
+part judgments of causality between or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part judgments of causality between or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part judgments of causality between or
+Granger causality between variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granger causality between variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granger causality between variables
+economic time series and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic time series and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic time series and that sort of
+Granger causality basically is is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granger causality basically is is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Granger causality basically is is a sort
+of positive uh or non-zero correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive uh or non-zero correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive uh or non-zero correlation
+between variables um where lags of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between variables um where lags of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between variables um where lags of one
+variable will cause another or cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable will cause another or cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable will cause another or cause
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another all right um I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all right um I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another all right um I want to just
+alert you to the existence of this W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert you to the existence of this W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert you to the existence of this W
+decomposition theorem uh this is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition theorem uh this is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition theorem uh this is uh you
+know an advanced theorem but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an advanced theorem but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an advanced theorem but it's it's
+it's a useful theorem to know exists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful theorem to know exists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful theorem to know exists um
+and this extends the univariant world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this extends the univariant world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this extends the univariant world
+decomposition theorem which uh concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition theorem which uh concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition theorem which uh concerns
+the you know whenever we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know whenever we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know whenever we have a
+covariant stationary process there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant stationary process there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant stationary process there
+exists a representation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a representation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a representation of that
+process which is the sum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is the sum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is the sum of a
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and a moving average process of a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a moving average process of a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a moving average process of a white
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+so if if if you're modeling a Time ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if if you're modeling a Time ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if if you're modeling a Time ser
+series and you're going to be specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you're going to be specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you're going to be specifying
+a covariant stationary process for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant stationary process for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariant stationary process for that
+there does exist a wo decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does exist a wo decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does exist a wo decomposition
+representation of that you can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that you can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that you can basically
+determine uh I identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh I identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh I identify the
+deterministic process that the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic process that the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic process that the process
+might follow it might be a linear Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might follow it might be a linear Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might follow it might be a linear Trend
+over time or an exponential Trend um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or an exponential Trend um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or an exponential Trend um and
+if you remove that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remove that sort of
+deterministic uh process VT then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh process VT then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic uh process VT then what
+remains is a process that can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains is a process that can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains is a process that can be uh
+modeled with uh a moving average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled with uh a moving average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled with uh a moving average of
+white noise these now here everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise these now here everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise these now here everything is
+changed from Univar case to multivar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed from Univar case to multivar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed from Univar case to multivar
+case so we have matrices in place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we have matrices in place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we have matrices in place of
+constants from before so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants from before so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants from before so these
+uh the new new Concepts here are we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new new Concepts here are we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new new Concepts here are we have
+a multivariant white noise process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multivariant white noise process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multivariant white noise process
+okay that's going to be a process a to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to be a process a to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to be a process a to T
+which is M dimensional which has mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M dimensional which has mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is M dimensional which has mean
+zero and the variance Matrix of this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the variance Matrix of this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the variance Matrix of this m
+Vector is going to be Sigma which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to be Sigma which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is going to be Sigma which is now
+an M bym variance covariance Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M bym variance covariance Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M bym variance covariance Matrix of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+components and that must be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and that must be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and that must be positive
+semi-definite and for White Noise We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite and for White Noise We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite and for White Noise We
+have covariance between say the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covariance between say the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covariance between say the current
+T Innovation and a lag of its value are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Innovation and a lag of its value are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Innovation and a lag of its value are
+zero so these are uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so these are uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so these are uncorrelated
+multivariant white noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant white noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant white noise
+processes and so they're uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so they're uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so they're uncorrelated
+with each other um at various lags and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other um at various lags and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other um at various lags and
+The Innovation ad to is has a covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Innovation ad to is has a covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Innovation ad to is has a covariance
+of zero with the uh deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero with the uh deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero with the uh deterministic
+process actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually
+that's um pretty much a given if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um pretty much a given if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um pretty much a given if we have
+a deterministic process process now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic process process now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic process process now the
+terms P you know basically we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms P you know basically we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms P you know basically we have this
+m Vector XT is equal to some M vectored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Vector XT is equal to some M vectored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Vector XT is equal to some M vectored
+process VT plus this weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process VT plus this weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process VT plus this weighted average of
+Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations
+um what's required is that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's required is that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's required is that the sum of
+this basically each term p k and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically each term p k and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically each term p k and its
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+converges now if you were to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges now if you were to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges now if you were to take that
+XT process and say let me compute the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT process and say let me compute the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT process and say let me compute the V
+the variance Co variance Matrix of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance Co variance Matrix of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance Co variance Matrix of that
+representation then you would basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then you would basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then you would basically
+get terms in the covariance Matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get terms in the covariance Matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get terms in the covariance Matrix which
+includes sum this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes sum this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes sum this sum of
+terms so that sum has to be finite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so that sum has to be finite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so that sum has to be finite in
+order for this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this to be
+uh covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covariant
+stationary yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary yes
+you oh okay okay well the Innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh okay okay well the Innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh okay okay well the Innovation is
+um let's see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see with
+um let me go back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me go back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me go back up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right um okay The Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um okay The Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um okay The Innovation
+process Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process Innovation
+process um okay if we have as in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um okay if we have as in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um okay if we have as in this
+case we have sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have sort of our
+XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+uh stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochastic process
+process and we have sort of say F sub t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we have sort of say F sub t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we have sort of say F sub t
+minus1 equal to sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 equal to sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 equal to sort the
+uh information on XT minus1 XT minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information on XT minus1 XT minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information on XT minus1 XT minus 2
+basically consisting of the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consisting of the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consisting of the information
+set available Before Time T then uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set available Before Time T then uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set available Before Time T then uh we
+can model XT to be the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model XT to be the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model XT to be the expected value of
+x T given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x T given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x T given
+ft minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an
+innovation and so our objective in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and so our objective in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and so our objective in in
+these models is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models is
+to be thinking of how is the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking of how is the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking of how is the process
+evolving where we can model the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving where we can model the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving where we can model the process
+as well as possible using information up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as possible using information up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as possible using information up
+to time before T and then there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time before T and then there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time before T and then there's some
+disturbance of about that model there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance of about that model there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance of about that model there's
+something new that's happened at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that's happened at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new that's happened at time T
+that wasn't available before and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't available before and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't available before and that's
+this Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Innovation
+process so so this representation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so so this representation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so so this representation with
+the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall
+decomposition is converting the uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is converting the uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition is converting the uh or
+are representing basically the bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing basically the bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are representing basically the bits of
+information that are affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that are affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that are affecting the
+process that are occurring at at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that are occurring at at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that are occurring at at time T
+and weren't wasn't available prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weren't wasn't available prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weren't wasn't available prior to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right well let's move on to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well let's move on to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well let's move on to uh
+Vector autor regressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes um okay this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um okay this representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um okay this representation
+for a vector Auto regressive process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector Auto regressive process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector Auto regressive process is
+an extension of the univariate auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of the univariate auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of the univariate auto
+regressive process to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive process to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive process to P
+Dimensions sorry to M dimensions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions sorry to M dimensions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions sorry to M dimensions and so
+our XT is an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our XT is an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our XT is an M
+Vector that's going to be equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's going to be equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that's going to be equal to some
+constant Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Vector
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+plus a matrix V1 time lag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a matrix V1 time lag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a matrix V1 time lag of
+XT one first order XT minus one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT one first order XT minus one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT one first order XT minus one plus
+another Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Matrix
+F2 times the second lag of XT XT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 times the second lag of XT XT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 times the second lag of XT XT minus
+2 up to the P term which is a FP P by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up to the P term which is a FP P by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 up to the P term which is a FP P by m
+by m Matrix * XT minus P plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m Matrix * XT minus P plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m Matrix * XT minus P plus this
+innovation term so so this is essenti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation term so so this is essenti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation term so so this is essenti
+you know this is basically how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is basically how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is basically how a
+univariate autor regressive process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate autor regressive process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate autor regressive process
+extends to an M variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to an M variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends to an M variant
+case and what this allows one to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what this allows one to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and what this allows one to do is
+model how a given component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how a given component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how a given component of the
+multivariate series like how One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate series like how One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate series like how One
+exchange rate varies depend on depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate varies depend on depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate varies depend on depending
+on how other exchange rates might vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how other exchange rates might vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how other exchange rates might vary
+you know exchange rates uh tend to Cove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exchange rates uh tend to Cove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exchange rates uh tend to Cove
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+um in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that
+example um so if we look at what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so if we look at what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so if we look at what this
+represents in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents in terms
+of basically a component series we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically a component series we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically a component series we can
+consider fixing j a component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider fixing j a component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider fixing j a component of the
+multivariant process it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant process it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant process it could be the
+first the last or the J you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the last or the J you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the last or the J you know
+somewhere in the middle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle and that
+component time series like a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component time series like a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component time series like a fixed
+exchange rate series or time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate series or time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate series or time series
+whatever we're focused on in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're focused on in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we're focused on in our
+modeling is a jaliz of the autor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is a jaliz of the autor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is a jaliz of the autor
+regressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive
+model where we have the autor regressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we have the autor regressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we have the autor regressive
+terms of the jth series on lags of the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the jth series on lags of the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the jth series on lags of the J
+series up to order P so we have the univ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series up to order P so we have the univ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series up to order P so we have the univ
+autoregressive model but we also add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive model but we also add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive model but we also add to
+that terms corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terms corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terms corresponding to the
+relationship between XJ and XJ star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between XJ and XJ star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between XJ and XJ star so
+how does XJ the jth component depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does XJ the jth component depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does XJ the jth component depend on
+other variables other components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables other components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables other components of the
+multivariant series and those are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant series and those are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariant series and those are given
+here so you know it's a a convenient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you know it's a a convenient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you know it's a a convenient way
+to um allow for interdependence among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um allow for interdependence among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um allow for interdependence among
+the components and model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay okay this slide deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay this slide deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay okay this slide deals with
+representing a uh PE order process as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a uh PE order process as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a uh PE order process as
+a first order process with Vector Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order process with Vector Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order process with Vector Auto
+regressions uh now the concept here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions uh now the concept here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions uh now the concept here is
+really a very powerful concept that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very powerful concept that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very powerful concept that's
+applied in uh time series methods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in uh time series methods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in uh time series methods which
+is when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you are
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+that goes back say a number of lags like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back say a number of lags like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back say a number of lags like
+P lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P lags
+um the the structure can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the structure can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the structure can actually be
+reexpressed as simply A first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexpressed as simply A first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reexpressed as simply A first order
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+only and so it's much easier sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and so it's much easier sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and so it's much easier sort of to
+deal with just a lag one dependence than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with just a lag one dependence than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with just a lag one dependence than
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+consider pag dependence and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider pag dependence and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider pag dependence and you know the
+complications involved with that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications involved with that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications involved with that um so
+uh and and and this technique is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and this technique is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and this technique is one
+where and in the early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and in the early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and in the early days of
+fitting like autor regressive moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting like autor regressive moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting like autor regressive moving
+average processes um and uh uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average processes um and uh uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average processes um and uh uh various
+smoothing methods the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing methods the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing methods the
+uh the model or or the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model or or the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model or or the basically
+accommodating Pags was was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating Pags was was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodating Pags was was was
+complicated the analysis enormously but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the analysis enormously but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the analysis enormously but
+one can actually reexpress it just as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can actually reexpress it just as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can actually reexpress it just as as
+a first order lag problem so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order lag problem so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first order lag problem so in this
+case what one does is one considers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what one does is one considers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what one does is one considers for
+uh Vector Auto regressive process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector Auto regressive process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vector Auto regressive process of
+order P simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stacking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh values of the process so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values of the process so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values of the process so let me just
+highlight what that's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically okay so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so if we have
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+xn which is which are all M by1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn which is which are all M by1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn which is which are all M by1
+values M vectors of the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values M vectors of the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values M vectors of the stochastic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+then consider defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ZT to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to XT transpose XT T -1 transpose up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to XT transpose XT T -1 transpose up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to XT transpose XT T -1 transpose up to
+x t - P -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose or this is T minus P minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose or this is T minus P minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose or this is T minus P minus one
+so there are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are P
+terms um and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um and then if we
+consider the lagged value of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the lagged value of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the lagged value of that that's
+XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+minus1 XT minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 XT minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 XT minus 2
+x t minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t minus P
+transpose so what we're what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what we're what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what we're what we've done
+is we're considering ZT this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're considering ZT this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're considering ZT this is going to
+be M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be M *
+P it's actually 1 by m * p in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's actually 1 by m * p in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's actually 1 by m * p in this
+notation well actually I guess I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation well actually I guess I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation well actually I guess I should
+put a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a transpose
+here so it's n minus P by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's n minus P by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's n minus P by
+one okay there were in the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay there were in the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay there were in the lecture notes
+it actually is primed there to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is primed there to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is primed there to indicate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+transpose well if if you define ZT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well if if you define ZT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well if if you define ZT and
+ZT minus one this way then ZT is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZT minus one this way then ZT is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZT minus one this way then ZT is equal
+to D plus a ZT minus one uh plus F where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D plus a ZT minus one uh plus F where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D plus a ZT minus one uh plus F where
+this is D basically the constant term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D basically the constant term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is D basically the constant term
+has the C entering in then Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the C entering in then Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the C entering in then Zer
+everywhere else and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else and the a
+matrix is V1 F2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is V1 F2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is V1 F2 up to
+FP and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP and so basically
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh ZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ZT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ZT
+Vector transforms the ZT Min or is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector transforms the ZT Min or is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector transforms the ZT Min or is is
+the trans this this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans this this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trans this this linear
+transformation of the ZT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the ZT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the ZT minus
+one and uh we have S of very simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh we have S of very simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh we have S of very simple form
+for the constant term and a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constant term and a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constant term and a very simple
+form for the uh F Vector um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the uh F Vector um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the uh F Vector um and this
+is renders the model into a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is renders the model into a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is renders the model into a sort of a
+first order uh time series model with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order uh time series model with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order uh time series model with uh
+a larger multivariant series you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger multivariant series you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger multivariant series you know
+basically MP by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically MP by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically MP by
+one now with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now with this um
+representation um we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um we basically
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we can demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can demonstrate
+that the process is is going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the process is is going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the process is is going to be um
+stationary if all igen values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary if all igen values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary if all igen values of the
+companion Matrix a have modulus less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion Matrix a have modulus less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion Matrix a have modulus less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one and um let's see if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and um let's see if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and um let's see if we go back to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+expression okay if the igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay if the igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay if the igen values of
+this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+a are less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are less than
+one then we won't get sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we won't get sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we won't get sort of an
+explosive behavior of the process when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive behavior of the process when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive behavior of the process when
+this basically increments over time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically increments over time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically increments over time with
+every previous value getting multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every previous value getting multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every previous value getting multiplied
+by the a matrix and uh scaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the a matrix and uh scaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the a matrix and uh scaling the
+process over time to you know by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over time to you know by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process over time to you know by the
+eighth power so that uh is required all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth power so that uh is required all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth power so that uh is required all
+L values of a have to be less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L values of a have to be less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L values of a have to be less than one
+and equivalently all roots of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equivalently all roots of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equivalently all roots of this
+equation need to be uh outside the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation need to be uh outside the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation need to be uh outside the unit
+circle you remember there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you remember there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you remember there was a
+constraint of uh or a condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of uh or a condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint of uh or a condition for
+univariate Auto regressive models to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate Auto regressive models to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate Auto regressive models to be
+stationary that the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary that the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary that the roots of the
+characteristic equation are all outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation are all outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation are all outside
+the unit circle and the class notes go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle and the class notes go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle and the class notes go
+through went through the derivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through went through the derivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through went through the derivation of
+that this is the extension of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the extension of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the extension of that to
+the multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multivariant
+case and uh so basically one needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and uh so basically one needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and uh so basically one needs to
+solve for roots of a polom in Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for roots of a polom in Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for roots of a polom in Z and
+determine whether those are outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether those are outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether those are outside the
+UN Circle um who can tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN Circle um who can tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN Circle um who can tell me what the
+order of the polinomial is here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the polinomial is here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the polinomial is here for this
+uh sort of determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation MP MP yes it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation MP MP yes it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation MP MP yes it's it's it's
+basically of of power MP so you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of of power MP so you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of of power MP so you know in
+a determinant you basically are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinant you basically are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinant you basically are taking
+products of of the M components in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of of the M components in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of of the M components in The
+Matrix um in various you know linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um in various you know linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um in various you know linear
+combinations of those so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those so that that's
+going to be an MP dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an MP dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an MP dimensional
+uh polinomial all right well the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polinomial all right well the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polinomial all right well the mean of
+the stationary VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stationary VAR
+process um can be computed rather easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um can be computed rather easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um can be computed rather easily
+by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking
+expectations of this on both sides so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this on both sides so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of this on both sides so if
+we take the expectation of XT and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the expectation of XT and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the expectation of XT and take
+expectations across both sides we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations across both sides we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations across both sides we get
+that mu is the C Vector Plus the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is the C Vector Plus the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is the C Vector Plus the product
+of the FK * mu + 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the FK * mu + 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the FK * mu + 0 so
+mu the unconditional mean of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu the unconditional mean of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu the unconditional mean of the process
+actually has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has this
+formula just solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just solving
+for Mu or in the uh top in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mu or in the uh top in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mu or in the uh top in the second
+line to the third line so here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the third line so here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the third line so here we can
+see that um basically uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um basically uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that um basically uh this
+expression 1 minus V1 through VP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression 1 minus V1 through VP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression 1 minus V1 through VP that
+inverse has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse has to
+exist um and actually if we then plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist um and actually if we then plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist um and actually if we then plug in
+the value of C in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of C in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of C in terms of the
+unconditional mean we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional mean we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional mean we get this
+expression for the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the original
+process so the unconditional mean c if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the unconditional mean c if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the unconditional mean c if
+we've demeaned the process there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've demeaned the process there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've demeaned the process there's
+basically no mean term there it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no mean term there it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no mean term there it's zero
+and so basically the the mean adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically the the mean adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically the the mean adjusted
+process x uh follows this multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process x uh follows this multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process x uh follows this multivariate
+Vector Auto regression with with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Auto regression with with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Auto regression with with no
+mean which um is actually used when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which um is actually used when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which um is actually used when when
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified
+now this Vector autor regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Vector autor regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Vector autor regression
+model uh can be expressed as a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh can be expressed as a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh can be expressed as a system of
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+equations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we have with the multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have with the multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have with the multivariate
+series if we have multivariate data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if we have multivariate data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if we have multivariate data
+we'll have n sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have n sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have n sample
+observations XT which is basically the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations XT which is basically the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations XT which is basically the M
+Vector of the multivariate process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the multivariate process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of the multivariate process
+observed for uh end time points and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed for uh end time points and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed for uh end time points and for
+the computations here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computations here we're going to
+assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we
+have P sort of we have pre- sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P sort of we have pre- sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P sort of we have pre- sample
+observations available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations available to
+us um so essentially going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um so essentially going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um so essentially going to be
+considering models where we condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering models where we condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering models where we condition on
+the first P time points in order to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first P time points in order to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first P time points in order to uh
+facilitate the estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate the estimation
+methodology then uh we can set up M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology then uh we can set up M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology then uh we can set up M
+regression models corresponding to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models corresponding to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models corresponding to each
+component of the M variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the M variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the M variant
+series and um the so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and um the so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and um the so what we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+original we have our collection of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original we have our collection of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original we have our collection of of of
+data values okay which is X1 transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values okay which is X1 transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data values okay which is X1 transpose
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+transpose down to xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose which is an N by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is an N by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is an N by m
+Matrix okay this is our multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay this is our multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay this is our multivariate
+time series where we just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series where we just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series where we just the first
+corresponds to the first time values nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first time values nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first time values nth
+row to the nth time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the nth time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the nth time
+values and we can set up M regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we can set up M regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and we can set up M regression
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+where we're going to consider modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to consider modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to consider modeling
+the J column of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J column of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J column of this
+Matrix so we we're just picking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we we're just picking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we we're just picking out the
+univariate time series corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate time series corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariate time series corresponding to
+the J component that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J component that's
+YJ and we're going to model that as Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ and we're going to model that as Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ and we're going to model that as Z
+beta J plus Epsilon J where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta J plus Epsilon J where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta J plus Epsilon J where
+Z is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is given
+by the vector of lagged values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vector of lagged values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vector of lagged values of the
+multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate
+process where there's for the T T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where there's for the T T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where there's for the T T minus
+first value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value we
+have that current value or the T minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that current value or the T minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that current value or the T minus 1
+the T minus 2 up to T minus P so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T minus 2 up to T minus P so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T minus 2 up to T minus P so we have
+basically p m vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically p m vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically p m vectors
+here and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this
+J uh time Series has elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh time Series has elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh time Series has elements that
+follow a linear regression model on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a linear regression model on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a linear regression model on the
+lags of the entire multivariant series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags of the entire multivariant series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags of the entire multivariant series
+up to P lags with a regression parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to P lags with a regression parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to P lags with a regression parameter
+given by Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Beta
+J and basically the beta J regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and basically the beta J regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and basically the beta J regression
+parameters is corresponds to um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is corresponds to um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is corresponds to um you know
+the uh V various elements of the Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh V various elements of the Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh V various elements of the Fe
+matrices so there's a one toone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so there's a one toone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so there's a one toone
+correspondence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right
+so if we def uh I'm using now a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we def uh I'm using now a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we def uh I'm using now a notation
+superscript uh J corresponds to the jth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript uh J corresponds to the jth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript uh J corresponds to the jth
+component of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of of the
+series of of of the multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of of the multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of of the multivariate
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process um so we have uh an MP plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so we have uh an MP plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so we have uh an MP plus1
+Vector of regression parameters for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of regression parameters for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of regression parameters for the
+J for each Series J and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for each Series J and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for each Series J and we have an
+Epsilon J for uh an N Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon J for uh an N Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon J for uh an N Vector of
+innovation errors for each series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation errors for each series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation errors for each series and
+so um basically if this you know the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um basically if this you know the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um basically if this you know the J
+column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is
+YJ we're modeling that to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ we're modeling that to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YJ we're modeling that to be equal to
+this simple Matrix Z Time beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple Matrix Z Time beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple Matrix Z Time beta
+J plus Epsilon J where this is n by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus Epsilon J where this is n by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus Epsilon J where this is n by 1
+this is n by MP +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and this beta J is the mp+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this beta J is the mp+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and this beta J is the mp+ one
+regression par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if if we
+cons okay one might think okay one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons okay one might think okay one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cons okay one might think okay one can
+consider each of these regressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider each of these regressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider each of these regressions for
+each of the component series you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the component series you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the component series you could
+consider them separately but um we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them separately but um we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider them separately but um we you
+know to consider them all together uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to consider them all together uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to consider them all together uh we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+Define the multivariant regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the multivariant regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the multivariant regression
+model which has the following form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which has the following form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which has the following form we
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+have the N vectors for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the N vectors for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the N vectors for the first
+component and then the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then the second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then the second component
+up to the N component so an N by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the N component so an N by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the N component so an N by P
+Matrix of dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of dependent
+variables where each column corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where each column corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables where each column corresponds
+to a different component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different component
+series follows a linear regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series follows a linear regression model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series follows a linear regression model
+which with the same Z Matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with the same Z Matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with the same Z Matrix with
+different regression coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression coefficient
+parameters beta 1 through beta M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta 1 through beta M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta 1 through beta M
+corresponding to the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the different
+components of the multivariant series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the multivariant series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the multivariant series
+and we have Epsilon 1 Epsilon 2 up Epson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have Epsilon 1 Epsilon 2 up Epson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have Epsilon 1 Epsilon 2 up Epson
+M um so we're thinking of taking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so we're thinking of taking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um so we're thinking of taking so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+the y1 Y2 up to ym is essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y1 Y2 up to ym is essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y1 Y2 up to ym is essentially this
+original Matrix of our mulate time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Matrix of our mulate time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Matrix of our mulate time
+series because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because it's the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+component uh in the First Column and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh in the First Column and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh in the First Column and the
+MTH component the MTH column and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTH component the MTH column and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTH component the MTH column and the
+uh this regression parameter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this regression parameter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this regression parameter or
+regression or this explanatory variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression or this explanatory variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression or this explanatory variables
+Matrix x z in this case corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix x z in this case corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix x z in this case corresponds to
+lags of the whole process up to P lags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags of the whole process up to P lags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags of the whole process up to P lags
+so we're having lags of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're having lags of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're having lags of all the
+the M variate process up to P like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M variate process up to P like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M variate process up to P like so
+that's MP and M plus one for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's MP and M plus one for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's MP and M plus one for for a
+constant so so this is the setup for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so this is the setup for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so so this is the setup for a
+multivariate regression model um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U it's um in terms of how how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's um in terms of how how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's um in terms of how how one
+specifies this well actually in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies this well actually in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies this well actually in in
+economic theory this is also uh related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory this is also uh related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic theory this is also uh related
+to seemingly unrelated regressions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seemingly unrelated regressions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seemingly unrelated regressions which
+uh you'll find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll find in
+ecometrics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecometrics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecometrics um
+if we want to specify this multivariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to specify this multivariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to specify this multivariant
+model well what we could do is we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well what we could do is we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well what we could do is we could
+actually specify each of the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify each of the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specify each of the component
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+separately because we basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately because we basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately because we basically have
+sort of can think of the univ regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can think of the univ regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can think of the univ regression
+model for each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for each component
+series and um this slide indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and um this slide indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and um this slide indicates
+basically what the formulas are for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what the formulas are for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what the formulas are for that
+so you know if if we uh don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if if we uh don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if if we uh don't know
+anything about multivariate regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about multivariate regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about multivariate regression
+we can say well let's start by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say well let's start by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say well let's start by just
+doing the univarate regression of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the univarate regression of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the univarate regression of each
+component series on the legs and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component series on the legs and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component series on the legs and so we
+get our beta hat J's least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our beta hat J's least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our beta hat J's least squares
+estimates given by the usual formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates given by the usual formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates given by the usual formula
+where the independent variables Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the independent variables Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the independent variables Matrix
+Z goes Z transpose Z inverse Z transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z goes Z transpose Z inverse Z transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z goes Z transpose Z inverse Z transpose
+y with the residual so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y with the residual so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y with the residual so these are
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+formulas and uh if we did this uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and uh if we did this uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and uh if we did this uh for
+each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the
+component Series J then uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Series J then uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Series J then uh we would
+actually get a sample estimates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a sample estimates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a sample estimates of the
+Innovation process the Ada ones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation process the Ada ones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation process the Ada ones uh
+basically the whole Ada Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole Ada Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole Ada Ada
+series um and uh we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um and uh we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series um and uh we could actually
+Define from these estimates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define from these estimates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define from these estimates of the
+Innovations our covariance Matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations our covariance Matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations our covariance Matrix for
+the Innovations as the sample covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovations as the sample covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovations as the sample covariance
+Matrix of these Adas so so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of these Adas so so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of these Adas so so all of these
+form formulas are you basically applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form formulas are you basically applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form formulas are you basically applying
+very straightforward estimation methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward estimation methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward estimation methods
+for the parameters of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the parameters of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the parameters of a linear
+regression and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and then
+estimating uh variances co-variances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh variances co-variances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh variances co-variances of
+these Innovation terms so so he from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Innovation terms so so he from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Innovation terms so so he from
+this we actually have estimates of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we actually have estimates of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we actually have estimates of this
+process in terms of the sigma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in terms of the sigma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in terms of the sigma and the
+beta hats but it's it's made assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hats but it's it's made assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hats but it's it's made assuming
+that we uh can treat each of these comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh can treat each of these comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh can treat each of these comp
+component regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separately a rather remarkable result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately a rather remarkable result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately a rather remarkable result is
+that these componentwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these componentwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these componentwise
+regressions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions are
+actually the optimal estimates for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the optimal estimates for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the optimal estimates for the
+multiv rate regression as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiv rate regression as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiv rate regression as
+well and uh you know as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and uh you know as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and uh you know as as
+mathematicians uh you know this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians uh you know this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians uh you know this kind of
+result is I think rather neat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is I think rather neat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is I think rather neat and
+elegant and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and uh
+uh you know maybe some of you will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe some of you will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe some of you will think
+this is very obvious but uh you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very obvious but uh you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very obvious but uh you know it
+it actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually you
+know isn't quite obvious uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know isn't quite obvious uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know isn't quite obvious uh that that
+this componentwise estimation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this componentwise estimation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this componentwise estimation should be
+should be optimal as well and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be optimal as well and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be optimal as well and the next
+section of the lecture notes goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the lecture notes goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the lecture notes goes
+through this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this argument
+um and I'm going to in the interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to in the interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to in the interest of
+time go through this uh just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time go through this uh just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time go through this uh just sort of
+highlight what the results are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight what the results are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight what the results are the
+details are in these notes that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are in these notes that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are in these notes that you can
+go through and I will uh be happy to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and I will uh be happy to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and I will uh be happy to go
+into more detail uh about them during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more detail uh about them during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more detail uh about them during
+office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+hours but um if if we're fitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but um if if we're fitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but um if if we're fitting a
+vector Auto regression model where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Auto regression model where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Auto regression model where there
+are no constraints on the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no constraints on the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no constraints on the coefficient
+matrices F1 through FP then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices F1 through FP then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices F1 through FP then these
+component-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimates accounting for arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates accounting for arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates accounting for arbitrary
+ciance Matrix Sigma with uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciance Matrix Sigma with uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ciance Matrix Sigma with uh for the
+Innovations um those basically are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations um those basically are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations um those basically are equal
+to the generalized lease squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the generalized lease squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the generalized lease squares
+estimates of these underlying parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of these underlying parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of these underlying parameters
+you'll recall we talked about the gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall we talked about the gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall we talked about the gaus
+Markov theorem where uh we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov theorem where uh we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov theorem where uh we were able to
+extend the Assumption of sort of equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the Assumption of sort of equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the Assumption of sort of equal
+variances across observations to unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances across observations to unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances across observations to unequal
+variances um and co-variances well um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances um and co-variances well um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances um and co-variances well um it
+turns out that these componentwise OS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these componentwise OS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that these componentwise OS
+estimates are in fact the generally Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are in fact the generally Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are in fact the generally Le
+squares estimates and under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimates and under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimates and under the
+assumption of gaussing distributions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of gaussing distributions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of gaussing distributions for
+the Innovations um they in fact are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovations um they in fact are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innovations um they in fact are
+maximum likely estimates and this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likely estimates and this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likely estimates and this uh
+Theory uh applies chroner products um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh applies chroner products um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh applies chroner products um
+we're not going to have any homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have any homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have any homework
+with chroner products you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chroner products you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chroner products you know these
+notes really are for those who you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes really are for those who you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes really are for those who you know
+have some more extensive background of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more extensive background of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some more extensive background of
+linear algebra but uh there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but uh there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra but uh there's a very
+nice use of these chronic product um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice use of these chronic product um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice use of these chronic product um
+operat ators basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operat ators basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operat ators basically
+uh this notation I don't know X Circle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this notation I don't know X Circle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this notation I don't know X Circle I
+don't know or chronic I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know or chronic I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know or chronic I'll call it
+chroner um is one where you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner um is one where you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner um is one where you take a
+matrix a and a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and a matrix
+B and you consider the Matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you consider the Matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you consider the Matrix which
+takes each element of a times the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes each element of a times the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes each element of a times the whole
+Matrix B so we start with an m byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix B so we start with an m byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix B so we start with an m byn
+Matrix a and end up with an MP by qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and end up with an MP by qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and end up with an MP by qn
+matrix by taking each element of a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by taking each element of a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by taking each element of a times
+the whole Matrix B so it's basically has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Matrix B so it's basically has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Matrix B so it's basically has
+this block structure so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block structure so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block structure so this is very
+simple definition if you you know look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition if you you know look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition if you you know look
+at properties of transposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at properties of transposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at properties of transposition of
+matrices you can prove these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you can prove these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you can prove these results
+these are properties of the krer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are properties of the krer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are properties of the krer product
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a VC operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a VC operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a VC operator which
+takes uh a matrix and simply Stacks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh a matrix and simply Stacks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh a matrix and simply Stacks the
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+together um and in the uh talk last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um and in the uh talk last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um and in the uh talk last last
+Tuesday of Ivon talking about modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday of Ivon talking about modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday of Ivon talking about modeling
+the uh volatility surface you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh volatility surface you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh volatility surface you basically
+he was modeling a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was modeling a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was modeling a two-dimensional
+surface or a surface in two Dimension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or a surface in two Dimension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or a surface in two Dimension or
+three dimensions but you know there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions but you know there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions but you know there was
+two Dimensions explaining it um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions explaining it um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions explaining it um you
+basically uh can stack Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh can stack Columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh can stack Columns of the
+Matrix and be modeling a vector instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and be modeling a vector instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and be modeling a vector instead
+of a m Matrix of values so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a m Matrix of values so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a m Matrix of values so the
+vectorizing operator allows us to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorizing operator allows us to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorizing operator allows us to uh
+manipulate terms into a more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate terms into a more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate terms into a more convenient
+form um and this multivariate regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um and this multivariate regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um and this multivariate regression
+model is uh one where it's set up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is uh one where it's set up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is uh one where it's set up as
+sort of a m by p n bym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a m by p n bym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a m by p n bym
+Matrix uh y having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh y having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh y having that
+structure it can be expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it can be expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it can be expressed in terms
+of the line regression form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line regression form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line regression form
+as y star equaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y star equaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y star equaling the
+vector the VC of of Y so um we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the VC of of Y so um we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the VC of of Y so um we basically
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+y1 Y 2 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Y 2 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 Y 2 down to
+ym all lined up so this is PM by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 that's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that's going to be equal to
+Matrix plus the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix plus the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix plus the Epsilon
+1 Epsilon 2 down to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Epsilon 2 down to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Epsilon 2 down to Epsilon
+n and then there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then there's going to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix and a regression coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and a regression coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and a regression coefficient
+Matrix beta 1 beta 2 down to Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix beta 1 beta 2 down to Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix beta 1 beta 2 down to Beta
+P so we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so we consider
+vectorizing the beta Matrix vectorizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorizing the beta Matrix vectorizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorizing the beta Matrix vectorizing
+Epsilon and vectorizing Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and vectorizing Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and vectorizing Y
+and then in order to Define this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to Define this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in order to Define this sort of
+simple linear regression model uh univ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear regression model uh univ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear regression model uh univ
+regression model well we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model well we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model well we need to have a
+z in the First Column here corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in the First Column here corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in the First Column here corresponding
+to beta 1 for y1 and then zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beta 1 for y1 and then zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beta 1 for y1 and then zeros
+everywhere else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else in the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+block we want to have a z in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block we want to have a z in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block we want to have a z in the second
+off diagonal with zeros everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal with zeros everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal with zeros everywhere else
+and and so forth so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth so you know this is
+just reexpressing everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reexpressing everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reexpressing everything in this
+notation but the notation is very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but the notation is very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but the notation is very nice
+because at the end of the day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end of the day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end of the day we
+basically have a regression model like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a regression model like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have a regression model like
+we had when we were doing our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had when we were doing our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had when we were doing our regression
+analysis so all the theory we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so all the theory we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so all the theory we have for
+specifying these models plays through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying these models plays through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying these models plays through
+with Univar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Univar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Univar
+regression and one can go through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and one can go through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and one can go through you
+know this technical argument to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this technical argument to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this technical argument to show
+that the generalized least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generalized least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the generalized least squares
+estimate is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is in fact
+the uh uh equivalent to the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh equivalent to the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh equivalent to the component
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+values and uh and that's very very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh and that's very very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh and that's very very good
+um all right maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right maximum likelihood
+estimation with these models well um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation with these models well um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation with these models well um we
+actually use this uh vectorized notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this uh vectorized notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this uh vectorized notation
+to define the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the likelihood
+function and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh
+if these assumptions are made about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these assumptions are made about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these assumptions are made about the
+linear regression model we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model we basically
+have have an n * m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have an n * m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have an n * m
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+of dependent variable values um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dependent variable values um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dependent variable values um which
+your multivariant normal with mean given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your multivariant normal with mean given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your multivariant normal with mean given
+by xar Beta star and then a co-variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by xar Beta star and then a co-variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by xar Beta star and then a co-variance
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+Epsilon the cience makes of Epsilon star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the cience makes of Epsilon star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the cience makes of Epsilon star
+is Sigma star well Sigma star is I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma star well Sigma star is I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Sigma star well Sigma star is I and
+chroner product Sigma so if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product Sigma so if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product Sigma so if you go
+through the math of this everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math of this everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math of this everything
+matches up in terms of uh you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches up in terms of uh you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches up in terms of uh you know what
+the assumptions are um and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions are um and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions are um and uh the
+conditional probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability density function
+of this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this data is
+uh the usual functions of log normal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the usual functions of log normal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the usual functions of log normal or
+of a normal uh sample so we have unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a normal uh sample so we have unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a normal uh sample so we have unknown
+parameters beta star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta star
+Sigma um which are equal to the uh joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma um which are equal to the uh joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma um which are equal to the uh joint
+density of this normal linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this normal linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this normal linear regression
+model so this is corresponds to uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is corresponds to uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is corresponds to uh what
+we had before in our regression analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before in our regression analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before in our regression analysis
+we just have this more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have this more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have this more complicated
+definition of the independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the independent variables
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+xstar and a more complicated definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and a more complicated definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and a more complicated definition
+of our variance covariance Matrix Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our variance covariance Matrix Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our variance covariance Matrix Sigma
+star um but the log likelihood function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star um but the log likelihood function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star um but the log likelihood function
+ends up being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being equal
+to a term proportional to the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a term proportional to the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a term proportional to the log of the
+determinant of our Sigma Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of our Sigma Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of our Sigma Matrix and
+minus 12 Q of Beta Sigma where Q of Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 Q of Beta Sigma where Q of Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 Q of Beta Sigma where Q of Beta
+Sigma is the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is the least squares
+Criterion for each of the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion for each of the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion for each of the component
+models summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models summed
+up so the component wise uh maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the component wise uh maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so the component wise uh maximum
+likid estimation is for the under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likid estimation is for the under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likid estimation is for the under
+underlying parameters is the same as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying parameters is the same as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying parameters is the same as as
+the uh large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh large
+one and uh in terms of uh estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh in terms of uh estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh in terms of uh estimating the
+covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance
+Matrix um there's a notion called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um there's a notion called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um there's a notion called the
+concentrated log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated log
+likelihood which comes into play in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood which comes into play in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood which comes into play in uh
+multi in models with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi in models with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi in models with many
+parameters um in this model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um in this model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters um in this model we have
+unknown parameters are regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters are regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameters are regression
+parameters beta and our covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta and our covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters beta and our covariance
+Matrix for the Innovations Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the Innovations Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for the Innovations Sigma
+it turns out that our estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that our estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that our estimate of the
+regression parameter beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter beta is
+independent doesn't depend not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent doesn't depend not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent doesn't depend not
+statistically independent but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically independent but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically independent but it does
+not depend on the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the value of the
+covariance Matrix Sigma so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix Sigma so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance Matrix Sigma so whatever
+Sigma is we have the same estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is we have the same estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is we have the same estimate
+maximum like estimate for the betas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum like estimate for the betas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum like estimate for the betas so
+we can consider the log likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider the log likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider the log likelihood
+setting the beta parameter equal to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the beta parameter equal to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the beta parameter equal to its
+maximum likelihood estimate and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimate and then we
+have a function that just depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that just depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that just depends on the
+data and the unknown parameter Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the unknown parameter Sigma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the unknown parameter Sigma so
+that's a concentrated likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a concentrated likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a concentrated likelihood
+function that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that needs to be
+maximized and the maximization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized and the maximization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized and the maximization of the
+log of a determinant of a matrix minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of a determinant of a matrix minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of a determinant of a matrix minus
+n/ two the trace of that Matrix times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two the trace of that Matrix times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two the trace of that Matrix times an
+estimate of it that has been solved um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of it that has been solved um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of it that has been solved um
+it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit
+involved uh but if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh but if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved uh but if you're interested in
+in the mathematics for how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mathematics for how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mathematics for how that's
+actually solved how you take derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved how you take derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solved how you take derivatives
+of determinance and so forth uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determinance and so forth uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determinance and so forth uh there's
+a paper by Anderson anden that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper by Anderson anden that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper by Anderson anden that goes
+through all the details of that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the details of that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the details of that that you
+can Google on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+web finally um let's see there's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web finally um let's see there's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web finally um let's see there's well
+not finally there's model selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not finally there's model selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not finally there's model selection
+criteria that can be applied these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria that can be applied these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria that can be applied these have
+been applied before for regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been applied before for regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been applied before for regression
+models for time you know univ time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for time you know univ time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for time you know univ time
+series model theak information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series model theak information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series model theak information
+Criterion uh the uh Bas information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion uh the uh Bas information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion uh the uh Bas information
+Criterion hen and Quinn Criterion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion hen and Quinn Criterion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion hen and Quinn Criterion um
+these definitions are all consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions are all consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions are all consistent
+with the other uh definitions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other uh definitions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other uh definitions they
+basically take the likelihood function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the likelihood function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the likelihood function
+and you try to maximize that plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to maximize that plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to maximize that plus a
+penalty for the number of of unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for the number of of unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for the number of of unknown
+parameters and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and uh
+that's given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given here
+um okay then the last section goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay then the last section goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay then the last section goes
+through an ASM totic distribution of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an ASM totic distribution of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an ASM totic distribution of of
+least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares
+estimates um and I'll let you read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um and I'll let you read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates um and I'll let you read that
+on your own um let's see for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own um let's see for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own um let's see for this uh
+lecture I put together a an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I put together a an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I put together a an example of
+fitting Vector Auto regressions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting Vector Auto regressions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting Vector Auto regressions with
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+macroeconomic variables and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic variables and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic variables and I just
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to uh point that out to you so let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh point that out to you so let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh point that out to you so let me go
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this document
+here what have we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right well okay modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right well okay modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right well okay modeling
+macroeconomic time series is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic time series is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic time series is is an
+important topic um it's what uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic um it's what uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important topic um it's what uh of
+central Bankers do they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Bankers do they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Bankers do they want to
+understand you know what factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know what factors are
+affecting the economy in terms of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the economy in terms of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the economy in terms of growth
+inflation unemployment and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation unemployment and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation unemployment and what are the
+impact what's the impact of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact what's the impact of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact what's the impact of interest
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+policies um there there are some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies um there there are some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies um there there are some really
+important papers by Robert leaderman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important papers by Robert leaderman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important papers by Robert leaderman and
+Christopher Sims dealing with fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Sims dealing with fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christopher Sims dealing with fitting
+Vector Auto regression models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Auto regression models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Auto regression models to
+macroeconomic time series and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic time series and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic time series and actually
+the framework within which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework within which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework within which they
+specified these models was a basian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified these models was a basian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified these models was a basian
+framework uh which is the an extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework uh which is the an extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework uh which is the an extension
+of the maximum likelihood method where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum likelihood method where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum likelihood method where
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+incorporate uh reasonable sort of Prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate uh reasonable sort of Prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate uh reasonable sort of Prior
+assumptions about what the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what the parameters
+ought to be uh but uh in this note um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be uh but uh in this note um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be uh but uh in this note um I
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so basically go through collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically go through collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically go through collecting
+various macroeconomic variables directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various macroeconomic variables directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various macroeconomic variables directly
+off the web using the package R you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the web using the package R you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the web using the package R you know
+all this stuff is uh these are data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff is uh these are data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff is uh these are data that
+you can get your hands on um here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your hands on um here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get your hands on um here's the
+unemployment rate from January 1946 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate from January 1946 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate from January 1946 up
+through you know this past month and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know this past month and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you know this past month and one
+can see how that's varied uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how that's varied uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how that's varied uh you know
+between less than much less than 4% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less than much less than 4% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less than much less than 4% to
+over 10% as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10% as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10% as it was
+recently um and there's also the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and there's also the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and there's also the FED
+funds rate which is one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds rate which is one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds rate which is one of the key
+variables that the Federal Reserve Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that the Federal Reserve Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that the Federal Reserve Open
+Market Committee controls or I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Committee controls or I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market Committee controls or I should
+say controlled in the past to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say controlled in the past to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say controlled in the past to try and
+affect the economy you know now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the economy you know now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the economy you know now that
+value of that rate is set almost at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that rate is set almost at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that rate is set almost at zero
+and other means are uh applied to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other means are uh applied to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other means are uh applied to uh
+have an impact on on economic growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on on economic growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on on economic growth and
+uh economic uh economic situation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh economic uh economic situation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh economic uh economic situation of of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market uh of the economy rather and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh of the economy rather and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh of the economy rather and um
+let's see there's also anyway a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's also anyway a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's also anyway a bunch of
+other variables CPI uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables CPI uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables CPI uh which is a
+measure of inflation um what this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of inflation um what this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of inflation um what this uh
+note goes through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note goes through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note goes through is
+the specification of vector Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specification of vector Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specification of vector Auto
+regression models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models
+for these series um and I use a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these series um and I use a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these series um and I use a just a
+small set of cases I look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of cases I look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of cases I look at an
+unemployment rate um federal funds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate um federal funds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate um federal funds and
+the CPI which is a measure inflation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPI which is a measure inflation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPI which is a measure inflation and
+uh there's um if one goes through there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's um if one goes through there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's um if one goes through there
+are multivariant uh versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multivariant uh versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multivariant uh versions of the
+autocorrelation function as given on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function as given on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function as given on the
+top right panel here between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right panel here between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right panel here between these
+variables and one can also do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and one can also do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and one can also do the
+partial autocorrelation function you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial autocorrelation function you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial autocorrelation function you'll
+recall that autocorrelation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that autocorrelation functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that autocorrelation functions
+and partial autocorrelation function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial autocorrelation function are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial autocorrelation function are
+related to what kind of or or help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what kind of or or help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to what kind of or or help us
+understand what kind of order Arma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kind of order Arma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what kind of order Arma
+processes might be appropriate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might be appropriate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might be appropriate for
+Univar series for a multivariate series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Univar series for a multivariate series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Univar series for a multivariate series
+you know then there are basically cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then there are basically cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know then there are basically cross
+lags that between variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags that between variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags that between variables that are
+important and these are can all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and these are can all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and these are can all be
+captured with Vector autor regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with Vector autor regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with Vector autor regression
+models so you know this uh goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so you know this uh goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so you know this uh goes through
+and shows how how these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows how how these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows how how these things are
+correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with
+themselves and let see at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and let see at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and let see at the end of
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+note there are um some impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there are um some impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there are um some impulse response
+functions graphed which are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions graphed which are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions graphed which are looking at
+what is the impact of an innovation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact of an innovation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the impact of an innovation in
+one of the components of the multivari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the components of the multivari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the components of the multivari
+time series so like if fed funds were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series so like if fed funds were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series so like if fed funds were to
+be Inc incre increased by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Inc incre increased by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Inc incre increased by a certain
+value what would the likely impact be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what would the likely impact be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what would the likely impact be on
+the unemployment rate or on GNP you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment rate or on GNP you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment rate or on GNP you know
+basically the production level of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the production level of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the production level of of the
+e economy and uh this looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e economy and uh this looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e economy and uh this looks at
+um let's see well actually here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see well actually here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see well actually here we're
+looking at the impulse function you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the impulse function you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the impulse function you can
+look at the impulse function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impulse function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impulse function of
+Innovations on any of the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations on any of the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations on any of the component
+variables on all the others and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on all the others and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on all the others and in this
+case on the left panel here is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the left panel here is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on the left panel here is uh it
+shows what happens when unemployment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what happens when unemployment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what happens when unemployment has
+a spike up or a unit spike a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike up or a unit spike a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spike up or a unit spike a unit
+impulse up well the second panel shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse up well the second panel shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse up well the second panel shows
+what's likely to happen to the FED funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen to the FED funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's likely to happen to the FED funds
+rate it turns out that's likely to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it turns out that's likely to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it turns out that's likely to go
+down and that sort of is indicating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that sort of is indicating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that sort of is indicating it's
+sort of reflecting what historically was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reflecting what historically was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reflecting what historically was
+the policy of the FED uh to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy of the FED uh to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy of the FED uh to basically
+reduce interest rates and you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce interest rates and you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce interest rates and you know if if
+unemployment was rising and then um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was rising and then um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was rising and then um so
+uh anyway these impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway these impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway these impulse response
+functions correspond to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions correspond to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions correspond to essentially
+those Innovation terms in the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Innovation terms in the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Innovation terms in the wall
+decomposition and you know why are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and you know why are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and you know why are these
+important well you know this indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well you know this indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well you know this indicates
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know a connection basically between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a connection basically between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a connection basically between
+that sort of moving average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of moving average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of moving average
+representation and these time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and these time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and these time series
+models and the way these graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the way these graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and the way these graphs are
+generated is by essentially finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is by essentially finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is by essentially finding the
+wall decomposition and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall decomposition and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall decomposition and then
+incorporating that into uh these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating that into uh these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating that into uh these these
+these values so okay we'll finish there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values so okay we'll finish there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values so okay we'll finish there
+for today and uh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_MohGTvxaRk.txt b/_MohGTvxaRk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8ecbc712727fee3ef2af7bb3a67784905c4be1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_MohGTvxaRk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Technology isn't what you think it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology isn't what you think it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology isn't what you think it is.
+We all use the word technology as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We all use the word technology as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We all use the word technology as if it
+meant the same thing to all of us. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the same thing to all of us. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the same thing to all of us. But
+are you sure we all mean the same? To a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sure we all mean the same? To a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sure we all mean the same? To a
+researcher, technology is what's on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher, technology is what's on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher, technology is what's on a
+research paper. To an engineer, it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research paper. To an engineer, it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research paper. To an engineer, it might
+be a prototype or a system. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a prototype or a system. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a prototype or a system. In
+government and in the military,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and in the military,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and in the military,
+everything hinges on requirements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hinges on requirements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hinges on requirements.
+Investors seem to associate technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investors seem to associate technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investors seem to associate technology
+with industries and valuations. To an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with industries and valuations. To an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with industries and valuations. To an
+office worker, it is the stuff we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office worker, it is the stuff we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office worker, it is the stuff we do
+with computers, information technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with computers, information technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with computers, information technology.
+In MBA programs, the word is used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In MBA programs, the word is used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In MBA programs, the word is used as a
+synonym for product. This leads to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym for product. This leads to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonym for product. This leads to many
+comical situations. For example, at MIT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical situations. For example, at MIT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical situations. For example, at MIT,
+enterprising researchers in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprising researchers in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprising researchers in engineering
+or science will describe what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or science will describe what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or science will describe what they've
+invented to business students, hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to business students, hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented to business students, hoping
+that these students will get it and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these students will get it and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these students will get it and will
+solve for the product to build.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the product to build.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the product to build.
+Meanwhile, the same business students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meanwhile, the same business students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meanwhile, the same business students
+eager to work with technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to work with technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to work with technologies are
+hoping for the precise opposite. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for the precise opposite. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping for the precise opposite. That
+the researcher will have figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher will have figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researcher will have figured out the
+product already so they can wrap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product already so they can wrap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product already so they can wrap a
+business around it. They all use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business around it. They all use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business around it. They all use the
+word technology, but they mean different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word technology, but they mean different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word technology, but they mean different
+things. And they each hope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And they each hope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And they each hope that the
+other party will have done the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party will have done the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other party will have done the work of
+figuring out where the technology fits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where the technology fits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where the technology fits.
+The same happens when government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The same happens when government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The same happens when government
+agencies in science and technology seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies in science and technology seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies in science and technology seek
+sponsors to commercialize ideas or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors to commercialize ideas or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors to commercialize ideas or when
+the military seeks to transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military seeks to transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military seeks to transition
+technology to operations. In the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to operations. In the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to operations. In the new
+mindset, we think about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset, we think about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset, we think about technology
+differently. It is neither the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. It is neither the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. It is neither the product
+nor the paper. Technology creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the paper. Technology creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor the paper. Technology creates
+options. You can reshape technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. You can reshape technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. You can reshape technology.
+This should be obvious, but often it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be obvious, but often it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be obvious, but often it
+isn't. Take lasers for example. Today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't. Take lasers for example. Today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't. Take lasers for example. Today
+they're used everywhere. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used everywhere. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used everywhere. In
+presentations, to carry information over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations, to carry information over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations, to carry information over
+long distances, barcode readers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances, barcode readers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distances, barcode readers,
+military, computing. We know the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military, computing. We know the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military, computing. We know the laser
+is good for many things. But years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for many things. But years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for many things. But years after
+he invented it, Dr. Mayman still called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented it, Dr. Mayman still called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented it, Dr. Mayman still called
+it a solution in search of a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a solution in search of a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a solution in search of a problem.
+This is why thinking in products leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why thinking in products leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is why thinking in products leads
+to paradoxes. Sure, you could interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paradoxes. Sure, you could interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paradoxes. Sure, you could interview
+users for the first laser, but who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users for the first laser, but who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users for the first laser, but who are
+they? We all hope that something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they? We all hope that something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they? We all hope that something about
+the technology will tell us what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology will tell us what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology will tell us what it is
+good for and what to use it for. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for and what to use it for. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for and what to use it for. But the
+fact is that at the start, nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that at the start, nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that at the start, nothing is
+new or obvious. To go from that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or obvious. To go from that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or obvious. To go from that first
+hunch or paper to impact, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch or paper to impact, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch or paper to impact, you're going
+to have to work on and reshape what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to work on and reshape what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to work on and reshape what you
+start with. Technology gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with. Technology gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with. Technology gives you
+options. It is malleable. It can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. It is malleable. It can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. It is malleable. It can be
+reshaped. Here are some examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaped. Here are some examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaped. Here are some examples of what
+I mean by creating options. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by creating options. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by creating options. These
+examples come from the work of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come from the work of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come from the work of students
+in our MIT class and they show how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our MIT class and they show how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our MIT class and they show how one
+technology has led to unexpected uses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has led to unexpected uses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has led to unexpected uses,
+sometimes more than one. Jeff Grman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more than one. Jeff Grman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more than one. Jeff Grman's
+laboratory developed a powder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory developed a powder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory developed a powder that
+stored heat in the cold. It was meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored heat in the cold. It was meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored heat in the cold. It was meant to
+help increase the efficiency of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help increase the efficiency of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help increase the efficiency of solar
+energy concentration plants. Students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy concentration plants. Students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy concentration plants. Students in
+the class determined that if laced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class determined that if laced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class determined that if laced in
+fabric, the same technology could help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric, the same technology could help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric, the same technology could help
+create selfwarming high fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create selfwarming high fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create selfwarming high fashion
+clothing. They took the technology from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing. They took the technology from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing. They took the technology from
+energy to fashion. Another example, Joel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to fashion. Another example, Joel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to fashion. Another example, Joel
+Dawson's lab invented a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawson's lab invented a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawson's lab invented a new kind of
+circuit that increased battery life by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that increased battery life by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that increased battery life by
+about 10%. At the time, the prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10%. At the time, the prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10%. At the time, the prevalent
+phone was the iPhone 1. Students in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone was the iPhone 1. Students in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone was the iPhone 1. Students in the
+class found out how to adapt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class found out how to adapt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class found out how to adapt the
+technology to manage energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to manage energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to manage energy in the
+telephone network instead, where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network instead, where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone network instead, where it
+saved millions and end up founding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved millions and end up founding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved millions and end up founding two
+different companies from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies from the same
+technology. Both companies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Both companies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Both companies were
+eventually acquired by large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually acquired by large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually acquired by large
+infrastructure equipment companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure equipment companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure equipment companies.
+That's one technology, two companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one technology, two companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one technology, two companies.
+These examples are from my MIT class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These examples are from my MIT class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These examples are from my MIT class.
+And so they may lead you to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so they may lead you to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so they may lead you to believe that
+you need a technology to start. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a technology to start. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a technology to start. So let
+me give you two examples involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you two examples involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you two examples involving
+technologies born out of repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies born out of repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies born out of repurposing
+other knowledge. The first laser emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other knowledge. The first laser emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other knowledge. The first laser emerged
+out of a pet project in an industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a pet project in an industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a pet project in an industrial
+lab and it was produced with parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and it was produced with parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and it was produced with parts
+ordered from a catalog like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered from a catalog like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered from a catalog like a
+photography flashlight or a ruby crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography flashlight or a ruby crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography flashlight or a ruby crystal
+cut to order. Nothing was new.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut to order. Nothing was new.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut to order. Nothing was new.
+Everything was repurposed. Early in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything was repurposed. Early in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything was repurposed. Early in my
+career, we created a company to locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career, we created a company to locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career, we created a company to locate
+cell phones in case of emergency. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones in case of emergency. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones in case of emergency. The
+problem to solve came to us from a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve came to us from a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve came to us from a new
+regulation from the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation from the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation from the Federal
+Communications Commission. We invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission. We invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission. We invented
+an artificial intelligence technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artificial intelligence technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artificial intelligence technology to
+solve the problem. However, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem. However, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem. However, the
+technology was inspired by a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was inspired by a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was inspired by a chemical
+engineering thesis. Students often come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering thesis. Students often come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering thesis. Students often come
+into class expecting to find the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into class expecting to find the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into class expecting to find the ideal
+use for one technology. They learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for one technology. They learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for one technology. They learn to
+appreciate that one technology creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that one technology creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that one technology creates
+many options. This means that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many options. This means that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many options. This means that technology
+investments are made risky not by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are made risky not by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are made risky not by the
+technology itself, but by how we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself, but by how we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology itself, but by how we try to
+narrow technologies down to one obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow technologies down to one obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow technologies down to one obvious
+use. So do not narrow it all to just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. So do not narrow it all to just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. So do not narrow it all to just one
+use. Challenge yourself to find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Challenge yourself to find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. Challenge yourself to find those
+options. There are ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. There are ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. There are ways to do it
+systematically. In my class, students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. In my class, students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. In my class, students
+start with keeping at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with keeping at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with keeping at least three
+options open. Having options is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options open. Having options is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options open. Having options is
+convenient because, as you'll realize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because, as you'll realize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because, as you'll realize in
+the next video, real world problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video, real world problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next video, real world problems are
+interesting because there are many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there are many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because there are many ways
+to chip at them. That's how technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chip at them. That's how technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chip at them. That's how technology
+gets you to solve problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you to solve problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you to solve problems.
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_P1vVyKziWk.txt b/_P1vVyKziWk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4543fdc501e862346786f8a6d5ba38ed35011678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_P1vVyKziWk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2843 @@
+The following
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+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So, what we're
+doing today is what
+
+I call flexology--
+most of you were here
+
+last time-- this conducted
+improvisation approach.
+
+So, we've got a music stand
+here for the conductors,
+
+if you want it.
+
+And we've got a couple stands
+here if people need anything.
+
+But you're free to do
+whatever you want, so--
+
+AUDIENCE 1: So, I have three
+different melodic lines.
+
+Copy for you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thanks.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: So, they're
+labeled 3, 4, and 5,
+
+and I'll signal those with
+the appropriate number.
+
+And then the other cues, I
+listed at the bottom, so 1, 1
+
+and 2 are from the
+standard flexology sheet,
+
+so 1 is you improvise
+with a lot of notes, sort
+
+of active playing,
+2 is improvised
+
+with a few other notes, mostly.
+
+3 to 5 is [INAUDIBLE] by
+[INAUDIBLE] the melodic line,
+
+and then feel free to improvise
+upon it once you've played it
+
+once or twice.
+
+If I need to change
+the dynamics,
+
+I'll indicate it sort of
+hopefully intuitively,
+
+and that's it.
+
+I decided not to do
+cue-out and cue-in.
+
+I can just take care
+of that with dynamics.
+
+Any questions about the cues?
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then we
+should try to keep
+
+all of these about two minutes,
+maybe two and 1/2 minutes.
+
+Something like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So, to cue you in, I'll do
+a number and call you up.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's try.
+
+[PLAYING FLUTE]
+
+[FLUTE AND GUITAR PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO, FLUTE, AND GUITAR
+ PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+How did that suit your--
+
+AUDIENCE 1: The
+[INAUDIBLE] are varied,
+
+but this thing I noticed when
+people began playing was when
+
+I envisioned this in my head, I
+was swinging the eighth notes,
+
+but I didn't write
+that on the cue sheet,
+
+so you guys decided
+to play it straight.
+
+And, I didn't even
+thought of listening
+
+to the piece that way.
+
+The other shocking thing was
+hearing things be out of phase,
+
+since I didn't really
+establish a tempo,
+
+but it still worked
+out well even
+
+when people weren't
+playing together.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Players, any comments?
+
+Was this clear?
+
+Could you follow
+the instructions?
+
+Because it looked like a very
+clear set-up on the page.
+
+Very, very good to have
+five things, three of them
+
+actual lines, two of them
+sort of textural things,
+
+and we've got the
+whole density thing
+
+that we've worked with
+before on a couple occasions.
+
+So I thought that
+was really good.
+
+Really good.
+
+And obviously, you said
+you were shocked sort of.
+
+If you did this again, you
+could specify more things.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+You could specify
+swing eighth notes.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: You could-- I didn't
+even think of writing that,
+
+but I should have.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: Right.
+
+Well, maybe or maybe not.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: I like the
+way it turned out, anyway.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It was very nice, very musical.
+
+And once again, we
+had the situation
+
+where, particularly, piano is
+the main rhythmic instrument.
+
+So once piano comes
+in and establishes
+
+a groove of some sort, another
+concept we've talked about,
+
+people tend to
+gravitate around that.
+
+So, if you are going to
+do this a second time,
+
+you might specify
+the swing quality,
+
+but you might also say, try
+not to get into a groove.
+
+Just as a test
+case sort of thing.
+
+Just something to work with.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Cool.
+
+Who would like to go next?
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Go for it.
+
+AUDIENCE 2: All right.
+
+So, I'm just going to
+draw this on the board.
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh-oh.
+
+AUDIENCE 2: So, my piece
+starts off with a set tempo,
+
+so I'll sort of signal
+that at the beginning.
+
+And then the goal after
+that is to slowly introduce
+
+each of the instruments.
+
+I guess I'm just going
+to include everyone
+
+in this, because
+at the beginning
+
+it's going to be very sparse.
+
+Basically, I'm just going to
+ask you guys to pick one note
+
+and do any rhythm that you want
+on that note, but in the tempo.
+
+And I'll also introduce
+you guys one at a time.
+
+And them I'm going to have
+two motives that are just
+
+going to be sort of
+visual, and I'm just
+
+going to cue you guys one
+or two each at a time,
+
+and then the rest of you
+guys just stay on your note
+
+that you pick.
+
+So basically, you have the
+center note, which is the one
+
+that you choose.
+
+And so the first motive
+will be like this.
+
+So that's the first motive.
+
+So this is-- And
+then the second one.
+
+So this is [? my idea. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: You
+like the sine wave?
+
+AUDIENCE 2: Yeah.
+
+Sort of a mix of frequencies.
+
+PROFESSOR: What's the top one?
+
+AUDIENCE 2: I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: Any indication
+of how long each of those
+
+should be?
+
+AUDIENCE 2: No.
+
+For the pitch.
+
+So, this is your starting
+note and then go up.
+
+And the actual notes you
+use are totally up to you.
+
+It's all improvisation.
+
+So, I guess I'm going to start
+from this side with piano
+
+and introduce you
+guys in one at a time,
+
+and just go with the tempo
+and start a rhythm on a note
+
+and then once we
+have everyone in,
+
+then we'll go for these motives.
+
+So--
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+AUDIENCE 2: I just
+want one note.
+
+[PIANO AND TRUMPET PLAYING]
+
+[ALL INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Composer, conductor?
+
+AUDIENCE 2: That
+one sounded cool.
+
+I wasn't really
+expecting anything,
+
+because these are just
+sort of randomly made up,
+
+but it was interesting.
+
+I like how it had
+the sort of groove
+
+to it in the way that
+it started out with.
+
+And I guess it would have been
+nice to have some areas that
+
+were a little more sparse.
+
+I probably should have had
+some signal sort of for people
+
+to drop out and make
+it sparser so I go back
+
+to that rhythmic
+thing, but I guess
+
+that was just
+something [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Players.
+
+Comments from the players.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: Everyone did
+the lines differently.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: You asked, right?
+
+If you hadn't asked what
+does the level of the line
+
+represent?
+
+Pitch.
+
+OK.
+
+Probably people would have
+played that differently.
+
+PROFESSOR: What did you
+feel as you were playing?
+
+What did you feel or what did
+you hear as you were playing?
+
+AUDIENCE 3: I felt like
+I was taking a walk.
+
+I mean, because you had
+everyone doing their--
+
+they had some simple walking in
+place kind of thing filling out
+
+before the lines happened.
+
+PROFESSOR: What about in
+terms of the overall sound?
+
+The way you described is
+your particular perspective.
+
+Right?
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Well, kind of.
+
+I mean, it was
+based on my feeling
+
+from what everyone else
+sounded like, but yeah.
+
+It was how I felt.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And what I'm trying to get
+at is, did other people
+
+basically do that?
+
+Because that's a
+typical thing you do.
+
+You think about
+what you're doing.
+
+And/or did you factor in playing
+off of what others were doing?
+
+Was anybody more conscious
+of the second approach?
+
+Or can't you remember?
+
+Because it was hard to tell.
+
+Frankly, as an
+observer, it was very
+
+nice what was being created.
+
+But it was almost like I could
+tell, as we went this way,
+
+that each neighbor was
+listening to the neighbor.
+
+That's the easiest thing.
+
+But I'm not sure
+whether-- were people
+
+aware of what was happening
+on the piano, for instance?
+
+And were you aware of what
+was going on at the other end?
+
+AUDIENCE 4: I could,
+like, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's kind of hard to make out,
+because it's a [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Yeah,
+I think because it
+
+was so dense it would be hard
+to hear the entire thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Well, these are things
+we want to work towards,
+
+and, you know,
+especially, particularly,
+
+collective improvisation.
+
+Solo improvisation
+is its own animal.
+
+And that has peculiarities and
+things that you have to know.
+
+But collectively, which is
+what we've been doing mainly,
+
+it really is a challenge to try
+to listen to the whole thing
+
+develop as well as be
+attentive to your contribution.
+
+So let me just suggest
+that, as we go forward,
+
+we just try to pay a
+little more attention
+
+to the overall gestalt,
+so to speak, as we go on.
+
+But this was great, and what
+was happening was great.
+
+Really wonderful stuff.
+
+And once you came in, now we
+got the oboe into the mix.
+
+So that's another--
+and now we're
+
+going to have another flute.
+
+Good.
+
+Now, if you can give me
+a written thing of this,
+
+that's important.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Oh, yeah.
+
+I'll send it to you.
+
+PROFESSOR: That'd be great.
+
+OK.
+
+Who would like to go next?
+
+So is that a couple
+of melodic fragments?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Ah, yep.
+
+So I have two small
+written parts, here.
+
+And I have those--
+1 and 2, I guess.
+
+And I have these more
+just to establish
+
+a groove for then the rest of
+you guys to do your thing over.
+
+But, yeah.
+
+As far as my hand signals
+go, if I point to you
+
+and I flash the number 1 or 2,
+that's just indicating the part
+
+you're going to play.
+
+So this is 1, this is 2.
+
+And, yeah.
+
+So I'm basically going start
+layering you guys in one
+
+by one to establish this groove.
+
+Not necessarily all of you.
+
+Maybe just a few
+to get that going.
+
+And then, once that's started,
+I have these modes, just
+
+kind of like floozy kind
+of mode, written out here.
+
+And basically with that, if
+you're not playing the groove
+
+that I've laid down here,
+what you're going to be doing
+
+is watching for me to go
+like this with my fist.
+
+And that just means, pick
+a note, any note, in here.
+
+Just play that.
+
+So I'm going for short
+bursts or sound, I guess.
+
+If that makes sense.
+
+And yeah, that's basically it.
+
+I guess also, when I'm going
+like this, higher more intense,
+
+it's going to be
+a louder dynamic.
+
+Softer and lower
+is going to be--
+
+AUDIENCE 3: How much
+trouble would it
+
+be for you to write
+those on the board?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Actually, it
+wouldn't be any trouble at all.
+
+That makes a lot of sense.
+
+Yeah, so that's just about it.
+
+I'll write these down
+so you guys can see it.
+
+And, oh, yeah.
+
+The only other thing is, so, if
+you're not playing the groove,
+
+if you're picking
+a note in this mode
+
+I have here, if I go
+like this with my hand
+
+and I also go like this
+with my other hand, that's
+
+to indicate pitch.
+
+So if I were to go like
+something like this,
+
+this is indicating, pick a
+note, any note you want in here,
+
+and then as my hand goes
+down, descend in pitch.
+
+Ascend [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yeah.
+
+Just, again, picking any note
+in here, just going up or down.
+
+All right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And then when I'm having you
+just pick any note you want,
+
+it's just any in here.
+
+All right.
+
+Does this all kind
+of make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Is that A, B, C?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Ah, sorry.
+
+It's A, C, D, E, G.
+
+AUDIENCE 2: And the
+repeat happens once?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Ah, the repeat
+happens-- it just continues.
+
+So every time we get there,
+we just repeat it back.
+
+Yep.
+
+All right.
+
+So this would be-- if
+I point to you with 1,
+
+playing you're playing top.
+
+If 2, you're playing bottom.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: And they
+should be in concert pitch?
+
+Right?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Yep.
+
+All right.
+
+I guess we'll start with piano.
+
+I'll have you play 1
+to start with, I guess.
+
+All right.
+
+1, 2, 3--
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO AND GUITAR PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO, GUITAR, AND FLUTE
+ PLAYING]
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Keep going.
+
+If I point to you, you're
+going to improvise something
+
+on your own. [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[ALL INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So,
+composer, conductor.
+
+What did you make of it?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Ah, yeah.
+
+That was cool.
+
+I was kind of hoping to just
+establish a simple groove
+
+and then let it get more-- open
+up and have fun off of that.
+
+PROFESSOR: What was this again?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: So, this was
+supposed to be-- just,
+
+I laid down the notes in
+this floozy sounding note.
+
+And I just wanted people
+to pick any note in there
+
+and just play it in
+short bursts of sounds.
+
+PROFESSOR: Did people get that?
+
+AUDIENCE 1: It was
+really hard to do.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: Because
+we didn't know
+
+how many times you were
+going to do this in a given--
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Right.
+
+Yeah.
+
+The implementation was a
+little trickier than I thought.
+
+And also, I didn't
+tell you guys how
+
+I was going to, like,
+cue you to stop playing.
+
+But I think you caught
+on well enough for that.
+
+PROFESSOR: And also,
+you didn't mention this,
+
+did you, for the--
+
+AUDIENCE 1: You mentioned
+it during the piece.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Right.
+
+That's all right.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: I'm working on it.
+
+PROFESSOR: But each of these
+constructs-- it's interesting,
+
+because you've clearly
+thought it out,
+
+which is part of a
+point of the assignment.
+
+But then it's clear
+that when you enact it,
+
+there are things that
+you hadn't thought about,
+
+which is like any laboratory
+experiment, I guess.
+
+And so, this is what you
+find out by doing it.
+
+And then the next
+time-- right?--
+
+you would factor that
+kind of thing in.
+
+But I thought it
+worked really nice,
+
+and that tune is sort of like
+an African village kind of sound
+
+that I've heard in a
+number of things like this.
+
+So it was very nice.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Comments from players?
+
+Anybody's comments on that?
+
+Great groove.
+
+Great keeping of the groove.
+
+Good OK.
+
+Let's go to the next contestant.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Basically,
+there's going
+
+to be five gestures
+that we're doing,
+
+and they're all on your paper
+and I will demonstrate them
+
+first so that you know what they
+are and they don't look weird.
+
+So, the first thing
+says, meditative.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great.
+
+Thank you.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Which we're
+going to gesture by this,
+
+maybe a little more flipping.
+
+And it's supposed to kind
+of be a cue to the scale
+
+that Alex is
+writing on the board
+
+and the-- I guess a
+throwback to the Indian music
+
+that we sort of were exposed
+to early in the semester.
+
+PROFESSOR: Can I just ask--
+this looks very Indian,
+
+this hand signal.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+I wasn't trying--
+well, I was trying.
+
+So, yeah.
+
+So that's why that's like that.
+
+Because it was a visual cue
+and hopefully an oral one also.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: And it's
+supposed to sound
+
+like Indian classical music?
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Wow.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: So,
+this improvisation's
+
+going to be a little
+more directed, obviously,
+
+because we're going to
+be in that frame of mine.
+
+The second thing is the
+hand wave, which is this.
+
+And that means to
+cycle/ undulation,
+
+so you can do whatever you want,
+but it needs to be repetitive.
+
+Waving fingers, that's this.
+
+It's a cascade of sound.
+
+Do what you will
+with it, as usual.
+
+The tempo will be given by
+just general conducting stuff.
+
+If we conduct high, then we
+would like you to play higher,
+
+and if you conduct low, then
+we'd like you to play lower.
+
+So, you can take off number six.
+
+The tempo is going to
+cover tempo and the range
+
+at the same time.
+
+And then dynamics is like,
+two hands louder, softer, shh.
+
+Obvious stuff.
+
+And getting cut off and whatnot.
+
+And we're actually
+going to split, I guess,
+
+the room in half, and one of
+the pianists can come with me.
+
+Alex and Ben are both
+going to conduct,
+
+and we're going to see
+how this turns out.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Question.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE 5: So that's a scale?
+
+AUDIENCE 6: That is a scale.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: OK.
+
+Why is there an A flat after
+an A natural if it's going up?
+
+AUDIENCE 7: I mean,
+it's not a scale.
+
+It's notes-- OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: It's a
+sequence of notes?
+
+AUDIENCE 7: Yes.
+
+It's a sequence of notes.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: It's a power scale.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: Is there an order
+to it, or is it just a sequence?
+
+AUDIENCE 7: No,
+there's not an order.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+Just play it how
+you would like it.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: But
+these are the notes.
+
+OK.
+
+This is my first time
+moving like this, too.
+
+So-- OK, I'll take
+Chris, I guess-
+
+AUDIENCE 7: Yeah,
+where are we splitting?
+
+Between [? Vanita ?] and AJ?
+
+OK.
+
+So, you four, and then
+you're taking Chris.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+I guess-- I'll also bring
+you guys in individually too.
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+Conductor, composers.
+
+What do you make of this
+which we just created?
+
+AUDIENCE 6: It was cool.
+
+AUDIENCE 7: It was
+like two pieces.
+
+It was awesome.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 7: It was fun seeing
+the two different groups
+
+playing in the same scale,
+but playing [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE 6: I completely
+forgot that-- I was in my head
+
+when I was-- when we were
+thinking about splitting,
+
+I was like, oh, I'm going to
+listen to what Alex is doing.
+
+And I completely did not.
+
+PROFESSOR: That was
+my next question.
+
+Right.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 5: You were
+just having so much fun
+
+using us like marionettes.
+
+Like, you play this
+and you play that.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE 7: At first, I
+was just experimenting
+
+to see what I could
+do, and then I
+
+looked to see what she was
+doing and she was doing this,
+
+and then I was like, oh,
+wait, I'll do that to.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: That
+was interesting.
+
+PROFESSOR: That was completely
+different than anything else
+
+we've heard so far.
+
+Very different.
+
+Players, what are your comments?
+
+AUDIENCE 2: I really liked it.
+
+I think the only time--
+well, I couldn't really
+
+hear you guys all that well.
+
+Like, I was really listening to
+James on the piano and guitar.
+
+But there was a point where
+you started going like this,
+
+and they were doing high-pitched
+things, so I heard that,
+
+and I was like, oh, I should
+try and blend in to this.
+
+So he was leading me on
+a tempo a little bit,
+
+so I sort of matched the tempo
+a little bit more to that,
+
+and it sort of sounded cool.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you were
+both watching the conductor
+
+and gravitating to other
+people, other sounds in the--
+
+AUDIENCE 2: Yeah.
+
+I started gravitating
+over there a couple times.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: I was impressed.
+
+I mean, I'm impressed by that.
+
+There was enough going on that
+it was hard to pay attention
+
+to anything but your
+conductor out of two,
+
+and the people maybe, like,
+immediately surrounding you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I
+had the advantage
+
+of not having to play,
+so I got to hear it.
+
+It was great.
+
+It was really-- it was
+very interesting, textural.
+
+I mean, a number of you
+who have gone so far
+
+have talked about
+wanting to maybe lessen
+
+the density at some point
+or something like that,
+
+and that happened just because
+of whatever choices you made,
+
+and then however
+you folks responded.
+
+And probably, it's
+also a function
+
+that we've now been doing
+this for, what, maybe not
+
+exactly an hour, but
+maybe 40 minutes.
+
+So we're all becoming more in
+tune to what the concept is.
+
+So, it's very, very,
+very interesting.
+
+You know, there's modern
+dance groups as well as
+
+theatrical groups
+that do improvisation
+
+and that work also with
+musicians, and so you could
+
+definitely-- you
+could be the dancers.
+
+And then people respond--
+
+AUDIENCE 7: This
+is it, right here.
+
+PROFESSOR: --certain motion
+and then back the other way
+
+and all that kind of thing.
+
+So, really good.
+
+Really good.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: The one thing
+I'd maybe change next time
+
+is some of that-- like, the
+waving fingers hand motion.
+
+When you did it, I forgot
+what it was completely and had
+
+to ignore you for the second
+and read it off the sheet.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Also, I had no clue
+whether-- I stuck to that scale
+
+the whole time, because
+I didn't know what else--
+
+what other scale to play.
+
+AUDIENCE 7: Yeah, and that's
+what we actually intended.
+
+We intended to start off
+with that, and then people
+
+to just generally play
+that throughout all
+
+of the [INAUDIBLE], yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 6: Thanks, guys.
+
+AUDIENCE 1: Cool.
+
+Cool.
+
+And by the way,
+this-- I don't know
+
+if you guys had
+thought about this,
+
+but this arrangement
+of notes, this
+
+could be construed as what's
+called a pitch set, meaning
+
+it's not a specific
+scale, but it literally
+
+is a collection of pitches.
+
+And you can choose that.
+
+It sort of comes out of 12-tone
+method and that kind of thing.
+
+And you can choose to say--
+what have you got there?
+
+You've got a
+nine-member pitch set.
+
+You could designate, play
+in a straightforward way,
+
+or take three notes
+or begin to manipulate
+
+those in different ways.
+
+So there's a lot of things
+you can do with that.
+
+In other words, each of these
+pieces we're hearing today,
+
+you could take the basic
+elements you've got
+
+and really work on it.
+
+You could probably
+spend an hour just doing
+
+sort of a workshop with
+each of these approaches,
+
+and then maybe do
+three or four pieces.
+
+And I'll bet each piece
+would be different.
+
+At least, that
+would be the ideal.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: So our
+idea was, we're
+
+actually going to focus more
+on the rhythmic aspect of what
+
+people are doing.
+
+And maybe the harmony
+and we'll come up
+
+with different melodies.
+
+So our way of giving an idea of
+what the rhythm will be-- so,
+
+let's say I'm starting
+off by the tempo,
+
+and then maybe if I want
+you to play eighth notes,
+
+I'll go, like, eighth notes.
+
+And so then this
+would mean you're
+
+playing eighth
+notes on some notes.
+
+We decided we're going to--
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Two per beat?
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Yeah,
+so, two per beat.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Two per beat.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Or,
+like, four per beat.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: So, nothing
+slower than a quarter
+
+note is going to happen.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: No.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: So, it's just
+kind of a guide for setting up
+
+the groove.
+
+And then we will bring people
+in and out for improv lines.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: So, if you,
+for example, hold up three,
+
+do we have to play three notes
+or can one of them be a rest?
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Yeah.
+
+So, yeah.
+
+You could play, like, a triplet,
+with one of them being a rest.
+
+Yeah.
+
+That's fine.
+
+The idea is just to give
+you an idea of the rhythm.
+
+Or so we could set up
+more complicated rhythms,
+
+like eighth note, quarter,
+quarter, eighth note,
+
+eighth note, quarter.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Like, you'll have
+M on N for arbitrary M on N?
+
+Because you're going to
+be pointing at each person
+
+and putting up a
+different number.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 9: Also, so,
+just to clarify, only
+
+when you do that, it's
+only for that beat rather
+
+than a looping,
+infinite all the time.
+
+So, if it's like, two, nothing,
+two-- if that makes sense.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Ba-ba-ba.
+
+Ba-ba-ba.
+
+Ba-ba-ba.
+
+Ba-ba-ba.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: OK.
+
+I'm dead.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: But
+we never loop it.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE 9: I guess
+the way I think
+
+about it is, it's like a
+way to sort of help push
+
+along organically
+coming out collectively.
+
+And the other thing that we
+were thinking about doing
+
+was, if we wanted to change
+the pitches of the groove
+
+at any point, we could,
+like-- I say somebody,
+
+and then the secret would
+be how many half steps.
+
+Say, two half steps.
+
+All right, up?
+
+Wait for it, now you shift up.
+
+So, going down, three half
+steps going down, go down.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Sudden shift?
+
+Like, you go down
+on a chromatic?
+
+AUDIENCE 9: So I mean,
+it'll be in time.
+
+So you should be able to preempt
+when I'm going to do that.
+
+If that makes sense.
+
+Oh, and also, you're
+sort of encouraged
+
+to deviate from-- play
+outside the range of just,
+
+like, one note continuously.
+
+Obviously.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: So we're going to
+start on the D Dorian scale
+
+and, at some point,
+using the modulation,
+
+you might modulate up or down.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Also, by the way--
+I mean, this group's small.
+
+We just didn't want to have
+three different conductors.
+
+We were going to do the same
+thing that Tess and Alex did,
+
+of splitting in half.
+
+So, half is following Adrian,
+half is following Vinnie,
+
+but because we're
+doing modulations,
+
+you have to be paying attention.
+
+[? So, if anyone ?]
+wants a modulation--
+
+AUDIENCE 8: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE 9: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 8: All right.
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO AND SAX PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO, SAX, AND FLUTE PLAYING]
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+AUDIENCE 8: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+And again, completely different
+from what just preceded you
+
+and all the others.
+
+So, you're take on what worked
+and all that kind of thing.
+
+AUDIENCE 9: It was a good way
+of keeping everyone together.
+
+I think it felt a
+little [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE 8: It also felt
+a little too strict.
+
+AUDIENCE 9: It did feel strict.
+
+I was like-- so, when
+I did give people
+
+notes and things
+like that, I was
+
+kind of hoping that there would
+be more variation and stuff,
+
+even if I said da-da-da.
+
+And then I went
+[? on to move ?] somebody else,
+
+that they would sort
+of play around with it.
+
+But I guess maybe it was a
+bit strict system in itself.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if
+you did it again,
+
+you might build in
+something about taking
+
+a little more liberty?
+
+AUDIENCE 8: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: I thought it
+was very, very interesting.
+
+Really interesting.
+
+And it was a rhythmic
+thing, obviously,
+
+but became a color field.
+
+I don't know if anybody
+else sensed this.
+
+Because of the different
+tambers, particularly
+
+over here.
+
+We have muted trumpet and
+oboe, flute, obviously,
+
+and then the strings
+and the piano.
+
+I mean, you would around, and
+when you shifted sometimes,
+
+the combination
+effect-- in other words,
+
+the relationship to whoever
+else was playing, whatever other
+
+pitch-- because
+you're getting sort
+
+of a different
+version of overtones
+
+or relationship that way.
+
+So I thought it was
+very interesting.
+
+Do you guys know
+the Terry Riley.
+
+Piece called "In C"?
+
+You know that?
+
+It's very much like this.
+
+We have a recording and Evan
+Ziporyn did a version of this
+
+not too long ago on one of
+these many concerts going on
+
+in the spring, and
+it's basically--
+
+the pitch is C, that's it.
+
+But there's about
+30-some little fragments.
+
+Sort of like what you were
+doing, but written out.
+
+Little fragments like
+da-da-da-da, da-da-da,
+
+and then that kind of a thing.
+
+And so you sort of
+evolve a group mind,
+
+and then you can expand it.
+
+I think it's a variable
+duration as to what happens,
+
+but you're thinking,
+in other words,
+
+is very much in that ballpark.
+
+So you might want
+to check it out.
+
+Just Terry Riley, like
+sounds, R-I-L-E-Y, "In C."
+
+It's very, very cool.
+
+Very cool piece.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Great.
+
+This is wonderful.
+
+This is great variety.
+
+This is fantastic.
+
+Somebody else.
+
+AUDIENCE 10: So, I actually
+made a bunch of different things
+
+possibly-- oh, sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry, sorry, sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE 10: --a bunch
+of different things
+
+to possibly do, including
+I guess a sort of riff.
+
+So, for the first one, the one
+is rhythmic pulses in tempo,
+
+and watch for the tempo.
+
+So just-- you can
+play notes, feel
+
+free to switch between
+two or three notes or just
+
+a single note.
+
+That's up to you.
+
+Two is a lyrical legato
+playing, sort of continuous.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Can you
+write these on the board?
+
+AUDIENCE 10: Sure.
+
+Then I actually had a drawing.
+
+Can everyone see that?
+
+Does everyone got it?
+
+So I guess I was going to
+start with the piano on five.
+
+So, yeah.
+
+And it's up to you to interpret
+the tempo of how it's played.
+
+I just drew them
+as quarter notes
+
+because you can see
+the notes that way.
+
+So.
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+Conductor, composer,
+what did you feel?
+
+AUDIENCE 10: So, I actually
+had nine different things that
+
+sort of just broke
+down, and then I
+
+guess given the atmosphere that
+I've been feeling from everyone
+
+else with the small amount, I
+decided to pick a few of them
+
+to put on the board for
+everyone to look at.
+
+Because I only made one copy.
+
+So, I guess just this,
+if anyone recognized it,
+
+is actually-- it's the very
+first part of Jimmy Page's solo
+
+from "Stairway to Heaven."
+
+I guess I was feeling
+that yesterday.
+
+But, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: It was very nice,
+and you, as all the conductors,
+
+you're getting very expressive.
+
+It's wonderful to see this.
+
+I mean, you guys could be
+part of a dance troupe.
+
+I mean, we could call this
+a musical dance troupe
+
+and you could masquerade
+and go out and do something
+
+in the spring time,
+you know, whatever.
+
+But, no.
+
+It was very, very nice.
+
+And everybody's got their own
+particular way of doing this.
+
+It's very interesting
+how that worked out.
+
+Plus, this is the
+first little thing
+
+we've had on the board or
+musical thing that's gone down.
+
+All the others have gone up.
+
+So, I don't know, maybe
+it's the time of day,
+
+but now we're going
+with Jimmy Page.
+
+But now we're all descending,
+you know, sort of ideas.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Players, comments on this piece.
+
+Everybody played-- I thought--
+followed you very, very nicely.
+
+AUDIENCE 10: Tried to
+keep things pretty simple.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+A useful approach.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: OK.
+
+This is kind of based on a
+really nasty thunderstorm,
+
+so you can keep that in
+mind while you're playing.
+
+And the parts are
+numbered 8, 9, and 10,
+
+because I wrote a bunch of
+parts but I like these the best.
+
+So, there's going to be some
+free interpretation here.
+
+We're going to start
+out with a summer day
+
+with kind of clouds floating
+sparsely was my image.
+
+So everybody can kind of
+play something pretty.
+
+Key of F major So just
+like play pretty notes
+
+in the key of F major.
+
+Make it kind of sparse.
+
+And when I do this, that
+means just play, like,
+
+a really ugly high note.
+
+Because that's like
+lightning off in the storm.
+
+The beginning of
+things being ugly.
+
+And then when I do
+two, then you're
+
+going to switch to
+9 because that's
+
+the same [? chord ?] and
+just play these notes.
+
+I kind of have two
+parts, sort of.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Why don't you just
+renumber them 1, 2, and 3?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: I can-- whatever.
+
+It's an order.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: Anything
+you can do to simplify
+
+that would be appreciated.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: OK.
+
+I'll renumber it.
+
+OK.
+
+So, this is just
+going to be ugly.
+
+Play all the ugliest
+notes that you can find
+
+and the theme can
+kind of be this flow.
+
+And then I'll use this to
+slow down and speed up.
+
+So I'll eventually slow down,
+and then we'll come into this
+
+and it's like, I don't know.
+
+It's a really destructive storm,
+so it's kind of melancholy.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+And this means start.
+
+[WHISTLING]
+
+AUDIENCE 11: OK.
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+So, composer, conductor, what
+are your thoughts on what
+
+happened?
+
+AUDIENCE 11: It was a
+little less organized
+
+than I expected, which
+is definitely my fault.
+
+But it was cool.
+
+PROFESSOR: So how
+would you adjust
+
+that in another performance?
+
+AUDIENCE 11: I guess I would
+make-- because I kind of had
+
+the idea of having
+these parts coinciding
+
+to some extent, at
+least in the beginning.
+
+So I would probably make it
+be like that at the beginning
+
+and make more of a beat.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, so have
+a rhythmic structure.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: A little bit.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, what's the--
+because some of your notation,
+
+there's notes occurring
+simultaneously.
+
+What was the idea behind that?
+
+AUDIENCE 11: That was
+kind of like the parts
+
+that should occur together.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: Oh, OK.
+
+AUDIENCE 11: So if
+it was more rhythmic,
+
+it would be like those occur
+together, and those and these.
+
+PROFESSOR: I liked all
+the visual-- the bursts
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+And this is almost
+like an accordion sort
+
+of an idea or something.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Very good.
+
+Players.
+
+Comments on this?
+
+Easy to follow?
+
+Seemed like it was, you know,
+because you're directing,
+
+I mean, you're conducting.
+
+You're really giving
+pretty specific signals.
+
+Very nice.
+
+Do you all know the
+Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
+
+By now, you should know
+it if you don't know it.
+
+The middle movement is a storm.
+
+It's a quiet day, like
+you're describing,
+
+and you even hear the sounds of
+birds that whistle or whatever.
+
+And then you hear a thunder
+with a timpani coming in,
+
+and the thunder in a storm.
+
+And I-- one time, I was
+at Tanglewood listening
+
+to the BSO, and
+they played this.
+
+And this is an
+honest-to-god true story.
+
+As that movement came up and
+the storm clouds threatened,
+
+this huge, black,
+storm cloud came over
+
+and it started to
+rain, and then it
+
+stopped exactly as
+the movement ended.
+
+And it went on to the next.
+
+So make of that what you will.
+
+But it was a very interesting
+experience, shall we say,
+
+on the lawn of Tanglewood.
+
+Maybe you're channeling
+Beethoven here a little bit
+
+or something.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: So this piece
+is called "Birthday,"
+
+and I feel like one of
+these real jazz people
+
+because I did the following.
+
+So, oh-- do you have some
+way of standing there.
+
+You can just take one.
+
+There's an extra.
+
+And so I said the following.
+
+Let M be the number of the
+month of your birthday.
+
+And then there are things in
+the parts that depend on it.
+
+So, for example, I
+was born in November.
+
+M is 11.
+
+And I'll say things like,
+transpose this part up
+
+in half steps.
+
+So, we're not going
+to do number 5.
+
+Number 5 involves you
+singing, and it's really hard
+
+to sing in key together.
+
+So instead, we're
+going to do just--
+
+so I have numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
+
+They're the four, let's say,
+phrases of the happy birthday
+
+song.
+
+And they're in whatever key is
+appropriate to your birthday
+
+month.
+
+I'll cue them with just
+numbers 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+And it, again, cues that
+apply to individual people--
+
+or, like, if I want to
+cue a group of people,
+
+I'll do like this and then
+I'll say number 2 or whatever.
+
+And, keep in mind,
+you'll be playing
+
+in different keys,
+which is good.
+
+And I don't want you
+to play simultaneously.
+
+I want you to play somewhat
+chaotically out of sync.
+
+So the cues are-- OK, so.
+
+Number.
+
+Self-explanatory.
+
+It's on the sheet.
+
+Another cue I'll have is this.
+
+This doesn't mean do
+a shake or anything.
+
+This means play chaotically.
+
+This means play something
+that isn't written down
+
+that sounds crazy.
+
+Shake hands equals chaos.
+
+And then the other thing
+that I'll do is this.
+
+So, this does not mean
+play the same note.
+
+This means play, well-- it
+means play a sustained note,
+
+and then a couple
+seconds later, change it
+
+to some other sustained note,
+approximately at random.
+
+It should be
+approximately at random.
+
+So level hand motion means play
+a series of sustained notes.
+
+And the last gesture I'll use
+is the flexology chord gesture,
+
+where I do this.
+
+Where I, like, sweep
+my hand back and forth.
+
+It means play a chord.
+
+Together.
+
+OK.
+
+So, that's what I got.
+
+Sound good?
+
+Any questions or any comments?
+
+I guess I'll cue you in.
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't
+know what you
+
+were going to do at the end.
+
+I didn't know if you
+were getting ready to--
+
+AUDIENCE 3: I was thinking
+about doing something else,
+
+but I figured no
+one would follow
+
+because they assumed I was done.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very nice.
+
+So, your impressions
+of how this all worked.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: That
+was pretty hard.
+
+I knew it would be hard
+to be clear in front
+
+of different people.
+
+It was.
+
+Also, no one ended
+up doing-- I cued
+
+a bunch of people for number 3.
+
+I didn't, I think, hear
+anyone doing the alternative.
+
+So I have cases.
+
+If M is even, you
+play, you know,
+
+(SINGING) happy birthday
+dear-- something.
+
+And then if M is odd,
+you'd go the other way.
+
+I can't even do this.
+
+(SINGING) Happy
+birthday to whatever.
+
+Something like that.
+
+That would've been cool.
+
+PROFESSOR: So in
+another iteration,
+
+and then we're going
+to have to move on,
+
+in another iteration
+people would actually
+
+have to sort of study
+this a little bit more.
+
+Because I saw Brian,
+you were cued 2,
+
+and you were looking
+to see what's 2.
+
+Because we're getting a
+lot of material very fast
+
+this afternoon.
+
+But you would do just
+like you practice
+
+for a piece that's written out.
+
+You would really have to
+know what the cues were.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: I guess I was
+hoping that the familiarity
+
+with this melody would help.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE 3: It probably did.
+
+But still, it's a lot.
+
+PROFESSOR: It was there
+in the background.
+
+OK, so two more.
+
+AUDIENCE 13: So there's six
+new reference material that'll
+
+just be basic framework material
+that I tried to at least
+
+transcribe to the order
+of numbers in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So these first two are just
+these very simple patterns.
+
+Definitely not
+very strict, or not
+
+required to be very
+to the transcription.
+
+But just as a starting
+point for the improvisation.
+
+And so I would maybe take
+that with ones or twos.
+
+And then the rest are
+graphical notations,
+
+so three is kind of
+like a trio above.
+
+It's the same thing for
+the rest of these patters.
+
+Five and six have
+their own patterns,
+
+so interpret those as you will.
+
+So those will just be
+the number signals,
+
+and if I point at you
+or point at a section,
+
+use those numbers,
+that's probably
+
+what you'll want to do.
+
+And then some other signals
+that I was interested in using
+
+is this.
+
+Bringing hands together
+like using a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+would be like making
+what you're doing simpler
+
+or adding more space
+to what you're using.
+
+Where the opposite
+like this would
+
+be making it more complicated.
+
+I'll just do some very
+intuitive, dynamic markings,
+
+too.
+
+And yeah.
+
+Anything else should
+be fairly intuitive.
+
+So is everyone good with that?
+
+[PIANO PLAYING]
+
+[PIANO AND SAX PLAYING]
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Nice.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, as far as this
+coming up, let me just ask.
+
+What worked as you had
+envisioned it and were there
+
+any surprises in here?
+
+AUDIENCE 13: So, I think it
+was a good-- it kind of got
+
+everyone started in at
+least some idea of what
+
+sound or some rough
+idea of key, I guess.
+
+It was maybe a little
+freer than I expected,
+
+just because everyone
+started at different tempos.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So it was also
+different adding--
+
+I guess it was probably not
+necessarily a bug, but just
+
+a feature of how it works.
+
+People have different, I guess,
+ideas of how to add complexity.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mm-hmm.
+
+Mm-hmm.
+
+Good.
+
+Very nice.
+
+AUDIENCE 14: So, I didn't
+write any material.
+
+So this is going to be focused
+on listening to other people.
+
+All right.
+
+So, one is active.
+
+Two is sparse.
+
+These are the ones
+we've used before.
+
+What we're going to start
+with is three, which is,
+
+you should be alternating
+between serene chords
+
+and motives.
+
+As by motives I just
+mean two to four notes.
+
+It can have rhythm if you want.
+
+Something that can be
+easily recognizable.
+
+OK, so hands rising is
+crescendo, diminuendo.
+
+And if I cup my ears, that
+means listen to other people
+
+and try to repeat their motives.
+
+If I do a ball, like
+this, this means
+
+that we're going to
+try to sort of all come
+
+into-- all repeat
+the same motive.
+
+Like coalesce into one.
+
+And if that happens,
+then I'll go like this,
+
+and that'll mean to
+gradually break apart.
+
+So, we'll see if that works.
+
+All right.
+
+So.
+
+You guys--
+
+[MANY INSTRUMENTS PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What did
+you feel about this?
+
+AUDIENCE 14: Well,
+it didn't really
+
+coalesce as I was
+expecting it to,
+
+maybe because there wasn't
+a really distinctive motive.
+
+But I did hear some
+feedback, which was great.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I heard that
+as the non-interested observer,
+
+or very interested but
+non-participating observer,
+
+I should say.
+
+I could definitely
+hear that happening.
+
+AUDIENCE 14: Yeah.
+
+I was trying to bring
+out certain motives,
+
+but I guess one really
+became dominant.
+
+PROFESSOR: There, again,
+literally practicing
+
+or working with the material.
+
+AUDIENCE 14: Right.
+
+But really, really well done.
+
+Give everybody a hand.
+
+Give yourself all a hand.
+
+Very well done.
+
+Very well done.
+
+So, as I've said after
+each person's thing,
+
+I've said-- or
+almost everybody--
+
+I've said composer and/or
+conductor or composer,
+
+conductor, because
+each of you, when
+
+you did that, you're
+both those things.
+
+You're enacting out
+of-- essentially,
+
+this is your raw material,
+whatever it would be,
+
+for each person.
+
+And you're enacting
+in the moment
+
+through improvisation what the
+composition is going to be.
+
+Because as we've
+said, improvisation
+
+is composition and all that.
+
+So this is just a different,
+yet another way to do it.
+
+It's a little bit different
+than what we've done before,
+
+but can be interesting.
+
+I would suggest that
+you think about--
+
+whether it ever
+happens again or not.
+
+I mean, it could be factored
+into your final project,
+
+obviously-- think about what
+I've said to a couple of you.
+
+If you were to do your piece for
+today, if you were to do that
+
+again, what would
+you do to enhance it?
+
+What could you do
+to make sure that it
+
+was closer to what
+your intention was?
+
+And the other thing
+is, I think you
+
+might want to check out
+that OCW film of Walter
+
+Thompson, his sound-painting
+thing from another course.
+
+But I think if you just
+put in Walter Thompson
+
+and sound painting on
+OCW, you'll get this.
+
+It's fascinating, what he does.
+
+And he has a whole
+different set of signals.
+
+I think you'd get
+a kick out of it.
+
+What was the last thing
+I was going to say?
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+See you Saturday.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Good job.
+
+Really good job.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/__NxbJzEMCU.txt b/__NxbJzEMCU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2825a4edd23d9a55523dbb152e845cb226a1c26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__NxbJzEMCU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi our lesson today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi our lesson today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi our lesson today
+hopefully will serve two purposes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will serve two purposes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will serve two purposes on the
+one hand we will give a nice application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand we will give a nice application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand we will give a nice application
+of the chain Rule now that we've had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chain Rule now that we've had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chain Rule now that we've had two
+units devoted to working with the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units devoted to working with the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units devoted to working with the chain
+rule I thought you might enjoy seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I thought you might enjoy seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule I thought you might enjoy seeing
+how it's used in places which aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's used in places which aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's used in places which aren't
+quite that obvious that places that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that obvious that places that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that obvious that places that we
+wouldn't expect it to be used at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect it to be used at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect it to be used at least
+and secondly I would like to pick as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly I would like to pick as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly I would like to pick as my
+application one which comes up in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application one which comes up in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application one which comes up in many
+many different contexts and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different contexts and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different contexts and without
+further Ado the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Ado the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Ado the
+topic I want to cover today is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I want to cover today is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic I want to cover today is called
+integrals involving parameters now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving parameters now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving parameters now that
+sounds like a big mouthful let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a big mouthful let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a big mouthful let me
+motivate that for you at Le first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate that for you at Le first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate that for you at Le first of all
+physically and then in terms of a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and then in terms of a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and then in terms of a couple
+of geometric examples you all know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric examples you all know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric examples you all know from
+past experience my great ability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past experience my great ability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past experience my great ability with
+physical applications so I won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical applications so I won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical applications so I won't even
+try to find anything profound here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find anything profound here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find anything profound here let
+me just take a pseudo example pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a pseudo example pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just take a pseudo example pointing
+out what type of situation we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what type of situation we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what type of situation we're trying
+to deal with and leaving it to your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and leaving it to your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and leaving it to your own
+backgrounds to see places where the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds to see places where the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds to see places where the same
+principle could have been applied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could have been applied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could have been applied but
+hopefully in a more practical meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in a more practical meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in a more practical meaningful
+way to you imagine for example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to you imagine for example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to you imagine for example that we
+have a platform that we're looking along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a platform that we're looking along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a platform that we're looking along
+in the X Direction and we've punched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction and we've punched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction and we've punched
+holes in this platform say and liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in this platform say and liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in this platform say and liquid is
+trickling through these various holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling through these various holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling through these various holes
+the holes are all on a horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holes are all on a horizontal line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holes are all on a horizontal line
+this way we what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way we what we're going to do is
+we're going to focus our attention on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus our attention on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus our attention on a
+particular particle of the liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particle of the liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particle of the liquid and
+we're going to watch it as it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to watch it as it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to watch it as it falls
+and what we would like to do is find how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would like to do is find how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would like to do is find how
+far that particle fell say during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that particle fell say during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far that particle fell say during the
+first second of its flight well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second of its flight well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second of its flight well
+obviously from a calculus point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously from a calculus point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously from a calculus point of view
+the first thing we have to do is know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we have to do is know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we have to do is know
+what the velocity function is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the velocity function is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the velocity function is because
+ultimately we would like to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we would like to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we would like to integrate
+the velocity now notice that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity now notice that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity now notice that we would
+expect the velocity to be Depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the velocity to be Depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the velocity to be Depending on
+time if this were a freely falling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if this were a freely falling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if this were a freely falling uh
+situation we'd expect the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we'd expect the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation we'd expect the usual
+gravitational type situation or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational type situation or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational type situation or whatever
+the situation happened to be we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation happened to be we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation happened to be we would
+expect on the one hand that the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect on the one hand that the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect on the one hand that the velocity
+does depend on the time on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does depend on the time on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does depend on the time on the other
+hand because of how the streams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because of how the streams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because of how the streams are
+flowing other we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing other we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing other we don't know what's
+happening above here that's causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening above here that's causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening above here that's causing the
+water to shoot out we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to shoot out we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to shoot out we don't know what
+the initial velocity is coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity is coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity is coming out of
+each of these holes and in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these holes and in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these holes and in the sense
+that a different opening May give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a different opening May give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a different opening May give rise
+to a different velocity of stream coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different velocity of stream coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different velocity of stream coming
+out all I'm trying to bring out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all I'm trying to bring out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all I'm trying to bring out here is
+that as we try to focus our attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we try to focus our attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we try to focus our attention on
+a particular opening we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular opening we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular opening we find that the
+velocity of the particle that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the particle that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the particle that we're
+following during that first second is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following during that first second is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following during that first second is a
+function both of its position X in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function both of its position X in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function both of its position X in other
+words x Sub 0 in this case because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words x Sub 0 in this case because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words x Sub 0 in this case because we're
+focusing in at xal x0 and the time t as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing in at xal x0 and the time t as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing in at xal x0 and the time t as
+T goes from 0 to 1 and we then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes from 0 to 1 and we then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes from 0 to 1 and we then simply
+integrate along the vertical Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate along the vertical Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate along the vertical Direction
+here we find y as a function of x0 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find y as a function of x0 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we find y as a function of x0 from
+0 to 1 V of x0 tdt in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 V of x0 tdt in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 V of x0 tdt in other words the
+distance once we're through integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance once we're through integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance once we're through integrating
+you see notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see notice that the
+integration is with respect to T so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is with respect to T so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is with respect to T so when
+we're through integrating this being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through integrating this being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through integrating this being a
+definite integral T no longer appears we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral T no longer appears we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral T no longer appears we
+have a function of x0 alone saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function of x0 alone saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function of x0 alone saying
+nothing more than the distance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the distance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the distance that the
+particle Falls during the first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Falls during the first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Falls during the first second
+is a function of the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of the position of the
+opening along the line here now at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening along the line here now at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening along the line here now at any
+rate the practical application is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the practical application is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the practical application is not so
+much writing down this equation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much writing down this equation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much writing down this equation as the
+inverse is the case namely in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is the case namely in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is the case namely in many
+practical applications we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical applications we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical applications we are
+given this particular integral and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this particular integral and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this particular integral and for
+some reason or other want to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other want to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other want to determine
+what V itself is in other words we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what V itself is in other words we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what V itself is in other words we often
+want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the
+derivative given the integral all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative given the integral all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative given the integral all right
+let's just let it go at that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let it go at that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let it go at that for the
+time being the important point is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being the important point is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time being the important point is that I
+want you to see an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see an example of an
+integral let me just write this here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let me just write this here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let me just write this here in
+more abstract form it's it it appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract form it's it it appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract form it's it it appears to
+be a definite integral A to B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a definite integral A to B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a definite integral A to B the
+function inside inside the integran is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function inside inside the integran is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function inside inside the integran is
+apparently a function of two variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently a function of two variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently a function of two variables X
+and Y say in this case x0 and T one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y say in this case x0 and T one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y say in this case x0 and T one of
+the variables is a variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables is a variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables is a variable of
+integration in this case Y and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in this case Y and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration in this case Y and the other
+variable is being treated as a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is being treated as a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is being treated as a constant
+and that's where the word parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the word parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where the word parameter
+comes in X is a parameter meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in X is a parameter meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in X is a parameter meaning a
+variable constant in the sense that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable constant in the sense that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable constant in the sense that for
+this particular problem X is chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem X is chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem X is chosen to
+be in some domain and remains fixed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in some domain and remains fixed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in some domain and remains fixed in
+other words this is some function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is some function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this is some function of X
+when we're all through here all right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're all through here all right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're all through here all right as
+a geometric example imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric example imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric example imagine the
+following situation we have a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation we have a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation we have a surface
+wal f ofx y we take the plane xal x0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal f ofx y we take the plane xal x0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wal f ofx y we take the plane xal x0 and
+intersect this surface with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect this surface with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect this surface with that
+particular plane we get a curve you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plane we get a curve you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plane we get a curve you see
+now we look at that curve corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look at that curve corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we look at that curve corresponding
+to two points p and Q where p and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two points p and Q where p and Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two points p and Q where p and Q are
+determined by the Y values A and B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Y values A and B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Y values A and B in
+other words P correspond to yal a q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words P correspond to yal a q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words P correspond to yal a q
+corresponds to yal B and now a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to yal B and now a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to yal B and now a very
+natural question that might come up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question that might come up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question that might come up is
+that we would like to find the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like to find the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would like to find the area of
+this particular plane region other was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular plane region other was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular plane region other was
+the reg the area of this slice between p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reg the area of this slice between p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reg the area of this slice between p
+and Q now you know the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q now you know the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q now you know the first thing I
+hope that you'll notice is that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you'll notice is that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you'll notice is that be
+because this shape of the surface can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this shape of the surface can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this shape of the surface can be
+in many different ways the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different ways the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different ways the particular
+cross-section that we get does depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that we get does depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that we get does depend on
+the choice of x0 different slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of x0 different slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of x0 different slices
+different planes x equal x0 will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes x equal x0 will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different planes x equal x0 will give us
+different curves of intersection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves of intersection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves of intersection the
+point is that once we have the curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that once we have the curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that once we have the curve of
+intersection see X is being treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection see X is being treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection see X is being treated as
+the parameter this particular curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter this particular curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter this particular curve is
+given by what equation f is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by what equation f is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by what equation f is a function
+of x0 and Y see x0 is being held see x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0 and Y see x0 is being held see x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0 and Y see x0 is being held see x
+equals x0 for every point on this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x0 for every point on this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x0 for every point on this curve
+and so the area of the region R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the area of the region R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the area of the region R is the
+integral from A to B F of x0 Y Dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F of x0 Y Dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F of x0 Y Dy and
+the question that very often comes up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that very often comes up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that very often comes up is
+how do you find the derivative of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the derivative of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find the derivative of as
+subr with respect to x0 noticing you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr with respect to x0 noticing you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr with respect to x0 noticing you see
+that as subar is a function of x0 alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as subar is a function of x0 alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as subar is a function of x0 alone
+the Y dropping out between the limits A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y dropping out between the limits A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y dropping out between the limits A
+and B when we perform the operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B when we perform the operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B when we perform the operation of
+integration a third place that this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration a third place that this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration a third place that this type
+of situation occurs is in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation occurs is in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation occurs is in solving
+certain differential equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain differential equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain differential equations for
+example suppose we're given a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose we're given a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose we're given a particular
+curve and that curve determines a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and that curve determines a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and that curve determines a region
+R between the lines xal A and xal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R between the lines xal A and xal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R between the lines xal A and xal B
+suppose all we know about the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose all we know about the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose all we know about the curve is
+its slope at any point we know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its slope at any point we know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its slope at any point we know that a
+slope at any point is given by dydx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at any point is given by dydx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at any point is given by dydx is
+some function of X and Y which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X and Y which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of X and Y which we don't
+necessarily have to go into right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to go into right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to go into right now
+and let's suppose for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose for the sake of
+argument that we solve this first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we solve this first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we solve this first order
+differential equation what we'll find if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what we'll find if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what we'll find if
+we're lucky is that Y is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky is that Y is some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're lucky is that Y is some function
+of X and an arbitrary constant remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and an arbitrary constant remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and an arbitrary constant remember
+once you have one solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have one solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have one solution to a
+differential equation you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have an
+infinite family in terms of a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite family in terms of a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite family in terms of a one
+parameter solution to a differential equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter solution to a differential equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter solution to a differential equ
+equation in other words in finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words in finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words in finding the
+area of the region R in this case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the region R in this case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the region R in this case there
+are many curves that satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many curves that satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many curves that satisfy this
+particular differential equation until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular differential equation until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular differential equation until
+we know what specific points are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what specific points are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what specific points are being
+referred to over here the best we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to over here the best we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to over here the best we know
+for sure is what that these end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure is what that these end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure is what that these end points
+are A and B that the inte integrand is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are A and B that the inte integrand is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are A and B that the inte integrand is f
+of x comma C and we're integrating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x comma C and we're integrating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x comma C and we're integrating that
+with respect to X from A to B I franly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X from A to B I franly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X from A to B I franly
+put a c in here because I think what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a c in here because I think what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a c in here because I think what I
+was trying to emphasize for you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to emphasize for you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to emphasize for you is that
+when you look at this thing observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this thing observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this thing observe that
+this integral is a function of C alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is a function of C alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is a function of C alone
+namely when you integrate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when you integrate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely when you integrate this thing
+you're integrate with respect to X the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrate with respect to X the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrate with respect to X the X
+drops out all you have left here is a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out all you have left here is a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out all you have left here is a c
+a subr then is a function of C and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subr then is a function of C and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subr then is a function of C and in
+many cases what we would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases what we would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases what we would like to do is
+see how fast the area changes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how fast the area changes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how fast the area changes as a
+function of C in other words how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of C in other words how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of C in other words how do we
+change the area in as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the area in as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the area in as a function of
+changing the con the arbitrary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the con the arbitrary constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the con the arbitrary constant
+C and I have enough exercises in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I have enough exercises in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and I have enough exercises in the
+assignment to give you concrete drill on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to give you concrete drill on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to give you concrete drill on
+this all I'm trying to give you here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all I'm trying to give you here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all I'm trying to give you here is
+an overview of the entire topic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the entire topic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the entire topic and the
+reason I want to give you this overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to give you this overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to give you this overview
+is that it's hinted at in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's hinted at in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's hinted at in the textbook
+but this topic is not covered there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this topic is not covered there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this topic is not covered there in
+fact the reason that I had you read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the reason that I had you read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the reason that I had you read that
+particular section of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular section of the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular section of the textbook
+before the lecture this time you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture this time you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the lecture this time you notice
+that usually we start with a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually we start with a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually we start with a lecture
+this time I had you read the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I had you read the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I had you read the textbook
+first because the way the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because the way the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because the way the textbook
+covered this topic is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered this topic is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered this topic is essentially
+nothing more than the way we tackled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the way we tackled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than the way we tackled a
+different problem last semester and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem last semester and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem last semester and I
+want you to see that the problem done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see that the problem done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see that the problem done in
+the Thomas text is not a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thomas text is not a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thomas text is not a new problem
+it's one that we've done before but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that we've done before but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that we've done before but that
+with the tools that we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tools that we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tools that we now have
+available we could have tackled a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we could have tackled a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we could have tackled a more
+significant problem and that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem and that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant problem and that's the one
+I'm electing to do here and what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm electing to do here and what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm electing to do here and what I want
+to show you the key steps on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the key steps on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the key steps on because
+they're not in the text but I will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the text but I will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the text but I will leave
+the reinforcement for the exercises at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinforcement for the exercises at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinforcement for the exercises at
+any rate hopefully now when you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate hopefully now when you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate hopefully now when you see an
+integral of this type it will not bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this type it will not bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this type it will not bother
+you too much in other words don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much in other words don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much in other words don't worry
+about how do you integrate a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you integrate a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you integrate a function of
+two independent variables when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent variables when you see
+something like this it means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it means that there
+is some implicitly implied domain for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some implicitly implied domain for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some implicitly implied domain for x
+x in other words we have some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in other words we have some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in other words we have some function
+of X I don't know what let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I don't know what let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X I don't know what let's say the
+domain of X the domain of G might very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of X the domain of G might very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of X the domain of G might very
+well be say all X's between two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be say all X's between two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be say all X's between two values
+say C and D but who cares about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C and D but who cares about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C and D but who cares about that
+right now the important point is that g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the important point is that g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the important point is that g
+is defined on a certain set of values X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined on a certain set of values X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined on a certain set of values X
+and what it says is to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it says is to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it says is to compute the
+output of the G machine you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the G machine you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the G machine you for the
+given X you fix that X and integrate F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X you fix that X and integrate F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X you fix that X and integrate F
+ofx comma y Dy between A and B notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma y Dy between A and B notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma y Dy between A and B notice
+you see during the integration X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see during the integration X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see during the integration X is
+being treated as a constant so that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as a constant so that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as a constant so that to
+all intents and purposes this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes this is an
+ordinary integral but because X isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary integral but because X isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary integral but because X isn't a
+Bonafide constant meaning what it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide constant meaning what it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonafide constant meaning what it's a
+constant only in the sense that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant only in the sense that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant only in the sense that once
+chosen it remains fixed for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen it remains fixed for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen it remains fixed for this
+particular integration different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular integration different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular integration different values
+of X will give me different integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will give me different integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will give me different integrals
+here and consequently a very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and consequently a very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and consequently a very natural
+question that comes up is how does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes up is how does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that comes up is how does my
+function G which depends on X how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G which depends on X how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G which depends on X how does
+That Vary as X varies in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Vary as X varies in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Vary as X varies in other words the
+key question is simply this first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question is simply this first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question is simply this first of all
+given G defined this way one does g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given G defined this way one does g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given G defined this way one does g
+Prime even exist Does the GDX exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime even exist Does the GDX exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime even exist Does the GDX exist and
+two if it does exist what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if it does exist what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if it does exist what is
+it okay in other words the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in other words the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay in other words the question that
+we're raising is if this if we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're raising is if this if we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're raising is if this if we can find
+G Prime of X how do we do it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of X how do we do it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of X how do we do it in terms of
+looking at the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the right hand side
+and let me not try to guess the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me not try to guess the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me not try to guess the answer
+here the answer does turn out to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the answer does turn out to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the answer does turn out to be in
+this particular case one that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case one that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case one that you might
+have guessed but I prefer to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed but I prefer to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed but I prefer to show you
+that we don't have to guess point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to guess point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to guess point one
+point two if you do guess you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two if you do guess you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two if you do guess you won't
+always be that lucky that's my finale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be that lucky that's my finale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be that lucky that's my finale
+for today's lecture but let me see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's lecture but let me see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's lecture but let me see if I
+can survive to get to the finale first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survive to get to the finale first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can survive to get to the finale first
+let me see how we'll tackle a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see how we'll tackle a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see how we'll tackle a problem
+like this first of all to see if G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this first of all to see if G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this first of all to see if G Prime
+exists at some value x0 what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at some value x0 what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists at some value x0 what we have to
+do is way back to the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is way back to the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is way back to the very beginning of
+part one the same old definition for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one the same old definition for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one the same old definition for an
+ordinary derivative we have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary derivative we have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary derivative we have to compute
+the limit of G of X Sub 0 + H minus G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of G of X Sub 0 + H minus G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of G of X Sub 0 + H minus G of
+X Sub 0 over H taken in the limit as H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Sub 0 over H taken in the limit as H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Sub 0 over H taken in the limit as H
+approaches Z notice what the G machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches Z notice what the G machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches Z notice what the G machine
+does what the G machine does is it feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what the G machine does is it feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what the G machine does is it feeds
+X into the integrand here and integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X into the integrand here and integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X into the integrand here and integrates
+this with respect to Y from A to B so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to Y from A to B so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to Y from A to B so if
+the input of my G machine is x0 plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input of my G machine is x0 plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input of my G machine is x0 plus h
+that means that the x is replaced by x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the x is replaced by x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the x is replaced by x0
++ H here G of x0 plus h is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ H here G of x0 plus h is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ H here G of x0 plus h is simply
+integral from A to B F of x0 plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F of x0 plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from A to B F of x0 plus h
+comma y Dy similarly G of x0 is integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y Dy similarly G of x0 is integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma y Dy similarly G of x0 is integral
+from A to B F of x0 ydy I now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B F of x0 ydy I now want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B F of x0 ydy I now want to
+form this difference and noticing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this difference and noticing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this difference and noticing again
+this is all calculus of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all calculus of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all calculus of a single
+variable that the difference of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that the difference of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that the difference of two
+definite integrals is the definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integrals is the definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integrals is the definite
+integral of the difference I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the difference I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the difference I can
+conclude that g of x0 + hus G of x 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that g of x0 + hus G of x 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that g of x0 + hus G of x 0 is
+simply this single integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply this single integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply this single integral over
+here now my next step in determining G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now my next step in determining G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now my next step in determining G
+Prime of x0 is I must divide this by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x0 is I must divide this by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x0 is I must divide this by H
+notice by the way that H is an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way that H is an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way that H is an arbitrary
+increment but once chosen remains fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment but once chosen remains fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment but once chosen remains fixed
+notice that H is a constant as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that H is a constant as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that H is a constant as far as
+this integration is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integration is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integration is concerned
+consequently to divide by H it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently to divide by H it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently to divide by H it is
+permissible to bring the H inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible to bring the H inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible to bring the H inside the
+integrand in other words technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand in other words technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand in other words technically
+speaking the H should be here but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the H should be here but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the H should be here but since
+H is a constant with respect to Y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a constant with respect to Y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is a constant with respect to Y the
+integral can be have the H brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be have the H brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be have the H brought in
+why do I want to bring the H in here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I want to bring the H in here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I want to bring the H in here let
+me again Telegraph what I'm leading up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again Telegraph what I'm leading up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again Telegraph what I'm leading up
+to obviously when I'm going to compute G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obviously when I'm going to compute G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obviously when I'm going to compute G
+Prime my next step is to take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime my next step is to take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime my next step is to take the limit
+of this as H approaches zero with h in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as H approaches zero with h in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as H approaches zero with h in
+here I look at this and what I hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I look at this and what I hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I look at this and what I hope is
+that by this amount of time at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by this amount of time at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by this amount of time at least the
+following minimum amount of material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following minimum amount of material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following minimum amount of material has
+rubbed off on you in a second nature way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbed off on you in a second nature way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbed off on you in a second nature way
+that if I look at this expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at this expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at this expression in
+Brackets as as H approaches zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets as as H approaches zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets as as H approaches zero this is
+precisely the definition of what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the definition of what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the definition of what we mean
+by the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the partial of
+f of XY with respect to X evaluated x0 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of XY with respect to X evaluated x0 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of XY with respect to X evaluated x0 y
+see this is what the change in F see Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is what the change in F see Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is what the change in F see Y
+is held constant we're taking this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held constant we're taking this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held constant we're taking this over
+a change from x0 to x0 plus h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change from x0 to x0 plus h and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change from x0 to x0 plus h and
+dividing by H this is a partial of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by H this is a partial of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by H this is a partial of f
+with respect to X that's why I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X that's why I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X that's why I want to
+bring the h inside so now I say Okay g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the h inside so now I say Okay g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the h inside so now I say Okay g
+Prime of x0 by definition is this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x0 by definition is this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of x0 by definition is this limit
+I now want to take the limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression and by the way notice what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and by the way notice what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and by the way notice what
+I'd love to do now is to jump right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love to do now is to jump right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd love to do now is to jump right in
+here and say aha this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say aha this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say aha this is just the
+partial of f respect to X evaluated x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f respect to X evaluated x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of f respect to X evaluated x0
+y0 but the thing I would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 but the thing I would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 but the thing I would like you to
+notice and again going back to part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and again going back to part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice and again going back to part one
+of our course one of the big things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our course one of the big things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our course one of the big things that
+we talked about Under The Heading of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Under The Heading of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Under The Heading of
+form convergence that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form convergence that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form convergence that is a very
+dangerous thing in general to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous thing in general to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous thing in general to
+Interchange the order of limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interchange the order of limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interchange the order of limit and
+integration this says what first perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this says what first perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration this says what first perform
+the integration and then take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration and then take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration and then take the limit
+what we would like to be able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like to be able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would like to be able to do is
+first take the limit and then take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take the limit and then take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take the limit and then take and
+then integrate the result now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then integrate the result now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then integrate the result now you know
+we did see that provided the integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did see that provided the integrand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did see that provided the integrand
+was continuous these operations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuous these operations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was continuous these operations were
+permissible but we'll talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible but we'll talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible but we'll talk about that a
+little later for the time being let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later for the time being let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later for the time being let's
+simply summarize by saying if the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply summarize by saying if the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply summarize by saying if the limit
+operation and the integration operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and the integration operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and the integration operation
+can be interchanged then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interchanged then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be interchanged then the
+derivative which see this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which see this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which see this thing here is
+what this is my G of X the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is my G of X the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is my G of X the derivative of
+G of X with respect to X has the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X with respect to X has the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X with respect to X has the very
+delightful form that essentially all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful form that essentially all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful form that essentially all I
+have to do is take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is take the derivative
+operation come inside the integrand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation come inside the integrand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation come inside the integrand and
+replace the derivative with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the derivative with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the derivative with respect to X
+by the partial derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the partial derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the partial derivative with respect
+to X in other words the the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X in other words the the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X in other words the the derivative
+of the integral from a to b f of XY Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral from a to b f of XY Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral from a to b f of XY Dy
+is the integral from A to B the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral from A to B the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral from A to B the partial
+of f respect to X Dy provided of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to X Dy provided of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f respect to X Dy provided of course
+that the limit and the integration are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit and the integration are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit and the integration are
+interchangeable in particular this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable in particular this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable in particular this will
+be true if F and F subx exist in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if F and F subx exist in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if F and F subx exist in our
+continuous and to straighten out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and to straighten out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and to straighten out the
+range and the domain and what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the domain and what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and the domain and what have you
+once and for all notice that Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all notice that Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all notice that Y is
+allowed to exist between A and B we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to exist between A and B we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to exist between A and B we've
+said that X is going to exist on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that X is going to exist on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that X is going to exist on some
+domain between C and D notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain between C and D notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain between C and D notice that
+saying that Y is between a and b and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that Y is between a and b and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that Y is between a and b and X
+is between C and D geometrically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between C and D geometrically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between C and D geometrically says
+that f is defined on a rectangle see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is defined on a rectangle see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is defined on a rectangle see
+okay and then what we're saying is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're saying is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what we're saying is under
+these conditions to integrate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions to integrate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions to integrate an
+integral with a parameter we with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a parameter we with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a parameter we with
+respect to that parameter all we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that parameter all we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that parameter all we have to
+do is come inside the integral sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is come inside the integral sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is come inside the integral sign and
+differentiate take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate take the partial
+derivative with respect to what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to what is being
+used as the parameter in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as the parameter in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as the parameter in this case it's
+X which is the parameter now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the parameter now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the parameter now the only
+only danger with this particular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only danger with this particular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only danger with this particular thing
+and by the way notice not only is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way notice not only is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way notice not only is there
+a danger here that I'm going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a danger here that I'm going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a danger here that I'm going to mention
+the danger is this looks so easy you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the danger is this looks so easy you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the danger is this looks so easy you may
+be saying why they do it the Hardway why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying why they do it the Hardway why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying why they do it the Hardway why
+didn't he just tell us this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he just tell us this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't he just tell us this was the
+right way of doing it and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way of doing it and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way of doing it and the point is
+it just happens to be one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to be one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to be one of those
+coincidences where the rigorous way Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences where the rigorous way Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidences where the rigorous way Le
+yields a logical answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a logical answer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a logical answer which is
+consistent with what is probably our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what is probably our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what is probably our
+intuitive guess but it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive guess but it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive guess but it's not always
+going to happen that way and the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen that way and the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen that way and the example
+that I have in mind now goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in mind now goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in mind now goes back to
+what we were talking about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about at the
+beginning of the lecture namely I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture namely I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture namely I want
+to give you an application of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an application of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an application of the chain
+Rule and here's where that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and here's where that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and here's where that application
+comes in I now call this well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in I now call this well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in I now call this well I don't
+know what to call it let's just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to call it let's just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to call it let's just call it
+variable limits of integration same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable limits of integration same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable limits of integration same
+problem as before it's going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as before it's going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as before it's going to cause
+the chain rule to come in now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule to come in now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule to come in now the only
+difference is going to be and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is going to be and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is going to be and that's
+just a four warning you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a four warning you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a four warning you don't have to
+know that right now I'm going to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that right now I'm going to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that right now I'm going to hit the
+same problem as before what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem as before what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem as before what I have
+before I had that g of X was integral F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had that g of X was integral F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I had that g of X was integral F
+ofx ydy between the two constants A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx ydy between the two constants A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx ydy between the two constants A and
+B now I'm going to let my constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now I'm going to let my constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now I'm going to let my constant of
+integration also depend on the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration also depend on the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration also depend on the parameter
+see all the constants of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the constants of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the constants of integration
+have to be our constants as far as Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be our constants as far as Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be our constants as far as Y is
+concerned okay what I'm saying is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay what I'm saying is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay what I'm saying is what
+makes this problem different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this problem different from the
+previous one is suppose that it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one is suppose that it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one is suppose that it happens
+that instead of being given a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of being given a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of being given a nice
+rectangle to play around with I'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle to play around with I'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle to play around with I'm given
+a couple of Curves like this in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Curves like this in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Curves like this in the XY
+plane see this this would be a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane see this this would be a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane see this this would be a of
+X this would be yal B ofx see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be yal B ofx see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be yal B ofx see what I'm
+saying now is that not only does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying now is that not only does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying now is that not only does the
+integral the integr depend on what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integr depend on what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integr depend on what value
+of x I pick but the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x I pick but the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x I pick but the limits of
+integration is I'm finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is I'm finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is I'm finding a
+cross-sectional area of a surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of a surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of a surface you
+see the limits of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the limits of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the limits of the integral
+themselves depend on the choice of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves depend on the choice of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves depend on the choice of x
+constant as far as Y is concerned but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as far as Y is concerned but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as far as Y is concerned but
+depend on X you see now what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on X you see now what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on X you see now what happens is
+that my parameter appears in the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my parameter appears in the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my parameter appears in the limits
+as well as just in the integr and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as just in the integr and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as just in the integr and now
+you see also what this means is if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see also what this means is if I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see also what this means is if I try
+the previous approach of computing G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous approach of computing G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous approach of computing G of
+x plus Delta X Etc I'm in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus Delta X Etc I'm in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus Delta X Etc I'm in trouble
+because the only way I can combine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only way I can combine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only way I can combine two
+integrals and put them under the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and put them under the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and put them under the same
+integral sign is if they're between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign is if they're between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign is if they're between the
+same limits of integration notice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same limits of integration notice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same limits of integration notice here
+for example that if I replace X by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that if I replace X by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that if I replace X by X
+Plus Delta x i not only change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Delta x i not only change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Delta x i not only change the
+integrand but notice that the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand but notice that the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand but notice that the limits
+become what a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what a of
+X+ Delta x b of X Plus Delta X and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ Delta x b of X Plus Delta X and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X+ Delta x b of X Plus Delta X and those
+in general unless A and B happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general unless A and B happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general unless A and B happen to be
+constants will vary with x in fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants will vary with x in fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants will vary with x in fact let's
+look at it this way this is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way this is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way this is the problem
+we should have started with in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have started with in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have started with in the sense
+that constant limits of integration are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant limits of integration are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant limits of integration are
+a special case of this at any rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of this at any rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of this at any rate what
+I wanted to show you is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show you is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show you is that this
+particular problem can be handled very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem can be handled very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem can be handled very
+nicely in terms of the chain rule namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in terms of the chain rule namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in terms of the chain rule namely
+what we do here is we observe that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do here is we observe that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do here is we observe that first
+of all Y is not really a variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Y is not really a variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all Y is not really a variable here
+it's integrated out so what we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integrated out so what we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integrated out so what we what we
+think of is let's think of a of X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is let's think of a of X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is let's think of a of X as
+being some variable U let's think of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some variable U let's think of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some variable U let's think of B
+of X as being some variable V let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as being some variable V let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as being some variable V let's
+write down the function of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the function of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the function of three
+independent variables UV and X okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables UV and X okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables UV and X okay what
+what will that function be it'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that function be it'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will that function be it'll be the
+integral let UV and X be arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let UV and X be arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let UV and X be arbitrary
+independent variables look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables look at the
+integral from U to v f of XY Dy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from U to v f of XY Dy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from U to v f of XY Dy this is
+obviously dependent upon U it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously dependent upon U it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously dependent upon U it's
+dependent upon V and it's dependent upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon V and it's dependent upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon V and it's dependent upon
+X the place that the chain rule comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the place that the chain rule comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the place that the chain rule comes in
+is that in our particular problem u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in our particular problem u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in our particular problem u and
+v cannot be arbitrary but but rather U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cannot be arbitrary but but rather U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v cannot be arbitrary but but rather U
+must be that particular function a of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that particular function a of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that particular function a of X
+and V must be the particular function B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V must be the particular function B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V must be the particular function B
+of X consequently G of X is simply what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X consequently G of X is simply what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X consequently G of X is simply what
+it's h of U VX where U is a of X and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's h of U VX where U is a of X and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's h of U VX where U is a of X and V
+is B of X consequently to find G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B of X consequently to find G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is B of X consequently to find G Prime
+of X what we want is H Prime of X and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what we want is H Prime of X and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what we want is H Prime of X and to
+find H Prime as a function of X see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find H Prime as a function of X see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find H Prime as a function of X see the
+chain rule here U can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here U can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule here U can be expressed in
+terms of x v can be expressed in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x v can be expressed in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x v can be expressed in terms
+of X obviously X is already expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X obviously X is already expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X obviously X is already expressed in
+terms of X so this is really implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X so this is really implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X so this is really implicitly
+a function of X alone so G so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X alone so G so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X alone so G so by the
+chain rule what I'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule what I'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule what I'd like to be able to
+do is to combine these three pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to combine these three pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to combine these three pieces of
+information to find H Prime of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to find H Prime of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to find H Prime of X and
+remember how the chain rule works I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how the chain rule works I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how the chain rule works I'm
+not going to beat that to death we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to beat that to death we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to beat that to death we've
+just had two units on that let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had two units on that let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had two units on that let's just
+say it rather quickly G Prime of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it rather quickly G Prime of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it rather quickly G Prime of X is
+the partial of H with respect to U time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of H with respect to U time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of H with respect to U time
+U Prime of X plus the partial of H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime of X plus the partial of H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime of X plus the partial of H with
+respect to V * V Prime of x * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to V * V Prime of x * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to V * V Prime of x * the
+partial of H with respect to x * X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to x * X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to x * X Prime
+of X which of course is just 1 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which of course is just 1 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which of course is just 1 in other
+words writing this thing out G Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words writing this thing out G Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words writing this thing out G Prime of
+X is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply
+this what is h the partial of H with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is h the partial of H with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is h the partial of H with
+respect to you let's come back here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to you let's come back here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to you let's come back here for
+a second and remember what H is H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and remember what H is H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second and remember what H is H is
+this integral I want to take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral I want to take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral I want to take the partial
+of that with respect to you that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that with respect to you that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that with respect to you that means I
+have to investigate this now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to investigate this now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to investigate this now here's the
+interesting point whereas you V and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point whereas you V and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point whereas you V and X
+are independent variables what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent variables what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent variables what does it
+mean when you say you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you say you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you say you're taking the
+partial with respect to you it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to you it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to you it means
+that you're treating V and X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're treating V and X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're treating V and X as
+constants now if V and X are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants now if V and X are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants now if V and X are being
+treated as constants what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as constants what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as constants what I have is
+simply what I'm taking a derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply what I'm taking a derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply what I'm taking a derivative with
+respect to a variable where the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a variable where the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a variable where the only
+place the V variable appear appears is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the V variable appear appears is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the V variable appear appears is
+as the lower limit of the integran no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the lower limit of the integran no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the lower limit of the integran no
+words I claim that that's nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I claim that that's nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I claim that that's nothing more
+than minus F ofx comma U did I go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus F ofx comma U did I go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus F ofx comma U did I go inside
+the integral in other words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral in other words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral in other words I
+differentiate the integral that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the integral that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the integral that leaves
+me just the integrand and replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just the integrand and replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just the integrand and replace the
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+by the variable of integration you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variable of integration you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the variable of integration you here
+and because it's the lower limit I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's the lower limit I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's the lower limit I put
+in the minus sign now why did I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minus sign now why did I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minus sign now why did I go
+through that very fast that's why I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that very fast that's why I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that very fast that's why I had
+you read this assignment first notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read this assignment first notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read this assignment first notice
+that the assignment in the textbook does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assignment in the textbook does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assignment in the textbook does
+not touch what I'm talking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not touch what I'm talking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not touch what I'm talking about but
+rather seems to review that topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather seems to review that topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather seems to review that topic that
+we covered under part one that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered under part one that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we covered under part one that if you
+wanted to take an ordinary derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take an ordinary derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to take an ordinary derivative
+with respect to U integral from U to a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U integral from U to a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to U integral from U to a g
+of ydy the answer would just be minus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ydy the answer would just be minus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ydy the answer would just be minus G
+of U and that's exactly what I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and that's exactly what I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U and that's exactly what I did in
+here I TW and X's constants here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I TW and X's constants here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I TW and X's constants here that
+was the only variable in here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only variable in here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only variable in here was
+U that will be emphasized again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that will be emphasized again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that will be emphasized again in the
+exercises in a similar way the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in a similar way the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in a similar way the partial
+of H with respect to V means this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H with respect to V means this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H with respect to V means this thing
+notice now that U is being treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now that U is being treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now that U is being treated as a
+constant X is being treated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant X is being treated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant X is being treated as a
+constant to differentiate this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to differentiate this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to differentiate this my
+variable appears only as an upper limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable appears only as an upper limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable appears only as an upper limit
+on the integrand that means I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integrand that means I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integrand that means I come
+inside the integral sign replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral sign replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the integral sign replace the
+integral by just the function itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by just the function itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral by just the function itself
+replacing what the variable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing what the variable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing what the variable by
+the limit of replacing y That's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of replacing y That's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of replacing y That's the only
+inte variable of integration by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inte variable of integration by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inte variable of integration by the
+upper limit V in other words this is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit V in other words this is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit V in other words this is f
+ofx comma V all right and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma V all right and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma V all right and finally the
+partial of H with respect to X is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to X is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of H with respect to X is this
+integral here notice now that u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here notice now that u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here notice now that u and v
+being treated as constants with u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as constants with u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as constants with u and v
+being treated as constants that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as constants that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being treated as constants that's the
+special case that we started our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case that we started our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case that we started our lecture
+with namely to differentiate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with namely to differentiate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with namely to differentiate with
+respect to a parameter when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a parameter when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a parameter when the
+parameter appears only as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter appears only as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter appears only as part of the
+integrand so how do we do that we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand so how do we do that we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand so how do we do that we come
+inside this is the integral from U to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this is the integral from U to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this is the integral from U to V
+the partial of f with respect to X Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to X Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of f with respect to X Dy
+putting the whole thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the whole thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the whole thing together
+recalling among other things that du UD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling among other things that du UD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling among other things that du UD
+DX Since U is a of X is just a prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Since U is a of X is just a prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX Since U is a of X is just a prime of
+X and dvdx is B Prime of X what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and dvdx is B Prime of X what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and dvdx is B Prime of X what this
+says and again I want you to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and again I want you to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and again I want you to see the
+beauty of the chain rule here because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the chain rule here because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of the chain rule here because at
+least to my way of thinking I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to my way of thinking I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to my way of thinking I don't see
+anything at all intuitive about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all intuitive about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at all intuitive about the
+result I'm going to show you and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I'm going to show you and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result I'm going to show you and that is
+as soon as you make the variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you make the variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you make the variables the
+the limits of integration variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of integration variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of integration variable to
+differentiate an integral involving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate an integral involving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate an integral involving a
+parameter you see again what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you see again what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you see again what's the
+parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter here
+x we're integrating with respect to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x we're integrating with respect to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x we're integrating with respect to Y
+this is a constant as far as Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant as far as Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant as far as Y is
+concerned see intuitively you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned see intuitively you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned see intuitively you might say
+G all you've got to do is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G all you've got to do is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G all you've got to do is take the
+derivative sign bring it inside and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative sign bring it inside and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative sign bring it inside and this
+should be the answer see the same as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the answer see the same as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the answer see the same as we
+did before point is and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before point is and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before point is and this is where
+many serious mistakes are made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many serious mistakes are made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many serious mistakes are made in
+problems involving integrals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving integrals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving integrals of this
+type is that the reason that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is that the reason that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is that the reason that our
+intuitive way happened to be right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way happened to be right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way happened to be right in
+the simpler case was that these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler case was that these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler case was that these were
+constants with respect to X now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants with respect to X now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants with respect to X now they're
+variables what it turns out is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables what it turns out is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables what it turns out is if you
+just wrote this thing down you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote this thing down you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote this thing down you would be
+wrong what is the correction factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what is the correction factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong what is the correction factor
+again come back to here the correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again come back to here the correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again come back to here the correction
+factor is this here which we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is this here which we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is this here which we've just
+started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to
+compute again just saying it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute again just saying it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute again just saying it if you
+wrote this term down to get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this term down to get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this term down to get the correct
+answer you'd have to tack on what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you'd have to tack on what B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you'd have to tack on what B
+Prime of X time F ofx comma B ofx that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X time F ofx comma B ofx that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X time F ofx comma B ofx that
+means what you think of a y as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what you think of a y as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what you think of a y as being
+over here for the particular value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the particular value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for the particular value of x
+you replace y by B ofx other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace y by B ofx other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace y by B ofx other words you
+look at F ofx comma Y in every place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at F ofx comma Y in every place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at F ofx comma Y in every place you
+see a y replace it by B of X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a y replace it by B of X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a y replace it by B of X and then
+subtract off from that a prime of x * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off from that a prime of x * F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off from that a prime of x * F
+ofx comma a of X now again I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma a of X now again I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx comma a of X now again I suspect
+that for many of you it's the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many of you it's the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many of you it's the first time
+that you've seen something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen something like this
+because I say it's a topic which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say it's a topic which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say it's a topic which I
+believe was a natural one to occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was a natural one to occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was a natural one to occur in
+the textbook but for some reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook but for some reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook but for some reason it
+doesn't appear there because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear there because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't appear there because of the
+importance of the concept the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the concept the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the concept the number of
+times it appears in physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it appears in physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it appears in physical
+applications the number of times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the number of times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the number of times that
+one has to differentiate with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to differentiate with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to differentiate with respect to
+an integral I don't know the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral I don't know the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral I don't know the physical
+applications well enough I to lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications well enough I to lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications well enough I to lecture on
+them but it does occur in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it does occur in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it does occur in probability
+Theory among other places it appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory among other places it appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory among other places it appears in
+any subject involving integral equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any subject involving integral equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any subject involving integral equations
+and the like that I wanted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like that I wanted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like that I wanted to give you
+the experience of seeing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of seeing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experience of seeing what the
+concept means to have you hear me say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept means to have you hear me say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept means to have you hear me say it
+and then I will spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I will spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I will spend the
+exercises trying to drive home the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises trying to drive home the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises trying to drive home the
+computational knowhow so that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational knowhow so that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational knowhow so that you'll be
+able to do these things uh at least in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these things uh at least in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do these things uh at least in a
+mechanical way in independently of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way in independently of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical way in independently of
+whether the theory made that much sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the theory made that much sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the theory made that much sense
+because of the lack of physical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of physical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of physical example
+motivation other than what I did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation other than what I did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation other than what I did at the
+beginning at any rate keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at any rate keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at any rate keep in mind
+though that in terms of our present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that in terms of our present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that in terms of our present
+topic where we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic where we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic where we're talking about the
+chain rule this is a certainly Noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule this is a certainly Noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule this is a certainly Noble
+application to show an important place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to show an important place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to show an important place
+in the physical world where knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physical world where knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physical world where knowledge of
+the chain rule plays a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule plays a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule plays a very important
+role and with that I might just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and with that I might just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and with that I might just as well
+conclude today's lecture and until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today's lecture and until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today's lecture and until next
+time goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding for the publication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_sNtz_Z5MA4.txt b/_sNtz_Z5MA4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84fa7ed9d283cf04a8f83f6ee6d5144ac8dbb703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_sNtz_Z5MA4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we've included all the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've included all the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've included all the key
+physics in our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in our model
+uh sedimentation deactivation of virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sedimentation deactivation of virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sedimentation deactivation of virus
+filtration of the air ventilation flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration of the air ventilation flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration of the air ventilation flows
+and now we have to include one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to include one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to include one last
+piece of information which is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information which is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information which is that all
+of those quantities or many of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quantities or many of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quantities or many of them that
+we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed
+have a dependence on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dependence on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dependence on the size of the
+droplets and the size of the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and the size of the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and the size of the droplets
+and number of the droplets is a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of the droplets is a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of the droplets is a strong
+function of the type of respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the type of respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the type of respiration
+which is being performed by the infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is being performed by the infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is being performed by the infected
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+in spewing out or emitting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spewing out or emitting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spewing out or emitting these
+droplets and also the respiration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and also the respiration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and also the respiration of
+the susceptible person who's breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the susceptible person who's breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the susceptible person who's breathing
+those droplets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets in
+so here is a sketch of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a sketch of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a sketch of what
+droplet distributions look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distributions look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distributions look like that
+have been measured for different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been measured for different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been measured for different kinds
+of expiratory activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expiratory activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expiratory activities
+so this is shown kind of on a log scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is shown kind of on a log scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is shown kind of on a log scale
+at least what i'm attempting to sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what i'm attempting to sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what i'm attempting to sketch
+so the dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dash
+the dotted line here roughly speaking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted line here roughly speaking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dotted line here roughly speaking is
+separating the aerosol droplets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the aerosol droplets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the aerosol droplets which
+are less than several microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than several microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than several microns
+in radius and the large droplets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radius and the large droplets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radius and the large droplets which
+are bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than that
+and what you can see here is that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see here is that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see here is that as you
+change from resting breathing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from resting breathing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from resting breathing which is
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+through the nose or even resting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the nose or even resting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the nose or even resting
+breathing through the mouth this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing through the mouth this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing through the mouth this
+distribution starts to go up when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starts to go up when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution starts to go up when you
+start speaking there's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start speaking there's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start speaking there's a significant
+increase in the emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the emissions
+uh presumably because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presumably because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh presumably because there is a
+fragmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation
+breakup of mucus which is surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup of mucus which is surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup of mucus which is surrounding
+the vocal cords and the pharynx which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal cords and the pharynx which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal cords and the pharynx which
+leads to significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to significant
+aerosol emissions which do not evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol emissions which do not evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol emissions which do not evaporate
+and do not follow the wells curve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not follow the wells curve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do not follow the wells curve but
+actually survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually survive
+and then that becomes much more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that becomes much more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that becomes much more extreme
+as we get towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we get towards
+singing and any prolonged vocalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing and any prolonged vocalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing and any prolonged vocalizations
+in fact also this the size here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact also this the size here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact also this the size here
+uh depends on on the volume of speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends on on the volume of speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends on on the volume of speaking
+so this is loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is loud
+speaking and somewhere below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and somewhere below here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and somewhere below here
+is whispering so basically the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whispering so basically the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whispering so basically the amount
+that you release is a strong function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you release is a strong function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you release is a strong function
+of the sort of volume of speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of volume of speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of volume of speech and
+whether you're vocalizing or not makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're vocalizing or not makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're vocalizing or not makes a
+big difference where vocalization leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference where vocalization leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference where vocalization leads
+to many more droplets being formed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many more droplets being formed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many more droplets being formed that
+are aerosols that remain in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aerosols that remain in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aerosols that remain in the air
+and singing is actually probably almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and singing is actually probably almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and singing is actually probably almost
+as bad as you can get in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as you can get in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as you can get in terms of
+spewing out droplets what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spewing out droplets what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spewing out droplets what's interesting
+is that all these distributions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all these distributions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all these distributions have a
+peak or the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak or the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak or the most
+probable value is actually less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value is actually less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value is actually less than a
+micron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron so
+it's around maybe half a micron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around maybe half a micron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around maybe half a micron in
+diameter which is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter which is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter which is even
+a quarter micron in radius but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter micron in radius but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter micron in radius but it can
+vary so it's somewhere in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so it's somewhere in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so it's somewhere in the range of
+uh let's just say 0.3 to 1 micron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just say 0.3 to 1 micron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just say 0.3 to 1 micron is
+somewhere where you'll find the peak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where you'll find the peak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where you'll find the peak of
+these distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions
+and then they they drop off but in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they drop off but in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they drop off but in such
+a way that they're not they're dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that they're not they're dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that they're not they're dropping
+off fairly quickly in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off fairly quickly in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off fairly quickly in number
+but since the larger droplets carry more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the larger droplets carry more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since the larger droplets carry more
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+like r r cubed it turns out they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like r r cubed it turns out they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like r r cubed it turns out they're not
+decaying quite so quickly as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying quite so quickly as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying quite so quickly as a function
+of volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume
+but still they are decaying and the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still they are decaying and the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still they are decaying and the peak
+is in the aerosol range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the aerosol range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the aerosol range
+so clearly there's a strong size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly there's a strong size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly there's a strong size
+dependence there which we must take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence there which we must take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence there which we must take into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+but that's not it we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not it we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not it we've already talked
+about other quantities which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other quantities which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other quantities which
+also have strong size dependence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have strong size dependence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have strong size dependence so
+we've talked about infectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about infectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about infectivity
+if we think about a water droplet i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about a water droplet i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about a water droplet i was
+calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the
+time for the variant to get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the variant to get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the variant to get out of the
+water droplet by diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplet by diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplet by diffusion
+and we saw that even up to sort of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that even up to sort of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that even up to sort of 10
+micron type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron type
+sizes the virion can still escape on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes the virion can still escape on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes the virion can still escape on the
+other hand if it's in mucus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if it's in mucus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if it's in mucus
+as the droplets that are emitted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the droplets that are emitted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the droplets that are emitted from
+especially vocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially vocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially vocalization
+patterns then you'll find that as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then you'll find that as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then you'll find that as we've
+already calculated that cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated that cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already calculated that cutoff
+where you start to not have time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start to not have time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start to not have time for the
+virus to get out might be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus to get out might be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus to get out might be on the order
+of microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microns
+and so we're certainly going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're certainly going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're certainly going to see that
+the aerosols are infectious and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerosols are infectious and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerosols are infectious and that has
+been shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown
+experimentally but we may not find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally but we may not find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally but we may not find that
+they're as infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're as infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're as infectious
+in the larger drought form so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the larger drought form so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the larger drought form so that's
+something we could also take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could also take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could also take into
+account in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account in the model
+and then of course mass and air filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course mass and air filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course mass and air filters
+have a strong dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong dependence
+on size and that's included in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on size and that's included in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on size and that's included in their
+ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings
+so for example when we go from an n95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example when we go from an n95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example when we go from an n95
+mask to various forms of cloth face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask to various forms of cloth face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask to various forms of cloth face
+covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering
+there's a lot of experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of experimental data
+showing the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the transmission
+of those of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those of those different
+droplet sizes through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet sizes through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet sizes through different
+materials and in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and in addition to the
+material there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there's
+also the fit factor so you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the fit factor so you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the fit factor so you can have a
+really great material if you measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great material if you measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great material if you measure it
+it's 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 99
+you know removing uh of the aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know removing uh of the aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know removing uh of the aerosol
+droplets but then you put in your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets but then you put in your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets but then you put in your face
+and you got a big gap over your nose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got a big gap over your nose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you got a big gap over your nose or
+you let it sink down over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it sink down over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it sink down over your
+below your below your nose and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below your below your nose and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below your below your nose and suddenly
+like you're letting a lot out as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're letting a lot out as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're letting a lot out as well so
+the fit of the mask is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit of the mask is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit of the mask is also very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and somehow ends up being included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow ends up being included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow ends up being included in
+this in this quantity but clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this quantity but clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this quantity but clearly
+there's a strong size dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strong size dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strong size dependence
+although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although
+i would point out both these quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would point out both these quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would point out both these quantities
+are not varying too much over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not varying too much over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not varying too much over the
+aerosol range so if we're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol range so if we're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol range so if we're focusing on
+aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols
+then the variation isn't as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variation isn't as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the variation isn't as much as you
+might think actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think actually so
+what happens with the filters is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the filters is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the filters is when
+you get to bigger than 10 microns like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to bigger than 10 microns like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to bigger than 10 microns like
+to millimeter scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to millimeter scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to millimeter scale
+then there's a physical blocking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a physical blocking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a physical blocking of
+those droplets and they get condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets and they get condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets and they get condensed
+and collected on the on the fibers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected on the on the fibers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected on the on the fibers of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+of the material and so there's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and so there's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material and so there's almost
+100 filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 filtration
+at the scale of like millimeters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale of like millimeters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scale of like millimeters right
+so when you have a large cough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a large cough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a large cough
+or sneeze if you are wearing a mask even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sneeze if you are wearing a mask even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sneeze if you are wearing a mask even
+a fairly poor mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly poor mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly poor mask
+a lot of it gets filtered yes some drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it gets filtered yes some drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it gets filtered yes some drops
+do get through and that's been observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get through and that's been observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get through and that's been observed
+but it's very significantly filtered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very significantly filtered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very significantly filtered at
+the at the high sizes on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the high sizes on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the high sizes on the other hand
+when you get down to the aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to the aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to the aerosols
+then the mass may not be filtering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mass may not be filtering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the mass may not be filtering so
+strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+and the same thing with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with the with the
+filter so the hepa filter is intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the hepa filter is intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the hepa filter is intended to
+remove the aerosol droplets even those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the aerosol droplets even those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the aerosol droplets even those
+which are below a micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are below a micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are below a micron
+but the various merv ratings of filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the various merv ratings of filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the various merv ratings of filters
+are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really
+going after the aerosols as much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after the aerosols as much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after the aerosols as much but
+still have a significant removal maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a significant removal maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a significant removal maybe
+in the order of you know tens of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order of you know tens of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the order of you know tens of a
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+or maybe up to even 90 depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe up to even 90 depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe up to even 90 depending on the
+rating so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating so the point
+is all these quantities are size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all these quantities are size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all these quantities are size
+dependent so we have to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so we have to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so we have to go back
+and revisit our model uh including that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revisit our model uh including that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revisit our model uh including that
+size dependence okay so it just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence okay so it just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence okay so it just makes
+things a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit more complicated
+but not too much so let's go back yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much so let's go back yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too much so let's go back yet
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+to our mass balance but now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our mass balance but now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our mass balance but now we're going
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+in a radius resolved fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so for this i'm going to need a c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for this i'm going to need a c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for this i'm going to need a c of
+r and t and i'm going to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and t and i'm going to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and t and i'm going to use the same
+notation t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation t
+c even though i've just changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c even though i've just changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c even though i've just changed the
+meaning here by including the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning here by including the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning here by including the r
+and this is going to be a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be a radius
+resolved concentration of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means it's a number of virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it's a number of virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means it's a number of virions
+per air volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume
+per radius okay and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per radius okay and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per radius okay and so now
+when we write the mass balance instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write the mass balance instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write the mass balance instead
+of a dc dt with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dc dt with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dc dt with a
+you know an ordinary derivative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an ordinary derivative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an ordinary derivative it's
+actually a partial derivative because c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a partial derivative because c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a partial derivative because c
+is now a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a function of r
+and t so i have a partial of dc dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t so i have a partial of dc dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t so i have a partial of dc dt
+and then if i divide through by volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i divide through by volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i divide through by volume
+on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+i have a p which now depends on r so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a p which now depends on r so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a p which now depends on r so the
+production rate of droplets is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate of droplets is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate of droplets is certainly
+very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly
+size dependent and then all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent and then all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent and then all these other
+factors may come in as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors may come in as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors may come in as well
+divided by volume and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by volume and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by volume and then
+we have a lambda c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lambda c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lambda c
+which now depends on r times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now depends on r times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now depends on r times
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+so this is now what happens to our mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now what happens to our mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now what happens to our mass
+balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and
+this lambda c of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda c of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda c of r
+what does that look like well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that look like well it's
+lambda a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a times
+1 plus and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus and then we have the
+sedimentation effect and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation effect and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation effect and i'm going to
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+as r over rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square because we know the sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because we know the sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square because we know the sedimentation
+velocity scales like r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity scales like r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity scales like r
+squared i'll come back to this in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared i'll come back to this in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared i'll come back to this in just a
+moment this is sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment this is sedimentation
+that's the tricky part it is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tricky part it is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tricky part it is strongly
+size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent
+uh plus lambda v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus lambda v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus lambda v and
+plus pf lambda f which of course depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf lambda f which of course depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pf lambda f which of course depends
+on r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on r
+um as well lambda v in principle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well lambda v in principle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well lambda v in principle could
+depend on rl that we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on rl that we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on rl that we haven't really
+considered that we've been thinking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered that we've been thinking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered that we've been thinking more
+just volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just volume
+you know spontaneous or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know spontaneous or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know spontaneous or uh
+maybe chemical defect i guess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe chemical defect i guess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe chemical defect i guess in the
+case of chemical disinfectants maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of chemical disinfectants maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of chemical disinfectants maybe
+that size dependent too because whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size dependent too because whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that size dependent too because whether
+the virion is attacked by a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion is attacked by a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virion is attacked by a chemical
+depends on how big the droplet is so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how big the droplet is so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how big the droplet is so in
+principle this could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this could also be
+size dependent so basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent so basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent so basically everything
+is size dependent except for lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size dependent except for lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size dependent except for lambda a
+is the is is the air flow error change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is is the air flow error change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the is is the air flow error change
+rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and
+that of course does not depend on size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course does not depend on size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course does not depend on size
+now what have i done here in this rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what have i done here in this rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what have i done here in this rc
+so i've written here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've written here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've written here um
+that if i write lambda s of r is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i write lambda s of r is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i write lambda s of r is the
+sedimentation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation rate
+that's vs of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vs of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vs of r
+times are divided by the height so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are divided by the height so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times are divided by the height so
+basically that's what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's what we talked about
+before as sort of the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as sort of the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before as sort of the the the the
+rate at which particles are sedimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which particles are sedimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which particles are sedimenting
+onto the horizontal surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the horizontal surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the horizontal surfaces
+where remember h is v over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where remember h is v over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where remember h is v over a
+and then what i've done here notice i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what i've done here notice i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what i've done here notice i
+have so what was supposed to be here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what was supposed to be here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what was supposed to be here is
+is lambda s of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda s of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda s of r
+but then i factored out lambda a so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i factored out lambda a so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i factored out lambda a so what
+this term is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is here
+is lambdas s of r over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambdas s of r over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambdas s of r over lambda
+a that is uh by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is uh by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is uh by definition
+um so that so that's the same as v s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that so that's the same as v s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that so that's the same as v s of
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+over v a where v a is the air velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v a where v a is the air velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v a where v a is the air velocity
+um so that's q their flow rate the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's q their flow rate the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's q their flow rate the outer
+flow rate divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate divided by
+a and then we're writing that as r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then we're writing that as r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and then we're writing that as r
+over rc squared it's because we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rc squared it's because we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rc squared it's because we know the
+vs scales like r squared so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs scales like r squared so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs scales like r squared so when i
+sort of factor this out i can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of factor this out i can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of factor this out i can define a
+quantity rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity rc
+and what does that rc turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that rc turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that rc turn out to be
+that is basically you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically you can you can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+just see by working through this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see by working through this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see by working through this formula
+actually i'll just leave it here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll just leave it here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll just leave it here as
+as a definition basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a definition basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a definition basically um
+now then we can also now say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we can also now say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then we can also now say what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+to these kinds of droplet distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these kinds of droplet distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these kinds of droplet distributions
+so this is kind of the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the important thing
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda c is something which has some r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c is something which has some r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c is something which has some r
+dependence from filtration as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence from filtration as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence from filtration as we're
+sketching here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching here
+but it has also very strong our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has also very strong our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has also very strong our
+dependence from sedimentation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence from sedimentation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence from sedimentation so we
+don't show it here but the sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show it here but the sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show it here but the sedimentation
+velocity kind of increases like r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity kind of increases like r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity kind of increases like r
+squared so that's a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's a pretty big
+dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence
+and so what that means is that if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is that if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is that if i take
+some of these initial droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these initial droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these initial droplet
+distributions that are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that are coming from
+breathing so imagine this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing so imagine this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing so imagine this is kind of the
+droplet distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet distribution
+soon after the aerosols leave the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the aerosols leave the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the aerosols leave the mouth
+after the initial evaporation has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the initial evaporation has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the initial evaporation has taken
+place but the wells curve has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but the wells curve has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but the wells curve has been
+disrupted by the fact that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted by the fact that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted by the fact that there's
+mucus with lots of solute and charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus with lots of solute and charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mucus with lots of solute and charged
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+and so they've kind of reached the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they've kind of reached the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they've kind of reached the
+droplets of reach an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of reach an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets of reach an equilibrium
+distribution that looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that looks something like
+is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here
+if i then ask myself what happens at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i then ask myself what happens at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i then ask myself what happens at a
+later time how does how does that build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time how does how does that build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time how does how does that build
+up so let's say one person in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so let's say one person in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so let's say one person in the room
+who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is
+who's basically one of these curves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's basically one of these curves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's basically one of these curves is
+describing the distribution of droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the distribution of droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the distribution of droplets
+that they're emitting from breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're emitting from breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're emitting from breathing
+so let's ask ourselves what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ask ourselves what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ask ourselves what happens to
+the concentration profile in those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration profile in those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration profile in those cases
+so there's an rc here and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an rc here and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an rc here and r
+and and basically as you can see when r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically as you can see when r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically as you can see when r
+is less than rc then the setimation term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than rc then the setimation term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than rc then the setimation term
+is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+and essentially it's just lambda a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially it's just lambda a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially it's just lambda a so
+that means that the removal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the removal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the removal of the
+infectious particles is dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious particles is dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious particles is dominated by
+ventilation which is not size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation which is not size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation which is not size dependent
+so when you're less than rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're less than rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're less than rc
+which is another way of defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another way of defining the
+aerosol range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol range
+that is where you don't have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where you don't have a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where you don't have a strong
+size dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence
+but when you're in the large drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're in the large drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're in the large drop
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+of course those drops are sedimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course those drops are sedimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course those drops are sedimenting
+and in fact this term can be very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this term can be very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this term can be very large
+if we go out to 10 microns or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go out to 10 microns or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go out to 10 microns or even
+up to a millimeter the sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a millimeter the sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a millimeter the sedimentation
+rate is incredibly fast and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is incredibly fast and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is incredibly fast and those
+droplets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets are
+very quickly removed and do not end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly removed and do not end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly removed and do not end up
+swirling around the room as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling around the room as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling around the room as we've been
+describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing
+so let's imagine we take let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine we take let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine we take let's say it's
+somebody speaking and let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody speaking and let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody speaking and let's say that
+just for illustration purposes let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for illustration purposes let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for illustration purposes let's say
+it initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it initially
+you know looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is kind of the initial profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the initial profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the initial profile
+that's in the room in early times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the room in early times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the room in early times
+now at first until we get to a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at first until we get to a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at first until we get to a time
+inverse of lambda c that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of lambda c that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of lambda c that's the
+concentration relaxation time over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration relaxation time over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration relaxation time over that
+time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale
+the concentration is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is going to be
+building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building but
+it's building the fastest in the aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's building the fastest in the aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's building the fastest in the aerosol
+range because those guys are not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because those guys are not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because those guys are not being
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+these guys though are being removed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys though are being removed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys though are being removed so
+instead of increasing it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of increasing it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of increasing it doesn't
+increase that much because they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that much because they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that much because they're also
+being removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being removed
+so what happens at a later time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens at a later time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens at a later time is that
+this goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes up
+but not so much over there and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so much over there and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so much over there and it gets
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+and more peaked in the aerosol range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more peaked in the aerosol range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more peaked in the aerosol range
+because here you have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here you have basically
+fast removal of large drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast removal of large drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast removal of large drops
+but here you have slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you have slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you have slow
+buildup of aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of aerosols
+so if you wait for a time scale the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wait for a time scale the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wait for a time scale the time
+it takes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes here
+time is basically lambda c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is basically lambda c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is basically lambda c
+inverse so we call that tc or tau c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so we call that tc or tau c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so we call that tc or tau c
+that's the time scale for build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the time scale for build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the time scale for build up
+that's the inverse of this that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inverse of this that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the inverse of this that's how
+long it takes to essentially reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to essentially reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes to essentially reach
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+and where you really get the the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you really get the the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where you really get the the biggest
+increase is among the aerosols because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is among the aerosols because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase is among the aerosols because
+over here you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you're basically
+losing that now there are filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing that now there are filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing that now there are filtration
+effects too and there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects too and there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects too and there's also the
+infectivity so there are other competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity so there are other competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectivity so there are other competing
+size dependencies that might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependencies that might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependencies that might actually
+emphasize the large scale here so i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the large scale here so i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the large scale here so i want
+to make sure we're clear about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we're clear about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we're clear about that
+but these sine dependencies are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these sine dependencies are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these sine dependencies are bounded
+for example the mass filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the mass filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the mass filtration
+is sort of you know bounded by one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know bounded by one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of you know bounded by one right
+but r squared just kind of keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but r squared just kind of keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but r squared just kind of keeps going
+so if you go to larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go to larger and larger
+particles like they sediment faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like they sediment faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like they sediment faster and
+faster and faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster
+okay and so it really is true i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so it really is true i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so it really is true i didn't
+draw this very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this very well
+but if you get to like large sizes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get to like large sizes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get to like large sizes on
+the order of let's say millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of let's say millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of let's say millimeters
+you know those droplets really never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those droplets really never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those droplets really never
+build up in the air because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up in the air because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up in the air because they
+sediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment
+almost immediately when you cough or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately when you cough or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost immediately when you cough or
+sneeze the largest droplets fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze the largest droplets fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze the largest droplets fall
+and it happens very quickly it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens very quickly it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens very quickly it might
+happen in a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a few seconds
+or a minute and we're talking about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minute and we're talking about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minute and we're talking about time
+scales here that on the order of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales here that on the order of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales here that on the order of the air
+change rate which might be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rate which might be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rate which might be on the order
+of hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hours
+or tens of minutes so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tens of minutes so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tens of minutes so basically
+this size dependent relaxation tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size dependent relaxation tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size dependent relaxation tends to
+kind of sharpen the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sharpen the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sharpen the distribution
+right into the aerosol range which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the aerosol range which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the aerosol range which is
+again why we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why we're talking about
+indoor airborne transmission being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor airborne transmission being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor airborne transmission being
+dominated by these aerosols that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by these aerosols that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by these aerosols that are
+swirling around the well-mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling around the well-mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling around the well-mixed room
+and that's very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very different from
+transmission through coughs or sneezes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission through coughs or sneezes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission through coughs or sneezes
+of large droplets which are only very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large droplets which are only very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large droplets which are only very
+briefly present and then they sediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly present and then they sediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly present and then they sediment
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay so if you're not standing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're not standing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're not standing in the
+way of that cough or if the cough is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of that cough or if the cough is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of that cough or if the cough is
+blocked by a mask or a shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked by a mask or a shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked by a mask or a shield
+then you really don't have to worry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really don't have to worry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really don't have to worry as
+much about that form of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about that form of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about that form of transmission
+but as shown here you do have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as shown here you do have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as shown here you do have to worry
+about the aerosols which are building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the aerosols which are building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the aerosols which are building up
+in the air and are very strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and are very strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air and are very strongly
+related to all these different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to all these different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to all these different factors
+that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about
+okay um and in fact maybe i should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in fact maybe i should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and in fact maybe i should also
+skip just to help understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip just to help understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip just to help understand this
+picture maybe i should draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture maybe i should draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture maybe i should draw
+lambda c as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c as a function of r
+so where this rc is is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this rc is is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where this rc is is again
+i was kind of saying it in words but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was kind of saying it in words but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was kind of saying it in words but
+it's dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dividing
+a situation when you're less than rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation when you're less than rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation when you're less than rc
+where basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically you know
+these quantities aren't varying too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities aren't varying too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities aren't varying too much
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the situation above where it's growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation above where it's growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation above where it's growing
+like r squared so basically a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like r squared so basically a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like r squared so basically a much
+faster relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster relaxation
+again separating aerosols from large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again separating aerosols from large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again separating aerosols from large
+drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops
+so if we substitute the stokes velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we substitute the stokes velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we substitute the stokes velocity
+that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about
+earlier into this formula here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier into this formula here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier into this formula here we can
+actually drive what rc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive what rc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive what rc is
+and it comes out to be the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out to be the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out to be the square root
+because the define is defined with rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the define is defined with rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the define is defined with rc
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+of 9 9 halves that's from the stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9 9 halves that's from the stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9 9 halves that's from the stokes
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+we have lambda a the air air change rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lambda a the air air change rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lambda a the air air change rate
+the effective height of the room or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective height of the room or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective height of the room or
+ceiling height the viscosity of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling height the viscosity of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling height the viscosity of error
+and the denominator is 2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator is 2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator is 2 times the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+of the liquid and gravity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid and gravity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid and gravity okay
+and this number it turns out is also on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number it turns out is also on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number it turns out is also on
+the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+a few microns so it does depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns so it does depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns so it does depend on what
+lambda a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a is
+but it's you know for sort of lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know for sort of lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know for sort of lambda a
+on the order of tens of minutes to hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of tens of minutes to hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of tens of minutes to hours
+this is a kind of range it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of range it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of range it could be
+smaller it could it could be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it could it could be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it could it could be bigger
+um in fact it could be maybe yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact it could be maybe yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact it could be maybe yeah maybe
+it could even be like 0.5 microns up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be like 0.5 microns up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be like 0.5 microns up to
+5 microns is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 microns is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 microns is probably
+0.5 to 5 microns probably more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 to 5 microns probably more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 to 5 microns probably more accurate
+but basically it's sitting there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's sitting there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically it's sitting there right
+right about in the as i was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about in the as i was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about in the as i was trying to
+sketch here in the barrier between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch here in the barrier between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch here in the barrier between
+aerosols and non-aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols and non-aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosols and non-aerosols
+and also below rc is actually where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also below rc is actually where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also below rc is actually where the
+peak of the distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the distributions
+is from typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from typical
+expiratory activities and so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory activities and so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiratory activities and so the point
+is that those are not being affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those are not being affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those are not being affected
+very much by sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much by sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much by sedimentation
+now the last thing i'll mention is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing i'll mention is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing i'll mention is that
+as soon as we have these kind of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we have these kind of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we have these kind of size
+dependent properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent properties
+what happens to our calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to our calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to our calculation
+transmission i'll just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission i'll just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission i'll just put the
+mathematical formula on the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formula on the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formula on the board here
+without really dwelling on it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really dwelling on it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really dwelling on it but the
+way you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can plot
+what i've sketched down here for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've sketched down here for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've sketched down here for an
+actual distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual distribution
+as shown here would be to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here would be to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here would be to substitute
+into the formulas we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the formulas we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the formulas we had before
+so for example what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time dependent transmission rate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent transmission rate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent transmission rate well
+remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's
+qb times the integral over all the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb times the integral over all the sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb times the integral over all the sizes
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+of all the size dependent quantities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the size dependent quantities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the size dependent quantities so
+it's p m of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's p m of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's p m of r
+uh c of r and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c of r and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c of r and t
+and c i of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c i of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c i of r
+d dr where ci is the infectivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d dr where ci is the infectivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d dr where ci is the infectivity so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+as you solve this partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you solve this partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you solve this partial differential
+equation here there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here there's sort of a
+a sort of change of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of change of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of change of the concentration
+field as i've sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as i've sketched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as i've sketched
+you have to then integrate these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to then integrate these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to then integrate these curves
+against these other factors the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these other factors the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these other factors the mass
+factor and the infectivity factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the infectivity factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the infectivity factor
+in order to figure out the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out the transmission
+rate at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at that moment
+through the well-mixed error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the well-mixed error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the well-mixed error and
+if we solve this equation here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we solve this equation here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we solve this equation here we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+substitute back in and get our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back in and get our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute back in and get our formula
+for beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for beta
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta of t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta of t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta of t is
+qb squared over v so here i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb squared over v so here i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qb squared over v so here i'm
+substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting
+uh p of r so remember before p was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of r so remember before p was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of r so remember before p was
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+nd times c times the infectivity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd times c times the infectivity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd times c times the infectivity so that
+was basically the production rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically the production rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically the production rate of
+virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions
+um and we've already seen that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've already seen that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've already seen that before
+and so when i kind of substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when i kind of substitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when i kind of substitute the
+solution that we've already derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we've already derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we've already derived
+but just keeping track of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keeping track of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just keeping track of the fact that
+these quantities are all radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities are all radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities are all radius
+dependent and appear under the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and appear under the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and appear under the integral
+we are left with the integral from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are left with the integral from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are left with the integral from zero
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+of p m of r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p m of r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p m of r squared
+cv ci of r cv is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv ci of r cv is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv ci of r cv is the concentration of
+virions per liquid volume or mucous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per liquid volume or mucous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per liquid volume or mucous
+volume in the droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in the droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume in the droplet
+ci of r is the infectivity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci of r is the infectivity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ci of r is the infectivity um
+and let's see then we have also an nd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see then we have also an nd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see then we have also an nd
+of r v d of r where v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r v d of r where v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r v d of r where v
+d of r is the droplet size all divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of r is the droplet size all divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of r is the droplet size all divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+lambda c of r which is all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c of r which is all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c of r which is all this stuff
+and this integrand is multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integrand is multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this integrand is multiplied by the
+exponential relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential relaxation
+1 minus e to the lambda c of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus e to the lambda c of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus e to the lambda c of r
+t d r so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d r so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t d r so this
+is your general formula for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your general formula for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your general formula for the time
+dependent transmission rate in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent transmission rate in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent transmission rate in a room
+where you can select an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can select an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can select an actual
+distribution that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that corresponds to the
+infected person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected person's
+breathing activity and tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing activity and tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing activity and tells you the
+kinds of aerosol droplets that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of aerosol droplets that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of aerosol droplets that they are
+emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting
+and then you basically have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you basically have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you basically have all these
+other parameters to do with filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters to do with filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters to do with filtration
+and air flow and ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air flow and ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air flow and ventilation
+viral deactivation and sedimentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral deactivation and sedimentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral deactivation and sedimentation and
+you finally have to do this integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally have to do this integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally have to do this integral and
+you end up with the transmission rate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_yornlzBHL4.txt b/_yornlzBHL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28682551ceb4be610aae0e656f3d3051bfe855e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_yornlzBHL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+often times the tasks we give students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times the tasks we give students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times the tasks we give students
+in the lab are really complex they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab are really complex they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab are really complex they may
+not have all the background they need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have all the background they need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have all the background they need in
+order to to complete the task but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to complete the task but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to complete the task but when
+they're starting it that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting it that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting it that level of
+uncertainty uh really causes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty uh really causes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty uh really causes some
+anxiety in the students um and and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety in the students um and and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiety in the students um and and can
+be a barrier to their learning um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a barrier to their learning um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a barrier to their learning um but if
+you're a professional scientist this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a professional scientist this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a professional scientist this
+type of anxiety is something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of anxiety is something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of anxiety is something you're
+actually very familiar with most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very familiar with most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very familiar with most of us
+really don't know what we're doing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what we're doing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what we're doing we
+start a new research project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new research project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a new research project
+um I we found it I find it very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I we found it I find it very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I we found it I find it very useful
+to you know notice when a student is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know notice when a student is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know notice when a student is in
+that condition um and and call it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition um and and call it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition um and and call it out
+and actually explain how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually explain how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually explain how this is
+actually a very normal thing uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very normal thing uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very normal thing uh this is
+not them being in a state of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not them being in a state of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not them being in a state of failure
+this is them actually feeling like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is them actually feeling like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is them actually feeling like what
+a real scientist feels like a major part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real scientist feels like a major part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real scientist feels like a major part
+of a course like this is building up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a course like this is building up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a course like this is building up the
+students identity as a scientist helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students identity as a scientist helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students identity as a scientist helping
+them move their their understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move their their understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move their their understanding of
+themselves from being a physics student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from being a physics student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves from being a physics student
+to being a physicist um if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being a physicist um if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being a physicist um if we can
+achieve that by the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that by the end of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that by the end of the semester
+then this course is a complete success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this course is a complete success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this course is a complete success
+um even if they learned not a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they learned not a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they learned not a single
+thing about quantum mechanics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about quantum mechanics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about quantum mechanics or
+relativity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a7sDTYmqdSY.txt b/a7sDTYmqdSY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba59f784e5dbce97e8a7dc7ca03df030cbb2ad9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a7sDTYmqdSY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5561 @@
+SPEAKER: The following content
+is provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So before we begin, I would
+like to just ask
+
+a very simple question.
+
+Do you think randomized
+evaluation are the best way to
+
+conduct an impact evaluation?
+
+Please raise your hand
+if you think so.
+
+Just be honest.
+
+All right, the TAs, you
+guys don't count.
+
+All right.
+
+OK.
+
+So I have a job to do now.
+
+Whereas I thought
+that maybe not.
+
+One of the things I would
+like to do is to--
+
+this is one thing I've
+discovered about teaching.
+
+We have about an hour
+and 25 minutes.
+
+And if I speak for an hour and
+25 minutes, I know two things
+
+will happen.
+
+One, you will get very
+bored, and two, you
+
+will not learn anything.
+
+So I want you to make sure
+that you interrupt with
+
+questions that you have.
+
+If they can be on the topic,
+that would be very good.
+
+If they're are off-topic, I may
+delay the question or I
+
+may postpone the question, at
+least until I get there.
+
+The other thing I would like
+to say about the way this
+
+would work, is I have
+no power over you.
+
+Whereas my students, I have
+a grade to give, with
+
+you I have no power.
+
+But I will still ask you to do
+certain things during the
+
+presentation.
+
+So I hope you'll collaborate.
+
+So my session is called
+Why Randomize?
+
+And the idea of Why Randomize?
+
+comes, for those of you who are
+convinced, I hope you can
+
+use this session to help
+convince others why this
+
+method is a very good method
+to do an impact evaluation.
+
+And for those of you who are not
+convinced, I would like to
+
+actually welcome you to raise
+any objections you have.
+
+And I'm not here to tell you
+randomization is a panacea or
+
+it's a solution to all the
+problems of mankind.
+
+But I think in terms of impact
+evaluations, it's a very
+
+powerful method.
+
+So the outline of the talk, I'll
+give you a little bit of
+
+background.
+
+We'll define, what is a
+randomized evaluation?
+
+It's going to be important
+to make sure we
+
+have a common language.
+
+Then advantages and
+disadvantages of experiments.
+
+Then we're going to do the get
+out the vote, and then finally
+
+conclude in hopefully an
+hour and 20 minutes.
+
+So how to measure impact?
+
+This is something that
+Rachel referred to.
+
+The idea for measuring impact
+is, we want to compare what
+
+happened to the beneficiaries of
+a program versus what would
+
+have happened in the absence
+of the program.
+
+This is really key.
+
+What would have happened in the
+absence of a program is
+
+what's called a counterfactual,
+and it's key
+
+for you to evaluate any method
+to estimate program impact.
+
+Not just randomized
+evaluation.
+
+So when you are trying to assess
+how someone is going to
+
+do an impact evaluation,
+always ask yourself the
+
+question, what is the
+counterfactual here?
+
+How are they planning to think
+about this counterfactual?
+
+How do these people look like in
+the absence of the program?
+
+In the case of Kenya in the
+textbooks that Rachel was
+
+referring to this morning,
+we thought about the
+
+counterfactual in terms of how
+these children fared after
+
+this textbook program was
+implemented versus how they
+
+would have fared at the same
+moment in time had the program
+
+not been implemented.
+
+This is crucial, because even
+before and after methodologies
+
+or any other of those
+methodologies, you are
+
+assuming implicitly
+counterfactual.
+
+And the question is, what
+counterfactual are you
+
+assuming, and then is that
+assumption realistic?
+
+And in some cases, it may be.
+
+In other cases, it may not.
+
+So the problem is, the
+counterfactual is not
+
+observable.
+
+So the key goal of this
+impact evaluation
+
+methodology is to mimic it.
+
+You can't observe how this
+children in Kenya would have
+
+fared if the textbook program
+had not been implemented.
+
+The truth is, the textbook
+program was implemented, these
+
+textbooks were sent, and so you
+can't observe what that
+
+alternative reality
+would have been.
+
+And so constructing the
+counterfactual is usually done
+
+by selecting a group
+of people--
+
+in this case, children, in the
+case of the Kenya example--
+
+that have not been exposed to
+the program, or were not
+
+affected by the program.
+
+And so in a randomized
+evaluation, the key goal here
+
+of the randomized evaluation
+is that you
+
+do it from the beginning.
+
+And this is a question that I
+think Logan had in the first
+
+session with Rachel.
+
+You can't do a randomized
+evaluation three years after
+
+the program was implemented.
+
+And the reason you can't do it
+is that you need to create,
+
+through this randomized
+experiment, the treatment in
+
+the control group.
+
+You need to decide early on
+who's going to get the
+
+treatment or who's going to be
+offered the treatment and who
+
+is not going to be offered
+the treatment.
+
+There are some opportunities,
+as Rachel referred to, and
+
+your get out the vote case is a
+good example, where someone
+
+already did this.
+
+And so you may be lucky, and you
+may step into the room and
+
+say, oh, look.
+
+Someone did it.
+
+But this thing is, someone
+should have taken care so that
+
+the assignment to this treatment
+and control group
+
+was done in a random manner.
+
+And in effect, and we'll see
+what exactly is random, but
+
+what I can tell you for now is
+if someone doesn't say, we did
+
+it randomized, we did a
+deliberate process so that it
+
+was random, it's probably
+not random.
+
+Random is not what people
+say in the real world.
+
+Oh!
+
+This is just a random event.
+
+Random has a very specific
+definition which we're going
+
+to see in a second.
+
+So it's not enough to
+just say, oh, look.
+
+We didn't do anything
+systematic.
+
+Just people enrolled, and
+that's what happened.
+
+If they didn't do something
+deliberate to do it random,
+
+then it probably
+wasn't random.
+
+You can try to check this,
+but not always possible.
+
+The non-randomized, basically,
+I use that some excluded
+
+group, the group of people
+you're going to use as this
+
+comparison group, it's mimicking
+this counterfactual.
+
+And the non-randomized methods
+rely on the strength of the
+
+assumption that you're making.
+
+So the methods will be strong
+if the assumption that the
+
+comparison group mimics the
+counterfactual is a good
+
+assumption.
+
+There's not any sense in which
+you say, well, this method is
+
+better than other this other
+in some absolute manner.
+
+It is better or it's not better
+if the assumptions
+
+needed to mimic the
+counterfactual hold.
+
+If they hold, then that's great,
+you have a good method.
+
+The key distinction
+between this--
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you give us
+an example of when the
+
+assumptions were just
+obviously untrue?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+So suppose that you had this
+textbook program and it was
+
+happening in Kenya,
+where many--
+
+and this is program happened--
+
+where many other things
+were happening in
+
+this education system.
+
+So textbooks were being
+distributed, different
+
+teachers were being hired.
+
+A lot of activities
+were happening.
+
+And so you just compare what
+test scores of children were
+
+before the program and then
+what textbooks of children
+
+were after the program, you
+would suspect that--
+
+well, first of all, if you did
+that, the counterfactual you
+
+would be assuming is that in
+the absence of the program,
+
+test scores would have
+remained flat.
+
+And that may be a reasonable
+
+counterfactual in some contexts.
+
+Not many, to be honest.
+
+But not in others.
+
+So in one context in which other
+things happening in the
+
+education system in Kenya, it's
+very hard to argue that
+
+nothing would have changed
+in test scores.
+
+Because test scores would have
+increased, because there are
+
+lots of things that happen.
+
+Now suppose you implemented this
+same program in a very
+
+remote village, very secluded
+area where nothing else would
+
+have happened.
+
+You sort of have a pretty
+good sense that no other
+
+intervention was happening
+for one group or the
+
+other at the same time.
+
+The assumption maybe
+more plausible.
+
+I think in this case, the
+textbook example, it's still
+
+questionable, because there are
+other educational input
+
+said may be happening.
+
+But the key is that the context
+and the method are the
+
+ones that together can
+tell you how good
+
+the assumption is.
+
+The method by itself
+cannot tell you.
+
+The method by itself may be
+reasonable under certain
+
+conditions but not
+under others.
+
+AUDIENCE: But there aren't any
+sort of big famous studies
+
+that weren't randomized, that
+everybody thinks they're
+
+pretty good?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So I don't want to get a lot
+into this, but there's a whole
+
+debate now in economics
+literature as to whether
+
+randomized experiments
+are the only way to
+
+estimate causal effects.
+
+This is a big, big debate, and
+there are very respectable
+
+people on both sides
+of the debate.
+
+What I can tell you is that
+debate has not been solved,
+
+but I think more and more
+people are sort of
+
+recognizing, at least, that
+the randomized experiment
+
+should be a first best.
+
+I think even the opponents of
+the method do say that.
+
+But the other thing I would say
+is there have been many
+
+studies trying to compare the
+results of an experiment with
+
+some of the other
+non-experimental methods.
+
+You have one in your
+get out the vote.
+
+That was not a study in which
+the non-experimental methods
+
+fared very well, but there are
+other studies in which they
+
+fared well.
+
+The key thing is we haven't been
+able to figure out under
+
+what conditions the
+non-randomized evaluations
+
+fared well.
+
+If we knew, then it
+would be nice.
+
+But I think so far,
+the answer--
+
+we don't know.
+
+We know the theoretical answer,
+which is, if the
+
+assumptions hold,
+we're golden.
+
+The problem, key problem, is
+that this is relying on the
+
+assumptions, and you cannot
+test these assumptions.
+
+If you could test this
+assumption, if you could test
+
+under what assumption this
+mimics the counterfactuals,
+
+we'll be all done.
+
+We'll be able to say, from the
+very beginning, we can use
+
+this method.
+
+You cannot, no matter how
+sophisticated and how good the
+
+non-experimental method is.
+
+Yes?
+
+You seem skeptical.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, no, no.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're--?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is very confusing.
+
+It's like twice they're
+showing--
+
+you should do a randomized
+evaluation
+
+to see if this helps.
+
+Two boards.
+
+All right.
+
+So the randomized evaluations
+here, you have a bunch of
+
+other names in which they are
+known-- random assignment
+
+studies, randomized field
+trials, just in case--
+
+RCTs are the way that they were
+known very early in the
+
+literature, and still nowadays
+in other disciplines.
+
+And then the non-experimental
+methods, all of this that you
+
+have here, some of which
+are in your get
+
+out the vote study.
+
+All right.
+
+So before we go into what is a
+randomized experiment, I want
+
+to introduce the notion
+of validity.
+
+And Rachel raised
+it a little bit.
+
+But we usually think of in terms
+of two kinds of validity
+
+when you assess a study.
+
+The first one is internal
+validity.
+
+This has to do with
+your ability
+
+to draw causal inference.
+
+So your ability to attribute
+your impact
+
+estimates to the program.
+
+So if you said, this difference
+is my impact
+
+estimate, the study has strong
+internal validity if you can
+
+reliably attribute that to the
+program and not to something
+
+else for whatever population is
+represented in your study.
+
+So if you did the textbook
+project in Kenya, in a rural
+
+village in Kenya, well,
+that study--
+
+if it's internally valid, or
+if it has strong internal
+
+validity, then it's going to
+be valid for the population
+
+represented by the sample you
+drew in Kenya, in that rural
+
+village in Kenya.
+
+External validity, on the other
+hand, has to do with the
+
+ability to generalize to other
+populations, other settings,
+
+other time periods.
+
+The reason I mention this is
+that these two things often
+
+trade off against each other
+when you are sort of trying to
+
+commission or conduct a study.
+
+So you may decide, I'm going to
+go this randomized trial in
+
+this very small place to
+test out my model.
+
+And you may be concerned with,
+how do I know if it
+
+generalizes to other settings?
+
+On the other hand, you may
+decide, well, I'm going to use
+
+other kinds of methods and be
+representative of the whole
+
+Kenya, or the whole India, or
+whatever country you're
+
+working in.
+
+The key thing is to distinguish
+two things.
+
+The first one has to do with
+causal inference for your own
+
+sample, or for the population
+represented in your sample.
+
+The second one has to do
+with generalizability.
+
+And Rachel talked a little bit
+about how much you can
+
+generalize from experiments,
+and we can talk
+
+about that if you want.
+
+All right.
+
+So what is a randomized
+evaluation?
+
+So the very basics--
+
+can someone tell me what
+the basics are?
+
+Randomized experiments?
+
+How do you do it?
+
+How does it work?
+
+There's one thing that
+you should know.
+
+When I first started teaching,
+I used to be very, very
+
+nervous when there was
+silence in the room.
+
+But now I'm very comfortable.
+
+So you tell me.
+
+So how does a randomized
+trial work?
+
+AUDIENCE: Allocate the subject
+into the treatment of the
+
+control group based on
+a random assignment.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+random assignment.
+
+Sort of like a flip
+of a coin, right?
+
+So in the simple scenario, we
+take a sample of program
+
+applicants--
+
+just like we do with
+drug trials--
+
+take a sample of program
+applicants and we randomly
+
+assign them either to a
+treatment group which is
+
+offered the treatment
+and a control group.
+
+They're not offered
+the treatment.
+
+This is a very simple setting,
+but the idea here is that by
+
+doing this, the treatment and
+the control group are
+
+comparable to each other.
+
+And so any differences you
+observe between these two
+
+groups should be attributable
+to the program.
+
+The key about this method--
+
+so this do not differ
+systematically at the outset
+
+of the experiment.
+
+The key about this method is
+that this control group is
+
+mimicking the counterfactuals.
+
+It's mimicking what will happen
+to the treatment in the
+
+absence of the treatment.
+
+And the reason it's mimicking
+the counterfactual is that on
+
+average, this group should
+be exactly like
+
+the treatment group.
+
+So if we took all of you and
+we flip coins, from each of
+
+you we flip coins, and then you
+ended up in two different
+
+groups, the two groups would
+have, on average, the same
+
+characteristics.
+
+So the same people
+that come from a
+
+certain area of the world.
+
+The same percent of females.
+
+The same average intelligence.
+
+The same average income.
+
+The same average education.
+
+You name it.
+
+We're going to do an exercise
+where you can see this.
+
+The beauty of this method
+is that the two groups
+
+statistically are going to be
+identical to each other.
+
+If they're not identical to each
+other statistically then
+
+you don't have random
+assignment.
+
+It has failed.
+
+Random assignment.
+
+So the random assignment is
+the process you employ to
+
+create these two comparable
+groups.
+
+The huge advantage of this
+random assignment is that you
+
+don't need to think about, are
+the two groups the same on
+
+this characteristic
+that I care about?
+
+You don't need to think
+about that.
+
+The two groups should be the
+same on those characteristics.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's
+theoretically.
+
+So now thinking in terms of a
+program where you have, say,
+
+selection criteria.
+
+So let's say you want to do
+a program in a particular
+
+district, and you're looking
+for people that have three
+
+characteristics that
+are all the same.
+
+Let's say for whatever reason,
+the number of people that
+
+present themselves in that way
+is a relatively small number.
+
+Then you can randomly select
+within that small number.
+
+But then you're challenged by
+the size of your group.
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+And on Thursday, you'll
+get to that
+
+minimum sample size detected.
+
+But the key there, if those
+three characteristics are your
+
+selection criteria, you don't
+want to modify your selection
+
+criteria because someone is
+going to come and do an
+
+experiment.
+
+You want to offer the program
+to whoever you're going to
+
+offer the program.
+
+So those three characteristics
+are key for your program,
+
+because you decide those are the
+people you want to serve,
+
+then you need to find a way
+to do your evaluation that
+
+doesn't involve relaxing
+that criteria.
+
+Unless you really are thinking,
+well, it would be
+
+interesting to know if I served
+this other group,
+
+whether the program has a
+different effect or no.
+
+AUDIENCE: But you can't mix and
+match among the criteria.
+
+You can't say-- or could you?
+
+Let's say you have trouble.
+
+You're not getting
+enough people
+
+with those three criteria.
+
+So you say, OK, now we're going
+to make it six criteria,
+
+and we'll be happy if they only
+meet four of the six.
+
+That right there would not make
+it possible to do this.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if, at the end
+of your processes, where
+
+you're saying three criteria,
+six criteria, five, four,
+
+whatever you say-- if at the end
+of this process, you end
+
+up with a large enough pool to
+be able to randomly assign
+
+into two groups, treatment
+and control?
+
+No problem.
+
+You could have relaxed
+the criteria.
+
+You could have said six, five,
+four, whatever you want.
+
+My previous answer is more to,
+don't change the criteria just
+
+because you want to do
+a randomized trial.
+
+You want to evaluate
+the program
+
+that you want to evaluate.
+
+You don't want to evaluate the
+program that you think will
+
+fit the randomized design.
+
+Make sense?
+
+Other questions, comments?
+
+No?
+
+OK.
+
+So the two groups did not differ
+systematically at the
+
+outset of the experiment.
+
+I want to emphasize this.
+
+And again, there's going to be
+an exercise where you can see
+
+this in Excel.
+
+But the key is that the two
+groups will be identical both
+
+on observable characteristics
+and non-observable.
+
+And when I say identical,
+they're identical
+
+statistically.
+
+It's not like the needs
+of these two groups
+
+are exactly the same.
+
+They are statistically identical
+in the sense that
+
+you should not observe a pattern
+of statistically
+
+significant differences between
+the two groups.
+
+If you were to test 100
+characteristics, then five of
+
+them may end up being
+statistically significant,
+
+just because of the luck of the
+draw or multiple testing.
+
+But they shouldn't differ
+systematically at the outset
+
+of the experiment.
+
+And this is the key.
+
+The whole key of impact
+evaluation is that then you
+
+can take that difference and
+attribute it to the program.
+
+And then you're not thinking,
+is it the program, or is it
+
+some pre-existing differences
+between the groups?
+
+If you reach the end of an
+impact evaluation and you're
+
+wondering, is it the program,
+or is it something else?
+
+Unfortunately, that's not a very
+good impact evaluation.
+
+So there are some variations
+on the basics.
+
+You could assign to multiple
+treatment groups.
+
+So rather than having only one
+treatment, you could have
+
+multiple treatments.
+
+And this happens a lot if
+you're trying to test
+
+different ways of implementing
+a program.
+
+So you may have a program that
+you're thinking, well, I don't
+
+know of the best way to deliver
+it is method number
+
+one or method number two.
+
+And you may randomize
+into three groups.
+
+Method number one, method
+number two,
+
+and a control group.
+
+Or you may decide to do away
+with the control group and
+
+only randomize into, say, three
+methods, three ways of
+
+delivering an intervention.
+
+If you do away with the control
+group, you're going to
+
+be able to answer the question,
+is one treatment
+
+better than the other?
+
+But you're not going to be able
+to answer the question,
+
+is any of this treatment better
+than what would have
+
+happened in the absence
+of the program?
+
+So this is one variation.
+
+And the other variation, we were
+talking about when Iqbal
+
+answered the question.
+
+He said, well, you have
+a bunch of people.
+
+You assign some to
+the treatment or
+
+to the control group.
+
+You can assign units other then
+people or households.
+
+Health centers, schools, local
+government, villages.
+
+And you can see in
+JPAL's website.
+
+There are a bunch of examples
+where each of these have been
+
+used as units for random
+assignment?
+
+Yes?
+
+Your name, please?
+
+We don't have name tags,
+but I like to call
+
+people by their name.
+
+Wendy?
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if we pick schools,
+my conclusions will
+
+be about schools.
+
+They won't be about the students
+in the school.
+
+Or is that wrong?
+
+PROFESSOR: So it depends on--
+you say your conclusions will
+
+be about the schools?
+
+The key thing is, what is the
+unit of intervention here?
+
+So it's a program that's
+directed at all the children
+
+in the school, only some
+children in the school?
+
+In part, the decision of what
+you randomize, whether it's
+
+schools or children within
+schools, depends on what's the
+
+nature of the treatment.
+
+So if you have a program
+that serves everyone
+
+in the school, yes.
+
+Your assignment should be
+at the school level.
+
+That is, you should have some
+schools that receive the
+
+program and others that don't.
+
+But if you have a program that
+is only going to serve some
+
+children in the school, then
+your assignment could be
+
+within the school, and you have
+some children who receive
+
+the treatment, and others
+that do not.
+
+The key, though, is if you're
+using your second method, you
+
+want to make sure there
+are no spillovers.
+
+You want to make sure that
+someone receiving the
+
+treatment is not going to affect
+the outcomes of someone
+
+not receiving the treatment.
+
+And so you're going to
+see the spillovers.
+
+That's something you're going
+to see on Friday.
+
+But the basic idea is, what
+level of randomization you
+
+have depends on, what is the
+level of your treatment?
+
+If you're treating schools, if
+you're treating individuals
+
+within schools, et cetera.
+
+AUDIENCE: So statistically I
+want them to be the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: You want them
+to be the same, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: My name is Manuel.
+
+Please talk a little bit
+about the unobserved
+
+characteristics.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So the unobserved
+characteristics--
+
+this is something that a lot
+of the non-experimental
+
+methods wrestle with.
+
+And the idea is, the randomized
+experiment creates
+
+these two groups that, by pure
+laws of statistics, are
+
+identical in every single
+characteristic,
+
+statistically speaking.
+
+So both the ones you
+observe and the
+
+ones you don't observe.
+
+So if we were trying to do an
+experiment in this classroom
+
+and I randomly assigned you
+into two groups, I can be
+
+confident that even things I
+don't observe about you,
+
+you're going to be balanced
+across those two groups.
+
+If instead I try to match you,
+I use all the information you
+
+gave me on your application
+forms and say OK, these people
+
+are from this--
+
+I'm going to be able to do so
+with the observables, but not
+
+with the unobservables.
+
+And again, depending on how
+important these unobservable
+
+are in explaining the outcomes,
+that may be a big
+
+disadvantage or not so
+big disadvantage.
+
+And this is what happened in the
+get out the vote example.
+
+You were able to observe some
+characteristics of people.
+
+And then non-experimental
+methods, all of them--
+
+I mean, not all of them,
+but most of them--
+
+can address those.
+
+Some of the methods can also
+address some unobservables,
+
+but again, they always rely on
+some assumption about how
+
+those unobservables behave.
+
+Here you're not relying
+on any assumptions.
+
+You need to do the random
+assignment properly, but once
+
+it's done properly, you're not
+relying on any assumption.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the
+general dichotomy?
+
+There's randomized tests, and
+then matched pairs tests?
+
+Or is there other , is
+it generally broken
+
+down into those two?
+
+PROFESSOR: So the way that I
+think most people break it
+
+down is randomized, where you
+use this random assignment,
+
+and then non-experimental
+methods.
+
+But I don't mean to imply that
+all the non-experimental
+
+methods are the same.
+
+And in fact, there are some
+people who called them
+
+quasi-experimental methods.
+
+Those people tend to think of
+them a little bit higher than
+
+the non-experimental methods.
+
+Non-experimental people tend
+to say, this is not good.
+
+Quasi-experimental, oh, this
+gets closer to the experiment.
+
+But the key thing here is that
+whatever method you use, the
+
+key is how are the people
+getting into the program being
+
+selected, and how are you
+forming that comparison group,
+
+and what statistical techniques
+are you using to
+
+adjust for whether that
+comparison group is the same
+
+or not than the treatment?
+
+So the dichotomy is not between
+
+randomized and matching.
+
+The dichotomy is usually
+between randomized and
+
+everything else.
+
+But within everything else,
+there are methods that are
+
+much better than others.
+
+Yes?
+
+[? Holgo? ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: How do we randomize
+when we assign people into
+
+treatment and control groups,
+besides a lottery?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean
+the process?
+
+So tomorrow, the whole
+day is going to be
+
+about how to randomize.
+
+But the basic idea is, you can
+do it in a variety of ways.
+
+You can do it in a computer,
+which allows you a lot more
+
+flexibility.
+
+But if for any reason, you
+need to show people that
+
+you're doing it in a random,
+transparent manner, that can
+
+also be done.
+
+We just did one in Niger in
+West Africa where we used
+
+bingo balls.
+
+So literally, people would
+draw from there, and then
+
+everyone could see.
+
+If we had brought a computer
+into their room in Niger and
+
+tried to do things, it just
+wouldn't have worked.
+
+People would have said, what
+are you doing here?
+
+So there are there of many
+different ways of randomizing.
+
+The key-- and this is something
+we're going to talk
+
+about in a little bit--
+
+is what exactly is the process
+that you use to make sure that
+
+it's random assignment, not
+the how, you know, whether
+
+it's bingo balls or a lottery
+or a coin or whatever it is.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So at what point this
+week will we talk about
+
+the ethical dimensions of
+denying treatment to someone?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Like in three slides,
+you can jump at me
+
+with the ethical issues.
+
+And then if I don't satisfy you,
+you have four more days
+
+to jump at every single people
+who comes into this room.
+
+So what I want to give you
+is a little bit of
+
+the nuts and bolts.
+
+Rather they keep this discussion
+in the abstract,
+
+this is what happens
+in the experiment.
+
+The nuts and bolts, if you
+wanted to do a randomized
+
+experiment tomorrow, these are
+sort of eight key steps that
+
+you need to think about.
+
+This is a very simplified
+description of the process.
+
+As those people sitting in the
+back will tell you, this is
+
+very simplified.
+
+Their daily lives are consumed
+with many of the steps, and
+
+they work months, if not
+years, in each of this.
+
+The first step, and I can't
+emphasize this enough, is to
+
+design the study carefully.
+
+So no matter what you do, what
+you do at the beginning is
+
+going to affect you study for
+the rest of the study.
+
+This is true for some things
+in life and not others.
+
+For evaluations, impact
+evaluations, if you don't do
+
+it right at the beginning,
+you're going to be in trouble.
+
+That's going to come
+down to haunt you.
+
+So anything you can do to spend
+time at the beginning,
+
+making sure that the study is
+designed properly, is going to
+
+be very helpful.
+
+What that means, in very
+practical terms, is if you are
+
+in a position where you are
+commissioning a study, and you
+
+don't have people in your staff
+who are expert at this,
+
+make sure that whoever is
+going to help you do the
+
+evaluation is involved from
+the very beginning.
+
+What this also means is that
+calling someone three years
+
+after the program was
+implemented, saying, can you
+
+come and evaluate?
+
+That leaves the evaluator
+with very few options.
+
+So the earlier the evaluators
+are involved, the better the
+
+options are in terms of
+how you can do this.
+
+Both in terms of the validity of
+the evaluation, but also in
+
+terms of how it will interact
+with the program in a way that
+
+it doesn't disrupt
+the program.
+
+So this is key.
+
+And we can talk about design a
+little bit now, but you will
+
+learn a little bit about design
+when you speak about
+
+sample size, about measurement
+issues, and all of those
+
+sessions are coming.
+
+How to randomize.
+
+So Wednesday and Thursday
+are really about that.
+
+The second one is to randomly
+assign people to treatment or
+
+control or more groups, if there
+are more than those.
+
+The third one is to collect
+baseline data.
+
+So this is a big question
+that comes up.
+
+Should you collect
+baseline data?
+
+I think my answer to that is, in
+general, if you don't have
+
+a randomized evaluation, it's
+going to be very, very, very
+
+difficult to get away without
+baseline data.
+
+There are some methods
+that work, but
+
+it's going to be difficult.
+
+By baseline, I mean, before
+the intervention started.
+
+If you have a randomized trial
+it would be highly preferable
+
+to have baseline data.
+
+Highly preferable.
+
+But not as critical as
+with other methods.
+
+And it's preferable
+in two ways.
+
+The first one is if you have a
+baseline data, you can verify,
+
+at least in terms of those
+characteristics you collected
+
+in the baseline survey,
+you can verify that
+
+two groups look like.
+
+This is a nice thing to verify
+at the beginning and not at
+
+the end of the evaluation.
+
+So if you can do it, that
+would be helpful.
+
+And the second thing you
+have to do is-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+What happens if, at the baseline
+data, you realize
+
+that the two groups that you
+made were not random?
+
+Do you go and keep randomizing
+until you get there?
+
+PROFESSOR: So it depends.
+
+It depends on when you
+discovered this.
+
+If you discover this when the
+treatment is already being
+
+implemented, it is too late to
+do anything else in terms of
+
+re-randomizing.
+
+The ideal scenario is one in
+which you can do this, collect
+
+the baseline data, randomize,
+verify that they are similar,
+
+and then if they are not
+similar, then you can
+
+re-randomize again.
+
+There's controversy about how
+many times you should do this,
+
+but for the most part, in
+general, if you randomize, the
+
+two groups should
+look similar.
+
+There are very few scenarios,
+but they exist, where they
+
+don't look similar
+to each other.
+
+And if you reach one of those
+scenarios, you can
+
+re-randomize.
+
+What you can't do is
+re-randomize when the
+
+treatment is already
+being distributed.
+
+So if you already decided,
+you're in the treatment group,
+
+you're in the control
+group, you can't
+
+re-randomize at that phase.
+
+The second reason you want to
+collect data, and this is
+
+going to be important
+particularly in a setting like
+
+yours, if you are worried about
+sample size, is that it
+
+buys a lot of statistical
+power.
+
+Particularly if you can collect
+data on the baseline
+
+version of the outcomes
+that you care about.
+
+If you can do that, it's
+highly desirable.
+
+The reality is that sometimes
+it's feasible to collect
+
+baseline data and sometimes the
+nature of implementation
+
+of the program makes
+it difficult.
+
+But you will do well if you
+can collect baseline data.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wouldn't it seem
+that by the very fact of
+
+collecting the baseline data,
+once we have already
+
+randomized, can bias this
+randomized by collecting the
+
+baseline data?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because you're
+affecting the people who are
+
+answering the survey?
+
+Well, this has to do a little
+bit more with survey design
+
+than with any other thing.
+
+The key is, you're going to
+collect baseline data for both
+
+the participant or
+the treatment
+
+and the control group.
+
+So if you feel that when
+people answer a
+
+survey, they somehow--
+
+I don't know--
+
+get optimistic about life and
+do better or the other way
+
+around, as long as it happens
+in the same way for both
+
+treatment and control groups,
+it's not a problem for the
+
+randomized trials.
+
+The problem would be if, for
+some reason, you think that
+
+administering a survey is going
+to affect the treatment
+
+and the control group
+differently.
+
+If that's the case, then you
+need to be careful about how
+
+you do the survey.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you explain how
+[INAUDIBLE] statistical power?
+
+PROFESSOR: So in technical
+terms, what happens is, you,
+
+in your regression, where you
+estimate an impact, you have
+
+an outcome of interest.
+
+And that outcome has a variance,
+has some variations.
+
+And then if you can add into
+your regressions statistical
+
+controls, things you collected
+at baseline, what essentially
+
+happens is, in technical terms,
+the standard errors of
+
+your coefficients, particularly
+if these
+
+variables have a lot of
+explanatory power, those
+
+standard errors should
+drop, and you get
+
+more statistical power.
+
+Yes, Jessica?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you mean to say
+that you have to collect the
+
+baseline data after you do the
+first round of randomization?
+
+Does it matter what order
+you do those steps in?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+Steps two and three
+can be inverted.
+
+In fact, it would be ideal
+if you could invert them.
+
+It would be ideal, because
+then you can do
+
+what Iqbal is saying.
+
+Which is, you collect the
+baseline data, you do the
+
+randomization, and
+then you say, OK.
+
+Are they the same or not?
+
+Then if they're not the same,
+you re-randomize.
+
+If you collect the baseline data
+after randomly assigning,
+
+unless you have not communicated
+to people who
+
+gets the treatment and who gets
+the control, your options
+
+for re-randomizing are
+not very good.
+
+So very good point.
+
+All right.
+
+So the fourth step is to verify
+that the assignment
+
+looks random.
+
+By verifying that the assignment
+looks random, this
+
+is something that if you were
+to commission an evaluation,
+
+you should make sure
+that your evaluator
+
+provides to you this.
+
+Which is at the very least a
+table that says, here's the
+
+treatment group, here's the
+control group, and here's how
+
+they look like in terms
+of these baseline
+
+characteristics.
+
+And ideally those two groups,
+those tables should have very,
+
+very few differences
+between the groups.
+
+When I say differences, they
+cannot be, in practical terms,
+
+large differences.
+
+There could be some differences
+that are
+
+statistically significant,
+because either you have a lot
+
+of statistical power, or more
+likely, if you compare 10
+
+variables, some of them will
+end up being significant.
+
+The key is, there are no
+systematic differences between
+
+the groups.
+
+If you observe systematic
+differences,
+
+then you're in trouble.
+
+This didn't work well.
+
+But I can tell you from
+experience, from the law of
+
+statistics, these two groups
+will look the same
+
+a lot of the time.
+
+OK.
+
+So obviously you can only do
+that verification if you have
+
+some data on the two
+groups before.
+
+Now, when I say "collect
+baseline data," if maybe you
+
+already have baseline data--
+for some reason this is a
+
+population that you're ready
+serving, you already did
+
+surveys on these people--
+
+if that's the case, then
+all the better.
+
+It may be that you don't have
+baseline data, but you may be
+
+able to get baseline data.
+
+So for example, if you're
+randomly assigning schools,
+
+you may have, from the
+government or from some
+
+agency, some census
+of schools.
+
+And you may be able to compare
+schools in terms of
+
+socioeconomic characteristics
+of the students.
+
+You may be able to compare
+schools, you know, percent of
+
+private, public.
+
+If there was a test done
+nationally for all the
+
+schools, you may be able
+to compare test
+
+scores on those schools.
+
+The key thing is, anything you
+can do to verify that, will a
+
+random assignment work?
+
+Is good.
+
+It would be useful to do
+it at the beginning.
+
+The fifth step is to monitor
+the process so that the
+
+integrity of the experiment
+is not compromised.
+
+This is something that's
+really, really key.
+
+When you do a randomized
+experiment, designing the
+
+study carefully is
+very important.
+
+Doing the random assignment
+is very important.
+
+But you can't just relax and
+then wait for two years until
+
+you collect the outcomes.
+
+And the people who are sitting
+at the back of the room know
+
+this much better than I do.
+
+If you are not following exactly
+what's happening in
+
+the field, the opportunities for
+this experiment to not go
+
+well are very, very big.
+
+You're going to have a whole
+session on Friday on threats
+
+to an experiment.
+
+The only thing I will say now
+is that the best way to deal
+
+with threats to an experiment is
+to avoid those threats, and
+
+to avoid them at this stage
+of implementation.
+
+One very quick threat.
+
+If you assign people to a
+treatment group and people to
+
+a control group, that means
+that people in the control
+
+group are not offered
+the treatment.
+
+But that also means, they
+shouldn't get the treatment.
+
+And as some of you know, that
+doesn't always happen.
+
+So some people in the control
+group find their
+
+way into the program.
+
+Having systems to monitor that
+this doesn't happen, and that
+
+if it does happen, that it
+happens in very, very few
+
+exceptional cases, is going
+to be very important.
+
+Yes, Logan?
+
+AUDIENCE: One of the arguments
+for the superiority of the
+
+matched pairs is that if one
+treatment group ends up not
+
+getting the treatment because
+lack of capacity in that
+
+region, or vice versa, the
+scenario you described, you
+
+can just drop that pair.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The problem when you drop
+that pair is that it may
+
+be costly to you.
+
+Dropping that pair.
+
+And you have to assume that
+that-- well, first of all, you
+
+have to assume that pair was
+comparable to begin with.
+
+And then even if you were to
+drop that pair, well, first of
+
+all, matching doesn't always
+work on one-to-one.
+
+But even if you had one-to-one
+matching, suppose you had to
+
+drop 10% or 20% or 30% of your
+pairs, then you lose
+
+statistical power, and then
+you also lose external
+
+validity to begin with.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So there's also the
+issue of spillover effect,
+
+which isn't the same.
+
+So one might be that somebody
+sneaks into the program who
+
+was supposed to be
+in the program.
+
+But the other is, if you do
+things in the same community,
+
+which is often the case in the
+work that we do, or in a
+
+similar environment, the
+mere effect of having
+
+something going on--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And this is why the first
+stage is very important.
+
+If you think spillovers will
+occur, the moment to think
+
+about them is at the design
+stage of the evaluation.
+
+Because then you can decide on
+how you're going to randomize
+
+in a way that minimizes
+the effect that
+
+spillovers would have.
+
+So there's some statistical
+techniques to deal with some
+
+of these problems.
+
+But the best way to do with
+these problems is to avoid
+
+them in the first place.
+
+And you avoid them by good
+design, where the evaluator
+
+can help, and by a good
+monitoring system to make sure
+
+that the evaluation is being
+implemented as intended.
+
+Makes sense?
+
+Yes, your name please?
+
+Are you also filming from
+this camera here?
+
+OK.
+
+I'm nervous now.
+
+Two cameras.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's on
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to avoid [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So I think one important thing
+is to have people in the field
+
+who can help monitor, and who
+know about the evaluation.
+
+Two is to have a clear
+commitment.
+
+This is something that Rachel
+said this morning that's
+
+really, really key.
+
+Very clear commitment from
+whoever is organizing.
+
+That's very creative.
+
+For whoever is implementing
+the program.
+
+So I'll give you an example.
+
+We were evaluating this
+program in Jamaica.
+
+And we were telling them,
+we need to monitor the
+
+crossovers.
+
+We can't have people who are
+not supposed to receive the
+
+program, get into the program.
+
+Yes, yes, yes.
+
+Is it OK if a few do it?
+
+We say, well, only if a few, but
+really, this has to be the
+
+exception, and you really have
+to monitor this rate, and we
+
+asked them for a report on
+this rate, and so on.
+
+This is a government
+agency in Jamaica.
+
+And so they were all the
+time asking, OK.
+
+How many is too many?
+
+And we were like,
+no, no, no, no.
+
+You have to keep that
+rate to a minimum.
+
+There's no way you can
+have crossovers.
+
+Just keep--
+
+no, but how many, how many?
+
+In one day of weakness,
+we said, OK.
+
+If it's more than 10%, this
+is completely ruined.
+
+We can't do anything with it.
+
+So end of the evaluation
+arrived.
+
+We compute the crossover rate.
+
+9.6%.
+
+So what I want to say here is
+that if they didn't want to
+
+comply with our request, they
+could have made this rate be
+
+30% or 40% and we would have not
+heard anything about it.
+
+I'm not saying 10% is
+the right threshold.
+
+It of course depends on the
+program and on other things.
+
+But the key thing here is, you
+need to have full cooperation
+
+between the people in the field
+who are implementing and
+
+the people in the field
+who are evaluating.
+
+If you don't have that, then
+it's very difficult.
+
+Because people find a way to get
+to a program if they hear
+
+that this program is serving,
+is doing some good.
+
+So I mean, who's a parent
+in this room?
+
+All right.
+
+So now, confess.
+
+If your child, in your school,
+there was a randomized trial
+
+on this very promising,
+you name it.
+
+After school program.
+
+And your child fell in
+the control group.
+
+Would you be at least tempted
+to go to the principal and
+
+say, I want my child
+in that program?
+
+Tempted?
+
+All right.
+
+I can tell you that other
+parents are more than tempted,
+
+and will find a way.
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you do
+with the spillovers?
+
+Do you just exclude them
+and put them in
+
+the comparison group?
+
+PROFESSOR: So these are called
+crossovers, because they cross
+
+from the control to
+the treatment.
+
+The key thing-- this comes at
+the analysis stage, and this
+
+you'll do on Friday.
+
+But the key thing is, what
+random assignment buys you is
+
+that the two groups are
+comparable as a whole.
+
+The whole treatment group with
+the whole control group.
+
+You can't then just say,
+oh, I don't like this
+
+control group member.
+
+I'm just going to
+throw it out.
+
+That completely destroys
+the comparability.
+
+You still need to compare the
+full two groups, and you do
+
+some statistical adjustments
+to deal with the crossover.
+
+But once a treatment,
+always a treatment.
+
+Once a control, always
+a control.
+
+The random assignment buys you
+that two groups are the same.
+
+If you throw away-- suppose
+then, 10% of crossovers.
+
+If you throw them away you will
+be comparing the whole
+
+treatment group with this 90%
+of the control group.
+
+And let's just assume for a
+second that that 10% who
+
+crossover are people who are
+particularly motivated, and
+
+that's why they switch over.
+
+Well then, the average
+motivation of the two groups
+
+were the same at the beginning,
+but once you throw
+
+that 10% away, the average
+motivation of the treatment
+
+group is going to be higher than
+the average motivation of
+
+the control group.
+
+So any difference you find in
+outcomes between these two
+
+groups could be due to the
+program, but could also be due
+
+to differences in motivation.
+
+You can't throw them away.
+
+There's statistical ways
+of dealing with them.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Turns out, I guess I
+didn't understand the answer
+
+to the earlier question.
+
+So we're worried about
+spillover, and we're going to
+
+deliver books to--
+
+clearly the intervention is that
+the kids get books that
+
+they can take home to
+study at night.
+
+But I've decided that because
+I'm worried about spillover
+
+and because it's more
+administratively convenient,
+
+I'm going to deliver
+to some schools.
+
+So I'm going to draw the schools
+at random, but I'm
+
+looking at the kids,
+impact on the kids.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So even so, I haven't
+damaged my ability to
+
+look at the students' effects,
+because my unit of
+
+randomization was at
+a different level.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+perfectly fine.
+
+However, the higher the unit
+of randomization, the more
+
+trouble you're going to have in
+having enough statistical
+
+power to detect effects.
+
+But that's a topic that I want
+to leave up to Thursday.
+
+But yes.
+
+I mean, when we say the
+schools are treated--
+
+I mean, the schools
+are buildings.
+
+They're not being treated
+in any way.
+
+Unless you paint them or do
+something to them, they're not
+
+being treated--
+
+AUDIENCE: Ours got paint.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So if it's just painting them,
+then the schools--
+
+no, but seriously.
+
+When I say treated, who's being
+
+affected by the treatment?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I
+can't have a--
+
+it's going to hurt my power.
+
+But I can randomize at a
+different level than
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You can.
+
+Particularly if you want to
+avoid spillovers, that's
+
+exactly what you should
+be doing.
+
+All right.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: My name is Cesar.
+
+What happened when the
+intervention is something
+
+about knowledge?
+
+For example, that some nurse
+trained to a treatment group
+
+about wash your hands, and
+this knowledge can--
+
+PROFESSOR: Can spillover.
+
+Yeah.
+
+That's exactly right.
+
+So again, you need to think
+about the design of the study.
+
+If you really think it's going
+to spill over, then you need
+
+to think about randomizing at
+a higher level so that the
+
+spillover doesn't occur.
+
+I do have to say one thing.
+
+There's some interventions
+where the
+
+spillover is evident.
+
+And you're going to see that
+in the deworming case.
+
+I think it's case number 4.
+
+So it's very clear that
+this is happening.
+
+There's a human biological
+transmission of disease that
+
+makes spillovers very clear.
+
+This is my own bias.
+
+But there are tons of problem
+programs out there that have
+
+difficulty affecting
+the people that
+
+they're intended to.
+
+So thinking that they're going
+to affect other people they
+
+haven't been intending to help,
+in some cases at least,
+
+is a stretch.
+
+Having said that, if you think
+spillovers will occur, then
+
+you need to think about
+that at the design
+
+stage of the study.
+
+yes?
+
+Your name please?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, sir.
+
+Raj.
+
+Just getting back to the example
+where you were saying
+
+if you took each of us, and
+you assigned us to two
+
+different groups, it would
+adjust for the unobservable
+
+characteristics.
+
+Would that work out in a
+sample size so small?
+
+PROFESSOR: In a sample size
+like this, you will have
+
+trouble with statistical--
+
+I want to leave all those
+questions of--
+
+you have our superstar, Esther
+Duflo, who's going to speak
+
+about statistical power.
+
+But the key thing here is, if
+you have a small group, then
+
+what happens is the sampling
+error is bigger.
+
+So you may observe differences
+between the groups.
+
+You may not declare them to be
+statistically significant
+
+because you have very
+little power.
+
+So in general, you want
+larger sample sizes.
+
+This group is probably small.
+
+But even if you did it with this
+group, and I challenge
+
+you to do it--
+
+just take an Excel spreadsheet
+and take five
+
+characteristics of you.
+
+And the random assignment,
+you're going to see some
+
+differences.
+
+But it's really amazing
+how the two
+
+groups will look alike.
+
+And the other thing.
+
+If you're not accounting for
+unobservable differences like
+
+some non-experimental
+methods do.
+
+The key thing about this is, you
+don't need to account for
+
+anything, because the two groups
+are balanced across
+
+these two things.
+
+So they have the same average
+level of motivation, and so I
+
+don't need to control
+statistically for motivation.
+
+Because that cannot be a
+confounding factor if the two
+
+groups are the same.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So step number six.
+
+If you're going to measure the
+impact of a program on an
+
+outcome of interest,
+you need to collect
+
+data on that outcome.
+
+And that's called
+follow-up data.
+
+And the key thing is, you need
+to collect that for both
+
+treatment and control groups.
+
+And it's important that it be
+done in identical ways.
+
+So you can't, or it would not
+be a good idea, to have
+
+treatment group data come from
+one source, say, a survey, and
+
+control group data come from
+another source, say,
+
+administrative data, because
+data sources are generally not
+
+very compatible to each other.
+
+The seventh step.
+
+Of course, estimate the
+program impact.
+
+And if the experiment is
+properly done, what you should
+
+be doing is just compare the
+outcomes-- the mean outcomes
+
+of the treatment group with
+the mean outcomes of the
+
+control groups.
+
+Now, there are versions of the
+experiments where they are
+
+more sophisticated, and then you
+need to use the multiple
+
+regression framework to
+control for things,
+
+particularly if you have
+stratified your
+
+sample, and so on.
+
+But in general, the basic idea
+is, there are no differences
+
+between these two groups.
+
+Then the simple differences in
+outcomes between those groups
+
+should give you the impact
+of the program.
+
+There are other reasons you may
+want to use the regression
+
+framework, such as statistical
+power, that we were talking
+
+about before, but this
+is the basic idea.
+
+If the differences between the
+two groups is very different
+
+than what you get with the
+regression, you should start
+
+thinking about what's
+going on.
+
+And then eight.
+
+And I think this is very
+important for practitioners.
+
+You should assess whether
+the program's impact are
+
+statistically significant, but
+also if they're practically
+
+significant.
+
+So if statistically significant
+means, we're
+
+confident that this impact
+is different from 0 in a
+
+statistical sense.
+
+Having said that, the impact
+may still be very small for
+
+any practical purposes.
+
+So it may be that a program
+affects some outcome of
+
+interest, but the effect is so
+small that you won't decide
+
+that this program was a success
+on the basis of that.
+
+So both of those things
+are important.
+
+The stars or the asterisks for
+statistical significance are
+
+not enough for you to conclude
+that a program is successful.
+
+Yes?
+
+Your name pace.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ashu.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I understand we can get the
+mean just by seeing the
+
+difference between the
+two sample sets.
+
+How do we get a handle on this
+trend of standard error and
+
+consequently the statistical
+significance?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So again, in the simplest, very,
+very simple, you just do
+
+a comparison of two groups, this
+is the standard t-test,
+
+there's nothing else to do.
+
+In practice, a lot of this
+impact estimation is done
+
+through the regression
+framework.
+
+However you're going to do it,
+you're going to let your
+
+statistical software calculate
+those standard errors.
+
+Of course you need to be careful
+about things you learn
+
+on Thursday, such as clustering
+and so on.
+
+You need to make sure that those
+errors reflect that.
+
+But the basic idea is, you let
+your statistical software or
+
+the evaluator calculate
+those impacts.
+
+But as a proxy, if the two means
+are not different, then
+
+it's going to be hard
+to argue that this
+
+program had a big effect.
+
+OK.
+
+So random.
+
+As I said at the beginning,
+anyone can tell me, what does
+
+the term "random" mean?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Chosen by chance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you work for
+public opinion polls.
+
+I should have asked you.
+
+All right.
+
+So "chosen by chance."
+What does that mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+One can say random if there's
+no systematic
+
+trend behind the selection.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Systematic trends.
+
+So you don't have someone
+saying, you
+
+go here you go there.
+
+So suppose I wanted
+to do a random
+
+assignment in this classroom.
+
+And I went here, and I closed
+my eyes, and I throw a ball
+
+right here.
+
+I don't see where
+I'm throwing.
+
+I just throw it.
+
+Person gets it, falls
+into the treatment.
+
+Is that random?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why not?
+
+I already turned that
+way, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe you
+like the sun.
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe
+I like the sun.
+
+And the people sitting near the
+sun may be different from
+
+the people who are not.
+
+Who knows.
+
+The key thing is that when we
+say random, particularly in a
+
+simple randomized experiment,
+what we mean is that everyone,
+
+every single one of you, has the
+same probability of being
+
+selected into the
+treatment group.
+
+Or into one of the groups.
+
+Let's say the treatment group.
+
+So the key thing here is that
+Iqbal, Brook, Jamie, Jessica,
+
+everyone, Farah, everyone in
+this room, if we do a simple
+
+random assignment, you should
+have the same probability of
+
+being assigned to the
+treatment group.
+
+So it has a precise statistical
+definition.
+
+It's not just someone
+saying, oh, yeah.
+
+We can't remember
+how we did it.
+
+It must have been random.
+
+No.
+
+It has a very, very precise
+definition.
+
+Because if you trust someone
+telling you, it was random,
+
+and then you trust that word,
+and then you start doing your
+
+study, and three years later,
+you discover it wasn't random,
+
+you are not going to be very
+happy with yourself.
+
+So there are variations
+on this.
+
+If you have stratified, it
+doesn't mean that everyone
+
+must have the same
+probability.
+
+It means everyone
+within a strata.
+
+But the basic idea is, before
+we do random assignments, we
+
+should know the probability of
+everyone being selected.
+
+When I say the same probability
+of being selected
+
+into a treatment group,
+that probability
+
+doesn't need to be half.
+
+So it could be a third.
+
+It could be two thirds.
+
+From a statistical power
+perspective, you
+
+prefer half and half.
+
+But whatever it is, all of
+you should have the same
+
+probability of being selected.
+
+Make sense?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: In your example of
+drawing the ball, is that a
+
+random assignment?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So again, it depends on the
+details on how you do it.
+
+But suppose we have balls for,
+I don't know, 30 participants
+
+or however many you are, and you
+have balls from 1 to 30,
+
+and you mix the bag, and you
+really trusted the physics
+
+that by mixing, that all the
+balls would have the same
+
+chance of being selected,
+and you draw one
+
+ball from the bag--
+
+all the balls had the same
+chance of being selected.
+
+All of you had the same chance
+of being selected.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the
+second person--
+
+so when you draw one,
+that's 1 out of 30.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the second time
+you do it, you could have a--
+
+PROFESSOR: So if the sample size
+is very, very small, you
+
+worry about sampling with
+replacement and without
+
+replacing--
+
+if the population from which
+you're drawing is very small,
+
+you may have an issue
+with that.
+
+If the population is large, the
+difference between 1 in
+
+1000 and 1 in 999, it's going
+to be pretty small.
+
+If you do it sequentially
+like that.
+
+If you do it in a computer,
+you can have a randomizing
+
+device that just generates a
+random number, and then you
+
+pick the first half.
+
+OK.
+
+So is random assignment the
+same as random sampling?
+
+I see no, yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I need a little bit
+more than that.
+
+AUDIENCE: A random assignment,
+you would have already
+
+narrowed down to a smaller
+sample, and assigned within
+
+that sample.
+
+Random sampling would be taking
+a group out of a whole
+
+population.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Very good.
+
+So one way think about this
+is you have your target
+
+population, then you have
+potential participants.
+
+This may be children you're
+targeting to in your
+
+intervention.
+
+And then you have your
+evaluation sample.
+
+Here's where the random
+sampling could occur.
+
+So--
+
+sorry I forgot your name,
+
+AUDIENCE: I didn't tell you.
+
+PROFESSOR: You didn't tell me.
+
+This is even worse.
+
+Jean.
+
+So what Jean is saying is,
+random sampling happened at
+
+this stage.
+
+Or could have happened
+in this stage.
+
+What random sampling is buying
+you is the ability to
+
+generalize from your
+evaluation to
+
+this population here.
+
+And whether this is a population
+of policy interests
+
+or not, that's a different
+matter.
+
+But that's what random sampling
+is buying you.
+
+What random assignment is doing
+is once you have the
+
+samples-- so suppose there
+are 100,000 potential
+
+participants.
+
+You don't have money to enroll
+100,000 people in a program or
+
+in an evaluation.
+
+You pick, out of this 100,000,
+5,000 at random, the results
+
+of your study are going to be
+generalizable to this 100,000.
+
+Now, within this 5,000, you do
+random assignment and you
+
+assign to a treatment group
+and to a control group.
+
+Maybe of this 5,000, 2,500 fall
+here, 2,500 fall here.
+
+What random assignment buys you
+is these two groups are
+
+identical, and so any difference
+you observe in
+
+outcomes is due to
+the program.
+
+That's internal validity.
+
+That has to do with causal
+inference that is about this
+
+5,000 that are here.
+
+So where the 5,000 generalize to
+is an external validation.
+
+So they both have the word
+"random," but these are two
+
+different concepts.
+
+Again, random assignment relates
+to internal validity,
+
+causal inference.
+
+Random sampling refers
+to external validity.
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: My name is Cornelia.
+
+PROFESSOR: I should
+know it by now.
+
+AUDIENCE: I haven't
+said it yet.
+
+Can you do one and
+not the other?
+
+Not really.
+
+Do you have to--?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can, you can.
+
+In fact--
+
+well, sorry.
+
+If it's called a randomized
+experiment, this
+
+one has to be there.
+
+This is what defines a
+randomized experiment.
+
+there was random assignment.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you can do a
+randomized assignment, even if
+
+your sampling is not running.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So what that means is that then
+you need to think about
+
+who you generalize to.
+
+All right.
+
+So advantages and limitations
+of experiments.
+
+For those of you who are a
+little bit more statistically
+
+inclined, the key thing about
+random assignment is that not
+
+only on average the two groups
+are the same, but the
+
+distribution, the statistical
+distribution of the two
+
+groups, is the same.
+
+And this is very powerful for a
+lot of the adjustments that
+
+come at a later stage,
+particularly when there are
+
+crossovers and similar things.
+
+The idea is that the two groups
+not only on average
+
+both unobservable, and
+unobservable characteristics
+
+look the same, but the
+whole distribution.
+
+So they have the same variance,
+they have the same
+
+25th percentile, the same
+75th percentile.
+
+And of course, when I say the
+same, again, it's in a
+
+statistical sense, subject to
+sampling error, which we can
+
+account for.
+
+And so there are--
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: That doesn't
+necessarily mean that they're
+
+both anomolies.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no, no.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Anything.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Anything.
+
+But the distribution should
+look the same.
+
+OK.
+
+So no systematic differences
+between the two groups.
+
+This is deliberately
+a repeated slide.
+
+I didn't forget to take it
+out of the presentation.
+
+Key advantage, key takeaway
+message--
+
+these two groups do not differ
+systematically at the outset,
+
+so any difference you observe
+should be attributable to the
+
+experiment.
+
+And this is under the big
+assumption that the experiment
+
+was properly designed
+and conducted.
+
+It's not like any experiment
+will reach this.
+
+So other advantages
+of experiments.
+
+Relative to results from
+non-experimental studies,
+
+they're less subject to
+methodological debates.
+
+So a lot more boring
+conversations in academic
+
+seminars because there may be
+some questions about what
+
+question is being answered,
+there may be some questions
+
+about things that happen in
+the field that may have
+
+threatened the experiment.
+
+But the basic notion that if it
+was done properly, the two
+
+groups should look alike,
+it's never debated.
+
+Whereas with non-experimental
+methods, that's the whole sort
+
+of central claim of the seminar
+and of the presenter.
+
+They're easier to convey.
+
+You can explain to
+people, look.
+
+These two groups look alike
+at the beginning.
+
+Now there's a difference.
+
+It must have been the program.
+
+And they're more likely to be
+convincing to program funders
+
+and/or policymakers.
+
+If they find it more credible,
+easier to convey, it's more
+
+likely that they will
+take action.
+
+Although in this respect, I
+can't emphasize enough what
+
+Rachel said, which is, look.
+
+If you have the right question,
+then answering that
+
+question is going to be
+important to lead to change.
+
+If you have the wrong question,
+even if you did a
+
+nice experiment, it's not going
+to help you that much.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I've been to the
+conference two months ago.
+
+Some people were arguing that
+last first advantage that is
+
+with randomization--
+
+that's random assignment--
+
+how to build two groups that are
+identical to each other.
+
+And some people argue that you
+will almost never find a
+
+context where you will have
+that situation occur.
+
+The way the government programs
+operating in most
+
+cases, it is almost impossible
+that you find an exact
+
+identical treatment group
+and control group.
+
+PROFESSOR: See, the key thing
+here is that you don't
+
+need to find it.
+
+It's not like you have a
+treatment group and now let's
+
+look in the whole country, where
+is the control group?
+
+No.
+
+This method forces the two
+groups to be the same.
+
+As long as there are some people
+who are going to be
+
+served by the program and some
+that are not, if you randomly
+
+assign to these two
+groups, the two
+
+groups should be identical.
+
+Not because you were very
+smart and looked for the
+
+other group, no.
+
+It's like random assignment is
+for those of us who precisely
+
+don't think we can come
+up with that other
+
+group on our own.
+
+So there may be issues with
+whether you have enough
+
+program applicants to be able
+to divide them into two
+
+groups, participants and
+non-participants.
+
+But in context where you're not
+
+serving all the two groups--
+
+so if you don't have money to
+serve 1,000 people, and 1,000
+
+people applied to your program,
+and you only have 400
+
+slots, that's not going to--
+this goes to the ethical
+
+issue, which we'll discuss
+in a second.
+
+The only thing that changes is
+how you select those 400.
+
+But once you've selected
+randomly, those two groups
+
+should look identical.
+
+Again, not because you were
+incredibly astute at saying,
+
+oh, here's another group.
+
+No.
+
+This this happens through
+the flip of a coin.
+
+This is not a researcher a kind
+of, oh, can the research
+
+and find a group?
+
+Or the context is development
+versus a developed country.
+
+This has to do with
+the technique
+
+applied to any setting.
+
+Again, you're going to have
+a case where you see a
+
+spreadsheet and you can see,
+you can do the random
+
+assignment and see for yourself
+that the two groups
+
+will look similar.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it necessary that
+the size of the two groups
+
+have to be the same?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's
+not necessary.
+
+And in fact in practice, what
+happens is, suppose you had
+
+1,000 applicants and you
+had money to serve 600.
+
+Then no matter what the
+statistician says-- oh, it
+
+would be nice to have
+500 and 500--
+
+you're not going to have 100
+people not being served just
+
+because you want to keep
+the half-half ratio.
+
+From a statistical perspective
+it's ideal to have 50-50
+
+ratio, but only from a
+statistical prospective.
+
+If you deviate too much
+from that 50-50,
+
+then you get in trouble.
+
+So if you get to--
+
+I don't know.
+
+The rule of thumb
+may be different
+
+for different people.
+
+But if you get over 70-30, I
+would say probably you're
+
+going to lose a lot
+of statistical
+
+power by doing that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, but in some
+cases, for example, a country
+
+needs to make priority
+in aid with about 200
+
+hospitals, for example.
+
+And in my country, there are one
+hospital that is the most
+
+important public hospital
+in Honduras.
+
+So you can apply this
+randomized process.
+
+But if you don't include this
+particular hospital, you
+
+cannot include this particular
+hospital
+
+because it's too important.
+
+We call that [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+[? represented ?]
+
+subject for this type of
+problem, who have the
+
+possibility of 1.
+
+Should be in the sample.
+
+I don't know if you understand
+my Spanglish.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no.
+
+I speak Spanish.
+
+We can communicate here.
+
+So the key thing is, Again,
+you're trying to create
+
+comparable groups.
+
+If for some reason you need to
+serve a hospital because the
+
+president of your country says,
+you need to serve this
+
+hospital, that's fine.
+
+One slot.
+
+But that hospital should not
+be a part of your study,
+
+because that hospital was
+not randomly assigned.
+
+That's all.
+
+As simple as that.
+
+And you may have
+a few of those.
+
+I mean, I can tell you, in my
+own experience, we're trying
+
+to implement random assignment
+in Niger, a program financed
+
+by the Millennium Challenge
+Corporation.
+
+A program about building
+schools.
+
+We said, we're going to do
+a random assignment.
+
+And they say, yes, yes, yes.
+
+Well, the US ambassador visited
+two of the villages,
+
+and he promised them they
+were getting schools.
+
+Now, you tell me if you want to
+be the evaluator and tell
+
+those schools, no, no.
+
+We're going to put you
+in the pool of--
+
+no way.
+
+Those two villages are going
+to get their schools, but
+
+they're not part of
+our evaluation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there an
+acceptable margin?
+
+PROFESSOR: See, that's again
+the Jamaica question.
+
+I won't make that
+mistake again.
+
+I won't to tell you.
+
+You're going to see on Thursday
+a whole session on
+
+statistical power, and you're
+going to get a sense
+
+of where you are.
+
+You don't want to have too many
+first, because you lose
+
+sample size, and second
+because you lose
+
+representativeness.
+
+I mean, in the case of the
+hospital in Honduras, if
+
+that's the hospital where 90% of
+things are happening, then
+
+it's a little bit hard to have
+that as a hospital that's out
+
+of your study.
+
+So that is an important issue.
+
+All right.
+
+There are limitations
+of experiments,
+
+believe it or not.
+
+So the first one is, huge
+methodological advantages.
+
+But you still need to worry
+about these issues of internal
+
+validity and external
+validity.
+
+And what I would say about this
+is, on Friday youo're
+
+going to learn a lot about how
+to do with these internal
+
+validity issues.
+
+And I'm not going to
+go over them now.
+
+But the key thing is, if you
+can avoid them from the
+
+beginning in terms of how you
+design your program and how
+
+you implement them,
+then much better.
+
+External validity issues--
+
+as Rachel said, any impact
+evaluation conducted in a
+
+particular setting is going to
+have external validity issues.
+
+But experiments are particularly
+prone to them
+
+because they're sometimes done
+in particularly concentrated
+
+areas where you really want to
+find out, does this program
+
+work before expanding
+it, so the external
+
+validity issue is there.
+
+As Rachel said, if you can
+design an experiment to test
+
+each thing in your theory of
+change, that usually helps
+
+with external validity.
+
+And of course, if you
+can replicate
+
+evaluation in other settings.
+
+AUDIENCE: So OK, you're going
+to have 10 variables with
+
+internal validity, equal
+internal validity, but only
+
+three variables with
+external validity?
+
+PROFESSOR: When you say three
+variables, what do you mean
+
+with variables?
+
+AUDIENCE: The variables that
+you are--variables.
+
+The study variables.
+
+I mean, when you're going to
+evaluate internal validity,
+
+you're going to have
+10 variables or 20.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, internal
+validity, the two groups
+
+should be the same.
+
+And you have pretty strong
+internal validity if you can
+
+deal with this problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're going to
+the external validity, maybe
+
+not the whole 20 variables will
+have external validity.
+
+But maybe your three or four
+where you have been made
+
+different experiment in--
+
+PROFESSOR: So it really
+depends on the
+
+context of your project.
+
+Again, I think the good
+example is deworming.
+
+So deworming, you
+take out worms.
+
+Well, in Honduras, if children
+who go to school, there are no
+
+worms, and that's not the
+reason they don't go to
+
+school, then that program in
+Kenya doesn't have much
+
+external validity or
+generalizability to Honduras.
+
+So you need to be thinking
+about how the effect is
+
+supposed to be happening.
+
+And here there was the anemia
+thing, which may work in the
+
+case of Honduras or not.
+
+You need to be seeing,
+what is the chain?
+
+And seeing whether that chain is
+likely to hold in whatever
+
+other contexts you
+want to apply.
+
+There's no magic formula here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, but you are
+going to control the
+
+theoretical framework with just
+three, four variables
+
+because that variable will be
+common in different countries?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but you
+can have 200 variables.
+
+You can say, it depends
+on so many things.
+
+But there's a limit
+to how much--
+
+the external validity issue is
+an issue that you can always
+
+hide behind it.
+
+You can always say, oh, this
+program worked in Kenya.
+
+Who knows whether it would
+work somewhere else?
+
+And then if you take that
+attitude, then you can't learn
+
+anything from a randomized
+experiment, or from any impact
+
+evaluation that's done in
+a specific setting.
+
+Because even if you did it in
+Kenya, in a particular point
+
+in time, you can always say,
+well, it worked in Kenya ten
+
+years ago, but maybe it
+won't work today.
+
+So I lean to the middle
+ground here.
+
+You sort of think about what
+are the critical steps or
+
+stages in which it can work, and
+then go implement it, and
+
+maybe evaluate it.
+
+I think my answer here is,
+external validity issues are
+
+going to be present for
+both experiments and
+
+non-experiments.
+
+There is no magic
+formula here.
+
+As long as you evaluate in a
+particular setting, you're
+
+still going to be subject to the
+question, does it work in
+
+some other setting?
+
+Some of these threats also
+affect the validity of
+
+non-experimental studies.
+
+The key thing, though, is that
+some of this, in the
+
+non-experimental studies, you
+may not even realize that you
+
+have the threat.
+
+Because you've already done
+something that allows you to
+
+be blind to the threat.
+
+So other limitations, the
+experiment measures the impact
+
+of the offer of the treatment.
+
+So when we implement the
+program, and we say, OK, you
+
+are in the treatment group,
+you're going to get the
+
+program, as you know from
+implementing these programs in
+
+the field, not all of the people
+you offer the program
+
+are going to take
+up the program.
+
+So what the experiment buys you
+is, the whole treatment
+
+group is comparable to the
+whole control group.
+
+So the experiment is going to
+tell you, this is the impact
+
+for every, on average, for the
+whole treatment group.
+
+So some of them may not have
+received the program, and some
+
+of them may be diluting
+the impact of the
+
+program when you estimate.
+
+But technically, that's the
+impact that the experiment is
+
+estimating.
+
+So if you have a program with a
+very low take-up rate, then
+
+you need to worry about the
+issue that the non-takers are
+
+going to dilute the effect
+of the program.
+
+You can then go and calculate,
+what is the effect of the
+
+program for those who
+participated?
+
+But then you start relying on
+non-experimental assumptions.
+
+You've lost a bit the advantage
+of the experiment.
+
+So that's something that you
+need to think about when you
+
+do an experiment.
+
+There's a limitation
+in terms of these
+
+experiments can be costly.
+
+I'll sort of just say two things
+about being costly.
+
+I'll say three things
+about being costly.
+
+And I did learn that I should
+never say "I'll say three
+
+things," and I'll forget what
+those three things are.
+
+But I think I'll keep
+them in mind.
+
+The first thing--
+
+a lot of the cost of an
+experiment is data collection.
+
+So if you are trying to evaluate
+the impact of a
+
+program through some other
+non-experimental method that
+
+involves data collection, you've
+already made the two
+
+costs pretty comparable.
+
+Because again, data collection
+is a big cost.
+
+If you had a non-experimental
+method where you don't have to
+
+collect data, obviously there's
+no question that that
+
+is going to be cheaper.
+
+So it can be costly.
+
+But again, main cost data
+collection, which may be the
+
+same for non-experimental
+studies that collect data.
+
+But the other thing about the
+experiment in terms of cost is
+
+that the same sample size buys
+you more statistical power.
+
+And you may see some of
+this on Thursday.
+
+So if you have a sample size
+of 1,000 people for an
+
+experimental study and a sample
+size of 1,000 people
+
+for a non-experimental study,
+those data collections' cost
+
+will be identical, but they will
+be buying you different
+
+statistical power.
+
+So that's one thing to keep
+in mind about the cost of
+
+experiments.
+
+And the last thing is, you need
+to factor in, what is the
+
+cost of getting the
+wrong answers?
+
+If you really think that
+non-experimental methods are
+
+not going to work in your
+particular context, then it's
+
+not so useful to invest less
+money if you don't think
+
+you're going to get
+the same answer.
+
+And again, I don't want to push
+the notion that only with
+
+an experiment you'll get
+the right answer.
+
+But if you think with a
+non-experiment, you won't get
+
+the right answer, then the cost
+of the wrong answer, the
+
+risk of a wrong answer.
+
+Ethical issues.
+
+Throw them at me.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you say no to
+people who come to you, saying
+
+I want to put myself
+in this program.
+
+I have all the characteristics
+you're asking for.
+
+You're offering it
+to my neighbor.
+
+How come you're not
+offering it to me?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+The first thing to think about
+here is experiments are
+
+typically done in context where
+there's access demand.
+
+Where there are more people who
+want to be in your program
+
+than can be served
+by your program.
+
+And if that's the case, suppose
+you had 1,000 people
+
+who applied to your program,
+and you can only serve 400.
+
+The question I ask
+you, Cornelia--
+
+and only you--
+
+is how many people are you going
+to have to say, sorry, I
+
+can't serve you?
+
+600.
+
+Both in the context of an
+experiment and in the context
+
+of a non-experimental study.
+
+The only thing that changes is
+how you decide who those 600
+
+people are.
+
+It's the only thing
+that changes.
+
+And in fact, in some contexts,
+the flip of the coin can seem
+
+more fair then you deciding,
+I think this person is more
+
+deserving, or this person--
+
+So in that context, in the
+context where you're going to
+
+have to turn away people, then
+the ethical issues, in my
+
+mind, are much harder
+to justify.
+
+I'm not saying there are no
+ethical issues in experiments.
+
+There are some context in which
+
+there are ethical issues.
+
+So if you are completely
+convinced that your program
+
+works, then why are you going
+to do this whole randomized
+
+experiment?
+
+The only thing I can tell you
+is that a lot of people have
+
+been very convinced that some
+programs work, and then they
+
+turn out not to work.
+
+But if you are completely
+convinced that the program
+
+works, then you shouldn't
+be doing it.
+
+And then the other thing is,
+if you are testing an
+
+intervention that you think can
+harm people, then there
+
+are ethical issues involved.
+
+So I don't think anyone will
+be very fond of doing an
+
+experiment to try to find out
+whether smoking causes lung
+
+cancer, for example.
+
+Because we don't have
+experimental evidence, but the
+
+medical evidence seems
+to be pretty
+
+strongly in favor of that.
+
+Maria Teresa?
+
+AUDIENCE: A consequence of that
+ethical question, was
+
+hard for me, was people who are
+indeed chosen to be in the
+
+program and people
+who are not.
+
+You have to come back to these
+people who are not and follow
+
+up with them.
+
+And how willing to cooperate
+were they to collect more
+
+data, to talk with them.
+
+And you know, working
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] is really
+
+hard, because you take time from
+the farmer for two hours
+
+every couple months, and come
+back, and standing there.
+
+I mean, while the other guy
+received something for these
+
+two hours that are
+given to you.
+
+So I think that that is the--
+
+Maybe you need to apply
+this more often.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So I mean, again, I think there
+are things you try to do
+
+to deal with them.
+
+That has to do more with the
+implementation of any study in
+
+which you have a comparison
+group.
+
+It's not the experiment.
+
+Experiment has a
+control group.
+
+With any other study that has
+a comparison group where
+
+you're collecting data
+faces this issue.
+
+And then there are things
+you can do.
+
+It depends on the program.
+
+But certainly sometimes offering
+some small incentive
+
+for people in both groups
+to fill in the survey is
+
+certainly one thing
+that could help.
+
+The other thing that I think
+is very important is data
+
+collection.
+
+The average researcher, when
+they are asked the question,
+
+do you want to add one more
+question to the survey?
+
+The probability of saying yes
+is 99% for the average
+
+researcher.
+
+So if you have two hours in the
+field, you have to start
+
+thinking, well, how many of this
+question do I really need
+
+to be asking?
+
+I mean, that's an issue of
+implementation versus--
+
+So I think there ways
+to do with this.
+
+But again, it's not unique
+to experiment.
+
+It really has to do with how
+you implement any study in
+
+which you're going to collect
+data on people who are not
+
+receiving any benefit.
+
+Yes?
+
+Ethical issues?
+
+AUDIENCE: Nigel.
+
+I think an answer which--
+
+PROFESSOR: Nigel.
+
+You are from the
+Kennedy School.
+
+Very nice to meet you.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm leaving
+next week.
+
+The issue of, even if you had
+as much money as you kept to
+
+all give to those 1,000
+people, you
+
+can't do them all today.
+
+So the way to do it is say, OK,
+we'll do 500 this year and
+
+500 next year.
+
+So you're getting all 1,000
+people, but you do your
+
+randomized evaluation
+year one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+And tomorrow there are going to
+be two sessions on how to
+
+do roll out design-- there's
+a bunch of designs that are
+
+applying the same principle.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you think about
+the cost of the study, don't
+
+you think a question you should
+deal with way early on
+
+is the size of the impact
+that you're looking for?
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: If the study is going
+to cost me a lot of
+
+money, and there's a significant
+probability that
+
+it might have only a small
+effect, then that maybe isn't
+
+worth bothering with.
+
+And so you talked about looking
+up the size of the
+
+effect and the statistics, and
+whether it's statistically
+
+significant.
+
+But that size question,
+it seems to me, gets
+
+looked at very late.
+
+And it should be way up front in
+the very early days because
+
+of the impact, whether the
+program is really of interest,
+
+and worth following.
+
+PROFESSOR: So two
+quick reactions.
+
+The first one is what
+Rachel said.
+
+Think strategically about
+impact evaluations.
+
+You don't want to evaluate every
+single thing that's in
+
+your organization or every
+single thing under the sun.
+
+You're not going to be able to
+do an impact evaluation on all
+
+of those things.
+
+You may do other kinds of
+evaluations on hopefully most
+
+of your programs, but an impact
+evaluation, you should
+
+be very strategic on
+where you do it.
+
+And if you think this is a
+program that is not generating
+
+much impact and it's not costing
+you that much money,
+
+then you may say, I'm not
+going to evaluate it.
+
+The second thing I would say
+with regard to that is
+
+thinking about the effect of the
+program is something you
+
+need to do at stage one, the
+designing of the study.
+
+And this will connect with your
+session on sample size
+
+that Esther will speak
+about on Thursday.
+
+Because thinking about the
+larger that impact is, that
+
+affects your calculations
+of sample size.
+
+The paradox in all of this,
+despite of what you said, the
+
+paradox in all of this is
+that the bigger the
+
+effect of the program--
+
+so if you expect this
+program is going
+
+to have a huge effect--
+
+the smaller the sample size
+you need, and hence the
+
+smaller the data collection
+costs.
+
+So paradoxically, if the
+program is extremely
+
+important, the data collection
+cost should actually be lower
+
+than a program where you want
+to detect effects that are
+
+very small.
+
+Having said that, you want to
+evaluate the programs that
+
+make strategic sense for
+you to evaluate.
+
+I mean, one thing I think you
+should try to avoid, despite
+
+all our enthusiasm with
+randomized experiment, you
+
+shouldn't leave this course
+thinking, OK.
+
+Where do I see an opportunity
+to randomize?
+
+And then forget about what is
+it that you're trying to do.
+
+You know, you may find a great
+opportunity to randomize, but
+
+if it doesn't answer a question
+you care about,
+
+you've just wasted money.
+
+All right, so--
+
+you have a question?
+
+This is very interesting.
+
+AUDIENCE: I want to know, do you
+think that in any context,
+
+one can be able to carry out
+an impact evaluation?
+
+For any type of program--
+
+PROFESSOR: So my answer
+to that is
+
+no, not in any context.
+
+But probably in more contexts
+than you think about.
+
+That is my short answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about, for
+example, infrastructure--?
+
+PROFESSOR: There have been.
+
+It's harder to do.
+
+There have been some studies.
+
+This is actually, I think,
+a growing area.
+
+This is an area where people are
+trying to do some impact
+
+evaluation.
+
+I mean, if you're building a
+road in the middle of the
+
+country, and this is one road
+for the whole country--
+
+you can't do it.
+
+But it's OK.
+
+You don't need to do an impact
+evaluation for everything you
+
+do, and you don't need to do a
+randomized impact evaluation
+
+for everything you do.
+
+What I do hope the message comes
+clear is, if you decide
+
+to do an impact evaluation,
+then thinking about a
+
+randomized design should
+be your first choice.
+
+If you can't do it-- and can't
+do it is not just, oh, there's
+
+some issues--
+
+no, no.
+
+Can't do it, really trying,
+given all these advantages,
+
+really trying-- if you can't do
+it, then you may consider
+
+doing other things.
+
+But this should be your first
+option if you decide to do an
+
+impact evaluation.
+
+All right.
+
+Partial equilibrium.
+
+It's a little bit
+more technical.
+
+But if you have a program that
+only affects some people
+
+differentially.
+
+So suppose you had a program
+that was going to train people
+
+on how to have better resumes.
+
+And if you only do it for a few
+people, then this program
+
+may have a huge effect.
+
+But if you do it for everyone in
+your town, there's going to
+
+be little advantage that's
+gained from this.
+
+And so the randomized experiment
+estimates a partial
+
+equilibrium effect.
+
+You don't know what would
+happen if everyone in a
+
+particular setting got
+the treatment.
+
+I think this is important in
+some settings, but not enough.
+
+All right.
+
+So I'm not going to go too much
+about get out the vote,
+
+because we're already a
+minute away from time.
+
+What I want to do is just show
+you this table here.
+
+You already discussed it.
+
+So this is what the
+case study shows.
+
+This is a situation
+where you had four
+
+methods to estimate impacts.
+
+The first four methods
+found out that the
+
+program had an effect.
+
+The last method, the randomized
+experiment, found
+
+no statistically significant
+effect.
+
+I'm not saying that in every
+single-- this goes back to
+
+your question.
+
+I'm not saying that
+in every single
+
+setting, this will happen.
+
+But this is a good example of a
+setting in which if you had
+
+gone with any of these
+techniques, you would have
+
+concluded the program had an
+effect when it didn't.
+
+And there are other settings
+where the reverse may happen.
+
+And so if we were able to
+say ex ante, before the
+
+evaluation, this method is going
+to be just as good as
+
+the experiment, that's great.
+
+We may be able to save some
+money if there's no data
+
+collection involved, and
+that would be great.
+
+But I think the bottom
+line here is, we
+
+are not always able--
+
+and I think very few people will
+tell you, we know when
+
+this method will work.
+
+Because the assumption behind
+each of this methods on how
+
+the work is untestable--
+
+you can't statistically
+test that assumption.
+
+So you may argue
+in favor of it.
+
+You may show evidence
+in favor of it.
+
+But you can't specifically
+test it.
+
+And that's the big advantage
+of the experiment.
+
+So let me just close with
+what I hope are the
+
+bottom lines from this.
+
+The first thing, what's
+underlined there.
+
+If properly designed and
+conducted, the social
+
+experiments provide
+the most credible
+
+assessment of the program.
+
+But the "if" is a very important
+"if." Don't leave
+
+this course thinking,
+if it's a randomized
+
+experiment, piece of cake.
+
+Everything will work.
+
+That's not the message that
+we want to give you here.
+
+It needs to be properly designed
+and conducted.
+
+And for that, you really need
+a partnership between the
+
+evaluators and the agencies
+implementing it.
+
+They're easy to understand,
+much less subject to the
+
+methodological quibbles, and
+more likely to convince
+
+policymakers.
+
+These advantages are only
+present if they are properly
+
+conducted and implemented, and
+you must assess the validity
+
+of experiment in the same
+way you assess the
+
+validity of any studies.
+
+Because you're going to have
+threats to an experiment
+
+anyway, and on Friday, you're
+going to learn how to deal
+
+with some of them.
+
+I hope this was moderately
+helpful.
+
+I think I have one of the
+toughest sessions to teach,
+
+because you guys, some of you
+come completely convinced of
+
+why you want to randomize,
+some of you come very
+
+skeptical, and I have to
+reach a middle ground.
+
+I hope I did.
+
+If you have one more question,
+I'll take it.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Have you found that
+it's possible to teach
+
+organizations to run their own
+randomized trials from start
+
+to finish, even if there are
+no economists on staff?
+
+Or does this always sort of
+require the intervention or
+
+assistance of outside
+modulators?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think, as you
+will see throughout this
+
+course, conducting an impact
+evaluation, even a randomized
+
+one, does involve some technical
+skills and does
+
+involve some practical
+experience in doing it.
+
+I'm not saying those cannot be
+found in organizations that
+
+are in the field.
+
+But if those skills are not
+there, it's going to be very
+
+hard to do it.
+
+Now, you can do a lot
+of training on
+
+how to do this things.
+
+But I think it'd be hard to do
+it without someone who has at
+
+least done a few of these
+and seen some of the
+
+problems that arise.
+
+Because problems will arise--
+
+I mean, no question about it.
+
+You will be asking the
+evaluator, how far can we go?
+
+And the evaluator, whoever it
+is, whether they're in the
+
+agency or not, needs to be able
+to answer that question
+
+in a way that at the end, you
+have a credible evaluation.
+
+I'm not saying you need an
+expert outside of the
+
+organization.
+
+But I am saying you need
+an expert somewhere.
+
+And whether you have it inside
+or outside, there's a whole
+
+issue of independence versus
+objectivity that
+
+I won't speak to.
+
+AUDIENCE: Consumer
+companies do it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Consumer companies?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Procter & Gamble and big
+companies like that do
+
+experiments all the time, build
+their capability into
+
+the organization, how
+they make decisions.
+
+I'm just wondering that if
+someone leaving this course
+
+with a few experiments under
+their belt could implement
+
+something like this, or whether
+you need to go as far
+
+as getting an economics degree
+in order to be able to do the
+
+coordinating and evaluation
+of this type.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I think to do an
+impact evaluation, there are
+
+usually more than one
+people involved.
+
+And there are different roles
+for different people.
+
+There are some roles who are
+having good training in
+
+economics as particularly
+useful.
+
+There are other roles where I
+would say it's particularly
+
+un-useful to be an economist.
+
+So I really think it depends on
+what role a person leaving
+
+this course would like to sort
+of play in the evaluation.
+
+And you know, whether leaving
+this course, you'll be able to
+
+run your experiments
+on your own--
+
+I think would be an extremely
+successful
+
+course if that happened.
+
+We have no way to measure the
+impact of this program, but if
+
+that were to happen, relative to
+what would have happened if
+
+you had not come to this
+course, that would be
+
+phenomenal.
+
+I think my sense is unless you
+have prior training in this
+
+kind of thing, what this course
+will hopefully give you
+
+is the ability to be involved
+in an evaluation and to be
+
+pretty good at interacting with
+whoever is also involved
+
+in evaluation at asking
+the right
+
+question of the evaluator.
+
+This is extremely important.
+
+And being very aware in the
+field of what may be
+
+threatening an evaluation.
+
+If you're able to do it on your
+own after this, I hate to
+
+say it, but I don't think it's
+because this session that you
+
+heard from me today.
+
+All right.
+
+I think I already ate a few
+minutes into your time.
+
+It was a pleasure.
+
+I'll be here for a few more
+minutes if you want.
+
+I hope you have a wonderful rest
+of the course, and see
+
+you somewhere.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bDnia4HJRqk.txt b/bDnia4HJRqk.txt
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+++ b/bDnia4HJRqk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3010 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+LORNA GIBSON: I
+think, last time, we
+
+got as far as talking
+about processing of foams
+
+and we talked a bit about
+processing of polymer foams.
+
+And today, I want to pick
+up where we left off.
+
+And I was going to talk
+about processing metal foams.
+
+We'll talk a little bit about
+carbon foams, ceramic foams,
+
+and glass foams.
+
+We'll finish this section
+on processing today
+
+and then we'll start
+talking about the structure
+
+of cellular materials.
+
+And hopefully-- we
+won't finish that today,
+
+but we'll finish it the
+start of tomorrow's lecture.
+
+And then, we'll start doing
+mechanics of honeycombs
+
+tomorrow.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the scheme.
+
+I thought what I'd do-- I have
+a whole series of slides that
+
+show, schematically, a
+variety of different processes
+
+for making metal foams.
+
+So I thought I would just
+go through the slides-
+
+and I think I did this really
+quickly last time-- but I would
+
+write down a little bit of
+notes on each of the slides
+
+so that you've got
+some notes on it, too.
+
+This is the first method here.
+
+And many of these methods were
+developed for aluminum foams.
+
+But you could, in principle, use
+them for other types of foams,
+
+as well.
+
+This first method
+here-- let me see
+
+if I can get my little pointer.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] The idea here is
+that you take molten aluminum.
+
+Down in this bath here,
+you've got molten aluminum.
+
+And they put, into the aluminum,
+silicon carbide particles.
+
+And the silicon
+carbide particles
+
+adjust the viscosity
+of the melt.
+
+They make it more viscous.
+
+And then they just have a--
+I've got this thing here--
+
+they've got a tube here
+that they blow gas in with.
+
+And if you go to the
+bottom of the tube,
+
+there's an impeller, or a little
+paddle, that stirs the gas up.
+
+And so the gas just forms
+in the molten aluminum here.
+
+And then they have
+conveyors which
+
+pull off the molt-- or the
+metal foam, and then it cools.
+
+The idea is that if you
+just had the aluminum,
+
+you couldn't really do this
+because the bubbles would
+
+collapse before they cooled
+down and became a solid.
+
+But adding the silicon
+carbide particles increases
+
+the viscosity of
+the melt. It helps
+
+prevent drainage of the foam.
+
+Normally, if you have a liquid
+foam, just from gravity,
+
+you're going to
+have some drainage.
+
+It's going to tend to-- some
+of the liquid is going to tend
+
+to sink, just from gravity.
+
+By putting the silicon
+carbide particles in,
+
+you increase the viscosity.
+
+It helps prevent the drainage.
+
+And you can get the foam
+bubbles to be stable.
+
+Let me just write
+one little note here.
+
+The first method here
+involves just bubbling gas
+
+into the molten aluminum.
+
+And that molten
+aluminum is stabilized
+
+by silicon carbide particles.
+
+Sometimes people use aluminum
+particles and the particles
+
+increase the
+viscosity of the melt.
+
+And that reduces the drainage
+and it stabilizes the foam.
+
+That process was developed
+at Alcan in Canada
+
+and at Norsk Hydro in Norway.
+
+And this foam here is an example
+of the foam that they've made.
+
+And you can kind of
+see-- there's a density
+
+gradient in this foam.
+
+I'll pass it around.
+
+You can see it.
+
+But the bubbles are smaller down
+here and there's fewer of them
+
+than there are up here.
+
+And that's partly
+from the drainage.
+
+The molten aluminum
+is draining down
+
+and you get more
+liquid at the bottom
+
+and then you get more
+solid at the bottom.
+
+So that's the Alcan foam.
+
+OK.
+
+Another-- there's half a
+dozen of these processes
+
+for metal foams.
+
+Another version of the process
+involves taking metal powder
+
+and combining it with
+titanium hydride powder.
+
+And then you consolidate
+it and you heat it.
+
+So if I can show through
+the schematics here.
+
+In the first step, you take the
+two powders, you mix them up.
+
+So the second thing down here
+is mixing the powders up.
+
+And then you press
+them together.
+
+There's a dye here
+that you press it,
+
+and then you get pieces.
+
+And then you can heat that up.
+
+And the way that this
+works is that the titanium
+
+hydride decomposes at
+a temperature of about
+
+300 degrees C. And if the
+other powder is something
+
+like aluminum-- aluminum melts
+at something like 660 degrees
+
+C-- the aluminum has become
+soft at 300 degrees C,
+
+but it's not molten.
+
+And the titanium hydride--
+when it decomposes--
+
+forms hydrogen gas.
+
+So the hydrogen gas
+forms the bubbles
+
+that you need to make the foam.
+
+Are you riding your bicycle?
+
+You are tough.
+
+Very tough.
+
+I ride my bike, but I gave
+up a couple weeks ago.
+
+Well, three weeks ago, I guess.
+
+When it started
+snowing, I gave up.
+
+The idea with this process is
+you can use titanium hydride
+
+powder with aluminum
+and the aluminum becomes
+
+soft at the temperature that
+the titanium hydro decomposes.
+
+And when it forms
+the hydrogen gas,
+
+that gives you the
+bubbles, and so you get
+
+the foam made by that process.
+
+And that was developed by
+a place called Fraunhofer.
+
+And I have one of their
+little foams here.
+
+This is an example of their foam
+made by that powder metallurgy
+
+process there.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me just write a
+little note about that.
+
+So you can mix up titanium
+hydride powder with a metal
+
+powder and then heat that up.
+
+When you do this, you need
+to have a metal powder that's
+
+going to be deforming by,
+say, high temperature creep
+
+at the temperature that the
+decomposition of the titanium
+
+hydride happens.
+
+And for aluminum, that works.
+
+So you need to have
+the metal material be
+
+able to deform fairly
+easily, in order
+
+to get these bubbles
+to form a nice foam.
+
+But that's another
+way you can do it,
+
+is by consolidating
+these two powders.
+
+Here's another way to do it.
+
+You can also make use of
+this property of the titanium
+
+hydride-- that it'll
+decompose and form
+
+hydrogen gas-- by just putting
+it into molten aluminum.
+
+And in this example here, you've
+got an aluminum melt in here.
+
+And this time, they've
+added 2% calcium to it.
+
+Again, to adjust the viscosity.
+
+And then they add the titanium
+hydride in this step here
+
+and they've got a
+little mixer thing here
+
+that's spinning around
+and will mix it.
+
+And then they'll put a lid
+on it to control the pressure
+
+and the titanium
+hydride will decompose,
+
+the hydrogen gas will
+evolve, and you'll
+
+get the foam made
+by that method, too.
+
+So you can stir titanium hide
+right into a molten metal,
+
+as well.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's another method.
+
+And I think that was made by
+something called the Alporas
+
+process.
+
+And this is an example
+of one of their foams.
+
+I'm pretty sure that's
+an Alporas foam there.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: They can't
+really control it perfectly.
+
+In that first example
+that's going around-- maybe
+
+you might have missed it--
+there's this drainage.
+
+The first one's made by a molten
+process and you get drainage.
+
+And you get different
+sized bubbles.
+
+And you get different--
+you get a density
+
+gradient in the thing, as well.
+
+So you can't control
+these things perfectly.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's another method
+for the metal foams.
+
+This one here
+involves replication.
+
+In this method here, what
+you do is you start out
+
+with an open-cell polymer foam.
+
+In this step up here, there's
+an open-cell polymer foam.
+
+You fill that with sand.
+
+So you fill up all the open
+parts of the cells with sand.
+
+Then you burn off the polymer.
+
+And so you've got
+a little channels
+
+where the polymer used to be.
+
+And then you infiltrate those
+channels with the molten metal
+
+that you want to use.
+
+So you replicate the
+polymer foam structure.
+
+This is the infiltration
+process here.
+
+This little thing
+here is your furnace.
+
+And then you get rid
+of the sand and then
+
+you're left with a metal
+replica of the-- a replica
+
+of the original polymer foam.
+
+And this example here is one
+of these things that's made
+
+by this replication process.
+
+So that's an
+open-celled aluminum.
+
+I think the-- if you look at
+the density of these things,
+
+they're fairly low.
+
+And so there's quite a
+large volume of pores
+
+and they're all interconnected.
+
+So it's not that hard
+to get the sand out.
+
+This method would
+involve replication
+
+of the open-cell foam-- the
+polymer foam-- by casting.
+
+So you fill the open-cell
+polymer foam with sand.
+
+You burn off the polymer.
+
+And then you infiltrate
+the metal into that.
+
+And then you remove the sand.
+
+OK?
+
+Then, another process involves
+just using vapor depositions.
+
+So you take an open-cell
+polymer foam again.
+
+Here-- let me use
+my little arrow.
+
+Here's the open-cell
+polymer foam up here.
+
+And you have a furnace here
+with a vapor deposition system.
+
+And they use a nickel
+CO4 system to do this.
+
+You then burn out the polymer.
+
+You're left with a metal
+foam with hollow cell walls,
+
+where the polymer used to be.
+
+And then usually, what
+they do is they center it.
+
+They heat it up again to
+try to densify the walls.
+
+The only teeny weeny
+problem with this process
+
+is that the gas they use
+this incredibly toxic.
+
+And so it's not cheap and it's
+got health hazards, as well,
+
+associated with it.
+
+But you can do it.
+
+That gives you a nickel foam
+when you're finished with that.
+
+And you could also use an
+electrodeposition technique
+
+that's similar.
+
+OK.
+
+That's another method.
+
+Another method is shown here.
+
+This is the entrapped
+gas expansion method.
+
+And what they do in this
+method is they have a can
+
+and the can has a
+metal powder in it.
+
+It's whatever metal you want
+to make the foam out of.
+
+In this example here-- it's
+probably too small for you
+
+to read in the seats--
+but it's titanium.
+
+They've taken a titanium alloy.
+
+They've got a powder
+of titanium alloy.
+
+They then evacuate the can.
+
+They take all the air out of it.
+
+And then they back
+fill it with argon gas.
+
+They put in an
+inert gas in there.
+
+And then what they do is
+they pressurize and heat
+
+the thing up and so
+the gas is internally
+
+pressurized by doing that.
+
+And then, sometimes
+when they do this,
+
+they want to have a
+skin on the two faces.
+
+So in this next
+little image here,
+
+it's done where
+they roll the can
+
+and produce a panel
+that's got solid faces.
+
+And then when you heat
+it up, the gas expands
+
+and you end up with a
+sandwich panel by doing this.
+
+So this bottom
+figure down here--
+
+I'm not having much
+luck with the pointer.
+
+This bottom figure down
+here, they've heated it up.
+
+The gas expands and
+you've got this solid skin
+
+on the thing, which is from
+where the can use to be.
+
+So that's trapping of a gas.
+
+OK?
+
+There's a couple more
+methods for the metal foams.
+
+One involves centering hollow
+metal spheres together.
+
+And the trick there is to
+make the hollow spheres.
+
+And the way that can be done
+is by taking titanium hydride
+
+again, if you want to
+make titanium spheres.
+
+You put it in an organic
+binder-- in a solvent--
+
+so you've got a slurry here.
+
+And you've got a tube
+that you blow gas through.
+
+And as you do that, you
+get hollow titanium hydride
+
+bubbles.
+
+And then you can do the same
+thing where you heat that up.
+
+The hydrogen gas evolves off,
+and you're left with titanium.
+
+You're left with
+titanium spheres
+
+down at the bottom here.
+
+And then you can
+pack those together
+
+and press those and form a
+cellular material that way.
+
+You can also center
+hollow metal spheres.
+
+And the last method I've
+got for the metal foams
+
+is that you can use
+a fugitive phase.
+
+With the fugitive phase,
+you would take some material
+
+that you could get rid of
+at the end of the process.
+
+Say, something like salt,
+that you could leach out.
+
+Here, we have our
+bed filled with salt.
+
+And then you would infiltrate
+that with a liquid metal,
+
+typically under pressure.
+
+And then, after the metals
+cooled, you leech out the salt.
+
+You get rid of that.
+
+You can pressure infiltrate
+a leachable bed of particles,
+
+and then leach
+the particles out.
+
+OK.
+
+We have a whole
+variety of methods
+
+that have been developed
+to make metal foams.
+
+And most of these have
+been developed, probably,
+
+in the last 20 years.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Some of them are a little
+bit older than that.
+
+But there's been a lot of
+interest in this recently.
+
+Those are all methods
+to make metal foams.
+
+I wanted to talk just a little
+bit about a few other types
+
+of foams.
+
+People make carbon foams.
+
+And they use the
+same kind of method
+
+as they do to make those
+bio carbon templates
+
+I told you about.
+
+When you take wood and you heat
+it up in an inert atmosphere
+
+and it turns into
+a carbon template,
+
+you can do the same thing
+where you take a polymer foam,
+
+you heat it up in
+an inert atmosphere,
+
+and everything except
+the carbon is driven off.
+
+And you're left
+with a carbon foam.
+
+It's the same process they
+used to make carbon fibers.
+
+There's carbon foams.
+
+There's also ceramic
+foams that you can make.
+
+I brought the little sample
+of ceramic foaming again.
+
+You can pass that around.
+
+And those are typically made
+by taking an open-cell polymer
+
+foam and passing a ceramic
+slurry through the polymer foam
+
+so that you coat the cell walls.
+
+And then you fire it so that
+you bond the ceramic together
+
+and you burn the polymer off.
+
+And you're left with a foam
+that's got hollow cell walls.
+
+You can also make ceramic
+foams by doing a CVD process
+
+on the carbon foam
+that you could
+
+make by the previous process.
+
+And people also
+make glass foams.
+
+And to make glass
+foams, they use
+
+some of the same
+kinds of processes
+
+as people use for polymer foams.
+
+I'll just say similar
+processes to polymer foams.
+
+OK.
+
+That covers making
+the foams, and I
+
+think we talked about
+the honeycombs last time.
+
+I wanted to talk a
+little bit about making
+
+what are called 3D
+lattice materials, or 3D
+
+truss materials, as well.
+
+Let me [? strip ?]
+that up there.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Chemical
+vapor deposition.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+use this for metal foams?
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Well, people were
+quite interested in using them
+
+for sandwich panels-- the
+cores of sandwich panels--
+
+lightweight panels.
+
+There was interest in using
+them for energy absorption,
+
+say, car bumpers.
+
+The automotive industry was
+quite interested in this,
+
+in terms of trying to make
+components with sandwich
+
+structures that would
+be lighter weight,
+
+or energy absorption
+for bumpers.
+
+Or filling up-- if you take--
+say you take a metal tube.
+
+If you think of a car chassis
+and it's made of tubes,
+
+if you fill those
+tubes with a foam--
+
+especially if you fill
+them with a metal foam--
+
+you can increase the energy
+absorption quite substantially.
+
+So when you have a
+tube in a chassis,
+
+if it's loaded axially,
+it will fold up
+
+and you get all these
+wavelengths of buckling.
+
+And if you've put
+a foam in there,
+
+it changes the
+buckling wavelength
+
+and it increases the amount
+of energy you can absorb.
+
+So not only is the energy
+absorbed by the foam
+
+itself, it actually changes
+the buckling of the tube
+
+so you can absorb more energy.
+
+So there was a lot
+of interest in that.
+
+There was an interest
+in using them
+
+for cooling devices for,
+say, electronic components.
+
+The idea was you
+would take, say,
+
+an aluminium
+open-cell foam and you
+
+would flow air through that.
+
+And say you have your device
+that's generating heat,
+
+you'd have a foam underneath it.
+
+And the aluminum conducts
+the heat fairly well.
+
+And then you would
+blow air through it
+
+to try to cool it off.
+
+So there were a bunch of
+different applications
+
+people have had
+in mind for them.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about glass?
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Glass
+foams, I think,
+
+are largely used for
+insulation in buildings,
+
+believe it or not.
+
+I think, actually, one of
+the dorms at MIT-- maybe
+
+the Simmons dorm-- has
+a glass foam insulation.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Well, I
+think because the foam--
+
+because the cells are closed,
+the gas is trapped in the cell.
+
+Whereas with a fiberglass, gas
+could move through the fibers
+
+more easily.
+
+So I think that's
+partly how it works.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, let me talk a little bit
+about the lattice materials,
+
+too, and how we make those.
+
+We're going to start
+talking about the modeling
+
+of honeycombs and foams.
+
+And when we do that, we're
+going to see that if we have
+
+a structure that
+deforms by bending,
+
+the properties vary with
+the amount of material,
+
+in a certain way.
+
+But if we have materials where
+the deformation is controlled
+
+by axial deformation, the
+stiffness and the strength
+
+are going to be higher
+at the same density.
+
+People made these
+lattice-type materials
+
+to try to get
+something with a more
+
+regular structure,
+and especially
+
+a triangulated structure.
+
+You see how these things
+are like little trusses?
+
+Triangulated?
+
+Triangulated
+structures, when you
+
+load them-- say I
+load this like this--
+
+there's just axial
+components-- axial forces
+
+in each of the members.
+
+And so, theoretically,
+this would
+
+be higher stiffness and
+strength for a given weight
+
+than, say, a foam would be.
+
+So people were interested
+in these lattice material.
+
+This one here is
+made of aluminum.
+
+And I wanted to talk
+a little bit about how
+
+you can make these things.
+
+One way you can do it
+is by injection molding.
+
+And this here is just the
+centerpiece of something
+
+that would look like this.
+
+So there would be a--
+I didn't bring it,
+
+but there's a top face and a
+bottom face that fit onto this.
+
+And they would be
+injection molded
+
+as three different pieces,
+and then assembled together.
+
+So you can make a mold in
+this complicated geometry,
+
+and you can make a lattice
+material by injection molding.
+
+We'll start with
+polymer lattices first.
+
+One way is injection molding.
+
+Another way to do it
+is by 3-D printing.
+
+You can generate a structure
+like that by 3-D printing.
+
+You can also make
+trusses in 2D and you
+
+can make them so that you
+can snap fit those together.
+
+So you can make
+little 2D trusses.
+
+Here's a little
+truss here and here's
+
+a little piece of a truss here.
+
+And you can make a
+little snap fit joints.
+
+Do you see how these ones
+have little divots in them?
+
+And you can make it so that
+these things will fit together.
+
+I think these
+guys-- can I do it?
+
+No.
+
+You'd have to take-- oops.
+
+Wait a minute.
+
+No, it's not that way.
+
+There we go.
+
+So you can snap them
+together like that.
+
+OK.
+
+I can't get it to-- there we go.
+
+So you can do that.
+
+And you do that
+over and over again.
+
+And if you do it
+over and over again,
+
+you get something
+that looks like that.
+
+OK?
+
+You can make a snap fit thing.
+
+Let me pass all
+these guys around
+
+and you can play with those.
+
+That's the injection
+molding one.
+
+This is the snap-fit one.
+
+Got that?
+
+Let's see.
+
+I think I have a
+little picture here.
+
+This is an example of
+the snap fit truss here.
+
+It's the thing that's
+getting passed around.
+
+And another clever
+way that was developed
+
+was by taking a monomer
+that's sensitive to light.
+
+You take a photo
+sensitive monomer.
+
+And you put a mask on top of it
+and the mask has holes in it.
+
+And then you shine
+collimated light on it.
+
+You shine, say, a laser on it.
+
+And the light goes through
+the holes in the mask.
+
+And it starts to
+polymerize the polymer
+
+because it's photosensitive.
+
+And then, as the polymer-- as it
+polymerizes and becomes solid,
+
+it then acts as a waveguide
+and draws the light down
+
+deeper into the monomer.
+
+And so the polymer
+acts as a wave guide.
+
+It brings the light down.
+
+And this is a
+schematic over here.
+
+This is a schematic
+showing the set up.
+
+And these are some
+examples of some 3D trusses
+
+that they've made
+using this technique.
+
+And one of the nice
+things about this
+
+is you can get a very
+small size cell size.
+
+So this is-- I think that
+bar-- it says 1,500 microns.
+
+That's what?
+
+One and a half millimeters.
+
+So you can get a nice, small
+cell size if you want that.
+
+Let me write that down.
+
+You take a
+photosensitive monomer
+
+and then you have it in
+a mold beneath a mask.
+
+And then you shine
+collimated light on it.
+
+And as the light shines on it,
+it polymerizes the monomer.
+
+So then it solidifies and then
+it guides the light deeper
+
+into the monomer.
+
+OK.
+
+That's that.
+
+And then finally, there's
+metal lattices, as well.
+
+And so this is, obviously,
+a metal lattice here.
+
+It's an aluminum alloy.
+
+And the metal lattice
+is made by taking
+
+that polymer lattice that was
+made by the injection molding
+
+technique.
+
+You coat that with
+a ceramic slurry.
+
+You burn off the
+polymer, and then
+
+you infiltrate the metal
+where the polymer used to be.
+
+OK.
+
+That's the section on
+processing of the honeycombs
+
+and the foams and the lattices.
+
+So there's a variety
+of different techniques
+
+that people have
+developed for making
+
+these kinds of materials.
+
+And I thought it'd be
+useful to just describe
+
+some of the techniques.
+
+As I think I said last time,
+this isn't comprehensive.
+
+This doesn't cover
+every technique.
+
+But it gives you
+a flavor of what
+
+techniques people have
+developed for making
+
+these kinds of materials.
+
+OK?
+
+Are we good?
+
+We're good.
+
+OK.
+
+The next part, I want
+to do on the structure
+
+of cellular materials.
+
+And I have a little overview.
+
+I don't think we'll
+finish this today,
+
+but we'll finish it tomorrow.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Down here?
+
+AUDIENCE: What happens
+to the ceramic?
+
+LORNA GIBSON: They get
+rid of the ceramic.
+
+Typically, the ceramic
+is not very strong
+
+and it's just fired enough
+so they can infiltrate it
+
+with the metal.
+
+And then they-- yeah, I think
+with mechanical smushing
+
+around, you can get
+rid of the ceramic.
+
+And the ceramic's brittle,
+so if you break the ceramic,
+
+you're not going
+to break the metal.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm
+wondering if you could
+
+make a type of metal
+lattice [INAUDIBLE]
+
+with reducing [? the ?] oxides?
+
+LORNA GIBSON: I guess you
+could, if you could-- but you'd
+
+have to then make the
+oxide in that shape, too.
+
+You've always got to make
+something in that shape.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: Yeah, maybe
+you could make a foam.
+
+But to make these lattices, you
+need this really regular kind
+
+of structure and be able
+to control the structure.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me scoot out of this set of
+slides and get the next set up.
+
+OK.
+
+We want to talk about the
+structure of cellular solids.
+
+And we classify cellular
+materials into two main groups.
+
+One's called honeycombs.
+
+This thing down
+here is a honeycomb.
+
+And honeycombs have polygonal
+cells that fill a plane
+
+and then they're prismatic
+in the third direction.
+
+So you can think of them
+as just being a prismatic--
+
+and they can be hexagons,
+they can be squares,
+
+they can be triangles--
+but you can think
+
+of them as prismatic cells.
+
+And the cells are
+just in a 2D plane.
+
+And then we also have foams.
+
+All of these ones over
+here are foamed materials.
+
+And they're made up
+of polyhedral cells.
+
+The cells themselves are
+three-dimensional polyhedra.
+
+And this slide
+here shows a number
+
+of different types of foams.
+
+These ones are polymers up here.
+
+These are two metals.
+
+These are two ceramics.
+
+This is a glass foam down here.
+
+And this is another
+polymer foam down here.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+LORNA GIBSON: No.
+
+I just know that.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+LORNA GIBSON: I took those
+pictures so I know that.
+
+No, you can't tell
+by looking at them.
+
+In fact, that's one of
+the things about how we
+
+model the cellular materials.
+
+The fact that their
+structure is so similar
+
+is what gives them
+similar properties.
+
+And they behave in similar
+ways because they've
+
+got similar structures.
+
+OK.
+
+We've got 2D honeycombs,
+where we have polygonal cells
+
+that pack to fill a plane.
+
+And then they're prismatic
+in the third direction.
+
+And then we have what we call
+3D cellular materials, which
+
+are foams, which have
+polyhedral cells.
+
+And then they pack
+to fill space.
+
+The properties of all
+of these materials
+
+depend, essentially,
+on three things.
+
+They're going to depend on the
+solid that you make it from.
+
+If you make the material from
+a rubber or from an aluminum,
+
+you're going to get
+different properties.
+
+So they depend on the
+properties of the solid.
+
+And some of the
+properties that we're
+
+going to use that are important
+for this type of modeling
+
+are a density of the solid--
+which I'm going to call rho
+
+s-- a Young's modulus of the
+solid-- which I'm going to call
+
+es-- and some sort of
+strength of the solid--
+
+which I'm going to
+call sigma ys for now.
+
+And you could think
+of other things.
+
+There could be a fractured
+toughness of the solid.
+
+There could be other
+kinds of things.
+
+One thing that the properties of
+the cellular material depend on
+
+is the properties of the solid.
+
+Another is the relative density
+of the cellular material.
+
+And that's the density of
+the cellular thing divided
+
+by the density of the solid.
+
+And that's equivalent to the
+volume fraction of solids.
+
+So it makes sense that
+the more solid you've got,
+
+the stiffer and stronger
+the material's going to be.
+
+So it's going to depend on
+how much material you've got.
+
+And it also depends--
+the properties also
+
+depend on the cell geometry.
+
+The cell shape can control
+things like whether or not
+
+the honeycomb or the foam
+is isotropic or anisotropic.
+
+You can imagine,
+if you have a foam,
+
+and you've got
+equiaxed cells, you
+
+might expect to have the same
+properties in all directions.
+
+But if you had cells that
+were elongated in some way,
+
+you might expect you'd
+have different properties
+
+in the direction that
+they're elongated relative
+
+to the other plane.
+
+So cell shape can
+lead to anisotropy.
+
+For the foams, you
+can also have what
+
+we call open-cell and
+closed-cell foams.
+
+If you look at this
+slide here, and we
+
+look at this top right
+images-- these two up here--
+
+the one on the left in the
+top is an open-celled foam.
+
+There's just material
+in the edges.
+
+There's no faces.
+
+And so a gas can flow
+between one cell and another.
+
+And then if you look at
+the one on the right,
+
+this is a closed-celled foam.
+
+There's faces.
+
+If you think of the
+polyhedra, you've
+
+got solid faces covering
+the faces of the polyhedra.
+
+For an open-cell foam,
+you've only got solid
+
+in the edges of the polyhedra.
+
+And the voids are continuous,
+so they're connected together.
+
+And for a closed-cell
+foam, you've
+
+got solid in the
+edges and the faces.
+
+And then the voids are
+separated off from each other.
+
+So we'll say, the cells are
+closed off from one another.
+
+Another feature of the cell
+geometry is the cell size.
+
+And the cell size can
+be important for things
+
+like the thermal
+properties of foams.
+
+It's important for
+things like the surface
+
+area per unit volume.
+
+But typically, for the
+mechanical properties,
+
+it's not that important.
+
+And we'll see why that is
+when we do the modeling.
+
+OK.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: For the closed-cell
+foams-- because we can't really
+
+see it without cutting it,
+is it that all of the faces
+
+are closed?
+
+Or is it like some fraction
+of the faces are closed?
+
+LORNA GIBSON: If you look at
+this one on the top right here,
+
+they're pretty much all closed.
+
+But the reason we have
+this little picture
+
+down here is some of them
+are closed and some of them
+
+are open.
+
+So you can get ones
+that are in between.
+
+But typically-- this
+is kind of unusual.
+
+Usually, they're either
+all open or all closed.
+
+If we look at the
+mechanical properties
+
+of cellular materials,
+typically the cell geometry
+
+doesn't have that
+much of an effect.
+
+The relative density
+is much more important.
+
+The relative density,
+we define as the density
+
+of the cellular solid.
+
+And when I use a parameter
+like rho or e or something,
+
+if it's got a star, it's
+for the cellular thing
+
+and if it's got an s,
+it's for the solid.
+
+So rho star is going
+to be the density
+
+of the cellular material.
+
+And rho s is going to be
+the density of the solid
+
+it's made from.
+
+And so the relative density
+is just rho star over rho s.
+
+And I just wanted to
+show you how this is
+
+the volume fraction of solids.
+
+So rho star is going
+to be the mass of solid
+
+over the total volume.
+
+Imagine you've got a honeycomb
+or a foam and you've got,
+
+say, a unit cube of
+it, the sum total
+
+volume of the whole
+thing-- the density
+
+of the cellular
+material is going
+
+to the mass of the solid
+over the whole volume.
+
+The density of
+the solid is going
+
+to be the mass of the solid
+over the volume of the solid.
+
+This is really just equivalent
+to the volume fraction
+
+of solids, how much
+solids you've got.
+
+And that's also n equal
+to 1 minus the porosity.
+
+Typical values for
+cellular materials--
+
+I think last time I passed
+around one of those collagen
+
+scaffolds-- those tissue
+enineering scaffolds.
+
+It was in a little plastic bag.
+
+That collagen scaffold has
+a relative density of 0.005,
+
+so its 0.5% solid and 99.5% air.
+
+And if we look at
+typical polymer foams,
+
+the relative
+density is typically
+
+between about 2% and 20%.
+
+And if we look at something
+like softwoods-- wood
+
+is a cellular material.
+
+And we look at softwoods,
+the relative density
+
+is usually between
+about 15% and about 40%.
+
+Something like that.
+
+OK?
+
+As the relative
+density increases,
+
+you get more material
+on the cell edges,
+
+and if it's closed-cell
+foam, on the cell faces.
+
+And the pore volume decreases.
+
+And you can think of some limit.
+
+If you keep increasing the
+relative density more and more
+
+and more, eventually you've
+got-- it's not really
+
+a cellular material anymore.
+
+It's more like a solid with
+little isolated pores in it.
+
+And so there's two bounds.
+
+And the density has to be less
+than a certain amount for you
+
+to consider it a cellular
+material in the models
+
+that we're going to
+derive to be valid.
+
+And if the relevant density
+is more than a certain amount,
+
+people model it as a
+solid with isolated holes.
+
+If I have a unit
+square of material,
+
+if it's a cellular
+material, you might
+
+expect that you've got pores
+that would look like this.
+
+And you've got relatively
+thin cell walls,
+
+relative to the length
+of the material.
+
+And for a cellular material,
+typically, the relative density
+
+is less than about 0.3.
+
+And when we come to the
+modeling for the honeycombs
+
+and the foams, we're going to
+see that the cell walls deform,
+
+in many cases, by bending.
+
+And that you can
+model the deformation
+
+by modeling the bending.
+
+And that the bending
+dominates the behavior
+
+if the density is
+less than about that.
+
+And at the other
+extreme, you can
+
+imagine if you had just
+little teeny pores.
+
+I have a little pore
+here and one here
+
+and one there and one there.
+
+That's not really a
+cellular material.
+
+It's just got a teeny
+weeny little bit of pores.
+
+And that could be modeled as
+isolated pores in a solid.
+
+Each one is acting
+independently.
+
+And people have found
+that that is appropriate
+
+if the relative density
+is greater than about 0.8.
+
+And then, in between,
+there's a transition
+
+in behavior between
+the cellular solid
+
+and the isolated
+pores in the solid.
+
+OK?
+
+Are we OK?
+
+The next thing I wanted to
+talk about was unit cells.
+
+Especially for honeycombs,
+people often use unit cells.
+
+A hexagonal cell
+is an obvious one
+
+to use to model this
+kind of behavior.
+
+For honeycomb materials,
+you can have unit cells
+
+and you can have different ones.
+
+On the left here, we've got
+triangles, in the middle,
+
+I've got squares.
+
+On the right-hand side,
+I've got hexagons.
+
+And you can see, even if you
+have a certain unit cell,
+
+there's also different
+ways to stack it.
+
+So the number of edges
+that meet at a vertex
+
+is different for, say, this
+example on the top left
+
+and this example
+on the bottom left.
+
+Here, we've got six members
+coming into each vertex,
+
+and here, we've got four.
+
+And again, this stacking
+for the two square cells
+
+is also different.
+
+So you can have different
+numbers of edges per vertex.
+
+Another thing to note
+that's kind of interesting--
+
+if you look at the
+honeycomb cells here,
+
+this one on the top left--
+this equilateral triangle
+
+one with the stacking-- and
+this one on the top right--
+
+the regular hexagonal cells--
+those two are isotropic
+
+for linear elastic behavior,
+whereas all the other ones are
+
+not.
+
+So we have 2D
+honeycomb unit cells.
+
+We can have triangles,
+squares, and hexagons.
+
+They can be stacked
+in more than one way.
+
+And that gives different
+numbers of edges per vertex.
+
+And in that figure, a
+and e are isotropic,
+
+for linear elasticity.
+
+OK.
+
+When we come to
+modeling the honeycombs,
+
+we're going to focus
+on the hexagonal cells.
+
+We'll talk a little bit about
+the square and triangular
+
+cells, as well.
+
+And then, for
+foams, when you look
+
+at the structure of a
+foam, it's obviously
+
+not a unit cell that
+repeats over and over again.
+
+But people started off trying
+to model the mechanical behavior
+
+of foams by looking at periodic
+repeating polyhedral cells.
+
+And there's three cells
+here that are prismatic.
+
+We're not really going to
+talk about those beyond this.
+
+So they're not really physically
+realistic or interesting.
+
+But people would use these two
+cells here in initial attempts
+
+to model foams.
+
+And this one here is called
+the rhombic dodecahedra.
+
+Rhombic because
+each of the faces
+
+has four sides and dodecahedra
+because each polyhedra has 12
+
+faces.
+
+I forget if I've bored
+you with my Latin already.
+
+Hedron means face in-- oh,
+this is Greek, I think.
+
+Hedron means face.
+
+Do is two, deca is 10.
+
+So dodeca is two plus 10.
+
+It's got 12 faces.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the rhombic
+dodecahedra over here.
+
+And then this bottom one down
+here is a tetrakaidecahedra.
+
+It's a similar thing.
+
+Tetra's four, kai mean and.
+
+Four and 10-- tetra kai
+deca-- it's got 14 faces.
+
+OK?
+
+And those two pack
+to fill space.
+
+I think those are the
+only uniform polyhedra
+
+that pack to fill space.
+
+Here is the 3D foams.
+
+We have the rhombic dodecahedron
+and the tetrakaidecahedron.
+
+And the tetrakaidecahedron
+packs in a bcc packing.
+
+Initial models for foams--
+they took these two unit cells.
+
+And what they would do is
+have an infinite array of them
+
+to make up the whole material.
+
+And then they would
+isolate a unit cell.
+
+And they would apply loads--
+some say compressive stress,
+
+for example.
+
+And then they would figure out
+what the load, or force, was
+
+in every single member, and
+how much that member deformed.
+
+And they would figure
+out the component
+
+of the deformation
+in the same direction
+
+that they were
+putting the load on.
+
+And they would figure out
+things like a Young's modulus,
+
+or they would figure out when
+there was some failure of one
+
+of these struts, and
+they would figure out
+
+a strength for the foam.
+
+But you can kind of
+imagine, geometrically,
+
+not that easy to keep straight.
+
+A little bit complicated.
+
+So one way to model foams is
+by using these unit cells.
+
+But we're going to talk
+about a different way
+
+to do it, as well.
+
+OK.
+
+So those are unit cells.
+
+When they make foams,
+as we just talked about,
+
+one way to make a foam is by
+blowing a gas into a liquid.
+
+And if you blow a
+gas into a liquid,
+
+then the surface
+tension is going
+
+to have an effect
+on the cell geometry
+
+and on the shape of the cells.
+
+And if the surface
+tension is isotropic--
+
+if it's the same in all
+directions-- then the structure
+
+that you get is one that
+minimizes the surface
+
+area per unit volume.
+
+And so people were interested
+in what sort of cell shape
+
+minimizes the surface
+area per unit volume.
+
+And Lord Kelvin,
+in the 1800s, was
+
+the person who worked this out.
+
+And this is called the
+Kelvin tetrakaidecahedron.
+
+And it's not just a
+straight tetrakaidecahedron.
+
+There's a slight curvature to
+the cells here, to the faces.
+
+And you can kind of see it
+in some of the edges here.
+
+Like if we-- let me
+get my little pointer.
+
+If you look at that
+edge, it's not straight.
+
+This edge here is not straight.
+
+It's got a little bit
+of a curvature to it.
+
+But this minimizes the
+surface area per unit volume.
+
+And then more recently,
+in the 1990's, there
+
+were two people-- Dennis Weaire
+and Robert Phelan-- discovered
+
+that this structure here--
+which isn't a single polyhedron,
+
+but it's made up
+of a few polyhedra.
+
+That has a slightly smaller
+surface area per unit volume.
+
+Smaller by 0.3%.
+
+So, a tiny bit smaller.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What I'll say here is
+that foams are often made
+
+by blowing a gas into a liquid.
+
+And if the surface tension
+controls and it's isotropic,
+
+then the structure will
+minimize the surface area
+
+per unit volume.
+
+OK.
+
+That's relevant if
+the foam is made
+
+by blowing a gas into a
+liquid and surface tension
+
+is the controlling factor.
+
+Sometimes foams are made
+by supersaturating a liquid
+
+with a gas, and then
+you nucleate bubbles,
+
+and then the bubbles grow.
+
+So there's a nucleation
+and growth process.
+
+So that's a little
+bit different.
+
+And if you have a nucleation
+and growth process,
+
+you get a structure that
+is similar to something
+
+called a Voronoi structure.
+
+In an idealized case,
+imagine that you
+
+have random points that
+are nucleation points
+
+and that you start
+to grow bubbles
+
+at those nucleation points.
+
+So you start off with
+these random points.
+
+And the bubbles all start
+to grow at the same time
+
+and they all grow at
+the same linear rate.
+
+If you have that
+situation, then you
+
+end up with this Voronoi
+kind of structure.
+
+And I've shown a
+2D version of it
+
+here just because it's
+easier to see in 2D,
+
+but you can imagine a 3D system.
+
+And in order to make one of
+these Voronoi honeycombs,
+
+you can imagine-- if you
+have random points-- here,
+
+say that little point there is
+one of the nucleation points,
+
+and here's another
+point here-- you
+
+form the structure by drawing
+the perpendicular bisectors
+
+between each pair of points.
+
+This is the bisector
+between these two points.
+
+Here's a bisector
+between those two points.
+
+And then you form the
+envelope of those lines
+
+around each nucleation point.
+
+And that, then, gives
+you that structure.
+
+And you can see, this structure
+here is kind of angular.
+
+It doesn't look that
+representative of something
+
+like a foam.
+
+But if you have an
+exclusion distance,
+
+where you say that you're not
+going to allow the nucleation
+
+points to be closer than some
+given distance-- your exclusion
+
+distance-- then you get
+this structure here.
+
+And this starts
+to look a lot more
+
+like a foamy kind of structure.
+
+So these Voronoi structures
+are representative
+
+of structures that are
+related to nucleation
+
+and growth of the bubbles,
+or nucleation and growth
+
+processes.
+
+Let me write down something
+about Voronoi things.
+
+And these Voronoi
+structures were first
+
+developed to look at
+grain growth in metals.
+
+They weren't developed
+for cellular materials.
+
+But you can use them to
+model cellular materials,
+
+as well, as long as it's a
+nucleation and growth process.
+
+We'll say that
+foams are sometimes
+
+made by supersaturating
+a liquid with a gas,
+
+and then reducing the pressure
+so that the bubbles nucleate
+
+and grow.
+
+So initially, the bubbles
+are going to form spheres.
+
+But as the spheres
+grow, they start
+
+to intersect with each other
+and form polyhedral cells.
+
+And you get the
+Voronoi structure
+
+by thinking about an idealized
+case in which you randomly
+
+nucleate the-- you have
+nucleation points at a randomly
+
+distributed space.
+
+They start to grow
+at the same time
+
+and they grow at the
+same linear rate.
+
+OK.
+
+The Voronoi honeycomb,
+or the foam--
+
+you can form that by drawing
+the perpendicular bisectors
+
+between the random points.
+
+So each cell contains
+the points that
+
+are closer to the nucleation
+point than any other point--
+
+or any other nucleation point.
+
+And if we just do this process
+as I've described here,
+
+you end up with a
+Voronoi structure,
+
+where the cells appear
+kind of angular.
+
+And if you specify an
+exclusion distance,
+
+where you say the nucleation
+points can't be closer
+
+than a certain
+distance, then the cells
+
+become less angular, and
+of more similar size.
+
+OK.
+
+So are we good with the Voronoi
+honeycomb nucleation and growth
+
+idea?
+
+Alrighty.
+
+All right.
+
+If we think about cell shape--
+if we start with honeycombs
+
+and we just think about it
+hexagonal honeycombs, if I have
+
+a regular hexagonal honeycomb
+so that all the edges are
+
+the same length and this
+angle here is 30 degrees,
+
+then that is an
+isotropic material
+
+in the plane in the
+linear elastic regime.
+
+One of the things
+we're going to do
+
+is calculate-- if I
+loan it this way on,
+
+what's the Young's modulus?
+
+If I load it that way on,
+what's the Young's modulus?
+
+And we're going to find they're
+the same, in fact, no matter
+
+which way on I loaded it.
+
+It would be the same.
+
+But if I now have my honeycomb,
+and imagine that I stretched it
+
+out-- and I'm kind of
+exaggerating how much we
+
+might stretch it out.
+
+But if we did
+something like that,
+
+it wouldn't be too surprising
+to think that the properties are
+
+going to be different if
+I loaded it this way on
+
+and that way on.
+
+And in terms of
+the cell geometry,
+
+I'm going to call that
+vertical cell edge length h.
+
+And I'm going to call this one--
+the inclined one-- of length l.
+
+I'm going to say that
+angle is the angle theta.
+
+And the cell shape can be
+defined by the ratio of h
+
+over l and that angle theta.
+
+OK.
+
+When we derive equations for
+the mechanical properties
+
+of the honeycombs, we're
+going to find that they depend
+
+on some solid properties.
+
+Say, the modulus
+of the honeycombs
+
+can depend on the
+modulus of the solid.
+
+It's going to depend on
+the relative density raised
+
+to some power.
+
+And we're going to
+figure out what that is.
+
+And then it's going
+to depend, also,
+
+on some function of
+h over l and theta.
+
+And that function really
+represents the contribution
+
+of the cell geometry to
+the mechanical properties.
+
+OK.
+
+That's the honeycombs.
+
+It's fairly straightforward to
+characterize the shell shape
+
+for the honeycombs.
+
+It's a little more involved
+to do it for the foams.
+
+And the technique that's used
+is called the mean intercept
+
+length.
+
+At least, that's one
+technique that's used.
+
+Let me wait until
+you've finished
+
+writing because
+I want you to see
+
+the picture as I talk about it.
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+Here's-- whoops.
+
+My pointer keeps disappearing.
+
+This top left picture here
+shows an SEM image of a foam.
+
+And you can see, you've got
+some big cells and little cells
+
+and there's no obvious way to
+characterize the cell shape.
+
+And what people do to calculate
+this mean intercept length
+
+is they would take an image.
+
+They would then sketch
+out just the cell edges
+
+that touch a plane's surface.
+
+So all these black
+lines are just the--
+
+if you took your-- if
+you put ink on your foam
+
+and you just put it on a pad
+and put it on a piece of paper,
+
+you would get this outline of
+the edges of the cells, where
+
+they intersect that plane.
+
+And then what people do
+is they draw test circles.
+
+Here's the test circle here.
+
+And they draw parallel
+equiaxed, or equidistant lines.
+
+So the lines here are parallel.
+
+They're all at,
+say, zero degrees.
+
+And they're all the
+same distance apart.
+
+And then they count the
+number of intercepts.
+
+They count-- say
+we went out here.
+
+The cell wall intercepts here.
+
+There's one that
+intercepts here.
+
+And then, it'd go up here.
+
+Here's another intercept.
+
+So they count the number of
+intercepts of the cell wall
+
+with the lines.
+
+And then they get a
+mean intercept length,
+
+which is characteristic
+of the cell dimension.
+
+And then what they do--
+because this is just
+
+in one orientation--
+you would then
+
+rotate those parallel
+lines by, say, 5 degrees
+
+and do it all over again.
+
+And get another length
+at 5 degrees and one
+
+at 10 degrees one at 15.
+
+And so you get different
+lengths for the intercepts
+
+as you rotate your
+parallel lines around.
+
+And then you make a
+polar plot, and that's
+
+what the thing is down
+at the bottom here.
+
+And so you plot your
+mean intercept length
+
+as a function of the angle
+that you measured it at.
+
+And you can fit
+it to an ellipse.
+
+And if you do it in
+three dimensions,
+
+you fit it to an ellipsoid.
+
+And the major and minor axes
+of that ellipse, or ellipsoid,
+
+are characteristic of
+how elongated the cell is
+
+in the different directions.
+
+And the orientation
+of that ellipsoid
+
+is characteristic of the
+orientation of the cells.
+
+Those of you who took 303, too,
+you remember Mohr's circles?
+
+Is this beginning
+to look familiar?
+
+It's the same kind of
+idea as Mohr's circles.
+
+Same way we have principal
+stresses and orientation
+
+of principal stresses, now
+we have principal dimensions
+
+and the orientation of
+the principal dimensions.
+
+So it's the same kind of idea.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's see.
+
+I feel like I'm getting
+to the end here.
+
+Maybe I'll stop there for today.
+
+But next time, I'll write
+down the whole technique
+
+about how we get
+these mean intercepts
+
+and get this ellipsoid.
+
+And I'm going to write the mean
+intercepts down as a matrix.
+
+But you could also
+write it as a tensor.
+
+And there's something
+called the fabric
+
+tensor, which characterizes
+the shape of the cells.
+
+And as you might imagine, the
+same is with the honeycomb.
+
+If you have equiaxed
+cells in the foams,
+
+you might expect you would
+get isotropic properties.
+
+If you have cells that are
+stretched out in some way--
+
+so you've got different
+principal dimensions for them--
+
+then you've got
+anisotropic material.
+
+And you can relate how much
+anisotropy to the shape
+
+of the cells.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm going to stop
+there for today.
+
+I'll see you tomorrow.
+
+Seems very sudden.
+
+I'll see you tomorrow.
+
+I'll pick up and I'll finish
+this section on the structure.
+
+We've got a bit more to do.
+
+And then we'll start looking
+at honeycombs and modeling
+
+honeycombs.
+
+The honeycombs are
+simpler to model
+
+just because they have
+this nice simple unit cell.
+
+So we'll start with
+that, and then we'll
+
+move from there to the foams.
+
+OK?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bciGyT6eeOE.txt b/bciGyT6eeOE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e537236019680576b66af926f7024245faaa07f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bciGyT6eeOE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is lecture 14
+it's also the lecture before the exam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the lecture before the exam on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the lecture before the exam on
+Tuesday evening uh I thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday evening uh I thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday evening uh I thought I would
+just go ahead and tell you what qu what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and tell you what qu what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and tell you what qu what
+the exam what the questions there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam what the questions there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam what the questions there are so
+you could see uh I haven't filled in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see uh I haven't filled in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see uh I haven't filled in all
+the numbers but uh this will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers but uh this will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers but uh this will tell you
+it's a way of reviewing of course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of reviewing of course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of reviewing of course to
+sort of see the things that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the things that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the things that we've done
+which is quite a bit really uh and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite a bit really uh and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite a bit really uh and also
+of course topics that will not would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course topics that will not would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course topics that will not would not
+be in the exam you can see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the exam you can see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the exam you can see that they're
+not in the exam for example topics from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the exam for example topics from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the exam for example topics from
+1.7 on condition number or 2.3 on Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 on condition number or 2.3 on Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 on condition number or 2.3 on Graham
+Schmidt that I can speak about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt that I can speak about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt that I can speak about a little
+bit so those are the the only thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so those are the the only thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so those are the the only thing I
+didn't fill in is the end time there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fill in is the end time there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fill in is the end time there uh
+so it's I don't usually ask four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I don't usually ask four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's I don't usually ask four
+questions three is more typical so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions three is more typical so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions three is more typical so it's
+a little bit longer but I it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit longer but I it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit longer but I it's not a
+difficult exam and uh and I never want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult exam and uh and I never want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult exam and uh and I never want
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+time to be the essential ingredient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be the essential ingredient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to be the essential ingredient so
+so 7:30 to 9 is the nominal time but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 7:30 to 9 is the nominal time but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 7:30 to 9 is the nominal time but it
+would not be a surprise if you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a surprise if you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a surprise if you're still
+going on after 9:00 a little bit and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on after 9:00 a little bit and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on after 9:00 a little bit and and
+I'll try not to like tear the paper away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try not to like tear the paper away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try not to like tear the paper away
+from you so so just figure that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you so so just figure that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you so so just figure that if you
+move along at a reasonable speed uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along at a reasonable speed uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along at a reasonable speed uh and
+so you can bring papers book the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can bring papers book the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can bring papers book the book
+what anything uh with you and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anything uh with you and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what anything uh with you and uh I'm
+open for questions now about the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for questions now about the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open for questions now about the exam
+you know where 54100 is it's a classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where 54100 is it's a classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where 54100 is it's a classroom
+unfortunately not a uh sometimes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not a uh sometimes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not a uh sometimes we'll
+have the top of Walker where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top of Walker where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the top of Walker where you have a
+whole table to work on that's a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table to work on that's a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table to work on that's a this
+54100 in the tallest building of MIT out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 in the tallest building of MIT out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 in the tallest building of MIT out
+in the middle of the middle space out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the middle space out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the middle space out
+there uh is uh a large classroom so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is uh a large classroom so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh is uh a large classroom so if
+you kind of spread out spread out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of spread out spread out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of spread out spread out your
+papers uh will'll be okay it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh will'll be okay it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers uh will'll be okay it's a pretty
+big room yeah questions any and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big room yeah questions any and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big room yeah questions any and of
+course don't forget this afternoon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course don't forget this afternoon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course don't forget this afternoon in
+190 rather than here so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+190 rather than here so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+190 rather than here so so uh
+review is in 1990 four to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is in 1990 four to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review is in 1990 four to five
+today but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but uh
+if you're not Avail if you're not free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not Avail if you're not free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not Avail if you're not free
+at that time don't feel that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time don't feel that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time don't feel that you've
+missed anything uh essential I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed anything uh essential I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed anything uh essential I thought
+uh this would be the right way to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this would be the right way to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this would be the right way to tell
+you what the exam is and guide your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the exam is and guide your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the exam is and guide your uh
+preparation for it questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks so these are two these are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so these are two these are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so these are two these are four
+different questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions
+so this would be a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a question about
+essentially about getting to this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially about getting to this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially about getting to this Matrix
+and what it's what it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's what it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's what it's about a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CA okay I don't use beam bending for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay I don't use beam bending for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA okay I don't use beam bending for
+that I'm thinking of elastic bar yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm thinking of elastic bar yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm thinking of elastic bar yeah
+stretching stretching equation yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching stretching equation yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching stretching equation yeah so
+the stretching equation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching equation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stretching equation uh
+uh so the first one we ever saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the first one we ever saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the first one we ever saw the
+stretching equation was just uble prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching equation was just uble prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching equation was just uble prime
+or minus U Prime equal one and now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus U Prime equal one and now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus U Prime equal one and now uh
+that allows a c to sneak in and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows a c to sneak in and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows a c to sneak in and that
+allows a matrix C to sneak in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a matrix C to sneak in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a matrix C to sneak in there but
+I think you'll see how they what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll see how they what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll see how they what they
+should what they should look like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should what they should look like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should what they should look like but
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah yeah yep oh yeah so this is section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yep oh yeah so this is section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yep oh yeah so this is section
+2.2 directly out of the book M will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 directly out of the book M will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 directly out of the book M will be
+the mass Matrix K will be the stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass Matrix K will be the stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass Matrix K will be the stiffness
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh okay so good good point to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh okay so good good point to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh okay so good good point to say
+in the very first section 1.1 we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first section 1.1 we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first section 1.1 we gave
+the name k to a very special Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name k to a very special Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name k to a very special Matrix a
+specific one but then I later now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one but then I later now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific one but then I later now I'm
+using the same letter k for matrices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same letter k for matrices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same letter k for matrices of
+that type that was the most special uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type that was the most special uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type that was the most special uh
+simplest completely understood case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest completely understood case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest completely understood case but
+now I'll use K for stiffness matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll use K for stiffness matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll use K for stiffness matrices
+and when when we're doing finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when we're doing finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when we're doing finite
+elements in a few weeks again it'll be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in a few weeks again it'll be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in a few weeks again it'll be K
+yeah same name right so here you'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same name right so here you'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same name right so here you'll want
+to create K and M and and uh know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create K and M and and uh know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create K and M and and uh know how to
+deal with uh that this was our only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh that this was our only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh that this was our only time
+dependent thing so I guess what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent thing so I guess what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent thing so I guess what you're
+seeing here is not only what time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is not only what time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is not only what time
+dependent equation will be there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent equation will be there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent equation will be there but
+also that I'm not going in detail into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that I'm not going in detail into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that I'm not going in detail into
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+trapezoidal uh uh difference methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal uh uh difference methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal uh uh difference methods
+important as they are we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as they are we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as they are we can't do
+everything on the quiz so I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the quiz so I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the quiz so I'm really
+focusing on things that were are Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on things that were are Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on things that were are Central
+to our to our uh course yeah good other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our to our uh course yeah good other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our to our uh course yeah good other
+questions and very open for more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and very open for more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and very open for more more
+questions this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this afternoon
+yeah others okay so let me uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah others okay so let me uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah others okay so let me uh I don't
+want to go on and do new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go on and do new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go on and do new
+material because we want we're focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because we want we're focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because we want we're focused
+on these things and this course the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things and this course the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things and this course the name
+of this course is computational science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course is computational science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course is computational science
+and engineering and by the way I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering and by the way I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering and by the way I just
+had a email last week from the dean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a email last week from the dean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a email last week from the dean of
+engineering or a bunch of us did to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or a bunch of us did to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or a bunch of us did to say
+that the school of engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the school of engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the school of engineering is
+establishing uh Center for computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing uh Center for computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing uh Center for computational
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+CCE uh several faculty members there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCE uh several faculty members there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCE uh several faculty members there and
+like myself in the School of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like myself in the School of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like myself in the School of Science and
+in the Sloan School are involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Sloan School are involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Sloan School are involved with
+computation and uh and this new center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and uh and this new center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and uh and this new center
+is going to organize that um so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to organize that um so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to organize that um so it's a
+good development and it's headed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good development and it's headed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good development and it's headed by
+people in course 2 and course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in course 2 and course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in course 2 and course
+16 so if if we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so if if we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so if if we're talking about
+computation then I do have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation then I do have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation then I do have to say
+something about how you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how you would actually
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+computations and what are the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and what are the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and what are the issues
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+accuracy speed and accuracy is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy speed and accuracy is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy speed and accuracy is what
+you're what you're uh aiming for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you're uh aiming for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're what you're uh aiming for in the
+computations of course the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations of course the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations of course the first step is
+to know what what problem is it you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what what problem is it you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what what problem is it you want
+to compute what do you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute what do you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute what do you want to solve
+what's the equation that's what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation that's what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation that's what we've
+been doing all along now I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing all along now I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing all along now I just take
+a little time out to say suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time out to say suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time out to say suppose I have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equation when I write K I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when I write K I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when I write K I'm thinking of
+a positive symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive symmetric positive definite
+or at least semi-definite Matrix when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least semi-definite Matrix when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least semi-definite Matrix when I
+write a I'm thinking of any general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a I'm thinking of any general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a I'm thinking of any general
+usually tall thin Matrix rectangular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tall thin Matrix rectangular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tall thin Matrix rectangular so
+that I would need Le squares for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would need Le squares for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would need Le squares for this
+guy where straightforward elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy where straightforward elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy where straightforward elimination
+would work for that one and so my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work for that one and so my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work for that one and so my first
+question is let's let's take the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let's let's take the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let's let's take the so
+these are two topics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two topics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two topics for
+today this one would come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this one would come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today this one would come out of
+1.7 that discussion with condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 that discussion with condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 that discussion with condition
+number this one would come out of 2.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this one would come out of 2.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this one would come out of 2.3
+the least squares section okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares section okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares section okay so if I
+give you and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you and I'm
+thinking the the the the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the the the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the the the computational
+questions emerge when the systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions emerge when the systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions emerge when the systems are
+large so I'm thinking thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so I'm thinking thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so I'm thinking thousands of
+unknowns here thousands of equations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns here thousands of equations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns here thousands of equations at
+the least okay so uh and and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least okay so uh and and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least okay so uh and and uh the
+question is let let me just I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let let me just I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let let me just I do
+gaussian elimination here ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination here ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian elimination here ordinary
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+backslash and uh how accurate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash and uh how accurate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backslash and uh how accurate is the
+answer and how do you understand I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how do you understand I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how do you understand I mean
+that the accuracy of the answer is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the accuracy of the answer is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the accuracy of the answer is going
+to kind of depend on two things and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of depend on two things and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of depend on two things and it's
+it's good to separate them one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to separate them one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to separate them one is the
+method you use like elimin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you use like elimin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you use like elimin
+whatever adjustments you might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever adjustments you might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever adjustments you might make
+pivoting CH exchanging rows to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting CH exchanging rows to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivoting CH exchanging rows to get
+larger pivots all that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger pivots all that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger pivots all that is in the
+algorithm in the code and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the code and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the code and then the
+second very important aspect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second very important aspect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second very important aspect is the
+Matrix K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix K
+itself is this a tough problem to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is this a tough problem to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is this a tough problem to solve
+whatever method you're using or is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method you're using or is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method you're using or is it a
+simple problem is the problem ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem is the problem ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem is the problem ill
+conditioned meaning K would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned meaning K would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned meaning K would be like
+nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly
+singular then then we would know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular then then we would know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular then then we would know we have
+a tougher problem to solve whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tougher problem to solve whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tougher problem to solve whatever
+method or is K quite well conditioned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method or is K quite well conditioned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method or is K quite well conditioned I
+mean the best condition would be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the best condition would be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the best condition would be when
+all the columns are unit vectors and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the columns are unit vectors and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the columns are unit vectors and all
+orthogonal to each other yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other yeah I mean
+that would be a that would be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a that would be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a that would be the best
+conditioning of all that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning of all that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning of all that condition
+number would be one if this K which not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be one if this K which not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be one if this K which not
+too likely has is a matrix that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too likely has is a matrix that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too likely has is a matrix that I would
+call Q Q which is going to show up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Q Q which is going to show up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Q Q which is going to show up over
+here in this in this second problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this in this second problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this in this second problem this
+Q stands for a matrix which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q stands for a matrix which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q stands for a matrix which has
+orthonormal columns so you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns so you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal columns so you you you
+remember what orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means Ortho is telling us perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Ortho is telling us perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Ortho is telling us perpendicular
+that's the key Point normal is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key Point normal is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key Point normal is telling
+us that they're unit vectors lengths one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that they're unit vectors lengths one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that they're unit vectors lengths one
+so that's the Q and then you might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Q and then you might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the Q and then you might ask
+what's the r and the the r is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+okay okay so what I said about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what I said about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what I said about this
+problem that there's the method you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that there's the method you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that there's the method you use
+and also the sensitivity the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the sensitivity the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the sensitivity the difficulty
+of the problem in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem in the first place
+applies just the same here there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies just the same here there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies just the same here there's the
+method you use do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you use do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you use do you
+use a transpose a to find you hat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a transpose a to find you hat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a transpose a to find you hat this
+is now we're looking for you hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're looking for you hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're looking for you hat of
+course the best solution do I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the best solution do I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the best solution do I use a
+transpose a well you would say of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a well you would say of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a well you would say of course
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+else that's the that equation that least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's the that equation that least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's the that equation that least
+squares equation has a transpose a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares equation has a transpose a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares equation has a transpose a you
+had equal a transpose B what's a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had equal a transpose B what's a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had equal a transpose B what's a choice
+but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if
+you're if you're interested in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're interested in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're interested in high
+accuracy and and stability numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and and stability numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy and and stability numerical
+stability maybe you don't go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability maybe you don't go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability maybe you don't go to a
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+going to a transpose a kind of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a transpose a kind of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a transpose a kind of squares
+the condition number you get to an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number you get to an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number you get to an a
+transpose a that'll be our K but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that'll be our K but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that'll be our K but its
+condition number will somehow be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number will somehow be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number will somehow be uh
+squared and and and if the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and and and if the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and and and if the problem is
+nice you're okay with that but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you're okay with that but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you're okay with that but if the
+problem is delicate now what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is delicate now what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is delicate now what does
+delicate mean for Au U equal B I'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate mean for Au U equal B I'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate mean for Au U equal B I'm kind
+of giving you a a over overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving you a a over overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving you a a over overview of the
+two problems before I start on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems before I start on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems before I start on this one
+and then that one so with this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that one so with this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that one so with this one the
+problem was is the Matrix nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was is the Matrix nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was is the Matrix nearly
+singular what does that mean does mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular what does that mean does mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular what does that mean does mat
+lab tell you what does matlb tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tell you what does matlb tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab tell you what does matlb tell you
+about the Matrix and that is measured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Matrix and that is measured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Matrix and that is measured by
+the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition
+number what's the issue here is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what's the issue here is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what's the issue here is when
+would this be a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this be a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this be a difficult
+uh numerically difficult sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numerically difficult sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numerically difficult sensitive
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+well The Columns of a are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well The Columns of a are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well The Columns of a are not
+orthonormal I mean that if they are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal I mean that if they are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal I mean that if they are then
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+golden if The Columns of a are Earth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden if The Columns of a are Earth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden if The Columns of a are Earth or
+normal then you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then you're all
+set so when what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so when what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so when what's the what's the
+opposite well the extreme opposite would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite well the extreme opposite would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite well the extreme opposite would
+be when The Columns of a are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when The Columns of a are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when The Columns of a are dependent
+if The Columns of a are linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if The Columns of a are linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if The Columns of a are linearly
+dependent some combination is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent some combination is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent some combination is some
+column is a combination of other columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is a combination of other columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is a combination of other columns
+you're in trouble right away so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble right away so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble right away so that's
+like big trouble that's like K being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big trouble that's like K being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big trouble that's like K being
+singular those are those are the cases K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular those are those are the cases K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular those are those are the cases K
+singular here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular here
+uh dependent columns here not full rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dependent columns here not full rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dependent columns here not full rank
+uh so again we're supposing we we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so again we're supposing we we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so again we're supposing we we're not
+facing disaster just near disaster so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing disaster just near disaster so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing disaster just near disaster so we
+want to know is K near to singular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is K near to singular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is K near to singular and
+how to measure that and we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure that and we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure that and we want to know
+what to do when a The Columns of a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do when a The Columns of a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do when a The Columns of a are
+in are independent but maybe not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are independent but maybe not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in are independent but maybe not very
+maybe not very and that would show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not very and that would show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not very and that would show up in
+a large condition number for a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large condition number for a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large condition number for a transpose
+a you could and and this happens all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you could and and this happens all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you could and and this happens all the
+time if you don't set up your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you don't set up your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you don't set up your problem
+well then your your experimental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then your your experimental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then your your experimental uh
+problem you can easily get matrices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can easily get matrices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can easily get matrices a
+whose columns are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose columns are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose columns are not very
+independent measured by a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent measured by a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent measured by a transpose a
+being close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being close to
+singular right everybody here's got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right everybody here's got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right everybody here's got that
+idea if The Columns of a are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if The Columns of a are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if The Columns of a are independent
+at transpose a is non- singular in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at transpose a is non- singular in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at transpose a is non- singular in fact
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite then now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite then now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite then now we're talking about
+when we're when we have that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we have that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we have that property
+but only but we're kind of uh not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only but we're kind of uh not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only but we're kind of uh not very
+not very The Columns of a are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very The Columns of a are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very The Columns of a are not very
+independent and the Matrix a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the Matrix a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the Matrix a transpose a
+is not very invertible okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very invertible okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very invertible okay so that's
+what that's what the the things are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what the the things are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what the the things are and
+then just to to say on this one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just to to say on this one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just to to say on this one what's
+the good thing to do the good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing to do the good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good thing to do the good thing to
+do is to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to call the
+QR code which gets its name because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR code which gets its name because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR code which gets its name because it
+takes the Matrix a and it factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the Matrix a and it factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the Matrix a and it factors
+it of course we all know that Lu is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course we all know that Lu is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course we all know that Lu is the
+code here that factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and QR is the code that factors a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and QR is the code that factors a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and QR is the code that factors a into
+a good a very good guy an optimal Q it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a very good guy an optimal Q it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a very good guy an optimal Q it
+couldn't be be and an R that's upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be be and an R that's upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be be and an R that's upper
+triangular and therefore in the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and therefore in the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and therefore in the best
+simplest form you see exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form you see exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest form you see exactly what
+you're dealing with Let Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with Let Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with Let Let
+me let me uh continue this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh continue this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh continue this uh this
+um this Le squares idea just so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Le squares idea just so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Le squares idea just so because
+q and R are probably not so familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and R are probably not so familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and R are probably not so familiar
+maybe the name Graham Schmidt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the name Graham Schmidt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the name Graham Schmidt is
+familiar how many have seen Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar how many have seen Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar how many have seen Graham
+Schmidt that the Graham Schmidt idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt that the Graham Schmidt idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt that the Graham Schmidt idea
+I'll describe quickly but just do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe quickly but just do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe quickly but just do those
+words those guys names mean anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words those guys names mean anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words those guys names mean anything to
+you yes if they do quite a few but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes if they do quite a few but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes if they do quite a few but not
+but not all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all okay
+okay and can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can I just
+say also Graham Schmid is kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say also Graham Schmid is kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say also Graham Schmid is kind of our
+name for getting these two factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for getting these two factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for getting these two factors and
+you'll see why it's very cool to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why it's very cool to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why it's very cool to have
+them why this is a good first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why this is a good first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why this is a good first
+step uh it costs a little to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh it costs a little to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh it costs a little to take that
+step but if you're interested in safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but if you're interested in safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but if you're interested in safety
+take it uh it it might cost twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it uh it it might cost twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it uh it it might cost twice as
+much as solving the a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as solving the a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as solving the a transpose a
+equation so you double the cost by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you double the cost by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you double the cost by going
+this safer route and double is not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this safer route and double is not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this safer route and double is not a big
+deal usually okay so uh oh I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal usually okay so uh oh I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal usually okay so uh oh I was going
+to say that gram Schmid that's the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that gram Schmid that's the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that gram Schmid that's the name
+everybody uses but actually their method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses but actually their method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uses but actually their method
+is no longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer the
+winner uh and I can in section 2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner uh and I can in section 2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner uh and I can in section 2 three
+and I can I'll try to describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can I'll try to describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can I'll try to describe a
+slightly better method to than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better method to than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better method to than the
+Graham Schmid idea to arrive at q&r but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmid idea to arrive at q&r but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmid idea to arrive at q&r but
+let's suppose you got to q&r then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose you got to q&r then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose you got to q&r then what
+would be the least squares equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the least squares equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the least squares equation a
+transpose a you hat is a transpose B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a you hat is a transpose B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a you hat is a transpose B
+right that's the equation everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the equation everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the equation everybody
+knows but now if we have a factored into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but now if we have a factored into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but now if we have a factored into
+Q * R let me see how that simplifies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q * R let me see how that simplifies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q * R let me see how that simplifies so
+now a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a is
+QR and a transpose of course is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR and a transpose of course is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR and a transpose of course is R
+transpose Q transpose you hat and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q transpose you hat and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q transpose you hat and this
+is R transpose Q transpose B same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R transpose Q transpose B same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R transpose Q transpose B same
+equation I'm just supposing that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm just supposing that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm just supposing that I've
+got a into this nice form where Q has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a into this nice form where Q has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a into this nice form where Q has
+where I've taken these columns that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've taken these columns that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've taken these columns that that
+possibly lined up too close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lined up too close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly lined up too close to each
+other like you know angles of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like you know angles of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like you know angles of one
+degree and I've got better angles I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and I've got better angles I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and I've got better angles I've
+got these Columns of a are are too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these Columns of a are are too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these Columns of a are are too close
+so I spread them out to Columns of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I spread them out to Columns of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I spread them out to Columns of q
+that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at
+90° orthogonal columns now what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° orthogonal columns now what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° orthogonal columns now what what's
+the deal with orthogonal columns let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal with orthogonal columns let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deal with orthogonal columns let me
+just remember remember the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember remember the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember remember the main point
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q it it has orthogonal columns right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it it has orthogonal columns right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it it has orthogonal columns right and
+I'll call those Q's q1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call those Q's q1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call those Q's q1 to
+qn okay then the good deal is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn okay then the good deal is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn okay then the good deal is what
+happens when I do Q transpose Q so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do Q transpose Q so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do Q transpose Q so I do
+q1 transpose these are now rows to qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose these are now rows to qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 transpose these are now rows to qn
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+q1 columns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 columns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 columns to
+qn and what do I get when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn and what do I get when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn and what do I get when I multiply
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+matrices Q transpose time Q I get I q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Q transpose time Q I get I q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Q transpose time Q I get I q1
+transpose q1 that's the length of q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose q1 that's the length of q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose q1 that's the length of q1
+squar is one and q1 is orthogonal to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is one and q1 is orthogonal to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is one and q1 is orthogonal to all
+the others and then Q2 you know you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others and then Q2 you know you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others and then Q2 you know you see
+I get it the I Q3 get an N byn I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it the I Q3 get an N byn I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it the I Q3 get an N byn I get the
+identity Matrix Q transpose Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix Q transpose Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix Q transpose Q is
+i that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that's
+the beautiful just remember that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful just remember that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful just remember that fact
+and use and use it right away you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use and use it right away you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use and use it right away you see
+where it's used Q transpose Q is I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's used Q transpose Q is I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's used Q transpose Q is I in
+the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of
+that so I can just delete that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can just delete that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can just delete that I just
+have R transpose R and I can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R transpose R and I can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have R transpose R and I can even
+simplify this further what can I do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this further what can I do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this further what can I do now
+so that's the identity so I have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the identity so I have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the identity so I have R
+transpose R but now I have an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose R but now I have an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose R but now I have an R
+transpose over here so what have I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose over here so what have I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose over here so what have I what
+am I left with I'll multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I left with I'll multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I left with I'll multiply both sides
+by R transpose inverse and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R transpose inverse and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R transpose inverse and that will
+lead me to R you hat equals now so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me to R you hat equals now so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me to R you hat equals now so I'm
+knocking out R transpose inverse on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking out R transpose inverse on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking out R transpose inverse on both
+sides Q transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides Q transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides Q transpose
+B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well
+that's our least squares equation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our least squares equation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our least squares equation has
+become completely easy to solve we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become completely easy to solve we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become completely easy to solve we've
+got a triangular Matrix here I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a triangular Matrix here I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a triangular Matrix here I mean it's
+just back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just back
+substitution it's just back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it's just back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution it's just back substitution
+now and Q transpose B over there so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and Q transpose B over there so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and Q transpose B over there so a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+solution for our equation after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for our equation after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for our equation after the
+initial work of AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial work of AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial work of AAL
+QR okay but very you know safe Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR okay but very you know safe Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR okay but very you know safe Q is the
+is is a a great Matrix to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a great Matrix to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a a great Matrix to work
+with in fact people you know codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in fact people you know codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in fact people you know codes are
+written so as to use orthogonal Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so as to use orthogonal Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so as to use orthogonal Matrix
+matrices Q as as often as they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Q as as often as they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Q as as often as they can all
+right so that you you had a look ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that you you had a look ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that you you had a look ahead
+of the computational side of 2.3 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computational side of 2.3 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computational side of 2.3 let me
+come back to the most basic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the most basic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the most basic equations
+just symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just symmetric positive definite
+equations KU equal F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations KU equal F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations KU equal F and
+uh right and and consider okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and and consider okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right and and consider okay what
+makes how do we measure whether K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes how do we measure whether K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes how do we measure whether K is
+nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly
+singular okay let me just ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular okay let me just ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular okay let me just ask that
+question that's that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's that's the that's the
+central question how to measure when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central question how to measure when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central question how to measure when is
+K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which
+is which we we're assuming to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which we we're assuming to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which we we're assuming to be
+symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric positive
+definite nearly singular how how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite nearly singular how how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite nearly singular how how to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that how how to know whether we in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how how to know whether we in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how how to know whether we in any
+danger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger or
+not okay well first I I mean you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay well first I I mean you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay well first I I mean you might
+think okay say if it is singular its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay say if it is singular its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay say if it is singular its
+determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is
+zero so why not take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so why not take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so why not take its
+determinant well determinants as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant well determinants as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant well determinants as we've
+said are are not a good idea numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said are are not a good idea numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said are are not a good idea numerically
+for for example the I mean first they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example the I mean first they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example the I mean first they're
+not fun to compute second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fun to compute second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fun to compute second
+they're if I if they depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if I if they depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if I if they depend on the
+number of unknowns right if I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns right if I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unknowns right if I just have
+twice the identity yes imagine suppose K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the identity yes imagine suppose K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the identity yes imagine suppose K
+is twice the identity Matrix you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice the identity Matrix you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice the identity Matrix you know
+you could not get a better problem than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not get a better problem than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could not get a better problem than
+that right if K was twice the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if K was twice the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if K was twice the identity
+Matrix the whole thing simple or if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the whole thing simple or if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the whole thing simple or if K is
+suppose suppose K is 1 millionth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose K is 1 millionth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose K is 1 millionth of the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+Matrix okay again that's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay again that's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay again that's a perfect
+problem right if K is 1 millionth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right if K is 1 millionth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right if K is 1 millionth of the
+identity Matrix well you just to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix well you just to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix well you just to solve
+the problem you just multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you just multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you just multiply by a
+million you've got the answer so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you've got the answer so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you've got the answer so so
+those are good and we have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are good and we have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are good and we have to have some
+measure of bad or good that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of bad or good that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of bad or good that tells us
+those are good okay so um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are good okay so um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are good okay so um so the
+determinant won't do right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant won't do right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant won't do right because the
+determinant of 2i would be two to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of 2i would be two to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of 2i would be two to the 2
+to the nth the size of the Matrix or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth the size of the Matrix or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth the size of the Matrix or the
+determinant of one millionth identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of one millionth identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of one millionth identity
+would be one millionth to the end those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one millionth to the end those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one millionth to the end those
+are not numbers we want what's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not numbers we want what's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not numbers we want what's a better
+number maybe you could suggest a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number maybe you could suggest a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number maybe you could suggest a better
+number to measure how close is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to measure how close is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to measure how close is the
+Matrix to being singular what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to being singular what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to being singular what what would
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+say I think if you think about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think if you think about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I think if you think about it a
+little so what numbers do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so what numbers do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so what numbers do we
+know well igen values jumps to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well igen values jumps to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well igen values jumps to mind
+right igen values jumps to mind because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right igen values jumps to mind because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right igen values jumps to mind because
+this Matrix K being symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix K being symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix K being symmetric positive
+definite has I values say Lambda one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite has I values say Lambda one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite has I values say Lambda one
+lesser than lamb lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser than lamb lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser than lamb lamb
+2 so on so on up to less or equal Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so on so on up to less or equal Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so on so on up to less or equal Lambda
+so this is Lambda Max and that's Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Lambda Max and that's Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Lambda Max and that's Lambda
+Min and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and they're all
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what's your what's your idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's your what's your idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's your what's your idea of
+whether the thing's nearly singular now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the thing's nearly singular now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the thing's nearly singular now
+look at Lambda 1 right if Lambda 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Lambda 1 right if Lambda 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Lambda 1 right if Lambda 1 is
+near zero that somehow indicates near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero that somehow indicates near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero that somehow indicates near
+singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+so Lambda 1 is is is sort of a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda 1 is is is sort of a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda 1 is is is sort of a natural
+test not that I intend to compute Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test not that I intend to compute Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test not that I intend to compute Lambda
+1 that would take longer than solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that would take longer than solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that would take longer than solving
+the system but an estimate of Lambda one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but an estimate of Lambda one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but an estimate of Lambda one
+would be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough
+okay but one but I'm not my answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but one but I'm not my answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but one but I'm not my answer is
+not just Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just Lambda
+one and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and why is
+that because my two ex my the examples I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because my two ex my the examples I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because my two ex my the examples I
+gave you when I had twice the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you when I had twice the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you when I had twice the identity
+what would Lambda 1 be there in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would Lambda 1 be there in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would Lambda 1 be there in that
+case if if my Matrix K was beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if if my Matrix K was beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if if my Matrix K was beautiful
+twice the identity Matrix Lambda one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the identity Matrix Lambda one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the identity Matrix Lambda one
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be two all the igen values are two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two all the igen values are two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two all the igen values are two for
+the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity
+Matrix now if my Matrix was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now if my Matrix was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now if my Matrix was one
+millionth of the identity again I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth of the identity again I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth of the identity again I have a
+beautiful problem just as good just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem just as good just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem just as good just as
+beautiful problem what's Lambda 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem what's Lambda 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem what's Lambda 1 for
+that one 1 millionth it looks not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one 1 millionth it looks not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one 1 millionth it looks not as
+good right it looks much more singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right it looks much more singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right it looks much more singular
+but that's like a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's like a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's like a just
+um it's not really there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not really there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not really there so
+uh you could say well scale your Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could say well scale your Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could say well scale your Matrix
+and scaling the matrices in fact scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaling the matrices in fact scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaling the matrices in fact scaling
+individual rows and columns to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rows and columns to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual rows and columns to get it
+you know you might have used your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have used your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might have used your
+unknowns might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns might be
+somehow in different in the wrong units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in different in the wrong units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in different in the wrong units
+so one of them one of the answers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them one of the answers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them one of the answers is
+what way big and the second component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what way big and the second component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what way big and the second component is
+way small that's not good uh but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way small that's not good uh but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way small that's not good uh but so
+scaling is important but even then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling is important but even then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling is important but even then you
+still end up you still end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still end up you still end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still end up you still end up with a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+K some igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K some igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K some igen values
+and I'll tell you the condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll tell you the condition number
+the condition number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number of
+K is the ratio of this guy to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the ratio of this guy to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the ratio of this guy to this one
+in other words 2K or a million K or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 2K or a million K or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 2K or a million K or 1
+millionth K all have the same condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth K all have the same condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth K all have the same condition
+number because those problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because those problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because those problems are
+identical problems multiplying by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical problems multiplying by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical problems multiplying by two
+multiplying by a million dividing by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a million dividing by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a million dividing by a
+million didn't change reality there so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million didn't change reality there so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million didn't change reality there so I
+mean if we're in floating Point like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we're in floating Point like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if we're in floating Point like you
+know it just didn't change so it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just didn't change so it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just didn't change so it the
+condition number is going to be Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number is going to be Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number is going to be Lambda
+Max over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Min and this is for symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and this is for symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min and this is for symmetric positive
+definite matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite matrices
+so that's that's and and and mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's and and and mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's and and and mat lab
+will print out that number Lambda M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will print out that number Lambda M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will print out that number Lambda M or
+print an estimate for that number as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print an estimate for that number as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print an estimate for that number as I
+said we don't want to compute it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't want to compute it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't want to compute it exactly
+Lambda Max over Lambda Min that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max over Lambda Min that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max over Lambda Min that that
+measures how sensitive how how uh tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how sensitive how how uh tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how sensitive how how uh tough
+your problem is okay okay and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is okay okay and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem is okay okay and then I
+have to think how does that come in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think how does that come in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think how does that come in how
+why does that why is that an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that why is that an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that why is that an appropriate
+number I guess I've tried to given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I guess I've tried to given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I guess I've tried to given an
+instinct for why it's appropriate but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct for why it's appropriate but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct for why it's appropriate but we
+can be pretty specific about it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty specific about it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty specific about it in fact
+that's do that now yeah okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's do that now yeah okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's do that now yeah okay so what
+would be the condition number of twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the condition number of twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the condition number of twice
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+identity it would be one perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it would be one perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it would be one perfectly
+conditioned problem what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned problem what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned problem what would be the
+condition yeah okay right what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition yeah okay right what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition yeah okay right what would be
+the condition of a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition of a diagonal matrix
+suppose K was the diagonal matrix uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose K was the diagonal matrix uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose K was the diagonal matrix uh uh
+2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 the condition number of that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the condition number of that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the condition number of that Matrix is
+two right Lambda Max is sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right Lambda Max is sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right Lambda Max is sitting there
+Lambda Min is sitting there the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Min is sitting there the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Min is sitting there the ratio is
+two of course any condition number under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of course any condition number under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of course any condition number under
+100 or a thousand is no problem roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or a thousand is no problem roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 or a thousand is no problem roughly
+the the rule of thumb is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule of thumb is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rule of thumb is that
+the what's the rule of thumb I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the rule of thumb I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the rule of thumb I think
+that maybe the number of digits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the number of digits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the number of digits in the
+condition number the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number the number of
+digits what's it maybe if the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits what's it maybe if the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits what's it maybe if the condition
+number was a thousand you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was a thousand you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was a thousand you would be
+taking a chance that your last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a chance that your last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a chance that your last three
+digits single Precision that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits single Precision that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits single Precision that would be
+three out of six three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of six three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out of six three
+bits yeah somehow the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits yeah somehow the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits yeah somehow the log of the
+condition number the number of digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number the number of digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number the number of digits in
+it is some measure of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is some measure of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is some measure of the number of
+digits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits you
+lose cuz you have you're doing floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose cuz you have you're doing floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose cuz you have you're doing floating
+point of course here is that's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of course here is that's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of course here is that's a totally
+well conditioned Matrix I wouldn't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well conditioned Matrix I wouldn't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well conditioned Matrix I wouldn't touch
+that one I mean that's just fine but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I mean that's just fine but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I mean that's just fine but we
+can figure out the of course the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the of course the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out the of course the yeah
+here here's here's the point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's here's the point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's here's the point that I
+should make because here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make because here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make because here's the
+computational science point when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational science point when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational science point when this is
+our Special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Special
+K or our minus1 2 minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or our minus1 2 minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or our minus1 2 minus1
+Matrix min-1 2 - one Matrix of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix min-1 2 - one Matrix of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix min-1 2 - one Matrix of size
+n the condition number goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N2 we could because we know the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 we could because we know the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 we could because we know the igen
+values of that Matrix we could see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that Matrix we could see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that Matrix we could see it
+the largest igen value when the when n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest igen value when the when n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest igen value when the when n
+is Big say N is a th and we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big say N is a th and we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Big say N is a th and we're dealing
+with our standard second difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our standard second difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our standard second difference
+Matrix the most important example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the most important example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the most important example I
+could possibly present then the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly present then the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly present then the largest
+I can the igen values we actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can the igen values we actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can the igen values we actually were
+there in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in section
+1.5 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 we
+didn't do them in detail we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do them in detail we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do them in detail we probably
+come back to them when we need them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to them when we need them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to them when we need them but
+the largest one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest one is about
+four and the smallest one is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the smallest one is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the smallest one is pretty
+small the smallest one is sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the smallest one is sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the smallest one is sort of like a
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+squared of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of a small
+number and so the the smallest I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so the the smallest I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and so the the smallest I can
+value is is a border 1 over n^ 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is a border 1 over n^ 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is a border 1 over n^ 2 and
+then when I do that ratio of four Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I do that ratio of four Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I do that ratio of four Lambda
+Max is just like four this Lambda Min is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max is just like four this Lambda Min is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max is just like four this Lambda Min is
+like 1 over n^ 2 quite small that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over n^ 2 quite small that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over n^ 2 quite small that ratio
+gives me the n s so that that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the n s so that that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the n s so that that there's an
+indication basically that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication basically that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication basically that's not
+bad that's not bad if N is a thousand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's not bad if N is a thousand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's not bad if N is a thousand in
+in most engineering problems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most engineering problems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most engineering problems that's
+extreme it gives you extremely extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it gives you extremely extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it gives you extremely extremely
+good accuracy condition number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good accuracy condition number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good accuracy condition number of a
+million you could live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you could live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you could live
+with if n is 100 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if n is 100 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if n is 100 more
+typical condition number of 10,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical condition number of 10,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical condition number of 10,000 is
+basically I I think okay I think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I I think okay I think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I I think okay I think okay
+yeah yeah and and yeah I would go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and yeah I would go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and yeah I would go with
+it but if the condition number is up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if the condition number is up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but if the condition number is up you
+know way up then I think again did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know way up then I think again did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know way up then I think again did I
+model the problem well okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the problem well okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the problem well okay all right so
+that's now I have to tell you why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now I have to tell you why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now I have to tell you why is
+this inappropriate H how do you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inappropriate H how do you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inappropriate H how do you look at
+the error how how do you so can I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error how how do you so can I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error how how do you so can I write
+down a u a way of approaching this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a u a way of approaching this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a u a way of approaching this uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this KU equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F so this is the first time I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so this is the first time I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so this is the first time I've used
+the word roundoff error so in in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word roundoff error so in in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word roundoff error so in in all the
+calculations you know in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know in all the
+calculations that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that you have to
+do to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get to
+you those row operations and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you those row operations and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you those row operations and you're
+doing them to the right side too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing them to the right side too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing them to the right side too and
+you're taking so all those are floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking so all those are floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking so all those are floating
+Point operations in which small errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point operations in which small errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point operations in which small errors
+are sneaking in and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sneaking in and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sneaking in and it was very
+unclear in the early years whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear in the early years whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear in the early years whether the
+millions and millions of operations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of operations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of operations that
+you do additions subtractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do additions subtractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do additions subtractions
+multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications
+by in in elimination do those could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in in elimination do those could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in in elimination do those could
+those like add up if if they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like add up if if they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those like add up if if they if they
+don't cancel you got problems right I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cancel you got problems right I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cancel you got problems right I if
+but you know there in general you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there in general you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there in general you would
+expect somehow that these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect somehow that these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect somehow that these are just
+roundoff errors you're making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors you're making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors you're making them
+millions and millions of times it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of times it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of times it would
+be pretty bad luck I mean like Red Sox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty bad luck I mean like Red Sox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty bad luck I mean like Red Sox
+12 inning bad luck to to uh have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 inning bad luck to to uh have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 inning bad luck to to uh have the uh
+have them pile up on you so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them pile up on you so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them pile up on you so you you
+don't expect that now what you do solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect that now what you do solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect that now what you do solve
+so what you what you actually compute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you what you actually compute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you what you actually compute so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exact this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computed let me suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed let me suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed let me suppose that the
+computed one is sort of a there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed one is sort of a there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed one is sort of a there's an
+error I'll call it Delta U that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'll call it Delta U that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'll call it Delta U that's that's
+our error and it's equal to an f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our error and it's equal to an f plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our error and it's equal to an f plus
+Delta f and this is this is the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f and this is this is the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f and this is this is the error
+that this is our roundoff error this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our roundoff error this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our roundoff error this is
+error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make and this is error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and this is error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and this is error in the
+answer in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay now I would like to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay now I would like to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay now I would like to have an
+error equation an equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error equation an equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error equation an equation for that
+error Delta U because that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Delta U because that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Delta U because that's what I'm
+trying to get an idea of no problem If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get an idea of no problem If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get an idea of no problem If I
+subtract the exact equation from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the exact equation from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the exact equation from this
+equation I have a simple error equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I have a simple error equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I have a simple error equation
+so this is my this is my error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay and that so that I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and that so that I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and that so that I can I
+want to compare this estimate the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare this estimate the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare this estimate the size
+of that error compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that error compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that error compared to the
+exact you you might say and you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact you you might say and you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact you you might say and you would be
+right and say saying well wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and say saying well wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and say saying well wait a minute
+as you as you uh do all these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you uh do all these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you uh do all these operations
+you're also creating errors in K so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also creating errors in K so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also creating errors in K so I
+could have a K plus a plus Delta K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a K plus a plus Delta K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a K plus a plus Delta K here
+too actually it wouldn't be difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too actually it wouldn't be difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too actually it wouldn't be difficult to
+deal with and would would certainly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with and would would certainly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with and would would certainly be
+there in a proper error analysis and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a proper error analysis and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a proper error analysis and it
+wouldn't make a big difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a big difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make a big difference the
+condition number would still be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number would still be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number would still be the
+right measure so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right measure so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right measure so let me let me
+concentrate here on the ER error in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate here on the ER error in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate here on the ER error in F
+when subtracting one from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when subtracting one from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when subtracting one from the other
+gives gives me this simple uh error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives me this simple uh error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives me this simple uh error
+equation okay so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so my question
+is when is that error Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when is that error Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when is that error Delta
+U big when do I get a large error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U big when do I get a large error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U big when do I get a large error and
+Delta F I'm not controlling I I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F I'm not controlling I I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F I'm not controlling I I might
+control the size but the details of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the size but the details of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the size but the details of it I
+can't know so what what Delta F and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know so what what Delta F and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't know so what what Delta F and now
+I'll take I'll take worst possible here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take I'll take worst possible here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take I'll take worst possible here
+what what suppose this is of some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what suppose this is of some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what suppose this is of some small
+size you know 10 the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you know 10 the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you know 10 the minus
+something times some Vector of errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times some Vector of errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times some Vector of errors
+and but I don't know anything about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I don't know anything about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I don't know anything about that
+vector and therefore I better take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and therefore I better take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and therefore I better take the
+worst possibility what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possibility what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possibility what would be the
+worst what would what right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst what would what right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst what would what right hand side
+would give me the biggest Delta U yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me the biggest Delta U yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me the biggest Delta U yeah
+maybe that's the right question to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the right question to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the right question to ask
+so now we're being a little pessimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're being a little pessimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're being a little pessimistic
+we're saying what what right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying what what right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying what what right hand side
+what what set of errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what set of errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what set of errors in the
+measurements or from the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or from the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or from the calculations
+would give me the largest Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if there so let's see do I want I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there so let's see do I want I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there so let's see do I want I'm
+thinking the worst case would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the worst case would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the worst case would be if
+Delta F was an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F was an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F was an igen
+Vector with the small EST IG value right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with the small EST IG value right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with the small EST IG value right
+if Delta f is an igen Vector is X1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta f is an igen Vector is X1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta f is an igen Vector is X1 the
+IG value the igen vector that goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value the igen vector that goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value the igen vector that goes with
+Lambda one suppose the the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda one suppose the the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda one suppose the the worst
+case worst would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case worst would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case worst would
+be would be for that to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be for that to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would be for that to be the first
+igen Vector that would be the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector that would be the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector that would be the worst
+direction of course it'll be multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of course it'll be multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of course it'll be multiplied
+by some little number let me Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some little number let me Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some little number let me Epsilon is
+every mathematician's idea of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every mathematician's idea of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every mathematician's idea of a little
+number Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Okay so
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+X1 then what is Delta U then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 then what is Delta U then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 then what is Delta U then the
+worst Delta U is what what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst Delta U is what what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst Delta U is what what would be the
+solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that
+equation if the right hand side was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if the right hand side was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if the right hand side was
+Epsilon and an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and an igen
+Vector then you this is the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector then you this is the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector then you this is the whole point
+of igen vectors you can tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of igen vectors you can tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of igen vectors you can tell me what the
+solution is is it along is it a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is is it along is it a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is is it along is it a multiple
+of that IG vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that IG vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that IG vector you
+bet if this is an IG Vector then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet if this is an IG Vector then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet if this is an IG Vector then I can
+put in the same igen Vector there I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the same igen Vector there I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the same igen Vector there I just
+have to scale it properly so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scale it properly so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to scale it properly so it'll be
+just this side and what's the what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need I think I just need Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 the worst K inverse can be is like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the worst K inverse can be is like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the worst K inverse can be is like 1
+over Lambda 1 right if I if I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda 1 right if I if I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda 1 right if I if I claim that
+that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer
+answer if the right hand side is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if the right hand side is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if the right hand side is sort of
+in the worst Direction then then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst Direction then then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst Direction then then the
+answer is that same right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that same right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that same right hand side
+divided by Lambda 1 because if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Lambda 1 because if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Lambda 1 because if I just
+let me just check if I multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check if I multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just check if I multiply both
+sides by K I have K Delta U equal K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by K I have K Delta U equal K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by K I have K Delta U equal K
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+kx1 everybody with me what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 everybody with me what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 everybody with me what's
+kx1 Lambda 1 X1 so the Lambda 1's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 Lambda 1 X1 so the Lambda 1's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx1 Lambda 1 X1 so the Lambda 1's
+canceled and I got the Epsilon X1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled and I got the Epsilon X1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled and I got the Epsilon X1 I
+wanted right so but no surprise that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted right so but no surprise that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted right so but no surprise that's
+just telling us that the worst error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us that the worst error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us that the worst error is
+an error in the direction of the low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error in the direction of the low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error in the direction of the low I
+vector and that error gets Amplified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that error gets Amplified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that error gets Amplified by
+one over Lambda 1 okay so that brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Lambda 1 okay so that brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Lambda 1 okay so that brought
+Lambda 1 Lambda Min into it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 Lambda Min into it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 Lambda Min into it in the
+denominator now here's another Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator now here's another Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator now here's another Point
+second point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point
+now so that would be the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that would be the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that would be the absolute
+error but we saw with those factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but we saw with those factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but we saw with those factors of
+two and 1 millionth and so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and 1 millionth and so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and 1 millionth and so on that
+really it was it's the relative error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was it's the relative error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was it's the relative error so
+we I want to I want to estimate not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I want to I want to estimate not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I want to I want to estimate not the
+absolute error Delta U but the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error Delta U but the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute error Delta U but the error
+Delta U relative to U itself so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U relative to U itself so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta U relative to U itself so that if
+I scaled the whole problem my relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scaled the whole problem my relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I scaled the whole problem my relative
+error wouldn't change so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error wouldn't change so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error wouldn't change so in other words
+what I want to do is ask in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is ask in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is ask in this
+case what what's the right hand side how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what what's the right hand side how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what what's the right hand side how
+big yeah no I want to know how small you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big yeah no I want to know how small you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big yeah no I want to know how small you
+could be right I want to I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be right I want to I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be right I want to I'm I'm
+shooting for the worst the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for the worst the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting for the worst the relative
+error is is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U is the size of U compared so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is the size of U compared so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is the size of U compared so maybe I
+should put it this way the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put it this way the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put it this way the relative
+error is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is the size of the
+error relative to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error relative to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error relative to the size of
+U and I want to know how big that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I want to know how big that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I want to know how big that could
+be okay so now I know how big Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so now I know how big Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so now I know how big Delta U
+could be it could be that big but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it could be that big but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it could be that big but you
+itself how big could you be how small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself how big could you be how small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself how big could you be how small
+could you be right 's in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you be right 's in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you be right 's in the denominator
+so if I'm trying to make this big I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to make this big I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm trying to make this big I'll
+try to make that small so when is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make that small so when is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make that small so when is you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+smallest over there I said when is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest over there I said when is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest over there I said when is Delta
+U the biggest now I'm going to say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the biggest now I'm going to say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the biggest now I'm going to say when
+is U the smallest what f would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U the smallest what f would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U the smallest what f would give me
+would give me uh point me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me uh point me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me uh point me in the
+direction in which U was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which U was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which U was the
+smallest got to be the other I Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest got to be the other I Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest got to be the other I Vector
+this end the worst the worst case would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end the worst the worst case would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end the worst the worst case would
+be when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when this is
+some when this is in the direction of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some when this is in the direction of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some when this is in the direction of xn
+the top I Vector in that case what is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm I'm saying the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm saying the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm saying the worst
+f is the one that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the one that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the one that makes you
+smallest and the worst Delta f is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest and the worst Delta f is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest and the worst Delta f is the
+one that makes Delta U biggest I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that makes Delta U biggest I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that makes Delta U biggest I'm I'm
+I'm going for the worst case here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going for the worst case here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going for the worst case here so if
+you if the right side is xn what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if the right side is xn what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if the right side is xn what is
+U xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U xn
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Lambda because when I multiply by k k *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because when I multiply by k k *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because when I multiply by k k *
+xn brings me a Lambda n cancels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn brings me a Lambda n cancels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn brings me a Lambda n cancels that
+Lambda n i get it right so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda n i get it right so there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda n i get it right so there is the
+smallest U and here is the largest Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest U and here is the largest Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest U and here is the largest Delta
+U and the Epsilon is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the Epsilon is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the Epsilon is coming from the
+method we use so that's not involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we use so that's not involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we use so that's not involved
+with the Matrix K so do you see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix K so do you see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Matrix K so do you see I'm
+there if I'm trying to estimate Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if I'm trying to estimate Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if I'm trying to estimate Delta U
+over U that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over U that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over U that's
+big Delta U over the size of Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Delta U over the size of Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Delta U over the size of Delta U
+over this the size of Delta U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this the size of Delta U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this the size of Delta U
+over the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the size of
+U is what Delta U has some Epsilon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is what Delta U has some Epsilon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is what Delta U has some Epsilon that
+that measures the machine number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures the machine number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures the machine number of
+digits we're keeping the accur the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits we're keeping the accur the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits we're keeping the accur the the
+the machine length word length and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine length word length and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine length word length and so on
+this is a unit Vector over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a unit Vector over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a unit Vector over Lambda
+1 that Delta U is over Lambda 1 this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that Delta U is over Lambda 1 this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that Delta U is over Lambda 1 this U
+is in the denominator Lambda n u is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the denominator Lambda n u is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the denominator Lambda n u is down
+here so the Lambda n flips up do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it by taking the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by taking the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by taking the worst
+case I've got the worst relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I've got the worst relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I've got the worst relative error
+so the in in for other other methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in in for other other methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in in for other other methods of
+other uh fs and Delta FS they won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh fs and Delta FS they won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh fs and Delta FS they won't be
+the very worst ones but here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very worst ones but here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very worst ones but here I've
+written down what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worst and that's the reason that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst and that's the reason that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst and that's the reason that this is
+the condition number the so I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number the so I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition number the so I'm speaking
+about uh sort of topics that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh sort of topics that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh sort of topics that are there
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1.7 trying to give you the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 trying to give you the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 trying to give you the main point
+the main point is look at relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is look at relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point is look at relative error
+because that's the right thing to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the right thing to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the right thing to look
+at look at the worst cases which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at look at the worst cases which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at look at the worst cases which are in
+the directions of the top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directions of the top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directions of the top and bottom
+igen vectors in that case that relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors in that case that relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors in that case that relative
+error has this condition number Lambda n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error has this condition number Lambda n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error has this condition number Lambda n
+over Lambda 1 and that's the the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda 1 and that's the the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda 1 and that's the the good
+measure for that that measures how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for that that measures how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for that that measures how
+singular The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular The Matrix
+is so 1 millionth of the identity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so 1 millionth of the identity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so 1 millionth of the identity is not
+a sing nearly singular Matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sing nearly singular Matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sing nearly singular Matrix because
+Lambda Max and Lambda Min are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max and Lambda Min are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Max and Lambda Min are equal
+that's a perfectly conditioned Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly conditioned Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a perfectly conditioned Matrix
+this Matrix has condition number two 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix has condition number two 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix has condition number two 4
+over two it's quite good this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two it's quite good this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two it's quite good this Matrix is
+getting worse with an n squar in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse with an n squar in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse with an n squar in there
+if n is big and uh other matrices would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is big and uh other matrices would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is big and uh other matrices would
+could be worse than that of course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be worse than that of course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be worse than that of course okay
+so that's that's uh my discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's uh my discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's uh my discussion of
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+number uh I have add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh I have add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh I have add one more
+thing these igen values were a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these igen values were a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing these igen values were a good
+measure when my Matrix was symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure when my Matrix was symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure when my Matrix was symmetric
+positive definite if I have if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite if I have if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite if I have if I have a
+matrix that I would never call k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I would never call k a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I would never call k a
+matrix like one one Z and a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that I would never write k for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that I would never write k for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that I would never write k for that
+like I would shoot myself first before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would shoot myself first before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would shoot myself first before
+writing K so what are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing K so what are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing K so what are the igen values
+Lambda Min and Lambda Max for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Min and Lambda Max for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Min and Lambda Max for that
+Matrix what are you up now on IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what are you up now on IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what are you up now on IG value
+we haven't done a lot of igen values but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done a lot of igen values but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done a lot of igen values but
+diagonal triangular matrices are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal triangular matrices are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal triangular matrices are really
+easy the igen values of that Matrix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the igen values of that Matrix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the igen values of that Matrix are
+one and one the condition number should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one the condition number should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one the condition number should
+not be one over one that would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be one over one that would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be one over one that would be like
+bad so instead I would if if this was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so instead I would if if this was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad so instead I would if if this was my
+Matrix and I wanted to know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I wanted to know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and I wanted to know its
+condition number what would I do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number what would I do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number what would I do what
+would the how would I Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the how would I Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the how would I Define the
+condition number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number of
+a you know what I do when whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know what I do when whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know what I do when whenever I
+have a matrix that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matrix that is not
+symmetric I get to a symmetric matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric I get to a symmetric matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric I get to a symmetric matrix by
+forming a transpose a I get to a k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a transpose a I get to a k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a transpose a I get to a k i
+take its condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its condition
+number by my formula which I like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number by my formula which I like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number by my formula which I like on the
+in the symmetric case and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symmetric case and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symmetric case and then I would
+take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root so that would be a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so that would be a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so that would be a pretty big
+number and for this for that Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and for this for that Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and for this for that Matrix a
+the the condition number of that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the condition number of that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the condition number of that Matrix
+a is up around 10 the 6 the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is up around 10 the 6 the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is up around 10 the 6 the condition
+number of that Matrix is up around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of that Matrix is up around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of that Matrix is up around 10
+the 6 even though its igen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 even though its igen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 even though its igen values are
+one and one because when I form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one because when I form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one because when I form a
+transpose a those igen values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a those igen values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a those igen values will
+jump all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump all
+over and then I'll probably probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then I'll probably probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then I'll probably probably I
+values this thing will have I values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this thing will have I values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this thing will have I values you
+know way up and uh the condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know way up and uh the condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know way up and uh the condition number
+will be high okay so that's a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be high okay so that's a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be high okay so that's a a little
+you you'll meet condition number mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll meet condition number mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll meet condition number mat lab
+shows it and you got you naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows it and you got you naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows it and you got you naturally
+wonder what is this well if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what is this well if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder what is this well if it's a
+positive definite matrix it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrix it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrix it's just the
+ratio Lambda Max to Lambda Min and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Lambda Max to Lambda Min and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Lambda Max to Lambda Min and it
+tells you as it gets bigger that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you as it gets bigger that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you as it gets bigger that means
+the Matrix is tougher to work with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is tougher to work with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is tougher to work with okay
+we have just five minutes left to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just five minutes left to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just five minutes left to say a
+few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about
+QR okay can I do that in just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR okay can I do that in just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR okay can I do that in just a few
+minutes um and and much more is in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um and and much more is in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um and and much more is in these
+in the codes okay what's the deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the codes okay what's the deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the codes okay what's the deal with
+QR I've got I'm starting with a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR I've got I'm starting with a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR I've got I'm starting with a matrix
+a okay start with a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay start with a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay start with a matrix a
+it's got let's take make it 2 by two a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got let's take make it 2 by two a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got let's take make it 2 by two a 2
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+two okay it's got a couple of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay it's got a couple of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay it's got a couple of columns
+can I draw them so it's got a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I draw them so it's got a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I draw them so it's got a column
+there that's its first column and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's its first column and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's its first column and it's
+got another column there maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another column there maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another column there maybe that's
+not a very well condition Matrix right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very well condition Matrix right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very well condition Matrix right
+those are The Columns of a plotted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are The Columns of a plotted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are The Columns of a plotted in
+the plane two space okay so now the gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane two space okay so now the gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane two space okay so now the gram
+Schmid idea is out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmid idea is out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmid idea is out of those
+columns get worth the normal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns get worth the normal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns get worth the normal column
+get from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a to
+Q so the gr Schmid idea is out of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so the gr Schmid idea is out of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so the gr Schmid idea is out of these
+two vectors two axes that are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors two axes that are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors two axes that are not that
+are too they're not at 90° produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too they're not at 90° produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too they're not at 90° produce
+vectors that are at 90° actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that are at 90° actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that are at 90° actually you can
+guess how you're going to do it how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how you're going to do it how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how you're going to do it how am I
+going to let me say okay I'll settle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let me say okay I'll settle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let me say okay I'll settle for
+that direction that could be my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction that could be my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction that could be my first
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+q1 what should be Q2 the other what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what should be Q2 the other what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 what should be Q2 the other what if
+if that direction G is the right one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that direction G is the right one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that direction G is the right one for
+q1 I say okay I'll take settle for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 I say okay I'll take settle for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 I say okay I'll take settle for that
+what's the Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Q2
+guy well what am I going to do what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well what am I going to do what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well what am I going to do what I
+mean Graham thought of it and Schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Graham thought of it and Schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Graham thought of it and Schmidt
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+it think Schmidt was a little later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think Schmidt was a little later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think Schmidt was a little later but
+it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+like that hard to think of it what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that hard to think of it what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that hard to think of it what what
+do you do here you could well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do here you could well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do here you could well we know
+how to do projections from this Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do projections from this Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do projections from this Le
+squares so suppose I yeah what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so suppose I yeah what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so suppose I yeah what am I
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+for yeah subtract off the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah subtract off the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah subtract off the projection
+right take take the projection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take take the projection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right take take the projection and
+subtract it off and and be left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it off and and be left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract it off and and be left with a
+component that's perpendicular so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's perpendicular so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's perpendicular so this
+will be the q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the q1
+direction and this will be this guy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this will be this guy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this will be this guy e
+that what we called e would tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we called e would tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we called e would tell me the
+Q2 Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 Direction and
+then we could make those into unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could make those into unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could make those into unit
+vectors and we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and we be
+golden right and if we did that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden right and if we did that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden right and if we did that we would
+discover that the the the the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the the the the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that the the the the original
+A1 A2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 A2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 A2 and
+A1 so this is the original First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so this is the original First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so this is the original First Column
+and the original second column would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original second column would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original second column would be
+the good q1 and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good q1 and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good q1 and the good
+Q2 times some Matrix R so here's our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 times some Matrix R so here's our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 times some Matrix R so here's our a
+equal QR it's your chance to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal QR it's your chance to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal QR it's your chance to see this
+second maj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second maj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second maj
+factorization of linear algebra Lu being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of linear algebra Lu being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of linear algebra Lu being
+the first QR being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first QR being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first QR being the
+second so what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so what's up
+well compare first columns first columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well compare first columns first columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well compare first columns first columns
+I didn't change direction so all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't change direction so all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't change direction so all I have
+is here is some scaling R11 0 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here is some scaling R11 0 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here is some scaling R11 0 some
+number times q1 is A1 that direction was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times q1 is A1 that direction was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times q1 is A1 that direction was
+fine the second Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the second Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the second Direction
+Q2 and A2 those those involve also A1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 and A2 those those involve also A1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 and A2 those those involve also A1 so
+there's an R12 and an R22 there did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R12 and an R22 there did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R12 and an R22 there did
+maybe I just the point was this came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just the point was this came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just the point was this came out
+triangular and that's what makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and that's what makes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and that's what makes things
+good it came out triangular because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it came out triangular because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it came out triangular because of
+the order that Graham and Schmidt work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that Graham and Schmidt work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that Graham and Schmidt work
+Graham and Schmidt settle the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham and Schmidt settle the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham and Schmidt settle the first one
+in the first Direction then they settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first Direction then they settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first Direction then they settle
+the first two in the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two in the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two in the first two
+directions if we were in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if we were in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if we were in three
+dimensions there'd be an A3 somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there'd be an A3 somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions there'd be an A3 somewhere
+here coming out of the board and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here coming out of the board and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here coming out of the board and then a
+the Q3 would come straight out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q3 would come straight out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q3 would come straight out of the
+board right you you can see if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right you you can see if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right you you can see if you just
+see that you get Gram smid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you get Gram smid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you get Gram smid
+completely A1 is there so is q1 A2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely A1 is there so is q1 A2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely A1 is there so is q1 A2 is
+there I've got a I've got to stay I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've got a I've got to stay I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've got a I've got to stay I'm in
+the board still in the plane of A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board still in the plane of A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board still in the plane of A1 and
+A2 is the plane of q1 and Q2 I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 is the plane of q1 and Q2 I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 is the plane of q1 and Q2 I'm just
+just getting right angles there Q A3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting right angles there Q A3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just getting right angles there Q A3 the
+third column in a 3X3 case is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column in a 3X3 case is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column in a 3X3 case is coming out
+at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+angle I want it I want Q3 to come out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I want it I want Q3 to come out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle I want it I want Q3 to come out at
+a 90° angle so that Q3 will involve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 90° angle so that Q3 will involve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 90° angle so that Q3 will involve some
+combination of the of of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the of of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the of of all the
+A's so if it was 3x3 this would grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's so if it was 3x3 this would grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's so if it was 3x3 this would grow to
+q1 Q2 Q3 and this would then have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 Q2 Q3 and this would then have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 Q2 Q3 and this would then have three
+guys in its third column but maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in its third column but maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in its third column but maybe you
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+picture so that's what Graham Schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so that's what Graham Schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so that's what Graham Schmidt
+achieves uh and the only I just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves uh and the only I just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves uh and the only I just can't
+let time run out without saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let time run out without saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let time run out without saying that
+this is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good
+way actually nobody thought there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way actually nobody thought there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way actually nobody thought there was a
+better one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one for
+centuy but then a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuy but then a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuy but then a guy named
+householder came up with a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+householder came up with a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+householder came up with a different way
+to get to and and a numerically little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to and and a numerically little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to and and a numerically little
+better way numerically little better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way numerically little better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way numerically little better way
+so so this is the Graham Schmidt way can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the Graham Schmidt way can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the Graham Schmidt way can
+I just put those words up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put those words up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put those words up here so
+there's the Graham Schmid the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Graham Schmid the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Graham Schmid the classical
+Graham Schmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmid
+idea which was what I described was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which was what I described was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which was what I described was the
+easy one easy to easy to describe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy one easy to easy to describe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy one easy to easy to describe and
+then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a
+method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method called
+householder how just named after him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+householder how just named after him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+householder how just named after him
+that that mat lab would follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that mat lab would follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that mat lab would follow that
+every good QR code now uses householder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every good QR code now uses householder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every good QR code now uses householder
+matrices it it it achieves the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it it it achieves the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it it it achieves the same
+result but and and if I had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but and and if I had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but and and if I had a little
+more time I could draw a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I could draw a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time I could draw a picture of what
+it does but there you go so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does but there you go so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does but there you go so that's uh
+that's my lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my lecture
+on my quick lecture on numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my quick lecture on numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my quick lecture on numerical linear
+algebra these two uh essential points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra these two uh essential points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra these two uh essential points
+and I'll see you this afternoon uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you this afternoon uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll see you this afternoon uh let
+me bring those quiz questions down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me bring those quiz questions down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me bring those quiz questions down again
+for any discussion about the quiz
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bp9QR86IQag.txt b/bp9QR86IQag.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7651de1ebcfe93c3362d5eae0c4d6d929b54c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bp9QR86IQag.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're well
+along our sequence of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along our sequence of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along our sequence of molecular
+information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer
+the thing that i want to talk with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i want to talk with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i want to talk with you
+about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now
+is kind of the culmination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the culmination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the culmination of
+information transfer and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information transfer and that is the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+of translation translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation translation
+refers to the process that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the process that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the process that produces
+protein from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein from
+an rna template if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rna template if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rna template if we think about
+dna replication and transcription they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication and transcription they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna replication and transcription they
+are in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a way
+quite similar dna replication is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar dna replication is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar dna replication is just
+copying one language into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying one language into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying one language into the same
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+transcription is kind of like changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription is kind of like changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription is kind of like changing
+fonts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts
+in your word document you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your word document you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your word document you go from
+calibri to georgia the letters are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibri to georgia the letters are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibri to georgia the letters are the
+same you can recognize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can recognize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can recognize them
+there's a you the ut thing but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you the ut thing but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you the ut thing but otherwise
+the letters are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters are the same
+you're in the same language with rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the same language with rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the same language with rna
+transcription from dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription from dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription from dna
+translation is different we're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is different we're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation is different we're producing
+a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein
+here that's made of amino acids its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's made of amino acids its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's made of amino acids its own
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+from a different language the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different language the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a different language the language
+of nucleic acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleic acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nucleic acids
+and that sense of how does nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sense of how does nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sense of how does nucleic acid
+encode protein a different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode protein a different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode protein a different language
+was a huge question for early molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge question for early molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge question for early molecular
+biologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+this process is done in the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is done in the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is done in the cytoplasm
+unlike dna replication and transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike dna replication and transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike dna replication and transcription
+which are done in the nucleus and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are done in the nucleus and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are done in the nucleus and it
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+the genetic code we'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code we'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code we'll write down
+what the genetic code is and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the genetic code is and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the genetic code is and then we'll
+do some explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some explanation
+the genetic code refers to triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code refers to triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code refers to triplets
+three sets of three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of three of
+rna bases each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna bases each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna bases each of which
+each triplet encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each triplet encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each triplet encodes
+one amino acid these triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one amino acid these triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one amino acid these triplets
+are called codons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called codons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called codons and
+each encodes an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each encodes an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each encodes an amino acid
+the process requires lots of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process requires lots of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process requires lots of components
+the key ones are a kind of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ones are a kind of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key ones are a kind of rna
+called trna or transfer rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trna or transfer rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trna or transfer rna
+and also the organelles called ribosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the organelles called ribosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the organelles called ribosomes
+that we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mentioned
+when we flew through the cell and listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we flew through the cell and listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we flew through the cell and listed
+the organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organelles
+i will also mention that the kind of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will also mention that the kind of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will also mention that the kind of rna
+that is used for translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used for translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is used for translation
+is a special rna called messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special rna called messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special rna called messenger rna
+or m rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m rna
+and that is the protein coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the protein coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the protein coding
+type of rna the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rna the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of rna the rna
+is red five prime to three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red five prime to three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red five prime to three prime
+and the protein is made from the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein is made from the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the protein is made from the amino
+to the carboxyl end the rna is read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carboxyl end the rna is read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carboxyl end the rna is read
+five prime to three prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime and the
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+is made from amino to carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from amino to carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made from amino to carboxy
+end okay let's look at a slide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay let's look at a slide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay let's look at a slide here
+this is what the genetic code looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the genetic code looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the genetic code looks like
+you always see it as a kind of table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always see it as a kind of table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always see it as a kind of table
+and there are three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three parts
+to every codon these are the triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every codon these are the triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every codon these are the triplets
+g-u-u g-u-c g-u-a-g-u-g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-u-u g-u-c g-u-a-g-u-g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-u-u g-u-c g-u-a-g-u-g
+those all encode the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all encode the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all encode the amino acid
+valine aug very important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine aug very important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valine aug very important one
+encodes methionine all proteins start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes methionine all proteins start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes methionine all proteins start
+with that you'll see why in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you'll see why in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you'll see why in a moment
+and then there are some codons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some codons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some codons that
+don't code for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't code for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't code for anything
+they're uaa uag and uga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uaa uag and uga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uaa uag and uga
+those stop protein synthesis and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stop protein synthesis and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stop protein synthesis and we'll
+talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those
+more in a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a moment so
+let's carry on with some board work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lay out a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lay out a bit more about
+how translation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in any kind of language change you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any kind of language change you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any kind of language change you need
+an interpreter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpreter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpreter
+you need someone who understands both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need someone who understands both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need someone who understands both
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+you need something in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need something in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need something in the case of
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+that understands both the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understands both the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that understands both the language of
+the nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleic acid
+and the language of the protein and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of the protein and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the language of the protein and as
+we started alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started alluding to
+this has got something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got something to do with the
+codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons
+that encode each amino acid but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode each amino acid but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode each amino acid but the
+interpreter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter
+is this type of rna called trna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this type of rna called trna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this type of rna called trna
+small rnas that are present throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rnas that are present throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rnas that are present throughout
+living cells and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells and those
+are really the interpreters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the interpreters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the interpreters
+for translation so trna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for translation so trna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for translation so trna
+is the interpreter and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interpreter and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the interpreter and it's the
+interpreter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter
+for two reasons firstly it recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons firstly it recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons firstly it recognizes
+codons on the mrna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons on the mrna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons on the mrna
+a trna has got something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trna has got something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trna has got something called
+an anticodon that base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anticodon that base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anticodon that base pairs
+with a codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a codon
+on the mrna for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mrna for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mrna for example
+if this is an mrna codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is an mrna codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is an mrna codon
+it goes 5 prime a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes 5 prime a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes 5 prime a u
+g 3 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g 3 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g 3 prime
+you know it's rna because of that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's rna because of that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's rna because of that u
+the would have the complement of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would have the complement of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would have the complement of that
+three prime t a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime t a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime t a c
+not t ah u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not t ah u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not t ah u
+a c and five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and five prime
+because it's also rna this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also rna this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also rna this would be
+the codon on the mrna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codon on the mrna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codon on the mrna
+and the anticodon on the trna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anticodon on the trna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the anticodon on the trna
+they can base pair with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can base pair with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can base pair with one another
+so trnas will base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trnas will base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trnas will base pair
+three nucleotides at a time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nucleotides at a time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nucleotides at a time to
+the messenger rna that's part of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger rna that's part of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger rna that's part of being
+interpreters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters
+the other part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part is that
+trnas also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trnas also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trnas also
+carry the corresponding amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the corresponding amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the corresponding amino acid
+that is covalently bonded to the trna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is covalently bonded to the trna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is covalently bonded to the trna
+very cool for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool for example
+for this particular codon for the mrna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular codon for the mrna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular codon for the mrna
+five prime aug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime aug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime aug
+this encodes the amino acid methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encodes the amino acid methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encodes the amino acid methionine
+and a particular trna that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particular trna that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a particular trna that has
+the anticodon five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticodon five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticodon five prime
+cau also carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cau also carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cau also carries
+methionine methionine is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine methionine is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine methionine is kind of
+interesting because it's the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's the amino acid
+that all proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all proteins
+start with i'll make a note of it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with i'll make a note of it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with i'll make a note of it down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+methionine is the starting amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine is the starting amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine is the starting amino acid
+so let's think how this works let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think how this works let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think how this works let's
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+a small piece of nucleic acid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small piece of nucleic acid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small piece of nucleic acid and then
+turn it into protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into protein
+let's write five prime aug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write five prime aug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write five prime aug
+aaa and a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaa and a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaa and a c
+u three prime this is our messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we look at our messenger rna the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at our messenger rna the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at our messenger rna the
+first thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to do
+is to break it into codons i like to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break it into codons i like to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break it into codons i like to put
+a slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slash
+you can underline them if you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can underline them if you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can underline them if you want but
+we can put a slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put a slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put a slash
+will break our messenger rna sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break our messenger rna sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break our messenger rna sequence
+into codons then we can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into codons then we can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into codons then we can start thinking
+about what amino acids correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what amino acids correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what amino acids correspond to
+those codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codons
+so codon 1 will correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so codon 1 will correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so codon 1 will correspond
+to methionine codon 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to methionine codon 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to methionine codon 2
+corresponds to lysine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to lysine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to lysine and
+codon 3 corresponds to threonine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon 3 corresponds to threonine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon 3 corresponds to threonine
+these are the three amino the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three amino the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three amino the three
+letter codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter codes
+for the amino acids the way translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amino acids the way translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amino acids the way translation
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+is that you start at methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you start at methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you start at methionine
+that is your start signal you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your start signal you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your start signal you read
+the mrna code without spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mrna code without spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mrna code without spaces
+and you keep translating until you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep translating until you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep translating until you come
+to a stop codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a stop codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a stop codon
+the name there is a bit misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name there is a bit misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name there is a bit misleading
+because they're not actually codons they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not actually codons they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're not actually codons they
+don't code for any amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't code for any amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't code for any amino acid
+that's why they stop translation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they stop translation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they stop translation the
+whole thing falls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing falls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing falls apart
+the ribosome falls apart the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome falls apart the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome falls apart the protein
+comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off
+the ribosome and you're done when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome and you're done when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome and you're done when you
+get to a stop codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a stop codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a stop codon
+so stop codons do not code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stop codons do not code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stop codons do not code
+and they end translation that is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end translation that is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they end translation that is their
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+let's look again at the genetic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look again at the genetic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look again at the genetic code
+bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing
+what i've told you in mind the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've told you in mind the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've told you in mind the way it is
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+is with the first letter it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the first letter it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the first letter it's actually
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+nucleotide the first base the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide the first base the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide the first base the second
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+and the third letter as indicated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third letter as indicated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third letter as indicated so the
+first letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter
+here all of these start with an a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these start with an a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these start with an a the
+second letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter
+all of them start with a u and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them start with a u and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them start with a u and the third
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+is different you can see that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different you can see that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different you can see that for some
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+there are a number of possibilities this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of possibilities this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of possibilities this
+one here called isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here called isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here called isoleucine
+has a number of possibilities it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of possibilities it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of possibilities it has
+three possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possibilities
+this one here threonine has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here threonine has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here threonine has
+again a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a number of different
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+methionine has just one possible codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine has just one possible codon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine has just one possible codon
+okay for each of these codons again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for each of these codons again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for each of these codons again
+there's a matching trna that carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching trna that carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matching trna that carries the
+right amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amino acid
+and recognizes the correct codon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's look how we go from dna to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look how we go from dna to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look how we go from dna to
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+here's a dna template i'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a dna template i'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a dna template i'm showing you
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+one strand of the dna template i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand of the dna template i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand of the dna template i've
+taken away the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away the other one
+the three prime to five prime strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime to five prime strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime to five prime strand
+it is translated it is transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is translated it is transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is translated it is transcribed
+excuse me into rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me into rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me into rna
+in the antiparallel direction five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the antiparallel direction five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the antiparallel direction five
+prime to three prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three prime and
+i'm telling you that it is messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you that it is messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you that it is messenger rna
+and it's coding rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's coding rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's coding rna
+and i've broken it up now into codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each of those codons then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those codons then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those codons then
+corresponds to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a particular
+amino acid so transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid so transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid so transcription
+is going in the five prime to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the five prime to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the five prime to three
+prime direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime direction
+as all nucleic acid synthesis does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all nucleic acid synthesis does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all nucleic acid synthesis does
+protein synthesis goes in the amino to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis goes in the amino to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis goes in the amino to
+carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy
+direction as we discussed and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as we discussed and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as we discussed and you can
+match this all up to go from the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this all up to go from the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this all up to go from the dna
+template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+to the corresponding complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the corresponding complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the corresponding complementary
+rna and the corresponding protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and the corresponding protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna and the corresponding protein
+that would be translated from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be translated from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be translated from that
+particular rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular rna
+we're not going to go into detail of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go into detail of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to go into detail of how
+ribosomes work and the exquisitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes work and the exquisitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes work and the exquisitely
+complicated beautiful process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated beautiful process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated beautiful process
+of translation in the same way as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation in the same way as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation in the same way as we
+haven't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't for
+replication or transcription the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication or transcription the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication or transcription the idea is
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+get the basics you get the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the basics you get the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the basics you get the general idea
+of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation
+and when you take a higher level course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you take a higher level course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you take a higher level course
+you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to
+understand a lot more of the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot more of the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot more of the details but
+the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here
+is just as we've shown the messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as we've shown the messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as we've shown the messenger rna
+five prime to three prime the trnas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime the trnas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime the trnas the
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+um anticodons indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anticodons indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anticodons indicated
+that have their five prime to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have their five prime to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have their five prime to three
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+their their anti parallel bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their anti parallel bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their anti parallel bonding
+to particular codons on the messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular codons on the messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular codons on the messenger
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+and are also carrying the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are also carrying the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are also carrying the corresponding
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+coming in sequentially into the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in sequentially into the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in sequentially into the ribosome
+as the amino acids are brought next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the amino acids are brought next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the amino acids are brought next to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+by virtue of the trnas they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of the trnas they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of the trnas they form
+peptide bonds between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bonds between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bonds between them
+and voila you get the protein chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila you get the protein chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila you get the protein chain
+that is busy growing from amino to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is busy growing from amino to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is busy growing from amino to
+carboxy end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you now to go to the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you now to go to the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you now to go to the assignment
+that has to do with translation and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with translation and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with translation and get
+some good practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good practice
+on how you go from rna to protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you go from rna to protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you go from rna to protein
+and from gene to protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c-BLp-585aU.txt b/c-BLp-585aU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e19a9ef62f2c1758f75e04a7f4daa105a447684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c-BLp-585aU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have just seen that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have just seen that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have just seen that if we
+have a single recurrent class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single recurrent class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single recurrent class which is
+not periodic then the Markov chain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not periodic then the Markov chain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not periodic then the Markov chain which
+is steady state and the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state and the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state and the steady state
+probabilities satisfy the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities satisfy the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities satisfy the following
+system of equations this equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations this equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations this equations are
+central in a study of Markov chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central in a study of Markov chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central in a study of Markov chains and
+they have a name they are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a name they are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a name they are called the
+balance equations in fact it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equations in fact it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance equations in fact it's worth
+looking at them in a somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them in a somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at them in a somewhat different
+way than how we introduce them so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than how we introduce them so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than how we introduce them so far
+using a frequency interpretation along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a frequency interpretation along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a frequency interpretation along
+the way it will shed some light on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it will shed some light on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it will shed some light on how
+or why they are called balance equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why they are called balance equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why they are called balance equations
+intuitively what can sometimes think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what can sometimes think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what can sometimes think of
+probabilities as frequencies for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as frequencies for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as frequencies for example
+if we keep tossing a fair coin which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep tossing a fair coin which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep tossing a fair coin which has
+a priority half of heads then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority half of heads then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority half of heads then in the
+long run half of the time we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run half of the time we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run half of the time we are going
+to see heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see heads
+so let us try interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us try interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us try interpretation of this
+kind for PI of J the steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind for PI of J the steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind for PI of J the steady-state
+priority of state J imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of state J imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of state J imagine the
+evolution of a Markov chain as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a Markov chain as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a Markov chain as a
+particle jumping from state to state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle jumping from state to state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle jumping from state to state and
+imagine the observer at a given state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the observer at a given state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the observer at a given state to
+imagine that you have an observer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have an observer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you have an observer here
+even state J and imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even state J and imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even state J and imagine that this
+observer will keep counting every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer will keep counting every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer will keep counting every time
+the particle visits the state J so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle visits the state J so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle visits the state J so you
+have this observer keeping track every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this observer keeping track every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this observer keeping track every
+time the particle is in state J and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the particle is in state J and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the particle is in state J and keep
+recording so for example we might recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so for example we might recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so for example we might recall
+it time to it so it's time for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it time to it so it's time for eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it time to it so it's time for eight
+maybe n and you can look at the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe n and you can look at the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe n and you can look at the total
+number of time this observer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of time this observer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of time this observer so the
+particle being in jail and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being in jail and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle being in jail and you can
+define it let's call it Y of J of n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it let's call it Y of J of n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it let's call it Y of J of n so
+why J of n represent the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why J of n represent the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why J of n represent the total number of
+ones that you have up to time n so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you have up to time n so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you have up to time n so it's
+total number so we divide by n to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number so we divide by n to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number so we divide by n to have
+the frequency so here that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency so here that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency so here that would be the
+frequency of time this observer saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of time this observer saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of time this observer saw the
+particle in state J up to time n well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state J up to time n well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state J up to time n well
+when n is very very large so an odd that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is very very large so an odd that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is very very large so an odd that
+frequency approaches PI of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency approaches PI of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency approaches PI of J
+in fact we can make it more rigorous by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we can make it more rigorous by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we can make it more rigorous by
+saying that that converges to PI of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that converges to PI of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that converges to PI of G
+when n goes to infinity in a rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity in a rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity in a rigorous
+fashion that we will not discuss here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that we will not discuss here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion that we will not discuss here so
+we have now a frequentist interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a frequentist interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a frequentist interpretation
+of PI of G now let us think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PI of G now let us think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PI of G now let us think about a
+frequency interpretation of transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interpretation of transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency interpretation of transitions
+from one to G so again you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to G so again you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to G so again you have a new
+observer and this observer look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and this observer look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and this observer look at it
+here and every time the virtual pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and every time the virtual pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and every time the virtual pass
+here our input a one so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here our input a one so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here our input a one so for example
+maybe one here and here so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one here and here so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one here and here so if you think
+about it you're looking at from 1 to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you're looking at from 1 to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you're looking at from 1 to J
+and of n that would be the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of n that would be the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of n that would be the total number
+of ones that you observe here at time N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones that you observe here at time N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones that you observe here at time N
+and if you divide by n that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide by n that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide by n that's the
+frequency and so what is this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so what is this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so what is this frequency
+well let's look at it this way so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at it this way so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at it this way so how
+often do we have such a transition well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do we have such a transition well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do we have such a transition well
+a fraction PI one of the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction PI one of the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction PI one of the time the
+particle is in state 1 and whenever at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is in state 1 and whenever at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is in state 1 and whenever at
+state 1 there is going to be a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 there is going to be a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 there is going to be a priority
+p1j of going there there might be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1j of going there there might be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1j of going there there might be other
+ways to go but out of all the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go but out of all the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go but out of all the time the
+particle in state 1 the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state 1 the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in state 1 the frequency of
+time it will transition to J will be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it will transition to J will be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it will transition to J will be by
+1 J so out of all possible transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 J so out of all possible transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 J so out of all possible transitions
+that can happen the fraction of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen the fraction of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen the fraction of these
+transitions that will happen from 1 to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that will happen from 1 to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that will happen from 1 to J
+will be PI 1 times P 1 J again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be PI 1 times P 1 J again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be PI 1 times P 1 J again this is
+when n is large and this can be make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is large and this can be make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is large and this can be make
+more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous
+now what's the toll frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the toll frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the toll frequency of
+transitions into state J so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions into state J so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions into state J so these are
+transition living these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition living these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition living these are the
+transition of interest here so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of interest here so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of interest here so think
+about a third observer looking here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third observer looking here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third observer looking here and
+recording every time the particle go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording every time the particle go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording every time the particle go
+through here here here over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here here here over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here here here over here
+so what is the frequency of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the frequency of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the frequency of transition
+here well it will be the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it will be the sum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well it will be the sum of all the
+possible transition that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transition that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible transition that we have
+observed there and so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed there and so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed there and so this is going to
+be this and that corresponds to this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this and that corresponds to this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this and that corresponds to this now
+the last step of the argument is to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step of the argument is to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step of the argument is to see
+that the particle is in state J if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the particle is in state J if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the particle is in state J if and
+only if the last transition was into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if the last transition was into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if the last transition was into
+stage a and this explained that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage a and this explained that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage a and this explained that this
+part which we have calculated here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we have calculated here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which we have calculated here will
+be the same as this one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as this one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as this one and that
+explained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that
+so this equation expresses exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation expresses exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation expresses exactly the
+statement that we made that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we made that's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that we made that's useful
+intuition to have and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to have and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to have and we are going to
+see an example later on how it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example later on how it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example later on how it gives us
+shortcuts into analyzing Markov chains
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c6jKux_RkqI.txt b/c6jKux_RkqI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e0a25f421889b7af44ce4921ecdeed77ae2eae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c6jKux_RkqI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2017 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Over the past
+several lectures, we've
+
+developed a representation for
+linear time-invariant systems.
+
+A particularly important set of
+systems, which are linear
+
+and time-invariant, are those
+that are represented by linear
+
+constant-coefficient
+differential equations in
+
+continuous time or linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+difference equations
+in discrete time.
+
+For example, electrical circuits
+that are built, let's
+
+say, out of resistors,
+inductors, and capacitors,
+
+perhaps with op-amps, correspond
+to systems
+
+described by differential
+equations.
+
+Mechanical systems with
+springs and dashpots,
+
+likewise, are described by
+differential equations.
+
+And in the discrete-time case,
+things such as moving average
+
+filters, digital filters, and
+most simple kinds of data
+
+smoothing are all linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+difference equations.
+
+Now, presumably in a previous
+course, you've had some
+
+exposure to differential
+equations for continuous time,
+
+and their solution using
+notions like particular
+
+solution, and homogeneous
+solution, initial
+
+conditions, et cetera.
+
+Later on in the course, when
+we've developed the concept of
+
+the Fourier transform after
+that, the Laplace transform,
+
+we'll see some very efficient
+and useful ways of generating
+
+solutions, both for
+differential
+
+and difference equations.
+
+At this point, however, I'd like
+to just introduce linear
+
+constant-coefficient
+differential equations and
+
+their discrete-time
+counterpart.
+
+And address, among other things,
+the issue of when they
+
+do and don't correspond to
+linear time-invariant systems.
+
+Well, let's first consider
+what I refer to as an
+
+nth-order linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+differential equation, as
+I've indicated here.
+
+And what it consists of is
+a linear combination of
+
+derivatives of the system
+output, y(t), equal to a
+
+linear combination of
+derivatives of the system
+
+input x(t).
+
+And it's referred to as a
+constant-coefficient equation,
+
+of course, because the
+coefficients are constant.
+
+In other words, not assumed
+to be time-varying.
+
+And it's referred to as linear
+because it corresponds to a
+
+linear combination of these
+derivatives, not because it
+
+corresponds to a
+linear system.
+
+And, in fact, as we'll see,
+or as I'll indicate, this
+
+equation may or may
+not, in fact,
+
+correspond to a linear system.
+
+In the discrete-time case, the
+corresponding equation is a
+
+linear constant-coefficient
+difference equation.
+
+And that corresponds to, again,
+a linear combination of
+
+delayed versions of the output
+equal to a linear combination
+
+of delayed versions
+of the input.
+
+This equation is referred to an
+
+nth-order difference equation.
+
+The n referring to the number
+of delays of the output
+
+involved, just as an Nth-order
+differential equation, the n
+
+or the order of the equation
+refers to the number of
+
+derivatives of the output.
+
+Now, let's first begin with
+linear constant-coefficient
+
+differential equations.
+
+And the basic point of the
+solution for the differential
+
+equations is the fact that if
+we've generated some solution,
+
+which I refer to here as y_p(t),
+some solution to the
+
+equation for a given input,
+then, in fact, we can add to
+
+that solution any other solution
+which satisfies
+
+what's referred to as the
+homogeneous equation.
+
+So in fact, this differential
+equation by itself is not a
+
+unique specification
+of the system.
+
+If I have any solution, then I
+can add to that solution any
+
+other solution which satisfies
+the homogeneous equation, and
+
+the sum of those two will
+likewise be a solution.
+
+And that's very straightforward
+to verify.
+
+By simply substituting into the
+differential equation, the
+
+sum of a particular and the
+homogeneous solution, and what
+
+you'll see is that the
+homogeneous contribution, in
+
+fact, goes to zero by definition
+of what we mean by
+
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+Now, the homogeneous solution
+for a linear
+
+constant-coefficient
+differential equation is of
+
+the form that I indicate
+at the bottom.
+
+And it typically consists of a
+sum of N complex exponentials.
+
+And the constants are
+undetermined by
+
+the equation itself.
+
+And this form for the
+homogeneous solution, in
+
+essence, drops out of examining
+the homogeneous
+
+equation, where if we assume
+that the form of the
+
+homogeneous solution is a
+complex exponential with some
+
+unspecified amplitude and
+unspecified exponent.
+
+If we substitute this into our
+homogeneous equation, we end
+
+up with the equation that
+I've indicated here.
+
+The factor A and the e^(st) can
+in fact be canceled out,
+
+and we find that that equation
+is satisfied
+
+for N values of s.
+
+And that's true no matter what
+choice is made for these
+
+coefficients.
+
+And the essential consequence
+of all of that is that the
+
+homogeneous solution is of
+the form that I indicated
+
+previously.
+
+Namely it consists of a sum of
+N complex exponentials, where
+
+the coefficients, the N
+coefficients, attach to each
+
+of those complex exponential
+is undetermined or
+
+unspecified.
+
+So what this says is that in
+order to obtain the solution
+
+for a linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+differential equation, we need
+some kind of auxiliary
+
+information that tells us
+is how to obtain these N
+
+undetermined constants.
+
+And there are variety of ways
+of specifying this auxiliary
+
+information or auxiliary
+conditions.
+
+For example, in addition to
+the differential equation,
+
+what I can tell you is the value
+of the output and N - 1
+
+of its derivatives, at some
+specified time, t_0.
+
+And so the differential equation
+together with the
+
+auxiliary information, the
+initial conditions, then lets
+
+you determine the total
+solution, which namely lets
+
+you determine these
+previously-unspecified
+
+coefficients in the homogeneous
+solution.
+
+Now, depending on how the
+auxiliary information is
+
+stated or what auxiliary
+information is available, the
+
+system may or may not correspond
+to a linear system,
+
+and may or may not correspond
+to a linear
+
+time-invariant system.
+
+One essential condition for it
+to correspond to a linear
+
+system is that the initial
+conditions must be 0.
+
+And one can see the reason for
+that, if we refer back to the
+
+previous lecture in which we saw
+that for a linear system,
+
+if we put 0 in, we get 0 out.
+
+So if x(t), the input, is
+0, the output must be 0.
+
+And so that, in essence, tells
+us that, at least for the
+
+system to be linear, these
+initial conditions must be 0.
+
+Now, beyond that, if we want
+the system to be causal and
+
+linear and time-invariant, then
+what's required on the
+
+initial conditions is that they
+be consistent with what's
+
+referred to as initial rest.
+
+Initial rest says that the
+output must be 0 up until the
+
+time that the input
+becomes non-zero.
+
+And we can see, of course, that
+that's consistent with
+
+the notion of causality,
+as we talked about in
+
+the previous lecture.
+
+And it's relatively
+straightforward to see that if
+
+the system is causal and linear
+and time-invariant,
+
+that will require
+initial rest.
+
+It's somewhat more difficult
+to see that if we specify
+
+initial rest, then that, in
+fact, is sufficient to
+
+determine that the system is
+both causal and linear and
+
+time invariant.
+
+But the essential point then
+is that it requires initial
+
+rest for both linearity
+and causality.
+
+OK, well, let's look at an
+example, and let's take the
+
+example of a first-order
+differential equation, as I've
+
+indicated here.
+
+So we have a first-order
+differential equation, dy(t) /
+
+dt + ay(t) is the input x(t).
+
+And let's first look at what
+the homogeneous solution of
+
+this equation is.
+
+And so, we consider the
+homogeneous equation, namely
+
+the equation that specifies
+solutions, which would
+
+correspond to 0 input.
+
+We, in essence, guess, or impose
+a solution of the form.
+
+The homogeneous solution is an
+amplitude factor times a
+
+complex exponential.
+
+Substituting this into the
+homogeneous equation, we then
+
+get the equation that
+I've indicated here.
+
+What you can see is that in this
+equation, I can cancel
+
+out the amplitude factor and
+this complex exponential.
+
+So let's just cancel those out
+on both sides of the equation.
+
+And what we're left with is an
+equation that specifies what
+
+the complex exponent must be.
+
+In particular, for the
+homogeneous solution, s must
+
+be equal to -a, and so finally,
+our homogeneous
+
+solution is as I've
+indicated here.
+
+Now, let's look at the solution
+for a specific input.
+
+Let's consider, for example,
+an input which is
+
+a scaled unit step.
+
+And although I won't work out
+the solution in detail and
+
+perhaps using what you've worked
+on previously, you know
+
+how to carry out the
+solution for that.
+
+A solution with a step input is
+what I've indicated here: a
+
+scalar, 1 minus an exponential,
+
+times a unit step.
+
+And you can verify that simply
+by substituting into the
+
+differential equation.
+
+Now, we know that there's
+a family of solutions.
+
+In other words, any solution
+with a homogeneous solution
+
+added to it, is, again,
+a solution.
+
+And so if we consider the
+solution that I just
+
+indicated, we generate the
+entire family of solutions by
+
+adding a homogeneous solution
+to it, and so this then
+
+corresponds to the entire family
+of solutions, where the
+
+constant A is unspecified so
+far, and needs to be specified
+
+through some type of auxiliary
+conditions.
+
+Now, a class of auxiliary
+conditions is the condition of
+
+initial rest, which as I
+indicated before, is
+
+equivalent to the statement that
+the system is causal and
+
+linear and time-invariant.
+
+And in that case, for the
+initial rest condition, we
+
+would then require in this
+equation above that this
+
+constant be equal to 0.
+
+And so finally, the response
+to a scaled step--
+
+if the system is to correspond
+to a causal linear
+
+time-invariant system, is then
+just this term, namely, a
+
+constant times 1 minus an
+exponential, times the step.
+
+Now, if the system is a linear
+time-invariant system, it can,
+
+as we know, be described through
+its impulse response.
+
+And as you've worked out
+previously in the video course
+
+manual, for a linear
+time-invariant system, the
+
+impulse response is the
+
+derivative of the step response.
+
+And just to quickly remind
+you of where that
+
+result comes from.
+
+In essence, we can consider
+two linear time-invariant
+
+systems in cascade, one a
+differentiator, the other the
+
+system that we're talking
+about described by the
+
+differential equation.
+
+And a step in here then
+generates an impulse into our
+
+system, and out comes the
+impulse response.
+
+Well, just using the fact that
+these are both linear
+
+time-invariant systems, and they
+can be cascaded in either
+
+order, then means that if we
+have the step response to our
+
+system, and that goes through
+the differentiator, what must
+
+come out, again, is the
+impulse response.
+
+So differentiating the
+step response, we
+
+get the impulse response.
+
+Here again, is the step response
+as we just worked it
+
+out, this time for
+a unit step.
+
+If we differentiate, we have
+then, since the step response
+
+is the product of two terms, the
+derivative of a product is
+
+the sum of the derivatives.
+
+And carrying that algebra
+through, and using the fact
+
+that the derivative of the step
+is an impulse, finally we
+
+come down to this statement
+for the impulse response.
+
+And then recognizing
+that this is a time
+
+function times an impulse.
+
+And we know that if a time
+function times an impulse
+
+takes on the value at the time
+that the impulse occurs, then
+
+this term is simply 0.
+
+And the impulse response
+then finally is an
+
+exponential of this form.
+
+And this is the decaying
+exponential for a-positive,
+
+it's a growing exponential
+for a-negative.
+
+And recall that, as we talked
+about previously, a linear
+
+time-invariant system is stable
+if its impulse response
+
+is absolutely integrable.
+
+For this particular case, this
+impulse response is absolutely
+
+integrable provided that the
+exponential factor a is
+
+greater than 0.
+
+Okay, so what we've seen then is
+the impulse response for a
+
+system described by a linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+differential equation, where in
+addition, we would impose
+
+causality, linearity, and
+time-invariance, essentially,
+
+through the initial conditions
+of initial rest.
+
+Now, pretty much the same kinds
+of things happen with
+
+difference equations as we've
+gone through with
+
+differential equations.
+
+In particular, again, let me
+remind you of the form of an
+
+Nth order linear constant
+
+coefficient difference equation.
+
+It's as I indicate here.
+
+And, again, a linear
+combination, this time of
+
+delayed versions of the output
+equal to a linear combination
+
+of delayed versions
+of the input.
+
+Once again, difference equation
+is not a complete
+
+specification of the system
+because we can add to the
+
+response any homogeneous
+solution.
+
+In other words, any solution
+that satisfies the homogeneous
+
+equation and the sum of those
+will also satisfy the original
+
+difference equation.
+
+So if we have a particular
+response that satisfies the
+
+difference equation, then adding
+to that any response
+
+that is a solution to the
+homogeneous equation will also
+
+be a solution to the
+total equation.
+
+The homogeneous solution, again,
+is of the form of a
+
+linear combination
+of exponentials.
+
+Here, we have the homogeneous
+equation.
+
+As with differential equations,
+we can guess or
+
+impose solutions of the form
+A times an exponential.
+
+When we substitute this into the
+homogeneous equation, we
+
+then end up with the equation
+that I've indicated here.
+
+We recognize again that A, the
+amplitude, and z^n, this
+
+exponential factor,
+cancel out.
+
+And so this equation is
+satisfied for any values of z
+
+that satisfy this equation.
+
+And there are N roots,
+z_1 through z_N.
+
+And so finally, the form for the
+homogeneous solution is a
+
+linear combination of capital N
+exponentials, where capital
+
+N is the order of
+the equation.
+
+With each of those exponentials,
+the amplitude
+
+factor is undetermined and needs
+to be determined in some
+
+way through the imposition of
+appropriate initial conditions
+
+or boundary conditions.
+
+So the general form then for the
+solution to the difference
+
+equation is a sum of
+exponentials plus any
+
+particular solution.
+
+It's through auxiliary
+conditions that we determine
+
+these coefficients.
+
+We have N undetermined
+coefficients and, so we
+
+require N auxiliary
+conditions.
+
+For example, some set of values
+of the output at N
+
+distinct instance of time.
+
+Now this was the same as with
+differential equations.
+
+In the case of differential
+equations, we talked about
+
+specifying the value of the
+output and its derivatives.
+
+And there, we indicated
+that for
+
+linearity, what we required--
+
+for linearity, what we required
+is that the auxiliary
+
+conditions be 0.
+
+And the same thing applies
+here for the same reason.
+
+Namely, if the system is to be
+linear, then the response, if
+
+there's no input, must
+be equal to 0.
+
+In addition, what we may want
+to impose on the system is
+
+that it be causal, and
+in addition to linear
+
+time-invariant, and what that
+requires, again, is that the
+
+auxiliary conditions be
+consistent with initial rest,
+
+namely, that if the input is 0
+prior to some time, then the
+
+output is 0 prior to
+the same time.
+
+So we've seen a very direct
+parallel so far between
+
+differential equations and
+difference equations.
+
+In fact, one difference between
+them that, in some
+
+sense, makes difference
+equations easier to deal with
+
+in some situations, is that in
+contrast to a differential
+
+equation, a difference equation,
+if we assume
+
+causality, in fact is an
+explicit input-output
+
+relationship for the system.
+
+Now, let me show you
+what I mean.
+
+Let's consider the nth-order
+difference equation, as I've
+
+indicated here.
+
+And let's assume that we're
+imposing causality so that the
+
+output can only depend on prior
+values of the input, and
+
+therefore, aren't prior
+values of the output.
+
+Well, we can simply rearrange
+this equation solving for y[n]
+
+the leading term, with k = 0.
+
+Taking all of the other terms
+over to the right side of the
+
+equation, and we then have a
+recursive equation, namely, an
+
+equation that expresses the
+output in terms of prior
+
+values of the input, which is
+this term, and prior values of
+
+the output.
+
+And so if, in fact, we have this
+equation running, then
+
+once it started, we know how to
+compute the output for the
+
+next time instant.
+
+Well, how do we get
+it started?
+
+The way we get it started,
+of course, is through the
+
+appropriate set of initial
+conditions or boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+And, if for example, we assume
+initial rest corresponding to
+
+a causal linear time-invariant
+system, then if the input is 0
+
+up until some time, the output
+must be 0 up until that time.
+
+And that, in essence, helps us
+get the equation started.
+
+Well, let's look at this
+specifically in the context of
+
+a first-order difference
+equation.
+
+So let's take a first-order
+difference equation, as I've
+
+indicated here.
+
+And so, we have an equation
+that tells us that y[n]
+
+- ay[n-1]
+
+= x[n].
+
+Now, if we want this to
+correspond to a causal linear
+
+time-invariant system, we impose
+initial rest on it.
+
+We can rewrite the first-order
+difference equation by taking
+
+the term involving y[n-1]
+
+over two the right hand
+side of the equation.
+
+Now, this gives us a recursive
+equation that expresses the
+
+output in terms of the input and
+past values of the output.
+
+And since we've imposed
+causality, and if we're
+
+talking about a linear
+time-invariant system, we can
+
+now inquire as to what the
+impulse response is.
+
+And we know, of course, the
+impulse response tells us
+
+everything that we need to
+know about the system.
+
+So let's choose an input,
+which is an impulse.
+
+So the impulse response
+is delta[n]
+
+corresponding to the x[n]
+
+up here, plus a delta of--
+
+this should be h[n-1].
+
+And let me just correct that.
+
+This is h[n-1].
+
+So we have the impulse
+response as delta[n]
+
+plus a times h[n-1].
+
+Now, from initial rest, we know
+that since the input,
+
+namely an impulse, is 0 for
+n less than 0, the impulse
+
+response is likewise 0
+for n less than 0.
+
+And now, let's work
+out what h[0]
+
+is.
+
+Well, h of 0, with n
+= 0, is delta[0]
+
+plus a times h[n-1].
+
+h[n-1]
+
+is 0.
+
+And so, h[0]
+
+is equal to 1.
+
+Now that we have h[0], we
+can figure out h[1]
+
+by running this recursive
+equation.
+
+So h[1]
+
+is delta[1], which is 0, plus
+a times h[0], which we just
+
+figured out is 1.
+
+So, h[1]
+
+is equal to a.
+
+And if we carry this through,
+we'll have h[2]
+
+equal to a^2, and this
+will continue on.
+
+And in fact, what we can
+recognize by looking at this
+
+and how we would expect these
+terms to build, we would see
+
+that the impulse response, h[n],
+in fact, is of the form
+
+a^n times u[n].
+
+And we also can recognize then
+that this corresponds to a
+
+stable system, if and only if
+the impulse response, which is
+
+what we just figured out, if
+and only if the impulse
+
+response is absolutely
+summable.
+
+And what that will require is
+that the magnitude of a be
+
+less than 1.
+
+Now, we imposed causality,
+linearity, and
+
+time-invariance, and generated
+a solution recursively.
+
+And now, of course, if we want
+to generate the more general
+
+set of solutions to this
+difference equation, we can do
+
+that by adding all of the
+homogeneous solutions, namely,
+
+all the solutions that satisfy
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+So here, we have the
+causal linear
+
+time-invariant impulse response.
+
+In fact, with an impulse input,
+all of the possible
+
+solutions are that impulse
+response plus
+
+the homogeneous solutions.
+
+The homogeneous solution is the
+solution that satisfies
+
+the homogeneous equation.
+
+That will, in general, be of the
+form an amplitude factor
+
+times an exponential factor, and
+if we substitute this into
+
+this equation, then we see that
+the homogeneous equation
+
+is satisfied for any values of
+a and any values of z that
+
+satisfy this equation.
+
+Again, as we did with
+differential equations, the
+
+factor A cancels out.
+
+And also, in fact, I can
+cancel out a z^n
+
+there and a z^n here.
+
+And so what we're left with is a
+statement that tells us then
+
+that the homogeneous solution is
+of the form a(z^n), for any
+
+value of A and any value of z
+that satisfies this equation.
+
+And that value of z, in
+particular, is z equal to a.
+
+So the homogeneous solution
+then is any exponential of
+
+this form with any
+amplitude factor.
+
+And so, the family of solutions,
+with an impulse
+
+input is the solution
+corresponding to the system
+
+being causal, linear, and
+time-invariant, plus the
+
+homogeneous term.
+
+If we impose causality,
+linearity, and time-invariance
+
+on the system, then of course,
+that additional exponential
+
+factor will be 0.
+
+In other words, A
+is equal to 0.
+
+Now, we've seen the differential
+equations and
+
+difference equations in terms
+of the fact that there are
+
+families of solutions, and in
+order to get causality,
+
+linearity, and time-invariance
+requires imposing a particular
+
+set of initial conditions,
+namely, imposing initial rest
+
+on the system.
+
+Let's now look at the difference
+equation and then
+
+later, the differential
+equation, interpreted in block
+
+diagram terms.
+
+Now, the difference equation,
+as I just simply repeated
+
+here, is y[n]
+
+= x[n]
+
++ ay[n-1], where I've taken the
+delayed term over to the
+
+right hand side of
+the equation.
+
+So, in effect, what
+I'm imposing on
+
+this system is causality.
+
+I'm assuming that if I know the
+past history of the input
+
+and the output, I can determine
+the next value of
+
+the output.
+
+Well, we can, in fact, draw a
+block diagram that represents
+
+that equation.
+
+The equations says,
+we take x[n]
+
+for any given value of n, say
+n0, whatever value we're
+
+computing the output for.
+
+We take the input at that time,
+and add to it the factor
+
+a times the output value that
+we calculated last time.
+
+So if we have x[n], which is
+our input, and if we have
+
+y[n], which is our output, we,
+in fact, can get y of n by
+
+taking the last value of y[n],
+indicated here by putting y[n]
+
+through a delay, multiplying
+that by the factor a, and then
+
+adding that result
+to the input.
+
+And the result of doing
+that is y[n].
+
+So the way this block diagram
+might be interpreted, for
+
+example, as an algorithm is to
+say that we take x[n], add to
+
+it a times the previous
+value the output.
+
+That sum gives us the current
+value of the output, which we
+
+then put out of the system,
+and also put into a delay
+
+element, or basically, into a
+storage register, to use on
+
+the next iteration
+or recursion.
+
+Now, how do we get
+this started?
+
+Well, we know that the
+difference equation requires
+
+initial conditions.
+
+And, in fact, the initial
+conditions correspond to what
+
+we store in the delay register
+when this block diagram or
+
+equation initially starts up.
+
+OK Now, let's look at this for
+the case of difference
+
+equations more generally.
+
+So, what we've said is that we
+can calculate the output by
+
+having previous values of the
+input, previous values of the
+
+output, and forming the
+appropriate linear
+
+combination.
+
+So let's just build up the more
+general block diagram
+
+that would correspond to this.
+
+And what it says is that we want
+to have a mechanism for
+
+storing past values of the
+input, and a mechanism for
+
+storing past values
+of the output.
+
+And I've indicated that on
+this figure, so far, by a
+
+chain of delay elements,
+indicating that what the
+
+output of each delay is, is the
+input delayed by one time
+
+instant or interval.
+
+And so what we see down this
+chain of delays are delayed
+
+replications of the input.
+
+And what we see on the other
+chain is delayed replications
+
+of the output.
+
+Now, the difference equation
+says that we want to take
+
+these, and multiply them by the
+appropriate coefficients,
+
+the coefficients in the
+difference equation, and so,
+
+we can do that as I've
+indicated here.
+
+So now, we have these delay
+elements, each multiplied by
+
+the appropriate coefficients
+on the input, and by
+
+appropriate coefficients
+on the output.
+
+Those are then summed together,
+and so we now will
+
+sum these and will sum these.
+
+After we've summed these, we
+want to add those together.
+
+And there's a factor of
+1 / a_0 that comes in.
+
+And so that then generates
+our output.
+
+And so this, in fact, then
+represents a block diagram,
+
+which is a general block diagram
+for implementing or
+
+representing a linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+difference equation.
+
+Now, if you think about what
+it means in terms of, let's
+
+say, a computer algorithm or a
+piece of hardware, in fact,
+
+this block diagram is a recipe
+or algorithm for doing the
+
+implementation.
+
+But it's important to recognize,
+even at this point,
+
+that it's only one of many
+possible algorithms or
+
+implementations for this
+difference equation.
+
+Just for example, I can consider
+that equation for
+
+that block diagram.
+
+And here, I've re-drawn it.
+
+So here, are once again.
+
+I have the same block diagram
+that we just saw.
+
+And I can recognize, for
+example, that this, in
+
+essence, corresponds to two
+linear time-invariant systems
+
+in cascade.
+
+Now, that assumes, of course,
+that my initial conditions are
+
+such that the system is,
+in fact, linear.
+
+And that, in turn, requires that
+we're assuming initial
+
+rests, namely, before
+the input does
+
+anything other than 0.
+
+There are just 0 values stored
+in the registers.
+
+But assuming that it corresponds
+to a linear
+
+time-invariant system, this
+is a cascade of two linear
+
+time-invariant invriant
+systems.
+
+We know that two linear
+time-invariant systems can be
+
+cascaded in either order.
+
+So, in particular, I can
+consider breaking this cascade
+
+here, and moving this block
+over to the other side.
+
+And so let's just do that.
+
+And when I do, I then have this
+combination of systems,
+
+and, of course, you can ask
+what advantage there is to
+
+doing that, and the advantage
+arises because of the fact
+
+that in this form, exactly what
+is stored in these delays
+
+is also stored in these
+delay registers.
+
+In other words, it's this
+intermediate variable--
+
+whatever it is--
+
+down this chain of the delays
+and down this chain of delays,
+
+and so, in fact, I can collapse
+those delays into a
+
+single chain of delays.
+
+And the network that I'm left
+with is the network that I
+
+indicate on this view graph,
+where what I've done is to
+
+simply collapse that double
+chain of delays into a single
+
+change of delays.
+
+Now, one can ask, well, what's
+the advantage to doing that?
+
+And one advantage, simply
+stated, is that when you think
+
+in terms of an implementation
+of a difference equation, a
+
+delay corresponds to a storage
+register, a memory location,
+
+and by simply using the fact
+that we can interchange the
+
+order in which linear
+time-invariant systems are
+
+cascaded, we can reduce
+the amount of memory
+
+by a factor of 2.
+
+Now, an essentially similar
+procedure can also be used for
+
+differential equations, in terms
+of implementation using
+
+block diagrams or the
+interpretation of
+
+implementations using
+block diagrams.
+
+And let me first do that--
+
+rather than in general-- let me
+first do it in the context
+
+of a specific example.
+
+So let's consider a linear
+constant-coefficient
+
+differential equation, as I've
+indicated here, and I have
+
+terms on the left side and
+terms on the right side.
+
+And with the differential
+equation, let's consider
+
+taking all the terms over
+to the right side of the
+
+equation, except
+for the highest
+
+derivative in the output.
+
+Next, we integrate both sides
+of the equation so that when
+
+we're done, we end up with
+on the left side of the
+
+equation with y(t).
+
+On the right side of the
+equation with the appropriate
+
+number of integrations.
+
+And so the integral equation
+that we'll get for this
+
+example y(t), the output, is
+x(t) plus b, the scale factor
+
+times the integral of the input,
+and minus a, that scale
+
+factor, times the integral
+of the output.
+
+So to form the output in the
+block diagram terms, we form a
+
+linear combination of the input,
+a scaled integral of
+
+the input, and a scaled integral
+of the output, all of
+
+that added together.
+
+So we need, in addition to
+the input, we need the
+
+integral of the input.
+
+And so this box indicates
+an integrator.
+
+In addition to the output,
+we need the
+
+integral of the output.
+
+And now, to form y(t), we
+multiply the integrated input
+
+by the scale factor, b.
+
+And add that to x(t), and we
+take the integrated output,
+
+multiply it by -a, and add
+to that the result of the
+
+previous addition, and according
+to the integral
+
+equation, then that
+forms the output.
+
+So just as we did with the
+difference equation, we've
+
+converted the differential
+equation to an integral
+
+equation, and we have a block
+diagram form very similar to
+
+what we had in the case of
+the difference equation.
+
+Now, the initial conditions,
+of course, are tied up in,
+
+again, how these integrators
+are initialized.
+
+Assuming that we impose initial
+rest on the system, we
+
+can think of the overall
+system as a linear
+
+time-invariant system, and it's
+a cascade of one linear
+
+time-invariant system
+with a second.
+
+So we can, in fact, break
+this, and consider
+
+interchanging the order
+in which these
+
+two systems are cascaded.
+
+And so I've indicated
+that down below.
+
+Here, I've simply taken
+the top block diagram,
+
+interchanged the order
+in which the
+
+two systems are cascaded.
+
+And here, again, we can ask what
+the advantages to this,
+
+as opposed to the
+previous one.
+
+And what you can see, just as
+we saw with the difference
+
+equation, is that now,
+the integrators--
+
+both integrators--
+
+are integrating the
+same thing.
+
+In particular, the input to this
+integrator and the input
+
+to this integrator
+are identical.
+
+So in fact, rather than using
+this one, we can simply tap
+
+off from here.
+
+We can, in fact, remove this
+integrator, break this
+
+connection, and tap
+in at this point.
+
+And so what we've done then, by
+interchanging the order in
+
+which the systems are cascaded,
+is reduced the
+
+implementation to the
+implementation with a single
+
+integrator.
+
+Very much similar to what we
+talked about in the case of
+
+the difference equation.
+
+Now, let's just, again, with the
+integral equation or the
+
+differential equation, look at
+this somewhat more generally.
+
+Again, if we take the
+differential equation, the
+
+general differential equation,
+integrate it a sufficient
+
+number of times to convert it
+to an integral equation.
+
+We would then have this
+cascade of systems.
+
+And again, if we assume initial
+rest, so that these
+
+are both linear time-invariant
+systems, we can interchange
+
+the order in which
+they're cascaded.
+
+Namely, take the second system,
+and move it to precede
+
+the first system.
+
+And then what we recognize is
+that the input to this chain
+
+of integrators and this
+chain of integrators
+
+is exactly the same.
+
+And so, in fact we can collapse
+these together using
+
+only one chain of integrators.
+
+And the system that we're left
+with then is a system that
+
+looks as I've indicated here.
+
+So we have now just a single
+chains of integrators instead
+
+of the two sets of
+integrators.
+
+So we've seen that the situation
+is very similar here
+
+as it was in the case of the
+difference equation.
+
+Again, why do we want
+to cut the number of
+
+integrators in half?
+
+Well, one reason is because
+integrators, in effect,
+
+represent hardware.
+
+And if we have half as many
+integrators, then we're using
+
+half as much hardware.
+
+Well, let me just conclude by
+
+summarizing a number of points.
+
+I indicated at the beginning
+that linear
+
+constant-coefficient
+differential equations and
+
+difference equations will play
+an important role as linear
+
+time-invariant systems
+throughout this course and
+
+throughout this set
+of lectures.
+
+I also stressed the fact that
+differential or difference
+
+equations, by themselves, are
+not a complete specification
+
+of the system because of the
+fact that we can add to any
+
+solution a homogeneous
+solution.
+
+How do we specify the
+appropriate initial conditions
+
+to ensure--
+
+how do we specify the
+appropriate initial conditions
+
+to ensure that the system is
+linear and time-invariant?
+
+Well, the auxiliary information,
+namely, the
+
+initial conditions associated
+with the system being causal,
+
+linear, and time-invariant
+are the
+
+conditions of initial rest.
+
+And, in fact, for most of the
+course, what we'll be
+
+interested in are systems that
+are in fact, causal, linear,
+
+and time-invariant.
+
+And so we will, in fact, be
+assuming initial rest
+
+conditions.
+
+Now, as I also indicated,
+there are a variety of
+
+efficient procedures for solving
+differential and
+
+difference equations that we
+haven't yet addressed.
+
+And beginning with the next
+set of lectures, we'll be
+
+talking about the Fourier
+Transform and much later in
+
+the course, what's referred to
+as the Laplace Transform for
+
+continuous time and the
+Z-transform for discrete time.
+
+And what we'll see is that with
+the Fourier Transform and
+
+later with the Laplace and
+Z-transform, we'll have a
+
+number of efficient and very
+useful ways of generating the
+
+solution for differential and
+difference equations under the
+
+assumption that the system
+is causal, linear, and
+
+time-invariant.
+
+Also, we'll see in addition
+to the block diagram
+
+implementations of these systems
+that we've talked
+
+about so far, we'll see a
+number of other useful
+
+implementations that exploit
+a variety of properties
+
+associated with Fourier and
+Laplace Transforms.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cB0UijRfOCQ.txt b/cB0UijRfOCQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..368388d5bd880a53510e6c98a430078edd7f7f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cB0UijRfOCQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good morning. Good morning. Welcome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning. Good morning. Welcome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good morning. Good morning. Welcome.
+Welcome to lecture 11 of 6120 61200. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to lecture 11 of 6120 61200. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome to lecture 11 of 6120 61200. I
+never know how to pronounce it. It's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know how to pronounce it. It's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know how to pronounce it. It's one
+of them probably. Um we have finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them probably. Um we have finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them probably. Um we have finished
+our number theory unit and we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number theory unit and we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our number theory unit and we're now
+starting a new unit on graphs. Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new unit on graphs. Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new unit on graphs. Graph
+theory. Um this is a a new topic, a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um this is a a new topic, a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um this is a a new topic, a new
+kind of mathematical abstraction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical abstraction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical abstraction that
+we'll see oops that we'll see um really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see oops that we'll see um really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see oops that we'll see um really
+interesting uses for across this class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uses for across this class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uses for across this class,
+across algorithms, across other contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across algorithms, across other contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across algorithms, across other contexts
+as well. Um before we dig into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Um before we dig into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Um before we dig into what
+they're good at, let's talk about a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at, let's talk about a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at, let's talk about a bit
+about what they are, how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they are, how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they are, how they're
+defined. Uh so I've written an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. Uh so I've written an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. Uh so I've written an example
+of a graph up here. Totally clear,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph up here. Totally clear,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph up here. Totally clear,
+right? It's easy to read and comprehend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's easy to read and comprehend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's easy to read and comprehend.
+Um but let me define it for you. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but let me define it for you. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but let me define it for you. So a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+let's say a simple undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which are the only kind of graphs we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the only kind of graphs we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the only kind of graphs we'll
+be talking about for the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about for the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about for the next couple
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+um is defined as a pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So G is the graph G is a pair V comma E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So G is the graph G is a pair V comma E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So G is the graph G is a pair V comma E
+where V is a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set
+of what we call nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also known as vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+E is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is a set
+of two element subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of V. Not all of them but some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V. Not all of them but some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V. Not all of them but some of them
+possibly none of them could be all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly none of them could be all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly none of them could be all of
+them as well where um any amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as well where um any amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as well where um any amount that
+you want. So a graph is just a set of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. So a graph is just a set of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. So a graph is just a set of um
+a set V um where we call the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set V um where we call the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set V um where we call the objects
+vertices or nodes. Um, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, it's a set V of nodes and a set E of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a set V of nodes and a set E of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a set V of nodes and a set E of
+pairs of nodes. And those pairs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of nodes. And those pairs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of nodes. And those pairs are
+called edges. So, in its purest set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edges. So, in its purest set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called edges. So, in its purest set
+theoretic form, here is a graph. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic form, here is a graph. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic form, here is a graph. Here's
+a set of vertices. Here's a set of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of vertices. Here's a set of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of vertices. Here's a set of some
+of the two element subsets of V. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two element subsets of V. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two element subsets of V. Of
+course, I don't really think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, I don't really think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, I don't really think about the
+graph in this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in this form.
+Let me give you an alternative way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give you an alternative way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give you an alternative way to uh
+express this graph up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this graph up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this graph up here.
+One, two, three, four, five, six, 7. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, two, three, four, five, six, 7. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One, two, three, four, five, six, 7. Uh
+these are going to be my nodes. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be my nodes. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be my nodes. This is
+A, this is B, C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, this is B, C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, this is B, C,
+uh D, E, F, and G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D, E, F, and G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D, E, F, and G.
+And anytime we have an edge, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And anytime we have an edge, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And anytime we have an edge, let's
+connect them by drawing an arc between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them by drawing an arc between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them by drawing an arc between
+them. So we have AB, AC, and BC. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we have AB, AC, and BC. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we have AB, AC, and BC. We have
+these, these, these, this, this, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, these, these, this, this, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, these, these, this, this, and
+this. This is a visual representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This is a visual representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This is a visual representation of
+this graph, but it's conveying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, but it's conveying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, but it's conveying the same
+information. This is a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. This is a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. This is a lot easier to
+look at in my opinion, but they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in my opinion, but they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in my opinion, but they're both
+conveying the same information. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying the same information. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying the same information. This is
+the general idea of a graph. It's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea of a graph. It's a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general idea of a graph. It's a set
+of vertices which are the dots and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices which are the dots and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices which are the dots and edges
+which are the segments connecting them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the segments connecting them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the segments connecting them.
+Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+Wonderful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+Um I want to mention that there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to mention that there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I want to mention that there there
+are some subtle differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some subtle differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some subtle differences in the
+definitions in other sources. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in other sources. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in other sources. Um
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sometimes uh when people are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes uh when people are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes uh when people are talking
+about undirected graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um some people will allow what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people will allow what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people will allow what are
+called parallel edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parallel edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parallel edges.
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is when you have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you have two different
+edges connecting the same pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges connecting the same pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges connecting the same pair of
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um or
+uh self loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is when you have a single edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you have a single edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when you have a single edge
+connecting a vertex back to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting a vertex back to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting a vertex back to itself
+and we are disallowing both of those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we will never be working with graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will never be working with graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will never be working with graphs
+like this that have parallel edges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that have parallel edges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that have parallel edges or
+that have self loops. Uh so that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have self loops. Uh so that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have self loops. Uh so that is what
+what people usually mean by simple. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people usually mean by simple. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people usually mean by simple. Um
+and it's why all of the undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's why all of the undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's why all of the undirected
+graphs we work with are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we work with are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we work with are going to be
+simple. Um likewise some sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allow the vertex set to be empty. U I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the vertex set to be empty. U I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the vertex set to be empty. U I
+stipulated up there that V should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stipulated up there that V should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stipulated up there that V should be a
+non-MP set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so we're just disagreeing on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just disagreeing on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just disagreeing on a single
+graph that has zero vertices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that has zero vertices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that has zero vertices and then
+necessarily zero edges because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily zero edges because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily zero edges because there's
+nothing to connect. Um, the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to connect. Um, the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to connect. Um, the reason we
+are not allowing that for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowing that for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowing that for our purposes
+is that often it's going to be a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that often it's going to be a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that often it's going to be a counter
+example to a lot of the theorems we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to a lot of the theorems we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to a lot of the theorems we want
+to state. We would always have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state. We would always have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state. We would always have to say
+for every non-mpy graph, for every graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every non-mpy graph, for every graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every non-mpy graph, for every graph
+with a positive number of vertices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive number of vertices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive number of vertices,
+something like that. And it just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And it just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. And it just gets
+cumbersome. Um, so we chose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome. Um, so we chose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome. Um, so we chose this
+definition because it makes that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because it makes that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because it makes that more
+convenient. Not really a big deal, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Not really a big deal, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient. Not really a big deal, not
+really something we'll need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something we'll need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something we'll need to think
+about much. It's just a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much. It's just a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much. It's just a part of the
+definition to be vaguely aware of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to be vaguely aware of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to be vaguely aware of in the
+back of your mind. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your mind. Um,
+we do allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set of edges to be empty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of edges to be empty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of edges to be empty.
+For example, here is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, here is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, here is a graph
+with five vertices and zero edges. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five vertices and zero edges. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five vertices and zero edges. Let's
+call them vertices one, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them vertices one, two, three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them vertices one, two, three,
+four, and five. Five vertices, zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, and five. Five vertices, zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, and five. Five vertices, zero
+edges. That's totally fine. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. That's totally fine. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. That's totally fine. That's a
+valid graph. Uh so this has an empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid graph. Uh so this has an empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid graph. Uh so this has an empty set
+for the set of edges, which is fine. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the set of edges, which is fine. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the set of edges, which is fine. All
+right. Um so what are graphs good at? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um so what are graphs good at? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um so what are graphs good at? Um
+graphs are great at representing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are great at representing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are great at representing um
+two-way relationships between pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way relationships between pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way relationships between pairs of
+objects. Uh let me give some some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects. Uh let me give some some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects. Uh let me give some some real
+world examples like friendship. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world examples like friendship. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world examples like friendship. Um you
+can imagine the graph of all the friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the graph of all the friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the graph of all the friends
+in the world. Uh the the vertices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. Uh the the vertices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. Uh the the vertices here
+let's see the friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the friend
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+the vertices are going to be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are going to be the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are going to be the set of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+each person is a vertex. The set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person is a vertex. The set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person is a vertex. The set of
+edges is pairs of friends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I'm making an assumption here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm making an assumption here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm making an assumption here that
+friendship always goes both ways. If I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship always goes both ways. If I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship always goes both ways. If I'm
+friends with you then you're friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with you then you're friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with you then you're friends
+with me. No unrequited friendships here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me. No unrequited friendships here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me. No unrequited friendships here.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+for example, Facebook friendships always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Facebook friendships always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Facebook friendships always
+go both ways. You're either friends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go both ways. You're either friends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go both ways. You're either friends on
+Facebook or you're not. Um, so the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or you're not. Um, so the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or you're not. Um, so the graph
+of Facebook friends is a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Facebook friends is a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Facebook friends is a concrete
+representation of this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this kind of thing
+which is which can be interesting. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which can be interesting. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which can be interesting. Um,
+whoops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops.
+Uh, let's see. Another example is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's see. Another example is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's see. Another example is the
+brain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain.
+The brain is just a network of neurons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The brain is just a network of neurons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The brain is just a network of neurons.
+The neurons are the vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons and connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and connections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and connections.
+Some neurons connect to neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some neurons connect to neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some neurons connect to neighboring
+neurons and it's those neurons and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and it's those neurons and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and it's those neurons and their
+connections that somehow creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that somehow creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that somehow creates
+cognition and memory and intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and memory and intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and memory and intelligence
+and I wish we understood how but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wish we understood how but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wish we understood how but at
+least it's a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a graph.
+Um, also we have the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um most network connections on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um most network connections on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um most network connections on the
+internet go both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet go both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet go both ways
+network connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the servers are the vertices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the servers are the vertices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the servers are the vertices and the
+which servers can talk to which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which servers can talk to which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which servers can talk to which other
+servers u are the edges. Uh and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers u are the edges. Uh and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers u are the edges. Uh and most
+communications have to go both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications have to go both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications have to go both ways
+because you have to like communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to like communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to like communicate
+back and forth and make sure that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and make sure that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and make sure that each
+of you trusts the other party before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you trusts the other party before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you trusts the other party before you
+actually send any information over. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send any information over. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually send any information over. So
+you have to go both ways to to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go both ways to to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go both ways to to make that
+connection first. Uh and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection first. Uh and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection first. Uh and then you can
+send information in whatever direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information in whatever direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information in whatever direction
+you want. Um a non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is hyperlinks on websites.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hyperlinks on websites.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hyperlinks on websites.
+If site A has a link that takes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If site A has a link that takes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If site A has a link that takes you to
+site B, there isn't necessarily a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site B, there isn't necessarily a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site B, there isn't necessarily a link
+back. Um so this would not be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um so this would not be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um so this would not be an example
+of an undirected graph. That would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an undirected graph. That would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an undirected graph. That would be a
+directed relationship which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed relationship which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed relationship which we're going
+to talk about later after break. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about later after break. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about later after break. Um but
+that's not an example for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an example for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an example for today.
+Similarly, Twitter followers is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, Twitter followers is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, Twitter followers is a
+directed relationship. If I follow you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed relationship. If I follow you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed relationship. If I follow you,
+you don't necessarily follow me. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily follow me. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily follow me. So that
+would be a directed graph which will fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a directed graph which will fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a directed graph which will fit
+into um into lectures after break, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um into lectures after break, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um into lectures after break, not
+this one. Um all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. Um all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. Um all right.
+And graphs uh I said earlier graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And graphs uh I said earlier graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And graphs uh I said earlier graphs are
+a really useful abstraction. And I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really useful abstraction. And I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really useful abstraction. And I claim
+that they're useful because uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're useful because uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're useful because uh they
+strike a nice balance between simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike a nice balance between simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike a nice balance between simplicity
+and complexity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On one hand, graphs are simple to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On one hand, graphs are simple to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On one hand, graphs are simple to define
+and describe. They're simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe. They're simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe. They're simple
+conceptually. It's just a set of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually. It's just a set of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually. It's just a set of objects
+and a set of pair-wise relationships.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of pair-wise relationships.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a set of pair-wise relationships.
+um easy to define. So, as we just saw,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easy to define. So, as we just saw,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easy to define. So, as we just saw,
+there are lots and lots of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of real
+scenarios that can be modeled faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that can be modeled faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that can be modeled faithfully
+as a graph. On the other hand, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graph. On the other hand, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graph. On the other hand, they're
+complex in that there's a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in that there's a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex in that there's a rich
+mathematical theory of graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are lots of powerful tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are lots of powerful tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are lots of powerful tools and
+definitions and theorems that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and theorems that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and theorems that we can
+bring to bear anytime we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear anytime we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring to bear anytime we're trying to
+analyze a graph and therefore we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a graph and therefore we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a graph and therefore we can
+apply all of that to all the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all of that to all the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply all of that to all the real world
+scenarios that we have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we have been able to
+model as a graph. So it's a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a graph. So it's a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as a graph. So it's a really nice
+balance between the two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the two.
+Um so let's dig into this rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let's dig into this rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let's dig into this rich
+mathematical theory and see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory and see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical theory and see what what
+tools and theorems we can develop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the next definition is vertex degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sorry the next definition is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry the next definition is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry the next definition is um
+adjacency. Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Two vertices U and V are adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two vertices U and V are adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two vertices U and V are adjacent
+adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+um they're connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're connected
+by an edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e. UV is one of our edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e. UV is one of our edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e. UV is one of our edges.
+So there vertices are adjacent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there vertices are adjacent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there vertices are adjacent if
+they're connected by an edge. Um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected by an edge. Um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected by an edge. Um we'll
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+an edge UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge UV
+has end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V.
+Just the the two end points of the edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the the two end points of the edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the the two end points of the edge.
+And we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge uv
+is incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to u and v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u and v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u and v.
+So a vertex and an edge are incident if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a vertex and an edge are incident if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a vertex and an edge are incident if
+that edge has that vertex as one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge has that vertex as one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge has that vertex as one of its
+end points. Um these words sound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points. Um these words sound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points. Um these words sound a
+little alike. Adjacent is used for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little alike. Adjacent is used for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little alike. Adjacent is used for two
+vertices that have an edge between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that have an edge between them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that have an edge between them.
+Incident is used for an edge and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incident is used for an edge and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incident is used for an edge and a
+vertex where the vertex is an endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex where the vertex is an endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex where the vertex is an endpoint
+of the edge. Um but useful terminology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge. Um but useful terminology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge. Um but useful terminology.
+Uh and that lets us define the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that lets us define the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that lets us define the next
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+which is for a vertex V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for a vertex V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for a vertex V.
+Uh the degree of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the degree of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the degree of V
+is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number
+of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges
+uh incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to V. So the degree of a vertex is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. So the degree of a vertex is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V. So the degree of a vertex is the
+number of edges it has. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges it has. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges it has. So what's the
+degree of E? Just yell it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of E? Just yell it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of E? Just yell it out.
+Three. Yeah. One, two, three. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three. Yeah. One, two, three. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three. Yeah. One, two, three. What's the
+degree of C?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of C?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of C?
+Four. Degree of f two. What's the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. Degree of f two. What's the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four. Degree of f two. What's the degree
+of this vertex two?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vertex two?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vertex two?
+Zero. It doesn't have any edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. It doesn't have any edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. It doesn't have any edges.
+Excellent. Degree is just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. Degree is just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excellent. Degree is just the number of
+incident vert uh incident edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident vert uh incident edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident vert uh incident edges.
+Wonderful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful.
+Uh you can understand some not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can understand some not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can understand some not
+everything but some things about a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but some things about a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but some things about a graph
+just from the degrees of its vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the degrees of its vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the degrees of its vertices.
+Uh for example uh that graph way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example uh that graph way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example uh that graph way over
+there on the left. The degrees of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left. The degrees of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left. The degrees of its
+vertices are let's go through them all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are let's go through them all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are let's go through them all.
+We've got 2 2 4 3 3 2 in that order. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got 2 2 4 3 3 2 in that order. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've got 2 2 4 3 3 2 in that order. I
+think I got that right. Sometimes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got that right. Sometimes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I got that right. Sometimes this
+is called the degree sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the degree sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the degree sequence.
+That's less important than the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's less important than the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's less important than the degree
+itself um than the concept of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um than the concept of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um than the concept of degree
+itself. But we can we can play with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. But we can we can play with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. But we can we can play with this
+concept a little bit. For example, does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a little bit. For example, does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept a little bit. For example, does
+there exist a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with degree sequence 2 2 1?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree sequence 2 2 1?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with degree sequence 2 2 1?
+Sorry, that's supposed to be a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, that's supposed to be a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, that's supposed to be a question
+mark. There we go. Does there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark. There we go. Does there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark. There we go. Does there exist a
+graph with degree sequence 221? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with degree sequence 221? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with degree sequence 221? So,
+three vertices, two have degree 2, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices, two have degree 2, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices, two have degree 2, one
+has degree 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Think about that for a second and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about that for a second and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think about that for a second and then
+we'll try it together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I see someone violently shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I see someone violently shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I see someone violently shaking
+their head. I think they're cracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head. I think they're cracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head. I think they're cracking
+their neck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neck.
+Uh, let's try it. Um, so 221 means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's try it. Um, so 221 means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, let's try it. Um, so 221 means we
+need three vertices. One, two, three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three vertices. One, two, three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three vertices. One, two, three.
+Um, first vertex has degree two. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, first vertex has degree two. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, first vertex has degree two. Well,
+there's really only one way to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only one way to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only one way to do that.
+It has to connect here and here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has to connect here and here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has to connect here and here. The
+next vertex also has to have degree two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next vertex also has to have degree two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next vertex also has to have degree two.
+Well, that means it also has to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that means it also has to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that means it also has to connect
+there. Only way for it to get a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Only way for it to get a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Only way for it to get a second
+edge. Then the third vertex is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Then the third vertex is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Then the third vertex is supposed
+to have degree 1, which it doesn't. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have degree 1, which it doesn't. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have degree 1, which it doesn't. So
+we're sad it didn't work. Um, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sad it didn't work. Um, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sad it didn't work. Um, you can
+think of this, by the way, as a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this, by the way, as a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this, by the way, as a proof by
+contradiction. Um, if there were a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. Um, if there were a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. Um, if there were a graph
+that satisfied this, then it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied this, then it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied this, then it would have
+to look like this. But this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this. But this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like this. But this graph
+doesn't work, so nothing works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work, so nothing works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work, so nothing works.
+Sound good? Okay. But what if we asked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good? Okay. But what if we asked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good? Okay. But what if we asked a
+more complicated uh version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh version of the
+question? Does there exist a graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? Does there exist a graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? Does there exist a graph with
+degree sequence two two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree sequence two two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree sequence two two two
+one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one?
+This time there would need to be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time there would need to be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time there would need to be six
+vertices and now there are lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and now there are lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and now there are lots of ways
+that we could choose two edges for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could choose two edges for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could choose two edges for each
+of those vertices. Um so there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those vertices. Um so there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those vertices. Um so there are lots
+of cases that we would need to try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases that we would need to try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases that we would need to try out
+in our proof by contradiction. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our proof by contradiction. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our proof by contradiction. Um so
+maybe a different strategy would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a different strategy would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a different strategy would work
+better. Does there exist a graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Does there exist a graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Does there exist a graph with
+this degree sequence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree sequence?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this degree sequence?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+always.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always.
+No, because the sum always has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, because the sum always has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, because the sum always has to be
+even. Interesting. Why does the sum have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. Interesting. Why does the sum have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. Interesting. Why does the sum have
+to be even?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, if an edge connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, if an edge connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, if an edge connects to
+one vertex, then it also can connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex, then it also can connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vertex, then it also can connects to
+another vertex. So, each edge is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex. So, each edge is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex. So, each edge is somehow
+counted twice. Yeah, that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted twice. Yeah, that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted twice. Yeah, that's exactly the
+right intuition for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right intuition for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right intuition for the following
+theorem. In fact, that's the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. In fact, that's the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. In fact, that's the correct
+proof for the following theorem. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for the following theorem. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for the following theorem. Um,
+we've got the handshake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shake lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For graph G, which is vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For graph G, which is vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For graph G, which is vertices and
+edges, we have the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, we have the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, we have the sum
+of vertices in the set of vertices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in the set of vertices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in the set of vertices of
+the degree of that vertex equals. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of that vertex equals. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of that vertex equals. So if
+you take all the degrees and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the degrees and add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the degrees and add them
+all up, um your colleague here claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up, um your colleague here claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up, um your colleague here claimed
+that what you're going to get is 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're going to get is 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you're going to get is 2 times
+the number of edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges.
+And we can see that for this example, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can see that for this example, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can see that for this example, if
+we add this up, 4 8 14 16 18 and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add this up, 4 8 14 16 18 and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add this up, 4 8 14 16 18 and there
+are nine edges, that checks out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nine edges, that checks out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nine edges, that checks out.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and the reason this is true is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this is true is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this is true is also
+exactly what your colleague said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what your colleague said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what your colleague said earlier
+over here. We're adding the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. We're adding the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. We're adding the degree of
+every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex
+um which means we're basically counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means we're basically counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means we're basically counting
+every end point of all the edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every end point of all the edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every end point of all the edges and
+every edge has two end points. So every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge has two end points. So every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge has two end points. So every
+edge was counted twice in this count on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge was counted twice in this count on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge was counted twice in this count on
+the left. So that's the handshake lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. So that's the handshake lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. So that's the handshake lema.
+It's called handshake lema because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called handshake lema because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called handshake lema because if
+you imagine a room full of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a room full of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a room full of people and
+some pairs of them shake hands, then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs of them shake hands, then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs of them shake hands, then if
+each person counts the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person counts the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person counts the number of
+handshakes they had and you add that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshakes they had and you add that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshakes they had and you add that all
+up, that equals two times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, that equals two times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, that equals two times the number of
+handshakes because each handshake had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshakes because each handshake had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshakes because each handshake had
+two hands involved. Um it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands involved. Um it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands involved. Um it's exactly the
+same explanation and proof. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same explanation and proof. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same explanation and proof. It's just
+with hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands
+uh instead of um pairs instead of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of um pairs instead of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of um pairs instead of half
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+Um all right. So does this help us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right. So does this help us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right. So does this help us with
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can someone tell me why there doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone tell me why there doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone tell me why there doesn't
+exist a graph with this degree sequence?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Yeah, because the sum is odd. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because the sum is odd. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because the sum is odd. Um, this
+would have to have what? 11 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have what? 11 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have what? 11 divided by
+two edges,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which isn't great. Uh, I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't great. Uh, I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't great. Uh, I don't know how
+to draw a half edge in these graphs. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a half edge in these graphs. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a half edge in these graphs. So
+there is no such graph. Awesome. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such graph. Awesome. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no such graph. Awesome. Here's
+one more application of the handshake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more application of the handshake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more application of the handshake
+lema. Uh let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. Uh let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. Uh let's see.
+What is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the maximum
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an nvertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an nvertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an nvertex
+graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is the maximum number of edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the maximum number of edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the maximum number of edges in
+an nvertex graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nvertex graph?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an nvertex graph?
+Um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex
+has degree at most n minus one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree at most n minus one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree at most n minus one because
+at most it connects to all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most it connects to all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most it connects to all the other
+vertices. There are no other vertices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. There are no other vertices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. There are no other vertices to
+connect to. You can't connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to. You can't connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to. You can't connect to
+yourself. You can't repeat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. You can't repeat any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. You can't repeat any
+connections. Uh once again that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. Uh once again that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. Uh once again that's what
+we meant by simple graph and all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meant by simple graph and all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meant by simple graph and all our
+graphs are simple. Um so every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are simple. Um so every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are simple. Um so every vertex
+has degree at most n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree at most n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree at most n minus one.
+So the sum of the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is at most n * n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is at most n * n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is at most n * n minus one.
+But the sum of the degrees is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the sum of the degrees is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the sum of the degrees is equal to 2
+* the number of edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the number of edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the number of edges.
+So the number of edges is at most n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of edges is at most n * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of edges is at most n * n
+minus one / 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one / 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one / 2.
+Didn't have to do any fancy induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Didn't have to do any fancy induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Didn't have to do any fancy induction.
+Didn't have to compute some sum. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Didn't have to compute some sum. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Didn't have to compute some sum. I
+wonder if this equals a sum that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if this equals a sum that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if this equals a sum that we've
+seen before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+but so we have an upper bound. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have an upper bound. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so we have an upper bound. The
+number of edges is at most that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges is at most that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges is at most that. And
+turns out this is achievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieved by the complete graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kn which is the graph with n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn which is the graph with n vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn which is the graph with n vertices
+and all possible edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this vertex connects to everyone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this vertex connects to everyone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this vertex connects to everyone.
+This vertex connects to everyone. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This vertex connects to everyone. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This vertex connects to everyone. This
+connects to everyone. Connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to everyone. Connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to everyone. Connects to
+everyone. I think I got them all. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. I think I got them all. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. I think I got them all. So
+this is a drawing of K6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a drawing of K6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a drawing of K6.
+There are six vertices and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are six vertices and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are six vertices and everyone
+connects to everyone. This graph indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to everyone. This graph indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to everyone. This graph indeed
+has every vertex with degree N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has every vertex with degree N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has every vertex with degree N minus
+one. So it has exactly this many edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it has exactly this many edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it has exactly this many edges.
+Um the K for KN this is standard. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the K for KN this is standard. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the K for KN this is standard. You'll
+see KN uh everywhere. I think it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see KN uh everywhere. I think it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see KN uh everywhere. I think it comes
+from German. Uh it kind of sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from German. Uh it kind of sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from German. Uh it kind of sounds like
+complete graph, right? Um, but we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph, right? Um, but we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete graph, right? Um, but we'll be
+using this notation a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this notation a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this notation a lot.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me ask another question. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask another question. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask another question. Um,
+so most of us here are MIT students. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of us here are MIT students. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of us here are MIT students. I
+know we have some crossregistered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some crossregistered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some crossregistered
+students. Welcome. You're um I'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Welcome. You're um I'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Welcome. You're um I'm glad
+you're here. Um, for the MIT students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here. Um, for the MIT students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're here. Um, for the MIT students in
+the room, do you have any friends at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room, do you have any friends at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room, do you have any friends at
+Harvard?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard?
+Yeah. Awesome. Um, okay. So, I got at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Awesome. Um, okay. So, I got at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Awesome. Um, okay. So, I got at
+least one hand. I got more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one hand. I got more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one hand. I got more than one
+hand. But let me ask, how many Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. But let me ask, how many Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. But let me ask, how many Harvard
+friends do you think the typical MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends do you think the typical MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends do you think the typical MIT
+student has? Don't answer that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has? Don't answer that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has? Don't answer that. It's
+rhetorical. Uh, what about the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical. Uh, what about the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical. Uh, what about the reverse
+question? How many MIT friends does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? How many MIT friends does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? How many MIT friends does the
+typical Harvard student have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Harvard student have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Harvard student have?
+Which one's bigger?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one's bigger?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one's bigger?
+Let's see. So on one hand we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. So on one hand we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. So on one hand we've got the
+average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of
+Harvard friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the typical MIT student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the average number of MIT friends for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the average number of MIT friends for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the average number of MIT friends for
+the typical Harvard student.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Which one's bigger? And how could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one's bigger? And how could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which one's bigger? And how could we
+know? How do we how can we decide this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? How do we how can we decide this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? How do we how can we decide this?
+Maybe I could do a big survey. I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I could do a big survey. I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I could do a big survey. I could
+sample a bunch of MIT students, sample a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a bunch of MIT students, sample a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a bunch of MIT students, sample a
+bunch of Harvard students, um take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Harvard students, um take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Harvard students, um take the
+average of whatever is reported and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of whatever is reported and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of whatever is reported and and
+take that as ground truth. Um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as ground truth. Um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as ground truth. Um that is
+how a lot of empirical statistics ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a lot of empirical statistics ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a lot of empirical statistics ends
+up working. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up working. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up working. Um
+can anyone suggest a better way? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Uh, so let me let me rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, so let me let me rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, so let me let me rephrase
+that. Um, so we know that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so we know that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, so we know that every
+friendship goes both ways. There's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship goes both ways. There's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship goes both ways. There's one
+MIAT student and one Harvard student.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIAT student and one Harvard student.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIAT student and one Harvard student.
+Again, we're assuming friendship is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we're assuming friendship is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, we're assuming friendship is uh
+is two-way, no unrequited friendships.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-way, no unrequited friendships.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-way, no unrequited friendships.
+Um, can't the two schools just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, can't the two schools just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, can't the two schools just get
+along?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along?
+Um, but because there are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but because there are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but because there are the same
+number of friendships on both sides, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of friendships on both sides, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of friendships on both sides, um,
+when we're taking the average, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're taking the average, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're taking the average, we're
+dividing by the number of Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of Harvard
+students and dividing by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and dividing by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and dividing by the number of
+MIT students. But Harvard has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students. But Harvard has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students. But Harvard has more
+undergrads than MIT, so we've divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads than MIT, so we've divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads than MIT, so we've divided by
+a bigger number. So, the MIT average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger number. So, the MIT average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger number. So, the MIT average
+should be bigger. Woo, that was a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bigger. Woo, that was a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bigger. Woo, that was a lot.
+Um, thank you for saying all that. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, thank you for saying all that. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, thank you for saying all that. Let's
+unpack it a little more slowly. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack it a little more slowly. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack it a little more slowly. Um, but
+you are absolutely correct in every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are absolutely correct in every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are absolutely correct in every step
+of your reasoning. Um, so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your reasoning. Um, so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your reasoning. Um, so what I'm going
+to do is let's draw a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the vertices are going to equal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vertices are going to equal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vertices are going to equal um
+the set of MIT undergrads and the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of MIT undergrads and the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of MIT undergrads and the set of
+Harvard undergrads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard undergrads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard undergrads.
+Um, and I want to emphasize that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I want to emphasize that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I want to emphasize that these
+are two disjoint sets. No student is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two disjoint sets. No student is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two disjoint sets. No student is
+enrolled in both schools. Um, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in both schools. Um, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in both schools. Um, we're not
+counting cross registration. That's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting cross registration. That's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting cross registration. That's why
+I mentioned that earlier. uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that earlier. uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned that earlier. uh and
+sometimes to emphasize that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to emphasize that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes to emphasize that these two
+sets are disjoint sometimes you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are disjoint sometimes you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are disjoint sometimes you put a
+little dot inside the union sign. So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dot inside the union sign. So our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dot inside the union sign. So our
+set of vertices is the disjoint union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices is the disjoint union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices is the disjoint union of
+MIT students and Harvard students. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students and Harvard students. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students and Harvard students. And
+um our edge set is going to be the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our edge set is going to be the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our edge set is going to be the set
+of let's see M comma H where M is an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's see M comma H where M is an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's see M comma H where M is an MIT
+student, H is a Harvard student and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student, H is a Harvard student and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student, H is a Harvard student and M
+and H are friends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we can draw an example of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can draw an example of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can draw an example of what this
+might look like. So here's all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like. So here's all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like. So here's all of my
+Harvard vertices on the left. Here's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard vertices on the left. Here's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard vertices on the left. Here's all
+of my MIT students on the right. Um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my MIT students on the right. Um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my MIT students on the right. Um here
+we have like I don't know Bill and Helen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like I don't know Bill and Helen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like I don't know Bill and Helen
+and Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Natalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Natalie
+and Neil and TS on the right. Maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neil and TS on the right. Maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neil and TS on the right. Maybe we
+have uh Buzz and Kenji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh Buzz and Kenji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh Buzz and Kenji
+and Lisa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lisa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lisa.
+And these lists go on. Um, this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these lists go on. Um, this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these lists go on. Um, this is just
+an example. I don't know if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example. I don't know if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example. I don't know if they're
+actually students with these names. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually students with these names. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually students with these names. Um,
+and some pairs of them are friends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some pairs of them are friends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some pairs of them are friends.
+Maybe these are friends. And these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe these are friends. And these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe these are friends. And these and
+these are friends. And Buzz is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are friends. And Buzz is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are friends. And Buzz is just
+friends with most people. And TS only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with most people. And TS only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with most people. And TS only
+likes Lisa among this graph. Some pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes Lisa among this graph. Some pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes Lisa among this graph. Some pairs
+of them are friends. Here's our graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are friends. Here's our graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are friends. Here's our graph.
+Again, there are more vertices, more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, there are more vertices, more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, there are more vertices, more
+edges, but here's an example of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, but here's an example of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, but here's an example of our
+graph. And this graph has a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And this graph has a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And this graph has a special
+property called bipartite. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property called bipartite. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property called bipartite. This is a
+bipartite graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graph.
+Um let's see definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see definition
+um G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um G is
+bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite
+um when it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to partition V as the disjoints disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to partition V as the disjoints disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to partition V as the disjoints disjoint
+union of two sets. I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two sets. I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of two sets. I'm going to call
+them left and right. That's common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them left and right. That's common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them left and right. That's common
+notation for for bipartite graphs. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for for bipartite graphs. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for for bipartite graphs. um
+such that every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has one end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one end point
+in L and one end point in R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L and one end point in R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in L and one end point in R.
+So you have some vertices on the left,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have some vertices on the left,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have some vertices on the left,
+some vertices on the right, and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertices on the right, and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertices on the right, and every
+edge crosses between them. One end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge crosses between them. One end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge crosses between them. One end point
+on the left, one end point on the right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left, one end point on the right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left, one end point on the right.
+These graphs are called bipartite, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These graphs are called bipartite, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These graphs are called bipartite, and
+the one we just drew certainly has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we just drew certainly has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we just drew certainly has that
+property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property.
+Sound good with me so far? Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good with me so far? Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good with me so far? Awesome.
+And now um we have a bipartite version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now um we have a bipartite version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now um we have a bipartite version
+of the handshake lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handshake lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handshake lema.
+Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+handshake lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshake lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshake lema
+bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says that if you add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you add up all the
+degrees just on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the vertices in the left side degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices in the left side degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices in the left side degree of
+v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.
+Well, every edge has one endpoint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, every edge has one endpoint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, every edge has one endpoint on the
+left and one end point on the right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and one end point on the right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and one end point on the right. So
+this is just equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equal to the number of
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+And likewise you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And likewise you can do the same thing
+on the right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So all the degrees on the left add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all the degrees on the left add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all the degrees on the left add to
+the number of edges. All the degrees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges. All the degrees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges. All the degrees on
+the right add to the number of edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right add to the number of edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right add to the number of edges.
+But remember we are interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember we are interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember we are interested in the
+averages. The average degree on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages. The average degree on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages. The average degree on the left
+versus the average degree on the right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the average degree on the right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the average degree on the right.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, we've got, let's say, average degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got, let's say, average degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got, let's say, average degree
+on the MIT side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the MIT side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the MIT side
+divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the
+average degree on the Harvard side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degree on the Harvard side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degree on the Harvard side.
+Well, this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is equal to the
+total degree on the MIT side. So, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total degree on the MIT side. So, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total degree on the MIT side. So, just
+adding up all the degrees um of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up all the degrees um of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up all the degrees um of the MIT
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+the number of MIT students.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of MIT students.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of MIT students.
+And this denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this denominator
+is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total
+degree on the Harvard side divided by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on the Harvard side divided by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree on the Harvard side divided by uh
+the number of Harvard students.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Harvard students.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of Harvard students.
+Right? That's what we mean by average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we mean by average.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we mean by average.
+Add them up, divide by the number. Add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add them up, divide by the number. Add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add them up, divide by the number. Add
+them up, divide by the number. Okay? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up, divide by the number. Okay? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up, divide by the number. Okay? But
+we just said that the total degree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that the total degree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that the total degree on
+the Mside and the total degree on the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mside and the total degree on the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mside and the total degree on the H
+side, both of those are equal to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, both of those are equal to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, both of those are equal to just
+the number of edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges.
+So this is the number of edges divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the number of edges divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the number of edges divided
+by the size of M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the size of M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the size of M.
+divided by the number of edges divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of edges divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of edges divided
+by the size of h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The e cancel. This just becomes the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The e cancel. This just becomes the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The e cancel. This just becomes the size
+of h divided by the size of m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h divided by the size of m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h divided by the size of m.
+All right, we've now caught up to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we've now caught up to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we've now caught up to your
+comment. Thank you so much. Um, and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment. Thank you so much. Um, and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment. Thank you so much. Um, and now
+we can just ask how many students there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just ask how many students there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just ask how many students there
+are in each school. Um, this is about,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in each school. Um, this is about,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in each school. Um, this is about,
+let's see, I wrote something down. About
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see, I wrote something down. About
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see, I wrote something down. About
+7,200 divided by 4600.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,200 divided by 4600.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,200 divided by 4600.
+Those are close anyway. They might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are close anyway. They might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are close anyway. They might be a
+bit out of date. Um, but this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit out of date. Um, but this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit out of date. Um, but this is about
+1.6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6.
+So, the average MIT student has about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the average MIT student has about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the average MIT student has about
+1.6 times more Harvard students, Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 times more Harvard students, Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6 times more Harvard students, Harvard
+friends, uh, than the number of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends, uh, than the number of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends, uh, than the number of MIT
+friends the average Harvard student has.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the average Harvard student has.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends the average Harvard student has.
+And that's not um any judgment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not um any judgment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not um any judgment about
+behavior on the two sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the two sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the two sides of the
+schools. It's just a fact about averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. It's just a fact about averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. It's just a fact about averages
+uh after knowing a little bit of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after knowing a little bit of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after knowing a little bit of graph
+theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory.
+Um but our number is bigger so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but our number is bigger so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but our number is bigger so we're
+better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but
+so already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already
+we've just defined a couple things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just defined a couple things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just defined a couple things and
+we've already been able to prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been able to prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already been able to prove some
+non-obvious theorems and facts. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious theorems and facts. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious theorems and facts. Um,
+again, they still look like toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they still look like toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they still look like toy
+examples, but there are real scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples, but there are real scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples, but there are real scientific
+studies that have studied questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have studied questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have studied questions like
+that and not known the graph theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and not known the graph theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and not known the graph theory and
+then came up with conclusions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came up with conclusions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then came up with conclusions that were
+very obviously wrong to anyone who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obviously wrong to anyone who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obviously wrong to anyone who did
+know the graph theory. Um for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the graph theory. Um for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the graph theory. Um for example uh
+there's a very famous study um out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very famous study um out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very famous study um out of
+Chicago from 1994
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago from 1994
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago from 1994
+uh called the social organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the social organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the social organization of
+sexuality sexual practices in the US. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality sexual practices in the US. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality sexual practices in the US. Uh
+so it was a big sweeping um study about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a big sweeping um study about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a big sweeping um study about
+sexual practices and behavior and health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual practices and behavior and health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual practices and behavior and health
+across the country. Um they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country. Um they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country. Um they had
+thousands of participants. They asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of participants. They asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of participants. They asked
+lots and lots of questions and came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of questions and came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of questions and came up
+with lots of statistics and measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of statistics and measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of statistics and measurements
+and trends and published all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trends and published all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trends and published all their
+results in a big 700page writeup, a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a big 700page writeup, a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a big 700page writeup, a very
+famous study. Um, and out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous study. Um, and out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous study. Um, and out of all the
+questions they asked, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they asked, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they asked, I'm going to
+single out one of one of them uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single out one of one of them uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single out one of one of them uh for the
+single purpose that their results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single purpose that their results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single purpose that their results are
+obviously wrong because of exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously wrong because of exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously wrong because of exactly this
+argument. So, one question they asked um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. So, one question they asked um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. So, one question they asked um
+specifically to their male and female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to their male and female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to their male and female
+participants um they asked the men um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants um they asked the men um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants um they asked the men um
+how many female partners they've had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many female partners they've had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many female partners they've had.
+They asked the women how many male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They asked the women how many male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They asked the women how many male
+partners they've had. Um don't worry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners they've had. Um don't worry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners they've had. Um don't worry,
+they had lots of other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots of other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots of other questions about
+other kinds of relationships. Uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of relationships. Uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of relationships. Uh they
+had lots of other questions for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lots of other questions for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had lots of other questions for their
+non-binary participants as well. Like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-binary participants as well. Like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-binary participants as well. Like I
+said, I'm just singling out this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, I'm just singling out this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, I'm just singling out this one of
+many questions. Um so, what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions. Um so, what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many questions. Um so, what's the
+average number of female partners a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of female partners a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of female partners a man
+has had? what's the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had? what's the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had? what's the average number of
+male partners a woman has had. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male partners a woman has had. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male partners a woman has had. Um, and
+according to their reports and surveys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their reports and surveys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to their reports and surveys,
+um, the men reported about 1.74 times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the men reported about 1.74 times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the men reported about 1.74 times as
+many partners as the women. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see. So the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. So the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. So the average
+degree of the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the men
+um was equal to about 1.74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was equal to about 1.74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was equal to about 1.74
+times the average degree of the women.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the average degree of the women.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the average degree of the women.
+Um, a different study, this time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a different study, this time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a different study, this time from
+ABC News in 2004,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC News in 2004,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC News in 2004,
+um, got a similar result, but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, got a similar result, but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, got a similar result, but instead of
+1.74, so sorry, this was from Chicago,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, ABC News
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximated this number to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated this number to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated this number to be about
+3.3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3.
+Um, yet another study from the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yet another study from the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yet another study from the National
+Center of Health, National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of Health, National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of Health, National
+Center of Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center of Health
+this time from 2007 got this number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time from 2007 got this number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time from 2007 got this number to
+be about 1.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when of course we know the exact answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when of course we know the exact answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when of course we know the exact answer.
+This ratio should be the number of women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This ratio should be the number of women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This ratio should be the number of women
+divided by the number of men. Because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of men. Because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of men. Because of
+the specific question they were asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific question they were asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific question they were asking
+about this subset of relationships among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this subset of relationships among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this subset of relationships among
+this subset of the population. They put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of the population. They put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset of the population. They put
+themselves in a bipartite scenario where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in a bipartite scenario where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in a bipartite scenario where
+this theorem applies and the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem applies and the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem applies and the correct
+answer is just the number of women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is just the number of women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is just the number of women
+divided by the number of men.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The uh let's see the number of women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh let's see the number of women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uh let's see the number of women
+divided by the number of men which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of men which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of men which um
+according to the 2010 census was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the 2010 census was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the 2010 census was about
+157 million over 152 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+157 million over 152 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+157 million over 152 million
+which is about 1.03. 03.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 1.03. 03.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 1.03. 03.
+The correct answer is 1.03.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The correct answer is 1.03.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The correct answer is 1.03.
+And it's not a question of behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not a question of behavior.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's not a question of behavior.
+It's a question of just averages.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a question of just averages.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a question of just averages.
+Uh there is nothing to learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there is nothing to learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there is nothing to learn from this
+ratio except this is how many men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio except this is how many men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio except this is how many men and
+women are in the country. Not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are in the country. Not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are in the country. Not a very
+interesting example for a behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example for a behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example for a behavioral
+study if you ask me. Um I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if you ask me. Um I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if you ask me. Um I'm not going to
+speculate on why these numbers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate on why these numbers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate on why these numbers don't
+match reality. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match reality. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match reality. Um,
+I don't know. Think about it yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Think about it yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Think about it yourselves
+if you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want.
+Uh, are there questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, are there questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, are there questions about this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or anything else we've talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else we've talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else we've talked about so
+far?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's move on to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's move on to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's move on to another
+topic in graph theory, another common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in graph theory, another common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic in graph theory, another common
+application.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So instead of measuring affinities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of measuring affinities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of measuring affinities or
+friendships among pairs of objects,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships among pairs of objects,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships among pairs of objects,
+let's measure conflicts between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's an example graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's define the vertex set of our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define the vertex set of our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define the vertex set of our graph
+to be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the set of all
+MIT classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT classes
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final exam
+and E is going to be pairs of classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E is going to be pairs of classes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E is going to be pairs of classes.
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C1 C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have someone
+enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled
+in both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you're the registar. Your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're the registar. Your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're the registar. Your goal is to
+assign a time for the final exam for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a time for the final exam for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign a time for the final exam for
+every class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every class.
+And if some student is taking two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if some student is taking two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if some student is taking two
+different classes and those classes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes and those classes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes and those classes are
+scheduled for the same time slot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled for the same time slot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled for the same time slot or
+overlapping time slots, then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping time slots, then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping time slots, then that
+student can't be in the same place at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can't be in the same place at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student can't be in the same place at uh
+can't be in two different places at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be in two different places at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be in two different places at the
+same time. So you have a conflict. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So you have a conflict. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So you have a conflict. So
+this graph here is measuring all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is measuring all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph here is measuring all of the
+conflicts among uh final exam times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts among uh final exam times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts among uh final exam times.
+There's an edge precisely when the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an edge precisely when the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an edge precisely when the two
+classes can't be scheduled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes can't be scheduled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes can't be scheduled for
+overlapping times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping times.
+Does that make sense so far? Cool. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense so far? Cool. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense so far? Cool. So,
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in exam scheduling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And let me draw an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see.
+So in this example, MIT only has five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this example, MIT only has five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this example, MIT only has five
+courses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses.
+Um six um 3700, 6,000,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6200,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6200,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6200,
+6 3,000,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 3,000,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 3,000,
+and 64,100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 64,100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 64,100.
+So this is some fake approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is some fake approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is some fake approximation of
+what this graph might look like. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this graph might look like. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this graph might look like. So,
+this says that there's someone taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that there's someone taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that there's someone taking
+our class and 62000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class and 62000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class and 62000.
+Um, there's some people there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's some people there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's some people there's at least
+one student taking both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one student taking both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one student taking both of these
+classes. There's no one taking uh 6 3700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. There's no one taking uh 6 3700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. There's no one taking uh 6 3700
+and 63000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 63000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 63000.
+Um, so for example, these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so for example, these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so for example, these two are
+allowed to be scheduled at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be scheduled at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be scheduled at the same
+time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+Um, so this is listing all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this is listing all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this is listing all of our
+conflicts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts.
+And this brings us to the graph coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this brings us to the graph coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this brings us to the graph coloring
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, so we say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proper K coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper K coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper K coloring
+a proper K coloring of a graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is defined to be
+I'll write it down mathematically first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it down mathematically first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it down mathematically first
+and then explain it in words. a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then explain it in words. a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then explain it in words. a function
+f from the set of vertices to a set c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from the set of vertices to a set c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f from the set of vertices to a set c of
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where there are at most k colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for all edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all edges
+uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv
+fu does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fu does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fu does not equal
+fv.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fv.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fv.
+So in other words, we have some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, we have some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, we have some set of
+colors available and we want to assign a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available and we want to assign a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available and we want to assign a
+color to every vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to every vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to every vertex.
+Um, and we want to assign a color to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we want to assign a color to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we want to assign a color to
+every vertex so that no two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex so that no two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex so that no two adjacent
+vertices are ever assigned the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are ever assigned the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are ever assigned the same
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+In this example, you can think of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this example, you can think of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this example, you can think of colors
+as time slots for final exams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time slots for final exams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time slots for final exams.
+If two vertices are given the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If two vertices are given the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If two vertices are given the same
+color, that means that they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color, that means that they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color, that means that they'll be
+administered at the same time. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered at the same time. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administered at the same time. And this
+condition that edges have to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that edges have to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that edges have to have two
+different colors on their endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors on their endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors on their endpoints
+means that anytime there's a scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that anytime there's a scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that anytime there's a scheduling
+conflict, they will always be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict, they will always be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict, they will always be given
+different colors, which means they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors, which means they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors, which means they'll be
+given different time slots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given different time slots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given different time slots.
+So this is what we mean by a proper K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we mean by a proper K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we mean by a proper K
+coloring. It's an assignment of um of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. It's an assignment of um of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. It's an assignment of um of a
+color to every vertex from a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to every vertex from a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color to every vertex from a possible
+choice of K different colors where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of K different colors where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of K different colors where the
+two end points of every edge are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points of every edge are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points of every edge are
+assigned different colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, and as an example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and as an example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and as an example,
+so let's let's try to color this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's try to color this graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's try to color this graph.
+Um, okay. I'm going to color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. I'm going to color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. I'm going to color
+let's say I'm going to color this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to color this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm going to color this red
+and this green and this blue and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this green and this blue and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this green and this blue and this
+yellow and this purple. Is that a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and this purple. Is that a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and this purple. Is that a proper
+coloring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah. Every edge has two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Every edge has two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Every edge has two different
+colors on its end points because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors on its end points because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors on its end points because all the
+colors are distinct. This is a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are distinct. This is a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are distinct. This is a proper
+five coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five coloring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five coloring.
+Can be five colored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. But that means we need five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But that means we need five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But that means we need five
+different time slots for the final exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time slots for the final exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time slots for the final exams
+and we'd like to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like to be a little more
+efficient. Uh can we color this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. Uh can we color this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient. Uh can we color this with
+just four colors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes, I claim we can. Let's make that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I claim we can. Let's make that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, I claim we can. Let's make that red
+instead of purple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of purple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of purple.
+Now, this class and this class are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this class and this class are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this class and this class are both
+red,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red,
+but because there's no edge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because there's no edge between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because there's no edge between
+them, uh, that's fine. All of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, uh, that's fine. All of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, uh, that's fine. All of the edges
+have two different colors on their end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different colors on their end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different colors on their end
+points, and that's all we need. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, and that's all we need. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, and that's all we need. All
+right, so this can be fourcolored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can we do better?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we do better?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we do better?
+Can we get away with just three colors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Interesting. I'm seeing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Interesting. I'm seeing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Interesting. I'm seeing one
+headshake and and one head nod. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headshake and and one head nod. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headshake and and one head nod. Um, so
+yes, please.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, please.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, please.
+How about making the yellow?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about making the yellow?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about making the yellow?
+Make yellow red.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we'll make this blue or green.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll make this blue or green.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll make this blue or green.
+Yeah. All right. So, we've got red,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So, we've got red,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So, we've got red,
+green, blue, red, blue. So, we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green, blue, red, blue. So, we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green, blue, red, blue. So, we've got
+two reds, but there's no edge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reds, but there's no edge between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reds, but there's no edge between
+them, so we're fine. And we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, so we're fine. And we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, so we're fine. And we've got two
+blues, but there's no edge between them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues, but there's no edge between them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues, but there's no edge between them,
+so we're fine. This is absolutely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're fine. This is absolutely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're fine. This is absolutely a
+valid threec coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be three-colored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can this be 17 colored?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can this be 17 colored?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can this be 17 colored?
+Is there a proper 17 coloring for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a proper 17 coloring for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a proper 17 coloring for this
+graph? This is a bit of a weird edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph? This is a bit of a weird edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph? This is a bit of a weird edge
+case, but yes. Um, this set C um says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but yes. Um, this set C um says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but yes. Um, this set C um says
+that there have to be at most 17 colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have to be at most 17 colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have to be at most 17 colors
+available.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available.
+We don't have to use all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have to use all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have to use all of those
+colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors.
+Um so if we were if we had a 17 color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we were if we had a 17 color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we were if we had a 17 color
+palette and we found this proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and we found this proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette and we found this proper
+coloring that would be a be considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring that would be a be considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring that would be a be considered a
+valid 17 coloring. So this is a valid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid 17 coloring. So this is a valid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid 17 coloring. So this is a valid uh
+this is a proper 17 coloring of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proper 17 coloring of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proper 17 coloring of the
+graph but more directly it's a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but more directly it's a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but more directly it's a proper
+three coloring because usually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coloring because usually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three coloring because usually we're
+trying to minimize the number of colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize the number of colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize the number of colors.
+All right. And we can make that notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And we can make that notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And we can make that notion
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition. Uh the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a graph G. The chromatic number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph G. The chromatic number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph G. The chromatic number is
+denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted
+kai of G. That's a lowercase Greek. Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+for a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloring of G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of G.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, the chromatic number asks, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the chromatic number asks, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the chromatic number asks, what's
+the fewest colors you can get away with?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest colors you can get away with?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest colors you can get away with?
+Um, in our scheduling problem, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in our scheduling problem, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in our scheduling problem, what's
+the fewest number of time slots that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest number of time slots that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewest number of time slots that we
+need to cover all of the final exams?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover all of the final exams?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover all of the final exams?
+Um, for this graph, what is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, for this graph, what is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, for this graph, what is its
+chromatic number? Have we shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number? Have we shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number? Have we shown that
+it's three?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+First of all, is it five?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, is it five?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, is it five?
+Is the chromatic number of this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is the chromatic number of this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is the chromatic number of this graph
+five? Why not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we can we can get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can we can get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can we can get away with
+fewer colors. That's right. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer colors. That's right. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer colors. That's right. It's not
+five because we can do fewer. Uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because we can do fewer. Uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because we can do fewer. Uh it's
+not four because we can do fewer. Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four because we can do fewer. Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not four because we can do fewer. Is it
+three?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know yet. Can we get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yet. Can we get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yet. Can we get away with
+fewer colors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer colors?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer colors?
+Well, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's see.
+Um can it be two-colored? Is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um can it be two-colored? Is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um can it be two-colored? Is there a
+proper coloring with just two colors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper coloring with just two colors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper coloring with just two colors for
+this graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in this case, there isn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, there isn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this case, there isn't because
+this triangle right here shows us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle right here shows us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle right here shows us that
+all three of these vertices need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these vertices need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these vertices need
+different colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors.
+Uh you can think of this as a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can think of this as a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can think of this as a proof by
+contradiction as well. Assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as well. Assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as well. Assume it's
+possible to color with just two colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to color with just two colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to color with just two colors.
+Well then, well, these three vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then, well, these three vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then, well, these three vertices
+would have a conflict among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a conflict among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a conflict among them
+somehow, which is a contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow, which is a contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow, which is a contradiction.
+Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+be two-colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these two statements together can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two statements together can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two statements together can be
+colored with three colors cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored with three colors cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored with three colors cannot be
+colored with two colors. This is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored with two colors. This is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored with two colors. This is what we
+need to confirm that the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to confirm that the chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to confirm that the chromatic
+number is three. Three is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is three. Three is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is three. Three is the smallest
+because three works and fewer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three works and fewer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three works and fewer doesn't
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+uh and I want to emphasize that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I want to emphasize that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I want to emphasize that in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show that the chromatic number of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the chromatic number of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the chromatic number of G
+is some value K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some value K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some value K
+um usually we need both an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um usually we need both an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um usually we need both an upper bound
+and a lower bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We need an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is that K of G is less equal K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that K of G is less equal K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that K of G is less equal K.
+And how do we prove that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we prove that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do we prove that?
+usually by giving a K coloring. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by giving a K coloring. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually by giving a K coloring. If you
+know it's possible to color in K colors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to color in K colors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to color in K colors,
+then the chromatic number has to be K or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chromatic number has to be K or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chromatic number has to be K or
+smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Give a K coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But you also need a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that K of G has to be greater than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K of G has to be greater than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K of G has to be greater than K
+minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+And how do you prove that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do you prove that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how do you prove that?
+You prove you have to prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You prove you have to prove that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You prove you have to prove that it
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+be kus one colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kus one colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kus one colored
+usually by contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I just wanted to emphasize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just wanted to emphasize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just wanted to emphasize that the
+definition of chromatic number as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of chromatic number as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of chromatic number as the
+smallest thing that works there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest thing that works there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest thing that works there are two
+parts to that. It works and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to that. It works and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to that. It works and nothing
+smaller works. Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller works. Make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller works. Make sense?
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+let me Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Yes.
+So, graph coloring. We've seen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graph coloring. We've seen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, graph coloring. We've seen one
+application which is the registar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is the registar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application which is the registar
+scheduling final exams. They actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling final exams. They actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling final exams. They actually do
+something exactly like this. By the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something exactly like this. By the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something exactly like this. By the way,
+this is why uh final exam schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why uh final exam schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why uh final exam schedules
+don't come out till a couple weeks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come out till a couple weeks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come out till a couple weeks into
+the semester because they need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester because they need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester because they need to see
+who's enrolled in which pairs of classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's enrolled in which pairs of classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's enrolled in which pairs of classes
+so we can try to schedule those um apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can try to schedule those um apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can try to schedule those um apart
+from each other. They're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. They're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. They're trying to find
+a coloring with few colors. Um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coloring with few colors. Um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coloring with few colors. Um in
+practice, if they were looking for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, if they were looking for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, if they were looking for an
+actual proper coloring with no conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual proper coloring with no conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual proper coloring with no conflicts
+whatsoever,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever,
+probably wouldn't fit into exam week. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't fit into exam week. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't fit into exam week. So
+instead they're looking to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they're looking to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they're looking to minimize the
+number of conflicts which is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of conflicts which is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of conflicts which is a slightly
+different problem but still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem but still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problem but still an
+interesting one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one.
+But there are lots of scenarios where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are lots of scenarios where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are lots of scenarios where
+you're trying to avoid conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to avoid conflicts
+um just like the registar is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just like the registar is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just like the registar is trying to
+avoid conflicts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid conflicts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid conflicts.
+So other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coloring applications,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, a really common one and one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, a really common one and one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, a really common one and one that's
+appropriate for this computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for this computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for this computer science
+class is register allocation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When designing compilers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When designing compilers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When designing compilers,
+um, you have multiple values that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you have multiple values that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you have multiple values that you're
+trying to compute, different operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute, different operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute, different operations
+you need to do with them. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great question. Thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question. Thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question. Thank you for
+asking. Um, do the elements of C matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking. Um, do the elements of C matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking. Um, do the elements of C matter
+or just the size of C? C is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just the size of C? C is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just the size of C? C is the set of
+colors available. Um, so if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available. Um, so if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors available. Um, so if you change
+the set C, then you're you're giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set C, then you're you're giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set C, then you're you're giving a
+different coloring because your colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coloring because your colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coloring because your colors
+mean different things. Um, but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean different things. Um, but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean different things. Um, but you're
+not going to change how many colors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to change how many colors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to change how many colors are
+needed. You're not going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. You're not going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. You're not going to change the
+chromatic number if you change the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number if you change the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number if you change the set
+of colors available. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors available. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors available. Um,
+and you you said we could have put like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you said we could have put like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you said we could have put like
+green green here instead of here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green green here instead of here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green green here instead of here.
+Yeah. Like we could have made the reds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like we could have made the reds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like we could have made the reds
+could in could instead be green and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in could instead be green and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in could instead be green and this
+green could be red or this green could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green could be red or this green could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green could be red or this green could
+be yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yellow.
+Now we've got some greens, some blues,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we've got some greens, some blues,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we've got some greens, some blues,
+and a yellow. Still three colors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a yellow. Still three colors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a yellow. Still three colors,
+different coloring because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coloring because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coloring because we're
+assigning different colors to them, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning different colors to them, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning different colors to them, but
+um still the same number of colors. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still the same number of colors. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um still the same number of colors. And
+often for the applications we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for the applications we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often for the applications we're about
+to talk about, the number of colors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about, the number of colors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about, the number of colors is
+all that matters because the colors just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters because the colors just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters because the colors just
+mean these are the different classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are the different classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean these are the different classes
+that you need to put them in. and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to put them in. and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to put them in. and then
+you do something with each class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something with each class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something with each class.
+Um so this application register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this application register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this application register
+allocation when you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation when you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation when you're computing
+multiple values um the your processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple values um the your processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple values um the your processor
+has a small number like 16 or 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number like 16 or 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a small number like 16 or 32
+registers which are really really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which are really really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers which are really really fast
+memory that it can um that it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that it can um that it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that it can um that it can do
+operations on and in fact it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on and in fact it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on and in fact it has to
+bring data into a register before it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring data into a register before it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring data into a register before it can
+compute on them usually. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on them usually. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute on them usually. Um, and
+some values you're computing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values you're computing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values you're computing and you
+need lots of different pieces to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lots of different pieces to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lots of different pieces to go into
+that computation. Some values, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computation. Some values, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computation. Some values, well,
+you're done with it. You don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with it. You don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with it. You don't need to
+remember it anymore. So, let's evict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it anymore. So, let's evict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it anymore. So, let's evict
+that and put something else in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and put something else in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and put something else in that
+register. And ideally, you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register. And ideally, you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register. And ideally, you can figure
+out a way to schedule all of your values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to schedule all of your values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to schedule all of your values
+in the different registers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different registers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different registers so that
+everything fits in the registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fits in the registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fits in the registers and
+everything's fast instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fast instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's fast instead of having to
+spill them out into RAM. um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill them out into RAM. um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill them out into RAM. um you don't
+need to understand compilers or exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand compilers or exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand compilers or exactly
+what I'm saying here. The point is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here. The point is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying here. The point is um
+your variables, the values you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variables, the values you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variables, the values you're
+computing have different lifetimes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing have different lifetimes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing have different lifetimes.
+Times when they need to still exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times when they need to still exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times when they need to still exist and
+other times when you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times when you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times when you're allowed to
+forget them. Um and compiler writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them. Um and compiler writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them. Um and compiler writers
+often draw exactly the conflict graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often draw exactly the conflict graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often draw exactly the conflict graph
+between these lifetimes. This value has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these lifetimes. This value has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these lifetimes. This value has
+to exist at the same time that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist at the same time that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exist at the same time that this
+value also has to exist. So they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value also has to exist. So they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value also has to exist. So they can't
+be in the same register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same register
+um because then one would overwrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then one would overwrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because then one would overwrite the
+other. And if you can write down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And if you can write down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And if you can write down your
+conflict graph and find a coloring with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict graph and find a coloring with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict graph and find a coloring with
+a small number of colors um ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of colors um ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of colors um ideally
+smaller than the number of registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the number of registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the number of registers
+available then everything works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available then everything works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available then everything works in
+registers and you're really fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and you're really fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and you're really fast.
+Um another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um another one is
+radio tower frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, if each if each tower in a radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if each if each tower in a radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if each if each tower in a radio
+network needs to broadcast with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network needs to broadcast with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network needs to broadcast with some
+frequencies, well, if two towers use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies, well, if two towers use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies, well, if two towers use the
+same frequency that can reach the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency that can reach the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency that can reach the same
+places, then they're going to conflict.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, then they're going to conflict.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places, then they're going to conflict.
+You're going to get static in the noise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to get static in the noise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to get static in the noise.
+You're getting noise from two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're getting noise from two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're getting noise from two different
+places at once. Um, so any conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at once. Um, so any conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at once. Um, so any conflicting
+towers need to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers need to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers need to use different
+frequencies. And this is again a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. And this is again a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. And this is again a graph
+coloring problem. Um, draw your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring problem. Um, draw your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring problem. Um, draw your your
+conflict graph, color it with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict graph, color it with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict graph, color it with a small
+number of colors. each color is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors. each color is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors. each color is a
+different frequency. And since different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency. And since different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency. And since different
+towers that are assigned the same color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers that are assigned the same color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers that are assigned the same color
+don't have an edge in the conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an edge in the conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an edge in the conflict
+graph, it means they don't conflict. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, it means they don't conflict. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, it means they don't conflict. And
+so they're allowed to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're allowed to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're allowed to use the same
+frequency just fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency just fine.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+in general, where did I put this list?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, where did I put this list?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, where did I put this list?
+Way over here. No, come back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way over here. No, come back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way over here. No, come back.
+Um, let's see. Map coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh a while ago, Eric told us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a while ago, Eric told us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a while ago, Eric told us about the
+four color theorem that every planer map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four color theorem that every planer map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four color theorem that every planer map
+uh every map that you draw uh on a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every map that you draw uh on a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every map that you draw uh on a sheet
+of paper, you can color all the regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper, you can color all the regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper, you can color all the regions
+in different colors so that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different colors so that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different colors so that two
+neighboring regions never have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring regions never have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring regions never have the same
+color. Uh and four colors is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Uh and four colors is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Uh and four colors is always
+enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+Excuse me. Um this is just saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Um this is just saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Um this is just saying that
+certain kinds of graphs can always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of graphs can always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of graphs can always be
+fourcolored. Not every graph but certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourcolored. Not every graph but certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourcolored. Not every graph but certain
+kinds of graphs um the so-called planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of graphs um the so-called planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of graphs um the so-called planer
+graphs can always be fourcolored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs can always be fourcolored.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs can always be fourcolored.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+this is this is the language that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the language that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the language that that
+proof is written in. It's it's a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is written in. It's it's a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is written in. It's it's a theorem
+about graph theory. It uses graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graph theory. It uses graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graph theory. It uses graph
+theory. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Um
+but it's an example we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an example we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an example we've already seen
+which is nice in general. Anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice in general. Anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice in general. Anytime you're
+trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid
+pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+conflicts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph coloring is a great tool to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph coloring is a great tool to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph coloring is a great tool to reach
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+because it's such a great tool to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a great tool to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's such a great tool to reach
+for in many contexts. Wouldn't it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in many contexts. Wouldn't it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in many contexts. Wouldn't it be
+great if there was a really fast, simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if there was a really fast, simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if there was a really fast, simple
+algorithm that says, "Here's a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that says, "Here's a graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that says, "Here's a graph.
+Here's a target number of colors. Please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a target number of colors. Please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a target number of colors. Please
+give me a coloring, a proper coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a coloring, a proper coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a coloring, a proper coloring
+that uses this number of colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses this number of colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses this number of colors.
+Um so an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so an algorithm
+to k color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k color
+any input graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um or decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or decide
+it's not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I'm the registar and I know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm the registar and I know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm the registar and I know I have
+what is it five days of exams two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it five days of exams two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it five days of exams two
+sessions each so I have 10 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions each so I have 10 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions each so I have 10 different
+exam sessions I really want a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam sessions I really want a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam sessions I really want a 10
+coloring of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of my graph
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and so I want to ask please give me a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to ask please give me a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to ask please give me a 10
+coloring of this conflict graph and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of this conflict graph and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of this conflict graph and then
+that's my schedule. Is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my schedule. Is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my schedule. Is there an
+algorithm to do that? Um likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do that? Um likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do that? Um likewise
+uh instead of asking give me 10 colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of asking give me 10 colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of asking give me 10 colors
+um you can ask algorithm to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can ask algorithm to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can ask algorithm to compute
+k of g. I don't know in advance how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of g. I don't know in advance how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of g. I don't know in advance how many
+colors I'm expecting. Just give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors I'm expecting. Just give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors I'm expecting. Just give me the
+best coloring. Give me a coloring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best coloring. Give me a coloring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best coloring. Give me a coloring that
+uses the fewest number of colors. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the fewest number of colors. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the fewest number of colors. Is
+there an algorithm to do that? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an algorithm to do that? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an algorithm to do that? That
+would be really great in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really great in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really great in lots of
+applications. Um, unfortunately, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Um, unfortunately, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Um, unfortunately, I'm
+talking in hypotheticals here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in hypotheticals here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in hypotheticals here because
+these algorithms very very likely don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms very very likely don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms very very likely don't
+exist. Uh, these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are what we call NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we call NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we call NP
+well this problem's nplete. This one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this problem's nplete. This one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this problem's nplete. This one's
+possibly even harder. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least this problem is npmplete. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this problem is npmplete. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this problem is npmplete. Like
+I said, this one might be even harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, this one might be even harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, this one might be even harder
+than NP. Um, what does this mean? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NP. Um, what does this mean? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NP. Um, what does this mean? I
+don't care so much. Uh, I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care so much. Uh, I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care so much. Uh, I don't really
+want to dig into what NPMPlete means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig into what NPMPlete means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to dig into what NPMPlete means
+right now or NP hard or any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or NP hard or any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or NP hard or any of those
+things. What I will say is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. What I will say is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. What I will say is that there
+are thousands upon thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands upon thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thousands upon thousands of
+computational problems like graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems like graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems like graph
+coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring
+um like the traveling salesman problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like the traveling salesman problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like the traveling salesman problem
+if you've heard of that one it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've heard of that one it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've heard of that one it's pretty
+famous um like sudoku on n squ by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous um like sudoku on n squ by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous um like sudoku on n squ by n
+squared boards instead of just 9 by9 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared boards instead of just 9 by9 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared boards instead of just 9 by9 um
+there are thousands upon thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands upon thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thousands upon thousands of
+these problems that computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems that computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems that computer scientists
+have decided are all equally difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided are all equally difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided are all equally difficult
+So if we were able to find an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we were able to find an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we were able to find an efficient
+algorithm to solve any one of them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve any one of them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve any one of them like
+to solve the k coloring problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the k coloring problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the k coloring problem then
+that would immediately give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would immediately give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would immediately give us an
+algorithm to solve all the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve all the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to solve all the other ones
+efficiently as well. Uh and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as well. Uh and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as well. Uh and all the
+problems that are easier than those. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are easier than those. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are easier than those. Um
+a notable problem that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notable problem that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notable problem that we've already
+talked about is factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers.
+This is known to be in NP. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is known to be in NP. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is known to be in NP. It's not
+known whether it's NP complete. It's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known whether it's NP complete. It's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known whether it's NP complete. It's in
+fact thought to be even easier than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact thought to be even easier than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact thought to be even easier than than
+most of these. So it's thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these. So it's thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these. So it's thought that
+factoring numbers is somehow easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring numbers is somehow easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring numbers is somehow easier than
+K coloring your graph. Also, by the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K coloring your graph. Also, by the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K coloring your graph. Also, by the way,
+even if we're just asking for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're just asking for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're just asking for three
+colors, does this graph have a coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors, does this graph have a coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors, does this graph have a coloring
+with just three colors? That's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just three colors? That's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just three colors? That's already
+nplete. That's already too hard. and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nplete. That's already too hard. and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nplete. That's already too hard. and we
+don't believe there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe there's going to be an
+efficient algorithm for it. Um, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm for it. Um, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm for it. Um, so if
+you solve this easier problem, factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this easier problem, factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this easier problem, factoring
+large numbers, if you find an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers, if you find an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers, if you find an efficient
+algorithm for that, well, you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for that, well, you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for that, well, you'll be able
+to break all the public RSA keys, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break all the public RSA keys, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break all the public RSA keys, uh,
+read everyone's encrypted messages,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read everyone's encrypted messages,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read everyone's encrypted messages,
+steal all the electronic money, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal all the electronic money, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal all the electronic money, um,
+including the real currency from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the real currency from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the real currency from
+electronic banks, um, run from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic banks, um, run from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic banks, um, run from all of
+the world governments that are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world governments that are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world governments that are trying to
+hire and/or silence you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire and/or silence you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire and/or silence you.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+but if you solve the even harder problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you solve the even harder problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you solve the even harder problem
+of threecoloring a graph, you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threecoloring a graph, you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threecoloring a graph, you get all
+that plus a million-doll prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus a million-doll prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus a million-doll prize for
+solving a famous millennium problem. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a famous millennium problem. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a famous millennium problem. So,
+you've got choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got choices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got choices.
+Point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point is
+graph coloring is a hard computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph coloring is a hard computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph coloring is a hard computational
+problem and we strongly believe most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we strongly believe most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we strongly believe most
+computer scientists strongly believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists strongly believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists strongly believe
+that there is no efficient algorithm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no efficient algorithm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no efficient algorithm um
+for graph coloring and so we're not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graph coloring and so we're not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graph coloring and so we're not it's
+not realistic at least for very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realistic at least for very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realistic at least for very large
+graphs. It's not realistic to ask for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. It's not realistic to ask for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. It's not realistic to ask for um
+a coloring with a specific number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coloring with a specific number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coloring with a specific number of
+colors or the the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the the best possible
+coloring,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring,
+which means that our applications are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our applications are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that our applications are a
+little bit sad because sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sad because sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit sad because sometimes we
+really want optimal colorings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want optimal colorings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want optimal colorings.
+Thankfully, in practice, um optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thankfully, in practice, um optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thankfully, in practice, um optimal
+colorings aren't really necessary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings aren't really necessary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings aren't really necessary.
+Sometimes we can get away with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we can get away with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we can get away with good
+enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+Um, and so for all of these NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so for all of these NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so for all of these NP complete
+or NP hard problems, the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NP hard problems, the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or NP hard problems, the best you can
+hope for is an algorithm that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for is an algorithm that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for is an algorithm that's good
+enough. Um, usually the answer it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Um, usually the answer it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. Um, usually the answer it gives
+is a little worse, but it runs faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little worse, but it runs faster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little worse, but it runs faster.
+Uh, and let's let's see an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and let's let's see an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and let's let's see an algorithm for
+that to give us some colorings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to give us some colorings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to give us some colorings of
+graphs, even if they're not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, even if they're not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, even if they're not always
+optimal colorings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a greedy
+coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm.
+Um and here is the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here is the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here is the idea of the
+algorithm. So first of all, um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So first of all, um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So first of all, um we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+order the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the vertices
+v1, v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1, v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1, v2
+vn. So we're going to pick some ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn. So we're going to pick some ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn. So we're going to pick some ordering
+of the vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices.
+Uh we're going to order the colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I'm going to use my favorite color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'm going to use my favorite color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'm going to use my favorite color
+palette. One, two, three, and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette. One, two, three, and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette. One, two, three, and so on.
+Those are my colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are my colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are my colors.
+Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each vi in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each vi in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each vi in order
+so we'll look at v1 then v2 then v3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look at v1 then v2 then v3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look at v1 then v2 then v3 and
+so on and we'll assign each of them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and we'll assign each of them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and we'll assign each of them a
+color one at a time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one at a time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one at a time.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+assign vi the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't introduce conflicts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when we get to vertex I, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we get to vertex I, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we get to vertex I, we're going
+to ask, does color one work? Does color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask, does color one work? Does color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask, does color one work? Does color
+two work? Does color three work? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two work? Does color three work? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two work? Does color three work? And
+this the first time we get to a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first time we get to a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first time we get to a color
+that is valid that it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is valid that it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is valid that it doesn't have a
+neighbor of that same color, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor of that same color, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor of that same color, we're going
+to assign it that color and then move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign it that color and then move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign it that color and then move on
+to the next vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next vertex.
+It's greedy because you're um yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's greedy because you're um yeah, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's greedy because you're um yeah, it's
+called greedy because you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called greedy because you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called greedy because you're always
+picking the smallest color you can at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the smallest color you can at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the smallest color you can at
+any one time. It doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time. It doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time. It doesn't necessarily
+mean that you're going to get an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're going to get an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're going to get an optimal
+coloring. In fact, usually you won't. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. In fact, usually you won't. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. In fact, usually you won't. At
+least, you know, for big graphs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least, you know, for big graphs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least, you know, for big graphs where
+it's hard to find optimal colorings. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to find optimal colorings. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to find optimal colorings. Um,
+let's run through this algorithm. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run through this algorithm. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run through this algorithm. Let's
+see it happening just to get a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening just to get a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening just to get a more
+concrete feel for what we mean. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete feel for what we mean. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete feel for what we mean. Um,
+here we go. So, here's my graph. Nope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go. So, here's my graph. Nope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go. So, here's my graph. Nope.
+Pause. Thank you. Six vertices. One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause. Thank you. Six vertices. One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause. Thank you. Six vertices. One,
+two, three, four, five, seven edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five, seven edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five, seven edges.
+Uh, and this is the vertex order we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and this is the vertex order we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and this is the vertex order we're
+going to use. We could choose any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use. We could choose any vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use. We could choose any vertex
+order we want. Um, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we want. Um, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we want. Um, but we're going to
+look at the vertices in this order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the vertices in this order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the vertices in this order and
+always choose the smallest color that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always choose the smallest color that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always choose the smallest color that's
+valid. So the first one, first color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So the first one, first color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So the first one, first color is
+fine because there are no possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because there are no possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because there are no possible
+conflicts. No one else has colors yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts. No one else has colors yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts. No one else has colors yet.
+Uh second vertex, the first color is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh second vertex, the first color is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh second vertex, the first color is no
+good because it already has a color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it already has a color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because it already has a color.
+Sorry, it already has a neighbor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, it already has a neighbor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, it already has a neighbor that's
+been assigned that color. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned that color. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned that color. So instead of
+the color triangle, we have to go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color triangle, we have to go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color triangle, we have to go up to
+color square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color square.
+All right. Now, let's go to vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, let's go to vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, let's go to vertex
+three. Our first color is valid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Our first color is valid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Our first color is valid this
+time, so it gets color one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, so it gets color one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, so it gets color one.
+Still with me? All right. Vertex four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still with me? All right. Vertex four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still with me? All right. Vertex four
+can't use color one, but can use color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use color one, but can use color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use color one, but can use color
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Vertex five, let's take a look. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex five, let's take a look. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex five, let's take a look. Uh,
+vertex 5 can't use the first color,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex 5 can't use the first color,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex 5 can't use the first color,
+can't use the second color, but can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the second color, but can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the second color, but can use
+the third color. So, it gets assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color. So, it gets assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color. So, it gets assigned
+the third color. And finally, vertex 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color. And finally, vertex 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color. And finally, vertex 6
+gets assigned the first color. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets assigned the first color. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets assigned the first color. And we
+have our valid coloring, our proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our valid coloring, our proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our valid coloring, our proper
+coloring. Does that algorithm make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. Does that algorithm make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring. Does that algorithm make
+sense? Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Awesome.
+Um, one thing I want to mention is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different vertex orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will often lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different colorings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and often lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colorings with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings with a different
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here with this ordering, we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here with this ordering, we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here with this ordering, we got a
+coloring with three colors. We got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring with three colors. We got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring with three colors. We got a
+proper three coloring. But if instead we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper three coloring. But if instead we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper three coloring. But if instead we
+use this coloring, sorry, this ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this coloring, sorry, this ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this coloring, sorry, this ordering
+where all I've done is change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I've done is change the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I've done is change the order
+of vertices 1, five, and six. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices 1, five, and six. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices 1, five, and six. This is a
+different vertex order on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vertex order on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vertex order on the same
+graph. So let's run the algorithm again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So let's run the algorithm again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. So let's run the algorithm again
+in this ordering and let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ordering and let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ordering and let's see what
+coloring it gives us. So first color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring it gives us. So first color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring it gives us. So first color is
+fine here. First color is fine here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine here. First color is fine here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine here. First color is fine here.
+This one needs the second color because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one needs the second color because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one needs the second color because
+it already has a neighbor with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already has a neighbor with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already has a neighbor with the first
+color. Stop me if I'm going too quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Stop me if I'm going too quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color. Stop me if I'm going too quickly.
+Um, the next one has neighbors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the next one has neighbors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the next one has neighbors with
+colors one and two, so it needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors one and two, so it needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors one and two, so it needs the
+third color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third color.
+Um, the fifth vertex has a neighbor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the fifth vertex has a neighbor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the fifth vertex has a neighbor with
+color one, so it needs the second color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one, so it needs the second color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one, so it needs the second color.
+Uh and then finally, vertex six has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then finally, vertex six has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then finally, vertex six has a
+neighbor with color one and a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor with color one and a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor with color one and a neighbor
+with color two and a neighbor with color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with color two and a neighbor with color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with color two and a neighbor with color
+three. So it in fact needs a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So it in fact needs a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So it in fact needs a fourth
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+So with this different vertex ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with this different vertex ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with this different vertex ordering
+on the same graph, it gave us a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same graph, it gave us a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same graph, it gave us a four
+coloring instead of a three-coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring instead of a three-coloring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring instead of a three-coloring.
+All right. So some orderings are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So some orderings are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So some orderings are better
+than others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+All right. Um, does this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, does this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, does this algorithm
+actually work? Does it always give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work? Does it always give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work? Does it always give a
+proper coloring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, yes, in this case it does. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yes, in this case it does. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yes, in this case it does. Um, and
+an easy way to see that is that um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to see that is that um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to see that is that um, the
+way the algorithm is designed, it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the algorithm is designed, it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the algorithm is designed, it never
+introduces conflicts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces conflicts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces conflicts.
+um always after we've assigned the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um always after we've assigned the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um always after we've assigned the next
+vertex, we never have an edge that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, we never have an edge that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, we never have an edge that has
+two end points of the same color because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points of the same color because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two end points of the same color because
+that's kind of the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the point of the
+algorithm. So we never introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So we never introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. So we never introduce a
+conflict on any edge. So when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict on any edge. So when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict on any edge. So when we get to
+the end, we haven't introduced any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end, we haven't introduced any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end, we haven't introduced any
+conflicts, so there aren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts, so there aren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts, so there aren't any
+conflicts. That's kind of a a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts. That's kind of a a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts. That's kind of a a state
+machine style proof of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine style proof of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine style proof of of that
+algorithm. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good question. If you try all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. If you try all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. If you try all the
+orderings and then take the best one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings and then take the best one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings and then take the best one,
+the best coloring you get, will that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best coloring you get, will that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best coloring you get, will that be
+optimal? Um, so there there are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal? Um, so there there are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal? Um, so there there are sort of
+two questions in there. Um, can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions in there. Um, can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions in there. Um, can you get
+all colorings from this algorithm?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all colorings from this algorithm?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all colorings from this algorithm?
+And the answer is no. You can't get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is no. You can't get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is no. You can't get all
+colorings from this algorithm. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings from this algorithm. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorings from this algorithm. For
+example, colorings that never use color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, colorings that never use color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, colorings that never use color
+one, you can't get from this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you can't get from this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you can't get from this algorithm
+because you're always going to use color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always going to use color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always going to use color
+one on the first vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the first vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the first vertex.
+Um, but the other question, can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but the other question, can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but the other question, can you
+always get some coloring that uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get some coloring that uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get some coloring that uses the
+minimal number of colors? Even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal number of colors? Even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal number of colors? Even if you
+can't get all different colorings, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get all different colorings, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get all different colorings, can
+you at least get all different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least get all different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least get all different numbers
+of colors? And that answer is yes. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors? And that answer is yes. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors? And that answer is yes. Um,
+it takes a little bit of thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a little bit of thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a little bit of thought to
+prove, but the answer is yes. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove, but the answer is yes. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove, but the answer is yes. So if you
+do try all n factorial vertex orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try all n factorial vertex orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try all n factorial vertex orderings
+uh and take the minimum minimal coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and take the minimum minimal coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and take the minimum minimal coloring
+um you will in fact get the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will in fact get the chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will in fact get the chromatic
+number but n factorial is a runtime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but n factorial is a runtime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but n factorial is a runtime that
+is not considered efficient for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not considered efficient for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not considered efficient for things
+like np and and np hardness. Um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like np and and np hardness. Um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like np and and np hardness. Um so that
+is absolutely an algorithm to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely an algorithm to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely an algorithm to compute
+chromatic number uh just not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number uh just not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number uh just not an
+efficient one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient one.
+Uh yeah great question. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah great question. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah great question. Um
+let me let me prove one thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me prove one thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me prove one thing about this
+greedy algorithm. Um as we said it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm. Um as we said it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm. Um as we said it's not
+always going to give the the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to give the the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to give the the smallest
+coloring depending on what order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring depending on what order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring depending on what order you
+pick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick.
+But we can prove something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can prove something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can prove something about the
+quality of colorings we get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of colorings we get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of colorings we get.
+And here is that theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all graphs G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all graphs G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all graphs G
+for all vertex orderings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excuse me. Um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me. Um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me. Um if
+the max degree of our graph is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max degree of our graph is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max degree of our graph is less
+equal d um by max degree here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal d um by max degree here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal d um by max degree here I mean
+look at the degrees of all the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the degrees of all the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the degrees of all the vertices
+and take the largest one. So the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the largest one. So the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the largest one. So the maximum
+of the degrees of the vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degrees of the vertices.
+Um so if the max degree is at most d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if the max degree is at most d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if the max degree is at most d
+said differently if all vertices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said differently if all vertices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said differently if all vertices in the
+graph have degree at most d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the greedy algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+returns a coloring a proper coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with at most D + one colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if all the vertices of the graph have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if all the vertices of the graph have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if all the vertices of the graph have
+degree at most D, then the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree at most D, then the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree at most D, then the greedy
+algorithm will use at most D + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will use at most D + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will use at most D + one
+colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does the statement make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the statement make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the statement make sense?
+So in this example, all the degrees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this example, all the degrees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this example, all the degrees are
+three or less. So we're guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or less. So we're guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or less. So we're guaranteed to
+produce a coloring that uses at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a coloring that uses at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a coloring that uses at most
+four colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four colors.
+Uh, and I want to emphasize this depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I want to emphasize this depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I want to emphasize this depends
+on the degrees of the vertices, not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the degrees of the vertices, not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the degrees of the vertices, not the
+number of vertices. If if this graph had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices. If if this graph had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices. If if this graph had
+thousands and thousands of vertices, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of vertices, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of vertices, but
+all the degrees were three or less, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the degrees were three or less, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the degrees were three or less, we
+would still get a coloring with at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still get a coloring with at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still get a coloring with at most
+four colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four colors.
+All right, it's not necessarily optimal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it's not necessarily optimal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it's not necessarily optimal.
+In this graph, it wasn't optimal. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this graph, it wasn't optimal. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this graph, it wasn't optimal. Um, we
+found a three coloring, whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a three coloring, whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a three coloring, whereas this
+only promises a four coloring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only promises a four coloring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only promises a four coloring.
+Um, but at least it's some measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but at least it's some measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but at least it's some measure of
+quality of the results we get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the results we get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the results we get out of
+this greedy algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greedy algorithm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greedy algorithm.
+Does the claim make sense? Wonderful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the claim make sense? Wonderful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the claim make sense? Wonderful.
+Let's prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's prove it.
+All right, we're going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But induction on what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But induction on what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But induction on what?
+Um, we might think, okay, well, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we might think, okay, well, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we might think, okay, well, there's
+there's a D in the theorem statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a D in the theorem statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a D in the theorem statement.
+So, what if we induct on D?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what if we induct on D?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what if we induct on D?
+Well, that means at some point, um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that means at some point, um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that means at some point, um, we
+know something about all graphs whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about all graphs whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about all graphs whose
+degrees are at most eight, and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are at most eight, and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are at most eight, and we need
+to prove something about all graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove something about all graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove something about all graphs
+whose degrees are at most nine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose degrees are at most nine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose degrees are at most nine.
+I don't really see how to get from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really see how to get from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really see how to get from one
+to the next. That doesn't seem easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next. That doesn't seem easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next. That doesn't seem easy to
+me, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, right?
+Grasp with the degree nine. look with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grasp with the degree nine. look with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grasp with the degree nine. look with
+max degree 9 look very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree 9 look very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree 9 look very different from
+graphs with with max degree 8. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with with max degree 8. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with with max degree 8. If you
+have a graph with max degree 9, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph with max degree 9, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph with max degree 9, there
+might be many many many vertices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be many many many vertices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be many many many vertices with
+degree 9. Um but to get anything useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 9. Um but to get anything useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 9. Um but to get anything useful
+out of our inductive hypothesis, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our inductive hypothesis, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of our inductive hypothesis, we
+would need all degree all degrees to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need all degree all degrees to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need all degree all degrees to be
+eight or less. Like there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or less. Like there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or less. Like there there's a
+disconnect there. I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect there. I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect there. I don't know how to
+make that proof work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that proof work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that proof work.
+Um so let's see. Induction on what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We just said induction on D maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just said induction on D maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just said induction on D maybe not
+such a good idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a good idea.
+Often when when proving a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often when when proving a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often when when proving a statement
+about graphs by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graphs by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graphs by induction.
+Um there are two common strategies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are two common strategies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there are two common strategies to
+try. You can try inducting on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try. You can try inducting on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try. You can try inducting on the number
+of vertices or inducting on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices or inducting on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices or inducting on the number
+of edges. I'll explain what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges. I'll explain what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges. I'll explain what that means
+in just a second. Um but these are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a second. Um but these are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a second. Um but these are going
+to be your best friends. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your best friends. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your best friends. If you're
+trying to prove a thing about graphs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a thing about graphs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a thing about graphs by
+induction, first try proving it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction, first try proving it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction, first try proving it by
+induction on the number of vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on the number of vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on the number of vertices.
+Then try proving it by induction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then try proving it by induction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then try proving it by induction on the
+number of edges. If both of those don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. If both of those don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. If both of those don't
+work, I don't know, cry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, I don't know, cry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, I don't know, cry.
+That that's what I that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's what I that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's what I that's what I would
+do. Um, but let's try this strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Um, but let's try this strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Um, but let's try this strategy.
+Let's induct on the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's induct on the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's induct on the number of vertices
+in our graph. And here's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph. And here's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our graph. And here's what that
+means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means.
+So we're going to let P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to let P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to let P of N
+be the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the statement that
+all graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with n vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n vertices.
+So all graphs with exactly n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+max degree at most d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree at most d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max degree at most d
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result in at most d +1 colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in at most d +1 colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in at most d +1 colors
+from the greedy algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is what we mean by we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we mean by we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what we mean by we're
+inducting on the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on the number of vertices
+because n the variable we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n the variable we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because n the variable we're going to be
+inducting on is measuring the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on is measuring the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on is measuring the number of
+vertices of our graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of our graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of our graph.
+So um if we think about induction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if we think about induction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if we think about induction as
+proving things one step at a time. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving things one step at a time. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving things one step at a time. We're
+going to first prove something about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first prove something about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first prove something about all
+graphs with one vertex, then all graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with one vertex, then all graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs with one vertex, then all graphs
+with two vertices, then all graphs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two vertices, then all graphs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two vertices, then all graphs with
+three vertices, then all graphs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices, then all graphs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices, then all graphs with
+four vertices. This is fun. It's five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices. This is fun. It's five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertices. This is fun. It's five,
+six, seven. We're going to build up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven. We're going to build up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six, seven. We're going to build up one
+size at a time. Um, and that's how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at a time. Um, and that's how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size at a time. Um, and that's how our
+that's how our induction is going to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how our induction is going to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how our induction is going to go.
+Um, all graphs with n vertices is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all graphs with n vertices is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all graphs with n vertices is the
+key phrase here that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key phrase here that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key phrase here that makes this
+inducting on the number of vertices. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on the number of vertices. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on the number of vertices. If
+you wanted to induct on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to induct on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to induct on the number of
+edges, you would say all graphs with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, you would say all graphs with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges, you would say all graphs with n
+edges or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges or something like that.
+All right, does this setup make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, does this setup make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, does this setup make sense?
+So, we've defined PN here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've defined PN here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've defined PN here.
+Our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+for all n greater equal one p of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal one p of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal one p of n is
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So for any number of vertices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for any number of vertices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for any number of vertices,
+all graphs with that many vertices do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all graphs with that many vertices do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all graphs with that many vertices do
+the thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing.
+So together all of these PNS starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So together all of these PNS starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So together all of these PNS starting at
+P1 and going upward include all finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and going upward include all finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and going upward include all finite
+graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs.
+Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+I failed to mention earlier, but most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I failed to mention earlier, but most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I failed to mention earlier, but most of
+the graphs we're talking about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs we're talking about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs we're talking about in this
+class are going to be finite. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are going to be finite. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are going to be finite. So if I
+don't specify, go ahead and assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't specify, go ahead and assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't specify, go ahead and assume it's
+finite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite.
+Um, so this will cover all of the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this will cover all of the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this will cover all of the finite
+graphs. So it'll cover all the graphs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So it'll cover all the graphs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So it'll cover all the graphs we
+care about and we'll end up proving our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and we'll end up proving our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and we'll end up proving our
+theorem. All right. So let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. All right. So let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. All right. So let's actually
+prove our theorem. Um, base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove our theorem. Um, base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove our theorem. Um, base case
+P of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of one.
+Well, if there's only one vertex, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if there's only one vertex, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if there's only one vertex, we
+know what the greedy coloring is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the greedy coloring is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the greedy coloring is going
+to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do.
+Um, well, let's see. Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, let's see. Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, let's see. Max
+degree is zero because there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is zero because there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is zero because there are no
+edges if there's only one vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges if there's only one vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges if there's only one vertex.
+Greedy coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses one color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses one color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses one color.
+One is 0 + 1 which is what was promised.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is 0 + 1 which is what was promised.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is 0 + 1 which is what was promised.
+So P of 1 is fine. Let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P of 1 is fine. Let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P of 1 is fine. Let's do the
+inductive step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step.
+P of N. So here assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of N
+want to show P of N plus one. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show P of N plus one. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show P of N plus one. And I
+really want to emphasize one point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to emphasize one point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to emphasize one point right
+here. Um, very often in this class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, very often in this class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, very often in this class,
+students come away from uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come away from uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students come away from uh the next
+couple lectures with the belief that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures with the belief that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures with the belief that
+induction on graphs is different. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on graphs is different. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on graphs is different. It
+follows different rules. It's backwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows different rules. It's backwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows different rules. It's backwards.
+We're going from n plus1 to n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going from n plus1 to n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going from n plus1 to n or
+something like that. Um, and I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um, and I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um, and I I really
+want to emphasize induction on graphs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize induction on graphs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize induction on graphs is
+using regular induction in the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using regular induction in the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using regular induction in the way we're
+used to that. We're not changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to that. We're not changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to that. We're not changing the
+rules here. Um, what changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules here. Um, what changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules here. Um, what changes
+is that what it means to prove P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what it means to prove P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what it means to prove P of N
+implies P of N plus one is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies P of N plus one is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies P of N plus one is a little
+different from what we're used to. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we're used to. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what we're used to. We're
+still proving that P of N implies P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still proving that P of N implies P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still proving that P of N implies P of N
+plus one because that's what induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because that's what induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because that's what induction
+tells us to do. But if we use our proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us to do. But if we use our proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us to do. But if we use our proof
+outlining techniques from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining techniques from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining techniques from the first
+couple lectures and really unpack what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures and really unpack what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures and really unpack what
+it means to prove that this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to prove that this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to prove that this implies that
+what it tells you to do is often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells you to do is often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it tells you to do is often a
+little bit different from what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from what your
+intuition might tell you you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition might tell you you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition might tell you you're supposed
+to do. So um it's doubly important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. So um it's doubly important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. So um it's doubly important when
+inducting on graphs to lean heavily on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on graphs to lean heavily on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on graphs to lean heavily on
+our proof outlining skills. to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof outlining skills. to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof outlining skills. to make sure
+that we're setting up our proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're setting up our proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're setting up our proof
+correctly to prove PN implies PN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly to prove PN implies PN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly to prove PN implies PN plus
+one and not something that we just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and not something that we just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and not something that we just think
+means PN implies PN plus1. Uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means PN implies PN plus1. Uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means PN implies PN plus1. Uh so let's
+do that. Now we're assuming P of N. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Now we're assuming P of N. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Now we're assuming P of N. In
+other words, we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, we're assuming
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+uh let's see, nvertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see, nvertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see, nvertex
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+min degree at most D produce at most D+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min degree at most D produce at most D+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min degree at most D produce at most D+1
+colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors.
+Right? That's that's P of N. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's that's P of N. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's that's P of N. We're
+assuming P of N. And we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming P of N. And we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming P of N. And we want to show
+we want to show that all n + one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that all n + one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that all n + one vertex
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with min degree at most d produce at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with min degree at most d produce at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with min degree at most d produce at
+most d plus1 colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most d plus1 colors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most d plus1 colors.
+All I've done is write out what pn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I've done is write out what pn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I've done is write out what pn and
+pn plus1 mean in context. With me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn plus1 mean in context. With me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn plus1 mean in context. With me so
+far?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far?
+All right. And here's where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And here's where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And here's where the the
+confusing bit happens or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing bit happens or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing bit happens or at least the
+non-intuitive bit. Um, our task is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive bit. Um, our task is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive bit. Um, our task is we
+want to prove that all n plus1 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that all n plus1 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that all n plus1 vertex
+graphs do some stuff. So the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs do some stuff. So the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs do some stuff. So the theorem
+we're trying to prove is a for all. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove is a for all. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove is a for all. All
+n plus1 vertex graphs do something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus1 vertex graphs do something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus1 vertex graphs do something.
+But we know how to prove a forall. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know how to prove a forall. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know how to prove a forall. We
+start with a generic thing in that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a generic thing in that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a generic thing in that set
+and we prove the conclusion for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we prove the conclusion for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we prove the conclusion for that
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+So this for all immediately tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this for all immediately tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this for all immediately tells us
+that the next line of our proof should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next line of our proof should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next line of our proof should
+probably look something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N +1
+vertex to graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+writing out the meanings of PN. Did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out the meanings of PN. Did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing out the meanings of PN. Did you
+mean to say max degree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say max degree?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say max degree?
+Absolutely. I meant to say max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. I meant to say max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. I meant to say max degree
+instead of min degree. That is a typo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of min degree. That is a typo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of min degree. That is a typo.
+Thank you so much. I guess it's a rhto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you so much. I guess it's a rhto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you so much. I guess it's a rhto
+because I'm not typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not typing
+for both. Yes. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you for catching that. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for catching that. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for catching that. All right.
+Is everyone okay with the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is everyone okay with the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is everyone okay with the fact that this
+for all all n plus1 vertex graphs tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all all n plus1 vertex graphs tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all all n plus1 vertex graphs tells
+us that this next line should start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this next line should start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that this next line should start with
+suppose g is an n plus1 vertex graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose g is an n plus1 vertex graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose g is an n plus1 vertex graph
+because this is the part that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the part that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the part that many
+students get wrong. Um they will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get wrong. Um they will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get wrong. Um they will often
+say suppose g is an arbitrary nvertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose g is an arbitrary nvertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say suppose g is an arbitrary nvertex
+graph and then they go on to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then they go on to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then they go on to try to
+prove stuff about some n plus1 vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stuff about some n plus1 vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stuff about some n plus1 vertex
+graphs but they haven't shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but they haven't shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but they haven't shown that
+they're really getting all of them. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really getting all of them. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really getting all of them. It's
+this for all that tells us we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all that tells us we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all that tells us we should
+start like this and no other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like this and no other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like this and no other way.
+All right. So what do we do next? Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what do we do next? Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what do we do next? Um so
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1
+vn vn plus one. So we have whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn vn plus one. So we have whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn vn plus one. So we have whatever
+vertex order we're using. Now the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex order we're using. Now the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex order we're using. Now the greedy
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will color V1 through VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as if VN + one and its edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The algorithm never looks at edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The algorithm never looks at edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The algorithm never looks at edges that
+connect to vertices that haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to vertices that haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to vertices that haven't been
+colored yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored yet.
+So as far as the greedy algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as far as the greedy algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as far as the greedy algorithm is
+concerned, coloring vertices v1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, coloring vertices v1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, coloring vertices v1 through
+vn, so all but one of the vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn, so all but one of the vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn, so all but one of the vertices in
+our graph is going to look just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph is going to look just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph is going to look just like
+coloring an nvertex graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring an nvertex graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring an nvertex graph.
+Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So
+this what's called a subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's called a subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's called a subgraph
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+v1 through vn if we take just the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 through vn if we take just the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 through vn if we take just the first
+n vertices make a subgraph of just its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vertices make a subgraph of just its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vertices make a subgraph of just its
+um just its vertices as our vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just its vertices as our vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just its vertices as our vertex set
+and the edges between them as our edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges between them as our edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges between them as our edge
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with all their edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This subgraph
+also has max degree D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh oh, sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're supposed to prove something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're supposed to prove something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're supposed to prove something about
+all n plus1 vertex graphs with max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n plus1 vertex graphs with max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all n plus1 vertex graphs with max
+degree d. So assume g is some n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree d. So assume g is some n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree d. So assume g is some n plus1
+vertex graph with max degree d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex graph with max degree d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex graph with max degree d.
+Then when we look at the subgraph where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then when we look at the subgraph where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then when we look at the subgraph where
+we're only taking some of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only taking some of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only taking some of the vertices
+and some of the edges, well degree can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the edges, well degree can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the edges, well degree can't
+go up when you do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up when you do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up when you do that.
+So this subgraph also has max degree at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this subgraph also has max degree at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this subgraph also has max degree at
+most d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by p of n because we assumed p of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These n vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These n vertices
+will use at most D+1 colors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+We have an nvertex graph that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have an nvertex graph that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have an nvertex graph that we're
+talking about. We know it satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. We know it satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. We know it satisfies the
+property. So we get the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. So we get the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. So we get the conclusion
+because of our assumption. So it uses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumption. So it uses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumption. So it uses at
+most D plus1 colors. So now all we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most D plus1 colors. So now all we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most D plus1 colors. So now all we need
+to talk about is the last step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is the last step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is the last step of the
+greedy algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last step
+for VN plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VN plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VN plus one.
+Well, VN plus one has degree at most D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, VN plus one has degree at most D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, VN plus one has degree at most D.
+So it has at most D colors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has at most D colors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has at most D colors that
+conflict.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict.
+So um one of the first D+1 colors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um one of the first D+1 colors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um one of the first D+1 colors will
+be sufficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficient.
+Um uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uses
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+through D+1 uses one of these colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D+1 uses one of these colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D+1 uses one of these colors
+because you can only have D conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can only have D conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can only have D conflicts
+because this has degree at most D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has degree at most D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has degree at most D.
+Therefore, the last color also uses one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, the last color also uses one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, the last color also uses one
+of the first D+1 colors. So, the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first D+1 colors. So, the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first D+1 colors. So, the whole
+coloring uses that many colors. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring uses that many colors. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring uses that many colors. And
+we're done with the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done with the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done with the proof.
+Did that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did that make sense?
+If it didn't, come up, talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it didn't, come up, talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it didn't, come up, talk to me
+afterward. I'm happy to stay and answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward. I'm happy to stay and answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward. I'm happy to stay and answer
+questions. Thank you so much. We'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Thank you so much. We'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Thank you so much. We'll see
+you on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cFZaKWiBD6I.txt b/cFZaKWiBD6I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad28e834e273608a4471ff72ab4b36ff5952ed8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cFZaKWiBD6I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is Mina and I'll be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Mina and I'll be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Mina and I'll be teaching
+you about liquid crystals liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about liquid crystals liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about liquid crystals liquid
+crystals have a wide variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals have a wide variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals have a wide variety of
+applications in modern technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in modern technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in modern technology and
+science and this is because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and this is because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and this is because of their
+unique structure they flow like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique structure they flow like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique structure they flow like
+conventional liquids but are arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional liquids but are arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional liquids but are arranged in
+a similar way to crystalline solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to crystalline solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to crystalline solids
+liquid crystal molecules can be kalam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystal molecules can be kalam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystal molecules can be kalam
+attic or rod shaped they can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic or rod shaped they can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attic or rod shaped they can also be
+discarded or discs like in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded or discs like in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded or discs like in this video
+I'll be talking about Callanetics liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about Callanetics liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be talking about Callanetics liquid
+crystals smectic liquid crystals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals smectic liquid crystals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals smectic liquid crystals are
+arranged in a layered structure and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a layered structure and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a layered structure and have
+long range orientational order and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range orientational order and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range orientational order and one
+dimensional translational order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pneumatic liquid crystals have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumatic liquid crystals have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumatic liquid crystals have no
+long-range positional order but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range positional order but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range positional order but have
+long-range orientational order one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range orientational order one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range orientational order one way
+to characterize a liquid crystal is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize a liquid crystal is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to characterize a liquid crystal is with
+its orientational order perimeter and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its orientational order perimeter and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its orientational order perimeter and is
+the director or the vector which points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director or the vector which points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director or the vector which points
+along the preferred axis of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the preferred axis of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the preferred axis of the liquid
+crystals molecular orientations P is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals molecular orientations P is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals molecular orientations P is the
+nonpolar vector which indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar vector which indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar vector which indicates the
+orientation theta is the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation theta is the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation theta is the angle between
+the N and P vectors the general equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and P vectors the general equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and P vectors the general equation
+for the orientational order parameter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orientational order parameter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orientational order parameter is
+s is equal to 2 times the average of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to 2 times the average of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to 2 times the average of n
+dot P squared minus 1 anisotropic liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot P squared minus 1 anisotropic liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot P squared minus 1 anisotropic liquid
+would have an S of 0 because theta would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an S of 0 because theta would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an S of 0 because theta would
+be random but over the average of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be random but over the average of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be random but over the average of all
+the Thetas n dot P squared would be 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thetas n dot P squared would be 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thetas n dot P squared would be 1/2
+a perfect crystal has an S of 1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect crystal has an S of 1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect crystal has an S of 1 because
+n is parallel to P the orientational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is parallel to P the orientational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is parallel to P the orientational
+order parameter for liquid crystals lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order parameter for liquid crystals lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order parameter for liquid crystals lies
+somewhere between 0.3 and 0.9 depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 0.3 and 0.9 depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 0.3 and 0.9 depending
+on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on temperature
+another descriptor of liquid crystals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another descriptor of liquid crystals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another descriptor of liquid crystals is
+the translational order parameter Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational order parameter Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translational order parameter Sigma
+is used to describe the layering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to describe the layering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to describe the layering in
+smectic liquid crystals in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smectic liquid crystals in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smectic liquid crystals in this equation
+Z is position and a is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is position and a is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is position and a is the distance
+between layers Sigma is the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between layers Sigma is the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between layers Sigma is the average of
+the periodic function 2 pi Z over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many devices that use liquid crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many devices that use liquid crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many devices that use liquid crystals
+such as liquid crystal displays or LCDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as liquid crystal displays or LCDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as liquid crystal displays or LCDs
+in TVs rely on a specific orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in TVs rely on a specific orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in TVs rely on a specific orientation of
+the liquid crystal molecules in a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid crystal molecules in a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid crystal molecules in a sample
+to be able to do this correctly we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do this correctly we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do this correctly we need
+to know the energy required to reorient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the energy required to reorient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the energy required to reorient
+the molecules in a specific liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in a specific liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in a specific liquid
+crystal to reorient the molecules in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal to reorient the molecules in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal to reorient the molecules in a
+liquid crystal we have to apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystal we have to apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystal we have to apply a
+voltage to the sample and observe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the sample and observe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the sample and observe when
+the molecules have aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules have aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules have aligned
+to be able to find the energy it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to find the energy it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to find the energy it takes
+to reorient a molecule in an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorient a molecule in an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorient a molecule in an electric
+field we need to use the equation for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we need to use the equation for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we need to use the equation for an
+electric field e equals V over D with V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field e equals V over D with V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field e equals V over D with V
+being the voltage applied and D being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the voltage applied and D being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the voltage applied and D being
+the distance across which the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance across which the voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance across which the voltage is
+applied we also need the equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied we also need the equation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied we also need the equation of the
+energy of rotation this is derived from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of rotation this is derived from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of rotation this is derived from
+the torque equation tau equals E cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque equation tau equals E cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque equation tau equals E cross
+mu the energy of reorientation is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu the energy of reorientation is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu the energy of reorientation is U
+equals E times mu times 1 minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E times mu times 1 minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E times mu times 1 minus cosine
+of theta with mu being the dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta with mu being the dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta with mu being the dipole moment
+of our sample and theta being the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our sample and theta being the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our sample and theta being the angle
+between the unrotated molecule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unrotated molecule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unrotated molecule and the
+direction of the electric field in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field in this
+example the liquid crystal experimented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the liquid crystal experimented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the liquid crystal experimented
+on is v CB the observed switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is v CB the observed switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is v CB the observed switching
+voltage is 16 volts the spacing is 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is 16 volts the spacing is 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is 16 volts the spacing is 2.5
+times 10 to the negative 5th meters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the negative 5th meters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the negative 5th meters the
+dipole moment is 4.9 D multiplied by 3.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is 4.9 D multiplied by 3.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment is 4.9 D multiplied by 3.3
+times 10 to the negative 30 and PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the negative 30 and PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the negative 30 and PI over
+2 is the average of all the angles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the average of all the angles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the average of all the angles in
+the sample plugging these values into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample plugging these values into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample plugging these values into
+our equation we can see that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we can see that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation we can see that the energy
+of reorientation for the liquid crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reorientation for the liquid crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reorientation for the liquid crystal
+v CB is about 6.2 joules per mole what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v CB is about 6.2 joules per mole what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v CB is about 6.2 joules per mole what
+we are now looking at is a visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now looking at is a visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are now looking at is a visualization
+of the liquid crystal becoming ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid crystal becoming ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid crystal becoming ordered
+as an electric field is applied as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electric field is applied as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an electric field is applied as you
+can see when the voltage increases above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when the voltage increases above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when the voltage increases above
+the switching voltage the liquid crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching voltage the liquid crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching voltage the liquid crystal
+becomes more and more ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid crystals are used in many new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystals are used in many new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid crystals are used in many new
+technologies and learning about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and learning about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and learning about their
+structure is very important I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is very important I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is very important I hope you
+enjoyed this video and learn some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed this video and learn some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed this video and learn some new
+things about liquid crystals
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dWK25XcqFL4.txt b/dWK25XcqFL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46eb7afbacfd5ae61dcc10731486dae44eb25521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dWK25XcqFL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we talk about the wigner distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talk about the wigner distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talk about the wigner distribution
+function in integral imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to start with a description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to start with a description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to start with a description of
+what a conventional camera does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a conventional camera does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a conventional camera does
+conventional camera produces one view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera produces one view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera produces one view of
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+does a pretty good job of imaging within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty good job of imaging within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a pretty good job of imaging within
+a small range of distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small range of distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small range of distance from the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+depending on how you focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you focus it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what we can do is create optical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is create optical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is create optical systems
+which allow image sensor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow image sensor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow image sensor to
+capture multiple views so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture multiple views so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture multiple views so basically
+let's say you have an array of tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have an array of tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have an array of tiny
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+that share one image sensor in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that share one image sensor in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that share one image sensor in the back
+and one way of doing this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of doing this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of doing this is to
+use a pinhole or micro lens ray so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a pinhole or micro lens ray so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a pinhole or micro lens ray so think
+of the pen hole cameras of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pen hole cameras of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pen hole cameras of your
+now just have an array of pinholes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just have an array of pinholes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just have an array of pinholes and
+you will get multiple pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get multiple pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get multiple pictures of the
+same scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scene
+okay so conventional camera uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conventional camera uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conventional camera uh
+what it does is so this is a plot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is so this is a plot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is so this is a plot of um
+x versus uh theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x versus uh theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x versus uh theta
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+what the sensor picks up so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor picks up so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor picks up so for each
+pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+it'll pick up um the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll pick up um the incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll pick up um the incidence
+rays for the entire range of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays for the entire range of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays for the entire range of whatever
+rays focused to it so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays focused to it so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays focused to it so if you look at the
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+lines it'll pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it'll pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it'll pick up
+all the rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rays
+in the entire range of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire range of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entire range of uh
+angular frequency or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency or sorry
+uh spatial frequency angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spatial frequency angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spatial frequency angular
+range um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um
+and integrate it in form of intensity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate it in form of intensity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate it in form of intensity in
+that pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pixel
+and so you lose all sense of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you lose all sense of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you lose all sense of angular
+resolution so we have no sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so we have no sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so we have no sense of how
+far something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far something is
+if we did know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did know
+what this range was we could kind of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this range was we could kind of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this range was we could kind of say
+well if it's a smaller range it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's a smaller range it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's a smaller range it'll be
+further away if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away if it's a
+larger range it'll be closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger range it'll be closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger range it'll be closer to the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have these optical systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these optical systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these optical systems which
+trade some spatial resolution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade some spatial resolution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade some spatial resolution for
+angular resolution and these two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular resolution and these two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular resolution and these two extra
+dimensions of recorded information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of recorded information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of recorded information
+allows us to reconstruct the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to reconstruct the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to reconstruct the original
+trajectory of rays to an extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of rays to an extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of rays to an extent
+and things you can do with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things you can do with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things you can do with this is
+digital refocusing which means you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital refocusing which means you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital refocusing which means you take
+a picture once and then you can focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture once and then you can focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture once and then you can focus on
+different parts different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts different
+objects within the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects within the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects within the scene
+afterwards just purely by processing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards just purely by processing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards just purely by processing it
+and 3d imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3d imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3d imaging
+imaging scenes behind obstructions such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging scenes behind obstructions such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging scenes behind obstructions such
+as foliage or murky water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foliage or murky water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foliage or murky water and
+since you also have a system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you also have a system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you also have a system which
+allows you to select for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to select for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to select for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+location and space as well as a angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and space as well as a angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and space as well as a angle
+propagation uh by selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation uh by selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation uh by selecting
+just a location in space you could use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a location in space you could use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a location in space you could use a
+system reverse to kind of project uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reverse to kind of project uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reverse to kind of project uh
+3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d
+uh displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's two common setups to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two common setups to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two common setups to do
+this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing
+the first setup is the integral imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first setup is the integral imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first setup is the integral imaging
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+newer setups use a micro lens array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer setups use a micro lens array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer setups use a micro lens array
+because it allows you to gather more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you to gather more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows you to gather more
+light at once but you can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at once but you can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at once but you can also think of
+it as just a pinhole array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as just a pinhole array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as just a pinhole array and
+each of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these uh
+each of these pinholes imagine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pinholes imagine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pinholes imagine if you
+put a little tiny eye there so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little tiny eye there so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little tiny eye there so you'll be
+seeing the scene from several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the scene from several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the scene from several different
+aspects so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects so you get
+in the image the sensor picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image the sensor picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image the sensor picks up
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+pictures of the entire scene from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the entire scene from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the entire scene from many
+different perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lightfield camera is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightfield camera is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lightfield camera is a little bit
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+you have a convex large convex lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a convex large convex lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a convex large convex lens
+focusing onto the microlens array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing onto the microlens array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing onto the microlens array
+and its sensor plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its sensor plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its sensor plane
+shortly thereafter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of the
+tiny pictures in this case is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny pictures in this case is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny pictures in this case is a picture
+of a small part of the original scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small part of the original scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small part of the original scene
+but each pixel within that tiny picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each pixel within that tiny picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each pixel within that tiny picture
+is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+view of that small part of the scene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of that small part of the scene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of that small part of the scene so
+if this is kind of confusing we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is kind of confusing we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is kind of confusing we'll
+you'll probably see later on it'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably see later on it'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably see later on it'll make
+more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense
+and with that uh these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that uh these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that uh these two
+methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of
+basically splitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically splitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically splitting up
+the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene
+and to have some sense of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have some sense of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have some sense of angular
+resolution by splitting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution by splitting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution by splitting up
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+rays with different angles will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays with different angles will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays with different angles will
+propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate
+to the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sensor
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+do what a wigner distribution does their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what a wigner distribution does their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what a wigner distribution does their
+physical systems which perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems which perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems which perform
+the wigner transform which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wigner transform which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wigner transform which we'll talk
+about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next
+michelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+hi everyone today i'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone today i'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone today i'll be talking about
+two main concepts which is the weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main concepts which is the weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main concepts which is the weakness
+distribution function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the weakness distribution function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function and
+the light view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the weakness distribution function it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function it is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+function that describes a signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes a signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes a signal in
+space x and spatial frequency u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space x and spatial frequency u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space x and spatial frequency u
+at the same time so the equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so the equation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so the equation there
+is just showing a weakness distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just showing a weakness distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just showing a weakness distribution
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+though this function it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this function it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this function it is
+it gives the local frequency spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives the local frequency spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives the local frequency spectrum of
+the signal compare this to a fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal compare this to a fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal compare this to a fourier
+transform which gives the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which gives the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which gives the global
+frequency spectrum so a weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency spectrum so a weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency spectrum so a weakness
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+gives a localized frequency spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a localized frequency spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a localized frequency spectrum and
+why do we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want a
+weakness distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness distribution
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+it comes in useful because sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in useful because sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in useful because sometimes it
+gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us
+extra information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra information
+compared to the normal fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the normal fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the normal fourier
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to illustrate this i'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this i'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate this i'll talk about
+signals where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals where the
+frequency changes with position x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency changes with position x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency changes with position x
+um an example of this signal is a chirp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example of this signal is a chirp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an example of this signal is a chirp
+function the picture of a chirp function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the picture of a chirp function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the picture of a chirp function
+you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in
+here the last picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the last picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the last picture here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+its frequency changes linearly position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its frequency changes linearly position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its frequency changes linearly position
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+if you get the fourier transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the fourier transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the fourier transform of the
+weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakness
+witnessing i mean if you get the fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing i mean if you get the fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing i mean if you get the fourier
+transform of the chord function i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the chord function i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the chord function i'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+it is a symmetric function which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a symmetric function which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a symmetric function which doesn't
+really give you much information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give you much information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give you much information about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+if instead if you do a weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead if you do a weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead if you do a weakness
+distribution what you get is the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what you get is the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what you get is the picture
+on the right you get a line straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you get a line straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you get a line straight
+line which shows you the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which shows you the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which shows you the frequency
+increasing with position x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with position x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with position x
+um next slide please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was talking about the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking about the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking about the witness
+distribution function which was derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which was derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function which was derived
+from fourier optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fourier optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fourier optics
+relating to this is the light view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to this is the light view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to this is the light view
+which we can think of in terms of ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can think of in terms of ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can think of in terms of ray
+optics instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics instead
+the light view is a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light view is a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light view is a representation of
+the light flowing along always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light flowing along always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light flowing along always
+in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in free space
+an array can be parameterized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array can be parameterized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array can be parameterized in
+multiple ways for example it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways for example it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways for example it can be
+parameterized by coordinates of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by coordinates of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by coordinates of two
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+and when one of these planes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when one of these planes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when one of these planes there are
+there at infinity then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at infinity then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at infinity then you can
+parameterize the ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the ray
+by a point and an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in wave optics on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wave optics on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wave optics on the other hand you
+parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize
+i mean you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you think about
+you describe a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe a wave
+in terms of spatial frequency and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spatial frequency and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spatial frequency and angle
+and if you remember spatial frequency u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember spatial frequency u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you remember spatial frequency u
+can also be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be thought of as
+angle theta over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta over lambda
+so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how
+wave optics relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave optics relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave optics relate to
+ray optics because ray optics you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray optics because ray optics you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray optics because ray optics you think
+of it in terms of angle and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in terms of angle and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in terms of angle and position
+urea uptakes you think of fit in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea uptakes you think of fit in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urea uptakes you think of fit in terms
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+spatial frequency and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next slide please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide please
+the weakness distribution function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakness distribution function which
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+derived in terms of fourier optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives a link between fourier optics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a link between fourier optics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a link between fourier optics and
+geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+it is described in terms of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is described in terms of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is described in terms of spatial
+frequency and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and position
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it closely resembles the array concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it closely resembles the array concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it closely resembles the array concept
+in geometrical optics which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometrical optics which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometrical optics which describes
+the ray in terms of angle and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray in terms of angle and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray in terms of angle and position
+and i'll pass it back to lei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay finishing about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay finishing about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay finishing about the the
+mathematical description of a space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of a space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of a space and
+frequency domain i'll first talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain i'll first talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain i'll first talk about
+the sampling issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling issuing
+in space frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space frequency domain
+uh so basically just to give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so basically just to give you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so basically just to give you an idea
+how this is why the system can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is why the system can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is why the system can give you
+samples in both space and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples in both space and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples in both space and frequency
+attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction
+so uh so you can see from uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you can see from uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you can see from uh this uh
+figure here so because the micro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure here so because the micro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure here so because the micro lens
+array is uh you bought them or you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is uh you bought them or you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is uh you bought them or you uh
+put inside of your system so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put inside of your system so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put inside of your system so you you
+originally have the coordinates of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally have the coordinates of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally have the coordinates of all
+the microlens array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microlens array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microlens array
+so this gives you a sampling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a sampling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives you a sampling of the
+coordinating uh in space domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating uh in space domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating uh in space domain
+then each of the sub image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each of the sub image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each of the sub image
+here shows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows here
+there's three rays so each of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three rays so each of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three rays so each of the three
+is gonna go give to uh goes to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna go give to uh goes to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna go give to uh goes to different
+uh pixels uh on the ccd screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pixels uh on the ccd screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pixels uh on the ccd screen
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+each of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these three
+gives you uh you can think about that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uh you can think about that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you uh you can think about that on
+the sensor plane to gonna give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor plane to gonna give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor plane to gonna give you the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+angular information or the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular information or the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular information or the spatial
+frequency information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency information
+because it's gonna go goes to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna go goes to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna go goes to different
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the simulation of
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+uh one point after several points from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one point after several points from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one point after several points from
+the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+uh goes through the system what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes through the system what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh goes through the system what is going
+to look like on the on the sensor plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like on the on the sensor plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like on the on the sensor plane
+so one thing you might notice that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you might notice that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing you might notice that it's
+for example for this one this is on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for this one this is on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for this one this is on one
+one point so the x coordinate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point so the x coordinate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point so the x coordinate that
+actually is uh this one so the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is uh this one so the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is uh this one so the center of
+this one which is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is uh uh
+which is the x coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the x coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the x coordinate of the
+of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+uh corresponding microlens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding microlens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponding microlens
+but if each of this segment which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if each of this segment which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if each of this segment which is the
+one pixel its sample gives a sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel its sample gives a sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel its sample gives a sample of
+the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+using uh with this data what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh with this data what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh with this data what kind of
+thing we can do the first thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do the first thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do the first thing we can
+do is called digital refocusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is called digital refocusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is called digital refocusing
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic idea is
+if we want to take a picture of a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to take a picture of a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to take a picture of a one
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+uh before uh michael talk about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before uh michael talk about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before uh michael talk about uh the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+conventional camera so community what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera so community what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera so community what
+conventional camera it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional camera it does is
+so give me a point you want to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give me a point you want to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so give me a point you want to form the
+point uh so you want to form image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh so you want to form image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh so you want to form image of
+the point what the lens does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point what the lens does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point what the lens does is
+so it integrate all the rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it integrate all the rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it integrate all the rays
+go to a point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a point and the
+correspond pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond pointing
+pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel
+pick up all the rays from this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up all the rays from this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up all the rays from this point and
+add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+same same idea so given this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same idea so given this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same idea so given this point
+because we have all these samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these samples
+so we add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add them together
+then we gonna recover this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we gonna recover this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we gonna recover this point
+so this is uh at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh at the uh
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+uh we call it in focus point which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call it in focus point which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we call it in focus point which is uh
+when the image is when the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the image is when the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the image is when the image is
+right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+micro lens already plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a 1dk so when you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 1dk so when you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 1dk so when you add them
+together maybe you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together maybe you're going to get
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that next one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that next one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that next one is a
+one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting
+thing we can do with the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do with the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can do with the system is
+so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before
+uh you can imagine the the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can imagine the the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can imagine the the previous
+slide shows the image playing at playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows the image playing at playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows the image playing at playing
+image playing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image playing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image playing of
+number one image plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one image plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one image plane
+so here you have the image so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have the image so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have the image so we want to
+know if if uh we assume there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if uh we assume there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if uh we assume there's another
+image playing there at image frame two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image playing there at image frame two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image playing there at image frame two
+what's the image gonna look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the image gonna look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the image gonna look like
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the basic idea is if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is if you think about
+this problem in real optics giving array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in real optics giving array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem in real optics giving array
+here the intensity is not conserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the intensity is not conserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the intensity is not conserved so
+which means the intensity at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the intensity at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the intensity at this point
+and at this point is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point is the same
+so using this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this uh uh
+geometry you can work out the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you can work out the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry you can work out the coordinate
+uh relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relationship
+so you will find it's basically uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will find it's basically uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will find it's basically uh x
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+before so this this thing shows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this this thing shows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so this this thing shows us
+before you we assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you we assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you we assume the
+shape of the signal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the signal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the signal with
+uh with this uh recording in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this uh recording in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this uh recording in the
+uh weakness domain or the x and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weakness domain or the x and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weakness domain or the x and uh
+a space and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space and a
+angle domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle domain
+it's something like this shape it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like this shape it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like this shape it's only
+only gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives you a
+x sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sharing
+which is uh in the apprentice you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh in the apprentice you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh in the apprentice you see
+that it says u is fixed but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it says u is fixed but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it says u is fixed but with a
+with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the new
+x connect it's gonna be x plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x connect it's gonna be x plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x connect it's gonna be x plus something
+then you want to get some nice image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to get some nice image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to get some nice image
+then you integrate with all the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you integrate with all the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you integrate with all the angle
+given x then you get the new image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing we can do is i call it 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we can do is i call it 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we can do is i call it 3d
+imaging actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging actually
+it's just a like you can imagine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a like you can imagine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a like you can imagine because
+you have have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have have all this
+uh micro microns erased so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh micro microns erased so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh micro microns erased so it's
+sim uh it looks like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim uh it looks like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim uh it looks like you have
+different different wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different wheels
+so how do you how do you get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you how do you get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you how do you get different
+wheels from the system so basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels from the system so basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels from the system so basic idea is
+because we have all these samples along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these samples along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these samples along
+along the angle direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the angle direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the angle direction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+from for example from this this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for example from this this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for example from this this line
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+pick up all these pixels then you form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up all these pixels then you form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up all these pixels then you form
+an image right so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image right so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image right so from this
+uh from this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from this angle
+uh the same same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same same thing
+for other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other cases
+so so actually we have set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually we have set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually we have set up a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so this is a raw image we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a raw image we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a raw image we took
+so you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see from
+this small thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small thing
+you can think about it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about it's a
+micro lens a mic uh each of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens a mic uh each of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens a mic uh each of the things
+micro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+uh michael briefly mentioned that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michael briefly mentioned that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh michael briefly mentioned that it's
+also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a
+sub image of the big planes big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub image of the big planes big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub image of the big planes big
+buildings in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in front of the
+microlens ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microlens ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microlens ray
+either way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way you can
+it's a it's okay to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's okay to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's okay to understand this
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some
+parameters with the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters with the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters with the systems
+so the diameter of the micro lens is 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the diameter of the micro lens is 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the diameter of the micro lens is 125
+micron the pixel size is 2.2 so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron the pixel size is 2.2 so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron the pixel size is 2.2 so so you
+divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you use the diameter of the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the diameter of the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the diameter of the micro
+microns divided by the pixel size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns divided by the pixel size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns divided by the pixel size so
+presumably so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably so
+in the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the maximum
+in the i mean geometrical sense optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i mean geometrical sense optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i mean geometrical sense optic
+sense you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can have
+about about 60 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about 60 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about 60 60
+different views but if you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views but if you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views but if you're taking the
+diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+effect into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect into account
+uh actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually um
+we can only get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only get like
+9 to 10 different views because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 to 10 different views because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 to 10 different views because you
+cannot get a perfect one point image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a one of the
+simulation results we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation results we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation results we get
+so because it's a very low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's a very low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's a very low resolution
+result because the micro lens arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result because the micro lens arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result because the micro lens arrays
+each of the micro size of the micro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the micro size of the micro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the micro size of the micro lens
+is too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too big
+so that's the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the um
+the original the size when you extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original the size when you extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original the size when you extract
+uh doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing the
+along this line if you remember what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line if you remember what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line if you remember what i
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+it's only a 24 by 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a 24 by 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a 24 by 24
+24 by 24 image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 by 24 image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 by 24 image
+but if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each
+sub-aperture focuses onto sort of a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-aperture focuses onto sort of a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-aperture focuses onto sort of a sub
+group of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of pixels
+what are the requirements on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the requirements on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the requirements on your
+sampling for each sub aperture like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling for each sub aperture like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling for each sub aperture like are
+you are you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you kind of
+like nyquist sampling or are you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nyquist sampling or are you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nyquist sampling or are you over
+sampled or under sampled obviously your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled or under sampled obviously your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled or under sampled obviously your
+result will depend on how that sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will depend on how that sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will depend on how that sampling
+occurs for each sub aperture so how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs for each sub aperture so how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs for each sub aperture so how did
+you set the number of pixels per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the number of pixels per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the number of pixels per
+sub-aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-aperture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+gonna involve twist how to optimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna involve twist how to optimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna involve twist how to optimize this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+honestly i haven't go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly i haven't go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly i haven't go through this
+derivation but intuitively like you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can think about the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about the points that
+function of the system if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system if the
+point-slope function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what if you can imagine that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you can imagine that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you can imagine that the limit
+case if you have like 100 views or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you have like 100 views or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you have like 100 views or in
+our case we have 60 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we have 60 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we have 60 60
+views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views
+but only 10 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 10 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 10 of them
+is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact
+uh is can can distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is can can distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is can can distinguish
+which means that your points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that your points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that your points that
+function is larger than your ccd size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is larger than your ccd size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is larger than your ccd size so
+you might want a larger system size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want a larger system size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want a larger system size
+which means under each macro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means under each macro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means under each macro lens
+you can afford smaller you can avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford smaller you can avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford smaller you can avoid
+less microlens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think the question was how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the question was how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the question was how do you
+sample the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the angular
+distribution right so after each micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so after each micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so after each micro
+lens you have arrays that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you have arrays that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you have arrays that come out
+and what is the sampling requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the sampling requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the sampling requirement
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah singapore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah singapore um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah singapore um
+maybe i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i uh
+yeah as lei was pointing out that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically we sample the space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we sample the space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we sample the space with
+microlenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microlenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microlenses
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+your sampling in the spatial domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sampling in the spatial domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sampling in the spatial domain is
+equal to the size of the micro each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of the micro each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of the micro each
+micro lens and then behind each micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens and then behind each micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro lens and then behind each micro
+lens you put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens you put some
+pixels of ccd so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels of ccd so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels of ccd so you can
+trade off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off uh
+so you have got some some total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have got some some total uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have got some some total uh
+amount of resolvable information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of resolvable information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of resolvable information
+which is which is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is given by the
+diffraction limit and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limit and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limit and then you can
+choose how much of that info how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much of that info how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much of that info how much
+angular resolution you want and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular resolution you want and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular resolution you want and how much
+special resolution you want so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special resolution you want so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special resolution you want so if you
+wanted a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a higher
+spatial resolution you would reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution you would reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution you would reduce the
+size of micro lens array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you get higher special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get higher special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get higher special
+resolution but in that case you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution but in that case you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution but in that case you can only
+have only few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only few
+pixels behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels behind
+per micro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per micro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per micro lens
+and then that would that would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that would that would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that would that would make
+coercer angular resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercer angular resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercer angular resolution
+another way to think about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about this is that
+the reason you sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you sample the
+space behind the macro lenses is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space behind the macro lenses is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space behind the macro lenses is because
+you in general you want to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in general you want to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in general you want to determine the
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+of the wigner distribution so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wigner distribution so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wigner distribution so there was
+this nice example of a chirp right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice example of a chirp right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice example of a chirp right so
+the chair between the space becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair between the space becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair between the space becomes a
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+so you have to space your pixels in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to space your pixels in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to space your pixels in a
+way that you can resolve your minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can resolve your minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can resolve your minimum
+desirable slope that is your minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable slope that is your minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable slope that is your minimum
+desirable terp and the trap is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable terp and the trap is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable terp and the trap is very
+important because in optics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in optics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in optics it
+represents the focus right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the focus right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the focus right so if you
+want to do something like the 3d imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something like the 3d imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something like the 3d imaging
+then each plane that you want to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each plane that you want to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each plane that you want to resolve
+corresponds to a different slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a different slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a different slope of
+charge so then the depth resolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so then the depth resolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so then the depth resolution that
+you want to achieve is actually limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to achieve is actually limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to achieve is actually limited
+by your ability to sample behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your ability to sample behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your ability to sample behind the
+lenses so you see that you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so you see that you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so you see that you have a very
+nasty tradeoff because your camera has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty tradeoff because your camera has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty tradeoff because your camera has
+so many pixels right so then if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many pixels right so then if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many pixels right so then if you make
+your micro lenses small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your micro lenses small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your micro lenses small
+to get good spatial resolution then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good spatial resolution then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good spatial resolution then you
+get poor angular resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get poor angular resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get poor angular resolution
+of course ideally you would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course ideally you would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course ideally you would like to have
+a camera with billions of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in the interest of time we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the interest of time we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the interest of time we should
+move on thank you guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dvWKCH0ocu8.txt b/dvWKCH0ocu8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76ce287eceb03ca7f2f8e66ade11330ba60c5a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dvWKCH0ocu8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at this rocket sled here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this rocket sled here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this rocket sled here it's
+going on in the snow but it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the snow but it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the snow but it wants to
+stop there are two little devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there are two little devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop there are two little devices
+mounted on the sled and they can eject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on the sled and they can eject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on the sled and they can eject
+gas and so the forward one is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and so the forward one is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and so the forward one is used to
+eject gas to make the sled stop we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject gas to make the sled stop we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eject gas to make the sled stop we want
+to derive a different relation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive a different relation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive a different relation for the
+differential between the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential between the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential between the speed of the
+sled and the the differential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled and the the differential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled and the the differential of the
+mass of the the rocket sled but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the the rocket sled but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the the rocket sled but before
+we do that with a rocket equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that with a rocket equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that with a rocket equation we
+need to actually consider what else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually consider what else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually consider what else we
+know about this system well we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this system well we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this system well we know what
+that the dry mass has a mass of M naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dry mass has a mass of M naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dry mass has a mass of M naught
+the fuel mass is given also as M naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel mass is given also as M naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel mass is given also as M naught
+and we know that at time of T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that at time of T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that at time of T equals
+zero the speed of the sled is V naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the speed of the sled is V naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the speed of the sled is V naught
+we also know that at a later time T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that at a later time T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that at a later time T plus
+delta T we have the sled here whose mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T we have the sled here whose mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T we have the sled here whose mass
+is now M of T plus delta T and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now M of T plus delta T and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now M of T plus delta T and we have
+this little mass parcel that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little mass parcel that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little mass parcel that has been
+ejected so the gas and that has the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected so the gas and that has the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected so the gas and that has the mass
+of Delta M F so the mass of the fuel we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta M F so the mass of the fuel we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta M F so the mass of the fuel we
+furthermore know that relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore know that relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore know that relative to the
+sled this little gas parcel is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled this little gas parcel is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sled this little gas parcel is moving
+with a speed U the rocket equation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a speed U the rocket equation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a speed U the rocket equation says
+that my force external force has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my force external force has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my force external force has two
+terms we have the mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have the mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have the mass of the rocket
+times the acceleration of the sled - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration of the sled - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration of the sled - the
+differential here of the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential here of the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential here of the mass times the
+speed U and these are actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed U and these are actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed U and these are actually all
+vectors and so this describes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so this describes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so this describes this
+little gas parcel here and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gas parcel here and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gas parcel here and this one
+describes the rocket and we know that V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the rocket and we know that V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the rocket and we know that V
+equals V I hat that's going in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V I hat that's going in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V I hat that's going in the right
+in the direction of motion and u equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of motion and u equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of motion and u equals
+u I had we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u I had we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u I had we also know
+there are no external forces applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no external forces applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no external forces applied to
+the sled so that's actually zero we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sled so that's actually zero we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sled so that's actually zero we can
+then turn this equation we can apply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn this equation we can apply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then turn this equation we can apply all
+of this we have we will get zero equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we have we will get zero equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we have we will get zero equals
+M R DV DT minus DM R DT we can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R DV DT minus DM R DT we can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R DV DT minus DM R DT we can bring
+this one on the other side and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one on the other side and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one on the other side and we end up
+with the relationship that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relationship that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relationship that we wanted to
+obtain namely the an equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain namely the an equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain namely the an equation that
+contains the differentials of the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the differentials of the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the differentials of the speed
+of the rocket the that sled and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket the that sled and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rocket the that sled and the
+differential of the mass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eORkmjaoQmU.txt b/eORkmjaoQmU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17d9d93ae3c02c11e34f7b7da33f366ba7447680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eORkmjaoQmU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so um we talked already about free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um we talked already about free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um we talked already about free
+free radiation brron electron cyclotron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radiation brron electron cyclotron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radiation brron electron cyclotron
+radiation we've talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation we've talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation we've talked a little bit
+about free bound or recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about free bound or recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about free bound or recombination
+radiation and these are all relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and these are all relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and these are all relatively
+simple compared to the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple compared to the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple compared to the complexity of
+bounds bound radiation which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds bound radiation which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds bound radiation which is what
+we're going to be dealing with today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing with today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing with today and
+maybe for the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classes the bound bound radiation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the bound bound radiation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes the bound bound radiation is the
+radiation that we get when electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that we get when electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that we get when electrons
+move between discret energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move between discret energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move between discret energy levels
+within what we're going to call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what we're going to call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within what we're going to call an
+at so we have maybe four energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so we have maybe four energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so we have maybe four energy levels
+like this we might have an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we might have an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we might have an electron in
+some excited state up here that drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excited state up here that drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some excited state up here that drops
+down to this energy level and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this energy level and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this energy level and it will
+emit a photon or there could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a photon or there could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a photon or there could be an
+electron in the same energy level here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the same energy level here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the same energy level here
+that drops down all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops down all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops down all the way to the
+ground state and emits a photon of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and emits a photon of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and emits a photon of a
+different energy and what we would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy and what we would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy and what we would see
+on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrometer would be some distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer would be some distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer would be some distinct
+lines corresponding to these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines corresponding to these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines corresponding to these different
+protons and so one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and so one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and so one of the things we
+might want to know is how strong should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know is how strong should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know is how strong should
+these lines Be Where should they be if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines Be Where should they be if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines Be Where should they be if I
+see these lines what does it tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these lines what does it tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these lines what does it tell me
+about the temperature of my plasma about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the temperature of my plasma about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the temperature of my plasma about
+the density of the plasma things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the plasma things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the plasma things like
+this and so again bound bound radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so again bound bound radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so again bound bound radiation
+here we might also call this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation the reason being that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the reason being that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the reason being that when
+people first did spectroscopy on films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first did spectroscopy on films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people first did spectroscopy on films
+you will get these Peaks showing up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get these Peaks showing up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get these Peaks showing up as
+very discrete lines on their Spectra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very discrete lines on their Spectra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very discrete lines on their Spectra so
+they're called spectroscopic lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called spectroscopic lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called spectroscopic lines and
+just to note on notation here or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to note on notation here or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to note on notation here or at
+least on nure we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least on nure we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least on nure we're going to be using
+the word atom a lot here and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word atom a lot here and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word atom a lot here and for the
+purposes of this section an atom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus with one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus with one or
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+electrons so this could be 73rd State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this could be 73rd State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this could be 73rd State
+ionized tungsten as long as it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized tungsten as long as it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized tungsten as long as it's still
+got an electron we're still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an electron we're still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an electron we're still going to
+have spectroscopic lines coming out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spectroscopic lines coming out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spectroscopic lines coming out here
+so this is not an atom as in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not an atom as in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not an atom as in an
+unionized ion this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionized ion this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionized ion this is a slightly
+different uh definition here so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh definition here so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh definition here so yeah
+this could be something like argon 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be something like argon 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be something like argon 5
+plus that still counts as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom so in order to get a feel for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so in order to get a feel for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so in order to get a feel for some
+of the physics that's involved in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physics that's involved in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physics that's involved in these
+transitions we're going to go to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions we're going to go to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions we're going to go to a very
+simple system we're going to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system we're going to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system we're going to go to a
+twole system and consider the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole system and consider the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole system and consider the processes
+which exist in that twole system so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exist in that twole system so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exist in that twole system so in
+this two Lev system we just have a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Lev system we just have a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Lev system we just have a level
+L for lower and another level U for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for lower and another level U for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for lower and another level U for
+upper the upper level is at energy EU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper the upper level is at energy EU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper the upper level is at energy EU
+the lower level is energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level is energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level is energy at
+e so this is two Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and we're going to consider three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're going to consider three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we're going to consider three
+processes that go on inside this two Lev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that go on inside this two Lev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that go on inside this two Lev
+system okay so two levels three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes and some of you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and some of you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and some of you may have seen
+this before already we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before already we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before already we're going to be
+looking at things called the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients can't be a to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can't be a to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can't be a to write out
+coefficients okay so the three processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so the three processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so the three processes
+that we're going to be looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be looking at the
+first process I'll just draw on here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first process I'll just draw on here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first process I'll just draw on here is
+what is called spontaneous emission this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called spontaneous emission this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called spontaneous emission this
+is probably the one that we're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the one that we're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the one that we're most
+often thinking about when we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thinking about when we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thinking about when we're thinking
+about spectroscopy here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy here we have an
+electron in the upper level and it drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the upper level and it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the upper level and it drops
+spontaneously the lower level and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously the lower level and limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously the lower level and limits
+a photon with a frequency H new which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon with a frequency H new which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon with a frequency H new which is
+equal to the difference in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the difference in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the difference in energy
+between the upper level and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the upper level and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the upper level and the lower
+level here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here so this is
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+submission just want to note as an aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission just want to note as an aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission just want to note as an aside
+here that Hutchinson calls these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Hutchinson calls these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Hutchinson calls these levels
+I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and
+J this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J this
+is here notation and I've swapped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here notation and I've swapped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here notation and I've swapped it
+around because then you start writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because then you start writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because then you start writing
+like subscript I for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subscript I for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subscript I for the number of
+states but then we also use that the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but then we also use that the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but then we also use that the ion
+density and I found it confusing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and I found it confusing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and I found it confusing and I
+just found it easier to think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found it easier to think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found it easier to think of them as
+the lower and States instead okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower and States instead okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower and States instead okay and
+this process here has a rate which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process here has a rate which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process here has a rate which it
+occurs at an Einstein coefficient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at an Einstein coefficient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at an Einstein coefficient that
+we call a subscript U subscript l so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a subscript U subscript l so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a subscript U subscript l so
+this is the rate of spontaneous emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rate of spontaneous emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rate of spontaneous emission
+going from Level U the level L of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Level U the level L of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from Level U the level L of course
+this a two-l system so that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two-l system so that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a two-l system so that's the only
+spontaneous emmission process we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emmission process we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emmission process we can
+have but we expand this to a multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but we expand this to a multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but we expand this to a multi-level
+system we'll have a subscript some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll have a subscript some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll have a subscript some
+number subscript some other number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number subscript some other number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number subscript some other number and
+that will be the spontaneous emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the spontaneous emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the spontaneous emission
+from one level to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one level to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one level to another
+level okay if we have spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay if we have spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay if we have spontaneous
+submission we should have a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission we should have a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission we should have a process
+which looks the exact opposite and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks the exact opposite and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks the exact opposite and this
+is spontaneous absorption we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous absorption we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous absorption we tend to
+drop the ab the spontaneous bit and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the ab the spontaneous bit and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the ab the spontaneous bit and just
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption indeed it looks just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption indeed it looks just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption indeed it looks just like the
+mirror of this process we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror of this process we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror of this process we have some
+electron in the ground state some Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the ground state some Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the ground state some Photon
+that happens to have exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to have exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to have exactly the right
+energy comes in the electron is excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes in the electron is excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy comes in the electron is excited
+up and the photon is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the photon is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the photon is absorbed
+here and this has a rate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this has a rate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this has a rate which is the
+Einstein B coefficient between the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein B coefficient between the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein B coefficient between the lower
+and the upper level but this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper level but this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper level but this is now
+multiplied as well by the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied as well by the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied as well by the density of
+photons with this specific energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with this specific energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with this specific energy so
+we'll use row to be the density the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use row to be the density the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use row to be the density the
+number of photons per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons per meter
+cubed of photons with exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed of photons with exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed of photons with exactly the right
+energy row UL L which can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy row UL L which can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy row UL L which can do that
+excitation there's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation there's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation there's an important
+difference here this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here this happens
+spontaneously it doesn't matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously it doesn't matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously it doesn't matter how many
+photons or electrons there are around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or electrons there are around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or electrons there are around in
+this system this one has to happen only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system this one has to happen only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system this one has to happen only
+when this Photon comes in and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Photon comes in and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Photon comes in and so the
+rate at which this process occurs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which this process occurs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which this process occurs is
+going to depend on the number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on the number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on the number of photons
+if there aren't any photons around to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there aren't any photons around to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there aren't any photons around to do
+this this process just won't happen Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this process just won't happen Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this process just won't happen Okay
+and then the final process that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final process that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final process that we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider instead of spontaneous emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider instead of spontaneous emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider instead of spontaneous emission
+is stimulated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mission simulated Miss mission is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission simulated Miss mission is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission simulated Miss mission is a very
+interesting process because here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting process because here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting process because here we have
+electron in the excited state up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the excited state up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the excited state up here in
+the Upper State and some Photon comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upper State and some Photon comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upper State and some Photon comes
+through with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with
+energy that is the same as this band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the same as this band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the same as this band Gap
+here now of course this Photon can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now of course this Photon can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now of course this Photon can't be
+absorbed there's only this upper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed there's only this upper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed there's only this upper level
+there's nowhere for that energy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nowhere for that energy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nowhere for that energy to be
+absorbed what it does instead is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed what it does instead is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed what it does instead is it
+encourages this electron to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages this electron to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages this electron to drop
+down and it stimulates emission of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it stimulates emission of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it stimulates emission of a
+second Photon so the first Photon comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Photon so the first Photon comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Photon so the first Photon comes
+through still at this energy and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through still at this energy and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through still at this energy and we have
+have a second Photon at exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second Photon at exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second Photon at exactly the same
+energy and this is the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this is the process by which
+lasers work so this has uh Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers work so this has uh Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers work so this has uh Einstein
+coefficient B UL l so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient B UL l so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient B UL l so we have a
+transition from the upper state to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the upper state to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the upper state to the
+Lower State and again the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State and again the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State and again the rate at which
+this process occurs depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process occurs depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process occurs depends on the
+density of photons we have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of photons we have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of photons we have to have some
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+to stimulate the emission so it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimulate the emission so it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimulate the emission so it has the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+row density of photons with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row density of photons with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row density of photons with that
+specific energy so note these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy so note these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy so note these are
+actually different coefficients the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different coefficients the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different coefficients the rate
+of absorption the Lu is not the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absorption the Lu is not the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absorption the Lu is not the same in
+general as the rate of emission b l okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as the rate of emission b l okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as the rate of emission b l okay
+so those are the three processes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three processes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three processes we're
+going to consider and we'll then start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider and we'll then start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider and we'll then start
+dering what these coefficients actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dering what these coefficients actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dering what these coefficients actually
+are so any questions before we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so any questions before we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so any questions before we keep
+going yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there basically every subscript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there basically every subscript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there basically every subscript is
+going to be U and an L okay so u l here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be U and an L okay so u l here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be U and an L okay so u l here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this new UL is just to say it's a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new UL is just to say it's a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new UL is just to say it's a wave
+with energy which is equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy which is equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy which is equal the
+difference between the energy of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the energy of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the energy of the two
+levels here so the total energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels here so the total energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels here so the total energy in this
+system is concerned yeah I could guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is concerned yeah I could guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is concerned yeah I could guess I
+could write these as like uppercase L's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write these as like uppercase L's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write these as like uppercase L's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uppercase like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes yes so the important thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the important thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so the important thing about
+stimulated emission is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission is that you
+stimulate a photon with exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate a photon with exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate a photon with exactly the same
+energy and in fact the photon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and in fact the photon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and in fact the photon in the
+same mode of your cavity so polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mode of your cavity so polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mode of your cavity so polarization
+and things like that are also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that are also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that are also the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+excellent question we will get onto that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question we will get onto that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question we will get onto that
+when we do line broading in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do line broading in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do line broading in a few
+classes um the rough answer is eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um the rough answer is eh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um the rough answer is eh
+roughly um there's a sort of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um there's a sort of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly um there's a sort of uncertainty
+principle type thing involved if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle type thing involved if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle type thing involved if you you
+do if the process happens quickly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if the process happens quickly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if the process happens quickly you
+can be less sure about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be less sure about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be less sure about the
+energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+yeah but these lines can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but these lines can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but these lines can be
+extraordinarily narrow right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily narrow right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily narrow right and so if
+you look at a Spectra uh then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a Spectra uh then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a Spectra uh then these
+lines could be extremely narrow so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines could be extremely narrow so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines could be extremely narrow so that
+would correspond to needing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to needing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to needing very
+precisely the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the same energy
+yeah okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes is what we're going to get on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is what we're going to get on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is what we're going to get on to
+you're quite right but no no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite right but no no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quite right but no no you're
+right they can't just all be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can't just all be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can't just all be random
+because in steady state they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in steady state they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in steady state they're going to
+have to match up otherwise our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match up otherwise our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match up otherwise our system
+will be driven in One Direction or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be driven in One Direction or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be driven in One Direction or the
+other and so we are indeed thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so we are indeed thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and so we are indeed thank you for
+the transition going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition going to use
+thermodynamic arguments which we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic arguments which we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic arguments which we did
+once before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once before
+already to match the MS ity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to match the MS ity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to match the MS ity and the
+absorption so now we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics and we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and we're going to do
+that to link these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to link these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to link these
+coefficients a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a u
+l b l u and B U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l b l u and B U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l b l u and B U
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think
+I think it's best if I just cover this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's best if I just cover this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's best if I just cover this
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stu okay
+so one thing we want to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we want to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we want to be able to write
+down is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is the number of
+electrons in the Upper State versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the Upper State versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the Upper State versus the
+number of electrons in the Lower State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in the Lower State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons in the Lower State
+here and to do this we're going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to do this we're going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to do this we're going to use a
+boltzman distribution for that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzman distribution for that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzman distribution for that so this
+is a boltzman type argument where we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a boltzman type argument where we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a boltzman type argument where we say
+that the number of electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of electrons in the
+Upper State imagine we have an ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State imagine we have an ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper State imagine we have an ensemble
+of these two level systems non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two level systems non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two level systems non-
+interacting a large number of them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting a large number of them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting a large number of them on
+average the number of uh these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the number of uh these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the number of uh these systems
+which in the upper state is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the upper state is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the upper state is going to be
+proportional to the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the exponential of
+minus the energy of that upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the energy of that upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the energy of that upper state
+divided by temperature and again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by temperature and again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by temperature and again we're
+writing temperature in energy units like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing temperature in energy units like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing temperature in energy units like
+Jews or EV I folded the Vol constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews or EV I folded the Vol constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews or EV I folded the Vol constant
+inside the T here so I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the T here so I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the T here so I don't have to
+keep writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep writing
+this doesn't have any normalization on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have any normalization on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't have any normalization on
+it but for a two-l system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but for a two-l system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but for a two-l system the
+normalization is very simple we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is very simple we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization is very simple we'll just
+divide n upper by n lower and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide n upper by n lower and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide n upper by n lower and we will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+exponential of minus E upper minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus E upper minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus E upper minus E
+lower upon temperature like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower upon temperature like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower upon temperature like that and
+you'll notice of course straight away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice of course straight away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice of course straight away
+that this quantity is just PLS constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity is just PLS constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity is just PLS constant
+new u l there's a slight subtlety uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new u l there's a slight subtlety uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new u l there's a slight subtlety uh to
+this um if you have systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um if you have systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um if you have systems with
+degeneracy so that there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy so that there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy so that there are multiple
+different ways the energy can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the energy can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the energy can be in
+these states so could be spin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states so could be spin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states so could be spin or
+something like that um then you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um then you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um then you have an
+extra Factor due to the degeneracy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Factor due to the degeneracy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra Factor due to the degeneracy out
+the front here this degeneracy factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here this degeneracy factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here this degeneracy factor is
+like G of U over G of L like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G of U over G of L like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like G of U over G of L like that so
+these could be numbers like one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be numbers like one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could be numbers like one or two
+things like that so this is just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so this is just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so this is just making
+this slightly more generic for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly more generic for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly more generic for uh a
+broader range of two level systems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of two level systems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of two level systems but
+now you can just consider this factor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just consider this factor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can just consider this factor to
+be one for what we're doing but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one for what we're doing but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one for what we're doing but this
+factor is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is due
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degeneracy then we also need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy then we also need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy then we also need to have an
+expression for the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the density of
+photons with a given frequency here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with a given frequency here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons with a given frequency here and
+here we're going to go back to our black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to go back to our black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to go back to our black
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum and that density of photons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and that density of photons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and that density of photons is
+going to be the standard result 8 Pi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the standard result 8 Pi H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the standard result 8 Pi H
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+cubed over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over C
+cubed one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed one over the
+exponential of H new on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of H new on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of H new on
+T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so this is for a system at temperature T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for a system at temperature T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for a system at temperature T
+what is the density of photons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the density of photons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the density of photons with
+frequency new or what is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency new or what is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency new or what is the density of
+photons of energy H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and finally we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and finally we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and finally we're going to use the
+thermodynamic argument these system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic argument these system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic argument these system
+should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and so that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so that says that the
+rate at which atoms fall from their top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which atoms fall from their top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which atoms fall from their top
+level to the bottom level which is a UL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to the bottom level which is a UL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to the bottom level which is a UL
+L plus b u l row of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UL Times by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL Times by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL Times by the number of
+atoms in the top level must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the top level must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the top level must be equal to
+the inverse process which is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse process which is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse process which is the rate of
+absorption Blu of photons with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Blu of photons with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Blu of photons with energy
+new UL l times the number of atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UL l times the number of atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UL l times the number of atoms in
+the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level so this just says the rate of De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so this just says the rate of De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so this just says the rate of De
+exitation is equal to the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation is equal to the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation is equal to the rate of
+excitation our system is in steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation our system is in steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation our system is in steady state
+and if you put all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put all of these
+together these are effectively form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these are effectively form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these are effectively form a
+set of simultaneous equations you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of simultaneous equations you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of simultaneous equations you find
+that indeed our Einstein coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed our Einstein coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed our Einstein coefficient for
+spontaneous emission a l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission a l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission a l is equal to
+8 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 Pi
+H new u l cubed upon B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H new u l cubed upon B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H new u l cubed upon B
+Cubed b u l like this this means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubed b u l like this this means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cubed b u l like this this means that we
+have something linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something linking the
+spontaneous emission to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission to the
+stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission and more simply we also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and more simply we also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and more simply we also find
+that g l b l u is equal to g u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g l b l u is equal to g u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g l b l u is equal to g u
+b u l so again this is the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u l so again this is the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u l so again this is the two different
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh sorry um this is linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry um this is linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry um this is linking the
+processes going up and down and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going up and down and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going up and down and this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission so similar to how we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so similar to how we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so similar to how we did last
+time we have used sort of a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have used sort of a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have used sort of a system in
+complete thermodynamic equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete thermodynamic equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete thermodynamic equilibrium with
+bolts and occupation uh steady state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts and occupation uh steady state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts and occupation uh steady state and
+black body photons and we've used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body photons and we've used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body photons and we've used that
+to pin these different coefficients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pin these different coefficients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pin these different coefficients to
+each other so if we calculate even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if we calculate even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so if we calculate even one
+of them like b l we now immediately know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them like b l we now immediately know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them like b l we now immediately know
+BL Lu and Au L and so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BL Lu and Au L and so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BL Lu and Au L and so that's good
+because we get all of them for free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get all of them for free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get all of them for free but
+it also means that all the processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that all the processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also means that all the processes are
+linked together in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked together in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked together in this
+system okay any questions on that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay any questions on that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay any questions on that I'll
+then tell you in a moment how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell you in a moment how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell you in a moment how we
+actually calculate even one of these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate even one of these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate even one of these so
+that we can get the other three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get the other three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get the other three but
+right now it's important just to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's important just to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's important just to realize
+that those three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so the cool thing is this that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the cool thing is this that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the cool thing is this that has
+no material physics in the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no material physics in the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no material physics in the relationship
+between these has no materials physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these has no materials physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these has no materials physics
+in it this is related to lasers for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it this is related to lasers for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it this is related to lasers for a
+laser you need a three or four level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser you need a three or four level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser you need a three or four level
+system um because you have to pump the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um because you have to pump the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um because you have to pump the
+excited state and then you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and then you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and then you have to have
+like a metal stable State halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a metal stable State halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a metal stable State halfway
+down you can't actually get lazing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you can't actually get lazing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you can't actually get lazing in a
+in a twole system but in a three- LEL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a twole system but in a three- LEL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a twole system but in a three- LEL
+four LEL system you have so this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four LEL system you have so this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four LEL system you have so this the
+systems which are favorable to lazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are favorable to lazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are favorable to lazing
+have specific energy levels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific energy levels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have specific energy levels that are
+spaced in a way that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced in a way that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced in a way that you can get
+stimulated emission um I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission um I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission um I just mentioned
+stimulated emission as that sort of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission as that sort of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission as that sort of I
+think when you look at this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you look at this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you look at this diagram here
+you initially think to yourself do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially think to yourself do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially think to yourself do I
+need stimulated emission I mean it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need stimulated emission I mean it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need stimulated emission I mean it seems
+a bit Niche kind of like excessive bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit Niche kind of like excessive bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit Niche kind of like excessive bit
+of physics that I could throw in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics that I could throw in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics that I could throw in there
+can't I just get away with balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I just get away with balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I just get away with balancing
+spontaneous emission with absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission with absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission with absorption
+they look quite similar but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look quite similar but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look quite similar but it turns out
+that for the thermodynamic balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the thermodynamic balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the thermodynamic balance and
+this is the thing that Einstein realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that Einstein realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that Einstein realized
+which is why the Einstein coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why the Einstein coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why the Einstein coefficients
+you have to include the stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to include the stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to include the stimulated
+emission in there otherwise the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission in there otherwise the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission in there otherwise the theory
+doesn't work you can't get so um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you can't get so um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you can't get so um so I
+mentioned this as a thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this as a thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this as a thing which is
+important to laser in the two level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to laser in the two level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to laser in the two level
+system it doesn't play an important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it doesn't play an important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it doesn't play an important role
+and also this is material independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is material independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also this is material independent
+right once we've calculated one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once we've calculated one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once we've calculated one of these
+the other one depends purely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one depends purely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one depends purely on the
+energy level gaps it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level gaps it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level gaps it has nothing to do
+with like the crystal structure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like the crystal structure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like the crystal structure or
+something something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes any reason it isn't stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes any reason it isn't stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes any reason it isn't stimulated
+absorption what would that look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption what would that look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption what would that look like so
+at the moment for spontaneous absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment for spontaneous absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment for spontaneous absorption
+we have one Photon come in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one Photon come in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one Photon come in and the
+electron goes up so with stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes up so with stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes up so with stimulated
+absorption look like two photons coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption look like two photons coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption look like two photons coming
+in one getting absorbed and one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one getting absorbed and one going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one getting absorbed and one going
+forwards like the opposite of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards like the opposite of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards like the opposite of this
+process uh I don't have a good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh I don't have a good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh I don't have a good answer
+for why that doesn't but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why that doesn't but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why that doesn't but it's an
+interesting one it would go as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one it would go as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one it would go as the
+square of the photon density field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the photon density field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the photon density field
+because you'd have to have two photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd have to have two photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd have to have two photons
+in the same volume to do it so possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same volume to do it so possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same volume to do it so possibly
+for most reasonable systems where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most reasonable systems where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most reasonable systems where we
+don't have that much radiation density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much radiation density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much radiation density
+that wouldn't be a big that wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be a big that wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be a big that wouldn't be
+a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important
+process but I see what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but I see what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but I see what you're saying
+haven't thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+not not in this because in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not in this because in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not in this because in order for
+that to happen you need to have some IL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen you need to have some IL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen you need to have some IL
+defined meta stable level halfway up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined meta stable level halfway up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined meta stable level halfway up
+like this but there has to be some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but there has to be some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but there has to be some level
+there has to doesn't have to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to doesn't have to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to doesn't have to be exactly
+there because of the uncertainty it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because of the uncertainty it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because of the uncertainty it
+could be like this or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like this or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be like this or something like
+that but it has like vaguely possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it has like vaguely possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it has like vaguely possibly
+exist but in this model I've said very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but in this model I've said very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but in this model I've said very
+clearly I only have two levels and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I only have two levels and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly I only have two levels and so I
+don't have to think about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to think about that but
+you're right if you in a in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if you in a in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right if you in a in a real
+system you can have two Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can have two Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can have two Photon
+absorption where one Photon takes it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption where one Photon takes it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption where one Photon takes it up
+to there and before the atom has time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there and before the atom has time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there and before the atom has time to
+realize that this energy level doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this energy level doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this energy level doesn't
+really exist the second Photon comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exist the second Photon comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exist the second Photon comes in
+and takes it up even further and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes it up even further and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes it up even further and then
+everything is okay so there's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is okay so there's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is okay so there's like yeah
+but in in this I've be very clear I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in this I've be very clear I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in this I've be very clear I only
+got two levels so I don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two levels so I don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two levels so I don't have to worry
+about that but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but in
+general any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yes so actually none of this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so actually none of this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so actually none of this is about
+ionization at this point so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization at this point so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization at this point so these are
+just two levels within an atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two levels within an atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two levels within an atom the
+number of electrons is conserved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons is conserved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons is conserved and
+you're right they're just energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right they're just energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right they're just energy levels
+so this could be this actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be this actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be this actually the
+simplest way to think about this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to think about this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to think about this maybe
+the simplest Quantum system would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest Quantum system would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest Quantum system would be a
+spin which is flipping up and down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin which is flipping up and down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin which is flipping up and down right
+so these could be the hyperfine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these could be the hyperfine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these could be the hyperfine
+splitting of the ground state or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the ground state or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting of the ground state or or the
+fine splitting of the ground state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine splitting of the ground state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine splitting of the ground state in
+the magnetic field or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field or something like
+that um yeah so that's why this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um yeah so that's why this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um yeah so that's why this is quite
+generic um the way I'm thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic um the way I'm thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic um the way I'm thinking about it
+is about energy levels within an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about energy levels within an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about energy levels within an atom
+that isn't undergoing ionization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't undergoing ionization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't undergoing ionization and
+we'll talk about all the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about all the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about all the ionization
+processes in a moment but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in a moment but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in a moment but you're right
+this applies more generally to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies more generally to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies more generally to other
+systems that have discrete energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have discrete energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that have discrete energy levels
+they've got two discrete energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got two discrete energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got two discrete energy levels
+all of this math still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this math still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this math still
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+so unfortunately if you want to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately if you want to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately if you want to work out
+any of these you're going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these you're going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these you're going to have to do
+some Quantum right so and the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Quantum right so and the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Quantum right so and the reason for
+that is if you go into Hutchinson's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you go into Hutchinson's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you go into Hutchinson's book
+and you look at an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at an expression for
+example b l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you find out that this has 8 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you find out that this has 8 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you find out that this has 8 pi
+cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+h^2 4 Pi Epsilon don't ask me where any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 4 Pi Epsilon don't ask me where any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 4 Pi Epsilon don't ask me where any
+of these factors come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these factors come
+from and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and this is
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+a quantity called s l s is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity called s l s is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity called s l s is like the
+dimensionless rate and then this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless rate and then this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless rate and then this is all
+the constants that you need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants that you need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants that you need in order to
+get all of your equations match up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of your equations match up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of your equations match up
+properly s is the thing that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly s is the thing that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly s is the thing that depends on
+Quantum and that is to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum and that is to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum and that is to do with the
+transition between your two states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between your two states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between your two states so
+we're kind of CC calculate an overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of CC calculate an overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of CC calculate an overlap
+integral the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integral
+between your upper state and your lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state but we're not just doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but we're not just doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but we're not just doing the
+overlap between those two things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between those two things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between those two things because
+there is a operator which acts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a operator which acts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a operator which acts on the
+upper State transform it into the Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper State transform it into the Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper State transform it into the Lower
+State and that for most electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that for most electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and that for most electromagnetic
+radiation is the dipole operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is the dipole operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is the dipole operator which
+is the charge times the position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge times the position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the charge times the position Vector
+here we integrate that as we always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we integrate that as we always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we integrate that as we always do
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+space and we Square it because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we Square it because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we Square it because we're
+interested in the power here rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the power here rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the power here rather than
+the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field
+so this you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you can think of this as
+representing a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a transition
+probability How likely is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability How likely is it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability How likely is it that the
+emission of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission of a
+photon can take you from the upper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon can take you from the upper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon can take you from the upper level
+to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower
+level and so levels which are more alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and so levels which are more alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and so levels which are more alike
+you're more likely to have transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to have transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more likely to have transitions
+between them of course there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them of course there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them of course there are some
+levels which are very alike which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which are very alike which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which are very alike which we
+can't have a transition to where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a transition to where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a transition to where we have
+s u l equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u l equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s u l equals z
+and these are called forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transitions and these forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and these forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and these forbidden
+transitions don't do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions don't do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions don't do things like
+conserve angular momentum other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve angular momentum other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve angular momentum other
+important things like that and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things like that and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things like that and the way
+that that manifests itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that manifests itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that manifests itself in the
+mathematics is that underly operation r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is that underly operation r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is that underly operation r
+on the lower energy level uh s of U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower energy level uh s of U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower energy level uh s of U is
+orthogonal to R of s l and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to R of s l and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to R of s l and so when you
+do the integral you get zero out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integral you get zero out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integral you get zero out so
+effectively this keeps track of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this keeps track of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this keeps track of angular
+momentum conservation or momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation or momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation or momentum
+conservation for you so you have Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation for you so you have Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation for you so you have Su
+there equals zero so you might have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equals zero so you might have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equals zero so you might have for
+example a system with three energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels where you can have transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels where you can have transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels where you can have transitions
+like this that both produce photons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that both produce photons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that both produce photons with
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+energies but for some reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but for some reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but for some reason this
+transition here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here as
+Su equals zero and you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su equals zero and you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su equals zero and you can't have a
+transition like that at all so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition like that at all so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition like that at all so these are
+forbidden Transitions and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden Transitions and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden Transitions and sometimes
+people call these selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BS so if you've done any amount of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS so if you've done any amount of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS so if you've done any amount of like
+quantum physics for Atomic physics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics for Atomic physics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics for Atomic physics I
+think you'll probably have come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll probably have come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll probably have come across
+this before if you haven't done a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before if you haven't done a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before if you haven't done a class
+on that before um I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that before um I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that before um I'm just trying to
+give you a very brief flavor of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very brief flavor of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a very brief flavor of it in
+general this is a difficult problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a difficult problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a difficult problem for
+a twole system you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twole system you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twole system you only have to
+calculate Su once but if you imagine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Su once but if you imagine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Su once but if you imagine for
+a three LEL system now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three LEL system now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three LEL system now we have to
+calculate the overlap between this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the overlap between this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the overlap between this level
+and this level this level and this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this level this level and this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this level this level and this level
+and this level and this level and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this level and this level and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this level and this level and for a
+four level system and then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four level system and then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four level system and then you get the
+idea so this quickly becomes very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so this quickly becomes very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so this quickly becomes very very
+challenging you want to actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you want to actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you want to actually do this
+you have to calculate this overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to calculate this overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to calculate this overlap
+integral for all the different wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for all the different wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for all the different wave
+functions to make it worse you also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to make it worse you also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to make it worse you also need
+to know what the wave functions are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the wave functions are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the wave functions are and
+so you have to solve the shring equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to solve the shring equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to solve the shring equation
+first of all to know what the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to know what the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to know what the states are
+allowed in your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in your system
+but of course if you have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if you have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if you have more than one
+electron in your system not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in your system not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in your system not just one
+more one level more than one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one level more than one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one level more than one electron
+this is now a many body problem and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a many body problem and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a many body problem and so
+you can't even calculate the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even calculate the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even calculate the wave
+functions properly so very quickly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions properly so very quickly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions properly so very quickly we
+can see that spectroscopy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that spectroscopy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that spectroscopy is going to be
+a horrible mess compared to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horrible mess compared to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horrible mess compared to all of the
+other types of radiation we've dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of radiation we've dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of radiation we've dealt
+with before well line emission is g to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before well line emission is g to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with before well line emission is g to
+be a horrible mess compared to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a horrible mess compared to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a horrible mess compared to all these
+other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+radiation but say you have managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but say you have managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation but say you have managed to
+overcome all of these problems the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all of these problems the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome all of these problems the main
+takeaway from this is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from this is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from this is if we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+b u l by calculating this overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u l by calculating this overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b u l by calculating this overlap
+integral then we also get the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then we also get the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then we also get the other two
+coefficients a u l and B luu for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a u l and B luu for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a u l and B luu for
+free and that means that even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and that means that even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and that means that even in a
+system that is not in thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is not in thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is not in thermodynamic
+equilibrium where we don't where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we don't where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we don't where we
+can't assume bolt and occupation we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assume bolt and occupation we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assume bolt and occupation we can
+still calculate now the occupation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still calculate now the occupation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still calculate now the occupation of
+the upper and the lower energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper and the lower energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper and the lower energy levels
+through a rate equation where the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a rate equation where the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a rate equation where the are
+the rates this is effectively a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates this is effectively a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates this is effectively a steady
+state rate equation here and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state rate equation here and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state rate equation here and that means
+we now know how many electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know how many electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know how many electrons are in
+the upper level how many in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper level how many in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper level how many in the lower
+level and we can make a prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we can make a prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we can make a prediction of
+how many photons we're going to get per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photons we're going to get per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photons we're going to get per
+second and so that means that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and so that means that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and so that means that we could
+predict the intensity of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the intensity of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the intensity of one of these
+spectral lines here again this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines here again this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lines here again this is an
+extremely simple system there's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple system there's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple system there's already
+quite a lot of work to get there um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of work to get there um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of work to get there um but
+we can do that so that's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that so that's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that so that's kind of like a
+very thorough explanation of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thorough explanation of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thorough explanation of just a
+twole atom before we go on to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole atom before we go on to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole atom before we go on to you know
+more General systems with multiple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General systems with multiple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General systems with multiple uh
+levels and multiple electrons so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and multiple electrons so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and multiple electrons so any
+questions on that before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on that before we can
+go yes corre the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person you get slightly different frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you get slightly different frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you get slightly different frames
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think yeah so the question was like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so the question was like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah so the question was like do
+you have to do this every time or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do this every time or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do this every time or is it
+tabulated somewhere so um the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated somewhere so um the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated somewhere so um the answer is
+is you know for someone may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for someone may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know for someone may have already
+done the tabulation for you and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the tabulation for you and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the tabulation for you and made
+that available in what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that available in what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that available in what's called an
+atomic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh um generally these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh um generally these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh um generally these are
+experimentally these are theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally these are theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally these are theoretically
+predicted and then experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and then experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and then experimentally
+confirmed for some of the transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed for some of the transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed for some of the transitions
+they're so weak it's really hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so weak it's really hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so weak it's really hard to do
+it experimentally if you go on the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it experimentally if you go on the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it experimentally if you go on the N
+website um then nist has huge tables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um then nist has huge tables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um then nist has huge tables of
+all the different transitions here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different transitions here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different transitions here and
+there like oscilla strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like oscilla strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like oscilla strength and
+sometimes they have a star next to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they have a star next to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they have a star next to them
+being like uh this was theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like uh this was theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like uh this was theoretically
+predicted or they have something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or they have something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted or they have something else
+being like no this has actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like no this has actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like no this has actually been
+experimentally check or like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally check or like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally check or like someone
+tried to check it but we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to check it but we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to check it but we don't think
+it's a very good check because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good check because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good check because these are
+just there are so many of these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there are so many of these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there are so many of these lines
+it's impossible to check all of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to check all of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to check all of them and
+of course you can theoretically predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can theoretically predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can theoretically predict
+these for states of matter which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for states of matter which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for states of matter which are
+very hard to reach in a real plasma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to reach in a real plasma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to reach in a real plasma so
+for like very very hot very very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like very very hot very very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like very very hot very very dense
+plasmas made out of plutonium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas made out of plutonium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas made out of plutonium or
+something like that we probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that we probably do
+actually have good measurements of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have good measurements of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have good measurements of that
+but not unclassified ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not unclassified ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not unclassified ones
+but so so there are things that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so so there are things that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so so there are things that maybe
+it's hard to experimentally verify but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to experimentally verify but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to experimentally verify but
+actually you can still theoretic so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can still theoretic so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can still theoretic so yeah
+so but if you are doing something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if you are doing something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if you are doing something where
+that hasn't already been tabulated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't already been tabulated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't already been tabulated you
+may have to do it yourself so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to do it yourself so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to do it yourself so you may
+actually have to do these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to do these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to do these calculations
+yourself and there people who build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and there people who build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and there people who build
+careers out of doing these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers out of doing these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers out of doing these calculations
+more and more precisely because as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more precisely because as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more precisely because as I
+mentioned this is a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this is a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this is a very hard
+calculation to do so there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to do so there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to do so there's always
+going to be some approximation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some approximation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some approximation and so
+then it's like you could make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like you could make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like you could make your
+career out of doing a slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career out of doing a slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career out of doing a slightly better
+approximation than previously and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation than previously and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation than previously and you'll
+get slightly better results and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get slightly better results and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get slightly better results and that
+that will be worthwhile for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be worthwhile for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be worthwhile for some people
+yeah you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yes this is you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes this is you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yes this is you should think of
+it as a number density of photons we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a number density of photons we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a number density of photons we're
+using row here which often is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using row here which often is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using row here which often is used for
+mass density but I'm using it here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density but I'm using it here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density but I'm using it here for
+number density because that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density because that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density because that's so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will actually talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will actually talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will actually talk about that later
+you're right like and and unless your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right like and and unless your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right like and and unless your
+spectrometer is absolutely calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer is absolutely calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer is absolutely calibrated
+it's very very hard to get um very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very hard to get um very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very hard to get um very very
+hard to get it just from a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get it just from a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get it just from a single
+measurement of a line what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of a line what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of a line what's interesting
+is if you have two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have two lines
+here um this isn't the best drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this isn't the best drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this isn't the best drawing
+actually to show this a better drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to show this a better drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to show this a better drawing
+would be if I had one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if I had one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if I had one of these
+transitions coming from this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so then you'll have two lines which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so then you'll have two lines which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so then you'll have two lines which
+have a downward transition which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a downward transition which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a downward transition which are
+both emitting photons at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energies there are two things you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies there are two things you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies there are two things you'll
+need to know then you'll need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know then you'll need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know then you'll need to know
+what the strength of this transition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the strength of this transition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the strength of this transition is
+which is the strength of the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the strength of the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the strength of the spontaneous
+aul L which will be different for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aul L which will be different for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aul L which will be different for these
+two different lines but then you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different lines but then you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different lines but then you'll also
+want to know what the occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what the occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what the occupation
+probability is of these two upper States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is of these two upper States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is of these two upper States
+and that will in general be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will in general be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will in general be a function
+of temperature so it would be this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature so it would be this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature so it would be this state
+will more likely to be occupied than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will more likely to be occupied than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will more likely to be occupied than
+this state just from a boltzman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state just from a boltzman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state just from a boltzman
+arguments if you happen to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments if you happen to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments if you happen to be able to
+use a boltzman type argument that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a boltzman type argument that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a boltzman type argument that's what
+you predict so that means that the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict so that means that the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict so that means that the ratio
+between the amount of Lights in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the amount of Lights in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the amount of Lights in this
+blue line and the amount of light in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and the amount of light in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line and the amount of light in the
+orange line here will tell you once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line here will tell you once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line here will tell you once
+you've taken out the factor of a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken out the factor of a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken out the factor of a that
+you pre calculated it will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pre calculated it will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pre calculated it will tell you the
+occupation of this Upper State versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of this Upper State versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of this Upper State versus
+this state and that will be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and that will be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state and that will be related to
+temperature then you have your plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you have your plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you have your plasma
+temperature and it's a relative ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's a relative ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and it's a relative ratio
+you don't need to know the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know the absolute
+intensity so in reality in spectr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so in reality in spectr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so in reality in spectr
+Spectros we normally look at line ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectros we normally look at line ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectros we normally look at line ratios
+they're much better to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much better to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much better to work with
+there'll be many many lines not like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be many many lines not like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be many many lines not like in
+this two Lev system there'll be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Lev system there'll be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two Lev system there'll be many
+many lines out there we look at line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines out there we look at line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lines out there we look at line
+ratios kind of like a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios kind of like a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios kind of like a differential
+measurement again the thing that we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement again the thing that we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement again the thing that we love
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+experiment does that make sense good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment does that make sense good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment does that make sense good we
+will now go through lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now go through lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now go through lots of other
+processes which can excite and de excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which can excite and de excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which can excite and de excite
+your electrons not just rative processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electrons not just rative processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electrons not just rative processes
+like this uh and uh then we will use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh and uh then we will use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh and uh then we will use a
+subset of those to Define different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those to Define different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those to Define different
+sorts of equilibrium which help you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of equilibrium which help you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of equilibrium which help you to
+calculate what this occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what this occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what this occupation
+probability is for the different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is for the different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is for the different energy
+level so it's quite an evolved series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's quite an evolved series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's quite an evolved series of
+steps and I'm trying to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and I'm trying to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and I'm trying to go through it
+quite slowly any questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite slowly any questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite slowly any questions before we
+move on to all the other processes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to all the other processes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to all the other processes out
+there that aren't just these simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that aren't just these simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that aren't just these simple
+radiative ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so the first set of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first set of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the first set of processes
+we're going to look at are processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at are processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at are processes
+which excite or de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excite electrons so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite electrons so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite electrons so in this case we're
+looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change in the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy but or and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but or and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but or and the number of
+electrons is constant so we are not was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is constant so we are not was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is constant so we are not was
+ionization here we're going to get on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization here we're going to get on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization here we're going to get on to
+ionization recombination in a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization recombination in a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization recombination in a moment so
+the first set of processes we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of processes we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of processes we've
+actually already covered but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already covered but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already covered but I'm going
+to draw them on the board here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw them on the board here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw them on the board here so that
+we have a nice complete set these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a nice complete set these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a nice complete set these are
+the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process so these are processes where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so these are processes where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so these are processes where we
+have for example some energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example some energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example some energy levels
+again lower and upper we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again lower and upper we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again lower and upper we have different
+processes going between them we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going between them we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going between them we have
+spontaneous emission absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission absorption
+and stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission and again we just covered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and again we just covered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and again we just covered this
+but I'm just writing it down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just writing it down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just writing it down here so
+we've got the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meion and I'll put the density of photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meion and I'll put the density of photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meion and I'll put the density of photon
+States on here as well well row of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UL competing with these processes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL competing with these processes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UL competing with these processes or
+ongoing with this processes a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing with this processes a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing with this processes a set of
+processes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are
+collisional and in some cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional and in some cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional and in some cases the
+collisional processes May Dominate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional processes May Dominate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional processes May Dominate and
+in other cases the radiative process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases the radiative process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases the radiative process
+perminate and we'll talk about those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perminate and we'll talk about those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perminate and we'll talk about those in
+a moment once we've got through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment once we've got through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment once we've got through this
+whole zoo so the collisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole zoo so the collisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole zoo so the collisional
+processes again between the lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes again between the lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes again between the lower and
+the upper levels like this are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper levels like this are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper levels like this are called
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this one here has a coefficient C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one here has a coefficient C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one here has a coefficient C
+Lu which is proportional the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu which is proportional the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu which is proportional the density of
+electrons because this happens when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because this happens when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because this happens when an
+electron comes nearby the atom maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes nearby the atom maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes nearby the atom maybe
+it's an electron which is um a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electron which is um a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an electron which is um a free
+electron so it's up here at some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy it interacts with the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it interacts with the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it interacts with the electric
+field of the ion and then or the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the ion and then or the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the ion and then or the atom
+and flies off but that interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flies off but that interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flies off but that interaction with
+the electric field promotes an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field promotes an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field promotes an electron
+from a lower energy level to a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lower energy level to a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lower energy level to a higher
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+level taking some energy from the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level taking some energy from the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level taking some energy from the free
+electron here and this process is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and this process is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and this process is called
+electron impact ionization so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron impact ionization so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron impact ionization so I'm just
+going to write that as e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write that as e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write that as e
+minus impact not ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus impact not ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus impact not ionization
+excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excitation and actually exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and actually exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and actually exactly the same
+process can happen in Reverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can happen in Reverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can happen in Reverse this
+electron can come in its electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can come in its electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can come in its electric field
+can interact with the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with the electric field and
+the wave functions of the atom and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions of the atom and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions of the atom and this
+can drive a downwards transition as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive a downwards transition as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive a downwards transition as well
+and this has a coefficient c l which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a coefficient c l which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a coefficient c l which is
+proportional to the density of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the density of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the density of electrons
+as well and so this would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so this would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so this would be the same
+name as above but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excitation so you can imagine in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation so you can imagine in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation so you can imagine in a very
+dense plasma where there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense plasma where there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense plasma where there's a lot of
+electrons flying around you may well end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flying around you may well end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons flying around you may well end
+up with these processes being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these processes being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these processes being very
+dominant and they will dominate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and they will dominate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and they will dominate the
+population of these different excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of these different excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of these different excited
+States and so when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so when you're trying to
+calculate the excited state population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the excited state population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the excited state population
+these are the ones you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones you're going to have
+to focus on we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on we'll talk a little bit
+about uh how we actually calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how we actually calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how we actually calculate these
+in a moment those two well we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment those two well we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment those two well we've seen
+these already hopefully they make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these already hopefully they make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these already hopefully they make sense
+does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these were the excitation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these were the excitation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these were the excitation and the
+de exitation now we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de exitation now we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de exitation now we're going to have
+processes would actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes would actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes would actually change the
+number of electrons so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons so these are
+ionization and we don't tend to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and we don't tend to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and we don't tend to call it
+deionization we call it recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general you can think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general you can think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general you can think of these as
+processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that
+give an electron enough energy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an electron enough energy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an electron enough energy to be
+free so Delta e and that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so Delta e and that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so Delta e and that makes it
+fre or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre or they
+absorb fre electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so that that electron becomes B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that that electron becomes B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that that electron becomes B
+so that first process is an ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that first process is an ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that first process is an ionization
+process where we lose an electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where we lose an electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where we lose an electron from
+our atom and the second one is a Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our atom and the second one is a Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our atom and the second one is a Rec
+combination process where we gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination process where we gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination process where we gain
+electron onto our atom I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron onto our atom I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron onto our atom I'm going to draw
+this as one long sort of Baya tapestry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one long sort of Baya tapestry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one long sort of Baya tapestry
+of various different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is the lower energy level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the lower energy level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the lower energy level and
+this is the now the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the now the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the now the ionization energy
+level I and I'm going to shade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I and I'm going to shade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I and I'm going to shade the
+region above here because if an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region above here because if an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region above here because if an electron
+is in this region it's now a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron so you can think of this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you can think of this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you can think of this as the
+ionization energy to get to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy to get to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy to get to this point
+and I've called this L this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've called this L this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've called this L this may not
+necessarily be the lowest energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be the lowest energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily be the lowest energy state
+in the system it's just the lower states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system it's just the lower states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system it's just the lower states
+there could be other states down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be other states down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be other states down below
+there could be States up above it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be States up above it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be States up above it we're
+just considering one level L at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just considering one level L at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just considering one level L at the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+here okay so the first process we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the first process we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the first process we're
+going to consider is where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider is where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consider is where we have
+electron in the ground state sorry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the ground state sorry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the ground state sorry in
+the Lower State down here and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State down here and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State down here and we have a
+free electron that swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by and it gives up enough of its energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and it gives up enough of its energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and it gives up enough of its energy
+to excite this electron not to the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite this electron not to the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite this electron not to the upper
+energy level but actually up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level but actually up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level but actually up so that
+it's ionized and then two electrons come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and this we give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this we give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this we give a
+coefficient d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient d
+l i and we give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i and we give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i and we give it a
+superscript CI here and that is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript CI here and that is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript CI here and that is for
+collisional ionization and we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional ionization and we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisional ionization and we call this
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization you can see this is analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization you can see this is analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization you can see this is analogous
+electron impact excitation here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron impact excitation here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron impact excitation here just
+going to make it clear that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it clear that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it clear that this is a
+lowercase L there's another coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase L there's another coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase L there's another coefficient
+here what's this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's this coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's this coefficient
+proportional to remember previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to remember previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to remember previously
+we've had density we've had uh Photon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had density we've had uh Photon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had density we've had uh Photon uh
+density all sorts of things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all sorts of things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all sorts of things like that
+what's this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proportion yeah exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion yeah exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion yeah exactly the same as
+previously there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+now we have a slightly different one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a slightly different one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a slightly different one we
+actually have two electrons coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in as they get close to the atom one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as they get close to the atom one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as they get close to the atom one of
+the electrons runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons runs
+off with a load of energy and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a load of energy and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a load of energy and the other
+electron has lost so much energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has lost so much energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has lost so much energy to the
+first one that it drops down into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that it drops down into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that it drops down into this
+energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but this is a recombination process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a recombination process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a recombination process and
+this is called three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called three
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination and we give it a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and we give it a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination and we give it a rate
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+l and a superscript three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and a superscript three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and a superscript three body
+recombination what is this proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to come one else but I will come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come one else but I will come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come one else but I will come back to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah where are the neutrals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where are the neutrals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where are the neutrals in
+this why didn't the atoms come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why didn't the atoms come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why didn't the atoms come in
+here in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case there a good point in fact all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there a good point in fact all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there a good point in fact all of
+these are proportional to the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are proportional to the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are proportional to the atom
+density as well I just left it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as well I just left it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as well I just left it off
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+because every single one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every single one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every single one of these is
+portional death we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portional death we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portional death we don't
+need yeah why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah why is
+that yeah exactly so we've actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah exactly so we've actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah exactly so we've actually got
+to get two electrons in the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two electrons in the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get two electrons in the same place
+close to the atom and so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the atom and so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the atom and so you're going to
+square the density in order to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the density in order to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square the density in order to work out
+the probability of that happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that happening so
+this three body Rec combination can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three body Rec combination can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three body Rec combination can be a
+really important process in dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important process in dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important process in dense
+plasmas actually particularly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas actually particularly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas actually particularly important
+in dense cold plasma so plasmas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dense cold plasma so plasmas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dense cold plasma so plasmas with
+very low ionization tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low ionization tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low ionization tend to have
+dominant uh free body Rec combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant uh free body Rec combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant uh free body Rec combination
+here okay the next one is also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+odd we imagine that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd we imagine that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd we imagine that there's some
+intermediate energy level like this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate energy level like this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate energy level like this in
+which there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons and there is some spontanous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there is some spontanous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there is some spontanous
+process by which this electron drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which this electron drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which this electron drops
+down to this energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this energy level
+which provides exactly enough energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides exactly enough energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides exactly enough energy for
+this electron to bump up and be free in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron to bump up and be free in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron to bump up and be free in
+reality this will happen as long as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this will happen as long as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality this will happen as long as this
+intermediate level is somewhere above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level is somewhere above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate level is somewhere above
+halfway because then one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway because then one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway because then one electron
+dropping down will have enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down will have enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down will have enough energy to
+boost this off and it will be not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost this off and it will be not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost this off and it will be not just a
+free electron but a free electron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron but a free electron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron but a free electron with
+some bonus kinetic energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonus kinetic energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonus kinetic energy as
+well this is still written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is still written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is still written as a
+coefficient from lower to Upper even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient from lower to Upper even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient from lower to Upper even
+though we should probably think name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we should probably think name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we should probably think name
+this intermediate energy level so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate energy level so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate energy level so we
+call it c l i and its sub superscript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it c l i and its sub superscript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it c l i and its sub superscript is
+AI because this is a process called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI because this is a process called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI because this is a process called
+Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization does this have any dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization does this have any dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization does this have any dependence
+on the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density I saw a shaking head it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I saw a shaking head it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I saw a shaking head it doesn't
+have any dependence on the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any dependence on the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any dependence on the electron
+density we don't require any free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density we don't require any free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density we don't require any free
+electron to do this this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to do this this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to do this this is something
+the atom has just decided to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom has just decided to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom has just decided to do by
+itself of course for this to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course for this to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself of course for this to happen
+there has to be an unoccupied lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an unoccupied lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be an unoccupied lower
+energy state so this has to be some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state so this has to be some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state so this has to be some sort
+of excited atom right so some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited atom right so some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excited atom right so some process
+like electron impact excitation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electron impact excitation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like electron impact excitation has
+moved an electron from the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved an electron from the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved an electron from the lower level
+to this intermediate level here leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this intermediate level here leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this intermediate level here leaving
+a state for this electron to fall back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state for this electron to fall back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state for this electron to fall back
+into so this can't just happen in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so this can't just happen in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so this can't just happen in like
+um you know us we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know us we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know us we're not going to
+suddenly start emitting electrons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start emitting electrons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start emitting electrons by
+Auto ionization because in general most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ionization because in general most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ionization because in general most
+of our electrons if we're well behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electrons if we're well behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electrons if we're well behaved
+stay in their ground state okay but if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in their ground state okay but if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in their ground state okay but if a
+plasma where these processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma where these processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma where these processes are
+happening we very well may have a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we very well may have a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening we very well may have a hole
+in a lower energy level which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower energy level which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lower energy level which allows
+this process that happen pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that happen pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that happen pretty cool
+okay I saw I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nicap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicap
+Yeah so basically it needs to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically it needs to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically it needs to be more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+halfway it needs to be greater than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway it needs to be greater than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway it needs to be greater than um
+energy lower ionization divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lower ionization divided by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lower ionization divided by two
+right as you say otherwise there won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you say otherwise there won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as you say otherwise there won't
+be enough energy uh for I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough energy uh for I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough energy uh for I don't know if
+there's a auto excitation that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a auto excitation that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a auto excitation that can
+happen that wasn't in the book um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that wasn't in the book um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that wasn't in the book um but it
+seems like it might be possible Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it might be possible Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it might be possible Right
+Where You could have excitation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where You could have excitation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where You could have excitation of this
+electron up to some higher energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron up to some higher energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron up to some higher energy level
+maybe that doesn't happen for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that doesn't happen for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that doesn't happen for some
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+uh did you have a question as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah we we're coming to that Ah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we're coming to that Ah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we're coming to that Ah that's a
+question I'm about to ask in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm about to ask in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm about to ask in a moment
+you're absolutely right that can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right that can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right that can still
+happen but it's subtly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it's subtly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it's subtly different from
+these four I'm about to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four I'm about to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four I'm about to the fourth
+process in a way which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a way which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a way which I think is
+informative and then we will go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and then we will go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative and then we will go on and
+cover what you're talking about yes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover what you're talking about yes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover what you're talking about yes any
+other questions on this before I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on this before I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on this before I do the
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth
+process okay you may have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay you may have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay you may have noticed
+there's a sort of symmetry to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of symmetry to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of symmetry to these
+processes so far and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so far and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so far and so this is the
+symmetric sort of partner of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric sort of partner of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric sort of partner of this
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+this is where we have some intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we have some intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we have some intermediate
+energy level we have an electron dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level we have an electron dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level we have an electron dropped
+down out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down out
+of the Unbound States and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Unbound States and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Unbound States and this
+spontaneously promotes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron to this intermediate State here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to this intermediate State here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to this intermediate State here
+okay and this is called or this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from got Li written here I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from got Li written here I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from got Li written here I'm going to go
+with it but maybe it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but maybe it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but maybe it should be
+I and this has a superscript Dr and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this has a superscript Dr and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this has a superscript Dr and this
+is called D electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination what is it proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes deny of electrons again it relies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes deny of electrons again it relies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes deny of electrons again it relies on
+there being electrons here free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being electrons here free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being electrons here free
+electrons when we're writing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons when we're writing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons when we're writing any
+obviously we're talking about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're talking about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're talking about three
+electrons here ones which are not B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here ones which are not B by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here ones which are not B by
+atom on that so couple of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on that so couple of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on that so couple of interesting
+things here notice that these reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here notice that these reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here notice that these reverse
+processes do not have the same scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes do not have the same scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes do not have the same scaling
+as density and so we don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as density and so we don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as density and so we don't necessarily
+expect these processes to balance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these processes to balance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these processes to balance in
+fact in a in a arbitrary plasma they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in a in a arbitrary plasma they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in a in a arbitrary plasma they
+will not balance in steady state overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not balance in steady state overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not balance in steady state overall
+you have to have balance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have balance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have balance between the
+upward processes and the downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward processes and the downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward processes and the downward
+processes but it doesn't mean that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it doesn't mean that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes but it doesn't mean that each
+process has to be balanced by its mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has to be balanced by its mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has to be balanced by its mirror
+because they are not symmetric you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are not symmetric you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are not symmetric you know
+these recombination methods here require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recombination methods here require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these recombination methods here require
+uh one more electron than the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more electron than the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more electron than the ionization
+mechanism here what else is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism here what else is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism here what else is interesting
+about all of these ionization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these ionization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these ionization and
+recombination processes from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination processes from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination processes from the point
+of view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectroscopist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopist
+how would yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on they are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonradiated does that mean given this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonradiated does that mean given this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonradiated does that mean given this is
+a Diagnostics course that I just wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Diagnostics course that I just wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Diagnostics course that I just wasted
+your time by telling you about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time by telling you about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time by telling you about them
+because we cannot diagnose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I wasted your time okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I wasted your time okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I wasted your time okay any other
+votes for wasting your time I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for wasting your time I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for wasting your time I've been
+known to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to do it
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they are absolutely key in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they are absolutely key in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they are absolutely key in some
+plasmas for understanding the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas for understanding the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas for understanding the ionization
+state of the plasma and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the plasma and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the plasma and also for
+understanding in the case of these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in the case of these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in the case of these ones
+the excitation state of each ion and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitation state of each ion and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excitation state of each ion and if
+you don't know that you can't predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that you can't predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that you can't predict
+how many photons you're going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photons you're going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photons you're going to get out
+so even if your signature is a radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if your signature is a radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if your signature is a radiated
+signature it will be strongly Modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it will be strongly Modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature it will be strongly Modified
+by this so these are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population and in this case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and in this case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and in this case this is the
+population of excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and ionization States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I definitely ran out of room that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I definitely ran out of room that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I definitely ran out of room that's
+says States okay cool any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says States okay cool any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says States okay cool any questions on
+these before we go on to some rative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before we go on to some rative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these before we go on to some rative
+ones that we can direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean you you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did what I did here without making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what I did here without making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what I did here without making it
+very explicit and we will go on to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very explicit and we will go on to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very explicit and we will go on to this
+in a moment is write a rate equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment is write a rate equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment is write a rate equation and
+this is just a rate equation with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a rate equation with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a rate equation with two
+levels but instead you would write um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but instead you would write um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but instead you would write um a
+set of coupled rate equations which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coupled rate equations which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coupled rate equations which has
+the rate equation for each pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate equation for each pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate equation for each pair of
+energy levels and you'd have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and you'd have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and you'd have to write
+that for each pair of energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each pair of energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each pair of energy levels
+within the hydrogen or the dyum and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the hydrogen or the dyum and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the hydrogen or the dyum and each
+pair was in the tritium now duum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair was in the tritium now duum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair was in the tritium now duum and
+tritium are close enough that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium are close enough that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium are close enough that we don't
+have to worry about but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about but you know you
+will have tungsten in your reactor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have tungsten in your reactor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have tungsten in your reactor or
+something like that and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and then you will
+want to solve the tungsten rate equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve the tungsten rate equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve the tungsten rate equation
+so you know how much like ionizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how much like ionizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how much like ionizing
+radiation is coming out of the tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is coming out of the tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is coming out of the tungsten
+that can then reionize hydrogen in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then reionize hydrogen in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then reionize hydrogen in your
+scrape off layer I don't know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape off layer I don't know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrape off layer I don't know something
+like that this this m stuff may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this this m stuff may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this this m stuff may be
+important and so yes of course as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so yes of course as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so yes of course as soon
+as you do anything more interesting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do anything more interesting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do anything more interesting than
+these very simple systems you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very simple systems you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very simple systems you're going
+to have even more complicated equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have even more complicated equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have even more complicated equations
+we will I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will I will write
+down the full I think the full rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the full I think the full rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the full I think the full rate
+equation towards the end of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation towards the end of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation towards the end of this class
+if we get to it uh but it it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get to it uh but it it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get to it uh but it it sort of
+looks like this but with lots of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this but with lots of sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this but with lots of sum
+symbols that indicate the fact you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that indicate the fact you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that indicate the fact you have
+to do it lot of time yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right now getting on to processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's I think Grant was asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are again anization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are again anization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are again anization and
+recombination processes so again I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination processes so again I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination processes so again I have
+this shaded region with three electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shaded region with three electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shaded region with three electrons
+in it I'm going to call the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it I'm going to call the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it I'm going to call the highest
+energy level the ionization level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level the ionization level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level the ionization level and
+the lower level L and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level L and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower level L and now I'm going to
+look at processes for example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at processes for example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at processes for example which
+involve photons so here is a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve photons so here is a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve photons so here is a photon
+coming in and it's got energy H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and it's got energy H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and it's got energy H
+new i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new i
+l so it's got an energy which is matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so it's got an energy which is matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l so it's got an energy which is matched
+to this gap between the Lower State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this gap between the Lower State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this gap between the Lower State and
+the excited state and as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state and as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state and as you might
+expect this takes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this takes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this takes an
+electron and ionizes it okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and ionizes it okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and ionizes it okay and so this
+process here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here is called
+photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization it has a rate coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization it has a rate coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization it has a rate coefficient
+c lower to aniz State it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c lower to aniz State it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c lower to aniz State it has a
+superscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript
+EI and what is it proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+yes thank you with that specific energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you with that specific energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you with that specific energy
+so row of new L uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+okay now we have the opposite of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have the opposite of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have the opposite of that
+process we have some electron which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we have some electron which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we have some electron which is
+in some exited State and then it drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some exited State and then it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some exited State and then it drops
+down here we've already covered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we've already covered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here we've already covered this
+right this is spontaneous radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is spontaneous radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is spontaneous radiative
+combination we talked about this briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we talked about this briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we talked about this briefly
+but now we're sort of putting into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're sort of putting into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're sort of putting into our
+more quanty picture of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quanty picture of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quanty picture of what's going
+on and we will give it a rate as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we will give it a rate as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we will give it a rate as well so
+that we can include it in our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can include it in our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can include it in our rate
+equation here so this is c i l radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here so this is c i l radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here so this is c i l radiative
+recombination uh write that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here c i l radiative Rec combination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here c i l radiative Rec combination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here c i l radiative Rec combination so
+technically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically this is
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination what's this proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination what's this proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination what's this proportional
+to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you note again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you note again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you note again
+big asymmetry between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big asymmetry between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big asymmetry between these two
+processes which look like mirrors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which look like mirrors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which look like mirrors of
+each other one of them depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other one of them depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other one of them depends on the
+photon density one of them depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon density one of them depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon density one of them depends on
+the electron density there's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron density there's no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron density there's no good
+reason to believe these two processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe these two processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe these two processes
+balance each other okay the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance each other okay the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance each other okay the final
+process is again you know you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is again you know you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is again you know you can see it
+these if you want to as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you want to as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you want to as the uh
+ionization recombination analoges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization recombination analoges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization recombination analoges of the
+excitation and de exitation processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and de exitation processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and de exitation processes
+and indeed we do have a process where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed we do have a process where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed we do have a process where we
+come in with a photon with energy h h i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a photon with energy h h i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a photon with energy h h i
+l we have an electron Dro down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l we have an electron Dro down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l we have an electron Dro down and then
+we get two photons out here H new i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two photons out here H new i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two photons out here H new i
+l this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stimulated radiative recombination you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated radiative recombination you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated radiative recombination you
+see I'm getting lazier and lazier as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm getting lazier and lazier as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm getting lazier and lazier as the
+class goes on I can't be a to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class goes on I can't be a to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class goes on I can't be a to write out
+any full words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any full words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any full words
+anymore um and this has a coefficient c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um and this has a coefficient c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um and this has a coefficient c
+i l stimulate radiative recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i l stimulate radiative recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i l stimulate radiative recombination
+that is proportional not only to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is proportional not only to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is proportional not only to the
+electron density but also the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density but also the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density but also the density of
+photon states with a frequency new i l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon states with a frequency new i l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon states with a frequency new i l
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that and these processes as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these processes as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and these processes as we discussed
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+radiative so we can look out for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative so we can look out for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative so we can look out for them so
+they're a nice diagnostic signature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a nice diagnostic signature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a nice diagnostic signature but
+they are also important for setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also important for setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also important for setting the
+occupation of the different energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of the different energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation of the different energy and
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is this really like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is this really like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is this really like a
+quality yeah absolutely the the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality yeah absolutely the the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality yeah absolutely the the process
+up to some energy State I which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some energy State I which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some energy State I which could be
+a fre State up here so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fre State up here so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fre State up here so this could be
+some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+state like that we can we we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state like that we can we we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state like that we can we we can think
+of the free states as a Continuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free states as a Continuum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free states as a Continuum of
+States so once you get above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so once you get above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so once you get above the
+ionization energy you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy you don't have
+discrete states you have a Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states you have a Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete states you have a Continuum
+States and that would depend on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that would depend on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and that would depend on this uh
+energy density here which of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density here which of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density here which of course for
+very high energy photons will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy photons will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy photons will be very
+luck we don't have very many gas Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck we don't have very many gas Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck we don't have very many gas Rays
+from a black body unless it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a black body unless it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a black body unless it's very very
+hot the other thing I would say and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot the other thing I would say and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot the other thing I would say and I'm
+not sure exactly how to uh make this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure exactly how to uh make this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure exactly how to uh make this not
+handwavy is that you know gamma rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy is that you know gamma rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy is that you know gamma rays
+although they are good at analyzing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are good at analyzing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are good at analyzing they
+they tend to just go through stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to just go through stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to just go through stuff right
+like I mean the point is they if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean the point is they if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean the point is they if you put
+a bit of paper in the way you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of paper in the way you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of paper in the way you're like
+great the gamma ray hits a bit of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the gamma ray hits a bit of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great the gamma ray hits a bit of paper
+it's got all the energy it needs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all the energy it needs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got all the energy it needs it
+should just be absorbed and ionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just be absorbed and ionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just be absorbed and ionize
+something but in fact it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in fact it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but in fact it goes through
+that and it goes through lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it goes through lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it goes through lots of other
+things so I think there is a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I think there is a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I think there is a quantum
+mechanical effect about the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical effect about the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical effect about the interaction
+of this very high energy radi a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very high energy radi a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this very high energy radi a with
+these energy levels which makes that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels which makes that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels which makes that a
+less likely process so the gamma ray is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely process so the gamma ray is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely process so the gamma ray is
+in general not going to have have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general not going to have have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general not going to have have very
+high cross-section for that interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cross-section for that interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cross-section for that interaction
+but I don't know how to take that hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know how to take that hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know how to take that hand
+wavy like argument and turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy like argument and turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy like argument and turn it into
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+Matha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matha
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah and so I'd have to average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and so I'd have to average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and so I'd have to average
+over integrate over all the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over integrate over all the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over integrate over all the energies
+which is what I'm about to do but so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I'm about to do but so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I'm about to do but so no
+it's a great question it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question it's a great
+question so for the collisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes so these non-radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones these
+ones and the ones on this side as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and the ones on this side as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and the ones on this side as well
+at least this set here um we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this set here um we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this set here um we actually
+you know we have a different way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have a different way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have a different way we
+don't tend to write these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to write these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to write these coefficients
+in terms like like this we tend to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms like like this we tend to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms like like this we tend to think
+about them in terms of reactivities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in terms of reactivities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in terms of reactivities
+right so we have some cross-section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have some cross-section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have some cross-section for
+the interaction which we could write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction which we could write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction which we could write as
+Sigma i j so that is the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma i j so that is the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma i j so that is the cross-section
+for an interaction going from State I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an interaction going from State I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an interaction going from State I to
+State J we multiply by that that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State J we multiply by that that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State J we multiply by that that by the
+velocity of the free electron that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the free electron that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the free electron that we're
+working with multiply IED by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with multiply IED by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with multiply IED by our
+distribution function of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function of electrons and
+then we integrate that up over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we integrate that up over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we integrate that up over all the
+electrons in our distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in our distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in our distribution function
+and that will give us something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give us something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give us something that
+looks like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like for example
+any Sigma i j v some reactivity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Sigma i j v some reactivity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Sigma i j v some reactivity here
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density if we're dealing with a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if we're dealing with a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density if we're dealing with a process
+that involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons like three body re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like three body re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like three body re
+combination we'd actually have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we'd actually have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we'd actually have to put
+the distribution function in twice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution function in twice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution function in twice and
+integrate over the interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the interactions between
+like particles going from veloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like particles going from veloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like particles going from veloc
+distribution one V1 and particles going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution one V1 and particles going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution one V1 and particles going
+from distribution two at V2 so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from distribution two at V2 so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from distribution two at V2 so you don't
+just Square this you actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Square this you actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Square this you actually have to
+integrate and then do a double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and then do a double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and then do a double integral
+over these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per nucleus yeah so the total rate would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per nucleus yeah so the total rate would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per nucleus yeah so the total rate would
+have an additional times n I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional times n I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional times n I'm going to
+go with I here as in whatever this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with I here as in whatever this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with I here as in whatever this is
+this is an electron causing a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an electron causing a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an electron causing a change in
+the atom state from I to J and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom state from I to J and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom state from I to J and so we
+need to know how many atoms there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how many atoms there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how many atoms there were
+initially in state I and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in state I and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in state I and in this case
+when we're writing this in terms of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're writing this in terms of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're writing this in terms of I
+and J so this is transition from I to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J so this is transition from I to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J so this is transition from I to J
+and that could be excitation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exitation or it could be ionization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation or it could be ionization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation or it could be ionization as
+well they the reaction rates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they the reaction rates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they the reaction rates the
+reactivities have the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivities have the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivities have the same form
+um as that so you'll still end up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as that so you'll still end up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as that so you'll still end up to
+something like that okay and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay and so then
+we're now in a position to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now in a position to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now in a position to write down
+our full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance so we can say the change in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so we can say the change in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so we can say the change in part
+par atoms in state I so this for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par atoms in state I so this for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par atoms in state I so this for example
+is an excited state or it could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an excited state or it could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an excited state or it could be an
+ionization state with respect to time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization state with respect to time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization state with respect to time is
+going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal
+to the sum Over States not equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum Over States not equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum Over States not equal to I
+States J not equal to I because we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States J not equal to I because we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States J not equal to I because we if we
+have a transition from State I to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition from State I to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition from State I to State
+I we don't change the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we don't change the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we don't change the number of
+particles in state I so we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in state I so we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in state I so we don't want to
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+count this is going to be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this is going to be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this is going to be the number of
+particles in I the the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in I the the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in I the the spontaneous
+emission process from I to J minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission process from I to J minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission process from I to J minus the
+number of particles in J the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in J the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in J the spontaneous
+uh emission from some other J the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emission from some other J the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emission from some other J the I
+these coefficients may be zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients may be zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients may be zero if
+spontaneous emission is forbidden for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission is forbidden for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission is forbidden for
+example if spontaneous admission would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if spontaneous admission would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if spontaneous admission would
+involve going up an energy level so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve going up an energy level so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve going up an energy level so in
+this case we're looking at spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're looking at spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're looking at spontaneous
+admission from I downwards and from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission from I downwards and from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission from I downwards and from a
+different J back upwards here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different J back upwards here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different J back upwards here so this is
+I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this
+is I like that then we would also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I like that then we would also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I like that then we would also have a
+term that's to do with our um absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's to do with our um absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's to do with our um absorption
+and stimulated emission so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulated emission so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulated emission so that is
+n b i j minus NJ v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n b i j minus NJ v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n b i j minus NJ v
+j i density of photons with energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j i density of photons with energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j i density of photons with energy or
+with frequency i j like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency i j like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with frequency i j like
+that so that covers these processes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that covers these processes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that covers these processes as
+well then we have the two body processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we have the two body processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we have the two body processes
+which are these collisions um impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are these collisions um impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are these collisions um impact
+ionization Auto ionization this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization Auto ionization this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization Auto ionization this sort of
+thing actually alization is not a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually alization is not a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually alization is not a two
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+one okay we'll get that back left um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we'll get that back left um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we'll get that back left um
+well we're going to have the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to have the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to have the density of
+electrons now the density of ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now the density of ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now the density of ions in
+state I and then this Sigma i j v that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and then this Sigma i j v that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I and then this Sigma i j v that
+we just derived or at least hand waved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just derived or at least hand waved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just derived or at least hand waved
+into existence up here and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence up here and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into existence up here and that's also
+going to be balanced by the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be balanced by the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be balanced by the opposite
+process driving the system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process driving the system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process driving the system in the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction so Sigma ji instead of Sigma i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so Sigma ji instead of Sigma i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so Sigma ji instead of Sigma i
+j that should be times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j that should be times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j that should be times
+V so these processes are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so these processes are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so these processes are two
+body these proc processes on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body these proc processes on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body these proc processes on the top
+line here are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body maybe plus one Photon but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body maybe plus one Photon but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body maybe plus one Photon but that
+doesn't count um and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count um and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count um and then we have the
+three body processes at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here NE s n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here NE s n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here NE s n
+i Sigma i j v and the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Sigma i j v and the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Sigma i j v and the meaning of the
+angle brackets here is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle brackets here is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle brackets here is actually an
+average over both the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over both the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over both the distribution
+functions or at least over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or at least over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or at least over the
+distribution function with itself um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function with itself um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function with itself um and
+then of course there'll be the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course there'll be the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course there'll be the opposite
+process here n e^2 n j is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here n e^2 n j is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here n e^2 n j is there an
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process I'm not convinced there is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm not convinced there is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'm not convinced there is I'm
+gonna put it in anyway because it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it in anyway because it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it in anyway because it's my
+notes I can think about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment and these are the rebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in general we allow ourselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general we allow ourselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general we allow ourselves a
+small simplification and we tend to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small simplification and we tend to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small simplification and we tend to look
+for plasmas in steady state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plasmas in steady state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plasmas in steady state and that
+steady state doesn't have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state doesn't have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state doesn't have to be an
+absolute steady state it can be on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute steady state it can be on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute steady state it can be on some
+time scale of Interest the plasma does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of Interest the plasma does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of Interest the plasma does
+not change its occupation State very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change its occupation State very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change its occupation State very
+much and so this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and so this is a reasonable
+approximation um quasi study State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um quasi study State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um quasi study State
+because even with this approximation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even with this approximation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even with this approximation I
+think it's pretty clear that this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty clear that this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty clear that this is a a
+very long equation that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long equation that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long equation that you would have
+to solve in order to work out the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve in order to work out the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve in order to work out the and
+this I believe is just what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I believe is just what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I believe is just what we need to
+get the excitation state of a single at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the excitation state of a single at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the excitation state of a single at
+single atom so this is the excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom so this is the excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single atom so this is the excitation
+for example of an atom at State Z like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of an atom at State Z like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of an atom at State Z like
+that we'd have to have another coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd have to have another coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd have to have another coupled
+equation which would tell us whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which would tell us whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which would tell us whether
+we're going from Ni of Zed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from Ni of Zed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from Ni of Zed to
+ni Z + one or n i z minus one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni Z + one or n i z minus one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ni Z + one or n i z minus one so that
+would be our ionization balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our ionization balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our ionization balance equation
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well and You' have to couple all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and You' have to couple all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and You' have to couple all of
+those equations together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations together and
+that's this is where I start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is where I start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is where I start thinking
+that I've mixed up the excited States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've mixed up the excited States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've mixed up the excited States
+and the ionization States because if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionization States because if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionization States because if I'm
+talking about excited States I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about excited States I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about excited States I don't
+have these three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes so it's a bit of a mess okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so it's a bit of a mess okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so it's a bit of a mess okay
+but my general point is is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my general point is is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my general point is is a very very
+large number of equations what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of equations what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of equations what we will
+do in the next lecture is we will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next lecture is we will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next lecture is we will work
+out some types of equilibrium where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some types of equilibrium where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some types of equilibrium where some
+of these processes are un and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these processes are un and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these processes are un and therefore
+we drop them and that simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drop them and that simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drop them and that simplification
+allows us to make a calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to make a calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to make a calculation of the
+occupation States in a much simpler way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation States in a much simpler way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation States in a much simpler way
+that is actually tractable but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually tractable but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually tractable but in
+general for some arbitrary plasma where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for some arbitrary plasma where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for some arbitrary plasma where
+we can't make some of the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make some of the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make some of the assumptions
+we'll make in the next class you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make in the next class you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make in the next class you will
+need to solve this full rate equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this full rate equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this full rate equation in
+order to work out the occupation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to work out the occupation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to work out the occupation of
+excited States the ionization St stes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States the ionization St stes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States the ionization St stes in
+your plasma and therefore what radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma and therefore what radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plasma and therefore what radiative
+signatures you're going to get out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you're going to get out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures you're going to get out of it
+so that you can do spectroscopy so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can do spectroscopy so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can do spectroscopy so all
+gets a bit complicated we will leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a bit complicated we will leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a bit complicated we will leave it
+there does anyone have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah thank you that's great good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah thank you that's great good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah thank you that's great good
+point you were paying attention very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you were paying attention very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you were paying attention very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fixed
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um ni in this case yes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um ni in this case yes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um ni in this case yes I would
+prefer to think of it as atoms in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to think of it as atoms in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to think of it as atoms in a
+certain electronic configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain electronic configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain electronic configuration
+okay so imagine you've got you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine you've got you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine you've got you know two
+electrons here they're indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here they're indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here they're indistinguishable
+so it doesn't really matter what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter what state
+the electrons are in as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are in as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are in as long as the
+configurations are indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations are indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations are indistinguishable
+yeah so this is an atom in some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is an atom in some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is an atom in some state
+which has some energy and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some energy and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some energy and you know so
+for example in a three level system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in a three level system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in a three level system with
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+electrons this would be your ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons this would be your ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons this would be your ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and this would be another state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be another state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be another state but
+because we're not tracking which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not tracking which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're not tracking which
+electron is which this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is which this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is which this would be an
+identical state so this would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical state so this would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical state so this would actually
+be like a degeneracy when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a degeneracy when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like a degeneracy when we were
+talking about that g Factor before these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that g Factor before these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that g Factor before these
+two states would be degenerate here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states would be degenerate here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states would be degenerate here so
+this is so these are all different or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so these are all different or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so these are all different or
+this is this is for example n Zer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is for example n Zer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is for example n Zer and
+this could be N3 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be N3 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be N3 or something like that
+maybe I would label my States in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would label my States in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I would label my States in terms
+of their increasing overall energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their increasing overall energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their increasing overall energy so
+you can imagine there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there's some
+intermediate states with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate states with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate states with different
+energies I guess okay I pick three out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I guess okay I pick three out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I guess okay I pick three out
+of a hat I think it's probably two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hat I think it's probably two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hat I think it's probably two
+anyway yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one stimulated radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this process is possible for any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is possible for any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is possible for any of
+those but it doesn't there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but it doesn't there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but it doesn't there's a
+proportionality here but there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality here but there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality here but there'll be a
+constant that depends on Quantum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on Quantum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that depends on Quantum in
+front of it and I would have thought for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it and I would have thought for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it and I would have thought for
+very high energy electrons this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy electrons this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy electrons this is not
+going to be a very significant process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the that could work the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the that could work the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the that could work the trouble is
+of course if you have if you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you have if you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you have if you make your
+Photon energy density field very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy density field very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy density field very large
+in order for this process to be big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this process to be big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this process to be big then
+your photo ionization also goes back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your photo ionization also goes back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your photo ionization also goes back up
+and so if you have a radiation dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a radiation dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a radiation dominated
+plasma like that it will still come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like that it will still come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma like that it will still come to
+some equilibrium and that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium and that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium and that equilibrium
+will not be everything in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be everything in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be everything in the ground
+state it will be something different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it will be something different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it will be something different and
+we'll talk about that's something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that's something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that's something but
+yes you're I I don't know anyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're I I don't know anyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're I I don't know anyone who's
+done this in the lab like just pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in the lab like just pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this in the lab like just pumping
+in photons and somehow reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photons and somehow reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photons and somehow reducing the
+total energy of the system and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy of the system and getting
+light out I think it's just one process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light out I think it's just one process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light out I think it's just one process
+that takes place with all the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place with all the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place with all the other so
+you're unlikely to be able to engineer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to be able to engineer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unlikely to be able to engineer a
+plasma that is dominated by this do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that is dominated by this do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that is dominated by this do any
+of the other ones have a proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other ones have a proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other ones have a proportionality
+to both electron density and Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both electron density and Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both electron density and Photon
+density no so there is scope here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density no so there is scope here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density no so there is scope here for
+making a very dense very Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a very dense very Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a very dense very Photon
+dominated plasma where you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated plasma where you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated plasma where you can imagine
+that this coefficient could be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this coefficient could be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this coefficient could be larger
+than any of the others but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of the others but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of the others but I don't know
+how dense and how uh energetic or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dense and how uh energetic or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dense and how uh energetic or how
+how dense your Photon field and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dense your Photon field and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dense your Photon field and your
+electron density needs to be for that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density needs to be for that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density needs to be for that to
+happen cool question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f2j567E1Zqo.txt b/f2j567E1Zqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb7145599678c171456940f6d8034ef1686568aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f2j567E1Zqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements let's talk about
+spectroscopy this is the technique we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this is the technique we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy this is the technique we
+use to observe stars in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to observe stars in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to observe stars in order to figure
+out their chemical composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you've probably all seen a rainbow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've probably all seen a rainbow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've probably all seen a rainbow I
+really hope you have and what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope you have and what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope you have and what happens in
+a rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow
+well white light comes through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well white light comes through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well white light comes through a little
+water droplet and it gets split up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplet and it gets split up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water droplet and it gets split up into
+the rainbow colors and we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainbow colors and we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rainbow colors and we do the same
+thing with a spectrograph mounted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a spectrograph mounted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a spectrograph mounted a
+telescope we take the Starlight and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope we take the Starlight and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope we take the Starlight and we
+split it up into its rainbow colors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into its rainbow colors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into its rainbow colors now
+what we see when when we when we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see when when we when we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see when when we when we do this
+is not just the rainbow actually we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just the rainbow actually we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just the rainbow actually we see
+less than the rainbow because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the rainbow because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the rainbow because there are
+certain colors of the rainbow missing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain colors of the rainbow missing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain colors of the rainbow missing so
+if I draw this schematically here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I draw this schematically here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I draw this schematically here I have
+a rainbow and let's say I have blue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow and let's say I have blue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rainbow and let's say I have blue here
+and then green and yellow what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then green and yellow what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then green and yellow what I will
+see also is that there is a big line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see also is that there is a big line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see also is that there is a big line
+something like this missing here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this missing here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this missing here in this
+black and then there will be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and then there will be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and then there will be a few
+things here and a couple there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and a couple there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and a couple there and you
+know many really really thin ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many really really thin ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many really really thin ones in
+between that are hard to see and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that are hard to see and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that are hard to see and that
+missing part all those missing parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing part all those missing parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing part all those missing parts
+here they contain all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they contain all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they contain all the information
+that we want it's actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want it's actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want it's actually not the
+colors it's such that's what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors it's such that's what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors it's such that's what's missing
+from there now how can we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there now how can we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there now how can we understand
+that if we come back to our stars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we come back to our stars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we come back to our stars and
+look at stellar surface let's draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stellar surface let's draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stellar surface let's draw a
+surface layer here and the core is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer here and the core is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer here and the core is here
+we know that nuclear fusion that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that nuclear fusion that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that nuclear fusion that's going
+on in the core so it's really hot there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the core so it's really hot there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the core so it's really hot there
+and an energy comes out of the core in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an energy comes out of the core in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an energy comes out of the core in
+the form of hot photons so we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of hot photons so we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of hot photons so we have these
+photons escaping from the core and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons escaping from the core and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons escaping from the core and they
+come there passed through this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there passed through this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come there passed through this outer
+layer here of course we are sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer here of course we are sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer here of course we are sitting here
+with our telescope observing the stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our telescope observing the stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our telescope observing the stellar
+surface all right as I mentioned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface all right as I mentioned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface all right as I mentioned in a
+previous section that we we can't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section that we we can't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section that we we can't look
+in to the core we can only observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the core we can only observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the core we can only observe the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+and specifically what we observing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically what we observing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically what we observing is
+we're observing all the photons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're observing all the photons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're observing all the photons that
+come off the surface so in this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the surface so in this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the surface so in this outer
+layer we have hydrogen and helium atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer we have hydrogen and helium atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer we have hydrogen and helium atoms
+because that's what the Stars mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what the Stars mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what the Stars mostly
+made of hydrogen helium but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of hydrogen helium but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of hydrogen helium but of course
+there are unless we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unless we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unless we're talking about the
+very first stars but that's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first stars but that's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first stars but that's a separate
+story there will be other atoms in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there will be other atoms in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story there will be other atoms in here
+iron magnesium carbon oxygen and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron magnesium carbon oxygen and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron magnesium carbon oxygen and so what
+happens is that all elements hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that all elements hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that all elements hydrogen
+and helium as well plus magnesium and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium as well plus magnesium and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helium as well plus magnesium and so
+forth they absorb they absorb photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they absorb they absorb photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they absorb they absorb photons
+with a very specific energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific energy or
+wavelength that's equivalent and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's equivalent and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's equivalent and so what
+comes out of here here's one that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of here here's one that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of here here's one that gets
+absorbed all these get absorbed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed all these get absorbed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed all these get absorbed and then
+there are some that pass through so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that pass through so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that pass through so what
+we see here is all the ones that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here is all the ones that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here is all the ones that came
+through and of course not the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and of course not the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and of course not the ones that
+were absorbed by these atoms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were absorbed by these atoms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were absorbed by these atoms and so
+that's exactly what we see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we see here the
+colors is everything that came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors is everything that came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors is everything that came through
+and then the black lines here the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the black lines here the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the black lines here the ones
+that are missing so we can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are missing so we can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are missing so we can see what's
+missing all of the you know all the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing all of the you know all the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing all of the you know all the iron
+atoms here they have absorbed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here they have absorbed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here they have absorbed all the
+photons at a specific color at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons at a specific color at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons at a specific color at a
+specific wavelength and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wavelength and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wavelength and so that's
+missing however this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing however this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing however this is actually not
+entirely black black there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely black black there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely black black there's only a
+certain amount being absorbed not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount being absorbed not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount being absorbed not
+perhaps not completely and so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not completely and so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not completely and so what we
+can measure is when we take a cross cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure is when we take a cross cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure is when we take a cross cut
+through this we are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we are going to get
+something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so there's a strong absorption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a strong absorption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a strong absorption here
+and less absorption here let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less absorption here let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less absorption here let's say that
+this our calcium that's a calcium line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our calcium that's a calcium line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our calcium that's a calcium line
+here in these are three magnesium lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in these are three magnesium lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in these are three magnesium lines
+these are two sodium lines then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two sodium lines then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two sodium lines then we can
+see from these line strength here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from these line strength here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from these line strength here what
+the abundance of the magnesium atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundance of the magnesium atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abundance of the magnesium atoms
+here yes so line strength here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes so line strength here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes so line strength here
+corresponds to abundance of magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to abundance of magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to abundance of magnesium
+atoms in the outer atmosphere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the outer atmosphere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the outer atmosphere and the
+nice thing of course is that we when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing of course is that we when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing of course is that we when we
+want to find the most metal poster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the most metal poster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the most metal poster so
+the older stars then we want to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older stars then we want to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older stars then we want to look for
+stars whose spectra have very weak lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars whose spectra have very weak lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars whose spectra have very weak lines
+let's say like this because that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say like this because that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say like this because that means
+that only little calcium magnesium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only little calcium magnesium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only little calcium magnesium and
+sodium were actually in the present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium were actually in the present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium were actually in the present in
+the star which means that the star must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star which means that the star must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star which means that the star must
+have formed at a really early time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have formed at a really early time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have formed at a really early time when
+the cycle of chemical and Richmond had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of chemical and Richmond had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of chemical and Richmond had
+only gone round a few times so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gone round a few times so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gone round a few times so this is
+this is the secret of spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the secret of spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the secret of spectroscopy
+absorption line spectra as Coupee we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption line spectra as Coupee we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption line spectra as Coupee we we
+take these kinds of data here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these kinds of data here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these kinds of data here and we
+measure the line strength we measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the line strength we measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the line strength we measure how
+much is is present here and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is is present here and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is is present here and with the
+help of computer programs we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of computer programs we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of computer programs we can and
+whole bunch of physics we can turn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of physics we can turn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of physics we can turn these
+lines strength here into in abundance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines strength here into in abundance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines strength here into in abundance in
+the cellar surface and that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellar surface and that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellar surface and that tells us
+about the formation time of these stars
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fpwsw7SdkyY.txt b/fpwsw7SdkyY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..429203a14ea2af7fae0871bf9ad49a2416adb505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fpwsw7SdkyY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok good
+so I decided to make today's lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I decided to make today's lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I decided to make today's lecture the
+1 on linear programming and duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 on linear programming and duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 on linear programming and duality
+which I had planned for Friday and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had planned for Friday and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had planned for Friday and give
+myself two more days to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself two more days to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself two more days to learn about
+ill-posed and inverse problems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed and inverse problems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-posed and inverse problems and then
+come back to that Friday so that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that Friday so that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that Friday so that we've
+studied the limits in those problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the limits in those problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the limits in those problems of
+alpha going to infinity or zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha going to infinity or zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha going to infinity or zero but the
+scientific question when there's noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific question when there's noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific question when there's noise
+in the system is finite alpha and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system is finite alpha and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system is finite alpha and I want
+to learn more about applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn more about applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn more about applications and
+examples can I also say I've had great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples can I also say I've had great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples can I also say I've had great
+I'm very happy to have had volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy to have had volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very happy to have had volunteers
+for Monday and Wednesday next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Monday and Wednesday next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Monday and Wednesday next week
+to present and if a couple of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present and if a couple of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present and if a couple of people
+might maybe volunteer for Friday to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maybe volunteer for Friday to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maybe volunteer for Friday to
+share Friday I'll be very grateful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share Friday I'll be very grateful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share Friday I'll be very grateful so
+you could see me after class put a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see me after class put a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see me after class put a hand
+up now send me an email or all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now send me an email or all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now send me an email or all those
+would be very good and again I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very good and again I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very good and again I would be
+thinking since it's just next week I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking since it's just next week I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking since it's just next week I'm
+talking about that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that it would be
+essentially a report on your project one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a report on your project one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a report on your project one
+that you would use that reviews the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use that reviews the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use that reviews the
+overhead projector maybe if if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead projector maybe if if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead projector maybe if if that's
+preference ok so I think you'll like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference ok so I think you'll like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference ok so I think you'll like
+this topic it's kind of specific but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic it's kind of specific but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic it's kind of specific but
+widely used linear programming used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used linear programming used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used linear programming used in
+business to maximize profits to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to maximize profits to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to maximize profits to minimize
+cost and the linear means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and the linear means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and the linear means that
+the the cost function is linear that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost function is linear that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost function is linear that's
+an inner product CX C is a row vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product CX C is a row vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product CX C is a row vector X
+is a column vector so that I'm following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column vector so that I'm following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column vector so that I'm following
+the conventions of this subject here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventions of this subject here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventions of this subject here to
+take these different shapes so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these different shapes so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these different shapes so let me
+let me indicate what the shapes are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me indicate what the shapes are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me indicate what the shapes are but
+the inputs are the data of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs are the data of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs are the data of the problem
+are C and a M by n matrix and B so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are C and a M by n matrix and B so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are C and a M by n matrix and B so a is
+M by n B is M by 1 its right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by n B is M by 1 its right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M by n B is M by 1 its right-hand side
+and C is 1 by N and then the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is 1 by N and then the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is 1 by N and then the unknown
+this is the thing that we're to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that we're to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing that we're to find
+it's a column vector and by 1 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the point is there are constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point is there are constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point is there are constraints
+and those are linear too so it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are linear too so it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are linear too so it's rather
+unusual to have a linear cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual to have a linear cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual to have a linear cost function
+right because it because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it because when you
+maximize or minimize some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize or minimize some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize or minimize some linear
+function well the thing is just going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well the thing is just going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well the thing is just going up
+or it's going down or in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going down or in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going down or in higher
+dimensions the same and if it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions the same and if it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions the same and if it's going
+down then the minimum is going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then the minimum is going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then the minimum is going to be at
+the right-hand end or if it's going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand end or if it's going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand end or if it's going up
+the minimum will be at the left-hand end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum will be at the left-hand end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum will be at the left-hand end
+and if I'm in more variables that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm in more variables that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm in more variables that idea
+will still be true that the minimum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be true that the minimum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be true that the minimum or
+maximum will happen at the edges at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum will happen at the edges at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum will happen at the edges at the
+ends of the allowed region and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the allowed region and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the allowed region and this
+allowed region called the feasible set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed region called the feasible set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed region called the feasible set
+so let me give the name to this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give the name to this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give the name to this these
+these are the allowed axis these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the allowed axis these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the allowed axis these are the
+constraints that and that set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that and that set is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that and that set is called
+the feasible set feasible meaning doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasible set feasible meaning doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasible set feasible meaning doable
+so those constraints are include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those constraints are include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those constraints are include
+inequalities because we want we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities because we want we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities because we want we want
+like finite intervals finite regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like finite intervals finite regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like finite intervals finite regions
+and dimensions and I drew a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimensions and I drew a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dimensions and I drew a sort of
+quick picture of so that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick picture of so that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick picture of so that you have a
+model of this so this is a picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this so this is a picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of this so this is a picture in
+with n equal three three dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal three three dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equal three three dimensions and
+so the constraints X greater equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the constraints X greater equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the constraints X greater equals zero
+X 1 greater equals zero X 2 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 greater equals zero X 2 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 greater equals zero X 2 greater
+equals zero X 3 greater equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero X 3 greater equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero X 3 greater equals zero
+that's what that's what X greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what X greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what X greater equals
+zero means means all components so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means means all components so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means means all components so we're
+in the quadrant right we're in a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quadrant right we're in a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quadrant right we're in a quarter
+a 1/8 sorry we're in an optin one-eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1/8 sorry we're in an optin one-eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1/8 sorry we're in an optin one-eighth
+of three dimensional space the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three dimensional space the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three dimensional space the positive
+octant and then if I draw maybe just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octant and then if I draw maybe just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octant and then if I draw maybe just one
+I just put in one equation one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put in one equation one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put in one equation one plane
+would cut off piece of that octant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut off piece of that octant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cut off piece of that octant so
+that and then ax greater equal B or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then ax greater equal B or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then ax greater equal B or
+maybe depending on the signs but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe depending on the signs but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe depending on the signs but the the
+feasible set could well be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible set could well be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible set could well be the the
+tetrahedron the little piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron the little piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron the little piece of the
+octant that's cut out by this plate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octant that's cut out by this plate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octant that's cut out by this plate or
+if our constraint was an equality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our constraint was an equality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our constraint was an equality that
+can the feasible set would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the feasible set would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the feasible set would be the
+triangle so ax equal to B would lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so ax equal to B would lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so ax equal to B would lead to
+the triangle and ax greater e will be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle and ax greater e will be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle and ax greater e will be if
+we pick the signs correctly would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick the signs correctly would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick the signs correctly would be the
+pyramid would include also this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid would include also this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid would include also this corner
+does it be it be a have some volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it be it be a have some volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it be it be a have some volume
+there okay so the feasible set is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so the feasible set is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so the feasible set is it's a
+polyhedron it's it's like a polygon only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron it's it's like a polygon only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron it's it's like a polygon only
+up into n dimensions so we use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into n dimensions so we use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into n dimensions so we use the word
+polyhedron and it's got corners and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron and it's got corners and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron and it's got corners and the
+whole point of of the linear cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of of the linear cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point of of the linear cost the
+linear objective functions see X so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear objective functions see X so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear objective functions see X so this
+is just c1 x1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just c1 x1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just c1 x1 plus
+Plus cnxn that's what that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cnxn that's what that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cnxn that's what that means you
+know if I take derivatives I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I take derivatives I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I take derivatives I get
+constants nothing I don't set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants nothing I don't set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants nothing I don't set
+derivatives to zero in this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to zero in this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to zero in this type of
+problem I look at the end points at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I look at the end points at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I look at the end points at the
+corners and that's where the minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and that's where the minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and that's where the minimum and
+the maximum will occur so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum will occur so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum will occur so it's just a
+question of finding the right corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of finding the right corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of finding the right corner
+that's the problem how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem how to find the
+winning corner and the there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning corner and the there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning corner and the there are two
+very it's an interesting competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it's an interesting competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it's an interesting competition
+between two quite different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quite different approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quite different approaches
+the the famous approach so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the famous approach so let me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the famous approach so let me write
+that these two this the simplex method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the best established best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best established best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best established best known
+approach for solving these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for solving these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for solving these problems
+what's the idea of the simplex method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of the simplex method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of the simplex method
+the simplex method finds a corner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplex method finds a corner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplex method finds a corner so
+what a corner is a case where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a corner is a case where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a corner is a case where we have
+some equality signs a corner is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equality signs a corner is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equality signs a corner is that is
+the edge edge you know the limit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge edge you know the limit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge edge you know the limit where
+maybe this one still has x1 positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one still has x1 positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one still has x1 positive but
+it's down in this plane so it has maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's down in this plane so it has maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's down in this plane so it has maybe
+x3 is 0 for this guy so that that corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is 0 for this guy so that that corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is 0 for this guy so that that corner
+has x3 equals 0 and it also lies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has x3 equals 0 and it also lies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has x3 equals 0 and it also lies right
+on the plane so it has ax equal to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plane so it has ax equal to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plane so it has ax equal to B
+this corner well I guess that corner has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner well I guess that corner has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner well I guess that corner has
+all these guys equals 0 x1 equals 0 X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these guys equals 0 x1 equals 0 X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these guys equals 0 x1 equals 0 X 2
+equals 0 x3 equals 0 but ax inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 x3 equals 0 but ax inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 x3 equals 0 but ax inequalities
+holding here for this corner that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding here for this corner that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding here for this corner that's
+hiding behind the face anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding behind the face anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding behind the face anyway
+corners are points where some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are points where some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners are points where some of the
+constraints are are tight or tight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are are tight or tight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are are tight or tight or
+active and others are not well you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and others are not well you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and others are not well you might
+say just check them all but the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just check them all but the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just check them all but the trouble
+is there are lots of corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are lots of corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are lots of corners
+if we have if we're in n dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have if we're in n dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have if we're in n dimensions and
+we have M constraint equations then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have M constraint equations then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have M constraint equations then the
+number of corners goes up exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of corners goes up exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of corners goes up exponentially
+so no way to check all of them so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no way to check all of them so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no way to check all of them so that
+simplex method had a better idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method had a better idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method had a better idea the
+simplex method found one of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method found one of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method found one of them and
+already that's a little bit of a job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's a little bit of a job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that's a little bit of a job to
+find a corner but found one finds one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a corner but found one finds one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a corner but found one finds one
+and then what the simplex method does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what the simplex method does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what the simplex method does it
+stays entirely it moves along the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays entirely it moves along the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays entirely it moves along the edges
+so from here it will look to see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here it will look to see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from here it will look to see which
+in which direction would the cost go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which direction would the cost go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which direction would the cost go
+down because we're trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because we're trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because we're trying to minimize
+the cost so it would check these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so it would check these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost so it would check these
+directions each of those directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions each of those directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions each of those directions
+we're releasing one one equality we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're releasing one one equality we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're releasing one one equality we're
+allowing one equality to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing one equality to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing one equality to be an
+inequality and that moves us along so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and that moves us along so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and that moves us along so we
+so the simplex method has two steps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplex method has two steps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplex method has two steps it
+checks each of these directions to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks each of these directions to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks each of these directions to find
+out which way will the cost drop fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which way will the cost drop fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which way will the cost drop fastest
+it chooses the direction in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses the direction in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses the direction in which the
+cost the gradient the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the gradient the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the gradient the component of the
+gradient you could say in along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you could say in along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you could say in along that
+edge is the biggest or maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is the biggest or maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is the biggest or maybe the most
+negative and then once it decides which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then once it decides which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then once it decides which
+way to go it goes maybe it takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go it goes maybe it takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go it goes maybe it takes this
+direction it goes goes goes goes goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it goes goes goes goes goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it goes goes goes goes goes
+until it finds it hits another corner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds it hits another corner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it finds it hits another corner so
+that's the end of the simplex step it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the simplex step it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the simplex step it
+when it reaches another corner that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reaches another corner that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reaches another corner that
+completes one simplex step then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes one simplex step then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes one simplex step then from
+this corner it will look the three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner it will look the three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner it will look the three ways
+it could go here well it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go here well it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go here well it's not going to
+pick this way because we know because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this way because we know because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this way because we know because in
+this direction the cost was decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction the cost was decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction the cost was decreasing
+or we wouldn't have taken it we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we wouldn't have taken it we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we wouldn't have taken it we wouldn't
+have taken that direction except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken that direction except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken that direction except that
+the cost went down so if we came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost went down so if we came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost went down so if we came back
+and the cost would go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost would go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost would go up
+no good so the going down would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good so the going down would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good so the going down would be one
+of these two ways maybe it goes down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two ways maybe it goes down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two ways maybe it goes down in
+this direction so we go along so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction so we go along so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction so we go along so we
+decide on that direction we follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on that direction we follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on that direction we follow it
+until we hit a new corner and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit a new corner and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit a new corner and eventually
+we're gonna get to the winning corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get to the winning corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get to the winning corner
+because there are only a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are only a finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are only a finite number
+of corners and how will we know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corners and how will we know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corners and how will we know it's the
+winning corner well we'll know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning corner well we'll know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning corner well we'll know that
+corner is the winner if in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is the winner if in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is the winner if in every
+direction the cost goes up if the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the cost goes up if the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the cost goes up if the cost
+goes up in all directions along all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in all directions along all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in all directions along all the
+edges out of that corner then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges out of that corner then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges out of that corner then that
+corner has one it's the minimum I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner has one it's the minimum I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner has one it's the minimum I'm
+using linearity here the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using linearity here the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using linearity here the fact that you
+know you know everything by probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know everything by probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know everything by probably
+traveling along by looking along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling along by looking along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling along by looking along those
+edges so the simplex method is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so the simplex method is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so the simplex method is a big
+success because in reality in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success because in reality in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success because in reality in practice
+it turns out that the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the number of edges
+that you have to travel to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to travel to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to travel to get to the
+winner is it doesn't grow exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner is it doesn't grow exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner is it doesn't grow exponentially
+I mean in principle it could some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in principle it could some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in principle it could some of
+these people have dreamt up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people have dreamt up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people have dreamt up really
+desperate examples in which following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate examples in which following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate examples in which following
+the simplex method you could take a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplex method you could take a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplex method you could take a long
+time but on average you don't and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but on average you don't and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but on average you don't and in
+practice you don't so it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you don't so it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you don't so it's a very good
+method and was totally the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and was totally the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and was totally the method of
+choice what but a competent Imperator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what but a competent Imperator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice what but a competent Imperator's
+and competitor is goes under the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitor is goes under the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitor is goes under the name of
+interior point methods and you can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods and you can guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods and you can guess
+what that method is doing quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that method is doing quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that method is doing quite
+different totally different system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different totally different system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different totally different system that
+method is inside the feasible set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is inside the feasible set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is inside the feasible set it
+finds a point somewhere near the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a point somewhere near the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a point somewhere near the middle
+maybe and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then it
+it does normal gradient type approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does normal gradient type approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does normal gradient type approach
+from your point it figures out which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point it figures out which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your point it figures out which way
+to move it moves but it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it moves but it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move it moves but it doesn't go
+outside it doesn't even reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it doesn't even reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it doesn't even reach the
+boundary of the feasible set because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the feasible set because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the feasible set because if
+you reach the boundary of the feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the boundary of the feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the boundary of the feasible
+set you're out of the interior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you're out of the interior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you're out of the interior and the
+method is not going to operate so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is not going to operate so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is not going to operate so well
+the crudest method would be follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crudest method would be follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crudest method would be follow the
+gradient but we know from several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations that gradient descent can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that gradient descent can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that gradient descent can be
+less than optimal and so if this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than optimal and so if this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than optimal and so if this is more
+subtle well Newton's method actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle well Newton's method actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle well Newton's method actually
+I'll explain so this is this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain so this is this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain so this is this is actually
+the content of my lecture this interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of my lecture this interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content of my lecture this interior
+point method and let me just mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point method and let me just mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point method and let me just mention a
+few names so people thought of interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few names so people thought of interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few names so people thought of interior
+point methods long ago but big splash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point methods long ago but big splash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point methods long ago but big splash
+came when our marker proposed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came when our marker proposed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came when our marker proposed an
+interior point method and proved that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point method and proved that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point method and proved that it
+converged faster than simplex method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged faster than simplex method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged faster than simplex method in
+some problems well he said all problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems well he said all problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems well he said all problems
+actually his advertising of the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his advertising of the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually his advertising of the method
+was pretty generous you know the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty generous you know the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty generous you know the sort of
+claim that was around was you know ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that was around was you know ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that was around was you know ten
+times as fast as the simplex method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as fast as the simplex method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as fast as the simplex method
+general and it was on the front page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and it was on the front page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and it was on the front page of
+the New York Times and and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times and and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times and and I remember
+going to a lecture in Boston with lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a lecture in Boston with lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a lecture in Boston with lights
+TV lights on and everything well he may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV lights on and everything well he may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV lights on and everything well he may
+be his exact method now isn't so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his exact method now isn't so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his exact method now isn't so much
+used but you have to give him credit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but you have to give him credit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but you have to give him credit for
+stirring up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring up the
+whole world of optimization because as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world of optimization because as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world of optimization because as a
+result of car markers method and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of car markers method and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of car markers method and there
+were others and I'll say the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were others and I'll say the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were others and I'll say the barrier
+methods and that's what I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's what I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that's what I'll try to
+explain so this is a he stirred up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so this is a he stirred up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so this is a he stirred up the
+whole world so that the experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world so that the experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world so that the experts in
+optimization began looking again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization began looking again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization began looking again at
+interior point methods seeing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods seeing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods seeing that they
+did have some merit improving them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have some merit improving them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have some merit improving them and
+now for I would say particularly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for I would say particularly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for I would say particularly for
+large sparse problems these are a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sparse problems these are a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sparse problems these are a way to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+these are preferred now so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are preferred now so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are preferred now so so this is
+the normal situation in scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal situation in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal situation in scientific
+computing that any method that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that any method that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that any method that's good
+it's still not good for everything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not good for everything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still not good for everything it's
+got a range of problems that where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a range of problems that where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a range of problems that where it's
+successful and a range of problems where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and a range of problems where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and a range of problems where
+some competitor wins so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some competitor wins so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some competitor wins so that's that's
+the situation now that these are methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now that these are methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now that these are methods
+this is certainly not out of date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly not out of date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly not out of date and
+I'm sure it's the method of choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure it's the method of choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure it's the method of choice and
+it's carefully coded and well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carefully coded and well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carefully coded and well understood
+but this these are quite effective okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this these are quite effective okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this these are quite effective okay
+so my job then is to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my job then is to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my job then is to say something about
+these interior point methods and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interior point methods and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interior point methods and the
+beauty of these is that they the primal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these is that they the primal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of these is that they the primal
+this is called the primal problem primal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the primal problem primal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the primal problem primal
+problem and you often you write a P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you often you write a P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you often you write a P for
+primal it means the given problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal it means the given problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal it means the given problem and
+over here is the dual problem so you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the dual problem so you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the dual problem so you put
+a D let's do up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi it rolls the same data the same be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi it rolls the same data the same be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi it rolls the same data the same be
+the same a and the same C a new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a and the same C a new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a and the same C a new variable
+Y is really those like multiple in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is really those like multiple in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is really those like multiple in their
+written in the in the original problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the in the original problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the in the original problem
+for the constraints so I won't go at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constraints so I won't go at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the constraints so I won't go at the
+dual problem exactly that way I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual problem exactly that way I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual problem exactly that way I'm going
+to ask you to take just to consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to take just to consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to take just to consider this
+problem and show you the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and show you the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and show you the relation
+between the two so though what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so though what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so though what I want to
+say is that these two problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that these two problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that these two problems the
+primal and the dual which use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal and the dual which use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal and the dual which use the same
+data ABC are intimately related and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ABC are intimately related and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ABC are intimately related and sort
+of solving one solves the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving one solves the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving one solves the other one
+actually in this that applies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this that applies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this that applies to the
+simplex method when the simplex method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method when the simplex method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method when the simplex method
+finds the best corner it we could read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the best corner it we could read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the best corner it we could read
+off the other groans motor pliers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the other groans motor pliers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the other groans motor pliers we
+could read off Y we could read off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read off Y we could read off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read off Y we could read off the
+optimal Y but so my picture was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Y but so my picture was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Y but so my picture was in the
+primal case but there's a dual picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal case but there's a dual picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal case but there's a dual picture
+in the dual case okay so so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dual case okay so so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dual case okay so so we have a
+minimum problem and a maximum problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem and a maximum problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum problem and a maximum problem
+and I'm using this word duality okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using this word duality okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm using this word duality okay so
+what I want to do is tell you how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is tell you how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is tell you how do we
+recognize the winning corner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the winning corner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the winning corner in the
+primal problem and and it's beautiful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal problem and and it's beautiful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal problem and and it's beautiful so
+so at the best so the optimal X let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the best so the optimal X let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the best so the optimal X let me
+call it X star and Y star have min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X star and Y star have min over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X star and Y star have min over
+there equal the max here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equal the max here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there equal the max here
+men ohh of all the C X's which is C X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men ohh of all the C X's which is C X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men ohh of all the C X's which is C X
+star equal to the maximum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equal to the maximum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equal to the maximum over all the
+Y's of the Y bees which is y star beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's of the Y bees which is y star beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's of the Y bees which is y star beat
+so these are equal at the winner that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are equal at the winner that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are equal at the winner that's
+the the essence of this duality duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the essence of this duality duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the essence of this duality duality
+is about two problems that use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about two problems that use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about two problems that use the same
+data but they look quite different you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but they look quite different you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but they look quite different you
+know they're using the data in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're using the data in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're using the data in different
+ways the cost function there showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the cost function there showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the cost function there showed up
+in the constraint here the constraint be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the constraint here the constraint be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the constraint here the constraint be
+there showed up in the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there showed up in the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there showed up in the cost function
+here and even a got got flipped because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and even a got got flipped because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and even a got got flipped because
+if I if I use my usual column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I use my usual column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I use my usual column vector
+notation if I just transpose this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if I just transpose this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if I just transpose this this
+would be a transpose Y transpose greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a transpose Y transpose greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a transpose Y transpose greater
+less or equal to C transpose if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to C transpose if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to C transpose if I wanted
+to stay with column vectors Y transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with column vectors Y transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with column vectors Y transpose
+and C transpose then it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C transpose then it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C transpose then it would be the
+transpose of a that would appear so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a that would appear so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a that would appear so I'll
+just put transpose with two exclamation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put transpose with two exclamation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put transpose with two exclamation
+marks that's typical that and you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks that's typical that and you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks that's typical that and you often
+see the word adjoint so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word adjoint so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the word adjoint so there are
+methods in differential equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in differential equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in differential equations in
+optimization called adjoint methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization called adjoint methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization called adjoint methods
+adjoint is just really another word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint is just really another word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjoint is just really another word for
+transpose it's a word that applies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's a word that applies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's a word that applies in
+differential equations as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations as well as
+matrices so it's kind of a better word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it's kind of a better word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so it's kind of a better word
+you could say where transpose we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say where transpose we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say where transpose we usually
+apply to matrices but say my totally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to matrices but say my totally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to matrices but say my totally the
+same idea identical idea okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea identical idea okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea identical idea okay so so the
+wonderful thing is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing is that this
+that at the moment of success at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the moment of success at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the moment of success at the
+moment of optimality these are equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of optimality these are equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of optimality these are equal a
+minimum equals a maximum and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum equals a maximum and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum equals a maximum and that's how
+you you that one way to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you that one way to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you that one way to recognize that
+you've you've succeeded and it's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've succeeded and it's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've succeeded and it's one way
+to measure how far you have to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure how far you have to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure how far you have to go with
+the duality gap so the duality gap would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duality gap so the duality gap would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duality gap so the duality gap would
+be the difference if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference if you had a
+particular Y that wasn't the win it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Y that wasn't the win it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Y that wasn't the win it
+wasn't the winner a particular X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the winner a particular X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the winner a particular X that
+wasn't the winner the duality gap would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the winner the duality gap would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the winner the duality gap would
+be the difference between CX and YB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference between CX and YB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference between CX and YB and
+what I'm saying is that when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is that when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is that when that
+duality gap narrows to zero you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality gap narrows to zero you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality gap narrows to zero you've got
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you've--you've when this now is to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've--you've when this now is to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've--you've when this now is to zero
+you've brought CX down as far as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've brought CX down as far as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've brought CX down as far as you
+could you've raised YB up as far as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you've raised YB up as far as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you've raised YB up as far as you
+could and if you did it right if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and if you did it right if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could and if you did it right if you got
+to the optimum then the duality gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum then the duality gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum then the duality gap
+disappeared became zero yeah so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared became zero yeah so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared became zero yeah so that's a
+that's a measure of am I at the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a measure of am I at the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a measure of am I at the answer
+am i close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i close
+you know when if we're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when if we're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when if we're going to do an
+iterative method as I'm planning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method as I'm planning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method as I'm planning so
+that's the point of course interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of course interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of course interior
+these interior point methods will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interior point methods will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interior point methods will be
+iterative you know we step we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative you know we step we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative you know we step we never
+actually allow them to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow them to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow them to get to the
+absolute corner until maybe maybe at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute corner until maybe maybe at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute corner until maybe maybe at the
+last when we've decided well so here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last when we've decided well so here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last when we've decided well so here let
+me draw a picture of how iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw a picture of how iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw a picture of how iterative
+interior point methods might work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods might work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point methods might work so
+here's the feasible set some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the feasible set some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the feasible set some kind of a
+you know polyhedron whatever so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polyhedron whatever so think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polyhedron whatever so think of
+that as a kind of a you know a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a kind of a you know a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a kind of a you know a diamond
+24 carat diamond okay and started at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 carat diamond okay and started at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 carat diamond okay and started at a
+point inside and somehow find a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point inside and somehow find a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point inside and somehow find a gradient
+decide which way to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there be some barrier here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there be some barrier here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there be some barrier here which is
+going to prevent us from reaching it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prevent us from reaching it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prevent us from reaching it so
+we'll stop so that will be one step then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop so that will be one step then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop so that will be one step then
+from here we will do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we will do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here we will do the same thing
+whatever it is it'll be Newton's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it'll be Newton's method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is it'll be Newton's method
+actually you'll see it's just Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you'll see it's just Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you'll see it's just Newton's
+method if it's a most fundamental way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if it's a most fundamental way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if it's a most fundamental way to
+solve nonlinear equations is Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve nonlinear equations is Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve nonlinear equations is Newton's
+method and it'll take another direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and it'll take another direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and it'll take another direction
+again it'll stop and it'll the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it'll stop and it'll the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it'll stop and it'll the thing
+will follow some path and then maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow some path and then maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow some path and then maybe one
+make it maybe at at this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it maybe at at this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it maybe at at this point the
+duality gap is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality gap is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality gap is very small
+we'll realize that this is the winner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll realize that this is the winner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll realize that this is the winner so
+we could at the last minute say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could at the last minute say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could at the last minute say okay
+jump to the winner but it's this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the winner but it's this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the winner but it's this path
+through the interior that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interior that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interior that we're really
+interested in okay so that's a giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in okay so that's a giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in okay so that's a giving a
+sort of general picture of it and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of general picture of it and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of general picture of it and now
+I'm ready to do two things one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to do two things one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to do two things one is the
+nice little bit of algebra that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little bit of algebra that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little bit of algebra that says
+that this duality gap is always greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this duality gap is always greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this duality gap is always greater
+equal zero okay so so that's called weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero okay so so that's called weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero okay so so that's called weak
+duality weak duality which is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality weak duality which is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality weak duality which is easy to
+prove is that says that always see X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that says that always see X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that says that always see X for
+any feasible X is greater or equal to YB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any feasible X is greater or equal to YB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any feasible X is greater or equal to YB
+for any feasible what so any any x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any feasible what so any any x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any feasible what so any any x and y
+that satisfy the constraints I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the constraints I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the constraints I should
+say satisfying the constraints so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say satisfying the constraints so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say satisfying the constraints so this
+weak duality I'll now prove in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak duality I'll now prove in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak duality I'll now prove in one
+second and the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I push to bring CX down minimize as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I push to bring CX down minimize as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I push to bring CX down minimize as I
+push to bring move YB up maximize they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push to bring move YB up maximize they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push to bring move YB up maximize they
+will meet at the winner okay now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will meet at the winner okay now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will meet at the winner okay now how do
+I prove CX greater or equal YB let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prove CX greater or equal YB let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prove CX greater or equal YB let me
+try to prove that okay so look a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove that okay so look a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove that okay so look a look at
+YB okay now so I know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YB okay now so I know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YB okay now so I know something about
+the constraints a X is greater equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints a X is greater equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints a X is greater equal to
+B so this B that I want to say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this B that I want to say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this B that I want to say that this
+is less or equal to Y ax now am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to Y ax now am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to Y ax now am I
+allowed to say that first of all Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to say that first of all Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to say that first of all Y is
+feasible X is feasible so they satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible X is feasible so they satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible X is feasible so they satisfy
+feasible means that these are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible means that these are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible means that these are satisfied
+and these are satisfied okay and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are satisfied okay and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are satisfied okay and you see
+that that's really all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's really all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's really all right
+well you might say no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might say no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might say no problem
+ax is greater equal B it's obvious but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is greater equal B it's obvious but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is greater equal B it's obvious but I
+have actually used one more point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used one more point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually used one more point here
+haven't I if I have an inequality then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I if I have an inequality then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I if I have an inequality then
+I'm multiplying it by Y and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying it by Y and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying it by Y and it didn't
+change the direction of the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the direction of the inequality
+sign and that was because Y is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that was because Y is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and that was because Y is greater
+equals 0 that's where that paid off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's where that paid off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's where that paid off the
+fact that this so this used the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this so this used the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this so this used the fact
+that this came from the fact that Y was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this came from the fact that Y was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this came from the fact that Y was
+greater equal 0 and ax was greater equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal 0 and ax was greater equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal 0 and ax was greater equal
+B that's those two facts meant that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's those two facts meant that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's those two facts meant that I
+could multiply and preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply and preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could multiply and preserve the
+inequality sign and now I'm gonna go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality sign and now I'm gonna go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality sign and now I'm gonna go the
+next step y a is less than equal C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step y a is less than equal C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step y a is less than equal C and
+there's X ok so that's again you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X ok so that's again you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X ok so that's again you see
+that I finally got what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I finally got what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I finally got what I want
+y be less or equal to C X but what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y be less or equal to C X but what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y be less or equal to C X but what went
+into that step well looking here I had Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that step well looking here I had Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that step well looking here I had Y
+a less or equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less or equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less or equal to C
+and I also had X greater equal zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also had X greater equal zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also had X greater equal zero by
+the feasibility of X so that inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility of X so that inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility of X so that inequality
+I was allowed to multiply by X because X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was allowed to multiply by X because X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was allowed to multiply by X because X
+is not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not negative
+if FX had been minus one then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FX had been minus one then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if FX had been minus one then when you
+get right if I have an inequality y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right if I have an inequality y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right if I have an inequality y'all
+like for less or equal seven I'm if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for less or equal seven I'm if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for less or equal seven I'm if I
+multiply by minus 1 I get minus 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by minus 1 I get minus 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by minus 1 I get minus 4 and
+minus 7 and the inequality switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 7 and the inequality switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 7 and the inequality switches
+minus 7 is below minus 4 but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 7 is below minus 4 but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 7 is below minus 4 but that's not
+what's happening here because the X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here because the X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here because the X is
+not negative so this is not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative so this is not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative so this is not what's
+happening and I'm I'm okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and I'm I'm okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and I'm I'm okay so the
+conclusion was exactly what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was exactly what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion was exactly what I wanted
+that the y be was less or equal to CX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the y be was less or equal to CX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the y be was less or equal to CX
+and you see how perfectly it used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how perfectly it used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how perfectly it used the
+for inequality constraints okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inequality constraints okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inequality constraints okay so
+that's the that's the weak duality where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the weak duality where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the weak duality where
+the proof is easy just use the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is easy just use the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is easy just use the use
+what's given the duality without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's given the duality without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's given the duality without the
+word weak is the fact that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word weak is the fact that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word weak is the fact that at the
+optimum the gap is 0 and actually we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum the gap is 0 and actually we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum the gap is 0 and actually we can
+see that will tell us a lot that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that will tell us a lot that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that will tell us a lot that will
+tell us a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a lot
+when could this gap be 0 so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when could this gap be 0 so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when could this gap be 0 so at the
+optimum Y star equality is holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum Y star equality is holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum Y star equality is holding
+throughout so with if equality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so with if equality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout so with if equality is
+holding how can that be how can I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding how can that be how can I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding how can that be how can I take
+these of course the inequality the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of course the inequality the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of course the inequality the x
+star and y star are feasible so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and y star are feasible so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and y star are feasible so if I
+just put stars on all these things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put stars on all these things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put stars on all these things then
+I would have I'd have everything would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have I'd have everything would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have I'd have everything would
+still be totally true but when I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be totally true but when I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be totally true but when I put
+stars on them so I'm picking the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars on them so I'm picking the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars on them so I'm picking the optimal
+guys then equality is holding I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys then equality is holding I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys then equality is holding I still
+have these inequalities so how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these inequalities so how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these inequalities so how is that
+of what I want to find is the optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I want to find is the optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I want to find is the optimality
+conditions how are they relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how are they relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how are they relate
+how if I have y greater equals zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I have y greater equals zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if I have y greater equals zero and
+a x-ray W will be and I multiply how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x-ray W will be and I multiply how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x-ray W will be and I multiply how
+could I get equality right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I get equality right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I get equality right for example
+if I have three greater than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have three greater than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have three greater than zero and
+five greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five greater than two
+if I multiply those I get fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply those I get fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply those I get fifteen
+greater than zero I guess and that's far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero I guess and that's far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero I guess and that's far
+from equality right so how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equality right so how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equality right so how could
+equality happen well the only way is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality happen well the only way is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality happen well the only way is if
+one or the other of these if equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other of these if equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other of these if equality
+holds in one or the other then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds in one or the other then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds in one or the other then I would
+be okay yes do you see that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay yes do you see that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay yes do you see that if if
+equality held if Y this these are vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality held if Y this these are vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality held if Y this these are vector
+inequalities so I'm growing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities so I'm growing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities so I'm growing really
+component by component let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component by component let me let me
+write down my conclusion and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my conclusion and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my conclusion and then you'll
+see what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean
+so these are called the Kuhn Tucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are called the Kuhn Tucker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are called the Kuhn Tucker
+conditions seen their names before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions seen their names before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions seen their names before and
+they're also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also called
+well long words complementary slackness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well long words complementary slackness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well long words complementary slackness
+I'm using words that if you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using words that if you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using words that if you haven't seen
+the subject you think okay who needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject you think okay who needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject you think okay who needs the
+long word but the idea of slack variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word but the idea of slack variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word but the idea of slack variable
+slack is the is the difference in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack is the is the difference in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack is the is the difference in is
+what the slack is the-- - yaa or over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slack is the-- - yaa or over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slack is the-- - yaa or over
+here the slack is ax minus b let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slack is ax minus b let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the slack is ax minus b let me let
+me even these are the slack variables w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me even these are the slack variables w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me even these are the slack variables w
+let's say is ax minus b and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is ax minus b and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say is ax minus b and of course
+it's greater equals zero that's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater equals zero that's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater equals zero that's the nice
+thing about slack variables you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about slack variables you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about slack variables you know
+you've fixed it so it's greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've fixed it so it's greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've fixed it so it's greater equals
+zero here the slack variable s for slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here the slack variable s for slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here the slack variable s for slack
+would be what c minus y a greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what c minus y a greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what c minus y a greater equals
+it and there's no slack when F is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's no slack when F is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's no slack when F is zero
+okay so that's where the word slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the word slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the word slack
+this comes in slack it's just the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes in slack it's just the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes in slack it's just the amount
+of give in the inequality so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give in the inequality so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give in the inequality so what's the
+point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here
+that I was looking at this guy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking at this guy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking at this guy and the
+only way that I could have equality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that I could have equality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that I could have equality here
+when I have inequalities there is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have inequalities there is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have inequalities there is for
+each component I'm gonna have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component I'm gonna have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component I'm gonna have to have
+equality and how can I have equality on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and how can I have equality on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and how can I have equality on
+a component well I'll need I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component well I'll need I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a component well I'll need I I would
+have it for example if Y was zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for example if Y was zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it for example if Y was zero then
+when I multiply I have equality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply I have equality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply I have equality right
+okay or I could have equality if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see so this is what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so this is what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so this is what I want to say
+so I want to say either why I is zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say either why I is zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to say either why I is zero or
+a X I is via equality holds in one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a X I is via equality holds in one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a X I is via equality holds in one or
+other of the two inequalities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of the two inequalities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of the two inequalities because
+then if I multiply them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply them together
+I have equality right you see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equality right you see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equality right you see that if I
+if one of those holds say this one holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of those holds say this one holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one of those holds say this one holds
+if y is zero then I certainly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y is zero then I certainly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y is zero then I certainly can
+multiply I can multiply the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I can multiply the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I can multiply the inequality
+by Y and I get zero equal zero or if ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Y and I get zero equal zero or if ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Y and I get zero equal zero or if ax
+is exactly B then multiplying by Y won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly B then multiplying by Y won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly B then multiplying by Y won't
+change okay so so this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so so this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so so this this is the
+complementary slackness one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary slackness one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary slackness one or the other
+that has to hold to get equality now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to hold to get equality now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to hold to get equality now
+what about this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this guy
+equality same idea here I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality same idea here I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality same idea here I got the
+inequality by multiplying these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality by multiplying these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality by multiplying these together
+when will I get equality only if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will I get equality only if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when will I get equality only if either
+X I X I'd better say XJ is 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J component of Y a equals the Jade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J component of Y a equals the Jade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J component of Y a equals the Jade
+component of C again the same reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of C again the same reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of C again the same reasoning
+that that if I when I multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I when I multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if I when I multiply two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+if I get an equality out of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get an equality out of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get an equality out of two
+inequalities then one of those two at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities then one of those two at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities then one of those two at
+least must have been actually in equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least must have been actually in equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least must have been actually in equals
+otherwise I'd still have a gap okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'd still have a gap okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'd still have a gap okay so
+this is pretty important this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty important this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty important this this is
+the these are the conditions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the conditions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the conditions these are
+our equations these are these are our I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equations these are these are our I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equations these are these are our I
+mean that tells us well those yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tells us well those yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that tells us well those yeah that
+tells us when we've won so this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us when we've won so this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us when we've won so this actually
+holds for the winners it doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for the winners it doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for the winners it doesn't hold
+for all the other guys but at the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the other guys but at the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the other guys but at the winner
+the only at the winner because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only at the winner because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only at the winner because because
+things are equal here they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal here they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal here they had to be
+equal at every step and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal at every step and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal at every step and therefore the
+Kuhn Tucker conditions had to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuhn Tucker conditions had to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuhn Tucker conditions had to hold it
+the winner so they hold at this winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner so they hold at this winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winner so they hold at this winning
+corner when we find it so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner when we find it so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner when we find it so the the
+simplex method chases corners finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method chases corners finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplex method chases corners finally
+gets to a corner and it would know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a corner and it would know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a corner and it would know it
+had got there by the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had got there by the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had got there by the fact that it
+couldn't decrease anymore and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't decrease anymore and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't decrease anymore and if you
+look at the algebra you would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the algebra you would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the algebra you would see that
+that tells you the same that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the same that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you the same that tells you
+the Kuhn Tucker conditions are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kuhn Tucker conditions are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kuhn Tucker conditions are satisfied
+okay so I'm no I'm not the only proof I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm no I'm not the only proof I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm no I'm not the only proof I
+gave was the weak proof the CX greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave was the weak proof the CX greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave was the weak proof the CX greater
+equal YB because that's the nice one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal YB because that's the nice one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal YB because that's the nice one but
+well but now it I prove that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but now it I prove that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but now it I prove that for
+equality we'd need these okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we'd need these okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality we'd need these okay now I
+guess I'm ready for the method I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm ready for the method I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'm ready for the method I'm ready
+for the interior point barrier method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the interior point barrier method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the interior point barrier method to
+that that tells me how to compute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells me how to compute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tells me how to compute okay
+so I'm at an interior point what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm at an interior point what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm at an interior point what do I do
+okay so here's the method alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the method alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the method alright so
+here's the barrier I'll call it a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the barrier I'll call it a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the barrier I'll call it a log
+Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll solve the problem of minimizing CX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve the problem of minimizing CX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve the problem of minimizing CX
+I won't solve the exact problem I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't solve the exact problem I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't solve the exact problem I'm
+gonna minimize CX - I think some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna minimize CX - I think some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna minimize CX - I think some little
+number times a barrier which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times a barrier which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times a barrier which is going to
+be a sum of the logarithms of the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this alpha is going to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alpha is going to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alpha is going to be a little bit
+positive I'll take it smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I'll take it smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I'll take it smaller and
+smaller because this part is really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller because this part is really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller because this part is really it's
+it's fact that I really want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fact that I really want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fact that I really want to minimize
+right that's the original problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the original problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the original problem this
+is the cost I'm adding something to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost I'm adding something to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cost I'm adding something to the
+cost that I better just be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that I better just be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that I better just be sure that
+I've chosen the sine of alpha correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen the sine of alpha correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen the sine of alpha correctly
+by the way this is in the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is in the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is in the this is
+discussed now in the latest version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed now in the latest version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed now in the latest version of
+my linear algebra and it's applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my linear algebra and it's applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my linear algebra and it's applications
+textbook a fourth edition editions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook a fourth edition editions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook a fourth edition editions one
+to three of of that book and others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three of of that book and others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three of of that book and others have
+described the simplex method and now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the simplex method and now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the simplex method and now it
+was just natural to include the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just natural to include the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just natural to include the interior
+point barrier method okay so why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point barrier method okay so why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point barrier method okay so why do I
+call this a barrier because if X I gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a barrier because if X I gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a barrier because if X I gets
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+the log blows up the log goes down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log blows up the log goes down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log blows up the log goes down I
+should say what was down to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say what was down to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say what was down to minus
+infinity I'm multiplying by minus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I'm multiplying by minus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I'm multiplying by minus alpha
+so I get positive but the combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get positive but the combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get positive but the combination
+blows up it couldn't be the minimum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up it couldn't be the minimum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up it couldn't be the minimum so
+you can see the minimum is never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the minimum is never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the minimum is never going
+to make it to x equals zero because at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it to x equals zero because at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it to x equals zero because at x
+equals zero the the thing I have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero the the thing I have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero the the thing I have here is
+plus it is plus infinity so the so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it is plus infinity so the so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it is plus infinity so the so now
+I'm just going to use gradient method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to use gradient method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to use gradient method
+I'm going to figure I'm gonna I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to figure I'm gonna I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to figure I'm gonna I'm gonna
+solve this problem with the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem with the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem with the constraints
+of course with with the constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with with the constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course with with the constraints and
+set derivatives to zero now I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set derivatives to zero now I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set derivatives to zero now I have you
+it's not linear anymore the winner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not linear anymore the winner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not linear anymore the winner is
+not at a corner anymore it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at a corner anymore it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at a corner anymore it's somewhere
+in the middle calculus operates I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle calculus operates I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle calculus operates I can
+set derivative to zero okay so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set derivative to zero okay so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set derivative to zero okay so I want to
+do that and of course I'm still inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and of course I'm still inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and of course I'm still inside
+this feasible set so let me see if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feasible set so let me see if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this feasible set so let me see if I can
+put down the the equations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the the equations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down the the equations and the
+constraints okay so I still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints okay so I still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints okay so I still have the
+constraints now forgive me but I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now forgive me but I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints now forgive me but I've made
+a change to ax equal B I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change to ax equal B I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change to ax equal B I could have
+started with that as the constraint I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that as the constraint I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with that as the constraint I've
+made that change to ax equal B how have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that change to ax equal B how have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that change to ax equal B how have
+I done such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I done such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I done such a thing
+because I'm given the problem with ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm given the problem with ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm given the problem with ax
+greater equal B but I'm also given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal B but I'm also given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal B but I'm also given the
+slack variable W greater equals 0 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack variable W greater equals 0 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack variable W greater equals 0 so I
+just it's just a little trick that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just a little trick that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just a little trick that's not
+worth you could just take my word for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth you could just take my word for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth you could just take my word for it
+a little trick I my no variable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little trick I my no variable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little trick I my no variable is the
+X's and the W's m+ and variables the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and the W's m+ and variables the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and the W's m+ and variables the M
+the n X's and the M WS and now put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n X's and the M WS and now put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n X's and the M WS and now put that
+together so can I just maybe do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so can I just maybe do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so can I just maybe do this
+over in the corner here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the corner here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the corner here
+before I start on this I changed her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start on this I changed her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start on this I changed her a
+new variable that I want to call that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable that I want to call that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new variable that I want to call that'll
+be X's and W's and that will be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X's and W's and that will be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X's and W's and that will be greater
+equal 0 right because the X was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 right because the X was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 right because the X was always
+greater equals there on the slack says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals there on the slack says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals there on the slack says
+ax ax greater equal B has turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax ax greater equal B has turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax ax greater equal B has turned into
+slack greater equal 0 and now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack greater equal 0 and now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack greater equal 0 and now that
+multiplies a minus I to give B because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a minus I to give B because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a minus I to give B because a
+X can I just write that ax minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can I just write that ax minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can I just write that ax minus the
+slack variable is B which says that ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack variable is B which says that ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack variable is B which says that ax
+minus B is the slack variable W bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B is the slack variable W bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B is the slack variable W bring
+that over and that over and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and that over and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over and that over and that's what
+we said was greater equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said was greater equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said was greater equal 0
+do you see that I've changed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that I've changed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that I've changed to an
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+by introducing more variables putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing more variables putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing more variables putting
+all the footing the X's and the slacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the footing the X's and the slacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the footing the X's and the slacks
+all together in a big variable that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together in a big variable that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together in a big variable that I'm
+now going to call X so this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to call X so this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to call X so this is now the
+sum of their M plus n of these X's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of their M plus n of these X's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of their M plus n of these X's now
+because there's X this is the new X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's X this is the new X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's X this is the new X and
+this is the new a you might say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new a you might say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the new a you might say why
+didn't I just start with equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I just start with equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I just start with equality
+constraint and I certainly could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and I certainly could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and I certainly could have
+done but just to see that inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but just to see that inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but just to see that inequalities
+have their place to and to see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their place to and to see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their place to and to see that we
+can get between one and the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get between one and the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get between one and the other okay
+so now this is the problem with equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is the problem with equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is the problem with equality
+constraints a so my new my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints a so my new my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints a so my new my new
+constraints are a x equals B and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are a x equals B and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints are a x equals B and X
+greater equals 0 that's the primal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 that's the primal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 that's the primal
+constraint and what's the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and what's the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and what's the dual
+constraint so the dual constraint is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so the dual constraint is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so the dual constraint is y
+greater equals 0 right and okay I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 right and okay I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equals 0 right and okay I have
+to get this right because we're right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this right because we're right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this right because we're right at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+and and the slack yeah let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the slack yeah let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the slack yeah let me just write
+the slack 1 the slack one it s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slack 1 the slack one it s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slack 1 the slack one it s is the
+slack this is ass I'm gonna transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack this is ass I'm gonna transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack this is ass I'm gonna transpose so
+that I have consistently column vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have consistently column vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have consistently column vectors
+so that when I transpose it says that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I transpose it says that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I transpose it says that a
+transpose y plus s is C right yeah I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y plus s is C right yeah I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y plus s is C right yeah I put
+that over there with the S and transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over there with the S and transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over there with the S and transpose
+to get column vectors so I like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get column vectors so I like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get column vectors so I like to have
+column vectors right ok so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors right ok so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors right ok so those are the
+constraints but now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but now what's the
+derivative equal 0 equation derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equal 0 equation derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equal 0 equation derivative
+equals there was it's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals there was it's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals there was it's the derivative of
+this equals 0 so what does that say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals 0 so what does that say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals 0 so what does that say that
+says that if I set the derivative is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I set the derivative is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I set the derivative is 0
+that says that C I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that C I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that C I
+the X remember is a well X's got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X remember is a well X's got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X remember is a well X's got all
+these components ci is alpha and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components ci is alpha and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components ci is alpha and the
+derivative of log X I of course is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of log X I of course is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of log X I of course is 1
+over X so that's the equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X so that's the equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X so that's the equation for a
+derivative equals 0 so this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals 0 so this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative equals 0 so this is what I'm
+solving ok any equality's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ok any equality's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ok any equality's here
+equality's here equality's here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality's here equality's here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality's here equality's here but
+nonlinear this is of course not me ok ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this is of course not me ok ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear this is of course not me ok ok
+so but some Newton's method just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearize glutens method is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize glutens method is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize glutens method is just
+linearize right at the point and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize right at the point and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize right at the point and that
+gives you the direction to move and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the direction to move and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the direction to move and you
+move that direction because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that direction because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that direction because you've
+linearized as you move you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized as you move you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized as you move you were
+wandering a little away from precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering a little away from precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering a little away from precision
+from perfection but if you don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perfection but if you don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perfection but if you don't take
+too big a step Newton is safe I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big a step Newton is safe I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big a step Newton is safe I mean
+maybe since this is a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since this is a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since this is a course in
+scientific computing I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing I should have
+written on the very first day in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the very first day in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the very first day in big
+letters Newton because that idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters Newton because that idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters Newton because that idea of
+following the gradient is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the gradient is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the gradient is the central
+method of solving nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solving nonlinear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of solving nonlinear equations
+and then on the board beneath I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the board beneath I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the board beneath I would
+have written the in big letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the in big letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written the in big letters
+carefully because the derivative is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because the derivative is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because the derivative is a
+local thing and if you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local thing and if you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local thing and if you follow the
+derivative a long distance follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a long distance follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative a long distance follow the
+derivative here a long distance out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here a long distance out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here a long distance out to
+here who knows what you've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who knows what you've lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who knows what you've lost the
+safety of Newton's method so Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of Newton's method so Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of Newton's method so Newton's
+method as always always comes in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method as always always comes in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method as always always comes in reality
+with with some kind of trust region some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some kind of trust region some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with some kind of trust region some
+region where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you
+can rely on the derivative being being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rely on the derivative being being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rely on the derivative being being a
+reasonable approximation of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approximation of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable approximation of the way the
+function is moving okay so we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is moving okay so we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is moving okay so we do that
+here too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too okay
+maybe I won't write out in full notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I won't write out in full notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I won't write out in full notation
+what does Newton's method do actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Newton's method do actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Newton's method do actually so
+Newton's method we're at a particular X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method we're at a particular X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's method we're at a particular X
+Y s and we've got to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s and we've got to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y s and we've got to move
+so the unknowns are X what components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unknowns are X what components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the unknowns are X what components of
+X the components of Y and the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the components of Y and the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the components of Y and the components
+of s so Newton's method takes step a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s so Newton's method takes step a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s so Newton's method takes step a
+Delta X Delta Y and a delta ass computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X Delta Y and a delta ass computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X Delta Y and a delta ass computes
+what those should be and then take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those should be and then take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those should be and then take some
+that gives the direction and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the direction and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the direction and if you take
+them exactly that's the full Newton step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them exactly that's the full Newton step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them exactly that's the full Newton step
+which you'd be very happy to do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'd be very happy to do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'd be very happy to do because
+that gives terrific convergence but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives terrific convergence but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives terrific convergence but if
+it's too big a step then you have to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big a step then you have to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big a step then you have to cut
+back so the equations for these or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so the equations for these or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so the equations for these or what
+you need so there be an a Delta X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need so there be an a Delta X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need so there be an a Delta X will
+be 0 because b isn't changing there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 because b isn't changing there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 because b isn't changing there will
+be an a transpose Delta Y a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an a transpose Delta Y a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an a transpose Delta Y a transpose
+Delta y plus Delta s will be 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y plus Delta s will be 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y plus Delta s will be 0 because
+the C isn't changing and then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C isn't changing and then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C isn't changing and then we'll get
+an equation out of this which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation out of this which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation out of this which is the
+real really significant one that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real really significant one that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real really significant one that maybe
+time is running out on and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is running out on and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is running out on and I'm not going
+to do justice to but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do justice to but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do justice to but that's the
+nonlinear term where you see if I keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear term where you see if I keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear term where you see if I keep a
+delta X 0 then my new X is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta X 0 then my new X is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta X 0 then my new X is exactly
+feasible right if I'm at an ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible right if I'm at an ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible right if I'm at an ax equal B
+and I move it by a Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I move it by a Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I move it by a Delta X
+in the null space then I still have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null space then I still have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null space then I still have then
+a this all I'm saying is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this all I'm saying is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this all I'm saying is that when I
+take that step I I will have a X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step I I will have a X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step I I will have a X plus
+Delta X still equal to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X still equal to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X still equal to be good
+constraint still satisfied when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint still satisfied when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint still satisfied when I take
+this step since that's linear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step since that's linear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step since that's linear the
+constraint when I add on the Delta Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint when I add on the Delta Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint when I add on the Delta Y and
+the Delta s and the zero I still have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta s and the zero I still have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta s and the zero I still have my
+new point still satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new point still satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new point still satisfies that
+constraint but when I but this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but when I but this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint but when I but this is of
+course not exactly satisfying if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not exactly satisfying if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not exactly satisfying if I if I
+had the solution of this I'm done that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the solution of this I'm done that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the solution of this I'm done that's
+my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem
+anyway so it's not exactly satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's not exactly satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's not exactly satisfied
+Newton Newton would tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Newton would tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Newton would tell you a
+linearization of it and you would move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of it and you would move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of it and you would move
+in that gradient direction to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that gradient direction to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that gradient direction to try to
+make the thing to try to make equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the thing to try to make equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the thing to try to make equality
+whole because our current X doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole because our current X doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole because our current X doesn't have
+equality holding and of course the C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality holding and of course the C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality holding and of course the C is
+a transpose y plus s so that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose y plus s so that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose y plus s so that equation
+you see you see what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you see what's going on here
+this is a transpose y plus s and the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transpose y plus s and the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transpose y plus s and the X
+is multiplying those so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplying those so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplying those so there's a
+product there and when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there and when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product there and when I take the
+derivative it's a product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's a product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's a product rule
+I get two terms anyway I get the I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two terms anyway I get the I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two terms anyway I get the I get a
+third equation from here for Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third equation from here for Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third equation from here for Delta X
+that connects Delta X Delta Y and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects Delta X Delta Y and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects Delta X Delta Y and Delta
+s I take that step and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I take that step and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I take that step and that's my
+interior point method that's my Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point method that's my Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior point method that's my Newton
+step and so maybe I just end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and so maybe I just end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and so maybe I just end by
+reporting the results so I'll end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the results so I'll end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the results so I'll end with
+just two comments first is is the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two comments first is is the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two comments first is is the method
+any good and of course you only know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good and of course you only know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good and of course you only know by
+try and the answer is yeah typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and the answer is yeah typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and the answer is yeah typically you
+get the gap you get the duality gap down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gap you get the duality gap down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the gap you get the duality gap down
+below 10 to the minus 8 which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 10 to the minus 8 which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 10 to the minus 8 which is usually
+very satisfactory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very satisfactory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very satisfactory in
+20 to 80 steps you can't you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 80 steps you can't you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 80 steps you can't you can never
+approve a statement like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve a statement like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve a statement like that because
+you can always create some awful example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always create some awful example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always create some awful example
+but this is the typical performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the typical performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the typical performance of
+the method okay so which is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method okay so which is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method okay so which is pretty good
+regardless of regardless of m and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of regardless of m and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of regardless of m and N
+that's what's wonderful that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's wonderful that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's wonderful that the number
+of steps doesn't increase with the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps doesn't increase with the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps doesn't increase with the size
+of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem
+of course the cost per step does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the cost per step does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the cost per step does
+increases with the size of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with the size of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with the size of the problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the result and that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the result and that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the result and that's why the
+method is popular and now I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is popular and now I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is popular and now I just wanted
+to not leave duality which is such a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not leave duality which is such a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not leave duality which is such a key
+idea without going back to our much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea without going back to our much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea without going back to our much more
+familiar problem of quadratics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar problem of quadratics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar problem of quadratics where
+there's where there's quadratic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's where there's quadratic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's where there's quadratic terms
+and the best model you remember was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best model you remember was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best model you remember was
+projection do you remember the we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do you remember the we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do you remember the we had a
+vector B and we had we had the line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B and we had we had the line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B and we had we had the line the
+null space of a this was the the no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a this was the the no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a this was the the no this
+was the column space of a this was all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the column space of a this was all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the column space of a this was all a
+X's and perpendicular to it was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and perpendicular to it was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and perpendicular to it was the the
+null space of a transpose all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose all a
+transpose Y's that equaled zero do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y's that equaled zero do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Y's that equaled zero do you
+remember this this was my first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this this was my first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this this was my first the
+model problem for understanding the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem for understanding the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem for understanding the so
+the projection of this solved one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of this solved one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of this solved one
+problem the projection in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the projection in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the projection in the other
+direction that was we called that P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was we called that P this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was we called that P this
+was the projection P equal a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the projection P equal a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the projection P equal a times the
+best x the projection in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best x the projection in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best x the projection in the opposite
+direction found the e the error but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction found the e the error but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction found the e the error but it
+was the solution to the dual problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the solution to the dual problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the solution to the dual problem and
+now I want to say where was duality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to say where was duality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to say where was duality in
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+well duality was let me call it e hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well duality was let me call it e hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well duality was let me call it e hat
+the winning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning the
+the right guy over here or maybe Y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guy over here or maybe Y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guy over here or maybe Y hat
+okay where was duality duality came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where was duality duality came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where was duality duality came in
+that in this case in the fact that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case in the fact that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case in the fact that was
+Pythagoras duality in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras duality in this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras duality in this simple
+beautiful problem was simply the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem was simply the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful problem was simply the fact
+that P squared this winner squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P squared this winner squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P squared this winner squared plus
+e squared was B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared was B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e squared was B squared
+the winners were the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners were the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners were the orthogonal
+projections and now where is weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and now where is weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and now where is weak
+duality so last second of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality so last second of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality so last second of the lecture
+weak duality says take something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak duality says take something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak duality says take something that's
+allowed like that and take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed like that and take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed like that and take something
+that's allowed here like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed here like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed here like that and then
+what is then those are not the winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is then those are not the winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is then those are not the winners
+those are not don't deserve stars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not don't deserve stars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not don't deserve stars or
+hats they're not the winners and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats they're not the winners and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats they're not the winners and compute
+that squared plus that squared so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared plus that squared so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared plus that squared so this
+is any ax so any ax squared and any Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any ax so any ax squared and any Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any ax so any ax squared and any Y
+I'll just call that Y squared and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just call that Y squared and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just call that Y squared and what
+is the inequality that is satisfied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inequality that is satisfied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inequality that is satisfied by
+any ax like the wrong one here and any y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ax like the wrong one here and any y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ax like the wrong one here and any y
+like the wrong one there will satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wrong one there will satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the wrong one there will satisfy
+Pythagoras won't be quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras won't be quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras won't be quite right
+it'll be ax squared plus y squared what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be ax squared plus y squared what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be ax squared plus y squared what
+do we know about the sum of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about the sum of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know about the sum of those two
+squares it's greater than or equal to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares it's greater than or equal to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares it's greater than or equal to B
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+if we the only way we get this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we the only way we get this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we the only way we get this thing's
+split into two orthogonal parts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two orthogonal parts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two orthogonal parts which
+who squares that up to be squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who squares that up to be squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who squares that up to be squared is
+write a right triangle if I take if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a right triangle if I take if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a right triangle if I take if I
+replace this by something longer and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by something longer and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this by something longer and I
+replace this or I should take that error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this or I should take that error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this or I should take that error
+really yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah
+actually yeah yeah that should ii is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah yeah that should ii is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah yeah that should ii is
+really be minus the ax that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be minus the ax that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be minus the ax that's what i
+should be putting here this thing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be putting here this thing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be putting here this thing should
+be B minus ax square yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B minus ax square yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be B minus ax square yep
+or what it anyway the the duality is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what it anyway the the duality is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what it anyway the the duality is in
+the fact of getting an equal sign there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of getting an equal sign there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact of getting an equal sign there
+and weak duality is the easy in equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak duality is the easy in equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weak duality is the easy in equality
+that no matter what you do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what you do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what you do you get
+greater than or equal so the duality gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal so the duality gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal so the duality gap
+is somehow the gap there and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow the gap there and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow the gap there and the whole
+subject of optimization is to bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of optimization is to bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of optimization is to bring that
+gap to zero so this is the gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap to zero so this is the gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap to zero so this is the gap in
+quadratic problems of which this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic problems of which this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic problems of which this is a
+neat model and this was all about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat model and this was all about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat model and this was all about linear
+programming and duality is present for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and duality is present for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and duality is present for
+both okay so Friday is the promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so Friday is the promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so Friday is the promised
+lecture on ill-posed problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on ill-posed problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on ill-posed problems and
+meanwhile if anybody if two people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile if anybody if two people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile if anybody if two people are
+willing to put up a hand now or email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put up a hand now or email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put up a hand now or email me
+later and say sure I'll take my turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and say sure I'll take my turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and say sure I'll take my turn
+Friday of next week that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday of next week that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday of next week that would be
+terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+okay thanks there's I see one hand okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gLQYS3HS1MQ.txt b/gLQYS3HS1MQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e5dbf01b273c911783a380ee48504df5b717173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gLQYS3HS1MQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what I want to do today is to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I want to do today is to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I want to do today is to hear
+your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas
+about your second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your second paper
+specifically and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and also
+about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your
+um work in the course what ideas of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work in the course what ideas of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um work in the course what ideas of a
+general as well as a particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as well as a particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general as well as a particular kind
+that you may have got on the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have got on the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have got on the subject of
+philosophy and film and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and film and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and film and other
+media um above all emphasizing the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media um above all emphasizing the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media um above all emphasizing the paper
+and ways in which it can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways in which it can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways in which it can still be
+approved as you know I gave everyone an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved as you know I gave everyone an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved as you know I gave everyone an
+automatic uh extension provided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic uh extension provided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic uh extension provided that
+person arrived for the last meeting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person arrived for the last meeting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person arrived for the last meeting uh
+if and there's one person still absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and there's one person still absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and there's one person still absent
+um if that person doesn't arrive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that person doesn't arrive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that person doesn't arrive that's
+different from all of you uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all of you uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from all of you uh and
+therefore use this as a last occasion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore use this as a last occasion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore use this as a last occasion to
+make your paper as good as you possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your paper as good as you possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your paper as good as you possibly
+can and I will try to accommodate uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and I will try to accommodate uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and I will try to accommodate uh in
+terms of when you can hand it in and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of when you can hand it in and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of when you can hand it in and of
+course give you advice about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course give you advice about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course give you advice about the
+contents as I have been all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents as I have been all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents as I have been all
+along uh and then after that uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh and then after that uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh and then after that uh we will
+watch the uh seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the uh seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the uh seventh
+seal I will also give you a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal I will also give you a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal I will also give you a very very
+brief introduction to it particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to it particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to it particularly
+since um it's related to through last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um it's related to through last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um it's related to through last
+week's reading which I hope you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's reading which I hope you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's reading which I hope you've all
+been able to do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do by
+now so why don't we start uh on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so why don't we start uh on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so why don't we start uh on your
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and
+um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+begin with Miguel he's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with Miguel he's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with Miguel he's right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh speaking loud enough for everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speaking loud enough for everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speaking loud enough for everybody to
+hear including the camera what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear including the camera what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear including the camera what do you
+want to know well what's the paper on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well what's the paper on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well what's the paper on uh
+what is the problem the thesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem the thesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem the thesis that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+pursuing how is how are you developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing how is how are you developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing how is how are you developing
+it what's your outside research how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's your outside research how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's your outside research how can
+the class or I help you with it and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class or I help you with it and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class or I help you with it and in
+general um how does it bring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um how does it bring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general um how does it bring things
+together that we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that we've been doing
+throughout the term since that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term since that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term since that is the
+main function of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main function of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main function of the second
+paper so I kind of went away from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I kind of went away from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so I kind of went away from any
+anything we did in class and decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we did in class and decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we did in class and decided to
+focus on Rebel on Rebel Without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on Rebel on Rebel Without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on Rebel on Rebel Without a
+Cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause
+amplifi um I'm doing it on Rebel Without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifi um I'm doing it on Rebel Without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifi um I'm doing it on Rebel Without
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Cause And just dealing with the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause And just dealing with the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause And just dealing with the how
+teenagers deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers deal with
+death um in relation to walking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death um in relation to walking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death um in relation to walking the
+course in relation to the death article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in relation to the death article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in relation to the death article
+you wrote the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote the meaning of
+death oh okay then tell me um there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death oh okay then tell me um there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death oh okay then tell me um there's um
+could you uh Raman could you cut right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and don't worry about talking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't worry about talking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't worry about talking too
+loud okay begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud okay begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud okay begin
+again um all right then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um all right then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um all right then you're going to
+talk about I'm actually doing it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I'm actually doing it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I'm actually doing it on
+death and love cuz love has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and love cuz love has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death and love cuz love has been a
+protruding theme like throughout like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protruding theme like throughout like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protruding theme like throughout like a
+lot of movies we have seen goad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of movies we have seen goad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of movies we have seen goad you
+understand yeah so I mean just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yeah so I mean just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yeah so I mean just like the
+two characters in that movie um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two characters in that movie um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two characters in that movie um they
+kind of start off being strangers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start off being strangers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of start off being strangers and
+then they become lovers and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they become lovers and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they become lovers and they both
+have to deal with death like at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with death like at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with death like at the end
+of the film and in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film and in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film and in the middle of the
+film cuz uh originally the girl's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film cuz uh originally the girl's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film cuz uh originally the girl's
+boyfriend dies and then she really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend dies and then she really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend dies and then she really
+doesn't deal with the death she like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with the death she like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't deal with the death she like
+kind of forgets about him and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of forgets about him and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of forgets about him and it's just
+interesting to me that um how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me that um how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me that um how does the
+reading on death and also the love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on death and also the love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on death and also the love of
+life right there was a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right there was a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right there was a I
+presume how does that come in you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume how does that come in you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume how does that come in you talked
+about um this I forget who it was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um this I forget who it was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um this I forget who it was he
+heel something that he has um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel something that he has um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel something that he has um people
+deal with death in a certain way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with death in a certain way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with death in a certain way they
+forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that
+um they forget about their own death as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they forget about their own death as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they forget about their own death as
+a means to uh deal with things he how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means to uh deal with things he how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a means to uh deal with things he how do
+I forget H heer yeah the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget H heer yeah the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget H heer yeah the the
+inactive reasoning or I inauthentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive reasoning or I inauthentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive reasoning or I inauthentic
+inauthentic yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauthentic yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauthentic yes
+that's okay what what is the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay what what is the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay what what is the concept of
+the inauthentic in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inauthentic in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inauthentic in in
+Iger we talked about how people um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iger we talked about how people um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iger we talked about how people um they
+they will kind of brush it aside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will kind of brush it aside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will kind of brush it aside and
+think that they're invincible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're invincible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're invincible and
+they're not going to die they forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to die they forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to die they forget
+about death pretty much so they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about death pretty much so they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about death pretty much so they kind of
+push it aside and forget about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it aside and forget about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it aside and forget about it and
+then just keep going with their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just keep going with their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just keep going with their lives
+pretending that they're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that they're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that they're not going to go
+um does does that mean one has sitck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does does that mean one has sitck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does does that mean one has sitck and
+brood all the time no no I mean you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brood all the time no no I mean you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brood all the time no no I mean you go
+on with your life you do it I mean with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with your life you do it I mean with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with your life you do it I mean with
+the things you want to do but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you want to do but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you want to do but you don't
+I mean you don't have to is Hamlet less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you don't have to is Hamlet less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you don't have to is Hamlet less
+inauthentic because he has the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauthentic because he has the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauthentic because he has the speech
+about um to be or not to be on hardig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um to be or not to be on hardig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um to be or not to be on hardig
+his View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you're just shaking I heard you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're just shaking I heard you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you're just shaking I heard you're
+just shaking I didn't hear I didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shaking I didn't hear I didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shaking I didn't hear I didn't hear
+you shaking your head um all right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shaking your head um all right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shaking your head um all right why
+don't you continue how do you develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you continue how do you develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you continue how do you develop
+the paper well I started off by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper well I started off by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper well I started off by um
+explaining the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the relationship between the
+two characters and how it developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two characters and how it developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two characters and how it developed
+throughout the film like At first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the film like At first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the film like At first
+they're strangers in the middle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strangers in the middle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strangers in the middle they
+become kind of friends and then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of friends and then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of friends and then by the
+end they're lovers and then the Rel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they're lovers and then the Rel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they're lovers and then the Rel the
+relationship of of them dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of of them dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of of them dealing with the
+two deaths the two main deaths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two deaths the two main deaths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two deaths the two main deaths of the
+film but um so far all you've referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but um so far all you've referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but um so far all you've referred
+to is a kind of summarization of a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is a kind of summarization of a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is a kind of summarization of a plot
+that's not what the paper is about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what the paper is about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what the paper is about it's
+about the two Dimensions that you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two Dimensions that you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two Dimensions that you read
+in the first week that are present in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first week that are present in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first week that are present in my
+book really uh um reality transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book really uh um reality transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book really uh um reality transform the
+technical and the meaningful or what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and the meaningful or what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical and the meaningful or what are
+the technical aspects that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analyze might have to go back yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze might have to go back yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze might have to go back yeah okay
+that's why I wanted to have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I wanted to have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I wanted to have this this
+conversation so you would focus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so you would focus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation so you would focus your
+attention on things like that what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on things like that what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on things like that what about
+the meaningful aspect what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaningful aspect what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaningful aspect what is the
+meaning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of that
+movie um I think it's just coping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um I think it's just coping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie um I think it's just coping with
+being a teenager is the main meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a teenager is the main meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a teenager is the main meaning of
+that movie you coping with being um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie you coping with being um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie you coping with being um like
+young adults dealing with what sense do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young adults dealing with what sense do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young adults dealing with what sense do
+you make out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make out of the
+title Rebel Without a Cause it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title Rebel Without a Cause it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title Rebel Without a Cause it's that
+kids rebelling against adults pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids rebelling against adults pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids rebelling against adults pretty
+much no but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much no but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much no but that's a
+Cause right yeah so there's something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause right yeah so there's something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cause right yeah so there's something in
+the nature of that society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of that society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of that society that
+Community those individuals at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community those individuals at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community those individuals at their
+particular stage of adolescent life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of adolescent life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage of adolescent life
+right right in relation to the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in relation to the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right in relation to the school
+that they go to in relation to their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to in relation to their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they go to in relation to their um
+Companions and the people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Companions and the people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Companions and the people and the
+pecking order and all that um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking order and all that um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking order and all that um which
+they're rebelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rebelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rebelling
+against but what exactly is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against but what exactly is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against but what exactly is it that
+they're rebelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rebelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rebelling
+against and uh in what sense don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against and uh in what sense don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against and uh in what sense don't they
+have do do they do it without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do do they do it without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do do they do it without a
+cause uh we do see um particular of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause uh we do see um particular of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause uh we do see um particular of the
+James Dean character uh having lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Dean character uh having lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Dean character uh having lots of
+troubles with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles with his
+parents and the question then is what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and the question then is what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and the question then is what do
+they represent in his eyes is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent in his eyes is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent in his eyes is there a
+cause that he is standing up to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that he is standing up to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that he is standing up to as
+against them remember the year it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them remember the year it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them remember the year it was
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+55 um what is what is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 um what is what is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 um what is what is the um
+significance of that date in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of that date in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of that date in terms of
+California culture and and history at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California culture and and history at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California culture and and history at
+that point course it takes place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point course it takes place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point course it takes place in
+California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+that would be something of of could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be something of of could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be something of of could be
+of relevance not necessarily but uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance not necessarily but uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance not necessarily but uh as a
+matter of fact it is you know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact it is you know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact it is you know what what
+was the uh most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the uh most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the uh most obvious
+cause that would have been relevant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that would have been relevant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that would have been relevant at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period when was the last size of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when was the last size of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when was the last size of war
+that the United States was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+in anyone else IR what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Iraq 1955 1955 not not Iraq Korean War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraq 1955 1955 not not Iraq Korean War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iraq 1955 1955 not not Iraq Korean War
+the Korean War yeah and the Korean War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War yeah and the Korean War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War yeah and the Korean War
+um itself had to be seen in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself had to be seen in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself had to be seen in the context
+of the aftermath of World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aftermath of World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aftermath of World War II
+and above all in World War II there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all in World War II there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above all in World War II there was
+a cause that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cause that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cause that everyone
+recognized in a way that nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in a way that nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in a way that nothing has
+like it has ever happened before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has ever happened before or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has ever happened before or
+since in the case of the Korean War uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the case of the Korean War uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the case of the Korean War uh
+there was the General American belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the General American belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the General American belief
+that the Communists were ready to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Communists were ready to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Communists were ready to take
+over the world and they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world and they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world and they had to be
+stopped outside of the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped outside of the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped outside of the United States and
+uh as close to their borders as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as close to their borders as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as close to their borders as possible
+POS um first Korea and then later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS um first Korea and then later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS um first Korea and then later on
+Vietnam um and the Communists then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam um and the Communists then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam um and the Communists then
+included the Chinese who were uh more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the Chinese who were uh more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included the Chinese who were uh more or
+less in Alliance with the Russians right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in Alliance with the Russians right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less in Alliance with the Russians right
+so this was thought of as a threat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was thought of as a threat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was thought of as a threat and
+there was a cause now 3 years later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cause now 3 years later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cause now 3 years later um
+the movie is made the war is over um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is made the war is over um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is made the war is over um and
+you get this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this period of
+affluence and what do you know what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence and what do you know what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence and what do you know what do
+you make make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I can't really see a relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't really see a relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can't really see a relation to
+the war I mean other than the Communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war I mean other than the Communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war I mean other than the Communist
+thing like him wearing a red jacket but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like him wearing a red jacket but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like him wearing a red jacket but
+what was happening in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+country well very briefly because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country well very briefly because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country well very briefly because this
+is your paper not mine um an inability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your paper not mine um an inability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your paper not mine um an inability
+to cope with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with the
+affluence particularly on the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence particularly on the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence particularly on the part of
+the young who had never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young who had never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young who had never been
+impoverished and were growing up into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished and were growing up into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished and were growing up into it
+like like the characters in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like the characters in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like the characters in that
+movie that that wasn't that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that that wasn't that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that that wasn't that was a
+problem it was didn't give them a cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it was didn't give them a cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it was didn't give them a cause
+but there was enough in the together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was enough in the together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was enough in the together
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+usual conflict between the generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual conflict between the generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual conflict between the generations
+to cause someone to be to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rebel does this will this help you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebel does this will this help you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebel does this will this help you to
+write it better uh in terms of technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it better uh in terms of technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it better uh in terms of technique
+which I haven't said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't said anything
+in terms of me correct right anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of me correct right anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of me correct right anybody
+else want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want
+to um suggest something to Nigel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um suggest something to Nigel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um suggest something to Nigel or
+bring in your own work at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay
+um um Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Edward
+okay for my paper I uh decided to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for my paper I uh decided to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for my paper I uh decided to write
+on the seventh seal and basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the seventh seal and basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the seventh seal and basically I'm
+highlighting the ideological contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the ideological contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting the ideological contrast
+presented by the Knight and his Squire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the Knight and his Squire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by the Knight and his Squire
+and uh as you watch the movie you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as you watch the movie you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as you watch the movie you can
+see that upon realizing that he's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that upon realizing that he's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that upon realizing that he's about
+to die the night is really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die the night is really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die the night is really trying to
+look for something to make his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for something to make his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for something to make his life
+meaningful whereas a squire just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful whereas a squire just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful whereas a squire just kind of
+has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this
+uh G sense of humor towards death the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G sense of humor towards death the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G sense of humor towards death the
+entire time and I found well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time and I found well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time and I found well I don't
+know if it's humor a sarcastic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's humor a sarcastic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's humor a sarcastic right
+attitude right and so I found uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude right and so I found uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude right and so I found uh
+that this is in line with some of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in line with some of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in line with some of the uh
+philosophies on death that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies on death that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies on death that were
+presented by certain philosophers such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by certain philosophers such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented by certain philosophers such
+as cages and simol for in reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cages and simol for in reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cages and simol for in reference to
+the no say again CES I'm not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no say again CES I'm not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no say again CES I'm not sure how
+you pronounce that let me look k a GS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce that let me look k a GS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce that let me look k a GS
+proba form origin oh oh good these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proba form origin oh oh good these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proba form origin oh oh good these this
+is outside research outside research um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outside research outside research um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is outside research outside research um
+I don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know anything about
+cles if that's the way to pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um simil like deor simil I do know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simil like deor simil I do know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simil like deor simil I do know about
+where did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find I believe you referenced no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I believe you referenced no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I believe you referenced no that's
+fine okay so uh uh maybe you should show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so uh uh maybe you should show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so uh uh maybe you should show
+it to the others though you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the others though you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the others though you probably
+have the one copy from the library right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one copy from the library right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one copy from the library right
+anyway now you know where it is uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway now you know where it is uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway now you know where it is uh if
+you if anybody wants to use it uh could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if anybody wants to use it uh could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if anybody wants to use it uh could
+you sit push push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit push push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sit push push
+your push closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your push closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your push closer
+to no well actually no I think would' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no well actually no I think would' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no well actually no I think would' be
+better you move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more move move closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more move move closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more move move closer
+Clos um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos um
+please Contin so in this book uh Chon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Contin so in this book uh Chon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please Contin so in this book uh Chon
+states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that
+CES believes that um an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CES believes that um an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CES believes that um an individual
+existence is a constant dying of swort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence is a constant dying of swort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence is a constant dying of swort
+and that all life will tend to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all life will tend to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all life will tend to lead to
+Annihilation I mean it's just a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation I mean it's just a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation I mean it's just a matter
+of fact and then simil saying that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact and then simil saying that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact and then simil saying that that
+should not be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be considered
+life-threatening and it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening and it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-threatening and it's simply the
+last stage in the life cycle I feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last stage in the life cycle I feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last stage in the life cycle I feel that
+this is somewhat consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somewhat consistent with the
+views of The Squire and that he is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of The Squire and that he is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of The Squire and that he is not
+really pursuing a meaning and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pursuing a meaning and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pursuing a meaning and he's
+always is providing like a contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is providing like a contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always is providing like a contrast to
+the knif who seems to be following more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knif who seems to be following more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knif who seems to be following more
+of Hiers that death that the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiers that death that the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hiers that death that the knowledge
+of being towards death will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being towards death will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being towards death will
+uh cause for search for meanings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cause for search for meanings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cause for search for meanings of
+sorts it says that um he says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts it says that um he says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts it says that um he says that the
+realization of incoming death can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of incoming death can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of incoming death can make
+men rise from above a day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men rise from above a day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men rise from above a day-to-day
+activity above just being a commonplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity above just being a commonplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity above just being a commonplace
+person and you kind of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you kind of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and you kind of see that
+transformation in the night when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in the night when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in the night when he
+realizes that death is coming for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that death is coming for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that death is coming for him
+and uh the other thing that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other thing that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other thing that I wanted to
+mention was kind of the contrast on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention was kind of the contrast on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention was kind of the contrast on how
+people that are dying perceive death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are dying perceive death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are dying perceive death and
+the people that are alive and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are alive and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are alive and you can
+see this between the Knight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this between the Knight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this between the Knight and the
+Squire and then the uh the two actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squire and then the uh the two actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squire and then the uh the two actors
+because as the Knight saves them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the Knight saves them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the Knight saves them from
+dying then you can immediately see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying then you can immediately see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying then you can immediately see that
+once death has passed them over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once death has passed them over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once death has passed them over their
+attitude changes and they go on living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude changes and they go on living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude changes and they go on living
+with their child and whatnot the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their child and whatnot the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their child and whatnot the the
+family yeah the two actors are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family yeah the two actors are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family yeah the two actors are the
+family um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family um
+well it seem it seems as if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seem it seems as if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seem it seems as if you know
+what you're doing uh how far have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing uh how far have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing uh how far have you
+got on the paper uh I've just started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the paper uh I've just started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on the paper uh I've just started
+basically writing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically writing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically writing about the
+characterization between the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization between the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization between the two uh
+Knight and the Squire but I mean how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight and the Squire but I mean how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight and the Squire but I mean how how
+close you to finishing it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close you to finishing it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close you to finishing it oh
+I'm okay halfway how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm okay halfway how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm okay halfway how can we
+help I was just wondering if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I was just wondering if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help I was just wondering if there is a
+stronger way to correlate um the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger way to correlate um the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger way to correlate um the night
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squ
+thing with the family thing it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the family thing it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the family thing it kind of
+seems not completely related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems not completely related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems not completely related
+in um you've seen the movie only once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um you've seen the movie only once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um you've seen the movie only once
+seeing it today may give you new ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it today may give you new ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it today may give you new ideas
+and uh very briefly there a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very briefly there a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very briefly there a couple
+things I'll be saying before we watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll be saying before we watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll be saying before we watch
+the movie in general I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie in general I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie in general I think you
+probably are on the right track um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are on the right track um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are on the right track um you
+remember uh the um that movie together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh the um that movie together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh the um that movie together
+with the outside reading is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside reading is sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside reading is sufficient
+for the second paper because um you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second paper because um you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second paper because um you you
+can't will not have been able to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't will not have been able to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't will not have been able to watch
+in class the seventh seal until after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class the seventh seal until after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class the seventh seal until after
+the paper was due today so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper was due today so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper was due today so that's all
+right uh going back to Miguel now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh going back to Miguel now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh going back to Miguel now I
+forgot to ask what outside research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to ask what outside research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to ask what outside research
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+doing I need to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I need to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I need to look for
+something I just looked that randomly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just looked that randomly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just looked that randomly no
+you've got to do you've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do you've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to do you've got to do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+um uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and
+um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it
+um well it depends on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it depends on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it depends on whether you
+emphasize the technique or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the technique or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the technique or the
+meaningfulness uh for the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfulness uh for the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningfulness uh for the technique
+there are various things in uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things in uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things in uh for
+instance the an the Anthology edited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the an the Anthology edited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the an the Anthology edited by
+Cohen and mass called film Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen and mass called film Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cohen and mass called film Theory and
+criticism uh very fat Anthology and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism uh very fat Anthology and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism uh very fat Anthology and you
+can find uh material in there um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find uh material in there um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find uh material in there um I don't
+mean you have to read the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you have to read the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you have to read the whole
+Anthology uh one article if you handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthology uh one article if you handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthology uh one article if you handle
+it properly remember that's true of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly remember that's true of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly remember that's true of all
+of you you've got to analyze carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you've got to analyze carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you you've got to analyze carefully
+your outside research you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outside research you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your outside research you can't just
+name drop or and you've got to give per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name drop or and you've got to give per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name drop or and you've got to give per
+complete references to the pages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete references to the pages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete references to the pages to
+indicates that you really have worked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that you really have worked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that you really have worked at
+it uh but um one one or two articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but um one one or two articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but um one one or two articles
+will be sufficient especially since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sufficient especially since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sufficient especially since the
+the movie is outside the course all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is outside the course all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is outside the course all
+right all right anything either of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right anything either of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right anything either of you
+want to say that we can help with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that we can help with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that we can help with or
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+Raman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raman
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+Ron all right the next um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron all right the next um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron all right the next um is
+David tell me about your paper uh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David tell me about your paper uh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David tell me about your paper uh I was
+going to use your the me of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use your the me of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use your the me of death
+concept again and I found this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept again and I found this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept again and I found this really
+good article I was interested in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good article I was interested in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good article I was interested in what
+you said about haiger is that pronoun it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about haiger is that pronoun it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said about haiger is that pronoun it
+hi and then his position I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi and then his position I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi and then his position I thought was
+like a really interesting position so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really interesting position so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a really interesting position so I
+found this really good paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this really good paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this really good paper that
+outlines his whole concept of time so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines his whole concept of time so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines his whole concept of time so uh
+I was thinking about outlining his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about outlining his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking about outlining his
+position and I don't really agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and I don't really agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and I don't really agree with
+it um I like your uh the santaan view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I like your uh the santaan view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um I like your uh the santaan view
+about life and death as opposed to Hiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life and death as opposed to Hiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life and death as opposed to Hiers
+so I was going to write a response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was going to write a response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was going to write a response to
+hieker position and then I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hieker position and then I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hieker position and then I was going to
+extend that cuz I think uh Hiers says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that cuz I think uh Hiers says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that cuz I think uh Hiers says
+like uh death is very in life and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh death is very in life and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh death is very in life and you
+have to confront death to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to confront death to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to confront death to to be
+authentic and live life and I think it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and live life and I think it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and live life and I think it'
+be interesting to analyze his views with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to analyze his views with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to analyze his views with
+respect to religion and suicide because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to religion and suicide because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to religion and suicide because
+I think uh if you believe God controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh if you believe God controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh if you believe God controls
+your death you can't really be authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your death you can't really be authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your death you can't really be authentic
+because you have to control it you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to control it you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to control it you you
+have uh CU if God controls it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh CU if God controls it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh CU if God controls it like
+you're not going to be authentic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be authentic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be authentic and
+then would suicide be the the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would suicide be the the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then would suicide be the the ultimate
+confrontation of death and like his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation of death and like his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation of death and like his
+views and other philosoph but this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and other philosoph but this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views and other philosoph but this isn't
+going to be a paper on heiger and singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a paper on heiger and singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a paper on heiger and singer
+it's going to be a paper on philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a paper on philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a paper on philosophy
+and film yeah okay so which is it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film yeah okay so which is it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and film yeah okay so which is it how
+are we going to do that I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do that I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do that I was going to
+use I was going to watch seven seal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I was going to watch seven seal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I was going to watch seven seal I
+haven't watched it yet I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't watched it yet I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't watched it yet I was going to
+hopefully tie something with seven SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully tie something with seven SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully tie something with seven SE
+I'm not catching what you said I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not catching what you said I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not catching what you said I was
+going to I haven't seen the seven seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I haven't seen the seven seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I haven't seen the seven seal
+yet so I was going to oh you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I was going to oh you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I was going to oh you thought you
+would use seven seal I think that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use seven seal I think that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use seven seal I think that makes
+a lot of sense the seven seal lends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense the seven seal lends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense the seven seal lends
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+yeah to that and that's why I wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to that and that's why I wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to that and that's why I wanted you
+to watch it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch it um
+also since they're now at least two who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also since they're now at least two who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also since they're now at least two who
+are going to deal with the seven seal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to deal with the seven seal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to deal with the seven seal um
+remember that in the course we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in the course we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that in the course we've been
+dealing with the nature of myth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the nature of myth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the nature of myth and the
+nature of myth in film making so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of myth in film making so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of myth in film making so that
+there was the big Manan myth uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the big Manan myth uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the big Manan myth uh there
+was the lady Eve that we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lady Eve that we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lady Eve that we started out
+with um that is the biblical myth uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um that is the biblical myth uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um that is the biblical myth uh the
+myth of creation uh there was a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of creation uh there was a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth of creation uh there was a myth
+about absolute knowledge in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about absolute knowledge in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about absolute knowledge in relation to
+um um uh the turn of the screw and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh the turn of the screw and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh the turn of the screw and then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Opera uh and then the the variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera uh and then the the variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera uh and then the the variety of
+male female myths that come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male female myths that come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male female myths that come into
+Washington Square right I I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square right I I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Square right I I don't I
+don't think I haven't touched on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I haven't touched on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I haven't touched on all the
+films but there's always a film that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films but there's always a film that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films but there's always a film that is
+a an anchor to these quy philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an anchor to these quy philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an anchor to these quy philosophical
+in investigations what would be the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investigations what would be the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investigations what would be the way
+in which you would use um do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you would use um do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you would use um do you think
+oh you can't tell yet until you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can't tell yet until you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you can't tell yet until you've seen
+the movie yeah I was hoping maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie yeah I was hoping maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie yeah I was hoping maybe like
+the myth of death almost and if I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of death almost and if I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of death almost and if I mean
+the movie what I learn of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie what I learn of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie what I learn of the movie
+which I talked to it and a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I talked to it and a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I talked to it and a little bit I
+read about it is that death comes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it is that death comes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about it is that death comes take
+the night and death comes take the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and death comes take the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and death comes take the night
+like there's a religious aspect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a religious aspect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a religious aspect to that
+so does the KN control his own death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does the KN control his own death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does the KN control his own death is
+he authentic in heer's view something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he authentic in heer's view something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he authentic in heer's view something
+along those lines one thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines one thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines one thing you might
+want to think about in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about in terms of
+comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+myths um there's a myth that life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths um there's a myth that life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths um there's a myth that life that
+death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is
+Meaningful which is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful which is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful which is related to the
+religious view that death is U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious view that death is U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious view that death is U the
+transition to another world which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to another world which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to another world which is
+benign because there is a good God who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign because there is a good God who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign because there is a good God who
+is arranged it that way and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arranged it that way and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arranged it that way and of course
+whether or not people believe in God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not people believe in God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not people believe in God
+everyone would like the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would like the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would like the idea that the
+grave is not the end right um but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grave is not the end right um but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grave is not the end right um but maybe
+that whole way of thinking is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole way of thinking is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole way of thinking is a
+myth in the broad sense of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth in the broad sense of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth in the broad sense of being a
+poetic fiction rather than something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic fiction rather than something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic fiction rather than something um
+authentic the fact that something I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic the fact that something I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic the fact that something I mean
+I mean literally authentic the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean literally authentic the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean literally authentic the fact that
+something is only a myth doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is only a myth doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is only a myth doesn't mean
+you can't believe it um many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't believe it um many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't believe it um many people
+religious people say uh we know that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious people say uh we know that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious people say uh we know that our
+religious belief is based on myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief is based on myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief is based on myths
+but they're good myths and they help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're good myths and they help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're good myths and they help us
+to live better and give us a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live better and give us a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live better and give us a better
+expectation or hope of what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or hope of what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or hope of what will happen
+for instance after death the other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance after death the other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance after death the other kind
+of myth would be the one in which what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myth would be the one in which what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myth would be the one in which what
+can't be proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be proved
+scientifically uh can't be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically uh can't be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically uh can't be taken
+seriously uh and since life after death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously uh and since life after death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously uh and since life after death
+has never been proved scientifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been proved scientifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been proved scientifically
+though people have try to do that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people have try to do that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though people have try to do that people
+who believe in m in the uh ghosts or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believe in m in the uh ghosts or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who believe in m in the uh ghosts or um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+mediums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediums
+um uh or other ways of getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or other ways of getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or other ways of getting to the
+other side as it's called as if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side as it's called as if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side as it's called as if there is
+another sign um they have often sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sign um they have often sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sign um they have often sought
+some scientific evidence or proof about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scientific evidence or proof about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scientific evidence or proof about
+life after death and therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life after death and therefore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life after death and therefore that
+death isn't the end uh the skeptical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death isn't the end uh the skeptical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death isn't the end uh the skeptical
+view might be just as much of a myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view might be just as much of a myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view might be just as much of a myth
+where does that leave us then that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that leave us then that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that leave us then that could
+be one of the questions and is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the questions and is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the questions and is very
+relevant to the seventh seal where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the seventh seal where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the seventh seal where you
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+Knight who is religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight who is religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight who is religious
+but craving some proof and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but craving some proof and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but craving some proof and there's the
+Squire who is scornful of all religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squire who is scornful of all religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squire who is scornful of all religion
+who's lived through horrible things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's lived through horrible things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's lived through horrible things in
+the in the Crusades and uh who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Crusades and uh who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Crusades and uh who is
+skeptical of any any uh religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of any any uh religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of any any uh religious
+explanations the two are balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations the two are balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations the two are balanced
+against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each
+other all right does that help yes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right does that help yes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right does that help yes up
+good and and remember technique as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and and remember technique as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and and remember technique as well
+as the form is relevant the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the form is relevant the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the form is relevant the outside
+research youve said there a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research youve said there a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research youve said there a couple of
+other things have to be dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things have to be dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things have to be dealt with
+carefully and completely footnoted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and completely footnoted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and completely footnoted and
+again uh 14 point font so I can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh 14 point font so I can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh 14 point font so I can easily
+read it and uh word count so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and uh word count so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and uh word count so I don't
+have to worry about the length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the length the
+minimum required length is 2,000 words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum required length is 2,000 words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum required length is 2,000 words
+you remember but you can go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember but you can go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember but you can go beyond that
+uh and uh should feel to do so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh should feel to do so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh should feel to do so if you
+think it's any good if it isn't that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's any good if it isn't that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's any good if it isn't that's
+not going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to help
+you all right Catherine um well for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right Catherine um well for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right Catherine um well for my
+paper I was going to write about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I was going to write about eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I was going to write about eight
+and a half and uh this the I you finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half and uh this the I you finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half and uh this the I you finally
+got copy yeah um yeah my DVD finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got copy yeah um yeah my DVD finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got copy yeah um yeah my DVD finally
+arrived Friday so uh my my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived Friday so uh my my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived Friday so uh my my original
+topic got a little bit uh trash because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic got a little bit uh trash because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic got a little bit uh trash because
+of the fact that what I remembered of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that what I remembered of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that what I remembered of
+the film a year ago was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a year ago was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film a year ago was a little
+different than when I rewatched the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than when I rewatched the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than when I rewatched the film
+I realized what what the film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized what what the film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized what what the film was
+actually about but um so what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about but um so what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about but um so what I think
+I'm going to do and what I've started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do and what I've started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do and what I've started to
+outline was uh the the three main myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline was uh the the three main myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline was uh the the three main myths
+that I see uh you know that are depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see uh you know that are depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see uh you know that are depicted
+through uh the protagonist fantasies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh the protagonist fantasies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh the protagonist fantasies uh
+the myth of uh his ideal woman the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of uh his ideal woman the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of uh his ideal woman the
+between you know the Virgin his wife the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the Virgin his wife the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know the Virgin his wife the
+ his mistress and the ideal woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ his mistress and the ideal woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ his mistress and the ideal woman
+Claudia that's oneth and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia that's oneth and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia that's oneth and then there's
+the myth of saga which is a a religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of saga which is a a religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of saga which is a a religious
+you know God and Satan and U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God and Satan and U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God and Satan and U you know
+love is a sin myth and um and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a sin myth and um and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a sin myth and um and the last
+one which is you know from his famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is you know from his famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is you know from his famous
+Herm scene in The Farmhouse which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herm scene in The Farmhouse which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herm scene in The Farmhouse which is uh
+I'm not sure if I want to approach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if I want to approach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if I want to approach that
+particular aspect of the film as more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aspect of the film as more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aspect of the film as more of
+a a Herm sort of you know what what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a Herm sort of you know what what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a Herm sort of you know what what he
+believes love is or isn't or i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes love is or isn't or i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes love is or isn't or i' I've
+read a few papers that say that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a few papers that say that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a few papers that say that that is
+a a scene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a scene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a scene that
+depicts Young's idea of Thea of his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts Young's idea of Thea of his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts Young's idea of Thea of his his
+mind basically because it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind basically because it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind basically because it's all the
+women he's ever known so I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women he's ever known so I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women he's ever known so I'm not sure
+about that last part but is why can't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that last part but is why can't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that last part but is why can't it
+be taken his face around you it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken his face around you it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken his face around you it's a
+fantasy and the typical male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy and the typical male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy and the typical male
+fantasy that all the women love him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that all the women love him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that all the women love him
+because remember uh however badly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember uh however badly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember uh however badly he
+treats them they all there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats them they all there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats them they all there's something
+that he has which is very valuable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has which is very valuable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has which is very valuable to
+them and they do on him he's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they do on him he's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they do on him he's the only
+male it's his Haron this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male it's his Haron this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male it's his Haron this is a a
+Daydream at a time when women were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daydream at a time when women were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daydream at a time when women were
+willing to tolerate such Daydreams I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate such Daydreams I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to tolerate such Daydreams I
+think it's a little harder to for males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little harder to for males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little harder to for males
+to have them anymore because women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them anymore because women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them anymore because women are
+won't play that game don't have to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't play that game don't have to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't play that game don't have to right
+uh why do why does Jung have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why do why does Jung have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why do why does Jung have to come
+into it sorry who's Yung you said um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it sorry who's Yung you said um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it sorry who's Yung you said um I I
+read one of the books I was reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read one of the books I was reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read one of the books I was reading
+through mentioned that there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mentioned that there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mentioned that there was some
+relation to I'm not that familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to I'm not that familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to I'm not that familiar with
+the the philos philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the philos philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the philos philosophical
+background for that but they were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for that but they were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for that but they were saying
+that it sort of depicts his mind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sort of depicts his mind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sort of depicts his mind in the
+sense that that the one uh she's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that the one uh she's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that the one uh she's a a
+lounge singer or something the girl with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lounge singer or something the girl with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lounge singer or something the girl with
+all the feathers is being sent upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the feathers is being sent upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the feathers is being sent upstairs
+because he's he's forgetting about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's he's forgetting about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's he's forgetting about her
+and she's no longer needed and the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's no longer needed and the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's no longer needed and the girls
+who are no longer uh needed are sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are no longer uh needed are sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are no longer uh needed are sent
+upstairs so it's sort of like his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs so it's sort of like his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs so it's sort of like his mind
+in the sense that these are the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that these are the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that these are the girls
+that he loves and when he when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he loves and when he when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he loves and when he when they
+cease to be as important to him they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cease to be as important to him they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cease to be as important to him they're
+sent sort of to this back area of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent sort of to this back area of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent sort of to this back area of his
+mind that he doesn't really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that he doesn't really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that he doesn't really think about
+so I don't know if that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know if that's that's
+important but I I I do want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but I I I do want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but I I I do want to cover
+that scene because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene because I think it's
+important perception of tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important perception of tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important perception of tell me what the
+outside reading is you say you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside reading is you say you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside reading is you say you mentioned
+you mentioned there are some uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned there are some uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned there are some uh right
+now I have this stack of books and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have this stack of books and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have this stack of books and um
+I've sort of gone through them and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of gone through them and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of gone through them and uh
+I've narrowed down to a few I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've narrowed down to a few I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've narrowed down to a few I don't
+remember the titles off hand because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the titles off hand because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the titles off hand because I'm
+working with about five different books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with about five different books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with about five different books
+about a chapter in each of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chapter in each of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chapter in each of them that
+actually cover they they're books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cover they they're books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cover they they're books that
+cover a lot of felen films so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of felen films so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a lot of felen films so there's
+about a chapter in each no okay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chapter in each no okay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a chapter in each no okay no
+that's good I mean you seem to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I mean you seem to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I mean you seem to be on the
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+um and in general how all these myths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in general how all these myths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in general how all these myths
+relate to the protagonist's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the protagonist's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the protagonist's um
+understanding and acceptance of his love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and acceptance of his love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and acceptance of his love
+for these the people that he cares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these the people that he cares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these the people that he cares about
+his life which is what the the ending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life which is what the the ending of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life which is what the the ending of
+the film and how are they how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and how are they how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and how are they how is the
+material specifically related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material specifically related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material specifically related to the
+course um I'm trying to work back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um I'm trying to work back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um I'm trying to work back to
+that because originally when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because originally when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because originally when I started
+working with the film I and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the film I and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the film I and I was
+working for memory I was going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for memory I was going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for memory I was going to write
+a paper about his the pursuit of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper about his the pursuit of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper about his the pursuit of his
+ideal woman which I figured could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal woman which I figured could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal woman which I figured could be
+related back to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related back to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related back to like the
+pigan but as it turned out when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigan but as it turned out when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigan but as it turned out when I
+rewatch the film most of the film is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewatch the film most of the film is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewatch the film most of the film is not
+really about his the presed ideal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about his the presed ideal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about his the presed ideal that's
+one part of larger picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of larger picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of larger picture
+so en touchdown meaning and technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so en touchdown meaning and technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so en touchdown meaning and technique
+you'll keep that in mind I hope what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll keep that in mind I hope what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll keep that in mind I hope what is
+it about the technique that conveys just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about the technique that conveys just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about the technique that conveys just
+the meaning that felini wanted and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning that felini wanted and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning that felini wanted and how
+is it that that meaning is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that that meaning is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that that meaning is dependent
+upon whatever technique is relevant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon whatever technique is relevant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon whatever technique is relevant that
+that's very important in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in in
+understanding the uh nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the uh nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the uh nature of the
+course and developing the ideas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and developing the ideas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and developing the ideas and the
+course in your own way um together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in your own way um together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in your own way um together with
+the whole idea of film as a myth making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea of film as a myth making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea of film as a myth making
+art right okay but can we help does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art right okay but can we help does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art right okay but can we help does
+anybody else want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else want to say
+anything no I think we're doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no I think we're doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no I think we're doing very
+well uh let me see about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the movie is about 90 minutes long could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is about 90 minutes long could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is about 90 minutes long could
+you check on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check on
+that yeah it's 96 Minutes it is 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's 96 Minutes it is 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's 96 Minutes it is 90
+minutes left all right so that's we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left all right so that's we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left all right so that's we have
+to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+3:30 and so we do have time now okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 and so we do have time now okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 and so we do have time now okay go
+ahead oh okay I mean anything else car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead oh okay I mean anything else car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead oh okay I mean anything else car
+uh Catherine Carrie wanted do um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Catherine Carrie wanted do um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Catherine Carrie wanted do um so I
+watched the seven seal first time I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the seven seal first time I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the seven seal first time I I
+watched it I found it very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it I found it very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it I found it very interesting
+watched it a few more times and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it a few more times and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched it a few more times and there's
+some points in it that find extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points in it that find extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points in it that find extremely
+interesting um uh well first of all with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um uh well first of all with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um uh well first of all with
+the knight in this choir and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knight in this choir and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knight in this choir and all the
+characters are extremely strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are extremely strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are extremely strong
+characters and they're also flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and they're also flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and they're also flat
+throughout the entire movie um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire movie um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire movie um there is
+no change at all in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change at all in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change at all in any of the
+characters no what there's no change at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters no what there's no change at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters no what there's no change at
+all in any of the characters um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in any of the characters um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in any of the characters um and
+that's like most evidence that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like most evidence that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like most evidence that well
+that's something you should argue well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you should argue well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you should argue well
+right so in the final scene with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the final scene with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the final scene with
+Antonio's block um he's he has committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antonio's block um he's he has committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antonio's block um he's he has committed
+this act which is saved the family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act which is saved the family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act which is saved the family and
+it seems like he said that was important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like he said that was important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like he said that was important
+to him in the confession scene but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him in the confession scene but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him in the confession scene but still
+his lack of knowledge of God uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lack of knowledge of God uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lack of knowledge of God uh is
+making him entirely static um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making him entirely static um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making him entirely static um and that
+actually wasn't important to him but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't important to him but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't important to him but at
+that moment um the other um Joseph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment um the other um Joseph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment um the other um Joseph I
+guess jof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess jof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess jof
+um his Visions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his Visions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his Visions were
+um at the moment when antonus block was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the moment when antonus block was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the moment when antonus block was
+committing his his important action uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing his his important action uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing his his important action uh
+his Visions were um legitim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Visions were um legitim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Visions were um legitim
+legitimized um and he early on had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimized um and he early on had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimized um and he early on had a
+vision of because he sees death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of because he sees death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of because he sees death and
+death is really playing him in chess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is really playing him in chess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death is really playing him in chess and
+early in the beginning of the movie he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the beginning of the movie he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the beginning of the movie he
+had seen the Virgin Mary um with Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had seen the Virgin Mary um with Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had seen the Virgin Mary um with Jesus
+and the sense he had seen God God and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sense he had seen God God and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sense he had seen God God and if
+he had just talked with antonus block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just talked with antonus block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just talked with antonus block
+Antonius block might have realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antonius block might have realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antonius block might have realized that
+God does make himself known at times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God does make himself known at times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God does make himself known at times and
+that oh that's an interesting point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that's an interesting point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that's an interesting point so
+um yeah I want to elaborate on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I want to elaborate on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I want to elaborate on that
+before some of you have seen the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some of you have seen the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some of you have seen the movie
+but keep that in mind the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep that in mind the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep that in mind the question of
+God making himself evid and so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God making himself evid and so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God making himself evid and so in a
+sense even though all the characters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense even though all the characters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense even though all the characters are
+flat and you can't identify with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and you can't identify with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and you can't identify with any
+characters and Achieve um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and Achieve um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and Achieve um I don't know
+growth in the movie through that we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the movie through that we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the movie through that we sort
+of identify through the entire cast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identify through the entire cast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identify through the entire cast of
+character characters and um and Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character characters and um and Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character characters and um and Joseph
+is seen as uh well early on he's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen as uh well early on he's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen as uh well early on he's called
+the like if he's the like the says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like if he's the like the says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like if he's the like the says
+something about the fool and that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the fool and that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the fool and that being
+the human soul um well certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human soul um well certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human soul um well certainly you
+could play the human soul to to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play the human soul to to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play the human soul to to um to
+jof and he Sur I mean he survives so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jof and he Sur I mean he survives so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jof and he Sur I mean he survives so in
+a sense the human soul does survive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense the human soul does survive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense the human soul does survive um
+is is demonstrated by the movie um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is demonstrated by the movie um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is demonstrated by the movie um
+another point I wanted to make which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point I wanted to make which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point I wanted to make which is
+just which is just structuralism when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just which is just structuralism when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just which is just structuralism when
+you has having sort of it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has having sort of it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you has having sort of it's an
+allegorical framework and playing chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegorical framework and playing chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegorical framework and playing chess
+with death but it seems as if death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with death but it seems as if death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with death but it seems as if death
+should be able to play a perfect game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to play a perfect game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to play a perfect game of
+chess and that chess doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and that chess doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and that chess doesn't really
+reflect life and that you're you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect life and that you're you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect life and that you're you can't
+really win win winning winning in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really win win winning winning in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really win win winning winning in that
+game at least as they say he'll then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at least as they say he'll then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at least as they say he'll then he
+lives he doesn't die but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives he doesn't die but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives he doesn't die but that doesn't
+really make sense like death always wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense like death always wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense like death always wins
+um well let's say that maybe the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's say that maybe the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's say that maybe the point
+is we don't know that much about death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't know that much about death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't know that much about death
+right we don't know that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know that much about
+death maybe death doesn't always win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death maybe death doesn't always win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death maybe death doesn't always win
+right that maybe death doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that maybe death doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that maybe death doesn't always
+win you give me a good idea that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you give me a good idea that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you give me a good idea that I want
+to throw out for you um you read pigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw out for you um you read pigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw out for you um you read pigan
+and so the movie um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the movie um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the movie um
+another play of shaes is called back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another play of shaes is called back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another play of shaes is called back to
+Methuselah it's really not a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Methuselah it's really not a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Methuselah it's really not a play
+because it takes 13 hours to perform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes 13 hours to perform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes 13 hours to perform and
+so there may have been one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there may have been one or two
+Festival performances in the last 40 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival performances in the last 40 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival performances in the last 40 50
+years when since it was written um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when since it was written um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when since it was written um but
+it isn't often performed in a 13-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't often performed in a 13-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't often performed in a 13-hour
+play it consists in a number of segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it consists in a number of segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it consists in a number of segments
+that are really plays and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really plays and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really plays and the idea is
+that um methus was the character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um methus was the character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um methus was the character in the
+Bible who lived to be 900 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible who lived to be 900 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible who lived to be 900 years
+and so this is back to that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is back to that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is back to that kind of
+possibility um you all know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um you all know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility um you all know about
+methusa and uh in porgi and best the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methusa and uh in porgi and best the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methusa and uh in porgi and best the
+Opera by George gerswin there's a song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera by George gerswin there's a song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera by George gerswin there's a song
+by by the um sporton life is his name uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the um sporton life is his name uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the um sporton life is his name uh
+who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a
+Playboy uh and um it's an all black cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playboy uh and um it's an all black cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playboy uh and um it's an all black cast
+and he sings u a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sings u a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he sings u a kind
+of parad of a spiritual song and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parad of a spiritual song and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parad of a spiritual song and the
+words are um it ain't necessarily so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are um it ain't necessarily so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are um it ain't necessarily so the
+Bible tells you all sorts of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible tells you all sorts of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible tells you all sorts of things but
+it ain't necessarily so and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ain't necessarily so and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ain't necessarily so and one of the
+uh refrains is methusa Liv 900 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refrains is methusa Liv 900 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refrains is methusa Liv 900 years
+methusa live 900 years but who calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methusa live 900 years but who calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methusa live 900 years but who calls
+that living when no gal will give to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that living when no gal will give to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that living when no gal will give to no
+Guy what's 900 years so it ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guy what's 900 years so it ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guy what's 900 years so it ain't
+necessarily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so
+uh but the uh back to methusa of Shaw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the uh back to methusa of Shaw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the uh back to methusa of Shaw uh
+begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins
+with Lilith who was earlier than Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lilith who was earlier than Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lilith who was earlier than Adam
+and Eve and along the way uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eve and along the way uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eve and along the way uh people
+start living longer and longer and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start living longer and longer and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start living longer and longer and it's
+a matter of Will and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of Will and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of Will and at some point
+somebody Wills not to die and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody Wills not to die and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody Wills not to die and there
+after they keep on not dying and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they keep on not dying and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they keep on not dying and in the
+last act uh the human race has conquered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last act uh the human race has conquered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last act uh the human race has conquered
+death they can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death they can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death they can live
+forever uh they they um work at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh they they um work at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh they they um work at all
+sorts of scientific problems and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scientific problems and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scientific problems and like
+for instance child birth taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance child birth taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance child birth taking place
+out of an egg like a like a bird instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an egg like a like a bird instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an egg like a like a bird instead
+of wasting all those Precious Years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasting all those Precious Years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasting all those Precious Years uh
+in in gestation and childhood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in gestation and childhood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in gestation and childhood and
+development so out of an egg and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so out of an egg and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so out of an egg and this
+happens on the stage uh somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the stage uh somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on the stage uh somebody in
+something inside starts hammering at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside starts hammering at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something inside starts hammering at it
+and out comes a young woman a aged 18 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes a young woman a aged 18 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes a young woman a aged 18 uh
+fully formed and very in very Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully formed and very in very Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully formed and very in very Advanced
+intellect um because they they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect um because they they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect um because they they do it
+that way instead of waiting so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way instead of waiting so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way instead of waiting so it's a
+little more like the way chicks can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more like the way chicks can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more like the way chicks can
+survive when they come out of the egg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive when they come out of the egg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive when they come out of the egg uh
+so they they're very Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they're very Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they're very Advanced
+civilization and they're deathless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and they're deathless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and they're deathless the
+only problem is they still are living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem is they still are living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem is they still are living in
+the body so the big project that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so the big project that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so the big project that they're
+facing is how to get rid of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing is how to get rid of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing is how to get rid of the body
+completely and then the pure spirits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and then the pure spirits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and then the pure spirits
+floating forever in the atmosphere all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating forever in the atmosphere all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating forever in the atmosphere all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how did we get into this how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did we get into this how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did we get into this how did
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh oh the idea of death no point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh oh the idea of death no point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh oh the idea of death no point is
+is what if we were a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we were a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we were a different kind of
+species since we're not that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species since we're not that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species since we're not that kind of
+species um and death is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um and death is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um and death is represented
+there isn't a right way or wrong way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a right way or wrong way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a right way or wrong way so
+there's no contradiction in you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no contradiction in you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no contradiction in you're
+saying death is going to win out so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying death is going to win out so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying death is going to win out so of
+course he'll finally win the chess game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he'll finally win the chess game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he'll finally win the chess game
+maybe this will be an innovation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this will be an innovation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this will be an innovation the
+Knight will defeat death in the chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight will defeat death in the chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight will defeat death in the chess
+game and keep on living there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and keep on living there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and keep on living there's another
+myth for that uh the myth of um of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth for that uh the myth of um of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth for that uh the myth of um of um
+the baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baron
+muncha who um doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muncha who um doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muncha who um doesn't
+die um and so this would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um and so this would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um and so this would be an example
+of that you can't you see you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you can't you see you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you can't you see you can't
+approach a fiction or a myth the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a fiction or a myth the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach a fiction or a myth the way you
+would approach something that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would approach something that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would approach something that is an
+established truth since the fiction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established truth since the fiction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established truth since the fiction and
+myth deals an imagination and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth deals an imagination and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth deals an imagination and you can
+imagine people defeating death both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine people defeating death both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine people defeating death both in
+chess and in uh never dying that serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and in uh never dying that serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and in uh never dying that serve
+eventually gets says well I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets says well I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets says well I've got two
+more important things to do and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important things to do and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important things to do and all
+sorts of other people to take to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other people to take to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of other people to take to my
+kingdom I'll leave you alone and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom I'll leave you alone and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kingdom I'll leave you alone and then he
+forgets about and so on you know uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgets about and so on you know uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgets about and so on you know uh so
+there isn't a right way or wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a right way or wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a right way or wrong
+way well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well I I
+think death should always win and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think death should always win and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think death should always win and
+therefore death yeah I think should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore death yeah I think should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore death yeah I think should I
+think I think I think death should play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think I think death should play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think I think death should play
+the perfect game of chess in a sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect game of chess in a sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect game of chess in a sense and
+then playing against chess I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then playing against chess I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then playing against chess I mean and
+that the only reason why death death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only reason why death death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only reason why death death is
+not playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not playing
+uh the night because he might lose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the night because he might lose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the night because he might lose it's
+not like there's any risk involved he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like there's any risk involved he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like there's any risk involved he's
+just playing it because he enjoys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing it because he enjoys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just playing it because he enjoys
+playing okay now this is going possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing okay now this is going possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing okay now this is going possibly
+ruin it for those who haven't seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin it for those who haven't seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin it for those who haven't seen the
+movie not not really it's such a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie not not really it's such a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie not not really it's such a rich
+wonderful movie um how does Jess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful movie um how does Jess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful movie um how does Jess how
+does Death win well in it's at least he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Death win well in it's at least he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Death win well in it's at least he
+what supposedly it seems we're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what supposedly it seems we're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what supposedly it seems we're giving
+the impression that he learns of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impression that he learns of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impression that he learns of uh the
+knight's strategy through by cheating by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knight's strategy through by cheating by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knight's strategy through by cheating by
+cheating yeah okay so what's the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating yeah okay so what's the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating yeah okay so what's the what's
+the significance of cheating I I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of cheating I I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of cheating I I mean I
+think that's pretty much just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's pretty much just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's pretty much just a
+joke um but what's the significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke um but what's the significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke um but what's the significance of
+him using the cheating uh I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him using the cheating uh I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him using the cheating uh I I really
+think that's just a joke I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's just a joke I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's just a joke I I think that
+no uh the Knight is looking for any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh the Knight is looking for any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh the Knight is looking for any kind
+of glimmer of evidence about God Only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glimmer of evidence about God Only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glimmer of evidence about God Only
+God would give him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God would give him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God would give him a
+sign uh and then here's the here's death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign uh and then here's the here's death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign uh and then here's the here's death
+and he takes that as evidence of A Sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he takes that as evidence of A Sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he takes that as evidence of A Sort
+but if you think of death as not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think of death as not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think of death as not coming
+from God but coming from nature where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from God but coming from nature where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from God but coming from nature where
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies
+um it's a kind of cheat and so nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a kind of cheat and so nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a kind of cheat and so nature
+cheats us it gives us the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats us it gives us the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats us it gives us the sense of
+buoyancy the joy of Happiness when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy the joy of Happiness when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy the joy of Happiness when
+things go well right um at almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go well right um at almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go well right um at almost any
+age and then all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and then all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and then all of a
+sudden uh it uh pulls the rug from under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh it uh pulls the rug from under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden uh it uh pulls the rug from under
+you and the doctor says you've got a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the doctor says you've got a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the doctor says you've got a day
+to live uh the nature is unscrupulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live uh the nature is unscrupulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live uh the nature is unscrupulous
+Nature has no concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature has no concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature has no concern
+apparently uh with what's good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently uh with what's good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently uh with what's good or bad
+for the inhabitants of nature it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the inhabitants of nature it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the inhabitants of nature it's it
+has bigger things to deal with which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has bigger things to deal with which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has bigger things to deal with which is
+their survival of the species uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their survival of the species uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their survival of the species uh the
+continuance of life um all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuance of life um all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuance of life um all kinds of
+considerations that enable it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that enable it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that enable it to
+sacrifice you know the billions of baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice you know the billions of baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice you know the billions of baby
+of baby uh um um oysters or in that o is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baby uh um um oysters or in that o is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baby uh um um oysters or in that o is
+um uh turtles remember who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh turtles remember who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh turtles remember who
+are in eggs in the sand and they come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in eggs in the sand and they come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in eggs in the sand and they come up
+and they nature tells them to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they nature tells them to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they nature tells them to survive
+you got to run like to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to run like to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to run like to get into the
+water and they all do it they do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they all do it they do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and they all do it they do it at
+the same time and doing it at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and doing it at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and doing it at the same
+time makes them an attractive Target CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time makes them an attractive Target CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time makes them an attractive Target CU
+look at all that free food lying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all that free food lying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all that free food lying around
+and so the birds and other creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the birds and other creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the birds and other creatures
+descend upon them and a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend upon them and a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend upon them and a very large
+number of them are destroyed before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them are destroyed before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them are destroyed before they
+get to the water and then in the water a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the water and then in the water a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the water and then in the water a
+lot are destroyed by the sea lions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot are destroyed by the sea lions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot are destroyed by the sea lions and
+other creatures uh so the only FR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other creatures uh so the only FR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other creatures uh so the only FR
+fraction ever survive and and yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction ever survive and and yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction ever survive and and yet the
+ones if you ever see pictures of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you ever see pictures of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones if you ever see pictures of these
+wonderful young creatures running like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful young creatures running like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful young creatures running like
+to get into that water you think what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that water you think what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that water you think what a
+sense of Vitality and then all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of Vitality and then all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of Vitality and then all of a
+sudden they're destroyed well nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden they're destroyed well nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden they're destroyed well nature
+cheats us that way you know it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats us that way you know it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats us that way you know it's no
+guarantee of it gives no guarantees it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of it gives no guarantees it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of it gives no guarantees it
+it uh encourages one and then it knocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh encourages one and then it knocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh encourages one and then it knocks
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+down it's a sort of thing that oron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's a sort of thing that oron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's a sort of thing that oron
+Wells lamented that somebody with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells lamented that somebody with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells lamented that somebody with his
+talents uh was U encouraged to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents uh was U encouraged to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents uh was U encouraged to express
+them and as once he did he was punished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and as once he did he was punished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and as once he did he was punished
+for that well that's what nature always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that well that's what nature always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that well that's what nature always
+does that's could be what devil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's could be what devil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's could be what devil
+represent the devil not devil what death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the devil not devil what death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the devil not devil what death
+represents so worthy worthy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents so worthy worthy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents so worthy worthy of your
+explanation exploration would be what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation exploration would be what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation exploration would be what is
+the meaning of death and the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of death and the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of death and the way in
+which he plays agrees to play a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he plays agrees to play a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he plays agrees to play a game
+which is a life enhancing activity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a life enhancing activity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a life enhancing activity uh
+with this Noble Warrior who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Noble Warrior who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Noble Warrior who is the
+Knight and can he be defeated can death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight and can he be defeated can death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight and can he be defeated can death
+be defeated can he not that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defeated can he not that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defeated can he not that's worth
+exploring in terms of the form is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring in terms of the form is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring in terms of the form is so
+much you could say about seventh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you could say about seventh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you could say about seventh n
+seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+seal will will you do that um yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal will will you do that um yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal will will you do that um yeah I
+mean I'm going to focus on I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to focus on I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm going to focus on I'm going to
+that's going to be part of my focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be part of my focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be part of my focus and
+what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I would like to
+develop some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some sort of
+overall vision of the meaning of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall vision of the meaning of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall vision of the meaning of death
+in the context of the film I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the film I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the film I mean there
+is no no character I Me the Meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no character I Me the Meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no no character I Me the Meaning of
+Life in a sense and there's no like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life in a sense and there's no like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life in a sense and there's no like no
+character really they all have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character really they all have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character really they all have different
+views of the meaning of life and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of the meaning of life and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of the meaning of life and the
+meaning of death and well but one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of death and well but one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of death and well but one point
+you just now made in passing is very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just now made in passing is very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just now made in passing is very uh
+uh promising very interesting which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh promising very interesting which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh promising very interesting which I
+hadn't thought of but is I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't thought of but is I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't thought of but is I don't know
+that I agree which is that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I agree which is that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I agree which is that there's no
+character development that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character development that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character development that they're all
+flat totally now what if that's is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat totally now what if that's is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat totally now what if that's is that
+deal with that in relation to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that in relation to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that in relation to other
+myths is that true of myth making to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths is that true of myth making to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myths is that true of myth making to
+begin with and second there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and second there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with and second there are
+developments in in frce yon the U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in in frce yon the U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in in frce yon the U the
+poet who has the Visions you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet who has the Visions you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poet who has the Visions you know he
+changes uh in the movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in the movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh in the movie and
+um um he know he he at times is willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um he know he he at times is willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um he know he he at times is willing
+to make himself into a Fool in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make himself into a Fool in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make himself into a Fool in The
+Tavern just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tavern just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tavern just to
+survive and yet he also has the noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and yet he also has the noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and yet he also has the noble
+vision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of the
+Virgin and at the end he is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin and at the end he is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin and at the end he is the only one
+who sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who sees
+death except for the night but he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death except for the night but he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death except for the night but he does
+not die is that a way of saying art goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not die is that a way of saying art goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not die is that a way of saying art goes
+on I mean that's the development in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean that's the development in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I mean that's the development in this
+character that also has some great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that also has some great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character that also has some great
+meaning to it what it is is for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to it what it is is for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to it what it is is for you to
+determine and analyze I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and analyze I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and analyze I don't think that
+necessarily makes him not flat I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily makes him not flat I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily makes him not flat I think
+it's we we definitely we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we we definitely we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we we definitely we definitely
+learn more about him in a sense um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about him in a sense um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about him in a sense um but
+as a whole he doesn't seem to undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole he doesn't seem to undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole he doesn't seem to undergo
+any sort of emotional operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of emotional operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of emotional operation you
+could take any any view you want um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take any any view you want um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take any any view you want um but
+bring in the extra research and analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the extra research and analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the extra research and analyze
+it more than you did on the first mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than you did on the first mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than you did on the first mhm
+yeah for the extra search I'm still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for the extra search I'm still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for the extra search I'm still not
+sure what I'm going to I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what I'm going to I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what I'm going to I don't have a
+good idea well there are lots written on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea well there are lots written on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea well there are lots written on
+on bur if you go to Roach you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bur if you go to Roach you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bur if you go to Roach you'll see a
+Shelf full of books about him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf full of books about him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf full of books about him
+particularly this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this one which is
+considered by many people the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered by many people the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered by many people the greatest
+movie ever made one of always one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever made one of always one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever made one of always one of the
+top 10 and it's been around now for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 and it's been around now for 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 10 and it's been around now for 50
+years cuz we're made in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years cuz we're made in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years cuz we're made in the middle of
+the 1950s 55 54 around there so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s 55 54 around there so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s 55 54 around there so you'll
+find lots of material okay but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lots of material okay but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lots of material okay but you've
+got a sech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sech
+okay Lauren um I was uh I watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Lauren um I was uh I watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Lauren um I was uh I watched the
+sun se also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun se also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun se also
+and I'm listening oh okay um i' I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm listening oh okay um i' I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm listening oh okay um i' I'm
+still kind of struggling with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of struggling with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of struggling with it
+I'm I've started writing about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I've started writing about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I've started writing about what is
+the meaning of life and how does uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of life and how does uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of life and how does uh for
+each character and how does this affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each character and how does this affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each character and how does this affect
+their out for each character yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their out for each character yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their out for each character yeah or
+give me an example well I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example well I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example well I'm kind of
+struggling with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with the
+actors uh Mia and Jo like it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors uh Mia and Jo like it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors uh Mia and Jo like it seems
+they're almost like Blind Faith they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost like Blind Faith they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're almost like Blind Faith they're
+really the typical kind of um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the typical kind of um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the typical kind of um they have
+faith in what in in some I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in what in in some I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in what in in some I'm not really
+sure if it's God or what it is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if it's God or what it is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if it's God or what it is it just
+seems that the like Mia always just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that the like Mia always just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that the like Mia always just says
+I'm so happy every day is like the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so happy every day is like the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so happy every day is like the next
+day it seems like they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it seems like they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it seems like they don't really
+think about it they just kind of accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it they just kind of accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it they just kind of accept
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and well I that's an interesting idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well I that's an interesting idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well I that's an interesting idea
+that they have faith because maybe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have faith because maybe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have faith because maybe have
+faith in the goodness of Life yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in the goodness of Life yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in the goodness of Life yeah
+because they have a good life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a good life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a good life
+necessarily and they have a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and they have a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and they have a beautiful
+baby and they love each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and they love each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby and they love each other and
+they're artists who are devoted to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're artists who are devoted to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're artists who are devoted to their
+art that's true and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that's true and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that's true and maybe you
+can't succeed as well as they do uh un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't succeed as well as they do uh un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't succeed as well as they do uh un
+let you unless you do have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you unless you do have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you unless you do have some kind of
+Faith or if only faith in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith or if only faith in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith or if only faith in
+life yeah I'm not necessarily sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah I'm not necessarily sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah I'm not necessarily sure that
+it's a higher power that they have faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a higher power that they have faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a higher power that they have faith
+in well there may be it may be faith in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well there may be it may be faith in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well there may be it may be faith in
+in the Virgin or something that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Virgin or something that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Virgin or something that of the
+sort that job sees in his in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that job sees in his in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that job sees in his in his
+vision uh have you done any outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh have you done any outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision uh have you done any outside
+research yeah I was going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research yeah I was going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research yeah I was going to look at
+probably one of the the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the the resources that
+you had in the meaning of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had in the meaning of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had in the meaning of life
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+um or well but also on the seven SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or well but also on the seven SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or well but also on the seven SE
+research of sort I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of sort I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of sort I just mentioned
+the okay got to you ought to get to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay got to you ought to get to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay got to you ought to get to work
+because there isn't much time really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there isn't much time really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there isn't much time really
+yeah well I kind of changed I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I kind of changed I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I kind of changed I was
+starting to write on uh Dubliners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to write on uh Dubliners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to write on uh Dubliners and
+then I watched the seven seal and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I watched the seven seal and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I watched the seven seal and that
+seemed a lot more healing so I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed a lot more healing so I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed a lot more healing so I'm kind of
+starting over so all right um anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over so all right um anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over so all right um anything
+anybody want to say that can be of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say that can be of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say that can be of help
+to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right Lux okay so I'm running about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right Lux okay so I'm running about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right Lux okay so I'm running about
+imagination and throw your voice now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and throw your voice now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and throw your voice now
+okay I'm writing about imagination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm writing about imagination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm writing about imagination and
+my you're not throwing it okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you're not throwing it okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you're not throwing it okay I'm
+writing about imagination and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about imagination and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about imagination and uh the
+overall theme is how it adds or enhances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall theme is how it adds or enhances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall theme is how it adds or enhances
+meaning in life and the two the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in life and the two the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in life and the two the two
+movies that I'm using are life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that I'm using are life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies that I'm using are life is
+beautiful and Amal so in life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and Amal so in life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and Amal so in life is
+beautiful I talk about how um imag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I talk about how um imag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I talk about how um imag is
+able to add meeting in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add meeting in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to add meeting in such a way that
+it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost
+replaces um what was your first paper B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces um what was your first paper B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces um what was your first paper B
+my first paper of that sexuality in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first paper of that sexuality in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first paper of that sexuality in turn
+of the screw that what sexuality in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screw that what sexuality in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screw that what sexuality in turn
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+screw what in turn of scw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw what in turn of scw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw what in turn of scw
+sexuality sexuality in the turn of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality sexuality in the turn of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexuality sexuality in the turn of the
+screw turn of the screw okay well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw turn of the screw okay well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw turn of the screw okay well then
+this is a different topic yeah this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different topic yeah this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different topic yeah this and
+since you bring in life is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you bring in life is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you bring in life is beautiful
+you're getting beyond the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting beyond the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting beyond the course
+requirements which is uh was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which is uh was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which is uh was what was
+needed what about outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed what about outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed what about outside
+research um so that I haven't decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so that I haven't decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so that I haven't decided on
+yet uh I need to look for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh I need to look for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet uh I need to look for something
+so U there is a DVD of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U there is a DVD of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U there is a DVD of
+am and his bonus material oh I have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and his bonus material oh I have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am and his bonus material oh I have now
+if the bonus material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bonus material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bonus material is
+really new and interesting then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new and interesting then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new and interesting then that
+counts as some outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as some outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as some outside
+research of course you you you only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of course you you you only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of course you you you only had
+to watch the movie in the case of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the movie in the case of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch the movie in the case of life
+is Beau beautiful I assume there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Beau beautiful I assume there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Beau beautiful I assume there is
+already some kind of critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some kind of critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some kind of critical
+literature since it won the Academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature since it won the Academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature since it won the Academy
+Award but you really have to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award but you really have to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Award but you really have to focus on
+that um hold on just a second keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um hold on just a second keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um hold on just a second keep
+watching the time um all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the time um all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the time um all right so what
+are you going to do with those so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do with those so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do with those so with
+life is beautiful I talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is beautiful I talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is beautiful I talk about how
+imagination is able to almost replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is able to almost replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is able to almost replace
+the meeting that would otherwise be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting that would otherwise be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meeting that would otherwise be
+present in life for the boy at least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in life for the boy at least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in life for the boy at least and
+also for the adults because them telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the adults because them telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the adults because them telling
+the boy the story is kind of giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy the story is kind of giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy the story is kind of giving them
+meaning to their life as well and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to their life as well and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to their life as well and in
+Emily I talk about more not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily I talk about more not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily I talk about more not how
+imagination replaces the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination replaces the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination replaces the meaning of
+ordinary life but how it enhances it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but how it enhances it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life but how it enhances it
+especially in the case of Emily because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of Emily because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of Emily because
+she's introverted and it helps her um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's introverted and it helps her um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's introverted and it helps her um
+experience things that she wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience things that she wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience things that she wouldn't
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+um you know I don't know quite what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I don't know quite what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I don't know quite what to
+say to help is there any way even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to help is there any way even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to help is there any way even think
+of um that the others or I can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um that the others or I can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um that the others or I can help you
+with the paper right now I just think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper right now I just think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the paper right now I just think I
+need to I need to start writing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I need to start writing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to I need to start writing because
+I have a sentence outline for the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a sentence outline for the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a sentence outline for the life
+is part I haven't really touch the am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part I haven't really touch the am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part I haven't really touch the am
+part and I think I just need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I think I just need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and I think I just need to start
+writing and as I write I an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and as I write I an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and as I write I an email
+question well you definitely ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you definitely ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you definitely ought to
+get the DVD it's on resered in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the DVD it's on resered in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the DVD it's on resered in the film
+Library yeah I own it oh you own it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library yeah I own it oh you own it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library yeah I own it oh you own it yeah
+fine better yet um and see where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine better yet um and see where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine better yet um and see where that
+leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads
+you uh in the case of am there is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in the case of am there is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in the case of am there is so
+many interesting that are cinemat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting that are cinemat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interesting that are cinemat
+cinematographically um excellent I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematographically um excellent I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematographically um excellent I mean
+they're excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excellent
+cinematography if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography if you
+haven't dealt with that at all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't dealt with that at all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't dealt with that at all in the
+first paper you could bring it in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper you could bring it in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper you could bring it in but
+without that being the focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that being the focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that being the focus of the
+second paper because the second paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper because the second paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second paper because the second paper
+has to go beyond the required work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go beyond the required work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go beyond the required work right
+but uh you could do a lot and see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you could do a lot and see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you could do a lot and see how it
+takes you into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you into other
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+um but as yet you haven't said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as yet you haven't said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as yet you haven't said anything
+about writings that you've read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writings that you've read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writings that you've read that
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+use um at this point well I read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um at this point well I read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um at this point well I read your
+um the chapter that you gave us in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chapter that you gave us in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the chapter that you gave us in your
+book but that was requ that was required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that was requ that was required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but that was requ that was required
+reading right um I think I also gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading right um I think I also gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading right um I think I also gave you
+the chapter on idealization didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on idealization didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on idealization didn't I
+yeah did I give you and either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did I give you and either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did I give you and either the
+chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on
+consummation or no I did yeah but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation or no I did yeah but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation or no I did yeah but not
+the one on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on uh the
+aesthetic did I that's another chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic did I that's another chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic did I that's another chapter
+in the same book and it tries to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same book and it tries to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same book and it tries to bring
+the earlier chapters a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier chapters a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier chapters a little further
+move them a little further uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them a little further uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them a little further uh you you
+might want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay um pet um I'm covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um pet um I'm covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um pet um I'm covering
+concepts of self love and selfishness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of self love and selfishness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of self love and selfishness so
+the contrast between them in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast between them in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast between them in relation to
+what in relation to Pride and Pride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in relation to Pride and Pride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in relation to Pride and Pride and
+Prejudice the movie which I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice the movie which I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prejudice the movie which I need to
+which brings up a point uh you told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings up a point uh you told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings up a point uh you told me
+you you've seen the 1940 version of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've seen the 1940 version of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've seen the 1940 version of it I
+haven't there's also two other new more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't there's also two other new more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't there's also two other new more
+recent versions but I haven't been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent versions but I haven't been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent versions but I haven't been able
+to find the 1940 version anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the 1940 version anyway so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the 1940 version anyway so I
+can't believe that because yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe that because yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe that because yeah it's
+just that's the one that's it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the one that's it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the one that's it's probably
+sold for $5 an hour you could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for $5 an hour you could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold for $5 an hour you could easily
+find it somewhere I could get it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it somewhere I could get it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it somewhere I could get it but I
+can't get it mailed in time that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it mailed in time that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get it mailed in time that's the
+thing it's only they're all online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's only they're all online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's only they're all online and
+they only decided on last week so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only decided on last week so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only decided on last week so that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um well try the do you have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well try the do you have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well try the do you have access to
+the Boston Public Library uh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Public Library uh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Public Library uh no no
+is there any wait a minute anyhow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any wait a minute anyhow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any wait a minute anyhow that
+would be in the film Library did you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the film Library did you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the film Library did you go
+to might no well I I've been to like bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to might no well I I've been to like bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to might no well I I've been to like bu
+and MIT you went to the fourth floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT you went to the fourth floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT you went to the fourth floor of
+building 14 I look I searched for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 14 I look I searched for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 14 I look I searched for it
+online and it wasn't it didn't come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and it wasn't it didn't come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and it wasn't it didn't come out
+online I'm sure it's up there I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'm sure it's up there I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online I'm sure it's up there I can't
+believe it's not up there that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's not up there that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's not up there that wasn't
+there and also your no no call up okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and also your no no call up okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and also your no no call up okay I
+will yeah cuz I I searched everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah cuz I I searched everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yeah cuz I I searched everywhere
+but it wasn't but maybe I should just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't but maybe I should just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it wasn't but maybe I should just go
+talk to someone there Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to someone there Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to someone there Doug
+perie Douglas perg pgy um he's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perie Douglas perg pgy um he's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perie Douglas perg pgy um he's there
+right now because I picked up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because I picked up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now because I picked up something
+from him before coming to class uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him before coming to class uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him before coming to class uh and
+tell him you need it for this course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him you need it for this course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him you need it for this course and
+could you borrow it and I can't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you borrow it and I can't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you borrow it and I can't believe
+that it isn't sitting there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't sitting there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't sitting there on the
+shows the 19 of the 40 Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the 19 of the 40 Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the 19 of the 40 Hollywood
+production yeah of Pride and Prejudice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production yeah of Pride and Prejudice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production yeah of Pride and Prejudice
+there may be a better movie I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a better movie I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a better movie I don't know
+I don't know about the the more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about the the more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about the the more recent
+ones and so but that's one I do know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and so but that's one I do know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and so but that's one I do know so
+there's no reason not to use that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason not to use that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason not to use that yeah
+has Greer Garson in it and I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Greer Garson in it and I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Greer Garson in it and I think uh
+Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence
+Olivier not sure um you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivier not sure um you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivier not sure um you know it's a
+standard successful Hollywood movie it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard successful Hollywood movie it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard successful Hollywood movie it
+may have won some Oscar the time all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have won some Oscar the time all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have won some Oscar the time all
+right but what are you going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what are you going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what are you going to do with
+this sub yeah some of the other works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub yeah some of the other works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub yeah some of the other works
+were um Harmony Harmony in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um Harmony Harmony in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um Harmony Harmony in nature
+Harmony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of
+nature what your book Harmony of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature what your book Harmony of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature what your book Harmony of nature
+oh you you're going use that no no but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you you're going use that no no but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you you're going use that no no but I
+mean um um are you going to use Jane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um um are you going to use Jane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um um are you going to use Jane
+Austin who who wrote the novel that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin who who wrote the novel that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austin who who wrote the novel that the
+movies using the the movies yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies using the the movies yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies using the the movies yeah but
+it's all right to look at Harmony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right to look at Harmony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right to look at Harmony of
+Nature and spirit but it's um thin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit but it's um thin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit but it's um thin in
+terms of the specific use that you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the specific use that you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the specific use that you made
+right well well I don't know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well well I don't know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well well I don't know you you
+told me you should look at that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me you should look at that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me you should look at that last
+week so I've been trying to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so I've been trying to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so I've been trying to look for
+that but it's not in the library it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's not in the library it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's not in the library it's
+listed as I don't know it's listed as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed as I don't know it's listed as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed as I don't know it's listed as in
+library but the books AR no it's stolen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library but the books AR no it's stolen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library but the books AR no it's stolen
+I'm very lucky that it uh or else it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very lucky that it uh or else it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very lucky that it uh or else it's
+uh in the commod reserving did you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the commod reserving did you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the commod reserving did you try
+that yeah it's definitely not I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's definitely not I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's definitely not I have it
+on waiting I have it on search actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on waiting I have it on search actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on waiting I have it on search actually
+I put it on search few times already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it on search few times already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it on search few times already but
+more important than those fols of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than those fols of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than those fols of mine
+are um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um uh
+film studies that deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film studies that deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film studies that deal with
+technique and that are about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and that are about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and that are about for
+instance the Hollywood movie that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the Hollywood movie that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the Hollywood movie that I'm
+sure there are books written about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there are books written about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there are books written about that
+you should in roach you should be roach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should in roach you should be roach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should in roach you should be roach
+you should be able to find something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to find something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to find something on
+the move on the uh Hollywood movie there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move on the uh Hollywood movie there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the move on the uh Hollywood movie there
+yeah so what you've told me now doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you've told me now doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you've told me now doesn't
+add up to much so I'm a little worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to much so I'm a little worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to much so I'm a little worried
+well no I mean I trying to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no I mean I trying to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no I mean I trying to explain to
+you what I I know I looked at works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I I know I looked at works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I I know I looked at works with
+me and and no no no no you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and no no no no you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and no no no no you're getting
+too far field that I think You' got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far field that I think You' got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far field that I think You' got to
+this is zero in on some topic that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero in on some topic that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero in on some topic that you
+can work on concretely and in detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on concretely and in detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work on concretely and in detail in
+relation to something that's relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to something that's relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to something that's relevant to
+philosophy and film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and film
+yeah well the things I've been telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the things I've been telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well the things I've been telling
+you actually you told me to look at last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you told me to look at last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually you told me to look at last
+week so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so
+I no that I I have some suggestions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no that I I have some suggestions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I no that I I have some suggestions but
+most of the research is up to you PR cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the research is up to you PR cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the research is up to you PR cuz
+I I can't I don't want to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't I don't want to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't I don't want to tell you what
+topic you should follow it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you should follow it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you should follow it's going to be
+something that matters to you yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that matters to you yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that matters to you yeah and
+then you have to follow the trail to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to follow the trail to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to follow the trail to uh
+something that you will be proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will be proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you will be proud of
+no um is there anything any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um is there anything any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um is there anything any specific
+question you want to ask now right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you want to ask now right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you want to ask now right now
+no can anyone else help Peter in this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no can anyone else help Peter in this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no can anyone else help Peter in this if
+you have any advice or anything you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any advice or anything you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any advice or anything you want
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+all right the um paper is due today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the um paper is due today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the um paper is due today but
+I said I give you all an extension the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I give you all an extension the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I give you all an extension the
+grades to do a week from today or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades to do a week from today or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades to do a week from today or
+tomorrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and
+um I need some time to do your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need some time to do your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I need some time to do your papers
+Justice and papers of my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and papers of my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice and papers of my other
+course um so I can't give you much of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so I can't give you much of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so I can't give you much of an
+extension um going around the class can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension um going around the class can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension um going around the class can
+you tell me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me two
+things when you can finish it and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you can finish it and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when you can finish it and get it
+to me you're not instead you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you're not instead you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you're not instead you're not
+writing a paper you're not writing paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper you're not writing paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a paper you're not writing paper
+s you're not writing a paper no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you're not writing a paper no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you're not writing a paper no you
+don't have to just that I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just that I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just that I've had
+listeners who wanted to and I graded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners who wanted to and I graded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners who wanted to and I graded
+them like everybody else's um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like everybody else's um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like everybody else's um but they
+were just listeners like you but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just listeners like you but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just listeners like you but there's
+no reason why you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um two two questions one when can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two two questions one when can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two two questions one when can you
+definitely get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get it to
+me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and
+two ideally how much time do you need if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideally how much time do you need if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideally how much time do you need if
+you could do it and really do a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it and really do a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it and really do a good job
+ideally what would the date be at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what would the date be at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally what would the date be at which
+you would hand it in I and I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would hand it in I and I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would hand it in I and I'll tell you
+as we go along what what is possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along what what is possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along what what is possible and
+what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not
+possible so why don't we start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so why don't we start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so why don't we start again
+with Miguel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Miguel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Miguel
+Thursday the latest Thursday and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the latest Thursday and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the latest Thursday and that is
+which this ideal or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this ideal or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this ideal or both
+both all right um I think I ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both all right um I think I ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both all right um I think I ought to
+make a note of this for each of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there a pen do you have a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inste thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there how about you ready I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how about you ready I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how about you ready I'd like to
+get him by Thursday but my ideal du day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him by Thursday but my ideal du day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him by Thursday but my ideal du day
+would be Friday probably because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Friday probably because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Friday probably because I
+Friday because I also have another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday because I also have another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday because I also have another uh
+pretty heavy lab supp no I understand no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy lab supp no I understand no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy lab supp no I understand no
+no you don't have to U justify it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't have to U justify it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't have to U justify it I
+appreciate and I sympathize with you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and I sympathize with you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and I sympathize with you the
+time of strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of strain
+and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making
+do um now I can't find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards okay um what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay um what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards okay um what I'm going to do is
+put you down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you down for
+Thursday and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and if you
+really say it you get in touch with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it you get in touch with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say it you get in touch with me
+and say I finished it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I finished it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I finished it
+um but if I could have another day then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I could have another day then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I could have another day then
+I'll see what state I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Friday I know I'm leaving town so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Friday I know I'm leaving town so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Friday I know I'm leaving town so you
+maybe you may be in Peril if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you may be in Peril if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you may be in Peril if you don't
+live up to these expectations I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live up to these expectations I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live up to these expectations I think if
+I get get your P was by Thursday I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manage um uh d uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage um uh d uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage um uh d uh
+I can get to you by Wednesday I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get to you by Wednesday I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get to you by Wednesday I guess
+the ideal would be Thursday ideal ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal would be Thursday ideal ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal would be Thursday ideal ideal
+would be Thursday all right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Thursday all right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Thursday all right so it's
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also naturally if I get it earlier then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also naturally if I get it earlier then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also naturally if I get it earlier then
+I can have more time for that paper it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have more time for that paper it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have more time for that paper it's
+one among the others I may get tired or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among the others I may get tired or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among the others I may get tired or
+one thing or another uh Catherine um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing or another uh Catherine um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing or another uh Catherine um I
+think I could get it in by Thursday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could get it in by Thursday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I could get it in by Thursday but
+ideally Friday but if you're going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally Friday but if you're going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally Friday but if you're going out
+of town I'll try for Thursday okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+car um so I could get to you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um so I could get to you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um so I could get to you on
+Wednesday great okay that'll help okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday great okay that'll help okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday great okay that'll help okay
+but ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Friday SS like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday SS like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday SS like
+Wednesday no we make it Friday make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday no we make it Friday make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday no we make it Friday make it
+Wednesday or Thursday but Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday or Thursday but Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday or Thursday but Wednesday
+would be better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as you see since I'm agreeing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you see since I'm agreeing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you see since I'm agreeing to
+other people getting it on Thursday when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people getting it on Thursday when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people getting it on Thursday when
+I say it would be better only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it would be better only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say it would be better only in the
+sense that it would you know give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it would you know give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it would you know give you
+priority but um you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority but um you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority but um you won't be
+uh marked down because it comes in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marked down because it comes in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh marked down because it comes in on
+Thursday it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does um Lauren um I can do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does um Lauren um I can do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does um Lauren um I can do it on
+Thursday and I'm going to try really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and I'm going to try really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and I'm going to try really
+hard I get would be Friday but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I get would be Friday but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I get would be Friday but I'm going
+to try really hard to do it by Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try really hard to do it by Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try really hard to do it by Thursday
+I don't understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand about
+Friday uh ideally it's Friday but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday uh ideally it's Friday but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday uh ideally it's Friday but I'm
+going to really try to get it in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really try to get it in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really try to get it in on
+Thursday okay well let's put you down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay well let's put you down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay well let's put you down
+for Thursday try for Thursday in is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday try for Thursday in is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday try for Thursday in is it
+Friday in the morning that you need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday in the morning that you need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday in the morning that you need it
+uh yeah you're leaving Friday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you're leaving Friday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you're leaving Friday afternoon
+well but I'm going with other people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I'm going with other people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I'm going with other people I
+know the time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Le I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le I was looking
+Friday no it's too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thursday okay I so I'm not actually sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay I so I'm not actually sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay I so I'm not actually sure
+I can finish it by Thursday um but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can finish it by Thursday um but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can finish it by Thursday um but then
+you'll have to be in touch with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to be in touch with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to be in touch with me
+right um and Peter uh Thursday Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and Peter uh Thursday Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and Peter uh Thursday Thursday
+yeah I had don't let this discourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I had don't let this discourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I had don't let this discourage you
+Peter but I had the feeling that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter but I had the feeling that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter but I had the feeling that you
+really haven't made much progress yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't made much progress yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really haven't made much progress yet so
+yeah there is much Tommy you really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is much Tommy you really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there is much Tommy you really got
+to I I have been looking around turn but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I have been looking around turn but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I have been looking around turn but
+no you've got to not just look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you've got to not just look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you've got to not just look around
+but start writing and right and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but start writing and right and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but start writing and right and doing
+concrete research and know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete research and know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete research and know what you're
+going to do right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do right away
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um you all know how to reach me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you all know how to reach me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you all know how to reach me by
+email and in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and in terms of a
+crisis um you you ought to write down my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis um you you ought to write down my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis um you you ought to write down my
+phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I see that it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I see that it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I see that it's about
+time for um us to to go watch the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for um us to to go watch the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for um us to to go watch the film
+it's actually a little bit more than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a little bit more than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a little bit more than an
+hour and a half slightly more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half slightly more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half slightly more than
+anything so well you're going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so well you're going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so well you're going to walk
+over um so why don't we terminate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um so why don't we terminate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um so why don't we terminate now
+and let me come on say farewell for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me come on say farewell for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me come on say farewell for this
+course to the viewing audience out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to the viewing audience out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to the viewing audience out there
+uh in hypers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in hypers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in hypers
+hyperspace and I hope to see you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspace and I hope to see you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspace and I hope to see you again
+in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another
+course byebye
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gVdrFsnOo_s.txt b/gVdrFsnOo_s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fb99abae8b75350ff7a3559843d66b5b5c71c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gVdrFsnOo_s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's get started. Welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's get started. Welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's get started. Welcome
+back to 61200. Uh, today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 61200. Uh, today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 61200. Uh, today we're going to
+talk about state machines, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about state machines, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about state machines, which is a
+very cool tool for thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool tool for thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool tool for thinking about uh
+processes over time. And in because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes over time. And in because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes over time. And in because this
+is math for computer science in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is math for computer science in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is math for computer science in
+particular, we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we're thinking about
+analyzing algorithms that do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing algorithms that do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing algorithms that do a bunch of
+steps and the state of the machine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and the state of the machine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and the state of the machine uh
+changes over time like the state of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time like the state of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes over time like the state of your
+memory changes and state machines are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory changes and state machines are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory changes and state machines are a
+nice way to reason about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to reason about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to reason about how it's
+changing. In particular, we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. In particular, we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. In particular, we'll talk
+about an idea called invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an idea called invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an idea called invariance
+uh which you use to prove algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you use to prove algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you use to prove algorithms and
+programs correct and you or you will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs correct and you or you will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs correct and you or you will in
+the future. And so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. And so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. And so today we're going to
+formalize that into uh a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that into uh a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that into uh a kind of
+induction actually. Uh you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction actually. Uh you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction actually. Uh you haven't seen
+the end of induction yet. Uh so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of induction yet. Uh so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of induction yet. Uh so let me
+tell you a little bit about what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about what state
+machines are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are.
+Then we'll prove some things and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we'll prove some things and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we'll prove some things and apply
+them to analyzing puzzles and other fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to analyzing puzzles and other fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to analyzing puzzles and other fun
+stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a state machine is going to consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a state machine is going to consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a state machine is going to consist
+of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two things
+uh three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three things
+um a set of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the idea this is just an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea this is just an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea this is just an arbitrary
+set but the idea is that the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but the idea is that the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but the idea is that the state of
+your machine represents everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine represents everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine represents everything that
+could possibly be in the machine all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be in the machine all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly be in the machine all the
+information that lets you that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that lets you that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that lets you that that's
+inside the machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the machine.
+uh we're going to start in some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to start in some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to start in some state
+which we call Q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to be an element of Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an element of Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an element of Q and
+then we are allowed some transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transition as Q arrow R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition as Q arrow R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition as Q arrow R
+uh for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q and R that are states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh let me draw you an example very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let me draw you an example very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let me draw you an example very
+simple example of a state machine so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of a state machine so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of a state machine so we
+have some idea of what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what we're talking
+about. This is going to be an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This is going to be an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This is going to be an infinite
+counter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to draw it visually first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw it visually first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw it visually first and
+then we can say what it means with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can say what it means with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can say what it means with all
+these sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just dot dot dot. Maybe I'll do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just dot dot dot. Maybe I'll do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just dot dot dot. Maybe I'll do one
+more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is a machine. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a machine. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a machine. You can
+think of it as a single uh register on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a single uh register on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a single uh register on
+your machine, single variable. It starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine, single variable. It starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine, single variable. It starts
+at zero. This little notation here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero. This little notation here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero. This little notation here means
+start state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state.
+Um there's there's an arrow coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's there's an arrow coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's there's an arrow coming from
+nowhere. So that's where you start. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere. So that's where you start. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere. So that's where you start. You
+start in state called zero. So the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state called zero. So the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state called zero. So the set
+of states here is 0 1 2 3 and so on. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states here is 0 1 2 3 and so on. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states here is 0 1 2 3 and so on. In
+other words, the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, the natural numbers
+Okay. And then when you're in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then when you're in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then when you're in state
+zero, the only transition you can do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, the only transition you can do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, the only transition you can do,
+the only arrow that goes out from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only arrow that goes out from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only arrow that goes out from there
+is from zero to one. And once you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from zero to one. And once you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from zero to one. And once you're in
+state one, the only thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one, the only thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one, the only thing you can do is
+go from one to two. At some point, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one to two. At some point, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one to two. At some point, you
+decide to increment, then you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to increment, then you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to increment, then you go from
+two to three. Some point you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three. Some point you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three. Some point you decide to
+increment and you go from three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and you go from three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment and you go from three to four
+and so on. So this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. So this is a very simple
+state machine. It turns out it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine. It turns out it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine. It turns out it will be
+interesting for certain reasons. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for certain reasons. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for certain reasons. But uh
+in general, you could imagine having all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, you could imagine having all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general, you could imagine having all
+sorts of arrows. Maybe one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of arrows. Maybe one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of arrows. Maybe one has a
+transition to three for example or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to three for example or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to three for example or maybe
+three has a transition to one. All of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has a transition to one. All of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three has a transition to one. All of
+these are possible. You can have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are possible. You can have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are possible. You can have one
+state that has many transitions out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has many transitions out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has many transitions out of
+it. You can go in loops. You can do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You can go in loops. You can do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. You can go in loops. You can do all
+sorts of crazy things. Uh but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of crazy things. Uh but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of crazy things. Uh but let me
+finish precisely specifying the counter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish precisely specifying the counter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish precisely specifying the counter.
+Okay. So we said uh here Q0 equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we said uh here Q0 equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we said uh here Q0 equals the
+state zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state zero.
+And uh what are the transitions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh what are the transitions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh what are the transitions?
+transitions are all of the um i to i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are all of the um i to i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are all of the um i to i +
+one transitions where i is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transitions where i is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transitions where i is a natural
+number. May recall this set builder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. May recall this set builder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. May recall this set builder
+notation from lecture one I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation from lecture one I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation from lecture one I think uh
+where we write an element on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we write an element on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we write an element on the left
+and we write some condition on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we write some condition on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we write some condition on the right
+and so the idea is t is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is t is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is t is the set of all
+of these transitions i to i + one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transitions i to i + one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transitions i to i + one for
+every i that's a natural number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every i that's a natural number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every i that's a natural number.
+Okay, so that's an example. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's an example. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's an example. But in
+general, we can have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we can have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, we can have all sorts of
+transitions from any state to any state,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from any state to any state,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from any state to any state,
+but you're only allowed to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're only allowed to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're only allowed to make the
+transitions that are in t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that are in t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that are in t.
+So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formalize that with the idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that with the idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that with the idea of an
+execution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to be a sequence of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be a sequence of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be a sequence of states
+that uh you can reach by a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can reach by a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can reach by a sequence of
+transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions.
+So uh let's write it as Q0 arrow Q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's write it as Q0 arrow Q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's write it as Q0 arrow Q1
+arrow Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow Q2
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maybe up to QN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And importantly, every transition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And importantly, every transition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And importantly, every transition we
+make for all I qi to qi plus one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for all I qi to qi plus one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for all I qi to qi plus one should
+be in t, not just any set of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in t, not just any set of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in t, not just any set of states
+here. We want to start in Q0, our start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We want to start in Q0, our start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We want to start in Q0, our start
+state. We want to then make a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. We want to then make a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. We want to then make a valid
+transition from Q0 to Q1. Then a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from Q0 to Q1. Then a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from Q0 to Q1. Then a valid
+transition from Q1 to Q2 and so on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from Q1 to Q2 and so on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from Q1 to Q2 and so on. So
+in this example, the executions are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example, the executions are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example, the executions are very
+simple. In the in the regular counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. In the in the regular counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. In the in the regular counter
+without the red lines, the executions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the red lines, the executions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the red lines, the executions
+are just 0123, that's one execution. 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just 0123, that's one execution. 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just 0123, that's one execution. 0 1
+2 3 4 5 That's another execution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 That's another execution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 That's another execution.
+There's an infinite execution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an infinite execution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an infinite execution which is
+zero all the way out to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the way out to infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the way out to infinity.
+Uh that's why I put this in parenthesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's why I put this in parenthesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's why I put this in parenthesis.
+Either it stops at some qn or just or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either it stops at some qn or just or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either it stops at some qn or just or
+the dot dot dot continues off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot dot dot continues off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot dot dot continues off to
+infinity. So trying to simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So trying to simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. So trying to simultaneously
+define finite executions where you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define finite executions where you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define finite executions where you stop
+at qn and infinite executions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at qn and infinite executions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at qn and infinite executions where you
+go forever. When you write an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forever. When you write an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forever. When you write an algorithm
+or a piece of code, you usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a piece of code, you usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a piece of code, you usually don't
+want your program to go forever. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your program to go forever. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your program to go forever. And so
+distinguishing between infinite and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing between infinite and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing between infinite and and
+finite executions is one of the goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite executions is one of the goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite executions is one of the goals of
+this lecture. It'll come at the end. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture. It'll come at the end. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture. It'll come at the end. The
+other goal is to show that your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other goal is to show that your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other goal is to show that your program
+is correct in a certain sense that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct in a certain sense that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct in a certain sense that in
+any execution it does the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any execution it does the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any execution it does the things that
+you want it to do. So that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to do. So that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to do. So that's what we're
+going to formalize in a moment. But let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to formalize in a moment. But let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to formalize in a moment. But let
+me first talk about reachable states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first talk about reachable states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me first talk about reachable states.
+The idea of reachability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to call a state R reachable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call a state R reachable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call a state R reachable if
+there is an execution that starts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an execution that starts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an execution that starts at the
+start state Q0 and ends at R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state Q0 and ends at R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state Q0 and ends at R.
+Okay, so in the counter example, every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in the counter example, every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in the counter example, every
+state can be reached. If I pick a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be reached. If I pick a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be reached. If I pick a state
+I, I can go 0 1 2 3 up to I. But if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, I can go 0 1 2 3 up to I. But if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, I can go 0 1 2 3 up to I. But if I
+drew some other circle over here like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew some other circle over here like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew some other circle over here like uh
+bad with no arrows coming into it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad with no arrows coming into it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad with no arrows coming into it, you
+can't reach bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reach bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't reach bad.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so usually we're only interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually we're only interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually we're only interested in the
+reachable states because you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states because you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states because you can't get
+anywhere else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I feel like I should make a reacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I should make a reacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I should make a reacher
+joke, but I don't can't think of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um I think
+at this point I want to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I want to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point I want to talk about a
+more interesting example and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example and then we
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the interesting example is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the interesting example is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the interesting example is this uh
+it's called the eight puzzle. You have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the eight puzzle. You have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the eight puzzle. You have a
+3x3 grid with one hole and one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 grid with one hole and one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 grid with one hole and one by one
+pieces in it and you can slide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in it and you can slide them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in it and you can slide them
+around. And so this is the solve state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And so this is the solve state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And so this is the solve state.
+Your goal is to get here. But you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your goal is to get here. But you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your goal is to get here. But you start
+in some random state and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some random state and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some random state and you want to
+move the pieces around to get there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the pieces around to get there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the pieces around to get there.
+Uh so what we'd like to do is capture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what we'd like to do is capture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what we'd like to do is capture uh
+how to solve this puzzle or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve this puzzle or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve this puzzle or actually
+maybe more interestingly is when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more interestingly is when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more interestingly is when it's
+solvable. So here for example, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable. So here for example, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable. So here for example, I'm
+almost solved 1 2 3 4 65 78. I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost solved 1 2 3 4 65 78. I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost solved 1 2 3 4 65 78. I wanted to
+get into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Uh it turns
+out that puzzle is not solvable. I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that puzzle is not solvable. I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that puzzle is not solvable. I claim
+it's impossible to get from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to get from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to get from here to the
+goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal.
+So let's talk about the eight puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+so I have some examples here. One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have some examples here. One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have some examples here. One,
+three, four, two, five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, two, five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four, two, five,
+seven, eight, six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Going to one, two, three, four, five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going to one, two, three, four, five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going to one, two, three, four, five,
+six, seven, eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or
+this one. One, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. One, two, three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. One, two, three,
+four, six, five, seven, eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, six, five, seven, eight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, six, five, seven, eight.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+hopefully the rules are clear. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the rules are clear. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the rules are clear. We'll
+formalize them in a second. Um, I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize them in a second. Um, I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize them in a second. Um, I claim
+it is possible to go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to go from this
+arrangement to this arrangement. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement to this arrangement. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement to this arrangement. It's
+actually quite easy. You move the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy. You move the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy. You move the three
+over, you move the two up, you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, you move the two up, you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, you move the two up, you move the
+five over, you move the six up. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five over, you move the six up. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five over, you move the six up. Okay, so
+this is possible. I claim this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is possible. I claim this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is possible. I claim this one is
+impossible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible.
+And one of the goal, our first goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the goal, our first goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the goal, our first goal
+really is to prove that that you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is to prove that that you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is to prove that that you cannot
+swap the five and the six by themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the five and the six by themselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the five and the six by themselves.
+Okay, we're going to build up tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to build up tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to build up tools to
+do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let me define let me uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me define let me uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me define let me uh so the
+counter was a very simple state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter was a very simple state machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter was a very simple state machine.
+Let me now define a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me now define a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me now define a more interesting
+state machine which is the eight puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, remember the set of states Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember the set of states Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember the set of states Q is
+supposed to encapsulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to encapsulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to encapsulate
+everything about the puzzle or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the puzzle or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the puzzle or your
+system or whatever. Uh, so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or whatever. Uh, so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or whatever. Uh, so this is going
+to be all the different arrangements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all the different arrangements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all the different arrangements of
+the eight pieces plus a blank in a 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight pieces plus a blank in a 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight pieces plus a blank in a 3x3
+grid. So I'm just going to write that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid. So I'm just going to write that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid. So I'm just going to write that in
+words. All possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. All possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. All possible
+arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of eight I'm going to call them of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight I'm going to call them of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eight I'm going to call them of uh
+one two three up to eight and the blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a 3x3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 3x3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 3x3.
+In later parts of the class we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In later parts of the class we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In later parts of the class we'll be
+able to count how many of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to count how many of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to count how many of these things
+there are. It's nine factorial, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are. It's nine factorial, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are. It's nine factorial, but uh
+we don't really care how many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care how many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really care how many there are
+right now. We just want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. We just want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. We just want to think about
+this as a set of all the possible states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a set of all the possible states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a set of all the possible states
+of this board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this board.
+Okay, our start state, well, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, our start state, well, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, our start state, well, that's
+either this one or this one depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this one or this one depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either this one or this one depending on
+where we want to start. Um we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to start. Um we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to start. Um we're also
+going to define a final state Q subf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a final state Q subf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a final state Q subf and
+that is uh sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh sorted
+uh by reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is Q subf reading order like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is Q subf reading order like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is Q subf reading order like in
+English you read the top row, second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you read the top row, second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English you read the top row, second
+row, third row with the X at the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, third row with the X at the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row, third row with the X at the end.
+That's always our goal in this puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's always our goal in this puzzle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's always our goal in this puzzle.
+That's our definition. Uh and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's our definition. Uh and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's our definition. Uh and then uh
+what about the transitions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the transitions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the transitions?
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+transitions are going to look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to look like um
+some Q to R for two states Q and R. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q to R for two states Q and R. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q to R for two states Q and R. And
+it's when you can get from Q to R by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you can get from Q to R by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when you can get from Q to R by
+making one slide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one slide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one slide.
+I'm just going to write that in words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write that in words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write that in words.
+Can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can get
+from state Q that 3x3 grid to state R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state Q that 3x3 grid to state R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from state Q that 3x3 grid to state R in
+one slide. meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slide. meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slide. meaning
+meaning you exchange the blank the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you exchange the blank the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you exchange the blank the X
+with one of its neighboring cells. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of its neighboring cells. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of its neighboring cells. So in
+particular there is at most four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there is at most four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there is at most four
+different uh transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh transitions
+from any state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You could move the thing above the blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could move the thing above the blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could move the thing above the blank
+into the blank. You move the left,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blank. You move the left,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the blank. You move the left,
+right, or below the blank into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, or below the blank into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, or below the blank into the
+blank. But if it's on the boundary, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank. But if it's on the boundary, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank. But if it's on the boundary, you
+have fewer than four moves. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer than four moves. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer than four moves. Okay, so
+hopefully now I've said it enough times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now I've said it enough times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully now I've said it enough times
+the rules are clear if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are clear if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are clear if you haven't
+played this game before. 15 puzzle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this game before. 15 puzzle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this game before. 15 puzzle is
+much more common,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more common,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more common,
+but eight puzzle is a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eight puzzle is a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but eight puzzle is a little easier to
+think about. Smaller pictures, easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Smaller pictures, easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. Smaller pictures, easier to
+draw, and I could actually solve it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, and I could actually solve it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, and I could actually solve it in a
+reasonable amount of time. Um, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time. Um, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time. Um, okay. So,
+uh, this is a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we want to prove. You cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to prove. You cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to prove. You cannot get
+from this state with five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this state with five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this state with five and six
+flipped into this state. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped into this state. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped into this state. And so now
+we're going to build some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build some some
+technology to do that. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to do that. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to do that. And that
+technology is an uh first part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is an uh first part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is an uh first part of it is
+called a state predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a state predicate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a state predicate.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+we've seen predicates before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predicate is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a proposition that's depends on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition that's depends on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposition that's depends on some
+variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable.
+And here the variable is a state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the variable is a state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the variable is a state.
+So p of q is either true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So p of q is either true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So p of q is either true or false
+depending on which state you are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which state you are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which state you are looking
+at. You can also think of this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. You can also think of this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. You can also think of this if you're
+comfortable with functions. We'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with functions. We'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with functions. We'll talk
+more about functions later in the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about functions later in the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about functions later in the class.
+This is a function from Q to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a function from Q to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a function from Q to the
+booleans, true or false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booleans, true or false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booleans, true or false.
+It's an equivalent way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an equivalent way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an equivalent way to think about
+it, whatever you're more comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, whatever you're more comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, whatever you're more comfortable
+with. For every state, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. For every state, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. For every state, we're going to
+this predicate assigns true or false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicate assigns true or false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this predicate assigns true or false.
+Okay. Now, we're going to define uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, we're going to define uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, we're going to define uh two
+types of predicates that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of predicates that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of predicates that are
+particularly interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting.
+A predicate is preserved if whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A predicate is preserved if whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A predicate is preserved if whenever
+there's a transition from Q to R,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition from Q to R,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition from Q to R,
+uh, P of Q implies P of R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What does that mean? It means that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that mean? It means that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that mean? It means that if I
+start in some state where P is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in some state where P is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in some state where P is true and
+I do a transition, then P remains true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a transition, then P remains true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a transition, then P remains true.
+So it's the truth of P is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the truth of P is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the truth of P is preserved
+along transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along transitions.
+Okay, we'll make this concrete in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll make this concrete in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we'll make this concrete in a
+second. Second important notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Second important notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Second important notion
+is called an invariant or invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an invariant or invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called an invariant or invariant
+state predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state predicate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state predicate.
+If uh P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh P of Q
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+for all reachable states Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crucially in this definition definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crucially in this definition definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crucially in this definition definition
+we're only interested in the reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in the reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in the reachable
+states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states.
+Uh that's kind of important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's kind of important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's kind of important for the
+eight puzzle because we claim some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puzzle because we claim some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puzzle because we claim some
+states are unreachable. Like if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are unreachable. Like if I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are unreachable. Like if I start
+here the claim is that this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the claim is that this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the claim is that this one is
+unreachable. That's what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreachable. That's what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreachable. That's what we'd like to
+prove actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so this seems useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this seems useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this seems useful.
+Um in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's write this fun fact. Uh if P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this fun fact. Uh if P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this fun fact. Uh if P of Q
+is invariant, meaning it's true in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant, meaning it's true in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant, meaning it's true in all
+reachable states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+p of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of q
+is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+for maybe I'll write p of r here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe I'll write p of r here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe I'll write p of r here
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+r is unreachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's pretty much by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty much by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty much by definition
+and maybe the contraositive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the contraositive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the contraositive this is
+saying for uh invariant means that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for uh invariant means that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for uh invariant means that for
+all reachable states p of q must be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reachable states p of q must be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reachable states p of q must be true
+so if I can find a particular state R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can find a particular state R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I can find a particular state R
+where P is false. That means you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where P is false. That means you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where P is false. That means you cannot
+reach it. And that's what we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it. And that's what we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach it. And that's what we'd like to
+show, right? We'd like to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show, right? We'd like to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show, right? We'd like to show this
+state is unreachable from this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is unreachable from this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is unreachable from this one.
+So maybe we can use these state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe we can use these state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe we can use these state
+predicates to do that. And indeed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates to do that. And indeed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicates to do that. And indeed we
+can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me tell you another tool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh you know how do we prove that a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you know how do we prove that a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you know how do we prove that a state
+predicate is invariant?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is invariant?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate is invariant?
+Uh this seems a little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this seems a little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this seems a little bit tricky
+because this is talking about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is talking about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is talking about all
+reachable states. Reachable states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states. Reachable states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states. Reachable states is
+like huge. I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge. I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like huge. I don't know.
+Preserved seems relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preserved seems relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preserved seems relatively easy to
+prove. This is just saying for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. This is just saying for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. This is just saying for each
+transition something implies something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition something implies something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition something implies something.
+So I'd like to prove preservedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'd like to prove preservedness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'd like to prove preservedness
+and I'd like to use that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to use that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to use that to get
+invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant.
+And we're going to do that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to do that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to do that using
+induction. But a particular form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. But a particular form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. But a particular form of
+induction called the invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction called the invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction called the invariant
+principle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is for a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is for a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is for a state
+predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate
+P of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+P of Q0 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh P of Q is invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Get it right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it right.
+Observed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+P of Q is invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is what I said I wanted. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is what I said I wanted. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is what I said I wanted. Uh
+on the one hand, invariant seemed hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand, invariant seemed hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand, invariant seemed hard
+to argue. Preserve seemed easy to argue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue. Preserve seemed easy to argue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue. Preserve seemed easy to argue.
+And this is a theorem that connects them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a theorem that connects them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a theorem that connects them
+in the way that we want. It says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we want. It says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we want. It says if you
+can prove preserved and you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove preserved and you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove preserved and you can prove
+that P is true in the very initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is true in the very initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is true in the very initial
+state, then it must be invariant. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, then it must be invariant. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, then it must be invariant. I
+think this is intuitive, right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is intuitive, right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is intuitive, right? If you
+start true and preserve says every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start true and preserve says every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start true and preserve says every time
+you do a transition you stay true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a transition you stay true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a transition you stay true then
+you're always going to be true in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to be true in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to be true in any
+reachable state anywhere you can get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh in fact this is induction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh in fact this is induction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh in fact this is induction in
+another form. So if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form. So if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form. So if you recall
+in the past which I happen to have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past which I happen to have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past which I happen to have right
+here induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here induction
+we have regular induction says uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have regular induction says uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have regular induction says uh for
+predicate p of n over natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate p of n over natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate p of n over natural numbers
+instead of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of states
+uh if p of zero is true and for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if p of zero is true and for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if p of zero is true and for every
+natural number p of n implies p of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number p of n implies p of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number p of n implies p of n is
+n plus one is true then for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one is true then for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one is true then for every
+natural number p of n is true. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number p of n is true. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number p of n is true. Okay,
+this is saying uh the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying uh the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying uh the same thing
+actually it's exactly the same thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's exactly the same thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's exactly the same thing if
+you apply this invariant principle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply this invariant principle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply this invariant principle to
+this counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this counter
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right in the counter the states are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the counter the states are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the counter the states are the
+natural numbers and the transitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and the transitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers and the transitions are
+exactly going from i to i + 1 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly going from i to i + 1 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly going from i to i + 1 okay so
+the invariant principle is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invariant principle is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invariant principle is actually a
+generalization of the induction axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the induction axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the induction axiom
+uh the special case here where we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the special case here where we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the special case here where we plug
+in the counter as a state machine. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the counter as a state machine. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the counter as a state machine. This
+is true for all state machines. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for all state machines. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true for all state machines. And if
+we plug in the counter for our state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the counter for our state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the counter for our state
+machine, we get exactly the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, we get exactly the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, we get exactly the induction
+aim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is our base case in some sense. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is our base case in some sense. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is our base case in some sense. We
+prove that uh P is true in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that uh P is true in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that uh P is true in the initial
+state. This is our induction step. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. This is our induction step. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. This is our induction step. It
+says that if we start at Q and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we start at Q and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we start at Q and we
+transition to some other R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to some other R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to some other R that's
+reachable via transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable via transition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable via transition.
+uh and in the particular case of counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the particular case of counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in the particular case of counter
+m counter that is going from Q to Q plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m counter that is going from Q to Q plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m counter that is going from Q to Q plus
+one then we get that P of Q is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we get that P of Q is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we get that P of Q is true for
+all reachable states and in the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reachable states and in the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reachable states and in the counter
+everything is reachable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reachable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is reachable.
+Okay, so invariant principle implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so invariant principle implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so invariant principle implies
+induction aom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction aom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction aom.
+Uh, conversely, we can prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, conversely, we can prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, conversely, we can prove the
+invariant principle using induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant principle using induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant principle using induction.
+Maybe it's useful to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe it's useful to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe it's useful to see
+that proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's prove the invariant principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's prove the invariant principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's prove the invariant principle
+uh by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's not so obvious how exactly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not so obvious how exactly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not so obvious how exactly but
+the idea is to specify a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to specify a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to specify a particular
+induction hypothesis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis which is
+uh for all length n executions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh p of qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of qn
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+There should be a colon out here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There should be a colon out here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There should be a colon out here.
+Uh I think it's intuitive that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think it's intuitive that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I think it's intuitive that this is
+enough, but we'll justify why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough, but we'll justify why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough, but we'll justify why this is
+enough. The idea is if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. The idea is if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. The idea is if you have some
+state that's reachable, it's reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's reachable, it's reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's reachable, it's reachable
+by some finite execution of some length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some finite execution of some length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some finite execution of some length.
+And we're going to prove for all n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to prove for all n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to prove for all n that
+all length n executions p of qn is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all length n executions p of qn is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all length n executions p of qn is true.
+And by by inducting over length, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by by inducting over length, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by by inducting over length, we
+essentially start with short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially start with short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially start with short uh
+executions and then make them gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions and then make them gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions and then make them gradually
+longer. That makes this easy to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. That makes this easy to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. That makes this easy to prove.
+So let's pro let's do a base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's pro let's do a base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's pro let's do a base case
+uh iH of zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh iH of zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh iH of zero.
+Well, that's all length zero executions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's all length zero executions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's all length zero executions.
+There's only one length zero execution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one length zero execution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only one length zero execution.
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is just Q0. You start at Q0 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just Q0. You start at Q0 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just Q0. You start at Q0 and you
+stay there. That's length zero. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there. That's length zero. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there. That's length zero. Uh and
+we claim that P of Q0 Q0 is clearly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we claim that P of Q0 Q0 is clearly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we claim that P of Q0 Q0 is clearly a
+reachable state. You get there via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state. You get there via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state. You get there via
+length zero execution. Why is it true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero execution. Why is it true?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero execution. Why is it true?
+this where it's what we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by one.
+So that's the base case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the base case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the base case.
+Of course, the more interesting one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, the more interesting one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, the more interesting one is
+the induction step. I'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction step. I'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction step. I'm going to assume
+we get to choose. We could follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to choose. We could follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to choose. We could follow this
+plan. Assume P of N and prove P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Assume P of N and prove P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Assume P of N and prove P of N
+plus one. I find it slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one. I find it slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one. I find it slightly more
+intuitive to assume P of N or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to assume P of N or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to assume P of N or sorry
+instead of P it's IH here for induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of P it's IH here for induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of P it's IH here for induction
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+uh IH of N minus one and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IH of N minus one and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IH of N minus one and we're going to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+uh IH of N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IH of N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IH of N.
+Okay, what does it mean to prove IH of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what does it mean to prove IH of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what does it mean to prove IH of
+N? It says well for all length N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N? It says well for all length N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N? It says well for all length N
+executions P of QN is true. Uh so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions P of QN is true. Uh so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions P of QN is true. Uh so how do
+we prove a for all? We just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove a for all? We just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove a for all? We just take an
+arbitrary thing in the quantifier. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary thing in the quantifier. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary thing in the quantifier. So
+take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any
+consider any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length n execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we need to prove the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to prove the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to prove the property
+we want which is p of qn. So let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want which is p of qn. So let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want which is p of qn. So let me uh
+give some notation for that execution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any length n execution q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any length n execution q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any length n execution q0
+q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q n minus one
+qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+and what we want to show is that uh p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show is that uh p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show is that uh p of
+qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+that's our goal right it says for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our goal right it says for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our goal right it says for all
+length executions p of qn is true so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length executions p of qn is true so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length executions p of qn is true so we
+take an arbitrary execution if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary execution if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an arbitrary execution if we can
+prove p of qn is true then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, somehow we want to use induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, somehow we want to use induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, somehow we want to use induction
+here. We've assumed the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We've assumed the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We've assumed the induction
+hypothesis for size n minus one. Can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for size n minus one. Can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for size n minus one. Can you
+see a length n minus one execution here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a length n minus one execution here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a length n minus one execution here?
+That might be interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Q1 to QN. That's a good idea. Does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Q1 to QN. That's a good idea. Does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Q1 to QN. That's a good idea. Does that
+work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work?
+Is that an execution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that an execution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that an execution?
+Let's go back and check. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back and check. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back and check. Uh,
+execution of a state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of a state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of a state machine
+is an infinite or a finite sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite or a finite sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite or a finite sequence
+starting with Q0 and maybe ending,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with Q0 and maybe ending,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with Q0 and maybe ending,
+but it needs to start with Q0. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to start with Q0. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to start with Q0. So
+there's like two natural choices here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like two natural choices here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like two natural choices here.
+One would be starting at Q1 and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One would be starting at Q1 and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One would be starting at Q1 and going to
+QN, but Q1 might not equal Q0. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QN, but Q1 might not equal Q0. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QN, but Q1 might not equal Q0. And so
+that might not be a valid execution. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be a valid execution. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be a valid execution. So
+we wouldn't be able to apply induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be able to apply induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't be able to apply induction
+to that. The other obvious choice is q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. The other obvious choice is q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. The other obvious choice is q0
+to qn minus one. That is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qn minus one. That is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to qn minus one. That is a valid
+execution of length one smaller length n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of length one smaller length n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of length one smaller length n
+minus one because it starts with q0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one because it starts with q0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one because it starts with q0.
+Okay, a lot of terms here so it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, a lot of terms here so it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, a lot of terms here so it's easy
+to lose track but eventually they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose track but eventually they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose track but eventually they will
+become comfortable. Uh so by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become comfortable. Uh so by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become comfortable. Uh so by uh
+induction hypothesis of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis of n minus one
+if we apply it to this execution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply it to this execution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply it to this execution of
+length n minus one we learn that p of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n minus one we learn that p of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n minus one we learn that p of q
+n minus one is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? That's what the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what the induction
+hypothesis says. The last state in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis says. The last state in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis says. The last state in your
+execution is true. So now we know p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is true. So now we know p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is true. So now we know p of
+this is true. We just need to prove p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. We just need to prove p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. We just need to prove p of
+this is true. Why is that? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. Why is that? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. Why is that? Because
+property two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two
+P of Q is preserved which we can unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q is preserved which we can unroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q is preserved which we can unroll
+over here says for every transition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here says for every transition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here says for every transition in
+particular the one from QN minus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the one from QN minus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the one from QN minus one to
+QN P of Q minus one implies P of QN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh
+by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2
+uh p of q n minus one uh implies p of qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of q n minus one uh implies p of qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p of q n minus one uh implies p of qn
+because this is a transition in t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a transition in t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a transition in t.
+So p of qn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So p of qn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So p of qn.
+So that's the end of the induction step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the end of the induction step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the end of the induction step.
+So uh by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get for all uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get for all uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get for all uh n
+uh induction hypothesis of n. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh induction hypothesis of n. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh induction hypothesis of n. And the
+idea is that this uh implies p of q for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that this uh implies p of q for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that this uh implies p of q for
+all reachable states q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because if you have a reachable state Q,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if you have a reachable state Q,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if you have a reachable state Q,
+there's by definition of reachable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's by definition of reachable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's by definition of reachable way
+over on the left, uh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the left, uh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the left, uh there's some
+execution that gets there and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution that gets there and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution that gets there and it has
+some length and so I of that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length and so I of that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length and so I of that length
+gives you what you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what you want.
+So that's how we prove the invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how we prove the invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how we prove the invariant
+principle. It's pretty intuitive notion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. It's pretty intuitive notion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. It's pretty intuitive notion,
+but maybe nice to see yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe nice to see yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe nice to see yet another
+example of an induction proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an induction proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an induction proof.
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+So, how do we use this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do we use this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do we use this?
+Let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go
+over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here is a template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for proving a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving a theorem
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q
+is invariant. This is the thing I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant. This is the thing I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant. This is the thing I keep
+saying is hard to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is hard to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is hard to prove
+or by the definition it seems hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by the definition it seems hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by the definition it seems hard to
+prove but using this invariant principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but using this invariant principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but using this invariant principle
+it's going to be easy. Here's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easy. Here's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easy. Here's what a
+general proof will look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general proof will look like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general proof will look like.
+We can say proof by invariant principle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can say proof by invariant principle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can say proof by invariant principle.
+For the invariant principle to apply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the invariant principle to apply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the invariant principle to apply we
+need to prove two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove two things
+number one and number two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and number two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and number two.
+So number one is prove that P of Q0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So number one is prove that P of Q0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So number one is prove that P of Q0 is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+and in a template we just say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a template we just say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a template we just say because
+reasons which we don't know but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons which we don't know but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons which we don't know but we have
+to fill in. And the second thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in. And the second thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill in. And the second thing is that
+uh P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Q
+is preserved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved.
+That's the more interesting thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the more interesting thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the more interesting thing and
+for this we need to unroll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we need to unroll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we need to unroll the
+definition of preserved. says for all Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of preserved. says for all Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of preserved. says for all Q
+all transitions Q to R P of Q implies Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transitions Q to R P of Q implies Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all transitions Q to R P of Q implies Q
+of R. So how do we prove that? Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. So how do we prove that? Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R. So how do we prove that? Uh we
+just take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any transition in t q to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transition in t q to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transition in t q to r
+and because it's an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's an implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's an implication
+we can assume the left hand if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume the left hand if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume the left hand if we want
+to prove an implication we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove an implication we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove an implication we can assume
+the left part this is a direct proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left part this is a direct proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left part this is a direct proof and
+prove the right part. So we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the right part. So we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the right part. So we can assume
+uh Q P of Q is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q P of Q is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Q P of Q is true
+and then what we need to do is show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we need to do is show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we need to do is show that
+P of R is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of R is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of R is true.
+That's the interesting step which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the interesting step which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the interesting step which we
+need to fill in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill in.
+But this is the template we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is the template we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is the template we're going to
+now use to analyze the eight puzzle. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use to analyze the eight puzzle. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use to analyze the eight puzzle. Of
+course I haven't defined what predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I haven't defined what predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I haven't defined what predicate
+we're analyzing. That's the next step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're analyzing. That's the next step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're analyzing. That's the next step.
+Uh but once we have a predicate, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but once we have a predicate, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but once we have a predicate, we'll
+be able to prove that it's invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to prove that it's invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to prove that it's invariant
+using this simple structure, right? Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this simple structure, right? Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this simple structure, right? Just
+check it. It's check that it's initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it. It's check that it's initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it. It's check that it's initially
+true and check that if you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and check that if you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and check that if you start from
+something that's true and you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's true and you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's true and you take a
+transition out of it, it's still true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me define a predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me define a predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me define a predicate
+for the a puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a puzzle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a puzzle.
+I want it closer to these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it closer to these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it closer to these examples
+actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. I think you know definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I think you know definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I think you know definition of a
+state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So for this uh eight puzzle state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for this uh eight puzzle state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for this uh eight puzzle state
+machine, I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine, I'd like to
+define a bit of a bizarre predicate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So first I'm going to define the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first I'm going to define the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first I'm going to define the notion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an inverted pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is going to depend on what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to depend on what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to depend on what state
+we're in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in.
+Uh so let's do it. Let's look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so let's do it. Let's look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so let's do it. Let's look at uh
+inverted pairs in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in these three examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these three examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these three examples.
+So an inverted pair is a is a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an inverted pair is a is a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an inverted pair is a is a two
+numbers. So not the blank but two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. So not the blank but two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. So not the blank but two
+numbers between one and eight. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between one and eight. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between one and eight. And I
+want I less than J. And yet I want J to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I less than J. And yet I want J to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I less than J. And yet I want J to
+appear before I in the reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear before I in the reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear before I in the reading order.
+So for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example
+my red chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk
+uh in in this picture this state two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this picture this state two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in this picture this state two and
+four are inverted right in reading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are inverted right in reading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four are inverted right in reading order
+four comes before two yet four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four comes before two yet four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four comes before two yet four is
+greater than two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two.
+Uh any others?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Eight and six are inverted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eight and six are inverted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eight and six are inverted.
+Six and seven are inverted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six and seven are inverted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Six and seven are inverted.
+Seven is bigger than six. Eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven is bigger than six. Eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seven is bigger than six. Eight is
+bigger than six, but they come earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than six, but they come earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than six, but they come earlier
+than six in the reading order. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six in the reading order. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six in the reading order. I think
+there's one more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more.
+Three and two. Thank you. That one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three and two. Thank you. That one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three and two. Thank you. That one's a
+little trickier because it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier because it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier because it's on
+different rows, but in reading order,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows, but in reading order,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows, but in reading order,
+three comes before two and yet three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three comes before two and yet three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three comes before two and yet three is
+greater than two. So there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two. So there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two. So there are four
+inverted pairs in this example. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs in this example. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs in this example. How many
+inverted pairs are there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs are there in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs are there in this
+example?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example?
+Zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero.
+Zero inverted pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero inverted pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero inverted pairs.
+How about this one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. Yeah.
+I thought you were holding up your hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you were holding up your hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you were holding up your hand,
+but you're holding up one finger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're holding up one finger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're holding up one finger.
+Uh, six comes after five. That was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, six comes after five. That was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, six comes after five. That was the
+only thing out of order. That's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing out of order. That's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing out of order. That's what we
+we started out with. So if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out with. So if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out with. So if you wanted
+some, you know, where do you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, where do you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, where do you come up
+with this idea, it just is fundamental.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea, it just is fundamental.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea, it just is fundamental.
+You're supposed to magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're supposed to magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're supposed to magically
+uh invent it. But if you fool around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invent it. But if you fool around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh invent it. But if you fool around
+with the puzzle enough, it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the puzzle enough, it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the puzzle enough, it's actually
+somewhat intuitive and that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat intuitive and that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat intuitive and that you can get
+where it's almost sorted, but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's almost sorted, but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's almost sorted, but there's
+just one pair that's wrong. So you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pair that's wrong. So you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pair that's wrong. So you might
+think, well, maybe there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, well, maybe there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, well, maybe there's something
+about these inverted pairs. Let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these inverted pairs. Let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these inverted pairs. Let's talk
+about them in general, not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in general, not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in general, not just about
+zero versus one inverted pairs, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero versus one inverted pairs, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero versus one inverted pairs, but
+let's count them. So over here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's count them. So over here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's count them. So over here we had
+one inverted pair. Here we had zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inverted pair. Here we had zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inverted pair. Here we had zero
+inverted pairs. Here we had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. Here we had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. Here we had four
+inverted pairs. And I claim it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. And I claim it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. And I claim it was
+possible to go from four inverted pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to go from four inverted pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to go from four inverted pairs
+to zero but impossible to go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but impossible to go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but impossible to go from one
+inverted pair to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pair to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pair to zero.
+Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+pars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+par means odd or even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par means odd or even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par means odd or even.
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of Q
+is going to be uh that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh that the number of
+inverted pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in state Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state Q
+is odd. Turns out to be this proof will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is odd. Turns out to be this proof will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is odd. Turns out to be this proof will
+work for either one. But if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for either one. But if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for either one. But if we want to
+prove this particular impossibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this particular impossibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this particular impossibility
+result, odd is what we need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, odd is what we need.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, odd is what we need.
+So, uh, P of Q is going to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, P of Q is going to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, P of Q is going to be true for
+this configuration because it has an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration because it has an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration because it has an odd
+number of inverted pairs and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverted pairs and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverted pairs and it's going
+to be false for these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false for these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false for these two.
+Why is that interesting?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+we said suppose we can show that P of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said suppose we can show that P of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said suppose we can show that P of Q
+is invariant. I claim that's true. Uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant. I claim that's true. Uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant. I claim that's true. Uh if
+we start from here where P of Q starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from here where P of Q starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start from here where P of Q starts
+true because the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because the number of inverted
+pairs starts odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs starts odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs starts odd
+then uh and we find another state where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and we find another state where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and we find another state where
+P of R is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of R is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of R is false
+because here the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here the number of inverted
+pairs is even instead of odd then R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs is even instead of odd then R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs is even instead of odd then R is
+unreachable. That means it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreachable. That means it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreachable. That means it's impossible
+to get from this state to this state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from this state to this state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from this state to this state.
+That's what we want to prove. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we want to prove. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we want to prove. Okay. So
+if we can prove this invariant property,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can prove this invariant property,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can prove this invariant property,
+we can plug it into here and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug it into here and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug it into here and get the
+puzzle impossibility result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle impossibility result that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle impossibility result that we
+want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+Okay, that's where everything's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's where everything's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's where everything's going to
+come together. So let's prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together. So let's prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together. So let's prove that
+uh P of Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P of Q is
+ideally we'd like it to be invariant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we'd like it to be invariant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we'd like it to be invariant,
+but uh to prove invariant, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh to prove invariant, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh to prove invariant, we're going
+to start with proving that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with proving that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with proving that it's
+preserved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh the reason for the eight puzzle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the reason for the eight puzzle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the reason for the eight puzzle that
+I want to talk about preserved first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about preserved first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about preserved first is
+to be invariant it depends where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invariant it depends where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invariant it depends where you
+start and that's kind of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and that's kind of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and that's kind of particular
+that that's a little arbitrary. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a little arbitrary. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a little arbitrary. There
+isn't one natural start state for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one natural start state for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one natural start state for the
+eight puzzle. You might start here. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puzzle. You might start here. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight puzzle. You might start here. You
+might start here. You might start here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start here. You might start here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start here. You might start here.
+That' be a very easy puzzle. Uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That' be a very easy puzzle. Uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That' be a very easy puzzle. Uh and so
+but preserved is just a general property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but preserved is just a general property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but preserved is just a general property
+about the system. So I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system. So I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system. So I don't need to
+assume anything for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything for that.
+So we want to do this part. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to do this part. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to do this part. We want to
+prove P of Q is preserved. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove P of Q is preserved. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove P of Q is preserved. So we
+consider any transition Q to R where P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any transition Q to R where P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any transition Q to R where P
+of Q is true. We need to prove P of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is true. We need to prove P of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is true. We need to prove P of R is
+true. Okay. So here we plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Okay. So here we plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Okay. So here we plug in the
+outline of step two there. Um consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of step two there. Um consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of step two there. Um consider
+any transition Q to R that's valid. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transition Q to R that's valid. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transition Q to R that's valid. It's
+in T. Uh where P of Q is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T. Uh where P of Q is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in T. Uh where P of Q is true.
+And we want to show P of R is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What do transitions look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What do transitions look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What do transitions look like in
+this game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game?
+Well, relative to reading order, reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, relative to reading order, reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, relative to reading order, reading
+order talks about rows. So, um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order talks about rows. So, um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order talks about rows. So, um there's
+really two types of moves we care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two types of moves we care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two types of moves we care about.
+There's horizontal moves left and right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's horizontal moves left and right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's horizontal moves left and right,
+and there's vertical moves up and down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's vertical moves up and down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's vertical moves up and down.
+I claim those are the two cases, uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim those are the two cases, uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim those are the two cases, uh that
+we need to think about because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about because we're
+thinking about reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about reading order.
+So, case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, case one
+is that this transition Q to R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this transition Q to R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this transition Q to R is a
+horizontal move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontal move. So this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal move. So this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal move. So this is like
+uh we take some number I and next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take some number I and next to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we take some number I and next to it
+there's an X and maybe if we move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an X and maybe if we move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an X and maybe if we move to the
+right that would be X I or if we move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be X I or if we move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be X I or if we move to
+the left it would be like that. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left it would be like that. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left it would be like that. Okay,
+it's one of those two transitions. X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those two transitions. X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those two transitions. X
+here means the blank. How does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means the blank. How does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means the blank. How does that
+change reading order?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+nothing. Nothing changes, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Nothing changes, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Nothing changes, right? The
+reading order is the same reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading order is the same reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading order is the same reading order.
+When we're talking about reading order,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we're talking about reading order,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we're talking about reading order,
+we're only talking about the numbers. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about the numbers. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about the numbers. We
+don't care about the x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the x.
+So, no changes in reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in
+uh the number of inverted pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of inverted pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of inverted pairs
+because that's only dependent on reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's only dependent on reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's only dependent on reading
+order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order.
+Uh so we have P of R. Case one is easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have P of R. Case one is easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have P of R. Case one is easy.
+Let's prove case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's prove case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's prove case two
+maybe over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Case two is a vertical move here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case two is a vertical move here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case two is a vertical move here.
+There's actually something to show more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's actually something to show more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's actually something to show more
+interesting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but not much harder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I'm going to draw some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to draw some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to draw some pictures
+for intuition. Uh it could be we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intuition. Uh it could be we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intuition. Uh it could be we are
+moving I down and there's two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I down and there's two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I down and there's two things to
+the right of I. Uh it could be uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of I. Uh it could be uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of I. Uh it could be uh we're
+moving I in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving I in the middle
+to here or could be we're moving I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here or could be we're moving I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here or could be we're moving I
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+down to here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And uh this is for a down move. Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh this is for a down move. Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh this is for a down move. Up
+is going to be symmetric. But maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be symmetric. But maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be symmetric. But maybe
+let's first think about down moves. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about down moves. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first think about down moves. So
+in order to do a down move uh in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do a down move uh in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do a down move uh in reading
+order, there are two items that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, there are two items that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, there are two items that come
+after I because we're moving down. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I because we're moving down. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I because we're moving down. There
+is something after I, right? There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something after I, right? There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something after I, right? There's a
+whole row after I until this X. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row after I until this X. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row after I until this X. So if we
+can move I down, there's two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move I down, there's two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move I down, there's two numbers
+between I and the X in reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I and the X in reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I and the X in reading order.
+and I starts before those numbers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I starts before those numbers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I starts before those numbers if
+we're going down and ends after.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going down and ends after.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going down and ends after.
+So, uh the move here we can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh the move here we can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh the move here we can think of it
+as swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we we want to swap I with X. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we want to swap I with X. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we want to swap I with X. Okay,
+but this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+swapping I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping I with
+uh J first of all and then swapping I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J first of all and then swapping I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J first of all and then swapping I
+with K. Instead of going straight down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K. Instead of going straight down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with K. Instead of going straight down
+in another color,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another color,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another color,
+I'm going to think of swapping I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to think of swapping I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to think of swapping I to
+first come after J and then come after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first come after J and then come after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first come after J and then come after
+K. That's the same as the X. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. That's the same as the X. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. That's the same as the X. And it
+doesn't matter where we started. could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where we started. could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where we started. could
+be here and then we go here or could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here and then we go here or could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here and then we go here or could be
+here we go after J and then we go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go after J and then we go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go after J and then we go after
+K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K.
+The point is if we swap if we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The point is if we swap if we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The point is if we swap if we figure out
+how to swap two adjacent numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to swap two adjacent numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to swap two adjacent numbers in
+reading order and we swap I twice then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading order and we swap I twice then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading order and we swap I twice then I
+gets to where the X is because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to where the X is because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to where the X is because this is a
+3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3
+that's why twice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why twice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why twice.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+uh, now what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is, uh, what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, uh, what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, uh, what happens
+when we swap two adjacent items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in reading order. So not adjacent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reading order. So not adjacent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reading order. So not adjacent in the
+3x3 grid but adjacent in reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 grid but adjacent in reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 grid but adjacent in reading order.
+That's what we care about. If we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we care about. If we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we care about. If we can
+solve this and we do it twice then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and we do it twice then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this and we do it twice then we
+will know what happened when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know what happened when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know what happened when we do a
+vertical move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical move.
+Okay. So what happens when I swap two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when I swap two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what happens when I swap two
+numbers I and J? How how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I and J? How how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I and J? How how does that
+change the reading order? I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reading order? I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reading order? I mean it
+swaps I and J. That's all. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps I and J. That's all. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps I and J. That's all. Everything
+before I is still before I. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I is still before I. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I is still before I. Everything
+after J is still after RJ. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after J is still after RJ. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after J is still after RJ. The only
+thing is we're change for if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we're change for if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we're change for if they're
+adjacent items I and J. We're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent items I and J. We're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent items I and J. We're only
+flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping
+whether I J is inverted. Right? If I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I J is inverted. Right? If I J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I J is inverted. Right? If I J
+was in the correct order before, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the correct order before, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the correct order before, if I
+was less than J, then after I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than J, then after I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was less than J, then after I do the
+swap, they're an inverted pair. If they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap, they're an inverted pair. If they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap, they're an inverted pair. If they
+were an inverted pair initially, if I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an inverted pair initially, if I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an inverted pair initially, if I is
+bigger than J, after I do the swap,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than J, after I do the swap,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than J, after I do the swap,
+they're no longer an inverted pair. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no longer an inverted pair. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're no longer an inverted pair. So,
+swapping two adjacent items changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping two adjacent items changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping two adjacent items changes
+the uh number of inverted pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by plus or minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If they were inverted before, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they were inverted before, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they were inverted before, it
+decreases the number. If they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the number. If they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the number. If they weren't
+inverted before, it increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted before, it increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted before, it increases the
+number, but always by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, but always by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, but always by one.
+Never stays the same. Never changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Never stays the same. Never changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Never stays the same. Never changes by
+seven. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven. Okay?
+So that when we swap two adjacent pairs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that when we swap two adjacent pairs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that when we swap two adjacent pairs,
+we change by plus or minus one. when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change by plus or minus one. when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change by plus or minus one. when we
+do a vertical move, we do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a vertical move, we do we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a vertical move, we do we want to do
+two of these uh adjacent swaps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these uh adjacent swaps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these uh adjacent swaps.
+So, let's continue over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we do two adjacent swaps,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will change the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will change the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will change the number of inverted
+pairs by plus or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs by plus or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs by plus or minus one
+plus plus or minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus or minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus or minus one.
+Okay, where each of these pluses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, where each of these pluses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, where each of these pluses or
+minuses, we don't know. They could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses, we don't know. They could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses, we don't know. They could be
+plus or minus. But uh the point is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus. But uh the point is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus. But uh the point is plus
+or minus one is an odd number. plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one is an odd number. plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one is an odd number. plus or
+minus one is an odd number. When I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is an odd number. When I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is an odd number. When I add
+two odd numbers, this is an even number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Turns out you can draw a little picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out you can draw a little picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out you can draw a little picture.
+If we start at zero here and we do plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we start at zero here and we do plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we start at zero here and we do plus
+or minus one and then from here we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and then from here we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one and then from here we do
+plus or minus one. From here we do plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one. From here we do plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one. From here we do plus
+or minus one. This is a case analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one. This is a case analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one. This is a case analysis of
+all the things you could do. You either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you could do. You either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you could do. You either
+get two or zero or minus two. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two or zero or minus two. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two or zero or minus two. These
+three numbers are all even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers are all even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers are all even.
+Okay, but I don't particularly care. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but I don't particularly care. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but I don't particularly care. It
+happens to be just these three values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be just these three values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be just these three values.
+What I care is that this number is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I care is that this number is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I care is that this number is even.
+We started with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We started with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We started with uh
+we started with P of Q being true over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with P of Q being true over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with P of Q being true over
+here. Uh assume that P of Q is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh assume that P of Q is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh assume that P of Q is true.
+That means that the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means that the number of inverted
+pairs in state Q is odd. And now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in state Q is odd. And now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in state Q is odd. And now we
+change that number by an even amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that number by an even amount.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that number by an even amount.
+Therefore it will be odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore it will be odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore it will be odd
+still right? If we take an odd number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right? If we take an odd number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right? If we take an odd number we
+add an even number uh it become it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an even number uh it become it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an even number uh it become it stays
+odd. Therefore uh p of r is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. Therefore uh p of r is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. Therefore uh p of r is true.
+Question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> uh so question is why is this two swaps?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh so question is why is this two swaps?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh so question is why is this two swaps?
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the funny thing here you so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the funny thing here you so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the funny thing here you so it's
+right if I swap I J then let me maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I swap I J then let me maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I swap I J then let me maybe
+draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a picture
+somewhere here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's just go here. Scratch space. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just go here. Scratch space. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just go here. Scratch space. So if
+we have I J K X and I swap I and J then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have I J K X and I swap I and J then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have I J K X and I swap I and J then
+I get J I K X and then I swap I and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get J I K X and then I swap I and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get J I K X and then I swap I and K
+then I get J K I X. And you're right. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get J K I X. And you're right. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get J K I X. And you're right. I
+is not quite where I want it. Uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite where I want it. Uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite where I want it. Uh this is
+funny. I'd really want I to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny. I'd really want I to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny. I'd really want I to be here
+which I can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can do.
+like this. Uh because that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Uh because that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Uh because that doesn't
+change reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change reading order.
+Okay, it's good that we spell this out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's good that we spell this out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's good that we spell this out.
+And also I can do horizontal moves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also I can do horizontal moves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also I can do horizontal moves for
+free. So J, K uh I this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. So J, K uh I this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. So J, K uh I this is maybe
+a way to think about it. The point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to think about it. The point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to think about it. The point is
+these three have the same reading order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three have the same reading order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three have the same reading order.
+So those don't really count. But I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those don't really count. But I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those don't really count. But I'm
+glad you had me spell it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are not,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> right? These are not valid transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? These are not valid transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? These are not valid transitions.
+Uh, indeed, at the end, we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, indeed, at the end, we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, indeed, at the end, we get to
+something that's a valid transition. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a valid transition. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a valid transition. So,
+the transition goes from here directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition goes from here directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition goes from here directly
+to here, and we're splitting it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here, and we're splitting it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here, and we're splitting it up into
+some sub moves that aren't valid moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sub moves that aren't valid moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sub moves that aren't valid moves
+by themselves, uh, but easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves, uh, but easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves, uh, but easier to
+analyze. First, we think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze. First, we think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze. First, we think about what
+happens when we swap i and j. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we swap i and j. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we swap i and j. That
+changes by plus or minus one. Then, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by plus or minus one. Then, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by plus or minus one. Then, we
+swap, uh, i and k. that changes these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap, uh, i and k. that changes these by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap, uh, i and k. that changes these by
+a plus or minus one. Then we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus or minus one. Then we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus or minus one. Then we do these
+horizontal moves which doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal moves which doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal moves which doesn't change
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+or kind of horizontal moves. Moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of horizontal moves. Moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of horizontal moves. Moving the
+x uh in reading order doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh in reading order doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh in reading order doesn't change
+anything. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Cool.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Feel like I skipped a bit of a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feel like I skipped a bit of a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feel like I skipped a bit of a step
+here, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the point is when we swap when we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the point is when we swap when we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the point is when we swap when we in
+case two we do a vertical move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two we do a vertical move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two we do a vertical move
+uh the uh we started with an odd odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh we started with an odd odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh we started with an odd odd
+number of inverted pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverted pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inverted pairs
+and then we add an even number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we add an even number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we add an even number
+uh and even odd plus even equals odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and even odd plus even equals odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and even odd plus even equals odd.
+Therefore p of r is true. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore p of r is true. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore p of r is true. That's the
+point. Okay. So if we start odd, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. So if we start odd, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Okay. So if we start odd, we will
+stay odd. If you swap odd and even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay odd. If you swap odd and even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay odd. If you swap odd and even in
+this proof, you can also show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof, you can also show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof, you can also show that if
+you start even, you stay even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start even, you stay even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start even, you stay even.
+But what we really want is uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what we really want is uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what we really want is uh for this
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+here, we want to get uh P of Q to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we want to get uh P of Q to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we want to get uh P of Q to be
+invariant and find a place where P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and find a place where P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and find a place where P is
+false and then conclude that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and then conclude that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and then conclude that R is
+unreachable. So let's do that quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+let's define this state to be Q0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define this state to be Q0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define this state to be Q0.
+Okay. So for this Q0 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe let's say if P of Q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe let's say if P of Q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe let's say if P of Q0
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+as in this example because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this example because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this example because there's an
+odd number of of inverted pairs then P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of of inverted pairs then P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of of inverted pairs then P
+of Q is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so by this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by this property
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if P of R is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+R is unreachable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, so actually what I care about is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so actually what I care about is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so actually what I care about is not
+P of R but P of the final state QF.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's that's exactly the
+scenario. We start in a state where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. We start in a state where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. We start in a state where we
+have an odd number of transitions. we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an odd number of transitions. we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an odd number of transitions. we're
+trying to get to a state with zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to a state with zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to a state with zero uh
+inverted pairs and so uh that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs and so uh that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs and so uh that's not
+going to be possible because we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible because we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible because we start
+with P true and we somehow are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P true and we somehow are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P true and we somehow are trying to
+reach a state where P is false. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state where P is false. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state where P is false. Okay,
+but if we can prove this invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we can prove this invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we can prove this invariant
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+and we've basically done all the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've basically done all the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've basically done all the hard
+work here. This is just by the invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here. This is just by the invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here. This is just by the invariant
+principle. So now I'm following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. So now I'm following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. So now I'm following the
+outline over on the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Step one is or part one is that P of Q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step one is or part one is that P of Q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step one is or part one is that P of Q0
+is true. We assume that. Step two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true. We assume that. Step two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true. We assume that. Step two is
+that P of Q uh is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of Q uh is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of Q uh is preserved
+and we just prove that. This is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just prove that. This is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just prove that. This is our
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So maybe you don't know this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe you don't know this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe you don't know this word
+corollary or corollery if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary or corollery if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary or corollery if you're
+Canadian. Corlary means something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian. Corlary means something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian. Corlary means something that
+follows. So theorem means something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So theorem means something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. So theorem means something
+that's true. Both of these are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. Both of these are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. Both of these are supposed
+to be true. Uh but these are words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true. Uh but these are words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true. Uh but these are words to
+say that okay theorem was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay theorem was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay theorem was sort of the
+main thing we wanted to prove and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing we wanted to prove and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing we wanted to prove and then
+corlary is something that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlary is something that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corlary is something that follows
+immediately from it. It's like almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from it. It's like almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately from it. It's like almost a
+oneline proof here. Once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneline proof here. Once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneline proof here. Once we have the
+theorem, the corollary is immediate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem, the corollary is immediate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem, the corollary is immediate.
+There's some terminology. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some terminology. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some terminology. Okay. So
+hopefully you now believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you now believe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you now believe this is
+impossible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible.
+Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any
+questions about the eight puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for fun? Let's solve it one more time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun? Let's solve it one more time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun? Let's solve it one more time.
+Uh, I actually didn't have time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I actually didn't have time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I actually didn't have time this
+morning to implement the only generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to implement the only generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to implement the only generate
+solvable puzzles. So, I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable puzzles. So, I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable puzzles. So, I have no idea
+whether this will be solvable. It's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will be solvable. It's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will be solvable. It's kind
+of exciting. If you can count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exciting. If you can count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exciting. If you can count the
+inversions, uh, you'll figure it out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions, uh, you'll figure it out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions, uh, you'll figure it out,
+but I keep moving it, so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep moving it, so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep moving it, so it's pretty
+hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard.
+And I'm following a particular slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm following a particular slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm following a particular slow
+algorithm for solving this puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I won't describe but it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't describe but it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I won't describe but it's on
+wikihow if you're interested. Oh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikihow if you're interested. Oh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikihow if you're interested. Oh, I
+solved it. Great. So I must have started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it. Great. So I must have started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it. Great. So I must have started
+with an even number of inverted pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an even number of inverted pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an even number of inverted pairs.
+Uh in a future version I will add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in a future version I will add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in a future version I will add that
+number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number.
+But there we go. Cool. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there we go. Cool. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there we go. Cool. Uh
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so your question is in if in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so your question is in if in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so your question is in if in this
+state we move six down how many inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we move six down how many inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we move six down how many inverted
+pairs do we get? Let's draw it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that is one two three four five x it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is one two three four five x it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is one two three four five x it
+should be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two
+uh 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7 8
+how many inverted pairs are there? Seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many inverted pairs are there? Seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many inverted pairs are there? Seven
+is inverted with six. Eight is inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inverted with six. Eight is inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inverted with six. Eight is inverted
+with six. And that's it. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six. And that's it. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six. And that's it. Okay. So
+there's an example in action. Vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example in action. Vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example in action. Vertical
+move changing by two. Sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move changing by two. Sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move changing by two. Sometimes it
+changes by zero. Uh if I is sandwiched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by zero. Uh if I is sandwiched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by zero. Uh if I is sandwiched
+in between J and K numerically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between J and K numerically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between J and K numerically.
+Sometimes it changes by plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it changes by plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it changes by plus or minus
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Of course if we do the up move, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course if we do the up move, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course if we do the up move, we
+subtract two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two.
+That was another question. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, question is explain preserved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, question is explain preserved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, question is explain preserved and
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+and where are we using different parts?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If if I can make an induction analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I can make an induction analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I can make an induction analogy
+for a second. Uh preserved means uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second. Uh preserved means uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second. Uh preserved means uh is
+like your induction step. It says every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your induction step. It says every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your induction step. It says every
+time you do a transition, if P started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a transition, if P started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a transition, if P started
+true, it remains true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, it remains true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, it remains true.
+And invariant is what you get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And invariant is what you get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And invariant is what you get out of the
+induction. Let's go over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Let's go over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Let's go over to the
+invariant principle here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant principle here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant principle here.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+The invariant principle basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The invariant principle basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The invariant principle basically says
+preserved implies invariant except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved implies invariant except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved implies invariant except you
+also need to check that you start true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to check that you start true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to check that you start true.
+If P starts true and whenever you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If P starts true and whenever you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If P starts true and whenever you do a
+transition it remains true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it remains true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition it remains true
+uh then it's always true for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then it's always true for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then it's always true for every
+reachable state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state.
+Okay. So crucially in this setup we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So crucially in this setup we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So crucially in this setup we're
+ignoring all the unreachable states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all the unreachable states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all the unreachable states.
+just talking invariant only talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking invariant only talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking invariant only talks about
+reachable states. It says that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states. It says that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable states. It says that every
+reachable state P is true. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state P is true. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable state P is true. That's what
+we're concluding from. We start true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concluding from. We start true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concluding from. We start true and
+every time we start in a true state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we start in a true state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we start in a true state and
+we make a transition, we remain true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a transition, we remain true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a transition, we remain true.
+Hopefully that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully that's
+clear. Takes a little while to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Takes a little while to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. Takes a little while to get
+comfortable with these definitions, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with these definitions, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with these definitions, but
+very important the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important the difference between
+preserved and variant. So if you forget,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and variant. So if you forget,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and variant. So if you forget,
+read the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the definition.
+Uh or just follow this template. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or just follow this template. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or just follow this template. This
+makes it pretty clear. Usually we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it pretty clear. Usually we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it pretty clear. Usually we just
+want a proven variant. And there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a proven variant. And there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a proven variant. And there's a
+clear start state. So in fact, the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear start state. So in fact, the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear start state. So in fact, the next
+example will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will have a
+well no that's not true. But uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no that's not true. But uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no that's not true. But uh if
+there's a clear start state, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear start state, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear start state, you can
+just follow this template. Uh and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow this template. Uh and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow this template. Uh and all
+you care about is proving invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is proving invariant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is proving invariant.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+let's do the next topic, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the next topic, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the next topic, which is
+termination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And maybe I want to start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe I want to start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe I want to start with an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a simple sorder machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is another state machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another state machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another state machine
+and it sorts and numbers. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sorts and numbers. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sorts and numbers. This is a
+problem you study a lot in the follow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you study a lot in the follow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you study a lot in the follow on
+to this class, the algorithms classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose we're given a bunch of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we're given a bunch of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we're given a bunch of real
+numbers or integers, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or integers, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or integers, whatever.
+uh want to sort them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in increasing order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, here is so they're given in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here is so they're given in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, here is so they're given in some
+particular order a1 through a n and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order a1 through a n and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order a1 through a n and I
+want to rearrange them so it has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rearrange them so it has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rearrange them so it has exactly
+the same set of numbers or exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of numbers or exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of numbers or exactly the
+same numbers but in a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers but in a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers but in a different order
+and this time increasing order. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time increasing order. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time increasing order. So I
+want a1 to be less than or equal to a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a1 to be less than or equal to a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a1 to be less than or equal to a2
+less than equal to a3 and so on. Here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to a3 and so on. Here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to a3 and so on. Here is
+a very simple algorithm to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while there's some index I where I AI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there's some index I where I AI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while there's some index I where I AI is
+bigger than AI + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than AI + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than AI + one
+swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+AI with AI + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI with AI + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI with AI + one.
+Okay, so I'm just looking at consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm just looking at consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm just looking at consecutive
+pairs AI to AI plus one. And if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs AI to AI plus one. And if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs AI to AI plus one. And if there's
+some that's out of order, I is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's out of order, I is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's out of order, I is less than
+I plus one, but AI is greater than AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus one, but AI is greater than AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus one, but AI is greater than AI
+plus one, then I want to swap them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one, then I want to swap them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one, then I want to swap them in
+the right order. We can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order. We can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right order. We can see this
+algorithm in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in action
+for fun. Uh, and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun. Uh, and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun. Uh, and then we're going to
+convert this algorithm into a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this algorithm into a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this algorithm into a state
+machine. Okay, so just pretend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Okay, so just pretend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Okay, so just pretend you
+understand algorithms for the second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand algorithms for the second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand algorithms for the second.
+Uh, here we have the numbers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, here we have the numbers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, here we have the numbers in a
+particular order. Uh the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order. Uh the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular order. Uh the height
+corresponds to the value that's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the value that's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the value that's written
+362541.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+362541.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+362541.
+And uh we're just going to do uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we're just going to do uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we're just going to do uh an
+example. U but then we do a swap a swap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. U but then we do a swap a swap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. U but then we do a swap a swap.
+We're always swapping adjacent pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're always swapping adjacent pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're always swapping adjacent pairs.
+And then Pac-Man comes over to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Pac-Man comes over to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Pac-Man comes over to the left
+and we get them in sorted order. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get them in sorted order. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get them in sorted order. Okay.
+So that is the algorithm. Let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is the algorithm. Let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is the algorithm. Let's now
+analyze it as a state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So first question is what are the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first question is what are the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first question is what are the states
+Q? Well throughout this algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q? Well throughout this algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q? Well throughout this algorithm so
+this is sort of in our head what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of in our head what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of in our head what we're
+thinking about doing. Uh and now uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing. Uh and now uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing. Uh and now uh and
+we choose I I arbitrarily now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose I I arbitrarily now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose I I arbitrarily now we're
+going to model as a state machine. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model as a state machine. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model as a state machine. This
+will make precise what's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make precise what's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make precise what's actually going
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+Uh as we do this we're we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh as we do this we're we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh as we do this we're we're taking the
+original items in some order. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original items in some order. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original items in some order. We're
+always swapping items. So at any moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always swapping items. So at any moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always swapping items. So at any moment
+in time what we have is some reordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time what we have is some reordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time what we have is some reordering
+of the AIS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AIS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AIS.
+Okay, those are our states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are our states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are our states.
+Let's define Q to be all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's define Q to be all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's define Q to be all possible
+orderings. These may not all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings. These may not all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings. These may not all be
+reachable, but this is the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable, but this is the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable, but this is the thing that's
+easy to define.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to define.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to define.
+All possible orderings of A1 to A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh this template.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What are the transitions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions are going to take some ai ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to take some ai ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to take some ai ai
+plus one pair and swap them. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one pair and swap them. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one pair and swap them. So if we
+start with them in this order, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with them in this order, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with them in this order, they're
+going to end up in the opposite order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we are only allowed to do this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we are only allowed to do this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we are only allowed to do this when
+ai is bigger than ai plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai is bigger than ai plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai is bigger than ai plus one.
+So that's the transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the transitions.
+uh implicitly this specifies exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implicitly this specifies exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implicitly this specifies exactly the
+algorithm. The algorithm says take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. The algorithm says take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. The algorithm says take some
+i where a i is bigger than i ai plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i where a i is bigger than i ai plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i where a i is bigger than i ai plus one
+and swap them. That's exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap them. That's exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap them. That's exactly what the
+transitions specify because uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions specify because uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions specify because uh we can
+take any transition that's valid from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any transition that's valid from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any transition that's valid from
+any state. So with a if we can find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any state. So with a if we can find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any state. So with a if we can find any
+i where ai is greater than a i plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i where ai is greater than a i plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i where ai is greater than a i plus one
+then swapping that pair is a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then swapping that pair is a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then swapping that pair is a valid
+transition. We don't know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. We don't know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. We don't know which one
+we'll do. state machine will follow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do. state machine will follow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do. state machine will follow some
+execution which will do one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution which will do one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution which will do one of these
+until it can't anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it can't anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it can't anymore.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can't anymore. Let's define a tool which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't anymore. Let's define a tool which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't anymore. Let's define a tool which
+is final states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's call a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call a state
+Q final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there's no transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no transition
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Q to R in T. If there's no transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to R in T. If there's no transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to R in T. If there's no transition
+that starts at Q and goes somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at Q and goes somewhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at Q and goes somewhere.
+Okay. So, uh in the eight puzzle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh in the eight puzzle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh in the eight puzzle there
+are no final states. You can always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no final states. You can always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no final states. You can always make
+moves. You never are done. You're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves. You never are done. You're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves. You never are done. You're done
+only when you happen to reach the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you happen to reach the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you happen to reach the final
+state. But there's nothing in the move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. But there's nothing in the move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. But there's nothing in the move
+definition that prevents you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that prevents you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that prevents you from
+continuing. Uh in this problem, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing. Uh in this problem, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing. Uh in this problem, there
+are final states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a z to a n where a1 is less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z to a n where a1 is less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z to a n where a1 is less or equal to
+a2 is less than or equal to a3 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 is less than or equal to a3 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 is less than or equal to a3 and so on
+is less than equal to a n. Namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than equal to a n. Namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than equal to a n. Namely the
+sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted order
+why well first of all I claim this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well first of all I claim this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well first of all I claim this state
+is final because if you look at any pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is final because if you look at any pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is final because if you look at any pair
+a i ai plus one we have ai is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i ai plus one we have ai is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i ai plus one we have ai is less than
+or equal to ai plus one. So we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to ai plus one. So we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to ai plus one. So we don't
+have a transition out of there. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition out of there. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition out of there. So these
+states are definitely final. I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are definitely final. I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are definitely final. I also
+claim that it's all the final states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it's all the final states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it's all the final states
+because if I had some some state where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I had some some state where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I had some some state where
+this is not true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true,
+that means one of these inequalities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means one of these inequalities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means one of these inequalities is
+not true. So that means there's some AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true. So that means there's some AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true. So that means there's some AI
+that's greater than AI plus one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater than AI plus one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater than AI plus one and then
+there's a transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transition.
+Okay, so that was a an argument spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was a an argument spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was a an argument spoken
+argument for why the final states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for why the final states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for why the final states are
+exactly this. Uh technically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this. Uh technically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this. Uh technically we're
+proving uh all of these states are final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uh all of these states are final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving uh all of these states are final
+and that all final states are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all final states are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all final states are of this
+form and therefore these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and therefore these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and therefore these are all the
+final states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states.
+Okay, cool. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Um
+so this implies this gives us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies this gives us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies this gives us something
+we call uh partially correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call uh partially correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call uh partially correct.
+I'm not going to define this formally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partially correct machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially correct machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially correct machine
+is a machine where if it terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine where if it terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a machine where if it terminates
+oh which I haven't defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh which I haven't defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh which I haven't defined
+uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+uh gives a correct answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What does terminate mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Terminate means uh a state we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Terminate means uh a state we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Terminate means uh a state we're
+going to say a state machine terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a state machine terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say a state machine terminates
+or uh really what we're meaning is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh really what we're meaning is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh really what we're meaning is it
+always terminates. No matter how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always terminates. No matter how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always terminates. No matter how you
+execute this machine, it stops. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this machine, it stops. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this machine, it stops. And the
+only way it can stop uh is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way it can stop uh is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way it can stop uh is that it
+reaches a final state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a final state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a final state.
+If you think about it for a second, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about it for a second, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you think about it for a second, the
+definition of execution was a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of execution was a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of execution was a sequence
+of transitions. And so terminate says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitions. And so terminate says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transitions. And so terminate says
+there's no infinite execution. For an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no infinite execution. For an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no infinite execution. For an
+infinite execution, that means every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite execution, that means every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite execution, that means every
+state qi there's some transition out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state qi there's some transition out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state qi there's some transition out of
+it to qi plus one. Uh so if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to qi plus one. Uh so if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to qi plus one. Uh so if that's not
+possible, that means at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, that means at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, that means at some point you
+reach a state that's final and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state that's final and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a state that's final and from
+there there's no uh transition. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no uh transition. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no uh transition. Okay? So
+you could either say it terminates means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could either say it terminates means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could either say it terminates means
+there's no infinite execution or every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no infinite execution or every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no infinite execution or every
+execution reaches a final state. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution reaches a final state. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution reaches a final state. These
+are turn out to be equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now I claim what we've shown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I claim what we've shown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I claim what we've shown is
+that for the simple sorter machine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the simple sorter machine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the simple sorter machine it
+actually sorts in this partially correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorts in this partially correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorts in this partially correct
+sense that if the machine terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if the machine terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if the machine terminates
+then it will give the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will give the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will give the correct answer
+because if it reaches a final state it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it reaches a final state it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it reaches a final state it's
+sorted. That's what we just argued.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted. That's what we just argued.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted. That's what we just argued.
+Now that's not enough. We also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's not enough. We also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's not enough. We also want to
+show that it terminates. And so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it terminates. And so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it terminates. And so really
+the main thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to do
+the main thing to do is to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to do is to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing to do is to prove
+termination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination.
+uh and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a machine is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine is correct
+uh if it terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it terminates
+and produces the right answer which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces the right answer which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces the right answer which was
+partially correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I haven't formally defined right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't formally defined right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't formally defined right
+answer but for the sorting problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but for the sorting problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but for the sorting problem it's
+clear we want to get them in order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we want to get them in order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we want to get them in order so
+that this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this holds
+A1 is less than equal to A2 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is less than equal to A2 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is less than equal to A2 is less than
+equal to dot dot dot. Okay, so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to dot dot dot. Okay, so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to dot dot dot. Okay, so we've
+proved partially correct but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved partially correct but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved partially correct but we need to
+prove correct and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove correct and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove correct and uh
+in particular we need to show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we need to show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we need to show that it
+terminates. So we need some tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates. So we need some tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates. So we need some tools for
+proving termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this machine.
+Let's go to another board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We want to make sure that this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to make sure that this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to make sure that this algorithm
+doesn't take forever. It doesn't go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take forever. It doesn't go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take forever. It doesn't go in
+an infinite loop. Never reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite loop. Never reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite loop. Never reaches the
+sorted state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me define a general tool for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me define a general tool for this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me define a general tool for this.
+This is how we will always prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how we will always prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is how we will always prove
+termination in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's called a derived variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called a derived variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called a derived variable.
+Uh this is sort of a reference to random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is sort of a reference to random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is sort of a reference to random
+variables which we will see when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which we will see when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which we will see when we get
+to the probability section of the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability section of the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability section of the class.
+Lots of forward references today. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of forward references today. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of forward references today. Um
+it's very simple. It's just uh for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple. It's just uh for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple. It's just uh for every
+state we define a real number x of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we define a real number x of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we define a real number x of q
+however you want. Okay. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want. Okay. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want. Okay. In other words,
+this is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+the set of states to the real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of states to the real numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of states to the real numbers.
+Okay, in our applications, we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in our applications, we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in our applications, we're only
+going to think of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of the natural numbers
+here, but in general, this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but in general, this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but in general, this could be a
+real number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number.
+Okay. And we're going to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to call it a
+derived variable strictly decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+uh whenever we have a transition from Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever we have a transition from Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever we have a transition from Q
+to R in T, it's a valid transition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R in T, it's a valid transition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R in T, it's a valid transition.
+Uh we have x of q is strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we have x of q is strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we have x of q is strictly greater
+than x of r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x of r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x of r.
+The new value is strictly less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The new value is strictly less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The new value is strictly less than the
+old value. That's strictly decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old value. That's strictly decreasing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old value. That's strictly decreasing.
+This is a very strange looking colon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So again this is about a state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again this is about a state machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again this is about a state machine.
+So we talk about transitions and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talk about transitions and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talk about transitions and every
+transition strictly decreases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition strictly decreases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition strictly decreases the
+derived variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable.
+Okay. This is going to be our analog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is going to be our analog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is going to be our analog to
+state predicates and preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state predicates and preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state predicates and preserved
+invariant. State predicates we map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant. State predicates we map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant. State predicates we map to
+true and false or zero and one. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false or zero and one. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false or zero and one. Now
+we're generalizing to allow it to map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generalizing to allow it to map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generalizing to allow it to map to
+any number, any real number. Okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number, any real number. Okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number, any real number. Okay, but
+very similar notion just we're outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar notion just we're outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar notion just we're outside
+the boolean realm. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's very odd to talk about strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very odd to talk about strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very odd to talk about strictly
+decreasing for booleans. And that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing for booleans. And that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing for booleans. And that's we
+want we need this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we need this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we need this.
+Okay, here is a wonderful theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's kind of it'll be obvious once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of it'll be obvious once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of it'll be obvious once I
+state it, but it's very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it, but it's very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it, but it's very useful for
+proving termination. It's how most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination. It's how most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving termination. It's how most
+termination arguments go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it says suppose you have a derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it says suppose you have a derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it says suppose you have a derived
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+x of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and suppose it satisfies two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and suppose it satisfies two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and suppose it satisfies two
+properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Property one is it's actually over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property one is it's actually over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Property one is it's actually over the
+natural numbers not reals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And property two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And property two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And property two
+is that uh strictly decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh state machine terminates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh the then is of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh the then is of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh the then is of course what
+we want. We want to show that our state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want. We want to show that our state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want. We want to show that our state
+machine terminates. So, a claim this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine terminates. So, a claim this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine terminates. So, a claim this is
+all you need to show. You need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to show. You need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to show. You need to
+construct some derived variable where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some derived variable where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some derived variable where
+the value is always a natural number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is always a natural number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is always a natural number.
+So, crucially, it's always non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, crucially, it's always non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, crucially, it's always non- negative
+and it's always an integer. That's I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always an integer. That's I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always an integer. That's I I
+highlight this instead of putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this instead of putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this instead of putting it in
+the definition because this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition because this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition because this is something
+we really need to prove. This theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to prove. This theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to prove. This theorem is
+is false if you allow real numbers. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false if you allow real numbers. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false if you allow real numbers. It's
+false if you allow negative numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if you allow negative numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if you allow negative numbers.
+Very important that they're non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important that they're non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important that they're non-
+negative integers. So that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers. So that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers. So that's something
+we need to check. And it's strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to check. And it's strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to check. And it's strictly
+decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing.
+That's all we need. Then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all we need. Then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all we need. Then we're
+guaranteed the machine will terminate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed the machine will terminate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed the machine will terminate.
+Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+Any guesses why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any guesses why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any guesses why?
+Why is this guaranteed that our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is this guaranteed that our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is this guaranteed that our machine
+terminates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Well, when we reach zero, if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, when we reach zero, if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, when we reach zero, if x is
+strictly decreasing, there's nowhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing, there's nowhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decreasing, there's nowhere to
+decrease. So, there must be no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease. So, there must be no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease. So, there must be no more
+transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions.
+>> That sounds good. So, when when x of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That sounds good. So, when when x of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That sounds good. So, when when x of q
+reaches zero, I don't know if it does,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches zero, I don't know if it does,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches zero, I don't know if it does,
+but if it reaches zero, you definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it reaches zero, you definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it reaches zero, you definitely
+can't go any farther because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go any farther because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go any farther because there's no
+transitions out of zero. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions out of zero. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions out of zero. You can't
+strictly decrease from zero if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decrease from zero if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly decrease from zero if you're
+non- negative. Why do we get to zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative. Why do we get to zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative. Why do we get to zero?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reach a minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a minimum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a minimum.
+>> Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay,
+>> we don't necessarily reach zero, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we don't necessarily reach zero, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we don't necessarily reach zero, but we
+get to some minimum. Yeah, I think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some minimum. Yeah, I think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some minimum. Yeah, I think these
+are all in the right direction. I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the right direction. I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the right direction. I I'll
+write down what I would call a sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what I would call a sketch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what I would call a sketch.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+that's thinking about it kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thinking about it kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thinking about it kind of the
+other way around. Instead of focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around. Instead of focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around. Instead of focusing on
+X of Q decreasing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of Q decreasing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of Q decreasing,
+um I want to think about executions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to think about executions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to think about executions of
+this machine, right? We want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine, right? We want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine, right? We want to prove
+that the machine terminates. That means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine terminates. That means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine terminates. That means
+that there are no infinite sequences. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no infinite sequences. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no infinite sequences. In
+other words, all all executions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, all all executions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, all all executions have
+finite length. I claim all executions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have length
+at most x of q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most x of q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most x of q0
+because every time I take a step, every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I take a step, every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time I take a step, every
+time I do a transition, x decreases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I do a transition, x decreases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I do a transition, x decreases by
+at least one. If it starts at x of q0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one. If it starts at x of q0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one. If it starts at x of q0,
+it can only decrease by one that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only decrease by one that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only decrease by one that many
+times. At that point it will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. At that point it will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. At that point it will have to
+have reached zero and then it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached zero and then it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reached zero and then it has to
+stop. Maybe it stopped earlier. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Maybe it stopped earlier. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Maybe it stopped earlier. But this
+guarantees that it stops. Right? Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that it stops. Right? Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that it stops. Right? Every
+step I make I strictly decrease x of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I make I strictly decrease x of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I make I strictly decrease x of q
+by at least one. We start here. We can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least one. We start here. We can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by at least one. We start here. We can't
+go below zero. So the number of moves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go below zero. So the number of moves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go below zero. So the number of moves is
+at most that you can prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most that you can prove this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most that you can prove this by
+induction. Uh but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Uh but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. Uh but it's kind of
+straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward.
+Okay. So you're in the right idea, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you're in the right idea, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you're in the right idea, but
+this is a little more precise. Great. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more precise. Great. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little more precise. Great. So
+now let's apply our termination theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply our termination theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's apply our termination theorem
+to the simple sorder machine. Uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the simple sorder machine. Uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the simple sorder machine. Uh but we
+need to do that we need to define one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that we need to define one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that we need to define one of
+these derived variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derived variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derived variables
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's actually this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually this one.
+I'll be mean and just erase this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be mean and just erase this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be mean and just erase this.
+There's our derived variable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's our derived variable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's our derived variable.
+I I'll rewrite it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll rewrite it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll rewrite it.
+So there's a reason these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a reason these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a reason these two examples
+are in the same lecture. Use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same lecture. Use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same lecture. Use the same
+idea which is inverted pairs. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is inverted pairs. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is inverted pairs. Oh,
+perhaps I shouldn't have erased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I shouldn't have erased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I shouldn't have erased the
+definition of inverted pairs. Sorry. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of inverted pairs. Sorry. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of inverted pairs. Sorry. Uh
+so back to the simple sorting machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the simple sorting machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the simple sorting machine.
+Uh we're going to define P of Q to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we're going to define P of Q to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we're going to define P of Q to be
+the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of inverted
+pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs
+in state Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's some number. It's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's some number. It's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's some number. It's a natural
+number, right? It's always greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? It's always greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, right? It's always greater than
+equal to zero. It's always an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero. It's always an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero. It's always an integer
+because inverted pairs were this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because inverted pairs were this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because inverted pairs were this
+discrete object. It was a set I J. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete object. It was a set I J. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete object. It was a set I J. Oh,
+maybe I need to redefine this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I need to redefine this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I need to redefine this a little
+bit. Is no longer reading order. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Is no longer reading order. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Is no longer reading order. So,
+what is an inverted pair? This is uh I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an inverted pair? This is uh I J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an inverted pair? This is uh I J
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+uh I is less than J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I is less than J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I is less than J.
+uh sorry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry but
+a i is greater than a j so it's a i i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i is greater than a j so it's a i i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a i is greater than a j so it's a i i i
+and j here are indices into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j here are indices into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and j here are indices into this
+sequence so in this example uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so in this example uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so in this example uh let's say
+uh 62 is inverted because six is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 62 is inverted because six is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 62 is inverted because six is to the
+left of two but six is greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of two but six is greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of two but six is greater than two
+and that's the opposite of what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the opposite of what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the opposite of what we want
+but also 61 is inverted it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also 61 is inverted it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also 61 is inverted it's not just
+adjacent pairs all the pairs so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent pairs all the pairs so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent pairs all the pairs so there's
+a bunch of pairs here how many it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pairs here how many it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of pairs here how many it's
+exactly the number of dots in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of dots in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of dots in this
+diagram. Each dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Each dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Each dot
+which we construct by taking each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we construct by taking each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we construct by taking each of
+these numbers of the particular height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers of the particular height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers of the particular height
+and drawing a leftward ray a line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing a leftward ray a line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drawing a leftward ray a line to the
+left and every time we hit another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and every time we hit another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and every time we hit another
+number that means that number was taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that means that number was taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that means that number was taller
+than I was. So one for example is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I was. So one for example is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I was. So one for example is is
+wrong with everybody because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with everybody because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with everybody because it's
+supposed to be all the way on the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be all the way on the left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be all the way on the left.
+Okay. So with this funny height diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So with this funny height diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So with this funny height diagram
+you just draw these lines. Those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just draw these lines. Those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just draw these lines. Those are the
+inverted pairs. A nice visualization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. A nice visualization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs. A nice visualization.
+Thanks Zachmore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks Zachmore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks Zachmore.
+and Bmore. Um, so now we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bmore. Um, so now we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bmore. Um, so now we think about
+what happens when we do a swap. So, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we do a swap. So, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we do a swap. So, for
+example, here I swap these two items.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, here I swap these two items.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, here I swap these two items.
+Oh, great. Before six and two were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, great. Before six and two were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, great. Before six and two were
+inverted. Now they're not. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted. Now they're not. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted. Now they're not. And that's
+all that changed because we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that changed because we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that changed because we're all in
+the algorithm in the transitions, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in the transitions, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm in the transitions, we're
+only swapping adjacent pairs. Okay. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only swapping adjacent pairs. Okay. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only swapping adjacent pairs. Okay. If I
+swap it back, the number uh increases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap it back, the number uh increases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap it back, the number uh increases.
+Okay. And now if we watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now if we watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now if we watch this
+algorithm, each time it swaps an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, each time it swaps an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, each time it swaps an
+adjacent pair, it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent pair, it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent pair, it decreases
+uh by one the number of inverted pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by one the number of inverted pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by one the number of inverted pairs.
+Watch it one more time for fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watch it one more time for fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watch it one more time for fun.
+Love this animation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love this animation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love this animation.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I claim this P of Q is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this P of Q is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim this P of Q is strictly
+decreasing. Why? because every time I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing. Why? because every time I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing. Why? because every time I do
+a transition from Q to R,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from Q to R,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from Q to R,
+uh, P of R is one smaller than P of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's look at the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the definition of
+transition over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition over here.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+When I do a transition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I do a transition in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I do a transition in this
+algorithm, I only swap two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, I only swap two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, I only swap two adjacent
+elements. So the inverted pairs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. So the inverted pairs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. So the inverted pairs with
+everything else doesn't change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else doesn't change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else doesn't change.
+And these guys were guaranteed inverted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these guys were guaranteed inverted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these guys were guaranteed inverted.
+I told you that AI was bigger than AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that AI was bigger than AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that AI was bigger than AI
+plus one whenever I did a transition. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one whenever I did a transition. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one whenever I did a transition. So
+I decreased by one the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decreased by one the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decreased by one the number of
+inverted pairs here. So uh I strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs here. So uh I strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted pairs here. So uh I strictly
+decrease by exactly one every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease by exactly one every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease by exactly one every single
+time. So in fact the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So in fact the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So in fact the running time of
+this algorithm the number of swaps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm the number of swaps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm the number of swaps that
+we do is exactly the number of inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is exactly the number of inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is exactly the number of inverted
+pairs. But in particular it terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. But in particular it terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. But in particular it terminates
+in finite time. And that's what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite time. And that's what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finite time. And that's what we get
+out of this termination theorem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this termination theorem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this termination theorem because
+we checked uh this function, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we checked uh this function, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we checked uh this function, this
+derived variable is non- negative. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable is non- negative. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived variable is non- negative. It's
+an integer and it's strictly decreasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and it's strictly decreasing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer and it's strictly decreasing.
+Therefore, our sorting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, our sorting algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, our sorting algorithm
+actually terminates. Yay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually terminates. Yay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually terminates. Yay.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+I supposed to do an announcement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I supposed to do an announcement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I supposed to do an announcement about
+problem sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets.
+>> Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes,
+>> which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which was
+the Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oh,
+>> yes. We're about to release solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yes. We're about to release solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yes. We're about to release solutions to
+a problem set. Uh problem set one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set. Uh problem set one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set. Uh problem set one. And
+you may recall you can submit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall you can submit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall you can submit your
+problem set one anytime between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one anytime between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one anytime between now and
+the end of semester. So what do you do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of semester. So what do you do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of semester. So what do you do?
+Are you allowed to look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you allowed to look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you allowed to look at those
+solutions? Yes, you're allowed to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions? Yes, you're allowed to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions? Yes, you're allowed to look
+at the solutions. But you cannot copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the solutions. But you cannot copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the solutions. But you cannot copy
+those solutions. You can look at them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions. You can look at them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions. You can look at them,
+then put them aside, remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them aside, remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them aside, remember the
+solution, think about the solution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, think about the solution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, think about the solution,
+write it in your own words how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in your own words how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in your own words how that
+solution works, and put at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution works, and put at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution works, and put at the top of
+your document. It says in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your document. It says in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your document. It says in the
+collaboration policy, I looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration policy, I looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration policy, I looked at the
+solutions, but I'm not copying them. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions, but I'm not copying them. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions, but I'm not copying them. If
+you copy them, you will be penalized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you copy them, you will be penalized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you copy them, you will be penalized.
+Okay? Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Just
+understand how the proof works and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the proof works and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the proof works and then
+write down how the proof works in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down how the proof works in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down how the proof works in your
+own words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words.
+See you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/geJHchWUYQk.txt b/geJHchWUYQk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a449d3e5adba533063992b6fcdd818163f69c7ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/geJHchWUYQk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is Michael Holsworth as Phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys in advance for giving me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in advance for giving me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in advance for giving me the
+opportunity to for lack of better turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to for lack of better turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to for lack of better turns
+drone on about drones for about a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone on about drones for about a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone on about drones for about a half
+hour here today I'll briefly be covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour here today I'll briefly be covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour here today I'll briefly be covering
+the part 107 guidelines the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part 107 guidelines the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part 107 guidelines the differences
+between hobby flying and 107 commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hobby flying and 107 commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hobby flying and 107 commercial
+flying different policies procedures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying different policies procedures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying different policies procedures and
+my experience thus far in the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience thus far in the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience thus far in the industry
+at any time if you guys have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time if you guys have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time if you guys have any
+questions feel free to interrupt I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions feel free to interrupt I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions feel free to interrupt I don't
+mind and I'm going to leave some time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and I'm going to leave some time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and I'm going to leave some time at
+the end for questions and if any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end for questions and if any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end for questions and if any you
+guys want to come up and check out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to come up and check out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to come up and check out the
+bird up here please feel free alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird up here please feel free alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird up here please feel free alright
+this first slide is gonna talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first slide is gonna talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first slide is gonna talk a little
+bit about my journey thus far in the UAV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about my journey thus far in the UAV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about my journey thus far in the UAV
+industry her UAS brought my first drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry her UAS brought my first drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry her UAS brought my first drone
+in 2014 to take with me on a trip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2014 to take with me on a trip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2014 to take with me on a trip to
+Hawaii edited up some footage posted my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii edited up some footage posted my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawaii edited up some footage posted my
+content to YouTube and got a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to YouTube and got a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content to YouTube and got a little bit
+of semi viral success about 50,000 views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semi viral success about 50,000 views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semi viral success about 50,000 views
+and then a a Licensing Company actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a a Licensing Company actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a a Licensing Company actually
+reached out to me and said hey we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached out to me and said hey we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached out to me and said hey we want
+to utilize some of your footage we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to utilize some of your footage we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to utilize some of your footage we want
+to sell it and we like it and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell it and we like it and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell it and we like it and I just
+said man I just made this for fun I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said man I just made this for fun I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said man I just made this for fun I can
+make money doing this this is great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money doing this this is great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money doing this this is great and
+a little side revenue stream there after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little side revenue stream there after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little side revenue stream there after
+you know after I started making a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after I started making a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after I started making a little
+bit of money I was kind of hooked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money I was kind of hooked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money I was kind of hooked and
+when the first round of 107 exams took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first round of 107 exams took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the first round of 107 exams took
+place roughly two years ago I told my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place roughly two years ago I told my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place roughly two years ago I told my
+father at East Coast I want to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father at East Coast I want to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father at East Coast I want to be the
+very first person in the state to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first person in the state to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first person in the state to take
+that exam I passed I was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exam I passed I was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exam I passed I was the first
+person in the state of Massachusetts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the state of Massachusetts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the state of Massachusetts to
+hold the 107 that reign of terror lasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the 107 that reign of terror lasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the 107 that reign of terror lasted
+were roughly five minutes so the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were roughly five minutes so the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were roughly five minutes so the kid
+next to me passed his test and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to me passed his test and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to me passed his test and then
+there was two I then had some local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two I then had some local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two I then had some local
+success next I made a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success next I made a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success next I made a video
+Phillip was alluding to on Cape Cod over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip was alluding to on Cape Cod over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip was alluding to on Cape Cod over
+at Wellfleet if any of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wellfleet if any of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wellfleet if any of you are familiar
+with the Beachcomber I absolutely love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Beachcomber I absolutely love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Beachcomber I absolutely love
+that place went and flew my drone there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place went and flew my drone there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place went and flew my drone there
+posted a video all the local news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a video all the local news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a video all the local news
+channels picked it up and about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels picked it up and about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels picked it up and about two
+weeks later I received a nice $1,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later I received a nice $1,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later I received a nice $1,500
+fine from the ranger station in Cape Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine from the ranger station in Cape Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine from the ranger station in Cape Cod
+they fined me for what was it some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fined me for what was it some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fined me for what was it some kind
+of piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piper
+plover puffin bird out there I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plover puffin bird out there I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plover puffin bird out there I was
+flying over a sanctuary they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over a sanctuary they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over a sanctuary they were not
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+that and I was operating a UAS over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I was operating a UAS over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I was operating a UAS over a
+national park I want to stress though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national park I want to stress though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national park I want to stress though
+the FAA didn't find me it was the Ranger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA didn't find me it was the Ranger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FAA didn't find me it was the Ranger
+service that fine that gave me the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that fine that gave me the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that fine that gave me the fine
+I kind of chuckled at it because I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of chuckled at it because I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of chuckled at it because I made
+about forty eight hundred bucks off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forty eight hundred bucks off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forty eight hundred bucks off the
+footage and that made the fine I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage and that made the fine I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage and that made the fine I took
+worth it in the fall of 2016 I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it in the fall of 2016 I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it in the fall of 2016 I basically
+hit some viral gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some viral gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some viral gold
+I took my drone up to the kanka Mancos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took my drone up to the kanka Mancos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took my drone up to the kanka Mancos
+highway during the fall made a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway during the fall made a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway during the fall made a nice
+little foliage video a couple licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little foliage video a couple licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little foliage video a couple licensing
+companies picked it up and that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies picked it up and that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies picked it up and that very
+next day it ran on Good Morning America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day it ran on Good Morning America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day it ran on Good Morning America
+I got some national attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some national attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some national attention to the
+tune of about 4.7 million views on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune of about 4.7 million views on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune of about 4.7 million views on the
+video still counting people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video still counting people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video still counting people still
+watching that thing all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that thing all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching that thing all the time
+especially in the fall gets a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the fall gets a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the fall gets a lot of
+play you might be wondering what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you might be wondering what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play you might be wondering what does
+4.7 million views equate to in dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.7 million views equate to in dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.7 million views equate to in dollars
+I'll admit it's not that much you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll admit it's not that much you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll admit it's not that much you'd
+expect wish it was a buck of you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect wish it was a buck of you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect wish it was a buck of you but
+unfortunately is not I think I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is not I think I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately is not I think I made
+about 10 grand off that but something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 grand off that but something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 grand off that but something I
+was just doing for fun and made you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just doing for fun and made you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just doing for fun and made you know
+I had no intention of it going viral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no intention of it going viral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no intention of it going viral or
+getting that kind of success I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that kind of success I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that kind of success I was
+definitely a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a plus
+after I got that national attention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I got that national attention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I got that national attention a
+local production company called above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local production company called above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local production company called above
+summit here in Somerville contacted me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summit here in Somerville contacted me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summit here in Somerville contacted me
+where you been all our lives come work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you been all our lives come work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you been all our lives come work
+for us and now I'm a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and now I'm a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and now I'm a production
+coordinator and lead drone up over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator and lead drone up over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator and lead drone up over at
+above summit next slide this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above summit next slide this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above summit next slide this slide
+basically just provides you with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just provides you with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just provides you with some
+links to the full text of regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the full text of regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the full text of regulations
+introduction material and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction material and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction material and any other
+relevant documents you guys can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant documents you guys can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant documents you guys can take a
+look at this on your own time alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this on your own time alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this on your own time alright
+next we're going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're going to talk a little bit
+about hobby verse 107 let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hobby verse 107 let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hobby verse 107 let's talk about
+the difference hobby operation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference hobby operation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference hobby operation is just
+how it sounds you want to go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it sounds you want to go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it sounds you want to go out and
+take some pictures of your kid or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some pictures of your kid or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some pictures of your kid or do
+whatever that's that's on your own time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's that's on your own time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's that's on your own time
+that's hobby but if your intended use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hobby but if your intended use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hobby but if your intended use is
+for anything commercial you are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything commercial you are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything commercial you are required
+to obtain a 107 some examples real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain a 107 some examples real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain a 107 some examples real
+estate photos aerial surveying thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate photos aerial surveying thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate photos aerial surveying thermal
+imaging search-and-rescue industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging search-and-rescue industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging search-and-rescue industrial
+pipeline inspection things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline inspection things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline inspection things of that
+nature even if you're working for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature even if you're working for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature even if you're working for or
+with a non-profit you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a non-profit you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a non-profit you still have to
+obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain
+1:07 what are the what are the asterisks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:07 what are the what are the asterisks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:07 what are the what are the asterisks
+there Michael I'm getting to it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Michael I'm getting to it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Michael I'm getting to it okay
+we're getting there so some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting there so some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting there so some basic
+operating rules are shared by both hobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating rules are shared by both hobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating rules are shared by both hobby
+and 107 operators you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 107 operators you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 107 operators you have to keep
+visual line of sight must follow basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual line of sight must follow basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual line of sight must follow basic
+safety guidelines maintain altitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guidelines maintain altitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guidelines maintain altitude of
+400 feet or below something to note like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet or below something to note like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet or below something to note like
+Philip was saying you'll see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip was saying you'll see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip was saying you'll see these
+asterisks bullet points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisks bullet points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisks bullet points on the
+right-hand side under 107 you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side under 107 you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side under 107 you can get
+waivers and exceptions from the FAA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waivers and exceptions from the FAA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waivers and exceptions from the FAA to
+kind of break these rules we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of break these rules we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of break these rules we're gonna
+talk a little bit more about that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about that as the
+slides continue here we'll circle back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides continue here we'll circle back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides continue here we'll circle back
+to that slide for talks about multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that slide for talks about multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that slide for talks about multi
+person crew you know they don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person crew you know they don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person crew you know they don't tell you
+that you have to have a multi person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to have a multi person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to have a multi person
+crew sometimes it's really not needed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew sometimes it's really not needed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew sometimes it's really not needed if
+you're working for let's say a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for let's say a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working for let's say a real
+estate company and they want you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate company and they want you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate company and they want you to take
+some photos of a residential house you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some photos of a residential house you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some photos of a residential house you
+know you're standing right in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're standing right in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're standing right in front of
+the house you don't really need a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house you don't really need a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house you don't really need a visual
+observer someone looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer someone looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer someone looking for
+obstructions or things of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructions or things of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructions or things of that nature
+you can pull it off yourself but in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull it off yourself but in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull it off yourself but in more
+of a professional setting or depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a professional setting or depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a professional setting or depending
+on the scope of your job that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scope of your job that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the scope of your job that you're
+using your UAS for you know having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your UAS for you know having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your UAS for you know having a
+visual observer is definitely helpful I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual observer is definitely helpful I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual observer is definitely helpful I
+have some buddies that work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some buddies that work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some buddies that work in the
+industrial sector inspecting pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sector inspecting pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial sector inspecting pipeline
+that's 30 40 miles long they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 30 40 miles long they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 30 40 miles long they actually
+use ten visual observers and they stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ten visual observers and they stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use ten visual observers and they stage
+them with radios and binoculars along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with radios and binoculars along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with radios and binoculars along
+the pipeline just for added safety and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline just for added safety and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline just for added safety and
+then they have the the operator kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have the the operator kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have the the operator kind of
+cruising you know walking with the drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising you know walking with the drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising you know walking with the drone
+if you will sometimes but my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will sometimes but my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will sometimes but my personal
+experience on movie sets and things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience on movie sets and things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience on movie sets and things of
+that nature we operate with a three-man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature we operate with a three-man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature we operate with a three-man
+crew we have a visual observer a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew we have a visual observer a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew we have a visual observer a camera
+operator and then someone behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then someone behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then someone behind the
+wheel of this thing right here you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel of this thing right here you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel of this thing right here you will
+notice this camera on here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this camera on here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this camera on here can be
+independently operated by its own set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently operated by its own set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently operated by its own set of
+controls and then the drone can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then the drone can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls and then the drone can be
+operated by its set of controls width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated by its set of controls width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated by its set of controls width
+which allows you to get you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get you know more
+dynamic range of shots drone can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range of shots drone can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range of shots drone can be
+going this way camera can be panning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way camera can be panning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way camera can be panning the
+other way drone can be rising up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way drone can be rising up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way drone can be rising up as
+camera goes down so it really brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera goes down so it really brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera goes down so it really brings
+some versatility to your shots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versatility to your shots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versatility to your shots and
+things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last bullet point here mentions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last bullet point here mentions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last bullet point here mentions that
+the drone operator need not be certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drone operator need not be certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drone operator need not be certified
+but a 1:07 operator must be on site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a 1:07 operator must be on site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a 1:07 operator must be on site and
+you might be wondering when this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be wondering when this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be wondering when this would
+come into play I get a lot of requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play I get a lot of requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play I get a lot of requests
+from wedding people wedding people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wedding people wedding people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wedding people wedding people
+videographers photographers things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videographers photographers things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videographers photographers things of
+that nature they look at the drone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature they look at the drone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature they look at the drone as
+kind of another tool in their in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another tool in their in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another tool in their in their
+bag to utilize when they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag to utilize when they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag to utilize when they're you know
+doing their gigs and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their gigs and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their gigs and things of that
+nature they don't want to get a 107 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they don't want to get a 107 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature they don't want to get a 107 they
+don't want to want the hassle for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to want the hassle for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to want the hassle for them
+it's easier to pay me a hundred bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to pay me a hundred bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to pay me a hundred bucks
+just to show up and make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show up and make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show up and make sure they're
+doing everything on the up-and-up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything on the up-and-up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything on the up-and-up and
+supervising it always amazes me - at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervising it always amazes me - at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervising it always amazes me - at
+weddings why someone would want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weddings why someone would want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weddings why someone would want this
+loud spinning machine over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud spinning machine over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud spinning machine over their
+ceremony you know whether giving their I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony you know whether giving their I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony you know whether giving their I
+Do's all your here's me some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do's all your here's me some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do's all your here's me some people
+actually want it for the video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want it for the video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want it for the video that
+wanted for Prosperity I guess all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted for Prosperity I guess all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted for Prosperity I guess all right
+human factors in decision-making alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human factors in decision-making alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human factors in decision-making alcohol
+and drugs obviously don't operate under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drugs obviously don't operate under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drugs obviously don't operate under
+the influence no matter how tempting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence no matter how tempting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influence no matter how tempting it
+is have a couple beers want to fly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have a couple beers want to fly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have a couple beers want to fly on
+the beach not a smart idea let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach not a smart idea let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach not a smart idea let's see
+here crew resource management this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here crew resource management this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here crew resource management this
+basically stated the more people you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stated the more people you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stated the more people you can
+bring into the operation the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring into the operation the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring into the operation the better
+nothing wrong with an extra set of eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with an extra set of eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with an extra set of eyes
+fatigue and stress obviously not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue and stress obviously not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue and stress obviously not a good
+time to operate here's one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to operate here's one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to operate here's one of my
+favorites talking about attitudes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites talking about attitudes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites talking about attitudes the
+FAA they list five attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA they list five attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA they list five attitudes
+anti-authority macho impulsivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-authority macho impulsivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-authority macho impulsivity and
+vulnerability and resignation the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability and resignation the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability and resignation the one I
+see the most out there is anti Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most out there is anti Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most out there is anti Authority
+all the time people want to fly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time people want to fly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time people want to fly where
+they're not supposed to they want to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not supposed to they want to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not supposed to they want to fly
+longer than they should they want to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than they should they want to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than they should they want to fly
+in no-fly zones eight hundred feet by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no-fly zones eight hundred feet by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no-fly zones eight hundred feet by
+Logan right by the runway you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan right by the runway you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan right by the runway you know
+that's just not beneficial for the Hobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not beneficial for the Hobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not beneficial for the Hobby
+not beneficial for anybody that Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not beneficial for anybody that Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not beneficial for anybody that Logan
+example Logan is actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Logan is actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Logan is actually currently
+doing something about it the company DJI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something about it the company DJI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something about it the company DJI
+which Phillip mentioned earlier they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Phillip mentioned earlier they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Phillip mentioned earlier they're
+actually you know the leader in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know the leader in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know the leader in
+commercial drone systems they recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial drone systems they recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial drone systems they recently
+came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up
+this product called DJI arrow scope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product called DJI arrow scope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product called DJI arrow scope and
+what arrow scope does whether it's a DJI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrow scope does whether it's a DJI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrow scope does whether it's a DJI
+drone or not if you fly into Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone or not if you fly into Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone or not if you fly into Logan
+airspace it will ping your bird and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace it will ping your bird and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace it will ping your bird and it
+will tell them your location and serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell them your location and serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell them your location and serial
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+the serial number is going to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial number is going to go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial number is going to go right
+back to you you're gonna lose your 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you you're gonna lose your 107
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you you're gonna lose your 107
+and you're gonna get some hefty fines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna get some hefty fines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna get some hefty fines
+it's just not smart to fly in Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not smart to fly in Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not smart to fly in Logan
+airspace or any Airport airspace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace or any Airport airspace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace or any Airport airspace for
+that example what why do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example what why do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example what why do you want to
+mess around with the manned aircrafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we're gonna get into performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're gonna get into performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're gonna get into performance
+you'll basically find the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll basically find the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll basically find the same
+performance issues that you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues that you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues that you do with
+fixed wings but you know the drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed wings but you know the drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed wings but you know the drone
+obviously is going to be more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is going to be more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is going to be more sensitive
+to these issues things like high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these issues things like high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these issues things like high density
+altitude humidity weight high winds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude humidity weight high winds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude humidity weight high winds are
+all examples items that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all examples items that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all examples items that are going to
+negatively impact the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively impact the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively impact the performance of
+your UAS so definitely be cautious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your UAS so definitely be cautious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your UAS so definitely be cautious of
+that loading I always like talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loading I always like talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loading I always like talking about
+this you know there is no book yet about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know there is no book yet about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know there is no book yet about
+how to properly load these things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to properly load these things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to properly load these things now
+this drone that I brought in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drone that I brought in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drone that I brought in you know
+this this only has a limited amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this only has a limited amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this only has a limited amount of
+camera and imaging systems that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and imaging systems that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and imaging systems that you can
+mount here onto the drone so this camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount here onto the drone so this camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount here onto the drone so this camera
+actually comes off this whole entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes off this whole entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes off this whole entire
+three axis gimbal system here can mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axis gimbal system here can mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three axis gimbal system here can mount
+off and you can put interchangeable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and you can put interchangeable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and you can put interchangeable you
+know if you wanted to put thermal let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to put thermal let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to put thermal let's
+say let's say the police call me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's say the police call me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's say the police call me and
+they they got somebody missing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they got somebody missing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they got somebody missing or
+somebody kidnapped and they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody kidnapped and they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody kidnapped and they think
+they're in this area I can do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in this area I can do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in this area I can do you know
+grid patterns with thermal imaging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid patterns with thermal imaging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid patterns with thermal imaging to
+find these guys so that's that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these guys so that's that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these guys so that's that's this
+type of drone but when we're on movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of drone but when we're on movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of drone but when we're on movie
+sets and things of that nature we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and things of that nature we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and things of that nature we're
+using what the term we called is a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the term we called is a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the term we called is a heavy
+lift drone we have a drone that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift drone we have a drone that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift drone we have a drone that has a
+wingspan of about 10 feet from prop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan of about 10 feet from prop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan of about 10 feet from prop to
+prop its massive it can hold up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop its massive it can hold up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop its massive it can hold up about
+you know 40 to 50 pounds on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 40 to 50 pounds on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 40 to 50 pounds on its own
+stabilizer and the problem is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizer and the problem is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizer and the problem is is that
+there's so many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different kinds of
+cameras that this thing could mount you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras that this thing could mount you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras that this thing could mount you
+could mount an Aria Lexi mini you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mount an Aria Lexi mini you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mount an Aria Lexi mini you could
+mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount
+Hanan as Sony you know cameras that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanan as Sony you know cameras that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanan as Sony you know cameras that you
+see people walking around the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people walking around the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people walking around the common
+taking pictures with you can mount on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures with you can mount on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures with you can mount on
+these types of drones the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of drones the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of drones the issue is
+they're all different sizes they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different sizes they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different sizes they're all
+different shapes they're all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes they're all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes they're all different
+weights and there's no real book on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and there's no real book on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and there's no real book on how
+to properly mount these things so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly mount these things so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to properly mount these things so what
+we do is test test test we go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is test test test we go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is test test test we go out to
+wide open fields you know what here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open fields you know what here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide open fields you know what here's a
+good example last month we did a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example last month we did a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example last month we did a movie
+called knives out if any of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called knives out if any of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called knives out if any of you have
+seen James Bond double-oh-seven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen James Bond double-oh-seven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen James Bond double-oh-seven that
+actor Daniel Craig we were doing a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor Daniel Craig we were doing a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor Daniel Craig we were doing a movie
+for that and they wanted this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and they wanted this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that and they wanted this about
+hundred thousand dollar camera mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollar camera mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollar camera mounted
+onto the drone for the job if that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the drone for the job if that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the drone for the job if that's not
+nerve-racking enough flying one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve-racking enough flying one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve-racking enough flying one hundred
+thousand dollars but then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars but then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars but then we were
+nervous we were like look we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous we were like look we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous we were like look we've never
+flown that camera before we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown that camera before we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown that camera before we've never
+tested it on this heavy lift drone so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it on this heavy lift drone so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it on this heavy lift drone so we
+actually made the studio give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made the studio give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made the studio give us the
+camera for a week we took it to a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera for a week we took it to a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera for a week we took it to a wide
+open field we played around with it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open field we played around with it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open field we played around with it for
+a while and you know we got it dialed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and you know we got it dialed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while and you know we got it dialed in
+perfectly I mean the last thing you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly I mean the last thing you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly I mean the last thing you want
+to do is show up to a job and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show up to a job and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is show up to a job and kind of
+wing it with six figures worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing it with six figures worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing it with six figures worth of
+equipment where you're working around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment where you're working around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment where you're working around a
+guy gets paid twenty million dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets paid twenty million dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets paid twenty million dollars a
+movie it's just a recipe for disaster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it's just a recipe for disaster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie it's just a recipe for disaster so
+make sure you're always testing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're always testing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're always testing all the
+time especially if you're loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time especially if you're loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time especially if you're loading
+different things you could definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you could definitely
+have fun with loading these things up -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with loading these things up -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with loading these things up -
+I was telling Phillip a story the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was telling Phillip a story the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was telling Phillip a story the other
+day about five years ago when I had my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day about five years ago when I had my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day about five years ago when I had my
+first DJI phantom I met I mounted some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first DJI phantom I met I mounted some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first DJI phantom I met I mounted some
+Roman candles on the landing gear chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman candles on the landing gear chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman candles on the landing gear chase
+my buddies around so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my buddies around so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my buddies around so you could
+definitely have some fun there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have some fun there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have some fun there there's
+nothing in the book about that moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the book about that moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in the book about that moving on
+drones at night you do need a waiver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones at night you do need a waiver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones at night you do need a waiver to
+fly at night and we'll get more into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly at night and we'll get more into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly at night and we'll get more into how
+to apply for these waivers and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for these waivers and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply for these waivers and what
+portals you have to go through with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portals you have to go through with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portals you have to go through with the
+FAA the drone zone is actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA the drone zone is actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA the drone zone is actually for
+flying at night and again I'll get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying at night and again I'll get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying at night and again I'll get more
+into that you can however operate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that you can however operate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that you can however operate we
+like using the term Golden Hour or civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using the term Golden Hour or civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like using the term Golden Hour or civil
+twilight if you will the only rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight if you will the only rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twilight if you will the only rule is
+you have to have a small strobe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a small strobe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a small strobe or
+anti-collision lights on there we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-collision lights on there we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-collision lights on there we always
+like to mount on this drone right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to mount on this drone right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to mount on this drone right there
+just to make sure we're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make sure we're not getting
+anything in the camera image or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the camera image or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the camera image or you know
+we don't want the footage to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the footage to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the footage to show the
+strobe obviously but we want to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe obviously but we want to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe obviously but we want to play it
+safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe
+Michael sir hold on SEC so is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael sir hold on SEC so is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael sir hold on SEC so is there is
+there an official mounting spot for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an official mounting spot for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an official mounting spot for a
+light here or you know you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here or you know you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here or you know you just have to
+like velcro velcro it on a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like velcro velcro it on a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like velcro velcro it on a relative
+interesting let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting let's see here
+regulatory fine print don't be careless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory fine print don't be careless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory fine print don't be careless
+or reckless don't drop stuff if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reckless don't drop stuff if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reckless don't drop stuff if you
+can't if you crash and it caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't if you crash and it caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't if you crash and it caused a
+significant damage which I believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant damage which I believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant damage which I believe the
+FAA considers $500 you do have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA considers $500 you do have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA considers $500 you do have to report
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+luckily I've never run into that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I've never run into that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I've never run into that issue
+which is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nice
+pre-flight pre-flight is huge just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight pre-flight is huge just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight pre-flight is huge just like
+fixed-wing you want to do pre-flight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed-wing you want to do pre-flight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed-wing you want to do pre-flight you
+can see all the pre-flight requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the pre-flight requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all the pre-flight requirements
+here on the slide in my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the slide in my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the slide in my personal
+experience I've seen situations go very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I've seen situations go very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I've seen situations go very
+bad because pre-flight has not happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because pre-flight has not happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because pre-flight has not happened
+literally three weeks ago I had a buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally three weeks ago I had a buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally three weeks ago I had a buddy
+who bought the same exact drone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who bought the same exact drone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who bought the same exact drone and
+actually was a version before this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was a version before this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was a version before this this
+is a DJI inspire 2 he had a DJI inspire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DJI inspire 2 he had a DJI inspire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a DJI inspire 2 he had a DJI inspire
+1 it was very cold outside and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it was very cold outside and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it was very cold outside and he just
+fired it up and took off right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired it up and took off right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired it up and took off right away
+did not pay attention to his battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not pay attention to his battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not pay attention to his battery
+voltage about 8 minutes into his flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage about 8 minutes into his flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage about 8 minutes into his flight
+his bird dropped like a rock and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bird dropped like a rock and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his bird dropped like a rock and that
+was about a five thousand dollar loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about a five thousand dollar loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about a five thousand dollar loss
+just going out having fun with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going out having fun with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going out having fun with your
+buddies so pre-flight is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddies so pre-flight is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buddies so pre-flight is definitely
+something that you want to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you want to pay attention
+to personally I double and triple check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to personally I double and triple check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to personally I double and triple check
+before taking off a lot of times what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking off a lot of times what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before taking off a lot of times what I
+do I'll you know do my walk-around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll you know do my walk-around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll you know do my walk-around the
+drone to make sure everything's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone to make sure everything's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone to make sure everything's good
+make sure connection links are fine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure connection links are fine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure connection links are fine and
+then what I'll do when I take off I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do when I take off I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do when I take off I'll
+let it sit for about 30 seconds right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit for about 30 seconds right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit for about 30 seconds right in
+front of me 5 feet off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me 5 feet off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me 5 feet off the ground
+watch the controls watch everything make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the controls watch everything make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the controls watch everything make
+sure my gauges are right make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure my gauges are right make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure my gauges are right make sure I
+have good connection to satellites make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good connection to satellites make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good connection to satellites make
+sure it's GPS locked make sure my return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's GPS locked make sure my return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's GPS locked make sure my return
+to home button is readily available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to home button is readily available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to home button is readily available and
+marked it just these these are expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked it just these these are expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked it just these these are expensive
+you know I mean this setup right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean this setup right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean this setup right here
+you're looking at you know ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at you know ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at you know ten thousand
+dollars into this thing so a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars into this thing so a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars into this thing so a little
+extra time pre-flight is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time pre-flight is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra time pre-flight is definitely
+worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it
+also remember pre-flight just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember pre-flight just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remember pre-flight just doesn't
+include only the drone as well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include only the drone as well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include only the drone as well if you're
+working with a multi crew you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a multi crew you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a multi crew you know
+double-check your comms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check your comms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check your comms
+double-check your batteries double-check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check your batteries double-check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check your batteries double-check
+the props make sure they're not chipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the props make sure they're not chipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the props make sure they're not chipped
+things of that nature you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature you know what this
+reminds me of one story I actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of one story I actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of one story I actually did
+have a crash once about three years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crash once about three years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crash once about three years ago
+if you guys know what stand-up paddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys know what stand-up paddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys know what stand-up paddle
+boarding is right people stand up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding is right people stand up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding is right people stand up on the
+paddle board and they do this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle board and they do this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle board and they do this thing I
+had a company asked me to film them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a company asked me to film them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a company asked me to film them at
+night and marblehead and it was this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and marblehead and it was this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and marblehead and it was this big
+open bay with a ton of boats so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open bay with a ton of boats so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open bay with a ton of boats so we had
+like 40 yards of open water and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 40 yards of open water and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 40 yards of open water and then
+nothing but a boat parking lot and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but a boat parking lot and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but a boat parking lot and these
+guys at night we're gonna put LED strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys at night we're gonna put LED strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys at night we're gonna put LED strip
+lights all over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights all over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights all over them
+they had these spotlights to go under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these spotlights to go under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these spotlights to go under
+the water on the board and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water on the board and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water on the board and they were
+gonna do some nighttime blacklight yoga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do some nighttime blacklight yoga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do some nighttime blacklight yoga
+session out there in the water sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session out there in the water sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session out there in the water sure if
+your check clears I'll go film it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your check clears I'll go film it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your check clears I'll go film it no
+problem all right so I say to myself all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so I say to myself all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so I say to myself all
+right I'm looking at the situation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm looking at the situation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm looking at the situation and I
+say all right there's a bunch of boats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right there's a bunch of boats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right there's a bunch of boats
+out there I do not want to hit them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I do not want to hit them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I do not want to hit them it
+is going to be night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be night
+I will not see them when I'm flying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not see them when I'm flying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will not see them when I'm flying what
+can I do so I walked up to where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do so I walked up to where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do so I walked up to where I was
+gonna launch from dip my piggies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna launch from dip my piggies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna launch from dip my piggies in the
+water right there and said all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right there and said all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right there and said all right I'm
+gonna fly the drone out to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly the drone out to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fly the drone out to the first
+boat and I'm gonna look at my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and I'm gonna look at my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat and I'm gonna look at my control
+setup and I'm gonna note how far away I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and I'm gonna note how far away I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and I'm gonna note how far away I
+am from the boats all right I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am from the boats all right I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am from the boats all right I think it
+was 90 feet away so I told myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 90 feet away so I told myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 90 feet away so I told myself
+mentally when it comes time to film this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally when it comes time to film this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally when it comes time to film this
+at night I will not go past 90 feet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night I will not go past 90 feet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at night I will not go past 90 feet or
+I'm gonna hit a boat all right what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna hit a boat all right what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna hit a boat all right what do
+you think the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the problem with that is
+anyone anyone know what the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anyone know what the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anyone know what the problem with
+that assessment is and I was a bonehead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assessment is and I was a bonehead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assessment is and I was a bonehead
+I did not consider the tide so about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not consider the tide so about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did not consider the tide so about two
+hours later when it came time to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later when it came time to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later when it came time to do the
+job I put my piggies in the same water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job I put my piggies in the same water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job I put my piggies in the same water
+right there but guess where that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there but guess where that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there but guess where that water
+was about 20 feet out all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 20 feet out all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 20 feet out all right so I'm
+thinking to myself I got 90 feet to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to myself I got 90 feet to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to myself I got 90 feet to play
+with about I don't know I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about I don't know I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about I don't know I want to say
+one of my last shots I wanted to get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my last shots I wanted to get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my last shots I wanted to get I
+had him all lined up all the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had him all lined up all the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had him all lined up all the lights
+everything looked cool they're all doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked cool they're all doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked cool they're all doing
+like a yay and I wanted to orbit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a yay and I wanted to orbit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a yay and I wanted to orbit around
+them and halfway around my orbit I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and halfway around my orbit I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and halfway around my orbit I hear
+crunch splash I hit a boat mast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch splash I hit a boat mast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch splash I hit a boat mast
+luckily very luckily the drone hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily very luckily the drone hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily very luckily the drone hit the
+mast the battery came out of the compar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast the battery came out of the compar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast the battery came out of the compar
+and the batteries what I heard splashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the batteries what I heard splashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the batteries what I heard splashing
+the physical drone and more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical drone and more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical drone and more importantly
+the memory card with my footage landed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory card with my footage landed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory card with my footage landed
+on the boat which one of the guys ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat which one of the guys ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boat which one of the guys ended
+up getting for me so that was good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting for me so that was good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting for me so that was good but
+Michael quit yes quick question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael quit yes quick question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael quit yes quick question I
+thought these drones had sonar so tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these drones had sonar so tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these drones had sonar so tight
+collision system these do yeah so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision system these do yeah so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision system these do yeah so most
+they most certainly do and quite frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they most certainly do and quite frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they most certainly do and quite frankly
+between I don't want to endorse this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I don't want to endorse this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I don't want to endorse this you
+should always fly with your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always fly with your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always fly with your you know
+obstacle avoidance on and your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance on and your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance on and your vision
+positioning sensors and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning sensors and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning sensors and things of that
+nature for me personally it blows my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature for me personally it blows my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature for me personally it blows my
+shots all the time so I turned them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots all the time so I turned them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots all the time so I turned them off
+I say you know if this is a tip of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say you know if this is a tip of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say you know if this is a tip of a
+house right and I want to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house right and I want to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house right and I want to go over the
+house and reveal what's behind it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and reveal what's behind it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and reveal what's behind it but I
+want to make it look cinematic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it look cinematic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it look cinematic and I
+want to clip that roof real close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to clip that roof real close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to clip that roof real close and
+then you know reveal when I'm revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know reveal when I'm revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know reveal when I'm revealing
+too many times I try to clip it close at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many times I try to clip it close at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many times I try to clip it close at
+a bbbb beep no you can't your shots now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bbbb beep no you can't your shots now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bbbb beep no you can't your shots now
+bloom so I always I personally I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom so I always I personally I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom so I always I personally I turn
+them off right for beginners I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off right for beginners I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off right for beginners I'd
+recommend do not turn them off fly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend do not turn them off fly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend do not turn them off fly with
+them on until you're very comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on until you're very comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on until you're very comfortable
+with these things again they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things again they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things again they're not
+cheap they're expensive so a consumer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap they're expensive so a consumer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap they're expensive so a consumer in
+that boat situation the term wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boat situation the term wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boat situation the term wouldn't
+have hit the boat because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hit the boat because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hit the boat because the
+anti-collision system would have if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-collision system would have if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-collision system would have if I
+had it on that perhaps if I had it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it on that perhaps if I had it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it on that perhaps if I had it on
+correct you know you'll notice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you know you'll notice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you know you'll notice you know
+on the drone these this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the drone these this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the drone these this is a this is
+obstacle avoidance this is obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance this is obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance this is obstacle
+avoidance right there it's got visioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance right there it's got visioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance right there it's got visioning
+position system on the back and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position system on the back and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position system on the back and an
+obstacle avoidance on the back as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance on the back as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle avoidance on the back as well
+so it's got they like to say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got they like to say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got they like to say they're
+idiot proof you know unless you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot proof you know unless you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot proof you know unless you turn
+everything off next slide we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything off next slide we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything off next slide we're going to
+talk a little about about operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about about operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about about operating
+locally here in the Boston area in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally here in the Boston area in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally here in the Boston area in order
+to fly commercially in the Boston area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly commercially in the Boston area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly commercially in the Boston area
+you have to be 107 and you must obey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be 107 and you must obey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be 107 and you must obey we
+call it the grid that ATC @kb OS created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the grid that ATC @kb OS created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the grid that ATC @kb OS created
+and you know what let's just take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what let's just take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what let's just take a look
+at the grid here so you'll notice on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the grid here so you'll notice on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the grid here so you'll notice on
+this grid this is the local Boston area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid this is the local Boston area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid this is the local Boston area
+every little square there has a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little square there has a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little square there has a number
+that number represents the height that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number represents the height that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number represents the height that
+you can achieve if you obtain the waiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve if you obtain the waiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve if you obtain the waiver
+and you also have to be 107 certified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have to be 107 certified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have to be 107 certified to
+fly in this grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in this grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in this grid
+you can do hobby flights if you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do hobby flights if you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do hobby flights if you you know
+theoretically you're supposed to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you're supposed to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you're supposed to call
+the tower if you're doing a hobby flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower if you're doing a hobby flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower if you're doing a hobby flight
+and and make them aware that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and make them aware that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and make them aware that you're
+gonna be flying in the airspace in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be flying in the airspace in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be flying in the airspace in my
+personal experience every time I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience every time I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience every time I've
+called no one picks up you leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called no one picks up you leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called no one picks up you leave a
+voicemail but if you are flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail but if you are flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicemail but if you are flying
+commercially and you are 107 certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially and you are 107 certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially and you are 107 certified
+you do need to pay specific attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to pay specific attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need to pay specific attention to
+this grid for example if I wanted to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid for example if I wanted to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grid for example if I wanted to fly
+in Boston Common you can see right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston Common you can see right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston Common you can see right in
+that area there's there's a hundred box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area there's there's a hundred box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area there's there's a hundred box
+there so without a waiver since I'm 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so without a waiver since I'm 107
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so without a waiver since I'm 107
+certified I am allowed to fly a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified I am allowed to fly a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified I am allowed to fly a hundred
+feet in the common if I hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in the common if I hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in the common if I hold the
+authorization to do so and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to do so and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization to do so and we're gonna
+get more into you know when do you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more into you know when do you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more into you know when do you go
+through the drone zone and when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the drone zone and when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the drone zone and when you go
+through lank and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lank and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lank and we'll talk about that
+in a second here any questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second here any questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second here any questions about the
+grid anyone theoretically if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid anyone theoretically if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid anyone theoretically if you're a
+hobby flyer they tell you have to be 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobby flyer they tell you have to be 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hobby flyer they tell you have to be 400
+feet or below so in theory if you called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or below so in theory if you called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or below so in theory if you called
+Logan and said hey I'm flying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and said hey I'm flying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and said hey I'm flying in the
+common today and I just wanted to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common today and I just wanted to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common today and I just wanted to let
+you know I'm just doing it for fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm just doing it for fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm just doing it for fun and
+and messing around theoretically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and messing around theoretically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and messing around theoretically you
+could fly 400 feet is that smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fly 400 feet is that smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fly 400 feet is that smart
+no because what's going on around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because what's going on around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because what's going on around there
+med flights helicopters things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med flights helicopters things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med flights helicopters things of that
+nature ton of people underneath I see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature ton of people underneath I see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature ton of people underneath I see it
+all the time I mean I'll be and walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I mean I'll be and walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I mean I'll be and walk
+down the public garden or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the public garden or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the public garden or whatever and
+you'll see people taking off their drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see people taking off their drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see people taking off their drone
+flying around like an idiot having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around like an idiot having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around like an idiot having a
+grand old time and I'm just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand old time and I'm just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand old time and I'm just thinking
+myself all it's going to take is for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself all it's going to take is for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself all it's going to take is for you
+to hit someone you're gonna be on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit someone you're gonna be on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit someone you're gonna be on every
+news station tonight you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's get into a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get into a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get into a little bit of
+the waiver process there's two portals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiver process there's two portals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiver process there's two portals
+for waivers and authorizations one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for waivers and authorizations one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for waivers and authorizations one's
+called the drone zone and one's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the drone zone and one's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the drone zone and one's called
+length the drone zone is used for night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the drone zone is used for night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the drone zone is used for night
+flights wide area authorizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights wide area authorizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights wide area authorizations and
+exceptions such as those a strict items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions such as those a strict items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions such as those a strict items
+that we were looking at earlier like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking at earlier like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking at earlier like
+flying over people flying from a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over people flying from a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying over people flying from a moving
+vehicle flying over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle flying over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle flying over
+400 feet flying at night things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet flying at night things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet flying at night things of that
+nature and also the drone zone is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and also the drone zone is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and also the drone zone is meant
+for wide area authorization so I hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wide area authorization so I hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wide area authorization so I hold a
+bunch of wide area authorizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of wide area authorizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of wide area authorizations that
+whole grid that you saw I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid that you saw I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid that you saw I basically
+applied for the entire grid so I applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for the entire grid so I applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied for the entire grid so I applied
+through the drone zone said hey FAA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the drone zone said hey FAA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the drone zone said hey FAA I
+work commercially in the area I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work commercially in the area I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work commercially in the area I don't
+want the pain in the butt of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the pain in the butt of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the pain in the butt of having to
+go through the Lange system every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Lange system every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the Lange system every time I
+get a job just give me the entire grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job just give me the entire grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job just give me the entire grid
+and that's good for two years now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good for two years now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good for two years now the
+difference is lank is same-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is lank is same-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is lank is same-day
+authorization so let's say I get a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization so let's say I get a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization so let's say I get a job
+in Chicago where I'm not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chicago where I'm not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chicago where I'm not always
+operating out of and I noticed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating out of and I noticed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating out of and I noticed that the
+address they gave me in Chicago has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address they gave me in Chicago has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address they gave me in Chicago has a
+little box around it it's Class D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box around it it's Class D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box around it it's Class D
+airspace and they say I can only go 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and they say I can only go 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace and they say I can only go 200
+feet well if I don't hold a waiver for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet well if I don't hold a waiver for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet well if I don't hold a waiver for
+Chicago then I would use the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago then I would use the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago then I would use the length
+system just to get authorization for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just to get authorization for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just to get authorization for
+that one box that I'm operating in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one box that I'm operating in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one box that I'm operating in for
+that specific day in time they will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific day in time they will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific day in time they will give
+that to you within 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to you within 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to you within 24 hours
+now for the wide area authorizations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the wide area authorizations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the wide area authorizations or
+if you wanted to fly at night or over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to fly at night or over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to fly at night or over
+the grid box if they say hey you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid box if they say hey you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid box if they say hey you can
+only fly a hundred but you say hey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fly a hundred but you say hey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only fly a hundred but you say hey the
+building I want to film is over 200 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I want to film is over 200 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building I want to film is over 200 I
+need 300 feet or something of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 300 feet or something of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 300 feet or something of that
+nature you have to go through the drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature you have to go through the drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature you have to go through the drone
+zone now the problem with the drone zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone now the problem with the drone zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone now the problem with the drone zone
+is that it's a two to four month waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a two to four month waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a two to four month waiting
+time so it always behooves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it always behooves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it always behooves you
+especially if you're gonna work in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're gonna work in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're gonna work in your
+local market to get these authorizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local market to get these authorizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local market to get these authorizations
+beforehand I don't know anyone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand I don't know anyone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand I don't know anyone that's
+going to offer you a job for months in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to offer you a job for months in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to offer you a job for months in
+advance and for months I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and for months I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and for months I want you to
+film you know this down the street here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you know this down the street here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you know this down the street here
+usually these things happen pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these things happen pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these things happen pretty fast
+so it always behooves yourselves to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always behooves yourselves to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always behooves yourselves to get
+all your authorizations and get all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your authorizations and get all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your authorizations and get all your
+waiver is kind of in line next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver is kind of in line next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiver is kind of in line next slide
+here we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to talk about the
+certificate basically stated read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate basically stated read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate basically stated read the
+regs study up take the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regs study up take the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regs study up take the test
+you know personally with my affiliation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know personally with my affiliation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know personally with my affiliation
+with the East Coast Aero Club they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the East Coast Aero Club they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the East Coast Aero Club they have
+a great testing center and great people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great testing center and great people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great testing center and great people
+over there so please make sure you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so please make sure you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so please make sure you go
+East Coast Aero Club slide 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club slide 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast Aero Club slide 16
+certification for traditional pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification for traditional pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification for traditional pilots
+take an online course apply through AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an online course apply through AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an online course apply through AI
+Accra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accra
+and you're off and running or flying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're off and running or flying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're off and running or flying as
+they say slide 17 for you guys in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say slide 17 for you guys in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say slide 17 for you guys in this
+class you do have a couple options any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you do have a couple options any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you do have a couple options any
+private pilot license holders out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot license holders out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot license holders out here
+anyone hey alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone hey alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone hey alright
+private pilot's license no exams really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot's license no exams really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot's license no exams really
+required if you do not hold a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you do not hold a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required if you do not hold a private
+pilot's license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot's license
+you must schedule your 107 exam at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must schedule your 107 exam at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must schedule your 107 exam at your
+local testing center slide 18 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local testing center slide 18 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local testing center slide 18 we're
+getting back to the Hobby and 107 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the Hobby and 107 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the Hobby and 107 we
+highlighted some of these asterisk arias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted some of these asterisk arias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted some of these asterisk arias
+here can talk about these a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can talk about these a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can talk about these a little bit
+more you know this is all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know this is all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know this is all about the
+power of the waiver you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the waiver you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the waiver you know for example
+about six months back the Discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months back the Discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six months back the Discovery
+Channel was down here and they asked us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel was down here and they asked us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel was down here and they asked us
+to do they had a restored Viking ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they had a restored Viking ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do they had a restored Viking ship
+and they were taking that Viking ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were taking that Viking ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were taking that Viking ship
+from Nova Scotia and sailing it down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nova Scotia and sailing it down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nova Scotia and sailing it down the
+East Coast and the Discovery Channel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast and the Discovery Channel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East Coast and the Discovery Channel was
+doing this big documentary show about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this big documentary show about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this big documentary show about it
+and you know how the journey went the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how the journey went the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how the journey went the
+problems that they ran into but for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that they ran into but for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that they ran into but for me
+the problem I was running into is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I was running into is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I was running into is I have
+to fly from a boat which is a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly from a boat which is a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly from a boat which is a moving
+vehicle I had to be over 400 feet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle I had to be over 400 feet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle I had to be over 400 feet and
+they wanted some of those shots at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted some of those shots at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted some of those shots at night
+right luckily we had all these waivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right luckily we had all these waivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right luckily we had all these waivers
+in place if not we would have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place if not we would have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place if not we would have had to
+tell them hey it's gonna take two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them hey it's gonna take two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them hey it's gonna take two to
+four months for us to get these waivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four months for us to get these waivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four months for us to get these waivers
+and they would have went to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would have went to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would have went to the next
+company so it always pays to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so it always pays to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so it always pays to have these
+waivers and authorizations in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is embarrassing slide 19 is some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is embarrassing slide 19 is some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is embarrassing slide 19 is some of
+the recent accomplishments and projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent accomplishments and projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent accomplishments and projects
+that I've been working on a few a-list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been working on a few a-list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been working on a few a-list
+names up there you know locally what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names up there you know locally what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names up there you know locally what I
+can say locally in this market is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say locally in this market is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say locally in this market is we
+have seen a major spike in TV and movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen a major spike in TV and movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen a major spike in TV and movie
+productions being made in New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productions being made in New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productions being made in New England
+specifically in Massachusetts it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in Massachusetts it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in Massachusetts it's been
+great for us which is fantastic keeps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us which is fantastic keeps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for us which is fantastic keeps us
+extremely busy which is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hiring gigs are fun they are lucrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring gigs are fun they are lucrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring gigs are fun they are lucrative
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+the problem is there there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is there there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is there there is a lot of
+pressure you know when I was doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you know when I was doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you know when I was doing the
+equalizer to movie I mean we're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizer to movie I mean we're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizer to movie I mean we're flying
+we actually use this drone right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually use this drone right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually use this drone right here
+and you know they wanted me to fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they wanted me to fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they wanted me to fly the
+thing over Denzel Washington shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over Denzel Washington shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over Denzel Washington shoulder
+you know what I'm saying to myself man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm saying to myself man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I'm saying to myself man
+one gust of wind or mistake I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gust of wind or mistake I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gust of wind or mistake I could
+slice this guy's face open so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice this guy's face open so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice this guy's face open so there is a
+lot of pressure associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pressure associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pressure associated with it
+directors and and you know DPS directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and and you know DPS directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and and you know DPS directors
+of photography they want things done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photography they want things done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photography they want things done the
+first time time is money I mean imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time time is money I mean imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time time is money I mean imagine
+if you were you know there's one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were you know there's one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were you know there's one time
+where I was chasing a motorcycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was chasing a motorcycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was chasing a motorcycle and
+there were some explosions going off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some explosions going off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some explosions going off it
+took six hours to rig those explosions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took six hours to rig those explosions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took six hours to rig those explosions
+they're only going to go off once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only going to go off once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only going to go off once
+if you mess the shot up it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mess the shot up it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mess the shot up it's going to
+cost them another 6 Brenda rigged up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them another 6 Brenda rigged up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost them another 6 Brenda rigged up
+it's going to take half a day of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take half a day of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take half a day of time to
+do it again so there's a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again so there's a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again so there's a lot of pressure
+to get it done right the first time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done right the first time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done right the first time but
+generally you know these jobs are few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know these jobs are few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you know these jobs are few
+and far between the primary jobs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far between the primary jobs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far between the primary jobs that we
+usually do marketing and promotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do marketing and promotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do marketing and promotional
+videos you know documentaries things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos you know documentaries things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos you know documentaries things of
+that nature can be a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature can be a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature can be a little less
+pressure but once you get into the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but once you get into the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but once you get into the upper
+epsilon of doing feature films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of doing feature films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon of doing feature films and
+things of that nature it's you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature it's you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature it's you know be
+on your a-game alright a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your a-game alright a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your a-game alright a little bit
+about life on set higher end productions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life on set higher end productions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life on set higher end productions
+you can expect about 2k a day per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can expect about 2k a day per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can expect about 2k a day per
+operator which is lovely you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is lovely you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which is lovely you know even
+even the visual observer making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the visual observer making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the visual observer making sure
+that we're not hitting power lines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not hitting power lines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not hitting power lines or
+things of that nature I mean the guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature I mean the guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature I mean the guy's
+just looking up and paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking up and paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking up and paying attention
+he's making a great day's pay there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a great day's pay there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making a great day's pay there but
+again there there is a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there is a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there there is a lot of pressure
+that 2 grand per day I need to note too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 grand per day I need to note too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2 grand per day I need to note too
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's not including gear rental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not including gear rental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not including gear rental
+insurance and media rental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and media rental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and media rental and
+everything else that comes along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that comes along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that comes along with it
+so you know I work for a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I work for a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I work for a company called
+above summit as I mentioned here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above summit as I mentioned here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above summit as I mentioned here in
+Summerville you know they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summerville you know they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summerville you know they're usually
+charging twenty thirty thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging twenty thirty thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging twenty thirty thousand dollars
+a day when we're on a movie that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day when we're on a movie that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day when we're on a movie that's just
+a little piece of what the operators see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of what the operators see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little piece of what the operators see
+we generally work in a three-man crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generally work in a three-man crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generally work in a three-man crew
+when you're on TV and movies it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're on TV and movies it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're on TV and movies it can be
+extremely humbling as well a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely humbling as well a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely humbling as well a lot of
+times you you know will nail a shot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you you know will nail a shot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you you know will nail a shot the
+director will love it everyone will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director will love it everyone will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director will love it everyone will say
+oh that's great you did such a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's great you did such a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's great you did such a great job
+then the TV show comes down you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the TV show comes down you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the TV show comes down you're like
+where's my footage they don't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my footage they don't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my footage they don't use it
+sometimes you know and you get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know and you get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know and you get kind of
+bummed out about it so it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummed out about it so it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummed out about it so it can be a
+humbling experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humbling experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humbling experience
+you could spend weeks and hours on set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could spend weeks and hours on set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could spend weeks and hours on set
+flying creating footage getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying creating footage getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying creating footage getting them
+content and barely any of it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and barely any of it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and barely any of it will be
+used I was talking earlier about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used I was talking earlier about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used I was talking earlier about the
+equalizer movie with Denzel that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizer movie with Denzel that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizer movie with Denzel that I did
+seven days on set got him roughly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days on set got him roughly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven days on set got him roughly two
+hours of raw footage and about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of raw footage and about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of raw footage and about seven
+seconds made the final movie I loved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds made the final movie I loved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds made the final movie I loved the
+seven seconds but wish there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seconds but wish there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven seconds but wish there was a
+little bit more what was the 12 days on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what was the 12 days on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what was the 12 days on
+set - 12 seconds in the final cut which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set - 12 seconds in the final cut which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set - 12 seconds in the final cut which
+movie was that oh I think yeah that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was that oh I think yeah that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie was that oh I think yeah that was
+the equalizer when maybe it was 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equalizer when maybe it was 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equalizer when maybe it was 12
+seconds not seven when why bring and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds not seven when why bring and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds not seven when why bring and why
+bring a book um um yeah there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a book um um yeah there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a book um um yeah there you go
+there buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there buddy
+the bring a book thing don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring a book thing don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring a book thing don't don't
+literally bring a book cuz you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally bring a book cuz you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally bring a book cuz you just look
+pretty silly that the main point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty silly that the main point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty silly that the main point of the
+bring a book thing is it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a book thing is it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring a book thing is it's extremely
+boring you got to remember the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you got to remember the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring you got to remember the whole
+movies not made with this thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies not made with this thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies not made with this thing they're
+generally doing action sequence with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally doing action sequence with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally doing action sequence with the
+drone tracking shots establishing shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone tracking shots establishing shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone tracking shots establishing shots
+you know top down where you're high up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know top down where you're high up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know top down where you're high up
+and the cameras pointed straight down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cameras pointed straight down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cameras pointed straight down
+things of that nature but there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature but there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature but there's about
+30 other camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 other camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 other camera
+you know equipment and people out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know equipment and people out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know equipment and people out there
+they're also getting their shots their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also getting their shots their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also getting their shots their
+ground shots and things of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground shots and things of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground shots and things of that nature
+which does take up the bulk of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does take up the bulk of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does take up the bulk of the movie
+or TV show or whatever so I have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or TV show or whatever so I have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or TV show or whatever so I have found
+there have been times that I've been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been times that I've been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been times that I've been on
+set 1214 hours and I've only flown this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 1214 hours and I've only flown this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 1214 hours and I've only flown this
+thing maybe 10 20 minutes so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe 10 20 minutes so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe 10 20 minutes so there is a
+ton of downtime that's you know hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of downtime that's you know hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of downtime that's you know hence
+the bring a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bring a book
+and sometimes it can be disappointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it can be disappointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it can be disappointing
+last year we did a pilot TV show for NBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we did a pilot TV show for NBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year we did a pilot TV show for NBC
+called suspicion it was a very fun shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called suspicion it was a very fun shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called suspicion it was a very fun shoot
+they had a stunt guy getting dragged on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a stunt guy getting dragged on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a stunt guy getting dragged on
+the back of a Cadillac Escalade and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a Cadillac Escalade and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a Cadillac Escalade and we
+got to track it and film it and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to track it and film it and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to track it and film it and we just
+got some incredible footage some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some incredible footage some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some incredible footage some
+incredible shots everyone was super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible shots everyone was super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible shots everyone was super
+happy the show wrapped the first couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the show wrapped the first couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the show wrapped the first couple
+episodes of the pilot it gets sent off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of the pilot it gets sent off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of the pilot it gets sent off
+to NBC a bunch of guys in suits were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to NBC a bunch of guys in suits were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to NBC a bunch of guys in suits were
+there and they said yeah we hate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they said yeah we hate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and they said yeah we hate this
+and it just got scrapped altogether and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just got scrapped altogether and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just got scrapped altogether and
+the good part is their checks still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good part is their checks still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good part is their checks still
+cleared but you know we're not seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared but you know we're not seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleared but you know we're not seeing
+any of that work you know what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that work you know what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that work you know what that's
+about it for me how do I click this link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for me how do I click this link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for me how do I click this link
+to get to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to work
+Phil asked me to string together some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil asked me to string together some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil asked me to string together some
+footage that I've taken personally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that I've taken personally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that I've taken personally so
+you guys can kind of see the drone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can kind of see the drone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can kind of see the drone in
+action all the footage you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action all the footage you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action all the footage you're gonna see
+here actually was not done with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually was not done with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually was not done with this
+drone this is more of a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone this is more of a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone this is more of a professional
+drone this was all done with a DJI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone this was all done with a DJI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone this was all done with a DJI
+phantom this is a drone that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phantom this is a drone that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phantom this is a drone that you could
+you know literally pick up at BestBuy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know literally pick up at BestBuy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know literally pick up at BestBuy
+for like a thousand bucks I like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a thousand bucks I like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a thousand bucks I like having
+it just because it's you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just because it's you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just because it's you know you can
+throw it in them in the back of your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it in them in the back of your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it in them in the back of your car
+and have around if you ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have around if you ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have around if you ever see
+something fun to go out in the film you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fun to go out in the film you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fun to go out in the film you
+have it there questions questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it there questions questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it there questions questions yeah
+guys hit me with some questions while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys hit me with some questions while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys hit me with some questions while
+this thing's playing anybody got any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's playing anybody got any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's playing anybody got any
+questions for me if anyone wants to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for me if anyone wants to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for me if anyone wants to come
+up and play with this thing or take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and play with this thing or take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and play with this thing or take a
+look at it feel free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is roan right here dual battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roan right here dual battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roan right here dual battery
+system so you'll notice it's got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you'll notice it's got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so you'll notice it's got two
+cool thing about this particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about this particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about this particular system
+self-induced heating batteries which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-induced heating batteries which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-induced heating batteries which is
+great in the wintertime you know cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in the wintertime you know cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in the wintertime you know cold
+equals bad battery voltage so with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bad battery voltage so with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals bad battery voltage so with these
+things you know heating and going that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know heating and going that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know heating and going that's
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+in regards to like range if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regards to like range if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regards to like range if you're
+wondering about range this and go a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about range this and go a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about range this and go a mile
+up in four miles out all right do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in four miles out all right do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in four miles out all right do I want
+to do that no huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that no huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that no huh
+time estimated time twenty two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimated time twenty two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time estimated time twenty two minutes
+to twenty four depending on load and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twenty four depending on load and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twenty four depending on load and how
+aggressive you're flying it you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive you're flying it you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive you're flying it you know if
+I'm if I'm in this thing has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm in this thing has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm in this thing has something
+called sport mode or you know ludicrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sport mode or you know ludicrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sport mode or you know ludicrous
+mode whatever you want to call it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode whatever you want to call it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode whatever you want to call it that
+you can get this thing up to like eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this thing up to like eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this thing up to like eighty
+and it's gonna suck the juice out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna suck the juice out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna suck the juice out of the
+batteries real quick if you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries real quick if you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries real quick if you're you know
+thrusting full throttle for a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusting full throttle for a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusting full throttle for a while but
+if you're just hovering it could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just hovering it could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just hovering it could get
+twenty five twenty six minutes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five twenty six minutes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five twenty six minutes back to
+the range thing yes this thing can go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range thing yes this thing can go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range thing yes this thing can go a
+mile up in four miles out I never like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile up in four miles out I never like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile up in four miles out I never like
+to do that I look at this thing as a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I look at this thing as a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I look at this thing as a big
+bag of money alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of money alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of money alright
+you want your money close to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your money close to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want your money close to you you
+want it four miles out where you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it four miles out where you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it four miles out where you can't
+have your eyes on it you know you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your eyes on it you know you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your eyes on it you know you'd be
+surprised a lot of people do like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised a lot of people do like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised a lot of people do like doing
+that they call it range testing I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they call it range testing I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they call it range testing I call
+it stupidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stupidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stupidity
+you know let's see how far we can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's see how far we can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's see how far we can send
+the thing before it it has a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before it it has a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before it it has a battery
+failure you know before it auto lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure you know before it auto lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure you know before it auto lands
+you know not something I like to screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not something I like to screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not something I like to screw
+around with personally should be up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with personally should be up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with personally should be up now
+anyone else sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes anything you're gonna make money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes anything you're gonna make money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes anything you're gonna make money or
+promote yourself 1:07 if it just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote yourself 1:07 if it just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote yourself 1:07 if it just think
+to yourself if I'm just out having fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself if I'm just out having fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself if I'm just out having fun I
+don't need a 107 they do need to be 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a 107 they do need to be 107
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a 107 they do need to be 107
+or and a 107 operator has to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and a 107 operator has to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and a 107 operator has to you know
+you could hire a guy like me to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hire a guy like me to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hire a guy like me to just be
+there and say hey you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say hey you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say hey you're doing
+everything on the up-and-up make sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the up-and-up make sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the up-and-up make sure to
+read back the question cuz oh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read back the question cuz oh I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read back the question cuz oh I'm sorry
+the video yeah that's fine got anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video yeah that's fine got anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video yeah that's fine got anybody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is what we do so in a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we do so in a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we do so in a lot of our
+contracts you know when we when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts you know when we when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts you know when we when we get
+initially approached by like columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially approached by like columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially approached by like columbia
+pictures or lionsgate or something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures or lionsgate or something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures or lionsgate or something of
+that nature they'll send us a volume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature they'll send us a volume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature they'll send us a volume you
+know of their contract and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of their contract and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of their contract and what we're
+allowed to do with the footage what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do with the footage what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do with the footage what
+we're not you know it's almost like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not you know it's almost like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not you know it's almost like an
+NDA as well you can't post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDA as well you can't post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDA as well you can't post
+behind-the-scenes stuff you can't kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind-the-scenes stuff you can't kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind-the-scenes stuff you can't kind
+of blow yourself up on social media or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blow yourself up on social media or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blow yourself up on social media or
+things of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature
+sometimes we put verbage in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we put verbage in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we put verbage in there that
+says hey after we say we want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says hey after we say we want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says hey after we say we want to use the
+footage for our own personal promotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage for our own personal promotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage for our own personal promotion
+what they generally come back and say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they generally come back and say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they generally come back and say is
+you can do that after the the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that after the the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that after the the movies
+come out right they don't want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right they don't want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right they don't want you
+promoting something that they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting something that they don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting something that they don't get
+first dibs of promoting first so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first dibs of promoting first so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first dibs of promoting first so after
+the movies released usually you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies released usually you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies released usually you give it
+like a month grace period you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month grace period you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a month grace period you know that
+in between period before it's on Netflix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between period before it's on Netflix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between period before it's on Netflix
+or DVD but it's out of the theater then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DVD but it's out of the theater then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or DVD but it's out of the theater then
+we usually feel comfortable to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually feel comfortable to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually feel comfortable to you know
+kind of self promote with that footage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self promote with that footage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self promote with that footage
+anybody else are you guys all mesmerized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else are you guys all mesmerized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else are you guys all mesmerized
+by drone fine look at that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drone fine look at that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drone fine look at that that was
+actually Big Island Hawaii right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Big Island Hawaii right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Big Island Hawaii right there
+that's local that's in West Boylston I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's local that's in West Boylston I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's local that's in West Boylston I
+tell people that my dream is to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people that my dream is to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people that my dream is to get as
+good footage out of a four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good footage out of a four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good footage out of a four hundred
+thousand dollar helicopter as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar helicopter as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar helicopter as a person
+can get out of a four hundred dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of a four hundred dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of a four hundred dollar
+drone the helicopter guys absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone the helicopter guys absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone the helicopter guys absolutely
+hate us we are stealing their market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate us we are stealing their market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate us we are stealing their market
+share you know exponentially are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you know exponentially are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share you know exponentially are the
+movie studios do they want to hire they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios do they want to hire they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios do they want to hire they
+have to hire the photographer the pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hire the photographer the pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hire the photographer the pilot
+the fuel the time the cost all that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel the time the cost all that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel the time the cost all that or
+they want to hire us at a third of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to hire us at a third of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to hire us at a third of a
+cost and we're gonna get better more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and we're gonna get better more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and we're gonna get better more
+dynamic footage so the doing it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic footage so the doing it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic footage so the doing it out of
+helicopters is is going to the wayside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters is is going to the wayside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters is is going to the wayside
+everyone's kind of going to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of going to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's kind of going to these
+machines now yeah so Michael said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines now yeah so Michael said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines now yeah so Michael said this
+was about ten thousand dollars including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about ten thousand dollars including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about ten thousand dollars including
+the camera there's just a piece of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera there's just a piece of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera there's just a piece of metal
+that's FA certified through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's FA certified through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's FA certified through a
+supplemental type certificate called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental type certificate called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental type certificate called the
+Tyler amount and you just connect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler amount and you just connect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler amount and you just connect this
+to your helicopter any landing gear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your helicopter any landing gear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your helicopter any landing gear or
+something and then put the camera on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then put the camera on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then put the camera on
+this piece of metal and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of metal and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of metal and I think that
+piece of metal you know the cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal you know the cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal you know the cheapest
+ones I've ever seen are about twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've ever seen are about twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've ever seen are about twelve
+thousand dollars so just a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so just a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so just a piece of
+metal that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that has
+through the approval process and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the approval process and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the approval process and all the
+paperwork costs more than the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork costs more than the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork costs more than the entire
+drone system in the camera balls can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone system in the camera balls can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone system in the camera balls can be
+in the 4 or 5 $600,000 range that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 4 or 5 $600,000 range that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 4 or 5 $600,000 range that go
+underneath helicopters Robinson actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath helicopters Robinson actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath helicopters Robinson actually
+makes a cool news copter it's all FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a cool news copter it's all FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a cool news copter it's all FAA
+certified right from the factory think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified right from the factory think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified right from the factory think
+it's in a million dollar range if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a million dollar range if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a million dollar range if it has
+the ball and the camera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and the camera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball and the camera and the
+transmitter back to the TV station but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter back to the TV station but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter back to the TV station but
+as Michael said you know do we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Michael said you know do we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Michael said you know do we really
+need those in the drone age ya know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation of drones what capability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of drones what capability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of drones what capability is
+what I like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I like to see
+I'm currently right now talking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm currently right now talking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm currently right now talking to a
+bunch of people that I guess not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people that I guess not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people that I guess not
+capability but they're doing a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability but they're doing a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability but they're doing a lot with
+augmented reality and I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality and I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality and I think you're
+gonna see a lot of that coming out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see a lot of that coming out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see a lot of that coming out I'm
+sure you guys have heard of it I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you guys have heard of it I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you guys have heard of it I'm gonna
+sound really nerdy here but pokemons go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound really nerdy here but pokemons go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound really nerdy here but pokemons go
+you know on your cell phone and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your cell phone and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your cell phone and you can
+see the little Pokemon guys running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the little Pokemon guys running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the little Pokemon guys running
+around and now imagine if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and now imagine if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and now imagine if I wanted to
+train somebody on how to properly fly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train somebody on how to properly fly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train somebody on how to properly fly a
+drone then I could you know put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone then I could you know put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone then I could you know put these
+rings or circles or maybe directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings or circles or maybe directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings or circles or maybe directions on
+the screen when they're flying to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen when they're flying to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen when they're flying to kind
+of go through the hoop and you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go through the hoop and you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go through the hoop and you know make
+a figure eight or things like that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure eight or things like that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure eight or things like that so I
+think we're gonna see a lot of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna see a lot of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna see a lot of kind of
+augmented reality stuff coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality stuff coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality stuff coming in and
+and things of that nature also they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that nature also they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that nature also they're
+making them smaller that's another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them smaller that's another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them smaller that's another big
+thing and they're making them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they're making them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they're making them more
+diverse with image systems what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse with image systems what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse with image systems what you can
+mount you know being able to mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount you know being able to mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount you know being able to mount
+something smaller more powerful they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller more powerful they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller more powerful they
+have cameras now that have hundred times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cameras now that have hundred times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cameras now that have hundred times
+zoom on one end of the camera and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom on one end of the camera and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom on one end of the camera and then
+on the other end they have thermal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end they have thermal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other end they have thermal so
+you can switch back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can switch back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can switch back and forth between
+the two on the same drone so things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two on the same drone so things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two on the same drone so things of
+that nature kind of making it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature kind of making it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature kind of making it more
+efficient and battery time as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and battery time as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and battery time as well
+that's a big thing people want drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big thing people want drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big thing people want drones
+that are going to you know fly for hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to you know fly for hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to you know fly for hours
+not minutes so I think you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not minutes so I think you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not minutes so I think you're gonna see
+a big push in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is it these are controllers I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it these are controllers I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it these are controllers I'll
+level with you if any of you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with you if any of you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level with you if any of you guys have
+ever played first-person shooter games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played first-person shooter games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played first-person shooter games
+on PlayStation it's about the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PlayStation it's about the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PlayStation it's about the same right
+one remote for the pilot one remote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one remote for the pilot one remote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one remote for the pilot one remote for
+cam op so it's the same remote basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam op so it's the same remote basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cam op so it's the same remote basically
+it's the same principle if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same principle if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same principle if you're
+playing a first-person shooter left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a first-person shooter left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a first-person shooter left and
+right on the joystick a camera operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the joystick a camera operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the joystick a camera operator
+and and drone operator get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and drone operator get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and drone operator get the same
+physical remote correct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical remote correct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical remote correct okay
+correct it's that answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's that answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's that answer the question
+for you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you thank you for reminded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you thank you for reminded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you thank you for reminded that
+the key word there's autonomy so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key word there's autonomy so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key word there's autonomy so there
+are different programs now I don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different programs now I don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different programs now I don't use
+them personally a lot because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them personally a lot because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them personally a lot because my
+applications more cinematic and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications more cinematic and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications more cinematic and doing
+things of that nature which I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature which I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature which I like to
+fly manually there's more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly manually there's more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly manually there's more you know
+feathering and kind of finesse to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathering and kind of finesse to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathering and kind of finesse to that
+but a lot of people that are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of people that are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of people that are doing
+Industrial right like like surveying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial right like like surveying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial right like like surveying and
+things of that nature this thing's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature this thing's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature this thing's as
+powerful as it gets there's a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as it gets there's a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as it gets there's a program
+called lychee that you can attach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lychee that you can attach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called lychee that you can attach to
+this drone that you'll you can run off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drone that you'll you can run off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drone that you'll you can run off
+there they're operating platform you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're operating platform you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're operating platform you can
+put waypoints in and say all right go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put waypoints in and say all right go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put waypoints in and say all right go to
+point a at 50 feet snap a photo then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a at 50 feet snap a photo then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a at 50 feet snap a photo then go
+20 feet up go to the right a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 feet up go to the right a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 feet up go to the right a hundred
+feet then take a video and then go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet then take a video and then go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet then take a video and then go down
+you know so you can pre-program these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you can pre-program these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you can pre-program these
+things a lot of my buddies do it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot of my buddies do it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot of my buddies do it they
+make great money and all they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make great money and all they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make great money and all they do is they
+they program the grid into the drone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they program the grid into the drone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they program the grid into the drone
+they hit go and then they sit back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit go and then they sit back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit go and then they sit back and
+they watch the thing do the job for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they watch the thing do the job for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they watch the thing do the job for them
+you know and there is there's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there is there's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there is there's great
+money in the industrial sector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the industrial sector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the industrial sector with
+these things with autonomous flights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things with autonomous flights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things with autonomous flights and
+things of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of that nature
+the only time I've ever used waypoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time I've ever used waypoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time I've ever used waypoints
+is to do something called a hyperlapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do something called a hyperlapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do something called a hyperlapse
+if anyone knows about photo or video a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone knows about photo or video a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone knows about photo or video a a
+time-lapse is something when you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse is something when you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse is something when you take a
+photo then you move the camera take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo then you move the camera take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo then you move the camera take a
+photo move the camera take a photo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo move the camera take a photo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo move the camera take a photo a
+hyperlapse is when you include motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlapse is when you include motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlapse is when you include motion in
+something like that Waypoint feature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that Waypoint feature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that Waypoint feature is
+great we put a waypoint at point a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we put a waypoint at point a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great we put a waypoint at point a and
+then you know 300 feet away we point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know 300 feet away we point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know 300 feet away we point
+point B and we say every two seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B and we say every two seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B and we say every two seconds
+from A to B take a photo and go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B take a photo and go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B take a photo and go to this
+straight line then we string all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line then we string all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line then we string all the
+photos together and you get like a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos together and you get like a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos together and you get like a cool
+little hyperlapse effect so sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hyperlapse effect so sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hyperlapse effect so sometimes we
+use the autonomy honestly the enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the autonomy honestly the enjoyment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the autonomy honestly the enjoyment
+is for me is flying manually I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for me is flying manually I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for me is flying manually I don't
+want to just enter in a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just enter in a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just enter in a bunch of data
+and say okay go do your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay go do your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay go do your job
+I'd rather be on the controls and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather be on the controls and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather be on the controls and you
+know having fun with it so hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having fun with it so hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having fun with it so hope that
+answers your question sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some guys studio again who did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guys studio again who did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guys studio again who did the
+industrial kind of stuff yes they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial kind of stuff yes they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial kind of stuff yes they'll
+they'll utilize the the functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll utilize the the functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll utilize the the functions for
+autonomy but again personally I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy but again personally I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy but again personally I just
+don't I like flying we hated Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that literally is how comfortable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literally is how comfortable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literally is how comfortable you
+are with it some people I know never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with it some people I know never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with it some people I know never
+take the the obstacle avoidance off they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the obstacle avoidance off they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the obstacle avoidance off they
+think it's there for a reason they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's there for a reason they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's there for a reason they don't
+need to get that really tight clothes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get that really tight clothes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get that really tight clothes in
+shot a lot of people just do hi and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a lot of people just do hi and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot a lot of people just do hi and what
+we call high and wide you know you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call high and wide you know you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call high and wide you know you just
+fly the thing up 300 feet you get a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the thing up 300 feet you get a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the thing up 300 feet you get a nice
+landscape view or whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape view or whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape view or whatever you're
+looking for and you have the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and you have the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and you have the collision
+on for that or whatever but again I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for that or whatever but again I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for that or whatever but again I mean
+you probably saw some of those close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably saw some of those close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably saw some of those close
+shots I had in that video though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots I had in that video though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots I had in that video though you
+can't have you can't obtain that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have you can't obtain that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have you can't obtain that with
+the with the avoidance system on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the avoidance system on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the avoidance system on me
+personally I think within three weeks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I think within three weeks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I think within three weeks I
+turned him off man that was I guess not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned him off man that was I guess not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned him off man that was I guess not
+for me I just want to jam on the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I just want to jam on the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I just want to jam on the thing
+and get some great footage so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some great footage so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some great footage so you know
+the safety wasn't impeding it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety wasn't impeding it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety wasn't impeding it a little
+bit for me right it can fly well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for me right it can fly well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for me right it can fly well over
+400 feet but you're only allowed to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet but you're only allowed to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 feet but you're only allowed to fly
+up to 400 feet the funny thing is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 400 feet the funny thing is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 400 feet the funny thing is like
+why do you want it though I mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want it though I mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want it though I mean well
+why do you want to be three feet off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want to be three feet off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want to be three feet off the
+ground risking your you know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground risking your you know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground risking your you know a couple
+thousand dollar piece of equipment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar piece of equipment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar piece of equipment when
+you could just take a handheld camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just take a handheld camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just take a handheld camera
+and walk you know I mean you saw in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk you know I mean you saw in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk you know I mean you saw in some
+of the shots there I'm skimming waves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shots there I'm skimming waves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shots there I'm skimming waves at
+a foot you know foot off the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foot you know foot off the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foot you know foot off the way of
+skimming them so yeah you you can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming them so yeah you you can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming them so yeah you you can fly
+really low again you you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low again you you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low again you you have to have
+your sensors off for that though you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors off for that though you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors off for that though you're
+the the sensor systems that are on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensor systems that are on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensor systems that are on these
+things will say what are you doing idiot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will say what are you doing idiot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will say what are you doing idiot
+don't don't fly me like this you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't fly me like this you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't fly me like this you know so
+in order to achieve it you have to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to achieve it you have to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to achieve it you have to shut
+them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you're like reading often rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're like reading often rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're like reading often rather
+than your neighbors back there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a slippery slippery slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a slippery slippery slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a slippery slippery slope
+the privacy laws and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy laws and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy laws and things of that
+nature I mean a lot of the bad press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I mean a lot of the bad press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature I mean a lot of the bad press
+that drones get you know like oh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drones get you know like oh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drones get you know like oh I was
+sunbathing in my backyard a night and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunbathing in my backyard a night and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunbathing in my backyard a night and I
+saw a drone you know way up in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a drone you know way up in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a drone you know way up in the sky
+and they're invading my privacy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're invading my privacy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're invading my privacy and it's
+just like well really think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like well really think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like well really think about that
+you look like a little ant and like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look like a little ant and like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look like a little ant and like how
+much privacy am I really invading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much privacy am I really invading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much privacy am I really invading you
+know handheld cameras with telescopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know handheld cameras with telescopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know handheld cameras with telescopic
+lens are gonna invade more privacy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens are gonna invade more privacy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens are gonna invade more privacy than
+this thing is some I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is some I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is some I think it's an
+evolving legal area like that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving legal area like that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving legal area like that and it's
+the classical law has been that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical law has been that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical law has been that the
+airspace belongs to the public only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace belongs to the public only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspace belongs to the public only the
+FAA can regulate it but that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA can regulate it but that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA can regulate it but that's been
+eroded I think a few states have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded I think a few states have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded I think a few states have been
+passing you know anti-drone laws they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing you know anti-drone laws they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing you know anti-drone laws they've
+been trying the various kind so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying the various kind so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been trying the various kind so I don't
+think it's a I think it's untested legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a I think it's untested legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a I think it's untested legal
+area there's a question over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a question over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there's a question over here I
+don't know the acronym what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the acronym what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the acronym what's the
+acronym ESP yeah fixed-wing has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym ESP yeah fixed-wing has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym ESP yeah fixed-wing has to have
+ATS be installed by 2020 so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATS be installed by 2020 so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATS be installed by 2020 so they're
+they're cure the question was our drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cure the question was our drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cure the question was our drones
+gonna have to have them the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have them the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have them the problem with
+it right now is they don't make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now is they don't make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now is they don't make them
+lightweight and small enough to equip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight and small enough to equip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightweight and small enough to equip on
+these things when they do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things when they do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things when they do in the
+technologies they're I'm willing to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies they're I'm willing to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies they're I'm willing to bet
+you're gonna see it yeah absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see it yeah absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see it yeah absolutely
+the problem is the weight you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the weight you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is the weight you know you
+can't you can't throw that extra weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't throw that extra weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't throw that extra weight
+and get any kind of you know viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get any kind of you know viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get any kind of you know viable
+performance out of it with them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of it with them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of it with them right
+now but as the technology gets better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but as the technology gets better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but as the technology gets better
+and they make those things smaller I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make those things smaller I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make those things smaller I'm
+willing to bet you're gonna see them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to bet you're gonna see them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to bet you're gonna see them on
+every single one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very slow for me aerials sir great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow for me aerials sir great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow for me aerials sir great
+question great question I've seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question great question I've seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question great question I've seen so
+many people crash they're grown because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people crash they're grown because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people crash they're grown because
+they are I call them screen warriors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I call them screen warriors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I call them screen warriors
+alright they're there they got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright they're there they got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright they're there they got their
+control here and they got their iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control here and they got their iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control here and they got their iPad
+mounted and they can see everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted and they can see everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted and they can see everything in
+there oh my god this is so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh my god this is so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh my god this is so great
+boom they hit a tree why why did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they hit a tree why why did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they hit a tree why why did they
+hit the tree because the camera right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the tree because the camera right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the tree because the camera right
+now this drones a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this drones a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this drones a little bit different
+when this drone takes off this landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this drone takes off this landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this drone takes off this landing
+gear actually raises up above the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear actually raises up above the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear actually raises up above the body
+here so this camera down here can spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this camera down here can spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this camera down here can spin
+360 without getting the legs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 without getting the legs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 without getting the legs in the
+footage or anything of that nature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage or anything of that nature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage or anything of that nature but
+your general consumer drone when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general consumer drone when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general consumer drone when you're
+looking at your iPad when you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your iPad when you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your iPad when you're flying
+right you're seeing what the camera sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're seeing what the camera sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're seeing what the camera sees
+which is great but what you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is great but what you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is great but what you're not
+seeing is your peripheral right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is your peripheral right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is your peripheral right you're
+not you're not seeing that your props
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're not seeing that your props
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you're not seeing that your props
+are out this this far and if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out this this far and if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out this this far and if you're just
+sitting there looking at the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there looking at the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there looking at the screen
+you'll you'll end up clipping something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll end up clipping something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll end up clipping something
+you'll end up doing something my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up doing something my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up doing something my general
+rule of thumb if I'm flying by myself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb if I'm flying by myself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb if I'm flying by myself I
+set up a shot I look at the screen a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a shot I look at the screen a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a shot I look at the screen a lot
+of times though and this just comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times though and this just comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times though and this just comes with
+experience I know what the cameras I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I know what the cameras I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I know what the cameras I can
+look at the drone know what the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the drone know what the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the drone know what the cameras
+seeing and a professional setting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and a professional setting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and a professional setting that's
+why you have a multi person crew while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a multi person crew while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a multi person crew while
+you have a visual observer because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a visual observer because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a visual observer because a lot
+of the times when you're getting paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times when you're getting paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times when you're getting paid
+and you're under pressure and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're under pressure and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're under pressure and time
+crunch to get the shot your head needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch to get the shot your head needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch to get the shot your head needs
+to be dug into that screen and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dug into that screen and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dug into that screen and that's
+why you need radio communication with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you need radio communication with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you need radio communication with a
+visual observer to say hey you're clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual observer to say hey you're clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual observer to say hey you're clear
+no obstruction 25 yards have at it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no obstruction 25 yards have at it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no obstruction 25 yards have at it or
+you know whatever whatever the case may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever whatever the case may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever whatever the case may
+be but flying for fun by yourself my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but flying for fun by yourself my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but flying for fun by yourself my
+advice would be look up at your bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice would be look up at your bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice would be look up at your bird
+every now and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every now and again
+I've also had people that have flown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've also had people that have flown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've also had people that have flown and
+then been like wait where is it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then been like wait where is it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then been like wait where is it you know
+because again these things can go a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these things can go a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again these things can go a mile
+up in a mile out and all the sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a mile out and all the sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a mile out and all the sudden
+they're like wait a second where'd my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like wait a second where'd my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like wait a second where'd my
+drone go now luckily for lack of better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone go now luckily for lack of better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone go now luckily for lack of better
+terms and excuse my language I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and excuse my language I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and excuse my language I call it
+the oh button but there's a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh button but there's a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oh button but there's a button
+right here so when I turn the drone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so when I turn the drone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so when I turn the drone on
+what it does is it communicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it communicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it communicates the
+satellites it marks a GPS home point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites it marks a GPS home point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites it marks a GPS home point
+right now if I'm being an idiot and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if I'm being an idiot and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if I'm being an idiot and I'm
+sending it out you know a mile away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it out you know a mile away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it out you know a mile away the
+drone is smart enough to say hey I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone is smart enough to say hey I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone is smart enough to say hey I only
+have enough battery percentage to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough battery percentage to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough battery percentage to get
+back to your home point and it will kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your home point and it will kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your home point and it will kick
+me off the controls all together and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off the controls all together and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me off the controls all together and it
+will fly itself back and land right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fly itself back and land right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fly itself back and land right
+where you took off same function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you took off same function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you took off same function as
+where'd my drone go I can't find it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where'd my drone go I can't find it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where'd my drone go I can't find it if I
+really need it to you hit that button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it to you hit that button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need it to you hit that button
+and the thing will fly itself back now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing will fly itself back now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing will fly itself back now
+if you utilize that function but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you utilize that function but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you utilize that function but this is
+getting back to the sensors and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the sensors and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the sensors and things
+of that nature if you have your sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that nature if you have your sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that nature if you have your sensors
+turned off you're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off you're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off you're in trouble
+right because what the drone is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what the drone is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because what the drone is going to
+do is take its most direct path back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take its most direct path back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take its most direct path back to
+your home point if there is a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home point if there is a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home point if there is a building
+in a way it will hit the building if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it will hit the building if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it will hit the building if
+your sensors are off now if your sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors are off now if your sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sensors are off now if your sensors
+are on like I actually have this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on like I actually have this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on like I actually have this setup
+to where if return to home function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where if return to home function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where if return to home function
+kicks in the sensors turn on right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in the sensors turn on right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in the sensors turn on right and
+then I also have it set up to where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also have it set up to where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also have it set up to where if
+it meets an obstruction let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meets an obstruction let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meets an obstruction let's say
+there's a building here oh no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a building here oh no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a building here oh no I don't
+know where my drone is I hit return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where my drone is I hit return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where my drone is I hit return to
+home and it comes towards the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it comes towards the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it comes towards the building
+it will sense it and will raise altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will sense it and will raise altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will sense it and will raise altitude
+until it clears it and then it'll clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it clears it and then it'll clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it clears it and then it'll clear
+it and continue on back to the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and continue on back to the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and continue on back to the home
+point I never like to rely on return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I never like to rely on return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I never like to rely on return to
+home though never I just I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home though never I just I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home though never I just I don't feel
+comfortable with it I like knowing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with it I like knowing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with it I like knowing again
+using the bag of money situation he's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bag of money situation he's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bag of money situation he's at
+I don't want it to get away from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want it to get away from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want it to get away from me
+again I mean you guys can come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean you guys can come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean you guys can come up and
+pick this thing up it has some weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this thing up it has some weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this thing up it has some weight to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if this thing fell 400 feet and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing fell 400 feet and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing fell 400 feet and hit
+somebody they're in trouble you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody they're in trouble you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody they're in trouble you are in
+trouble so it behooves you to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so it behooves you to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so it behooves you to always
+have set of eyes on it and you know pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have set of eyes on it and you know pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have set of eyes on it and you know pay
+attention to everything you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to everything you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to everything you're doing
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/goalLDamePE.txt b/goalLDamePE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee275955796b1a202bb5bfe7f7bd125665b80f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/goalLDamePE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're given this
+definition for car you saw that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for car you saw that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for car you saw that on the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to add um a method that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add um a method that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to add um a method that's going
+to change the color of the car and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the color of the car and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the color of the car and these
+are my four four choices and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my four four choices and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my four four choices and it looks
+like you guys are getting it getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are getting it getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are getting it getting it
+right which is awesome okay so Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is awesome okay so Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is awesome okay so Define a
+method to change the color of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to change the color of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to change the color of the car
+which does this so we know that self has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does this so we know that self has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does this so we know that self has
+to be the first parameter so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the first parameter so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the first parameter so we can
+automatically eliminate A and C and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically eliminate A and C and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically eliminate A and C and it's
+between b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d and remember I said you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and remember I said you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and remember I said you have to be
+conscious about whose data attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious about whose data attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious about whose data attribute
+you're accessing and in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accessing and in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accessing and in this case we
+want to change the color of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the color of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the color of a particular
+instance of the car right so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the car right so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the car right so we have to
+say self. color instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say self. color instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say self. color instead of just
+color if we just said color then color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color if we just said color then color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color if we just said color then color
+would refer to just a variable inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would refer to just a variable inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would refer to just a variable inside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+class not a data attribute of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not a data attribute of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not a data attribute of a
+particular object
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gwOxD51n3nc.txt b/gwOxD51n3nc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57ad46df15b2666ebad2c40069fa7ebbd0036685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gwOxD51n3nc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12688 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning good morning afternoon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning good morning afternoon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning good morning afternoon I
+guess technically uh welcome to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess technically uh welcome to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess technically uh welcome to lecture
+15 of 61200 6120 again I still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 of 61200 6120 again I still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 of 61200 6120 again I still don't
+know how to call it um today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to call it um today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to call it um today we are
+talking about relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about relations and
+Counting um and there's a bunch of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting um and there's a bunch of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting um and there's a bunch of scary
+stuff on the board ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the board ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the board ignore that
+wonderful so first thing we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so first thing we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so first thing we're talking
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+relations uh and relations are a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh and relations are a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh and relations are a very
+useful tool U very useful term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool U very useful term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool U very useful term
+generalizing the idea of a function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing the idea of a function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing the idea of a function um
+so let's see what we mean by that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what we mean by that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what we mean by that um
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+so yes so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation R is a subset of A cross B A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R is a subset of A cross B A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R is a subset of A cross B A
+and B are sets they can be any sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are sets they can be any sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B are sets they can be any sets you
+want R is going to be a subset of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want R is going to be a subset of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want R is going to be a subset of pairs
+um where the first element is taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the first element is taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where the first element is taken from
+a the second element is taken from B it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the second element is taken from B it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the second element is taken from B it
+might be all the pairs none of the pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be all the pairs none of the pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be all the pairs none of the pairs
+some subset of the pairs um all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subset of the pairs um all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subset of the pairs um all we know
+is that we need all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need all three of these
+pieces of data uh a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consists of first of all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain a which is any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-domain b which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and a
+subset are subset of A cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset are subset of A cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset are subset of A cross
+B so you need to know what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you need to know what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so you need to know what is your
+domain what is your co-domain and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain what is your co-domain and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain what is your co-domain and which
+pairs are part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are part of your
+relation um this generalizes the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um this generalizes the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um this generalizes the idea of
+a function because you can think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function because you can think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function because you can think of a
+function as you have your inputs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as you have your inputs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as you have your inputs you
+have your outputs and your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your outputs and your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your outputs and your function
+specifies which inputs map to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies which inputs map to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies which inputs map to which
+outputs by just encoding them in a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs by just encoding them in a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs by just encoding them in a pair
+like this um Let me give a more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um Let me give a more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um Let me give a more concrete
+example here we go so imagine we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we go so imagine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we go so imagine we have
+these three sets we have the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sets we have the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sets we have the set of
+students that are Luke geralt Quinton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are Luke geralt Quinton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that are Luke geralt Quinton
+and Willow um and we have some classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Willow um and we have some classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Willow um and we have some classes
+that these magic students might take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these magic students might take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these magic students might take in
+a magic school I guess uh chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magic school I guess uh chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magic school I guess uh chemistry
+Sports literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sports literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sports literature and
+61200 totally makes sense um and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 totally makes sense um and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 totally makes sense um and we have
+some magic profs we have gadriel Zelda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic profs we have gadriel Zelda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic profs we have gadriel Zelda
+Zelda Ada and Doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda Ada and Doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda Ada and Doctor
+Strange um so we have some sets we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange um so we have some sets we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strange um so we have some sets we might
+specify a relation uh let's call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a relation uh let's call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a relation uh let's call it the
+learning relation L which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning relation L which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning relation L which is going to be
+a subset of students cross classes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of students cross classes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of students cross classes so
+it's going to be all pairs where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be all pairs where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be all pairs where you
+have a student who's taking a class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a student who's taking a class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a student who's taking a class and
+in this case it looks like we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it looks like we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it looks like we have these
+students taking these classes it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students taking these classes it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students taking these classes it looks
+like Luke is taking chemistry Luke is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Luke is taking chemistry Luke is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Luke is taking chemistry Luke is
+also taking literature Galt is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taking literature Galt is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also taking literature Galt is taking
+chemistry and sports and literature Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and sports and literature Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and sports and literature Etc
+so we need all three of these pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need all three of these pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need all three of these pieces of
+information the domain the co-domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the domain the co-domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information the domain the co-domain and
+the set of pairs in order to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of pairs in order to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of pairs in order to specify
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+relation likewise here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation likewise here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation likewise here's another
+relation which classes are being taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which classes are being taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which classes are being taught
+by which professors so this is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which professors so this is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which professors so this is a subset
+of classes times professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes times professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes times professors
+and it's saying that um this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's saying that um this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's saying that um this class
+chemistry is being taught by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is being taught by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is being taught by this
+professor Ada Sports is being taught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Ada Sports is being taught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Ada Sports is being taught by
+strange lit by gadriel and 61200 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange lit by gadriel and 61200 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange lit by gadriel and 61200 is
+being taught by Zach I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taught by Zach I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taught by Zach I mean
+Zelda thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda thank you
+um this might look pretty familiar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this might look pretty familiar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this might look pretty familiar this
+is almost how we Define directed graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost how we Define directed graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost how we Define directed graphs
+right um You have some some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um You have some some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um You have some some set of
+vertices or whatnot uh and you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or whatnot uh and you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or whatnot uh and you have some
+edges between them this is very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between them this is very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between them this is very closely
+related concept um and just like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related concept um and just like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related concept um and just like with
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+um that representation isn't the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that representation isn't the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that representation isn't the most
+useful way to represent it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to represent it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to represent it it's kind of
+hard to see who's taking what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see who's taking what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see who's taking what and
+visualize and and think about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and and think about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize and and think about it so
+let's draw it instead so we already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw it instead so we already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw it instead so we already said
+uh here we have the learning relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we have the learning relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we have the learning relation
+ill uh we said Luc is taking chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill uh we said Luc is taking chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill uh we said Luc is taking chemistry
+and I'm going to draw it with a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw it with a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to draw it with a directed
+Arrow um Luke is also taking literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow um Luke is also taking literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow um Luke is also taking literature
+geralt is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geralt is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geralt is taking
+chemistry uh and sports geralt is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh and sports geralt is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh and sports geralt is taking
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+literature then Quinton is taking Sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature then Quinton is taking Sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature then Quinton is taking Sports
+and lit Quinton is taking Sports and lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lit Quinton is taking Sports and lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lit Quinton is taking Sports and lit
+uh and Willow is taking lit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Willow is taking lit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Willow is taking lit and
+apparently no one is taking 61200 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently no one is taking 61200 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently no one is taking 61200 at
+this magic school uh shame for them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic school uh shame for them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic school uh shame for them but
+this is a very clear representation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very clear representation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very clear representation in
+my mind but again it's representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind but again it's representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind but again it's representing the
+same information and we can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information and we can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information and we can see that in
+fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is
+exactly a directed graph where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a directed graph where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly a directed graph where the
+vertices are um what is it students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are um what is it students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are um what is it students
+union classes those are our allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union classes those are our allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union classes those are our allowed
+vertices and it just has the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and it just has the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and it just has the special
+form where each one of our directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where each one of our directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where each one of our directed
+arrows always goes from a student to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows always goes from a student to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows always goes from a student to a
+class but otherwise it's just a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but otherwise it's just a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but otherwise it's just a directed
+graph does that make sense let's quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph does that make sense let's quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph does that make sense let's quickly
+draw the other one um so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the other one um so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the other one um so we have
+chemistry being taught by Ada we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry being taught by Ada we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry being taught by Ada we have
+sports being taught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports being taught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports being taught by
+strange lit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange lit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange lit by
+gadriel and 61200 by Zelda so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadriel and 61200 by Zelda so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadriel and 61200 by Zelda so this is
+the um the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the teaching
+relation are we clear on what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation are we clear on what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation are we clear on what these
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+so for notation there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for notation there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for notation there are lots of
+different notations that are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notations that are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notations that are used for
+relations because relations are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations because relations are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations because relations are used in
+lots of different ways um but here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways um but here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways um but here are
+some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notations so if R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations so if R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations so if R is a
+relation from A to B uh then we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation from A to B uh then we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation from A to B uh then we might
+write um a relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um a relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um a relates to
+B to mean that the pair a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to mean that the pair a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to mean that the pair a comma
+B is one of the pairs in our relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is one of the pairs in our relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is one of the pairs in our relation
+one of the directed edges in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directed edges in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the directed edges in our
+graph um because like I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um because like I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um because like I said the
+relation is really about specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is really about specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is really about specifying
+which pair pairs relate and which pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pair pairs relate and which pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pair pairs relate and which pairs
+don't it's a yes no question some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's a yes no question some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's a yes no question some of the
+pairs are yes some of the pairs are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are yes some of the pairs are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are yes some of the pairs are no
+and so we might write a relates to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we might write a relates to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we might write a relates to B
+with this infix notation to say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this infix notation to say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this infix notation to say that a
+relates to B um we're saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to B um we're saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to B um we're saying the same
+thing just with different notation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just with different notation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just with different notation um
+and this might remind you of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this might remind you of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this might remind you of things like
+three um like three is less than seven a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um like three is less than seven a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um like three is less than seven a
+sub um a set s is a subset of a set T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub um a set s is a subset of a set T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub um a set s is a subset of a set T
+this less than relation this subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this less than relation this subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this less than relation this subset
+equal relation these are relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal relation these are relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal relation these are relations and
+this General notion of relation is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this General notion of relation is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this General notion of relation is a way
+to generalize Concepts like this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize Concepts like this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize Concepts like this and so
+this is why we sometimes have our infix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we sometimes have our infix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we sometimes have our infix
+notation like that so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation like that so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation like that so we can think about
+whatever other relation we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other relation we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever other relation we're talking
+about similar to how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about similar to how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about similar to how we think about
+these more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more familiar
+ones all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all
+right um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we
+also we can also think of r as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can also think of r as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we can also think of r as a
+predicate we can say R of a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate we can say R of a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate we can say R of a comma
+B so if R is a predicate that takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so if R is a predicate that takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so if R is a predicate that takes two
+arguments and say and spits out true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and say and spits out true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and say and spits out true or
+false this is another way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this is another way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false this is another way you can think
+of specifying a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pairs so R AB is true when AB is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so R AB is true when AB is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so R AB is true when AB is part of
+our relation and it's false when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not and phrase wise we might say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and phrase wise we might say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and phrase wise we might say that
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+relates to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to B
+again means the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again means the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again means the same
+thing means that a B is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing means that a B is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing means that a B is in
+r at its core we we are just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at its core we we are just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at its core we we are just trying to
+give one bit of information for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one bit of information for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one bit of information for each
+pair either this pair relates or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair either this pair relates or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair either this pair relates or this
+pair doesn't this pair is in our set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair doesn't this pair is in our set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair doesn't this pair is in our set or
+it's not this pair satisfies our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this pair satisfies our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this pair satisfies our
+predicate or it doesn't all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate or it doesn't all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate or it doesn't all different
+ways of saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of saying the same
+thing does that make sense wonderful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that make sense wonderful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that make sense wonderful uh
+and by the way when we say relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way when we say relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way when we say relation here
+uh specifically we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically we're talking about
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary
+relation um yeah that should say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um yeah that should say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um yeah that should say a
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation but all the relations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but all the relations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but all the relations we're
+going to talk about today are binary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today are binary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today are binary but
+it's the same relation as in relational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same relation as in relational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same relation as in relational
+database um you can imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um you can imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database um you can imagine that this
+kind of thing is exactly how a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing is exactly how a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing is exactly how a database
+stores its information in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores its information in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores its information in this case
+we're only talking about databases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about databases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only talking about databases with
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+columns um so learning has a column for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um so learning has a column for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns um so learning has a column for
+a student and a column for class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student and a column for class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student and a column for class and
+there's a row every time a student's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a row every time a student's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a row every time a student's
+taking a class that's all this is It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+database excuse me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database excuse me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database excuse me um
+yes so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I said
+earlier that here let's go back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that here let's go back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that here let's go back up
+here that relations are a generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that relations are a generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that relations are a generalization
+of functions and let's see what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and let's see what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and let's see what we mean
+by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition a relation R from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function uh precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh precisely
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+every element on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side relates to at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relates to at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relates to at most
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+element on the right side so if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the right side so if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element on the right side so if every
+everything in the left set appears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the left set appears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the left set appears on
+the left side of at most one pair it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of at most one pair it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of at most one pair it's
+the source of at most one Arrow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of at most one Arrow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of at most one Arrow so
+another way to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um every a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every a in
+a has at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has at most
+one Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out all right so these two examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so these two examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so these two examples is
+this learning relation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function who can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yeah we have a student with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah we have a student with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah we have a student with multiple
+arrows going out that's precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows going out that's precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows going out that's precisely what
+we need to avoid it's function says each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to avoid it's function says each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to avoid it's function says each
+each node on the left is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node on the left is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each node on the left is supposed to
+have at most one Arrow going out uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most one Arrow going out uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at most one Arrow going out uh and
+this fails that is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fails that is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fails that is this a
+function yeah um every class has at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah um every class has at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah um every class has at most
+one Arrow out so it's a function if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out so it's a function if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out so it's a function if I
+deleted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted this
+Arrow so now we only have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow so now we only have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow so now we only have these three
+arrows and no one's teaching 61200 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and no one's teaching 61200 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and no one's teaching 61200 is
+this still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still a
+function yeah it's fine at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah it's fine at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah it's fine at most one
+Arrow not exactly one Arrow so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow not exactly one Arrow so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow not exactly one Arrow so that's
+still fine even if that arrow is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fine even if that arrow is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fine even if that arrow is missing
+but I'm going to put it back because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to put it back because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to put it back because
+that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our
+example uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's
+see when R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when R is a
+function uh we'll write R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh we'll write R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh we'll write R of
+a equals B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean means that a B is in the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means that a B is in the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means that a B is in the relation
+and so R of a is the element that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so R of a is the element that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so R of a is the element that a
+points to if it exists R A might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to if it exists R A might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to if it exists R A might be
+undefined uh if the function doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined uh if the function doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined uh if the function doesn't
+have any Arrow out at this point but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Arrow out at this point but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Arrow out at this point but if
+there's only one we we can just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one we we can just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one we we can just call it
+R of a this is the usual function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of a this is the usual function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of a this is the usual function
+notation that we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's make that even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's make that even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's make that even more
+precise uh let's look at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh let's look at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise uh let's look at the function
+f um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um from
+R to R by the way when it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to R by the way when it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to R by the way when it's a function
+we can use this more specific notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this more specific notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this more specific notation
+um f is a function from R to R we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f is a function from R to R we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f is a function from R to R we use
+the arrow instead of f as a subset of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow instead of f as a subset of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrow instead of f as a subset of R
+cross R um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R um
+so let's define the function where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define the function where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define the function where f
+ofx is 1x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is 1x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is 1x^2
+the kind of function you might see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of function you might see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of function you might see in a
+pre-calculus class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-calculus class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-calculus class or
+something um everyone agrees this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um everyone agrees this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um everyone agrees this is a
+function well I mean kind of how is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well I mean kind of how is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well I mean kind of how is it a
+function by our definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by our definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by our definition of
+relation um we're supposed to specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um we're supposed to specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um we're supposed to specify a
+domain check a co-domain check and a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain check a co-domain check and a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain check a co-domain check and a set
+of pairs so what are the set of pairs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs so what are the set of pairs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs so what are the set of pairs in
+this case uh the set of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh the set of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh the set of pairs
+is going to be X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X comma
+Y in R cross R such that yal 1x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in R cross R such that yal 1x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in R cross R such that yal 1x^2
+is just the set of pairs that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the set of pairs that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the set of pairs that satisfy
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+relation um another way to write this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um another way to write this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um another way to write this x
+comma 1 /x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 /x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 /x^2
+where X is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is a real
+number without zero cuz we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number without zero cuz we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number without zero cuz we're not
+allowed to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to divide by
+zero all right all right so f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right all right so f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right all right so f is a
+function here's a way to write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here's a way to write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here's a way to write it in
+terms of the pairs like we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and it's totally fine that F of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's totally fine that F of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's totally fine that F of zero
+isn't defined because again you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't defined because again you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't defined because again you can't
+divide by zero f says each input has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by zero f says each input has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by zero f says each input has at
+most one output and it just happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one output and it just happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one output and it just happens that
+the input zero has no outputs which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input zero has no outputs which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input zero has no outputs which is
+fine sometimes you do want everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine sometimes you do want everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine sometimes you do want everything to
+have every input to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every input to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have every input to have an
+output uh so we have a different term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh so we have a different term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh so we have a different term
+for that we'll say that a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total if and only
+if every a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every a in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+has at least one Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out in other words every a for every a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in other words every a for every a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in other words every a for every a
+on the left side there's at least one B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side there's at least one B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side there's at least one B
+on the right side that it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side that it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side that it relates to
+everything on the left has some Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has some Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has some Arrow
+going out possibly multiple that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out possibly multiple that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out possibly multiple that's what
+we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+Total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Total
+um are our examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are our examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are our examples here
+total is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total yeah everything on the left has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yeah everything on the left has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yeah everything on the left has at
+one Arrow out has at least one Arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out has at least one Arrow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Arrow out has at least one Arrow out
+here everything on the left has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything on the left has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything on the left has at least
+one Arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent is this function total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not zero has no Arrow out F of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero has no Arrow out F of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero has no Arrow out F of zero
+doesn't exist there is nothing that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist there is nothing that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist there is nothing that zero
+relates to on the right okay let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to on the right okay let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to on the right okay let's give
+a a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a different
+example uh let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's define
+G from the set of R without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from the set of R without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G from the set of R without
+zero to the set of R without Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the set of R without Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the set of R without Z
+this is supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to be a
+set where we're going to Def find G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where we're going to Def find G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where we're going to Def find G of X
+is 1x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right same function
+right same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same set of
+pairs is this function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total I saw exactly two nods and a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total I saw exactly two nods and a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total I saw exactly two nods and a bunch
+of blank stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blank stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blank stairs
+that is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all
+right um someone who's oh a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um someone who's oh a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um someone who's oh a couple more
+nods U someone who's nodding can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nods U someone who's nodding can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nods U someone who's nodding can you
+tell me why G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me why G is
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes great uh so so they were saying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes great uh so so they were saying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes great uh so so they were saying uh
+since zero is no longer an option as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since zero is no longer an option as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since zero is no longer an option as an
+input um all of the inputs that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input um all of the inputs that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input um all of the inputs that we're
+allowed to choose do have a valid output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to choose do have a valid output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to choose do have a valid output
+assigned to them so this function G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total this function f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total even though it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total even though it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total even though it's exactly the same
+set of pairs for both f and g it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pairs for both f and g it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pairs for both f and g it's
+exactly the same set of real comma real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same set of real comma real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same set of real comma real
+or X comma 1/x^2 for all the non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X comma 1/x^2 for all the non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or X comma 1/x^2 for all the non-zero
+values of X all we've done is change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X all we've done is change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X all we've done is change the
+domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and
+co-domain uh and this goes to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-domain uh and this goes to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-domain uh and this goes to show that
+you need all three parts of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need all three parts of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need all three parts of that
+definition of relation you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of relation you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of relation you need to know
+what set you're mapping from what set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set you're mapping from what set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what set you're mapping from what set
+you're mapping to and what all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mapping to and what all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mapping to and what all of your
+related pairs are all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related pairs are all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related pairs are all three of those
+pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of
+information are important to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are important to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information are important to determine
+things like whether it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like whether it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like whether it's a function
+whether it's total does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's total does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's total does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+awesome uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's oh by the way uh oh also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's oh by the way uh oh also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's oh by the way uh oh also these
+often go together uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often go together uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often go together uh so
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+function means it has uh so total means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means it has uh so total means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function means it has uh so total means
+everything on the left has at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at least one
+Arrow out function means everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out function means everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out function means everything on
+the left has at most one Arrow out so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has at most one Arrow out so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has at most one Arrow out so if
+you put those together total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those together total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those together total
+function um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um has
+exactly one Arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for each a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and secretly when mathematicians say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and secretly when mathematicians say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and secretly when mathematicians say
+function they usually mean total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they usually mean total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they usually mean total
+function usually the fact that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function usually the fact that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function usually the fact that some
+values some inputs don't have outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values some inputs don't have outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values some inputs don't have outputs
+that's supposed to be sort of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be sort of a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be sort of a special
+case uh and the default when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh and the default when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh and the default when we say
+function is that everything on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is that everything on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is that everything on the left
+has a a definite output on the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a definite output on the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a definite output on the right so
+when mathematicians say function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mathematicians say function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mathematicians say function we
+usually mean total function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually mean total function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually mean total function
+um when we're not assuming that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're not assuming that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're not assuming that a
+function is total mathematicians will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is total mathematicians will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is total mathematicians will
+often say partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so partial function means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so partial function means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so partial function means a
+function that isn't necessarily total it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that isn't necessarily total it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that isn't necessarily total it
+might be total confusingly a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be total confusingly a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be total confusingly a total
+function is an example of a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an example of a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an example of a partial
+function partial does not mean not total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function partial does not mean not total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function partial does not mean not total
+partial does not mean that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial does not mean that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial does not mean that it's
+definitely missing inputs partial just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely missing inputs partial just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely missing inputs partial just
+means that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not
+assuming there aren't missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there aren't missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there aren't missing
+inputs so by our by our definitions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so by our by our definitions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs so by our by our definitions that
+we've set out today partial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set out today partial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set out today partial function
+just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means
+function and total function means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and total function means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and total function means
+function that has nothing missing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has nothing missing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has nothing missing no
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+missing um from now on in this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing um from now on in this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing um from now on in this class uh
+whenever we use the word function we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we use the word function we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we use the word function we're
+going to try to specify whether we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to specify whether we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to specify whether we mean
+a total function or whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total function or whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total function or whether we're
+allowed to have some missing inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have some missing inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have some missing inputs
+because usually when we say function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually when we say function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually when we say function uh
+we're going to mean total function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mean total function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mean total function and
+so let's decide from now on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's decide from now on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's decide from now on in this
+class at least when we give um problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at least when we give um problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class at least when we give um problem
+statements to you that the word function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to you that the word function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to you that the word function
+on its own is hereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own is hereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own is hereby
+ambiguous whenever we say function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous whenever we say function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous whenever we say function we
+should really be telling you do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be telling you do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really be telling you do we mean
+total function or do we mean function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function or do we mean function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function or do we mean function
+that may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+um so if you see it on a problem set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you see it on a problem set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you see it on a problem set or
+test and it's not qualified like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and it's not qualified like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and it's not qualified like that
+please ask we want to clarify that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask we want to clarify that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask we want to clarify that for
+you we're not we're not trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're not we're not trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're not we're not trying to be
+tricky with edge cases of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky with edge cases of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky with edge cases of this
+definition if you see function on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you see function on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you see function on its
+own without qualifiers please ask yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so a relation is total if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a relation is total if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a relation is total if everything
+on the left has at least one Arrow out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left has at least one Arrow out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left has at least one Arrow out a
+relation is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function um if it's total and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um if it's total and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um if it's total and also a
+function which means that everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which means that everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which means that everything on
+the left has exactly one Arrow out great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has exactly one Arrow out great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has exactly one Arrow out great
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah sorry that partial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah sorry that partial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah sorry that partial function
+does not mean function that isn't total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean function that isn't total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean function that isn't total
+even though that's what it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that's what it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that's what it sounds like
+it should be partial function just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be partial function just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be partial function just means
+function that may or may not be total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that may or may not be total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that may or may not be total
+naming things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things is
+hard um or rather using bad names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um or rather using bad names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard um or rather using bad names that
+someone else has already defined for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else has already defined for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else has already defined for us
+is hard I would change it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard I would change it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard I would change it if I
+could anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anyway
+um great um we have similar not similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great um we have similar not similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great um we have similar not similar
+terminology for arrows in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for arrows in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology for arrows in instead of
+arrows out so so far we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows out so so far we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows out so so far we've looked at
+total and function which are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and function which are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and function which are talking
+about how many arrows are coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many arrows are coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how many arrows are coming out of
+the left side um we can also ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side um we can also ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side um we can also ask how
+many arrows are coming into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrows are coming into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrows are coming into the right
+side so we'll say that R which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we'll say that R which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so we'll say that R which is a
+relation between A and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+injective if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective if and only
+if every element on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every element on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if every element on the right
+side uh has at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh has at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh has at most one
+arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+in and we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surjective if and only if every B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective if and only if every B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective if and only if every B and
+B has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at least
+one arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrow
+in so injective means you never hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so injective means you never hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so injective means you never hit the
+same thing twice surjective means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing twice surjective means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing twice surjective means you
+hit every everything possibly more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit every everything possibly more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit every everything possibly more than
+once back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once back to these
+examples is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+injective in other words does everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective in other words does everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective in other words does everything
+on the right side have at most one arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side have at most one arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right side have at most one arrow
+in no thumbs down thank you um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no thumbs down thank you um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no thumbs down thank you um for
+example chemistry has multiple arrows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chemistry has multiple arrows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chemistry has multiple arrows in
+that alone is enough to show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is enough to show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone is enough to show that it's
+not injective is it surjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not injective is it surjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not injective is it surjective
+also no another thumbs down thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no another thumbs down thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also no another thumbs down thank you um
+it's not surjective because 61200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surjective because 61200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surjective because 61200
+doesn't have any arrows in surjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any arrows in surjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any arrows in surjective
+means you're supposed to hit everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're supposed to hit everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're supposed to hit everything
+on the right and we don't so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and we don't so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right and we don't so this is
+neither surjective nor injective whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither surjective nor injective whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither surjective nor injective whereas
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+both everything on the right has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both everything on the right has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both everything on the right has at
+least one arrow in so it's surjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow in so it's surjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow in so it's surjective
+and at most one arrow in so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most one arrow in so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at most one arrow in so it's
+injective all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one of the reasons we're defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the reasons we're defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the reasons we're defining
+all of these similar confusing sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these similar confusing sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these similar confusing sounding
+terms apologies for that um is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms apologies for that um is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms apologies for that um is that we
+have some theorems that help that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some theorems that help that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some theorems that help that these
+terms are enough to help us relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are enough to help us relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are enough to help us relate the
+sizes of various sets so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of various sets so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of various sets so we have our
+first theorem of the day um if a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem of the day um if a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem of the day um if a and b
+are finite sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our a relation from A to B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our a relation from A to B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our a relation from A to B is a
+total inject in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+injection so if we have finite sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so if we have finite sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so if we have finite sets and
+a total injection from the first to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total injection from the first to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total injection from the first to the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the size of a is at most the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a is at most the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a is at most the size
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+if we can find a total injection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find a total injection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can find a total injection from
+one set to another set then the set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set to another set then the set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set to another set then the set on
+the left is smaller or at most the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is smaller or at most the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is smaller or at most the same
+size and let's let's draw a picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and let's let's draw a picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and let's let's draw a picture to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why um so total injection means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um so total injection means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um so total injection means that
+everything on the left has at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at least one
+Arrow out total means that and injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out total means that and injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out total means that and injection
+means we never hit the same thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we never hit the same thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we never hit the same thing on the
+right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice so there's always an arrow out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so there's always an arrow out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so there's always an arrow out on
+the left side and there's at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side and there's at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side and there's at most one
+Arrow out on the right side and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out on the right side and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out on the right side and so all
+this is saying is that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying is that the number of
+elements on the left is at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the left is at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on the left is at most the
+number of arrows because everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrows because everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrows because everything on
+the left has at least one Arrow out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has at least one Arrow out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has at least one Arrow out and
+the number of elements on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of elements on the right side
+is at least the number of arrows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the number of arrows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the number of arrows because
+everything on the right has at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has at most one
+Arrow out so that's why this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out so that's why this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out so that's why this is true
+size of a is less equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is less equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is less equal to the number of
+arrows Which is less equal to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows Which is less equal to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows Which is less equal to the size
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+B so often when you want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so often when you want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so often when you want to show that
+one set is smaller than another set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set is smaller than another set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set is smaller than another set you
+just Define a total injection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a total injection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a total injection between
+them and that's your proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's your proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's your proof
+similarly on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly on the other side of
+things uh theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh theorem
+two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two let's
+see if again A and B are finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R is a surjective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops then the size of a is greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then the size of a is greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then the size of a is greater or
+equal to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of
+B and I claim that's just exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I claim that's just exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I claim that's just exactly this
+picture but in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but in the opposite
+direction um instead of total meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um instead of total meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um instead of total meaning
+everything on the left has an arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has an arrow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has an arrow out
+we have surjective which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have surjective which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have surjective which means
+everything on the right has an arrow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has an arrow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has an arrow in
+and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of
+injection which means everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection which means everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection which means everything on the
+right has at most one out sorry at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has at most one out sorry at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right has at most one out sorry at most
+one in we have function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in we have function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in we have function which is
+everything on the left has at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left has at most one
+Arrow out so we've just swapped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out so we've just swapped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrow out so we've just swapped the
+roles of in and out that's really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of in and out that's really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles of in and out that's really all
+that happened to translate this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to translate this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to translate this theorem
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+theorem all right and by our powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem all right and by our powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem all right and by our powers
+combined definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective
+surjective total and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective total and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective total and a
+function if it has all four of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it has all four of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if it has all four of these
+properties then we say that R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bje so that's the definition of bje bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje so that's the definition of bje bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje so that's the definition of bje bje
+means you have all four of these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have all four of these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have all four of these nice
+properties to summarize everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to summarize everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to summarize everything on
+the left has exactly one Arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has exactly one Arrow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left has exactly one Arrow out
+everything on the right has exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right has exactly one
+arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow
+in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and
+Theorem um if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem um if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theorem um if R
+oops from A to B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje then the size of a equals the size
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+B all we're doing is applying both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all we're doing is applying both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B all we're doing is applying both of
+these theorems and we get both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems and we get both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems and we get both
+inequalities so the sets have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities so the sets have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities so the sets have the same
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+all right so baction is the main tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so baction is the main tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so baction is the main tool
+that we're going to be using in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be using in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be using in the
+second half of this lecture um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of this lecture um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of this lecture um to
+compare the sizes of sets questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the sizes of sets questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the sizes of sets questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+wonderful so next I want to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so next I want to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful so next I want to talk about a
+a couple special kinds of relations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple special kinds of relations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple special kinds of relations so
+first of all um I never said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um I never said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um I never said that the
+sets A and B have to be disjoint or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets A and B have to be disjoint or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets A and B have to be disjoint or even
+distinct uh so let's look at the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where a equals
+B so R is a subset of a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so R is a subset of a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so R is a subset of a cross
+a we call this a binary relation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and this I claim is basically exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this I claim is basically exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this I claim is basically exactly
+how we Define directed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we Define directed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we Define directed graph
+you have a set of nodes which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of nodes which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of nodes which in this
+case is a and serves as both our domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a and serves as both our domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is a and serves as both our domain
+and co-domain and you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-domain and you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co-domain and you have a set of
+directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed
+edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between
+them and that's it that's that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's it that's that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's it that's that's how we
+Define directed graph so a relation on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define directed graph so a relation on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define directed graph so a relation on a
+is basically identical to a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically identical to a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically identical to a directed
+graph whose vertices are a uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph whose vertices are a uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph whose vertices are a uh which
+means that all of the directed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all of the directed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all of the directed graph
+examples we've already talked about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we've already talked about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we've already talked about um
+like who follows whom on Twitter like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who follows whom on Twitter like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who follows whom on Twitter like
+reachability in Google Maps um all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability in Google Maps um all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability in Google Maps um all of
+those diagraphs are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagraphs are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diagraphs are also
+relations uh there are relations on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh there are relations on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh there are relations on the
+set of uh Twitter users or locations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh Twitter users or locations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh Twitter users or locations in
+Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google
+Maps um another good example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps um another good example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps um another good example that I
+really like uh of a relation on a set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like uh of a relation on a set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like uh of a relation on a set is
+the relation of who likes whom not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of who likes whom not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of who likes whom not like
+romantically or anything just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantically or anything just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantically or anything just you know
+as a person who likes whom fix a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person who likes whom fix a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person who likes whom fix a moment
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+everyone measures who they like among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone measures who they like among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone measures who they like among
+all the other people in the world bam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other people in the world bam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other people in the world bam
+you have your relation uh and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your relation uh and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your relation uh and the reason
+I like it is that it has tons and tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it is that it has tons and tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it is that it has tons and tons
+of chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chaotic
+structure um for example uh if I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um for example uh if I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um for example uh if I like
+you that doesn't mean that you like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that doesn't mean that you like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that doesn't mean that you like me
+back necessarily especially this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back necessarily especially this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back necessarily especially this week
+when the problem set's a bit long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the problem set's a bit long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the problem set's a bit long
+apologies um if I like you and you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies um if I like you and you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies um if I like you and you like
+them that doesn't mean that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that doesn't mean that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that doesn't mean that I like
+them not always right that first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not always right that first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not always right that first example
+I like you means you like me that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like you means you like me that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like you means you like me that's what
+we're going to call symmetry in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call symmetry in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call symmetry in a little
+bit U that second example if I like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit U that second example if I like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit U that second example if I like you
+you like them that means I like them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like them that means I like them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like them that means I like them we
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+transitivity so this graph is neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity so this graph is neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity so this graph is neither
+symmetric nor transitive it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric nor transitive it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric nor transitive it's also not
+reflexive um there there days when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive um there there days when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive um there there days when I
+don't like myself so I wouldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like myself so I wouldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like myself so I wouldn't have a
+self Loop in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self Loop in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self Loop in this
+graph now I don't mean that in like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph now I don't mean that in like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph now I don't mean that in like a
+cry for help kind of way but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry for help kind of way but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry for help kind of way but you know
+you know some days you're a little down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some days you're a little down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some days you're a little down
+on yourself it can happen it's okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourself it can happen it's okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yourself it can happen it's okay if
+it happens too much you have support ple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens too much you have support ple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens too much you have support ple
+please seek it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please seek it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please seek it
+out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um
+so funny story I I gave the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny story I I gave the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so funny story I I gave the same example
+a couple years ago I got the same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago I got the same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago I got the same you
+know half-hearted chuckle that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half-hearted chuckle that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half-hearted chuckle that we got
+just now and then someone went home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now and then someone went home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now and then someone went home and
+wrote about it on MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about it on MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about it on MIT
+confessions I don't remember exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confessions I don't remember exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confessions I don't remember exactly
+what they said but they maybe left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said but they maybe left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said but they maybe left off
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+um and then for the next couple days I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then for the next couple days I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then for the next couple days I
+was getting multiple Facebook messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting multiple Facebook messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting multiple Facebook messages
+from multiple friends Zack are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multiple friends Zack are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multiple friends Zack are you
+okay uh I know we haven't caught up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I know we haven't caught up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I know we haven't caught up in a
+while but I I'm here to a chat and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but I I'm here to a chat and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but I I'm here to a chat and I'd
+love to to talk to you if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to to talk to you if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to to talk to you if if you're
+available I hope you're doing well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available I hope you're doing well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available I hope you're doing well uh
+and I just want to say I I I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to say I I I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to say I I I felt
+loved so so thank you to whoever did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved so so thank you to whoever did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved so so thank you to whoever did
+that but maybe let's not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but maybe let's not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but maybe let's not have a
+repeat anyway back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat anyway back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat anyway back to
+graphs um so one of the main reasons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um so one of the main reasons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um so one of the main reasons we
+want to look at relations on a set uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at relations on a set uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at relations on a set uh is
+because we already have lots of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have lots of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we already have lots of examples
+and especially lots of examples that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially lots of examples that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially lots of examples that we
+don't necessarily think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily think of
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+graphs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs for
+example a equals B is a relation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a equals B is a relation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a equals B is a relation that we
+use all the time um a is congruent to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all the time um a is congruent to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all the time um a is congruent to B
+mod 10 is a relation on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 10 is a relation on the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 10 is a relation on the set of
+natural numbers of integers that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers of integers that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers of integers that we use
+all the time and don't necessarily think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and don't necessarily think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and don't necessarily think
+of as a graph but it's it's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a graph but it's it's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a graph but it's it's definitely a
+relation it's also a graph because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it's also a graph because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it's also a graph because
+that's secretly the same thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's secretly the same thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's secretly the same thing but the
+way you think about it can change if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think about it can change if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you think about it can change if you
+want to um likewise a less equ B we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um likewise a less equ B we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um likewise a less equ B we have
+set a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a is a
+subset of set B we have a divides B lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of set B we have a divides B lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of set B we have a divides B lots
+of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of
+relations um that we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um that we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um that we want to be able to
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+about um another good example is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um another good example is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um another good example is um
+reachability so if G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diaph and if V and W are nodes of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaph and if V and W are nodes of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaph and if V and W are nodes of our
+graph um then we can Define the walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation um yeah sorry that was out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um yeah sorry that was out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um yeah sorry that was out of
+order if G is a diagraph we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if G is a diagraph we can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if G is a diagraph we can Define
+the walk relation on the set of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation on the set of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walk relation on the set of vertices
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+graph where we Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V relates to W under this walk relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V relates to W under this walk relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V relates to W under this walk relation
+that we're going to call G prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to call G prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to call G prime or
+sorry G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry G
+Star um if and only if there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walk from V to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from V to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from V to
+W that's a relation we can Define on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's a relation we can Define on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's a relation we can Define on a
+diaph and it's a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaph and it's a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaph and it's a really useful
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um uh one thing I want to warn you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one thing I want to warn you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh one thing I want to warn you about
+we started with a graph we defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with a graph we defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with a graph we defined a
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+gar we know that that relations on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar we know that that relations on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar we know that that relations on this
+set of vertices can be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices can be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices can be thought of as a
+graph on that set of vertices we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on that set of vertices we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on that set of vertices we're not
+NE necessarily talking about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE necessarily talking about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NE necessarily talking about the same
+graph right this relation G star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right this relation G star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right this relation G star is
+something we constructed from this diaph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we constructed from this diaph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we constructed from this diaph
+G but the graph we constructed isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G but the graph we constructed isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G but the graph we constructed isn't
+necessarily the same as the graph G that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same as the graph G that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same as the graph G that
+we started with so it can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with so it can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with so it can be a little
+confusing thinking of oh that's a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thinking of oh that's a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thinking of oh that's a graph
+and that's also a graph that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also a graph that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's also a graph that was
+constructed from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from this
+other it's fun to think about um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's fun to think about um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's fun to think about um but
+just a warning even though we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a warning even though we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a warning even though we're talking
+about two different graphs on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different graphs on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different graphs on the same
+set of vertices they might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices they might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices they might actually be
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+graphs um cool so there are two special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um cool so there are two special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um cool so there are two special
+kinds of relations on a set that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relations on a set that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relations on a set that are
+especially useful because we have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful because we have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful because we have lots
+of examples and it's useful to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples and it's useful to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples and it's useful to be able
+to generalize those examples um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize those examples um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize those examples um the
+first one I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about is called an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and some of the examples I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and some of the examples I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and some of the examples I I
+wrote down uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down uh for
+example a equal b or a is congruent to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a equal b or a is congruent to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a equal b or a is congruent to B
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+10 these are somehow capturing this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 these are somehow capturing this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 these are somehow capturing this idea
+of sameness A and B are the same A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sameness A and B are the same A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sameness A and B are the same A and B
+have the same remainder mod 10 um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same remainder mod 10 um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same remainder mod 10 um if
+we're talking about connectivity in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about connectivity in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about connectivity in a in
+an undirected graph we say that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undirected graph we say that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an undirected graph we say that two
+nodes are connected with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected with each other
+meaning there's a walk from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's a walk from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's a walk from one to the
+other which means that they belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which means that they belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which means that they belong to
+the same connected component there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same connected component there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same connected component there's
+another idea of sameness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another idea of sameness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another idea of sameness
+there um so an equivalence relation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so an equivalence relation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so an equivalence relation is
+this is an idea that generalizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea that generalizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an idea that generalizes this
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+sameness uh and so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sameness uh and so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sameness uh and so let's see if we can
+do that what does it mean to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what does it mean to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what does it mean to somehow
+encapsulate that the two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate that the two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate that the two things are
+somehow equivalent to each other even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow equivalent to each other even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow equivalent to each other even if
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+identical um and it turns out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical um and it turns out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical um and it turns out there
+there are three easy um by easy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three easy um by easy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three easy um by easy I mean
+possibly confusing but I apologize um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly confusing but I apologize um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly confusing but I apologize um
+three easily stated um properties that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three easily stated um properties that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three easily stated um properties that a
+relation might have and if it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation might have and if it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation might have and if it has all
+three then I claim it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then I claim it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then I claim it captures
+everything it needs to capture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it needs to capture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it needs to capture about
+this idea of sameness everything I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of sameness everything I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of sameness everything I've
+just said is extremely vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is extremely vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said is extremely vague
+um let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's make it
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+so let's say that R is a relation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that R is a relation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that R is a relation on
+a uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we're going to
+say R is reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means
+that um for all a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for all a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for all a and
+a a relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relates to
+itself reflexive means everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself reflexive means everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself reflexive means everything
+relates to itself everything should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to itself everything should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to itself everything should be
+the same as itself if sameness means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as itself if sameness means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as itself if sameness means
+anything so this is definitely something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is definitely something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is definitely something
+we would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to
+have in terms of a diaph it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in terms of a diaph it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in terms of a diaph it means that
+every vertex has a self Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex has a self Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex has a self Loop
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right next one R is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric if and only if uh for all A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if and only if uh for all A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if and only if uh for all A
+and B in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set um a relates to B if and only if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um a relates to B if and only if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um a relates to B if and only if B
+relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to
+a so symmetry is saying that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so symmetry is saying that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so symmetry is saying that order
+doesn't matter if if I'm your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if if I'm your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if if I'm your friend
+then you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're my
+friend so Facebook not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend so Facebook not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend so Facebook not
+Twitter um cool in terms of diagraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter um cool in terms of diagraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter um cool in terms of diagraph
+remember a relation is always a diagraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a relation is always a diagraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a relation is always a diagraph
+um this means that every time we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means that every time we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means that every time we have an
+edge in One Direction we also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in One Direction we also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in One Direction we also have the
+edge in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in the other
+direction all right so symmetric means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all right so symmetric means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction all right so symmetric means
+order doesn't matter and finally R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitive if Only If For All A B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive if Only If For All A B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive if Only If For All A B and C
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a if a relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if a relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if a relates to
+B and B relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B relates to
+C then a relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C so if this is the same as that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if this is the same as that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if this is the same as that and
+that's the same as this other thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as this other thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as this other thing then
+this should be the same as this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the same as this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the same as this other
+thing another thing that we might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another thing that we might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another thing that we might want
+to be true if we're trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true if we're trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true if we're trying to capture
+what we mean by sameness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by sameness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by sameness
+uh in terms of graphs it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of graphs it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of graphs it means that
+anytime we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we
+have a walk of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a walk of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a walk of length
+two then there was already a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then there was already a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then there was already a directed
+Edge from the start to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge from the start to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge from the start to the
+end if you can get from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you can get from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if you can get from here to there
+and from there to this other place then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there to this other place then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from there to this other place then
+you can get straight from here to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get straight from here to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get straight from here to this
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+place all right and and both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all right and and both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all right and and both of these
+examples that I mentioned um all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I mentioned um all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I mentioned um all three
+of these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these examples
+um same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same
+connected component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component so these circled relations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so these circled relations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so these circled relations I
+claim all have all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim all have all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim all have all three of these
+properties every number is congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties every number is congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties every number is congruent to
+itself mod 10 if two numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself mod 10 if two numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself mod 10 if two numbers are
+congruent to each other mod 10 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to each other mod 10 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to each other mod 10 then
+they're congruent the other way mod 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're congruent the other way mod 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're congruent the other way mod 10
+and if a and b are congruent and B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a and b are congruent and B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a and b are congruent and B and C
+are congruent then A and C are congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are congruent then A and C are congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are congruent then A and C are congruent
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+10 um and you can check that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um and you can check that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um and you can check that all of
+those examples have this property and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples have this property and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples have this property and in
+fact I claim that these three properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I claim that these three properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I claim that these three properties
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+enough um unfortunately I have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um unfortunately I have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um unfortunately I have to put
+the definition very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition very far away
+from um or sorry the theorem very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um or sorry the theorem very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um or sorry the theorem very far
+away from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that
+definition we'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work bye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work bye
+eraser okay definition r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser okay definition r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser okay definition r
+is an equivalence relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation if and only if R is all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if and only if R is all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if and only if R is all three
+of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things
+symmetric um sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflexive symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitive and we have a theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and we have a theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and we have a theorem that
+back up my claim that says this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up my claim that says this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up my claim that says this is all
+we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for
+sess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R which is a relation on a is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is a relation on a is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is a relation on a is an
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation if R is an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if R is an equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation if R is an equivalence
+relation then are partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a into some collection of subsets A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into some collection of subsets A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into some collection of subsets A1
+Union A2 Union A3 Union and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union A2 Union A3 Union and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union A2 Union A3 Union and so on and
+this is going to be a disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Union um such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union um such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union um such that
+every a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to exactly one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly one of our
+subsets that's what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that's what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that's what it means to be a
+partition that we're breaking a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition that we're breaking a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition that we're breaking a into
+smaller pieces where every element of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces where every element of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller pieces where every element of a
+is in exactly one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in exactly one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in exactly one of our
+pieces um such that a relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um such that a relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um such that a relates to
+B if and only if a and b are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if and only if a and b are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if and only if a and b are in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset so anytime we have an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so anytime we have an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so anytime we have an equivalent
+relation that satisfies these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that satisfies these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that satisfies these three
+axioms then that exactly forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms then that exactly forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms then that exactly forms a
+partition which tells us precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition which tells us precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition which tells us precisely what
+our relation is our relation just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relation is our relation just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relation is our relation just says
+you're related if and only if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're related if and only if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're related if and only if you're in
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+subset for example if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset for example if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset for example if we're talking
+about congruence mod 10 the parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about congruence mod 10 the parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about congruence mod 10 the parts of our
+partition are well we have the set 0 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition are well we have the set 0 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition are well we have the set 0 10
+minus 10 uh 20 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 uh 20 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 10 uh 20 minus
+20 this is one part of a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 this is one part of a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 this is one part of a partition
+everything in the set is congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the set is congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the set is congruent to
+everything else in this set and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in this set and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in this set and not
+congruent to anything else outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to anything else outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to anything else outside the
+set then we also have 1 and 11 and 9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then we also have 1 and 11 and 9 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then we also have 1 and 11 and 9 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and9 here's another part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and9 here's another part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and9 here's another part of our
+partition all of these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition all of these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition all of these numbers are
+congruent to each other and congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to each other and congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to each other and congruent to
+none of the other numbers and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the other numbers and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the other numbers and in in
+total there are 10 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total there are 10 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total there are 10 of these
+parts so anytime we have an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so anytime we have an equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so anytime we have an equivalence
+relation we can partition our um our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we can partition our um our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we can partition our um our set
+into subsets uh that exactly tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subsets uh that exactly tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subsets uh that exactly tells us
+what our relation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our relation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our relation is is
+yes yeah so the union with a DOT here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so the union with a DOT here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so the union with a DOT here
+the dot is there to emphasize that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot is there to emphasize that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot is there to emphasize that we're
+taking the union of sets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the union of sets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the union of sets that are
+disjoint uh that no no element is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint uh that no no element is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint uh that no no element is in
+multiple of these sets I know I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these sets I know I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of these sets I know I wrote it
+out here in words but I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in words but I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in words but I like to
+emphasize it in the formula as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it in the formula as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it in the formula as
+well um when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um when we're talking about
+connectivity in in an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity in in an undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity in in an undirected graph
+um being connected to each other a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being connected to each other a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being connected to each other a pair
+of vertices are connected if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices are connected if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices are connected if and only if
+they're in the same connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the same connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the same connected
+component and so the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and so the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and so the connected
+components form the pieces of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components form the pieces of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components form the pieces of our
+partition so we've seen multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so we've seen multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so we've seen multiple
+examples of this this is just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this this is just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this this is just making
+this more General and more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more General and more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more General and more abstract
+anytime we satisfy all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we satisfy all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we satisfy all three of those
+axioms we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms we get
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all
+right so the other kind of subset I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the other kind of subset I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the other kind of subset I want
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually before that we had a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before that we had a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before that we had a couple
+more examples we had this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples we had this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more examples we had this example
+of a less equal B A divides B set a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a less equal B A divides B set a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a less equal B A divides B set a is a
+subset of set B these are other common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of set B these are other common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of set B these are other common
+relations that we work with and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that we work with and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations that we work with and these
+are not equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equivalence
+relations right um we know that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations right um we know that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations right um we know that two
+divides 10 but 10 doesn't divide two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides 10 but 10 doesn't divide two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides 10 but 10 doesn't divide two so
+it's not symmetric like we wanted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric like we wanted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric like we wanted with
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+relations but in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations but in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations but in many ways
+a divides B behaves a lot like a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divides B behaves a lot like a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divides B behaves a lot like a less
+equal b or a subset of B there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal b or a subset of B there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal b or a subset of B there's some
+commonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality
+there um and that commonality we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and that commonality we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and that commonality we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+Define as what are called weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define as what are called weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define as what are called weak partial
+orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so weak partial order our goal is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so weak partial order our goal is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so weak partial order our goal is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaves like a less than equal B A is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a less than equal B A is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a less than equal B A is a
+subset of B A divides B Etc so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of B A divides B Etc so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of B A divides B Etc so let's see
+if we can capture what these all have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can capture what these all have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can capture what these all have in
+common and prove something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and prove something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and prove something about
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+again okay so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so let's see
+R is a weak partial order weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is a weak partial order weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is a weak partial order weak partial
+order if and only if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is are these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these all
+reflexive is a number always less equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive is a number always less equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive is a number always less equal
+to itself does it divide itself is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself does it divide itself is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to itself does it divide itself is a set
+a subset of itself yes so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflexive so let's add that to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive so let's add that to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive so let's add that to our
+desired definition for weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired definition for weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired definition for weak partial
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+we already said it's not symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said it's not symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said it's not symmetric so
+we're probably going to have to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably going to have to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're probably going to have to replace
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+somehow are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are these
+transitive if a less equal B and B less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive if a less equal B and B less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive if a less equal B and B less
+equal C is a less equal c yeah same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal C is a less equal c yeah same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal C is a less equal c yeah same for
+subsets same for divides so let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this is looking very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is looking very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is looking very similar to
+the def to the definition of equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the def to the definition of equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the def to the definition of equivalence
+relation we're going to make one tweak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we're going to make one tweak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we're going to make one tweak
+instead of requiring it to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of requiring it to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of requiring it to be symmetric
+we're going to require it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to require it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to require it to be
+anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which does not mean not symmetric it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not mean not symmetric it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not mean not symmetric it's a
+different concept let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept let's define
+that so R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+means for all A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B if a relates to B and B relates to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a equal
+B so the only way that you relate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the only way that you relate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the only way that you relate in
+both directions is if you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions is if you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions is if you're comparing
+yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to
+yourself that is certainly True For Less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that is certainly True For Less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that is certainly True For Less
+equal if we know that a is less equal b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if we know that a is less equal b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal if we know that a is less equal b
+and a is greater equal B than a equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is greater equal B than a equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is greater equal B than a equals B
+that's true for subset as well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for subset as well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for subset as well if we
+have two sets and each of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sets and each of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sets and each of them is a
+subset of the other then they're exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the other then they're exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the other then they're exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+set and so this is going to be our Axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and so this is going to be our Axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and so this is going to be our Axiom
+if R is reflexive anti- symmetric like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if R is reflexive anti- symmetric like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if R is reflexive anti- symmetric like
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+transitive we're going to Define that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive we're going to Define that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive we're going to Define that to
+be a weak partial order and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a weak partial order and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a weak partial order and that's going
+to be our notion of behaving like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our notion of behaving like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be our notion of behaving like these
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+examples and so why is a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and so why is a weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and so why is a weak partial
+order useful what can we prove about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order useful what can we prove about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order useful what can we prove about
+them what can we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what can we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what can we do with
+them well just like equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well just like equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well just like equivalence
+relations um had a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um had a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations um had a different
+characterization in terms of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization in terms of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization in terms of partitions
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+set uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uh we
+can prove that equivalence Rel sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that equivalence Rel sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that equivalence Rel sorry
+prove that weak partial orders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that weak partial orders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that weak partial orders are
+related to dags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yes if G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diaph then the walk relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+star is a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order if and only if G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dag so the point of weak partial order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so the point of weak partial order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so the point of weak partial order
+is that we can sort of put things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can sort of put things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can sort of put things in
+sort in somewhat increasing order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in somewhat increasing order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in somewhat increasing order of
+size um if a is less than b less equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um if a is less than b less equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um if a is less than b less equal B
+less equal C less equal D less equal e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less equal C less equal D less equal e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less equal C less equal D less equal e
+what we want to avoid is coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to avoid is coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to avoid is coming back
+around and E is less equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and E is less equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and E is less equal
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um because as it turns out that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because as it turns out that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because as it turns out that's going
+to um that's going to break some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um that's going to break some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um that's going to break some of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+axioms and so what all we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and so what all we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and so what all we're saying is
+that satisfying these three axioms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfying these three axioms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfying these three axioms is
+equivalent to being the walk relation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to being the walk relation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to being the walk relation on
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+dag and dags were defined by not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag and dags were defined by not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag and dags were defined by not having
+Direction Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Ed
+Cycles all right uh we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right uh we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles all right uh we're not going to
+prove this but it's true you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this but it's true you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this but it's true you can come
+ask me about it later if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me about it later if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me about it later if you'd
+like um last definition for now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um last definition for now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um last definition for now once
+again I apologize there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I apologize there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I apologize there are lots of
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today but I want to bring our attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I want to bring our attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I want to bring our attention
+to this word partial a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this word partial a weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this word partial a weak partial
+order just like we had partial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order just like we had partial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order just like we had partial function
+that might be missing values a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be missing values a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be missing values a weak
+partial order might be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial order might be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial order might be missing
+comparisons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons for
+example um the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um the set
+21 and the set um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and the set um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 and the set um
+27 is one a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 is one a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 is one a subset of the
+other no in neither direction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so here are two sets and neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so here are two sets and neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so here are two sets and neither
+is related to the other one under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the other one under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the other one under this
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+relation um so this is a pair that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um so this is a pair that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation um so this is a pair that
+cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be
+compared um so if R is a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared um so if R is a weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared um so if R is a weak partial
+order we'll say that A and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparable if and only if the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable if and only if the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable if and only if the relation
+goes in in in at least one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in in in at least one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in in in at least one of the two
+directions a relates to b or B relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions a relates to b or B relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions a relates to b or B relates
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+otherwise they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incomparable so these two sets 21 and 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable so these two sets 21 and 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable so these two sets 21 and 27
+are incomparable under this subset equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incomparable under this subset equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are incomparable under this subset equal
+relation all right and now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a weak partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weak partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weak partial
+order is called a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order if and only if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparable so whenever you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable so whenever you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable so whenever you have two
+elements you can always put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you can always put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements you can always put them in
+order one of them is less equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one of them is less equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one of them is less equal to the
+other one so that's certainly true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so that's certainly true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one so that's certainly true for
+the less equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less equal
+relation it's not true for the subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it's not true for the subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation it's not true for the subset
+relation and it's not true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it's not true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it's not true for the
+divides relation two and three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides relation two and three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides relation two and three are
+incomparable under the divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable under the divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomparable under the divides
+relation but if every pair can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but if every pair can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but if every pair can be
+compared uh then it's called a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared uh then it's called a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared uh then it's called a total
+order and if you have a total order then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you have a total order then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you have a total order then
+really all you have is just an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all you have is just an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all you have is just an entire
+line of them organized by size a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of them organized by size a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of them organized by size a total
+order is um the the most structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is um the the most structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is um the the most structure you
+can have it's just everything is ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it's just everything is ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it's just everything is ordered
+and there's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity all
+right so that is everything I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is everything I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that is everything I wanted to
+say on the relations side of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the relations side of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the relations side of things
+today now let's move on to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now let's move on to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today now let's move on to the other
+part of today's lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today's lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of today's lecture which is
+counting uh and I don't mean counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh and I don't mean counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh and I don't mean counting
+like 1 2 3 4 five I assume all of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2 3 4 five I assume all of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2 3 4 five I assume all of us are
+capable of counting at least to like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of counting at least to like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of counting at least to like 300
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+so um no but by Counting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um no but by Counting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um no but by Counting I
+mean counting the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean counting the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean counting the size of a
+set um if if you want to know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um if if you want to know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um if if you want to know like
+here's a comically large deck of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a comically large deck of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a comically large deck of playing
+cards how many different ways are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards how many different ways are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards how many different ways are there
+to shuffle them how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shuffle them how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shuffle them how many different
+orderings are there for the 52 cards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings are there for the 52 cards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings are there for the 52 cards in
+the deck here's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck here's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deck here's one of those
+orderings here's a different one Etc how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings here's a different one Etc how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings here's a different one Etc how
+many orderings are there for this deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orderings are there for this deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orderings are there for this deck
+of cards does anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cards does anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cards does anyone know
+yes 52 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 52 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes 52 factorial
+absolutely so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so the number of
+orders for a deck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cards is 52 factorial and we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards is 52 factorial and we'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards is 52 factorial and we'll see why
+later in this course or later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course or later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this course or later in this
+lecture in fact um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in fact um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in fact um how
+many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees are are there whose vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are are there whose vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are are there whose vertices are
+exactly the set 1 2 3 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone
+know I'd honestly be surprised it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'd honestly be surprised it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'd honestly be surprised it's not
+an easy problem um but this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy problem um but this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy problem um but this is the kind
+of problem that we're going to try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem that we're going to try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem that we're going to try to be
+able to answer and we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer and we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to answer and we're going to look
+at techniques for trying to answer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at techniques for trying to answer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at techniques for trying to answer in
+this case the number of trees on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the number of trees on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the number of trees on that
+set of vertices is n to the N minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices is n to the N minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of vertices is n to the N minus 2
+which I love I find that kind of magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I love I find that kind of magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I love I find that kind of magical
+there are lots of cool ways to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cool ways to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of cool ways to prove it
+we're not going to prove it together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to prove it together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to prove it together but
+come ask me if you're interested but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come ask me if you're interested but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come ask me if you're interested but
+these are the kinds questions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds questions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds questions we're
+going to try to ask here's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to ask here's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to ask here's a set of
+things how many things are there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how many things are there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things how many things are there uh and
+to get us a little more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us a little more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us a little more in the
+mood uh for counting I have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood uh for counting I have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood uh for counting I have a short
+story I want to tell you uh the parable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I want to tell you uh the parable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I want to tell you uh the parable
+of the two Shepherds no one calls at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two Shepherds no one calls at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two Shepherds no one calls at
+that that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just
+me um so this first Shepherd this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so this first Shepherd this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so this first Shepherd this first
+Shepherd you know every morning has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd you know every morning has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd you know every morning has to
+let the Sheep out to graze every evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the Sheep out to graze every evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the Sheep out to graze every evening
+bring the Sheep back in to protect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Sheep back in to protect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Sheep back in to protect them
+from wolves I guess I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wolves I guess I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wolves I guess I don't know what
+Shepherds do um but unfortunately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherds do um but unfortunately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherds do um but unfortunately this
+Shepherd does not know how to count like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd does not know how to count like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd does not know how to count like
+grade school style one two three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school style one two three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade school style one two three that
+the shepherd doesn't have words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shepherd doesn't have words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shepherd doesn't have words for
+numbers above three so how do they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers above three so how do they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers above three so how do they make
+sure that all of their 50 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all of their 50 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that all of their 50 something
+sheep go out in the morning and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep go out in the morning and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep go out in the morning and come
+back in in the evening if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in the evening if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in the evening if they can't
+count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the
+sheep and a classic answer to this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and a classic answer to this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and a classic answer to this which
+may or may not have historical Merit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have historical Merit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have historical Merit but
+um all all mathematicians who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all all mathematicians who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all all mathematicians who have
+studied counting have heard this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied counting have heard this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied counting have heard this story
+at least once um the classic example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once um the classic example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once um the classic example is
+every time you let a sheep out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you let a sheep out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you let a sheep out of the
+pen you put a pebble in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen you put a pebble in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen you put a pebble in your
+pocket another sheep another Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket another sheep another Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket another sheep another Pebble
+another sheep another Pebble at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheep another Pebble at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sheep another Pebble at the end
+of the day when you're bringing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day when you're bringing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day when you're bringing the
+Sheep back in every time a sheep comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheep back in every time a sheep comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheep back in every time a sheep comes
+in you take a pebble out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you take a pebble out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you take a pebble out of your
+pocket and when all the sheep have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and when all the sheep have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and when all the sheep have come
+in that's the same moment that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's the same moment that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's the same moment that all the
+Pebbles are out of your pocket so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles are out of your pocket so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles are out of your pocket so when
+your pocket's empty you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pocket's empty you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pocket's empty you know there are
+no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+sheep and VI Versa if there are Pebbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and VI Versa if there are Pebbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep and VI Versa if there are Pebbles
+left in your pocket there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your pocket there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in your pocket there are still
+sheep out there and you have to go find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep out there and you have to go find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep out there and you have to go find
+them if your pocket's empty and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if your pocket's empty and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if your pocket's empty and there
+are more sheep coming in well something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more sheep coming in well something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more sheep coming in well something
+weird happened and you probably stole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird happened and you probably stole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird happened and you probably stole
+from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your
+neighbor um but the point is um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor um but the point is um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor um but the point is um for
+these next couple lectures in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next couple lectures in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next couple lectures in our
+counting unit we count with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting unit we count with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting unit we count with
+correspondences we count with BS which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences we count with BS which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences we count with BS which
+we defined on one of these boards um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined on one of these boards um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined on one of these boards um if
+we can set up a on toone correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can set up a on toone correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can set up a on toone correspondence
+everything in this set corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this set corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this set corresponds to
+everything in this set and everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this set and everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in this set and everyone has
+a partner no one has two partners no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partner no one has two partners no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partner no one has two partners no one
+is missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is missing a
+partner then there are the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner then there are the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner then there are the same number
+of things on both sides what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things on both sides what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things on both sides what that
+Shepherd is doing is basically making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd is doing is basically making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd is doing is basically making
+sure that there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there's always a
+correspondence between sheep that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between sheep that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between sheep that are
+out there and Pebbles in their pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and Pebbles in their pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and Pebbles in their pocket
+they don't have to keep track of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to keep track of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to keep track of what
+that correspondence is and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspondence is and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspondence is and in fact it
+might change if you initially put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change if you initially put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change if you initially put a
+pebble in your pocket for sheep Deborah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble in your pocket for sheep Deborah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble in your pocket for sheep Deborah
+um you're not keeping track of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not keeping track of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not keeping track of which
+Pebble corresponds to sheep Deborah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble corresponds to sheep Deborah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble corresponds to sheep Deborah so
+when Deborah comes back in in you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Deborah comes back in in you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Deborah comes back in in you might
+remove the pebble that was assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the pebble that was assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the pebble that was assigned to
+Sandy I I I don't know why I'm picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy I I I don't know why I'm picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy I I I don't know why I'm picking
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+names um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names um
+but you don't care what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't care what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't care what that
+correspondence is as long as there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence is as long as there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence is as long as there is a
+correspondence between pebbles in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between pebbles in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between pebbles in your
+pocket and sheep that are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and sheep that are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and sheep that are still
+grazing um so the moral here is we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing um so the moral here is we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing um so the moral here is we count
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+correspondences the second Shepherd uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences the second Shepherd uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences the second Shepherd uh
+the second Shepherd knows how to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Shepherd knows how to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Shepherd knows how to count
+that's totally fine not a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally fine not a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally fine not a problem we
+have language um but the shepherd has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have language um but the shepherd has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have language um but the shepherd has an
+overeager apprentice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overeager apprentice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overeager apprentice
+this Apprentice runs in one evening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Apprentice runs in one evening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Apprentice runs in one evening and
+says master I brought all 40 sheep into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says master I brought all 40 sheep into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says master I brought all 40 sheep into
+the pen and the shepherd looks confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pen and the shepherd looks confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pen and the shepherd looks confused
+what do you what do you mean we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you mean we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you mean we only
+have 38 sheep don't worry master I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 38 sheep don't worry master I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 38 sheep don't worry master I
+rounded them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up thank you no moral I just like bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+puns I heard one groan thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puns I heard one groan thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puns I heard one groan thank you very
+much that warms my heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that warms my heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that warms my heart
+and now that we're in a great mood let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that we're in a great mood let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that we're in a great mood let's
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting all right so let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting all right so let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting all right so let's actually
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+counting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting um
+here first of all why do we care why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all why do we care why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all why do we care why are
+these tools that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools that we
+need um in a in a computer science class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um in a in a computer science class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um in a in a computer science class
+why do we care about counting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about counting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about counting things
+well often when we're analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well often when we're analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well often when we're analyzing the
+runtime of an algorithm we're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of an algorithm we're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of an algorithm we're doing some
+step some number of times and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step some number of times and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step some number of times and we need to
+be able to count how many times we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to count how many times we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to count how many times we do
+that step in order to bound the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step in order to bound the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step in order to bound the runtime
+of the algorithm and prove that it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast um it's also useful for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um it's also useful for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um it's also useful for things like
+probability probability is built very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability is built very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability is built very
+heavily on top of counting and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on top of counting and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily on top of counting and all of
+our counting techniques will transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counting techniques will transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counting techniques will transfer
+over to probability techniques as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to probability techniques as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to probability techniques as well
+and that'll be useful after Quiz 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be useful after Quiz 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be useful after Quiz 2 which
+is coming up next week by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming up next week by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming up next week by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um but let's learn where my chalk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's learn where my chalk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's learn where my chalk is
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+it let's learn some techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's learn some techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's learn some techniques for
+counting the first one I want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the first one I want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the first one I want to mention
+is called the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule um which says that for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets A and B the size of A cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets A and B the size of A cross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets A and B the size of A cross B
+equals the size of a Time the size of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the size of a Time the size of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the size of a Time the size of B
+remember A cross B is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember A cross B is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember A cross B is the set of all
+possible pairs where the first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs where the first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pairs where the first element
+is in a and the second element is in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a and the second element is in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a and the second element is in B
+so the number of ways to choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of ways to choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of ways to choose an
+element from a and then choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from a and then choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from a and then choose an
+element from B is the size of a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from B is the size of a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from B is the size of a times
+the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of
+B uh and this generalizes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if we have K uh if we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we have K uh if we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we have K uh if we have n
+different sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking
+at um ordered sequences where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um ordered sequences where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um ordered sequences where the first
+element comes from A1 the second element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element comes from A1 the second element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element comes from A1 the second element
+comes from A2 the third element from A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from A2 the third element from A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from A2 the third element from A3
+and all the way down the number of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down the number of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down the number of such
+sequences is just the size of A1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is just the size of A1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is just the size of A1 times
+the size of A2 all the way to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of A2 all the way to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of A2 all the way to the size
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a so if we're if we have to choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if we're if we have to choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if we're if we have to choose an
+element of A1 and then choose an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of A1 and then choose an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of A1 and then choose an element
+of A2 and then choose an element of A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A2 and then choose an element of A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A2 and then choose an element of A3
+and all the way down the number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down the number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down the number of ways
+we can make that choice in its entirety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that choice in its entirety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make that choice in its entirety
+is size of A1 time size of A2 time size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size of A1 time size of A2 time size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size of A1 time size of A2 time size
+of A3 all the way down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the number
+of length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length and
+binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences so a binary sequence is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so a binary sequence is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so a binary sequence is a
+sequence of zeros and ones just zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of zeros and ones just zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of zeros and ones just zeros
+and ones and we're asking how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones and we're asking how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones and we're asking how many
+length and binary sequences are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and binary sequences are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and binary sequences are there
+well the set of length and binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the set of length and binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the set of length and binary
+sequences is 01 * 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is 01 * 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is 01 * 01
+times 01 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 01 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 01 n
+times this is precisely the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is precisely the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this is precisely the set of
+binary sequences this is what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequences this is what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequences this is what we mean by
+binary sequence first element is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequence first element is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequence first element is a zero
+or a one second element is a zero or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a one second element is a zero or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a one second element is a zero or a
+one all the way down and the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the way down and the generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all the way down and the generalized
+product rule or sorry the the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule or sorry the the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule or sorry the the general
+version of the product rule says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the product rule says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the product rule says that
+this set the size of this set is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set the size of this set is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set the size of this set is just
+the size of 01 times the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of 01 times the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of 01 times the size of
+01 all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down which is 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 n * so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which is 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 n * so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down which is 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 n * so there
+are two to the end binary sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two to the end binary sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two to the end binary sequences of
+length n does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+wonderful uh next let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh next let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful uh next let's look at the
+ejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule if there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if there exists a
+bje from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B then A and B have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then A and B have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then A and B have the same
+size this is what that first Shepherd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this is what that first Shepherd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this is what that first Shepherd
+was doing if there exists a bje between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing if there exists a bje between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing if there exists a bje between
+two sets the sets have the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets the sets have the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets the sets have the same size
+because we're just pairing them up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just pairing them up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're just pairing them up one
+to one uh no one is repeated no one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one uh no one is repeated no one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one uh no one is repeated no one is
+excluded uh and as an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of 1 through n are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so if we're looking at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we're looking at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we're looking at all of the
+subsets of 1 through n of any length um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 1 through n of any length um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 1 through n of any length um
+could be length zero where we take none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be length zero where we take none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be length zero where we take none
+of the elements length n where we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements length n where we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements length n where we take
+all the elements or any length in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements or any length in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the elements or any length in
+between where we take some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where we take some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between where we take some of the
+elements and not others how many subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and not others how many subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and not others how many subsets
+are there well let's use the bje rule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well let's use the bje rule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there well let's use the bje rule I
+claim um set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim um set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim um set of
+subsets of 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of 1 through
+n is in bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with BN and I'm going to Define this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with BN and I'm going to Define this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with BN and I'm going to Define this um
+BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN
+is binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is binary
+sequences of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of length
+n so the thing we counted in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the thing we counted in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the thing we counted in the last
+example I claim that the set of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I claim that the set of subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I claim that the set of subsets
+of 1 through n is injection with the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 through n is injection with the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 through n is injection with the set
+of those length n binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those length n binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those length n binary
+sequences and to prove that we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and to prove that we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and to prove that we can just
+Define our function and verify that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define our function and verify that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define our function and verify that it's
+a bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bje
+so given a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence B1
+B2 BN where each of these is zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 BN where each of these is zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 BN where each of these is zero or
+one I'm going to map that to a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to map that to a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to map that to a subset of
+1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n i in 1 through n such that bi equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i in 1 through n such that bi equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n i in 1 through n such that bi equal 1
+we send it to the subset of indices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send it to the subset of indices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send it to the subset of indices that
+have value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have value
+one so you can think of this as a set as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you can think of this as a set as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you can think of this as a set as
+a sequence of binary decisions do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of binary decisions do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of binary decisions do we
+keep element one or throw it away do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep element one or throw it away do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep element one or throw it away do we
+keep element two or throw it away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep element two or throw it away all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep element two or throw it away all
+the way down for example 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down for example 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down for example 0 1
+0 0 1 1 if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 1 if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 1 if n is
+six then this maps to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset 2 five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset 2 five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset 2 five and six
+because those are the indices that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the indices that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the indices that have
+ones all right and we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all right and we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all right and we're not going to do
+it now but you can verify that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now but you can verify that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now but you can verify that this
+gives a bje between the set BN and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a bje between the set BN and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a bje between the set BN and the
+set of subsets of 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+claim this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bijection you'll see more examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection you'll see more examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection you'll see more examples in
+your homework of how what details we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework of how what details we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework of how what details we
+would need to check to verify more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to check to verify more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to check to verify more
+carefully that this really is a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully that this really is a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully that this really is a b
+section um but intuitively they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um but intuitively they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um but intuitively they're sort
+of encoding the same information each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encoding the same information each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encoding the same information each
+each number from 1 through n is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each number from 1 through n is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each number from 1 through n is either
+included or excluded that's a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or excluded that's a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or excluded that's a binary
+decision the the I bit is either one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the the I bit is either one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the the I bit is either one or
+zero that's a binary decision so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a binary decision so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's a binary decision so we're
+just corresponding those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponding those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just corresponding those two
+things all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we have the product rule the bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have the product rule the bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have the product rule the bje
+rule now we have the sum rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some rule says that if a and b are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disjoint so there they have no elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint so there they have no elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint so there they have no elements
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+common then the size of a union B is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common then the size of a union B is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common then the size of a union B is the
+size of a plus the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right
+so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I
+have five cards in my right hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five cards in my right hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five cards in my right hand and
+three cards in my left hand and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cards in my left hand and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cards in my left hand and I I
+don't have any cards in both hands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any cards in both hands uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any cards in both hands uh
+then I'm holding eight cards five plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three uh and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh and more
+generally um if I'm taking the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um if I'm taking the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um if I'm taking the size of a
+disjoint Union of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Things if all of these AIS are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things if all of these AIS are disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Things if all of these AIS are disjoint
+with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other
+then this is the size of A1 Plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the size of A1 Plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the size of A1 Plus the
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+A2 plus the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus the size of
+a and let's see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+okay so all of us who have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of us who have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of us who have not been
+using password managers all our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using password managers all our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using password managers all our lives
+have have frequently been told choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have frequently been told choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have frequently been told choose
+another password that has these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another password that has these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another password that has these specific
+requirements it has this length it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements it has this length it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements it has this length it must
+use a special character it has to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a special character it has to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a special character it has to do all
+this other stuff which just makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff which just makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff which just makes it
+harder for me to remember it um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for me to remember it um anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder for me to remember it um anyway
+I'm going to I'm going to play that role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to play that role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I'm going to play that role
+now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how
+many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passwords have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords have
+length between six and8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inclusive start with a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letter um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter um and the
+rest are capital or lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letters and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digits the digits aren't capital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits the digits aren't capital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits the digits aren't capital or
+lowercase they're just digits so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase they're just digits so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase they're just digits so how
+many passwords have length between six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passwords have length between six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passwords have length between six
+and 8 start with a capital letter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 start with a capital letter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8 start with a capital letter and
+then finish with whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish with whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish with whatever whatever
+whatever letters or digits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever letters or digits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever letters or digits you
+want and with this it's useful to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and with this it's useful to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and with this it's useful to break
+it up into cases based on the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into cases based on the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into cases based on the length of
+your password I claim that um the set W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password I claim that um the set W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your password I claim that um the set W
+I called it w in the notes for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it w in the notes for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it w in the notes for some
+reason um W for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um W for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um W for
+password um I claim that W is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password um I claim that W is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password um I claim that W is the
+disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Union of the set of passwords of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of the set of passwords of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union of the set of passwords of length
+six that satisfy the other properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that satisfy the other properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that satisfy the other properties
+set of passwords of length seven and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of passwords of length seven and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of passwords of length seven and set
+of passwords of length eight so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passwords of length eight so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passwords of length eight so if we
+can count each of these three subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count each of these three subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count each of these three subsets
+then we add them up and get the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add them up and get the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add them up and get the size of
+w and let's see if we can do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and let's see if we can do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and let's see if we can do that so
+what is the size of W6 how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of W6 how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the size of W6 how many
+passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords
+satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property well I claim the set W6 itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well I claim the set W6 itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well I claim the set W6 itself
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set is well first of all the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is well first of all the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is well first of all the set
+of uh capital letters for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh capital letters for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh capital letters for the first
+entry times the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry times the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry times the set
+of letters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of letters or
+digits to the fifth for the other five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to the fifth for the other five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits to the fifth for the other five
+entries this is exactly what this set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries this is exactly what this set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries this is exactly what this set is
+the first entry has to be a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry has to be a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry has to be a capital
+letter the other five characters can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter the other five characters can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter the other five characters can be
+anything from this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from this set
+so we have this product of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this product of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this product of six
+sets um and that brings us back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets um and that brings us back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets um and that brings us back to the
+regular product rule so by the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular product rule so by the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular product rule so by the product
+rule the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the size of
+W6 is well how many capital letters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W6 is well how many capital letters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W6 is well how many capital letters are
+there I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+26 and then how many letters and digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and then how many letters and digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and then how many letters and digits
+are there 26 26 and 10 so that's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there 26 26 and 10 so that's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there 26 26 and 10 so that's 50
+62 to the 5th we just use the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 to the 5th we just use the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 to the 5th we just use the regular
+product rule to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can do the same thing for W7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W8 W7 is going to be 26 * 62 this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 W7 is going to be 26 * 62 this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 W7 is going to be 26 * 62 this time
+to the sixth because there are six extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth because there are six extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sixth because there are six extra
+digits after the F extra characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits after the F extra characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits after the F extra characters
+after the first one and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W8 is 26 * 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 is 26 * 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 is 26 * 62
+7 so by the sum rule since W is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so by the sum rule since W is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 so by the sum rule since W is the
+disjoint Union of these three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint Union of these three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint Union of these three different
+sets the size of w is the size of W6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the size of w is the size of W6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the size of w is the size of W6
+plus the size of W7 plus the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W8 which is 26 * 62 5th + 26 * 62 6 + 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 which is 26 * 62 5th + 26 * 62 6 + 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W8 which is 26 * 62 5th + 26 * 62 6 + 26
+* 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 62
+7th so we use the sum rule to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th so we use the sum rule to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th so we use the sum rule to break it
+up into three separate cases and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into three separate cases and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into three separate cases and then
+use the product rule for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the product rule for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the product rule for each of those
+cases did that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases did that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases did that make
+sense wonderful all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense wonderful all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense wonderful all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so this is a a common strategy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a a common strategy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a a common strategy here
+um notice that we're we're using the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that we're we're using the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice that we're we're using the sum
+rule when what we mean is is or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule when what we mean is is or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule when what we mean is is or you can
+choose a password of length six or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a password of length six or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a password of length six or a
+password of length seven or a password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password of length seven or a password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password of length seven or a password
+of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length
+eight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so
+or means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or means
+sum for product rule you have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for product rule you have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for product rule you have to choose
+a capital letter and then choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital letter and then choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital letter and then choose one of
+these characters and then choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and then choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and then choose one of
+these characters and then choose one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and then choose one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters and then choose one of
+these characters I forget how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters I forget how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters I forget how many times
+I've said it but you know five times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said it but you know five times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said it but you know five times for
+this part we multiply when we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and said differently if I have 10 shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said differently if I have 10 shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said differently if I have 10 shirts
+and six pants in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six pants in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six pants in my
+closet um if I want to choose an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet um if I want to choose an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet um if I want to choose an article
+of clothing I can choose a shirt or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clothing I can choose a shirt or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clothing I can choose a shirt or a
+pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+pants and there are 16 options 10 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants and there are 16 options 10 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants and there are 16 options 10 plus
+6 um or means add on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 um or means add on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 um or means add on the other hand if
+I'm trying to put together an outfit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to put together an outfit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to put together an outfit for
+the day I have to choose a shirt and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I have to choose a shirt and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I have to choose a shirt and a
+pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of
+pants and means multiply it's 10times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants and means multiply it's 10times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pants and means multiply it's 10times
+six options so I have 60 outfits maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six options so I have 60 outfits maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six options so I have 60 outfits maybe
+not all of those look good but I wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of those look good but I wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of those look good but I wear
+the same pants every day anyway so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pants every day anyway so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pants every day anyway so it
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+matter um did does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um did does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um did does this make sense
+generally speaking or means add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking or means add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking or means add and
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+times okay uh the last example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay uh the last example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay uh the last example I want to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+today is called the generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is called the generalized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is called the generalized product
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and example first in fact an example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and example first in fact an example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and example first in fact an example we
+mentioned earlier how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier how many
+different permutations are there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations are there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations are there for a
+set of 52 cards how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 52 cards how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 52 cards how many different
+orderings are there for a set of 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings are there for a set of 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings are there for a set of 52
+cards let's talk through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards let's talk through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards let's talk through this
+together here here are the cards I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here here are the cards I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here here are the cards I I
+can't hold them all at once with with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hold them all at once with with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hold them all at once with with my
+notes and my chalk so bye-bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and my chalk so bye-bye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and my chalk so bye-bye
+cards so how many permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 52
+cards well let's think about it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards well let's think about it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards well let's think about it let's
+choose the first card first which card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the first card first which card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the first card first which card
+is going to go at the beginning of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go at the beginning of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go at the beginning of our
+list well how many options do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list well how many options do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list well how many options do we
+have we have the whole deck to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the whole deck to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have the whole deck to play with
+okay I think I do want to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I do want to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I do want to hold the
+cards we have the whole deck to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards we have the whole deck to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards we have the whole deck to play
+with we can choose any one of the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we can choose any one of the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we can choose any one of the cards
+as our first card yeah maybe I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our first card yeah maybe I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our first card yeah maybe I choose
+this one I'm doing a magic trick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm doing a magic trick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm doing a magic trick to
+myself I don't know what card this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I don't know what card this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I don't know what card this is um
+so the nine of Spades is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nine of Spades is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nine of Spades is going to be the
+first card in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first card in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first card in our
+ordering so this was the nine of Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so this was the nine of Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering so this was the nine of Spades
+and we had 52 options for it yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had 52 options for it yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had 52 options for it yeah great
+okay that goes at the beginning of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that goes at the beginning of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that goes at the beginning of our
+order what's the next card we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what's the next card we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order what's the next card we
+pick well how many options do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick well how many options do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick well how many options do we have
+left just Shout It Out 51 yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left just Shout It Out 51 yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left just Shout It Out 51 yeah we have
+51 options Maybe maybe we choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 options Maybe maybe we choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 options Maybe maybe we choose this
+one without dropping all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without dropping all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without dropping all the others
+eight of clubs great that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of clubs great that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of clubs great that's the second
+card in our order eight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in our order eight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in our order eight of
+clubs now let's all watch as I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs now let's all watch as I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs now let's all watch as I do this
+50 more times no um but we get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 more times no um but we get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 more times no um but we get the idea
+um the next card the third card in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next card the third card in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next card the third card in my
+ordering well I've used two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering well I've used two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering well I've used two cards
+already I have to choose one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I have to choose one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I have to choose one of the
+remaining 50 cards then 49 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 50 cards then 49 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining 50 cards then 49 then
+48 then two then one this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 then two then one this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 then two then one this is the number
+of choices I have at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices I have at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices I have at each
+stage so it feels like by the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so it feels like by the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so it feels like by the product
+rule this answer should be 52 * 51 * 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this answer should be 52 * 51 * 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this answer should be 52 * 51 * 50
+* 49 and so on 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial the weird thing though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial the weird thing though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial the weird thing though is that
+this isn't the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the product
+rule product rule says you have some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule product rule says you have some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule product rule says you have some set
+of options at the beginning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options at the beginning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options at the beginning which is
+true we have the set of 52 cards at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we have the set of 52 cards at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we have the set of 52 cards at the
+beginning but then we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but then we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but then we're supposed to
+have the same set of options for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of options for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of options for the
+next entry every time but the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next entry every time but the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next entry every time but the set of
+options we have in the second round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we have in the second round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options we have in the second round
+depends on which card we picked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on which card we picked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on which card we picked in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+round right there are always 51 options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round right there are always 51 options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round right there are always 51 options
+because we've always excluded one card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've always excluded one card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've always excluded one card
+from the first round but the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first round but the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first round but the set of
+options changes depending on what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options changes depending on what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options changes depending on what we
+picked in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked in the first
+round so this isn't straightup product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so this isn't straightup product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so this isn't straightup product
+rule the set of permutations is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the set of permutations is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the set of permutations is not just
+set of 52 cards time set of 51 cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 52 cards time set of 51 cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 52 cards time set of 51 cards
+time set of 50 cards even though though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time set of 50 cards even though though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time set of 50 cards even though though
+the number of options at each stage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of options at each stage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of options at each stage is
+always the same and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same and that's what the
+generalized product rule does for us it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule does for us it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule does for us it
+basically says if the number of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if the number of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if the number of options
+at every step of the process is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every step of the process is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every step of the process is always
+consistent even if this particular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent even if this particular set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent even if this particular set
+of those options might change then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those options might change then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those options might change then the
+number of ways to make your choices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways to make your choices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways to make your choices is
+just the product of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the product of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the product of the number of
+choices at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the gener generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule if a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if a is a
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+of length K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where there
+are N1 choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for the first entry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the first entry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the first entry for
+A1 and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 no
+matter what A1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+Etc uh exactly a uh sorry exactly n i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh exactly a uh sorry exactly n i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh exactly a uh sorry exactly n i
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for AI for the I entry in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence no matter what A1 through a IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence no matter what A1 through a IUS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence no matter what A1 through a IUS
+one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chosen and all the way down to NK at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and all the way down to NK at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and all the way down to NK at the
+end so if earlier choices don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if earlier choices don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so if earlier choices don't change
+the number of options we have in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps then the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps then the size of a
+is N1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N1 *
+N2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 up to
+NK sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK sound
+good cool we will get more practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cool we will get more practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cool we will get more practice with
+that next time uh and I will see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time uh and I will see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time uh and I will see you
+then thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hRDOmMEZtPo.txt b/hRDOmMEZtPo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86637f9aea8901031f61f221e5c779c2ec0a21e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hRDOmMEZtPo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can people hear in the back are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can people hear in the back are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can people hear in the back are we
+good yeah thumbs up okay nice one so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah thumbs up okay nice one so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah thumbs up okay nice one so uh
+you you've already seen uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already seen uh a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already seen uh a couple of
+lectures on on number Theory now and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on on number Theory now and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on on number Theory now and uh
+so we've already uh some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already uh some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already uh some of you have
+been asking like why are we doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asking like why are we doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asking like why are we doing this
+why is this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this in
+61200 and uh today we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 and uh today we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61200 and uh today we're going to see
+how gcds and modular arithmetic uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how gcds and modular arithmetic uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how gcds and modular arithmetic uh can
+be very important for uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important for uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important for uh you know
+something that you that you use every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you that you use every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you that you use every
+day computer security uh so cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day computer security uh so cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day computer security uh so cryptography
+has been uh uh you know very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been uh uh you know very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been uh uh you know very important
+uh subject for you know uh for for daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subject for you know uh for for daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subject for you know uh for for daily
+life for like the last 20 odd years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life for like the last 20 odd years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life for like the last 20 odd years uh
+you know any time you uh do an online uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any time you uh do an online uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any time you uh do an online uh
+like credit card transaction or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit card transaction or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit card transaction or anything
+like that like that's using uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that like that's using uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that like that's using uh you know
+modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern
+cryptography um we'll see some uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography um we'll see some uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography um we'll see some uh some
+examples from history where it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from history where it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from history where it was quite
+important uh it's it's you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh it's it's you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh it's it's you know very
+much a computer science topic not uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a computer science topic not uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a computer science topic not uh not
+just math and uh but but it does use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just math and uh but but it does use all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just math and uh but but it does use all
+sorts of uh exciting mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh exciting mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of uh exciting mathematics
+including you know number Theory okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including you know number Theory okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including you know number Theory okay so
+can anybody tell me you know just in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me you know just in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me you know just in a
+nutshell very informally uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cryptography anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep okay secure information over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay secure information over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay secure information over an
+insecure Channel yeah that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure Channel yeah that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure Channel yeah that's a that's a
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+description uh so I I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh so I I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh so I I would say that
+it's uh you know the art or science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you know the art or science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you know the art or science of
+of you know dealing with with such uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know dealing with with such uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know dealing with with such uh
+dealing with protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with protecting
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+um so like the the basic idea right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like the the basic idea right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so like the the basic idea right uh
+well at least for for what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least for for what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at least for for what we're going
+to be looking at today is suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at today is suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at today is suppose you
+have an insecure Channel and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an insecure Channel and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an insecure Channel and you want to
+send some message to uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send some message to uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send some message to uh you know a
+recipient but you don't want other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient but you don't want other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient but you don't want other
+people who might be uh EES dropping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might be uh EES dropping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might be uh EES dropping on
+your channel to to know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your channel to to know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your channel to to know what you're
+doing okay so basically you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so basically you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay so basically you're going to
+want to garble a a message that you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to garble a a message that you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to garble a a message that you send
+privately in such a way that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately in such a way that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately in such a way that only
+certain parties can read it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parties can read it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain parties can read it okay so
+let's uh you know take a look at at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh you know take a look at at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh you know take a look at at uh
+what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the art or science of protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the art or science of protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the art or science of protecting
+information so our uh you know our setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so our uh you know our setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so our uh you know our setup
+the convention right is that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention right is that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention right is that we're going
+to have uh two parties Alis Kazam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh two parties Alis Kazam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh two parties Alis Kazam and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Bulbasaur and they're going to be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur and they're going to be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur and they're going to be trying
+to communicate over this communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate over this communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate over this communication
+Channel which you know may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel which you know may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel which you know may or may not be
+secure okay so maybe Alis Kazam wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure okay so maybe Alis Kazam wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure okay so maybe Alis Kazam wants to
+send a message it's it's Pi Day so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message it's it's Pi Day so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message it's it's Pi Day so she's
+going to send a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send a pi
+uh over to Bulbasaur right so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over to Bulbasaur right so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over to Bulbasaur right so you know
+maybe she puts it in an envelope uh pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she puts it in an envelope uh pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she puts it in an envelope uh pops
+it in the post and you know Bulbasaur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the post and you know Bulbasaur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the post and you know Bulbasaur
+receives it he can open up the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives it he can open up the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives it he can open up the envelope
+and and get the message okay so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get the message okay so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get the message okay so does
+that basic setup make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic setup make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basic setup make sense to
+people okay so nothing too fancy yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so nothing too fancy yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so nothing too fancy yet uh
+but what could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what could go
+wrong can anybody uh tell me a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong can anybody uh tell me a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong can anybody uh tell me a problem
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah somebody could come and steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody could come and steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody could come and steal the
+message right so like maybe we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message right so like maybe we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message right so like maybe we've got uh
+some Eve stopper Eevee right and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eve stopper Eevee right and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Eve stopper Eevee right and uh you
+know Eevee wants to uh wants to Eve St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Eevee wants to uh wants to Eve St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Eevee wants to uh wants to Eve St
+up on their conversation wants to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on their conversation wants to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on their conversation wants to figure
+out what they're talking about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're talking about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they're talking about okay so
+it's it's quite possible that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's quite possible that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's quite possible that you know
+maybe Alex Alex Kazam pops this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alex Alex Kazam pops this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alex Alex Kazam pops this in the
+mail Eevee then opens the mail puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail Eevee then opens the mail puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail Eevee then opens the mail puts it
+back in the mail sends it along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the mail sends it along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the mail sends it along to
+bobasaur but now Eevee knows what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bobasaur but now Eevee knows what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bobasaur but now Eevee knows what the
+message is okay so this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is okay so this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is okay so this is a problem
+right what else could go wrong any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah like what if what if Eevee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like what if what if Eevee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah like what if what if Eevee is
+is not just an eavesdropper but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just an eavesdropper but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just an eavesdropper but like
+some meddling adversary okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meddling adversary okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some meddling adversary okay so you know
+maybe maybe Bulbasaur now wants to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Bulbasaur now wants to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe Bulbasaur now wants to say
+thank you for the pie Bulbasaur you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the pie Bulbasaur you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the pie Bulbasaur you know
+puts this in an envelope sends it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts this in an envelope sends it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts this in an envelope sends it over
+to all gam but you know E's intercepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all gam but you know E's intercepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all gam but you know E's intercepted
+along the way and so now when uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way and so now when uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way and so now when uh when
+alexam gets it it's not quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexam gets it it's not quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexam gets it it's not quite the same
+message as Bulbasaur sent okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as Bulbasaur sent okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as Bulbasaur sent okay so that's
+also a problem we we'd also like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a problem we we'd also like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a problem we we'd also like to
+prevent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this
+okay so what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what can we
+do well if we think about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if we think about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well if we think about you know the
+actual Postal System we could uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Postal System we could uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Postal System we could uh you
+know basically put a put a seal on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically put a put a seal on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically put a put a seal on it
+like a an oldfashioned Wax Seal uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an oldfashioned Wax Seal uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an oldfashioned Wax Seal uh but
+you know basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically
+Alice gazam and Bulbasaur are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gazam and Bulbasaur are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice gazam and Bulbasaur are going to
+share some some key okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some some key okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some some key okay
+so they they have a a message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they have a a message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they have a a message that
+they'd like to share it's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to share it's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to share it's supposed to be
+secret so instead of just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so instead of just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret so instead of just you know
+putting the envelope in the post they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the envelope in the post they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the envelope in the post they're
+going to put it in a locked box right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in a locked box right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in a locked box right
+and alas exam will will lock it with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alas exam will will lock it with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alas exam will will lock it with her
+key and now when she sends it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and now when she sends it over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and now when she sends it over the
+channel Eevee can't do anything with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel Eevee can't do anything with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel Eevee can't do anything with it
+it's locked Eevee doesn't have the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's locked Eevee doesn't have the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's locked Eevee doesn't have the key
+okay but Bulbasaur has the same key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but Bulbasaur has the same key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but Bulbasaur has the same key so
+he can now remove the lock and open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can now remove the lock and open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can now remove the lock and open the
+message and everything is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so key Concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cryptography oops that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography oops that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography oops that all
+work okay so the the basic idea you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so the the basic idea you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so the the basic idea you know
+we're we're trying to send private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're trying to send private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're trying to send private
+messages right so we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages right so we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages right so we're going to want to
+what we call encrypt a message so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call encrypt a message so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call encrypt a message so this
+means just garbling it so it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just garbling it so it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just garbling it so it kind of
+looks like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like random
+noise uh so only parties who share your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh so only parties who share your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh so only parties who share your
+secret key will be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key will be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key will be able to read
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay uh decryption is the reverse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh decryption is the reverse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh decryption is the reverse right
+you're going to take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take one of these
+garbled messages if you're the intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbled messages if you're the intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbled messages if you're the intended
+recipient and hopefully you can Ungar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient and hopefully you can Ungar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient and hopefully you can Ungar it
+to recover the uh the original message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover the uh the original message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover the uh the original message
+but also you know hopefully nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know hopefully nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know hopefully nobody else
+can do the same thing okay and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing okay and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same thing okay and in order
+to do both of these things uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do both of these things uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do both of these things uh the the
+two parties are going to share a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties are going to share a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties are going to share a secret
+key which is some data that that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which is some data that that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which is some data that that only
+they have nobody else should have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have nobody else should have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have nobody else should have it and
+it should look random and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look random and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look random and it should be
+hard for for somebody else to to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for for somebody else to to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for for somebody else to to derive
+or guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a great question so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great question so like
+that yeah they have to meet up and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah they have to meet up and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah they have to meet up and and
+actually share a key uh but then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share a key uh but then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually share a key uh but then that
+allows them to you know share messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to you know share messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to you know share messages
+uh over this insecure Channel later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over this insecure Channel later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over this insecure Channel later okay
+but they they do have to establish a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they do have to establish a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they they do have to establish a uh
+you know a secure way of sharing the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a secure way of sharing the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a secure way of sharing the key
+first uh so we won't be talking too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh so we won't be talking too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh so we won't be talking too much
+about how you can actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you can actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you can actually do that
+nowadays uh but it is in the notes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh but it is in the notes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh but it is in the notes if
+you'd like to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to read it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh okay so a cryptographic scheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so a cryptographic scheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so a cryptographic scheme is
+basically just you know these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just you know these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just you know these things
+right it's a it's an encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a it's an encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a it's an encryption
+algorithm paired with a decryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm paired with a decryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm paired with a decryption
+algorithm and they should you know use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and they should you know use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and they should you know use
+the same secret key to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same secret key to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same secret key to uh you know
+invert each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so can anybody give me examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can anybody give me examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can anybody give me examples
+historical examples of cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical examples of cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical examples of cryptographic
+schemes does anybody know what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes does anybody know what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes does anybody know what the first
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+yeah uh yeah the Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yeah the Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yeah the Caesar
+Cipher so what was the Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cipher how do you encrypt a message yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the answer was you offset every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer was you offset every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the answer was you offset every
+message in the letter by you know n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in the letter by you know n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in the letter by you know n
+letters after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters after
+it uh not quite you are thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh not quite you are thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh not quite you are thinking of
+something very slightly different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very slightly different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very slightly different the
+Caesar Cipher was specifically using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar Cipher was specifically using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar Cipher was specifically using
+three not not like some some key n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three not not like some some key n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three not not like some some key n okay
+so you take every letter shift it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take every letter shift it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take every letter shift it over
+by three letters so like you know C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three letters so like you know C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three letters so like you know C
+becomes D EF right uh and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes D EF right uh and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes D EF right uh and you know you
+shift every letter uh individually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift every letter uh individually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift every letter uh individually and
+then send the shifted message okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then send the shifted message okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then send the shifted message okay and
+to decrypt it you do the reverse you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrypt it you do the reverse you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrypt it you do the reverse you you
+kind of subtract three modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subtract three modul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subtract three modul
+26 okay does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay does that make sense to
+everybody now what you're thinking of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now what you're thinking of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody now what you're thinking of is
+the Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caesar
+shift which is slightly better right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift which is slightly better right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift which is slightly better right so
+one problem with the Caesar Cipher right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem with the Caesar Cipher right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem with the Caesar Cipher right
+is um you know you're not you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know you're not you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know you're not you don't
+really have a key right like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a key right like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a key right like uh
+it's kind of what we call cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of what we call cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of what we call cryptography
+by obscurity so the only reason it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by obscurity so the only reason it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by obscurity so the only reason it might
+be secure is if nobody else knows you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secure is if nobody else knows you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be secure is if nobody else knows you're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+it uh unfortunately you know if uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh unfortunately you know if uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh unfortunately you know if uh you
+know if you're a Roman Emperor Legion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're a Roman Emperor Legion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're a Roman Emperor Legion or
+whatever using the Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever using the Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever using the Caesar
+Cipher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher
+uh you know it doesn't protect against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it doesn't protect against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it doesn't protect against
+say maybe one of your generals defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe one of your generals defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe one of your generals defects
+and uh now goes to the enemy and is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now goes to the enemy and is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now goes to the enemy and is like
+hey they're using this cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey they're using this cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey they're using this cryptographic
+scheme here's how you can break all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here's how you can break all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here's how you can break all
+their messages right and so then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their messages right and so then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their messages right and so then from
+that point forward you know nothing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point forward you know nothing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point forward you know nothing you
+send is secure okay so one way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send is secure okay so one way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send is secure okay so one way we can
+fix that is you know by as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that is you know by as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that is you know by as you said
+introducing a key okay so the Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a key okay so the Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a key okay so the Caesar
+shift is you know very similar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is you know very similar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is you know very similar but
+instead of just shifting by three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just shifting by three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just shifting by three you
+shift by you know some secret key K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by you know some secret key K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by you know some secret key K okay
+modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+26 okay does anybody see a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay does anybody see a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay does anybody see a problem with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MH yeah that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH yeah that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH yeah that it is
+so oops let's not caps lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh okay so here is a um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so here is a um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so here is a um oh
+that did not work what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay so here's uh an encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here's uh an encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here's uh an encrypted
+message it's been encrypt encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it's been encrypt encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it's been encrypt encrypted
+using the uh uh the Caesar Cipher sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh uh the Caesar Cipher sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh uh the Caesar Cipher sorry
+Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+uh as you said right it's fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you said right it's fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you said right it's fairly easy to
+guess what the key is right so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the key is right so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the key is right so does
+anybody have any guesses before I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any guesses before I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any guesses before I start
+just you know putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know putting in
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+yeah 13 why 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's uh that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's uh that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's uh that's a very good
+guess so yeah no knowing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so yeah no knowing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so yeah no knowing some
+information about the message right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the message right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the message right like
+this is probably in English right uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably in English right uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably in English right uh you
+have a a standalone n in that first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a standalone n in that first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a standalone n in that first line
+right that's probably an A or an I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's probably an A or an I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's probably an A or an I right
+you you've already got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've already got lots of
+information that you can use to narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can use to narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can use to narrow
+down the key and even if you don't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the key and even if you don't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the key and even if you don't right
+like if we just start putting in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we just start putting in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we just start putting in random
+values here right like most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here right like most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here right like most of them are
+going to look like garbage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh but like one of them is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh but like one of them is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh but like one of them is actually
+going to make sense okay so when we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sense okay so when we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sense okay so when we try
+all of the possible values we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the possible values we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the possible values we're going
+to you know figure out something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know figure out something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know figure out something that uh
+that is almost certainly going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is almost certainly going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is almost certainly going to be the
+the correct key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct key
+okay so how can we avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we avoid this
+problem any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the encryption method based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the encryption method based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the encryption method based on
+the index of the letter okay uh so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the letter okay uh so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the letter okay uh so what
+you're describing is uh what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing is uh what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing is uh what we call the
+onetime pad um that is a good idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetime pad um that is a good idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetime pad um that is a good idea we
+will not be covering it just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay um similar idea uh let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um similar idea uh let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um similar idea uh let's let's
+start by making a a smaller more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by making a a smaller more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by making a a smaller more
+incremental change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change
+yeah okay include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay include
+numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh
+well the idea that I had in mind was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea that I had in mind was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea that I had in mind was to
+just use a larger key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a larger key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use a larger key
+space uh use a permutation instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh use a permutation instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh use a permutation instead of
+instead of just a shift okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just a shift okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just a shift okay so that
+this is something that was done you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that was done you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that was done you know
+in medieval times uh instead of Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medieval times uh instead of Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medieval times uh instead of Shifting
+every letter over by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter over by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter over by the same amount
+right you'd take a random permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd take a random permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd take a random permutation of
+the letters and so you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters and so you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters and so you're kind of
+Shifting each letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shifting each letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shifting each letter
+differently okay now can anybody think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay now can anybody think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently okay now can anybody think
+of a way that you could attack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way that you could attack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way that you could attack this
+oh why is this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+H sorry technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficulties oh well I guess it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties oh well I guess it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties oh well I guess it doesn't
+matter too much uh I can describe what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much uh I can describe what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much uh I can describe what's
+going on um so yeah uh what what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um so yeah uh what what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um so yeah uh what what your
+classmate suggested was that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate suggested was that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate suggested was that you know
+again we can use uh the known plain text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can use uh the known plain text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can use uh the known plain text
+attack that that we described a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that that we described a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that that we described a moment
+ago with the um uh with the Caesar shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago with the um uh with the Caesar shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago with the um uh with the Caesar shift
+okay if we know something about uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we know something about uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we know something about uh about
+our message right like uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message right like uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message right like uh for instance
+if we know that it's it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know that it's it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know that it's it's probably
+written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in
+English then we can count how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English then we can count how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English then we can count how many times
+each letter appears and whichever letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter appears and whichever letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter appears and whichever letter
+appears most frequently probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears most frequently probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears most frequently probably
+decrypts to e because e is the uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypts to e because e is the uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypts to e because e is the uh most
+common English letter or even if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common English letter or even if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common English letter or even if not
+we've got a decent guess right like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a decent guess right like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a decent guess right like uh
+you know it's probably not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's probably not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's probably not going to be
+like X or Zed it might be S or t or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X or Zed it might be S or t or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X or Zed it might be S or t or
+something like that uh but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that uh but the point is
+it's very easy to start narrowing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to start narrowing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to start narrowing down
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+space and you know once we have a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know once we have a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you know once we have a guess
+we can then start building on it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then start building on it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then start building on it so
+similarly to what your colleague did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to what your colleague did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to what your colleague did
+earlier right like if you have e and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right like if you have e and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right like if you have e and you
+see threel words you know ending with E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see threel words you know ending with E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see threel words you know ending with E
+that might be the right so then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right so then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right so then you've
+got two more letters okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two more letters okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two more letters okay does that make
+sense to people so you can like knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to people so you can like knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to people so you can like knowing
+a little bit of of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of of information about
+your key you can kind of incrementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your key you can kind of incrementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your key you can kind of incrementally
+figure out the the rest of the key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the the rest of the key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the the rest of the key and
+decrypt the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right so it is a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so it is a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so it is a permutation
+so uh you know it's a it's a onetoone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know it's a it's a onetoone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know it's a it's a onetoone
+map it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's a
+bje okay uh other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I can just post this demo on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can just post this demo on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can just post this demo on the
+website so you can uh play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so you can uh play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so you can uh play around with
+it uh sorry it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh sorry it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh sorry it didn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the next example comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next example comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the next example comes from
+World War II has anybody uh heard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II has anybody uh heard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II has anybody uh heard of the
+Enigma Cipher yeah few hands can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma Cipher yeah few hands can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma Cipher yeah few hands can anybody
+tell me what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so the answer was it changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the answer was it changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the answer was it changed the
+encryption method every day uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption method every day uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption method every day uh that's
+not quite true it changed the key every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite true it changed the key every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite true it changed the key every
+day it didn't change the algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it didn't change the algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day it didn't change the algorithm that
+they were using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so it it basically oh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so it it basically oh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so it it basically oh so the
+answer was it it changed the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was it it changed the permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was it it changed the permutation
+every letter uh so yes that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter uh so yes that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter uh so yes that's that's the
+the basic idea behind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea behind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea behind uh
+Enigma um it started with some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma um it started with some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma um it started with some you know
+permutation of the letters and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the letters and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the letters and every
+time you uh encrypted a letter it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you uh encrypted a letter it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you uh encrypted a letter it would
+then you know apply some some uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know apply some some uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know apply some some uh change
+to this permutation so that the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this permutation so that the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this permutation so that the next
+letter would be encrypted differently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter would be encrypted differently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter would be encrypted differently so
+that made it resistant to a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it resistant to a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it resistant to a frequency
+analysis um but you know unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um but you know unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis um but you know unfortunately
+for the for the Germans it was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the Germans it was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the Germans it was still
+viable to do a known plain text attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable to do a known plain text attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable to do a known plain text attack
+right so basically the the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically the the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically the the way that the
+Allies ended up breaking this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allies ended up breaking this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allies ended up breaking this uh
+encryption scheme was you know they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption scheme was you know they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption scheme was you know they knew
+something about uh about the messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh about the messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh about the messages
+that were being sent every day right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being sent every day right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were being sent every day right
+like many of them were weather reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many of them were weather reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many of them were weather reports
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something uh many of them had like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh many of them had like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh many of them had like you
+know the phrase H Hitler or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phrase H Hitler or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the phrase H Hitler or something
+like that um but like if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um but like if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um but like if you know that
+you're getting a weather report from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a weather report from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a weather report from a
+certain location you know the weather in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain location you know the weather in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain location you know the weather in
+that location like you've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location like you've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location like you've got a bunch of
+information about what you know how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what you know how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what you know how this
+message might start right and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message might start right and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message might start right and so this
+you know similarly to to to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know similarly to to to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know similarly to to to a a
+frequency analysis attack you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency analysis attack you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency analysis attack you can kind
+of use this information to narrow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use this information to narrow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use this information to narrow down
+your key space and uh figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your key space and uh figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your key space and uh figure out the
+secret key and once you've got that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and once you've got that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and once you've got that you
+can decrypt everything that's being sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decrypt everything that's being sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decrypt everything that's being sent
+that day uh and so you know this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day uh and so you know this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day uh and so you know this is what
+the Allies were were doing uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Allies were were doing uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Allies were were doing uh uh in
+Bletchley Park to to win the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bletchley Park to to win the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bletchley Park to to win the war
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so Enigma kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Enigma kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Enigma kind
+of uh Enigma was kind of the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Enigma was kind of the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh Enigma was kind of the the last
+uh major example of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh major example of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh major example of of what
+we or what I call kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we or what I call kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we or what I call kind of um
+cryptography by hubis uh like basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography by hubis uh like basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography by hubis uh like basically
+the the security relied on on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the security relied on on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the security relied on on you know
+some German engineer being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some German engineer being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some German engineer being you know
+smarter than everybody else on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than everybody else on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than everybody else on the
+planet right like you know he he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right like you know he he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet right like you know he he came up
+with this uh encryption scheme and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh encryption scheme and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh encryption scheme and was
+like okay this looks uh this looks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay this looks uh this looks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay this looks uh this looks you
+know weird and random I can't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weird and random I can't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know weird and random I can't figure out
+how to break it I bet nobody else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break it I bet nobody else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break it I bet nobody else can
+either okay and so the the Germans kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay and so the the Germans kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay and so the the Germans kind
+of worked with this assumption for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worked with this assumption for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worked with this assumption for the
+uh duration of the war and it was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duration of the war and it was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh duration of the war and it was wrong
+right so nowadays we like to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nowadays we like to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nowadays we like to uh you know
+try and you know prove Security based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and you know prove Security based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and you know prove Security based on
+you know more reasonable assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more reasonable assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more reasonable assumptions
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+that so uh one example which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh one example which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh one example which is in the
+notes that we won't be uh covering too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that we won't be uh covering too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that we won't be uh covering too
+much today is uh called Diffy Helman uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much today is uh called Diffy Helman uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much today is uh called Diffy Helman uh
+the one that we'll be focusing on though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we'll be focusing on though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we'll be focusing on though
+is uh RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh RSA
+so RSA was uh you know it's it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RSA was uh you know it's it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RSA was uh you know it's it's a a
+modern cryptographic scheme named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cryptographic scheme named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cryptographic scheme named after
+its inventor Clifford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inventor Clifford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its inventor Clifford
+Cox um that's totally a lie uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cox um that's totally a lie uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cox um that's totally a lie uh so
+Clifford Cox did you know in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clifford Cox did you know in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clifford Cox did you know in some sense
+invent RSA but uh he made the rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent RSA but uh he made the rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent RSA but uh he made the rather
+suspicious life choice of working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious life choice of working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious life choice of working for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+government uh so his work was classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh so his work was classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government uh so his work was classified
+for like 2025 years something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 2025 years something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like 2025 years something like that
+and in the meantime you know rsna came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the meantime you know rsna came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the meantime you know rsna came
+along uh and you know Ed his same scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh and you know Ed his same scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along uh and you know Ed his same scheme
+they did it here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it here at
+MIT uh so this was uh Ron reest Addie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh so this was uh Ron reest Addie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh so this was uh Ron reest Addie
+Shir and Leonard Adelman uh they got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shir and Leonard Adelman uh they got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shir and Leonard Adelman uh they got all
+the credit for it they won a cheering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit for it they won a cheering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit for it they won a cheering
+award and you know poor Mr Cox uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and you know poor Mr Cox uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award and you know poor Mr Cox uh was
+kind of screwed um so more of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of screwed um so more of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of screwed um so more of the story
+don't work for the government um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work for the government um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work for the government um just
+kidding but uh yeah kind of sucked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding but uh yeah kind of sucked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding but uh yeah kind of sucked for
+him uh but yeah let's uh why don't we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh but yeah let's uh why don't we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him uh but yeah let's uh why don't we um
+why don't we get into uh to what RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we get into uh to what RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we get into uh to what RSA
+actually actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually actually does
+okay so RSA is an example of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so RSA is an example of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so RSA is an example of what we
+call a public key crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a public key crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a public key crypto
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so before right I described uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so before right I described uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so before right I described uh
+what we actually call a a a private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually call a a a private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually call a a a private key
+crypto system right where both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system right where both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system right where both
+encryption and decryption use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and decryption use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and decryption use the same
+secret key okay in a public key crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key okay in a public key crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key okay in a public key crypto
+system that's no longer the case so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's no longer the case so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's no longer the case so we
+actually have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keys so let's call them uh KP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so let's call them uh KP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so let's call them uh KP and
+KS okay so KP is going to be a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS okay so KP is going to be a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS okay so KP is going to be a public
+key which everybody can see okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which everybody can see okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which everybody can see okay and
+then it's going to be paired with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be paired with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be paired with the
+secret key KS which you know you keep to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key KS which you know you keep to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key KS which you know you keep to
+yourself okay and now the encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay and now the encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay and now the encryption and
+decryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption
+algorithms uh each of them uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh each of them uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh each of them uses a
+different key Okay so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key Okay so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key Okay so we've got
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encryption okay so our encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption okay so our encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption okay so our encryption
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+is going to be you know e of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be you know e of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be you know e of some
+message and our public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and our public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and our public
+key okay and this will output you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay and this will output you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay and this will output you know
+some Cipher text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cipher text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Cipher text
+C okay and then we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and then we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay and then we're going to have a
+different decryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm D which will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm D which will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm D which will you know
+hopefully take this Cipher text uh C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully take this Cipher text uh C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully take this Cipher text uh C and
+this time the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the secret
+key and it should output the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and it should output the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and it should output the original
+plane text message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane text message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane text message
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+okay so slightly different from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slightly different from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slightly different from the uh
+uh uh from the the crypto system that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from the the crypto system that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh from the the crypto system that I
+defined earlier right in that one these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined earlier right in that one these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined earlier right in that one these
+two keys were the same and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys were the same and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two keys were the same and so you don't
+you you can't publish uh you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't publish uh you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't publish uh you can't
+publish KP okay so only people who share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish KP okay so only people who share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish KP okay so only people who share
+the same secret key can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same secret key can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same secret key can actually
+communicate here this allows you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate here this allows you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate here this allows you know
+any body to uh to to send a message okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any body to uh to to send a message okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any body to uh to to send a message okay
+so you can kind of think of this as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of think of this as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of think of this as you
+know suppose Alex exam wants to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose Alex exam wants to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose Alex exam wants to send a
+message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to
+Bulbasaur uh so she's going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur uh so she's going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur uh so she's going to use
+Bulbasaur's public key to send him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur's public key to send him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur's public key to send him a
+message you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you can think of this as
+Bulbasaur's like Gmail address right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur's like Gmail address right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bulbasaur's like Gmail address right
+this is something that you know anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you know anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you know anybody
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+find uh but then Bulbasaur has his Gmail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh but then Bulbasaur has his Gmail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh but then Bulbasaur has his Gmail
+password which he can then use to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password which he can then use to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password which he can then use to read
+the message okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we are ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are ready
+to actually Define how RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+okay so the basic idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the basic idea behind
+RSA is that uh the encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA is that uh the encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA is that uh the encryption and
+decryption algorithm together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption algorithm together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption algorithm together
+uh should basically make use of phos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should basically make use of phos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should basically make use of phos
+little theorem to to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little theorem to to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little theorem to to make sure that we
+get back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the same
+message okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay
+so we're going to try and come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try and come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try and come up with
+uh you know some e and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know some e and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know some e and d
+right and some n such that if we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and some n such that if we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and some n such that if we you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+exponentiate right first raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate right first raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate right first raised to the
+power of of uh e then raise again to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of of uh e then raise again to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of of uh e then raise again to the
+power of D we should get back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of D we should get back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of D we should get back to to
+where we started okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started okay so we're going to
+want uh you know for any m m to the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh you know for any m m to the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh you know for any m m to the E
+raised to the power of D should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of D should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of D should be
+equivalent mod n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent mod n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent mod n to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay so let let's just start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let let's just start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let let's just start with
+correctness for now let's let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness for now let's let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness for now let's let's not
+worry too much about security just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about security just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about security just yet
+but uh how could we achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh how could we achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh how could we achieve
+this how could we choose uh n and D such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how could we choose uh n and D such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how could we choose uh n and D such
+that this will at least work even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will at least work even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will at least work even if
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secure any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas so what what did FMA tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us so phma tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so phma tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so phma tells
+us right that uh m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right that uh m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right that uh m to
+the uh you know P minus one is congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know P minus one is congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know P minus one is congruent
+mod P to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how can we kind of massage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we kind of massage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we kind of massage this
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well first time might we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well first time might we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well first time might we choose
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the idea was to you know let e and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was to you know let e and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was to you know let e and d
+uh be factors of n so like e *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be factors of n so like e *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be factors of n so like e *
+D sorry equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sorry equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sorry equals
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh does anybody see a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh does anybody see a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh does anybody see a problem with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh so that's not the problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so that's not the problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so that's not the problem right
+so we uh remember the exponent here is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh remember the exponent here is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh remember the exponent here is p
+minus one right so you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right so you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right so you know if you
+multiply both Ides by m you get m to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both Ides by m you get m to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both Ides by m you get m to the
+p is congruent mod P to M okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is congruent mod P to M okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is congruent mod P to M okay so that
+that is actually what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually what we
+want what assumption did we have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what assumption did we have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what assumption did we have on
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+yeah P ISE yeah p is prime so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P ISE yeah p is prime so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P ISE yeah p is prime so we can't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it is close though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I should rewrite this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should rewrite this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should rewrite this as the
+suggestion was e * D should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion was e * D should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion was e * D should be equal to
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+minus1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make it any more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make it any more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make it any more clear
+what how we can uh iterate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what other things would work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things would work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things would work here
+instead of P minus one +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh yes that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yes that's right
+sorry so the answer was we can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so the answer was we can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so the answer was we can multiply
+this by whatever we want right like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by whatever we want right like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by whatever we want right like any
+K here it'll still work right as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here it'll still work right as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here it'll still work right as long as
+e * D is equivalent to 1 mod P minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e * D is equivalent to 1 mod P minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e * D is equivalent to 1 mod P minus one
+so e d equivalent mod P minus one to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e d equivalent mod P minus one to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e d equivalent mod P minus one to 1
+right as long as we satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as long as we satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as long as we satisfy this
+right we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we get
+this okay or sorry we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay or sorry we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay or sorry we get
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh so the the the question was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so the the the question was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so the the the question was like
+what are we multiplying by K we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we multiplying by K we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we multiplying by K we're
+multiplying this P minus one right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this P minus one right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this P minus one right uh
+yeah so the the reason right FLT says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the reason right FLT says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the reason right FLT says
+that M the P minus one is congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M the P minus one is congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M the P minus one is congruent to
+one so m to the K * P minus one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so m to the K * P minus one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so m to the K * P minus one is going
+to be 1 to the K right so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 to the K right so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 to the K right so that's just
+one okay so no matter what K we put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so no matter what K we put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so no matter what K we put here
+this will still work now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will still work now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will still work now when you
+multiply by m that's just adding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m that's just adding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m that's just adding one
+onto the exponents okay so then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the exponents okay so then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the exponents okay so then you'll
+have you know m to the uh K * P - 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know m to the uh K * P - 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know m to the uh K * P - 1 + 1
+should be congruent to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be congruent to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be congruent to to
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay does this setup make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does this setup make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does this setup make sense to
+people yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh so the the question was why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the the question was why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the the question was why
+are we adding one onto the end so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we adding one onto the end so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we adding one onto the end so the
+answer was you know FLT tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was you know FLT tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was you know FLT tells us that
+we're going to get one what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get one what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get one what we really
+wanted was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was
+n okay so you know what what we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so you know what what we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so you know what what we want is
+uh you know m to the Ed is congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know m to the Ed is congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know m to the Ed is congruent to
+m not congruent to one so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not congruent to one so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not congruent to one so that's why
+okay so as long as we choose Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as long as we choose Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as long as we choose Ed
+congruent mod P minus one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent mod P minus one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent mod P minus one to one
+right we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so you know more practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so you know more practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so you know more practically
+speaking how can we generate e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D like how can I find uh a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D like how can I find uh a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D like how can I find uh a solution
+to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congruence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+sorry okay so the answer was TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so the answer was TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so the answer was TR
+different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of
+K uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so we're going to want to be using very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to want to be using very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to want to be using very
+large numbers here so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers here so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers here so that's going to be
+intractable we want to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable we want to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable we want to be able to do
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficiently so recall from uh Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so recall from uh Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so recall from uh Tuesday
+right this is saying that e and D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is saying that e and D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is saying that e and D are
+modular inverses modu P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular inverses modu P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular inverses modu P minus
+one okay how can we compute a modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how can we compute a modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how can we compute a modular
+inverse well one way is to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well one way is to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well one way is to use the
+pulverizer okay so if we choose e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+randomly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pulverize this will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverize this will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverize this will give us
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay Okay so we've got a way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so we've got a way to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay so we've got a way to generate
+Keys we've got a way to encrypt we raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys we've got a way to encrypt we raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keys we've got a way to encrypt we raise
+m to the E we've got a way to decrypt we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to the E we've got a way to decrypt we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to the E we've got a way to decrypt we
+raise C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise C to the
+D can anybody tell me a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D can anybody tell me a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D can anybody tell me a security
+flow why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insecure so remember for public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure so remember for public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure so remember for public key
+crypto system right everybody knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system right everybody knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto system right everybody knows the
+public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public
+key right and we don't want anybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key right and we don't want anybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key right and we don't want anybody to
+be able to figure out the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out the private key
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that so in this case our public key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in this case our public key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in this case our public key is
+going to be you know KP is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know KP is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know KP is going to be
+the pair uh P comma D oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair uh P comma D oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair uh P comma D oh
+sorry P comma e and our secret key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry P comma e and our secret key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry P comma e and our secret key is
+going to be the P the pair P comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the P the pair P comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the P the pair P comma
+D okay so this is what we need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so this is what we need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay so this is what we need in order
+to encrypt this is what we need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encrypt this is what we need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encrypt this is what we need in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrypt I claim that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes so the answer was can't anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so the answer was can't anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so the answer was can't anybody
+else do exactly what we did right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do exactly what we did right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else do exactly what we did right we
+started with the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the public
+key and then use it to to derive our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then use it to to derive our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then use it to to derive our our
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+key if we then share that public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key if we then share that public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key if we then share that public key
+with everybody else everybody else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody else everybody else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody else everybody else can
+do exactly the same thing okay so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same thing okay so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same thing okay so our
+secret key isn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+okay so we would like to try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would like to try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would like to try and do
+something similar to this but in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to this but in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to this but in a way
+where other people can't you know repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other people can't you know repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where other people can't you know repeat
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computation can anybody think of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation can anybody think of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation can anybody think of how we
+might do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can I make sure that nobody else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make sure that nobody else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make sure that nobody else can
+do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pulverization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so the answer was choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the answer was choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the answer was choose a
+random D and then pulverize to find E I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random D and then pulverize to find E I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random D and then pulverize to find E I
+claim that this is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this is exactly the same
+right it's it's the same process right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's the same process right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's the same process right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know like these two are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like these two are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like these two are basically
+symmetric okay so like if I share one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay so like if I share one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay so like if I share one of
+them then anybody else can can then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then anybody else can can then find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then anybody else can can then find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other okay so the idea behind RSA right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so the idea behind RSA right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so the idea behind RSA right
+is that this modulus here the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this modulus here the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this modulus here the the thing
+that we're trying to pulverize with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to pulverize with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to pulverize with
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+the modulus here the part of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus here the part of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus here the part of the key
+that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're
+sharing you know here they're off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing you know here they're off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing you know here they're off by
+one but in some sense they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in some sense they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in some sense they don't have to
+be okay so we'd like to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so we'd like to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay so we'd like to find a way to
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+this but like not have this be so easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but like not have this be so easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but like not have this be so easily
+uh so easily computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well instead of using a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well instead of using a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well instead of using a single
+Prime suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes so let's call them p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+now uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh our
+n is going to be their product P * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be their product P * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be their product P * Q
+okay so that's going to be what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to be what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's going to be what I want
+to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+uh but now this no longer quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so instead of pulverizing with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so instead of pulverizing with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so instead of pulverizing with uh
+n minus one we're going to pulverize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one we're going to pulverize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one we're going to pulverize
+with you know uh sorry P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know uh sorry P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know uh sorry P
+minus1 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 * Q
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well suppose like you know suppose we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose like you know suppose we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose like you know suppose we we
+we have done this already suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done this already suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done this already suppose
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Ed is congruent mod uh let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed is congruent mod uh let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed is congruent mod uh let's call this
+uh say m no M is for message let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say m no M is for message let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say m no M is for message let's call
+it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime congruent mod n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime congruent mod n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime congruent mod n Prime
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay what happens if we take M and raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we take M and raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we take M and raise
+it to the Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power what is this equivalent to mod n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay so the answer was M yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so the answer was M yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so the answer was M yes
+why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't
+know fair enough I mean this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fair enough I mean this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fair enough I mean this is kind of
+you know what we were aiming for so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we were aiming for so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we were aiming for so you
+know very good educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very good educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very good educated
+guess uh how could we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh so this is supposed to be an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so this is supposed to be an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so this is supposed to be an N
+right so remember that uh you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember that uh you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so remember that uh you know when
+we encrypt and decrypt those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encrypt and decrypt those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encrypt and decrypt those
+computations are being done mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are being done mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are being done mod
+n it's only the pulverizing that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's only the pulverizing that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's only the pulverizing that should
+be done mod like using uh n Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done mod like using uh n Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done mod like using uh n Prime okay
+so we're we're trying to so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're trying to so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're trying to so we're we're
+assuming that Ed is congruent mod n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that Ed is congruent mod n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that Ed is congruent mod n
+Prime to one right and so we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to one right and so we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to one right and so we find that
+by pulverizing with with the N Prime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pulverizing with with the N Prime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pulverizing with with the N Prime but
+you know after that we can forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after that we can forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after that we can forget about
+NP Prime right we don't need nime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP Prime right we don't need nime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP Prime right we don't need nime
+anymore we're just going to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we're just going to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore we're just going to do all of
+our computations mod n using you know e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computations mod n using you know e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computations mod n using you know e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so does anybody have any ideas how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does anybody have any ideas how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does anybody have any ideas how
+we could prove this this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what exactly is the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what exactly is the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what exactly is the statement
+saying if we go back to the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah exactly so you've skipped a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly so you've skipped a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly so you've skipped a
+couple of steps but um yes I will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps but um yes I will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps but um yes I will get to
+that in a moment uh so this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment uh so this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment uh so this is saying
+that you know uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know uh n
+divides m to the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides m to the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides m to the E
+D minus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus uh
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+okay now at this point we can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now at this point we can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now at this point we can break
+apart this n so all we really need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this n so all we really need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart this n so all we really need to do
+is you know prove that P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know prove that P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know prove that P and Q
+separately divide m to the Ed minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M or
+equivalently that uh m to the Ed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently that uh m to the Ed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently that uh m to the Ed is
+congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent
+mod P and Q separately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+okay so if we prove these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we prove these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we prove these two things
+then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done okay so p and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so p and Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so p and Q are
+symmetric so so you know let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so so you know let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so so you know let's let's
+only prove it for p the same same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only prove it for p the same same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only prove it for p the same same exact
+proof will work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof will work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof will work for
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how do we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that m to the Ed is congruent mod P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that m to the Ed is congruent mod P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that m to the Ed is congruent mod P
+to n how could we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right okay so the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so the answer was
+basically that we've already done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that we've already done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that we've already done it
+okay so remember that uh Ed is congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember that uh Ed is congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember that uh Ed is congruent
+mod n Prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n Prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n Prime to
+one okay so this means that n Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this means that n Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this means that n Prime
+divides Ed minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides Ed minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides Ed minus one
+okay well what is n Prime n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what is n Prime n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what is n Prime n
+Prime equal pus1 Q minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal pus1 Q minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal pus1 Q minus
+one so in particular Q minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in particular Q minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in particular Q minus
+one no P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no P minus
+one divides Ed minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one divides Ed minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one divides Ed minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so set otherwise e is congruent mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so set otherwise e is congruent mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so set otherwise e is congruent mod
+P - one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P - one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P - one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's exactly the uh condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's exactly the uh condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's exactly the uh condition
+we had over here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh so the question was how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the question was how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the question was how do
+we know P minus1 divides edus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know P minus1 divides edus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know P minus1 divides edus
+one uh P minus1 divides n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh P minus1 divides n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh P minus1 divides n
+Prime right we defined n Prime to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right we defined n Prime to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right we defined n Prime to be the
+product of Q -1 and P minus one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Q -1 and P minus one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of Q -1 and P minus one okay so
+we know that n Prime divides this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that n Prime divides this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that n Prime divides this and
+one of our rules of divisibility was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our rules of divisibility was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our rules of divisibility was
+that you know then any factors of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know then any factors of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know then any factors of n
+Prime also divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime also divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime also divide
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so we know that P minus one divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that P minus one divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know that P minus one divides
+Ed minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed minus
+one so that's just saying that Ed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's just saying that Ed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's just saying that Ed is
+congruent to one mod P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to one mod P minus
+one right and that's the condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and that's the condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and that's the condition we
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so now by FLT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to the
+Ed is congruent mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed is congruent mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed is congruent mod
+P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+okay so did people follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so did people follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so did people follow
+that so we've got congruence mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've got congruence mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've got congruence mod
+P by symmetry we also have congruence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P by symmetry we also have congruence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P by symmetry we also have congruence
+mod Q right p and Q are you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q right p and Q are you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q right p and Q are you know they're
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+okay and now because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now because they
+Prime right we can say that if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right we can say that if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime right we can say that if you know
+p and Q both independently divide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and Q both independently divide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and Q both independently divide this
+difference their product must divided as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference their product must divided as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference their product must divided as
+well so that gives us congruence mod PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so the the question was can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the the question was can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the the question was can we
+uh you know go into this this step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know go into this this step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know go into this this step here
+in more detail okay so remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail okay so remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail okay so remember that's
+what we were doing over here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing over here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing over here right so
+fma's little theorem right says that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fma's little theorem right says that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fma's little theorem right says that M
+the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p
+minus1 is congruent to one mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is congruent to one mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 is congruent to one mod
+P okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay
+so if we raise these to any power K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we raise these to any power K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we raise these to any power K
+right it's still going to be congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's still going to be congruent
+to one okay so m to the K * P minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one okay so m to the K * P minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one okay so m to the K * P minus1
+will also be congruent to one right so m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be congruent to one right so m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be congruent to one right so m
+to the K * P - 1 + 1 will be congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K * P - 1 + 1 will be congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K * P - 1 + 1 will be congruent
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this here is saying that Ed has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this here is saying that Ed has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this here is saying that Ed has
+that form it's some multiple of P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form it's some multiple of P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form it's some multiple of P minus
+one +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we're applying FLT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we're applying FLT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we're applying FLT
+repeatedly just as we did over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are people reasonably happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so why are we using p minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so why are we using p minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so why are we using p minus1
+and Q minus1 in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q minus1 in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q minus1 in the first
+place uh in short I pulled them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh in short I pulled them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh in short I pulled them out of
+my house so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my house so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my house so it would
+work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh
+so this is um you know it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um you know it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um you know it's basically a
+generalization of of FLT uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of of FLT uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of of FLT uh called
+Oilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers
+theorem um it turns out that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um it turns out that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem um it turns out that uh you know
+this P min-1 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P min-1 * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P min-1 * Q
+-1 is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 is what we
+call V of n where V is Oiler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V of n where V is Oiler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V of n where V is Oiler to
+function uh this counts the number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh this counts the number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh this counts the number of of
+uh you know numbers up to n that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know numbers up to n that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know numbers up to n that are
+co-prime with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime with n
+so basically we can we can use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can we can use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can we can use the same
+proof uh as we did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh as we did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh as we did you know
+Tuesday uh to show that you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh to show that you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday uh to show that you know if we
+want to get rid of this assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of this assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of this assumption that
+P is prime over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is prime over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is prime over
+here uh we can replace this this P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we can replace this this P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we can replace this this P minus
+one with P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with P of
+n uh and then then we get congruence mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and then then we get congruence mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n uh and then then we get congruence mod
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay uh we just kind of proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we just kind of proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we just kind of proved the
+special case where n is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where n is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where n is the product of
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+um but uh yeah basically it's it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh yeah basically it's it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh yeah basically it's it's kind
+of it's kind of a guess and check right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's kind of a guess and check right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's kind of a guess and check right
+like all we all we really need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all we all we really need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all we all we really need to know
+is that this works we don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this works we don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this works we don't really need
+to know how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we've proven that uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've proven that uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've proven that uh you know if
+we encrypt something by you know raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encrypt something by you know raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encrypt something by you know raising
+it to the uh eth Power mod n and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the uh eth Power mod n and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the uh eth Power mod n and then we
+decrypt it by raising it to the D power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt it by raising it to the D power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt it by raising it to the D power
+mod mod n we're going to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod n we're going to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod n we're going to get back to the
+same thing we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we started with
+Okay so this crypto system is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this crypto system is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this crypto system is at least
+you know correct right we can uh encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know correct right we can uh encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know correct right we can uh encrypt
+a message and then decrypt it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message and then decrypt it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message and then decrypt it again
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secure oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure oh
+sorry actually why me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually why me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually why me
+just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so uh is RSA secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh is RSA secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh is RSA secure
+right we we said before that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we said before that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we said before that if we're
+just using a prime instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using a prime instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using a prime instead of this
+product of two primes then uh anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two primes then uh anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two primes then uh anybody
+else can can computer secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can can computer secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else can can computer secret
+key okay what are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay what are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay what are we doing
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+well one we're choosing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes large primes so think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes large primes so think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes large primes so think of these as
+like having hundreds of digits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh next we're going to set n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh next we're going to set n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh next we're going to set n equals
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and uh let's just call it f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's just call it f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's just call it f of n
+nowal p -1 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1 and next we're going to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and next we're going to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and next we're going to choose a
+random e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-prime with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and then we want to pulverize it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we want to pulverize it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we want to pulverize it we
+want to compute an inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e so why don't I write it this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so why don't I write it this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so why don't I write it this this
+compute a multiplicative inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modulo uh F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo uh F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo uh F of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay now what is the public key public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what is the public key public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what is the public key public
+key is going to be oops K sub p is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is going to be oops K sub p is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is going to be oops K sub p is going
+to be n comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n comma
+e k sub s is going to be n comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k sub s is going to be n comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e k sub s is going to be n comma
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+okay so before when we had uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before when we had uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before when we had uh oh
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh how hard is it to choose e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how hard is it to choose e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how hard is it to choose e
+that's that's co-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's co-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's co-
+Prime uh it's actually not that hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh it's actually not that hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh it's actually not that hard uh
+so in practice usually you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice usually you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in practice usually you would you
+know not choose it totally randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not choose it totally randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not choose it totally randomly
+you'd have a fairly small e so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a fairly small e so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a fairly small e so that
+encryption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption is
+efficient uh but if you wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh but if you wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh but if you wanted to do it
+totally randomly right like how many how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally randomly right like how many how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally randomly right like how many how
+many things are not co-prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so yeah multiples of the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah multiples of the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah multiples of the prime
+factors yes um so let's see have you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors yes um so let's see have you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors yes um so let's see have you did
+we do the carmichel numbers yet no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the carmichel numbers yet no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the carmichel numbers yet no okay
+so uh well it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh well it turns out that if you
+choose a random a random number it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random a random number it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a random a random number it'll
+actually be co-prime with reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be co-prime with reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be co-prime with reasonably
+good probability okay uh but you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probability okay uh but you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good probability okay uh but you know in
+practice right we're going to just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice right we're going to just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice right we're going to just you
+know choose a fairly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choose a fairly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choose a fairly small
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so we said that if if we just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we said that if if we just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we said that if if we just you
+know forget about Q use nals P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forget about Q use nals P this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forget about Q use nals P this
+doesn't work because anybody else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because anybody else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because anybody else can
+then you know compute our our secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know compute our our secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know compute our our secret key
+in the same way as we computed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as we computed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way as we computed it
+ourselves why does this not happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves why does this not happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves why does this not happen
+here why can nobody else compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why can nobody else compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why can nobody else compute the
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+key given the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the the basic idea is that
+we're relying on factoring being hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so the the basic idea right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the the basic idea right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the the basic idea right is
+that if you have n it's it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have n it's it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have n it's it should be
+hard to to come up with with p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to come up with with p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to come up with with p and Q
+okay and I claim that this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I claim that this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I claim that this is actually a
+much safer assumption than was used with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much safer assumption than was used with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much safer assumption than was used with
+Enigma uh because this is a very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma uh because this is a very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enigma uh because this is a very well
+studied problem like people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied problem like people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied problem like people have been
+trying to factor things more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to factor things more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to factor things more efficiently
+for you know hundreds of years right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know hundreds of years right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know hundreds of years right and
+you know mathematicians have not found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mathematicians have not found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mathematicians have not found
+an efficient way of of doing this so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient way of of doing this so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient way of of doing this so in
+particular the adversary will will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the adversary will will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the adversary will will also
+presumably not be able to do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably not be able to do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably not be able to do it right
+it's not just saying like I personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just saying like I personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just saying like I personally
+couldn't come up with a with a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't come up with a with a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't come up with a with a good
+factoring algorithm this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring algorithm this is you know
+relying on you know many years of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you know many years of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on you know many years of of
+work by many mathematicians okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by many mathematicians okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by many mathematicians okay it
+still is possible that that factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is possible that that factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is possible that that factoring
+isn't hard like you know and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't hard like you know and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't hard like you know and in fact
+maybe maybe somebody already knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe somebody already knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe somebody already knows how
+to do it they've got they've got their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it they've got they've got their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it they've got they've got their
+algorithm they just haven't published it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they just haven't published it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm they just haven't published it
+uh but the assumption is basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the assumption is basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the assumption is basically like
+if one could do it then one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one could do it then one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one could do it then one of these
+mathematicians would have would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians would have would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians would have would have
+figured it out okay like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out okay like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out okay like one of these
+World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+okay uh so more formally though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so more formally though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so more formally though
+if we could compute the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh ah okay question was isn't this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ah okay question was isn't this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ah okay question was isn't this just
+cryptography by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography by
+huis okay I claim that I'm not relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huis okay I claim that I'm not relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huis okay I claim that I'm not relying
+solely on you know my own intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely on you know my own intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely on you know my own intelligence
+I'm relying on you know everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm relying on you know everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm relying on you know everybody else
+like the the entire field of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the entire field of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the entire field of mathematics
+okay like like many mathematicians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like like many mathematicians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like like many mathematicians have
+spent like their entire careers trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent like their entire careers trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent like their entire careers trying
+to you know Factor things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Factor things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Factor things
+quickly and nobody's figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and nobody's figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and nobody's figured out how to
+do it yet it's not just like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yet it's not just like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it yet it's not just like you know I
+was spending half an hour in my basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spending half an hour in my basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spending half an hour in my basement
+and you know I I couldn't figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I I couldn't figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I I couldn't figure out a
+good algorithm in that time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm in that time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm in that time you know
+like the the the Enigma engineer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the Enigma engineer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the Enigma engineer right
+like you know he just came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know he just came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know he just came up with
+something and then couldn't figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then couldn't figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then couldn't figure out a
+way how to a way to to break it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how to a way to to break it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how to a way to to break it and so
+kind of just assumed security from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just assumed security from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just assumed security from that
+right so it's it's kind of you know me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's kind of you know me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's kind of you know me
+versus the entire field of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the entire field of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the entire field of of
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so yeah I guess the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so yeah I guess the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so yeah I guess the question
+is you know given uh so if we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know given uh so if we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know given uh so if we had an
+algorithm that would you know compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that would you know compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that would you know compute
+the secret key from the public key how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret key from the public key how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret key from the public key how
+would this Factor end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right notice that the uh secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notice that the uh secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right notice that the uh secret key
+doesn't actually contain p andq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I suppose as described we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I suppose as described we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I suppose as described we aren't
+quite relying on the hardness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite relying on the hardness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite relying on the hardness of
+factoring we're relying on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring we're relying on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring we're relying on something
+slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different
+yeah oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh no how do how do we um so if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no how do how do we um so if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no how do how do we um so if we could
+find the uh the private key the secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the private key the secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the private key the secret
+key given the public key how would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key given the public key how would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key given the public key how would this
+then factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then factor
+in right we we would like to rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right we we would like to rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right we we would like to rely on the
+the hardness of factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the the answer was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the answer was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the answer was basically
+that that you have to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you have to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you have to come up with the
+prime factors p and Q before you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime factors p and Q before you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime factors p and Q before you can uh
+before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can
+compute uh D from e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we would like to say that you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we would like to say that you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we would like to say that you know no
+matter how you do it you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you do it you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you do it you're still
+basically going to end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to end up with the
+factors p and Q right like you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors p and Q right like you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors p and Q right like you will have
+solved the problem even if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the problem even if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the problem even if you didn't
+intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intend
+to does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay so suppose I have n e d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so suppose I have n e d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so suppose I have n e d
+okay so suppose I've I've used the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I've I've used the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I've I've used the uh
+the public key to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key to come up with the
+secret key so now I have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key so now I have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key so now I have these three
+pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of
+information right does this now allow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right does this now allow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information right does this now allow me
+to factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody remember the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody remember the quadratic
+formula from uh from grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+school it's okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school it's okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school it's okay I don't
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so if I have end d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right Ed minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Ed minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Ed minus one
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a multiple of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a multiple of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a multiple of P
+-1 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens if I reduce that mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+hm I get one uh if I reduce it mod P - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm I get one uh if I reduce it mod P - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm I get one uh if I reduce it mod P - 1
+* Q -1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah get p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q okay let's let's make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay let's let's make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay let's let's make it a little bit
+simpler suppose I actually have p minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler suppose I actually have p minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler suppose I actually have p minus1
+and Q -1 or P -1 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q -1 or P -1 * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q -1 or P -1 * Q
+-1 if I had that could I factor in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I had that I could oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm yeah so if we actually had P min-1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm yeah so if we actually had P min-1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm yeah so if we actually had P min-1 *
+Q - one we could use that to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q - one we could use that to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q - one we could use that to figure out
+the sum of p and Q we know their product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of p and Q we know their product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of p and Q we know their product
+we can use the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens if we just have Ed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we just have Ed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we just have Ed uh
+sorry e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D can we do something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh actually I'm running quite short on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually I'm running quite short on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually I'm running quite short on
+time okay uh why don't we hold off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay uh why don't we hold off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay uh why don't we hold off on
+that uh let's just take it on faith that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's just take it on faith that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's just take it on faith that
+we're relying on factoring being hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're relying on factoring being hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're relying on factoring being hard
+let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to
+uh the last thing that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last thing that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last thing that we wanted to
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today which is a uh slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is a uh slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is a uh slightly different
+application of uh of number Theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of uh of number Theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of uh of number Theory which
+you may find useful in uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find useful in uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find useful in uh you know
+throughout computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout computer
+science um notice where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so here we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here we kind of
+uh we're trying to work mod n right n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're trying to work mod n right n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're trying to work mod n right n is
+the fact or n is the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes and we said that it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and we said that it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and we said that it's easier
+instead of working mod n we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of working mod n we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of working mod n we're going to
+work mod the two primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work mod the two primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work mod the two primes
+individually okay so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay so it turns out that
+this this is something that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is something that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is something that you can do
+in general right uh this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general right uh this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general right uh this is what we call
+the Chinese remainder theorem right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese remainder theorem right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese remainder theorem right uh
+if you have uh in fact if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have uh in fact if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have uh in fact if you have two
+co-prime numbers p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime numbers p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-prime numbers p and
+Q working modulo their product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q working modulo their product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q working modulo their product is
+equivalent to working modulo each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to working modulo each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to working modulo each of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+individually okay and often working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay and often working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay and often working
+modulo you know the the smaller numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo you know the the smaller numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo you know the the smaller numbers
+individually is going to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually is going to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually is going to be you know
+much easier than working modu the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier than working modu the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier than working modu the the
+large number okay so as a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number okay so as a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number okay so as a very simple
+example uh suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh suppose we
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+following uh actually strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh actually strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh actually strictly less than
+55 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 okay
+and we know that X is congruent mod 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that X is congruent mod 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that X is congruent mod 5 to
+4 x congruent mod 11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 x congruent mod 11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 x congruent mod 11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim that we have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim that we have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I claim that we have enough
+information now to Unique identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now to Unique identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now to Unique identify
+X okay can anybody do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how might we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay uh so the answer was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay uh so the answer was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay uh so the answer was you know
+try everything between 0 and 55 uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try everything between 0 and 55 uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try everything between 0 and 55 uh see
+what they're con to mod four or Mod Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're con to mod four or Mod Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're con to mod four or Mod Five
+see what they're conent to mod 11 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're conent to mod 11 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're conent to mod 11 and
+see whether it satisfies both of those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it satisfies both of those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it satisfies both of those I
+claim that we can do it slightly faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that we can do it slightly faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that we can do it slightly faster
+than that uh why don't we enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh why don't we enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that uh why don't we enumerate
+everything that satisfies uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that satisfies uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that satisfies uh this
+congruence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence
+first okay so what is congruent to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so what is congruent to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so what is congruent to seven
+modul 11 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modul 11 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modul 11 in this
+range right so that tells us that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range right so that tells us that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range right so that tells us that maybe
+I should write it down here oops X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should write it down here oops X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should write it down here oops X is in
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+set 7 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 7 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set 7 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 and if we add 11 again we get past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 and if we add 11 again we get past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 and if we add 11 again we get past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we only have to check uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we only have to check uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we only have to check uh five
+numbers to see which is congruent to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to see which is congruent to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to see which is congruent to uh
+uh to four modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to four modul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to four modul
+5 and if we look at them 29 is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if we look at them 29 is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if we look at them 29 is the only
+one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+works okay so it turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay so it turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay so it turns out that there's
+a unique answer modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can actually do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can actually do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can actually do this in
+general and in fact even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and in fact even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and in fact even more
+efficiently so Chinese remainder theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so Chinese remainder theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so Chinese remainder theorem
+often abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated
+CRT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose p and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-prime okay and a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+okay and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have the
+following system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+congruences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruences
+okay so if we have this then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have this then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we have this then there is a
+unique solution there's a unique X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution there's a unique X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution there's a unique X that
+satisfies this modulo PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how might we prove this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how might we prove this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how might we prove this what
+what are the elements that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements that we need to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry oh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh here
+fien uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fien uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fien uh here
+fien yeah so you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fien yeah so you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fien yeah so you don't have to worry
+about what this is actually called we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this is actually called we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this is actually called we
+could call this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call this n
+Prime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime but
+yeah sorry this was just following up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry this was just following up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry this was just following up on
+on what one of your classmates asked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+okay so what are the elements that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the elements that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the elements that we
+need to prove in order to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove in order to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove in order to prove this
+this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well we need to prove existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we need to prove that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to prove that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to prove that there
+don't exist two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist two
+solutions okay so let's start with let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay so let's start with let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay so let's start with let's
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+existence why does there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution maybe we can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe we can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution maybe we can start thinking
+about a special case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a special case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a special case so
+suppose uh suppose for for a start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh suppose for for a start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh suppose for for a start that
+a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals
+Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer
+okay how could we find a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how could we find a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how could we find a solution
+uh to X congruent uh to b modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to X congruent uh to b modul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to X congruent uh to b modul
+q and x congruent to zero modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah
+so the relation here is that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relation here is that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relation here is that uh you know
+we've got our p and Q are 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our p and Q are 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our p and Q are 5 and
+11 right our A and B are 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 right our A and B are 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 right our A and B are 4 and
+seven and so we're saying that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and so we're saying that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and so we're saying that there's a
+unique solution to to you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to to you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to to you know this
+system of congruences modulo 55 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of congruences modulo 55 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of congruences modulo 55 which is
+their product okay or you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product okay or you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product okay or you know you could
+also phrase that as there is a unique X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also phrase that as there is a unique X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also phrase that as there is a unique X
+in this range like a unique integer X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range like a unique integer X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range like a unique integer X in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+okay so we're just kind of we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just kind of we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just kind of we're just
+kind of G to generalize this kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of G to generalize this kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of G to generalize this kind of to
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+a more General p and Q more General A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General p and Q more General A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General p and Q more General A
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+B okay question or oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+okay well if we look at the special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if we look at the special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if we look at the special case
+where a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a equals
+z why don't we start by defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z why don't we start by defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z why don't we start by defining
+uh P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P minus
+one p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p
+inverse uh to be a modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now let's multiply that by P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let's multiply that by P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let's multiply that by P to
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+integer uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what can we say about e subq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is it congruent to modul p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so we defined it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we defined it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we defined it to be a
+multiple of P so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of P so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of P so e
+subq is going to be congruent mod P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subq is going to be congruent mod P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subq is going to be congruent mod P to
+zero okay what about modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q what is it congruent to modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what is it congruent to modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what is it congruent to modulo
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+yeah one yeah so by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one yeah so by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one yeah so by definition
+right P inverse is a multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P inverse is a multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right P inverse is a multiplicative
+inverse of p modul q so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of p modul q so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of p modul q so when you
+multiply them you get one mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q okay so how can we use e sub Q to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay so how can we use e sub Q to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay so how can we use e sub Q to get
+X remember remember we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X remember remember we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X remember remember we're thinking of
+the special case where a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special case where a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special case where a equals
+z so we're trying to find a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so we're trying to find a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so we're trying to find a multiple of
+P that's congruent to b modu q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the answer was multiply EQ by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the answer was multiply EQ by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the answer was multiply EQ by B
+okay B * EQ now is congruent to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay B * EQ now is congruent to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay B * EQ now is congruent to zero
+modul p and 1 * B which is B modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q okay does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody so for the more General case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to
+Define uh e subp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now how how do you think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how how do you think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how how do you think we could
+solve the more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the more General
+case instead of just B * zq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of just B * zq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of just B * zq
+how do we then you know fold EP into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+claim X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim X
+equal a e p + b e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can verify each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can verify each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can verify each of these two
+congruences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruences
+separately right so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately right so if we look at the
+first congruence what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first congruence what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first congruence what happens if we
+reduce this x modu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p well modulo P this EP here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p well modulo P this EP here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p well modulo P this EP here is
+congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to
+one so this term becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this term becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this term becomes
+a uh we said that EQ is defined to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we said that EQ is defined to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh we said that EQ is defined to be a
+multiple of P so the second term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of P so the second term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of P so the second term just
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+away so modulo p X is now congruent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so modulo p X is now congruent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so modulo p X is now congruent to
+a modulo q it's exactly the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulo q it's exactly the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modulo q it's exactly the opposite
+right this term goes away because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term goes away because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this term goes away because the
+the EP was defined to be a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q right and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yes this is defined to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes this is defined to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes this is defined to be a
+multiple of Q and uh I've done it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q and uh I've done it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q and uh I've done it the
+wrong way around haven't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q mod
+q no no we're fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so EP is a multiple of Q the a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so EP is a multiple of Q the a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so EP is a multiple of Q the a term
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+away uh B * EQ is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh B * EQ is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh B * EQ is going to be one
+okay sorry B * EQ is going to be B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniqueness how might we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniqueness what is the what is the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness what is the what is the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness what is the what is the setup
+going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so the the idea was show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the the idea was show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the the idea was show that
+any candidate solution so let's say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any candidate solution so let's say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any candidate solution so let's say x
+Prime is actually the same solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is actually the same solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is actually the same solution okay
+so let X and X Prime be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let X and X Prime be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let X and X Prime be
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what are we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+yeah uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh not
+equals so we're not trying to we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so we're not trying to we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so we're not trying to we're not
+trying to prove there are unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove there are unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove there are unique
+integers right we're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right we're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right we're trying to prove
+that it's Unique modul PQ so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's Unique modul PQ so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's Unique modul PQ so we want to
+show that they're congruent modul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ
+okay how can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well what is the definition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalence we could do this by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we could do this by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence we could do this by showing
+that uh you know PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know PQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know PQ
+divides x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime now in order to do that right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now in order to do that right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime now in order to do that right we
+can look at p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at p and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at p and Q
+separately okay so why does p divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately okay so why does p divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately okay so why does p divide the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well both of them satisfy that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both of them satisfy that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both of them satisfy that first
+equation or that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or that first
+congruence okay so both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence okay so both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence okay so both of them are
+congruent to a modulo p if you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to a modulo p if you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruent to a modulo p if you subtract
+them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get
+zero okay so P divides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so P divides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so P divides the
+difference now because they both satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now because they both satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now because they both satisfy
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+congruence right uh you subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence right uh you subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruence right uh you subtract them
+you get B minus B right so there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get B minus B right so there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get B minus B right so there so the
+the so Q divides the difference as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so Q divides the difference as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so Q divides the difference as well
+okay so p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and by assumption they're co-prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by assumption they're co-prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by assumption they're co-prime
+so their product must then also divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their product must then also divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their product must then also divide
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+difference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means that x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that x and x Prime
+must be congruent modu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be congruent modu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be congruent modu of
+PQ okay so that's all we have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ okay so that's all we have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ okay so that's all we have time for
+today um yeah you'll see you'll get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um yeah you'll see you'll get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um yeah you'll see you'll get more
+practice with uh RSA and CRT in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with uh RSA and CRT in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with uh RSA and CRT in uh in
+recitation tomorrow and uh yeah feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation tomorrow and uh yeah feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation tomorrow and uh yeah feel
+free to uh come up if you have questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/i2ZyuWy_USg.txt b/i2ZyuWy_USg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a58f07d721fac9f4de305b62e97e47db7846a191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/i2ZyuWy_USg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu a couple of announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu a couple of announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu a couple of announcements
+tomorrow we'll resume uh testing we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll resume uh testing we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll resume uh testing we'll
+have uh quiz8 based on uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh quiz8 based on uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh quiz8 based on uh the two
+versions of homework 7 which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of homework 7 which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of homework 7 which one of
+which the second one the beta version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the second one the beta version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the second one the beta version
+I've relabeled homework 8 and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've relabeled homework 8 and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've relabeled homework 8 and uh it's
+posted on the web as such so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web as such so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web as such so so there's
+no confusion there's a homework s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no confusion there's a homework s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no confusion there's a homework s and
+there was a second homework seven one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a second homework seven one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a second homework seven one
+focused on x-ray defraction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on x-ray defraction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on x-ray defraction and the
+other one had X-ray defraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had X-ray defraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one had X-ray defraction and
+defects so that's the subject matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so that's the subject matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects so that's the subject matter for
+tomorrow's uh 10-minute uh test and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's uh 10-minute uh test and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow's uh 10-minute uh test and uh I
+think that's all I have by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all I have by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's all I have by way of
+introduction uh anybody recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh anybody recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction uh anybody recognize the
+music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music
+pH Philip Glass yes what else would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH Philip Glass yes what else would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH Philip Glass yes what else would you
+play if you're teaching amorphous solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play if you're teaching amorphous solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play if you're teaching amorphous solids
+could play something like Glass Onion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play something like Glass Onion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play something like Glass Onion by
+The Beetles if you can stand the beetles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Beetles if you can stand the beetles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Beetles if you can stand the beetles
+but didn't want to do that so oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but didn't want to do that so oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but didn't want to do that so oh yeah
+there's people My Generation there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people My Generation there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's people My Generation there's two
+categories those that think the Beetles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories those that think the Beetles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories those that think the Beetles
+are great and those that think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great and those that think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great and those that think they're
+just and I'm in the second category they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and I'm in the second category they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and I'm in the second category they
+bore me anyways uh this is uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore me anyways uh this is uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore me anyways uh this is uh what we
+were looking at okay so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at okay so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at okay so what we want to
+do today is continue the treatment of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is continue the treatment of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is continue the treatment of uh
+of glasses uh last day we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glasses uh last day we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glasses uh last day we saw that
+amorphous solids uh were formed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous solids uh were formed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous solids uh were formed under
+certain conditions and these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions and these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions and these were the
+three that we enunciated that glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that we enunciated that glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that we enunciated that glass
+formation is enhanced and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is enhanced and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is enhanced and here I'm
+talking about liquid to solid liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about liquid to solid liquid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about liquid to solid liquid to
+solid we can also form glasses by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we can also form glasses by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we can also form glasses by uh
+Vapor to solid but I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor to solid but I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor to solid but I'm talking about the
+dominant form of glass formation if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of glass formation if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of glass formation if we
+have a highly viscous liquid that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a highly viscous liquid that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a highly viscous liquid that is
+trying to rearrange itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to rearrange itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to rearrange itself
+to find a rather complex crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a rather complex crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a rather complex crystal
+structure in the solid and the cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the solid and the cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the solid and the cooling
+rate is very very rapid those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is very very rapid those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is very very rapid those three
+factors together will make it difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors together will make it difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors together will make it difficult
+for the atoms to find their proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atoms to find their proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atoms to find their proper
+lattice SES and as a result some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice SES and as a result some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice SES and as a result some of the
+disorder of the liquid will be quenched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder of the liquid will be quenched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder of the liquid will be quenched
+in and the result will be a glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the result will be a glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the result will be a glass and
+today I wanted to study a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I wanted to study a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I wanted to study a particular
+form of glass which is the dominant one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of glass which is the dominant one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of glass which is the dominant one
+you know silicate glasses and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know silicate glasses and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know silicate glasses and these are
+based on on silica and uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on on silica and uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on on silica and uh we're going to
+study their structure and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study their structure and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study their structure and their
+properties today and so um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties today and so um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties today and so um the first
+thing we want to recognize is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to recognize is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to recognize is that we're
+talking about something that's inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something that's inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something that's inorganic
+and calent it's calent in both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calent it's calent in both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calent it's calent in both uh
+silicon and oxygen we form sp3 hybrids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and oxygen we form sp3 hybrids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and oxygen we form sp3 hybrids
+so we have the capability of forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the capability of forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the capability of forming
+four bonds and obviously oxygen forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonds and obviously oxygen forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonds and obviously oxygen forms
+two and then two of its pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then two of its pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then two of its pairs of
+electrons are in non-bonding orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in non-bonding orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in non-bonding orbitals
+silicon on the other other hand has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon on the other other hand has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon on the other other hand has four
+electrons Each of which shares and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Each of which shares and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Each of which shares and the
+difference between what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what you're seeing
+here and what you're seeing in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what you're seeing in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what you're seeing in something
+like diamond is that in diamond or in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diamond is that in diamond or in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diamond is that in diamond or in uh
+Crystal and silicon all of the atoms on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon all of the atoms on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon all of the atoms on
+the board would be the same we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board would be the same we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board would be the same we'd have
+either all carbons sp3 hybridized or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all carbons sp3 hybridized or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either all carbons sp3 hybridized or all
+silicons sp3 hybridized here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicons sp3 hybridized here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicons sp3 hybridized here we've got
+silicons and oxygens so each silicon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicons and oxygens so each silicon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicons and oxygens so each silicon has
+four oxygens as nearest neighbors and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oxygens as nearest neighbors and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oxygens as nearest neighbors and if
+the atoms align perfectly we will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms align perfectly we will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms align perfectly we will end up
+with something that is crystalline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that is crystalline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that is crystalline but
+Tom if we could go to the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom if we could go to the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom if we could go to the document
+camera I'd like to show what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera I'd like to show what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera I'd like to show what the
+uh what the basics of glass formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the basics of glass formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the basics of glass formation
+are uh consider the yellow atoms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh consider the yellow atoms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh consider the yellow atoms as
+being silicons and the gray atoms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being silicons and the gray atoms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being silicons and the gray atoms is
+being oxygen so you see every silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being oxygen so you see every silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being oxygen so you see every silicon
+has four uh oxygen atoms and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four uh oxygen atoms and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four uh oxygen atoms and every
+oxygen atom lies between two silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom lies between two silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom lies between two silicon
+atoms and these are both sp3 hybridized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and these are both sp3 hybridized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and these are both sp3 hybridized
+but there's a difference the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference the difference
+is that in the case of silicon all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the case of silicon all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the case of silicon all four
+bonds are specified in space but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are specified in space but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are specified in space but in the
+case of oxygen this Bond here the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of oxygen this Bond here the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of oxygen this Bond here the bond
+that Bridges the two silicons it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bridges the two silicons it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bridges the two silicons it can
+maintain the 109° angle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the 109° angle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the 109° angle but
+rotate because the the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate because the the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate because the the other the other
+two orbitals are are simply containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals are are simply containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals are are simply containing
+non-bridging uh excuse me U non-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bridging uh excuse me U non-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bridging uh excuse me U non-bonding
+electrons so because this is free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so because this is free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so because this is free to
+rotate we have the possibility that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate we have the possibility that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate we have the possibility that in
+the liquid state it's twisting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid state it's twisting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid state it's twisting and
+turning Every Which Way and then as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning Every Which Way and then as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning Every Which Way and then as the
+temperature drops and the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature drops and the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature drops and the materials
+getting the signal it's time to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the signal it's time to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the signal it's time to form the
+solid these have to twist around they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid these have to twist around they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid these have to twist around they
+have to align themselves perfectly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to align themselves perfectly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to align themselves perfectly if
+they do so we'll end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so we'll end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so we'll end up with something
+that looks like this now this strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this now this strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this now this strictly
+speaking is not a crystallin um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is not a crystallin um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is not a crystallin um uh
+quartz it's a cousin of it it's a verite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz it's a cousin of it it's a verite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartz it's a cousin of it it's a verite
+structure but again you can see sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but again you can see sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but again you can see sp3
+hybridized yellow atoms with bridging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized yellow atoms with bridging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridized yellow atoms with bridging
+uh gray atoms and when everything lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gray atoms and when everything lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gray atoms and when everything lines
+up we end up with something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we end up with something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we end up with something that's a
+three-dimensional Crystal so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Crystal so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional Crystal so you see
+something that is net cubic you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is net cubic you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is net cubic you've got
+uh two atoms per lattice point and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two atoms per lattice point and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two atoms per lattice point and so on
+there's a o1 plane O2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a o1 plane O2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a o1 plane O2 and so on
+everything's making sense and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's making sense and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's making sense and the same
+thing happens here if this Falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens here if this Falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens here if this Falls and
+forms on a line then these three will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms on a line then these three will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms on a line then these three will
+line up as they do across this uh 011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up as they do across this uh 011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up as they do across this uh 011
+phas but if the solidification occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas but if the solidification occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas but if the solidification occurs at
+a rate too rapid to allow everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate too rapid to allow everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate too rapid to allow everything to
+twist around we end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist around we end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist around we end up with something
+that fails to achieve uh crystallinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fails to achieve uh crystallinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fails to achieve uh crystallinity
+so this is the origin this is the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the origin this is the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the origin this is the origin
+of the uh crystal structure that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh crystal structure that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh crystal structure that we see
+here so again just to recap the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so again just to recap the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so again just to recap the Silicon
+bonds silicon bonds specified they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds silicon bonds specified they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds silicon bonds specified they're
+fully specified they're specified in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified they're specified in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified they're specified in in
+three directions okay whereas the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three directions okay whereas the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three directions okay whereas the oxygen
+bonds are specified only in two Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are specified only in two Di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are specified only in two Di
+dimensions and therefore there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and therefore there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and therefore there's one
+degree of Freedom one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom one degree of
+freedom and this is where the cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and this is where the cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and this is where the cooling
+rate comes into play because the cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate comes into play because the cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate comes into play because the cooling
+rate can quench in the motion before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate can quench in the motion before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate can quench in the motion before
+everything has Twisted to rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has Twisted to rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has Twisted to rearrange
+itself so first thing to note second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so first thing to note second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so first thing to note second
+thing is we observe that this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we observe that this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we observe that this can
+continue without limit there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue without limit there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue without limit there's no reason
+for this to terminate so we have long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to terminate so we have long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to terminate so we have long
+chains here long chains so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains here long chains so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains here long chains so this is an
+Essence a polymer this is an Essence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essence a polymer this is an Essence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essence a polymer this is an Essence a
+polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and
+sio2 is the myr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 is the myr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 is the myr
+unit you might say well gee I see four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you might say well gee I see four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you might say well gee I see four
+oxygens bonded to the Silicon but each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens bonded to the Silicon but each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens bonded to the Silicon but each
+oxygen is shared by two silicon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is shared by two silicon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is shared by two silicon so
+stochiometrically it's sio2 it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometrically it's sio2 it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometrically it's sio2 it all comes
+out in the wash so you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the wash so you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the wash so you can think of this
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+long long spaghetti that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long spaghetti that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long spaghetti that's what we're
+looking at molecules that are very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at molecules that are very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at molecules that are very long
+and that and to make matters worse they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and to make matters worse they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and to make matters worse they
+entangle in the liquid so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle in the liquid so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangle in the liquid so they
+crisscross each other and now they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisscross each other and now they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisscross each other and now they have
+to disentangle and and line up in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disentangle and and line up in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disentangle and and line up in such a
+way as to give us uh something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as to give us uh something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as to give us uh something that is
+uh crystalline so what about evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crystalline so what about evidence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crystalline so what about evidence of
+disorder Tom may we go to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder Tom may we go to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder Tom may we go to the uh
+computer graphic please so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer graphic please so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer graphic please so if we want to
+look for evidence of disorder let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for evidence of disorder let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for evidence of disorder let's use
+some X-ray defraction and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X-ray defraction and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some X-ray defraction and here you have
+two uh um specimens the upper one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh um specimens the upper one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh um specimens the upper one is
+cristobalite which is one of the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cristobalite which is one of the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cristobalite which is one of the several
+crystallin forms of of sio2 and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin forms of of sio2 and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin forms of of sio2 and here you
+see this is intensity versus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is intensity versus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is intensity versus some
+function of angle and as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle and as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle and as you would
+expect if something is crystallin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if something is crystallin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if something is crystallin you
+would get distinct Peaks and those Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get distinct Peaks and those Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get distinct Peaks and those Peaks
+come out of the selection rules which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the selection rules which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the selection rules which
+you know on the basis of constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the basis of constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the basis of constructive
+and destructive interference the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructive interference the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destructive interference the lower
+Trace is that of amorphous silica now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is that of amorphous silica now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace is that of amorphous silica now
+note carefully it's not a featuress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note carefully it's not a featuress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note carefully it's not a featuress
+spectrum it has one feature it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum it has one feature it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum it has one feature it has one
+feature there's one broad Peak and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature there's one broad Peak and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature there's one broad Peak and why
+is there one broad Peak as opposed to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there one broad Peak as opposed to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there one broad Peak as opposed to no
+Peaks at all because there is in silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks at all because there is in silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks at all because there is in silica
+there is short range order I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is short range order I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is short range order I know what
+the local environment is around every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local environment is around every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local environment is around every
+silicon it's four oxygens we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's four oxygens we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's four oxygens we know the
+Silicon oxygen Bond distance and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon oxygen Bond distance and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon oxygen Bond distance and we know
+that each of these is at 109 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these is at 109 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these is at 109 degrees
+from the central silicon and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central silicon and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the central silicon and that gives
+rise to this one broad Peak after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to this one broad Peak after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to this one broad Peak after that
+where the second nearest neighbors lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second nearest neighbors lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second nearest neighbors lie
+depends on how those uh backbones were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how those uh backbones were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how those uh backbones were
+twisted and turned at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisted and turned at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisted and turned at the time that
+motion ceased so the point here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion ceased so the point here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion ceased so the point here is that
+in the glass we have no long range order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the glass we have no long range order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the glass we have no long range order
+but we do have short range order and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do have short range order and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do have short range order and the
+uh x-ray defraction Spectrum gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x-ray defraction Spectrum gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x-ray defraction Spectrum gives us
+that quite vividly um so now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite vividly um so now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite vividly um so now let's look
+at the energetics of this let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energetics energetics of glass formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics energetics of glass formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics energetics of glass formation
+first of all which do we expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which do we expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which do we expect to be
+lower energy energy the crystallin form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy energy the crystallin form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy energy the crystallin form
+or the glassy form which one would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the glassy form which one would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the glassy form which one would be
+lower energy well how do you attack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy well how do you attack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy well how do you attack a
+problem like that well ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like that well ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like that well ask yourself
+what's the physical metric of energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physical metric of energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physical metric of energy in
+this system it's Bond formation we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system it's Bond formation we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system it's Bond formation we know
+that Bond formation lowers the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond formation lowers the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond formation lowers the energy of
+the system that is the same makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that is the same makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that is the same makes it
+more negative so where do I form more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative so where do I form more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative so where do I form more
+bonds when things are tightly packed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds when things are tightly packed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds when things are tightly packed in
+a crystall in Array or when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystall in Array or when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystall in Array or when they are
+Loosely packed in this disordered glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely packed in this disordered glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely packed in this disordered glassy
+Arrangement well clearly the crystallin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement well clearly the crystallin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrangement well clearly the crystallin
+array gives us the most intimacy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array gives us the most intimacy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array gives us the most intimacy and so
+therefore we would argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we would argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we would argue that the
+crystalline crystalline solid is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline crystalline solid is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline crystalline solid is at
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and it achieves lower energy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it achieves lower energy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and it achieves lower energy by
+forming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming more
+bonds via higher Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density well higher Bond density would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density well higher Bond density would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density well higher Bond density would
+mean that for a given mass of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that for a given mass of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that for a given mass of material
+if I have a higher Bond density it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a higher Bond density it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a higher Bond density it would
+be a more compact structure more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a more compact structure more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a more compact structure more compact
+structure more bonds per unit volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure more bonds per unit volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure more bonds per unit volume so
+this leads to volume as a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to volume as a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to volume as a measure of
+disorder volume as a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder as a measure of disorder so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder as a measure of disorder so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder as a measure of disorder so I
+want to show you a trace that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a trace that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a trace that comes out
+of your your reading this is from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your reading this is from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your reading this is from the uh
+lecture notes the archive lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes the archive lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes the archive lecture notes
+and what we're looking at here is volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're looking at here is volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're looking at here is volume
+on the uh ordinate as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh ordinate as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh ordinate as a function of
+temperature and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we're going to look at
+this in in some details I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in some details I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in some details I'm going to
+spend a little bit of time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time on this
+because this teaches us what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this teaches us what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this teaches us what's going on
+in these systems energetically using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these systems energetically using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these systems energetically using a
+macroscopic measure the volume that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic measure the volume that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic measure the volume that's
+trivial to measure volume you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to measure volume you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to measure volume you can use
+aredian displacement it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aredian displacement it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aredian displacement it's very easy to
+measure volume all right first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure volume all right first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure volume all right first of all
+there's a there's a typo in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a typo in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a typo in the book
+excuse me in the uh archive notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me in the uh archive notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me in the uh archive notes I
+think it's pretty clear that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty clear that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's pretty clear that when
+temperature Falls it's cooling so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls it's cooling so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Falls it's cooling so just
+uh be mindful of that so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be mindful of that so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be mindful of that so the first thing
+I want to do is get you referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is get you referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is get you referenced
+against the crystal okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the crystal okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the crystal okay so I'm going to
+use te colors today all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use te colors today all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use te colors today all right so let's
+start we're going to go since we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we're going to go since we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we're going to go since we're at
+MIT we'll go on the red line okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we'll go on the red line okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we'll go on the red line okay so
+here's the red line we start up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the red line we start up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the red line we start up here we
+have a given amount of silicate glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a given amount of silicate glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a given amount of silicate glass
+and we decrease the temperature that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decrease the temperature that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decrease the temperature that's
+what cooling means we decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cooling means we decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cooling means we decrease the
+temperature and if this is to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if this is to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if this is to form the
+crystal in other words I cool slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal in other words I cool slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal in other words I cool slowly
+enough that the atoms can rearrange as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the atoms can rearrange as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the atoms can rearrange as
+is typical of crystallin solids there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical of crystallin solids there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typical of crystallin solids there's
+an Abrupt change in volume at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Abrupt change in volume at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Abrupt change in volume at the
+freezing point the liquid turns to solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing point the liquid turns to solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing point the liquid turns to solid
+and the system contracts in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system contracts in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system contracts in a
+discontinuous manner the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous manner the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous manner the volume of the
+liquid is substantially less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is substantially less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is substantially less than that
+of a solid typically there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solid typically there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solid typically there's a few
+exceptions and we know what some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and we know what some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and we know what some of them
+are such as ice such as silicon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such as ice such as silicon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such as ice such as silicon and a
+few other important uh substances but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few other important uh substances but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few other important uh substances but
+the a the the the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the the the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a the the the vast majority of
+substances pack more tightly in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances pack more tightly in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances pack more tightly in in the
+solid state so here we have the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state so here we have the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state so here we have the volume
+of solidification and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solidification and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solidification and then as we
+continue to decrease the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decrease the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decrease the temperature the
+volume decreases right you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume decreases right you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume decreases right you know about
+thermal expansion right what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion right what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion right what's happening
+in thermal expansion the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal expansion the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal expansion the atoms are
+moving about their rest positions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving about their rest positions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving about their rest positions and so
+here we finally get to a temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we finally get to a temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we finally get to a temperature at
+which we have enough energy to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have enough energy to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have enough energy to break the
+lattice energy and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice energy and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice energy and now we
+discontinuously jump up to the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously jump up to the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously jump up to the liquid
+state and away we go so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and away we go so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and away we go so this is the
+reference and by the way the the notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and by the way the the notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and by the way the the notice
+one thing here that the change in volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing here that the change in volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing here that the change in volume
+per unit change in temperature is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit change in temperature is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit change in temperature is much
+greater for a liquid than it is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater for a liquid than it is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater for a liquid than it is for a
+solid and you can continue that the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you can continue that the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you can continue that the unit
+change in volume per unit change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume per unit change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume per unit change in
+temperature is greater for a gas than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is greater for a gas than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is greater for a gas than it
+is for a liquid I mean this is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a liquid I mean this is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a liquid I mean this is the basis
+for thermometry right if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermometry right if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thermometry right if you've got
+mercury in a glass bulb and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in a glass bulb and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in a glass bulb and the
+temperature changes what you're betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature changes what you're betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature changes what you're betting
+is that the unit change in liquid volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the unit change in liquid volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the unit change in liquid volume
+which is pretty much constrained in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty much constrained in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty much constrained in one
+dimension because we have a very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension because we have a very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension because we have a very tiny
+cross-sectional area you're betting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area you're betting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area you're betting that
+the unit change in liquid volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit change in liquid volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit change in liquid volume is
+substantially higher than that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially higher than that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially higher than that of the
+unit change in the solid volume in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit change in the solid volume in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit change in the solid volume in other
+words the if you'll forgive forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the if you'll forgive forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the if you'll forgive forgive me
+the term the glass thermometer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term the glass thermometer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term the glass thermometer that
+contains the Mercury it wouldn't do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the Mercury it wouldn't do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the Mercury it wouldn't do you
+any good if the Mercury were expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good if the Mercury were expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good if the Mercury were expanding
+and the glass were expanding that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glass were expanding that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glass were expanding that would
+be useless as a metric wouldn't it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useless as a metric wouldn't it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useless as a metric wouldn't it so
+what we're betting is that the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're betting is that the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're betting is that the unit
+change in volume of the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume of the liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume of the liquid is
+substantially greater than that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially greater than that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially greater than that of the
+solid and you can see that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you can see that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you can see that would be the
+slope of this line this would be DV by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line this would be DV by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line this would be DV by
+DT and I've indicated this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and I've indicated this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and I've indicated this this is the
+melting point melting point now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point melting point now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point melting point now let's go
+down the green line now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the green line now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the green line now we're going to
+go down the green line the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down the green line the green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down the green line the green line
+starts up with the same liquid but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts up with the same liquid but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts up with the same liquid but we're
+cooling at a much more rapid rate we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling at a much more rapid rate we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling at a much more rapid rate we're
+cooling so quickly that all of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling so quickly that all of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling so quickly that all of the atoms
+can't twist and turn and find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't twist and turn and find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't twist and turn and find their
+crystallin positions and so we just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin positions and so we just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin positions and so we just go
+zooming right through the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming right through the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming right through the melting point
+with no substantial decrease in volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no substantial decrease in volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no substantial decrease in volume
+we continue to cool cool cool down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue to cool cool cool down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue to cool cool cool down here
+we're acting as a liquid below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're acting as a liquid below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're acting as a liquid below the
+normal melting point we have super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal melting point we have super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal melting point we have super
+cooled liquid and finally we get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled liquid and finally we get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled liquid and finally we get to a
+temperature below which the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature below which the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature below which the change in
+volume levels out to that of what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume levels out to that of what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume levels out to that of what you'd
+expect down here in the Crystal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect down here in the Crystal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect down here in the Crystal and this
+knee in the curve is called the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee in the curve is called the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knee in the curve is called the glass
+transition temperature so above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature so above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition temperature so above the
+glass transition temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass transition temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass transition temperature this
+material is behaving as a liquid and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is behaving as a liquid and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is behaving as a liquid and you
+know that viscosity is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that viscosity is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that viscosity is strongly
+dependent upon temperature so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon temperature so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon temperature so I'm not
+saying that this is Flowing like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is Flowing like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is Flowing like water
+it starts off flowing like honey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off flowing like honey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off flowing like honey and
+down here it's it's flowing like honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's it's flowing like honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's it's flowing like honey
+you know the proverbial molasses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proverbial molasses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proverbial molasses in
+January it is viscous but very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January it is viscous but very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January it is viscous but very very
+viscous but finally down here at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous but finally down here at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous but finally down here at this
+lower temperature interval it's immobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower temperature interval it's immobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower temperature interval it's immobile
+it's behaving as a solid but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's behaving as a solid but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's behaving as a solid but the
+interesting thing here is that this knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here is that this knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing here is that this knee
+in the curve is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the curve is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the curve is a function of the
+cooling rate we a rate dependent process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling rate we a rate dependent process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling rate we a rate dependent process
+as you'd expect if I cool more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'd expect if I cool more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'd expect if I cool more quickly
+it's like the musical chairs instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the musical chairs instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the musical chairs instead of
+gradually decreasing the volume I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually decreasing the volume I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually decreasing the volume I just
+cut the volume so let's do one more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the volume so let's do one more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the volume so let's do one more so
+by the way what's the point of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what's the point of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what's the point of all this
+I forgot we said that volume is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot we said that volume is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot we said that volume is a
+measure of disorder so if we use let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of disorder so if we use let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of disorder so if we use let's
+say this down here against the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this down here against the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this down here against the um the
+origin is room temperature so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is room temperature so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is room temperature so the
+projection of this lower line would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this lower line would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this lower line would be
+the unit volume of the Crystal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit volume of the Crystal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit volume of the Crystal and you
+can see the projection of the upper line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the projection of the upper line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the projection of the upper line
+here is to a higher value and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to a higher value and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to a higher value and that
+excess volume is some measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume is some measure of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume is some measure of how
+much disorder has been quenched in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much disorder has been quenched in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much disorder has been quenched in if
+the Crystal had truly formed we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal had truly formed we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal had truly formed we would
+have the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the volume of the
+crystal now let's do it again only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal now let's do it again only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal now let's do it again only this
+time we go much more slowly when we cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go much more slowly when we cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go much more slowly when we cool
+if we go more slowly doesn't it stand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go more slowly doesn't it stand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go more slowly doesn't it stand a
+reason that the system will have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the system will have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that the system will have more
+time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to
+rearrange and so therefore the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and so therefore the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and so therefore the amount of
+excess volume that quenches in is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume that quenches in is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume that quenches in is not as
+great so this excess volume is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this excess volume is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this excess volume is not
+anywhere nearly as great so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere nearly as great so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere nearly as great so what have we
+shown you shown you a lot we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you shown you a lot we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you shown you a lot we've shown
+you the Dynamics of glass formation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Dynamics of glass formation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Dynamics of glass formation so
+let's let's write this all down this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's write this all down this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's write this all down this is
+really good so first of all what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good so first of all what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good so first of all what do we
+see we're we're looking at liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're we're looking at liquid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we're we're looking at liquid to
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+transformation and we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and we have two
+possibilities we can either make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we can either make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we can either make a
+crystal or we can make a glass that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal or we can make a glass that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal or we can make a glass that is
+to say it can be crystallin or amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it can be crystallin or amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it can be crystallin or amorphous
+okay crystallin or amorphous and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay crystallin or amorphous and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay crystallin or amorphous and how do
+we indicate we indicate solidification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we indicate we indicate solidification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we indicate we indicate solidification
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+solidification the metric that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification the metric that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification the metric that we're
+using for solidification is the knee in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for solidification is the knee in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for solidification is the knee in
+the curve of volume versus temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve of volume versus temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve of volume versus temperature
+because we say we know we've achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we say we know we've achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we say we know we've achieved
+solidification on the basis of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification on the basis of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification on the basis of a
+coefficient of thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+solid is substantially less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is substantially less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is substantially less than the
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion of the
+liquid so if we're looking at V versus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so if we're looking at V versus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so if we're looking at V versus T
+we Define we Define the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define we Define the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define we Define the temperature at
+which solidification is occurred when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solidification is occurred when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which solidification is occurred when we
+switch from the high value of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the high value of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch from the high value of the liquid
+to the low value of the solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the low value of the solid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the low value of the solid and the
+only difference between solidification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference between solidification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference between solidification
+to form a crystal and solidification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a crystal and solidification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form a crystal and solidification to
+form a glass is that if we look at V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a glass is that if we look at V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a glass is that if we look at V
+versus T for crystallization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a steep slope up here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a steep slope up here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a steep slope up here I have a
+gentle slope down here and I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle slope down here and I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle slope down here and I have an
+Abrupt change I have an Abrupt change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abrupt change I have an Abrupt change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abrupt change I have an Abrupt change
+whereas in the case of glass formation V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the case of glass formation V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the case of glass formation V
+versus T this is glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus T this is glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus T this is glass
+formation in that case I again I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in that case I again I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in that case I again I have
+the steep slope at high temperature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steep slope at high temperature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steep slope at high temperature I
+have the shallow slope at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shallow slope at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shallow slope at low
+temperature but there is no abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but there is no abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but there is no abrupt
+change so this is called the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this is called the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so this is called the melting
+point and this this is called the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this this is called the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this this is called the glass
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+temperature glass transition temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature glass transition temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature glass transition temperature
+in both cases it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases it's the
+coefficient of thermal expansion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of thermal expansion that
+Clues you in because in glass formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues you in because in glass formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues you in because in glass formation
+there's no abrupt change in volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no abrupt change in volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no abrupt change in volume and
+so this is going to be the lowest volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be the lowest volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be the lowest volume
+this is the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the volume of the
+Crystal and these are this is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and these are this is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and these are this is the volume
+of glass at some particular cooling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass at some particular cooling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass at some particular cooling rate
+so this is V1 and just for refence V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is V1 and just for refence V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is V1 and just for refence V
+crystal is down here and this excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is down here and this excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is down here and this excess
+volume is the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the measure of
+disorder excess volume is the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder excess volume is the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder excess volume is the measure of
+disorder so we're in good shape now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder so we're in good shape now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder so we're in good shape now we
+can make the definitions let's make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the definitions let's make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the definitions let's make the
+definitions the one let's compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the one let's compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the one let's compare the
+two forms of solidification so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms of solidification so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two forms of solidification so the first
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+crystallization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization
+crystallization in both cases we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization in both cases we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization in both cases we're
+going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from
+liquid in this case we go from liquid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in this case we go from liquid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in this case we go from liquid to
+crystallin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin
+solid crystallin solid and this occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid crystallin solid and this occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid crystallin solid and this occurs
+at a temperature called the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a temperature called the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a temperature called the melting
+point and the melting point is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the melting point is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the melting point is not a
+function of cooling rate as we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cooling rate as we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cooling rate as we're going
+to learn later it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn later it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn later it's a function of
+certain environmental constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain environmental constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain environmental constraints
+pressure composition but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure composition but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure composition but it's not a
+function of the cooling rate doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the cooling rate doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the cooling rate doesn't
+matter if I cool water which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I cool water which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I cool water which doesn't
+form glass if I cool water slowly or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form glass if I cool water slowly or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form glass if I cool water slowly or if
+I cool it rapidly at zero excuse me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cool it rapidly at zero excuse me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cool it rapidly at zero excuse me at
+one atmosphere pressure 100% water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere pressure 100% water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere pressure 100% water
+should change from liquid to solid at 0°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change from liquid to solid at 0°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change from liquid to solid at 0°
+C always okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C always okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C always okay
+so the melting point independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the melting point independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the melting point independent of
+cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate now contrast that with what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now contrast that with what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now contrast that with what we've
+observed here for glass formation glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed here for glass formation glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed here for glass formation glass
+formation this is again a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation this is again a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation this is again a form of
+solidification but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification but it's a
+different end result same composition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different end result same composition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different end result same composition so
+in this case we have super cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we have super cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we have super cooled
+liquid it's liquid but just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it's liquid but just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it's liquid but just to remind
+you it's it's liquid that's cooled below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's it's liquid that's cooled below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's it's liquid that's cooled below
+the melting point T less than melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point T less than melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point T less than melting
+point and it transforms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it transforms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it transforms to
+glassy glassy solid or morphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy glassy solid or morphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy glassy solid or morphous
+solid and this occurs at a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and this occurs at a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and this occurs at a temperature
+known as the glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the glass transition
+temperature T subg and unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T subg and unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T subg and unlike the
+melting point T subg is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point T subg is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point T subg is a function of
+the cooling rate is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooling rate is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cooling rate is a function of the
+cooling rate so that's an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling rate so that's an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling rate so that's an engineering
+tool we can use if we want to quench in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool we can use if we want to quench in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool we can use if we want to quench in
+more free volume we cool at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more free volume we cool at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more free volume we cool at a higher
+rate if we want less free volume we cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if we want less free volume we cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if we want less free volume we cool
+at a lower rate so this has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower rate so this has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower rate so this has to do with
+uh the intersection between the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intersection between the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intersection between the theory
+and the processing so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the processing so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the processing so that's what's
+going on in these uh in these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in these uh in these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in these uh in these uh
+silicate glasses and I don't want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate glasses and I don't want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate glasses and I don't want this
+to be so narrowly focused as only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so narrowly focused as only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so narrowly focused as only on
+silicate there are other such systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate there are other such systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate there are other such systems in
+other words uh inorganic coent networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words uh inorganic coent networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words uh inorganic coent networks
+so let's take a look at them other glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at them other glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at them other glass
+forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming
+oxides other glass forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxides what are we going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides what are we going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides what are we going to look for
+we're going to look for oxides that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look for oxides that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look for oxides that have
+the capability forming coov valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability forming coov valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability forming coov valent
+bonds coov valent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cove valent bonding of the metal atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cove valent bonding of the metal atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cove valent bonding of the metal atoms
+of metal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal to
+metal right silicon is more metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right silicon is more metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right silicon is more metallic
+than oxygen so we have Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oxygen so we have Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oxygen so we have Cove valent
+bonding of metal to metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding of metal to metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding of metal to metal
+via bridging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via bridging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via bridging
+oxygen via bridging oxygen oxygen acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen via bridging oxygen oxygen acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen via bridging oxygen oxygen acts
+as the bridge between the metal ions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bridge between the metal ions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bridge between the metal ions so
+we never have two silicons bonding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never have two silicons bonding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never have two silicons bonding to
+one another we always have a silicon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another we always have a silicon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another we always have a silicon to
+Silicon via the oxygen so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon via the oxygen so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon via the oxygen so let's look at
+them well we've got silica if we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we've got silica if we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we've got silica if we believe
+mandal of then Germania should work geo2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandal of then Germania should work geo2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandal of then Germania should work geo2
+should work so germinate glasses we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work so germinate glasses we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work so germinate glasses we can
+also look at group three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at group three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at group three
+b23 boric oxide can form glasses borade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b23 boric oxide can form glasses borade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b23 boric oxide can form glasses borade
+glasses and I think I've got a slide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and I think I've got a slide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and I think I've got a slide of
+that yeah and the on the left side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and the on the left side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and the on the left side you
+see Boron as group three it forms SP2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Boron as group three it forms SP2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Boron as group three it forms SP2
+hybrids so SP2 hybrids will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids so SP2 hybrids will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids so SP2 hybrids will give you
+three bonds 20° in the plane so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bonds 20° in the plane so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bonds 20° in the plane so this is
+crystallin this is crystallin b23 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin this is crystallin b23 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin this is crystallin b23 on the
+left side whereas on the right side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side whereas on the right side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side whereas on the right side you
+see that sometimes there's the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that sometimes there's the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that sometimes there's the freedom
+to twist and as a result this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twist and as a result this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to twist and as a result this is not
+lying in the plane it's hard to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying in the plane it's hard to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying in the plane it's hard to see this
+but the the right hand image um Rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the right hand image um Rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the right hand image um Rises
+and Falls above and below the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Falls above and below the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Falls above and below the plane of
+the of the uh uh projection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the uh uh projection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the uh uh projection and the
+result is we have disorder and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we have disorder and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we have disorder and you can
+see with the naked eye here the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the naked eye here the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with the naked eye here the unit
+volume if we say in round numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if we say in round numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume if we say in round numbers we
+have the same number of atoms left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of atoms left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of atoms left and
+right you can see that the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that the volume of the
+glass is far in excess than the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is far in excess than the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is far in excess than the volume
+of the Crystal and I could measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Crystal and I could measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Crystal and I could measure the
+change in volume between that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume between that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in volume between that of the
+disordered structure to that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered structure to that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered structure to that of the
+ordered structure and say the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered structure and say the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered structure and say the magnitude
+of that difference is a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that difference is a magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that difference is a magnitude of
+glassiness if this is only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassiness if this is only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassiness if this is only a small
+volume larger it it's axiomatic then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume larger it it's axiomatic then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume larger it it's axiomatic then it
+must mean it's darn close to purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean it's darn close to purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean it's darn close to purely
+crystalline so you can see very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline so you can see very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline so you can see very nicely
+so this is borate glasses and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is borate glasses and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is borate glasses and uh we'll
+say something about those later we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about those later we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about those later we can
+go to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to group
+five phosphate glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphate glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphate glasses
+p205 vanadate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p205 vanadate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p205 vanadate
+glasses uh arsonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses uh arsonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses uh arsonate
+glasses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and
+lastly snate glasses so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly snate glasses so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly snate glasses so these are all
+elements that can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that can form
+three-dimensional uh Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh Cove valent
+networks via bridging oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks via bridging oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks via bridging oxygens
+now let's look at the properties it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the properties it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the properties it's
+time to talk about properties we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about properties we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to talk about properties we know
+enough let's go they're chemically inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let's go they're chemically inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough let's go they're chemically inert
+how did we conclude this they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we conclude this they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we conclude this they're
+chemically inert I've got strong coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically inert I've got strong coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically inert I've got strong coent
+bonds satisfied octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds satisfied octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds satisfied octet
+stability these things are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability these things are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability these things are not going to
+react with other compounds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with other compounds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with other compounds because
+they're stable the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stable the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're stable the way they
+are electrically insulating how did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically insulating how did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically insulating how did I
+get that same thing when you have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that same thing when you have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that same thing when you have strong
+bonds whether it's strong ionic bonds as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whether it's strong ionic bonds as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whether it's strong ionic bonds as
+in sodium chloride or strong Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sodium chloride or strong Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sodium chloride or strong Cove valent
+bonds as in sio2 or Diamond strong bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds as in sio2 or Diamond strong bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds as in sio2 or Diamond strong bonds
+mean tightly held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean tightly held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean tightly held
+electrons and remember all that Glitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and remember all that Glitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and remember all that Glitters
+Is Not Gold but it must have free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is Not Gold but it must have free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is Not Gold but it must have free
+electrons so this will not be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this will not be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this will not be a good
+conductor of electricity in fact it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of electricity in fact it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of electricity in fact it is a
+good insulator and if you go out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good insulator and if you go out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good insulator and if you go out in the
+street and you see some of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and you see some of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and you see some of the old
+telephone poles you'll see these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone poles you'll see these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone poles you'll see these uh
+silicate they're typically brownish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate they're typically brownish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate they're typically brownish
+they're uh standoffs where the wires uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh standoffs where the wires uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh standoffs where the wires uh
+hang from crossmember to crossmember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang from crossmember to crossmember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang from crossmember to crossmember
+they're all made out of these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all made out of these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all made out of these materials
+mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically
+brittle mechanically brittle strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle mechanically brittle strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle mechanically brittle strong
+bonds we don't have we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we don't have we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we don't have we don't have the
+shared smearing of of orbitals as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared smearing of of orbitals as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared smearing of of orbitals as we do
+in metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metallic
+bonds we don't have that we have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we don't have that we have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds we don't have that we have things
+that are very strong very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very strong very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very strong very
+directional and so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional and so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional and so there's no
+possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of
+Glide optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide optically
+transparent yeah I know because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent yeah I know because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent yeah I know because they're
+glasses right no they're optically trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses right no they're optically trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses right no they're optically trans
+arent oxide glasses are optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arent oxide glasses are optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arent oxide glasses are optically
+transparent metallic glass is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent metallic glass is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent metallic glass is not
+optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically
+transparent why are they optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent why are they optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent why are they optically
+transparent strong calent bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent strong calent bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent strong calent bond so
+therefore the energy levels are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy levels are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the energy levels are far
+apart and visible light with its puny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and visible light with its puny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and visible light with its puny
+two to three electron volts per photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three electron volts per photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three electron volts per photon
+can't disturb the inner workings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glasses and they're visually arresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and they're visually arresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and they're visually arresting
+cuz they're cuz they they can form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz they're cuz they they can form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz they're cuz they they can form and
+they don't have to form sharp edges cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to form sharp edges cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to form sharp edges cuz
+they're amorphus so I showed you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're amorphus so I showed you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're amorphus so I showed you last
+day here's some more of these chahi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day here's some more of these chahi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day here's some more of these chahi
+glasses how do you get the color where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses how do you get the color where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses how do you get the color where's
+the color come from where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color come from where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color come from where do you get
+color how do we get the blue diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color how do we get the blue diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color how do we get the blue diamond
+well if the band Gap is like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the band Gap is like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the band Gap is like this and
+photons of light are like this I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of light are like this I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of light are like this I need to
+park some dopin in the band Gap this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park some dopin in the band Gap this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park some dopin in the band Gap this is
+bandgap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering okay so that's those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so that's those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay so that's those are the
+properties of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of of the
+glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses
+but there was one property I neglected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was one property I neglected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was one property I neglected
+to mention with these strong bonds what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention with these strong bonds what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention with these strong bonds what
+do you think they're melting points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they're melting points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they're melting points are
+high or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or
+low they're high and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they're high and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they're high and that's a problem
+because if I want to process these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I want to process these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I want to process these
+glasses I have to go to really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses I have to go to really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses I have to go to really high
+temperatures now for example if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures now for example if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures now for example if if if
+you wanted to to manufacture uh beer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to manufacture uh beer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to to manufacture uh beer I
+mean uh soda bottles and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh soda bottles and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh soda bottles and you know you
+you you you don't want to go up to 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you don't want to go up to 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you don't want to go up to 2,000
+Dees centigrade to to melt the glass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees centigrade to to melt the glass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees centigrade to to melt the glass the
+energy costs are going to bury you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy costs are going to bury you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy costs are going to bury you so
+what could we do if we were clever about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we do if we were clever about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could we do if we were clever about
+the control of composition maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of composition maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of composition maybe we
+could decrease the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decrease the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decrease the processing
+temperature and indeed that is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and indeed that is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and indeed that is the case
+so what I want to do is lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is lower the
+processing temperature by weakening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing temperature by weakening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing temperature by weakening the
+bonds or what are the bonds they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds or what are the bonds they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds or what are the bonds they're
+strong Cove valent bonds so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Cove valent bonds so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong Cove valent bonds so I want to
+weaken them what I'm going to do is add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken them what I'm going to do is add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaken them what I'm going to do is add
+an ionic oxide so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic oxide so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ionic oxide so we want to
+lower lower process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lower process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lower process
+temperature lower the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature lower the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature lower the processing
+temperature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by
+weakening by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening by
+weakening bonds and these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening bonds and these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakening bonds and these are going to
+be the bonds along the backbone silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the bonds along the backbone silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the bonds along the backbone silicon
+oxygen bonds so the Gambit is to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bonds so the Gambit is to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bonds so the Gambit is to add
+ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+oxides add ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides add ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides add ionic
+oxides so let's look at one here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides so let's look at one here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides so let's look at one here's a
+here's a classical one calcium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a classical one calcium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a classical one calcium oxide
+calcium 2 plus oxide 2 minus is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium 2 plus oxide 2 minus is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium 2 plus oxide 2 minus is a good
+calcium's from group two oxygen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium's from group two oxygen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium's from group two oxygen from
+group 16 we want an oxide because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group 16 we want an oxide because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group 16 we want an oxide because we
+want something that's soluble so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's soluble so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's soluble so let's
+go we're let's dissolve calcium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're let's dissolve calcium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we're let's dissolve calcium oxide
+into silica so we dissolve and calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into silica so we dissolve and calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into silica so we dissolve and calcium
+oxide is ionic and it dissociates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide is ionic and it dissociates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide is ionic and it dissociates to
+give calcium cations and oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give calcium cations and oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give calcium cations and oxide
+anions and then the Magic Begins here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anions and then the Magic Begins here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anions and then the Magic Begins here's
+oxygen in a bridging position between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in a bridging position between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in a bridging position between
+two silicons and here's this free oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two silicons and here's this free oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two silicons and here's this free oxide
+ion so this is the ion this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so this is the ion this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion so this is the ion this is a
+bridging oxygen a bridging oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging oxygen a bridging oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging oxygen a bridging oxygen and
+what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is
+this oxide ion comes over here and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide ion comes over here and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxide ion comes over here and says
+I can lower the energy of the system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can lower the energy of the system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can lower the energy of the system by
+breaking this Bond and turning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this Bond and turning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this Bond and turning that
+structure into the following one instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure into the following one instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure into the following one instead
+uh oxygen will insert itself and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oxygen will insert itself and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oxygen will insert itself and so now
+the chain has been cut here the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain has been cut here the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain has been cut here the chain
+has been cut this was a free oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been cut this was a free oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been cut this was a free oxygen and
+now the Oxygen's attached itself to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Oxygen's attached itself to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Oxygen's attached itself to one
+side of the broken piece of chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the broken piece of chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the broken piece of chain and
+the other oxygen remains attached and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other oxygen remains attached and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other oxygen remains attached and
+now I've got charge neutrality I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got charge neutrality I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got charge neutrality I got a
+two minus here so I'll put one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus here so I'll put one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus here so I'll put one minus
+here and one minus here so now the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one minus here so now the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one minus here so now the chain
+has been cut and just for grins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been cut and just for grins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been cut and just for grins and
+Chuckles we'll bring over calcium as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuckles we'll bring over calcium as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuckles we'll bring over calcium as a
+spectator to give us charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectator to give us charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectator to give us charge
+neutrality so what's the effect here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality so what's the effect here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality so what's the effect here the
+effect here is to shorten the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here is to shorten the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect here is to shorten the chain
+shorten the chain now what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the chain now what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten the chain now what happens if
+you shorten the chain well look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shorten the chain well look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shorten the chain well look at our
+factors that promote glass formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that promote glass formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that promote glass formation
+viscosity complexity cooling rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity complexity cooling rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity complexity cooling rate which
+one of those is affected by shortening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is affected by shortening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is affected by shortening
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chain viscosity if you got long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain viscosity if you got long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain viscosity if you got long
+spaghetti strands or short spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti strands or short spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti strands or short spaghetti
+strands okay spaghetti macaroni which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands okay spaghetti macaroni which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands okay spaghetti macaroni which
+one entangles which one's more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entangles which one's more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entangles which one's more difficult
+to move around I know some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around I know some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around I know some of you
+haven't been in a kitchen in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in a kitchen in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been in a kitchen in a in a
+while but imagine just imagine you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but imagine just imagine you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but imagine just imagine you learn
+a lot studying pasta can teach you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot studying pasta can teach you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot studying pasta can teach you a lot
+about macromolecular Behavior All right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macromolecular Behavior All right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about macromolecular Behavior All right
+so clearly these short chains now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly these short chains now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly these short chains now have
+higher Mobility lower viscosity well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Mobility lower viscosity well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Mobility lower viscosity well if
+we have lower viscosity if we have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lower viscosity if we have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lower viscosity if we have lower
+viscosity then that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity then that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity then that's equivalent to
+moving over to the left here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving over to the left here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving over to the left here that's
+going to decrease our glass transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrease our glass transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrease our glass transition
+temperature so this will help us process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this will help us process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this will help us process
+so this act as called chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this act as called chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this act as called chain
+cision chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cision chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cision chain
+cision chain cision gives us shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cision chain cision gives us shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cision chain cision gives us shorter
+chains and the result is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and the result is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and the result is higher
+fluidity higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity higher
+fluidity and with higher fluidity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity and with higher fluidity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluidity and with higher fluidity we
+don't have the propensity to form glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the propensity to form glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the propensity to form glass
+at the same temperature as we otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature as we otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same temperature as we otherwise
+would and so this gives us the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and so this gives us the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and so this gives us the ability
+to process at lower temperature so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process at lower temperature so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process at lower temperature so just
+to recap the way to represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap the way to represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap the way to represent that
+reaction is to show this oxygen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is to show this oxygen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is to show this oxygen as a
+bridge this is bridging Oxygen Plus ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge this is bridging Oxygen Plus ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge this is bridging Oxygen Plus ion
+free ion ionic oxygen gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free ion ionic oxygen gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free ion ionic oxygen gives us
+two terminal oxygens terminal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terminal oxygens terminal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terminal oxygens terminal because
+each of these oxygens um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these oxygens um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these oxygens um
+ends the chain segment that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the chain segment that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends the chain segment that it's
+attached to and it's got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to and it's got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to and it's got a little
+negative one charge associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one charge associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one charge associated with it
+so this is chain cision and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is chain cision and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is chain cision and this
+lowers lowers t TG lowers TG so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers lowers t TG lowers TG so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers lowers t TG lowers TG so that
+helps us to to process so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to to process so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to to process so what are the
+what's the menu of oxides that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the menu of oxides that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the menu of oxides that we can
+use I said we need something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I said we need something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I said we need something that's
+ionic so it will donate the O minus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic so it will donate the O minus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic so it will donate the O minus if
+it doesn't donate o minus it won't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't donate o minus it won't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't donate o minus it won't help
+us with this reaction so there's a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with this reaction so there's a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with this reaction so there's a ton
+of oxides we can use group one we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxides we can use group one we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxides we can use group one we could
+obviously use very uh metallic oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously use very uh metallic oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously use very uh metallic oxides
+lithium oxide sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium oxide sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium oxide sodium
+oxide potassium oxide Etc we can pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide potassium oxide Etc we can pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide potassium oxide Etc we can pretty
+much use any group one oxide I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much use any group one oxide I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much use any group one oxide I've shown
+you calcium oxide if calcium oxide Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calcium oxide if calcium oxide Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calcium oxide if calcium oxide Works
+what's an even more strongly ionic oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an even more strongly ionic oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an even more strongly ionic oxide
+than calcium oxide out of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than calcium oxide out of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than calcium oxide out of group
+two magnesium of course it's smaller got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magnesium of course it's smaller got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magnesium of course it's smaller got
+a higher charge density higher matong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher charge density higher matong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher charge density higher matong
+energy doesn't that sound a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't that sound a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doesn't that sound a little bit
+like quiz or test number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeahh okay so we could use any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeahh okay so we could use any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeahh okay so we could use any of the
+group two oxides they would work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group two oxides they would work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group two oxides they would work in
+chain cision how about group three any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain cision how about group three any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain cision how about group three any
+oxide donor good oxide donor so and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide donor good oxide donor so and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide donor good oxide donor so and we
+use these I'm going to show you examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these I'm going to show you examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these I'm going to show you examples
+in Commerce where these are used not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Commerce where these are used not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Commerce where these are used not the
+first one Scandium oxide is not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one Scandium oxide is not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one Scandium oxide is not used
+it's so so expensive but lanum oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so expensive but lanum oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so so expensive but lanum oxide
+maybe but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but in
+your in your uh catalytic uh converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your uh catalytic uh converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your uh catalytic uh converter
+in the automobile you have itria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the automobile you have itria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the automobile you have itria
+stabilized zirconia acting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized zirconia acting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized zirconia acting as the
+um as the sensor and we can use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the sensor and we can use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the sensor and we can use some
+group four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group four
+group four we could use lead oxide we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group four we could use lead oxide we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group four we could use lead oxide we'll
+see an example of that or you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example of that or you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example of that or you could use
+tin oxide this is the divalent oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin oxide this is the divalent oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin oxide this is the divalent oxide and
+this is the Tetra valent oxide of 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Tetra valent oxide of 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Tetra valent oxide of 10 so
+these are all oxide donors and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all oxide donors and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all oxide donors and you will
+see various combinations of these added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see various combinations of these added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see various combinations of these added
+to glasses in order to uh achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glasses in order to uh achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glasses in order to uh achieve the
+kind of uh the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh the kind of
+um chain cision that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chain cision that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chain cision that we're looking for
+and here's some really interesting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some really interesting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's some really interesting data
+this is XPS data this is XPS data what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is XPS data this is XPS data what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is XPS data this is XPS data what
+we're looking at is uh sodium oxide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at is uh sodium oxide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at is uh sodium oxide this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+na2o sio2 so it's slightly modified all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o sio2 so it's slightly modified all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o sio2 so it's slightly modified all
+right these these materials all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these these materials all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these these materials all of them
+I forgot I meant to give the uh uh term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot I meant to give the uh uh term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot I meant to give the uh uh term
+for all of these types of oxides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these types of oxides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these types of oxides the
+ionic oxides that engage in chain cision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic oxides that engage in chain cision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic oxides that engage in chain cision
+the term used for all of these uh oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term used for all of these uh oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term used for all of these uh oxides
+is Network modifiers to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Network modifiers to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Network modifiers to modify the
+network by cutting the chain length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network by cutting the chain length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network by cutting the chain length so
+these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called
+Network these are called Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modifiers so this is a slightly modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers so this is a slightly modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers so this is a slightly modified
+Network that these data come from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that these data come from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that these data come from and
+all of these are called Network formers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are called Network formers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are called Network formers
+let's get that up there these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that up there these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that up there these are all
+Network formers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Network formers we form the network we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network formers we form the network we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network formers we form the network we
+modify the network and tailor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the network and tailor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the network and tailor the
+properties so this is sodium oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so this is sodium oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so this is sodium oxide
+silica and what we're looking at is XPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica and what we're looking at is XPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica and what we're looking at is XPS
+of two uh of two different states we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two uh of two different states we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two uh of two different states we're
+looking at the oxygen 1s oxygen 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the oxygen 1s oxygen 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the oxygen 1s oxygen 1s
+electron in this particular system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this particular system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this particular system and
+the blue line is the raw data the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is the raw data the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is the raw data the blue
+line is the raw data so if you had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the raw data so if you had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the raw data so if you had that
+blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line
+you'd say gee it doesn't look doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say gee it doesn't look doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say gee it doesn't look doesn't
+have the shape you would expect it lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shape you would expect it lacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the shape you would expect it lacks
+symmetry so what you can do is imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so what you can do is imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so what you can do is imagine
+that that blue curve is in fact the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that blue curve is in fact the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that blue curve is in fact the sum
+of two separate curves and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two separate curves and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two separate curves and there's a
+mathematical technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical technique called
+deconvolution that says if the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution that says if the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution that says if the blue
+curve were the sum of two properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve were the sum of two properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve were the sum of two properly
+configured curves what would they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured curves what would they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configured curves what would they look
+like and so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so what you do is you
+deconvolve the blue curve into the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolve the blue curve into the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolve the blue curve into the red
+and the green curve so so if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green curve so so if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green curve so so if there were
+a red curve of this magnitude and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red curve of this magnitude and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red curve of this magnitude and a
+green curve of this magnitude with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green curve of this magnitude with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green curve of this magnitude with the
+right symmetry they would sum to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right symmetry they would sum to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right symmetry they would sum to give us
+the blue curve and furthermore we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve and furthermore we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue curve and furthermore we see
+that there's two curves that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's two curves that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's two curves that have been
+ascribed to bonding oxygen or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribed to bonding oxygen or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribed to bonding oxygen or what we
+call bridging oxygen and the what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bridging oxygen and the what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bridging oxygen and the what I'm
+calling terminal oxygen for the red or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling terminal oxygen for the red or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling terminal oxygen for the red or
+they're calling non-bridging oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling non-bridging oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling non-bridging oxygen so
+you can actually tell the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell the difference in
+the energy states of those two oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy states of those two oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy states of those two oxygens
+because what you're looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're looking at is
+this is the bridging oxygen and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bridging oxygen and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bridging oxygen and this
+is non-bridging oxygen and we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-bridging oxygen and we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-bridging oxygen and we're looking
+at not the the veence electrons we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not the the veence electrons we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at not the the veence electrons we're
+looking at the inner shell electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the inner shell electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the inner shell electrons the
+1s and so the presence of the Silicon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s and so the presence of the Silicon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s and so the presence of the Silicon on
+either side the presence on the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side the presence on the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side the presence on the Silicon
+here on either side as compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on either side as compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on either side as compared to the
+presence of silicon only on one side has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of silicon only on one side has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of silicon only on one side has
+an effect on what the 1s electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect on what the 1s electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect on what the 1s electron in the
+two two atoms senses in terms of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two atoms senses in terms of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two atoms senses in terms of nuclear
+charge versus screening of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge versus screening of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge versus screening of all the
+electronic charge clearly in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic charge clearly in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic charge clearly in this case
+with the Silicon the Silicon pulls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Silicon the Silicon pulls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Silicon the Silicon pulls the
+electrons farther out than they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons farther out than they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons farther out than they would be
+here because here you've got non-bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because here you've got non-bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because here you've got non-bonding
+electrons not have not having to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not have not having to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not have not having to go out
+so in this XPS Spectrum it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this XPS Spectrum it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this XPS Spectrum it's possible to
+see the subtle difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the subtle difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the subtle difference in the
+energetics of the two uh electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics of the two uh electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics of the two uh electronic
+states which I think is just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which I think is just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which I think is just so
+so cool it's very elegant it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool it's very elegant it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool it's very elegant it's very
+elegant and so let's let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and so let's let's keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant and so let's let's keep going
+what's the worst we can do to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst we can do to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst we can do to modify the
+network I said this is a long chain I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I said this is a long chain I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I said this is a long chain I
+keep cutting and cutting and cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep cutting and cutting and cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep cutting and cutting and cutting
+until in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until in the
+extreme I'm down to one unit I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme I'm down to one unit I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme I'm down to one unit I can't get
+any smaller than one unit so what's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller than one unit so what's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller than one unit so what's one
+unit it's silicon with four oxygens one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit it's silicon with four oxygens one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit it's silicon with four oxygens one
+two 3 four silicons plus4 each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 four silicons plus4 each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 3 four silicons plus4 each of the
+oxygen is min-2 so this has a net charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is min-2 so this has a net charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is min-2 so this has a net charge
+of 4 minus so it's just a single complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 minus so it's just a single complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 minus so it's just a single complex
+annion right it's just something with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annion right it's just something with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annion right it's just something with a
+net charge of minus 4 and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge of minus 4 and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net charge of minus 4 and this is called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+orthosilicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthosilicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthosilicate
+orthosilicate annion and we could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthosilicate annion and we could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthosilicate annion and we could make a
+compound of this stuff if we took we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound of this stuff if we took we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound of this stuff if we took we
+need to balance it with some cation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to balance it with some cation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to balance it with some cation we
+can't just throw anions around so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just throw anions around so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just throw anions around so if you
+had CA calcium you could take two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had CA calcium you could take two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had CA calcium you could take two times
+calcium one times orthosilicate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium one times orthosilicate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium one times orthosilicate this
+would be a a salt this would be analgous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a salt this would be analgous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a salt this would be analgous
+to sodium chloride or calcium fluoride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sodium chloride or calcium fluoride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sodium chloride or calcium fluoride
+only here you've got silicate as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here you've got silicate as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here you've got silicate as your
+anion and calciums this stuff here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion and calciums this stuff here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion and calciums this stuff here does
+not form glass this behaves as a molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not form glass this behaves as a molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not form glass this behaves as a molten
+salt so it's very uh uh poor as at glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so it's very uh uh poor as at glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt so it's very uh uh poor as at glass
+forming and will crystallize on uh on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and will crystallize on uh on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and will crystallize on uh on uh
+cooling well let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling well let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling well let's look at the
+compositions of some of these glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of some of these glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of some of these glasses
+now that we know we've got we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know we've got we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know we've got we can
+engineer proper Properties by playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer proper Properties by playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer proper Properties by playing
+with a mix of former and modifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mix of former and modifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mix of former and modifier
+there's a few of them worth looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them worth looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of them worth looking at
+first one is window glass soda lime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is window glass soda lime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is window glass soda lime
+while it's soda lime because it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's soda lime because it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's soda lime because it contains
+soda which is sodium oxide and lime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda which is sodium oxide and lime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda which is sodium oxide and lime
+which is calcium oxide what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is calcium oxide what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is calcium oxide what are they
+doing they are cutting the chains making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they are cutting the chains making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing they are cutting the chains making
+the chains shorter so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains shorter so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chains shorter so that you don't
+have to heat window glass to 2,000 de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat window glass to 2,000 de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat window glass to 2,000 de
+centigrade to process it you can process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centigrade to process it you can process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centigrade to process it you can process
+this stuff down around 6 700° C uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff down around 6 700° C uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff down around 6 700° C uh let's
+see what what else do we have here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what else do we have here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what else do we have here uh
+borosilicate okay this is the Workhorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borosilicate okay this is the Workhorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borosilicate okay this is the Workhorse
+for uh Pyrex you have two Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Pyrex you have two Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Pyrex you have two Network
+formers you have silica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formers you have silica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formers you have silica and
+b23 with a little bit of modifier sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b23 with a little bit of modifier sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b23 with a little bit of modifier sodium
+oxide and alumina alumina is added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and alumina alumina is added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and alumina alumina is added to
+give thermal shock resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give thermal shock resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give thermal shock resistance and
+thermal shock resistance comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock resistance comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock resistance comes from a
+third category called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third category called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third category called an
+intermediate and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and an
+intermediate intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate intermediate
+improves improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves improves
+thermal and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Behavior by adding void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Space by adding void and it does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by adding void and it does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by adding void and it does this
+because it forms these are covalent I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forms these are covalent I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forms these are covalent I'm
+going to show you these are coov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these are coov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these are coov
+valent they're coov valent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent they're coov valent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent they're coov valent um
+compounds but with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds but with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds but with a different
+coordination number in fact their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number in fact their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number in fact their
+coordination number is higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number is higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number is higher the
+coordination number is greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number is greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number is greater than the
+coordination number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number of the
+host of The Host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of The Host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of The Host
+Network so for example uh you see up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so for example uh you see up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network so for example uh you see up
+here alumina the typical ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alumina the typical ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here alumina the typical ones are
+alumina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina
+Titania or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titania or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Titania or
+zirconia and these typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconia and these typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconia and these typically have
+coordination numbers on the order of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination numbers on the order of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination numbers on the order of six
+to eight whereas silica has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight whereas silica has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight whereas silica has a
+coordination number of four so by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number of four so by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number of four so by having
+the higher Co coordination number when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher Co coordination number when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher Co coordination number when
+you have rapid thermal uh change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have rapid thermal uh change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have rapid thermal uh change the
+system doesn't shock and and shatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't shock and and shatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system doesn't shock and and shatter
+instead there's there's room for flexure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's there's room for flexure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's there's room for flexure
+this allows for some flexure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows for some flexure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows for some flexure because
+remember plastic deformation is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember plastic deformation is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember plastic deformation is out of
+the out of out of consideration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of out of consideration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of out of consideration here
+there's no opportunity for such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no opportunity for such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no opportunity for such things
+so you can see uh evidence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see uh evidence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see uh evidence of that
+here's some uh uh light Flint Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some uh uh light Flint Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some uh uh light Flint Optical
+glass 37% lead oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass 37% lead oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass 37% lead oxide
+so what's the lead oxide doing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the lead oxide doing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the lead oxide doing two
+things two things first of all lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things two things first of all lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things two things first of all lead
+oxide up here is a modifier so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide up here is a modifier so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide up here is a modifier so it's
+breaking the um chains and secondly lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the um chains and secondly lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the um chains and secondly lead
+is one of the heaviest naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the heaviest naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the heaviest naturally
+occurring elements so it's got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring elements so it's got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring elements so it's got a lot of
+electrons so lead oxide is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so lead oxide is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so lead oxide is going to have
+a very very high index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very high index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very high index of
+refraction and in fact if you put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and in fact if you put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and in fact if you put more
+than 24 weight per lead oxide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 24 weight per lead oxide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 24 weight per lead oxide into
+silica you have enough chain syst that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica you have enough chain syst that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica you have enough chain syst that
+when you cut that glass it will look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cut that glass it will look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cut that glass it will look as
+though it is crystallin and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is crystallin and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is crystallin and that's the
+basis for lead crystal it's lead oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for lead crystal it's lead oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for lead crystal it's lead oxide
+modified silicate glass and here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified silicate glass and here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified silicate glass and here they
+want to use it for high index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use it for high index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use it for high index of
+refraction Optics so that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction Optics so that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction Optics so that you don't have
+to wear uh ey glasses the shape of COG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear uh ey glasses the shape of COG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear uh ey glasses the shape of COG
+bottles you can now have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles you can now have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles you can now have something
+that's very very thin and now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very thin and now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very thin and now they've
+been able to do this in polymers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do this in polymers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to do this in polymers to
+allow you to get the uh performance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get the uh performance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get the uh performance that
+you need so now here we look at this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need so now here we look at this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need so now here we look at this is
+uh the other curve from the reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other curve from the reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other curve from the reading it
+shows viscosity of is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows viscosity of is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows viscosity of is a function of
+temperature and as I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and as I mentioned earlier
+very strong temperature dependence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong temperature dependence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong temperature dependence but
+what you can see is here's pure silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is here's pure silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can see is here's pure silica
+sio2 and if you're going to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and if you're going to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sio2 and if you're going to work with
+the glass you have to get the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass you have to get the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass you have to get the viscosity
+down to about 10 to the uh fifth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about 10 to the uh fifth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about 10 to the uh fifth uh
+Poise just for reference uh water is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poise just for reference uh water is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poise just for reference uh water is 10
+the minus two Poise it's one centi Poise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus two Poise it's one centi Poise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus two Poise it's one centi Poise
+so this stuff is very very viscous right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this stuff is very very viscous right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this stuff is very very viscous right
+and it becomes more and more viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes more and more viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes more and more viscous
+going through the softening point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the softening point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the softening point and
+finally a kneeling and strain and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a kneeling and strain and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a kneeling and strain and on the
+next uh next uh uh slide are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh next uh uh slide are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh next uh uh slide are these
+definitions and and they're uh posted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and and they're uh posted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions and and they're uh posted at
+the website so you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website so you can go through
+they're also in the readings and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also in the readings and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also in the readings and all
+they're doing is defining the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is defining the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing is defining the these
+different points in terms of the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in terms of the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in terms of the change
+in viscosity in other words it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in viscosity in other words it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in viscosity in other words it's a
+measure of how quickly the atoms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how quickly the atoms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how quickly the atoms can
+rearrange as a function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange as a function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange as a function of of
+temperature that defines these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that defines these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that defines these different
+break points and these are not exact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points and these are not exact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points and these are not exact in
+other words it it's not as though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it it's not as though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it it's not as though the
+working point is 10 to the fifth Poise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working point is 10 to the fifth Poise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working point is 10 to the fifth Poise
+if it's two times 10 to the 5ifth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's two times 10 to the 5ifth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's two times 10 to the 5ifth you
+can't work with it it just becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work with it it just becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work with it it just becomes more
+and more difficult to work with it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more difficult to work with it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more difficult to work with it so if
+you see people downstairs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people downstairs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people downstairs in the
+basement of building four in the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement of building four in the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement of building four in the glass
+shop when they're taking something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop when they're taking something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop when they're taking something out
+of the lair the furnace when they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lair the furnace when they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lair the furnace when they take
+the glass out and it's glowing red heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass out and it's glowing red heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass out and it's glowing red heat
+then it's up here uh in the regime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up here uh in the regime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up here uh in the regime of
+working point and as the glass radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working point and as the glass radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working point and as the glass radiates
+and the temperature is falling they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the temperature is falling they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the temperature is falling they have
+a certain time window during which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time window during which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time window during which they
+can form the glass and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form the glass and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form the glass and if the
+temperature gets below the softening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gets below the softening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gets below the softening
+point at that point they are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at that point they are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at that point they are not going
+to be able to shape the glass so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to shape the glass so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to shape the glass so this is
+what you're seeing on this slide and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing on this slide and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing on this slide and you
+can see how the addition of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how the addition of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how the addition of various
+elements if you take a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements if you take a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements if you take a constant value
+let's say take the working the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say take the working the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say take the working the working
+temperature which is in round numbers 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is in round numbers 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is in round numbers 10
+to the 5ifth Poise so for Pure silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5ifth Poise so for Pure silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5ifth Poise so for Pure silica
+we'd have to be up here at around 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to be up here at around 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have to be up here at around 2,000
+de C but if we add uh b23 and some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de C but if we add uh b23 and some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de C but if we add uh b23 and some uh
+na2o now we're operating at around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o now we're operating at around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na2o now we're operating at around a
+th000 degrees and if you add some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 degrees and if you add some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 degrees and if you add some uh
+calcium oxide lime now you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide lime now you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide lime now you're able to
+operate down around 800 Degrees so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate down around 800 Degrees so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate down around 800 Degrees so you
+can see how by changing composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how by changing composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how by changing composition
+through this mechanism you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanism you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanism you can
+dramatically alter the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically alter the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically alter the processing
+temperatures of the of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of the of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of the of the various
+glasses and that's that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and that's that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and that's that's exactly what
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing so last thing last thing to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so last thing last thing to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so last thing last thing to talk
+about is uh strengthening of glass how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is uh strengthening of glass how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is uh strengthening of glass how
+to strengthen glass glass is not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strengthen glass glass is not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strengthen glass glass is not too bad
+in compression but it's very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contention strengthening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention strengthening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention strengthening of
+glass so two ways of doing it first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so two ways of doing it first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass so two ways of doing it first is
+to thermally treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thermally treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thermally treat the
+glass we're going to exploit the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass we're going to exploit the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass we're going to exploit the fact
+that glass has this dependence of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glass has this dependence of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glass has this dependence of uh
+quenched in volume on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched in volume on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched in volume on temperature
+so let's go back to this what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to this what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to this what we do is
+in this case imagine we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case imagine we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case imagine we're going to
+treat the windshield of an automobile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the windshield of an automobile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the windshield of an automobile so
+we want to make it more resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make it more resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make it more resistant to
+cracking if a stone should hit it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking if a stone should hit it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking if a stone should hit it so
+this is not to scale of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to scale of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not to scale of course this is
+glass that's being processed it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that's being processed it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that's being processed it's it's
+it's in it's above its uh its softening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in it's above its uh its softening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in it's above its uh its softening
+Point rather than just let it cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point rather than just let it cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point rather than just let it cool and
+cool very slowly what we can do is send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool very slowly what we can do is send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool very slowly what we can do is send
+an air jet air jet along the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air jet air jet along the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air jet air jet along the surface
+and what that will do what the air jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that will do what the air jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that will do what the air jet
+will do is cause the surface to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is cause the surface to cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is cause the surface to cool
+more rapidly than the center we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly than the center we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly than the center we know the
+glass is a poor conductor of heat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is a poor conductor of heat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is a poor conductor of heat so
+we're not going to expect that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to expect that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to expect that this is
+going to be isothermal so I have I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isothermal so I have I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isothermal so I have I'm
+going to break this in half and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break this in half and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break this in half and then I'm
+going to take this part and expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this part and expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this part and expand it
+okay and I'm going to divide the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to divide the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to divide the top
+into two zones so this is fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two zones so this is fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two zones so this is fast
+cooling fast cooling and the center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling fast cooling and the center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling fast cooling and the center is
+slow Cooling and likewise on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow Cooling and likewise on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow Cooling and likewise on the bottom
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+so what happens if you look on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if you look on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if you look on this uh
+trace it says fast cooling gives me high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace it says fast cooling gives me high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace it says fast cooling gives me high
+excess volume so I could say that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume so I could say that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess volume so I could say that when
+this is finished I could characterize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is finished I could characterize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is finished I could characterize it
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+follows that because the upper portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that because the upper portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that because the upper portion
+cooled quickly it should occupy a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled quickly it should occupy a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled quickly it should occupy a large
+volume and the lower portion cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the lower portion cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and the lower portion cooled
+slowly it wants to occupy a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly it wants to occupy a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly it wants to occupy a smaller
+volume but they're joined so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but they're joined so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but they're joined so what does
+that require it requires it all be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require it requires it all be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require it requires it all be one
+volume so that means the lower part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so that means the lower part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so that means the lower part is
+going to force the upper part in so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force the upper part in so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force the upper part in so when
+the thing in fact looks like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing in fact looks like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing in fact looks like this we
+know that the upper part is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the upper part is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the upper part is on the
+influence of strong compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of strong compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of strong compressive
+stresses and as a result if a stone hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and as a result if a stone hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses and as a result if a stone hits
+this instead of Simply Having to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of Simply Having to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of Simply Having to break
+the bonds it has to overcome all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds it has to overcome all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds it has to overcome all of the
+bonds plus the added stress that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus the added stress that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus the added stress that has
+been the material is pre-stress so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the material is pre-stress so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the material is pre-stress so now
+in order to break this I have to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to break this I have to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to break this I have to break
+both the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the bonds
+bonds plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds plus
+pre-stress and again if you study this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stress and again if you study this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-stress and again if you study this V
+versus T curve you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus T curve you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus T curve you can convince yourself
+that high cooling on the Outer Edge will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high cooling on the Outer Edge will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high cooling on the Outer Edge will
+give you a higher volume but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a higher volume but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a higher volume but the
+material is not allowed to delaminate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is not allowed to delaminate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is not allowed to delaminate so
+in fact the surface has a compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the surface has a compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the surface has a compressive
+stress that is built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that is built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that is built
+in okay well there are other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay well there are other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay well there are other ways to
+strengthen it let's see here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it let's see here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it let's see here's one
+there's a the ability to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the ability to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the ability to uh
+recrystallize glasses recrystallize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallize glasses recrystallize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recrystallize glasses recrystallize
+glasses in this case what uh is done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses in this case what uh is done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses in this case what uh is done is
+to introduce crystallin material into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce crystallin material into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce crystallin material into
+the glass during the cooling process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass during the cooling process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass during the cooling process so
+now we're going to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to combine the
+properties of crystals with glasses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of crystals with glasses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of crystals with glasses and
+this was work that began back in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was work that began back in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was work that began back in the 50s
+at Corning under stooky and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Corning under stooky and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Corning under stooky and what they
+did was they add nucleating agents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they add nucleating agents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they add nucleating agents to
+the glass melt and these nucleating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass melt and these nucleating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass melt and these nucleating
+agents do not dissolve they're floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents do not dissolve they're floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents do not dissolve they're floating
+around like grains of sand in Honey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like grains of sand in Honey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like grains of sand in Honey and
+they cause the honey to crystallize out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause the honey to crystallize out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cause the honey to crystallize out
+and the result is that when this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is that when this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result is that when this thing
+grows to completion what we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows to completion what we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows to completion what we have is a
+material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that
+is these are the various grains during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the various grains during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the various grains during
+solidification these start to solidify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification these start to solidify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidification these start to solidify
+nucleate crystallin glass when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleate crystallin glass when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleate crystallin glass when these
+grow to impingement we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to impingement we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to impingement we have something
+that is in many instances 95% crystallin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in many instances 95% crystallin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in many instances 95% crystallin
+and the only glass is this mortar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only glass is this mortar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only glass is this mortar in
+between 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 5%
+glassy these are the glass Ceramics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy these are the glass Ceramics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glassy these are the glass Ceramics
+which you if you go to your uh Grandma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you if you go to your uh Grandma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you if you go to your uh Grandma's
+house you'll see this stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you'll see this stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you'll see this stuff here
+remember these this is pyroceram glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these this is pyroceram glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these this is pyroceram glass
+it's 95% crystallin 95% crystalin the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 95% crystallin 95% crystalin the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 95% crystallin 95% crystalin the uh
+the grain size is about one micron which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain size is about one micron which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grain size is about one micron which
+is large enough to scatter light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough to scatter light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough to scatter light and
+that's why it's white because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's white because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's white because this is
+all high band Gap material it should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all high band Gap material it should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all high band Gap material it should all
+be transparent visible light but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transparent visible light but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transparent visible light but this is
+white the same for the same reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white the same for the same reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white the same for the same reason that
+table salt is white a large single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table salt is white a large single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table salt is white a large single
+crystal of sodium chloride is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of sodium chloride is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal of sodium chloride is
+transparent but if you crush it up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but if you crush it up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent but if you crush it up in a
+fine powder it appears white because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine powder it appears white because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine powder it appears white because of
+the scattering that's what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering that's what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering that's what you see here
+and this was designed by Corning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was designed by Corning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was designed by Corning which
+by the way doesn't make Corning wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way doesn't make Corning wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way doesn't make Corning wear
+anymore uh they moved into opto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore uh they moved into opto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore uh they moved into opto
+electronics and so on fiber optics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and so on fiber optics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and so on fiber optics so
+anyways if you see this on eBay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways if you see this on eBay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways if you see this on eBay you know
+that this is pyroceram it has amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is pyroceram it has amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is pyroceram it has amazing
+toughness I used to have a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughness I used to have a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toughness I used to have a demonstration
+I had one of these a saucepan I hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one of these a saucepan I hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had one of these a saucepan I hold up
+a 2x4 and drive a roofing nail into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2x4 and drive a roofing nail into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2x4 and drive a roofing nail into the
+2X for using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X for using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X for using the
+pyroceram saucepan as the hammer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyroceram saucepan as the hammer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyroceram saucepan as the hammer these
+things have enormous strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have enormous strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have enormous strength and
+they're also transparent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also transparent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also transparent in the
+microwave region they're great in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave region they're great in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave region they're great in the
+thing and I'm not trying to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm not trying to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm not trying to you know do
+a cooking show here I'm just telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooking show here I'm just telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cooking show here I'm just telling you
+that these are engineered materials all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are engineered materials all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are engineered materials all
+right now next one is Visions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now next one is Visions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now next one is Visions this is
+Visions maybe you see some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visions maybe you see some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visions maybe you see some of that
+around the only difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the only difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the only difference between
+Visions is that the crystal lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visions is that the crystal lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visions is that the crystal lights are
+submicron size and so now they remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submicron size and so now they remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submicron size and so now they remain
+transparent to visible light and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to visible light and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to visible light and they
+index m match them so that the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index m match them so that the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index m match them so that the index of
+refraction of the glassy mortar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction of the glassy mortar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction of the glassy mortar is the
+same as the index of refraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the index of refraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the index of refraction of the
+Crystal and material and then they dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and material and then they dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and material and then they dope
+with transition metal so that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transition metal so that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transition metal so that it looks
+sort of like the old copper elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the old copper elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the old copper elegant
+chichy upscale cookware and uh also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chichy upscale cookware and uh also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chichy upscale cookware and uh also you
+can charge a premium over plain uh clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge a premium over plain uh clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can charge a premium over plain uh clear
+colorless Pyrex and so all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless Pyrex and so all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless Pyrex and so all of this is
+done by engineering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by engineering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by engineering of
+the molecular architecture I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular architecture I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular architecture I'll see you
+on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/i6GlN02PDr8.txt b/i6GlN02PDr8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87a4533384c5ee32fac7f8752d151f7bb713db1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/i6GlN02PDr8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15832 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we
+discussed glycolysis as a pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed glycolysis as a pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed glycolysis as a pathway and
+just want to remind everybody that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind everybody that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to remind everybody that like
+all pathways glycolysis has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pathways glycolysis has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pathways glycolysis has to be
+favorable that is delta g across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable that is delta g across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable that is delta g across the
+entire pathway has to be less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire pathway has to be less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire pathway has to be less than zero
+we spent a lot of time discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time discussing the
+regulation of glycolysis and i just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of glycolysis and i just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of glycolysis and i just want
+to revisit this quickly and remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revisit this quickly and remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revisit this quickly and remember we
+discussed that the steps that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the steps that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the steps that are
+regulated are those with the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated are those with the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated are those with the biggest
+quote-unquote bioenergetic cost that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote bioenergetic cost that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote bioenergetic cost that is
+the biggest drop in delta g is um as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest drop in delta g is um as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest drop in delta g is um as uh
+molecules would proceed across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules would proceed across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules would proceed across the
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+those are shown here the hexokinase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are shown here the hexokinase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are shown here the hexokinase step
+the phosphofructokinase step and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphofructokinase step and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphofructokinase step and the
+pyruvate kinase step of of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase step of of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase step of of the pathway
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+is largely true of most pathways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely true of most pathways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is largely true of most pathways that we
+can that we will consider in that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that we will consider in that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that we will consider in that these
+regulated steps are often those with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated steps are often those with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated steps are often those with the
+biggest bioenergetic cost and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest bioenergetic cost and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest bioenergetic cost and the reason
+for that is is that you know it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is is that you know it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is is that you know it makes a
+lot of sense once you go through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense once you go through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense once you go through those
+steps it's very difficult to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's very difficult to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps it's very difficult to go back
+also you'll note that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you'll note that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you'll note that these
+are the steps that regulate entrance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps that regulate entrance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps that regulate entrance and
+exit from the pathway and this also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit from the pathway and this also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit from the pathway and this also is
+something we'll commonly see in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll commonly see in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll commonly see in other
+pathways and also makes some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and also makes some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and also makes some sense
+you know just to remind everybody i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to remind everybody i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just to remind everybody i drew
+up here a skeletonized version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here a skeletonized version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here a skeletonized version of
+glycolysis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+important regulatory features of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important regulatory features of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important regulatory features of it you
+can just to remind people that initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just to remind people that initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just to remind people that initially
+hexokinase is regulated by glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase is regulated by glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase is regulated by glucose
+6-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate
+negatively regulates hexokinase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively regulates hexokinase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively regulates hexokinase and
+that's because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if the
+glucose-6-phosphate levels in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphate levels in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose-6-phosphate levels in the cell
+go up such that it can't be shunted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up such that it can't be shunted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up such that it can't be shunted to
+glycogen something we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen something we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen something we'll talk about
+today or be sent through glycolysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or be sent through glycolysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or be sent through glycolysis it
+makes sense not to trap more glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense not to trap more glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense not to trap more glucose
+once glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once glucose
+glucose 6-phosphate enters the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate enters the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate enters the rest of
+the glycolytic pathway the key step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolytic pathway the key step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycolytic pathway the key step of
+regulation is phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is phosphofructokinase
+it of course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course will
+have positive feedback saying let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive feedback saying let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive feedback saying let's put
+carbon into the pathway if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon into the pathway if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon into the pathway if
+energy charge is low amp is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge is low amp is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge is low amp is high
+activates it this molecule fructose 2-6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates it this molecule fructose 2-6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates it this molecule fructose 2-6
+bisphosphate that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate that we talked about
+earlier today we'll mention again today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier today we'll mention again today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier today we'll mention again today
+can be involved in some other signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be involved in some other signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be involved in some other signaling
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+to allosterically regulate the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allosterically regulate the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allosterically regulate the enzyme
+fbp can feed forward to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp can feed forward to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp can feed forward to activate
+pyruvate kinase you want to match input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase you want to match input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase you want to match input
+with output and of course if pep builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with output and of course if pep builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with output and of course if pep builds
+up you want to slow it down if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you want to slow it down if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you want to slow it down if a
+downstream product citrate builds up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream product citrate builds up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream product citrate builds up you
+want to slow it down and of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to slow it down and of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to slow it down and of course a
+major output of glycolysis is atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major output of glycolysis is atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major output of glycolysis is atp
+and if atp is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if atp is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if atp is high
+no reason to continue oxidizing glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to continue oxidizing glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to continue oxidizing glucose
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+regulation we discussed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we discussed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we discussed is
+often done at the allosteric level by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done at the allosteric level by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done at the allosteric level by
+controlling enzyme rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling enzyme rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling enzyme rates
+that can be by a small molecule binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be by a small molecule binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be by a small molecule binding
+as i've shown up here and it could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've shown up here and it could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've shown up here and it could also
+be via signaling and that's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be via signaling and that's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be via signaling and that's really a
+place where fructose 26 bisphosphate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where fructose 26 bisphosphate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where fructose 26 bisphosphate as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+combination of signaling and allosteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of signaling and allosteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of signaling and allosteric
+small molecules comes into play that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules comes into play that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules comes into play that is
+you can have signaling that controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have signaling that controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have signaling that controls the
+enzymes that generate fructose 2 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that generate fructose 2 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that generate fructose 2 6
+bisphosphate thereby creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate thereby creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate thereby creating an
+additional molecule that can act as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional molecule that can act as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional molecule that can act as an
+allosteric regulator of the enzyme pfk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulator of the enzyme pfk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulator of the enzyme pfk
+to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate
+fbp and commit carbon to glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp and commit carbon to glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp and commit carbon to glycolysis
+now we closed the discussion last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we closed the discussion last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we closed the discussion last time
+beginning to discuss how it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to discuss how it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to discuss how it is that
+organisms can make glucose obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can make glucose obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can make glucose obviously
+this glucose carbon that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glucose carbon that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glucose carbon that is being
+oxidized to get atp has to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to get atp has to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to get atp has to come from
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+we mentioned that plants make glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned that plants make glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned that plants make glucose
+during the day when they have plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day when they have plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day when they have plenty of
+excess energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess energy
+from light from the sun but then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from light from the sun but then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from light from the sun but then use
+that glucose to do constant catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glucose to do constant catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glucose to do constant catabolism
+to maintain their atp levels at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain their atp levels at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain their atp levels at night
+and we as animals obviously take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we as animals obviously take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we as animals obviously take
+advantage of this by eating the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this by eating the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this by eating the glucose
+that ultimately was created by plants um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately was created by plants um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately was created by plants um
+uh you using the energy of the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you using the energy of the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you using the energy of the sun
+we began to discuss an example of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to discuss an example of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began to discuss an example of where
+us as organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as organisms
+also make glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make glucose
+of course this is not net production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is not net production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is not net production of
+glucose but you know for instance if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose but you know for instance if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose but you know for instance if our
+muscle cells are working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cells are working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cells are working hard
+lactate can build up that lactate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate can build up that lactate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate can build up that lactate is
+excreted into the blood that lactate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted into the blood that lactate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excreted into the blood that lactate can
+then be used by the liver to regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used by the liver to regenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used by the liver to regenerate
+glucose and one of the major jobs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and one of the major jobs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and one of the major jobs of the
+liver is to maintain a constant level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is to maintain a constant level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver is to maintain a constant level of
+blood glucose to continue to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood glucose to continue to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood glucose to continue to supply
+um you know fuel for various organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know fuel for various organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know fuel for various organs
+including the muscle to uh be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the muscle to uh be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the muscle to uh be able to
+carry out the work that it needs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the work that it needs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the work that it needs to do
+and so a major this whole process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a major this whole process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a major this whole process is
+called the corey cycle and a major job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the corey cycle and a major job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the corey cycle and a major job
+of the liver is thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver is thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver is thus
+generating glucose to maintain blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating glucose to maintain blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating glucose to maintain blood
+glucose levels and the pathways used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose levels and the pathways used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose levels and the pathways used to
+do this is a pathway that we began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a pathway that we began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a pathway that we began to
+talk about last time called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's really a discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really a discussion of
+gluconeogenesis that is how can one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis that is how can one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis that is how can one
+build a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway
+in plants in the liver wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plants in the liver wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plants in the liver wherever
+as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to
+generate glucose from something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glucose from something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate glucose from something like
+lactate now of course we know from lac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate now of course we know from lac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactate now of course we know from lac
+last time lactate dehydrogenase can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time lactate dehydrogenase can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time lactate dehydrogenase can
+obviously it's a redox reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's a redox reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's a redox reaction to
+interconvert with pyruvate and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert with pyruvate and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert with pyruvate and what
+gluconeogenesis really is is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis really is is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis really is is it's a
+pathway that cells use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that cells use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that cells use to
+convert pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert pyruvate
+or really anything else that can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really anything else that can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or really anything else that can come
+into glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycolysis
+an example being lactate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example being lactate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example being lactate
+this of course can happen by the lactate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course can happen by the lactate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course can happen by the lactate
+dehydrogenase reaction and then once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction and then once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction and then once it
+has that pyruvate turn that pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that pyruvate turn that pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that pyruvate turn that pyruvate
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+glucose that's really what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that's really what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that's really what we're talking
+about when we're discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're discussing
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+now how can we turn pyruvate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we turn pyruvate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we turn pyruvate into
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+well we just discussed the whole pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just discussed the whole pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just discussed the whole pathway
+where we could turn glucose into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could turn glucose into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could turn glucose into
+pyruvate glycolysis and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate glycolysis and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate glycolysis and so this is
+really the reverse of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the reverse of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the reverse of glycolysis
+i said many times that all enzymes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said many times that all enzymes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said many times that all enzymes are
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+so why can't we just run the pathway in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why can't we just run the pathway in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why can't we just run the pathway in
+the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction
+well hopefully if you've been paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hopefully if you've been paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hopefully if you've been paying
+attention for the last several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for the last several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for the last several lectures
+you realize there's two problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize there's two problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize there's two problems with
+doing that the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that the first is
+is that remember why we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that remember why we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that remember why we're doing
+catabolism in the first place is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism in the first place is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism in the first place is to
+maintain a high atp adp ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a high atp adp ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a high atp adp ratio
+under conditions so that the cell can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under conditions so that the cell can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under conditions so that the cell can
+use that atp adp ratio to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that atp adp ratio to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that atp adp ratio to carry out
+otherwise unfavorable processes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise unfavorable processes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise unfavorable processes and so
+thus at a very high level cells can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus at a very high level cells can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus at a very high level cells can't
+stop catabolism glycolysis or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop catabolism glycolysis or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop catabolism glycolysis or whatever
+has to continue to maintain atp in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to continue to maintain atp in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to continue to maintain atp in the
+right range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right range
+and so now if we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we're going to do
+something anabolic that is build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anabolic that is build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anabolic that is build
+something turn pyruvate into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something turn pyruvate into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something turn pyruvate into glucose
+this has to happen in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to happen in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to happen in the background
+where catabolism is still happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where catabolism is still happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where catabolism is still happen
+and so at least you need some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at least you need some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at least you need some kind of
+way to control both and prevent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to control both and prevent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to control both and prevent this
+from being some kind of futile cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being some kind of futile cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being some kind of futile cycle
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+if that atp level is super high in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that atp level is super high in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that atp level is super high in the
+cell it has extra energy there is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it has extra energy there is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it has extra energy there is still
+a thermodynamic problem with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermodynamic problem with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thermodynamic problem with just
+reversing glycolysis and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing glycolysis and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing glycolysis and that is
+remember delta g has to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember delta g has to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember delta g has to be less than
+zero for any pathway to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for any pathway to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for any pathway to work
+and so it then stands to reason that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it then stands to reason that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it then stands to reason that if
+glucose oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose oxidation
+to pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pyruvate
+if this reaction is favored as it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this reaction is favored as it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this reaction is favored as it is in
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+that delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g
+is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero
+well under the conditions where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under the conditions where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under the conditions where that's
+occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+if we want to then say well what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to then say well what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to then say well what about
+the reverse let's switch the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse let's switch the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse let's switch the signs
+pyruvate to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to glucose
+we know that delta g is the same as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that delta g is the same as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that delta g is the same as it
+was in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the opposite direction
+but now changing the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now changing the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now changing the signs
+from positive to negative or negative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from positive to negative or negative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from positive to negative or negative to
+positive and so thus delta g for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so thus delta g for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so thus delta g for the
+reverse reaction must be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction must be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse reaction must be greater than
+zero and therefore must be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore must be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore must be spontaneous
+is is is not spontaneous and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is not spontaneous and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is not spontaneous and therefore
+says that we need to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we need to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we need to have a different
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+simply for energetic reasons if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for energetic reasons if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply for energetic reasons if we're
+going to go in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in the opposite direction
+now oxidizing glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oxidizing glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oxidizing glucose
+releases energy that's how we keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy that's how we keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy that's how we keep the
+atp adp ratio high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp ratio high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp ratio high
+it stands to reason then that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands to reason then that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands to reason then that we are
+going to have to put energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to put energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to put energy in
+if we're going to run in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to run in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to run in the opposite
+direction and so if we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so if we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so if we're going to build
+a pathway from pyruvate to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway from pyruvate to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway from pyruvate to glucose
+and guess we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guess we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and guess we're going to have to
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+that pathway to atp adp hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway to atp adp hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway to atp adp hydrolysis
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+couple it to something favorable to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple it to something favorable to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple it to something favorable to now
+allow this otherwise unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this otherwise unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow this otherwise unfavorable
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this energy of course in plants can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of course in plants can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of course in plants can come
+from the sun we'll discuss that in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun we'll discuss that in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun we'll discuss that in great
+detail when we get to photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail when we get to photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail when we get to photosynthesis
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+for the sake of you and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of you and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of you and i
+i guess what it says is if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess what it says is if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess what it says is if you think
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+if you release energy from glycolysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you release energy from glycolysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you release energy from glycolysis it
+makes sense then you have to add energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense then you have to add energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense then you have to add energy
+if you're going to do gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do gluconeogenesis
+but remember to satisfy all the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember to satisfy all the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember to satisfy all the laws of
+thermodynamics the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics the net
+energy lost to the universe is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lost to the universe is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lost to the universe is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um it's you know must exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's you know must exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's you know must exist
+which means that it is going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it is going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it is going to cost
+more energy to make glucose then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to make glucose then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to make glucose then you're
+going to get back from breaking it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back from breaking it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back from breaking it down
+that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+hopefully fits with your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully fits with your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully fits with your intuition
+and it actually i guess is good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually i guess is good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually i guess is good news
+because when are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when are we going to do
+anabolism when are we going to store all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism when are we going to store all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism when are we going to store all
+these excess calories as glucose well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excess calories as glucose well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these excess calories as glucose well
+we're going to do it if we overeat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it if we overeat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it if we overeat and
+if we overeat and it costs us energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we overeat and it costs us energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we overeat and it costs us energy in
+the form of calories to actually store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of calories to actually store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of calories to actually store
+that energy for later i guess it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy for later i guess it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy for later i guess it means
+that when we overeat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we overeat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we overeat we
+don't have things quite as bad as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have things quite as bad as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have things quite as bad as it
+could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now let's get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's get back to the
+how one can actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can actually do this
+so if we want to think what is a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to think what is a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we want to think what is a pathway
+that we can build to get from pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can build to get from pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can build to get from pyruvate
+back to glucose well we know we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose well we know we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose well we know we're going
+to have to burn some atp to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to burn some atp to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to burn some atp to do it
+but what are the issues with simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the issues with simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the issues with simply
+reversing glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing glycolysis
+well we can come back here and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can come back here and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can come back here and say well
+what was driving glycolysis in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was driving glycolysis in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was driving glycolysis in the first
+place and it was these big steps of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it was these big steps of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it was these big steps of free
+energy change at hexokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change at hexokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change at hexokinase
+phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
+whereas many of these other reactions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas many of these other reactions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas many of these other reactions at
+least under these standard conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least under these standard conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least under these standard conditions
+that are estimated to exist in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are estimated to exist in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are estimated to exist in cells
+are relatively close to equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively close to equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively close to equilibrium so
+there's really no problem with reversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no problem with reversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no problem with reversing
+glycolysis across here or across there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis across here or across there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis across here or across there
+the real issue comes from getting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real issue comes from getting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real issue comes from getting around
+the hexokinase the phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hexokinase the phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hexokinase the phosphofructokinase
+and the pyruvate kinase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pyruvate kinase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pyruvate kinase step
+these are the places where the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the places where the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the places where the most
+energy is released if you will when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released if you will when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released if you will when
+you're going through glycolysis so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through glycolysis so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through glycolysis so those
+are the steps we're going to have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps we're going to have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the steps we're going to have to add
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+in order to reverse build a pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reverse build a pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reverse build a pathway that
+goes in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in the opposite direction and
+allows you to start with pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to start with pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to start with pyruvate and
+end up with glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with glucose
+and so what we will find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we will find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we will find is that
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+however not all of the enzymes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however not all of the enzymes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however not all of the enzymes are the
+same because we need different enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we need different enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because we need different enzymes
+if we're going to get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to get around this
+hexokinase phosphofructokinase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase phosphofructokinase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase phosphofructokinase and
+pyruvate kinase steps of the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase steps of the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate kinase steps of the pathway
+and so for gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for gluconeogenesis
+we essentially need four new enzymes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially need four new enzymes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially need four new enzymes in
+order to get past those places so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get past those places so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get past those places so we
+need a new enzyme called glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new enzyme called glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new enzyme called glucose 6
+phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase
+and glucose 6 phosphatase is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glucose 6 phosphatase is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glucose 6 phosphatase is going to
+allow us to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to get from
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+and turn it back into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it back into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it back into glucose
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need
+an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme
+fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6
+bis phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis phosphatase
+which is going to allow us to take fbp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and turn it back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn it back into
+fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate
+and then we're going to need two enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need two enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need two enzymes
+to get around the pyruvate kinase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around the pyruvate kinase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get around the pyruvate kinase step
+these are two enzymes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two enzymes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two enzymes called
+pep ck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep ck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep ck
+and pc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pc
+that stands for phosphoenol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stands for phosphoenol pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stands for phosphoenol pyruvate
+carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase
+i'll discuss these in great detail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll discuss these in great detail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll discuss these in great detail in a
+minute and these are going to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and these are going to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and these are going to allow us
+to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+essentially i'll add them up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i'll add them up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i'll add them up here
+to this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to get back from pyruvate to pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get back from pyruvate to pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get back from pyruvate to pep
+two enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two enzymes
+pyruvate carboxylase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase and
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenolpyruvate
+carboxykinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxykinase
+to get from fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from fructose
+1 6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
+an enzyme called fbp ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called fbp ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called fbp ace
+and to get from glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get from glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get from glucose 6-phosphate
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an enzyme called glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme called glucose
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+of course if you think back we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you think back we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you think back we're also
+going to need to balance electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to balance electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to balance electrons in
+the pathway remember glucose to pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway remember glucose to pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway remember glucose to pyruvate
+is an oxidation reaction that is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxidation reaction that is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxidation reaction that is we're
+generating nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating nadh
+that means to go in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means to go in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means to go in the reverse
+direction we need a source of entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we need a source of entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we need a source of entered
+nadh to reverse that gap dh reaction i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh to reverse that gap dh reaction i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh to reverse that gap dh reaction i
+just want to point out that you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that you're only
+doing gluconeogenesis if cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing gluconeogenesis if cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing gluconeogenesis if cells have
+plenty of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of energy
+what does plenty of energy mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does plenty of energy mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does plenty of energy mean well
+that means the atp adp ratio is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the atp adp ratio is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the atp adp ratio is high
+because you're doing lots of catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're doing lots of catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're doing lots of catabolism
+but if you're doing lots of catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're doing lots of catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're doing lots of catabolism
+and the atp adp ratio is high that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atp adp ratio is high that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atp adp ratio is high that also
+means the nadh nad plus ratio is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the nadh nad plus ratio is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the nadh nad plus ratio is high
+and so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can think of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nad regeneration by gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad regeneration by gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad regeneration by gluconeogenesis
+as being for all intents and purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being for all intents and purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being for all intents and purposes
+an alternative to fermentation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative to fermentation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative to fermentation if you
+will as a way to keep catabolism going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as a way to keep catabolism going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as a way to keep catabolism going
+that is you're only doing this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you're only doing this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you're only doing this if you
+have plenty of nadh around and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plenty of nadh around and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plenty of nadh around and so
+dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that
+electron balance is less of an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron balance is less of an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron balance is less of an issue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's discuss briefly how some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's discuss briefly how some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's discuss briefly how some of
+these enzymes work so glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enzymes work so glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enzymes work so glucose
+6-phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate and
+fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase are very
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+effectively all they are is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively all they are is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively all they are is simply
+removing a phosphate that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a phosphate that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a phosphate that's very
+favorable remember when we did those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable remember when we did those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable remember when we did those
+reactions the hexokinase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the hexokinase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions the hexokinase and
+phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase
+reactions in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in glycolysis
+that we had to couple otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to couple otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to couple otherwise
+unfavorable things adding a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable things adding a phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable things adding a phosphate
+group to atp hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to atp hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to atp hydrolysis
+this is the reverse of that and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reverse of that and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reverse of that and so the
+reverse of that delta g is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of that delta g is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse of that delta g is going to be
+less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+delta g less than zero means we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g less than zero means we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g less than zero means we just
+have a phosphatase there just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phosphatase there just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phosphatase there just like you
+might have on a kinase enzyme that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have on a kinase enzyme that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have on a kinase enzyme that's
+very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward
+but there's a much bigger issue to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a much bigger issue to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a much bigger issue to get
+around this other step this pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this other step this pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this other step this pyruvate
+kinase step remember equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step remember equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step remember equilibrium
+strongly favored pep to pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly favored pep to pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly favored pep to pyruvate
+conversion that was one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that was one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that was one of the reasons
+why we could use that step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we could use that step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we could use that step to
+maintain a high atp adp ratio in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a high atp adp ratio in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a high atp adp ratio in cells
+well now the issue becomes how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the issue becomes how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now the issue becomes how can we
+trap that phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap that phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap that phosphate
+back onto pyruvate while generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto pyruvate while generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back onto pyruvate while generating
+phosphoenol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoenol pyruvate
+how one does that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one does that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one does that is
+an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue
+even if the atp adp ratio is high it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the atp adp ratio is high it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the atp adp ratio is high it's
+never high enough to reverse pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never high enough to reverse pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never high enough to reverse pyruvate
+kinase on its own and so we need a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase on its own and so we need a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase on its own and so we need a new
+pathway with two steps in it that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway with two steps in it that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway with two steps in it that's why
+there's two enzyme pc and pepsi k that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two enzyme pc and pepsi k that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two enzyme pc and pepsi k that
+are there to create a pathway where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to create a pathway where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to create a pathway where
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pep
+now becomes favorable that is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes favorable that is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now becomes favorable that is where
+delta g not prime is less than zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime is less than zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime is less than zero that
+is the equilibrium favors it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium favors it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium favors it to the
+right and under cellular conditions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and under cellular conditions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and under cellular conditions this
+pathway can actually happen such the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway can actually happen such the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway can actually happen such the
+cells can net make um glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can net make um glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells can net make um glucose
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+these are two steps both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two steps both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are two steps both of which
+require atp and so you effectively get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require atp and so you effectively get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require atp and so you effectively get
+one atp from pep to pyruvate conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atp from pep to pyruvate conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atp from pep to pyruvate conversion
+it costs you two atps or two atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs you two atps or two atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs you two atps or two atp
+equivalents to go back from pyruvate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents to go back from pyruvate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents to go back from pyruvate to
+pep which makes sense you should have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep which makes sense you should have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep which makes sense you should have to
+spend more energy to go upstream than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more energy to go upstream than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more energy to go upstream than
+you get back coming downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back coming downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back coming downstream
+all right here's how this pathway works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pyruvate
+the first reaction catalyzed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pc which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc which stands for
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+of a co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that generates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates this
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often abbreviated
+oaa for oxaloacetic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxaloacetate
+is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then
+decarboxylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylated
+that is the co2 that is lost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remove that was added is removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that was added is removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that was added is removed
+this reaction is coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is coupled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is coupled to
+gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+and is catalyzed by this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is catalyzed by this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is catalyzed by this enzyme
+fck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fck
+or pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uses that phosphate from gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses that phosphate from gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses that phosphate from gtp
+to trap pyruvate in the enol form as pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trap pyruvate in the enol form as pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trap pyruvate in the enol form as pep
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+phosphoenol pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+once you've regenerated pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've regenerated pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've regenerated pep
+now that pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that pep
+gets to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to this
+flat part if we go over here to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat part if we go over here to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat part if we go over here to our
+delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+place so now it can easily run back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so now it can easily run back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so now it can easily run back
+across this flat part of the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this flat part of the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this flat part of the curve that
+is go through enolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglycerate
+mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphoglycerate kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gap dh taking advantage of the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap dh taking advantage of the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap dh taking advantage of the high
+nadh nad plus ratio that would exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh nad plus ratio that would exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadh nad plus ratio that would exist
+when you're doing gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing gluconeogenesis
+trios phosphate isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios phosphate isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trios phosphate isomerase
+aldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase
+this generates a d-hat and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates a d-hat and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates a d-hat and a
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate they can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate they can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate they can then
+combine to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to give a
+fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose
+1-6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-6 bisphosphate
+now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we get
+back here to now we have this steep part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here to now we have this steep part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here to now we have this steep part
+there but rather than going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but rather than going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but rather than going through
+fbp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp
+we can just have a phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just have a phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just have a phosphatase
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase that
+releases the phosphate now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the phosphate now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the phosphate now we have
+fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+that fructose 6-phosphate can then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fructose 6-phosphate can then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fructose 6-phosphate can then go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+glucose 6-phosphate isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate isomerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate isomerase
+and generate glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now gets back to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now gets back to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now gets back to this other
+steep hill so this is relatively flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep hill so this is relatively flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep hill so this is relatively flat
+now you have this steep hill around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this steep hill around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this steep hill around
+hexokinase but rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase but rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase but rather than
+coupling it to adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling it to adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling it to adding the
+atp adp hydrolysis you just remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp hydrolysis you just remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp hydrolysis you just remove the
+phosphate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate with
+glucose 6 phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphatase
+and in the end now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end now we
+have a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pathway
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for extra enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extra enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for extra enzymes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give us a way to start a pyruvate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a way to start a pyruvate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a way to start a pyruvate and
+run the opposite direction and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the opposite direction and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the opposite direction and generate
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+and you can do so in a way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamically favorable in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable in other
+words we can start with two pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp
+for each pirate so pyro an atp to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pirate so pyro an atp to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pirate so pyro an atp to turn
+pyruvate twice into oxaloacetate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate twice into oxaloacetate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate twice into oxaloacetate so
+that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two
+and then another atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another atp
+at phosphoglycerate kinase to go from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphoglycerate kinase to go from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphoglycerate kinase to go from um
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+backwards there to get to go from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards there to get to go from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards there to get to go from uh
+um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+to to run that reaction backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to run that reaction backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to run that reaction backwards
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp
+are effectively the equivalent of an atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are effectively the equivalent of an atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are effectively the equivalent of an atp
+so this would be six atp equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be six atp equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be six atp equivalents
+why are the gtps the equivalent of atp i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the gtps the equivalent of atp i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the gtps the equivalent of atp i
+just want to point out that cells have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that cells have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that cells have
+enzymes that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that basically
+can interconvert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interconvert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interconvert
+atp and gdp or really any nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and gdp or really any nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and gdp or really any nucleoside
+triphosphate and diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate and diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate and diphosphate
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+gdp plus adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp plus adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdp plus adp
+this has a delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a delta g not prime
+that is effectively zero and so cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is effectively zero and so cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is effectively zero and so cells
+basically match their atp to adp ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically match their atp to adp ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically match their atp to adp ratios
+with any other ratios of nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other ratios of nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any other ratios of nucleoside
+triphosphates and dry and diphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates and dry and diphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates and dry and diphosphates
+because of this reaction and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this reaction and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this reaction and so that's
+why the two gdp are roughly an atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the two gdp are roughly an atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the two gdp are roughly an atp
+equivalent so we'll just call it 6 atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so we'll just call it 6 atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so we'll just call it 6 atp
+plus 2 nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 nadh
+to reverse the gap dh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse the gap dh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse the gap dh step
+that gives us 680p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us 680p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us 680p
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+6 inorganic phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 inorganic phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 inorganic phosphate
+plus a glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+not prime for this entire coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime for this entire coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime for this entire coupled
+pathway is on the order of negative 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is on the order of negative 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is on the order of negative 9
+kcals per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kcals per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kcals per mole
+the delta g less than zero equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta g less than zero equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta g less than zero equilibrium
+lies to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies to the right
+net synthesis of glucose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net synthesis of glucose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net synthesis of glucose is
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+and so if we just think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we just think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we just think about this in
+atp terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp terms
+remember when we discuss glycolysis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we discuss glycolysis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we discuss glycolysis you
+harvest net two atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest net two atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest net two atp
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+conversion of glucose into two pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of glucose into two pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of glucose into two pyruvate
+if we reverse the reaction doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reverse the reaction doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we reverse the reaction doing
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+in atp terms we have to invest six atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atp terms we have to invest six atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atp terms we have to invest six atp
+to turn that pyruvate back into glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that pyruvate back into glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that pyruvate back into glucose
+makes sense we didn't make a perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense we didn't make a perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense we didn't make a perpetual
+motion machine both pathways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion machine both pathways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion machine both pathways are
+favorable but it costs more energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable but it costs more energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable but it costs more energy to
+make a glucose then we can get out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a glucose then we can get out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a glucose then we can get out by
+burning the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning the glucose
+should say the energy isn't just the atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the energy isn't just the atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say the energy isn't just the atp
+there's also this nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this nadh
+that nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nadh
+that's produced from glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from glycolysis
+also is storing energy if you will from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is storing energy if you will from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is storing energy if you will from
+oxidation and an nadh nad plus ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and an nadh nad plus ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and an nadh nad plus ratio and
+you're consuming that going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're consuming that going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're consuming that going in the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+you only do glucaneogenesis if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only do glucaneogenesis if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only do glucaneogenesis if you have
+a high atp adp ratio of course and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high atp adp ratio of course and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high atp adp ratio of course and a
+high nadh nad plus ratio that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high nadh nad plus ratio that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high nadh nad plus ratio that is if you
+have it under the right conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it under the right conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it under the right conditions to
+actually run this pathway and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this pathway and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this pathway and have it
+make sense for the cell all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for the cell all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for the cell all right
+now i want to discuss briefly how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to discuss briefly how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to discuss briefly how these
+enzymes and gluconeogenesis work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and gluconeogenesis work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes and gluconeogenesis work
+i'm not going to spend time on fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend time on fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend time on fructose
+1 6 bisphosphatase or glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphatase or glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphatase or glucose
+6-phosphatase as i said before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphatase as i said before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphatase as i said before this is
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+hydrolysis of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of that
+phosphate alcohol bond that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate alcohol bond that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate alcohol bond that's
+relatively straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward
+but i do want to spend time on pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to spend time on pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do want to spend time on pyruvate
+carboxylase and pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase and pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase and pep
+carboxy kinase because you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy kinase because you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy kinase because you know this
+introduces a new reaction carboxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new reaction carboxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new reaction carboxylation
+but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also
+introduces a new concept in metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new concept in metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a new concept in metabolism
+that is actually quite important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually quite important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually quite important in
+eukaryotic cells and that is this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells and that is this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells and that is this issue
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+compartmentalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metabolism and of course you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and of course you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and of course you've learned
+in introductory biology that a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introductory biology that a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introductory biology that a big
+difference between eukaryotes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between eukaryotes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between eukaryotes and
+prokaryotes is eukaryotes have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes is eukaryotes have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes is eukaryotes have all of
+these organelles that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organelles that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organelles that is these
+membrane-bound structures within cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound structures within cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound structures within cells
+that carry out various functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry out various functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry out various functions
+so one reason that it's useful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason that it's useful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason that it's useful to have
+these different membrane-bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different membrane-bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different membrane-bound
+organelles is it creates different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles is it creates different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles is it creates different
+compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments
+within the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell
+what does that mean well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well if you have
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can create
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+within each compartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each compartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each compartment
+and that's very important for metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very important for metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very important for metabolism
+well why is that important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that important for
+metabolism well because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism well because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism well because remember
+whether or not reactions are favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not reactions are favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not reactions are favorable
+depend on delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on delta g
+right which of course is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which of course is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which of course is dependent on
+the equilibrium constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant which is
+related to delta g not prime as but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to delta g not prime as but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to delta g not prime as but also
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio
+of the products and reactants within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products and reactants within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products and reactants within
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+compartment and so by having different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment and so by having different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment and so by having different
+compartments you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments you can have
+different ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ratios
+of metabolites say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolites say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolites say
+a different ratio of atp to adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different ratio of atp to adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different ratio of atp to adp
+or a different ratio of nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a different ratio of nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a different ratio of nadh
+to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nad plus
+having those different ratios means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having those different ratios means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having those different ratios means
+that because delta g is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because delta g is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because delta g is proportional
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reactants over the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants over the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants over the products
+i'm sorry products over reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by having different ratios of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having different ratios of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having different ratios of things
+like atp and adp nadnadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atp and adp nadnadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atp and adp nadnadh
+you can make different reactions more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make different reactions more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make different reactions more or
+less favorable depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less favorable depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less favorable depending on which
+compartment in the cell that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment in the cell that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment in the cell that they're
+located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located
+now it turns out that glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that glycolysis and
+most of gluconeogenesis takes place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of gluconeogenesis takes place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of gluconeogenesis takes place in
+the cytosol of eukaryotic cells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol of eukaryotic cells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol of eukaryotic cells the
+cytosol is basically the space inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol is basically the space inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol is basically the space inside
+the cell that's not inside another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that's not inside another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that's not inside another
+organelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle
+however pyruvate carboxylase is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however pyruvate carboxylase is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however pyruvate carboxylase is a
+reaction that takes place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that takes place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that takes place in
+mitochondria because mitochondria have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria because mitochondria have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria because mitochondria have a
+particularly high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly high
+atp adp ratio and it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp ratio and it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp adp ratio and it turns out this
+helps favor the pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps favor the pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps favor the pyruvate carboxylase
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+and so we'll talk a lot about reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk a lot about reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll talk a lot about reactions
+in the cytosol versus the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol versus the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol versus the mitochondria
+but basically here's glucose to pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically here's glucose to pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically here's glucose to pep
+whether you do that in one direction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do that in one direction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do that in one direction by
+glycolysis or the other direction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis or the other direction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis or the other direction by
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+that happens in the cytosol as does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in the cytosol as does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in the cytosol as does
+turning that pep into pyruvate but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that pep into pyruvate but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning that pep into pyruvate but if
+you're going to reverse the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to reverse the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to reverse the reaction
+eukaryotes take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotes take advantage
+of a different compartment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different compartment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different compartment the
+mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria
+with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+to adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically
+in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turn that pyruvate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that pyruvate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that pyruvate into
+oxaloacetic acid that is carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetic acid that is carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetic acid that is carry out the
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase reaction
+and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that
+pyruvate carboxylation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generates oxaloacetic acid and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates oxaloacetic acid and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates oxaloacetic acid and then
+pepsi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi k
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+either in the mitochondria or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the mitochondria or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in the mitochondria or in the
+cytosol generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol generate
+pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+here's a place where one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a place where one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a place where one can
+run one reaction pep to pyruvate to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one reaction pep to pyruvate to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one reaction pep to pyruvate to make
+atp in the cytosol but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp in the cytosol but a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp in the cytosol but a different
+reaction pyruvate carboxylase to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pyruvate carboxylase to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pyruvate carboxylase to turn
+pyruvate into oxaloacetic acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate into oxaloacetic acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate into oxaloacetic acid that
+would then be used for pepsi k to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be used for pepsi k to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be used for pepsi k to turn
+that back into pep and have that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into pep and have that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into pep and have that take
+place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in
+in the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria
+i want to point out just so you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out just so you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out just so you know for
+mcat exams and things like that pepsi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcat exams and things like that pepsi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcat exams and things like that pepsi k
+is classically defined as a cytosolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classically defined as a cytosolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classically defined as a cytosolic
+activity at least in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at least in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at least in terms of
+gluconeogenesis although there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis although there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis although there is a
+mitochondrial isoform of pepsi k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial isoform of pepsi k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial isoform of pepsi k and
+it's at least somewhat debated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least somewhat debated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least somewhat debated
+there's some evidence that at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some evidence that at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some evidence that at least in
+some tissues that might be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tissues that might be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tissues that might be important for
+for um for gluconeogenesis as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for gluconeogenesis as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for gluconeogenesis as well and
+so that's why i draw it as pepsi k using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i draw it as pepsi k using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i draw it as pepsi k using
+oxaloacetate to pep either in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to pep either in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate to pep either in the
+mitochondria or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondria or
+in the cytosol because that's an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol because that's an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol because that's an area of
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+investigation right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation right now
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's start by talking about how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by talking about how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by talking about how does
+pyruvate carboxylase work this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase work this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase work this is an
+example of a carboxylation reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a carboxylation reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a carboxylation reaction that
+is adding a co2 group to a molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding a co2 group to a molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adding a co2 group to a molecule to
+make a carbon-carbon bond that purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a carbon-carbon bond that purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a carbon-carbon bond that purple
+co2 is added to the ch3 of pyruvate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is added to the ch3 of pyruvate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 is added to the ch3 of pyruvate to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+oxaloacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate and
+how this happens in many cases uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this happens in many cases uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this happens in many cases uses a
+cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor
+and that cofactor is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cofactor is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cofactor is called
+biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+like many cofactors is a vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many cofactors is a vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many cofactors is a vitamin
+and this provides a useful functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this provides a useful functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this provides a useful functional
+group in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in this case
+it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses
+enzymes that use biotin use atp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that use biotin use atp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that use biotin use atp to
+basically drive co2 addition to biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically drive co2 addition to biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically drive co2 addition to biotin
+and then that co2 on the biotin is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that co2 on the biotin is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that co2 on the biotin is then
+activated to be transferred to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated to be transferred to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated to be transferred to another
+molecule in a carboxylation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in a carboxylation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in a carboxylation reaction
+all right so what does biotin look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what does biotin look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what does biotin look like
+i will draw it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here would be biotin i've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here would be biotin i've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here would be biotin i've drawn
+it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the
+enolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enolate
+form of biotin i'll draw it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of biotin i'll draw it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of biotin i'll draw it in a
+different way in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way in a second
+biotin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin is
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+lysine molecule in the active site of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine molecule in the active site of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine molecule in the active site of an
+enzyme that uses this and so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that uses this and so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that uses this and so this here
+is basically a peptide bond between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a peptide bond between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a peptide bond between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+amino group the terminal amino group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group the terminal amino group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group the terminal amino group the
+epsilon amino group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon amino group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon amino group of
+the side chain of a lysine in a residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain of a lysine in a residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain of a lysine in a residue
+that basically makes a peptide bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically makes a peptide bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically makes a peptide bond to
+link biotin into the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link biotin into the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link biotin into the active
+site of the enzyme that's using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme that's using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the enzyme that's using it
+biotin is often drawn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin is often drawn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin is often drawn in the
+keto form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto form
+and the active part of biotin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the active part of biotin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the active part of biotin is
+basically this top part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this top part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this top part of the molecule
+and so to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to draw it
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+differences between the enolate and keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the enolate and keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the enolate and keto
+form i just want to show that quickly i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form i just want to show that quickly i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form i just want to show that quickly i
+drew it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the enolate form because it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enolate form because it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enolate form because it's easier to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+i think how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be
+the keto form where how biotin is drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto form where how biotin is drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keto form where how biotin is drawn
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly
+and basically the reaction the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the reaction the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the reaction the way
+biotin picks up a co2 is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin picks up a co2 is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin picks up a co2 is as follows
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2
+can exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particularly under basic conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly under basic conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly under basic conditions
+as co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as co2
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bicarbonate
+turns out some enzymes use co2 directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out some enzymes use co2 directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out some enzymes use co2 directly
+some enzymes use bicarbonate it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some enzymes use bicarbonate it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some enzymes use bicarbonate it turns
+out that pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that pyruvate carboxylase
+uses bicarbonate so biotin bound in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses bicarbonate so biotin bound in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses bicarbonate so biotin bound in the
+active site of pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of pyruvate carboxylase
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+utilize bicarbonate in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize bicarbonate in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize bicarbonate in the following way
+and i'll just point out that the ph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just point out that the ph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just point out that the ph of
+the mitochondria is also more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria is also more basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria is also more basic
+which also helps this pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also helps this pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also helps this pyruvate
+carboxylation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylation reaction
+all right so what happens is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what happens is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what happens is this
+bicarbonate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate is
+phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated
+by atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate can then react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate can then react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate can then react with
+this active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this active
+site here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotin
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+release the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the phosphate
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have this
+co2 group that's activated co2 group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 group that's activated co2 group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 group that's activated co2 group
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to
+the biotin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+pyruvate drawn in the enol form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate drawn in the enol form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate drawn in the enol form
+look back in your notes about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in your notes about how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in your notes about how it
+to interconvert it between the keto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert it between the keto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interconvert it between the keto and
+enol form i've shown that several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol form i've shown that several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enol form i've shown that several times
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then
+can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up
+adding the co2 to the end of pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the co2 to the end of pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the co2 to the end of pyruvate
+to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxaloacetic acid plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetic acid plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetic acid plus
+regenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the biotin cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biotin cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biotin cofactor
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+right form it'll be the keto form which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right form it'll be the keto form which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right form it'll be the keto form which
+can then get back to the enol form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then get back to the enol form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then get back to the enol form
+and it's ready to do another catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ready to do another catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's ready to do another catalytic
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically
+pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase
+uses atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses atp
+to produce this carboxylated biotin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce this carboxylated biotin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce this carboxylated biotin and
+then uses that to add the co2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uses that to add the co2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uses that to add the co2 to
+pyruvate to generate oxaloacetic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to generate oxaloacetic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate to generate oxaloacetic acid
+now i want to point out that oxaloacetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to point out that oxaloacetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to point out that oxaloacetic
+acid is both an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is both an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is both an
+alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+pyruvate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate was
+and it's a beta-keto acid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a beta-keto acid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a beta-keto acid and so
+this ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ketone
+is alpha to that carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha to that carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha to that carboxylic acid
+and it's beta to that carboxylic acid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's beta to that carboxylic acid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's beta to that carboxylic acid so
+it's both an alpha and a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both an alpha and a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's both an alpha and a beta
+keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid
+and it turns out that the way pepsi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the way pepsi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the way pepsi k
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+is it takes advantage of the favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes advantage of the favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes advantage of the favorable
+decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid
+which we talked about last time along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about last time along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about last time along
+with gtp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gtp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gtp to
+phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate
+pyruvate and trap it in the enol form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate and trap it in the enol form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate and trap it in the enol form
+and so this is how pepsi k works so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how pepsi k works so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how pepsi k works so i'm
+going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw
+gtp in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp in this very
+stylized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized way
+so guanine with three phosphate groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+decarboxylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylates
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+takes advantage of this being a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes advantage of this being a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes advantage of this being a beta
+keto acid to decarboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and add the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's how we can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we can generate
+pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+okay great and so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great and so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great and so that's how
+you can build a different pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a different pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a different pathway that
+uses atp and gtp for energy input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses atp and gtp for energy input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses atp and gtp for energy input in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+run glycolysis in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run glycolysis in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run glycolysis in the opposite direction
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+all right so how is gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how is gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how is gluconeogenesis
+regulated well just like the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated well just like the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated well just like the principles
+we talked about in glycolysis it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in glycolysis it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in glycolysis it works
+in a way that makes sense and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that makes sense and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that makes sense and so you can
+guess that the steps that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that the steps that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that the steps that are going to
+be regulated are exactly the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated are exactly the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated are exactly the ones that
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+my guess they were the same steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that were regulated running glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were regulated running glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were regulated running glycolysis
+it's going to be these big changes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be these big changes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be these big changes where
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+changes occur across the pathway which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes occur across the pathway which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes occur across the pathway which
+are also the entrance and exit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the entrance and exit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also the entrance and exit of the
+pathway and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and basically
+regulation has to be reciprocal so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation has to be reciprocal so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation has to be reciprocal so in
+glycolysis you want to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis you want to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis you want to increase
+glycolysis under conditions where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis under conditions where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis under conditions where you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+to produce atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce atp
+and you want to decrease glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to decrease glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to decrease glycolysis
+if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have enough
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+enough of another downstream product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of another downstream product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of another downstream product
+such as citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as citrate
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be exactly
+the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+you certainly want to don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly want to don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you certainly want to don't want to do
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+if you need energy release if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need energy release if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need energy release if you need
+atp you don't want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp you don't want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp you don't want to run
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+you want to increase gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to increase gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to increase gluconeogenesis
+if the cell has atp excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell has atp excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the cell has atp excess
+you also want to do it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to do it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to do it if you
+have excess of other products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess of other products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have excess of other products
+like citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like citrate
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+go through the trouble of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the trouble of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the trouble of
+sending things down glycolysis if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending things down glycolysis if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending things down glycolysis if you've
+no way to put it you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to put it you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to put it you might as well
+instead make glucose or shunt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead make glucose or shunt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead make glucose or shunt that
+glucose off to produce glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose off to produce glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose off to produce glycogen
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+let me just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just add
+that regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so
+major regulators of gluconeogenesis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major regulators of gluconeogenesis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major regulators of gluconeogenesis are
+as followed and so high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as followed and so high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as followed and so high levels of
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+is going to stimulate fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to stimulate fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to stimulate fructose 1 6
+bisphosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphatase
+so high levels of citrate will inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high levels of citrate will inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high levels of citrate will inhibit
+things coming through glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming through glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming through glycolysis
+and activate gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and activate gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and activate gluconeogenesis
+by acting at fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acting at fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acting at fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase
+to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match the
+energy considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy considerations
+if you have high levels of amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have high levels of amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have high levels of amp
+energy charge is low want to stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge is low want to stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy charge is low want to stimulate
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+at phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphofructokinase
+similarly that's going to inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly that's going to inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly that's going to inhibit
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+at fbp ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fbp ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fbp ace
+and it turns out high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out high levels of
+adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp
+i'm sorry low yeah high levels of adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry low yeah high levels of adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry low yeah high levels of adp
+low energy charge also inhibits um pepsi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy charge also inhibits um pepsi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy charge also inhibits um pepsi
+k because you also don't want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because you also don't want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because you also don't want to try to
+generate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate um
+pep under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep under
+those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now
+in animals we also want to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals we also want to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals we also want to regulate
+glucose catabolism and production under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose catabolism and production under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose catabolism and production under
+signaling control and this gets back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling control and this gets back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling control and this gets back to
+this other topic we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other topic we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other topic we talked about
+such as the liver's job being to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the liver's job being to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the liver's job being to
+maintain a constant level of blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a constant level of blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a constant level of blood
+sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+most of you are very familiar with blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are very familiar with blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are very familiar with blood
+sugar control through diabetes you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar control through diabetes you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar control through diabetes you've
+probably heard that this is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard that this is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard that this is under
+hormonal control that the job of insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal control that the job of insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal control that the job of insulin
+is to lower blood glucose and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to lower blood glucose and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to lower blood glucose and you also
+have hormones like epinephrine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hormones like epinephrine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hormones like epinephrine or
+glucagon whose job is to raise blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagon whose job is to raise blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagon whose job is to raise blood
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+why do you want to raise blood glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want to raise blood glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you want to raise blood glucose
+well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you
+have some kind of fight-or-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of fight-or-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of fight-or-flight
+response you see that lying and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you see that lying and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you see that lying and you need
+to run away your body has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away your body has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away your body has this
+adrenaline rush that's what epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline rush that's what epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline rush that's what epinephrine
+is that basically wants to supply more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically wants to supply more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically wants to supply more
+energy to your muscles so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to your muscles so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to your muscles so that you can
+run away effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run away effectively
+so it turns out both insulin and glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out both insulin and glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out both insulin and glucose
+act on lots of tissues in the body i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on lots of tissues in the body i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on lots of tissues in the body i'm
+going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on
+what they do in the liver and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in the liver and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in the liver and that's
+because in the liver this is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the liver this is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the liver this is a major
+organ that regulates blood glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that regulates blood glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that regulates blood glucose
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you have excess glucose around what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have excess glucose around what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have excess glucose around what
+do you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to do
+you want to stimulate glucose uptake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stimulate glucose uptake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stimulate glucose uptake
+into cells its metabolism and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells its metabolism and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into cells its metabolism and its
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+and so insulin with high blood sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so insulin with high blood sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so insulin with high blood sugar
+basically wants to stimulate taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wants to stimulate taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically wants to stimulate taking
+glucose into the liver and storing it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into the liver and storing it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into the liver and storing it as
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+if you want to run away from the lion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to run away from the lion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to run away from the lion
+well now you have epinephrine around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you have epinephrine around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you have epinephrine around you
+want to make sure that as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that as you're
+consuming that glucose in your blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming that glucose in your blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming that glucose in your blood
+that you're continually making more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're continually making more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're continually making more and
+so you want the epinephrine to stimulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want the epinephrine to stimulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want the epinephrine to stimulate
+release of glucose either from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of glucose either from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of glucose either from
+gluconeogenesis or from the breakdown of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis or from the breakdown of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis or from the breakdown of
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+and both of these hormones act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these hormones act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of these hormones act
+insulin and epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and epinephrine
+act at a level where they can regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act at a level where they can regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act at a level where they can regulate
+enzymes of glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes of glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes of glycolysis and
+gluconeogenesis as well as entry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as well as entry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis as well as entry and
+exit of glucose monomers in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit of glucose monomers in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit of glucose monomers in and out of
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how
+fructose-2-6 bisphosphate works and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-2-6 bisphosphate works and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-2-6 bisphosphate works and so
+remember you learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you learn from
+professor yaffi that epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acts via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts via
+cyclic amp signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic amp signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic amp signaling
+which turns on a kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns on a kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns on a kinase
+protein kinase a and that protein kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a and that protein kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a and that protein kinase
+a can regulate enzymes that produce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can regulate enzymes that produce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can regulate enzymes that produce or
+break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically these enzymes that produce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these enzymes that produce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these enzymes that produce or
+break down fructose 2-6 bisphosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down fructose 2-6 bisphosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down fructose 2-6 bisphosphatase
+which in turn regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn regulates
+pfk activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk activities
+such that you can match your need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you can match your need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you can match your need to
+burn that glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that glucose
+versus doing gluconeogenesis in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus doing gluconeogenesis in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus doing gluconeogenesis in the case
+of the liver so you can do enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver so you can do enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver so you can do enough
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis
+in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to
+have glucose around for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have glucose around for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have glucose around for um
+the body to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body to use
+in that flight or flight response being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that flight or flight response being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that flight or flight response being
+driven by epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by epinephrine
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+a major effect of insulin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major effect of insulin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major effect of insulin and
+epinephrine signal signaling though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine signal signaling though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine signal signaling though is
+actually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on
+release or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release or
+storage of glucose molecules in glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of glucose molecules in glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of glucose molecules in glycogen
+and i alluded last time in talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i alluded last time in talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i alluded last time in talking about
+the regulation of hexokinase the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation of hexokinase the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation of hexokinase the glucose
+6-phosphate is basically the entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is basically the entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is basically the entry point
+to get glucose units in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get glucose units in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get glucose units in and out of
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+and i want to discuss how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to discuss how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to discuss how you
+add and subtract those glucose units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract those glucose units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and subtract those glucose units
+into storage polymers now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into storage polymers now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into storage polymers now i'm going to
+discuss it in the context of glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the context of glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the context of glycogen
+storage in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage in humans
+but remember plants actually store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember plants actually store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember plants actually store
+things also as glucose polymers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also as glucose polymers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also as glucose polymers the
+chemistry is very similar but obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is very similar but obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is very similar but obviously
+the regulation is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation is very different
+now you'll hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll hopefully
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+that from past lectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from past lectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from past lectures that
+the storage polymers of glucose glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage polymers of glucose glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage polymers of glucose glycogen
+in human starch in plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human starch in plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in human starch in plants
+are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically
+these alpha 1 4 linkages of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1 4 linkages of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1 4 linkages of glucose
+molecules remember there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules remember there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules remember there was a
+non-reducing end and reducing end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end and reducing end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end and reducing end to the
+molecule so starch was a straight chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so starch was a straight chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so starch was a straight chain
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+glycogen had these alpha 1 6 branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen had these alpha 1 6 branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen had these alpha 1 6 branch
+points that made this branch polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that made this branch polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that made this branch polymer
+where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's
+lots of non-reducing ends and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of non-reducing ends and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of non-reducing ends and a single
+reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end
+and each of these non-reducing ends is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these non-reducing ends is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these non-reducing ends is a
+polymer of glucose molecules with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer of glucose molecules with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer of glucose molecules with this
+alpha one four linkage that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha one four linkage that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha one four linkage that at the
+branch point has this alpha 1 6 linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch point has this alpha 1 6 linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch point has this alpha 1 6 linkage
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+make this long chain branched polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this long chain branched polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this long chain branched polymer
+now when we discussed this at the time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we discussed this at the time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we discussed this at the time i
+mentioned that this is useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that this is useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that this is useful because
+you have all these non-reducing ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these non-reducing ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these non-reducing ends
+that can be used to add or subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used to add or subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used to add or subtract
+glucose monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomers
+and that's great this is a nice compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great this is a nice compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great this is a nice compact
+form of storage with lots of places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of storage with lots of places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of storage with lots of places to
+put or remove glucose from to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put or remove glucose from to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put or remove glucose from to either
+store it quickly insulin driving glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it quickly insulin driving glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it quickly insulin driving glucose
+storage or remove it quickly epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or remove it quickly epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or remove it quickly epinephrine
+driving release of glucose from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving release of glucose from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving release of glucose from from the
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+and so if we're going to have a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to have a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to have a way to
+add glucose polymers or break them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add glucose polymers or break them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add glucose polymers or break them down
+those are two separate pathways just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two separate pathways just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two separate pathways just
+like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+reciprocal activities but we needed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal activities but we needed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal activities but we needed two
+pathways to do it because it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways to do it because it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways to do it because it has to be
+delta g has to be less than zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be less than zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be less than zero for
+each pathway to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pathway to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pathway to work
+also we have to be able to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have to be able to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have to be able to regulate
+these separately because we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separately because we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separately because we don't want
+to have a feudal cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a feudal cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a feudal cycle
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the way you add and subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you add and subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you add and subtract
+glucose polymers to glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose polymers to glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose polymers to glycogen
+acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+being first converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being first converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being first converted
+to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose
+1-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is alpha
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+6-phosphate remember it's alpha because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate remember it's alpha because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate remember it's alpha because
+i drew that hydroxyl at the one position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew that hydroxyl at the one position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew that hydroxyl at the one position
+pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down
+this obviously can enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously can enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this obviously can enter
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can come in from glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come in from glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come in from glucose
+by a hexokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hexokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hexokinase
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is first converted via a mutase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is first converted via a mutase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is first converted via a mutase
+reaction to move the phosphate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to move the phosphate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to move the phosphate from the
+six to the one position of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here is glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+the way the mutate reaction works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the mutate reaction works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the mutate reaction works is
+exactly the same analogous mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same analogous mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same analogous mechanism
+that i draw explain for phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i draw explain for phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i draw explain for phosphoglycerate
+mutation glycolysis moves the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation glycolysis moves the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation glycolysis moves the phosphate
+in this case from the six to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case from the six to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case from the six to the one
+position of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of glucose
+and then once you have that glucose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that glucose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that glucose one
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-reducing end
+of a glycogen polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glycogen polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glycogen polymer
+using an enzyme called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an enzyme called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an enzyme called
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gs
+so that'll give me a glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule with one additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with one additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule with one additional
+monomer added to the non-reducing end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer added to the non-reducing end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer added to the non-reducing end of
+the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+release that glucose back off by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that glucose back off by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that glucose back off by a
+different pathway a different enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathway a different enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathway a different enzyme
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+phosphorylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+activity of these enzymes glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of these enzymes glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of these enzymes glycogen
+synthase and phosphorylase that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and phosphorylase that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase and phosphorylase that is the
+pathway to add glucose one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to add glucose one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to add glucose one phosphate
+glucose monomer to the polymer versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomer to the polymer versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomer to the polymer versus
+remove it from the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it from the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it from the polymer
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+under signaling control under hormonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under signaling control under hormonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under signaling control under hormonal
+signaling control in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling control in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling control in
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+and basically that hormonal signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically that hormonal signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically that hormonal signaling
+works as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+phosphorylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or dephosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+via a signaling enzyme an enzyme like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a signaling enzyme an enzyme like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via a signaling enzyme an enzyme like
+phosphorylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+downstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream of
+pka which is downstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka which is downstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka which is downstream of
+epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine
+signaling okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling okay
+and so when phosphorylase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when phosphorylase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when phosphorylase is
+phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated
+by phosphorylase kinase that is has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphorylase kinase that is has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphorylase kinase that is has a
+phosphate group added is a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group added is a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group added is a signaling
+cascade it is in the active state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade it is in the active state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade it is in the active state and
+when it's dephosphorylated it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's dephosphorylated it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's dephosphorylated it's in the
+inactive state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state
+well glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well glycogen
+synthase also is subject to regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase also is subject to regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase also is subject to regulation
+by phos protein phosphorylation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phos protein phosphorylation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phos protein phosphorylation on the
+enzyme by a kinase except this has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme by a kinase except this has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme by a kinase except this has the
+opposite relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite relationship
+so when it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the phosphorylated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phosphorylated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phosphorylated state
+it is inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is inactive
+but it is in the non-phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is in the non-phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is in the non-phosphorylated
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+protein kinase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a
+which is downstream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downstream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is downstream of
+epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+both activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both activate
+phosphorylation of phosphorylase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation of phosphorylase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation of phosphorylase and
+glycogen synthase and that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase and that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase and that makes sense
+you want to release glycogen glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to release glycogen glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to release glycogen glucose
+monomers from glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers from glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers from glycogen
+you turn on by phosphorylation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on by phosphorylation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on by phosphorylation the
+pathway to release them and you turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to release them and you turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to release them and you turn off
+the pathway to store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to store them
+another kinase that phosphorylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kinase that phosphorylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kinase that phosphorylates
+glycogen synthase is a kinase called gsk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase is a kinase called gsk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase is a kinase called gsk
+or glycogen synthase kinase this kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glycogen synthase kinase this kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glycogen synthase kinase this kinase
+is inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inhibited
+by insulin signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by insulin signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by insulin signaling
+and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a
+negative of a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of a negative
+right so effectively a negative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so effectively a negative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so effectively a negative of a
+negative will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will
+keep it in the inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in the inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in the inactive
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and so insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so insulin
+by inhibiting the ability of gsk to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inhibiting the ability of gsk to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inhibiting the ability of gsk to put
+glycogen synthase in the inactive state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase in the inactive state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase in the inactive state
+will make glycogen synthase active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make glycogen synthase active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make glycogen synthase active
+and when you have high insulin around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have high insulin around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have high insulin around
+that activates glycogen synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates glycogen synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activates glycogen synthesis and
+you store glucose monomers as glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store glucose monomers as glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store glucose monomers as glycogen
+get them out of the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them out of the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them out of the blood
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the chemistry that allows us to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that allows us to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry that allows us to do this
+glycogen synthase and phosphorylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase and phosphorylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase and phosphorylase
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as we go through this what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we go through this what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we go through this what you will
+see is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is is that
+when we break down the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we break down the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we break down the polymer
+energy is released so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released so that's going to be
+breaking down a polymer that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down a polymer that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down a polymer that's the right
+direction of entropy and so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of entropy and so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of entropy and so that's going
+to be released and storing it is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be released and storing it is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be released and storing it is going
+to require energy that is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require energy that is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require energy that is going to have
+to have some energy input to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some energy input to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some energy input to build a
+polymer but nature actually does this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer but nature actually does this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer but nature actually does this in
+a way that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is actually
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+first let's talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's talk about how
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose 1-phosphate units by adding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1-phosphate units by adding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 1-phosphate units by adding them
+to glycogen so this uses energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycogen so this uses energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glycogen so this uses energy input
+from utp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from utp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from utp
+which is an atp equivalent for exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atp equivalent for exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an atp equivalent for exactly
+the reason i described earlier that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i described earlier that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i described earlier that is
+because atp plus udp like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because atp plus udp like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because atp plus udp like any other
+inner conversion of nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner conversion of nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner conversion of nucleoside
+triphosphates and diphosphate is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates and diphosphate is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphates and diphosphate is very
+close to equal herbilibrium so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to equal herbilibrium so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to equal herbilibrium so the
+utp-udp ratio should be similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp-udp ratio should be similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp-udp ratio should be similar to the
+atp to adp ratio and so utp is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to adp ratio and so utp is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp to adp ratio and so utp is really an
+atp equivalent but nature for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp equivalent but nature for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp equivalent but nature for whatever
+reason decided to use utp here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason decided to use utp here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason decided to use utp here
+and it generates a nucleoside sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it generates a nucleoside sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it generates a nucleoside sugar
+called udp glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called udp glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called udp glucose
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+let me show you what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is
+glucose one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will draw a stylized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will draw a stylized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will draw a stylized version
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utp
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this molecule with the udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this molecule with the udp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this molecule with the udp
+added to the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the glucose
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+this will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+a pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pyrophosphate
+and that pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pyrophosphate
+can be hydrolyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hydrolyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be hydrolyzed
+to generate two inorganic phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate two inorganic phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate two inorganic phosphates
+effectively like building any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively like building any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively like building any other
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this
+downstream keeping that product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream keeping that product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream keeping that product of the
+first reaction low helps pull that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction low helps pull that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction low helps pull that
+reaction forward for polymer synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forward for polymer synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction forward for polymer synthesis
+this udp glucose can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this udp glucose can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this udp glucose can now
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+can now react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now react
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this here will be the non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here will be the non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here will be the non-reducing end
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the polymer that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer that's the
+oh group at the four position at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group at the four position at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group at the four position at the
+non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+alpha one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha one
+four bond to add to the polymer so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bond to add to the polymer so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bond to add to the polymer so here
+we have glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have glycogen
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+plus releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus releases
+udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net
+to add a glucose one phosphate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a glucose one phosphate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a glucose one phosphate to the
+non-reducing end of the growing glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end of the growing glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end of the growing glycogen
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+is net conversion of a utp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is net conversion of a utp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is net conversion of a utp
+to a udp so that is one atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a udp so that is one atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a udp so that is one atp
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+to add glucose one phosphate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add glucose one phosphate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add glucose one phosphate to the
+to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um
+to the end of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the polymer
+now of course you had it to also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you had it to also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course you had it to also have an
+atp from hexokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp from hexokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp from hexokinase
+to capture that glucose phosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that glucose phosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that glucose phosphate to
+begin with but effectively this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with but effectively this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with but effectively this is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+atp molecules to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules to add
+a glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glucose
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if we're generating starch that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're generating starch that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're generating starch that's all we
+have to do just build a long polymer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do just build a long polymer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do just build a long polymer but
+if we're making glycogen remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're making glycogen remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're making glycogen remember
+glycogen has all of these branch points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen has all of these branch points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen has all of these branch points
+on them as well and to do the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them as well and to do the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them as well and to do the branch
+points you basically have to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you basically have to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you basically have to make this
+alpha 1 6 bond which then gives you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 6 bond which then gives you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 6 bond which then gives you two
+new non-reducing ends that you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new non-reducing ends that you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new non-reducing ends that you can add
+more subunits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subunits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subunits to
+the way nature does this is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way nature does this is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way nature does this is as follows
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i just draw this here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just draw this here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just draw this here in a
+stylized way it turns out once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized way it turns out once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylized way it turns out once you get
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units here in the growing polymer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here in the growing polymer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units here in the growing polymer so
+this is the reducing end and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reducing end and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reducing end and this is the
+non-reduced end of the polymer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reduced end of the polymer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reduced end of the polymer and so
+the polymer is growing by adding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer is growing by adding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer is growing by adding things
+to that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that end
+once you get about seven there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get about seven there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get about seven there's an
+enzyme that will basically cleave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that will basically cleave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that will basically cleave this
+and move it and make a new alpha 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it and make a new alpha 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it and make a new alpha 1 6
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here we go we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go we have our
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our non-reducing end
+and basically transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these seven units over and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven units over and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these seven units over and now we have
+two non-reducing ends that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue to grow the polymer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to grow the polymer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to grow the polymer from
+you can think of this kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this kind of like the
+airplane analogy right when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane analogy right when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane analogy right when you
+load an airplane at least the way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load an airplane at least the way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load an airplane at least the way that's
+most efficient the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient the people who are
+sitting in the back of the plane they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the back of the plane they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the back of the plane they
+get on first but then they're and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on first but then they're and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on first but then they're and there
+the last people off the plane because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last people off the plane because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last people off the plane because
+you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add
+basically to these non-reducing ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to these non-reducing ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to these non-reducing ends and
+then you subtract from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you subtract from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you subtract from those
+non-reducing ends and so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing ends and so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing ends and so the first
+glucose added the one at the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose added the one at the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose added the one at the reducing
+end is the last one that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the last one that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is the last one that is going to be
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now phosphorylase is the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now phosphorylase is the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now phosphorylase is the enzyme that
+allows you to do the opposite that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do the opposite that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do the opposite that is to
+break that alpha one four bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that alpha one four bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that alpha one four bond and
+release monomers and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release monomers and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release monomers and it's called
+phosphorylase because it uses phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase because it uses phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase because it uses phosphate
+to break that alpha 1 4 bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break that alpha 1 4 bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break that alpha 1 4 bond
+taking advantage of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that
+breaking down the polymer is favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the polymer is favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the polymer is favorable
+and actually releasing the glucose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually releasing the glucose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually releasing the glucose from
+it again is a glucose one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again is a glucose one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again is a glucose one phosphate
+and so at the non-reducing end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the non-reducing end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the non-reducing end of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here would be the
+non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end of the glycogen polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the glycogen polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the glycogen polymer
+you basically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate molecule
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes that off so you have a glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that off so you have a glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that off so you have a glycogen
+and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+which can now undergo a mutated reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can now undergo a mutated reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can now undergo a mutated reaction
+back to glucose 6-phosphate that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose 6-phosphate that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to glucose 6-phosphate that could
+then be released from the cell if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be released from the cell if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be released from the cell if it's a
+liver or it could be burned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or it could be burned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver or it could be burned in
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+now obviously if you're doing breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if you're doing breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if you're doing breakdown
+that is you're chewing back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you're chewing back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you're chewing back from
+non-reducing ends eventually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing ends eventually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing ends eventually you're
+going to hit a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit a situation
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you come to where there's just a nub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to where there's just a nub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to where there's just a nub
+here with an alpha 1 6 bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with an alpha 1 6 bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with an alpha 1 6 bond there
+that is chew it back till you hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is chew it back till you hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is chew it back till you hit this
+single monomer with a non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single monomer with a non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single monomer with a non-reducing end
+here to this alpha one six break point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to this alpha one six break point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to this alpha one six break point
+turns out you just cleave off that nub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you just cleave off that nub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you just cleave off that nub
+if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will
+and so that nub is then just released as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that nub is then just released as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that nub is then just released as
+free glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free glucose
+so other than release of that nub what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other than release of that nub what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other than release of that nub what
+it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is
+is that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you actually
+basically get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get
+no atp to actually break down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no atp to actually break down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no atp to actually break down in the
+phosphorylase reaction so the net cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase reaction so the net cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase reaction so the net cost
+to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+a glucose one phosphate molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glucose one phosphate molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glucose one phosphate molecule
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atp
+via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the
+utpdudp conversion in the glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utpdudp conversion in the glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utpdudp conversion in the glycogen
+synthase reaction and you get that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase reaction and you get that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase reaction and you get that one
+glucose one phosphate back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one phosphate back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one phosphate back
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+two atps to put a glucose into glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps to put a glucose into glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps to put a glucose into glycogen
+and then you get it directly back out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get it directly back out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get it directly back out as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+glucose one phosphate that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one phosphate that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose one phosphate that's a
+phosphorylated glucose that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated glucose that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated glucose that can then
+enter glycolysis so that's one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter glycolysis so that's one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter glycolysis so that's one less
+phosphate you need to spend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate you need to spend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate you need to spend on
+glycolysis and so it's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and so it's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and so it's incredibly
+efficient to store glucose in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to store glucose in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to store glucose in that way
+and so it's actually slightly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's actually slightly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's actually slightly greater
+than one atp to store it as glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one atp to store it as glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one atp to store it as glycogen
+because you lose an atp with that nub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you lose an atp with that nub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you lose an atp with that nub
+removal at the branch polymer but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal at the branch polymer but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal at the branch polymer but for
+all intents and purposes it costs 1 atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes it costs 1 atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes it costs 1 atp
+to store your glucose as glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store your glucose as glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store your glucose as glycogen
+which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+all right now before i leave the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now before i leave the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now before i leave the topic
+of sugar storage i want to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar storage i want to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar storage i want to make some
+comments on some sugars that are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on some sugars that are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on some sugars that are stored
+in forms other than glucose i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forms other than glucose i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forms other than glucose i want to
+talk about these because these sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these because these sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these because these sugars
+are of course important parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course important parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course important parts of our
+diet and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet and so
+as we've mentioned in last prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've mentioned in last prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've mentioned in last prior
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+two of these sugars are sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lactose
+so remember sucrose is a disaccharide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember sucrose is a disaccharide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember sucrose is a disaccharide of
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+plus fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus fructose
+and lactose is a disaccharide of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lactose is a disaccharide of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lactose is a disaccharide of glucose
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+galactose so those are storage forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose so those are storage forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose so those are storage forms of
+sugar sucrose in the case of plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar sucrose in the case of plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar sucrose in the case of plants
+lactose in the case of of milk made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose in the case of of milk made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose in the case of of milk made by
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+break those sugars down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break those sugars down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break those sugars down
+basically you break the disaccharide now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you break the disaccharide now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you break the disaccharide now
+you have the glucose molecules you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the glucose molecules you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the glucose molecules you know
+how to handle that's glycolysis but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to handle that's glycolysis but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to handle that's glycolysis but i
+want to spend a little bit of time how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend a little bit of time how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend a little bit of time how
+you deal with the fructose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with the fructose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with the fructose and the
+galactose that you get out from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose that you get out from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose that you get out from these
+sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this actually relates to some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually relates to some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually relates to some things
+that i'm sure you've all read about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm sure you've all read about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm sure you've all read about in
+the news for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news for instance
+fructose as a sugar in our diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose as a sugar in our diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose as a sugar in our diet
+is actually quite controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually quite controversial
+lots of stuff out there that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff out there that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff out there that says
+fructose was cooked up in the devil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose was cooked up in the devil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose was cooked up in the devil's
+kitchen and is this evil thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen and is this evil thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen and is this evil thing
+um there's actually others who argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually others who argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's actually others who argue
+that oh fructose is the same as glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh fructose is the same as glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh fructose is the same as glucose
+the same number of calories there's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of calories there's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of calories there's both
+sides of the debate both sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the debate both sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the debate both sides are
+actually making factual claims and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making factual claims and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making factual claims and i
+want you to understand the biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to understand the biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to understand the biochemistry
+so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually
+judge for yourself who's right in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge for yourself who's right in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge for yourself who's right in those
+claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims
+all right so let's start with talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with talking
+about how you metabolize fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you metabolize fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you metabolize fructose
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+first captured by phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate fructose
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+phosphate okay this is carried out by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay this is carried out by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate okay this is carried out by an
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+keto hexokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto hexokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto hexokinase
+ketohexal kinase is a gut that's present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketohexal kinase is a gut that's present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketohexal kinase is a gut that's present
+as a enzyme that's present in your gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a enzyme that's present in your gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a enzyme that's present in your gut
+and your liver and so fructose in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your liver and so fructose in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your liver and so fructose in the
+diet from breaking down sucrose or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet from breaking down sucrose or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet from breaking down sucrose or from
+high fructose corn syrup whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fructose corn syrup whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high fructose corn syrup whatever is
+captured with keto hexokinase to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with keto hexokinase to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured with keto hexokinase to make
+fructose one phosphate turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose one phosphate turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose one phosphate turns out that
+phosphofructokinase our old friend from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase our old friend from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase our old friend from
+glycolysis is less efficient than keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is less efficient than keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis is less efficient than keto
+hexokinase but can also carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase but can also carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase but can also carry out this
+reaction and remember what does it do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and remember what does it do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and remember what does it do in
+glycolysis it adds a phosphate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis it adds a phosphate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis it adds a phosphate to the
+one position of fructose 6-phosphate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position of fructose 6-phosphate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position of fructose 6-phosphate or
+can also add a phosphate to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also add a phosphate to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also add a phosphate to the one
+position of fructose to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of fructose to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of fructose to give you
+fructose one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose one phosphate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+once you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this
+fructose-1-phosphate which remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-phosphate which remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-phosphate which remember is
+not in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in glycolysis
+it can be a substrate for the glycolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a substrate for the glycolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a substrate for the glycolytic
+enzyme aldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme aldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme aldolase
+what does aldolase do in glycolysis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does aldolase do in glycolysis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does aldolase do in glycolysis it
+splits fbp into dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits fbp into dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits fbp into dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+well here you only have a phosphate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here you only have a phosphate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here you only have a phosphate on
+the one position and so if you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one position and so if you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one position and so if you look back
+at how aldolase works what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how aldolase works what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how aldolase works what you'll see is
+that if aldolase acts on fructose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if aldolase acts on fructose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if aldolase acts on fructose one
+phosphate you'll generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate you'll generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate you'll generate a
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate that
+phosphate will go to the dihydroxyl in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate will go to the dihydroxyl in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate will go to the dihydroxyl in
+half which of course is perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half which of course is perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half which of course is perfectly good
+substrate for glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate for glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate for glycolysis
+the other product of aldolase acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other product of aldolase acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other product of aldolase acting on
+fructose-1-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-1-phosphate
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+glyceraldehyde without the phosphate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde without the phosphate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde without the phosphate on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's another enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another enzyme that
+will phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will phosphorylate
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+to generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+which can then also of course enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then also of course enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then also of course enter
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+fructose is a hexose just like glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose is a hexose just like glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose is a hexose just like glucose
+you generate two trioses d-hap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate two trioses d-hap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate two trioses d-hap and
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate that costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate that costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate that costs
+you 2 atp to do it exactly the same cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 2 atp to do it exactly the same cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 2 atp to do it exactly the same cost
+is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you
+spent to get glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent to get glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent to get glucose
+to make d-hap and glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make d-hap and glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make d-hap and glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate and so people are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and so people are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and so people are absolutely
+right when they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they say
+metabolizing fructose has exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing fructose has exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing fructose has exactly the
+same caloric cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same caloric cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same caloric cost
+as metabolizing glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as metabolizing glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as metabolizing glucose
+two atps to get it into the trioses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps to get it into the trioses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atps to get it into the trioses and
+then whatever you get out of it you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whatever you get out of it you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whatever you get out of it you get
+out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it
+two atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atp
+four atps so net two atps if you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four atps so net two atps if you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four atps so net two atps if you just do
+fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation
+more if you do complete oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if you do complete oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if you do complete oxidation
+but the bottom line is is that from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is is that from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is is that from that
+standpoint you get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint you get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint you get exactly the same
+number of calories from burning glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calories from burning glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calories from burning glucose
+versus fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fructose
+however i want to point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however i want to point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however i want to point out that the
+regulation will not be the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation will not be the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation will not be the same and
+that's because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because in this
+fructose metabolism you will notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose metabolism you will notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose metabolism you will notice that
+there was no glucose 6-phosphate and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no glucose 6-phosphate and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no glucose 6-phosphate and no
+fbp generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbp generated
+that means you are avoiding all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you are avoiding all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you are avoiding all of the
+feedbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks
+that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control
+how much glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much glucose
+you send to glycolysis first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send to glycolysis first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send to glycolysis first the
+glycogen remember that's what glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen remember that's what glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen remember that's what glucose
+6-phosphate does acting on trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate does acting on trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate does acting on trapping
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+and more importantly you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly you're actually
+not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using
+phosphofructokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+to fit with the rest of the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit with the rest of the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit with the rest of the feedback
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation
+i also show that here on this slide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also show that here on this slide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also show that here on this slide it's
+basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a
+better version of what i drew up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better version of what i drew up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better version of what i drew up here
+and i now want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i now want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i now want to point out
+this storage of citrate and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this storage of citrate and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this storage of citrate and this
+feedback regulation of citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback regulation of citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback regulation of citrate
+so we'll talk about the specifics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about the specifics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about the specifics of
+this more in other lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more in other lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more in other lectures
+but it turns out citrate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out citrate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out citrate is the
+precursor for how one stores carbon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor for how one stores carbon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor for how one stores carbon as
+fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat
+and so if you're putting fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're putting fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're putting fructose
+glucose into the system and citrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into the system and citrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into the system and citrate is
+too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high
+it'll shut off phosphofructokinase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll shut off phosphofructokinase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll shut off phosphofructokinase and
+stop carbon coming down the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop carbon coming down the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop carbon coming down the system
+shunting it and said to glycogen or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunting it and said to glycogen or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunting it and said to glycogen or just
+saying don't give me any more glucose at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't give me any more glucose at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't give me any more glucose at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+if i'm doing the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm doing the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm doing the same thing with
+fructose those feedbacks don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose those feedbacks don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose those feedbacks don't exist
+citrate doesn't feed back on any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate doesn't feed back on any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate doesn't feed back on any of the
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+that are regulated for fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are regulated for fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are regulated for fructose
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+and so the idea is carbon keeps getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is carbon keeps getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is carbon keeps getting
+dumped into citrate which ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped into citrate which ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped into citrate which ultimately
+ends up as fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up as fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up as fat
+and this is really underlies at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really underlies at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really underlies at least on
+a theoretical basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical basis
+why there may be a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there may be a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there may be a connection between
+fructose and obesity or metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and obesity or metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and obesity or metabolic
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+i've posted articles on stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've posted articles on stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've posted articles on stellar
+one from the popular press one from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the popular press one from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the popular press one from a
+scientific journal that discusses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal that discusses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal that discusses the
+controversy discusses this but now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy discusses this but now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy discusses this but now at
+least you have the background to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have the background to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you have the background to draw
+some of your own conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your own conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your own conclusions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's fructose metabolism what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fructose metabolism what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fructose metabolism what about
+galactose metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose metabolism
+well galactose metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well galactose metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well galactose metabolism
+interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+glycogen metabolism or at least glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen metabolism or at least glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen metabolism or at least glucose
+one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+or sorry udp glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry udp glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry udp glucose
+and does so in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does so in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does so in a way that
+is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit
+non-intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive
+but it's actually very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually very important to
+understand galactose metabolism at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand galactose metabolism at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand galactose metabolism at least
+for those of you who are looking to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are looking to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are looking to go
+to medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to medical school
+turns out that galactose metabolism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that galactose metabolism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that galactose metabolism and
+issues with metabolizing galactose are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with metabolizing galactose are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with metabolizing galactose are
+what underlie a set of rare genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what underlie a set of rare genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what underlie a set of rare genetic
+diseases leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases leading to
+a set of conditions called galactosemias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of conditions called galactosemias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of conditions called galactosemias
+i guess if you're a pediatrician you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess if you're a pediatrician you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess if you're a pediatrician you may
+encounter these if you're not these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter these if you're not these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter these if you're not these are
+quite rare although med schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare although med schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare although med schools
+love to ask about these and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to ask about these and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to ask about these and certainly
+they're very popular on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very popular on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very popular on things like
+board exams so it's something you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams so it's something you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board exams so it's something you should
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+and so i just want to briefly introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i just want to briefly introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i just want to briefly introduce
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+metabolism to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism to you
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+like all sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all sugars
+galactoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactoses
+initially trapped by phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially trapped by phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially trapped by phosphorylation
+it's phosphorylated on the one position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's phosphorylated on the one position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's phosphorylated on the one position
+to trap it just like fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is
+the lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lactose
+one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one phosphate
+remember galactose is an epimer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember galactose is an epimer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember galactose is an epimer of
+glucose so it differs from glucose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so it differs from glucose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so it differs from glucose here
+by the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl
+group at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at this
+four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbon
+and so the way galactose once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way galactose once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way galactose once it's
+trapped is galactose one phosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped is galactose one phosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped is galactose one phosphate is
+metabolized is it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized is it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolized is it will
+react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with
+udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udp
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is udp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is udp
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+from glycogen metabolism drawn in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycogen metabolism drawn in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycogen metabolism drawn in a very
+stylized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will generate
+a udp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+which of course can enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course can enter
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be stored as glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be stored as glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be stored as glycogen
+etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc
+this udp galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this udp galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this udp galactose
+can then be turned into udp glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be turned into udp glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be turned into udp glucose
+via an epimerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via an epimerase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via an epimerase reaction
+and so remember the epimerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember the epimerase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember the epimerase reaction
+needs to change the stereochemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change the stereochemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change the stereochemistry of
+the hydroxyl group at this four position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl group at this four position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl group at this four position
+such that it's pointing up in galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's pointing up in galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's pointing up in galactose
+or pointing down in glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pointing down in glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pointing down in glucose
+the way epimerases work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way epimerases work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way epimerases work
+is that they require a cofactor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they require a cofactor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they require a cofactor that
+cofactor is nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor is nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor is nad
+and they work in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work in the following way
+and so if i just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i just draw
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+four position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four position
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+galactose okay the four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose okay the four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose okay the four carbon
+of galactose with the hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galactose with the hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galactose with the hydroxyl group
+pointing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on epimerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can basically remove a hydride from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically remove a hydride from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically remove a hydride from
+the bottom face of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom face of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom face of the molecule
+transfer those two electrons to nad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer those two electrons to nad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer those two electrons to nad to
+generate nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate nadh
+now you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lactone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four carbon
+and then you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two electrons from an nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be added to the opposite face of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be added to the opposite face of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be added to the opposite face of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that regenerates an nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regenerates an nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regenerates an nad plus
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+we've effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed the stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the stereochemistry
+at the four carbon to now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four carbon to now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four carbon to now be
+pointing such the hydroxyl points down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing such the hydroxyl points down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing such the hydroxyl points down
+and that's glucose and so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's glucose and so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's glucose and so the way
+epimerases work is they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerases work is they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerases work is they basically
+add and remove and add electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and remove and add electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and remove and add electrons from
+different faces of the pyranose ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different faces of the pyranose ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different faces of the pyranose ring
+and that changes the stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes the stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes the stereochemistry
+of which direction the hydroxyl group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which direction the hydroxyl group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which direction the hydroxyl group is
+pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+effectively this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this is how
+we metabolize all kinds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we metabolize all kinds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we metabolize all kinds of different
+sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+putting them in glycogen or other starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in glycogen or other starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in glycogen or other starch
+some other storage carbohydrate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other storage carbohydrate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other storage carbohydrate that we
+can get them later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get them later
+and then use them in glycolysis as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use them in glycolysis as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use them in glycolysis as a way
+to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive
+glucose oxidation as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose oxidation as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose oxidation as a way to
+release energy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release energy um
+and keep atp high in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep atp high in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep atp high in the cell
+all right now i want to shift topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to shift topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to shift topics and
+begin to discuss how we can oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to discuss how we can oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to discuss how we can oxidize
+pyruvate from glycolysis to make co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate from glycolysis to make co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate from glycolysis to make co2
+as an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an alternative
+to how we can release energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we can release energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we can release energy from
+carbohydrate oxidation rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate oxidation rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate oxidation rather than just
+use fermentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fermentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fermentation
+now you'll see that the enzymes and ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll see that the enzymes and ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll see that the enzymes and ways
+that we do this is going to also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do this is going to also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do this is going to also be
+how we make citrate and so this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we make citrate and so this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we make citrate and so this isn't
+just about releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about releasing
+energy it's also about storing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also about storing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also about storing energy
+because you'll see citrate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see citrate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see citrate is a
+precursor for storage as fat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor for storage as fat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor for storage as fat the
+reactions downstream of pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions downstream of pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions downstream of pyruvate
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+also make lots of other useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make lots of other useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also make lots of other useful
+intermediates that can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates that can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates that can be used to
+synthesize other things cells need amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize other things cells need amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize other things cells need amino
+acids nucleic acids and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids nucleic acids and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids nucleic acids and so this
+pathways we're going to discuss are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we're going to discuss are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we're going to discuss are
+going to come up over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up over and over again
+throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course
+now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to
+facilitate this discussion i'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate this discussion i'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate this discussion i'm really
+going to at least initially focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to at least initially focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to at least initially focus on
+catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you
+if we do glycolysis by turning glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do glycolysis by turning glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do glycolysis by turning glucose
+into pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pyruvate
+this involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need
+to dispose of those electrons somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dispose of those electrons somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dispose of those electrons somewhere
+that in other words that nadh has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words that nadh has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in other words that nadh has to be
+regenerated nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fermentation of pyruvate into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation of pyruvate into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation of pyruvate into something
+like lactate is a way to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lactate is a way to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lactate is a way to do that and
+allows net atp production from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows net atp production from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows net atp production from
+glycolysis without the need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis without the need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis without the need for
+any oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any oxygen
+however if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we're going to
+completely oxidize that pyruvate to co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely oxidize that pyruvate to co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely oxidize that pyruvate to co2
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+many more electrons as wastes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more electrons as wastes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more electrons as wastes that we
+have to put somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put somewhere
+oxygen is a particularly good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is a particularly good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is a particularly good electron
+acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+and so we can reduce oxygen to water as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can reduce oxygen to water as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can reduce oxygen to water as
+a way to deal with that electron waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to deal with that electron waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to deal with that electron waste
+and that allows us to just like burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to just like burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to just like burning
+wood release lots of energy from glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood release lots of energy from glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood release lots of energy from glucose
+by transferring those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transferring those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by transferring those electrons
+ultimately to oxygen and of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to oxygen and of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to oxygen and of course that
+same process oxygen to water if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process oxygen to water if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process oxygen to water if we're
+using the pyruvate to fully oxidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pyruvate to fully oxidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pyruvate to fully oxidize it
+also is necessary to regenerate the nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is necessary to regenerate the nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is necessary to regenerate the nad
+to run glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run glycolysis
+now ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ultimately
+the series of reactions that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of reactions that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series of reactions that allow
+chemically conversion of pyruvate to co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically conversion of pyruvate to co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically conversion of pyruvate to co2
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+the tca cycle for tricarboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+sometimes referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes referred to as
+the krebs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the krebs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the krebs
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and also is referred to as the citric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also is referred to as the citric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also is referred to as the citric
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+tca tricarboxylic acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca tricarboxylic acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca tricarboxylic acid cycle
+krebs cycle citric acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle citric acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+krebs cycle citric acid cycle
+all synonyms for the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all synonyms for the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all synonyms for the same thing
+what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles are
+is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those two carbon units can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two carbon units can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two carbon units can come from
+the oxidation of pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of pyruvate
+or from the oxidation of lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the oxidation of lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the oxidation of lots of other
+fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels
+and those two carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two carbon units
+are combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are combined
+with four carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see oxaloacetate is the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see oxaloacetate is the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see oxaloacetate is the four
+carbon unit oxaloacetate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon unit oxaloacetate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon unit oxaloacetate from
+gluconeogenesis that oxaloacetate could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis that oxaloacetate could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis that oxaloacetate could
+come from the pyruvate carboxylase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the pyruvate carboxylase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the pyruvate carboxylase
+reaction or it could come as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or it could come as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or it could come as you'll see
+from the tca cycle itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tca cycle itself
+this generates a six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates a six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generates a six carbon
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate
+citrate is a tricarboxylic acid hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate is a tricarboxylic acid hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate is a tricarboxylic acid hence
+the citric acid cycle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citric acid cycle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citric acid cycle or the
+tricarboxylic acid cycle and then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle and then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricarboxylic acid cycle and then those
+six carbon units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon units
+are re-oxidized releasing two co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are re-oxidized releasing two co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are re-oxidized releasing two co2
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+back to four carbon oxaloacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to four carbon oxaloacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to four carbon oxaloacetate and
+hence this is a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence this is a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence this is a cycle
+now this cycle was initially described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this cycle was initially described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this cycle was initially described
+by hans krebs who predicted the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hans krebs who predicted the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hans krebs who predicted the cycle
+largely based on chemistry one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely based on chemistry one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely based on chemistry one of the
+most amazing feats and discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing feats and discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing feats and discovery of
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+turned out he was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out he was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out he was right
+and thus it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus it's also
+referred to as his name the krebs cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as his name the krebs cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as his name the krebs cycle
+now lots of oxidation is happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lots of oxidation is happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lots of oxidation is happening in
+this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle
+you're oxidizing the molecule releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're oxidizing the molecule releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're oxidizing the molecule releasing
+co2 that means lots of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 that means lots of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 that means lots of energy is
+released those electrons ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released those electrons ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released those electrons ultimately
+transfer to oxygen and so we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to oxygen and so we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to oxygen and so we can use
+this to make lots of atp and do lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make lots of atp and do lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make lots of atp and do lots of
+other work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work
+where these reactions all occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these reactions all occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these reactions all occur
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in the mitochondria specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mitochondria specifically
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+matrix of the mitochondria remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the mitochondria remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the mitochondria remember the
+mitochondria from cell biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a double membrane organelle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double membrane organelle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double membrane organelle
+the innermost part of the mitochondria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innermost part of the mitochondria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innermost part of the mitochondria
+is referred to as the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as the matrix
+and these have conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these have conditions that
+favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor
+the pyruvate carboxylase reaction as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate carboxylase reaction as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyruvate carboxylase reaction as i
+talked about but also favor other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but also favor other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but also favor other
+oxidation reactions such as those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reactions such as those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reactions such as those that
+occur in the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the tca cycle
+and so next time what i will start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so next time what i will start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so next time what i will start with
+is by being more explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by being more explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by being more explicit
+about what chemistry is happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what chemistry is happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what chemistry is happening to
+allow these two carbon units to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these two carbon units to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these two carbon units to combine
+with oxaloacetate for carbon to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxaloacetate for carbon to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oxaloacetate for carbon to generate
+citrate and go over the reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and go over the reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate and go over the reactions that
+then allow you to run a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allow you to run a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allow you to run a cycle
+to regenerate oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regenerate oxaloacetate
+that is run the tca cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is run the tca cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is run the tca cycle
+as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to
+oxidize carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize carbon
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jAcdLZRhYNU.txt b/jAcdLZRhYNU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12eb884efaf6e2301dd8da142171cfde825d4673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jAcdLZRhYNU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider a collision in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a collision in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a collision in a lab
+frame in which one particle is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in which one particle is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in which one particle is coming in
+and the other particle is at rest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other particle is at rest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other particle is at rest so
+here's particle to be to initial is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's particle to be to initial is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's particle to be to initial is zero
+and we could say that m2 is twice N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say that m2 is twice N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could say that m2 is twice N 1
+and this is our lab frame and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our lab frame and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our lab frame and now let's
+consider the same collision in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the same collision in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the same collision in the
+center-of-mass frame and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame and in that
+reference frame we have particle 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame we have particle 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame we have particle 1
+moving with velocity V 1 prime initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with velocity V 1 prime initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with velocity V 1 prime initial
+and particle 2 moving with velocity V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle 2 moving with velocity V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle 2 moving with velocity V 2
+initial prime now the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial prime now the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial prime now the way we're going to
+analyze this problem is that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this problem is that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze this problem is that we know the
+speeds in the center-of-mass frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds in the center-of-mass frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds in the center-of-mass frame
+relative to the lab frame so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the lab frame so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the lab frame so we actually
+know these initial speeds and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these initial speeds and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these initial speeds and we'll
+write that result down in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that result down in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that result down in a moment
+because we know the initial speeds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know the initial speeds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know the initial speeds we
+also know that the one final in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that the one final in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that the one final in the
+center-of-mass frame is just minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame is just minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center-of-mass frame is just minus the
+initial velocity that's the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity that's the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity that's the beauty of
+the center-of-mass frame the velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame the velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame the velocities
+just changed direction they don't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changed direction they don't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changed direction they don't change
+magnitude because we know this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude because we know this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude because we know this we can
+get the 1 final and then it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 1 final and then it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the 1 final and then it's just a
+simple exercise to go back to the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise to go back to the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise to go back to the lab
+frame to calculate the quantity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame to calculate the quantity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame to calculate the quantity the
+velocity of object 1 in the lab frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of object 1 in the lab frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of object 1 in the lab frame so
+that will be our sequence of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our sequence of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be our sequence of ideas and
+the key fact that we know is that v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key fact that we know is that v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key fact that we know is that v1
+prime is equal initially to the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal initially to the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal initially to the reduced
+mass divided by m1 times v1 2 where v1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass divided by m1 times v1 2 where v1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass divided by m1 times v1 2 where v1 -
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just equal to v1 initial minus zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to v1 initial minus zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to v1 initial minus zero
+so that's the one initial and the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the one initial and the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the one initial and the ratio
+mu over m1 it's very simple to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over m1 it's very simple to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over m1 it's very simple to calculate
+that that's just m2 over m1 plus m2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just m2 over m1 plus m2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just m2 over m1 plus m2 for
+our case that's two thirds and so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case that's two thirds and so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case that's two thirds and so from
+our result we now have very simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result we now have very simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result we now have very simply that
+v1 final prime is minus v1 initial prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 final prime is minus v1 initial prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 final prime is minus v1 initial prime
+so it's minus two-thirds v1 initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minus two-thirds v1 initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minus two-thirds v1 initial and
+that's a very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very straightforward
+calculation we can do exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we can do exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we can do exactly the same
+thing with v2 final Prime the two final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with v2 final Prime the two final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with v2 final Prime the two final
+prime is minus v2 the initial Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is minus v2 the initial Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is minus v2 the initial Prime and
+v2 the initial prime is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 the initial prime is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 the initial prime is equal to minus
+mu over m2 times v1 to initial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over m2 times v1 to initial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over m2 times v1 to initial this
+ratio instead of being two thirds it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio instead of being two thirds it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio instead of being two thirds it's a
+simple exercise that will be M 1 over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise that will be M 1 over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple exercise that will be M 1 over M
+1 plus M 2 is one-third v1 initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus M 2 is one-third v1 initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus M 2 is one-third v1 initial and
+so we have solved for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have solved for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have solved for the final
+velocities in the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the center of mass
+reference frame now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame now let's just
+double-check our results we had v2 final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check our results we had v2 final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-check our results we had v2 final
+is minus v2 initial so that's minus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus v2 initial so that's minus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus v2 initial so that's minus but
+there's another minus sign here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another minus sign here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another minus sign here so we
+have two minus signs so that's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two minus signs so that's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two minus signs so that's a plus
+and that's why we have the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we have the plus
+one-third v1 initial and finally if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third v1 initial and finally if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third v1 initial and finally if we
+want to ask the question what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask the question what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask the question what are the
+velocities in the lab frame it's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the lab frame it's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the lab frame it's now a
+very simple exercise to do reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple exercise to do reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple exercise to do reference
+frame change we do need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame change we do need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame change we do need to know what the
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+that's V 1 V initial over m1 plus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's V 1 V initial over m1 plus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's V 1 V initial over m1 plus m2
+because remember that b2 initial is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember that b2 initial is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember that b2 initial is zero
+so that's another factor d1 initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another factor d1 initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another factor d1 initial and
+now for conclusion we have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for conclusion we have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for conclusion we have that the
+final velocity in the lab frame is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final velocity in the lab frame is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final velocity in the lab frame is equal
+to the velocity in the center-of-mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the velocity in the center-of-mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the velocity in the center-of-mass
+frame plus V center of mass and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame plus V center of mass and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame plus V center of mass and we just
+collect our results minus two-thirds v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect our results minus two-thirds v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect our results minus two-thirds v1
+initial plus one-third v1 initial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial plus one-third v1 initial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial plus one-third v1 initial so
+that's minus one-third v1 initial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus one-third v1 initial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus one-third v1 initial the
+outgoing velocity of particle one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing velocity of particle one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing velocity of particle one in the
+lab frame and the outgoing velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab frame and the outgoing velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab frame and the outgoing velocity of
+particle two in the lab frame again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two in the lab frame again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle two in the lab frame again we
+have one-third v1 initial plus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one-third v1 initial plus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one-third v1 initial plus another
+one-third v1 initial is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third v1 initial is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third v1 initial is equal to
+two-thirds v1 initial so we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds v1 initial so we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds v1 initial so we were able to
+solve this problem by switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem by switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem by switching
+reference frame using our basic fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame using our basic fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame using our basic fact in
+the center-of-mass frame that the speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame that the speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame that the speeds
+remain the same but the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same but the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same but the direction
+changes and enable to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and enable to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and enable to solve this problem
+without any of the traditional ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any of the traditional ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any of the traditional ways of
+applying the energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the energy momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the energy momentum
+relationship and kinetic energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and kinetic energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and kinetic energy or
+having quadratic equations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jFY3BVXYj_s.txt b/jFY3BVXYj_s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfb59a6347470db8b0f0fbabeb466a34d57fbd70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jFY3BVXYj_s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're all set to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're all set to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're all set to look at
+the franer defraction pattern associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the franer defraction pattern associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the franer defraction pattern associated
+with a two-dimensional multi slits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a two-dimensional multi slits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a two-dimensional multi slits the
+the setup again just to remind you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup again just to remind you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup again just to remind you uh
+same as before here's the laser here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before here's the laser here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before here's the laser here's
+the beam from the laser reflected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam from the laser reflected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam from the laser reflected by
+this mirror and reflected by this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror and reflected by this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror and reflected by this mirror
+into a lens now the lens here is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lens now the lens here is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lens now the lens here is used to
+expand the beam so that we can eluminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the beam so that we can eluminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the beam so that we can eluminate
+quite a chunk of a two-dimensional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a chunk of a two-dimensional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a chunk of a two-dimensional uh
+multi multiple slits and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi multiple slits and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi multiple slits and then the the
+refracted light then goes on onto to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light then goes on onto to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light then goes on onto to the
+screen now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now let's look at the
+two-dimensional uh multiple slits what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh multiple slits what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh multiple slits what
+we have for you we have two Rony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for you we have two Rony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for you we have two Rony
+rulings each one has so many lines per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulings each one has so many lines per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulings each one has so many lines per
+per inch I'm not going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per inch I'm not going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per inch I'm not going to tell you
+because I'm going to leave that again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to leave that again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to leave that again as
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+exercise uh so we have two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh so we have two identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise uh so we have two identical
+rcky rulings that are that are crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcky rulings that are that are crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcky rulings that are that are crossed
+the first one is fixed is over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is fixed is over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is fixed is over here and
+the second one is attached to a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is attached to a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is attached to a rotation
+stage behind uh behind the first so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage behind uh behind the first so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage behind uh behind the first so we
+can rotate the second uh Rony ruling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate the second uh Rony ruling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate the second uh Rony ruling and
+then we can see what it does to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see what it does to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see what it does to the uh
+defraction patter so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patter so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction patter so now let's look at
+let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+screen and uh and then as we uh and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and uh and then as we uh and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and uh and then as we uh and as
+you can see on on the screen now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on on the screen now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see on on the screen now you see
+the the two-dimensional uh uh defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two-dimensional uh uh defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two-dimensional uh uh defraction
+pattern of the of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the of multiple
+slits uh you can see that they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits uh you can see that they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits uh you can see that they look
+different than uh than the than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than uh than the than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than uh than the than the
+single slit we have a lot more dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit we have a lot more dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single slit we have a lot more dots and
+again as I say I'm going to leave it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I say I'm going to leave it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I say I'm going to leave it as
+an exercise for you to figure them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise for you to figure them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise for you to figure them all
+out again I'd like to draw attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again I'd like to draw attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again I'd like to draw attention to
+to the dots around here to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dots around here to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dots around here to all these
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+terms uh in this in this pattern so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh in this in this pattern so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh in this in this pattern so this
+pattern then is associated with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern then is associated with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern then is associated with with uh
+with the rulings uh crossed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rulings uh crossed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rulings uh crossed or
+orthogonal now what I'm going to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal now what I'm going to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal now what I'm going to do I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+rotate the the ranky ru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the the ranky ru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the the ranky ru
+or the multiple slits uh in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the multiple slits uh in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the multiple slits uh in the back of
+the fixed one see so again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed one see so again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed one see so again you can see
+that the pattern rotates now if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pattern rotates now if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pattern rotates now if we get
+rid of the the insert and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the the insert and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the the insert and then look at
+uh the entire pattern okay now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the entire pattern okay now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the entire pattern okay now you can
+see and what happens as I rotate as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and what happens as I rotate as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and what happens as I rotate as I
+rotate the Rony ruling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the Rony ruling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the Rony ruling in the
+back here we are can rotate the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here we are can rotate the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here we are can rotate the other
+way and I hope you can see all the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I hope you can see all the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I hope you can see all the weak
+spots which are the the cross terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots which are the the cross terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots which are the the cross terms in
+the in the pattern now in order for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the pattern now in order for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the pattern now in order for you
+to calculate the the line spacings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the the line spacings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the the line spacings in
+the rcky rulings I will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rcky rulings I will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rcky rulings I will give you the
+information you need uh we have a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need uh we have a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need uh we have a plane
+wave that's that impin imp pinches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's that impin imp pinches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's that impin imp pinches on
+the on the rocky rolling and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the rocky rolling and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the rocky rolling and the
+diameter of it is about a a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of it is about a a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of it is about a a little over
+a centimeter the the screen is about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a centimeter the the screen is about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a centimeter the the screen is about 100
+cm away from from the the Rony rulings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm away from from the the Rony rulings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm away from from the the Rony rulings
+and the wavelength of the light as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength of the light as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength of the light as
+before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is
+6328 and with all this information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 and with all this information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6328 and with all this information you
+should be able to calculate the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to calculate the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to calculate the the uh
+number of lines per per inch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines per per inch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines per per inch or
+millimeter the Rony ruling but I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the Rony ruling but I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the Rony ruling but I you
+need still one more information and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need still one more information and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need still one more information and that
+is the scale on the screen and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the scale on the screen and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the scale on the screen and I'm not
+going to put a scale on but I will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a scale on but I will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a scale on but I will tell
+you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the
+separation between between these dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between between these dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between between these dots
+here these pair of dots is about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these pair of dots is about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these pair of dots is about six
+millimeters so now you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so now you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so now you have all the
+information you need to calculate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to calculate the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to calculate the uh
+the spacing between the lines in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between the lines in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between the lines in the in
+the Rony ruling now just before we quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rony ruling now just before we quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rony ruling now just before we quit
+if we can uh pull away let the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can uh pull away let the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can uh pull away let the camera
+pull away and show you the extent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull away and show you the extent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull away and show you the extent of the
+of the pattern right now you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pattern right now you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pattern right now you can see the
+pattern extends quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern extends quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern extends quite a
+bit and now we can come in again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and back to where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before this completes our demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this completes our demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this completes our demonstrations
+of two-dimensional front halfa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-dimensional front halfa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-dimensional front halfa
+defraction pattern next what we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern next what we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern next what we have for
+you is Fel defraction so when we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is Fel defraction so when we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is Fel defraction so when we come
+back we'll have the setup rearranged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we'll have the setup rearranged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back we'll have the setup rearranged so
+we can look at some Fel defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at some Fel defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at some Fel defraction
+patterns
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jGk3w1b7UXQ.txt b/jGk3w1b7UXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8cb90689a3f2c58252f9e07f41b3cfbd92ae2c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jGk3w1b7UXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2046 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: in the last
+lecture, we discussed
+
+sinusoidal and real and complex
+exponential signals
+
+both for continuous time
+and discrete time.
+
+And those signals will form very
+important building blocks
+
+when we return to a discussion
+of Fourier
+
+analysis in a later lecture.
+
+In today's lecture, I'd like to
+introduce some additional
+
+basic signals, specifically
+the unit step and
+
+unit impulse signal.
+
+Let's begin with discrete time
+and the discrete-time unit
+
+step and unit impulse.
+
+The discrete-time unit step is
+a sequence as I've indicated
+
+here, specifically a sequence
+which is 0 for negative values
+
+of its argument, and equal to
+1 for positive values of its
+
+argument and 0.
+
+So mathematically, the unit
+step sequence is 1 for n
+
+greater than or equal to 0
+and 0 for n less than 0.
+
+The unit impulse sequence,
+likewise, is defined in a
+
+straightforward way.
+
+The unit impulse sequence is a
+sequence which is 0 for all
+
+values of its argument
+except for n = 0.
+
+So the unit step and unit
+impulse sequence are defined
+
+in a straightforward
+way mathematically.
+
+And in fact, they are also
+related to each other in a
+
+straightforward way
+mathematically.
+
+Specifically, the unit impulse
+can be related to the unit
+
+step through the relationship
+that I've indicated here--
+
+delta of n, the unit impulse,
+equal to a unit step minus the
+
+unit step delayed.
+
+So mathematically, the
+relationship is what is
+
+referred to as a first
+difference.
+
+And to see the validity of this
+expression, we can simply
+
+look at the unit step and
+its delayed version.
+
+So here, we show the
+unit step, u[n].
+
+Here, we show the unit
+step delayed by 1.
+
+So it's 0 for n less
+than or equal to 0.
+
+And clearly, if we subtract
+the delayed step from the
+
+original unit step, everything
+subtracts out except at n = 0,
+
+at which point the difference
+is equal to 1.
+
+And so the difference
+between u[n]
+
+and u[n-1]
+
+is simply the unit impulse,
+sometimes incidentally also
+
+referred to as the
+unit sample.
+
+Now, in a similar way, we can
+express the unit step in terms
+
+of the unit impulse.
+
+And there are several
+ways of doing this.
+
+One way is through a
+relationship referred to as a
+
+running sum.
+
+What I mean by that is the
+following expression.
+
+If we think of forming the sum
+from minus infinity up to some
+
+value n of a unit impulse or
+unit sample, then this running
+
+sum, in fact, is equal
+to the unit step.
+
+And we can see that in a fairly
+straightforward way, by
+
+simply observing that in this
+expression, when n is less
+
+than 0, there's nothing
+accumulated in the sum.
+
+And we can see that graphically
+
+as I've shown here.
+
+So for n less than 0,
+so we accumulate no
+
+terms in the sum.
+
+Whereas for n greater than 0, we
+accumulate 1 non-zero value
+
+in the sum, namely the value of
+the unit sample at n = 0.
+
+So we have, then, one
+expression for the
+
+relationship between the unit
+step and the unit sample.
+
+We can also develop another
+relationship by observing in
+
+essence that if we look at the
+unit step sequence, as I've
+
+returned to here, we can, in
+effect, think of the unit step
+
+sequence as a succession
+of unit impulses,
+
+one following another.
+
+So if we consider forming a sum
+of delayed impulses, as I
+
+indicate mathematically here,
+and as I indicate graphically
+
+down below, we have an impulse
+here at n = 0 and an impulse
+
+here at n = 1, an impulse here
+at n = 2, et cetera.
+
+And when we continue to add
+these up, then what they add
+
+up to is the unit
+step sequence.
+
+And so mathematically, then,
+that would correspond to an
+
+impulse at n = 0 plus an impulse
+at n = 1 plus an
+
+impulse at n = 2, et cetera.
+
+Now, in continuous time, we
+have a very more or less
+
+similar situation.
+
+We will find it equally useful
+to talk about a unit step
+
+continuous-time signal
+and a unit impulse
+
+continuous-time signal.
+
+Let's begin with the
+continuous-time unit step.
+
+The continuous-time unit step
+function is graphically
+
+indicated as I've shown here.
+
+It's a time function which
+is 0 for t less than 0.
+
+And it's 1 for t
+greater than 0.
+
+And so mathematically, what
+it corresponds to is u[t]
+
+t defined as a time function
+which is 0 for t less than 0,
+
+1 for t greater than 0.
+
+Now, an obvious question is,
+what happens at t = 0?
+
+And the difficulty here-- which
+is not a difficulty that
+
+arises in the discrete-time
+case--
+
+is that at t = 0, the units
+step function is in fact
+
+discontinuous, which generates
+a variety of
+
+mathematical problems.
+
+And one can define the unit step
+at t = 0 in a variety of
+
+ways, but the essential point is
+that the unit step function
+
+is discontinuous.
+
+So in effect, what we need to
+do is think of the unit step
+
+function as the limit of
+a continuous function.
+
+And so we can define a function,
+which I specify here
+
+as u_delta(t) (u sub
+delta of t).
+
+And u_delta(t) is a time
+function which is 0 for t less
+
+than 0, linearly increases
+to time delta which would
+
+correspond to this
+break point, and
+
+then 1 following that.
+
+And so we can think then of the
+discontinuous unit step as
+
+the limiting form of u_delta(t)
+as delta goes to 0.
+
+Now, we also want to define
+a unit impulse function.
+
+And it had a fairly
+straightforward definition in
+
+discrete time.
+
+In continuous time, things get
+slightly more difficult.
+
+And to motivate the definition,
+let me return to
+
+the discrete-time definition--
+
+or rather, the discrete-time
+relationship between the unit
+
+step and the unit impulse
+function.
+
+In discrete time, we saw that
+the unit impulse function is
+
+the first difference of the
+unit step function.
+
+Well, similarly in continuous
+time, we can talk about an
+
+impulse function, which is the
+first derivative of a unit
+
+step function.
+
+So the unit impulse, as we
+want to define it, is the
+
+derivative of the unit step.
+
+Of course, we just finished
+discussing the fact that the
+
+unit step function is, in fact,
+discontinuous at t = 0.
+
+But we can think of its
+derivative as related to this
+
+approximation to
+the unit step.
+
+And specifically, we will think
+of the continuous-time
+
+impulse as the derivative of
+u_delta(t) as delta goes to 0.
+
+So to define the unit impulse,
+we think of the derivative of
+
+this approximation to the unit
+step and then observe what
+
+happens as delta goes to 0.
+
+We have, then, the definition
+of the unit impulse function
+
+more or less formally defined as
+the first derivative of the
+
+unit step, or thought of as
+the limiting form of the
+
+derivative of the approximation
+to the unit step
+
+in the limit, as delta,
+the duration of the
+
+discontinuity, goes to 0.
+
+Well, let's look at that.
+
+If we think about the derivative
+of u_delta(t), the
+
+derivative, of course, is
+0 for t less than 0.
+
+It's equal to a constant during
+this linear slope, and
+
+then, it's 0 for t greater
+than delta.
+
+So the derivative of u_delta(t)
+will then be as
+
+I've indicated here.
+
+And it's simply a rectangle with
+a height, which is 1 /
+
+delta, and a width, which
+is equal to delta.
+
+And observe that no matter what
+the value of delta is,
+
+the area is always equal to 1.
+
+Now, as we let delta go to 0,
+what happens is that the width
+
+of the rectangle gets smaller,
+the height of the rectangle
+
+gets bigger, the area
+still remains 1.
+
+As delta goes to 0, of course,
+the width goes to 0, and the
+
+height goes to infinity.
+
+And graphically, we choose to
+depict that as an arrow, where
+
+the arrow indicates the fact
+that we have an impulse
+
+occurring at t = 0, and the
+height of the impulse is used
+
+to represent what the area
+of the impulse is.
+
+And in this case, since we took
+the derivative of a unit
+
+step, the height
+is equal to 1.
+
+So the impulse has 0 width,
+infinite height, area 1.
+
+It's mathematically not terribly
+comfortable because
+
+what we've done is taken the
+derivative of the unit step,
+
+which has a discontinuity at the
+origin, and there's some
+
+mathematical difficulties
+in doing that.
+
+We'll in fact return to another
+interpretation of the
+
+impulse later to emphasize some
+of the discomfort with
+
+the impulse.
+
+I remember something that Sam
+Mason used to say that his
+
+students said about
+the unit impulse.
+
+His definition was the unit
+impulse is something that's so
+
+small every place I can't see
+it except at one point where
+
+it's so big I can't see it.
+
+In other words, I
+can't see it at.
+
+Well, accept some informality
+with the unit impulse function
+
+in the continuous time case, and
+generally, we'll see that
+
+we won't get into particular
+difficulty.
+
+OK, now the impulse is the
+derivative of the step.
+
+We saw in the discrete-time case
+that the step could be
+
+recovered from the impulse
+through a running sum.
+
+In continuous time, if the
+impulse is the derivative of a
+
+step, we would more or less
+reasonably expect that the
+
+step would be like an integral
+of the impulse.
+
+And indeed, that's true.
+
+In fact, mathematically the
+relationship is that the unit
+
+step function in continuous time
+is the running integral
+
+of the unit impulse function.
+
+And so it's the integral from
+minus infinity up to time t,
+
+where t is the argument at which
+we're examining u(t).
+
+And so, just as with the
+discrete-time case, if we are
+
+looking at t less than 0,
+there's no area accumulated in
+
+the integral.
+
+If we're looking at t greater
+than 0, then we accumulate the
+
+area under the impulse.
+
+OK, now we'll shortly be
+returning to a further
+
+discussion on use of impulses
+and step functions.
+
+And in particular, what we'll
+see is that they provide a
+
+very convenient and powerful
+mechanism for describing a
+
+particular class of systems
+referred to as linear
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+To lead up to that discussion,
+which will be the principal
+
+focus of the next lecture, let's
+for the remainder of
+
+this lecture talk about systems
+in general and then
+
+some properties of systems.
+
+And as the lecture proceeds, the
+specific properties that I
+
+want to get to are properties
+of linearity and time
+
+invariance.
+
+So let's first talk about
+systems in general.
+
+And a system in general, in its
+most general definition,
+
+is simply a transformation from
+an input signal to an
+
+output signal.
+
+So in a continuous-time
+case, we would have a
+
+continuous-time system,
+the input, x[t],
+
+and the output, y[t].
+
+And the box, in essence,
+is used to denote a
+
+transformation from x[t]
+
+to y[t].
+
+And sometimes, we'll also use a
+shorthand notation along the
+
+lines of indicating that the
+input, x[t], is transformed to
+
+the output, y[t].
+
+Now, we have exactly the same
+kind of definition in the
+
+discrete-time case.
+
+In the discrete-time case,
+of course, the inputs are
+
+sequences, and the outputs
+are sequences.
+
+And our shorthand notation
+is similar.
+
+Often when we talk about
+systems, we'll want to talk
+
+about interconnections
+of systems.
+
+And we'll see again in later
+lectures that interconnections
+
+become very important
+and powerful.
+
+And in the way of introducing
+terminology, let me introduce
+
+the terminology for a few
+basic and important
+
+interconnections of systems.
+
+The first is what's referred to
+as a cascade of systems, or
+
+sometimes as a series
+interconnection of systems.
+
+And putting two systems in
+cascade, as I've indicated
+
+here, means taking the output
+of one system--
+
+let's say system 1--
+
+and using that as the input to
+the second system, which I've
+
+denoted as system 2.
+
+So in this cascade with system
+1 first and system 2 second,
+
+we have the output of system
+1 going into the
+
+input of system 2.
+
+Now, we could, of course, take
+those two systems and cascade
+
+them in the reverse order.
+
+Namely, take the output of
+system 2 and put it into the
+
+input of system 1.
+
+And I've indicated that here.
+
+And we have system 2 first
+in the cascade
+
+followed by system 1.
+
+It's important to keep in mind
+that in general, for general
+
+systems, the order in which
+you cascade the systems is
+
+very important.
+
+And in fact, the overall system
+transformation will be
+
+different depending on which
+system came first and which
+
+system came second.
+
+For example, if system 1 was,
+let's say, a system for which
+
+the output doubles the input,
+and system 2, the output is
+
+the square root of the input,
+clearly doubling first and
+
+then taking the square root is
+different than taking the
+
+square root first and
+then doubling.
+
+Now, kind of amazingly, what
+we'll see again when we get to
+
+this issue of linearity
+and time invariance--
+
+which are a class of systems
+that we'll focus in on--
+
+somewhat amazingly, it turns
+out that for that specific
+
+class of systems, the overall
+system transformation is
+
+independent of the
+order in which
+
+the systems are cascaded.
+
+And we'll see that, of course,
+in more detail later on.
+
+All right, well, that's
+a cascade or a series
+
+interconnection.
+
+Let's look at another
+interconnection, which is a
+
+parallel interconnection
+of systems.
+
+And here, what's meant by the
+interconnection is that the
+
+input is fed simultaneously
+into system 1
+
+and into system 2.
+
+And then, the outputs of these
+two systems are added to give
+
+the overall system output.
+
+Now, in this particular case,
+in contrast to a cascade, no
+
+matter what the systems are, it
+turns out that a parallel
+
+combination, the order
+in which they're
+
+put in parallel is--
+
+the overall transformation is
+independent of the order.
+
+And of course, that follows
+from the fact that we're
+
+simply adding up outputs.
+
+And the outputs can be added
+in any order because of the
+
+fact that addition doesn't care
+in which order you're
+
+adding things up.
+
+OK, so that's the parallel
+interconnection.
+
+And let's look at one more
+interconnection, which is
+
+what's referred to as a feedback
+interconnection.
+
+And this, again, is an
+interconnection that will
+
+become a very important topic
+much later in the course.
+
+But let me just indicate at this
+point what I mean by it.
+
+What a feedback interconnection
+means is that
+
+we have one system, system 1,
+with an input and an output.
+
+The output of system 1 is the
+output of the overall system.
+
+And that output is fed
+into system 2.
+
+The output of system 2 is then
+added to the input to the
+
+overall system.
+
+So in essence, what happens in
+a feedback interconnection is
+
+we have one system.
+
+The output of that system is
+fed back through system 2,
+
+added to the overall input.
+
+And then, that sum is what forms
+the input of system 1.
+
+And we'll see that there are
+lots of uses for feedback and,
+
+of course, also lots of ways
+that feedback gets in the way.
+
+In fact, probably some of you
+are already familiar with some
+
+of the issues in feedback--
+
+for example, in audio
+systems or whatever.
+
+But this will be a topic that
+we'll devote a considerable
+
+amount of time to later
+in the course.
+
+And then, of course, there are
+lots of other interconnections
+
+of systems.
+
+And as the course progresses,
+we'll see lots of ways in
+
+which systems get interconnected
+both in series
+
+and in parallel and feedback
+interconnections, et cetera,
+
+to achieve a wide variety
+of things.
+
+Now, what I've said so far
+relates to systems in general.
+
+And you can't say much about
+systems when you try to treat
+
+them in their most
+general form.
+
+So it's useful and important to
+focus in on properties that
+
+a system may or may not have.
+
+So what I'd like to do now is
+turn our attention to system
+
+properties.
+
+And we'll define a
+number of them.
+
+Some of them, we'll want
+to impose on a system.
+
+Some of them, we may not want
+to impose on a system.
+
+But as things progress, we'll
+tend to find it useful to ask
+
+whether a system
+does or doesn't
+
+have a certain property.
+
+Well, let's begin with a
+property which I refer to here
+
+as memoryless.
+
+And what I mean by a system
+being memoryless is that the
+
+output at any given time, t_0,
+depends only on the input at
+
+the same time.
+
+And so what I'm suggesting is
+that a memoryless system is
+
+one for which the output at a
+specific time depends only on
+
+the input at that time.
+
+And that statement is true, or
+that definition applies, both
+
+for continuous time, as I've
+indicated here, and also for
+
+discrete time, as I've
+indicated here.
+
+And so we have a similar
+definition in discrete time,
+
+that the system is memoryless
+if the output at any given
+
+time depends only on the
+input at that time.
+
+Well, I have a number
+of examples here.
+
+Let's look at the first example
+in which the output is
+
+the square of the input.
+
+And that is a possible system
+either in continuous time or
+
+discrete time.
+
+And that system, as you would
+expect, is commonly referred
+
+to a squarer.
+
+And since the square of a signal
+at any time depends
+
+only on the value of the signal
+at that time, clearly a
+
+squarer is a memoryless
+system.
+
+So in fact, we can indicate
+here that this system is
+
+memoryless.
+
+Another important system is
+what is referred to as an
+
+integrator.
+
+The output is equal to the
+integral of the input.
+
+Here, as I've indicated it,
+it's not just integrating
+
+x(t), but it's integrating
+the square of x(t).
+
+And whether we square before
+we integrate or not, the
+
+essential point is that since
+we're integrating the input,
+
+the value of the output at any
+time is an accumulation of
+
+past history of the input.
+
+Well, an accumulation
+of past history in
+
+essence implies memory.
+
+To get the output at a given
+time requires the input over
+
+an interval, specifically for
+longer than that time.
+
+So this system, in fact,
+is not memoryless.
+
+And now, I have a third
+system defined here.
+
+The third system is a system,
+a discrete-time system, in
+
+which the output is equal to
+the input but not quite.
+
+The output at some time--
+let's say for
+
+example at n = 0--
+
+is equal to the input at one
+time sample, or instant, or
+
+value of the index
+before that.
+
+And so this, in fact, is a
+system for which the output is
+
+simply the input delayed or
+shifted by one sample.
+
+So this system is referred
+to as a unit delay.
+
+And now, the question is, is
+that system memoryless?
+
+Well, the output depends
+only on the input--
+
+the output at any instant
+depends only on the input at
+
+one instant.
+
+But since it depends on an
+instant prior to the time at
+
+which we're looking, or
+different than the time at
+
+which we're looking, it violates
+the definition of
+
+memoryless that we introduced.
+
+And so, in fact, the unit delay
+is a system that has
+
+memory, and so let's
+indicate that here.
+
+So this is not a memoryless
+system because of the fact
+
+that there is 1 unit of delay.
+
+And in essence, delay
+requires memory.
+
+OK, so that's the issue of
+memory and memoryless systems.
+
+Let's now turn to another
+property which a system may or
+
+may not have, the property
+referred to as invertibility.
+
+Now, essentially what
+invertibility means is that
+
+given the output of the system,
+you can figure out
+
+uniquely what the input was.
+
+That's one definition
+for invertibility.
+
+Said another way, invertibility
+means that given
+
+the output, there's only
+one input that
+
+could have caused it.
+
+That's another common definition
+for invertibility.
+
+Another way of looking at it is,
+in fact, to look at it in
+
+the context of a cascade
+of systems.
+
+So let's consider a system.
+
+And here is a system which I
+refer to as system A. And this
+
+could be continuous-time
+or discrete-time.
+
+It has an input, x_1(t) or
+x_1[n], depending on whether
+
+it's continuous-time or
+discrete-time that we're
+
+talking about, and an
+associated output.
+
+And here, we have system
+B with its
+
+associated input and output.
+
+And now, let's put these
+two systems in cascade.
+
+So we'll take the output of
+system 1 and feed it into the
+
+input of system 2--
+
+or system B. So the output of
+system A goes into the input
+
+of system B. And if system A is
+invertible and system B is
+
+its inverse, then the
+consequence is that the output
+
+of system B is equal to
+the input of system A.
+
+Now, I know there are a lot
+of inputs and outputs and
+
+inverses in there.
+
+But essentially, what we mean by
+what I've just said is that
+
+if we have system A and it's
+invertible, and if we cascade
+
+it with its inverse, system B,
+then the overall cascade of
+
+these two systems is simply
+what's referred to as the
+
+identity system.
+
+And the identity system is
+simply a system which if you
+
+put a signal into it, you get
+the same signal out of it.
+
+In other words, the overall
+system is no
+
+transformation at all.
+
+And clearly, of course, for
+a system to be able to be
+
+cascaded with another system
+to generate the identity
+
+system requires that the first
+system, system A, be
+
+invertible.
+
+So let's look at
+some examples.
+
+If we had system A as I've
+indicated here, where now the
+
+output is the running integral
+of the input--
+
+and remember that we saw the
+running integral when we
+
+talked about the relationship
+between steps and impulses--
+
+if this happened to be
+an impulse, then the
+
+output would be a step.
+
+This system is referred to, of
+course, as an integrator since
+
+the output is the running
+integral of the input.
+
+And the integrator, in fact,
+is an invertible system.
+
+And its inverse is a system for
+which the output is the
+
+derivative of the input.
+
+So the inverse of system A, if
+system A is an integrator, is
+
+a system for which the output is
+equal to the derivative of
+
+the input which, not
+surprisingly, is referred to
+
+as a differentiator.
+
+So an integrator
+is invertible.
+
+Its inverse is a
+differentiator.
+
+What you might want to think
+about is the question of
+
+whether a differentiator
+is invertible.
+
+Now, to answer that, what you
+would ask yourself is, if you
+
+always knew what the derivative
+of the signal is,
+
+would you necessarily know
+what the signal was?
+
+In other words, if you have a
+differentiator and you have
+
+the output of the
+differentiator, could you
+
+always figure out what
+the input was?
+
+If you could, the system
+would be invertible.
+
+If you couldn't, the system
+would not be invertible.
+
+So you might just want
+to think about that.
+
+I guess I won't tell
+you right now.
+
+But I'm sure that you'll think
+about that more, particularly
+
+with the guidance of
+the video manual.
+
+OK, well let's look at
+one last system.
+
+I've indicated here a system
+for which the output is
+
+related to the input
+through this curve.
+
+And what I mean by this curve,
+which wasn't done quite as
+
+well as I might have, is that
+the output is equal to the
+
+square of the input.
+
+So this system is our squarer
+as we talked about before.
+
+We saw previously, or discussed
+the fact previously,
+
+that the squarer is a
+memoryless system.
+
+And now the question is, is a
+squarer an invertible system?
+
+Well, the question then is, if
+you're given the square of a
+
+signal, can you figure out
+what the signal is?
+
+And as I'm sure you've already
+suspected, the answer to that
+
+is no, because obviously if
+the signal was negative or
+
+positive, you wouldn't be able
+to figure that out after
+
+you've squared.
+
+So in fact, the squarer
+is not invertible.
+
+All right, so we've introduced
+several properties.
+
+And by the way, as we've gone
+through it, also introduced
+
+some systems that will
+turn out to be useful
+
+and important systems.
+
+And now, let's continue with
+some other properties.
+
+A property that we'll find
+useful to make reference to,
+
+from time to time, and will,
+in fact, play a fairly
+
+important role in a variety of
+discussions during the course,
+
+is a property which is referred
+to as causality.
+
+Now, in essence what causality
+means is the following.
+
+A system is set to be causal if,
+as one way of saying it,
+
+it only responds when
+you kick it.
+
+Is another way of saying it, its
+response at any time only
+
+depends on values of the input
+prior to that time.
+
+So a causal system, both
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time, is defined sometimes
+as a system which has the
+
+property that the output at any
+time depends only on the
+
+input prior or equal
+to that time.
+
+Essentially what we're saying
+is that the system can't
+
+anticipate future inputs.
+
+And so that, in fact, is another
+possible definition
+
+for causality, that the system
+is causal if it can't
+
+anticipate future inputs.
+
+Finally, an alternative
+way of saying it
+
+mathematically is as follows.
+
+If I have two signals, x_1(t)
+and x_2(t), with their
+
+associated outputs, y_1(t) and
+y_2(t), then a system is said
+
+to be causal if and only if it
+has the property that if those
+
+two inputs are identical up
+until some time, then the
+
+outputs are identical up
+until the same time.
+
+So if we have two signals that
+are exactly the same up until
+
+some time and perhaps do
+something different later on,
+
+causality requires that the
+outputs not anticipate the
+
+fact that those inputs are at
+some future time going to do
+
+something different.
+
+And that, in fact, is the most
+useful mathematical definition
+
+of causality.
+
+And of course, I've written that
+here for continuous time.
+
+And the same definition of
+causality also applies for
+
+discrete time.
+
+OK, well let's look
+at an example.
+
+Let's take an example which
+is a system which is the
+
+following discrete-time
+system.
+
+The output at any given time
+is the sum of x[n], x[n]
+
+delayed, and x[n]
+
+anticipated.
+
+And this is, in fact, a system
+that's very useful and
+
+referred to as a
+moving average.
+
+And so if we think of a moving
+average, if we have here a
+
+sequence, x[n]
+
+and x[n]
+
+with other values going off in
+both directions, for any
+
+value, n_0, at which we're
+computing the output--
+
+and this is y[n], the output--
+
+we take x[n 0], x[n 0-1],
+and x[n 0+1].
+
+And so to form that moving
+average, we would take these
+
+three values and combine them
+together, adding them and then
+
+dividing by 3 to get that.
+
+Well, is the system causal?
+
+One way to answer that is to
+determine whether the output
+
+at any given time depends on
+future values of the input.
+
+And clearly, if you look at
+this, what you see is that the
+
+output at time n_0 depends both
+on past values and on
+
+future values.
+
+As opposed to another moving
+average, which I've indicated
+
+here, where I simply
+shifted the values
+
+that I combined together.
+
+And in this case, because of the
+way in which I picked the
+
+values, the output depends on
+the value at n_0, the value at
+
+n_0 - 1, and the value
+at n_0 - 2.
+
+So y[n 0]
+
+would depend here on x[n 0],
+x[n 0-1], and x[n 0-2].
+
+And so in this case, the
+system is not causal.
+
+And in this case, the
+system is causal.
+
+All right, now let's turn to
+another system property, the
+
+property referred
+to as stability.
+
+Now, there are lots of
+definitions of stability, and
+
+some of them get very
+mathematical and formal.
+
+But we've chosen, and what we'll
+use as our definition of
+
+stability, is what's called
+bounded-input
+
+bounded-output stability.
+
+And essentially, the definition
+is that a system is
+
+stable if and only if for
+every bounded input, the
+
+output is bounded.
+
+So the notion is if you have a
+system and the input never
+
+gets above some finite value,
+then stability requires that
+
+the output also stay within
+some bounded values.
+
+And I'm sure that stability
+and instability are things
+
+that you're kind of informally
+familiar with.
+
+Let me just emphasize the point
+with something that I
+
+borrowed actually from
+my son with some
+
+reluctance on his part.
+
+If we, for example, take a
+system like this, which is in
+
+essence a pendulum, this system
+as I'm holding it here
+
+is stable because if I put in
+a bounded input, which is a
+
+displacement, the output, which
+is the movement of it,
+
+remains bounded.
+
+Now on the other hand, if I
+put the system like this,
+
+which is, in fact, what's
+referred to as an inverted
+
+pendulum, although we could
+conceivably get this to
+
+balance, just a slight
+displacement because of the
+
+fact that the pendulum
+is inverted, a slight
+
+displacement and the output
+becomes unbounded.
+
+Now, an interesting thing with
+the inverted pendulum, by the
+
+way, which I'm sure all of you,
+if you were anything like
+
+me, were intrigued with as a
+kid, was the notion that you
+
+could take an inverted pendulum
+and in effect turn it
+
+back into a stable system by
+using what I'm doing right
+
+now, which is feedback.
+
+What I've done in that case is
+I've stabilized the system by
+
+using feedback, visual
+feedback, from
+
+my eye to my hand.
+
+And in fact, one of the very
+important things that we'll
+
+see about feedback when we talk
+about feedback systems
+
+much later in the course is
+that one of their very
+
+important applications is in
+stabilizing unstable systems.
+
+By the way, one of their
+problems is that if not used
+
+correctly, it can destabilize
+stable systems.
+
+OK, well let's continue on with
+
+our property of stability.
+
+I have here, again, the example
+of an integrator.
+
+And as I indicate here, if we
+have an integrator and we put
+
+a step function into it or a
+step signal into it, the
+
+output is what's referred
+to as a ramp signal.
+
+It linearly increases.
+
+Now, the question is,
+is a ramp unbounded?
+
+The input is bounded.
+
+The step input is bounded.
+
+The ramp is unbounded because
+if you try to establish any
+
+bound on it, you can always go
+out far enough in time so that
+
+the output will exceed
+that bound.
+
+So in fact, the integrator
+is not stable.
+
+OK, now finally, I'd like to
+turn to two properties that
+
+we'll make considerable use of
+as the course goes on, the
+
+properties of time invariance
+and linearity.
+
+Time invariance, in essence,
+says that the system doesn't
+
+really care what you
+call the origin.
+
+In other words, it says if you
+take the input and you shift
+
+it in time, all that you've done
+is taken the output and
+
+shifted it in time by
+the same amount.
+
+Somewhat more formally as I've
+indicated here, if in
+
+continuous time we have an
+input, x(t), which generate an
+
+output, y(t), then time
+invariance requires that if
+
+the input is shifted by any
+amount of time, the output is
+
+shifted by the same
+amount of time.
+
+And exactly the same applies
+in discrete time.
+
+For example, if we have a system
+which is a system I've
+
+shown here, which by the way is
+the system that we talked
+
+about previously to go from
+a step sequence--
+
+I'm sorry, from an impulse
+sequence to a step sequence.
+
+We called it a running sum.
+
+And actually, what it's also
+often called is an
+
+accumulator.
+
+What it does is accumulate
+past values of the input.
+
+Well, is the accumulator
+time-invariant?
+
+The best way to establish that
+is to work through the
+
+equations and verify that it
+either does or doesn't satisfy
+
+the formal definition
+of time invariance.
+
+Informally, if you think about
+it, it makes intuitive sense
+
+that the accumulator is
+time-invariant because if
+
+you're accumulating values and
+if you delay the values that
+
+you're putting into the
+accumulator, then the
+
+associated values that come
+out will be delayed by the
+
+same amount.
+
+The accumulator doesn't care
+really if you shift the input.
+
+It'll just simply shift
+the associated output.
+
+But more generally, if you're
+trying to test time
+
+invariance, it's important to
+return to the definition.
+
+And that's what you're required
+to do in the examples
+
+in the video manual.
+
+OK, well, I indicate
+another example.
+
+We had the example of
+an accumulator.
+
+Here's another example which, in
+fact, as we'll see later is
+
+a system which is a modulator.
+
+The output is the input,
+modulated.
+
+And although you might think at
+first that this system is
+
+time invariant, in fact it is
+not, because the input shifted
+
+generates an output which is
+the input shifted times the
+
+same modulation function.
+
+Whereas if we were to take the
+output of the system, we have
+
+x(t) is the input, then what
+that would correspond to is
+
+sin(t-t_0) * x(t-t_0).
+
+And since these two are
+not equal, this
+
+system is not time invariant.
+
+And this is an example that
+often causes a slight amount
+
+of difficulty because it seems
+like when you look
+
+at it ought to be.
+
+And so I strongly encourage you,
+in the context of working
+
+problems in the manual, that you
+think very carefully about
+
+this and at least believe
+that what I told you
+
+is the right answer.
+
+OK, now the final property that
+I want to introduce today
+
+is the property of linearity.
+
+And linearity is defined in a
+manner similar for continuous
+
+time and discrete time.
+
+And what it says is that if
+we have some inputs with
+
+associated outputs, let's say
+x_1(t) and x_2(t), then a
+
+system is linear if it has the
+property that the output to a
+
+linear combination of those
+inputs is the same linear
+
+combination of the associated
+outputs.
+
+And so that's what I've
+indicated here, that if we now
+
+put into the system a linear
+combination of those inputs,
+
+then for linearity, we require
+that the output is the same
+
+linear combination.
+
+And exactly the same applies
+in discrete time.
+
+And you can show from this
+definition that if a system is
+
+linear with two inputs, then
+it's linear in terms of an
+
+arbitrary number of inputs.
+
+I have a number of examples.
+
+And these are examples that,
+again, I ask you to think
+
+about as you look at
+the video manual.
+
+Just to suggest the answer--
+
+well, not to suggest but to
+tell you the answer, the
+
+integrator as we have
+here is linear.
+
+This system in which the output
+is double the input
+
+plus a constant, you would
+kind of think it's linear
+
+because it's a straight line.
+
+But one has to be careful.
+
+And in fact, as it turns out,
+this is not linear.
+
+There is a qualifier attached
+to it because it has a
+
+property referred to as
+incrementally linear, which is
+
+discussed somewhat
+more in the text.
+
+And finally, we have a system
+which is the squarer that I've
+
+indicated again here.
+
+And squaring it is definitely
+not a linear operation.
+
+OK, so what we've done, then,
+is to introduce a number of
+
+properties of systems.
+
+And we've also, by the way, as
+I've stressed previously, as
+
+we've gone along introduced also
+a number of important and
+
+useful systems, like the
+accumulator, the integrator,
+
+the differentiator, et cetera.
+
+What we'll see is that the
+properties of linearity and
+
+time invariance in particular
+become central and important
+
+properties.
+
+And in the next lecture, what
+we'll show is that with
+
+systems that are linear and
+time-invariant, the use of the
+
+impulse function, both in
+continuous time and discrete
+
+time, provides an
+extraordinarily important and
+
+useful mechanism for
+characterizing those systems.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jUrPIbJWpOA.txt b/jUrPIbJWpOA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fce6180bb2ff47a88797076145826895d7713d24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jUrPIbJWpOA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+I would like us to use green theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like us to use green theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like us to use green theorem to
+compute the following integral where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the following integral where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the following integral where the
+it's the integral over the curve C where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral over the curve C where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral over the curve C where
+C is the circle drawn here so the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the circle drawn here so the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the circle drawn here so the circle
+is uh oriented so the interior is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oriented so the interior is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oriented so the interior is on the
+left and it's centered at the point xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it's centered at the point xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and it's centered at the point xal
+a yal 0 so the integral you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yal 0 so the integral you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yal 0 so the integral you can read it
+but I will read it also for you it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will read it also for you it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will read it also for you it's the
+integral of 3x^2 y^2 DX + 2x^2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 3x^2 y^2 DX + 2x^2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 3x^2 y^2 DX + 2x^2 * the
+quantity 1 + XY Dy so you are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 + XY Dy so you are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 + XY Dy so you are supposed
+to use green theorem to compute that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use green theorem to compute that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use green theorem to compute that and
+uh why don't you pause the video give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't you pause the video give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't you pause the video give it
+a shot and then when you're ready to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot and then when you're ready to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot and then when you're ready to see
+my solution you can bring the video back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay welcome back well what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay welcome back well what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay welcome back well what we're
+going to do obviously to to use G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do obviously to to use G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do obviously to to use G
+theorem to compute this because we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to compute this because we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to compute this because we give
+you I give you a big hint that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I give you a big hint that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I give you a big hint that you're
+supposed to use green theorem is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use green theorem is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use green theorem is we have
+an integral over over a closed curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral over over a closed curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral over over a closed curve and
+what we're going to do is now take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is now take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is now take the
+integral of another certain uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of another certain uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of another certain uh certain
+integrand obviously related in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand obviously related in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrand obviously related in some way
+to this over the region that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this over the region that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this over the region that I will
+shade here so we're interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade here so we're interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade here so we're interested in this
+shaded region now so let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded region now so let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded region now so let me write down
+what green therm is and then we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what green therm is and then we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what green therm is and then we'll put
+in the important parts okay so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the important parts okay so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the important parts okay so just to
+remind you um I'm not going to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you um I'm not going to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you um I'm not going to write out
+down all the hypotheses of greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the hypotheses of greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the hypotheses of greens
+theorem that we need but the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we need but the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we need but the point that
+I want to make is that if we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make is that if we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make is that if we start the
+integral over this closed curve C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this closed curve C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over this closed curve C of
+MDX plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus n
+Dy we can also integrate over the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy we can also integrate over the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy we can also integrate over the region
+that c encloses of N subx - M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c encloses of N subx - M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c encloses of N subx - M
+suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dydx okay so that is ultimately what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx okay so that is ultimately what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx okay so that is ultimately what
+we're going to do and so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do and so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do and so in this case
+again always m is going to be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again always m is going to be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again always m is going to be uh the
+function associated with the DX portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function associated with the DX portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function associated with the DX portion
+it's the The Ice component of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the The Ice component of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the The Ice component of the vector
+field and N is going to be the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and N is going to be the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and N is going to be the function
+Associated here with the Dy okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated here with the Dy okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated here with the Dy okay that's
+standard obviously so now what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard obviously so now what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard obviously so now what we want
+to do is transform what we have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is transform what we have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is transform what we have there
+into something that looks like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that looks like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that looks like this so
+the region I'm just going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region I'm just going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region I'm just going to keep
+calling it R for the moment but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it R for the moment but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it R for the moment but the
+region R you'll notice is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R you'll notice is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R you'll notice is the thing that
+I shaded in the drawing and so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shaded in the drawing and so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shaded in the drawing and so now let's
+compute what this is well you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what this is well you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what this is well you have the
+capacity to do that that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to do that that's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to do that that's just some
+straight uh taking derivative so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh taking derivative so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight uh taking derivative so I'm
+just going to write down what it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down what it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down what it is and
+not write down all of the show you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write down all of the show you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write down all of the show you all
+the individual pieces so I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual pieces so I'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual pieces so I'll just write
+down what you get and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what you get and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what you get and then the
+simplified version so you get 6x^2 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version so you get 6x^2 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version so you get 6x^2 y
+plus 4X is n subx and then m suby is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4X is n subx and then m suby is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4X is n subx and then m suby is -
+6x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x^2
+Y and so and I'm going to call dydx I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so and I'm going to call dydx I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so and I'm going to call dydx I'm
+just going to refer to it now as da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to refer to it now as da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to refer to it now as da
+because that makes it a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that makes it a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that makes it a lot easier to
+write oh I guess guess I should call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write oh I guess guess I should call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write oh I guess guess I should call
+this well da this is the area um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well da this is the area um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well da this is the area um the the
+the volume form there so this simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume form there so this simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume form there so this simplifies
+and I just get the integral of 4X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just get the integral of 4X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just get the integral of 4X over
+this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region
+da okay now this you saw an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay now this you saw an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay now this you saw an example of
+this in lecture of how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in lecture of how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in lecture of how to deal with
+these types of problems at this point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems at this point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of problems at this point if
+I really wanted to I could figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really wanted to I could figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really wanted to I could figure out
+what the bounds are in that region are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bounds are in that region are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bounds are in that region are
+and I could inter terms of X and Y and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could inter terms of X and Y and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could inter terms of X and Y and I
+could do a lot of work and integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a lot of work and integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do a lot of work and integrate it
+all or I could remember one simple fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or I could remember one simple fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or I could remember one simple fact
+okay which is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is that if I
+have I think you see it in class as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think you see it in class as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think you see it in class as as
+xbar the center of mass should be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar the center of mass should be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar the center of mass should be equal
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+over the volume of the region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the volume of the region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the volume of the region right
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+integral of x da over the region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x da over the region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x da over the region that's
+what we know this should be this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know this should be this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know this should be this may be
+doesn't look like a V but so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like a V but so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like a V but so in this
+case volume is area isn't it maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case volume is area isn't it maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case volume is area isn't it maybe I
+should write area that might make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write area that might make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write area that might make you
+nervous so if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous so if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous so if I take the
+area I could just say a of R if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I could just say a of R if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I could just say a of R if I take
+the area one over the area and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area one over the area and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area one over the area and then I
+multiply by the integral of x over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the integral of x over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the integral of x over r
+with respect with dydx with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect with dydx with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect with dydx with respect to
+Da then I get the center of mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da then I get the center of mass okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da then I get the center of mass okay
+well let's look at what in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at what in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at what in this picture
+what is the center of mass here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the center of mass here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the center of mass here if I
+want to balance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to balance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to balance this
+thing on a pencil tip if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on a pencil tip if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on a pencil tip if I want to
+balance this disc assuming it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this disc assuming it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this disc assuming it's the
+density is everywhere the same on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is everywhere the same on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is everywhere the same on a
+pencil tip where am I going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil tip where am I going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil tip where am I going to put the
+pencil I'm going to put it right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil I'm going to put it right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil I'm going to put it right at the
+center the x value there is a the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the x value there is a the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the x value there is a the y-
+value there is zero so if I had the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there is zero so if I had the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there is zero so if I had the y
+center of mass I would want zero but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass I would want zero but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass I would want zero but I
+want the X Center of mass so I want a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the X Center of mass so I want a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the X Center of mass so I want a so
+I'm this xbar is actually equal to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm this xbar is actually equal to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm this xbar is actually equal to from
+the picture is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is equal to
+a and now let's notice what I've done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now let's notice what I've done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now let's notice what I've done I
+have taken I had this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken I had this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken I had this quantity
+here I've taken this quantity except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've taken this quantity except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've taken this quantity except for
+the four and I a way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four and I a way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four and I a way of writing
+explicitly what this quantity is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what this quantity is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what this quantity is without
+actually doing any of the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing any of the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing any of the integration
+okay I haven't done any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't done any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't done any any
+sophisticated things at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated things at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated things at this point
+except know what the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except know what the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except know what the center of mass is
+so also what is the area of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also what is the area of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also what is the area of the region
+I'm going to need that right the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need that right the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need that right the area of
+the region it's a circle of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region it's a circle of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region it's a circle of radius
+a so the area is pi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the area is pi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so the area is pi a
+s right so this quantity is pi a squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so this quantity is pi a squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so this quantity is pi a squ and
+all this together tells me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together tells me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together tells me that the
+integral of x/ R da a if I solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x/ R da a if I solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x/ R da a if I solve for
+this part I get a * pi a 2 so I get Pi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part I get a * pi a 2 so I get Pi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part I get a * pi a 2 so I get Pi a
+cubed and that only differs from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that only differs from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and that only differs from our
+answer by one thing there's a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer by one thing there's a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer by one thing there's a scaler
+there's a multiple you multiply by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiple you multiply by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiple you multiply by four
+and that gives us what we want I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us what we want I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us what we want I said
+differs from our answer differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from our answer differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from our answer differs from
+what we want by one thing we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want by one thing we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want by one thing we just
+multiply by four there so we multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by four there so we multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by four there so we multiply by
+four here so in fact Let me let me maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here so in fact Let me let me maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here so in fact Let me let me maybe
+there looks like there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looks like there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there looks like there was a little
+magic here so let me point out some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here so let me point out some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic here so let me point out some of
+the key process key points at the end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key process key points at the end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key process key points at the end I
+started off knowing I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off knowing I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off knowing I was trying to
+integrate 4X over the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate 4X over the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate 4X over the region
+R and R in this case was a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and R in this case was a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and R in this case was a circle
+centered at radius centered at a Zer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at radius centered at a Zer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at radius centered at a Zer and
+of radius a and then I said well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius a and then I said well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius a and then I said well I don't
+want to do a lot of work for this so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a lot of work for this so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a lot of work for this so I'm
+going to I'm going to not cheat but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to not cheat but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I'm going to not cheat but I'm
+going to use my knowledge of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use my knowledge of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use my knowledge of the center
+of Mass to make this easier so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mass to make this easier so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Mass to make this easier so the
+center of mass is equal to 1 / the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is equal to 1 / the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is equal to 1 / the area
+of the region times the integral X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the region times the integral X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the region times the integral X over
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+region right and so I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right and so I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right and so I want to find the
+integral of x over the region I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x over the region I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x over the region I just
+solve for the integral of x over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the integral of x over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the integral of x over the
+region right I just solve for that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right I just solve for that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right I just solve for that part
+the center of Mass from just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of Mass from just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of Mass from just looking at
+the picture and understanding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture and understanding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture and understanding what the
+center of mass means the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass means the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass means the center of mass
+in the X the X component is a the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X the X component is a the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X the X component is a the area
+is pi a s so I end up with a with a pi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi a s so I end up with a with a pi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi a s so I end up with a with a pi a
+cubed when I solve for the integral of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed when I solve for the integral of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed when I solve for the integral of x
+and then because I wanted the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because I wanted the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because I wanted the integral
+of 4X I just multiply by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4X I just multiply by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4X I just multiply by four
+and so the final answer is actually 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the final answer is actually 4 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the final answer is actually 4 Pi
+a cub so what I was trying to find if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub so what I was trying to find if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cub so what I was trying to find if
+you remember was I was trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember was I was trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember was I was trying to find
+the value when I integrated over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value when I integrated over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value when I integrated over this
+curve of a certain Vector field right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of a certain Vector field right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of a certain Vector field right
+and that that one was going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that one was going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that one was going to be a
+little messy to do it that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy to do it that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy to do it that way but
+Green's theorem actually there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem actually there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem actually there's a lot
+of cancellation it makes it much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancellation it makes it much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancellation it makes it much easier
+and then the center of mass is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the center of mass is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the center of mass is a nice
+little trick to use at the end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick to use at the end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick to use at the end and then
+the calculation is quite simple so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation is quite simple so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation is quite simple so I
+think that's where all stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jiAi2e3oil4.txt b/jiAi2e3oil4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a991439c6e33d688884f695dd1137c8ea9c96eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jiAi2e3oil4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's benefits in honoring your native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's benefits in honoring your native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's benefits in honoring your native
+language and also your native culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and also your native culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and also your native culture
+and then you become a more joyful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you become a more joyful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you become a more joyful
+learner and then you have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and then you have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner and then you have a better
+chance to succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to succeed
+Sarah Hansen in this episode Our Guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen in this episode Our Guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen in this episode Our Guest
+is Michelle DeGraff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Michelle DeGraff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Michelle DeGraff
+the co-founder and co-director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-founder and co-director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-founder and co-director of the
+MIT Haiti initiative which promotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Haiti initiative which promotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Haiti initiative which promotes the
+use of Haitian Creole in Haitian schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of Haitian Creole in Haitian schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of Haitian Creole in Haitian schools
+he's also the instructor of the newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also the instructor of the newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also the instructor of the newly
+revised course on ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised course on ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised course on ocw
+24908 Creole languages and Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24908 Creole languages and Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24908 Creole languages and Caribbean
+identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+we actually spoke with Michelle back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually spoke with Michelle back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually spoke with Michelle back in
+season one and he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season one and he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season one and he talked about
+connecting language to issues of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting language to issues of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting language to issues of culture
+identity and Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and Power
+in this episode we're taking a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're taking a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this episode we're taking a deeper
+look at some of these themes and how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of these themes and how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of these themes and how he
+navigates them with his students but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigates them with his students but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigates them with his students but for
+those unfamiliar with Michelle's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unfamiliar with Michelle's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unfamiliar with Michelle's work
+and presence let's start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presence let's start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presence let's start at the
+beginning the origins of a Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the origins of a Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the origins of a Linguistics
+professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor
+I really became a linguist by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really became a linguist by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really became a linguist by accident
+my first career was as a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first career was as a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first career was as a computer
+scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+and I got a wonderful job which I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a wonderful job which I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got a wonderful job which I never
+forget at ATT belab as an intern as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget at ATT belab as an intern as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget at ATT belab as an intern as an
+undergraduate and this is where for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and this is where for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and this is where for the
+first time I got to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I got to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I got to understand that
+language is really a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is really a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is really a system of
+computation where you connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation where you connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation where you connect
+sounds or in the case of sign languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds or in the case of sign languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds or in the case of sign languages
+where you connect gestures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you connect gestures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you connect gestures with
+information with meanings and before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with meanings and before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with meanings and before I
+had no clue that that's what defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no clue that that's what defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no clue that that's what defined
+language and before that for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and before that for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and before that for the first
+20 years of my life I had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years of my life I had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years of my life I had never
+considered my native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered my native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered my native language
+Haitian Creole which we call Creole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole which we call Creole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole which we call Creole in
+Haiti I've never thought of it as a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti I've never thought of it as a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti I've never thought of it as a real
+language but I always thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but I always thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but I always thought that
+Creole was broken French was corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole was broken French was corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole was broken French was corrected
+French was bad French that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French was bad French that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French was bad French that's what I was
+told as a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told as a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told as a child
+so that moment at hntb Labs it dawned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that moment at hntb Labs it dawned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that moment at hntb Labs it dawned on
+me that for the first 18 years of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that for the first 18 years of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that for the first 18 years of my
+education I had been lied to I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I had been lied to I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I had been lied to I've been
+lied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lied to
+at home by my parents because she loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home by my parents because she loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home by my parents because she loved
+me very much so it was a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very much so it was a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very much so it was a lie
+rooted in love then I was lied to by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in love then I was lied to by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in love then I was lied to by my
+teachers from age three four to age 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers from age three four to age 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers from age three four to age 18
+in fact back in school I wasn't allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact back in school I wasn't allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact back in school I wasn't allowed
+to speak my native language in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak my native language in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak my native language in fact I
+was finished for speaking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finished for speaking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was finished for speaking it
+so then at the labs it was a moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then at the labs it was a moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then at the labs it was a moment of
+epiphany I actually remember when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany I actually remember when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany I actually remember when I
+realized that physically it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that physically it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that physically it was a
+disturbance you know to think oh gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance you know to think oh gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance you know to think oh gosh
+why is it that for all these years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that for all these years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that for all these years I
+never thought of my native language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought of my native language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought of my native language of
+the full language and that's when I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full language and that's when I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full language and that's when I I
+decided to learn more about Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to learn more about Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to learn more about Linguistics
+learn more about what makes a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about what makes a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about what makes a language
+language so back that Labs I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so back that Labs I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so back that Labs I was
+actually writing programs for Computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writing programs for Computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually writing programs for Computer
+Sciences and for language trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences and for language trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences and for language trying to
+create the first versions of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the first versions of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the first versions of things like
+Siri or Alexa doing text to speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri or Alexa doing text to speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri or Alexa doing text to speech
+synthesis and trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and trying to understand
+natural language with computers so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language with computers so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language with computers so I
+turned out with the computers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out with the computers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out with the computers that
+taught me about language eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of re-examining childhood experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re-examining childhood experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of re-examining childhood experience
+experiences and the ways we learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and the ways we learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and the ways we learn about
+identity are woven into the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity are woven into the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity are woven into the course
+material of 24 908 Creole languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of 24 908 Creole languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of 24 908 Creole languages and
+Caribbean identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean identities
+in the course Michelle asks the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course Michelle asks the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course Michelle asks the students
+to examine themselves and the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine themselves and the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to examine themselves and the world
+around them in profound and meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them in profound and meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them in profound and meaningful
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+the key part that they learn to learn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part that they learn to learn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part that they learn to learn or
+they learn to uncover is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn to uncover is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn to uncover is the basic
+fundamental role that language plays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role that language plays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role that language plays in
+how they form their own identity and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they form their own identity and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they form their own identity and how
+language structures social relations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language structures social relations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language structures social relations the
+way they view others and the way others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they view others and the way others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they view others and the way others
+view them and what they learn really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view them and what they learn really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view them and what they learn really
+that I find to be fundamental is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find to be fundamental is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I find to be fundamental is the
+hidden role that language often plays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden role that language often plays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden role that language often plays in
+the creation and transition of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation and transition of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation and transition of power
+power in terms of opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in terms of opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in terms of opportunities to
+become successful students opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become successful students opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become successful students opportunities
+to get good jobs opportunities to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good jobs opportunities to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good jobs opportunities to even
+find a mate in all these relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a mate in all these relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a mate in all these relations
+language plays such a key fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language plays such a key fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language plays such a key fundamental
+role that's often hidden so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that's often hidden so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that's often hidden so what they
+learn to do is to make the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to do is to make the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to do is to make the hidden
+visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible
+you see and for them to do that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and for them to do that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and for them to do that they
+have to dig deep in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dig deep in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dig deep in their own
+biographies in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies in their own
+attitudes about people because whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes about people because whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes about people because whatever
+attitudes we have about language it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes we have about language it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes we have about language it's
+not just about language it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about language it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about language it's really
+about other human beings other social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other human beings other social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other human beings other social
+groupings or the ethnicities other even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings or the ethnicities other even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings or the ethnicities other even
+religions other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions other countries
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through Colonial lenses and that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Colonial lenses and that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Colonial lenses and that can
+also reveal so much about the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reveal so much about the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reveal so much about the human
+beings held in that history in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings held in that history in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings held in that history in the case
+of colonized Nations like Haiti and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colonized Nations like Haiti and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colonized Nations like Haiti and the
+Sim is true for most of the Caribbean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim is true for most of the Caribbean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim is true for most of the Caribbean is
+true for Native Americans in the US it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for Native Americans in the US it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for Native Americans in the US it's
+true for Palestinians it's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for Palestinians it's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for Palestinians it's true for
+Africans in many parts of Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans in many parts of Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans in many parts of Africa
+the way history is written it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way history is written it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way history is written it's often
+written from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written from the perspective of the
+colonizers even in a country like Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers even in a country like Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizers even in a country like Haiti
+we've been independent since 1804 but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been independent since 1804 but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been independent since 1804 but my
+history book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history book
+was so Colonial to Independence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Colonial to Independence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Colonial to Independence was
+bragged about was honored but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragged about was honored but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragged about was honored but if you
+read between the lines even from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read between the lines even from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read between the lines even from the
+very preface your Haitian child is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very preface your Haitian child is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very preface your Haitian child is
+taught to despise their own ancestors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to despise their own ancestors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught to despise their own ancestors a
+history book teaches us to Revere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history book teaches us to Revere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history book teaches us to Revere to
+adore the colonizers including someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adore the colonizers including someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adore the colonizers including someone
+like bartolome De Las Casas who was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bartolome De Las Casas who was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bartolome De Las Casas who was one
+of the very early architects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very early architects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very early architects of the
+slave trade a history book right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave trade a history book right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave trade a history book right in the
+preface teaches that Las Casas is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface teaches that Las Casas is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface teaches that Las Casas is to be
+revealed as a hero I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed as a hero I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed as a hero I think this is
+perhaps the most striking example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most striking example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most striking example of how
+even an independent country like Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even an independent country like Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even an independent country like Haiti
+or history books are so thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or history books are so thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or history books are so thoroughly
+Colonial but one way to get out of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial but one way to get out of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial but one way to get out of it is
+to look at language in the case of Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at language in the case of Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at language in the case of Haiti
+Haitian Creole to understand how from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole to understand how from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole to understand how from
+the very beginning of Haiti's history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of Haiti's history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of Haiti's history
+the Africans resisted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Africans resisted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Africans resisted this
+dehumanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehumanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehumanization
+as you might expect sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might expect sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might expect sometimes these
+conversations can be intense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations can be intense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations can be intense for
+students I asked Michelle about how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I asked Michelle about how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I asked Michelle about how he
+approaches subjects that directly deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches subjects that directly deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches subjects that directly deal
+with the cascading effects and Trauma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cascading effects and Trauma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cascading effects and Trauma of
+colonialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism
+it's class its session is really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's class its session is really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's class its session is really it's
+both reaffirming but it can make us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reaffirming but it can make us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reaffirming but it can make us feel
+so fragile because I went through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fragile because I went through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fragile because I went through this
+this experience when I was in my early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience when I was in my early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience when I was in my early
+20s realizing that how history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s realizing that how history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s realizing that how history
+colonialism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism
+actually even Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even Theory
+I've played such a major role in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've played such a major role in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've played such a major role in the way
+I look at myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at myself
+it's a very challenging position to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very challenging position to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very challenging position to be
+in and I can tell you that in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I can tell you that in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I can tell you that in our class
+there's been tears shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been tears shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been tears shed
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Michelle explained that one commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle explained that one commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle explained that one commonly
+difficult subject for students is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult subject for students is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult subject for students is
+examining the processes of assimilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the processes of assimilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the processes of assimilation
+so many of the stories students confront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of the stories students confront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of the stories students confront
+in this class involve exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class involve exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class involve exploring the
+trauma of assimilation especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma of assimilation especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trauma of assimilation especially when
+it leads to devaluing or even abandoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to devaluing or even abandoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to devaluing or even abandoning
+their cultural heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cultural heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cultural heritage
+children of immigrants in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of immigrants in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of immigrants in the U.S
+because of social pressure because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of social pressure because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of social pressure because of
+this push to assimilate the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push to assimilate the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this push to assimilate the parents
+really give up on the ancestral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give up on the ancestral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really give up on the ancestral
+languages and cultures and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and cultures and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and cultures and then when the
+students when they go to college like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students when they go to college like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students when they go to college like in
+this case you know when they take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you know when they take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you know when they take my
+course and then they understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then they understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and then they understand the
+roots of this pressure to assimilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this pressure to assimilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of this pressure to assimilate
+then they really see themselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they really see themselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they really see themselves as
+victims and they realize the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims and they realize the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims and they realize the loss
+because there's so much loss in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so much loss in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so much loss in not
+having kept your ancestral language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having kept your ancestral language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having kept your ancestral language and
+and I'm as a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm as a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm as a parent
+I I know it because I know how difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know it because I know how difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know it because I know how difficult
+it is in the case of my own children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the case of my own children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the case of my own children to
+keep Asian clearly alive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Asian clearly alive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Asian clearly alive in the
+household and because this again even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and because this again even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household and because this again even as
+a linguist there is so much pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linguist there is so much pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linguist there is so much pressure
+that you have to struggle to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to struggle to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to struggle to make sure
+that your children can keep speaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your children can keep speaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your children can keep speaking in
+a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world where
+is a view that's been useful so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a view that's been useful so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a view that's been useful so it takes
+lots of efforts and I'm your linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of efforts and I'm your linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of efforts and I'm your linguist
+I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that
+speaking honoring your native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking honoring your native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking honoring your native language
+in a way would prevent you from learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way would prevent you from learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way would prevent you from learning
+a second language or a third language or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second language or a third language or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second language or a third language or
+a fourth language is not either or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth language is not either or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth language is not either or
+what's key is to recognize that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's key is to recognize that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's key is to recognize that your
+native language is Haitian Creole is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native language is Haitian Creole is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native language is Haitian Creole is a
+basic tool to build from foundations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tool to build from foundations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tool to build from foundations to
+learn science and math and all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn science and math and all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn science and math and all other
+types of knowledge including second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of knowledge including second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of knowledge including second
+languages right so you can have it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right so you can have it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right so you can have it all
+once you realize that there is no need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you realize that there is no need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you realize that there is no need
+to exclude on the contrary there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exclude on the contrary there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exclude on the contrary there is
+benefit in honoring your native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit in honoring your native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit in honoring your native language
+to use it as a tool to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it as a tool to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it as a tool to learn
+other things like French for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like French for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like French for example you
+see and we have data that confirm it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we have data that confirm it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we have data that confirm it not
+just in Haiti but also in Hawaii in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in Haiti but also in Hawaii in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in Haiti but also in Hawaii in
+Africa in fact they are very robust data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in fact they are very robust data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa in fact they are very robust data
+that you're for example in Hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're for example in Hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're for example in Hawaii
+children who are immersed in Hawaiian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who are immersed in Hawaiian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who are immersed in Hawaiian
+actually succeed in becoming better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed in becoming better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed in becoming better
+speakers of English you see so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English you see so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English you see so it's not
+either or the contrary there's benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either or the contrary there's benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either or the contrary there's benefit
+in honoring your native language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honoring your native language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honoring your native language and
+also your native culture and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also your native culture and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also your native culture and then you
+become a more joyful learner and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a more joyful learner and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a more joyful learner and then
+you have a better chance to succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a better chance to succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a better chance to succeed
+one of the unique aspects of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the unique aspects of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the unique aspects of this class
+is how it draws on students personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it draws on students personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it draws on students personal
+experiences to teach about cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences to teach about cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences to teach about cultural
+phenomena like the origins of linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like the origins of linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like the origins of linguistic
+power structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power structures
+so to get some deeper insight about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get some deeper insight about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get some deeper insight about the
+class we spoke with two of Michelle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we spoke with two of Michelle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we spoke with two of Michelle's
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+my name is Diana Ferguson I am currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Diana Ferguson I am currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Diana Ferguson I am currently
+a rising Junior at MIT with the intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising Junior at MIT with the intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rising Junior at MIT with the intended
+major in the physical sciences and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in the physical sciences and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in the physical sciences and I was
+a student of 24 908 in the spring 2022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student of 24 908 in the spring 2022
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student of 24 908 in the spring 2022
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+presently in my homeland Saint Vincent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presently in my homeland Saint Vincent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presently in my homeland Saint Vincent
+and the Grenadines it is a 33 island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Grenadines it is a 33 island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Grenadines it is a 33 island
+nation in the Southern Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation in the Southern Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation in the Southern Caribbean
+I enrolled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enrolled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enrolled in
+24908 as being a Caribbean National and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24908 as being a Caribbean National and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24908 as being a Caribbean National and
+having lived in the Caribbean all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lived in the Caribbean all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lived in the Caribbean all my
+life I was very interested in an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I was very interested in an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I was very interested in an outside
+perspective of the Caribbean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the Caribbean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the Caribbean in terms of
+its identities and its Creole languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its identities and its Creole languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its identities and its Creole languages
+the class really made me think very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class really made me think very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class really made me think very
+differently about the world every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about the world every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about the world every week
+someone in the class is in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the class is in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the class is in charge of
+leading a discussion based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading a discussion based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading a discussion based on the
+assigned reading for that week and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned reading for that week and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned reading for that week and you
+had to connect your reading to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to connect your reading to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to connect your reading to your
+experience and expand on something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and expand on something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and expand on something that
+resonated with you in the reading so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonated with you in the reading so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonated with you in the reading so I
+like to say that we are presenting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say that we are presenting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say that we are presenting our
+world to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to each other
+so my difficulty was that I had to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my difficulty was that I had to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my difficulty was that I had to share
+my world with persons who have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my world with persons who have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my world with persons who have not
+experienced it and rightly so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced it and rightly so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced it and rightly so because
+each person has a different outlook on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has a different outlook on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has a different outlook on
+the world so my running theme was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so my running theme was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so my running theme was always
+to make my classmates understand my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my classmates understand my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my classmates understand my
+world so that when we discuss things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that when we discuss things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that when we discuss things
+they would be able to see why and how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be able to see why and how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be able to see why and how I
+said things honest to things the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said things honest to things the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said things honest to things the way
+that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you wrote this really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you wrote this really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you wrote this really great
+article Linguistics and economics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article Linguistics and economics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article Linguistics and economics in the
+Caribbean who speaks Creole I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean who speaks Creole I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean who speaks Creole I'm
+wondering could you tell us what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering could you tell us what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering could you tell us what your
+article was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article was about
+the article is entitled Linguistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article is entitled Linguistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article is entitled Linguistics and
+economics in the Caribbean who speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in the Caribbean who speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in the Caribbean who speaks
+Creole examines the reasons why Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole examines the reasons why Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole examines the reasons why Creole
+languages have been devalued and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have been devalued and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have been devalued and it
+investigates this from a socio-economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigates this from a socio-economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigates this from a socio-economic
+perspective where persons who view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where persons who view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where persons who view
+themselves as of a class or wealthy tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as of a class or wealthy tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as of a class or wealthy tend
+to speak and acrylic which is a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak and acrylic which is a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak and acrylic which is a variety
+of Creole closer to the colonizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Creole closer to the colonizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Creole closer to the colonizing
+Nations language while those of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations language while those of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nations language while those of lower
+socioeconomic status speak basilect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status speak basilect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status speak basilect
+which is a variety of Creole furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a variety of Creole furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a variety of Creole furthest
+from the colonizing Nations language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the colonizing Nations language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the colonizing Nations language
+Caribbean Nationals perpetuate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean Nationals perpetuate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean Nationals perpetuate the
+disuse of Creole as we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disuse of Creole as we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disuse of Creole as we have been
+conditioned really since the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned really since the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned really since the period of
+slavery and taught that being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery and taught that being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery and taught that being able to
+speak a standard language of foods or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak a standard language of foods or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak a standard language of foods or
+guarantees success and proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees success and proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees success and proves
+intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence
+not everyone goes from a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone goes from a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone goes from a course
+assignment to publishing for the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to publishing for the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to publishing for the public
+so I'm curious how you made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm curious how you made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm curious how you made that
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+I think we would have to thank Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we would have to thank Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we would have to thank Professor
+DeGraff for that because I wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeGraff for that because I wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeGraff for that because I wrote this
+piece with no intention of publishing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with no intention of publishing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with no intention of publishing it
+for me it was just a subset of a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it was just a subset of a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it was just a subset of a project
+that I had been working on and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had been working on and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had been working on and I was
+just exploring the ideas and researching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exploring the ideas and researching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exploring the ideas and researching
+about Linguistics and the Caribbean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Linguistics and the Caribbean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Linguistics and the Caribbean but
+Professor the graph spoke to me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor the graph spoke to me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor the graph spoke to me about
+publishing it and he gave me some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing it and he gave me some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing it and he gave me some time
+to think about it the deciding factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it the deciding factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it the deciding factor
+was that I saw it as a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I saw it as a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I saw it as a way that
+Caribbean persons or even the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean persons or even the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean persons or even the world in
+general could be made more aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be made more aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be made more aware of
+themselves and this could have an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this could have an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this could have an impact
+for further Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further Generations
+overall I want the article to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall I want the article to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall I want the article to encourage
+Caribbean persons to be proud of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean persons to be proud of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean persons to be proud of their
+Creole languages and I want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages and I want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole languages and I want to encourage
+them to be able to speak Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to speak Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be able to speak Creole
+and the standard language as I opined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard language as I opined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard language as I opined
+that doing this gives one different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing this gives one different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing this gives one different ways
+of interpreting the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interpreting the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interpreting the world
+the other student we spoke with got just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other student we spoke with got just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other student we spoke with got just
+as much out of Michelle's class even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much out of Michelle's class even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much out of Michelle's class even
+though she grew up in a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though she grew up in a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though she grew up in a very different
+part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world
+my name is Vivian sansoor and I was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Vivian sansoor and I was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Vivian sansoor and I was born
+in Jerusalem I grew up in Palestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem I grew up in Palestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jerusalem I grew up in Palestine
+and spoke Arabic that's my native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoke Arabic that's my native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spoke Arabic that's my native
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+I grew up in a small little village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in a small little village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up in a small little village
+called beijala it's in the Bethlehem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beijala it's in the Bethlehem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beijala it's in the Bethlehem
+District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District
+and for me language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me language
+could mean life or death at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean life or death at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean life or death at time
+I grew up under Israeli military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up under Israeli military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I grew up under Israeli military
+occupation so if I was identified at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation so if I was identified at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation so if I was identified at a
+checkpoint and I didn't understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint and I didn't understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint and I didn't understand what
+the soldiers said in Hebrew if he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldiers said in Hebrew if he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldiers said in Hebrew if he said
+come and I left or if he said go and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and I left or if he said go and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and I left or if he said go and I
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+it could mean literally the death of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean literally the death of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could mean literally the death of me
+many Palestinians have died at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Palestinians have died at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Palestinians have died at
+checkpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints
+Vivian shared how Michelle was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivian shared how Michelle was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivian shared how Michelle was able to
+create a space that was safe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a space that was safe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a space that was safe for
+students to honestly share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to honestly share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to honestly share their
+personal experiences of their world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experiences of their world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experiences of their world and
+what that did for her is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that did for her is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that did for her is the only
+student in the class not of Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in the class not of Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in the class not of Caribbean
+heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+the first thing he did was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing he did was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing he did was actually
+bring himself to the table and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring himself to the table and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring himself to the table and that in
+itself opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself opened
+our hearts to see that you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hearts to see that you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hearts to see that you know whatever
+we bring to the table is gonna be safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring to the table is gonna be safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring to the table is gonna be safe
+when someone shares their vulnerability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone shares their vulnerability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone shares their vulnerability
+it allows you to feel safe to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to feel safe to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to feel safe to do the
+same and he offered that generosity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and he offered that generosity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and he offered that generosity not
+knowing who's in the class and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing who's in the class and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing who's in the class and I think
+he engage in a very gentle yet gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he engage in a very gentle yet gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he engage in a very gentle yet gradual
+process of us developing slowly trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of us developing slowly trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of us developing slowly trust
+with each other to the point where by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other to the point where by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other to the point where by
+the end of the class like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class like our
+presentations I feel were deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations I feel were deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations I feel were deeply
+personal and quite profound I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and quite profound I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal and quite profound I think
+we were able to understand our personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to understand our personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to understand our personal
+experiences within the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences within the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences within the context of a
+political structure in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political structure in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political structure in the world
+I mean one of Michelle's powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one of Michelle's powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one of Michelle's powerful
+approaches is that while the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches is that while the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches is that while the class is
+about the Caribbean he does a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Caribbean he does a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Caribbean he does a great job
+of weaving in how the Caribbean relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weaving in how the Caribbean relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weaving in how the Caribbean relates
+to other things and other places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things and other places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things and other places and
+what was happening in the world and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening in the world and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening in the world and that
+big vision is I think urgent in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big vision is I think urgent in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big vision is I think urgent in our
+times and that's part of why I connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that's part of why I connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that's part of why I connected
+so much to the class he didn't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the class he didn't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the class he didn't think it
+was super strange that a Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super strange that a Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super strange that a Palestinian
+woman wants to learn about the Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman wants to learn about the Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman wants to learn about the Haitian
+revolution he found ways to weave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution he found ways to weave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution he found ways to weave it
+into my own experience and it allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my own experience and it allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my own experience and it allowed
+him I think to learn about me so I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I think to learn about me so I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him I think to learn about me so I felt
+that his curiosity about who we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his curiosity about who we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his curiosity about who we are not
+just me I mean every single person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me I mean every single person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me I mean every single person in
+the class allowed us to feel seen and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class allowed us to feel seen and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class allowed us to feel seen and to
+feel that who we are and how we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that who we are and how we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that who we are and how we see the
+world matters and that is significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world matters and that is significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world matters and that is significant
+because then you're motivated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're motivated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you're motivated to
+actually discover and become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discover and become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discover and become more
+curious about the other rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about the other rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about the other rather than just
+dismiss other people's experience as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss other people's experience as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss other people's experience as
+something that you can't relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can't relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can't relate to
+each time you teach that course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you teach that course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you teach that course you have
+a different group of students it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different group of students it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different group of students it's
+almost impossible to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to predict
+how to make sure that each student is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make sure that each student is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make sure that each student is
+going to feel safe enough in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel safe enough in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel safe enough in the course
+so I start with having the students fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with having the students fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with having the students fill
+out a linguistic autobiography for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a linguistic autobiography for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a linguistic autobiography for them
+to learn to reflect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to reflect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to reflect on
+how to socialize into certain beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to socialize into certain beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to socialize into certain beliefs
+about what they speak what the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they speak what the parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they speak what the parents
+speak what others in the community speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak what others in the community speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak what others in the community speak
+for them to start becoming aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to start becoming aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to start becoming aware
+of the role that language plays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role that language plays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role that language plays in the
+socialization and that's a very delicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and that's a very delicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization and that's a very delicate
+exercise because you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise because you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise because you have to start
+asking themselves questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking themselves questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking themselves questions about what
+they believe about themselves through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe about themselves through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they believe about themselves through
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+I tell them about my own biography I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell them about my own biography I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell them about my own biography I'm
+very honest about the fact that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very honest about the fact that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very honest about the fact that for a
+good chunk of my life I was really in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of my life I was really in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good chunk of my life I was really in a
+state of mental slavery without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of mental slavery without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of mental slavery without being
+aware of it you see but then once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it you see but then once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of it you see but then once I
+bring that up some students feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up some students feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that up some students feel free to
+also describe their own experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also describe their own experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also describe their own experience
+having these attitudes that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these attitudes that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these attitudes that are very
+much prejudicial against certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much prejudicial against certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much prejudicial against certain
+varieties of languages including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of languages including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of languages including
+sometimes their own or their parents but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes their own or their parents but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes their own or their parents but
+others I can see you know they breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I can see you know they breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I can see you know they breathe
+themselves you know some of them do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you know some of them do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you know some of them do not
+feel safe enough to open up and to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel safe enough to open up and to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel safe enough to open up and to share
+this kind of experiences and I tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of experiences and I tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of experiences and I tell them
+look when you present in this class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look when you present in this class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look when you present in this class I
+don't want you to just summarize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to just summarize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to just summarize the
+readings you have to take the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings you have to take the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings you have to take the readings
+and see how they apply to you to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how they apply to you to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how they apply to you to your
+community to your sometimes your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to your sometimes your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to your sometimes your parents
+you know if the parents you know grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the parents you know grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the parents you know grew up
+in the Caribbean or grew up say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caribbean or grew up say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caribbean or grew up say yes
+where where there was this strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there was this strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there was this strict
+language hierarchies you want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language hierarchies you want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language hierarchies you want to apply
+those readings to those familiar cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those readings to those familiar cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those readings to those familiar cases
+and some of them are comfortable doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are comfortable doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are comfortable doing
+it after a bit but you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a bit but you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a bit but you can see that
+others resist it throughout and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others resist it throughout and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others resist it throughout and I think
+it's because it involves certain skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it involves certain skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it involves certain skills
+that I might not have having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might not have having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I might not have having to do with
+say Psychotherapy because someone said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Psychotherapy because someone said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Psychotherapy because someone said
+it's really getting deep into the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really getting deep into the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really getting deep into the ways
+you were made to think of yourself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were made to think of yourself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were made to think of yourself as
+human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being
+so in so that can be very challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in so that can be very challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in so that can be very challenging
+but what I find is that in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I find is that in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I find is that in many cases
+actually maybe in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe in most cases
+there's a sense of Liberation it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense of Liberation it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense of Liberation it's very
+cathodic to become aware of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathodic to become aware of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathodic to become aware of these
+patterns in your own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in your own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in your own life
+Michelle shared with me how cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle shared with me how cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle shared with me how cultural
+conceptions about Haiti are deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions about Haiti are deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions about Haiti are deeply
+fraught due in part to the way its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught due in part to the way its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraught due in part to the way its
+history has been told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has been told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has been told
+so the New York Times I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the New York Times I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the New York Times I don't know if
+you've seen it the other recent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it the other recent series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it the other recent series
+that came out and the Articles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out and the Articles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out and the Articles were
+published in English and for the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in English and for the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in English and for the very
+first time for the New York Times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time for the New York Times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time for the New York Times in
+Haitian Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole
+and also in French and the idiotical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in French and the idiotical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in French and the idiotical is
+about the ransom that the French forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ransom that the French forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ransom that the French forced
+on Haiti for friends to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Haiti for friends to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Haiti for friends to recognize
+Haiti's Independence that was back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti's Independence that was back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti's Independence that was back in
+1825 the French engineered this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1825 the French engineered this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1825 the French engineered this really
+double that they imposed a ransom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that they imposed a ransom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double that they imposed a ransom of
+150 million francs until they brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 million francs until they brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 million francs until they brought
+these boats on the coast of Haiti they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boats on the coast of Haiti they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boats on the coast of Haiti they
+say we're going to bomb you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to bomb you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to bomb you out
+if you don't agree to Ping back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't agree to Ping back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't agree to Ping back this
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+he said to pay to former sleeve holders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said to pay to former sleeve holders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said to pay to former sleeve holders
+for the loss of the property because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the loss of the property because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the loss of the property because of
+Haiti becoming independent this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti becoming independent this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti becoming independent this is the
+only time in the history of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time in the history of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time in the history of the world
+that a nation that became independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a nation that became independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a nation that became independent
+after winning the war of independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after winning the war of independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after winning the war of independence
+after freeing themselves had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after freeing themselves had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after freeing themselves had to pay
+current code reparations to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current code reparations to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current code reparations to the
+slaveholders who were defeated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaveholders who were defeated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaveholders who were defeated by the
+war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war
+and that amount in today's dollars is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that amount in today's dollars is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that amount in today's dollars is
+worth 21 billion plus and an economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 21 billion plus and an economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 21 billion plus and an economists
+have done very simulations to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done very simulations to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done very simulations to show that
+with that so-called that he had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so-called that he had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so-called that he had to pay
+it would have never been able to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have never been able to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have never been able to develop
+as a normal Nation foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a normal Nation foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a normal Nation foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in my course I've been teaching it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my course I've been teaching it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my course I've been teaching it for
+decades now so I knew about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades now so I knew about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades now so I knew about this but
+what the New York Times did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the New York Times did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the New York Times did was to
+document it very closely in terms of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it very closely in terms of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it very closely in terms of how
+much exactly Haiti paid to the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly Haiti paid to the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much exactly Haiti paid to the French
+and where that money go and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where that money go and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where that money go and then of
+course the US in 1915 also came to Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the US in 1915 also came to Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the US in 1915 also came to Haiti
+and further ravaged his own finances by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further ravaged his own finances by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further ravaged his own finances by
+basically stealing money from Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stealing money from Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stealing money from Haitian
+Banks so it's a really ugly story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks so it's a really ugly story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks so it's a really ugly story but
+one major Gap in the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one major Gap in the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one major Gap in the New York Times
+story is the failure to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is the failure to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is the failure to analyze the
+cultural and intellectual aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and intellectual aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and intellectual aspect of the
+ransom so in fact there's another Ransom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ransom so in fact there's another Ransom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ransom so in fact there's another Ransom
+that hit had to pay that's the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit had to pay that's the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit had to pay that's the cultural
+linguistic Ransom because as the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic Ransom because as the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic Ransom because as the French
+impose this quote-unquote debt on Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this quote-unquote debt on Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose this quote-unquote debt on Haiti
+the also Force Hisense to adopt estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the also Force Hisense to adopt estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the also Force Hisense to adopt estate
+altercation based on the French language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altercation based on the French language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altercation based on the French language
+so in 1860 there was a famous contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1860 there was a famous contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 1860 there was a famous contract
+sign that forced Haiti to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that forced Haiti to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that forced Haiti to accept
+teachers from French Catholic orders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers from French Catholic orders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers from French Catholic orders and
+those teachers the mission was to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those teachers the mission was to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those teachers the mission was to impose
+French and French values on the Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and French values on the Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French and French values on the Haitian
+school system my history book is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system my history book is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system my history book is a
+result of this agreement with the fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this agreement with the fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this agreement with the fans
+you see so Haiti has also been held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so Haiti has also been held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so Haiti has also been held
+Ransom through language and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ransom through language and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ransom through language and this is
+another factor that explains why hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor that explains why hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor that explains why hate
+has been so impoverished from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been so impoverished from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been so impoverished from the very
+beginning of its history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of its history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of its history
+this rule can be so hidden and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule can be so hidden and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule can be so hidden and so
+invisible that even if a detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible that even if a detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible that even if a detailed
+account of the French in Haiti still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the French in Haiti still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the French in Haiti still
+fails to analyze that aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to analyze that aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to analyze that aspect of
+neocolism so let's stop saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocolism so let's stop saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocolism so let's stop saying that
+quote-unquote Haiti is the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote Haiti is the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote Haiti is the poorest
+country of the Western Hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of the Western Hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of the Western Hemisphere
+instead let's understand why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's understand why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's understand why it's so
+poor let's understand the roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor let's understand the roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor let's understand the roots of
+Haiti's misery and the rules of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti's misery and the rules of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti's misery and the rules of it is
+misery is in the ways that France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery is in the ways that France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery is in the ways that France and
+the US have ravaged atheist finances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US have ravaged atheist finances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US have ravaged atheist finances in
+abominable ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abominable ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abominable ways
+since recording this MS published an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since recording this MS published an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since recording this MS published an
+essay in the New York Times addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the New York Times addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the New York Times addressing
+this Gap we'll put a link to his essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap we'll put a link to his essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap we'll put a link to his essay
+in the show notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the show notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the show notes
+before we end the episode Michelle had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we end the episode Michelle had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we end the episode Michelle had
+something he wanted to share in Haitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he wanted to share in Haitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he wanted to share in Haitian
+Creole just to give the English speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole just to give the English speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creole just to give the English speakers
+the sense of what I'm going to say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of what I'm going to say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of what I'm going to say I'm
+going to actually really Reef on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually really Reef on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually really Reef on the
+theme of black lives matter if black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of black lives matter if black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of black lives matter if black
+lives matter then our languages as black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives matter then our languages as black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives matter then our languages as black
+people also matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if you're interested in teaching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in teaching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in teaching or
+learning with materials from the updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with materials from the updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning with materials from the updated
+version of 24908 Creole languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of 24908 Creole languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of 24908 Creole languages and
+Caribbean identities please visit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean identities please visit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean identities please visit our
+website at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website at
+ocw.mit.edu you'll find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu you'll find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu you'll find all the
+materials there and as always they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there and as always they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there and as always they are
+free and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open
+you can help others find the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help others find the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can help others find the materials
+too by subscribing to the podcast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too by subscribing to the podcast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too by subscribing to the podcast and
+leaving us a rating and review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us a rating and review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us a rating and review
+if you enjoyed this episode you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enjoyed this episode you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enjoyed this episode you might
+also want to check out our season 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to check out our season 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to check out our season 1
+episode with Michelle unpacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with Michelle unpacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with Michelle unpacking
+misconceptions about language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions about language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconceptions about language and
+identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities
+thank you so much for listening until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+from MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT opencourseware
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself Brett patchy and Dave leshansky
+the show notes for this episode were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+written by Peter Chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman
+Peter also built the updated course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter also built the updated course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter also built the updated course on
+our site
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kHdqdTe7G44.txt b/kHdqdTe7G44.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e794dcb13e9d895b0a157bf0fa3e781b37ee9d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kHdqdTe7G44.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14080 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um let me also remind you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me also remind you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me also remind you that we
+slightly changed the schedule for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changed the schedule for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changed the schedule for next
+week on one of the older schedules um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week on one of the older schedules um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week on one of the older schedules um
+Tuesday appears as a lab date uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday appears as a lab date uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday appears as a lab date uh but
+it's actually Thursday so Tuesday will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Thursday so Tuesday will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Thursday so Tuesday will
+be a regular lecture here and Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a regular lecture here and Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a regular lecture here and Thursday
+will be the lab and for the lab we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the lab and for the lab we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the lab and for the lab we meet
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1115 that's on the handout uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1115 that's on the handout uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1115 that's on the handout uh for the
+first day also um if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day also um if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day also um if you're not
+registered for class you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered for class you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered for class you don't have
+automatic access to Stellar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic access to Stellar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic access to Stellar to the
+website so uh we can manually add you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so uh we can manually add you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so uh we can manually add you
+but you'll have to let us know just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll have to let us know just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll have to let us know just just
+send email to Professor marari and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send email to Professor marari and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send email to Professor marari and
+myself and even better is if you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and even better is if you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and even better is if you send
+email to both of us um and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to both of us um and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to both of us um and then we'll
+manually add that and you know we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually add that and you know we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually add that and you know we'll put
+links there things like articles um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links there things like articles um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links there things like articles um uh
+things that may have restricted access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that may have restricted access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that may have restricted access
+um copies of the lecture notes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um copies of the lecture notes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um copies of the lecture notes things
+like that appear there okay um so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that appear there okay um so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that appear there okay um so what I
+want to go do is back go back to pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go do is back go back to pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go do is back go back to pair
+potential model and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model and what we're going to
+do today is um talk a little more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is um talk a little more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is um talk a little more in
+detail about the sort of formal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the sort of formal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the sort of formal or
+conceptual failures of pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual failures of pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual failures of pair potential
+models and then how they get addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then how they get addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then how they get addressed
+with uh other empirical models um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh other empirical models um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh other empirical models um but
+before I do that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I wanted
+to see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can get this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this into
+place guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place guess
+not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+go through a few practical issues since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a few practical issues since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a few practical issues since
+you'll be the first lab is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be the first lab is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be the first lab is actually
+unusing pair potentials to model things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusing pair potentials to model things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusing pair potentials to model things
+so you get a bit of an idea so in a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a bit of an idea so in a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a bit of an idea so in a pair
+potential model your your energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model your your energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model your your energy is
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+pairwise um and so essentially what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise um and so essentially what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise um and so essentially what you
+need to do between every pair of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do between every pair of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do between every pair of atoms
+every couple i j essentially need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every couple i j essentially need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every couple i j essentially need to
+evaluate the distance between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the distance between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the distance between them and
+then put that in some kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put that in some kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put that in some kind of energy
+function so um this is clearly an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so um this is clearly an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so um this is clearly an N
+squared operation where n is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operation where n is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operation where n is the number
+number of atoms since you have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms since you have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms since you have to look
+for the distance between every atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distance between every atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distance between every atom and
+every other atom so if systems get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other atom so if systems get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other atom so if systems get
+extremely big and that's often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely big and that's often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely big and that's often the
+reason why you want to use pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you want to use pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you want to use pair
+potentials rather than say a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials rather than say a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials rather than say a quantum
+mechanical method n squ will get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical method n squ will get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical method n squ will get very
+large and people do kind of tricks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and people do kind of tricks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and people do kind of tricks you
+know if you have millions and millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have millions and millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have millions and millions
+of atoms in your simulation um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in your simulation um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in your simulation um if you
+know ahead of time that some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ahead of time that some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ahead of time that some of them are
+very far from the atom on which say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the atom on which say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from the atom on which say you
+want to calculate energies or forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate energies or forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate energies or forces
+then you really never want want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really never want want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really never want want to look
+for their distance so people do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their distance so people do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their distance so people do things
+like keeping neighbor lists so literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keeping neighbor lists so literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keeping neighbor lists so literally
+you know for every atom you would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for every atom you would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for every atom you would know
+well these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these other
+atoms are possibly in its neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are possibly in its neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are possibly in its neighbor
+environment okay so then you really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay so then you really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay so then you really only
+have to look for distances with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for distances with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look for distances with those
+atoms so if you have a solid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you have a solid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so if you have a solid that's
+great because if you have a solid then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because if you have a solid then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because if you have a solid then
+the topological relation between atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topological relation between atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topological relation between atoms
+will not change much during a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not change much during a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not change much during a simulation
+of course if you're simulating a gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you're simulating a gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you're simulating a gas or
+a liquid they will and then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid they will and then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid they will and then what you
+have to do is essentially update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is essentially update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is essentially update the
+neighbor lists regularly okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor lists regularly okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor lists regularly okay and so
+there's overhead associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overhead associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overhead associated with that
+but the benefit you get is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the benefit you get is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the benefit you get is that you
+essentially have an order n system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have an order n system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have an order n system okay
+uh rather than an N squared system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than an N squared system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than an N squared system um
+I'll show you in a second some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a second some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a second some large
+scale simulations um very often you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale simulations um very often you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale simulations um very often you will
+want to relax a system so get it to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to relax a system so get it to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to relax a system so get it to its
+lowest energy and very often that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy and very often that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy and very often that's done
+by calculating the forces on atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calculating the forces on atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calculating the forces on atom and
+literally stepping down the force uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally stepping down the force uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally stepping down the force uh if
+you want to do Dynamics Professor marar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do Dynamics Professor marar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do Dynamics Professor marar
+will later teach you molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later teach you molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later teach you molecular Dynamics
+you also need the force because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need the force because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need the force because the
+force will tell you how much atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will tell you how much atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will tell you how much atoms
+accelerate or decelerate you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate or decelerate you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate or decelerate you will need
+to calculate the force which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the force which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the force which is a
+potential derivative so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential derivative so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential derivative so you're
+essentially calculating the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially calculating the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially calculating the derivative
+of the total energy with respect to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total energy with respect to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the total energy with respect to uh a
+given uh a given position okay um same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a given position okay um same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh a given position okay um same
+deal that's an N squared operation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's an N squared operation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal that's an N squared operation okay
+you have to sums sum over pairs of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sums sum over pairs of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sums sum over pairs of atoms
+well you have to sum over one All Atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have to sum over one All Atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have to sum over one All Atoms
+for the force on a given atom but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force on a given atom but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force on a given atom but since
+they're n atoms it's an N squ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n atoms it's an N squ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n atoms it's an N squ uh
+operation uh in a lot of codes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh in a lot of codes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh in a lot of codes the
+minimization is done by very standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization is done by very standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization is done by very standard
+schemes things like conjugate gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes things like conjugate gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes things like conjugate gradient
+Newton rapson um sometimes often trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton rapson um sometimes often trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton rapson um sometimes often trivial
+line minimizations where you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line minimizations where you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line minimizations where you literally
+just calculate the force and assume some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the force and assume some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculate the force and assume some
+kind of elasticity along the force path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elasticity along the force path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elasticity along the force path
+and so if you know the force you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you know the force you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you know the force you you
+know you assume you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you assume you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you assume you know what the
+curvature is of the energy in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is of the energy in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is of the energy in that
+direction you kind of can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you kind of can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you kind of can make an
+approximation to its minimum and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to its minimum and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to its minimum and you do
+that um iteratively um so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um iteratively um so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um iteratively um so you can do
+that with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with very
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+um with very large uh simulations and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with very large uh simulations and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with very large uh simulations and I
+wanted to show you sort of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you sort of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you sort of one of the
+Leading Edge ones I got to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge ones I got to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leading Edge ones I got to get out of
+PowerPoint for that I can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint for that I can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint for that I can make that
+work okay here we go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay here we go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay here we go um
+so what I'm going to show you is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to show you is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to show you is a a
+order million atom simulation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order million atom simulation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order million atom simulation this is
+essentially a cube of a th000 by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a cube of a th000 by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a cube of a th000 by a
+thousand by a thousand atoms um no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by a thousand atoms um no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by a thousand atoms um no that
+would make more than a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make more than a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make more than a million
+um forgot to write down what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forgot to write down what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um forgot to write down what it
+was uh yeah I wrote down a thousand by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh yeah I wrote down a thousand by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh yeah I wrote down a thousand by a
+thousand by a thousand atoms that' be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by a thousand atoms that' be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand by a thousand atoms that' be a
+billion atoms um and essentially what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion atoms um and essentially what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion atoms um and essentially what's
+being done what you see is a notch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done what you see is a notch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done what you see is a notch on
+top and above because there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and above because there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and above because there are so many
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+uh you don't see the discrete resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't see the discrete resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't see the discrete resolution
+anymore of the so this thing starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore of the so this thing starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore of the so this thing starts to
+look like um um a Continuum and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um um a Continuum and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um um a Continuum and it's
+being pulled from the side so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled from the side so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled from the side so you'll see
+the crack grow and dislocation Sprout uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crack grow and dislocation Sprout uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crack grow and dislocation Sprout uh
+this is a simulation from fared Abraham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simulation from fared Abraham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simulation from fared Abraham
+when he was at IBM and of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was at IBM and of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was at IBM and of course if you
+have big computers you can do um big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big computers you can do um big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have big computers you can do um big
+simulation so let me sort of show it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so what they actually did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what they actually did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what they actually did was they
+show just the dislocations by Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show just the dislocations by Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show just the dislocations by Counting
+underc coordinated or overcoordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underc coordinated or overcoordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underc coordinated or overcoordinated
+atoms so what you're actually seeing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so what you're actually seeing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so what you're actually seeing is
+the dislocation lines I mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dislocation lines I mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dislocation lines I mean if we
+plotted all the atoms you wouldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted all the atoms you wouldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted all the atoms you wouldn't see
+anything you just kind of see green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you just kind of see green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you just kind of see green
+everywhere and that sort of zoom up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and that sort of zoom up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and that sort of zoom up um
+OB so this is a molecular Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB so this is a molecular Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB so this is a molecular Dynamic
+simulation and you'll learn later more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you'll learn later more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you'll learn later more
+about that where you essentially just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that where you essentially just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that where you essentially just um
+do Newtonian mechanics uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms so this is one of these very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so this is one of these very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so this is one of these very large
+scale things that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials now you could ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials now you could ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials now you could ask yourself
+what what did I learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what did I learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what did I learn from
+this um you know this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you know this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you know this is the kind of
+work that my personal opinion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that my personal opinion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that my personal opinion is
+scientifically not necessarily all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically not necessarily all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically not necessarily all that
+relevant but it's pioneering work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but it's pioneering work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but it's pioneering work you
+know this is like Lewis and Clark who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is like Lewis and Clark who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is like Lewis and Clark who
+went to the West you could always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the West you could always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the West you could always say
+what did we learn from them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we learn from them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we learn from them you know
+maybe not a lot except that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a lot except that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a lot except that you could
+get the Pacific but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Pacific but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Pacific but it's kind of
+pioneering work you know when people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering work you know when people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering work you know when people do
+these kind of simulations it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of simulations it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of simulations it's not as
+much for the signs that is probably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the signs that is probably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the signs that is probably for
+pushing the envelope and seeing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the envelope and seeing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the envelope and seeing you know
+what can you do with enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do with enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do with enormous
+computational resources you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources you really have
+to fine-tune your algorithms you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fine-tune your algorithms you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fine-tune your algorithms you know
+your parallelization schemes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parallelization schemes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parallelization schemes so it's
+kind of like you know flying to the Moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know flying to the Moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know flying to the Moon
+which may have not brought us much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may have not brought us much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may have not brought us much but
+there was a lot of technology fine-tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of technology fine-tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of technology fine-tuned
+for that so that's one of the reasons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so that's one of the reasons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so that's one of the reasons I
+wanted to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go back
+here um another very practical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another very practical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um another very practical issue
+that I'm sure a lot of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure a lot of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure a lot of you are familiar
+with um since you even you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um since you even you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um since you even you know when you
+have a billion atoms it's actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a billion atoms it's actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a billion atoms it's actually still
+very small I actually think if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small I actually think if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small I actually think if you do
+the calculation um a million atoms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation um a million atoms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation um a million atoms is
+for a lot of materials a cube of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of materials a cube of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of materials a cube of just
+about 200 angstrom on the side so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 angstrom on the side so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 angstrom on the side so you're
+still if these were finite systems would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still if these were finite systems would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still if these were finite systems would
+be very small systems um so to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small systems um so to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very small systems um so to get rid
+of boundary effects you almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boundary effects you almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boundary effects you almost always
+use what's called periodic boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what's called periodic boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what's called periodic boundary
+conditions uh in simulations in as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh in simulations in as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh in simulations in as many
+directions as you can and of course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions as you can and of course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions as you can and of course what
+a periodic boundary conditions mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic boundary conditions mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic boundary conditions mean is
+that if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unit if you have some unit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit if you have some unit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit if you have some unit you
+essentially repeat it next to it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially repeat it next to it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially repeat it next to it so this
+end here is the same as that end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here is the same as that end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end here is the same as that end and
+this end here is the same as that end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end here is the same as that end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end here is the same as that end so
+people always ask you how many atoms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always ask you how many atoms do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always ask you how many atoms do
+you have in your simulation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in your simulation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in your simulation and the
+answer is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is infinite
+okay it's just that you only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just that you only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just that you only have a
+finite number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of degrees of
+freedom because it's you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom because it's you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom because it's you know these
+atoms here do exactly the same as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here do exactly the same as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here do exactly the same as these
+here okay but the answer is infinite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but the answer is infinite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but the answer is infinite so
+we don't really work with small systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really work with small systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really work with small systems
+or rarely I mean sometimes we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rarely I mean sometimes we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rarely I mean sometimes we work with
+finite systems but um so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite systems but um so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite systems but um so what's the
+repeat unit you use well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat unit you use well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat unit you use well if you're
+studying a periodic material then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a periodic material then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a periodic material then it's
+easy you know if you study say a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you know if you study say a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you know if you study say a perfect
+crystalline material here's a perovskite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline material here's a perovskite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline material here's a perovskite
+unit cell that's what you repeat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell that's what you repeat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell that's what you repeat because
+the material already has periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material already has periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material already has periodicity
+implied in it so at that point you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied in it so at that point you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied in it so at that point you're
+actually not making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not making any
+approximation you know you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you know you're not
+enforcing anything on the material not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing anything on the material not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcing anything on the material not
+when you do a static calculation uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a static calculation uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a static calculation uh that
+it already doesn't have of course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already doesn't have of course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already doesn't have of course when
+you do Dynamics you're enforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Dynamics you're enforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Dynamics you're enforcing
+something because you're saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you're saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you're saying that you
+know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in
+Dynamics the translational symmetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the translational symmetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the translational symmetry is
+temporarily broken because this atom can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily broken because this atom can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily broken because this atom can
+vibrate independent of that one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate independent of that one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate independent of that one okay and
+so then when you improve impul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when you improve impul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when you improve impul
+periodicity you are imposing that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity you are imposing that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity you are imposing that these
+vibrate together so in some sense you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate together so in some sense you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate together so in some sense you're
+imposing a cut off on the frequencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a cut off on the frequencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a cut off on the frequencies of
+vibrations that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations that can
+occur um if systems don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur um if systems don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur um if systems don't have
+periodicity uh you typically tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh you typically tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh you typically tend to
+enforce it you know if I took this perov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it you know if I took this perov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce it you know if I took this perov
+guy then I made one defect I took say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then I made one defect I took say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then I made one defect I took say
+say I wanted to study the oxygen vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I wanted to study the oxygen vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I wanted to study the oxygen vacancy
+so I take out the oxygen vacancy I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take out the oxygen vacancy I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take out the oxygen vacancy I lose
+all translational periodicity now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all translational periodicity now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all translational periodicity now okay
+but what you do is you tend to impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you do is you tend to impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you do is you tend to impulse
+it back by repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defect it's going to be slow um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect it's going to be slow um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect it's going to be slow um so you
+know let's say I taken out an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say I taken out an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's say I taken out an oxygen
+here um I repeat the defect so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I repeat the defect so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um I repeat the defect so that in
+essence I just have a bigger unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence I just have a bigger unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence I just have a bigger unit cell
+but it's one with a defect in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one with a defect in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one with a defect in this is
+now my unit cell okay that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my unit cell okay that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my unit cell okay that's called a
+super cell approximation okay so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cell approximation okay so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cell approximation okay so you you
+make a cell that's big enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cell that's big enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cell that's big enough so that
+you hope that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope that these
+defects another color don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects another color don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects another color don't
+interact because then if you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact because then if you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact because then if you have you
+know n cells your calculation just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n cells your calculation just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know n cells your calculation just has
+the energy of n defects okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of n defects okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of n defects okay and the
+critical assumption is of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical assumption is of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical assumption is of course that
+they don't interact because if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interact because if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interact because if they
+interact then you're not modeling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact then you're not modeling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact then you're not modeling an
+isolated defect you're modeling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated defect you're modeling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated defect you're modeling you know
+a defect that's interacting with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect that's interacting with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect that's interacting with other
+ones so how do they interact typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so how do they interact typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so how do they interact typically
+this is kind of important to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of important to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of important to know you
+know this is one of these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is one of these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is one of these things that
+you're going to do in the lab you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do in the lab you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do in the lab you should
+always check conversions if you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always check conversions if you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always check conversions if you can the
+problem is that often you already work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that often you already work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that often you already work
+at your computational limits for size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your computational limits for size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your computational limits for size of
+super cells so it's easier said than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cells so it's easier said than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cells so it's easier said than
+done you know in an ideal word you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you know in an ideal word you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you know in an ideal word you say
+well I calculate bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I calculate bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I calculate bigger and bigger and
+if the answer doesn't change you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer doesn't change you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer doesn't change you know I
+take it but usually you work so much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it but usually you work so much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it but usually you work so much at
+your computational Edge already that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computational Edge already that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computational Edge already that you
+can't make it bigger and bigger a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make it bigger and bigger a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make it bigger and bigger a lot of
+people forget that you know to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forget that you know to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people forget that you know to check
+convergence your can make it smaller you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence your can make it smaller you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence your can make it smaller you
+know and if it doesn't change much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and if it doesn't change much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and if it doesn't change much you
+were probably already converged um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were probably already converged um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were probably already converged um but
+it's useful to know how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know how these things
+usually interact with each other so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually interact with each other so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually interact with each other so that
+gives you some sense of how far you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of how far you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some sense of how far you have
+to go um there's often the direct sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go um there's often the direct sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go um there's often the direct sort
+of interaction if you work with a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction if you work with a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction if you work with a pair
+potential then you can actually see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential then you can actually see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential then you can actually see what
+the range is of the pair potential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is of the pair potential okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is of the pair potential okay
+that's usually not the problem rarely do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually not the problem rarely do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually not the problem rarely do
+you have potentials that are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have potentials that are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have potentials that are relevant
+large and over large distances that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and over large distances that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and over large distances that you
+need to make really large super cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make really large super cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make really large super cells uh
+but there can be other energetic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there can be other energetic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there can be other energetic effects
+you know uh if you have electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if you have electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh if you have electrostatics
+in your system it will give you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system it will give you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system it will give you very
+long range interaction if that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range interaction if that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range interaction if that's a
+charge defect which it is in a perov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge defect which it is in a perov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge defect which it is in a perov
+skite you will have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skite you will have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skite you will have a very strong
+actually if we truly did a charge defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we truly did a charge defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we truly did a charge defect
+in that supercell what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen if that supercell became charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if that supercell became charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if that supercell became charged
+so let's say I took out an oxygen 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I took out an oxygen 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I took out an oxygen 2
+minus which means the supercell now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus which means the supercell now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus which means the supercell now has
+a net positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would
+happen you'd have an infinite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you'd have an infinite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you'd have an infinite energy
+okay because you would essentially have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you would essentially have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you would essentially have
+charges okay a positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges okay a positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges okay a positive charge
+interacting with only other net positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with only other net positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with only other net positive
+charges okay and at any distance if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges okay and at any distance if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges okay and at any distance if you
+do an infinite system that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an infinite system that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an infinite system that gives you an
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+energy okay so that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so that's something that you
+would have to explicitly take out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to explicitly take out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to explicitly take out now
+you say well you know I'll compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know I'll compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know I'll compensate
+with a negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative charge
+okay because that's what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's what happens in
+reality if I take out an oxygen those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if I take out an oxygen those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if I take out an oxygen those
+two electrons of that O2 minus are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons of that O2 minus are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons of that O2 minus are going
+to go somewhere so it's going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go somewhere so it's going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go somewhere so it's going to create
+net positive charge but so then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net positive charge but so then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net positive charge but so then you have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+dipole okay so let's say I have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole okay so let's say I have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole okay so let's say I have sort of
+plus minus and I have a dipole now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and I have a dipole now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and I have a dipole now so
+now I have dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interacting okay dipoles will not give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting okay dipoles will not give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting okay dipoles will not give
+you Infinite Energy but they will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Infinite Energy but they will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Infinite Energy but they will give
+you a fairly long range energy t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fairly long range energy t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fairly long range energy t
+okay and if you're smart about it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're smart about it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're smart about it so the
+Brute Force way to convert supercell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force way to convert supercell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute Force way to convert supercell
+calculation is always to push him as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is always to push him as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is always to push him as
+hard as you can and you know hope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as you can and you know hope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as you can and you know hope and
+sort of see the energy converge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the energy converge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the energy converge of the
+defect but if you're smart about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect but if you're smart about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect but if you're smart about it you
+can often do much smaller cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can often do much smaller cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can often do much smaller cell
+calculation and explicitly take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and explicitly take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and explicitly take out the
+term that's the defect defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the defect defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the defect defect
+interaction okay which is if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay which is if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction okay which is if you know
+that this is a dipole you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a dipole you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a dipole you know what the
+form is of it and you can take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is of it and you can take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is of it and you can take it out
+okay other things that often cause Havoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other things that often cause Havoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other things that often cause Havoc
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+relaxation if I were to like uh put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation if I were to like uh put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation if I were to like uh put a
+really big iron in the center of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big iron in the center of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big iron in the center of that
+pery un itself okay I would build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pery un itself okay I would build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pery un itself okay I would build up a
+strain field and the different defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain field and the different defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain field and the different defects
+would interact through their strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interact through their strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would interact through their strain
+field okay so rarely do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so rarely do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so rarely do you actually
+interact through the direct energetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact through the direct energetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact through the direct energetics
+you often interact through secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often interact through secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often interact through secondary
+effects okay um another way they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay um another way they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects okay um another way they often
+interact which is very indirect um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact which is very indirect um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact which is very indirect um if
+you put in your defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your defect
+and you relax the super cell the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you relax the super cell the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you relax the super cell the volume
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+supercell okay then that will interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercell okay then that will interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercell okay then that will interfere
+with the relaxation of the supercell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relaxation of the supercell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the relaxation of the supercell
+next to it okay so you get a strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it okay so you get a strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it okay so you get a strain
+feeli just through the homogeneous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeli just through the homogeneous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeli just through the homogeneous uh
+you get an an extra energy term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an an extra energy term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an an extra energy term just
+through the homogeneous strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the homogeneous strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the homogeneous strain
+interaction so these are all things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so these are all things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so these are all things to
+consider when you do um supercell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculations we're trying something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're trying something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're trying something new
+where we save the annotations we we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we save the annotations we we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we save the annotations we we make
+on the slides but it seems to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides but it seems to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides but it seems to be really
+slow so uh I may not be able to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so uh I may not be able to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so uh I may not be able to keep
+that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+um okay so this I went over the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this I went over the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so this I went over the kind of
+um convergence you know here's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence you know here's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convergence you know here's a a
+typical example I don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example I don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example I don't know if this is
+typical um this is the vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um this is the vacancy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um this is the vacancy formation
+energy in aluminum now this is done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in aluminum now this is done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in aluminum now this is done with
+quantum mechanics versus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics versus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics versus the number of
+atoms in the super cell and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the super cell and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in the super cell and um you know
+this is one of these that um you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these that um you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these that um you will
+don't know if you're converged I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're converged I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're converged I mean it
+depends on how accurate you want it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how accurate you want it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how accurate you want it if
+you really only care that it's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only care that it's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only care that it's between
+you know 7 and 75 you're probably okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 7 and 75 you're probably okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 7 and 75 you're probably okay
+but if you did this point and that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you did this point and that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you did this point and that point
+you'd probably think you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably think you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd probably think you you're
+converged but then if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged but then if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged but then if you look at the
+next one you're actually going back up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one you're actually going back up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one you're actually going back up a
+little bit again so uh it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit again so uh it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit again so uh it's sometimes
+very hard to figure out whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to figure out whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to figure out whether you're
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converg okay um so that was a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converg okay um so that was a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converg okay um so that was a few
+practical issues to sort of start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issues to sort of start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issues to sort of start
+gearing you up for the lab um what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearing you up for the lab um what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearing you up for the lab um what I
+want to do now is talk explicitly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is talk explicitly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is talk explicitly about
+some of the formal failures of fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the formal failures of fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the formal failures of fair
+potentials and and go on to correct them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and and go on to correct them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and and go on to correct them
+and the first one is the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first one is the vacancy
+formation energy which is um if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy which is um if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy which is um if you look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+historically um you know when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um you know when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um you know when people
+started doing simulations late 1950s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing simulations late 1950s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing simulations late 1950s
+1960s into the 70s um people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s into the 70s um people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s into the 70s um people thought
+that you know whenever there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know whenever there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know whenever there was
+something wrong with the outcome they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with the outcome they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with the outcome they
+just needed better parameters um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed better parameters um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just needed better parameters um in the
+potential and it's actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and it's actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and it's actually rather
+recent sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent sort of
+1980s um that people figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um that people figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um that people figured out that
+there were really formal problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really formal problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were really formal problems that
+there were certain things you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were certain things you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were certain things you could not
+get right never with a potential because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right never with a potential because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right never with a potential because
+a problem of the form rather than of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of the form rather than of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of the form rather than of the
+parameters and a critical number uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and a critical number uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and a critical number uh in
+that work was actually the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work was actually the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work was actually the vacancy
+formation energy which nobody could ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy which nobody could ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy which nobody could ever
+get right and I'll show in a second why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right and I'll show in a second why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right and I'll show in a second why
+um if you here's an FCC Crystal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you here's an FCC Crystal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you here's an FCC Crystal and so
+let's calculate the V the sort of pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the V the sort of pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the V the sort of pair
+approximation to the V VY formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the V VY formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the V VY formation
+energy okay what do I do when I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay what do I do when I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay what do I do when I make a
+vacancy what I do is that I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy what I do is that I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy what I do is that I take this
+Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+atom and I move it somewhere else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I move it somewhere else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I move it somewhere else in the
+bulk okay so in some sense I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk okay so in some sense I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk okay so in some sense I make my
+system one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one side
+bigger so let's calculate the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so let's calculate the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so let's calculate the energy
+balance of that so the vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay what do I destroy I destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay what do I destroy I destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay what do I destroy I destroy
+12 bonds because this atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 bonds because this atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 bonds because this atom is
+coordinated 12 fold in FCC so I destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated 12 fold in FCC so I destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated 12 fold in FCC so I destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so I I lose 12 times the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so I I lose 12 times the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so I I lose 12 times the bond
+energy but then of course I put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then of course I put it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but then of course I put it back
+somewhere in the bulk and so I gain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the bulk and so I gain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the bulk and so I gain the
+cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive
+energy um of one atom okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um of one atom okay and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um of one atom okay and what's
+the cohesive energy per atom in FCC it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy per atom in FCC it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy per atom in FCC it's
+six times the the bond energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the the bond energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the the bond energy because
+there are 12 bonds around an at at but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 12 bonds around an at at but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 12 bonds around an at at but
+every bond is shared between two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bond is shared between two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bond is shared between two okay so
+there's six per atom so the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six per atom so the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six per atom so the vacancy
+formation energy is really min-2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy is really min-2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy is really min-2 * the
+bond energy plus 6 times the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so what it is is - 6 * the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what it is is - 6 * the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what it is is - 6 * the bond
+energy so essentially it's minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so essentially it's minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so essentially it's minus the
+cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive
+energy the cohesive energy per atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the cohesive energy per atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the cohesive energy per atom
+and that's essentially what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially what you will
+always find with pair potentials now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find with pair potentials now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find with pair potentials now I
+did a static approximation I assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a static approximation I assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a static approximation I assumed
+that all these Bonds were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these Bonds were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these Bonds were kind of
+unchanged as I took the atom out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged as I took the atom out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged as I took the atom out in
+reality if I take that Central atom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if I take that Central atom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if I take that Central atom out
+the atoms around it will relax somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms around it will relax somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms around it will relax somewhat
+and change their bond energy but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change their bond energy but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change their bond energy but you'll
+see this when you do this in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this when you do this in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this when you do this in the lab
+that'll make it from like one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make it from like one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make it from like one times the
+cohesive energy to something like .9 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy to something like .9 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy to something like .9 or
+.95 times the cohesive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.95 times the cohesive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.95 times the cohesive energy
+essentially you find in pair potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you find in pair potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you find in pair potentials
+that the vacant formation energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacant formation energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacant formation energy is
+about the cohesive energy if you look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cohesive energy if you look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cohesive energy if you look on
+the other hand at experimental results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand at experimental results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand at experimental results
+for the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy um here's some experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um here's some experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um here's some experimental data
+so this is for FCC metals and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for FCC metals and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for FCC metals and this is
+for lonard Jones and for noble gases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lonard Jones and for noble gases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lonard Jones and for noble gases the
+ratio of the vacancy formation energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the vacancy formation energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the vacancy formation energy to
+the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive
+energy and what you see is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what you see is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and what you see is that in
+you know in the noble gases which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the noble gases which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the noble gases which you
+think of as well described by pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as well described by pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as well described by pair
+potentials you're reasonably close Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you're reasonably close Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you're reasonably close Okay
+because remember noble gases are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember noble gases are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember noble gases are just
+inert shells interacting through vender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert shells interacting through vender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert shells interacting through vender
+walls interaction and that's how we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls interaction and that's how we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls interaction and that's how we came
+up with the Leonard Jones potential but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the Leonard Jones potential but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the Leonard Jones potential but
+if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the
+metals the vacancy formation energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the vacancy formation energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals the vacancy formation energy is
+is is actually only a small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is actually only a small fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is actually only a small fraction of
+the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive
+energy okay and we can never get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and we can never get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay and we can never get that
+low with pair potentials never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low with pair potentials never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low with pair potentials never
+okay unless you maybe really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless you maybe really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unless you maybe really you know
+had the most odd form of a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the most odd form of a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the most odd form of a pair
+potential uh but the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh but the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh but the reason is because
+there are certain physics missing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain physics missing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain physics missing uh
+from Pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so actually let me go back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually let me go back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually let me go back for a
+second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the to the pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the pair potential
+um what's the physics here of why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the physics here of why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the physics here of why the
+vacancy formation energy is so low in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy formation energy is so low in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy formation energy is so low in
+real materials um you know remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real materials um you know remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real materials um you know remember what
+I said before that um bonding in metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before that um bonding in metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before that um bonding in metals
+um the bonding energy goal is not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bonding energy goal is not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the bonding energy goal is not linear
+in the coordination number it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coordination number it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coordination number it's more
+something like a rough approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a rough approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a rough approximation
+would be the square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the square root of a
+coordination number um but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number um but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number um but essentially
+when you go from one to two bonds your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from one to two bonds your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from one to two bonds your
+energy goes down a lot more than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes down a lot more than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes down a lot more than when
+you go from 11 to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from 11 to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from 11 to 12
+bonds okay so why is the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay so why is the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay so why is the vacancy
+formation energy so low well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy so low well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation energy so low well if you
+think about what do you do when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what do you do when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what do you do when you take
+out an atom um you make a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an atom um you make a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an atom um you make a lot of the
+atoms Around It Go from 12 coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms Around It Go from 12 coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms Around It Go from 12 coordination
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+11 okay so they they lose a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay so they they lose a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 okay so they they lose a lot less
+than you know 12th of the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know 12th of the cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know 12th of the cohesive
+energy okay cu the cohesive energ you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay cu the cohesive energ you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay cu the cohesive energ you
+could think of is the average of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of is the average of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of is the average of all
+bonds okay but the around the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay but the around the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay but the around the vacancy
+you're just reducing the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reducing the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just reducing the coordination
+from 12 to 11 you can actually make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 12 to 11 you can actually make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 12 to 11 you can actually make a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+model if you said that the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was
+some some constant times the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some constant times the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some constant times the square root
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+coordination okay so rather than linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination okay so rather than linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination okay so rather than linear
+in the coordination which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coordination which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coordination which is what we
+would get in pair potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get in pair potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get in pair potentials
+um if you calculate the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you calculate the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you calculate the vacancy
+formation energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model let's do it for FCC you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let's do it for FCC you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let's do it for FCC you know in
+FCC Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 um the vacancy formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 um the vacancy formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 um the vacancy formation
+energy what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy what would it
+be well if we put the atom uh somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well if we put the atom uh somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well if we put the atom uh somewhere
+back in we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in we would
+gain Z * the sare otk of 12 and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain Z * the sare otk of 12 and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain Z * the sare otk of 12 and then as
+we take it out what do we lose for 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it out what do we lose for 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it out what do we lose for 12
+atoms okay we go from coordination 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11 okay so this is the atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bulk this is actually the change around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk this is actually the change around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk this is actually the change around
+where we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole and if you actually calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and if you actually calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and if you actually calculate that
+um the vacancy formation energy over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vacancy formation energy over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the vacancy formation energy over the
+cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy you find that that's 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you find that that's 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you find that that's 1 +
+12 uh time < TK of 11 over < TK of 12 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh time < TK of 11 over < TK of 12 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh time < TK of 11 over < TK of 12 -
+1 and it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and it's about
+49 so in a square root model you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49 so in a square root model you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49 so in a square root model you're
+already much closer to the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much closer to the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much closer to the experiment
+where the vacy de formation energy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vacy de formation energy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vacy de formation energy is a
+much smaller fraction of the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay um another critical piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um another critical piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um another critical piece of
+information was surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information was surface
+relaxation which people had been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation which people had been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation which people had been seeing
+with leads um if you look at a metal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leads um if you look at a metal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leads um if you look at a metal uh
+typically if you create a surface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you create a surface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if you create a surface the
+difference between the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the first and the
+second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer
+uh become smaller so in a metal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh become smaller so in a metal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh become smaller so in a metal the
+first layer tends to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer tends to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer tends to relax
+inward okay and can somebody explain me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward okay and can somebody explain me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward okay and can somebody explain me
+why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that
+happens and typically you don't see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and typically you don't see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and typically you don't see this
+in pair potentials you very often um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pair potentials you very often um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pair potentials you very often um
+have about the same distance so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the same distance so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about the same distance so the
+first to second neighbor distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to second neighbor distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to second neighbor distance is
+often bulk like uh and in some case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bulk like uh and in some case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bulk like uh and in some case
+actually relaxes outwards because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relaxes outwards because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relaxes outwards because of
+competing forces but in almost all real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing forces but in almost all real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing forces but in almost all real
+system it tends to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it tends to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it tends to relax
+inward why do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward why do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward why do you think that
+is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your true
+but I'm not sure that that necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure that that necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure that that necessarily
+makes it relax inward relax in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it relax inward relax in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it relax inward relax in the the
+reason it relaxes inward is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it relaxes inward is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it relaxes inward is because the
+bonds between the first and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between the first and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between the first and the second
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+strengthen that's really what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen that's really what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen that's really what is the
+sign and why do they strengthen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and why do they strengthen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and why do they strengthen because
+the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface is
+undercoordinated remember if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercoordinated remember if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercoordinated remember if you go to
+lower coordination you're effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower coordination you're effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower coordination you're effectively
+although you're losing energy that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're losing energy that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're losing energy that's why
+there's surface energy but the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's surface energy but the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's surface energy but the energy
+per bond is actually becoming stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bond is actually becoming stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per bond is actually becoming stronger
+okay remember that I showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember that I showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember that I showed you the
+potentials for copper remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for copper remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials for copper remember that the
+um the the for the the copper two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the for the the copper two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the for the the copper two
+molecule so where you just had one Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so where you just had one Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so where you just had one Bond
+had the strongest potential okay the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the strongest potential okay the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the strongest potential okay the one
+the equation of State gave you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of State gave you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of State gave you where
+your 12f coordinate gave you much weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 12f coordinate gave you much weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 12f coordinate gave you much weaker
+potential so you see that in surfaces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you see that in surfaces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you see that in surfaces as
+well if you cut away the bonds here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you cut away the bonds here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you cut away the bonds here the
+remaining one strengthen and they pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining one strengthen and they pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining one strengthen and they pull
+the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the layer
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the other problem that's common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other problem that's common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other problem that's common in
+pair potential which I won't say much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential which I won't say much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential which I won't say much
+about is What's called the Ki problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is What's called the Ki problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is What's called the Ki problem
+that if you write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write down the
+the relation between the stress and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the stress and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between the stress and the
+strain tensor and so this is the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain tensor and so this is the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain tensor and so this is the Matrix
+of elastic constant that for par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic constant that for par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic constant that for par
+potential C12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential C12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential C12 and
+c44 um are always the same and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c44 um are always the same and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c44 um are always the same and this has
+something to do with there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with there actually
+being a zero energy strain mode remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a zero energy strain mode remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a zero energy strain mode remember
+that I showed you this uh it's related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you this uh it's related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you this uh it's related
+to the same issue that in a cubic or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same issue that in a cubic or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same issue that in a cubic or in
+a square model you can actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square model you can actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square model you can actually kind of
+slide it without any energy change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it without any energy change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide it without any energy change and
+that actually puts a constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually puts a constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually puts a constraint on the
+elastic con which essentially translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic con which essentially translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic con which essentially translates
+to C12 being um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C12 being um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C12 being um
+c44 um and the last one you know may for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c44 um and the last one you know may for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c44 um and the last one you know may for
+if you're a practicing material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a practicing material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a practicing material
+scientist maybe one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist maybe one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist maybe one of the important
+ones um that you can essentially not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um that you can essentially not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um that you can essentially not
+predict crystal structure uh in anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict crystal structure uh in anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict crystal structure uh in anything
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+coent and you know metals are coent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and you know metals are coent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and you know metals are coent I
+know they teach you there's metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they teach you there's metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they teach you there's metallic
+coent and ionic bonding but metallic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and ionic bonding but metallic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent and ionic bonding but metallic is
+just delocalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delocalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delocalized
+coent um and and the reason is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent um and and the reason is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent um and and the reason is I think
+you can already see first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see first of all
+potentials tend to go to close packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials tend to go to close packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials tend to go to close packing
+always because you know they just they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always because you know they just they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always because you know they just they
+want to have as many atoms around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have as many atoms around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have as many atoms around them
+as possible because that's how you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible because that's how you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible because that's how you bring
+the cohesive energy down and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy down and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy down and they don't
+count that cost that if you bring more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that cost that if you bring more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that cost that if you bring more
+around you your bond strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you your bond strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you your bond strength
+weakens okay and they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakens okay and they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakens okay and they have no
+directional dependence so they captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependence so they captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependence so they captured
+they miss those two important components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they miss those two important components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they miss those two important components
+to get structure right you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get structure right you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get structure right you can actually
+do some theory about this which was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some theory about this which was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some theory about this which was done
+already in the 70s that um you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the 70s that um you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the 70s that um you actually
+need what's called at least a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need what's called at least a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need what's called at least a four
+moment of the density of States um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the density of States um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the density of States um to
+get crystal structure right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crystal structure right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get crystal structure right and that
+turns out to be at least a four body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be at least a four body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be at least a four body
+effect so if you actually thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if you actually thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if you actually thought of
+potentials as an expansion say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials as an expansion say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials as an expansion say you know
+I'm going to write the energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write the energy as a
+constant plus an expansion in two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus an expansion in two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus an expansion in two body
+terms three body terms four body terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms three body terms four body terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms three body terms four body terms
+Etc which we don't even know if it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which we don't even know if it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc which we don't even know if it would
+converge you would have to go at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge you would have to go at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge you would have to go at least
+up to the for order to get crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the for order to get crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the for order to get crystal
+structure um differences right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um differences right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um differences right
+um okay so how do you fix the problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so how do you fix the problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so how do you fix the problem um
+there are essentially you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are essentially you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are essentially you know if you
+look at the literature of empirical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature of empirical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature of empirical uh
+models uh two Avenues to go um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh two Avenues to go um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models uh two Avenues to go um you can
+either make what's called cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make what's called cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make what's called cluster
+potentials um and you know so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um and you know so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um and you know so if you
+don't like a two body potential you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like a two body potential you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like a two body potential you can
+make a three body potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three body potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three body potential
+and the advantage of that once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage of that once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage of that once you have
+a a three body potential you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a three body potential you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a three body potential you can see
+angular dependence because you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence because you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence because you know if
+um I have three atoms and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have three atoms and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have three atoms and they don't
+interact just pairwise but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact just pairwise but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact just pairwise but there's a
+true three body I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true three body I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true three body I can say
+include this bonding angle you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this bonding angle you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include this bonding angle you know a
+bonding angle is truly a Tre body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding angle is truly a Tre body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding angle is truly a Tre body
+concept okay so you can start building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay so you can start building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay so you can start building
+in angular dependence the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in angular dependence the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in angular dependence the other
+direction to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go
+is go to pair functionals so you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go to pair functionals so you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go to pair functionals so you still
+want to write the energy as pair wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the energy as pair wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the energy as pair wise
+some pair wise summation you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair wise summation you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pair wise summation you just don't
+want the cohesive energy paratum to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the cohesive energy paratum to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the cohesive energy paratum to go
+linear with what you sum pair wise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with what you sum pair wise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with what you sum pair wise or
+what you sum as its environment uh pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you sum as its environment uh pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you sum as its environment uh pair
+wise um so we're going to deal with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um so we're going to deal with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um so we're going to deal with both
+in class today I'm going to mainly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class today I'm going to mainly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class today I'm going to mainly do
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+functionals uh pair of functions tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals uh pair of functions tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals uh pair of functions tends
+to be most applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be most applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be most applicable to
+Metals um where I would say the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals um where I would say the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals um where I would say the square
+root dependence that effect is strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root dependence that effect is strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root dependence that effect is strongest
+um whereas cluster potentials or many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas cluster potentials or many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas cluster potentials or many
+body Potentials in general tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body Potentials in general tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body Potentials in general tend to be
+more favored in uh the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favored in uh the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more favored in uh the organic
+literature both sort of organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature both sort of organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature both sort of organic
+chemistry polymer chemistry and so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry polymer chemistry and so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry polymer chemistry and so going
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a whole class of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a whole class of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a whole class of methods
+which are called effective medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are called effective medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are called effective medium
+theories um the version of it that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories um the version of it that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories um the version of it that I'm
+going to discuss is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss is What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss is What's called the
+embedded atom method which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atom method which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atom method which is probably
+the most popular one um the if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one um the if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one um the if you know
+this was developed by uh Mike Basquez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was developed by uh Mike Basquez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was developed by uh Mike Basquez
+Murray Daw um in I think going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray Daw um in I think going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murray Daw um in I think going back to
+the 80s mid 80s or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s mid 80s or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s mid 80s or something like that
+uh and it's probably now the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's probably now the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's probably now the most
+popular of the sort of empirical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular of the sort of empirical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular of the sort of empirical energy
+schemes you know if you look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes you know if you look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes you know if you look back at
+those papers those papers have now over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers those papers have now over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers those papers have now over
+a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand
+citations um and the idea is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations um and the idea is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations um and the idea is extremely
+simple um is if you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um is if you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um is if you understand the
+source of the problem that our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the problem that our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of the problem that our energy
+should not be linear with coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be linear with coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be linear with coordination
+that's what you're going to fix so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're going to fix so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're going to fix so in
+these models what you do is you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models what you do is you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models what you do is you write
+the energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy per
+atom um as a function of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom um as a function of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom um as a function of the number of
+bonds around it it's just that F should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds around it it's just that F should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds around it it's just that F should
+not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be
+linear okay and so that's why they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay and so that's why they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay and so that's why they call
+it energy functionals rather than a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it energy functionals rather than a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it energy functionals rather than a pair
+potential um the question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um the question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um the question is how do you
+measure number of bonds and if you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number of bonds and if you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number of bonds and if you sort
+of think about if you think yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about if you think yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about if you think yourself
+back in the 80s um how do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 80s um how do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 80s um how do you want to
+measure number of bonds you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number of bonds you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number of bonds you don't really
+want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it
+discreetly okay because you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly okay because you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreetly okay because you could say
+well um maybe I'm just going to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um maybe I'm just going to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um maybe I'm just going to count
+atoms within a two angstrom radius or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms within a two angstrom radius or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms within a two angstrom radius or
+some radius the problem is as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radius the problem is as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radius the problem is as soon as
+you measure it discreetly you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure it discreetly you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure it discreetly you're going
+to have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to deal with
+discontinuities as atoms move in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities as atoms move in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities as atoms move in and out
+of that radius suddenly you know you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that radius suddenly you know you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that radius suddenly you know you got
+14 things around you instead of 15 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 things around you instead of 15 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 things around you instead of 15 so
+you would always have super large forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always have super large forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would always have super large forces
+because of those discontinuities around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those discontinuities around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those discontinuities around
+your cut of interface so what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cut of interface so what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cut of interface so what you need
+is a smooth count of coordination okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a smooth count of coordination okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a smooth count of coordination okay
+and the one they came up with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one they came up with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one they came up with in the
+embedded atam method um is literally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atam method um is literally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atam method um is literally you
+measure the electron density being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the electron density being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the electron density being
+projected on you from your neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected on you from your neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected on you from your neighbors
+okay um it's ironic that I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's ironic that I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um it's ironic that I'll show you
+later the formal justification for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the formal justification for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the formal justification for the
+embedded aom method which has a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded aom method which has a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded aom method which has a lot more
+to do with quantum mechanics um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quantum mechanics um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with quantum mechanics um but that
+was actually a justification after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a justification after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a justification after the
+facts um the original idea came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts um the original idea came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts um the original idea came up with
+sort of you know you really want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you really want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know you really want to have
+a continuous measure of bonding around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous measure of bonding around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous measure of bonding around
+you and so the idea is that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so the idea is that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so the idea is that you're going
+to do something like you know I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like you know I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like you know I have a
+central atom I have other atoms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom I have other atoms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom I have other atoms around
+me how do I measure how much these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how do I measure how much these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how do I measure how much these
+contribute to my neighborhood well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to my neighborhood well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to my neighborhood well these
+have some electron density functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some electron density functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some electron density functions
+around them you know their atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them you know their atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them you know their atomic
+electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density
+I'm sort of drawing and they all project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of drawing and they all project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of drawing and they all project
+onto that Central atom you count up how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto that Central atom you count up how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto that Central atom you count up how
+much electron density project there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much electron density project there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much electron density project there and
+that's somehow a measurement of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somehow a measurement of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somehow a measurement of your
+neighborhood and you see that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and you see that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and you see that's going to
+roughly have the right Behavior it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly have the right Behavior it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly have the right Behavior it's
+continuous you know as atoms move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous you know as atoms move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous you know as atoms move
+farther away they still contribute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away they still contribute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away they still contribute but
+they contribute less so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contribute less so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contribute less so it is a
+continuous measure and the more electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous measure and the more electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous measure and the more electron
+density you project okay either The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you project okay either The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you project okay either The
+Closer by the atoms are or the more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Closer by the atoms are or the more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Closer by the atoms are or the more of
+them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are okay so this is the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so this is the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so this is the idea of the
+electron density you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density you're going to
+actually calculate the electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the electron density
+on a site as a measurement in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a site as a measurement in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a site as a measurement in some sense
+of the coordination as a sum of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordination as a sum of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordination as a sum of um
+electron densities coming from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities coming from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities coming from its
+neighboring atoms J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms J
+okay um what What electron densities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what What electron densities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what What electron densities you
+use is kind of less relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is kind of less relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is kind of less relevant
+uh in the original embedded atom and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the original embedded atom and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the original embedded atom and in
+most embedded atom codes still they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most embedded atom codes still they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most embedded atom codes still they use
+essentially the atomic densities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the atomic densities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the atomic densities so
+people have calculated the atomic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have calculated the atomic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have calculated the atomic uh
+electron densities with heartre fo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities with heartre fo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities with heartre fo
+methods and they're actually tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and they're actually tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and they're actually tabulated
+in these Clemente and Roy tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these Clemente and Roy tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these Clemente and Roy tables
+um and you know I'm just sort of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I'm just sort of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I'm just sort of showing
+you this they're they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this they're they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this they're they're basically
+parameterized by a bunch of Gans um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by a bunch of Gans um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by a bunch of Gans um but
+you can get those so you can get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get those so you can get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get those so you can get those
+functions uh let me skip through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh let me skip through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions uh let me skip through that
+okay so remember that if you have yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir correct correct so you um well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir correct correct so you um well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir correct correct so you um well it's
+a distance dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function exactly yeah so it's it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly yeah so it's it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly yeah so it's it's sort
+of what people in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what people in quantum mechanics
+think of sort of non-self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sort of non-self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sort of non-self-consistent
+methods yeah you know um the you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods yeah you know um the you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods yeah you know um the you you
+literally treat the electron density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally treat the electron density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally treat the electron density of
+the crystal as the overlap of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal as the overlap of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal as the overlap of the the
+atomic densities of the atoms Okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic densities of the atoms Okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic densities of the atoms Okay the
+reason that saves you here is you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that saves you here is you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that saves you here is you you're
+actually not going to do quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to do quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to do quantum
+mechanics on that density and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics on that density and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics on that density and you're
+just using that density as some measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that density as some measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using that density as some measure
+of coordination um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I skipped some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slides somehow I lost the slide in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides somehow I lost the slide in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides somehow I lost the slide in here
+sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you know what I put it in the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know what I put it in the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know what I put it in the wrong
+place here we go so the way you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here we go so the way you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place here we go so the way you write
+the energy in the embedded atam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in the embedded atam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in the embedded atam
+method is you write it as the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is you write it as the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is you write it as the embedding
+energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which
+is you sum over every atom and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you sum over every atom and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you sum over every atom and you're
+looking for its cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for its cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for its cohesive
+energy um which is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of the neighborhood measurements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of the neighborhood measurements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of the neighborhood measurements which
+is the electron density at the side of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron density at the side of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron density at the side of I
+and that's your summing from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your summing from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your summing from these
+functions F which are the projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F which are the projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F which are the projected
+densities from all the other atoms J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities from all the other atoms J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities from all the other atoms J
+okay so typically so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so typically so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so typically so this is the
+nonlinear part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear part of the
+energy okay typically that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay typically that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay typically that is
+supplemented uh with a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemented uh with a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemented uh with a pair
+potential okay so the the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so the the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so the the standard
+embedded ath method is a pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded ath method is a pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded ath method is a pair potential
+which is often just used for having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often just used for having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often just used for having a
+repulsive part and a nonlinear embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive part and a nonlinear embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive part and a nonlinear embedding
+energy so that means we have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that means we have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that means we have to solve
+two three problems really but one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three problems really but one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three problems really but one we've
+solved you need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved you need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved you need to know what the
+electron densities are take the Clemente
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities are take the Clemente
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron densities are take the Clemente
+and rity tables you need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rity tables you need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rity tables you need to know what
+the embedding function is and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedding function is and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedding function is and you need
+to know what the pair potential is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the pair potential is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the pair potential is okay
+the pair potential used to be honest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair potential used to be honest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair potential used to be honest you
+can use almost anything it's mainly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use almost anything it's mainly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use almost anything it's mainly used
+for the hardcore repulsion part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hardcore repulsion part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hardcore repulsion part you
+don't want the atoms to fly into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the atoms to fly into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the atoms to fly into each
+other um typically they use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um typically they use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um typically they use some
+screened electrostatic form where which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screened electrostatic form where which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screened electrostatic form where which
+is essentially the product of charges uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the product of charges uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the product of charges uh
+charge distribution functions on atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution functions on atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution functions on atoms
+uh but you know nothing would stop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know nothing would stop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you know nothing would stop you
+if you really wanted to from using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really wanted to from using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really wanted to from using a
+lonard Jones I'll show you in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonard Jones I'll show you in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonard Jones I'll show you in a second
+that there is ambiguity about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is ambiguity about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is ambiguity about um the
+division of energy between the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of energy between the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of energy between the embedding
+part and the pair potential is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the pair potential is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the pair potential is not
+unique okay so that means every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique okay so that means every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique okay so that means every time you
+change your pair potential you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your pair potential you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your pair potential you'll have
+to change your embedding function I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your embedding function I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your embedding function I'll
+show you that in a second um what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that in a second um what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that in a second um what do you
+use for the embedding function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know there are two ways that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there are two ways that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there are two ways that it
+can be done um people have written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done um people have written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done um people have written down
+analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical
+forms uh with some theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh with some theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh with some theoretical
+justification that I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification that I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification that I'm not going to go
+into U there's actually an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into U there's actually an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into U there's actually an excellent
+review article on the embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review article on the embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review article on the embedded atom
+methods which we post just for internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which we post just for internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which we post just for internal
+use on the website uh it's a 1993
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on the website uh it's a 1993
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on the website uh it's a 1993
+Material Science and Engineering report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science and Engineering report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science and Engineering report
+it's a really long paper but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really long paper but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really long paper but it's it's
+really an excellent paper um so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an excellent paper um so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an excellent paper um so there
+are analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are analytical
+forms and here's a few of them given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and here's a few of them given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and here's a few of them given and
+people have come up with other ones more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with other ones more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with other ones more
+and more now what people simply do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more now what people simply do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more now what people simply do is
+tabulate the embedding function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate the embedding function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate the embedding function and
+really what they do is they tabulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what they do is they tabulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what they do is they tabulate it
+so that you exactly reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you exactly reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you exactly reproduce the
+equation of State what is the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State what is the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State what is the equation
+of State equation of state is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State equation of state is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State equation of state is energy
+versus volume or latus parameter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus volume or latus parameter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus volume or latus parameter okay so
+say at every lce parameter you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at every lce parameter you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at every lce parameter you could try
+to get that energy with a better method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that energy with a better method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that energy with a better method
+say quantum mechanics okay and then fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quantum mechanics okay and then fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quantum mechanics okay and then fit
+your embedding function so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your embedding function so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your embedding function so that you
+exactly reproduce that and so often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly reproduce that and so often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly reproduce that and so often the
+embedding function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function is
+tabulated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated um
+but commonly it has this form you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but commonly it has this form you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but commonly it has this form you know
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+decaying it's sort of decreasing convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying it's sort of decreasing convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying it's sort of decreasing convex
+decreasing in energy and convex and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in energy and convex and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing in energy and convex and it
+needs both those properties well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs both those properties well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs both those properties well why
+does it need to be decreasing in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need to be decreasing in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it need to be decreasing in energy
+because so this is the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so this is the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so this is the embedding
+density and this is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and this is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and this is the value of the
+embedding function of course as you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function of course as you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function of course as you put
+more density on a side you that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more density on a side you that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more density on a side you that comes
+from more neighbors so your cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more neighbors so your cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from more neighbors so your cohesive
+energy should be going down okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be going down okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be going down okay that's
+why the energy of the embedding function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the energy of the embedding function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the energy of the embedding function
+goes down but it needs to be convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down but it needs to be convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down but it needs to be convex
+because convexity gives you sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because convexity gives you sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because convexity gives you sort of the
+correct Behavior convexity really tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Behavior convexity really tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Behavior convexity really tells
+you that you know adding a bond going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know adding a bond going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know adding a bond going
+from here to here let's say a bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here let's say a bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here let's say a bond is
+adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding
+0.01 um so if we added the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 um so if we added the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 um so if we added the bond
+here we'd get this change in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd get this change in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd get this change in energy
+embedding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding energy
+if we added it here we'd only get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we added it here we'd only get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we added it here we'd only get that
+change okay so the function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so the function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so the function has to be
+convex in some sense the decrease has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex in some sense the decrease has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex in some sense the decrease has to
+be per unit electron density has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be per unit electron density has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be per unit electron density has to be
+less for higher densities than for lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for higher densities than for lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for higher densities than for lower
+and that's the definition of convex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the definition of convex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the definition of convex okay
+the slope of it has to be increasing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of it has to be increasing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of it has to be increasing of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function and you see that's going to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you see that's going to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you see that's going to by
+construction now get some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction now get some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction now get some of our
+problems right because this shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right because this shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems right because this shape of the
+function the convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the convex
+is what tells you that you know the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what tells you that you know the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what tells you that you know the low
+coordination bonds are stronger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination bonds are stronger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination bonds are stronger than the
+high coordination bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high coordination bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high coordination bonds
+okay so you can already guess from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can already guess from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can already guess from this
+that we're going to get a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and I'll show you some examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll show you some examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll show you some examples in
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+um what's the physical concept um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the physical concept um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's the physical concept um that
+sort of justifies the embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justifies the embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justifies the embedded atom
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are you know there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are you know there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are you know there are things
+you can do formally in abonal theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do formally in abonal theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do formally in abonal theory
+showing that um like in in in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that um like in in in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that um like in in in you know
+fairly simple tight binding models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple tight binding models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple tight binding models so
+these are things that have the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that have the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that have the structure
+of a proper quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proper quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proper quantum mechanical
+hamiltonian but not NE but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but not NE but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but not NE but they are
+parametrized forms of a hamiltonian but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized forms of a hamiltonian but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrized forms of a hamiltonian but
+still what they all tend to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still what they all tend to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still what they all tend to show is that
+the cohesive energy in highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy in highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohesive energy in highly
+delocalized systems to first or goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized systems to first or goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized systems to first or goals
+like the square root of the coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the square root of the coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the square root of the coordination
+okay so you can give some justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can give some justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can give some justification
+for this nonlinear behavior um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this nonlinear behavior um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this nonlinear behavior um a
+somewhat intuitive concept of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat intuitive concept of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat intuitive concept of where the
+bonding energy comes from is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy comes from is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding energy comes from is that
+actually um if you put uh an atom in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um if you put uh an atom in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um if you put uh an atom in a
+metallic solid where does it get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic solid where does it get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallic solid where does it get its
+cohesive energy from uh for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy from uh for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy from uh for the most
+part it gets its cohesive energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it gets its cohesive energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it gets its cohesive energy from
+the delocalization of its El Rons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delocalization of its El Rons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delocalization of its El Rons okay
+and that's largely a kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's largely a kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's largely a kinetic energy
+effect uh remember that the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh remember that the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh remember that the kinetic
+energy in quantum mechanics is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in quantum mechanics is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in quantum mechanics is the
+curvature of the wave function you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the wave function you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the wave function you know
+it's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what is
+it e^2 5 dx^ 2 if you do it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it e^2 5 dx^ 2 if you do it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it e^2 5 dx^ 2 if you do it in one
+dimension okay so highly curved wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension okay so highly curved wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension okay so highly curved wave
+functions have high kinetic energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have high kinetic energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have high kinetic energy okay
+so if you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can actually
+delocalize your wave function becomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalize your wave function becomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalize your wave function becomes in
+some sense much smoother with much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense much smoother with much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense much smoother with much less
+curv and you have lower kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curv and you have lower kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curv and you have lower kinetic
+energy um so if you believe that that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um so if you believe that that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um so if you believe that that a
+lot of bonding cohesive energy in DLo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bonding cohesive energy in DLo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bonding cohesive energy in DLo
+solids comes from that then the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids comes from that then the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids comes from that then the measure
+of cohesive energy is essentially how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cohesive energy is essentially how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cohesive energy is essentially how
+well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can
+delize so what do you measure with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delize so what do you measure with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delize so what do you measure with the
+embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding
+density you know if you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you know if you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you know if you measure the
+electron density coming from atoms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density coming from atoms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density coming from atoms the
+reason this works is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works is that that's
+probably a very good measure over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very good measure over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very good measure over the
+number of states you can delocalize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states you can delocalize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of states you can delocalize over
+things with higher electron density tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with higher electron density tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with higher electron density tend
+to have higher number of states higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have higher number of states higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have higher number of states higher
+densities of states and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of states and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of states and so you can
+delize over more States and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delize over more States and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delize over more States and that's the
+somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+intuitive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive um
+explanation U for why the embeded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation U for why the embeded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation U for why the embeded atom
+works I mean people have given somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I mean people have given somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I mean people have given somewhat
+other explanations they could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other explanations they could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other explanations they could say well
+you know the electron density that I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the electron density that I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the electron density that I see
+from a neighboring atom measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a neighboring atom measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a neighboring atom measures the
+number of electrons I can bond with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons I can bond with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons I can bond with but
+that's not totally true because if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not totally true because if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not totally true because if those
+electrons come from from a filled shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come from from a filled shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come from from a filled shell
+there's nothing I can do with them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing I can do with them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing I can do with them okay
+so somehow I I tend to believe more it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow I I tend to believe more it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow I I tend to believe more it's
+really a measure of the delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a measure of the delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a measure of the delocalization
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay
+um the embedded at method is yes sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct yeah yeah so in an atom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yeah yeah so in an atom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yeah yeah so in an atom you
+actually have a much higher kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a much higher kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a much higher kinetic
+energy because your state is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because your state is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because your state is much more
+localized um the embedded at is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized um the embedded at is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized um the embedded at is probably
+the most popular one of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one of all these
+effective medium theories but you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective medium theories but you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective medium theories but you'll see
+other ones with other names that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones with other names that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones with other names that are in
+spirit very much the same things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit very much the same things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit very much the same things like
+the glue model uh finishing Clare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue model uh finishing Clare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue model uh finishing Clare
+potentials which slightly predate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which slightly predate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which slightly predate the
+embedded atom method which are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atom method which are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atom method which are also
+nonlinear potentials so they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear potentials so they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear potentials so they're really
+par potential functionals pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par potential functionals pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par potential functionals pair
+functionals uh and the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals uh and the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals uh and the equivalent
+Crystal model Smith and energy these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal model Smith and energy these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal model Smith and energy these are
+all exactly in the same uh spirit um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all exactly in the same uh spirit um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all exactly in the same uh spirit um the
+Brilliance of the embedded atom method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance of the embedded atom method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance of the embedded atom method
+uh was essentially that it was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was essentially that it was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was essentially that it was something
+for nothing uh the computational cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nothing uh the computational cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nothing uh the computational cost is
+essentially the same as for doing pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as for doing pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as for doing pair
+potentials because you some things only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials because you some things only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials because you some things only
+pair wise if you think of what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair wise if you think of what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair wise if you think of what you need
+to do to do an embedded at calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to do an embedded at calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to do an embedded at calculation
+you know so you have your pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you have your pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you have your pair
+potential that's a pair wise sum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's a pair wise sum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's a pair wise sum but
+your embedding energy is also a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your embedding energy is also a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your embedding energy is also a pair
+wise sum because what you have to do per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise sum because what you have to do per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise sum because what you have to do per
+atom you just have to sum the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you just have to sum the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you just have to sum the electron
+density coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density coming
+from a bunch of other atoms around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bunch of other atoms around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a bunch of other atoms around you
+so that's a pair wise sum and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pair wise sum and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pair wise sum and then you
+just have to stick it in F okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to stick it in F okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to stick it in F okay which is
+an extra evaluation but embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra evaluation but embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra evaluation but embedded atom
+fundamentally Square scales only like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally Square scales only like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally Square scales only like n
+s so that was the brilliant part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that was the brilliant part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that was the brilliant part of it
+you know or in the end that's what made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or in the end that's what made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or in the end that's what made
+it successful you could essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it successful you could essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it successful you could essentially
+do much better things with almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much better things with almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much better things with almost the
+same effort as pair potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same effort as pair potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same effort as pair potentials and
+that's why it sort of took off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it sort of took off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it sort of took off as a
+method and you know pretty much anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and you know pretty much anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and you know pretty much anybody
+in metals now um would use embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals now um would use embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in metals now um would use embedded atom
+if they want to get any physics right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want to get any physics right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want to get any physics right if
+you sort of want to do demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of want to do demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of want to do demonstration
+projects or things you know like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or things you know like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or things you know like you
+want to do billions of atoms there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do billions of atoms there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do billions of atoms there can
+be reasons to go to much simpler forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasons to go to much simpler forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reasons to go to much simpler forces
+still uh to evaluate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh to evaluate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh to evaluate but
+uh in metals there's really no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in metals there's really no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in metals there's really no reason
+not to use em over um simple pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials okay you know what do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay you know what do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay you know what do people
+fit to people fit to anything like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to people fit to anything like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to people fit to anything like I
+told you before uh the original em
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you before uh the original em
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you before uh the original em
+potentials were fit to a standard set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials were fit to a standard set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials were fit to a standard set of
+data which was lce parameter sublimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which was lce parameter sublimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which was lce parameter sublimation
+energy you know elastic constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you know elastic constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you know elastic constants and
+vacancy formation energies um now you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy formation energies um now you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy formation energies um now you'll
+regularly see papers in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly see papers in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly see papers in the literature
+you know claiming I have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know claiming I have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know claiming I have a better
+potential than you for aluminum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential than you for aluminum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential than you for aluminum and I
+have a better potential than you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better potential than you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better potential than you for
+nickel and some of that is true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and some of that is true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and some of that is true so
+people are now in the game of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are now in the game of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are now in the game of kind of
+super optimizing these potentials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super optimizing these potentials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super optimizing these potentials for
+what it's worth uh but the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's worth uh but the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's worth uh but the original
+database was a set of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database was a set of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database was a set of standard
+potentials largely on Noble metal alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials largely on Noble metal alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials largely on Noble metal alloys
+uh people have spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people have spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people have spent a lot of time
+finding better potentials on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding better potentials on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding better potentials on
+technologically important Alloys like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically important Alloys like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically important Alloys like
+nickel aluminum you'll find probably at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel aluminum you'll find probably at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel aluminum you'll find probably at
+least five potentials who all claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five potentials who all claim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five potentials who all claim to
+be better than somebody else's potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than somebody else's potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than somebody else's potential
+on the aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so what I want to do now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what I want to do now is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what I want to do now is just
+show you some results and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some results and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some results and we're not
+going to analyze these in great deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze these in great deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze these in great deal but
+that I want to show that to you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to show that to you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to show that to you so you
+give some idea of what people do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some idea of what people do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some idea of what people do with
+this stuff um here's linear thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff um here's linear thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff um here's linear thermal
+expansion uh for a bunch of sort of late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh for a bunch of sort of late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh for a bunch of sort of late
+transition metals calculated in E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals calculated in E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals calculated in E and
+calculated in experiment and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in experiment and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in experiment and you know
+these agree pretty well um that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agree pretty well um that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agree pretty well um that's maybe
+not a big surprise prise in Clos packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big surprise prise in Clos packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big surprise prise in Clos packed
+solids the thermal expansion is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids the thermal expansion is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids the thermal expansion is largely
+a measure of the asymmetry of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the asymmetry of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the asymmetry of your
+equation of State okay I mean in complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State okay I mean in complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of State okay I mean in complex
+materials that's not true but in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's not true but in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's not true but in simple
+Clos packed Metals if you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos packed Metals if you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos packed Metals if you get your
+remember your equation of state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your equation of state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your equation of state is
+slightly asymmetric you know uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly asymmetric you know uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly asymmetric you know uh it
+curves less towards the high the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves less towards the high the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves less towards the high the the
+high lce parameter and the low lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high lce parameter and the low lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high lce parameter and the low lce
+parameter so if you draw you know energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so if you draw you know energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so if you draw you know energy
+versus you know energy versus volume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you know energy versus volume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you know energy versus volume you
+know it's asym around the minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's asym around the minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's asym around the minimum and
+that's why you have thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have thermal expansion
+think about it it's slightly easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's slightly easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it's slightly easier to
+fluctuate to the higher volume than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate to the higher volume than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate to the higher volume than to
+the lower volume okay um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir oh good point um there is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir oh good point um there is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir oh good point um there is of course
+no temperature dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no temperature dependence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no temperature dependence in the
+potential itself so to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential itself so to do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential itself so to do something like
+thermal expansion okay um you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion okay um you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion okay um you either
+have to do uh a dynamic simulation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do uh a dynamic simulation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do uh a dynamic simulation like
+molecular Dynamics and we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics and we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Dynamics and we'll come to
+that so um or you have to explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um or you have to explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um or you have to explicitly
+calculate the entropic factors that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropic factors that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the entropic factors that give
+you thermal expansion like which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thermal expansion like which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thermal expansion like which is
+essentially the dependence of the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the dependence of the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the dependence of the phone
+on frequencies on volume so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on frequencies on volume so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on frequencies on volume so you can
+indirectly calculate the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly calculate the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly calculate the thermal
+expansion but um we we sort of haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but um we we sort of haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but um we we sort of haven't
+gone into we will go into molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into we will go into molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into we will go into molecular
+Dynamics but of course in the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics but of course in the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics but of course in the potential
+there is no temperature dependence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no temperature dependence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no temperature dependence um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's activation barriers for self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's activation barriers for self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's activation barriers for self
+diffusion in metals these are almost too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in metals these are almost too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in metals these are almost too
+good to believe it uh you actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to believe it uh you actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to believe it uh you actually don't
+get them this good with Quant mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them this good with Quant mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them this good with Quant mechanics
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+it's almost surprising to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost surprising to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost surprising to me that
+they're this good if you compare em to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're this good if you compare em to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're this good if you compare em to
+experiment so this is the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so this is the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so this is the activation
+barrier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh
+for I thought it I forget but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I thought it I forget but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I thought it I forget but I thought
+it was interstitial self diffusion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interstitial self diffusion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was interstitial self diffusion but
+I'm not sure whe it was interstitial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whe it was interstitial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whe it was interstitial or
+vacancy self diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know here's a bunch of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know here's a bunch of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know here's a bunch of surface
+energies uh these are not quite as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh these are not quite as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh these are not quite as good
+as the experiment um if you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the experiment um if you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the experiment um if you for example
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Copper um here's the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copper um here's the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copper um here's the experimental
+number uh in hers per centim squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh in hers per centim squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh in hers per centim squared and
+here's the the calculation on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the calculation on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the the calculation on different
+facets because of course often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets because of course often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets because of course often
+experimentally you measure some average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you measure some average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you measure some average
+of different facets uh unless you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different facets uh unless you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different facets uh unless you do
+careful single Crystal work you um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful single Crystal work you um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful single Crystal work you um have
+some average on the calculations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some average on the calculations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some average on the calculations you
+have to calculate the energy on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate the energy on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate the energy on a
+specific surface and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific surface and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific surface and that's actually
+what one of the things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the things you're going to
+do in the lab um so these are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the lab um so these are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the lab um so these are a little
+lower uh you know and that seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh you know and that seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh you know and that seems to be a
+rather consistent problem that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather consistent problem that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather consistent problem that for
+example also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example also in
+Platinum you know these are quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum you know these are quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum you know these are quite quite
+a bit lower than uh the experiments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit lower than uh the experiments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit lower than uh the experiments um
+so that may tell you that there are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that may tell you that there are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that may tell you that there are that
+either there are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there are more complicated
+quantum mechanical effects going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effects going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effects going on that
+you didn't don't capture with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't don't capture with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't don't capture with these
+simple energy models um but sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple energy models um but sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple energy models um but sometimes it
+also means the experiment is wrong um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means the experiment is wrong um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means the experiment is wrong um I
+think in this case the experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in this case the experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in this case the experiment you
+know Platinum is a fairly easy metal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Platinum is a fairly easy metal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Platinum is a fairly easy metal to
+deal with clean um but surface energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with clean um but surface energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with clean um but surface energies
+of materials is sort of notoriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials is sort of notoriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials is sort of notoriously
+difficult to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimentally you know here's a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you know here's a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you know here's a phone
+on dispersion curve for copper again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dispersion curve for copper again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on dispersion curve for copper again
+don't worry about the details I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the details I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about the details I want to
+show you the kind of things people do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the kind of things people do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the kind of things people do um
+calculations um are the lines and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations um are the lines and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations um are the lines and the
+points are the measurements okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are the measurements okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are the measurements okay so you
+know reasonably good at some of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reasonably good at some of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reasonably good at some of these um
+high frequencies there seems to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies there seems to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies there seems to be some
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with melting points again this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with melting points again this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with melting points again this would
+have been done with molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done with molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done with molecular Dynamics
+and then free energy integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then free energy integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then free energy integration and
+again you know for most materials these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know for most materials these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know for most materials these
+come out remarkably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out remarkably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out remarkably well
+sort of look at this um except again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at this um except again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at this um except again for
+the very late transition metals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very late transition metals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very late transition metals like
+padium and platinum there does seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium and platinum there does seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium and platinum there does seems to
+be some uh amount of problems I can I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some uh amount of problems I can I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some uh amount of problems I can I'll
+tell you a second about the limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a second about the limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a second about the limitations
+and of these methods and um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these methods and um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of these methods and um they have
+they may be related to the unusual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be related to the unusual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be related to the unusual um
+electronic structure of padium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+platinum you know here's a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum you know here's a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum you know here's a pair
+correlation function in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function in a
+liquid people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid people
+a grain boundary you know um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grain boundary you know um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grain boundary you know um this is
+something you simply could not do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you simply could not do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you simply could not do with a
+pair potential in metals um because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential in metals um because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential in metals um because when
+you calculate a grain boundary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate a grain boundary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate a grain boundary you
+really are dealing with um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are dealing with um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are dealing with um different
+coordinated environments and the painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated environments and the painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated environments and the painful
+thing about a grain boundary is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about a grain boundary is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about a grain boundary is that um
+you don't know ahead of time what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know ahead of time what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know ahead of time what kind
+of coordinations you're going to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinations you're going to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinations you're going to see and
+you're going to see multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see multiple
+coordinations see what people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations see what people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations see what people with
+potentials always did if I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials always did if I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials always did if I know I'm
+going to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with a
+surface I can make a pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface I can make a pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface I can make a pair potential
+that's pretty good for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good for those
+coordinations at a surface if I deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations at a surface if I deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations at a surface if I deal
+with the bulk I make a pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bulk I make a pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bulk I make a pair potential
+that's pretty good with bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good with bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good with bulk
+coordinations but when you work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations but when you work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations but when you work with
+grain boundaries that you kind of end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries that you kind of end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain boundaries that you kind of end up
+with all kinds of coordinations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of coordinations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of coordinations because
+the atoms in the grain boundary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms in the grain boundary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms in the grain boundary you know
+some are high coordinated some are low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are high coordinated some are low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are high coordinated some are low
+coordinated uh depending on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated uh depending on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated uh depending on how the
+grains contact each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains contact each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains contact each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+okay so it's a great method but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a great method but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a great method but it still
+has its limitations um one is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its limitations um one is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its limitations um one is that the
+bonding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding is
+spherical okay you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical okay you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical okay you literally
+sum all the electron density coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all the electron density coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all the electron density coming from
+around you um and you literally just sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you um and you literally just sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you um and you literally just sum
+it up you don't keep track of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you don't keep track of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you don't keep track of its
+orientation dependence so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation dependence so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation dependence so you know
+having one atom there next to me and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one atom there next to me and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one atom there next to me and one
+atom on that side is the same as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on that side is the same as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom on that side is the same as having
+both straight in front of me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both straight in front of me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both straight in front of me okay
+because I just sum up the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just sum up the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just sum up the electron
+density coming from so it's purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density coming from so it's purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density coming from so it's purely
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+um that can be fixed um about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can be fixed um about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can be fixed um about in the
+'90s um Mike Basquez developed What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s um Mike Basquez developed What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s um Mike Basquez developed What's
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the
+meme and that just stands for modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meme and that just stands for modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meme and that just stands for modified
+embedded ATM method um which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded ATM method um which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded ATM method um which basically
+has embedding functions that um keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has embedding functions that um keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has embedding functions that um keep
+track of the angular dependence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the angular dependence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the angular dependence of the
+electron density around you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density around you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density around you essentially
+by mapping the problem on the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping the problem on the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping the problem on the spherical
+harmonics um meme is not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics um meme is not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics um meme is not nearly as
+popular um as the standard em because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular um as the standard em because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular um as the standard em because it
+adds a level of complexity uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a level of complexity uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a level of complexity uh to the
+method um and it's not totally clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um and it's not totally clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um and it's not totally clear
+that you're making things work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making things work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making things work because
+the physics is better or you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics is better or you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics is better or you just have
+more fitting parameters um you know Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fitting parameters um you know Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fitting parameters um you know Mike
+Basquez originally developed a meme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basquez originally developed a meme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basquez originally developed a meme to
+work on Silicon where angular dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Silicon where angular dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on Silicon where angular dependence
+clearly seems to play an important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly seems to play an important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly seems to play an important role
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well your Force yeah your force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well your Force yeah your force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well your Force yeah your force is
+directional dependent because um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent because um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent because um you're
+taking the derivative of energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of energy with
+respect to a vector which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a vector which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a vector which is you know
+some distance but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but again the force will be directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again the force will be directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again the force will be directional
+dependent let me sort of let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent let me sort of let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent let me sort of let me show you
+an example let's say I have a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's say I have a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example let's say I have a central
+atom here you know and and I got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here you know and and I got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here you know and and I got four
+atoms around it okay the force will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around it okay the force will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around it okay the force will be
+directional dependent because um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent because um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent because um if I
+you know what is the force the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the force the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the force the force is
+how the energy of an atom changes as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the energy of an atom changes as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the energy of an atom changes as I
+move it into a particular direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it into a particular direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it into a particular direction so
+the force along this direction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force along this direction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force along this direction is the
+energy change as I move the atom along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change as I move the atom along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change as I move the atom along
+this direction because it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction because it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction because it is the
+derivative of the total energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the total energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the total energy with
+respect to some unit Vector in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some unit Vector in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some unit Vector in that
+direction um see if I change it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um see if I change it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um see if I change it in this
+direction I'm going to significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going to significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going to significantly
+increase the overlap with that atom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the overlap with that atom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the overlap with that atom but
+if I change it say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change it say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change it say in this
+direction okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay that's not
+necessarily the same derivative than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same derivative than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the same derivative than in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+direction okay so the force will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so the force will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so the force will be
+directional dependent okay just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent okay just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional dependent okay just because
+of the crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystallography
+um but the energy is not so what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the energy is not so what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the energy is not so what I mean
+with that is that um let's say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that is that um let's say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that is that um let's say you know
+let's call this some unit length L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this some unit length L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this some unit length L and
+they're all at L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and here's my central atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's my central atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and here's my central atom and
+these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L okay that gives me exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay that gives me exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L okay that gives me exactly the same
+embedding energy as in the first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding energy as in the first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding energy as in the first problem
+of course the total energy will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the total energy will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the total energy will be
+different because these guys interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because these guys interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because these guys interact
+very closely but the bonding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely but the bonding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely but the bonding energy of
+the central atom is exactly the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom is exactly the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom is exactly the same and
+that's what I mean with no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean with no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean with no angular
+dependence okay it you know it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay it you know it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence okay it you know it doesn't
+in the end see what orbitals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end see what orbitals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end see what orbitals that
+electron density comes from okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density comes from okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density comes from okay and you
+know when you think about angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you think about angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you think about angular
+dependenc in the end what is it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependenc in the end what is it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependenc in the end what is it it is
+polarization of orbitals if I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of orbitals if I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of orbitals if I you know
+think of sp3 bonding what that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sp3 bonding what that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sp3 bonding what that really
+telling you you know if I do an sp3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you know if I do an sp3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you know if I do an sp3
+hybrid along this direction I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid along this direction I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid along this direction I'm really
+starting to polarize the orbitals along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to polarize the orbitals along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to polarize the orbitals along
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+109° in other direction so I really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109° in other direction so I really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109° in other direction so I really need
+to try to get my bonds around in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get my bonds around in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get my bonds around in in
+those directions so that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those directions so that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those directions so that's essentially
+what angular dependence comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what angular dependence comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what angular dependence comes
+from does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from does that
+help okay you think so well let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay you think so well let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help okay you think so well let me know
+if it doesn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't uh
+okay uh the other problem is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other problem is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other problem is which is
+more a technical problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a technical problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a technical problem is that the
+potential is not unique uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not unique uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not unique uh and this is
+something you just have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just have to be careful
+with if you start messing around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you start messing around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you start messing around with
+potential files yourself if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential files yourself if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential files yourself if you're going
+to use it as a black box you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it as a black box you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it as a black box you'll probably
+okay but um let me get you some notes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um let me get you some notes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um let me get you some notes on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the way you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you can see that the
+potential is not unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not unique
+um if I have an embedding function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have an embedding function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have an embedding function f of
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+row um if I Define another embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row um if I Define another embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row um if I Define another embedding
+function we call it g of row where row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we call it g of row where row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we call it g of row where row
+is the electron density and I say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron density and I say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron density and I say that's
+um f of row plus some linear term in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of row plus some linear term in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f of row plus some linear term in row
+okay um you can make the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you can make the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um you can make the total energy
+function exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly the
+same um with either of the two embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um with either of the two embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um with either of the two embedding
+functions just by changing the pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just by changing the pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions just by changing the pair
+potential and let me show you that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and let me show you that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and let me show you that um if
+I write the energy um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write the energy um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write the energy um as
+the sum over atoms the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over atoms the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over atoms the embedding
+function on that atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on that atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on that atom
+plus you know some pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part okay let me substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay let me substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay let me substitute this
+in okay so I get that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so I get that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so I get that this is
+semi f I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi f I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi f I
+row plus 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus 12
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i siig r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i siig r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i siig r
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+plus um let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi
+K Su J not equal I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Su J not equal I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Su J not equal I of
+um f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f
+RJ where row I was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RJ where row I was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RJ where row I was some
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+F okay you know essentially what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay you know essentially what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay you know essentially what if you
+want to look through the math don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look through the math don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look through the math don't
+worry too much about it if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about it if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about it if you do a
+linear transformation on the embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation on the embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation on the embedding
+function okay you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay you see this
+term is linear in things coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is linear in things coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is linear in things coming from the
+atoms around it okay it's linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around it okay it's linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around it okay it's linear in the
+these electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electron density
+functions so anything that's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so anything that's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so anything that's linear in
+functions that I sum from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I sum from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I sum from the other
+atoms is just like a pair potential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is just like a pair potential okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms is just like a pair potential okay
+because that's what a pair potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what a pair potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what a pair potential is
+I sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum
+contributions okay I add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions okay I add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions okay I add up
+contributions from the things around me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the things around me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the things around me
+so I'm linear in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm linear in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm linear in that
+contribution so any linear part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution so any linear part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution so any linear part of the
+embedding function just looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function just looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function just looks like a
+potential this is a pair potential this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is a pair potential this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is a pair potential this
+is the sum over two indices I and J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over two indices I and J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over two indices I and J and
+I add something up so this I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add something up so this I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add something up so this I could just
+add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to
+P okay so if I add P to this and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so if I add P to this and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so if I add P to this and use the
+embedding function f I have exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function f I have exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function f I have exactly the
+same as using the embedding function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as using the embedding function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as using the embedding function G
+and using just the potential side so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using just the potential side so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using just the potential side so the
+linear part you can move arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part you can move arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear part you can move arbitrarily
+between the embedding function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the embedding function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the embedding function and the
+pair potential okay so that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential okay so that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential okay so that tells you
+something else that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's kind of
+important when is a pair potential alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when is a pair potential alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when is a pair potential alone
+good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metals it's it's when the embedding part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals it's it's when the embedding part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals it's it's when the embedding part
+doesn't change if my atoms stay roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change if my atoms stay roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change if my atoms stay roughly
+at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same
+density okay then all the changes come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay then all the changes come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay then all the changes come
+from the pair potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pair potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pair potential
+part okay so what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so what would you
+do another slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if you're have an embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function as a function of row if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of row if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of row if you're
+working say at this density okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working say at this density okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working say at this density okay let's
+sort of say the density of the bulk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say the density of the bulk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say the density of the bulk and
+you're studying bulk problems okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying bulk problems okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying bulk problems okay you
+could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take
+the slope of this take the linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this take the linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this take the linear term
+make a linear approximation to that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a linear approximation to that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a linear approximation to that okay
+and add that to the pair potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add that to the pair potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add that to the pair potential and
+now you wouldn't have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you wouldn't have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you wouldn't have to worry about the
+embedding function okay so at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function okay so at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding function okay so at constant
+density pair potentials are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density pair potentials are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density pair potentials are actually
+pretty good it's when the density around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's when the density around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's when the density around
+you the electron density around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the electron density around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the electron density around you
+changes which is in essence a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes which is in essence a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes which is in essence a measure of
+the coordination change that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordination change that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordination change that you are
+into trouble okay and so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble okay and so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble okay and so people have
+gone into that game of making density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into that game of making density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into that game of making density
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+potentials okay and so you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay and so you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay and so you would have a
+different potential when you're near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential when you're near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential when you're near a
+surface than when you're near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk
+okay um so my summary on effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so my summary on effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so my summary on effective
+medium theories which I showed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium theories which I showed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium theories which I showed by
+embedded atem method is in essence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atem method is in essence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded atem method is in essence that
+there's no reason not to use them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason not to use them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason not to use them if
+you've decided you're going to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided you're going to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've decided you're going to use an
+empirical model for Metals um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical model for Metals um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical model for Metals um there's
+really no reason at all to use pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no reason at all to use pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no reason at all to use pair
+potentials um you know embedded atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um you know embedded atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um you know embedded atom
+basically does better at very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does better at very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does better at very little
+cost um saying that it does better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um saying that it does better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um saying that it does better
+doesn't say that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say that it does
+everything um and you know I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and you know I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um and you know I remember
+talking to people like Mike Basquez who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people like Mike Basquez who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people like Mike Basquez who
+invented this they're embarrassed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this they're embarrassed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this they're embarrassed for
+what the kind of things people now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kind of things people now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kind of things people now do
+with the embedded atom method like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the embedded atom method like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the embedded atom method like with
+any successful method people push it way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any successful method people push it way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any successful method people push it way
+too hard and try to calculate all kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard and try to calculate all kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard and try to calculate all kind
+of subtle energy effects that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle energy effects that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subtle energy effects that it just
+never was made for um and you see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never was made for um and you see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never was made for um and you see people
+write papers on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write papers on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write papers on you know
+if I change my constant by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change my constant by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change my constant by you know
+1,000 here I can get this phase correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 here I can get this phase correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 here I can get this phase correct
+and so but in the end you know it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but in the end you know it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but in the end you know it gives
+you these gross coordination effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these gross coordination effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these gross coordination effects
+right but it does not give you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it does not give you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it does not give you very
+subtle hybridization effects right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle hybridization effects right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle hybridization effects right you
+know why for example were platinum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why for example were platinum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why for example were platinum and
+padium not so good because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium not so good because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium not so good because you know
+platinum and padium have almost filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum and padium have almost filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum and padium have almost filled
+or filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or filled
+dbands okay and as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbands okay and as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dbands okay and as a function of the
+environment around platinum and padium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around platinum and padium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment around platinum and padium
+there is very subtle electron transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very subtle electron transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is very subtle electron transfer
+between the D band and the S band okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the D band and the S band okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the D band and the S band okay
+and when you're just measuring electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're just measuring electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're just measuring electron
+density that all looks the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that all looks the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that all looks the same but
+those States behave very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States behave very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those States behave very differently
+okay so there are there will be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are there will be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are there will be always
+subtle electronic change that you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle electronic change that you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle electronic change that you simply
+won't get and if your system is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get and if your system is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get and if your system is really
+influenced strongly by those okay uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced strongly by those okay uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced strongly by those okay uh you
+you won't get them right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get them right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get them right for example
+people try to get um complex crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to get um complex crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to get um complex crystal
+structure differences in metals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure differences in metals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure differences in metals with
+with uh em you will just never get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh em you will just never get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh em you will just never get there
+period you know if you look at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you know if you look at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you know if you look at you know
+let's say you make an alloy padium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you make an alloy padium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you make an alloy padium
+ruthenium whatever you know um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruthenium whatever you know um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruthenium whatever you know um the
+crystal structure diff energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure diff energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure diff energy difference
+in that material like in most metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that material like in most metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that material like in most metals
+over the order of 5 to 10 Mill electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the order of 5 to 10 Mill electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the order of 5 to 10 Mill electron
+volts you know you you cannot get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts you know you you cannot get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts you know you you cannot get things
+right on that scale with these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on that scale with these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on that scale with these kind of
+simple models so you shouldn't try too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models so you shouldn't try too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models so you shouldn't try too
+hard but on the other hand you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but on the other hand you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but on the other hand you know if
+you're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to study
+say I don't know fracture in material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know fracture in material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know fracture in material in
+a simple element like one of these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple element like one of these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple element like one of these big
+movies I showed you um that's to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I showed you um that's to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies I showed you um that's to a large
+extent a topological event okay um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent a topological event okay um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent a topological event okay um you
+know you will get a lot of essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you will get a lot of essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you will get a lot of essential
+pieces of that right because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of that right because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of that right because you know
+what is that that's a coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that that's a coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that that's a coordination
+change event large you will get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change event large you will get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change event large you will get a lot of
+that right by doing em over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials okay uh this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay uh this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay uh this is a great
+website I only added that this year the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I only added that this year the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I only added that this year the
+lecture I found this um there's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I found this um there's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I found this um there's a group
+in Japan that calls themselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan that calls themselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan that calls themselves the
+eers um they have they even have a Blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eers um they have they even have a Blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eers um they have they even have a Blog
+now um and so you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and so you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and so you know there's a lot of
+cool stuff you can download they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff you can download they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff you can download they have
+potential files um you can get the EM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential files um you can get the EM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential files um you can get the EM
+code um from the Sandia side it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um from the Sandia side it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code um from the Sandia side it's a
+little hard to get to because Sandia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to get to because Sandia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to get to because Sandia
+being a National Lab um you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a National Lab um you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a National Lab um you know there's
+like they're totally paranoia about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're totally paranoia about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're totally paranoia about
+anything downloading anything um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything downloading anything um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything downloading anything um but
+there are sources where you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sources where you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sources where you can get the
+em code it is technically freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em code it is technically freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em code it is technically freely
+available it's just not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's just not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it's just not necessarily
+trivial to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so we talked about pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functionals which was this direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals which was this direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals which was this direction so
+the other direction is obviously to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction is obviously to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction is obviously to go
+to Cluster potentials so well you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cluster potentials so well you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cluster potentials so well you know I
+don't like my expansion in just two body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like my expansion in just two body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like my expansion in just two body
+terms I'll start adding three body terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I'll start adding three body terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I'll start adding three body terms
+okay the the obvious extension and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the obvious extension and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the obvious extension and if
+you don't like that you can go to PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like that you can go to PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like that you can go to PO
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's definitely done and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's definitely done and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's definitely done and for
+reasons I'll go into the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I'll go into the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I'll go into the the sort of
+next lecture on Tuesday it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture on Tuesday it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture on Tuesday it's extremely
+popular in the world of Organics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the world of Organics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in the world of Organics where
+it's actually really really powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really really powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really really powerful and
+we'll go into why that is the case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into why that is the case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into why that is the case um
+but a typical material in condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a typical material in condensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a typical material in condensed
+matter where obviously this was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where obviously this was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where obviously this was done
+with silicon silicon is a low core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with silicon silicon is a low core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with silicon silicon is a low core
+coordinated solid is only fourfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated solid is only fourfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated solid is only fourfold
+coordinated in a diamond cubic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated in a diamond cubic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated in a diamond cubic structure
+it's extremely hard to get that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely hard to get that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely hard to get that with a
+pair potential you know because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential you know because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potential you know because you're
+again your system will always try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your system will always try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your system will always try to
+form FCC or hcp essentially um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form FCC or hcp essentially um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form FCC or hcp essentially um so what
+you can do is build a three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is build a three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is build a three body
+potential that favors these 190° tetral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that favors these 190° tetral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that favors these 190° tetral
+angles and as soon as you do that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and as soon as you do that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and as soon as you do that if you
+actually make that four strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that four strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that four strong enough
+you can do almost nothing else than form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do almost nothing else than form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do almost nothing else than form
+Diamond pubic because Diamond cubic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond pubic because Diamond cubic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond pubic because Diamond cubic is
+basically the way to pack atoms and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way to pack atoms and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way to pack atoms and put
+them under all these 109 Point what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under all these 109 Point what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under all these 109 Point what is
+it4 or something uh degree angles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it4 or something uh degree angles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it4 or something uh degree angles okay
+so if you make a strong enough three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a strong enough three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a strong enough three
+body Force you will by definition end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body Force you will by definition end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body Force you will by definition end up
+in the diamond cubic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diamond cubic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diamond cubic structure
+um if you work with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you work with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you work with three
+coordinates um you can also transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um you can also transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates um you can also transform
+that instead work with two distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead work with two distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead work with two distances and
+an angle so you know if I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle so you know if I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle so you know if I have three
+atoms the coordinates of them I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the coordinates of them I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms the coordinates of them I can also
+always say that to have the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say that to have the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say that to have the relation
+between them I just need to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them I just need to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them I just need to have these
+two distances and this angle that fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distances and this angle that fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distances and this angle that fully
+defines the three body problem um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the three body problem um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the three body problem um and
+that's usually how it's done people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually how it's done people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually how it's done people have
+pair potentials that take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potentials that take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potentials that take care of the
+distance dependence of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance dependence of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance dependence of that and then
+they have an angular potential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an angular potential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an angular potential which
+takes care of the angle between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of the angle between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of the angle between these
+and often the preactor of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the preactor of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the preactor of the angular
+potential will have some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential will have some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential will have some distance
+dependence in it because of course maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in it because of course maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in it because of course maybe
+you want to enforce this 90° angle when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to enforce this 90° angle when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to enforce this 90° angle when
+you're two other atoms are close but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two other atoms are close but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two other atoms are close but
+when they're very far you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're very far you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're very far you don't really
+care anymore um what's the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care anymore um what's the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care anymore um what's the possible
+choices for angular potentials um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for angular potentials um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for angular potentials um the
+simplest one is is simply a quadratic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is is simply a quadratic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is is simply a quadratic a
+harmonic function in the angle okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic function in the angle okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic function in the angle okay if
+you want to impose an angle Theta KN you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to impose an angle Theta KN you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to impose an angle Theta KN you
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+potential you know that's literally some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you know that's literally some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you know that's literally some
+a quadratic around Theta KN okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic around Theta KN okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic around Theta KN okay so
+extremely simple to eval weight um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple to eval weight um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely simple to eval weight um so
+that function is actually often used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is actually often used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function is actually often used uh
+you can also use um the disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use um the disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use um the disadvantage of
+this one is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is that it's not
+periodic and sort of angle measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and sort of angle measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and sort of angle measurement
+should be periodic so you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be periodic so you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be periodic so you can kind of
+get into trouble with this if you go too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble with this if you go too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble with this if you go too
+far from equilibrium so another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from equilibrium so another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from equilibrium so another thing
+you can use is a cosine function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use is a cosine function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use is a cosine function which
+has the proper periodicity you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the proper periodicity you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the proper periodicity you know if
+you take um I don't know one0 9° or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take um I don't know one0 9° or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take um I don't know one0 9° or
+whatever angle you want or you take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever angle you want or you take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever angle you want or you take its
+complement 360 minus that you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement 360 minus that you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement 360 minus that you should get
+the same answer uh and so cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer uh and so cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer uh and so cosine
+functions will do that right uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will do that right uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will do that right uh and this
+one cosine theta plus a thir this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine theta plus a thir this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cosine theta plus a thir this part
+is minimal when Theta is 109 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimal when Theta is 109 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimal when Theta is 109 the
+tetrahedral the tetrahedral angle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral the tetrahedral angle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedral the tetrahedral angle okay
+um excuse me losing my voice um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me losing my voice um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um excuse me losing my voice um so it
+works working with three body potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works working with three body potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works working with three body potentials
+it's of course more work it's now order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course more work it's now order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course more work it's now order
+in cubed because for every atom you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cubed because for every atom you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cubed because for every atom you now
+have to look at this distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at this distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at this distances and
+angles with pairs of atoms okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with pairs of atoms okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with pairs of atoms okay so it
+becomes an N cubed operation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an N cubed operation so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an N cubed operation so it's
+more work and calculating the forces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work and calculating the forces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work and calculating the forces as
+the derivatives of the energy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of the energy is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of the energy is also
+quite a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay you know the most famous three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay you know the most famous three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay you know the most famous three
+body potential is probably the still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body potential is probably the still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body potential is probably the still
+inur Weber potential um which as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inur Weber potential um which as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inur Weber potential um which as you can
+see has this Co sin Theta form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see has this Co sin Theta form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see has this Co sin Theta form for the
+this is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angular
+part this is the distance dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the distance dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the distance dependence of
+the angular part so how much should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular part so how much should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular part so how much should you
+penalize angular deviations as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize angular deviations as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize angular deviations as the
+distance gets further and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance gets further and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance gets further and then this is
+the two body part which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two body part which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two body part which is sort of a
+more a morike uh potential um originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a morike uh potential um originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a morike uh potential um originally
+still in your Weber um when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your Weber um when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your Weber um when they
+actually wrote down the function they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote down the function they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote down the function they
+didn't even fit it very carefully um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even fit it very carefully um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even fit it very carefully um I
+mean it was a great form but they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was a great form but they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was a great form but they just
+kind of like you know did a rough fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know did a rough fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know did a rough fit
+and so the original still iner Weber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the original still iner Weber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the original still iner Weber
+parameters and the ones people now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the ones people now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the ones people now use
+sometimes more recently are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more recently are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more recently are not the same
+anymore the potential has the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the potential has the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the potential has the same form
+but some people have done recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some people have done recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some people have done recently
+better fits so when somebody says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fits so when somebody says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fits so when somebody says that
+still in your Weber potential um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your Weber potential um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in your Weber potential um there
+are variations of it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants so what do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so what do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so what do you get
+right um with a say something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um with a say something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um with a say something like a
+steinger Weber potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinger Weber potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinger Weber potential
+um well you can kind of guess you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can kind of guess you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well you can kind of guess you know
+why people did this because silicon's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people did this because silicon's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people did this because silicon's so
+important they wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they wanted to be able to
+model silicon right so it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model silicon right so it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model silicon right so it's important to
+understand which pieces you get right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which pieces you get right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand which pieces you get right um
+if you one of the critical issues was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you one of the critical issues was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you one of the critical issues was
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+reconstruction um if you take silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction um if you take silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction um if you take silicon
+111 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 sorry
+one0 um if you uh truncate it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 um if you uh truncate it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 um if you uh truncate it it
+actually under goes a two * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually under goes a two * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually under goes a two * 1
+reconstruction what essentially happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction what essentially happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction what essentially happens
+if you take these top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take these top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take these top
+atoms okay these only have uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay these only have uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay these only have uh they're
+only bonded to two atoms below them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bonded to two atoms below them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only bonded to two atoms below them and
+so they dimerize on the surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they dimerize on the surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they dimerize on the surface so
+basically these move together in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these move together in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these move together in sort of
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+rows a better color and then these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows a better color and then these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows a better color and then these will
+move together and so they double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together and so they double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together and so they double the
+periodicity in One Direction and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in One Direction and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in One Direction and so you
+have these dimers that form and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these dimers that form and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these dimers that form and because
+of that the surface atom is bonded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the surface atom is bonded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the surface atom is bonded to
+three other atoms two below it one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other atoms two below it one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other atoms two below it one other
+in the surface and so they're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the surface and so they're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the surface and so they're better
+bonded and that's the 2x one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded and that's the 2x one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded and that's the 2x one
+reconstruction the 2x1 Reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction the 2x1 Reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction the 2x1 Reconstruction
+you get right with the stillinger Weber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right with the stillinger Weber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get right with the stillinger Weber
+potential you'd actually get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you'd actually get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you'd actually get it right
+with almost anything because it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost anything because it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost anything because it's it's
+essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a
+topological reconstruction you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological reconstruction you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological reconstruction you know
+atoms like to have more atoms around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms like to have more atoms around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms like to have more atoms around
+them to bond period and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to bond period and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to bond period and so that's what
+drives the 2x1 Reconstruction you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the 2x1 Reconstruction you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the 2x1 Reconstruction you know
+that the top layer atoms now are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top layer atoms now are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top layer atoms now are at
+least threefold coordinat ated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least threefold coordinat ated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least threefold coordinat ated and
+they're actually almost fourfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually almost fourfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually almost fourfold
+coordinated um instead of two fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated um instead of two fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated um instead of two fold
+coordinated at a just un reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated at a just un reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated at a just un reconstruct the
+terminated surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but here's the Reconstruction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here's the Reconstruction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but here's the Reconstruction on the
+111 surface the Reconstruction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 surface the Reconstruction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 surface the Reconstruction on the
+one11 surface is 7 by S so it forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one11 surface is 7 by S so it forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one11 surface is 7 by S so it forms a
+much larger unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger unit cell
+uh on the surface and that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the surface and that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the surface and that is not
+reproduced by the still inine rber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced by the still inine rber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced by the still inine rber
+potential so clearly that's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so clearly that's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so clearly that's a more
+subtle effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um silicon being such an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um silicon being such an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um silicon being such an important
+material uh has a multitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh has a multitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh has a multitude of
+potentials you know everybody it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you know everybody it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you know everybody it's sort
+of has made one and claims theirs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has made one and claims theirs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has made one and claims theirs is
+better than yours um and you know I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than yours um and you know I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than yours um and you know I just
+show this graph not for the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this graph not for the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this graph not for the details but
+to show you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that you
+know you know this isn't even a tent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this isn't even a tent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this isn't even a tent of
+the potentials made for silicon but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials made for silicon but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials made for silicon but it's
+some of the famous One S SW is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the famous One S SW is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the famous One S SW is still in
+jbel bisit Harmon uh and the tur of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbel bisit Harmon uh and the tur of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbel bisit Harmon uh and the tur of
+potentials which are quite famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which are quite famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which are quite famous for
+silicon are not even on here but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon are not even on here but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon are not even on here but if you
+see this is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is the angular
+part of these potentials is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of these potentials is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of these potentials is very
+different okay they all give the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay they all give the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay they all give the same
+answer on like static properties like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on like static properties like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on like static properties like
+the elastic properties of silicon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic properties of silicon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic properties of silicon the
+cohesive energy the lce parameter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy the lce parameter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive energy the lce parameter but
+it's sort of divided differently between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of divided differently between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of divided differently between
+pair parts and angular Parts um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair parts and angular Parts um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair parts and angular Parts um you know
+this one clearly wouldn't give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one clearly wouldn't give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one clearly wouldn't give you the
+same stiffness of bond bending okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stiffness of bond bending okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stiffness of bond bending okay
+around the typical dihedral angle um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the typical dihedral angle um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the typical dihedral angle um and
+that shows up there's a what I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up there's a what I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows up there's a what I thought
+was a really nice paper um oh and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really nice paper um oh and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really nice paper um oh and I'm
+sorry oh no the reference is is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh no the reference is is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry oh no the reference is is here
+this is the Norman and paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Norman and paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Norman and paper from
+physical review B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review B
+um they did what I thought was brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they did what I thought was brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they did what I thought was brilliant
+they did exactly the same simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did exactly the same simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did exactly the same simulation
+with three different potentials uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three different potentials uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three different potentials uh this
+is the stillinger left is the stillinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stillinger left is the stillinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stillinger left is the stillinger
+Weber potential and then uh middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weber potential and then uh middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weber potential and then uh middle
+column is tur of two which is tof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is tur of two which is tof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is tur of two which is tof
+potential and then tur of three so did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then tur of three so did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then tur of three so did
+the exactly the same on the Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly the same on the Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exactly the same on the Carlo
+simulations with the two with the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations with the two with the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations with the two with the three
+potentials and this is the 001 or 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this is the 001 or 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this is the 001 or 1
+surface of silicon so remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of silicon so remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of silicon so remember that's
+the one I showed you before that di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I showed you before that di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I showed you before that di
+Rises okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises okay and so
+uh the top line is at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature um tur of three doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um tur of three doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um tur of three doesn't
+dimerize tur of two doeses sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize tur of two doeses sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize tur of two doeses sort of
+dimerize and so the stillinger rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize and so the stillinger rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize and so the stillinger rubber
+but they look slightly different the t's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they look slightly different the t's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they look slightly different the t's
+are in reasonable agreement if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in reasonable agreement if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in reasonable agreement if you go
+higher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in
+temperature okay then th of three dime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay then th of three dime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay then th of three dime
+arises so the still in your Weber the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises so the still in your Weber the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises so the still in your Weber the
+tur of two starts kind of looking quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tur of two starts kind of looking quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tur of two starts kind of looking quite
+different already so these are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different already so these are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different already so these are are
+potential that if you looked at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that if you looked at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that if you looked at their
+how they reproduce static properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they reproduce static properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they reproduce static properties
+they all do extremely well okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all do extremely well okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all do extremely well okay but it's
+extremely hard to fit to dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to fit to dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to fit to dynamical
+properties because you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties because you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties because you don't have that
+as quantitative information very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quantitative information very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quantitative information very often
+like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you
+know first of all we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first of all we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know first of all we don't know what the
+right answer is here okay but even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is here okay but even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is here okay but even if we
+did let's say somebody does brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did let's say somebody does brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did let's say somebody does brilliant
+STM you know and we know what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STM you know and we know what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STM you know and we know what the right
+answer it' be it's very hard to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it' be it's very hard to feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it' be it's very hard to feed
+that back in to a potential okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back in to a potential okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back in to a potential okay and so
+you know the reason I'm telling you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason I'm telling you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason I'm telling you this
+is not to dissuade you from using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to dissuade you from using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to dissuade you from using
+potentials when you need them it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials when you need them it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials when you need them it's just
+to make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you're
+cautious okay uh you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious okay uh you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious okay uh you know there's a
+there's a big reason that people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big reason that people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big reason that people do
+abonal calculations these days and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal calculations these days and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal calculations these days and it's
+not because they necessarily like it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they necessarily like it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they necessarily like it um
+but it's because the results tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because the results tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because the results tend to be
+more reliable or at least predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliable or at least predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliable or at least predictable
+the errors are more predictable let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors are more predictable let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors are more predictable let's
+put it that way which is a useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way which is a useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it that way which is a useful thing
+to have having error is one thing having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have having error is one thing having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have having error is one thing having
+unpredictable error is a lot worse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable error is a lot worse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable error is a lot worse okay
+but there will still there will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will still there will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will still there will always
+be problems where they're just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems where they're just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems where they're just too
+complex or you want to do them fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or you want to do them fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or you want to do them fast
+where you want to use pair potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to use pair potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to use pair potentials
+just don't always believe everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't always believe everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't always believe everything you
+see okay and try to try to fit as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay and try to try to fit as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay and try to try to fit as close
+to where you're going to explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where you're going to explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where you're going to explore the
+physics that's essentially meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's a bunch of references uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a bunch of references uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a bunch of references uh
+I'll actually put these on the Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll actually put these on the Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll actually put these on the Stellar
+website um we'll finish the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um we'll finish the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um we'll finish the empirical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+lecture um will go into Organics and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um will go into Organics and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um will go into Organics and a
+little bit of polymers on uh Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of polymers on uh Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of polymers on uh Tuesday
+then Professor marzari will start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Professor marzari will start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Professor marzari will start and
+giving introduction to basic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving introduction to basic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving introduction to basic quantum
+mechanics and then we'll start sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then we'll start sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then we'll start sort of
+abonal energy methods and Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal energy methods and Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abonal energy methods and Professor
+marai will do that but so I'll be still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marai will do that but so I'll be still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marai will do that but so I'll be still
+lecturing on Tuesday so have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing on Tuesday so have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing on Tuesday so have a good
+weekend and I'll see you on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kRD_u8AUlwk.txt b/kRD_u8AUlwk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7ddd680250837009b24f3c6b1075f7afa12fabd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kRD_u8AUlwk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4200 @@
+PROFESSOR: Today we're
+going to continue
+
+our theme of linkage
+folding, but we're
+
+going to generalize
+our notion of linkage.
+
+And so we want to go
+beyond folding just
+
+one-dimensional structures
+in two dimensions, which
+
+is what we've been talking
+about the last two classes
+
+for the most part.
+
+We did a little bit in 3-D.
+
+But Carpenter's Rule theorem is
+about unfolding these things.
+
+We talked about
+locked trees, when
+
+you add degree
+three vertices here.
+
+I want to make things a
+little harder and more
+
+interesting by adding fat
+objects to those edges.
+
+So these are solid regions.
+
+You could think of
+them as polygons,
+
+but they could also be smooth--
+whatever, lines, circles,
+
+whatever you want.
+
+They're still hinged at
+points, and they still
+
+fold like this
+underlying linkage.
+
+But now the collision
+constraint is even worse.
+
+Not only are the bars
+not allowed to touch,
+
+but these blobs that
+are attached to the bars
+
+are not allowed to
+cross each other.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't it kind of
+like a rigid sub-linkage?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah
+it's kind of like,
+
+say this was a polygon
+because everything's almost
+
+a polygon-- everything's
+linear to the first order.
+
+So you could just
+triangulate this guy
+
+and say, yeah that's just like
+a more complicated linkage.
+
+Now this moves as
+a rigid object,
+
+and it can't collide
+with anything else.
+
+You can even over-brace it if
+you want-- add lots of bars--
+
+but it will move the same.
+
+Of course, then you
+have collisions,
+
+so that's kind of cheating.
+
+But if you triangulate, you
+will get the same behavior
+
+as these rigid objects, yeah.
+
+Now, we know that
+as soon as you go--
+
+as soon as you have a vertex
+of degree more than two,
+
+things can lock.
+
+So it's no surprise that
+these things can lock.
+
+What's surprising is that you
+can prove interesting things
+
+about them not locking.
+
+Let's start with some simple
+examples of them locking.
+
+So these are triangles
+hinged together
+
+at points that are locked.
+
+And this field
+began back in '98.
+
+This is when we were
+working on locked trees.
+
+Marty, our cameraman, was
+working on locked triangles,
+
+and after a day he came
+up with these examples.
+
+They're not too hard to find.
+
+This is probably the
+most compelling one.
+
+You have on the top
+those obtuse triangles.
+
+And because they share
+an edge like that,
+
+they can really
+only hinge one way.
+
+They can only close this angle.
+
+They can't open it, and
+so this guy's stuck.
+
+It can't get out.
+
+This is a little
+trickier, but what's
+
+interesting about
+this example is
+
+all the triangles
+are equilateral.
+
+It's pretty special.
+
+If you were hoping for
+some good results here,
+
+you think, well
+equilateral triangle.
+
+Those are the simplest,
+nice shapes I know.
+
+So maybe they work.
+
+But they don't work.
+
+They can lock.
+
+This may be a
+little less obvious
+
+because this guy's
+reaching around on the top,
+
+can't unwind if this is
+drawn sufficiently tight.
+
+And in fact, it's pretty
+obvious because we
+
+could apply rule one right here.
+
+It's an edge spanned
+by two acute angles,
+
+so that glues in there.
+
+Then you have a rigid triangle
+here, so that stays co-linear
+
+and then you're screwed.
+
+Then the only thing that could
+move is that top triangle,
+
+and it can't get out.
+
+So the self-touching
+version is rigid,
+
+and therefore any perturbation
+is strongly locked.
+
+So we can use the same tools we
+did-- because you could ignore
+
+the fact that these
+are solid things.
+
+So just think of them as
+triangles, as linkages.
+
+And we could still use
+rules one, and two,
+
+and rigidity, and
+strongly locked, and all
+
+those good things, and prove
+that these things are locked.
+
+And we'll do that some later.
+
+But I claim it's useful to
+think about rigid shapes being
+
+attached to bars.
+
+Because in particular, we know
+how to unfold things like this.
+
+So maybe there are
+certain kinds of shapes
+
+that you could attach.
+
+Maybe if I just thickened
+it a little bit,
+
+maybe that wouldn't
+matter too much.
+
+We know that if you add
+equilateral triangles,
+
+that can lock.
+
+But what if I add some
+very small, thin triangles
+
+to these edges?
+
+Well then it turns
+out you can't lock
+
+for the appropriate
+definition of thin.
+
+So this is the idea of
+an adorned chain, where
+
+you have rigid shapes
+attached to bars.
+
+So the bars guide the motion.
+
+We're going to think
+about the underlying
+
+linkage, the
+underlying chain here,
+
+and then there are these
+rigid shapes attached to them.
+
+They come along for the ride.
+
+And in particular-- blah,
+blah, blah, all right
+
+we have some terminology.
+
+An adornment in general
+looks something like this.
+
+This is rigid region,
+but it has this segment
+
+marked on it called the base.
+
+The rest is the shape.
+
+So as the bar moves,
+you just rigidly move
+
+the shape so that the base
+lines up with the bar.
+
+And that's how
+they follow along.
+
+And now we can define
+the notion of thin,
+
+except we call it slender.
+
+A little nicer.
+
+The best thing
+about mathematics is
+
+you get to make up terminology.
+
+Not the best thing,
+but a cool thing.
+
+At some point, my dad was
+having dinner with a group
+
+and saying, yeah that's great.
+
+We've made up all
+these fun words
+
+like slender on
+un-unfoldable which
+
+is something we'll talk about.
+
+And it's like what words
+have you guys made up?
+
+And one guy raised his
+hand an said, oh, Ethernet.
+
+We're not that cool.
+
+All right, so what does
+slender adornment mean?
+
+It's going to be shapes
+more like these thin things.
+
+Maybe even these, I think,
+but not so much this.
+
+That doesn't look
+so slender to me.
+
+What we're going
+to do is walk along
+
+the boundary from one base
+endpoint to the other.
+
+So let me draw an example here.
+
+I think that'll be slender.
+
+So we start here, we walk
+along in this direction.
+
+And what we want is that this
+motion, as you walk along
+
+there you monatonically increase
+your distance to the endpoint
+
+you started at, the
+former endpoint.
+
+And also, sort of equivalently,
+you decrease the distance
+
+to the other endpoint, the
+one you're approaching.
+
+And this should be true no
+matter how you get there.
+
+So I'm walking in this
+along this outer boundary,
+
+and I'm looking.
+
+What is the distance
+to this end point?
+
+I can just draw a whole
+bunch of concentric circles
+
+around that point.
+
+As long as these circles only
+hit my curve once, I'm happy.
+
+That means this distance is
+increasing monotonically.
+
+But you should also draw
+them from the other side.
+
+It's like offset curves, good
+old straight skeleton stuff.
+
+And lo and behold,
+you monatonically
+
+move outward from here if you
+went this direction, outward
+
+from here if you
+went that direction.
+
+And this should be true for
+both sides of the curve.
+
+This one looks like, yeah.
+
+It monotonically
+increases distance
+
+from here, decreases from there
+as you move right to left.
+
+That's slender.
+
+Pretty simple definition.
+
+The biggest slender shape you
+could hope for-- the biggest
+
+one that you can do-- is if you
+draw one giant circle centered
+
+at each of the
+points, and passing
+
+through the other endpoint.
+
+That's slender.
+
+I know it looks pretty fat.
+
+This is like a
+Reuleaux triangle,
+
+but that's still slender.
+
+And if you go outside
+that, you're in trouble.
+
+Then you won't be monatonic.
+
+If I went here and came back,
+I'm getting farther away,
+
+but then I'm getting
+closer again to this point.
+
+So that's not allowed.
+
+Cool, so that's
+slender adornments.
+
+There's actually a couple of
+different ways to define it.
+
+And-- yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you fit
+an equilateral triangle
+
+within that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So I don't mean to say that
+if you take any-- you can fit
+
+an equilateral triangle
+in there, I think.
+
+Well, like this.
+
+An equilateral triangle
+is not slender.
+
+We can check that.
+
+I know it's weird.
+
+It's not a monoton definition.
+
+If you take a subset
+of your slender shape,
+
+the result will not
+necessarily be slender.
+
+So if we do equilateral,
+if you draw a circle--
+
+there's a circle here that's
+going to kiss this edge.
+
+It's centered here and it kisses
+this edge of the triangle.
+
+So that means you're going
+out and then coming back,
+
+getting closer again.
+
+So equilateral triangle
+is not slender.
+
+That's good, because we know
+equilateral triangles can lock.
+
+So it better not be slender,
+because I'm going to say that
+
+slender chains cannot lock.
+
+That's what we're
+going to prove.
+
+I
+
+Let me give you
+another definition.
+
+It's a little bit
+easier to work with
+
+and also gives some
+intuition about why
+
+slender things are good.
+
+Well, it will give some
+intuition, not immediately.
+
+If you look at inward
+normals from the shape,
+
+then they hit the base.
+
+This is assuming that my
+shape is somewhat smooth,
+
+but it's not a big deal.
+
+So let me take a
+nice shape again.
+
+If I look, here's a tangent,
+here's an inward normal.
+
+I extend it, it hits the base.
+
+All of these inward
+normals hit the base.
+
+That's good.
+
+In this case, I could
+take an inward normal from
+
+here-- say, if you don't want
+to do the corner because it's
+
+a little confusing.
+
+And you will go-- here
+you don't hit the base.
+
+You hit this line of course.
+
+Unless you happen to be
+parallel, you'll hit the line.
+
+But I want it to actually
+hit the line segment that
+
+is the base of the shape.
+
+And maybe go back up here,
+the Reuleaux triangle,
+
+you take one of the
+inward normals here,
+
+it will actually just
+barely hit the base.
+
+It hits it at a vertex.
+
+That's, OK because
+this is slender.
+
+That's why if you went a
+little bit outside, then
+
+you'd have an inward normal
+that doesn't hit the base.
+
+So it's pretty
+easy, given a shape,
+
+to tell whether it is slender.
+
+Just draw a bunch of inward
+normals and it either works
+
+or it doesn't.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If you make some
+complex thing like that,
+
+that's not going to be slender.
+
+Now, you could take
+something called the slender
+
+hull-- I'll define
+that in a moment.
+
+Here's another definition.
+
+It's a union of half-lenses.
+
+Half-lenses I want to define
+sort of like this Reuleaux
+
+triangle example.
+
+But I don't necessarily take
+these vertices as the center.
+
+I take some vertex
+here as the center.
+
+Let's say I take
+two of them and I
+
+draw a circle centered
+here passing through here--
+
+so that's like this--
+a circle centered here
+
+passing through here--
+that's like this.
+
+I'm getting better
+at drawing circles.
+
+That's my half-lens.
+
+If I drew the whole thing,
+that would be a lens.
+
+So you get a choice.
+
+Now I could maybe choose
+this point and this point
+
+and draw a circle here and here.
+
+And then there's
+another half-lens.
+
+If you take a whole bunch of
+those, union them together,
+
+that will always be slender.
+
+That's kind of
+obvious, because you
+
+look at any of these
+inward normals,
+
+they're going to
+hit one of these
+
+x's that you drew on the line.
+
+What's a little less obvious
+is that every slender shape
+
+can be made by a
+bunch of these things.
+
+Now admittedly, possibly
+infinitely many of them.
+
+If my shape-- one of my
+favorite slender shapes
+
+is a right triangle.
+
+And you can check all the
+inward normals hit the base.
+
+Here they just
+barely hit the base.
+
+Obviously you need an infinite--
+all of these half-lenses
+
+are curved.
+
+But if you take an appropriate
+infinite number of them, namely
+
+all the points here, there
+is a lens that covers it.
+
+You just take all of those--
+I'm not drawing them perfectly,
+
+but they'll look
+something like that.
+
+You take the union
+of all of those,
+
+that'll give you the triangle.
+
+So in fact, any shape
+you want to make slender
+
+you take the lens
+that hits every point.
+
+So this is the slender hull.
+
+If you have some shape
+that's not slender,
+
+this is really ugly, they're
+inward normals that go up.
+
+But I can fill it
+in, I don't know
+
+exactly what this
+will look like.
+
+But for example, this
+point is kind of bad.
+
+It's got an inward
+normal going up.
+
+So I'll take the slender hull.
+
+I'll take some-- did I lie?
+
+I think it's even simpler.
+
+Let me check.
+
+Yeah, I was more
+complicated than I
+
+have to be for half-lenses.
+
+This does work, it'll
+still be slander.
+
+But you can be-- in
+fact, because you
+
+need to be monotonic the
+whole way around, you
+
+might as well always use
+these two points as centers.
+
+It's been a while since
+I've seen this stuff.
+
+So if I had some
+point like this,
+
+it'd be a little bit nicer if
+I took circle centered here,
+
+and a circle centered way over
+there so it's almost vertical.
+
+That's also half-lens.
+
+That will be smaller.
+
+I can, of course,
+add more stuff later,
+
+but that's the minimum
+you can get away
+
+with is that half-lens.
+
+If I want to add
+this point, it's
+
+going to be something like that.
+
+Circle centered here and
+here, and that's my half-lens.
+
+So that actually
+uniquely defines
+
+what you want to do here, which
+is you take a circle centered
+
+at this point, you take a
+circle centered at this point,
+
+and you add that to your shape.
+
+And so in general,
+in this example
+
+it's going to fill in
+something like that.
+
+This might be OK.
+
+It might fill in
+a little bit here.
+
+It's going to fill in something.
+
+So then this shape
+will be slender.
+
+So if you have some shape
+that's not quite slender,
+
+and it's messy and ugly, you
+could fill it in like this.
+
+And as long as that
+fill-in doesn't intersect
+
+with any other shapes,
+you're still OK.
+
+So if you have some crazy
+collection of shapes,
+
+you fill them in with
+the slender hull,
+
+and they're still not
+self-intersecting,
+
+then you know that thing
+will not be locked.
+
+Of course, if the fill-in
+doesn't intersect,
+
+and you can move it
+without intersection,
+
+then the original
+thing won't intersect.
+
+So that's good.
+
+Now of course, if you have
+crazy interlocked shapes,
+
+well those are
+going to be locked.
+
+So you're in trouble.
+
+Something like this.
+
+And then when you take the
+slender hull, you'll see,
+
+oh they're overlapped so I don't
+know what's going to happen.
+
+Of course, we're not going
+to be able to characterize
+
+every collection of shapes
+that lock, slender gives you
+
+a pretty good idea
+of when they do,
+
+when you're guaranteed safe.
+
+Oh, I think I even
+have to a figure
+
+of a whole bunch
+of slender things.
+
+On the top we have mostly
+half-lenses-- actually
+
+they're all symmetric.
+
+In this case, I took
+lenses, not half-lenses,
+
+but you could just take the
+upper half or the bottom half.
+
+You can take regular Kgons,
+circles, half circles,
+
+Reuleaux triangles, various
+combinations thereof.
+
+Lots of shapes are slender.
+
+You can take this
+on one side and this
+
+on the other side of the
+edge, whatever you want.
+
+Or just put an
+adornment on one side.
+
+Many things are slender.
+
+So we want to prove, if
+you have a slender chain,
+
+you are not locked.
+
+That's the theorem
+from 2006 originally.
+
+The journal version
+just appeared.
+
+And the way we're going to prove
+that-- as you might guess--
+
+is using the Carpenter's
+Rule theorem.
+
+We have this underlying chain,
+we know how to unfold that.
+
+Maybe if we're lucky,
+slender adornments
+
+won't mess up the
+Carpenter's Rule of motion.
+
+And in general, if you take an
+arbitrary unfolding of a chain,
+
+you have no idea
+what's going to happen.
+
+Maybe the shapes will
+intersect each other.
+
+Your motion could be annoying.
+
+But the Carpenter's
+Rule theorem tells
+
+us, not only is there a motion.
+
+There's a nice motion
+that's expansive.
+
+And it turns out, as long as
+you have an expensive motion
+
+of what I call the underlying
+chain, then that motion will
+
+not cause any of the
+pieces to intersect.
+
+Assuming they don't
+initially, then
+
+that nonintersection will
+be preserved, provided
+
+your adornments are slender.
+
+So that means, if we have
+some slender chain, slenderly
+
+adorned chain, say open chain,
+then via an expensive motion
+
+which we know exists
+you'll be able to unfold
+
+the chain straight.
+
+And then if you want
+to go somewhere else,
+
+you can unfold that somewhere
+else straight, and then glue
+
+those motions together, and you
+get your motion from a to b.
+
+Let me start with
+an intuitive proof.
+
+Suppose you have two slender
+shapes that are touching.
+
+Suppose you're moving around.
+
+If they're going to cross,
+first they have to touch.
+
+So consider the moment
+at which they touch.
+
+I claim they can't
+cross from there.
+
+And the intuition
+is the following,
+
+take an inward normal from--
+when they touch like this,
+
+they have a common tangent.
+
+And so if you take the
+inward normal on both sides,
+
+those inward normals
+are co-linear.
+
+And you know from the
+second definition--
+
+I didn't prove they're
+all equivalent,
+
+but they are-- that we will
+get some points on the bars,
+
+on the edges, on the bases.
+
+So what?
+
+Well, if I take
+two bars-- and I'm
+
+computing expansive motions,
+meaning I know this distance
+
+increases, this
+instance increases,
+
+this distance increases,
+and this distance increases.
+
+Those are the struts
+that we added.
+
+It turns out-- I've
+actually used this
+
+once before, I
+think-- that in effect
+
+if you take any two
+points on the bars,
+
+that distance also
+has to increase.
+
+It's pretty obvious, because
+these are straight things.
+
+If any point here was going
+to approach any point here,
+
+you would need to either
+move this point closer
+
+to the this edge or this
+point closer to this edge.
+
+And if you move a point
+closer to an edge,
+
+one of these two edges will get
+shorter and that's now allowed.
+
+So if all four of
+those cross distances
+
+increase, then in
+fact the distance
+
+between any two
+points on the segment
+
+increase or stay the same.
+
+Remember, in general
+we're expansive.
+
+There's some pairs that you
+cannot strictly increase
+
+the distances of, although
+most of them we can.
+
+And so that's good news.
+
+If this distance increases,
+it's pretty hard for them
+
+to start intersecting there.
+
+This is an intuition,
+not quite a proof.
+
+You can make this into a
+formal proof, it's just messy.
+
+The trouble is, for
+example, if the distance
+
+stays the same you can kind
+of spin around that point.
+
+You can move first
+order left or right.
+
+Maybe it's not actually
+this point from this guy
+
+and this point from this guy who
+are going to start penetrating,
+
+because as you move maybe
+it's some point nearby
+
+that falls inside.
+
+It's a little tricky to see
+who exactly can intersect what.
+
+It looks good.
+
+And in particular, if
+this distance is strictly
+
+increasing, then it pretty
+much has to move away.
+
+But there's a lot
+of subtle details,
+
+and it's kind of a mess.
+
+We did it once.
+
+But in fact, we
+found a simpler proof
+
+that does not have
+to rely on this.
+
+But I still like this from
+an intuitive standpoint.
+
+It's kind of clear why that
+inward normal property is good.
+
+If the inward normals
+hit outside the bar, then
+
+you have no idea whether
+that distance expands.
+
+As long as it hits
+inside, you're golden.
+
+Let's start with a special case
+that's really easy to prove.
+
+It's easy to prove by
+appealing to fancy mathematics.
+
+They're actually pretty
+old mathematics from 1934.
+
+There wasn't a lot of math then,
+and yet some great results.
+
+So let's start with a symmetric
+case, where you have your base,
+
+you have some slender
+adornment, and you
+
+have exactly the reflection
+of the slender adornment
+
+drawn below it.
+
+So it's reflectionally
+symmetric about that line.
+
+That's nice, because
+instead of having
+
+to worry about half-lenses I
+can worry about entire lenses.
+
+Like a special
+case, every time I
+
+have some lens like this one--
+it should look like that,
+
+a circle centered here,
+circle centered here,
+
+that would be the half-lens--
+I have in fact the entire lens.
+
+So really if this shape is going
+to intersect some other shape,
+
+then there's got to be
+some lens over here that's
+
+going to intersect
+some other lens.
+
+So really I can just
+think of a single lens,
+
+pretty much, worry about
+one lens hitting another.
+
+In the symmetric case, it turns
+out-- what do I want to say?
+
+This preserves not in
+[INAUDIBLE] section.
+
+It turns out, not only is
+nonintersection preserved
+
+under continuous motions,
+which is what we care about,
+
+it's preserved for what I'll
+call instantaneous motions.
+
+In the origami context, we
+would call these folded states.
+
+We don't worry about how
+you got there, you just
+
+draw it again differently.
+
+It's like you instantaneously
+jumped to that point.
+
+So in terms of
+configuration spaces,
+
+we have some big
+configuration space.
+
+And we say, well ideally
+I go somewhere by motion,
+
+but maybe I just jump
+over to another point.
+
+I just redraw these
+symmetric slender adornments.
+
+And I should say, the
+motion should still
+
+be expansive in the
+sense that if you measure
+
+the distance between two
+vertices in the original
+
+and you measure the
+distance between them
+
+in the new resulting
+configuration,
+
+the distance only goes up.
+
+It could stay the same
+or strictly increase.
+
+So this is kind of crazy.
+
+You don't even need
+continuity for this the hold
+
+in the symmetric case.
+
+So in general we're
+worried about some lens.
+
+The lens is going to be
+symmetric about this line,
+
+but not necessarily
+about this line.
+
+We're worried about
+it intersecting
+
+some other lens
+when that happens.
+
+Well, here's a cool theorem.
+
+And this theorem has come into
+fashion in the last few years.
+
+Actually, let me tell
+you a bigger result
+
+called the Kneser
+Poulsen Conjecture.
+
+It's a conjecture I don't
+know how many years ago.
+
+It's also called,
+pushing disks together.
+
+I have a bunch of
+disks in the plane.
+
+Suppose they overlap,
+who knows what
+
+happens, but a bunch of disks.
+
+And then I push
+them all together,
+
+meaning the opposite
+of expansion.
+
+All the centers of the disks
+get closer to each other.
+
+Is it the case that the area of
+the union, or the intersection,
+
+all these things should go down.
+
+It seems intuitive
+enough, but was
+
+unsolved until 2002,
+someone recent.
+
+A special case of that
+turns out to be all we need.
+
+There's obviously disks
+lying around here.
+
+This is the intersection of
+two disks, so it seems useful.
+
+Overall, there's four
+disks involved here.
+
+There's one here, one here,
+one here, and one here.
+
+What we really care about
+are four-way intersections
+
+between all four of those disks.
+
+That would be bad.
+
+That would be the two
+lenses hitting each other.
+
+Remember, really there's
+a bigger edge here.
+
+But if they're going to hit,
+some two lenses have to hit.
+
+And that special case
+is much older, 1934.
+
+And it says, if
+we instantaneously
+
+translate-- you can't
+really rotate disks,
+
+it doesn't change much.
+
+Let's say we have n disks,
+and we instantaneously
+
+just move them around.
+
+And I'm going to state
+it in the expansive form.
+
+And suppose initially
+they have no intersection,
+
+meaning they have an
+empty n-way intersection.
+
+And we instantaneously
+translate to an expansive motion
+
+on the centers, then
+we'll still have
+
+an empty n-way intersection.
+
+Now, in our case we
+care about n equals 4.
+
+We have four disks
+we care about,
+
+we somehow move
+them so the centers
+
+are the vertices of my chain.
+
+We don't even need that
+[INAUDIBLE] about other points.
+
+I know the centers of my
+lenses are my endpoints.
+
+I know all those distances
+are increasing somehow.
+
+And now I'm even thinking
+about the instantaneous case.
+
+So I just pick up all those
+points, drop them down so
+
+all the distances
+increase, then the theorem
+
+is, if those four disks
+didn't intersect before,
+
+they still won't intersect.
+
+Therefore, the lenses
+don't hit each other ever,
+
+even when you can pick things
+up and drop them back down.
+
+Done.
+
+That covers what we need.
+
+Now, I didn't
+prove this theorem.
+
+I don't think it's
+too hard, but it's not
+
+folding related so I'm just
+going to take it as given.
+
+But that was just
+one special case.
+
+That's when we had lenses
+instead of half-lenses.
+
+In reality we have
+half-lenses so there's
+
+a little bit more work to do.
+
+Well, if the slender chain
+is going to intersect itself
+
+by some expansive motion--- oh,
+by the way, the general case,
+
+you need a continuous motion.
+
+It doesn't work anymore when
+you do it instantaneously.
+
+I have a nasty example here,
+sort of an annoying example.
+
+Suppose you take a bar, and
+you take the Reuleaux triangle
+
+or just something really big,
+and you have another bar here
+
+with no adornment.
+
+And now I instantaneously
+move it to the configuration
+
+where I have the same--
+this guy didn't move.
+
+I just put this guy
+here or something.
+
+So if I measure this
+distance, it increased
+
+but it's now self-intersecting.
+
+So if you pick things
+up and drop them down,
+
+it doesn't work in
+the general case.
+
+That's because this
+wasn't symmetric.
+
+If it was symmetric, then this
+guy was already intersecting.
+
+But we can nonetheless prove
+for the case we care about,
+
+which is continuous
+motion-- because we
+
+know there's a continuous
+expensive motion-- we can still
+
+prove that no two
+half-lenses will intersect.
+
+So now I worry about two
+half-lenses intersecting.
+
+A half-lens looks
+something like this.
+
+Sorry, that's a lens.
+
+A half-lens looks like that.
+
+It has three sides, in general.
+
+This one's bounded
+by a disk, this one's
+
+bounded by a disk, this one's
+bounded by a base segment.
+
+So there's basically a bunch
+of cases you could worry about.
+
+You could worry about
+two of these guys hitting
+
+in the curvy parts,
+so that's case one.
+
+That we get-- what
+did I call them?
+
+The base.
+
+I'm going to rename
+this, because I
+
+don't like the terminology
+I'm using here.
+
+Curvy, curvy.
+
+There's the two straight sides,
+and there's the two of each,
+
+and there's the
+four curvy sides.
+
+Suppose they hit on
+a curvy side of both?
+
+Well, if they hit on
+the curvy side of both,
+
+this is a convex region.
+
+I could actually just put back
+the rest of the half-lens here
+
+and the rest and
+a half-lens here.
+
+They still won't intersect,
+because the bases are pointing
+
+away from the intersection.
+
+So this is actually covered
+by the case we just did.
+
+We know that if we can complete
+it to a lens and still not have
+
+intersection-- maybe it
+intersects other parts,
+
+but we know these guys
+cannot intersect each other
+
+because these entire lenses
+couldn't intersect each other.
+
+So case one's done.
+
+Case two is about is easy.
+
+It could be we have curvy
+part meeting a base.
+
+So we have this example
+again, but now we
+
+try to intersect with the
+base of some other half-lens.
+
+What should I do here?
+
+Anything useful I can do?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Think about
+the points on that line
+
+as they should be expansive.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, these points
+are expansive from here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Tiny, tiny lenses.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tiny
+lenses, good, good.
+
+Screw this lens.
+
+Yeah I mean, that
+lens really does not
+
+participate in this
+intersection, right?
+
+Think of this as if there
+is no adornment there,
+
+which is like you have lots
+of tiny half-lenses there,
+
+but there's just none.
+
+It's an empty union of lenses.
+
+This is obviously a
+slender adornment.
+
+There's no adornment.
+
+If the original is
+going to intersect,
+
+this should also intersect.
+
+And this one I can
+actually extend and make it
+
+a full lens, because I'm
+intersecting on the top side
+
+here.
+
+These can't hit each
+other by convexity.
+
+Great, so this is a symmetric
+lens, this is a lens,
+
+this is a lens, symmetric case.
+
+So we already know those guys
+can't intersect each other.
+
+We have in some a-- there
+is a tiny lens here,
+
+which is from that
+circle and that circle.
+
+And the point is, the four
+circles defining those two
+
+lenses cannot intersect.
+
+So again, we're done
+by the symmetric case.
+
+The last case is actually,
+I guess, the easiest one,
+
+base to base.
+
+Base to base is like this.
+
+And yeah, there's
+some adornments,
+
+but the adornments don't
+really play a role.
+
+So you could imagine
+erasing them and just
+
+talking about the
+tiny things again.
+
+But really, this follows
+just because the linkage
+
+is expansive.
+
+We already know that the linkage
+will not self-intersect itself.
+
+Particularly, this
+distance is increasing
+
+and this distance is increasing.
+
+It's got to move away,
+so that can't happen.
+
+It could actually never
+get to the touching point
+
+if it started non-touching.
+
+Done.
+
+This proves that if you have
+a slender adorned chain,
+
+you take an
+expansive motion, you
+
+preserve non-self-intersection.
+
+If you have an open chain
+of slender adornments,
+
+this is great because you can
+straighten out your chain--
+
+why don't I draw the picture.
+
+If you want to
+get from one shape
+
+to some other drawing
+of that same polyline,
+
+pretend the links are
+the same and pretend
+
+there's all these slender
+adornments that are the same,
+
+you can straighten out
+each one and then just play
+
+this motion backwards,
+and take this motion
+
+to here, this motion to here.
+
+This is something I call
+the FedEx algorithm,
+
+we were talking about
+in the problem session,
+
+because the original
+idea of FedEx
+
+is you send all packages to
+one central FedEx location
+
+then send them out to
+where you want to go.
+
+Crazy idea, but it
+worked for quite awhile.
+
+It's a little more
+complicated now,
+
+but still that spirit is there.
+
+And someone was asking
+in the problem session,
+
+well what if you send a package
+from one point in California
+
+the your neighbor?
+
+I was like, well yeah, then it
+goes far away and comes back.
+
+But for math, it's no
+problem, no energy issue.
+
+So this is great
+for open chains.
+
+It does not work for closed
+chains, because closed chains,
+
+there's more than one
+convex configuration.
+
+I could take that, I could
+take something more squashed.
+
+Now normally this is fine.
+
+We haven't proved it, but
+for regular closed chains,
+
+you could actually get from
+every convex configuration
+
+to every other.
+
+Maybe we'll prove that
+in the polyhedra section
+
+because it's easy
+to prove there.
+
+Believe that, but
+once you start adding
+
+adornments it ain't possible.
+
+So for example, if
+I take this thing
+
+and I add some adornments to
+just fill in all the space,
+
+this is not so slender.
+
+But you can even draw it
+with it being slender.
+
+There's no way I can
+go from here to here.
+
+That's not very convincing,
+because there isn't even
+
+a configuration like that.
+
+Here's a more convincing one.
+
+Suppose you have
+a parallelogram,
+
+and you have a right triangle,
+and a right triangle.
+
+And now I want to go to here.
+
+If I was allotted
+instantaneous motion,
+
+this would be fine,
+even be expansive.
+
+Well, no it's not expansive.
+
+This distance
+increases, and that's
+
+why this theorem doesn't apply.
+
+But these are two
+complex configurations.
+
+I can't get from
+one to the other.
+
+So for closed chains,
+this doesn't quite
+
+prove the configuration
+space is connected
+
+and you have to worry about
+the convex situations.
+
+For open chains, it does.
+
+Open problem, are there
+any other adornments
+
+like slender ones?
+
+Or are slender
+the most you could
+
+hope for a general result?
+
+Is there some shape that is not
+slender, such that no matter
+
+how you add them to
+a chain you'd still
+
+have a theorem like this
+that they never lock?
+
+I would guess slender's the
+most you could hope for,
+
+but I'm not sure.
+
+One special case
+we can understand
+
+is the case of triangles.
+
+We know equilateral
+triangles are bad.
+
+We know right
+triangles are good.
+
+We know obtuse
+triangles are good,
+
+because these are slender.
+
+What if I take a triangle
+that's slightly more than 90,
+
+slightly less than 90 here?
+
+I know if I go all the
+way to 60, it's bad,
+
+but what about
+slightly less than 90?
+
+Also bad.
+
+That's not convincing yet.
+
+This is equilateral triangles.
+
+I've made it more
+complicated example
+
+here in order to get a couple
+of properties, but one of them
+
+is that all of the equilateral
+triangles are the same size.
+
+It's a little bit cooler.
+
+You have to imagine
+where the bars are.
+
+There's a bar here, and
+a bar here, and so on.
+
+This is what it looks like
+when it's self-touching.
+
+And the reason I'm looking
+at that is I think,
+
+what if I shear
+this whole picture
+
+or scale it non-uniformly in y?
+
+So make it taller.
+
+Taller?
+
+Shorter.
+
+I make it shorter
+first in this picture.
+
+I'm going to make it
+taller in a second.
+
+I've got to correct things,
+but all of these triangles now,
+
+the base is along here.
+
+This is the apex angle.
+
+So here I made the apex
+even smaller than 60,
+
+just not the direction
+I cared about.
+
+But the point is,
+this thing will
+
+stay locked no matter
+how you shear it.
+
+And so here I have
+a bunch of triangles
+
+where the apex angles, you can
+make them arbitrarily small.
+
+So even if I-- no surprise.
+
+If I have a super
+pointy triangle,
+
+you're going to be able
+to lock them like this.
+
+But also if you go
+the other way and you
+
+make this a kind of
+more than 60 angle,
+
+as long as it's less than
+90 this will stay locked.
+
+And to give you some
+intuition, if it's less than 90
+
+I can apply rule one here.
+
+But as soon as that
+angle reaches 90,
+
+this apex will be 90,
+and so then rule one
+
+does not apply here.
+
+I think it'll still
+apply on the other side,
+
+but it doesn't matter.
+
+You really need both sides to
+be acute for rule one to apply.
+
+This example's
+actually a little bit
+
+messy to prove that it's locked.
+
+You can apply the
+rules down to here,
+
+but then you're not able
+to apply rules anymore.
+
+Actually, you can't even do
+it in the last one, I think.
+
+Just up to here, so here
+I have a nice acute angle,
+
+here I don't have
+an acute angle.
+
+It's kind of annoying.
+
+The best way that I know to
+prove that this thing is locked
+
+is to compute an
+equilibrium stress that's
+
+positive or negative
+on all of the struts.
+
+Remember, there's
+little struts here
+
+saying that this guy has to
+move away from this corner.
+
+Or if could slide
+along the edges,
+
+but it can't go
+on the other side.
+
+So you could do that,
+it's kind of messy.
+
+I will prove to you
+a simpler example.
+
+We already did the
+first one, but here's
+
+another equilateral
+triangle example.
+
+Even fewer triangles,
+and also locked.
+
+This one you can't
+scale quite as nicely.
+
+Actually, I could
+give you a choice.
+
+Which proof would
+you like to see,
+
+the easy one or the hard one?
+
+Easy?
+
+Hard?
+
+One person for hard,
+thanks Harrison.
+
+I like easy proofs.
+
+They're more exciting.
+
+OK, first the hard part is
+I have to draw the example.
+
+If you want to see
+the hard proof,
+
+it's in the lecture notes.
+
+I kept it in there.
+
+This should be the same
+as that, more or less.
+
+Imagine self-touching.
+
+We're going to prove
+that it's rigid,
+
+therefore any perturbation
+is strongly locked.
+
+What should I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Apply rules.
+
+PROFESSOR: Apply rules, yes.
+
+I like the rules.
+
+I live by the rules.
+
+The first rule of the rules
+is don't talk about the rules.
+
+No, we have rule one here.
+
+The first rule of the
+rules is apply the rules.
+
+So we can apply rule one because
+this is acute, this is acute.
+
+OK, now I have to redraw.
+
+I should really have one of
+these in the problem set.
+
+Applying rules is so much fun.
+
+It's also easy to make mistakes.
+
+That's a good
+problem set question.
+
+All right, these
+are not touching.
+
+I mean, I don't really
+have to fill these in.
+
+They're triangles, of
+course they're rigid.
+
+But now these are
+fused together.
+
+Can I apply any more rules?
+
+I think so.
+
+I've got to try
+not to cheat here.
+
+This looks like a
+rule too, right?
+
+This is an acute angle,
+so this fused together.
+
+I'm just going to redraw that.
+
+This fused together.
+
+Any others?
+
+I guess that's it.
+
+Now I've got to do something
+other than rules, darn it.
+
+Life is not so easy.
+
+I'm going to look at-- this
+is divine inspiration here.
+
+Well, co-author
+inspiration, I suppose.
+
+I'm going to look at that
+convex-- 1-2-3-4-5-- pentagon.
+
+It's convex.
+
+OK, not strictly.
+
+There's a corner of angle 180.
+
+Actually, there's a couple
+of ways to prove this.
+
+Just look at this
+convex arm, open chain
+
+on the edges of
+the convex polygon.
+
+What's the right way to do this?
+
+I have a better argument.
+
+It turns out, if you take a
+motion of a convex polygon--
+
+any motion must decrease
+at least two angles.
+
+And that's really
+hard to do here.
+
+You can't decrease this angle,
+or this angle, or this angle,
+
+of this angle, because you've
+got this stuff in the way.
+
+There's only one angle you could
+maybe decrease, but actually
+
+even that one's probably
+not going to work.
+
+And I have to decrease two
+of them, contradiction.
+
+So there's no motion
+of this thing.
+
+It's like those tightly
+packed convex configurations.
+
+You can't move from
+here, just looking
+
+at the inside of this thing.
+
+The rest is all been rigidified.
+
+Well, I guess there's one vertex
+here, but once this is rigid,
+
+then this triangle
+is rigidly attached
+
+to these three triangles.
+
+So the whole thing is rigid,
+and therefore from last lecture
+
+it's strongly locked.
+
+AUDIENCE: The lecture
+notes say one angle?
+
+PROFESSOR: The lecture
+notes say one angle.
+
+I should change it
+to two, because I'm
+
+more worried about this one.
+
+But two is also true.
+
+It also decreases
+at least one angle,
+
+but in particular
+decreases two of them.
+
+Where's the lecture notes?
+
+So it turns out--
+and this is something
+
+we'll prove later, this is
+theorem by Koshy, like 1800s.
+
+If you have a convex polygon,
+you move it, at least two
+
+of the angles must decrease
+and at least two of the angles
+
+must increase.
+
+In fact, well there's all sorts
+of cool things you can prove,
+
+but that's slated
+for another lecture.
+
+We'll see that in the future.
+
+I want to move on to a
+different cool topic, which
+
+is hinge dissections.
+
+Any questions about locked,
+slender, or nonslender
+
+adornments?
+
+So for triangles, we
+have a tight answer.
+
+You need to be right or obtuse.
+
+In general, slender works.
+
+I don't know if other
+things work, but guess not.
+
+Oh, another open
+question, locked squares.
+
+Now, if you have squares
+that are properly aligned--
+
+I don't draw them very well--
+so if the base of the square
+
+is through the diagonal
+of the square, that's
+
+slender so those can't lock.
+
+But if you allow
+the base edge to be
+
+along the side of
+a square like this,
+
+I take unit squares
+in the plane.
+
+Open question, are these locked?
+
+It's probably
+really easy, we just
+
+haven't worked hard
+enough in proving
+
+that these things are locked.
+
+So that's something we could
+work on in the problem session.
+
+These are examples
+in this paper.
+
+So, we conjecture
+these are locked.
+
+So there's some work to do.
+
+It's a fun, fun toy question.
+
+All right, hinge dissections.
+
+The idea here is, if you look
+at one of these adorned chains
+
+we've been thinking about where
+you have solid blocks hinged
+
+together points, and you
+think about them moving--
+
+we've been thinking
+about them moving
+
+and when you can
+move from shape a
+
+to shape b or configuration
+a to configuration b.
+
+But in particular configurations
+where they're touching,
+
+you could imagine
+erasing those cuts.
+
+On the top I get a square,
+and the bottom here I
+
+get an equilateral triangle.
+
+So we call this a
+hinge dissection
+
+from an equilateral
+triangle to a square.
+
+This one goes back
+over a century
+
+by this puzzle guy,
+Henry Ernest Dudeney.
+
+A natural question
+is, can you do
+
+this for any two polygons
+of the same area?
+
+You have to preserve area,
+because unerasing-- fusing cuts
+
+does not change the area.
+
+Natural question,
+we've been working
+
+on this question
+for about 10 years.
+
+We started in 1999, and
+the first thing we proved
+
+is that you couldn't
+do everything,
+
+but if you pixelate
+shapes it works.
+
+So in this case,
+we're not pixelating.
+
+We're dividing our
+shape into half squares.
+
+It turns out, if you
+take every-- so here I
+
+have 32 half squares.
+
+In the letter A, I also
+have 32 half squares.
+
+So I want to go from
+the square to an A.
+
+It turns out, if you take
+each of these half squares
+
+and replace it by four
+smaller half squares,
+
+and I hinge the half squares
+in this particular pattern--
+
+you can check it.
+
+It alternates in a
+very regular pattern.
+
+It will work that
+way in the square,
+
+it'll also work that
+way in the letter A.
+
+I don't actually know
+for sure whether there's
+
+a continuous motion
+between these two
+
+without self-intersection,
+because these are not
+
+slender adornments the
+way I've drawn them.
+
+But this is a hinge
+dissection that
+
+exists in all of these states,
+the whole alphabet and numbers.
+
+And it's just 128 pieces.
+
+So that would actually
+be really fun to animate.
+
+I haven't tried to do that yet.
+
+You can generalize that
+to three dimensions.
+
+I think I showed
+this in lecture one.
+
+Here we have solid blocks.
+
+So this is like pixelating,
+but it's just stretched.
+
+And we have piano hinges,
+about 1,000 blocks here,
+
+and you can pick up your
+gloves and reconfigure
+
+the sculpture into
+whatever shape you want.
+
+The theorem is, you can make
+it into any polycube, any shape
+
+made out of-- not 1,000,
+but 250 for 125, I guess.
+
+You divide by 8 to make a 2 by 2
+by 2 larger square, or a larger
+
+cube.
+
+It's a stretched
+cube, but same thing.
+
+And then you can make any
+shape made out of those shapes.
+
+That was the beginning.
+
+This is not everything,
+it's everything
+
+up to some resolution, but we
+would really like everything.
+
+And in this class
+three years ago,
+
+we proved to you
+can make anything.
+
+I think I posed this question
+in the very first problem
+
+session three years
+ago, thinking maybe we
+
+can prove some special
+cases, something interesting.
+
+And then two or three
+problem sessions
+
+later, it started
+to collapse and get
+
+solved, which is super
+exciting given that we've
+
+been thinking about
+this for 10 years.
+
+So this is going to be a little
+more general than two polygons.
+
+And suggested by the
+alphabet, there's
+
+one hinge dissection
+that can fold
+
+into many different
+shapes, not just two.
+
+So you take any finite set
+of polygons of the same area,
+
+then there's one chain of
+polygons hinged together
+
+at points that can continuously
+fold into all of those things
+
+without self-intersection.
+
+Now, how do you
+think we're going
+
+to avoid self-intersection?
+
+Slender.
+
+We've got this
+great tool lined up
+
+for proving the continuously
+part of this theorem.
+
+The other part requires
+totally new ideas,
+
+but continuously is
+going to be easy,
+
+because the name
+of the game here
+
+is we're given polygons
+we want to make,
+
+but we can make
+them out of a chain
+
+of arbitrarily many pieces.
+
+So if we have some
+change that is working
+
+without the continuity,
+we can cut those pieces
+
+into smaller parts
+until they're slender.
+
+It turns out that's
+going to be easy.
+
+I'll come back to that.
+
+The hard part is to do this
+with ignoring continuous motion.
+
+So there's this crazy idea.
+
+It comes from Zack Abel who
+is attending the problem
+
+sessions this year, so
+a bunch of you know him.
+
+I guess number two
+is the crazy idea.
+
+Hinge dissections
+are actually named
+
+after something else
+called dissections.
+
+With dissections, you don't
+care about hinging the pieces
+
+together.
+
+I take one shape,
+I cut it into a lot
+
+of parts-- that's
+the dissecting.
+
+I rearrange the parts however
+I want-- rigid motions--
+
+and then fuse together the
+edges and I get another shape.
+
+So there's no hinging
+here, there's no folding.
+
+And it's well known
+since the 1800s
+
+that dissections always exist.
+
+I can give you a quick
+idea of how that's proved.
+
+You take some polygon and some
+other polygon of equal area.
+
+Just triangulate
+both the polygons
+
+because that always
+makes life easier.
+
+Still nothing's really
+matching between these two.
+
+If you take a
+triangle, if you just
+
+cut halfway up from the
+base and then cut here,
+
+you can even do this hinged.
+
+You flip this around,
+and flip this around,
+
+you get a rectangle of half
+the height of the triangle.
+
+This is how you compute the
+area of a triangle, right?
+
+Very easy.
+
+So do that for each
+of these triangles.
+
+Just cut them so
+they make rectangles.
+
+Do that here, do that here.
+
+What you'll be left with is a
+whole bunch of rectangles here
+
+and a whole bunch
+of rectangles here.
+
+Still kind of a mess.
+
+But there's this
+crazy dissection--
+
+which I won't be
+able to draw, and I
+
+didn't bring a picture of
+it-- that you can basically
+
+take a rectangle of
+some height and make
+
+it a rectangle of
+some other height.
+
+It's got to preserve area, so
+maybe look something like that.
+
+There is a dissection
+from here to here.
+
+It's not hinged,
+but you can do it.
+
+Believe me, this goes back
+three centuries, or something.
+
+Once you can do that, you can
+take your pile of rectangles
+
+here and just change them
+all to have the same height.
+
+It's got to be smaller, maybe,
+than your original height.
+
+But you just pick some
+epsilon and make a whole bunch
+
+of rectangles of epsilon height.
+
+If you turn this into a
+rectangle of height epsilon,
+
+this into a rectangle
+of height epsilon, each
+
+of these into a rectangle
+of height epsilon,
+
+and then string
+them together, you
+
+get a super long rectangle
+of height epsilon.
+
+If you do the same
+thing over here,
+
+you will also get a
+super long rectangle
+
+of height epsilon
+of the same length,
+
+because they have the
+same area overall.
+
+So I can dissect this
+into the rectangle,
+
+I can dissect this into the
+rectangle, now I just FedEx it.
+
+Except here FedExing means
+I take the cut pattern here,
+
+I overlay it with
+the cut pattern
+
+on the other which could
+square the number of pieces.
+
+Tons of pieces in this
+thing, but it works.
+
+And you can get from any
+polygon to any polygon
+
+using those gadgets.
+
+What I want to focus
+on is the hinging.
+
+Hinging is where the
+action is for us folders.
+
+And this was the open
+problem for a long time.
+
+The crazy idea is,
+hinge arbitrarily.
+
+Oh, that was two shapes.
+
+If you want k shapes,
+you just overlay
+
+k of those cut patterns.
+
+You'll get some
+collection of pieces
+
+that can be reassembled
+into your desired polygons,
+
+your target polygons here.
+
+Of course, not by hinging,
+and definitely not
+
+by hinging arbitrarily.
+
+Like you pick a piece, you hinge
+it to any other piece you want.
+
+I don't care which
+piece, you just
+
+keep hinging all
+these pieces together.
+
+It's insane.
+
+How could this possibly work?
+
+Well, by steps three and four.
+
+Only two steps to go.
+
+This is the crazy idea.
+
+For a long time we tried
+to mimic this proof
+
+but make all the
+steps hingeable.
+
+What's hard about that is,
+even if one step is hingeable,
+
+like the triangle
+to a rectangle,
+
+you can't really
+combine two hingeings.
+
+You can't FedEx.
+
+You can't do one thing
+and then the other.
+
+You don't have transitivity,
+because one hinging may not
+
+be compatible with
+the next hinging.
+
+So instead of trying to make
+it all work hinged all the way,
+
+we just let it not
+work and then fix it.
+
+Great idea.
+
+The way we're going to
+fix it is by subdividing
+
+the pieces, which will mean
+we have to add more hinges.
+
+And step three is, do
+this to make it work.
+
+So in some sense we know how
+we want to assemble the pieces.
+
+That's what the
+dissection tells us,
+
+that's what step one tells us.
+
+That if you arrange
+the pieces like this,
+
+it'll give you the
+polygon you want.
+
+Somehow I want to make each
+of those assemblies valid.
+
+I'm going to do
+that one at a time.
+
+I'm going to enable
+the first one,
+
+then enable the
+second one, and so on.
+
+I could actually
+get one for free.
+
+Instead of hinging
+arbitrarily, I
+
+could hinge to make
+the first one right.
+
+I just draw it as they are, and
+then just somehow add hinges
+
+to connect it all together.
+
+But I won't even
+worry about that.
+
+I'll just make it
+work for the first one
+
+and make it work
+for the second one.
+
+This is not going
+to be efficient,
+
+I should mention that.
+
+Not particularly efficient.
+
+The fourth step is,
+make it slender.
+
+And we're going to use the
+same trick of subdividing,
+
+and that will solve that.
+
+I haven't said much yet.
+
+Just now we have a plan.
+
+We need some gadgets, and
+here's where I get way
+
+beyond the pictures I
+could draw on the board.
+
+This I could draw on the board,
+but the picture to come I
+
+could not.
+
+So here's a general picture.
+
+Let's say we have some
+hinging in some arrangement.
+
+We really want it
+to be different,
+
+so we're committed to
+having a hinge here
+
+and committed to
+having a hinge here.
+
+We can never remove
+hinges, otherwise
+
+we'll break previous
+constructions.
+
+But what I can do is cut up
+the pieces and add more hinges.
+
+As long as it can
+still fold this way,
+
+I can still make everything
+I could make before.
+
+I just also want it to be
+able to fold into this.
+
+This does not look
+like a folding.
+
+Here I'm detaching
+the green thing from B
+
+and reattaching it to
+B prime on the top.
+
+So I just shifted
+the orange thing down
+
+and reattached the green
+at B prime instead of B,
+
+at the same vertex A.
+This is not everything
+
+I need, but this will
+be really useful.
+
+If I could do this, I'll
+be able to do everything
+
+in a couple steps.
+
+So let me show you
+how to do this.
+
+Watch.
+
+So this is dissection.
+
+We're going to cut out a lot
+of little isosceles triangles
+
+in pairs here.
+
+It's basically
+slicing up this angle.
+
+So here, two pairs are
+still in, and two pairs
+
+have just been folded out.
+
+And then we're
+also-- so remember we
+
+want it to go from
+here to up there.
+
+So we're also going to cut
+matching little triangles
+
+along the edges, along some
+path that goes from this vertex
+
+to that vertex.
+
+There's always some
+outside path I can follow,
+
+and so I'm going to cut.
+
+Now, the way we do it, we're
+making very shallow triangles
+
+here.
+
+I want to make them match
+the triangles that I'm
+
+going to be cutting out here.
+
+So it's got to be
+an even number.
+
+I just want to
+divide up that edge
+
+into an even number
+of tiny pieces.
+
+And then these two match the
+size of those two pieces,
+
+and these two match
+the size of those two,
+
+so that in particular I could
+not touch anything, leave it
+
+the way it used to be, and I
+have exactly the old picture.
+
+But alternatively-- and
+so it hinges all the ways
+
+it used to be able to hinge.
+
+But alternatively, I can
+take these pieces out
+
+and rearrange them like this.
+
+So the pieces are
+colored the same
+
+as they were before, except
+now instead of putting
+
+these green pieces
+in here, I put
+
+the green pieces along
+the boundary here.
+
+And we designed them
+to fit perfectly.
+
+So these two came from here.
+
+These two came from here,
+these two came from there,
+
+these two came from there.
+
+And if you think about
+it, then the green piece
+
+has reached around and
+can now touch there.
+
+We still have these
+orange pieces.
+
+They don't have their
+holes to go into before,
+
+but conveniently there
+are holes right there.
+
+And that orange chain is
+attached right at the top,
+
+right where it needs to be,
+so you just stuff them in.
+
+Never mind how
+you stuff them in.
+
+We don't have to worry
+about continuous motion yet,
+
+that will come later.
+
+And there you go.
+
+So we've moved this
+green piece up to there,
+
+and it had to attach it the
+same vertex of the green piece.
+
+Now, that's not
+quite what I want.
+
+What I'd really like to be
+able to do is take a piece
+
+and move it anywhere I want, and
+attach it at a different vertex
+
+than from before.
+
+Because in general,
+I've just got
+
+to put that green
+piece somewhere.
+
+And it's touching
+somebody, because I
+
+want to make a
+connected polygon.
+
+But it might not want to
+attach it at the same vertex.
+
+I might need to turn
+it around and attach it
+
+to some other vertex.
+
+It turns out, you just do this
+twice and you can fix that.
+
+So this is the
+elaboration on step three,
+
+and in general we're
+going to maintain
+
+at all times the pieces are
+connected together in a tree.
+
+Ultimately, I want an open
+chain of hinged polygons.
+
+But I'll worry about
+that at the end.
+
+For now, let's take
+it to be a tree.
+
+So far it looks like
+a chain, but easier
+
+to think about a tree.
+
+And then the key thing
+that we are able to do,
+
+what this picture
+almost proves--
+
+there's another issue
+which I'll get to--
+
+is the ability to effectively
+move a rooted subtree
+
+to attach at another
+hinge at any other vertex.
+
+What I've drawn here is
+we're moving one piece.
+
+But of course, if there
+are more pieces attached
+
+to the green thing,
+they could come along
+
+for the ride, no problem.
+
+So in computer science we
+call that a rooted subtree.
+
+So you have some
+collection of pieces,
+
+you have some tree of
+pieces hanging off.
+
+Basically if we deleted
+this vertex in a tree,
+
+it would detach into two parts.
+
+So here's part A,
+here's part B. And maybe
+
+I should actually
+give these names.
+
+So here, this is A, this
+is B. Here is little a,
+
+and here's little b.
+
+And what I can do is pick
+some other point, A prime.
+
+This is a whole bunch of pieces.
+
+I can pick any vertex
+of any piece in A,
+
+and I can move B over to there.
+
+I'll just redraw it here.
+
+Here's the old vertex, little a.
+
+Here's the new vertex,
+little a prime.
+
+And I can attach the
+triangle to be there,
+
+but it still had to attach
+at the same root, little b.
+
+What I'd really
+like to do, suppose
+
+I have some other
+vertex here, B prime,
+
+I'd really like to make B
+prime attach to A prime.
+
+This is step one.
+
+Step two is to do
+the same thing,
+
+but with the roles
+of A and B reversed.
+
+This is a rooted subtree.
+
+It's everything at
+this root and below.
+
+But this is also
+a rooted subtree.
+
+It's everything at
+this root and above.
+
+So I'm going to take
+this thing, think
+
+of it as a rooted
+subtree, and say,
+
+well I'd like to move
+this rooted subtree
+
+to attach at B prime
+instead of B. It's exactly
+
+the same operation,
+just reversing roles.
+
+Then I will have B
+with vertex little b,
+
+vertex little b prime.
+
+And I have my blob A,
+where this is A prime
+
+and this is little a,
+just rotating pieces.
+
+So look, I've now accomplished
+these two chunks of pieces
+
+I've been able to move
+subtree b instead of attaching
+
+at little a to little b, it now
+attaches at A prime B prime.
+
+This really means I can
+take any piece I want--
+
+you can think of B as just
+being a single piece, in fact,
+
+but I need this operation
+to work for subtrees.
+
+I take a single piece,
+I say, well it's
+
+currently attached at this
+vertex to this vertex,
+
+but I really want
+something else.
+
+I want some other
+vertex of B to attach
+
+to some other vertex
+of any other piece.
+
+And this will let me do that.
+
+I pick the vertex I
+want to attach to,
+
+I pick the vertex I
+want to attach from.
+
+I do two of these rooted
+subtree moves-- these things--
+
+and then I achieve moving
+this piece to anywhere I want.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems
+like you're using up
+
+perimeter when you
+do each one of these.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah
+
+AUDIENCE: So what
+happens if you need
+
+to use the same [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question
+is, I'm using up perimeter.
+
+What if I had to use it again?
+
+Because I'm following
+one of these long paths,
+
+slicing up pieces like
+crazy, and now there
+
+may be some other piece
+that was attached to green
+
+and I want to move
+it somewhere else.
+
+It might have to follow
+along this path again.
+
+And indeed, I will.
+
+You can be smart about
+it, or you could say,
+
+well it'll kind of work.
+
+It's just now-- just
+think about this picture
+
+and you follow some path.
+
+There's now just more
+pieces you visit.
+
+So there's still an outer
+boundary to these pieces.
+
+I'm going to think of them
+still being in this state,
+
+not in this state.
+
+I can fix it to be
+whatever I want.
+
+So I'm going to end up cutting
+this into little triangles,
+
+and little triangles,
+little triangles.
+
+It's going to get really
+messy, really quick.
+
+Every time I do one
+of these operations,
+
+I potentially double the
+number of pieces or worse.
+
+So this going to be an
+exponential number of pieces
+
+if I'm not careful.
+
+You can be careful and
+do a little bit better,
+
+but you cannot hope for
+a bound in terms of n--
+
+like I would hope for n to
+some polynomial in n number
+
+of pieces.
+
+That's not possible,
+even for dissections.
+
+If I have a nice, fat
+rectangle and I just say,
+
+I want to make it into a
+super narrow, skinny rectangle
+
+of the same size,
+same area, that's
+
+going to require a lot of
+cuts even though n is 4.
+
+So I can't hope for
+a polynomial bound.
+
+You can actually get a
+pseudo polynomial bound
+
+in a certain sense, but I
+don't want to get into that,.
+
+Let's go for existence.
+
+So that was a good question.
+
+We're going to use this
+perimeter over and over.
+
+There's unfortunately another
+issue with this construction.
+
+This is not enough, because
+here I basically assumed
+
+that this green piece was
+one solid piece attached
+
+at one point to the orange.
+
+As soon as I do this
+operation, there's
+
+now a whole bunch of
+pieces here at this vertex.
+
+have to do a more general thing.
+
+This is where it get's messy.
+
+AUDIENCE: [WHISTLES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+In general, I might
+have several hinges
+
+connecting several
+pieces over here
+
+to several pieces over there.
+
+Pieces that don't have hinges
+I don't care so much about,
+
+but I have to worry about
+this in the general case.
+
+It is messier.
+
+So this is the input.
+
+Our goal is to attach these
+three pieces, because this
+
+is like a rooted subtree here.
+
+Initially, this may have
+just been one piece,
+
+but it's going to get
+cut up pretty quickly.
+
+So I've got to
+deal with the case
+
+that there are these three
+pieces simulating one.
+
+Maybe there's other
+stuff hanging off,
+
+that's not a big deal.
+
+And I need to move this entire
+bulk hinge somewhere else.
+
+Where are we going?
+
+It looks like the top.
+
+Yeah, little b prime.
+
+So here we're attached to B,
+we want to attach to b prime.
+
+It can be done.
+
+It's a little trickier, because
+more things have to match up.
+
+So again, we're
+going to slice out
+
+from the corner of green,
+the corner of purple,
+
+the corner of yellow.
+
+But our pieces are going
+to look a little different.
+
+So for green, the
+first piece will still
+
+make just skinny triangles.
+
+You can barely see them,
+but they are triangles.
+
+And they're again trying to
+match the edge lengths over
+
+here.
+
+So we're walking along the
+path, same path as before.
+
+So we just cut up a
+bunch of skinny triangles
+
+to make that work.
+
+But purple one, it's
+not going to work
+
+if we just did that
+for all of them.
+
+There just aren't enough
+slots to put things,
+
+because really you want to
+traverse that boundary three
+
+times.
+
+And here you can't just
+do it one at a time.
+
+I won't work, you'll
+get an infinite loop.
+
+So what we do is, each of
+the little triangles that
+
+would have come out of here we
+actually split into two parts.
+
+It may be easiest to
+see on the yellow.
+
+There's a triangle,
+and then there's
+
+this non-convex
+quadrilateral, a little kite.
+
+It just fits on top
+of the triangle.
+
+If you glue them together,
+you get a regular old triangle
+
+and it fits in here
+just like before.
+
+But I take that triangle,
+I cut it into two parts.
+
+I do that for both
+purple and yellow.
+
+But notice, this
+yellow triangle is
+
+bigger than this purple
+triangle a little bit.
+
+How much bigger?
+
+Well, it's designed so
+that this yellow triangle
+
+is the same size as these
+two pieces put together.
+
+And this triangle
+is the same size
+
+as this piece put
+together with itself.
+
+In general, the triangle
+at the next level
+
+up will be the same
+size as the two
+
+pieces from the previous level,
+except here there's only one.
+
+Why?
+
+Because we want to do
+this so that they all fit.
+
+If you take just the quad parts
+of everybody and the triangle
+
+of the last guy, then that
+triangle will fit into the quad
+
+of the next one , which will fit
+into the quad of the next one
+
+perfectly.
+
+Because as far as this
+yellow quad is concerned,
+
+that purple plus
+green is the same size
+
+as purple plus purple, which
+was a regular triangle.
+
+This triangle is supposed
+to be the same size
+
+as that yellow triangle.
+
+So from the viewpoint
+of this yellow quad,
+
+it's just wants
+a mate like this,
+
+which is the same as a
+mate like this, which
+
+is the same as a mate like this.
+
+And so those stack in, and
+they perfectly fit along.
+
+So the triangles we end up
+cutting out of the perimeter
+
+here are the biggest size.
+
+And then you can squeeze
+them all together
+
+like this, and boom, you get
+your alternate dissection.
+
+Then the other fun part,
+what you're left with
+
+is just the triangles from each
+of the colors except the green.
+
+And conveniently, it just works.
+
+There's a little
+more work to do,
+
+because you see there's
+also these red pieces.
+
+Where did those come from?
+
+Just more stuff.
+
+I see where they came
+from, up there at C3.
+
+A little corner got cut out.
+
+Oh, it's such a mess.
+
+But the idea is, well,
+the purple triangles
+
+are the same size as
+the green triangle.
+
+So they can fit in the green
+piece and fill in these holes.
+
+And then well, the
+yellow triangles
+
+are the same size as the
+purple triangles when
+
+you add them together-- that's
+what we cut out of here--
+
+and so the yellow just fits in
+there and fills in this space.
+
+And so we just shifted by one.
+
+The trouble is, the yellow guys
+we don't quite have enough.
+
+And for that we cut out
+some corner up there just
+
+to fill them back in.
+
+So you could just stick
+the red thing back
+
+into the red vertex,
+nothing changes.
+
+Or you can take the
+red guys, stick them
+
+into the yellow
+triangle, and in the end
+
+we successfully move
+a rooted subtree
+
+from anywhere to anywhere.
+
+Lots of things to check
+here, but if you stare at it
+
+enough it works.
+
+And it works for
+any value of three.
+
+Here we were talking about
+three pieces, three hinges,
+
+but you can do it for any count.
+
+That's the gadget.
+
+And good, we've just enough time
+to talk about slenderifying.
+
+So if we do this over
+and over, move each piece
+
+to wherever you want, move all
+the pieces to where you want
+
+for target shape, then do it
+for the next target shape,
+
+then do it for the
+next, you'll still
+
+be able to go to
+all the old foldings
+
+but you can also
+go to the new ones.
+
+The last step is
+how do we subdivide
+
+to make our thing slender?
+
+And so we have
+some tree hinging.
+
+It's not a chain.
+
+We want to also make it a
+chain and make it slender,
+
+because slender only works
+if it's a chain, not a tree.
+
+So we have some
+tree pieces here.
+
+I've drawn two pieces to
+make it a little simpler,
+
+but this really
+works for anything.
+
+It's super simple.
+
+Triangulate the pieces,
+just because triangles
+
+are easier to think about.
+
+Then for each triangle,
+cut to its centroid,
+
+where you can fit
+the largest disk.
+
+If you do that, each of these
+three angles will be obtuse.
+
+So as long as that's
+the apex of the triangle
+
+and this is the base--
+those are the base edges--
+
+it will be slender
+because it's obtuse.
+
+Or if might be 90
+degrees, maybe.
+
+Maybe not even that.
+
+I think it's always
+strictly obtuse.
+
+So you do that for
+each of the triangles,
+
+and then you just walk
+around the outside boundary
+
+and say, well, just hinge
+things together in that order.
+
+So I'm going to have this
+triangle hinge to this one,
+
+hinge up there around.
+
+So I just walked around
+the outside boundary.
+
+Now, the key thing to
+check is that every hinge
+
+that was here still exists here.
+
+It's still possible
+to fold there.
+
+And we just got more
+hinges, no big deal.
+
+Just like before,
+the constructions
+
+we've been doing, we've
+been cutting up the pieces,
+
+adding hinges, but preserving
+all the old hinges.
+
+Therefore, any motion
+that was possible
+
+before is still possible.
+
+And furthermore, this is now a
+slenderly adorned open chain,
+
+we know its configuration
+space is connected,
+
+so all those things
+that we knew could
+
+exist-- it could be like this
+or it could instantaneously
+
+move to here-- now we
+know there's actually
+
+continuous motion from
+everywhere everywhere.
+
+And this kind of
+a fun culmination
+
+of all this linkage stuff,
+with Carpenter's Rule,
+
+with slender adornments,
+all these powerful tools,
+
+we build up universal hinge
+dissections, basically
+
+transformers that can
+fold from in this case 2D
+
+shape to any other
+collection of 2D
+
+shapes you want of equal area.
+
+And again, you can generalize it
+to 3D, although this will work.
+
+Any section you have in
+3D will be hingeable,
+
+but dissections get
+a little bit harder.
+
+You need not just that
+the volumes are the same,
+
+but something else
+called the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is the same, which I
+don't want to get into.
+
+That's hinges and dissections.
+
+Any questions?
+
+All right, turn in
+your problem set.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kRR9EVzr4lc.txt b/kRR9EVzr4lc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c37be6c539baff55a7de0bf96bb91dbadb3b66b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kRR9EVzr4lc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today's lecture is uh going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is uh going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture is uh going to
+be basically devoted to working out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically devoted to working out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically devoted to working out a
+simple a single example of a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple a single example of a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple a single example of a nonlinear
+system uh but it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but it's a very good
+example uh because it illustrates three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh because it illustrates three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh because it illustrates three
+things which uh you really have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which uh you really have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which uh you really have to know
+about nonlinear systems uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nonlinear systems uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nonlinear systems uh I've
+indicated them by three cryptic words on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated them by three cryptic words on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated them by three cryptic words on
+the board but you'll see it at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but you'll see it at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board but you'll see it at different
+points in the lecture what they refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the lecture what they refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the lecture what they refer to
+uh so each of these represents something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so each of these represents something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so each of these represents something
+you need to know about nonlinear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about nonlinear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about nonlinear systems
+to be able to effectively analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to effectively analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to effectively analyze
+them uh in addition this is the uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in addition this is the uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in addition this is the uh I'm
+not allowed to collect any more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to collect any more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to collect any more work
+according to the faculty rules uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the faculty rules uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the faculty rules uh after
+today and of course I won't but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and of course I won't but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and of course I won't but uh
+nonetheless uh the final will contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless uh the final will contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless uh the final will contain
+material from the reading assignment G7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from the reading assignment G7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from the reading assignment G7
+and uh I'll touching on all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll touching on all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll touching on all of these
+today and 7.4 just a couple of pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 7.4 just a couple of pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 7.4 just a couple of pages of
+that you'll see its connection with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see its connection with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see its connection with what
+it it discusses the same example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it discusses the same example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it discusses the same example we're
+going to do today and then I suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today and then I suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do today and then I suggest
+those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three
+exercises uh to uh try to solidify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises uh to uh try to solidify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises uh to uh try to solidify what
+the lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to instead of in starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to instead of in starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to instead of in starting
+introducing the nonlinear system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the nonlinear system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the nonlinear system right
+away that we're going to talk about I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that we're going to talk about I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that we're going to talk about I'd
+like to First explain so that it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to First explain so that it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to First explain so that it won't
+interrupt the presentation later of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the presentation later of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt the presentation later of what
+I mean by the conversion to A first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by the conversion to A first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by the conversion to A first
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that
+uh why don't we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um maybe I can do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I can do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I can do it uh
+here so our system looks like this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so our system looks like this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so our system looks like this D
+xtt for once I'm not writing X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtt for once I'm not writing X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xtt for once I'm not writing X Prime
+because I want to explicitly indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to explicitly indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to explicitly indicate
+what the independent variable is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the independent variable is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the independent variable is so
+that's some it's a nonlinear autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some it's a nonlinear autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some it's a nonlinear autonomous
+system so there's no t on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so there's no t on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so there's no t on the right hand
+side but this is not a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but this is not a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but this is not a simple linear
+function ax plus b y it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b y it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ax plus b y it's more
+complicated like you had in the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated like you had in the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated like you had in the Predator
+prey Robin earth worm problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey Robin earth worm problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey Robin earth worm problem that you
+uh did worked on last night and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did worked on last night and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did worked on last night and uh the
+other equation will be G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equation will be G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other equation will be G of
+XY so explicitly this is the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so explicitly this is the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so explicitly this is the system and
+explicitly it's nonlinear in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly it's nonlinear in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly it's nonlinear in general and
+autonomous as I've indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous as I've indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous as I've indicated on the
+right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+now remember that the geometric picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that the geometric picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember that the geometric picture
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+was as a velocity field so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as a velocity field so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as a velocity field so you
+drew you made a velocity field out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew you made a velocity field out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew you made a velocity field out of
+the vectors whose components were f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors whose components were f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors whose components were f and
+g so that's fi plus GJ but what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so that's fi plus GJ but what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g so that's fi plus GJ but what it
+looked like was a a plane filled up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like was a a plane filled up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like was a a plane filled up with
+a lot of vectors did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of vectors did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of vectors did it
+and so pointing different ways according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pointing different ways according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pointing different ways according
+to what the velocity at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the velocity at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the velocity at the point
+was then side by side with that went the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions a typical solution was xal X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions a typical solution was xal X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions a typical solution was xal X
+of t yal y of T represented as a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t yal y of T represented as a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t yal y of T represented as a column
+vector and the geometric that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the geometric that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the geometric that's a
+parametric equation and the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric equation and the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric equation and the geometric
+picture of that was as a given by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that was as a given by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that was as a given by its
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we called it when you plotted it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called it when you plotted it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called it when you plotted it was a
+trajectory it not only which had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it not only which had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it not only which had not
+only a uh the right direction at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a uh the right direction at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a uh the right direction at each
+point in other words but it also had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words but it also had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words but it also had to
+have the right velocity at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right velocity at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right velocity at each
+point in other words sometimes the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words sometimes the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in other words sometimes the point
+was moving rapidly and sometimes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving rapidly and sometimes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving rapidly and sometimes it was
+moving more slowly along that path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more slowly along that path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving more slowly along that path and
+the way it moved was an important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it moved was an important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it moved was an important part
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+solution now what I plan to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now what I plan to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now what I plan to do is the
+conversion that I'm talking about takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that I'm talking about takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that I'm talking about takes
+place by eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T now why would one want to do that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now why would one want to do that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now why would one want to do that t
+after all is an essential part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all is an essential part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all is an essential part of the
+solution the way it's it's an essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the way it's it's an essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the way it's it's an essential
+part of this picture because without T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this picture because without T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this picture because without T
+you would not know how long the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not know how long the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not know how long the arrows
+were supposed to be you would still know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to be you would still know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to be you would still know
+their Direction and of course it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Direction and of course it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Direction and of course it occurs
+in here now let's take the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here now let's take the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here now let's take the first step
+and eliminate T from the system itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminate T from the system itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eliminate T from the system itself
+now that as you see that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that as you see that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that as you see that's very easy to
+do because the right hand side has no t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the right hand side has no t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the right hand side has no t
+in it anyway and the left hand side has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it anyway and the left hand side has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it anyway and the left hand side has
+the T only as the denominators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T only as the denominators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T only as the denominators of the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+quotients so the obvious way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients so the obvious way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients so the obvious way to
+eliminate T is just to divide one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T is just to divide one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T is just to divide one
+equation by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by the
+other and since usually we think of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and since usually we think of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and since usually we think of D
+not DX by Dy but Dy by DX I will bow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not DX by Dy but Dy by DX I will bow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not DX by Dy but Dy by DX I will bow
+to D what is dy over DX well if I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D what is dy over DX well if I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D what is dy over DX well if I divide
+this equation by that equation Dy by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by that equation Dy by DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by that equation Dy by DT
+ided DX by DT according to the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided DX by DT according to the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided DX by DT according to the chain
+rule or according to Common Sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or according to Common Sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or according to Common Sense you
+cancel the DTs right and you get dy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the DTs right and you get dy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the DTs right and you get dy over
+DX and on the right hand side you get G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and on the right hand side you get G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and on the right hand side you get G
+of XY devoted divided by F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XY but what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY but what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY but what what is
+that that is the equation of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the equation of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is the equation of the first
+day of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of this
+term by taking that single step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by taking that single step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by taking that single step I
+convert this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this nonlinear
+system which we virtually never find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which we virtually never find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which we virtually never find
+explicit solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit solutions to
+into a first order an ordinary first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a first order an ordinary first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a first order an ordinary first
+order equation which in fact you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation which in fact you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation which in fact you also
+don't usually find explicit solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually find explicit solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually find explicit solutions to
+except with our narrow blinders on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except with our narrow blinders on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except with our narrow blinders on we
+only get problems at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get problems at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get problems at the beginning of
+1803 where there will be an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 where there will be an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 where there will be an explicit
+solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to
+this so I've converted the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I've converted the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I've converted the nonlinear
+system to a single first order equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to a single first order equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to a single first order equation
+to which I can apply the usual first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I can apply the usual first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I can apply the usual first
+order methods which include hope that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order methods which include hope that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order methods which include hope that I
+will be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's now what do I lose well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's now what do I lose well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's now what do I lose well what
+happens to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture if you if you don't have the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you if you don't have the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you if you don't have the T
+in it anymore then you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it anymore then you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it anymore then you don't have
+velocity you don't have Arrows with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you don't have Arrows with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you don't have Arrows with a
+length to them because the length gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to them because the length gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length to them because the length gives
+you how fast the point is going without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how fast the point is going without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how fast the point is going without
+T I don't know at any point how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I don't know at any point how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I don't know at any point how fast
+it's supposed to be going all I know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be going all I know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be going all I know at
+any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point
+XY is no longer dxdt and dydt all I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is no longer dxdt and dydt all I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is no longer dxdt and dydt all I know
+is dydx in other words the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dydx in other words the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dydx in other words the corresponding
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture if I eliminate T from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if I eliminate T from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if I eliminate T from this
+picture all that is left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all that is left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all that is left is the
+directions of each of these arrows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of each of these arrows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of each of these arrows what
+disappears is their lengths and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears is their lengths and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears is their lengths and in fact
+I can't even since dydx is purely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't even since dydx is purely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't even since dydx is purely a
+slope I can't even tell whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I can't even tell whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I can't even tell whether it's
+meant to be going this the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be going this the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be going this the point is
+traveling this way or that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling this way or that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling this way or that way it
+doesn't make any sense to have the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense to have the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense to have the point
+traveling anymore since there is no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling anymore since there is no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling anymore since there is no time
+in which it can travel uh to do its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it can travel uh to do its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it can travel uh to do its
+traveling so that picture gets changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling so that picture gets changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling so that picture gets changed
+to the direction field the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction field the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction field the corresponding
+picture now all you do is you take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now all you do is you take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now all you do is you take each
+of these arrows you snip it off to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these arrows you snip it off to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these arrows you snip it off to a
+standard length being careful to snip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard length being careful to snip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard length being careful to snip
+off the little pointy on the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the little pointy on the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the little pointy on the little
+pointy end and it becomes nothing but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy end and it becomes nothing but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy end and it becomes nothing but a
+line element and all it has is a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line element and all it has is a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line element and all it has is a slope
+so the picture gives what corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture gives what corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the picture gives what corresponds to
+the velocity field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is now just our slope field or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now just our slope field or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now just our slope field or our
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+field all we know is the slope at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field all we know is the slope at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field all we know is the slope at each
+point how about the solution well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how about the solution well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how about the solution well if
+I've eliminated time the solution is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated time the solution is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated time the solution is no
+longer a pair of parametric equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a pair of parametric equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a pair of parametric equations
+it's just an equation involving X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an equation involving X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an equation involving X and Y
+I can hope that the solution will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hope that the solution will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can hope that the solution will be of
+the explicit y equal y/x but you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit y equal y/x but you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit y equal y/x but you already
+know from the first days of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the first days of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the first days of the term
+that sometimes it isn't let's call That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes it isn't let's call That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes it isn't let's call That
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+solution uh often you have to settle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh often you have to settle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh often you have to settle for
+and sometimes it's not a a uh pain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's not a a uh pain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's not a a uh pain it's
+something that's even better settle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's even better settle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's even better settle for
+a solution which looks like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution which looks like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution which looks like this which
+is uh y defined implicitly as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh y defined implicitly as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh y defined implicitly as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and what does the picture of that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what does the picture of that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what does the picture of that look
+like well the picture of this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the picture of this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well the picture of this is simply
+it's now simply an integral curve it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now simply an integral curve it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now simply an integral curve it's
+not a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a trajectory
+anymore it's what we called an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's what we called an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's what we called an integral
+curve so I'm reminding you of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so I'm reminding you of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so I'm reminding you of the very
+first day of the term or maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of the term or maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of the term or maybe the
+second day uh and all it has is at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day uh and all it has is at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day uh and all it has is at each
+point the right slope because that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the right slope because that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the right slope because that's all
+the field Is Telling Me Now it only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field Is Telling Me Now it only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field Is Telling Me Now it only has
+a slope at each point it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope at each point it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slope at each point it doesn't have
+any magnitude or Direction it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any magnitude or Direction it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any magnitude or Direction it has the
+direction but it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but it doesn't have any
+direction in the sense of an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in the sense of an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in the sense of an arrow
+telling me whether it's going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me whether it's going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me whether it's going this way
+or the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the opposite
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so that's the picture with t in it these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the picture with t in it these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the picture with t in it these
+are the corresponding degeneration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the corresponding degeneration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the corresponding degeneration of
+that it's a coarsening it's a cheapening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a coarsening it's a cheapening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a coarsening it's a cheapening
+of it it's throwing away information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's throwing away information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's throwing away information
+throw away all the information that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the information that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the information that had
+to do with t and we're back in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with t and we're back in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with t and we're back in the first
+days of the term with a single first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the term with a single first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of the term with a single first
+order equation involving only X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation involving only X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation involving only X and Y
+with Solutions which involve only X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Solutions which involve only X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Solutions which involve only X and
+Y or with curves which are the graphs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or with curves which are the graphs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or with curves which are the graphs of
+these Solutions but again have no T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Solutions but again have no T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Solutions but again have no T of
+them in effect they are just the paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in effect they are just the paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in effect they are just the paths
+of the tra trajectories whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tra trajectories whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tra trajectories whereas the
+trajectory is the point shows actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is the point shows actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is the point shows actually
+how the point is moving along in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the point is moving along in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the point is moving along in time
+faster or slower at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or slower at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or slower at various
+points now why would one want to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points now why would one want to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points now why would one want to lose
+information uh well the great gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh well the great gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh well the great gain is
+that this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be
+solvable whereas this almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable whereas this almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable whereas this almost certainly
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not that's a big plus for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's a big plus for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's a big plus for example let's
+take illustrator on a very simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take illustrator on a very simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take illustrator on a very simplest
+possible case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh suppose the system where well I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose the system where well I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose the system where well I can't
+illustrate it on a nonlinear system very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it on a nonlinear system very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate it on a nonlinear system very
+well or not right now because in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or not right now because in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or not right now because in general
+nonlinear systems aren't solvable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems aren't solvable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems aren't solvable uh
+let's take an easy example suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an easy example suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an easy example suppose the
+system were a linear one let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that we've talked about before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we've talked about before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we've talked about before in
+fact that's a simple linear system 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a simple linear system 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's a simple linear system 2 by
+two system so the this means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two system so the this means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two system so the this means the
+derivatives with respect to time well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to time well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to time well
+you know that the solutions we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the solutions we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the solutions we talked
+about in fact last time typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in fact last time typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in fact last time typical
+solutions would would be uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions would would be uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions would would be uh something
+like x y equals a constant times let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x y equals a constant times let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x y equals a constant times let's
+say uh if x is cine T then y would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh if x is cine T then y would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh if x is cine T then y would be
+the derivative of that which is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that which is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that which is negative
+sin t or another one would be uh C2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin t or another one would be uh C2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin t or another one would be uh C2 *
+sin T cosine t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those of course are circles they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course are circles they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of course are circles they're
+parameterized circles so they're circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized circles so they're circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized circles so they're circles
+which should go around in fact in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should go around in fact in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should go around in fact in this
+direction and they have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and they have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and they have a certain
+velocity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to
+them uh now what do I do if I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh now what do I do if I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh now what do I do if I follow
+this plan of eliminating T well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of eliminating T well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of eliminating T well if I
+eliminate T directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system directly from the system what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system directly from the system what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system directly from the system what
+will I get I will get Dy by DX I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I get I will get Dy by DX I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I get I will get Dy by DX I divide
+this equation by that one is equal tox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by that one is equal tox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation by that one is equal tox
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y oh well of course that's solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y oh well of course that's solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y oh well of course that's solvable
+that's you solve were able to solve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you solve were able to solve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you solve were able to solve by
+1801 methods before you ever came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 methods before you ever came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 methods before you ever came into
+this course uh by separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course uh by separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course uh by separation of
+variables by separation of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by separation of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by separation of variables
+it's ydy equals x DX which integrates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ydy equals x DX which integrates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ydy equals x DX which integrates to
+be 12 Y 2 whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 12 Y 2 whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 12 Y 2 whoops
+Dy 12 y^2 = a half x^2 plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy 12 y^2 = a half x^2 plus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy 12 y^2 = a half x^2 plus a constant
+and after multiplying through by two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after multiplying through by two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after multiplying through by two and
+moving things around it becomes a x s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around it becomes a x s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around it becomes a x s
+the nice nicest way to say it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice nicest way to say it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice nicest way to say it is
+implicitly x^2 + y^2 equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly x^2 + y^2 equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly x^2 + y^2 equals some
+constant positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant positive
+constant so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so these are the
+circles uh now can I eliminate T I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh now can I eliminate T I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh now can I eliminate T I could
+also take one of these Solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take one of these Solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take one of these Solutions and
+eliminate T if I Square this the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T if I Square this the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate T if I Square this the best
+way to do it is not to use ARC cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is not to use ARC cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is not to use ARC cosiness
+and Arc signs and whatnot which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arc signs and whatnot which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arc signs and whatnot which will
+just get you totally lost Square this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you totally lost Square this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get you totally lost Square this
+square that and add them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that and add them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that and add them together and
+you conclude that x^2 + y^2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conclude that x^2 + y^2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conclude that x^2 + y^2 is equal to
+uh one or if C1 is not one it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or if C1 is not one it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or if C1 is not one it's equal to
+c1^ 2 so uh you could eliminate T from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1^ 2 so uh you could eliminate T from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1^ 2 so uh you could eliminate T from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution the way you eliminate T from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the way you eliminate T from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the way you eliminate T from a
+pair of parametric equations and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of parametric equations and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of parametric equations and you get
+in the same way that x^2 + y y^ s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that x^2 + y y^ s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that x^2 + y y^ s in
+this case would be c1^ 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess in some sense what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some sense what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some sense what we're doing is
+uh well we're cycling around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we're cycling around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we're cycling around to the
+beginning of the term in fact this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term in fact this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term in fact this whole
+lecture as you will see is about cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture as you will see is about cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture as you will see is about cycles
+of one sort or another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sort or another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sort or another uh
+but I keep thinking of the great line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep thinking of the great line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep thinking of the great line of
+poetry that in my end is my beginning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry that in my end is my beginning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry that in my end is my beginning or
+maybe it's in my beginning is my end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's in my beginning is my end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's in my beginning is my end I
+think both lines occur uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both lines occur uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both lines occur uh but that's
+what's happening here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here this is the
+beginning of the course and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course and this is the
+end of the course and they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course and they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course and they have this
+almost trivial relation between them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial relation between them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial relation between them but
+notice the totally different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the totally different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the totally different methods
+used for analyzing this where the t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for analyzing this where the t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for analyzing this where the t is
+included then from analyzing this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included then from analyzing this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included then from analyzing this where
+where there is no T the goals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no T the goals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is no T the goals are
+different what you look for are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what you look for are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what you look for are
+different everything's different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different everything's different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different everything's different and
+yet the it's almost the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the it's almost the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the it's almost the same problem
+okay now I promised you in a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I promised you in a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I promised you in a nonlinear
+example I guess it's time to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I guess it's time to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I guess it's time to see what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's going to be another Predator pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to be another Predator pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's going to be another Predator pre
+equation but one which is in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but one which is in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but one which is in some ways
+simpler than the one I gave you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the one I gave you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than the one I gave you for
+homework so the Predator is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so the Predator is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so the Predator is going to be
+X and uh because you're used to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh because you're used to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh because you're used to that
+from the robins so I'm keep keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the robins so I'm keep keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the robins so I'm keep keeping the
+same variables Predator prey variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variables Predator prey variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variables Predator prey variables
+and the prey will be Y and now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prey will be Y and now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prey will be Y and now just
+notice the small difference from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the small difference from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the small difference from what I
+gave you before for one thing I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you before for one thing I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you before for one thing I'm not
+giving you specific numbers uh I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you specific numbers uh I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you specific numbers uh I'm going
+to the beginning at least do some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning at least do some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning at least do some of the
+analysis of the beginning of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the beginning of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the beginning of the end
+using letters using parameters so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using letters using parameters so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using letters using parameters so I'm
+going to assume this is ABC are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this is ABC are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume this is ABC are always
+going to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants I got to assume that X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I got to assume that X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I got to assume that X Prime
+equal minus ax plus so this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus ax plus so this represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus ax plus so this represents
+the Predator dying out dying out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator dying out dying out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator dying out dying out if
+there's no prey there but if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no prey there but if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no prey there but if there is
+something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eat that term represents the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat that term represents the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat that term represents the Predator
+eating the prey meeting up with a prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating the prey meeting up with a prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating the prey meeting up with a prey
+and gobbling it up and uh B is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gobbling it up and uh B is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gobbling it up and uh B is the
+coefficient uh which uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh which uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh which uh a
+coefficient how about this well without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient how about this well without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient how about this well without
+Predators around the prey will multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators around the prey will multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators around the prey will multiply
+and be fruitful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be fruitful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be fruitful
+uh Unfortunately they get eaten and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Unfortunately they get eaten and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Unfortunately they get eaten and so
+there'll be a turb that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a turb that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a turb that looks like this
+now the basic difference between there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the basic difference between there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the basic difference between there
+are two basic differences between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two basic differences between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two basic differences between these
+simple equations and the slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equations and the slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple equations and the slightly more
+complicated ones you had with the robin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones you had with the robin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ones you had with the robin
+earthworm equations namely in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthworm equations namely in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthworm equations namely in the first
+place I'm assuming that these guys oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I'm assuming that these guys oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I'm assuming that these guys oh
+let's give them names just to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them names just to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give them names just to let's say
+these are sharks uh I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sharks uh I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sharks uh I want you to be
+able to remember which is X and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to remember which is X and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to remember which is X and which is
+y so we're going to think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sharks and these will be food fish so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and these will be food fish so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and these will be food fish so
+let's make them yummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make them yummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make them yummy
+fish Dum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now the fact that when with your Robins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that when with your Robins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that when with your Robins
+you had a positive term here I made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a positive term here I made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a positive term here I made this
+2X and now it's minus a * X what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and now it's minus a * X what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and now it's minus a * X what's the
+difference the difference is that robins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is that robins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the difference is that robins
+have other things to eat so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other things to eat so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other things to eat so even if
+there aren't any worms a robin Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any worms a robin Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any worms a robin Will
+Survive it can eat other insect grubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survive it can eat other insect grubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survive it can eat other insect grubs
+Japanese beetle grubs it can even eat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese beetle grubs it can even eat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese beetle grubs it can even eat I
+think it can even eat seeds and anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can even eat seeds and anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can even eat seeds and anyway
+the Robbins in my garden seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robbins in my garden seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Robbins in my garden seem to be
+pecking at things which don't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at things which don't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at things which don't seem to be
+insects uh and uh the other is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects uh and uh the other is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects uh and uh the other is that I'm
+assuming a very naive growth law so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a very naive growth law so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a very naive growth law so that
+for example if there are no sharks how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if there are no sharks how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if there are no sharks how
+do the food fish the how do the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the food fish the how do the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the food fish the how do the food
+fish they're fruitful and multiply they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish they're fruitful and multiply they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish they're fruitful and multiply they
+multiply exponentially now obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply exponentially now obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply exponentially now obviously you
+can't have unlimited growth like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have unlimited growth like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have unlimited growth like that so
+we added with the worms we added a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added with the worms we added a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added with the worms we added a term
+minus a constant times y^2 to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a constant times y^2 to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a constant times y^2 to indicate
+that even worms can't uh multiply purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even worms can't uh multiply purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even worms can't uh multiply purely
+exponentially forever but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially forever but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially forever but ultimately
+they growth levels off because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they growth levels off because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they growth levels off because they
+can't uh find enough organic matter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh find enough organic matter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh find enough organic matter to
+plow their weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow their weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plow their weight
+through so those are the two differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so those are the two differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so those are the two differences
+I'm not assuming a logistic growth law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not assuming a logistic growth law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not assuming a logistic growth law
+this is less sophisticated and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less sophisticated and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less sophisticated and it's all
+than the one I gave you for homework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one I gave you for homework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one I gave you for homework and
+it also does not assume uh this assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also does not assume uh this assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also does not assume uh this assumes
+that sharks have absolutely nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharks have absolutely nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sharks have absolutely nothing to
+eat except these fish which is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat except these fish which is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat except these fish which is that's
+not so bad that's true more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+okay now let's so my plan is now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's so my plan is now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's so my plan is now with
+this model let's start the analysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model let's start the analysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model let's start the analysis as
+you learned to do it and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned to do it and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned to do it and we're going to
+run into trouble at various places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble at various places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble at various places and
+the troubles will then illustrate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the troubles will then illustrate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the troubles will then illustrate these
+three points that I wanted to make add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points that I wanted to make add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points that I wanted to make add
+to your repertoire of things to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your repertoire of things to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your repertoire of things to do with
+nonlinear systems when you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems when you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear systems when you run into
+trouble and we'll also increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and we'll also increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and we'll also increase your
+understanding of the nonlinear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the nonlinear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the nonlinear systems
+so the first thing we have to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we have to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we have to do is find
+the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+points okay now I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay now I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay now I'm going to assume that
+you're good at this and there we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at this and there we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at this and there we not
+spend a lot of time uh uh detailing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time uh uh detailing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time uh uh detailing the
+calculations I'll simply write them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'll simply write them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'll simply write them on
+the board so the first equation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so the first equation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so the first equation I'm
+going to write down is x * - A + B yal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down is x * - A + B yal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down is x * - A + B yal 0
+and I assume you know why I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I assume you know why I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I assume you know why I'm writing
+that down and the other equation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and the other equation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and the other equation will be
+y * C minus DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer those are the simultaneous equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer those are the simultaneous equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer those are the simultaneous equations
+I have to find to find the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to find to find the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to find to find the critical
+point okay so the first one is if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so the first one is if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so the first one is if x is
+If the product of these is zero either X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product of these is zero either X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product of these is zero either X
+is zero or the other factor is so if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or the other factor is so if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero or the other factor is so if x
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero uh if x is zero then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh if x is zero then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh if x is zero then from the
+second equation if x is zero y has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation if x is zero y has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation if x is zero y has to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+also so that's one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so that's one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so that's one critical
+point now if X is not zero then this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now if X is not zero then this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now if X is not zero then this has
+to factor has to be zero which says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor has to be zero which says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor has to be zero which says that
+y must be equal to A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y must be equal to A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y must be equal to A over
+B and if Y is equal to A over B it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if Y is equal to A over B it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if Y is equal to A over B it's not
+zero here therefore this Factor must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here therefore this Factor must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here therefore this Factor must be
+zero which says that X is equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which says that X is equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which says that X is equal to C
+over D you see see right away that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D you see see right away that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D you see see right away that this
+must be a simpler system because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a simpler system because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a simpler system because it's
+only producing two critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only producing two critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only producing two critical points
+whereas the system that you did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the system that you did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the system that you did for
+homework had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework had
+four so here's one well let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so here's one well let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so here's one well let's just write
+them up here so the critical points of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up here so the critical points of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up here so the critical points of 0
+0 that doesn't look terribly interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that doesn't look terribly interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that doesn't look terribly interesting
+but the other one looks more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other one looks more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other one looks more interesting
+it's C over D A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's C over D A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's C over D A over
+B well let's take a look first at the0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well let's take a look first at the0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well let's take a look first at the0
+critical point the origin in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point the origin in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point the origin in other words
+what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like well at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well at the
+origin the linearization is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the linearization is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin the linearization is extremely
+easy to do uh because I simply ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do uh because I simply ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do uh because I simply ignore
+the quadratic terms which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic terms which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic terms which are the
+product of two small numbers whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two small numbers whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two small numbers whereas
+these only have a single small number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these only have a single small number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these only have a single small number in
+it so it's Min - ax c y in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's Min - ax c y in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's Min - ax c y in other words
+The linearization Matrix is minus a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The linearization Matrix is minus a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The linearization Matrix is minus a 0
+zero and Cy gives me a coefficient C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Cy gives me a coefficient C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Cy gives me a coefficient C
+there now I never I don't think at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I never I don't think at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I never I don't think at any
+point I've ever explicitly told you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I've ever explicitly told you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I've ever explicitly told you I
+hope you've learned from the homework or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've learned from the homework or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you've learned from the homework or
+maybe your recitation teachers but For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your recitation teachers but For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your recitation teachers but For
+Heaven's Sake if you have a put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heaven's Sake if you have a put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heaven's Sake if you have a put this
+down in your little books if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in your little books if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in your little books if you have a
+diagonal matrix for God's sakes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix for God's sakes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix for God's sakes don't
+calculate its igen values they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its igen values they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate its igen values they're right
+in front of you they are always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you they are always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you they are always the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+elements so the igen value you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the igen value you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the igen value you can check
+this out if you insist on writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if you insist on writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if you insist on writing the
+equation but trust me it's also clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but trust me it's also clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but trust me it's also clear
+that oh it's clear if I for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's clear if I for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh it's clear if I for example
+subtract C from the main diagonal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract C from the main diagonal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract C from the main diagonal I'm
+going to get a determinant make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a determinant make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a determinant make the
+determinant zero because the bottom row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero because the bottom row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero because the bottom row
+will be all zero so the igen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all zero so the igen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all zero so the igen values are
+negative A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative A and
+C in other words they have opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C in other words they have opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C in other words they have opposite
+signs this is a negative number that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs this is a negative number that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs this is a negative number that's a
+positive number because a B and C are D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because a B and C are D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number because a B and C are D
+are always positive and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always positive and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always positive and therefore this
+is automatically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is automatically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is automatically a
+saddle you don't have to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle you don't have to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle you don't have to calculate
+anything it's all right in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's all right in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's all right in front of you
+it must be a saddle and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be a saddle and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be a saddle and therefore
+unstable because all Saddles are and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because all Saddles are and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because all Saddles are and in
+fact you can even draw the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can even draw the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can even draw the little
+picture of what it the stuff looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what it the stuff looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what it the stuff looks like
+near the origin without even calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the origin without even calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the origin without even calculating
+bothering to calculate Ian vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to calculate Ian vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to calculate Ian vectors
+although it's extremely easy to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's extremely easy to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's extremely easy to do just
+from Common Sense these are the sharks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Common Sense these are the sharks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Common Sense these are the sharks
+and these are the Yum fish uh well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the Yum fish uh well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the Yum fish uh well if
+there if there are zero yum fish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if there are zero yum fish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if there are zero yum fish in
+other words if I'm on the shark axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I'm on the shark axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I'm on the shark axis the
+axis of sharks uh I die out well forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of sharks uh I die out well forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of sharks uh I die out well forget
+about this side it's only positive side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this side it's only positive side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this side it's only positive side
+which makes sense but I die out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense but I die out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense but I die out because
+the sharks have nothing to eat whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharks have nothing to eat whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sharks have nothing to eat whereas
+if I'm on the young fish axis I go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm on the young fish axis I go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm on the young fish axis I go this
+way I grow I grow because without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I grow I grow because without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I grow I grow because without any
+sharks to eat them the yummy fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks to eat them the yummy fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks to eat them the yummy fish
+increase so must look like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so must look like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so must look like that and
+therefore the saddle must look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the saddle must look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the saddle must look like this
+the saddle curves hug those and go dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saddle curves hug those and go dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saddle curves hug those and go dear
+B now the other critical point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now the other critical point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B now the other critical point is the
+interesting one and for that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one and for that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one and for that the
+analysis I'm in order to that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm in order to that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm in order to that you don't
+spend the rest of this period uh writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of this period uh writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of this period uh writing
+A's b c's and D's I'm going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's b c's and D's I'm going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's b c's and D's I'm going to make the
+simplifying assumption but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption but it doesn't
+change any qualitatively any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any qualitatively any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any qualitatively any of the
+mathematics it just makes it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it just makes it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it just makes it a little
+easier to write out everything out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write out everything out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to write out everything out I'm
+going to assume that everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that everything is
+one sorry well in fact even this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry well in fact even this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sorry well in fact even this would
+be good enough but let's make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good enough but let's make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good enough but let's make everything
+one so I'm going to assume this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to assume this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to assume this and it's
+uh it's only to make the writing simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only to make the writing simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only to make the writing simpler
+it doesn't really change the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really change the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really change the mathematics
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all well if everything's one uh how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well if everything's one uh how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all well if everything's one uh how in
+order to calculate the linearized system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the linearized system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the linearized system
+I'd better use the Jacobian but perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd better use the Jacobian but perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd better use the Jacobian but perhaps
+it would be better to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be better to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be better to write out
+explicitly what the system is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what the system is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly what the system is so the
+system now is X Prime = - x + XY all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now is X Prime = - x + XY all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now is X Prime = - x + XY all the
+coefficients of one and Y Prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of one and Y Prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of one and Y Prime is equal
+to y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y -
+XY so what's the Jacobian well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so what's the Jacobian well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY so what's the Jacobian well the
+Jacobian is the partial of this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is the partial of this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian is the partial of this with
+respect to X which is min-1 + y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X which is min-1 + y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X which is min-1 + y the
+partial with respect to Y which is X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to Y which is X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial with respect to Y which is X the
+partial of this with respect to X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to X which
+is minus y and the partial with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus y and the partial with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus y and the partial with respect
+to Y which is 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y which is 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y which is 1 -
+X but I want to evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but I want to evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but I want to evaluate that
+at -11 at the 0.11 which is the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at -11 at the 0.11 which is the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at -11 at the 0.11 which is the critical
+point it's the critical point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's the critical point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's the critical point because
+I've assumed that all these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've assumed that all these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've assumed that all these parameters
+have the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the value
+one and when I do that uh I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when I do that uh I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and when I do that uh I get
+evaluating it at 1 one I get what Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at 1 one I get what Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at 1 one I get what Matrix
+well I get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get 0
+1 negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero in other words the linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words the linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words the linearized
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+is what is it it's X Prime = Y and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is it it's X Prime = Y and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is it it's X Prime = Y and Y
+Prime =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime =
+X well that's just the one we analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well that's just the one we analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well that's just the one we analyzed
+before in terms of where is it here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of where is it here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of where is it here in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+uh you know it's the one whose Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's the one whose Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's the one whose Solutions
+are circles in other words what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are circles in other words what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are circles in other words what we find
+out is that the linear eyes system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that the linear eyes system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that the linear eyes system is
+what geometric type saddle node spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometric type saddle node spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometric type saddle node spiral
+none of those it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center so the linearise system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center it consists in other words of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it consists in other words of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center it consists in other words of a
+bunch of Curves going round and round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Curves going round and round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Curves going round and round
+next to each other concentric circles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other concentric circles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other concentric circles in
+fact oh what's wrong with that okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact oh what's wrong with that okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact oh what's wrong with that okay now
+we're in deep trouble we are now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in deep trouble we are now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in deep trouble we are now in
+trouble because that is a borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because that is a borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because that is a borderline
+case let me remind you of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let me remind you of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let me remind you of what the
+borderline cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline cases
+are when we drew that picture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when we drew that picture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when we drew that picture this is
+not from this this is from last week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from this this is from last week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from this this is from last week's
+problem set so uh you have perfect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so uh you have perfect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so uh you have perfect uh
+excuse for forgetting it totally but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse for forgetting it totally but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse for forgetting it totally but let
+me but I'm trying to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I'm trying to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but I'm trying to remind you of
+that's another reason why I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another reason why I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another reason why I'm doing this
+remember that picture I asked you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that picture I asked you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that picture I asked you about
+that appeared on the computer screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared on the computer screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared on the computer screen
+remember this was uh let's make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was uh let's make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was uh let's make it a
+little flatter so that I can have room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flatter so that I can have room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flatter so that I can have room
+to write in so this is a parabola a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in so this is a parabola a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in so this is a parabola a
+certain Parabola whose equation you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Parabola whose equation you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Parabola whose equation you uh
+are dying to tell me but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dying to tell me but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dying to tell me but I'm not
+asking so there is the trace this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so there is the trace this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so there is the trace this is the
+determinant and the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and the characteristic
+equation is related to the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is related to the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is related to the values of
+these numbers like plus d equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers like plus d equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers like plus d equal 0
+then this these were spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this these were spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this these were spiral
+sinks this was the region of spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinks this was the region of spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinks this was the region of spiral
+sources that's the abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that's the abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that's the abbreviation for
+sources uh these were no noal sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh these were no noal sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh these were no noal sources
+noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noal
+sinks and these were the noal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sources and down here were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and down here were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and down here were the
+Saddles and where were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centers the centers were along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers the centers were along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers the centers were along this
+line the centers there weren't many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the centers there weren't many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the centers there weren't many of
+them and they were the separation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they were the separation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they were the separation for
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+regions now before so I'll put that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now before so I'll put that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions now before so I'll put that down
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+centers these other borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers these other borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers these other borderline
+correspond to other things these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to other things these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to other things these are
+defective IGA values zero IGA values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective IGA values zero IGA values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective IGA values zero IGA values and
+so on but let's concentrate on just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but let's concentrate on just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but let's concentrate on just one
+of them you'll find the others discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you'll find the others discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you'll find the others discussed
+in the no gs7 but if you get this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the no gs7 but if you get this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the no gs7 but if you get this idea
+then the rest is just the tails I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest is just the tails I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest is just the tails I think
+it'll be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be perfectly
+clear what's wrong with a center the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's wrong with a center the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's wrong with a center the
+answer is that if we're on a center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that if we're on a center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that if we're on a center for
+example this system corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this system corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this system corresponds to the
+trace being zero and the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace being zero and the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace being zero and the determinant
+being + one so a corresponds to tal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being + one so a corresponds to tal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being + one so a corresponds to tal 0
+and D equal 1 this point in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D equal 1 this point in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D equal 1 this point in other words
+now if I wiggle the coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I wiggle the coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I wiggle the coefficients of the
+Matrix just a little bit just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just a little bit just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just a little bit just change
+them a little bit what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit what I'm going to do
+is is move off this pink line and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is move off this pink line and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is move off this pink line and I
+might move to here or I might move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might move to here or I might move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might move to here or I might move a
+little way to there but if I do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little way to there but if I do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little way to there but if I do that I
+changed the geometric type in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the geometric type in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the geometric type in other
+words this is a sort of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is a sort of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is a sort of being a
+borderline it's a slight change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline it's a slight change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline it's a slight change of the
+parameters can change what it changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters can change what it changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters can change what it changes to
+and in fact that's geometrically clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's geometrically clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's geometrically clear
+what does a center look like a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a center look like a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a center look like a center
+looks like this a bunch of Curves going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this a bunch of Curves going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this a bunch of Curves going
+around all in the same direction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all in the same direction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all in the same direction like
+concentric circles or maybe ellipses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric circles or maybe ellipses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric circles or maybe ellipses or
+something like that if I deform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that if I deform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that if I deform that
+deform the picture just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform the picture just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform the picture just a little bit
+well I might change it into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I might change it into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I might change it into something
+which looks like this where after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this where after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this where after they
+go around they don't quite meet up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around they don't quite meet up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around they don't quite meet up with
+where they were to start with and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were to start with and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were to start with and I'm
+going to get a sink a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sink or I might do the deoration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink or I might do the deoration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink or I might do the deoration by
+going around once and I'm finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around once and I'm finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around once and I'm finding a
+little outside of where I was in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little outside of where I was in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little outside of where I was in which
+case is going to be a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be a spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be a spiral
+source so the fact that just changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so the fact that just changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so the fact that just changing
+these curves a little bit can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves a little bit can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves a little bit can make the
+change the picture to this or to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the picture to this or to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the picture to this or to that
+corresponds to the fact that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the fact that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the fact that if you're
+on here with this value of T and D zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here with this value of T and D zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here with this value of T and D zero
+and one and just change T and d a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and just change T and d a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and just change T and d a little
+bit you're going to move off into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you're going to move off into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you're going to move off into these
+regions you might of course stay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you might of course stay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions you might of course stay on the
+pink line it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likely so where does this leave us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so where does this leave us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so where does this leave us well
+if the linear system isn't stable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the linear system isn't stable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the linear system isn't stable in the
+sense that if you change the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you change the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if you change the parameters
+a little bit it doesn't change the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit it doesn't change the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit it doesn't change the type
+this is after all only an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all only an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is after all only an approximation
+to the nonlinear system if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinear system if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinear system if this
+approximation you can't really predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you can't really predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you can't really predict
+the behavior very well when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior very well when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior very well when you change
+the parameters then you can't change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters then you can't change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters then you can't change you
+from it you cannot tell what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you cannot tell what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it you cannot tell what the
+original system looked like so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system looked like so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system looked like so in other
+words the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the nonlinear
+system the nonlinear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the nonlinear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the nonlinear system
+might at at one one might be any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might at at one one might be any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might at at one one might be any one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+possibilities still a center or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities still a center or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities still a center or it might
+be a spiral sink or it might be a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a spiral sink or it might be a spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a spiral sink or it might be a spiral
+Source any one of those three is a POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source any one of those three is a POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source any one of those three is a POS
+it couldn't be a saddle because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't be a saddle because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it couldn't be a saddle because that's
+too far away it couldn't be a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away it couldn't be a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far away it couldn't be a node
+that's too far away too but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too far away too but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too far away too but it could
+wander into either of these regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander into either of these regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander into either of these regions and
+therefore the picture you cannot tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the picture you cannot tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the picture you cannot tell
+which these three it is just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these three it is just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these three it is just from the
+analysis this type of critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this type of critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this type of critical point
+analysis well that was vola's problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis well that was vola's problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis well that was vola's problem uh
+by the way the person who introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the person who introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the person who introduced
+these equations and studied them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations and studied them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations and studied them
+systematically in the way which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the way which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the way which we're
+doing it here was voltera and in fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it here was voltera and in fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it here was voltera and in fact he
+was interested in sharks and food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in sharks and food fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in sharks and food fish
+as they were called uh what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were called uh what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were called uh what do we
+do well you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smart what built Tera did was he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart what built Tera did was he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart what built Tera did was he went to
+Method number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Method number
+one let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well Tera said okay I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well Tera said okay I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well Tera said okay I got my
+equations X Prime equals uh what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations X Prime equals uh what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations X Prime equals uh what was it
+uh X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X Prime
+equals uh so it's Min - x plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh so it's Min - x plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh so it's Min - x plus uh
+XY y Prime is equal to these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY y Prime is equal to these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY y Prime is equal to these are the
+food fish so they are Yus XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and my problem is of course I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and my problem is of course I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and my problem is of course I'm trying
+to determine what type of critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine what type of critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine what type of critical point
+one one is and the method you we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is and the method you we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is and the method you we've used
+up till now has failed because we it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till now has failed because we it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up till now has failed because we it
+gave us a borderline case which is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a borderline case which is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a borderline case which is from
+that we can't deduce okay so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't deduce okay so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't deduce okay so he said
+let's eliminate T and we get d y DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's eliminate T and we get d y DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's eliminate T and we get d y DX
+equals y I'm going to factor y * 1 - x X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y I'm going to factor y * 1 - x X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y I'm going to factor y * 1 - x X
+on top and on the bottom factor x -1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay you could solve that before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay you could solve that before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay you could solve that before you
+came into 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into 1803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into 1803
+right this you can separate variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this you can separate variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this you can separate variables
+H Tada let's separate variables okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Tada let's separate variables okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Tada let's separate variables okay so
+the Y's all go on one side so y goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's all go on one side so y goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's all go on one side so y goes
+down here so it is y -1 over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so it is y -1 over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so it is y -1 over y
+Dy equals on the other side it's the DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equals on the other side it's the DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy equals on the other side it's the DX
+gets moved up 1 - x overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX now of course you wouldn't dream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now of course you wouldn't dream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX now of course you wouldn't dream of
+using partial fractions on this it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using partial fractions on this it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using partial fractions on this it would
+be illegal because even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be illegal because even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be illegal because even though it's a
+rational function the quotient of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function the quotient of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function the quotient of two
+pols the degree of the top is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols the degree of the top is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols the degree of the top is not
+smaller than the degree of the bottom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the degree of the bottom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the degree of the bottom in
+other words this degree to partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this degree to partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words this degree to partial
+fraction it this degree must be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it this degree must be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it this degree must be bigger
+than that one it isn't so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one it isn't so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one it isn't so you have to
+first divide and if you divide by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first divide and if you divide by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first divide and if you divide by that
+then there's no point in do using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no point in do using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no point in do using
+partial fractions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of course you would have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of course you would have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of course you would have done this
+by by Basic Instinct I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by Basic Instinct I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by Basic Instinct I
+know so what's the solution it is y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so what's the solution it is y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so what's the solution it is y -
+log y = log X - x plus some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log y = log X - x plus some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log y = log X - x plus some constant
+that's not the final constant I want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the final constant I want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the final constant I want so
+I'll give it a a subscript one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give it a a subscript one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give it a a subscript one to
+indicate I want more now this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate I want more now this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate I want more now this is very
+hard to see what that curve looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see what that curve looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see what that curve looks like
+we can make it look better by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it look better by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it look better by
+exponentiating if I exponentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating if I exponentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating if I exponentiate
+it going back to high school mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going back to high school mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going back to high school mathematics
+but I know from experience many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know from experience many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know from experience many of you
+are not too good at this step that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too good at this step that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too good at this step that's
+another reason I'm doing it it will be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason I'm doing it it will be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason I'm doing it it will be e
+to the Y that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Y that part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Y that part is
+easy times because pluses and minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy times because pluses and minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy times because pluses and minuses
+Chang into Times e to the ne time e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang into Times e to the ne time e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang into Times e to the ne time e to
+the log y well e the log Y is y if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log y well e the log Y is y if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log y well e the log Y is y if I put
+a minus sign in front of that that sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus sign in front of that that sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus sign in front of that that sends
+it into the denominator so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the denominator so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the denominator so instead of
+being y it is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being y it is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being y it is one over
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+equals x e to log X is x e to thex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x e to log X is x e to thex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x e to log X is x e to thex is
+therefore times 1/ e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore times 1/ e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore times 1/ e to the
+X and that's times some the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's times some the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that's times some the exponential
+of C1 which I'll call C2 and now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C1 which I'll call C2 and now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C1 which I'll call C2 and now if I
+put them all on combine them all into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on combine them all into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on combine them all into a
+put them all on the one side it's X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on the one side it's X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on the one side it's X over
+e to x * y over e y is equal to yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to x * y over e y is equal to yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to x * y over e y is equal to yet
+another constant one over C2 let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constant one over C2 let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another constant one over C2 let's call
+this is my final constant so let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my final constant so let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my final constant so let's call
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+c and other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and other words
+the curves the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves the integral
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+are the graphs of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for different values of the constant C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of the constant C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different values of the constant C
+well uh of course you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh of course you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh of course you know you've
+graphed an equation like that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed an equation like that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed an equation like that all the
+time uh what am I going to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh what am I going to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh what am I going to do with this
+stupid thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing
+well the first thing so I deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing so I deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing so I deliberately
+picked something which involves all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked something which involves all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked something which involves all
+you're learning up till now so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning up till now so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning up till now so now we
+are now going into 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now going into 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now going into 1802
+right you looked at that at 1802 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you looked at that at 1802 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you looked at that at 1802 you
+would say this is the Contour curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is the Contour curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this is the Contour curve
+these are contour curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of of the function well let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the function well let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the function well let's write it
+out the other way it doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other way it doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other way it doesn't make any
+difference but just you're more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but just you're more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but just you're more likely
+to have seen the function in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen the function in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen the function in this form
+then X over e to X you won't recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X over e to X you won't recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X over e to X you won't recognize
+but this you will recognize in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this you will recognize in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this you will recognize in fact
+we've had it before in this term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had it before in this term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had it before in this term it's
+one of the kinds of solutions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the kinds of solutions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the kinds of solutions you can
+have to second order equations times y e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to second order equations times y e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to second order equations times y e
+to the Y equals c how does this so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Y equals c how does this so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Y equals c how does this so it's
+the Contour curves of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves of this function
+let's call that function let's say h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that function let's say h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that function let's say h of
+XY well of course you could throw it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY well of course you could throw it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY well of course you could throw it on
+mat lab as you did in 1802 maybe and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab as you did in 1802 maybe and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab as you did in 1802 maybe and uh
+asked Matt lab to plot the function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Matt lab to plot the function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Matt lab to plot the function but
+voltera didn't have that luxury he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera didn't have that luxury he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera didn't have that luxury he was
+smart too uh so let's be smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead what is the function x uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what is the function x uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what is the function x uh let's
+use a neutral variable like you and plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a neutral variable like you and plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a neutral variable like you and plot
+u e to the ne U okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u e to the ne U okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u e to the ne U okay
+1801 at zero it has the value zero When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 at zero it has the value zero When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 at zero it has the value zero When
+U is small this has approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is small this has approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is small this has approximately the
+value one and therefore it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and therefore it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one and therefore it's like the
+function starts out like the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function starts out like the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function starts out like the function
+U as U goes to Infinity you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as U goes to Infinity you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U as U goes to Infinity you know by
+lal's rule that this goes to zero so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lal's rule that this goes to zero so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lal's rule that this goes to zero so it
+ends up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up like
+this well what on Earth could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well what on Earth could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well what on Earth could it
+possibly do except rise to a maximum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do except rise to a maximum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do except rise to a maximum but
+uh where is that maximum it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where is that maximum it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where is that maximum it's easy to
+see there's a unique maximum just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a unique maximum just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a unique maximum just by
+1801 take the derivative find out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 take the derivative find out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 take the derivative find out where
+the maximum point is and you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum point is and you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum point is and you'll find
+perhaps you've already done it that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you've already done it that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you've already done it that this
+is at one the maximum occurs at one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at one the maximum occurs at one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at one the maximum occurs at one and
+the value that's where the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that's where the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that's where the derivative is
+zero and the value there is 1 * eus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the value there is 1 * eus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the value there is 1 * eus one
+it's 1 over e in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over e in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1 over e in other
+words that's what the curve looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do the Contour curves of this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the Contour curves of this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the Contour curves of this look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha
+well so if we're looking at the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if we're looking at the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if we're looking at the Contour
+curves of the function H so here's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of the function H so here's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of the function H so here's X
+here's Y and we want the Contour curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Y and we want the Contour curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Y and we want the Contour curves
+of the function h of XY what do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function h of XY what do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function h of XY what do I know
+where is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is its
+maximum the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum
+point of H of XY is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of H of XY is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of H of XY is where
+well H is the product x e to thex * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well H is the product x e to thex * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well H is the product x e to thex * y
+eus y this has its maximum at one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus y this has its maximum at one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus y this has its maximum at one this
+has its maximum at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its maximum at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its maximum at one
+so where does h of X Y head is well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does h of X Y head is well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does h of X Y head is well you
+can't make any you got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any you got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any you got two
+factors X make one makes each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors X make one makes each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors X make one makes each of them
+the biggest that can be the maximum must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest that can be the maximum must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest that can be the maximum must
+be exactly at that critical point 1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly at that critical point 1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly at that critical point 1 one
+so that's a maximum Point let's give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a maximum Point let's give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a maximum Point let's give it
+a uh make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conspicuous so this is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspicuous so this is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspicuous so this is the maximum
+point the point it's the point one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point it's the point one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the point it's the point one one
+it's the point which makes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the point which makes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the point which makes everything
+makes the function biggest now how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the function biggest now how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the function biggest now how about
+the Contour curves well this is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves well this is the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves well this is the top
+of the mountain uh what is it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mountain uh what is it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mountain uh what is it along the
+axes along the axes when either X or Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes along the axes when either X or Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes along the axes when either X or Y
+is zero the function has the value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the function has the value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero the function has the value zero
+so it's it's biggest there it's has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's biggest there it's has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's biggest there it's has the
+value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero
+here so it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value what are the Contour curs well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what are the Contour curs well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what are the Contour curs well we
+must have a mountain peak here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a mountain peak here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a mountain peak here this is
+the unique maximum Point uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique maximum Point uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique maximum Point uh it's the
+fact it's easy to see the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's easy to see the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's easy to see the Contour
+curves just surrounded like that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves just surrounded like that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves just surrounded like that now the
+reason they cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they cannot be
+spirals for first place you've never SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals for first place you've never SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirals for first place you've never SE
+Contour cures which was spirals that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour cures which was spirals that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour cures which was spirals that's a
+good reason it's a mountain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason it's a mountain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason it's a mountain you know
+that's the way Contour cures of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way Contour cures of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way Contour cures of a
+mountain look but all right that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain look but all right that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain look but all right that's not a
+good argument uh but notice that along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument uh but notice that along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument uh but notice that along
+each horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each horizontal line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each horizontal line
+here I want to know how many times can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to know how many times can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to know how many times can
+it intersect the Contour curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intersect the Contour curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intersect the Contour curve that's
+the same as asking along one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as asking along one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as asking along one of these
+lines how many times can it intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines how many times can it intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines how many times can it intersect
+see this is a graph of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a graph of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is a graph of the function
+along this horizontal line and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this horizontal line and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this horizontal line and therefore
+how many times can it intersect one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times can it intersect one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times can it intersect one of
+the Contour curves the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Contour curves the same number of
+times that it can intersect a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that it can intersect a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that it can intersect a horizontal
+line can intersect this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can intersect this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can intersect this curve
+twice only once if you are exactly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice only once if you are exactly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice only once if you are exactly at
+that height and after that never okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that height and after that never okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that height and after that never okay so
+but here it can intersect each Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it can intersect each Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it can intersect each Contour
+curve only twice which means these K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve only twice which means these K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve only twice which means these K
+cannot be spirals otherwise they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be spirals otherwise they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be spirals otherwise they would
+intersect those horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect those horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect those horizontal and vertical
+lines many times instead of just twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines many times instead of just twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines many times instead of just twice
+so that's what it looks like in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what it looks like in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what it looks like in fact we
+can even put in the direction without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even put in the direction without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even put in the direction without
+any effort we know that the sharks die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort we know that the sharks die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effort we know that the sharks die
+out without any food fish and the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without any food fish and the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out without any food fish and the food
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+well I think this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think this has to be
+clockwise you know because this the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise you know because this the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise you know because this the guys
+nearby must be going the same way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby must be going the same way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby must be going the same way and
+therefore the guys near them must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the guys near them must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the guys near them must be
+going the same way and therefore the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the same way and therefore the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the same way and therefore the guy
+you know it's sort of a domino effect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of a domino effect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of a domino effect it
+spreads the direction spreads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads the direction spreads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads the direction spreads and
+there's only one compatible way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one compatible way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one compatible way of
+making these they all must be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these they all must be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these they all must be going
+clockwise so what's happening actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise so what's happening actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise so what's happening actually
+the food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food fish
+start at this point there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this point there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at this point there are a lot of
+sharks but not so many food fish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks but not so many food fish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks but not so many food fish the
+sharks eat the few remaining food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks eat the few remaining food fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks eat the few remaining food fish
+and now the Sharks start to die out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the Sharks start to die out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the Sharks start to die out
+because they got nothing to eat when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got nothing to eat when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got nothing to eat when
+they're practically gone the food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're practically gone the food fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're practically gone the food fish
+hey we can start growing again again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we can start growing again again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we can start growing again again and
+they grow and grow and meanwhile for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow and grow and meanwhile for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow and grow and meanwhile for a
+while they grow happily and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they grow happily and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they grow happily and then the
+Sharks suddenly start being able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharks suddenly start being able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharks suddenly start being able to find
+them again and the few remaining sharks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again and the few remaining sharks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again and the few remaining sharks
+start eating them the population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start eating them the population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start eating them the population of
+sharks grows the food fish start dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks grows the food fish start dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks grows the food fish start dying
+out again and we cycle the cycle starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again and we cycle the cycle starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again and we cycle the cycle starts
+all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+now I wanted to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wanted to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I wanted to talk about the
+qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative
+Behavior Uh this is some ways the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh this is some ways the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh this is some ways the most
+important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the
+lecture I want to discuss just as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to discuss just as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to discuss just as we did
+at the beginning of the term the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the term the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the term the effect
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fishing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing of
+fishing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nets at a constant rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K just as at the near the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K just as at the near the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K just as at the near the beginning of
+the term we talked about fishing a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term we talked about fishing a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term we talked about fishing a a
+single po population the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single po population the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single po population the only difference
+is now there are two populations both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now there are two populations both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now there are two populations both
+sharks and the food fish now what do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and the food fish now what do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and the food fish now what do the
+happens to the equations well X Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the equations well X Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the equations well X Prime is
+equal to the equations start out just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the equations start out just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the equations start out just as
+they were I'm now reverting to A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were I'm now reverting to A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were I'm now reverting to A and B
+uh because uh you'll see why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh you'll see why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh you'll see why because
+it's we need the general coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we need the general coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we need the general coefficients
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+bxy but if we're fishing with Nets then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy but if we're fishing with Nets then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy but if we're fishing with Nets then
+a certain fraction of the sharks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain fraction of the sharks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain fraction of the sharks in the
+sea get hold called in by the net and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea get hold called in by the net and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea get hold called in by the net and
+the fishing rate say the fishing rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fishing rate say the fishing rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fishing rate say the fishing rate is
+K means we remove there's a fishing term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means we remove there's a fishing term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K means we remove there's a fishing term
+we remove minus K times the number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove minus K times the number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove minus K times the number of a
+certain fraction of the sharks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fraction of the sharks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fraction of the sharks in the
+sea how about the food fish well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea how about the food fish well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea how about the food fish well we
+remove them too uh and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them too uh and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them too uh and we don't
+distinguish between sharks and food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between sharks and food fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between sharks and food fish
+so this is Cy minus DX y but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Cy minus DX y but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Cy minus DX y but we also
+remove them a certain fraction of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them a certain fraction of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them a certain fraction of them
+uh minus K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus K *
+Y what therefore is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what therefore is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what therefore is the new
+system the new system is therefore X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the new system is therefore X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the new system is therefore X
+Prime equal minus a + k I'm combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal minus a + k I'm combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal minus a + k I'm combining
+those two x terms plus that's times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two x terms plus that's times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two x terms plus that's times X
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+bxy and the Y Prime is C minus K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy and the Y Prime is C minus K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxy and the Y Prime is C minus K *
+y plus minus dxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus minus dxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plus minus dxy
+so in other words now to solve these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words now to solve these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words now to solve these I
+do not have to go through the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have to go through the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have to go through the analysis
+all I have to do is change the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have to do is change the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have to do is change the numbers
+change these coefficients from a to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these coefficients from a to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these coefficients from a to a
+plus K and C minus K now what's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K and C minus K now what's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K and C minus K now what's the new
+critic the old critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic the old critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic the old critical point
+was the point C over D A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point C over D A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point C over D A over
+B the new critical point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fishing is what well the parameters have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing is what well the parameters have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing is what well the parameters have
+been changed by the addition of K so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed by the addition of K so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been changed by the addition of K so the
+new critical point is C minus K Over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new critical point is C minus K Over D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new critical point is C minus K Over D
+and A+ K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A+ K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A+ K Over
+D so what's the effect of fishing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so what's the effect of fishing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so what's the effect of fishing well
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+old if the Sharks here if the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if the Sharks here if the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old if the Sharks here if the old
+critical point was over here let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point was over here let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point was over here let's say
+this is the point C over D and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point C over D and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point C over D and this is
+the point A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point A over
+B that's the old critical point was over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the result of fishing is to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the result of fishing is to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the result of fishing is to lower
+the value of x and raise the value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x and raise the value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x and raise the value here
+so the new critical point is this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the new critical point is this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the new critical point is this gets
+lowered to C minus K Over D and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered to C minus K Over D and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered to C minus K Over D and this
+gets raised to a + k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets raised to a + k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets raised to a + k over
+B in other words the point the new point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in other words the point the new point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in other words the point the new point
+is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+so the effect is the effect of fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the effect is the effect of fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the effect is the effect of fishing
+is to it does not treat the Sharks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to it does not treat the Sharks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to it does not treat the Sharks and
+the yummy fish equally it fishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yummy fish equally it fishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yummy fish equally it fishing the
+effect of fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+lowers the shark population see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the shark population see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the shark population see the
+critical point gives sort of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point gives sort of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point gives sort of the average
+shark population average shark uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shark population average shark uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shark population average shark uh of
+course it Cycles around these but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it Cycles around these but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it Cycles around these but on the
+average uh this gives the on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh this gives the on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh this gives the on the the
+average how many sharks there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average how many sharks there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average how many sharks there are and
+how many food fish there are so the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many food fish there are so the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many food fish there are so the new
+critical point with fishing uh lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point with fishing uh lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point with fishing uh lowers
+the Sharks population and raises the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sharks population and raises the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sharks population and raises the
+food fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population that's not intuitive and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's not intuitive and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's not intuitive and in
+fact that was the uh it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that was the uh it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that was the uh it was the
+observation uh that was observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh that was observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh that was observed
+experimentally in a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally in a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally in a slightly different
+context and that's why volara started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and that's why volara started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and that's why volara started
+working on the problem if you'll give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problem if you'll give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problem if you'll give me
+I will need three more minutes the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will need three more minutes the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will need three more minutes the most
+interesting application of all is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting application of all is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting application of all is not to
+sharks and food fish I can't assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and food fish I can't assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and food fish I can't assume that
+you're dramatically interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dramatically interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dramatically interested in the
+how many of them there are in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them there are in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them there are in the ocean
+but you might be more interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because this this same it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this this same it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because this this same it's called
+Vol that thing about a lowering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol that thing about a lowering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol that thing about a lowering is
+called volaras principle that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called volaras principle that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called volaras principle that in your
+books vola's principal volter is spelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books vola's principal volter is spelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books vola's principal volter is spelt
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltera has found more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera has found more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera has found more modern
+applications than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications than
+sharks uh suppose you consider fish in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks uh suppose you consider fish in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks uh suppose you consider fish in a
+pond I got mosquito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+larvey which breed in the pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well what happens you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well what happens you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well what happens you know this
+happens and uh then suddenly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and uh then suddenly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and uh then suddenly there's a
+plague of mosquitoes and so concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague of mosquitoes and so concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague of mosquitoes and so concerned
+citizens and this is what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens and this is what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens and this is what happened in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+50s uh that was before you were born but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s uh that was before you were born but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s uh that was before you were born but
+not before I was born uh the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not before I was born uh the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not before I was born uh the uh what
+happened is you know a lot of mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is you know a lot of mosquitoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is you know a lot of mosquitoes
+so everybody said well uh the M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody said well uh the M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody said well uh the M the
+mosquitoes breed in the little stagnant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes breed in the little stagnant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes breed in the little stagnant
+ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds
+uh spray uh DDT love them DDT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spray uh DDT love them DDT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spray uh DDT love them DDT
+them dump it in the ponds that will kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dump it in the ponds that will kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them dump it in the ponds that will kill
+all the larv and we won't get bitten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the larv and we won't get bitten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the larv and we won't get bitten
+anymore now when you spray when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now when you spray when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore now when you spray when you put
+DDT in the pond as people did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT in the pond as people did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT in the pond as people did not
+realize at the time because they were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the time because they were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the time because they were uh
+well these things were new uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these things were new uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these things were new uh of course
+you kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kill the
+mosquitoes uh but you also kill the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes uh but you also kill the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes uh but you also kill the fish
+because DDT is poisonous to fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what an effect you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what an effect you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what an effect you're doing is
+exactly mathematically it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly mathematically it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly mathematically it's the same as
+harvesting the fish population with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the fish population with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting the fish population with the
+sharks and the food fish the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and the food fish the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharks and the food fish the result is
+the result is if this is the fish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is if this is the fish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is if this is the fish the
+fish are the predators because they eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish are the predators because they eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish are the predators because they eat
+the mosquitoes they eat the mosquito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosquitoes they eat the mosquito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mosquitoes they eat the mosquito
+larve big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larve big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larve big
+food if there was a certain equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food if there was a certain equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food if there was a certain equilibrium
+according to voltera principle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to voltera principle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to voltera principle with
+DDT that equilibrium moves to here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT that equilibrium moves to here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT that equilibrium moves to here in
+other words the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the effect of
+indiscriminately spraying the pond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately spraying the pond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately spraying the pond with
+DDT is to increase the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT is to increase the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT is to increase the number of
+mosquitoes and kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes and kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes and kill
+fish and in fact that's exactly what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and in fact that's exactly what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish and in fact that's exactly what was
+observed the same thing was observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed the same thing was observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed the same thing was observed
+with bird the bird population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bird the bird population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bird the bird population and
+insects spraying for insects spraying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects spraying for insects spraying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects spraying for insects spraying
+trees for insects to get rid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for insects to get rid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees for insects to get rid of some
+pests ends up killing more birds than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pests ends up killing more birds than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pests ends up killing more birds than it
+does insects and the insects increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does insects and the insects increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does insects and the insects increase
+thanks is
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lEOjMAmkI-U.txt b/lEOjMAmkI-U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..167106e393af0b00fefdf98e1ae8797d84ad513a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lEOjMAmkI-U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+segment what I'd like us to do is work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment what I'd like us to do is work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment what I'd like us to do is work
+on this following problem find DDX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this following problem find DDX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this following problem find DDX of
+the integral from 0 to x squ cosine tdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to x squ cosine tdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 0 to x squ cosine tdt
+I'm going to give you a moment to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a moment to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a moment to think
+about it and then I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and then I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and then I'll come back and
+show you how I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back hopefully you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back hopefully you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back hopefully you were
+able to make some Headway on this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make some Headway on this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make some Headway on this let's
+let's look at the problem and see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the problem and see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the problem and see how we
+would break it down well we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break it down well we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break it down well we know from
+the fundamental theorem of calculus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus that
+you saw in the lecture that if up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in the lecture that if up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw in the lecture that if up here
+instead of X squ we had an X then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of X squ we had an X then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of X squ we had an X then the
+problem would be easy to solve we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be easy to solve we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would be easy to solve we just
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+the answer would be cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer would be cosine
+X but of course we don't have an X we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but of course we don't have an X we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but of course we don't have an X we
+have an X squ that's why I gave you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an X squ that's why I gave you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an X squ that's why I gave you this
+problem and we need to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we need to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we need to figure out how to
+solve this problem when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem when there's a
+different function up here besides just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function up here besides just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function up here besides just
+X what we're going to you use is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what we're going to you use is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what we're going to you use is we're
+going to combine the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to combine the fundamental theorem
+of calculus and the chain rule so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus and the chain rule so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus and the chain rule so let's
+start off with how we would do this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with how we would do this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with how we would do this if
+it were the integral from 0 to X as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were the integral from 0 to X as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were the integral from 0 to X as I
+mentioned so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned so we'll
+define capital F ofx to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define capital F ofx to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define capital F ofx to be equal to the
+integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+X cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X cine
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+DT and then we know that frime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we know that frime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we know that frime of
+X is equal to cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to cosine
+X now the problem is we don't just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now the problem is we don't just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X now the problem is we don't just have
+this as I mentioned what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as I mentioned what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as I mentioned what we actually
+have let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let me write this
+down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we
+have f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f ofx
+s right that's what this sorry let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right that's what this sorry let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right that's what this sorry let me
+highlight what I mean this boxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight what I mean this boxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight what I mean this boxed
+thing is f of x^2 so we took F ofx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is f of x^2 so we took F ofx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is f of x^2 so we took F ofx and
+we evaluated it at X squ that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluated it at X squ that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we evaluated it at X squ that's what we
+get in the box and so if we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the box and so if we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in the box and so if we want to find
+DDX of F of x^2 it really is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of F of x^2 it really is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDX of F of x^2 it really is just the
+chain rule we really want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we really want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we really want to think of
+this as a composition of functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a composition of functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a composition of functions the
+first the outside function is capital F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the outside function is capital F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the outside function is capital F
+and the inside function is x s so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inside function is x s so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inside function is x s so just
+in in general how do we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general how do we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general how do we think about the
+chain rule well remember what we do let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule well remember what we do let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule well remember what we do let
+me come back here for a second remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back here for a second remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me come back here for a second remember
+what we do is we take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take the derivative of
+the outside function we evaluate it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside function we evaluate it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside function we evaluate it at
+the inside function and then we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside function and then we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside function and then we take the
+derivative of the inside function and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inside function and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inside function and we
+multiply those two together so all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two together so all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two together so all I
+have to do is figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is figure out what is the
+following thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing we
+know DDX the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DDX the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know DDX the
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+FX2 should be equal to F Prime evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX2 should be equal to F Prime evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX2 should be equal to F Prime evaluated
+at X2 time 2x that's just what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X2 time 2x that's just what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X2 time 2x that's just what we said
+earlier right it's the derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right it's the derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier right it's the derivative of f
+evaluated at X2 times the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X2 times the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at X2 times the derivative of
+X2 so now I just have to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so now I just have to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so now I just have to figure out what
+this is well let's go back to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well let's go back to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well let's go back to the other
+side and see what we wrote frime was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and see what we wrote frime was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and see what we wrote frime was if
+we come over here we see frime at X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come over here we see frime at X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come over here we see frime at X is
+just cosine X so F Prime at X2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cosine X so F Prime at X2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cosine X so F Prime at X2 is going
+to be this function evaluated at x s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this function evaluated at x s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this function evaluated at x s
+that's just cosine of X2 so we see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just cosine of X2 so we see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just cosine of X2 so we see over
+here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just
+get cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine
+x^2 time 2X and because I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 time 2X and because I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 time 2X and because I'm a
+mathematician I want to write the 2x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I want to write the 2x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician I want to write the 2x in
+front before I finish because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front before I finish because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front before I finish because otherwise
+I get confused so the answer here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get confused so the answer here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get confused so the answer here is
+just 2x * cosine x^ 2 now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2x * cosine x^ 2 now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2x * cosine x^ 2 now I want to
+point out really what we did here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out really what we did here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out really what we did here this
+is this is the answer to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the answer to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the answer to this particular
+problem but we can now solve problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we can now solve problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we can now solve problems in
+general when I put any function up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when I put any function up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when I put any function up here
+any function of X up here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function of X up here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function of X up here right
+ultimately all I did was I used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately all I did was I used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately all I did was I used the
+fundamental theorem of calculus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus in the
+chain rule so any function I put up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so any function I put up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so any function I put up here
+I can do exactly the same process I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do exactly the same process I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do exactly the same process I
+would Define f ofx to be this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define f ofx to be this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define f ofx to be this type of
+thing the way we would Define it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the way we would Define it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the way we would Define it for the
+fundamental theorem of calculus I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus I would
+know what frime of X was and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what frime of X was and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what frime of X was and then I
+would have to evaluate F at a at a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to evaluate F at a at a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to evaluate F at a at a at
+this function up here whatever I put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function up here whatever I put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function up here whatever I put up
+there so in this case it was X squ I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in this case it was X squ I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so in this case it was X squ I
+could have made it natural log X I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made it natural log X I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made it natural log X I could
+have made it some big polinomial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it some big polinomial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it some big polinomial or
+something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more
+complicated right and once I do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right and once I do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right and once I do that I
+just follow the same process now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow the same process now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just follow the same process now instead
+of the X2 here I would have that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X2 here I would have that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X2 here I would have that other
+function so I'd evaluate capital F at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I'd evaluate capital F at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I'd evaluate capital F at
+whatever function that is times the Der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function that is times the Der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever function that is times the Der
+itive of that function it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive of that function it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itive of that function it's exactly the
+same process so I want to point out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process so I want to point out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process so I want to point out I
+want to point out that this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out that this is a this is
+a bigger bigger situation than I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger bigger situation than I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger bigger situation than I had
+before or a bigger situation than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or a bigger situation than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or a bigger situation than just
+this this little problem so just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this little problem so just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this little problem so just so you
+understand that okay so again I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay so again I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay so again I just
+want to say one more time now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say one more time now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say one more time now you know
+how to solve problems where you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve problems where you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve problems where you have any
+other function of X up here and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function of X up here and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function of X up here and you want
+to take the derivative of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative of this kind of
+expression of an integral with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of an integral with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of an integral with another
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+up there all right I think I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there all right I think I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there all right I think I'll stop
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lGGDIGizcQ0.txt b/lGGDIGizcQ0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fd49c9d69b927845373e91c726812c4a3d668ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lGGDIGizcQ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+to one and okay here is a lecture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and okay here is a lecture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and okay here is a lecture on the
+applications of eigenvalues and if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of eigenvalues and if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of eigenvalues and if I can
+so that will be Markov matrices I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be Markov matrices I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be Markov matrices I'll
+tell you what a Markov matrix is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what a Markov matrix is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what a Markov matrix is so this
+matrix a will be a Markov matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll explain how they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain how they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain how they come in
+applications and and then if I have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and and then if I have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and and then if I have time
+I would like to say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to say a little bit about
+Fourier series which is a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series which is a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series which is a fantastic
+application of the projection chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the projection chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the projection chapter
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what's the Markov matrix can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Markov matrix can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Markov matrix can I just
+write down a typical Markov matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a typical Markov matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a typical Markov matrix a
+point one point two point seven points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one point two point seven points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one point two point seven points
+oh one point nine nine zero let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one point nine nine zero let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one point nine nine zero let's say
+point three point three point four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three point three point four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three point three point four okay
+there's a totally just invented Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a totally just invented Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a totally just invented Markov
+matrix what what makes it a Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what makes it a Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what what makes it a Markov
+matrix two properties that this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix two properties that this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix two properties that this matrix
+has so two properties are one every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so two properties are one every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so two properties are one every
+entry is greater equals zero all entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greater than or equal to zero and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and of
+course when I square the matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I square the matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I square the matrix the
+entries will still be greater equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries will still be greater equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries will still be greater equals
+zero I'm going to be interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm going to be interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm going to be interested in the
+powers of this matrix and this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this matrix and this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this matrix and this property
+of course is going to stay there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is going to stay there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is going to stay there it
+really Markov matrices you'll see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Markov matrices you'll see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Markov matrices you'll see are
+connected to probability ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to probability ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to probability ideas and
+probabilities are never negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are never negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are never negative
+the other property do you see the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other property do you see the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other property do you see the other
+property in there if I add down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in there if I add down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in there if I add down the
+columns what answer do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what answer do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what answer do I get
+so all columns add to one all columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all columns add to one all columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all columns add to one all columns
+add to one and actually when I Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to one and actually when I Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to one and actually when I Square
+the matrix that will be true again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that will be true again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that will be true again so
+that the powers of my matrix are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the powers of my matrix are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the powers of my matrix are all
+Markov matrices and I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices and I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices and I'm interested in
+always the eigenvalues and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the eigenvalues and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the eigenvalues and the
+eigenvectors and this question of steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and this question of steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and this question of steady
+state will come up here remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will come up here remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will come up here remember we had
+steady state for differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state for differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state for differential equations
+last time when what was the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time when what was the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time when what was the steady state
+what was the eigenvalue what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the eigenvalue what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the eigenvalue what was the
+eigenvalue in the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue in the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue in the differential equation
+case that led to a steady state it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that led to a steady state it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that led to a steady state it was
+lambda equals 0 when you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 when you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals 0 when you remember that
+we did an example and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did an example and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did an example and one of the
+eigenvalues was lambda equals 0 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues was lambda equals 0 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues was lambda equals 0 and that
+so then we had an e to the 0t a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we had an e to the 0t a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we had an e to the 0t a constant
+one as time went on there that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as time went on there that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as time went on there that thing
+stayed steady now what in the powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed steady now what in the powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed steady now what in the powers
+case it's not a zero eigenvalue actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not a zero eigenvalue actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not a zero eigenvalue actually
+with powers of a matrix a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with powers of a matrix a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with powers of a matrix a zero
+eigenvalue that part is going to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue that part is going to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue that part is going to die
+right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+it's an eigenvalue of one that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an eigenvalue of one that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an eigenvalue of one that's all
+important so this steady state will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so this steady state will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so this steady state will
+correspond will be totally connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond will be totally connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond will be totally connected
+with an eigenvalue of 1 and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eigenvalue of 1 and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an eigenvalue of 1 and its
+eigenvector in fact the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in fact the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in fact the steady state
+will be the eigenvector for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the eigenvector for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the eigenvector for that
+eigenvalue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue okay
+so that's what's coming now for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's coming now for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's coming now for some
+reason then that we that we have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason then that we that we have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason then that we that we have to see
+this matrix has an eigenvalue of 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix has an eigenvalue of 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix has an eigenvalue of 1 this
+property that the columns all add to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the columns all add to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the columns all add to one
+turns out guarantees that one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out guarantees that one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out guarantees that one is an
+eigenvalue so that you can actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so that you can actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so that you can actually find
+the eigenvalue find that eigenvalue of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue find that eigenvalue of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue find that eigenvalue of a
+markov matrix without computing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov matrix without computing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov matrix without computing any
+determinants of a minus lambda i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of a minus lambda i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of a minus lambda i
+that matrix will have an eigenvalue of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix will have an eigenvalue of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix will have an eigenvalue of 1
+and we want to see why and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to see why and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to see why and then the
+other thing is so the key points let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is so the key points let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is so the key points let me
+let me write these underneath the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write these underneath the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write these underneath the key
+points are the key points are lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are the key points are lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are the key points are lambda
+equal 1 is an eigenvalue I'll add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 is an eigenvalue I'll add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 is an eigenvalue I'll add in a
+little an additional well thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little an additional well thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little an additional well thing about
+eigenvalues key point to the other eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues key point to the other eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues key point to the other eigen
+values all other eigen values are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all other eigen values are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values all other eigen values are in
+magnitude smaller than 1 in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude smaller than 1 in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude smaller than 1 in absolute
+value is smaller than 1 well there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is smaller than 1 well there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is smaller than 1 well there could
+be some exceptional case when when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some exceptional case when when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some exceptional case when when an
+eigen another eigenvalue might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen another eigenvalue might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen another eigenvalue might have
+magnitude equal 1 it never has an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude equal 1 it never has an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude equal 1 it never has an eigen
+value larger than 1 so these two facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value larger than 1 so these two facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value larger than 1 so these two facts
+somehow we ought of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we ought of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we ought of linear algebra
+oughta tell us and then of course linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oughta tell us and then of course linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oughta tell us and then of course linear
+algebra is going to tell us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is going to tell us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is going to tell us what the
+what's what happens if I take if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what happens if I take if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what happens if I take if you
+remember when I solve when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I solve when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when I solve when I when I
+multiply by a time after time the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a time after time the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a time after time the case
+thing is a to the K U naught and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a to the K U naught and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a to the K U naught and I'm
+asking what's special about this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's special about this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what's special about this these
+powers of a and very likely the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a and very likely the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a and very likely the quiz
+will have a problem to compute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a problem to compute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a problem to compute to
+compute some powers of a or applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some powers of a or applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some powers of a or applied to
+an initial vector so you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial vector so you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial vector so you remember the
+general form the general form is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form the general form is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form the general form is that
+there's some amount of the first eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some amount of the first eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some amount of the first eigen
+value to the K power times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the K power times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the K power times the first
+eigen vector and a another amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and a another amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and a another amount of the
+second eigen value to the K power times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigen value to the K power times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigen value to the K power times
+the second eigenvector and so on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector and so on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector and so on like
+just my constants always makes me say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my constants always makes me say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my constants always makes me say at
+least once per lecture that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once per lecture that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once per lecture that this
+requires a complete set of eigen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a complete set of eigen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a complete set of eigen vectors
+otherwise we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we might not
+be able to expand you know it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to expand you know it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to expand you know it in the
+eigenvectors and we couldn't get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and we couldn't get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and we couldn't get started
+but once we're started with you not when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we're started with you not when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we're started with you not when
+K is zero then every a brings in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is zero then every a brings in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is zero then every a brings in these
+lambdas and now you can see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and now you can see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and now you can see what the
+steady-state is going to be if lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state is going to be if lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state is going to be if lambda 1
+is 1 so lambda 1 equals 1 to the K power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so lambda 1 equals 1 to the K power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so lambda 1 equals 1 to the K power
+and these other eigen values are smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other eigen values are smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these other eigen values are smaller
+than 1 so I've sort of scratched over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 so I've sort of scratched over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 so I've sort of scratched over
+the equation there too we had this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation there too we had this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation there too we had this term
+but what happens to that term if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens to that term if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens to that term if the
+land is smaller than 1 then the when as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land is smaller than 1 then the when as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land is smaller than 1 then the when as
+we take powers as we iterate as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take powers as we iterate as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take powers as we iterate as we as we
+go forward in time this goes to 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward in time this goes to 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forward in time this goes to 0 right
+can I just having scratched over it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just having scratched over it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just having scratched over it I
+might as well scratch further that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well scratch further that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well scratch further that term
+and all the other terms are going to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other terms are going to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the other terms are going to 0
+because all the other eigen values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the other eigen values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the other eigen values are
+smaller than 1 and the steady state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 and the steady state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 and the steady state that
+we're approaching is just whatever there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approaching is just whatever there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're approaching is just whatever there
+was this was this was the this is the x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was this was the this is the x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was this was the this is the x1
+part of you of the initial condition u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you of the initial condition u 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of you of the initial condition u 0
+is the steady state this much we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the steady state this much we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the steady state this much we know
+from general from you know what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from general from you know what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from general from you know what we've
+already done so I want to see why let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done so I want to see why let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done so I want to see why let's
+at least see number one why 1 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least see number one why 1 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least see number one why 1 is an
+eigen value and then there's actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value and then there's actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value and then there's actually in
+this chapter we're interested not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter we're interested not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter we're interested not only
+in eigen values but also eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eigen values but also eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eigen values but also eigenvectors
+and there's something special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something special about the
+eigenvector let me write down what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector let me write down what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector let me write down what that
+is the eigenvector x 1 x 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvector x 1 x 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the eigenvector x 1 x 1 is the
+eigenvector and all its components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and all its components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and all its components are
+positive so the steady state is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the steady state is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the steady state is positive
+if the start was if the start was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the start was if the start was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the start was if the start was so
+well actually in in general this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually in in general this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually in in general this
+might have a might have some components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a might have some components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a might have some components
+0 always but no negative components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 always but no negative components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 always but no negative components in
+that eigenvector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector okay
+can I come to that point how can I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I come to that point how can I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I come to that point how can I look
+at that matrix so that was just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that matrix so that was just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that matrix so that was just an
+example how could I be sure how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how could I be sure how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how could I be sure how can I
+see that a matrix if the columns add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a matrix if the columns add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that a matrix if the columns add to
+0 add to 1 sorry if the columns add to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 add to 1 sorry if the columns add to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 add to 1 sorry if the columns add to 1
+this property means that lambda equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property means that lambda equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property means that lambda equal 1
+is an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an eigenvalue
+okay so let's let's just think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's just think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's just think that
+through what am I saying about let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what am I saying about let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what am I saying about let me
+cut it let me look at a and if I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it let me look at a and if I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it let me look at a and if I believe
+that one is an eigenvalue then I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is an eigenvalue then I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is an eigenvalue then I should
+be able to subtract off 1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to subtract off 1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to subtract off 1 times the
+identity and then I would get a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then I would get a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and then I would get a matrix
+that's what minus 0.9 minus 0.01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what minus 0.9 minus 0.01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what minus 0.9 minus 0.01 and
+minus 0.6 why I took the ones away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.6 why I took the ones away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.6 why I took the ones away and
+the other parts of course are still what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts of course are still what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts of course are still what
+they were and this is still point 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were and this is still point 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were and this is still point 2 and
+point seven and ok what's what's up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven and ok what's what's up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven and ok what's what's up with
+this matrix now I've shifted the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix now I've shifted the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix now I've shifted the matrix
+this markov matrix by one by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this markov matrix by one by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this markov matrix by one by the
+identity and what do I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what do I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and what do I want to prove
+what is it that I believe this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that I believe this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that I believe this matrix
+about this matrix I believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix I believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this matrix I believe it's
+singular singular well if if a minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular singular well if if a minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular singular well if if a minus I
+is singular that tells me that one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular that tells me that one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is singular that tells me that one is an
+eigenvalue right the eigenvalues are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue right the eigenvalues are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue right the eigenvalues are the
+numbers that I subtract off the shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I subtract off the shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I subtract off the shifts
+the numbers that I subtract from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers that I subtract from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers that I subtract from the
+diagonal to make it singular now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to make it singular now why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal to make it singular now why is
+that matrix singular we could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix singular we could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix singular we could compute
+its determinate but but we want to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its determinate but but we want to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its determinate but but we want to see a
+reason that would work for every markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that would work for every markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that would work for every markov
+matrix not just this particular random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not just this particular random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix not just this particular random
+example so what is it about that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what is it about that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what is it about that matrix
+well I guess you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess you could look
+it's columns now what do they add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's columns now what do they add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's columns now what do they add up to
+zero the columns add to zero so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the columns add to zero so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the columns add to zero so all
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+let me put all columns now of of a - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put all columns now of of a - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put all columns now of of a - I
+add to zero and then I want to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero and then I want to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero and then I want to realize
+that this means a minus I is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why so I could have you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why so I could have you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why so I could have you know that
+could be a quiz question a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a quiz question a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a quiz question a sort of
+theoretical quiz question if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical quiz question if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical quiz question if I give you
+a matrix and I tell you all its columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and I tell you all its columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and I tell you all its columns
+add to zero give me a reason because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero give me a reason because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero give me a reason because it
+is true that the matrix is singular okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that the matrix is singular okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that the matrix is singular okay
+I guess actually you know what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess actually you know what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess actually you know what I think
+of you know I'm thinking of two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'm thinking of two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know I'm thinking of two or three
+ways to see that how would you do it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to see that how would you do it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to see that how would you do it we
+don't want to take its determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take its determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take its determinant
+somehow for the matrix to be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow for the matrix to be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow for the matrix to be singular
+well it means that these three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means that these three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means that these three columns
+are dependent right the determinant will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent right the determinant will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent right the determinant will
+be zero when those three columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero when those three columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero when those three columns are
+dependent you see we're we're at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you see we're we're at a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you see we're we're at a point
+in this course now where we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course now where we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course now where we have several
+ways to look at an idea we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to look at an idea we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to look at an idea we can take the
+determinant here we don't want to but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant here we don't want to but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant here we don't want to but we
+met singular before that those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met singular before that those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met singular before that those columns
+are dependent so how do I see that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent so how do I see that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent so how do I see that those
+columns are dependent they all add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are dependent they all add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are dependent they all add to
+zero let's see oh well oh actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's see oh well oh actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero let's see oh well oh actually what
+comment another thing I know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment another thing I know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment another thing I know is that the
+would like to be able to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to show is that
+the rows are dependent maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are dependent maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are dependent maybe that's
+easier if I know that all the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if I know that all the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier if I know that all the columns
+add to 0 that that's my information how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 0 that that's my information how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to 0 that that's my information how
+do I see that those three rows are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see that those three rows are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see that those three rows are the
+nearly dependent what what combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly dependent what what combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly dependent what what combination
+of those rows gives the zero row how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rows gives the zero row how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those rows gives the zero row how
+could I combine those three rows those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I combine those three rows those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I combine those three rows those
+three row vectors to produce the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three row vectors to produce the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three row vectors to produce the zero
+row vector and that would tell me those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector and that would tell me those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row vector and that would tell me those
+rows are dependent therefore the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are dependent therefore the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows are dependent therefore the columns
+are dependent the matrix is singular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent the matrix is singular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dependent the matrix is singular the
+determinant is zero well you see it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero well you see it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero well you see it I
+just add the rows one times that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add the rows one times that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add the rows one times that row
+plus one times that row plus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one times that row plus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one times that row plus one times
+that row it's the zero row the rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row it's the zero row the rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row it's the zero row the rows are
+dependent in a way that 1 1 1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent in a way that 1 1 1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent in a way that 1 1 1 because
+it's multiplying the rows is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiplying the rows is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's multiplying the rows is like an
+eigenvector in the it's a it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in the it's a it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in the it's a it's in the
+left null space right 1 1 1 is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left null space right 1 1 1 is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left null space right 1 1 1 is in the
+left null space it's a singular because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left null space it's a singular because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left null space it's a singular because
+the rows are dependent and can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are dependent and can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are dependent and can I just
+keep the reasoning going because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the reasoning going because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the reasoning going because this
+vector 1 1 1 is it's not in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 1 1 is it's not in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 1 1 is it's not in the null
+space of the matrix but it's in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the matrix but it's in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the matrix but it's in the null
+space of the transpose is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose is in the null
+space of the transpose and that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose and that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose and that's good
+enough if if we have a square matrix if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if if we have a square matrix if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if if we have a square matrix if
+we have a square matrix and the rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a square matrix and the rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a square matrix and the rows are
+dependent that matrix is singular so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent that matrix is singular so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent that matrix is singular so it
+turned out that the immediate guy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that the immediate guy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that the immediate guy we
+could identify was 1 1 1 of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could identify was 1 1 1 of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could identify was 1 1 1 of course the
+there will be somebody in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be somebody in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be somebody in the null space
+- and actually who will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and actually who will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and actually who will it be
+so what's so so now I want to ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's so so now I want to ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's so so now I want to ask about
+the null space of of the matrix itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of of the matrix itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of of the matrix itself
+what combination of the columns gives 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of the columns gives 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of the columns gives 0
+I don't want to compute it because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to compute it because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to compute it because I
+just made up this matrix and I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made up this matrix and I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made up this matrix and I will say
+it would take me a while it looks sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take me a while it looks sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take me a while it looks sort
+of doable because it's 3 by 3 but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doable because it's 3 by 3 but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doable because it's 3 by 3 but my
+point is what what vector is it if we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what what vector is it if we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what what vector is it if we've
+once we found it what have we got that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found it what have we got that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found it what have we got that's
+in the in the null space of a it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the null space of a it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the null space of a it's the
+eigenvector right that's where we find X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector right that's where we find X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector right that's where we find X
+1 then X 1 the eigenvector is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then X 1 the eigenvector is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then X 1 the eigenvector is in the
+null space of a that's the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a that's the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a that's the eigenvector
+corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 right
+that's how we find eigenvectors so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we find eigenvectors so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we find eigenvectors so those
+3 columns must be dependent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 columns must be dependent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 columns must be dependent some
+combination of columns of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of columns of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of columns of those three
+columns is the 0 column and that the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is the 0 column and that the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is the 0 column and that the 3
+components in that combination are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in that combination are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in that combination are the
+eigenvector and that guy is the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and that guy is the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and that guy is the steady
+state ok so I'm happy about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state ok so I'm happy about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state ok so I'm happy about the the
+thinking here but I haven't given I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here but I haven't given I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here but I haven't given I
+haven't completed it because I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completed it because I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completed it because I haven't
+found x1 but it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found x1 but it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found x1 but it's there
+can I another thought came to me as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I another thought came to me as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I another thought came to me as I
+was doing this another little comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing this another little comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing this another little comment
+that you about eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you about eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you about eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors because of a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors because of a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors because of a and a
+transpose what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what can you tell me about
+eigenvalues of a of a and eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a of a and eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a of a and eigenvalues of
+a transpose whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're the same this so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same this so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same this so this is a
+little comment we've it's it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comment we've it's it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little comment we've it's it's useful
+since eigenvalues are generally not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since eigenvalues are generally not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since eigenvalues are generally not easy
+to find it's always useful to know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it's always useful to know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it's always useful to know some
+cases where you've got them where and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you've got them where and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you've got them where and
+and this is if you know the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you know the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you know the eigenvalues
+of a then you know the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a then you know the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a then you know the eigenvalues of a
+transpose a inverse of a transpose are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a inverse of a transpose are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a inverse of a transpose are
+the same and can I just like review why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and can I just like review why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and can I just like review why
+that is so to find the eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so to find the eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is so to find the eigenvalues of a
+this would be determinant of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be determinant of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be determinant of a minus
+lambda I equals 0 that gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I equals 0 that gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I equals 0 that gives me an
+eigenvalue of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how can I get a transpose into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can I get a transpose into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can I get a transpose into the
+picture here I'll use the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I'll use the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here I'll use the fact that the
+determinant of a matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix and the
+determinant of its transpose are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of its transpose are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of its transpose are the
+same the determinant of a matrix equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the determinant of a matrix equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the determinant of a matrix equals
+the determinant of H of the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of H of the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of H of the transpose
+that was property 10 the very last guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was property 10 the very last guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was property 10 the very last guy
+in our determinant list so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our determinant list so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our determinant list so I'll
+transpose that matrix this leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that matrix this leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that matrix this leads to this
+I just take the matrix and transpose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take the matrix and transpose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take the matrix and transpose it
+but now what do I get when I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what do I get when I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what do I get when I transpose
+lambda I I just get lambda I so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I I just get lambda I so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I I just get lambda I so that's
+that's all there was to the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there was to the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there was to the reasoning
+the reasoning is that the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasoning is that the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasoning is that the eigenvalues of
+a solves that equation the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solves that equation the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solves that equation the determinant
+of a matrix is the determinant of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix is the determinant of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix is the determinant of its
+transpose so that gives me this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that gives me this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that gives me this equation
+and that tells me that the same lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me that the same lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me that the same lambdas
+are eigenvalues of a transpose so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eigenvalues of a transpose so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eigenvalues of a transpose so that
+backing up to the Markov case 1 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up to the Markov case 1 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up to the Markov case 1 is an
+eigenvalue of a transpose and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of a transpose and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of a transpose and we
+actually found its eigenvector 1 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found its eigenvector 1 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found its eigenvector 1 1 1 and
+that tells us that 1 is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that 1 is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that 1 is also an
+eigenvalue of a but of course it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of a but of course it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue of a but of course it has a
+different eigenvector that the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigenvector that the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigenvector that the left
+null-space isn't the same as the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null-space isn't the same as the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null-space isn't the same as the null
+space and we would have to find it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we would have to find it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we would have to find it so
+there's some vector here which is x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some vector here which is x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some vector here which is x1
+that produces 0 0 0 actually it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces 0 0 0 actually it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces 0 0 0 actually it wouldn't
+be that hard to find you know as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that hard to find you know as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that hard to find you know as I'm
+talking I'm thinking ok am I gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm thinking ok am I gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking I'm thinking ok am I gonna
+follow through and actually find it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through and actually find it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through and actually find it well
+I can tell from this one look if I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell from this one look if I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell from this one look if I put a
+point 6 there and a point 7 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 6 there and a point 7 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 6 there and a point 7 there
+that's what then I'll be ok in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what then I'll be ok in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what then I'll be ok in the last
+row right now I only remains to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right now I only remains to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row right now I only remains to find one
+guy and let me take the first row then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and let me take the first row then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and let me take the first row then
+minus point 54 plus point 21 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus point 54 plus point 21 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus point 54 plus point 21 there's
+some big number going in there right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big number going in there right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big number going in there right so
+I have just to make the first row come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have just to make the first row come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have just to make the first row come
+out 0 I'm getting minus point 54 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 0 I'm getting minus point 54 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out 0 I'm getting minus point 54 plus
+point twenty one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point twenty one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point twenty one
+so that was - point 33 and what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was - point 33 and what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was - point 33 and what what do
+I want like 3,300 this is the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want like 3,300 this is the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want like 3,300 this is the first time
+in the history of linear algebra that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of linear algebra that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of linear algebra that an
+eigenvector has ever had a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector has ever had a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector has ever had a component
+3300 but I guess it's true because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3300 but I guess it's true because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3300 but I guess it's true because then
+I multiply by minus 1 over 100 oh no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by minus 1 over 100 oh no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by minus 1 over 100 oh no it
+was point 33 so is this just so shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point 33 so is this just so shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was point 33 so is this just so shoot
+only 33 okay only 33 okay so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 33 okay only 33 okay so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 33 okay only 33 okay so there's the
+eigenvector oh and notice that it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector oh and notice that it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector oh and notice that it's that
+it turned did turn out at least to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned did turn out at least to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned did turn out at least to be
+all positive so that was like the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive so that was like the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all positive so that was like the theory
+predicts that part two I won't give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that part two I won't give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts that part two I won't give the
+proof of that part so 30 thirty three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of that part so 30 thirty three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of that part so 30 thirty three
+point six thirty three point seven okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six thirty three point seven okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point six thirty three point seven okay
+now those are the mate that's the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those are the mate that's the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those are the mate that's the linear
+algebra part can I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra part can I get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra part can I get to the
+applications where do these markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where do these markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where do these markov
+matrices come from because that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices come from because that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices come from because that's that's
+part of this course and absolutely part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course and absolutely part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this course and absolutely part
+of this lecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this lecture okay
+so worse where it's an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worse where it's an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worse where it's an application of
+Markov matrices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Markov matrices so my equation then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices so my equation then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices so my equation then that
+I'm solving and studying is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving and studying is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving and studying is this
+equation you k plus 1 equals a UK and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you k plus 1 equals a UK and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you k plus 1 equals a UK and
+now a is a Markov matrix a is Markov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give an example
+can I just create an example it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just create an example it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just create an example it'll be
+2x2 and it's one I've used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 and it's one I've used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 and it's one I've used before
+because it seems to me to bring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to me to bring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to me to bring out the
+idea it's because we have two by two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's because we have two by two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's because we have two by two we
+have two states let's say California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states let's say California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two states let's say California and
+Massachusetts and I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and I'm looking at the
+populations in those two states the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in those two states the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in those two states the
+people in those two states California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in those two states California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in those two states California
+and Massachusetts and my matrix a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Massachusetts and my matrix a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Massachusetts and my matrix a is
+going to tell me in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me in it
+in a year some movement has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year some movement has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a year some movement has happened
+some people stayed in Massachusetts some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people stayed in Massachusetts some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people stayed in Massachusetts some
+people moved to California some smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moved to California some smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moved to California some smart
+people moved from California to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moved from California to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people moved from California to
+Massachusetts some people stayed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts some people stayed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts some people stayed in
+California and made a billion okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and made a billion okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and made a billion okay so
+that there's a matrix there with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a matrix there with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a matrix there with four
+entries and those tell me is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and those tell me is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and those tell me is the
+fractions of my population I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of my population I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions of my population I'm making
+I'm gonna use fractions so they won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use fractions so they won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use fractions so they won't be
+negative of course because because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of course because because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of course because because the
+only positive people are involved here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive people are involved here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only positive people are involved here
+and they'll add up to one because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll add up to one because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll add up to one because I'm
+accounting for all people so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for all people so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for all people so that's why
+I have these two key properties the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these two key properties the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these two key properties the
+entries are greater or equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are greater or equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are greater or equal zero
+because I'm looking at probabilities do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm looking at probabilities do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm looking at probabilities do
+they move do they stay those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move do they stay those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move do they stay those
+probabilities are all between 0 & 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are all between 0 & 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are all between 0 & 1 and
+the probabilities add to 1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities add to 1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities add to 1 because
+everybody's accounted for I'm not losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's accounted for I'm not losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's accounted for I'm not losing
+anybody gaining anybody in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gaining anybody in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gaining anybody in this in this
+Markov chain it's it it it conserves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain it's it it it conserves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain it's it it it conserves the
+total population okay so what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total population okay so what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total population okay so what would it
+be a typical matrix then so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a typical matrix then so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a typical matrix then so this would
+be you California and you Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you California and you Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you California and you Massachusetts
+at time T equal K plus 1 and it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T equal K plus 1 and it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T equal K plus 1 and it's some
+matrix which we'll think of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which we'll think of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which we'll think of times you
+California and you Massachusetts at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you Massachusetts at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and you Massachusetts at time
+K and notice this matrix is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and notice this matrix is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and notice this matrix is going to
+stay the same you know forever so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same you know forever so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same you know forever so that's
+a severe limitation on the example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a severe limitation on the example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a severe limitation on the example the
+example has the same Markov matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has the same Markov matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has the same Markov matrix the
+same probabilities act at every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities act at every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities act at every time
+okay so what's a reasonable say say 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a reasonable say say 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a reasonable say say 0.9
+of the people in California at time k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people in California at time k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people in California at time k
+stay there and point one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there and point one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there and point one of the people
+in California moved to Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California moved to Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California moved to Massachusetts
+notice why that column added to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice why that column added to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice why that column added to one
+because we've now account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've now account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've now account
+for all the people in California at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the people in California at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the people in California at time
+K 9/10 of them are still in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 9/10 of them are still in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 9/10 of them are still in California
+1/10 are are here at time K plus-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10 are are here at time K plus-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10 are are here at time K plus-1
+okay what about the people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the people who are in
+Massachusetts this is going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts this is going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts this is going to multiply
+column two right by our fundamental rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two right by our fundamental rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two right by our fundamental rule
+of multiplying matrix by vector it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplying matrix by vector it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiplying matrix by vector it's the
+it's the total the population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the total the population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the total the population in
+Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts
+shall we say that that after the Red Sox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we say that that after the Red Sox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall we say that that after the Red Sox
+fail again eight only eighty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail again eight only eighty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail again eight only eighty percent of
+the people in Massachusetts stay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in Massachusetts stay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people in Massachusetts stay and
+twenty percent move to California okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent move to California okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent move to California okay
+so again this adds to one which accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this adds to one which accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this adds to one which accounts
+for all people in Massachusetts where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people in Massachusetts where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people in Massachusetts where
+they are so there is a Markov matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so there is a Markov matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so there is a Markov matrix
+non-negative entries adding to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative entries adding to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative entries adding to one
+what's the steady-state if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the steady-state if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the steady-state if everybody
+started in Massachusetts say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Massachusetts say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Massachusetts say it
+you know when the pilgrims showed up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the pilgrims showed up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when the pilgrims showed up or
+something then why are where are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then why are where are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then why are where are they
+now where are they at time a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where are they at time a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where are they at time a hundred
+let's say or maybe I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say or maybe I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say or maybe I don't know how many
+years since the pilgrims three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since the pilgrims three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since the pilgrims three hundred
+and something or and actually where will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something or and actually where will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something or and actually where will
+they be like way out a million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be like way out a million years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be like way out a million years
+from now I could multiply to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now I could multiply to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now I could multiply to take the
+powers of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this matrix
+in fact you you would ought to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you you would ought to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you you would ought to be able
+to figure out what is the hundreds power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what is the hundreds power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what is the hundreds power
+of that matrix wait why don't we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix wait why don't we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix wait why don't we do that
+but let me follow the steady state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me follow the steady state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me follow the steady state so
+what's my starting my starting you Cal U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my starting my starting you Cal U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my starting my starting you Cal U
+mass at time zero is shall we say shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at time zero is shall we say shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at time zero is shall we say shall
+we put anybody in California let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put anybody in California let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put anybody in California let's make
+this make zero there and say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make zero there and say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make zero there and say the
+population of Massachusetts is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Massachusetts is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Massachusetts is let's say
+a thousand Justin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the population is that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the population is that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the population is that so the
+populations are zero and a thousand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are zero and a thousand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are zero and a thousand at
+the start what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start what can you tell me about
+this population after after K steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population after after K steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population after after K steps
+what will you Cal Plus UMass add to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you Cal Plus UMass add to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you Cal Plus UMass add to a
+thousand those thousand people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand those thousand people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand those thousand people are
+always accounted for but so UMass will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always accounted for but so UMass will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always accounted for but so UMass will
+start dropping from a thousand you Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dropping from a thousand you Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dropping from a thousand you Cal
+will start growing actually we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start growing actually we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start growing actually we could see
+why don't we figure out what it is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we figure out what it is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we figure out what it is after
+one after one time step what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after one time step what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after one time step what what are
+the populations at time one so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations at time one so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations at time one so what
+happens in one step you multiply once by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one step you multiply once by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in one step you multiply once by
+that matrix and let's see zero times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix and let's see zero times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix and let's see zero times
+this column so it's just a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column so it's just a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column so it's just a thousand
+times this column so I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this column so I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this column so I think we're
+getting two hundred and eight hundred so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two hundred and eight hundred so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting two hundred and eight hundred so
+after the first step two hundred people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first step two hundred people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first step two hundred people
+have are in California now at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are in California now at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are in California now at the
+following step I'll multiply again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following step I'll multiply again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following step I'll multiply again by
+this matrix more people will move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix more people will move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix more people will move to
+some to California some people will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to California some people will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to California some people will move
+back twenty people will come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the net result will be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result will be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result will be that the
+California population will be above two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California population will be above two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California population will be above two
+hundred and the Massachusetts below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and the Massachusetts below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and the Massachusetts below
+eight hundred and they'll still add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hundred and they'll still add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight hundred and they'll still add up
+to a thousand okay I do that a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thousand okay I do that a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thousand okay I do that a few times
+I do that a hundred times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that a hundred times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that a hundred times
+what's the population well okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the population well okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the population well okay to
+answer any question like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer any question like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer any question like that
+I need the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
+right as soon as I've I've created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as soon as I've I've created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as soon as I've I've created an
+example but as soon as I want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but as soon as I want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but as soon as I want to solve
+anything I have to find eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I have to find eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I have to find eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors of that matrix okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of that matrix okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors of that matrix okay so
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+so there's the matrix point nine point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the matrix point nine point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the matrix point nine point
+two point one point eight and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one point eight and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one point eight and tell me
+its eigenvalues lambda equals so tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvalues lambda equals so tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvalues lambda equals so tell me
+one eigenvalue what Thanks and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eigenvalue what Thanks and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eigenvalue what Thanks and tell me
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the other eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other eigenvalue
+from the trace or the determinant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trace or the determinant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the trace or the determinant from
+the trite the trace is what is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trite the trace is what is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trite the trace is what is like
+easier so the trace of that matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so the trace of that matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so the trace of that matrix is
+one point seven so the other eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point seven so the other eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point seven so the other eigenvalue
+is 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.7
+and it noticed that it's less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it noticed that it's less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it noticed that it's less than one
+and notice that that determinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that that determinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that that determinate is
+point 72 minus 0.02 which is 0.7 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 72 minus 0.02 which is 0.7 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 72 minus 0.02 which is 0.7 right
+okay now to find the eigenvectors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now to find the eigenvectors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now to find the eigenvectors this
+is so that's lambda 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's lambda 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's lambda 1 and the
+eigenvector I'll subtract 1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector I'll subtract 1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector I'll subtract 1 from the
+diagonal right so can I do that in light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal right so can I do that in light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal right so can I do that in light
+let in light here subtract 1 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let in light here subtract 1 from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let in light here subtract 1 from the
+diagonal have minus 0.1 and minus 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal have minus 0.1 and minus 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal have minus 0.1 and minus 0.2
+and of course these are still there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these are still there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these are still there and
+I'm looking for its here's here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for its here's here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for its here's here's this
+is going to be x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be x1
+it's the null space of a minus I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the null space of a minus I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the null space of a minus I okay
+everybody sees that it's 2 & 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that it's 2 & 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that it's 2 & 1 okay
+and now how about so the end it notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how about so the end it notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now how about so the end it notice
+that that eigenvector is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eigenvector is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eigenvector is positive and
+actually we can jump to infinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we can jump to infinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we can jump to infinity right
+now what's the population at infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the population at infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the population at infinity
+it's a multiple this is this eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiple this is this eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiple this is this eigenvector
+is giving the steady state it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving the steady state it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is giving the steady state it's it's
+some multiple of this and how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this and how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiple of this and how is that
+multiple decided by adding up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple decided by adding up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple decided by adding up to a
+thousand people so the steady state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people so the steady state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people so the steady state the
+c1 x1 this is the x1 but that adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 x1 this is the x1 but that adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c1 x1 this is the x1 but that adds up to
+3 so I really want to it's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I really want to it's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so I really want to it's it's going to
+be two thirds of a thousand and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two thirds of a thousand and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two thirds of a thousand and one
+third of a thousand making a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a thousand making a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of a thousand making a total of
+the thousand people that'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand people that'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand people that'll be the
+steady state that's really all I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state that's really all I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state that's really all I need to
+know at infinity but if I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at infinity but if I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at infinity but if I want to know
+what's happened after just a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened after just a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened after just a finite
+number like a hundred steps I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like a hundred steps I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like a hundred steps I better
+find this eigenvector so can I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this eigenvector so can I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this eigenvector so can I can I
+look at I'll subtract point seven time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I'll subtract point seven time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I'll subtract point seven time
+from the diagonal and I'll get that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diagonal and I'll get that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diagonal and I'll get that and
+I'll look at the null space of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at the null space of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at the null space of that one
+and this is gonna give me X - now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gonna give me X - now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gonna give me X - now and
+what is it so what's in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it so what's in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it so what's in the null space
+of that certainty singular so I know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that certainty singular so I know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that certainty singular so I know my
+calculation is right and 1 and minus 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is right and 1 and minus 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is right and 1 and minus 1 1
+and minus 1 so I'm prepared now to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 so I'm prepared now to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1 so I'm prepared now to write
+down the solution after a hundred time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the solution after a hundred time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the solution after a hundred time
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+the populations after 100 time steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations after 100 time steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations after 100 time steps
+right can can we remember the 0.1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can we remember the 0.1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can can we remember the 0.1 the
+the one with this to one eigenvector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with this to one eigenvector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with this to one eigenvector and
+the 0.7 with the minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.7 with the minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.7 with the minus one one
+eigenvector so let me I'll just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so let me I'll just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector so let me I'll just write it
+above here you after K steps is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here you after K steps is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here you after K steps is some
+multiple of 1 to the K times the to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 to the K times the to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 to the K times the to one
+eigenvector and some multiple of 0.7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and some multiple of 0.7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and some multiple of 0.7 to
+the K times the minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K times the minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K times the minus one one
+eigenvector right that's why this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector right that's why this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector right that's why this is how
+I take how powers of a matrix work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take how powers of a matrix work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take how powers of a matrix work when
+I apply those powers to a you not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply those powers to a you not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply those powers to a you not what
+so it's u naught which was zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's u naught which was zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's u naught which was zero a
+thousand that has to be correct at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand that has to be correct at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand that has to be correct at K
+equals zero so I'm plugging in K equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so I'm plugging in K equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so I'm plugging in K equals
+zero and I get c1 times to 1 and C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I get c1 times to 1 and C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I get c1 times to 1 and C 2
+times minus 1 1 2 equations 2 constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 1 1 2 equations 2 constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 1 1 2 equations 2 constants
+certainly independent eigenvectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly independent eigenvectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly independent eigenvectors so
+there's a solution and you see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution and you see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution and you see what it
+is let's see I guess we already figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see I guess we already figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see I guess we already figured
+that c1 was a thousand over three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c1 was a thousand over three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c1 was a thousand over three I
+think did we think that had to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think did we think that had to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think did we think that had to be a
+thousand over three and maybe c2 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand over three and maybe c2 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand over three and maybe c2 would
+be excuse me get an eraser we could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excuse me get an eraser we could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excuse me get an eraser we could I
+just I think we'd get it here c2 we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think we'd get it here c2 we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I think we'd get it here c2 we want
+to get a 0 here so maybe we need plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a 0 here so maybe we need plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a 0 here so maybe we need plus
+2000 over three I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 over three I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 over three I think that
+has to work two times a thousand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to work two times a thousand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to work two times a thousand over
+three minus two thousand over three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minus two thousand over three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minus two thousand over three that
+will give us the zero and the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the zero and the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us the zero and the thousand
+over three and the two thousand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and the two thousand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and the two thousand over
+three will give us three thousand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will give us three thousand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will give us three thousand over
+three the thousand so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the thousand so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the thousand so this is what we
+approach this part with a point seven to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this part with a point seven to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this part with a point seven to
+the K power is the part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K power is the part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K power is the part that's
+disappearing okay that's that's Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing okay that's that's Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing okay that's that's Markov
+matrices that's an example of where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's an example of where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's an example of where they
+come from from from modeling movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from from from modeling movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from from from modeling movement of
+people with no gain or loss with total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with no gain or loss with total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with no gain or loss with total
+total count conserved okay I just if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total count conserved okay I just if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total count conserved okay I just if I
+can add one more comment because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add one more comment because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add one more comment because you'll
+see Markov matrices in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Markov matrices in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Markov matrices in electrical
+engineering courses and often you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering courses and often you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering courses and often you'll see
+them so here's my little comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so here's my little comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so here's my little comment
+sometimes in a lot of applications they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in a lot of applications they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in a lot of applications they
+prefer to work with row vectors so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to work with row vectors so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to work with row vectors so they
+instead of this was natural for us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this was natural for us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this was natural for us right
+for all the eigen vectors to be column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the eigen vectors to be column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the eigen vectors to be column
+vectors so our columns added to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so our columns added to one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so our columns added to one in
+the markov matrix just so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markov matrix just so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the markov matrix just so you don't
+think well what what what's going on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well what what what's going on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well what what what's going on if
+we work with row vectors and we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with row vectors and we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with row vectors and we multiply
+vector times matrix so we're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times matrix so we're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times matrix so we're multiplying
+from the left then it'll be that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left then it'll be that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left then it'll be that then
+we'll be using the transpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the transpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using the transpose of this
+matrix and it'll be the rows that add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it'll be the rows that add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and it'll be the rows that add to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so in other textbooks you'll see instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other textbooks you'll see instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other textbooks you'll see instead
+of calling columns adding to one you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling columns adding to one you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling columns adding to one you'll
+see rows add to one okay fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rows add to one okay fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rows add to one okay fine okay
+that's what I wanted to say about Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted to say about Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I wanted to say about Markov
+now I want to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to say something about
+projections and even leading in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and even leading in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and even leading in a little
+into Fourier series because but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Fourier series because but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Fourier series because but before
+any Fourier stuff let me make a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Fourier stuff let me make a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Fourier stuff let me make a comment
+about projections this so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projections this so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about projections this so this is a
+comment about projections onto with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about projections onto with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about projections onto with
+and orthonormal basis so of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orthonormal basis so of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orthonormal basis so of course the
+the basis vectors are q1 up to QN okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors are q1 up to QN okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors are q1 up to QN okay I
+have a vector B let me imagine let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector B let me imagine let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector B let me imagine let me
+imagine this is a basis let's say I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a basis let's say I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a basis let's say I'm an
+n-by-n I've got n orthonormal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-by-n I've got n orthonormal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-by-n I've got n orthonormal vectors
+I'm in n-dimensional space so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in n-dimensional space so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in n-dimensional space so they're
+complete there a basis any vector V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete there a basis any vector V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete there a basis any vector V
+could be expanded in this basis so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expanded in this basis so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expanded in this basis so any
+vector V is some combination some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V is some combination some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V is some combination some amount
+of q1 plus some amount of q2 plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 plus some amount of q2 plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 plus some amount of q2 plus some
+amount of QN so so any V I just want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of QN so so any V I just want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of QN so so any V I just want you
+to tell me what those amounts are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what those amounts are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what those amounts are what
+are x1 what's x1 for example so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x1 what's x1 for example so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are x1 what's x1 for example so I'm
+looking for the expansion this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the expansion this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the expansion this is really
+a projection I could I could really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection I could I could really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projection I could I could really use
+the word expansion I'm expanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word expansion I'm expanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word expansion I'm expanding the
+vector in the basis and the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the basis and the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the basis and the special
+thing about the basis is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the basis is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the basis is that it's
+orthonormal so that should give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal so that should give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal so that should give me a
+special formula for the answer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special formula for the answer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special formula for the answer for the
+coefficients so how do I get x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so how do I get x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so how do I get x1
+what's a formula for x1 I could I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a formula for x1 I could I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a formula for x1 I could I can go
+through the projection the Q transpose Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the projection the Q transpose Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the projection the Q transpose Q
+all that normal equations but and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that normal equations but and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that normal equations but and I'll
+get I'll come out with this nice answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'll come out with this nice answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'll come out with this nice answer
+that I think I can see right away how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I can see right away how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I can see right away how
+can I pick get a hold of x1 and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I pick get a hold of x1 and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I pick get a hold of x1 and get
+these other X's out of the equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other X's out of the equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other X's out of the equation so
+how can I get a nice simple formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I get a nice simple formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I get a nice simple formula for
+x1 and and then we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 and and then we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 and and then we want to see
+sure we knew that all the time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we knew that all the time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we knew that all the time okay so
+what's x1 the good way is take the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's x1 the good way is take the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's x1 the good way is take the inner
+product of everything with q1 take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything with q1 take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything with q1 take the
+inner product of that whole equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of that whole equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of that whole equation
+every term with q1 what will happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every term with q1 what will happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every term with q1 what will happen to
+that last term the inner product when if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last term the inner product when if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last term the inner product when if
+I take the dot product with q1 I get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the dot product with q1 I get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the dot product with q1 I get 0
+right because this basis was orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this basis was orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this basis was orthonormal
+if I take the dot product with q2 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the dot product with q2 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the dot product with q2 I get
+0 if I take the dot product with q1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if I take the dot product with q1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if I take the dot product with q1 I
+get one so that tells me what x1 is Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so that tells me what x1 is Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so that tells me what x1 is Q 1
+transpose V that's taking the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V that's taking the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V that's taking the dot
+product is X 1 times Q 1 transpose Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is X 1 times Q 1 transpose Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is X 1 times Q 1 transpose Q 1
+plus a bunch of zeros and this is a 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of zeros and this is a 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a bunch of zeros and this is a 1 so
+I can forget that I get X 1 immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can forget that I get X 1 immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can forget that I get X 1 immediately
+so so do you see what I'm saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so do you see what I'm saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so do you see what I'm saying is that
+if I have an orthonormal basis then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an orthonormal basis then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an orthonormal basis then the
+coefficient that I need for each basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that I need for each basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that I need for each basis
+vector is a cinch to find let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is a cinch to find let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is a cinch to find let me let me
+just like I have to put this in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I have to put this in a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I have to put this in a matrix
+language to so you see it there also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to so you see it there also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to so you see it there also if
+I write that first equation in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that first equation in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that first equation in matrix
+language what am what is it I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what am what is it I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what am what is it I'm writing
+in matrix language this equation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language this equation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language this equation says
+I'm taking these columns are you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking these columns are you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking these columns are you guys
+good at this now I'm taking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this now I'm taking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this now I'm taking those
+columns times the X's and getting V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times the X's and getting V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns times the X's and getting V
+right that's the matrix form okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the matrix form okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the matrix form okay that's
+the matrix Q Q X is V what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix Q Q X is V what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix Q Q X is V what's the
+solution to that equation it's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that equation it's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that equation it's of course
+it's X equal Q inverse V so X is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X equal Q inverse V so X is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's X equal Q inverse V so X is Q
+inverse V but what's the point Q inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse V but what's the point Q inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse V but what's the point Q inverse
+in this case is as simple I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is as simple I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is as simple I don't have
+to work to invert this matrix Q because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to invert this matrix Q because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to invert this matrix Q because
+of the fact that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that the the
+columns are orthonormal I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are orthonormal I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are orthonormal I know the
+inverse to that and it is Q transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you see a Q a square matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a Q a square matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a Q a square matrix with
+that letter Q that just triggers Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that letter Q that just triggers Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that letter Q that just triggers Q
+inverse is the same as Q transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is the same as Q transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is the same as Q transpose so
+the first component then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component then the first
+component of X is the first row times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of X is the first row times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of X is the first row times V
+and what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that
+the first component of this answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of this answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of this answer is
+the first row of Q transpose that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row of Q transpose that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row of Q transpose that's just
+that's just Q 1 transpose times V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just Q 1 transpose times V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just Q 1 transpose times V so
+that's what we concluded here - ok so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we concluded here - ok so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we concluded here - ok so so
+nothing Fourier here the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing Fourier here the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing Fourier here the the key
+ingredient here was that the Q's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient here was that the Q's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient here was that the Q's are
+orthonormal and now that's what Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and now that's what Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal and now that's what Fourier
+series are built on so now in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are built on so now in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are built on so now in in the
+remaining time let me say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time let me say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time let me say something
+about Fourier series okay so Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fourier series okay so Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fourier series okay so Fourier
+series is well we've got functions we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is well we've got functions we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is well we've got functions we've
+got a function f of X and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a function f of X and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a function f of X and we want to
+write it as a combination of maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a combination of maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a combination of maybe it
+has a constant term and then it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant term and then it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant term and then it has some
+cosine X in it and it has some sine X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X in it and it has some sine X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X in it and it has some sine X in
+it and it has some cosine 2x in it anise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it has some cosine 2x in it anise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it has some cosine 2x in it anise
+and some sine 2x and forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's the difference between
+this type problem and the one above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type problem and the one above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type problem and the one above it
+this one's infinite but the key property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's infinite but the key property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's infinite but the key property
+of things being orthogonal is still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things being orthogonal is still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things being orthogonal is still true
+for sines and cosines so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sines and cosines so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sines and cosines so it's the
+property that makes Fourier series work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes Fourier series work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes Fourier series work
+so that's called a fourier series better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called a fourier series better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called a fourier series better
+write his name up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write his name up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write his name up
+Fourier series so it was Joseph Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series so it was Joseph Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series so it was Joseph Fourier
+who realized that hey I could work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who realized that hey I could work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who realized that hey I could work in
+function space instead of a vector V I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space instead of a vector V I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space instead of a vector V I
+could have a function f of X instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a function f of X instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a function f of X instead of
+orthogonal vectors q1 q2 q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors q1 q2 q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal vectors q1 q2 q3
+I could have orthogonal functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have orthogonal functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have orthogonal functions the
+constant the cosine X the sine X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the cosine X the sine X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the cosine X the sine X the
+coast 2x but infinitely many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast 2x but infinitely many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast 2x but infinitely many of them
+I need infinitely many because my space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need infinitely many because my space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need infinitely many because my space
+is infinite dimensional so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite dimensional so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite dimensional so this is like
+the moment in which we leave finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment in which we leave finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment in which we leave finite
+dimensional vector spaces and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector spaces and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector spaces and go to
+infinite dimensional vector spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional vector spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite dimensional vector spaces and
+our basis so the vectors are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basis so the vectors are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our basis so the vectors are now
+functions and of course there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and of course there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and of course there are so
+many functions that it's that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many functions that it's that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many functions that it's that we've got
+an infinite infinite dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite infinite dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite infinite dimensional space
+and the basis vectors are functions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basis vectors are functions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basis vectors are functions to a
+naught the constant function 1 so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the constant function 1 so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught the constant function 1 so my
+basis is 1 cos x sine x cos 2 X sine 2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is 1 cos x sine x cos 2 X sine 2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is 1 cos x sine x cos 2 X sine 2 X
+and so on and the reason for a series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the reason for a series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and the reason for a series is
+a success is that those are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success is that those are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a success is that those are orthogonal
+ok now what do I mean by orthogonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now what do I mean by orthogonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now what do I mean by orthogonal I
+know what it means for two vectors to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it means for two vectors to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it means for two vectors to be
+orthogonal Y transpose x equals 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Y transpose x equals 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Y transpose x equals 0 right
+dot product equals 0 but what's the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product equals 0 but what's the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product equals 0 but what's the dot
+product of functions I'm claiming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of functions I'm claiming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of functions I'm claiming that
+whatever it is the dot product or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is the dot product or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is the dot product or we
+would more likely use the word inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more likely use the word inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more likely use the word inner
+product of say cos x with sine X is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of say cos x with sine X is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of say cos x with sine X is 0
+and cos x with cos 2x also 0 so I let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cos x with cos 2x also 0 so I let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cos x with cos 2x also 0 so I let me
+tell you what I mean by that by that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I mean by that by that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I mean by that by that dot
+product well how do i compute a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product well how do i compute a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product well how do i compute a dot
+product so let's just remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so let's just remember for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so let's just remember for
+vectors VTrans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors VTrans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors VTrans
+be transposed W for vectors so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transposed W for vectors so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transposed W for vectors so this was
+vectors V transpose W was V 1 W 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors V transpose W was V 1 W 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors V transpose W was V 1 W 1
+plus VN WN okay now functions now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VN WN okay now functions now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VN WN okay now functions now I have
+two functions let's call them F and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's with them now the vectors had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with them now the vectors had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's with them now the vectors had n
+components but the functions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but the functions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but the functions have a
+whole like continuum to graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like continuum to graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole like continuum to graph the
+function I just don't have endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I just don't have endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I just don't have endpoints
+I've got this whole graph so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this whole graph so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this whole graph so I have
+functions I'm really trying to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm really trying to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm really trying to ask you
+what's the inner product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inner product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the inner product of this
+function f with another function G and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f with another function G and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f with another function G and I
+want to make it parallel to this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it parallel to this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it parallel to this the
+best I can so the best parallel is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can so the best parallel is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can so the best parallel is to
+multiply f of X times G of X at every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply f of X times G of X at every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply f of X times G of X at every X
+and here I just had n multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I just had n multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I just had n multiplications
+but here I'm going to have it a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'm going to have it a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'm going to have it a whole
+range of X's and here I added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of X's and here I added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of X's and here I added the
+results what do I do here so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results what do I do here so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results what do I do here so what's the
+analog of addition when you have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of addition when you have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of addition when you have when
+you're in a continuum it's integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a continuum it's integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a continuum it's integration
+so that the the dot product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the the dot product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the the dot product of two
+functions will be the integral of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will be the integral of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will be the integral of those
+functions DX now I have to say say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions DX now I have to say say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions DX now I have to say say well
+what are the limits of integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the limits of integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the limits of integration and
+for this Fourier series this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Fourier series this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Fourier series this function f
+of X if I'm going to have if that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X if I'm going to have if that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X if I'm going to have if that right
+hand side is going to be f of X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is going to be f of X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is going to be f of X that
+function that I'm seeing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I'm seeing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I'm seeing on the right
+all those sines and cosines they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sines and cosines they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sines and cosines they're all
+periodic with with it with period 2pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with with it with period 2pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic with with it with period 2pi so
+so that's what f of X had better be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what f of X had better be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what f of X had better be so
+I'll integrate from 0 to 2pi my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate from 0 to 2pi my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll integrate from 0 to 2pi my
+everything is is on the interval 0 to PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is on the interval 0 to PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is on the interval 0 to PI
+now because if I'm going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because if I'm going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because if I'm going to use these
+sines and cosines then f of X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines then f of X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines then f of X is equal
+to f of X plus 2 pi this is Perry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of X plus 2 pi this is Perry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of X plus 2 pi this is Perry
+ah take periodic functions okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah take periodic functions okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah take periodic functions okay so now I
+know what I've got all the right words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I've got all the right words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I've got all the right words
+now I've got a vector space but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got a vector space but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got a vector space but the
+vectors are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are functions
+I've got inner products and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got inner products and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got inner products and and the
+inner product gives a number all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product gives a number all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product gives a number all right
+it just happens to be an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to be an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to be an integral
+instead of a sum I've got then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a sum I've got then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a sum I've got then I have
+the idea of orthogonality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of orthogonality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of orthogonality because
+actually just let's just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just let's just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just let's just check
+orthogonality if I take the integral let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality if I take the integral let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality if I take the integral let
+me do sine x times cos x sine x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do sine x times cos x sine x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do sine x times cos x sine x times
+cos x DX from 0 to 2pi I think we get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x DX from 0 to 2pi I think we get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x DX from 0 to 2pi I think we get 0
+that's the differential of that so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the differential of that so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the differential of that so it
+would be 1/2 sine x squared what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1/2 sine x squared what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 1/2 sine x squared what's that
+right between 0 and 2pi and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between 0 and 2pi and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right between 0 and 2pi and of course we
+get 0 and the same would be true with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 and the same would be true with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 and the same would be true with a
+little more some trig identities to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more some trig identities to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more some trig identities to help
+us out of every other pair so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out of every other pair so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us out of every other pair so we have
+now an orthonormal infinite basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an orthonormal infinite basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an orthonormal infinite basis for
+function space and all we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space and all we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space and all we want to do is
+Express a function in that basis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express a function in that basis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express a function in that basis and so
+I the end of my lecture is okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the end of my lecture is okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the end of my lecture is okay what is
+a 1 what's the coefficient how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 what's the coefficient how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 what's the coefficient how much
+cosine X is there in a function compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X is there in a function compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X is there in a function compared
+to the other harmonics how much constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other harmonics how much constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other harmonics how much constant
+is in that function that'll be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that function that'll be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that function that'll be that
+would be an easy question the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an easy question the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an easy question the answer
+ain't no it will come out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't no it will come out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't no it will come out to be the
+average value of F that's the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of F that's the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of F that's the amount of
+the constant that's in there its average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant that's in there its average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant that's in there its average
+value but let's take a 1 is more typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but let's take a 1 is more typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but let's take a 1 is more typical
+how will I get here's the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will I get here's the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will I get here's the end of the
+lecture then how do I get a 1 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture then how do I get a 1 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture then how do I get a 1 the first
+Fourier coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient
+okay I do just as I did in the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I do just as I did in the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I do just as I did in the vector
+case I I take the inner product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I I take the inner product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I I take the inner product of
+everything with Cossacks take the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with Cossacks take the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with Cossacks take the inner
+product of everything with Cossacks then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything with Cossacks then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of everything with Cossacks then
+on the left on the Left I have the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left on the Left I have the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left on the Left I have the inner
+product is the integral of f of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the integral of f of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is the integral of f of x times
+cos x DX and on the right what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x DX and on the right what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x DX and on the right what do I have
+when I so what am i when I say take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I so what am i when I say take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I so what am i when I say take the
+inner product with coz X let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with coz X let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with coz X let me put it
+in ordinary calculus words x cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ordinary calculus words x cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ordinary calculus words x cosine X
+and integrate that's what inner products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate that's what inner products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate that's what inner products
+are so if I multiply that whole thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so if I multiply that whole thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so if I multiply that whole thing by
+cos x and I integrate I get a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x and I integrate I get a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos x and I integrate I get a whole lot
+of zeros the only thing that survives is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros the only thing that survives is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros the only thing that survives is
+that term all the others disappear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term all the others disappear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term all the others disappear so
+and that term is a 1 times the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term is a 1 times the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term is a 1 times the integral
+of cos x squared DX 0 to 2pi equals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos x squared DX 0 to 2pi equals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos x squared DX 0 to 2pi equals so
+this was the left side and this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the left side and this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the left side and this is all
+that's left on the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left on the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's left on the right hand side and
+this is not 0 of course because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not 0 of course because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not 0 of course because it's the
+length of the function squared it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the function squared it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the function squared it's the
+inner product with itself and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with itself and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product with itself and and a
+simple calculation gives that answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation gives that answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation gives that answer to
+be PI so that's an easy integral and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be PI so that's an easy integral and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be PI so that's an easy integral and it
+turns out to be PI so that a 1 is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be PI so that a 1 is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be PI so that a 1 is 1 over
+pi times there times this integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times there times this integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi times there times this integral so
+there is actually that's Euler's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually that's Euler's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually that's Euler's famous
+formula for the or maybe Fourier found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the or maybe Fourier found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the or maybe Fourier found
+it for the coefficients in a fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the coefficients in a fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the coefficients in a fourier
+series and you see that it's exactly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you see that it's exactly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and you see that it's exactly an
+expansion in an orthonormal basis ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in an orthonormal basis ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in an orthonormal basis ok
+thanks so I'll do a quiz review on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so I'll do a quiz review on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so I'll do a quiz review on
+Monday and then the quiz itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday and then the quiz itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday and then the quiz itself in
+walker on Wednesday okay see you Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walker on Wednesday okay see you Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walker on Wednesday okay see you Monday
+Thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lZtDo237YgE.txt b/lZtDo237YgE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c289ee643c5f24029e6220293928f6e4e588d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lZtDo237YgE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat. N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. N.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hey, hey, hey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat. N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. N.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat. N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mUpwOQ0w2vk.txt b/mUpwOQ0w2vk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..174e7bd5ac7c7f31ef397ea4144f9190f92bcedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mUpwOQ0w2vk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we introduced the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced the notion of
+digital networks and the general topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital networks and the general topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital networks and the general topic
+of digital Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digital Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digital Network
+Theory there of course are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory there of course are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory there of course are lots of
+directions that that discussion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that that discussion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that that discussion can
+proceed in but during this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in but during this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in but during this set of
+lectures we won't be talking in any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we won't be talking in any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we won't be talking in any more
+detail about the general issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the general issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the general issues of
+digital Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital Network
+theory in this lecture and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in this lecture and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in this lecture and the next
+lecture I would like to consider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I would like to consider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I would like to consider in
+particular some of the more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular some of the more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular some of the more common
+structures that are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are used for
+implementing digital filters first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing digital filters first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing digital filters first for
+the case of infinite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of infinite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of infinite impulse response
+filters which will discuss in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which will discuss in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which will discuss in this
+lecture and then in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and then in the next lecture
+some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more
+common structures for finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common structures for finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common structures for finite impulse
+response digital filters to begin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters to begin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response digital filters to begin the
+discussion let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion let's
+consider the most general form once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the most general form once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the most general form once
+again for the transfer function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the transfer function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the transfer function of a
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+filter where we are assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter where we are assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter where we are assuming that the
+system function h of Z is a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function h of Z is a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function h of Z is a rational
+function in Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in Z the
+minus1 we recall from our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we recall from our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we recall from our previous
+discussions that a rational transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that a rational transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that a rational transfer
+function of this form corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form corresponds to a
+linear constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+equation and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and in particular the
+difference equation corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation corresponding to
+this system function is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system function is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system function is the difference
+equation that I've indicated here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I've indicated here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I've indicated here the
+coefficients in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in the numerator
+corresponding to the polinomial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the polinomial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the polinomial that
+represents the zeros of the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the zeros of the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the zeros of the transfer
+function are identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are identical to the
+coefficients applied to the delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients applied to the delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients applied to the delayed
+values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+input and the coefficients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the coefficients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the coefficients in the
+denominator corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator corresponding to the
+coefficients for the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for the polinomial
+representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+poles are the same coefficients which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are the same coefficients which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are the same coefficients which in
+the difference equation correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation correspond to
+the weights applied to delayed values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights applied to delayed values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights applied to delayed values of
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+so this is the general form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the general form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the general form of a
+transfer function for assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for assuming that the
+system is representable by a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is representable by a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is representable by a linear
+constant coefficient difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficient difference equation
+and the difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference equation
+corresponding to this transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this transfer function
+is as I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I've indicated
+here incidentally let me stress as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here incidentally let me stress as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here incidentally let me stress as I
+indicated in the last lecture that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the last lecture that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the last lecture that our
+assumption will be throughout these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption will be throughout these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption will be throughout these
+discussions that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that we are
+discussing considering a causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing considering a causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing considering a causal system
+in other words the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the region of convergence
+that we would associate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would associate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would associate with this
+transfer function is the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is the region of
+convergence that would correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that would correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that would correspond to a
+causal system in other words the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system in other words the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system in other words the region
+of convergence is outside the outermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is outside the outermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is outside the outermost
+pole there are a variety of ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole there are a variety of ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole there are a variety of ways in
+which we can rewrite a transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can rewrite a transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can rewrite a transfer function
+of this form one possible way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form one possible way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form one possible way of writing
+this trans transer function is as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trans transer function is as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trans transer function is as I've
+indicated at the bottom that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated at the bottom that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated at the bottom that is an
+expression corresponding to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression corresponding to the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression corresponding to the product
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+functions the first representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the first representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the first representing the
+polom for the zeros and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom for the zeros and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom for the zeros and the second
+representing the polinomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the polinomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the polinomial for the
+poles what this suggests is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles what this suggests is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles what this suggests is that we can
+imagine implementing this system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine implementing this system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine implementing this system by
+implementing a system which realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a system which realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a system which realizes
+this transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function
+and cascading that the Cascade leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cascading that the Cascade leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cascading that the Cascade leading
+to the product of the system functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the system functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the product of the system functions
+cascading that with a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading that with a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading that with a system that
+implements this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this system
+function what that corresponds to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what that corresponds to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what that corresponds to in the
+implementation of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the difference
+equation is first implementing in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is first implementing in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is first implementing in terms
+of multipliers delays and adders as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multipliers delays and adders as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multipliers delays and adders as we
+talked about last time implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time implementing
+first the linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the linear combination of the
+weighted delayed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed input
+values and then using that as the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then using that as the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then using that as the input
+to a system which implements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system which implements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system which implements the
+weighted delayed output values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed output values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed output values so
+implementing this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this system
+function with this function first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with this function first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with this function first in
+Cascade with this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade with this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade with this corresponds to
+implementing this difference equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this difference equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this difference equation
+where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can
+imagine denoting this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine denoting this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine denoting this first
+sum as X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum as X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum as X1 of
+n implementing X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n implementing X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n implementing X1 of
+n implementing the function X1 of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n implementing the function X1 of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n implementing the function X1 of N and
+then using that as the input to a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using that as the input to a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using that as the input to a system
+which is represented by the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented by the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented by the difference
+equation Y of Nal X1 of n plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Y of Nal X1 of n plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Y of Nal X1 of n plus this
+sum carrying that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum carrying that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum carrying that out
+the digital Network that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is as I've indicated here where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I've indicated here where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I've indicated here where we have
+first of all the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the linear combination of
+weighted delayed input values so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed input values so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted delayed input values so here is
+X of n x of n -1 x of n minus 2 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n x of n -1 x of n minus 2 down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n x of n -1 x of n minus 2 down
+through X of n minus capital N where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X of n minus capital N where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X of n minus capital N where I'm
+assuming in drawing this that capital M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming in drawing this that capital M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming in drawing this that capital M
+is equal to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital
+N this first block then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N this first block then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N this first block then
+implements this summation to form X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this summation to form X1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this summation to form X1 of
+N and then the second system which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then the second system which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then the second system which this
+is cascaded with has as an input X1 of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cascaded with has as an input X1 of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cascaded with has as an input X1 of N
+and added to it weighted delayed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and added to it weighted delayed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and added to it weighted delayed values
+of the output so here is y of n y of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output so here is y of n y of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output so here is y of n y of n
+minus one down through y of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one down through y of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one down through y of n minus
+capital N we see the coefficients A1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N we see the coefficients A1 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N we see the coefficients A1 A2
+through a sub capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sub capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sub capital n
+clearly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in this
+implementation this block corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this block corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this block corresponds to
+implementing the zeros of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the zeros of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the zeros of the system and
+this block corresponds to implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block corresponds to implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block corresponds to implementing
+the poles of the system so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles of the system so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles of the system so as we
+factored the transfer function into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored the transfer function into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored the transfer function into the
+zeros followed by the poles we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by the poles we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by the poles we have this
+system implementing the zeros followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system implementing the zeros followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system implementing the zeros followed
+by this system implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this system implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this system implementing the
+polls well this of course is one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls well this of course is one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polls well this of course is one one
+implementation of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the difference
+equation but in fact there are a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but in fact there are a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but in fact there are a variety
+of ways in which we can manipulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways in which we can manipulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways in which we can manipulate the
+transfer function or equivalently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or equivalently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or equivalently in
+which we can manipulate the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can manipulate the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can manipulate the difference
+equation which will lead to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which will lead to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which will lead to other
+structures for implementing the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for implementing the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for implementing the system
+besides the structure that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the structure that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the structure that I've
+indicated here well let's consider one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here well let's consider one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here well let's consider one
+simple way of manipulating this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of manipulating this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of manipulating this system
+to generate another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate another
+structure we recognize this as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we recognize this as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we recognize this as two
+systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in
+Cascade they both Implement linear shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade they both Implement linear shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade they both Implement linear shift
+and variance systems and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance systems and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance systems and we know that
+two linear shift and variance systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two linear shift and variance systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two linear shift and variance systems in
+Cascade can be cascaded in either order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade can be cascaded in either order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade can be cascaded in either order
+without affecting the overall transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the overall transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the overall transfer
+function of the system so we can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system so we can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system so we can imagine
+just simply breaking the system at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply breaking the system at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply breaking the system at this
+point interchanging the order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point interchanging the order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point interchanging the order in which
+these two systems are cascaded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems are cascaded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems are cascaded and
+obviously with that leads to is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously with that leads to is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously with that leads to is a second
+implementation of the same difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the same difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the same difference
+equation that implementation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that implementation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that implementation in
+particular whereas this one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whereas this one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whereas this one has the
+zeros first followed by the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros first followed by the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros first followed by the poles
+interchanging the order of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order of those two
+will result in the polls implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the polls implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the polls implemented
+first followed by the zeros and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by the zeros and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by the zeros and the
+system that results is what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that results is what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that results is what I've
+indicated on this next view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on this next view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on this next view
+graph so this system is identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so this system is identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so this system is identical to the
+other one clearly identical in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one clearly identical in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one clearly identical in terms of
+the overall transfer function and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall transfer function and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall transfer function and what
+I've done simply is just to Interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done simply is just to Interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done simply is just to Interchange
+the order in which the zeros and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which the zeros and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which the zeros and the
+poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are
+implemented well that manipulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well that manipulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented well that manipulation that
+is breaking that system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breaking that system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breaking that system and
+interchanging the order in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order in which the
+systems are cascaded can be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are cascaded can be interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are cascaded can be interpreted
+in terms of either a manipulation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of either a manipulation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of either a manipulation on the
+transfer function or a manipulation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or a manipulation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or a manipulation on
+the difference equation and indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation and indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation and indicate
+what that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that corresponds
+to Let's return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the general difference equation as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general difference equation as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general difference equation as we
+had it on the first view graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it on the first view graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it on the first view graph the
+transfer function where now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function where now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function where now rather than
+cascading this system first and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading this system first and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascading this system first and this
+system second we've simply interchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system second we've simply interchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system second we've simply interchanged
+the order in which those two systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which those two systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which those two systems are
+cascaded that's interpreting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascaded that's interpreting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascaded that's interpreting this
+operation in terms of the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in terms of the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in terms of the transfer
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+to interpret it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret it in terms of the
+difference equation is slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation is slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation is slightly more
+involved but basically and very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but basically and very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but basically and very quickly
+what it involves is first implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it involves is first implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it involves is first implementing
+the difference equation in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation in which we
+consider that the input is just xen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that the input is just xen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that the input is just xen
+rather than a weighted sum of delayed e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a weighted sum of delayed e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a weighted sum of delayed e
+xaven to implement to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaven to implement to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaven to implement to implement the
+output y1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output y1 of
+N and then since the input is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then since the input is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then since the input is in fact a
+linear combination of weighted delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of weighted delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of weighted delayed
+inputs the corresponding output is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the corresponding output is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs the corresponding output is the
+same linear combination of weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linear combination of weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linear combination of weighted
+delayed outputs that essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed outputs that essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed outputs that essentially is
+derived from using properties of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from using properties of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from using properties of linear
+shift and variance systems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems that we
+talked about in some of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in some of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in some of the early
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+well returning to the network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well returning to the network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well returning to the network that
+resulted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted by
+interchanging the order of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging the order of these two
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+one of the questions we can ask of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions we can ask of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions we can ask of
+course is whether there is any advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is whether there is any advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is whether there is any advantage
+to implementing this system rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implementing this system rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implementing this system rather than
+implementing the first system that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the first system that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the first system that we
+derived and in answering that one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived and in answering that one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived and in answering that one thing
+that we notice about this system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we notice about this system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we notice about this system is that
+there are two parallel branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parallel branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parallel branches
+here with corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with corresponding
+delays now what does that mean well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays now what does that mean well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays now what does that mean well if
+we consider this output to be y1 of n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider this output to be y1 of n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider this output to be y1 of n n
+it's the y1 of n that we had defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the y1 of n that we had defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the y1 of n that we had defined in
+the previous Slide the value appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Slide the value appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Slide the value appearing
+here is y1 of n minus1 but the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is y1 of n minus1 but the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is y1 of n minus1 but the value
+appearing here is y1 of n minus1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here is y1 of n minus1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here is y1 of n minus1 the
+value appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+and appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appearing here is y1 of n minus 2
+and in fact following this chain down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact following this chain down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact following this chain down
+what we observe is that the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe is that the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe is that the output of
+this delay is exactly the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delay is exactly the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delay is exactly the same as the
+output of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of this
+delay well if that's the case then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay well if that's the case then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay well if that's the case then in
+fact there obviously if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there obviously if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there obviously if we think about
+an implementation is no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation is no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation is no reason to
+separately store this delayed output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately store this delayed output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately store this delayed output and
+this delayed output since they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delayed output since they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delayed output since they're the
+same in other words we can collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in other words we can collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in other words we can collapse
+these delays together and the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these delays together and the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these delays together and the network
+that results when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we do
+that is the network that I indicate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the network that I indicate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the network that I indicate here
+where all that I've done in going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all that I've done in going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all that I've done in going from
+the previous Network to this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Network to this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous Network to this one is
+simply collapse the delays together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply collapse the delays together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply collapse the delays together
+taking advantage of the fact that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that their
+outputs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs were
+identical now in drawing a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical now in drawing a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical now in drawing a network of
+course it doesn't particularly matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't particularly matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't particularly matter
+whether we conserve Z to the minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we conserve Z to the minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we conserve Z to the minus ones
+or equivalently whether we collapse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently whether we collapse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equivalently whether we collapse a
+network when we can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network when we can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network when we can take advantage of
+the fact that the output of two delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the output of two delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the output of two delays
+is the same but clearly in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but clearly in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same but clearly in terms of
+implementation of a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a digital filter
+either in terms of a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in terms of a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in terms of a program
+or in terms of special purpose Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of special purpose Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of special purpose Hardware
+obviously clearly there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously clearly there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously clearly there's an
+advantage to reducing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to reducing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to reducing the number of
+delay registers that are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay registers that are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay registers that are required
+because you see each Z to the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see each Z to the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see each Z to the minus one
+that appears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the
+structure requires in the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure requires in the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure requires in the implementation
+a register to store the value in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a register to store the value in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a register to store the value in other
+words to hold it for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to hold it for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to hold it for the next
+iteration so in this structure as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration so in this structure as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration so in this structure as it's
+implemented here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented here we have
+n delay registers where again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n delay registers where again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n delay registers where again I'm
+assuming that capital M was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that capital M was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that capital M was equal to
+capital N there are n delay registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N there are n delay registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N there are n delay registers
+whereas in the first Network that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the first Network that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the first Network that we
+generated the network corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the network corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated the network corresponding to
+the zeros first and then the polls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros first and then the polls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros first and then the polls the
+there were two n delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+registers in general a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers in general a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers in general a digital filter
+structure that has the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that has the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that has the minimum number of
+delay registers and you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay registers and you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay registers and you can show that
+the minimum number required is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number required is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number required is the
+greater of M or n or since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater of M or n or since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater of M or n or since we're
+considering m equal to n the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering m equal to n the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering m equal to n the minimum
+number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+n a structure that has only that minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a structure that has only that minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a structure that has only that minimum
+number and no more is generally referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and no more is generally referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and no more is generally referred
+to as a canonic structure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a canonic structure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a canonic structure so the
+structure that I've indicated here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that I've indicated here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that I've indicated here is a
+canonic structure it has the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structure it has the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structure it has the minimum
+number of delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays
+but in fact it's not the only canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's not the only canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it's not the only canonic
+structure there are a large variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are a large variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there are a large variety of
+canonic structures and in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structures and in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structures and in fact there's a
+canonic structure that is similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structure that is similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic structure that is similar to the
+first structure that we derived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first structure that we derived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first structure that we derived in the
+sense that it also has is implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it also has is implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it also has is implemented
+with the zeros first followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zeros first followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the zeros first followed by the
+poles let me remind you again that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles let me remind you again that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles let me remind you again that this
+system as it's implemented is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as it's implemented is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as it's implemented is basically
+a Cascade of the system po Poes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cascade of the system po Poes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cascade of the system po Poes those
+are the A's or uh the the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the A's or uh the the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the A's or uh the the polinomial
+that this implements corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implements corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implements corresponds to the
+poles followed by an implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles followed by an implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles followed by an implementation of
+the zeros and it's the bees that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros and it's the bees that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros and it's the bees that control
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+zeros well to generate another canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros well to generate another canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros well to generate another canonic
+structure we can take advantage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can take advantage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can take advantage of a
+theorem that in fact is a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that in fact is a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that in fact is a very powerful
+theorem in dealing with Filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in dealing with Filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in dealing with Filter
+structures a theorem which is referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a theorem which is referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a theorem which is referred
+to as the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the transposition
+theorem what the transposition theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem what the transposition theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem what the transposition theorem
+says is that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that if we have a
+network that implements a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that implements a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that implements a transfer
+function and if we simply reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we simply reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we simply reverse the
+direction of all of the branches in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of all of the branches in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of all of the branches in the
+network and we interchange the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we interchange the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and we interchange the input and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output then the transfer function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then the transfer function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then the transfer function that
+results is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results is exactly the
+same so it says take the network reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so it says take the network reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so it says take the network reverse
+the direction of the branches put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the branches put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the branches put the
+input where the output was take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input where the output was take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input where the output was take the
+output where the input was and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output where the input was and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output where the input was and what you
+find is that the transfer function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the transfer function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the transfer function of
+the system is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is exactly the
+same well let me illustrate this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same well let me illustrate this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same well let me illustrate this theorem
+we won't incidentally prove the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't incidentally prove the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't incidentally prove the theorem
+although in the notes in in the text at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in the notes in in the text at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in the notes in in the text at
+the end of the chapter there in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the chapter there in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the chapter there in fact is
+a proof of the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof of the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof of the transposition
+theorem but let me illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but let me illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but let me illustrate the
+transposition theorem first with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem first with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem first with a
+simple example that makes it appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that makes it appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that makes it appear to
+be a trivial theorem and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trivial theorem and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trivial theorem and then with
+another example that uh suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that uh suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that uh suggests that
+perhaps the theorem is less obvious than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the theorem is less obvious than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the theorem is less obvious than
+it would at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would at first
+appear well to illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear well to illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear well to illustrate the
+transposition theorem let's begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem let's begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem let's begin with a
+simple Network that just a simple first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Network that just a simple first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Network that just a simple first
+order network two coefficient branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order network two coefficient branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order network two coefficient branches
+and a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a delay
+Branch the transposition theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch the transposition theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch the transposition theorem
+says that we want first of all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we want first of all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that we want first of all to
+reverse the direction of the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the direction of the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the direction of the all of the
+branches so this Branch gets turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches so this Branch gets turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches so this Branch gets turned
+around again with a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again with a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again with a gain of
+unity this Branch gets turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity this Branch gets turned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity this Branch gets turned around
+with a gain of C this Branch gets turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gain of C this Branch gets turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gain of C this Branch gets turned
+around with a gain of a the delay branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a gain of a the delay branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a gain of a the delay branch
+is turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turned around
+this branch which has a gain of unity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch which has a gain of unity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch which has a gain of unity is
+turned around put the input where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around put the input where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around put the input where the
+output was and take the output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was and take the output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was and take the output from
+where the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input
+was so the transpose of this network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so the transpose of this network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so the transpose of this network is
+the network that I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network that I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network that I've indicated
+here and now of course we can redraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now of course we can redraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now of course we can redraw
+this network by putting the input on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network by putting the input on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network by putting the input on the
+left hand side and taking the output on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side and taking the output on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side and taking the output on
+the right hand side that is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side that is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side that is taking the
+same network and just flipping it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same network and just flipping it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same network and just flipping it over
+flipping it over because we tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it over because we tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping it over because we tend to have
+a convention that the input is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convention that the input is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convention that the input is coming in
+from the left and the output is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left and the output is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left and the output is going
+out at the right if we do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the right if we do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the right if we do that just
+taking this network and simply flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this network and simply flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this network and simply flipping
+it over we have X of n coming in through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over we have X of n coming in through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over we have X of n coming in through
+a Unity gain this delay has now ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Unity gain this delay has now ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Unity gain this delay has now ended up
+on the leftand side and you can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the leftand side and you can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the leftand side and you can verify
+in a straightforward way that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way that these
+branches are now correct if we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are now correct if we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are now correct if we just take
+this network and flip it over and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network and flip it over and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network and flip it over and is it
+true that the transfer function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the transfer function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the transfer function of this
+network is identical to the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is identical to the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is identical to the transfer
+function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this
+network well you should be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well you should be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network well you should be able to see
+by inspection that in fact it is true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inspection that in fact it is true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by inspection that in fact it is true in
+fact if you compare this network to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you compare this network to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you compare this network to this
+one what's the only difference the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the only difference the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the only difference the only
+difference is that this delay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that this delay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that this delay instead of
+being here ended up on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here ended up on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here ended up on the other side of
+the coefficient multiplier and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient multiplier and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient multiplier and obviously
+since these two in Cascade Implement a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these two in Cascade Implement a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these two in Cascade Implement a *
+Z theus1 it doesn't matter whether I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z theus1 it doesn't matter whether I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z theus1 it doesn't matter whether I do
+the multiplication by a first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication by a first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication by a first and then
+the delay or the reverse so applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay or the reverse so applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay or the reverse so applying the
+transposition transposition theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition transposition theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition transposition theorem to
+this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple
+example we see that obviously for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we see that obviously for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we see that obviously for this
+example the transposition theorem works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the transposition theorem works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the transposition theorem works
+well let's try it on a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try it on a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's try it on a slightly more
+complicated example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example
+not to verify that it works but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to verify that it works but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to verify that it works but just
+again to emphasize how the transposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to emphasize how the transposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to emphasize how the transposition
+is implemented here I have an example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implemented here I have an example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implemented here I have an example in
+which I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have a
+canonic first order system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic first order system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic first order system this
+implements one zero and one pole here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements one zero and one pole here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements one zero and one pole here is
+the implementation of the pole and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of the pole and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of the pole and the
+implementation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the
+zero this in fact is the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this in fact is the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this in fact is the first order
+counterpart of the canonic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of the canonic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart of the canonic structure
+that I showed several view graphs ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed several view graphs ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed several view graphs ago
+and so it's one pole and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's one pole and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's one pole and that's
+implemented through this Loop one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented through this Loop one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented through this Loop one zero
+and that's implemented through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's implemented through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's implemented through this
+Loop and these of course a Unity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and these of course a Unity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and these of course a Unity gain
+since I've put no amplitude on them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I've put no amplitude on them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I've put no amplitude on them and
+now to apply the transposition theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to apply the transposition theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to apply the transposition theorem
+to this network again we interchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this network again we interchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this network again we interchange the
+we we reverse the direction of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we reverse the direction of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we reverse the direction of all of
+the arrows and you can see that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows and you can see that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows and you can see that I've
+done that in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in all of these
+branches the delay is likewise reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches the delay is likewise reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches the delay is likewise reversed
+the a is reversed and the B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is reversed and the B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is reversed and the B is
+reversed I take I put the input in where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed I take I put the input in where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed I take I put the input in where
+the output was I take the output out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output was I take the output out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output was I take the output out
+where the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input
+was and then the transposition theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then the transposition theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then the transposition theorem
+says that this first order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this first order system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this first order system
+implements exactly the same transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements exactly the same transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements exactly the same transfer
+function as this first order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as this first order system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as this first order system
+does well again we you can redraw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well again we you can redraw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well again we you can redraw this
+by taking again the input at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking again the input at the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking again the input at the left
+hand side the output at the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the output at the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the output at the right hand
+side that corresponds to just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that corresponds to just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that corresponds to just taking
+this and flipping it over in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and flipping it over in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and flipping it over in fact I
+could do that by taking the view graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that by taking the view graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that by taking the view graph
+and just flipping it over and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just flipping it over and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just flipping it over and the result
+then just flipping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just flipping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just flipping this
+over is the system that I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is the system that I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is the system that I've indicated
+here x of n in at the left hand side y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x of n in at the left hand side y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x of n in at the left hand side y
+of N Out at the right hand side and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N Out at the right hand side and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N Out at the right hand side and now
+in comparing these two there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparing these two there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparing these two there are some
+changes that took place in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that took place in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that took place in particular we
+notice that the direction of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the direction of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the direction of the the
+delay branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay branch is
+reversed furthermore whereas this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed furthermore whereas this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed furthermore whereas this system
+implemented the pole first followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the pole first followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented the pole first followed by
+the zero this system implements the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero this system implements the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero this system implements the zero
+first followed by the pole is this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by the pole is this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by the pole is this still
+a canonic structure well of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonic structure well of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonic structure well of course it's
+a canonic structure because it only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonic structure because it only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a canonic structure because it only has
+one delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one delay
+and obviously in fact transposing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously in fact transposing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously in fact transposing a
+network couldn't possibly affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network couldn't possibly affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network couldn't possibly affect the
+number of delays in the network so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays in the network so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of delays in the network so that
+if we begin with a canonic structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we begin with a canonic structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we begin with a canonic structure and
+apply the transposition theorem to it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the transposition theorem to it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the transposition theorem to it we
+must end up with a canonic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must end up with a canonic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must end up with a canonic structure
+also well it shouldn't be obvious or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well it shouldn't be obvious or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also well it shouldn't be obvious or it
+at least it isn't obvious to me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it isn't obvious to me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it isn't obvious to me by
+inspection that this system and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection that this system and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection that this system and this
+system have the same transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system have the same transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system have the same transfer function
+but in fact you can verify that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you can verify that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you can verify that in a
+very simple and straightforward Way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and straightforward Way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and straightforward Way by
+simply calculating what the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply calculating what the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply calculating what the transfer
+functions of these two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of these two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of these two systems
+are well returning then to the canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well returning then to the canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well returning then to the canonic
+the general canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general canonic
+structure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we
+had we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had we can
+generate a second canonic structure by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a second canonic structure by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a second canonic structure by
+applying the transposition theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the transposition theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the transposition theorem to
+this structure that is reversing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure that is reversing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure that is reversing the
+direction of all of the arrows putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of all of the arrows putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of all of the arrows putting
+the input in here and taking the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in here and taking the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in here and taking the output
+out there and then to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and then to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and then to keep our
+Convention of the input in at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convention of the input in at the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convention of the input in at the left
+the output out at the right flip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output out at the right flip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output out at the right flip that
+over to generate a second canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to generate a second canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to generate a second canonic
+structure which is the transpose of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is the transpose of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is the transpose of this
+structure and if we do that the two MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and if we do that the two MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and if we do that the two MA
+the two changes to focus on is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two changes to focus on is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two changes to focus on is that the
+direction of the delay branches is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the delay branches is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the delay branches is
+reversed and furthermore the system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed and furthermore the system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed and furthermore the system will
+implement the zeros first followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the zeros first followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the zeros first followed by
+the poles in fact the network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in fact the network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in fact the network that
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what I've indicated here this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I've indicated here this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I've indicated here this is then
+the transposed version of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transposed version of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transposed version of the structure
+that I've that I just showed on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've that I just showed on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've that I just showed on the last
+view graph the zeros are implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view graph the zeros are implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view graph the zeros are implemented
+here the poles are implemented here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the poles are implemented here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the poles are implemented here and
+the direction of the delay branches is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the delay branches is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the delay branches is
+reversed but again this is a canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but again this is a canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but again this is a canonic
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+structure all right so some structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all right so some structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all right so some structures
+are canonic form and some aren't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canonic form and some aren't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canonic form and some aren't the
+first one in fact that we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in fact that we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in fact that we developed
+wasn't canonic form in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't canonic form in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't canonic form in the sense that it
+had more delays than were absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more delays than were absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more delays than were absolutely
+necessary the last two structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary the last two structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary the last two structures that
+we've shown are canonic form structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown are canonic form structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown are canonic form structures
+in that they have the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that they have the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that they have the minimum number of
+delays all of these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays all of these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays all of these structures are
+referred to as direct form structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as direct form structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as direct form structures
+direct form because they are structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form because they are structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form because they are structures
+that involve as coefficients in them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve as coefficients in them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve as coefficients in them the
+same coefficients that are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coefficients that are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coefficients that are present in
+the difference equation describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation describing the
+overall system recall again that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system recall again that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system recall again that these
+were the coefficients in the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the coefficients in the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the coefficients in the difference
+equation which were applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which were applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which were applied to the
+delayed values of the input and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed values of the input and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed values of the input and these
+were the coefficients in the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the coefficients in the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the coefficients in the difference
+equation that were applied to delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that were applied to delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that were applied to delayed
+values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+output and this structure and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this structure and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this structure and the other
+structures involving the coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures involving the coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures involving the coefficients in
+that form are often referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form are often referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form are often referred to as
+direct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form
+structures well these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures well these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures well these structures are
+fine for implementing the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine for implementing the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine for implementing the difference
+equation although there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation although there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation although there are other
+structures actually there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures actually there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures actually there are
+essentially an infinite variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an infinite variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an infinite variety of
+structures but there are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but there are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but there are some other
+structures that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that in some
+situations are better to use than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations are better to use than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations are better to use than the
+direct form structures and two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form structures and two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct form structures and two of the
+more common which I'd like to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common which I'd like to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common which I'd like to introduce
+now are the Cascade structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are the Cascade structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are the Cascade structure and the
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure the Cascade structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the Cascade structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the Cascade structure is
+developed basically by factoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed basically by factoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed basically by factoring the
+transfer function of the system into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the system into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the system into a
+product of second order sections or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of second order sections or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of second order sections or
+second order factors in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order factors in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order factors in particular we
+have again the general form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again the general form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again the general form of the
+transfer function h of Z as a numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of Z as a numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function h of Z as a numerator
+polinomial for the zeros a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the zeros a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the zeros a denominator
+polinomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the
+poles we can Factor the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles we can Factor the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles we can Factor the numerator
+polinomial into a product of first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial into a product of first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial into a product of first order
+polinomial and the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the denominator
+polinomial into a product of first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial into a product of first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial into a product of first order
+pols in general of course these fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols in general of course these fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols in general of course these fact
+factors will be complex and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors will be complex and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors will be complex and these
+factors will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors will be
+complex we can combine together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we can combine together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we can combine together the
+complex conjugate zero pairs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate zero pairs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate zero pairs and the
+complex conjugate pole pairs so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pole pairs so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pole pairs so that in
+fact as a general Cascade form it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as a general Cascade form it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as a general Cascade form it's
+often convenient to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often convenient to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often convenient to think of a
+factorization of each of these pols into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of each of these pols into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of each of these pols into
+second order polinomial rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polinomial rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order polinomial rather than
+first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+pols carrying that out we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols carrying that out we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols carrying that out we end up with a
+representation of the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the transfer function
+in a form as I've indicated here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form as I've indicated here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form as I've indicated here a
+second order numerator polinomial and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order numerator polinomial and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order numerator polinomial and a
+second order denominator polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order denominator polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order denominator polinomial and
+of course it's a product of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a product of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a product of these that
+we use to implement this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to implement this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to implement this overall
+transfer function with some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function with some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function with some constant
+multiplier out in front which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier out in front which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier out in front which is
+required uh essentially because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required uh essentially because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required uh essentially because we've
+normalized these pols to have a leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized these pols to have a leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized these pols to have a leading
+coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of
+unity well first of all why might we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity well first of all why might we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity well first of all why might we
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+this there actually are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there actually are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there actually are a variety of
+reasons for perhaps wanting to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for perhaps wanting to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for perhaps wanting to consider
+an implementation of the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation of the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation of the transfer
+function in terms of a Cascade of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of a Cascade of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of a Cascade of lower
+order systems than the general anth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems than the general anth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems than the general anth
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+system one of the more common reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the more common reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one of the more common reasons
+which I'll have more to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll have more to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll have more to say about
+actually at at the end of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at at the end of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at at the end of the next
+lecture but I'd like to at least allude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but I'd like to at least allude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but I'd like to at least allude
+to it now is the fact that any time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it now is the fact that any time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it now is the fact that any time we
+Implement a system on a digital computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement a system on a digital computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement a system on a digital computer
+or with special purpose Hardware we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with special purpose Hardware we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with special purpose Hardware we're
+faced with the problem that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with the problem that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with the problem that these
+coefficients can't be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can't be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can't be represented
+exactly if we have let's say an 18-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if we have let's say an 18-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if we have let's say an 18-bit
+fixo register we're restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixo register we're restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixo register we're restricted to
+truncating or rounding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncating or rounding these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncating or rounding these
+coefficients to 18 bits if we Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to 18 bits if we Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to 18 bits if we Implement
+a filter in special Purp purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter in special Purp purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter in special Purp purpose
+Hardware we might want the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware we might want the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware we might want the coefficient
+registers to be as low as four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to be as low as four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to be as low as four or five
+or six or 10 bits obviously the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six or 10 bits obviously the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six or 10 bits obviously the more
+bits the more expensive the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits the more expensive the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits the more expensive the hardware
+implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+is and the statement which I'll make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the statement which I'll make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the statement which I'll make and
+justify in a little more detail at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify in a little more detail at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify in a little more detail at the
+end of the next lecture is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the next lecture is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the next lecture is that if I
+implement the polls of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the polls of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the polls of the system
+through a high order polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a high order polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a high order polinomial
+errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the
+coefficients lead to large errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients lead to large errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients lead to large errors in the
+pole locations as compared with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations as compared with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations as compared with an
+implementation of the poles in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the poles in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the poles in terms of
+low order polinomial that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low order polinomial that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low order polinomial that is basically
+the sensitivity of pole locations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of pole locations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of pole locations to
+errors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the
+coefficients is higher the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is higher the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is higher the higher the
+order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the
+polinomial consequently if that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial consequently if that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial consequently if that indeed
+is an issue for the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue for the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an issue for the filter
+implementation then it is better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation then it is better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation then it is better to
+implement a system as a Cascade of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a system as a Cascade of lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a system as a Cascade of lower
+order systems or lower order polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems or lower order polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems or lower order polinomial
+than as one large high-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as one large high-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as one large high-order
+polinomial all right so factoring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial all right so factoring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial all right so factoring this
+transfer function into a Cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function into a Cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function into a Cascade of
+second order sections what this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order sections what this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order sections what this leads to
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+implementation of the system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the system as a
+Cascade of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of second order
+systems and and we again have the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and we again have the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and we again have the choice
+of implementing each second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing each second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implementing each second order
+section in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in a variety of ways
+corresponding to the to the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the to the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the to the various
+direct forms that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct forms that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct forms that we've talked about
+previously one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously one
+implementation which is a canonic direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which is a canonic direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which is a canonic direct
+form is the implementation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is the implementation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is the implementation that I
+indicate here where this is alpha1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate here where this is alpha1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate here where this is alpha1 one
+the coefficient alpha11 the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient alpha11 the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient alpha11 the coefficient
+beta1 one it's a little hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta1 one it's a little hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta1 one it's a little hard to see
+where each of these coefficients goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these coefficients goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of these coefficients goes
+but this is a canonic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a canonic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a canonic form
+implementation of a second order section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a second order section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a second order section
+that is two poles and two zeros so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is two poles and two zeros so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is two poles and two zeros so as
+I've implemented it I've implemented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've implemented it I've implemented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've implemented it I've implemented it
+with the polls first followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polls first followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the polls first followed by the
+zeros and then this is one second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then this is one second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then this is one second order
+piece that's in Cascade with the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's in Cascade with the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that's in Cascade with the next
+pole zero pair with the next pole zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole zero pair with the next pole zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole zero pair with the next pole zero
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+Etc so this is a Cascade of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is a Cascade of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so this is a Cascade of second order
+sections and of course I can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and of course I can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and of course I can generate
+other Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Cascade
+forms as one possibility by just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as one possibility by just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as one possibility by just simply
+applying the transposition theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the transposition theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the transposition theorem to
+this Cascade and basically what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cascade and basically what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cascade and basically what would
+result is that each of these delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that each of these delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that each of these delay
+branches would be reversed in Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches would be reversed in Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches would be reversed in Direction
+and the zeros would be implemented first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zeros would be implemented first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zeros would be implemented first
+followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the
+poles generally what's meant though by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles generally what's meant though by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles generally what's meant though by
+the Cascade structure and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascade structure and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cascade structure and you can see
+again that there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that there are a variety of
+cascade structures depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade structures depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade structures depending on how you
+choose to implement the pole zero pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to implement the pole zero pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to implement the pole zero pairs
+what is generally meant by the Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is generally meant by the Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is generally meant by the Cascade
+structure or a Cascade structure is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or a Cascade structure is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or a Cascade structure is an
+implementation of the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the transfer function
+as a Cascade of second order sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Cascade of second order sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Cascade of second order sections
+where the second order sections can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second order sections can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the second order sections can be
+implemented in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in a variety of
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+another structure which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure which is like the
+Cascade structure in that it implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade structure in that it implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade structure in that it implements
+the poles in terms of low order sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in terms of low order sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles in terms of low order sections
+but is different in the way effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is different in the way effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is different in the way effectively
+that it realizes the zeros is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it realizes the zeros is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it realizes the zeros is the
+so-called parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called parallel form
+structure and the parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the parallel form
+structure can be implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure can be implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure can be implemented
+by can be derived by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by can be derived by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by can be derived by
+expanding the trans transer function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding the trans transer function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding the trans transer function of
+the system in terms of a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in terms of a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in terms of a partial
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction
+expansion that is we can expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that is we can expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that is we can expand this
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+function in terms of and let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of and let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in terms of and let's assume
+first of all that capital M is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that capital M is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that capital M is less than
+capital N if capital N were less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N if capital N were less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N if capital N were less than
+capital N we can expand this simply as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N we can expand this simply as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N we can expand this simply as a
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+residues together with first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues together with first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues together with first order
+poles or in general since the poles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles or in general since the poles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles or in general since the poles are
+complex we can imagine factoring this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we can imagine factoring this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we can imagine factoring this in
+terms of first order terms corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of first order terms corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of first order terms corresponding
+to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real
+poles and then second order terms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then second order terms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then second order terms where
+we combine together first order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine together first order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine together first order terms
+which are complex conjugates so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are complex conjugates so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are complex conjugates so that we
+have second order terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have second order terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have second order terms of this
+form if capital M is less than capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if capital M is less than capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if capital M is less than capital N
+those are the only two kinds of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two kinds of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two kinds of terms
+that would result in a partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would result in a partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would result in a partial fraction
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+if capital M is greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if capital M is greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if capital M is greater than or equal to
+capital N then we'll have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N then we'll have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N then we'll have additional
+terms corresponding simply to weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms corresponding simply to weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms corresponding simply to weighted
+powers of Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of Z to the minus
+one now as in the Cascade form generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now as in the Cascade form generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now as in the Cascade form generally
+the parallel form structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel form structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel form structure is
+considered to be one where even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be one where even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be one where even if we
+have real poles we combine two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real poles we combine two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real poles we combine two of the
+real poles together to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poles together to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real poles together to implement the
+system in terms of second order sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of second order sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of second order sections
+if we do that then the parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that then the parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do that then the parallel form
+expansion for the transfer function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the transfer function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the transfer function is
+what I've indicated here where combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've indicated here where combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've indicated here where combining
+two terms of this form together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms of this form together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms of this form together or
+equivalently looking at po at expansions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently looking at po at expansions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently looking at po at expansions
+of this form we have a numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form we have a numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form we have a numerator
+polinomial implementing a single zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial implementing a single zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial implementing a single zero
+and a denominator polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a denominator polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a denominator polinomial
+implementing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing two
+poles and then depending on whether m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then depending on whether m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then depending on whether m is
+greater than than capital N or not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than than capital N or not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than than capital N or not there
+might be additional terms involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be additional terms involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be additional terms involving
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+weighted uh values of Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh values of Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh values of Z to the minus
+weighted powers of Z to the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted powers of Z to the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted powers of Z to the minus one
+let me stress that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me stress that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me stress that there are some
+differences between this and the Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between this and the Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between this and the Cascade
+form obviously one of the differences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form obviously one of the differences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form obviously one of the differences is
+that the sections used for implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sections used for implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sections used for implementing
+the filter consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter consist of
+one0 plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 plus two
+poles and then then the output is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then then the output is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and then then the output is formed
+not as a Cascade of sections of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a Cascade of sections of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as a Cascade of sections of that
+type but as a sum of the outputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but as a sum of the outputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type but as a sum of the outputs of
+sections of that type since h of Z here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of that type since h of Z here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of that type since h of Z here
+is expressed as a sum of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed as a sum of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expressed as a sum of second order
+sections whereas in the Cascade form it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections whereas in the Cascade form it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections whereas in the Cascade form it
+was expressed as a product of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expressed as a product of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expressed as a product of second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+sections well the general filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections well the general filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections well the general filter
+structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that
+results I've indicated here for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I've indicated here for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I've indicated here for the case
+in which we have three second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we have three second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we have three second order
+sections and again I'm assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and again I'm assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and again I'm assuming that
+capital M is equal to capital N so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M is equal to capital N so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M is equal to capital N so that
+we have one branch which is just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one branch which is just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one branch which is just simply
+a coefficient Branch if capital M was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient Branch if capital M was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient Branch if capital M was
+one more than capital N we would have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more than capital N we would have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more than capital N we would have in
+addition to that one delay branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that one delay branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that one delay branch and
+then we have second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have second order
+sections as I've indicated here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections as I've indicated here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections as I've indicated here but the
+second order sections Implement only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order sections Implement only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order sections Implement only a
+single zero and a pair of poles single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single zero and a pair of poles single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single zero and a pair of poles single
+zero and a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a pair of
+poles now why might you want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles now why might you want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles now why might you want to use a
+parallel form implementation instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form implementation instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel form implementation instead of
+a Cascade form implementation well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cascade form implementation well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cascade form implementation well there
+actually are several reasons one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are several reasons one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are several reasons one of the
+most common in fact though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common in fact though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common in fact though is that
+sometimes in applying filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in applying filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in applying filter design
+techniques the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques the
+filter design parameters are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design parameters are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design parameters are are
+automatically generated in a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generated in a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generated in a parallel
+form that is rather than being generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that is rather than being generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that is rather than being generated
+either as a ratio of polinomial or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as a ratio of polinomial or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as a ratio of polinomial or as
+poles and zeros it might be generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros it might be generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros it might be generated in
+terms of residues and poles in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of residues and poles in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of residues and poles in that case
+of course it's very straight forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's very straight forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's very straight forward to
+go to a parallel form implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a parallel form implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a parallel form implementation
+rather than a Cascade form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a Cascade form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a Cascade form
+implementation basically the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation basically the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation basically the difference
+between the two forms is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two forms is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two forms is that the
+Cascade form implements in ter terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form implements in ter terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade form implements in ter terms of
+low order sections poles and zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low order sections poles and zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low order sections poles and zeros of
+the system whereas the parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system whereas the parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system whereas the parallel form
+implementation is effectively an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is effectively an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is effectively an
+implementation of the system in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the system in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the system in terms of
+the poles the poles are controlled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles the poles are controlled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles the poles are controlled in
+the same way as they were in the Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as they were in the Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as they were in the Cascade
+structure but poles and residues rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but poles and residues rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but poles and residues rather
+than poles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poles and
+zeros again with the parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros again with the parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros again with the parallel form
+structure we can generate other parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can generate other parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we can generate other parallel
+form structures by considering other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structures by considering other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form structures by considering other
+ways of implementing these second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of implementing these second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of implementing these second order
+sections one possibility is to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections one possibility is to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections one possibility is to apply the
+transposition theorem and in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem and in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition theorem and in fact there
+are other implementations of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other implementations of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other implementations of second
+order sections but and so we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order sections but and so we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order sections but and so we can talk
+about a variety of parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a variety of parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a variety of parallel form
+structures but generally when we refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but generally when we refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures but generally when we refer
+to a parallel form or the parallel form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a parallel form or the parallel form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a parallel form or the parallel form
+structures we generally mean a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we generally mean a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures we generally mean a parallel
+realization of poles in terms of second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of poles in terms of second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of poles in terms of second
+order sections and a waiting applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order sections and a waiting applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order sections and a waiting applied
+that correspond to the residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the topic of digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the topic of digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the topic of digital filter
+structures is in fact a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures is in fact a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures is in fact a very complicated
+topic there are a lot of other filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic there are a lot of other filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic there are a lot of other filter
+structures which can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures which can be used for
+implementing recursive filters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing recursive filters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing recursive filters or
+non-recursive filters or uh finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recursive filters or uh finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recursive filters or uh finite
+impulse response or infinite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response or infinite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response or infinite impulse
+response there are structures referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response there are structures referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response there are structures referred
+to as continued FR fraction structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as continued FR fraction structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as continued FR fraction structures
+there are structures referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are structures referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are structures referred to as
+inter ation structures there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter ation structures there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter ation structures there are
+structures that refer to as lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that refer to as lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that refer to as lattice
+structures and latter structures Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and latter structures Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and latter structures Etc
+there are a large variety of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a large variety of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a large variety of structures
+and in fact one of the very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one of the very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one of the very important
+issues currently is the design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues currently is the design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues currently is the design and
+development of structures and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of structures and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of structures and the
+comparison of structures in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of structures in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of structures in particular
+the focusing on the tradeoffs that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focusing on the tradeoffs that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focusing on the tradeoffs that is
+the advantages and disadvantages between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages and disadvantages between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages and disadvantages between
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+structures the structures that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the structures that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the structures that I've
+introduced here that is the direct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here that is the direct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here that is the direct form
+the canonic form Cascade and parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonic form Cascade and parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonic form Cascade and parallel
+are the most common structures which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common structures which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common structures which are
+used they in fact tend to hold up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used they in fact tend to hold up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used they in fact tend to hold up very
+well and seem to be in a variety for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and seem to be in a variety for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and seem to be in a variety for a
+variety of reasons some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons some of the more
+advantageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous
+structures while I've presented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures while I've presented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures while I've presented this
+discussion from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from the point of view of
+from a general point of view obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a general point of view obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a general point of view obvious and
+tended to focus on infinite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to focus on infinite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to focus on infinite impulse
+response trans for functions obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response trans for functions obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response trans for functions obviously
+these structures can be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures can be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures can be applied to
+finite impulse response or infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response or infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response or infinite
+impulse response systems in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response systems in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response systems in the next
+lecture I'd like to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'd like to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'd like to continue the
+discussion of structures by focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of structures by focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of structures by focusing
+specifically on finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on finite impulse response
+systems and directing our attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and directing our attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and directing our attention to
+some specific structures that apply only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific structures that apply only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific structures that apply only
+to finite impulse response and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite impulse response and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite impulse response and take
+advantage of some particular aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some particular aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some particular aspects of
+finite impulse response systems thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response systems thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response systems thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/msiE_LqgUEY.txt b/msiE_LqgUEY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45988cf5a2353608b259a92e53230397179f1099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/msiE_LqgUEY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just you know thanks a lot Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just you know thanks a lot Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just you know thanks a lot Stephen
+for fitting Us in on this agenda we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fitting Us in on this agenda we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fitting Us in on this agenda we
+thought it was important today um to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was important today um to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was important today um to uh
+get on this agenda because uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this agenda because uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on this agenda because uh this this
+group the healthcare business Action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the healthcare business Action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the healthcare business Action
+Group has has been together for 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group has has been together for 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group has has been together for 18
+months or so and uh we we're actually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or so and uh we we're actually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or so and uh we we're actually at
+a point now we're developing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point now we're developing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point now we're developing some
+business requirements and and moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business requirements and and moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business requirements and and moving it
+on to um the hardware and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to um the hardware and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to um the hardware and software
+Action Group for some some guidance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action Group for some some guidance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action Group for some some guidance um
+and um some of our colleagues here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um some of our colleagues here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um some of our colleagues here that
+are going to talk today are are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk today are are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk today are are going to
+get into some of the details around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of the details around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into some of the details around uh
+various areas we think we can use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various areas we think we can use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various areas we think we can use some
+research help and clearly as um as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research help and clearly as um as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research help and clearly as um as as an
+industry this is this is one area um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is this is one area um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is this is one area um
+that we're starting to recognize where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're starting to recognize where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're starting to recognize where
+we we do need to start reaching out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do need to start reaching out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we do need to start reaching out and
+getting some some direct help from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some some direct help from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some some direct help from from
+you all so we thank you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all so we thank you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all so we thank you for the
+opportunity today to to talk to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity today to to talk to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity today to to talk to you uh
+and hopefully this will be an ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this will be an ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this will be an ongoing
+dialogue that we um entertain with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that we um entertain with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that we um entertain with with
+this group um what I thought we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group um what I thought we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group um what I thought we would do
+is just do a quick round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just do a quick round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just do a quick round of
+introductions um in addition to me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions um in addition to me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions um in addition to me we
+have Bob Celeste from uh EPC Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Bob Celeste from uh EPC Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Bob Celeste from uh EPC Global
+who's the director of um uh the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the director of um uh the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's the director of um uh the business
+action groups and he's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action groups and he's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action groups and he's responsible for
+facilitation of the business action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation of the business action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation of the business action
+groups uh ten ning who's a director with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh ten ning who's a director with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh ten ning who's a director with
+McKesson uh in spite of what may say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKesson uh in spite of what may say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKesson uh in spite of what may say in
+the agenda I don't think Ted you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agenda I don't think Ted you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agenda I don't think Ted you have
+gotten the promotion yet but may maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the promotion yet but may maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the promotion yet but may maybe
+next week to to vice president board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week to to vice president board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week to to vice president board
+member but hopefully that'll happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member but hopefully that'll happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member but hopefully that'll happen next
+week T um but it's nice to know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week T um but it's nice to know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week T um but it's nice to know you can
+go to Cambridge and get a promotion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Cambridge and get a promotion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Cambridge and get a promotion and
+um Chuck shamik who is um with EBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chuck shamik who is um with EBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Chuck shamik who is um with EBC
+Global now but he's actually on loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global now but he's actually on loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global now but he's actually on loan
+from Johnson and Johnson and um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Johnson and Johnson and um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Johnson and Johnson and um and uh
+we about a year or so ago J&J we took we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we about a year or so ago J&J we took we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we about a year or so ago J&J we took we
+took a decision that we thought that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a decision that we thought that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a decision that we thought that it
+was very important to help uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important to help uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very important to help uh the the
+development of Industry standards so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of Industry standards so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of Industry standards so we
+uh graciously um let Chuck go to EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graciously um let Chuck go to EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graciously um let Chuck go to EPC
+Global uh to help facilitate um this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh to help facilitate um this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh to help facilitate um this um
+development of standards in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of standards in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of standards in the
+healthcare industry so as you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare industry so as you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare industry so as you see on the
+agenda here uh Bob's going to give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda here uh Bob's going to give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda here uh Bob's going to give us an
+overview to what's been going on within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview to what's been going on within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview to what's been going on within
+the bag uh the healthcare and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag uh the healthcare and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag uh the healthcare and life
+science business Action Group uh Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group uh Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group uh Chuck
+is going to talk around item level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk around item level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to talk around item level
+tagging uh we had hoped to have Tom Pudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging uh we had hoped to have Tom Pudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging uh we had hoped to have Tom Pudo
+here today who actually who was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today who actually who was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today who actually who was our
+member uh from the healthcare Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member uh from the healthcare Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member uh from the healthcare Life
+Sciences group from wyth who was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences group from wyth who was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences group from wyth who was our
+chairman of that group but but Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of that group but but Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of that group but but Tom
+couldn't get up here for because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get up here for because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get up here for because of
+business reasons Ted's going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business reasons Ted's going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business reasons Ted's going to cover
+pedigree uh and and um the update around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree uh and and um the update around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree uh and and um the update around
+messaging around the pedigree and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging around the pedigree and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging around the pedigree and then
+um we'll certainly entertain any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll certainly entertain any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll certainly entertain any
+questions um so we'll participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so we'll participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so we'll participate in the
+panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel
+discussion I just thought maybe I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I just thought maybe I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I just thought maybe I would
+touch on a couple points here um why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on a couple points here um why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on a couple points here um why why
+are we doing this um you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing this um you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing this um you know it's it's
+not like Fast movie consumer goods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like Fast movie consumer goods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like Fast movie consumer goods where
+you you've got Walmart and Target saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got Walmart and Target saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got Walmart and Target saying
+you know you you must and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you must and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you must and and and
+Department of Defense coming out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense coming out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Defense coming out with
+with mandates um the the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mandates um the the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mandates um the the reason why
+we're very interested in this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in this is because
+of some of the regulatory requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the regulatory requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the regulatory requirements
+are starting to emerge so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to emerge so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to emerge so we have the
+FDA back in 2004 that issued some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA back in 2004 that issued some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA back in 2004 that issued some
+guidelines around widespread adoption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines around widespread adoption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines around widespread adoption
+around RFID at the item level to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around RFID at the item level to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around RFID at the item level to begin
+tacking tracking and tracing products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking tracking and tracing products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking tracking and tracing products
+but the reality is is the issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is is the issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reality is is the issue that
+we're really dealing with is is patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really dealing with is is patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really dealing with is is patient
+safety this this is this is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety this this is this is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety this this is this is an issue
+that this industry takes um very very to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this industry takes um very very to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this industry takes um very very to
+heart because frankly we're all affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart because frankly we're all affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart because frankly we're all affected
+by it we want to ensure that the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it we want to ensure that the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it we want to ensure that the the the
+drugs and devices that you receive are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and devices that you receive are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and devices that you receive are
+genuine products we don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine products we don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine products we don't want to go
+down the path and I clearly you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the path and I clearly you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the path and I clearly you all
+understand um the issues that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um the issues that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um the issues that that we
+could encounter if uh counterfeit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could encounter if uh counterfeit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could encounter if uh counterfeit
+products are out there so we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are out there so we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are out there so we're very
+very concerned about this um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about this um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about this um so we're
+also responding to um the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also responding to um the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also responding to um the movement
+within the states where they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the states where they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the states where they're um
+adopting what are called pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting what are called pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting what are called pedigree
+regulations uh right now we we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations uh right now we we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations uh right now we we've got a
+large number of states that are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of states that are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of states that are moving
+in this particular area and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular area and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular area and this
+requires uh chain of custody uh tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires uh chain of custody uh tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires uh chain of custody uh tracking
+of the ownership of products and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ownership of products and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ownership of products and as a
+result um both the FDA and uh well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um both the FDA and uh well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um both the FDA and uh well the
+FDA particularly feels that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA particularly feels that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA particularly feels that this this
+could be a key element to uh the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a key element to uh the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a key element to uh the track
+and trace of of products so we felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trace of of products so we felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trace of of products so we felt that
+with the the movement within the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the movement within the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the movement within the states
+and the FDA we thought it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FDA we thought it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FDA we thought it was very
+important to be able to collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to collaborate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to collaborate with
+them to show some move with the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show some move with the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show some move with the industry
+to the development of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the development of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the development of our
+standards but this is not just the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards but this is not just the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards but this is not just the US
+issue um and there are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um and there are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um and there are some other
+motivations that are going over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations that are going over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations that are going over in
+Europe particularly Belgium Italy I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe particularly Belgium Italy I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe particularly Belgium Italy I know
+we've seen some movement in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen some movement in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen some movement in in some
+other countries as well um where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries as well um where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries as well um where they're
+expecting um serialization of items now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting um serialization of items now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting um serialization of items now
+in and to be very clear uh Belgium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and to be very clear uh Belgium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and to be very clear uh Belgium and
+Italy they're not expecting RFID to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy they're not expecting RFID to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy they're not expecting RFID to be
+applied to product all they're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to product all they're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to product all they're asking
+for is serialization of that item Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is serialization of that item Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is serialization of that item Mass
+serialization um and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serialization um and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serialization um and and the the
+movement within uh Europe is prominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement within uh Europe is prominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement within uh Europe is prominantly
+driven because of Pharmacy fraud um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven because of Pharmacy fraud um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven because of Pharmacy fraud um
+that's that's the reason why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the reason why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the reason why they're
+looking for serialization of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for serialization of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for serialization of items
+because they want to know when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to know when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to know when a
+particular product is is dispensed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular product is is dispensed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular product is is dispensed that
+gets properly gets reimbursed and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets properly gets reimbursed and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets properly gets reimbursed and only
+for uh one time not multiple times so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh one time not multiple times so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh one time not multiple times so so
+these are some of the emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the emerging
+regulatory drivers that we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory drivers that we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory drivers that we're starting
+to see within uh the pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see within uh the pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see within uh the pharmaceutical
+industry this is um a model that the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is um a model that the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is um a model that the FDA
+has proposed and and we we keep this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has proposed and and we we keep this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has proposed and and we we keep this in
+mind um as as we continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um as as we continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um as as we continue our
+discussions and and I think this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and and I think this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and and I think this is very
+important actually fits with a lot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important actually fits with a lot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important actually fits with a lot that
+was said earlier by the other industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was said earlier by the other industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was said earlier by the other industries
+that presented today of you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presented today of you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presented today of you know to
+really enable a safe and secure supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enable a safe and secure supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enable a safe and secure supply
+chain you need to be able to track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain you need to be able to track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain you need to be able to track and
+Trace product but you also need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace product but you also need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace product but you also need to be
+able to authenticate product as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to authenticate product as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to authenticate product as well so
+um so in here I've got a bit of a build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in here I've got a bit of a build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in here I've got a bit of a build
+here but to move us along we we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but to move us along we we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but to move us along we we think
+it's very important that authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important that authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important that authentication
+is needed to be able to ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to be able to ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to be able to ensure that the
+product is genuine that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is genuine that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is genuine that that's really
+becomes a foundational element uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a foundational element uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a foundational element uh for
+any track and Trace system uh clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any track and Trace system uh clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any track and Trace system uh clearly
+the pedigree allows us to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedigree allows us to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedigree allows us to be able to
+Monitor and track that chain of custody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monitor and track that chain of custody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monitor and track that chain of custody
+and changes as as that product moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes as as that product moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes as as that product moves
+through the the the pipeline um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the the pipeline um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the the pipeline um so when
+you look at authentication there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at authentication there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at authentication there's also
+a couple different elements of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple different elements of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple different elements of that
+we're looking at um the product identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at um the product identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at um the product identity
+but we're also looking at the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're also looking at the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're also looking at the physical
+characteristics of of the product as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of of the product as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of of the product as
+well so it's not simply does it have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's not simply does it have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it's not simply does it have an
+ID number because if you think of RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID number because if you think of RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID number because if you think of RFID
+at its basic element and and Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its basic element and and Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its basic element and and Master
+serialization at the basic element what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serialization at the basic element what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serialization at the basic element what
+you've been able to identify is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been able to identify is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been able to identify is that
+package and the number that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and the number that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and the number that's been
+assigned to that package uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to that package uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to that package uh what you
+don't know about the contents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the contents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the contents of the
+package was it potentially tampered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package was it potentially tampered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package was it potentially tampered with
+things like that so that that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so that that becomes
+gets us more into the area of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us more into the area of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us more into the area of of uh
+physical features certainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical features certainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical features certainly in the
+future it would be nice to see if RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it would be nice to see if RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it would be nice to see if RFID
+could play a role and uh as as um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play a role and uh as as um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play a role and uh as as um a
+method to ensure that the product has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to ensure that the product has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to ensure that the product has
+not been tampered with but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been tampered with but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not been tampered with but right now
+it's in in its current uh Incarnation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in in its current uh Incarnation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in in its current uh Incarnation um
+you know cannot do that but we we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cannot do that but we we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know cannot do that but we we think
+over time it would be nice to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it would be nice to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it would be nice to see what
+role RFID could play there to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role RFID could play there to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role RFID could play there to ensure
+that the product has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product has not been
+tampered on pedigree you know we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered on pedigree you know we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered on pedigree you know we talk
+about track and Trace and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about track and Trace and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about track and Trace and you know so
+where is the product and where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the product and where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the product and where is it
+headed and where was the product so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed and where was the product so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed and where was the product so it's
+the element of looking where it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of looking where it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of looking where it is but
+then also being able to Look Backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also being able to Look Backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also being able to Look Backwards
+uh and and that that's a that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that that's a that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that that's a that's a very
+large issue for us um our supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large issue for us um our supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large issue for us um our supply chain
+is not directly from manufacturer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not directly from manufacturer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not directly from manufacturer to
+retailer there there's a distributor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer there there's a distributor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer there there's a distributor in
+the middle there and there can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle there and there can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle there and there can also be
+secondary distribution as well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary distribution as well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary distribution as well so what
+you find is our supply chain can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is our supply chain can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is our supply chain can be a
+bit complicated when you start factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated when you start factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated when you start factoring
+in also return goods and um not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in also return goods and um not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in also return goods and um not you know
+the uh the retail pharmacy may not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the retail pharmacy may not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the retail pharmacy may not uh
+ship those return Goods back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship those return Goods back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship those return Goods back to the
+distributor who originally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor who originally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor who originally distributed
+them uh to them so you get into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to them so you get into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to them so you get into some
+very complicated situations and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated situations and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated situations and to
+figure out where the product was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where the product was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where the product was and
+from once it came so this becomes as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from once it came so this becomes as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from once it came so this becomes as as
+as we conducted our work over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we conducted our work over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we conducted our work over the last
+18 months this is the base model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months this is the base model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months this is the base model that
+we've been working with and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with and trying to
+develop some specifications for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some specifications for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some specifications for our
+industry based upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry based upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry based upon this
+model so with this I'm going to turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so with this I'm going to turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so with this I'm going to turn it
+over to to Bob you know after that intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to to Bob you know after that intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to to Bob you know after that intro
+of of what's driving industry and Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what's driving industry and Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of what's driving industry and Bob's
+going to talk about the uh the actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the uh the actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the uh the actions
+within the uh hls bag how we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the uh hls bag how we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the uh hls bag how we've
+organized our efforts and some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized our efforts and some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized our efforts and some of our
+current activities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Bob thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob thanks
+Mike so I just want to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike so I just want to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike so I just want to give you an
+overview of why why Healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of why why Healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of why why Healthcare is
+looking at RFID basically it's it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at RFID basically it's it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at RFID basically it's it's to
+form the safe and secure supply chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the safe and secure supply chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the safe and secure supply chain so
+you see up here about Idol level tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see up here about Idol level tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see up here about Idol level tagging
+electronic pedigree track and Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic pedigree track and Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic pedigree track and Trace
+product authentication and the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product authentication and the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product authentication and the group
+actually has a very regimented way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very regimented way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very regimented way of
+going through this of developing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this of developing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this of developing the the
+capabilities that they' like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that they' like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that they' like the
+scenarios the use cases and then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios the use cases and then any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios the use cases and then any
+variance on those use cases our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on those use cases our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance on those use cases our first
+scenario our first capability that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario our first capability that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario our first capability that we
+started with was pedigree management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with was pedigree management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with was pedigree management and
+and as Mike talked about that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Mike talked about that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Mike talked about that was
+primarily driven through the regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily driven through the regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily driven through the regulations
+that the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had so you spend most of my time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so you spend most of my time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had so you spend most of my time on this
+slide and I'll give you a second to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I'll give you a second to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I'll give you a second to sort
+of soak it in we're hoping that the Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of soak it in we're hoping that the Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of soak it in we're hoping that the Auto
+ID members in the audience will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID members in the audience will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID members in the audience will will
+take a look at some of these check marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of these check marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at some of these check marks
+these are areas that we feel that Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are areas that we feel that Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are areas that we feel that Auto
+ID can help us out with um basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID can help us out with um basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID can help us out with um basically the
+slide is broken into a few few areas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is broken into a few few areas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is broken into a few few areas the
+blue areas is our is our structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue areas is our is our structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue areas is our is our structure so
+for each one of these blue areas there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these blue areas there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of these blue areas there's
+a co-chairs and they all report up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co-chairs and they all report up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co-chairs and they all report up into
+the the tri chairs Tri chair area so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tri chairs Tri chair area so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tri chairs Tri chair area so you
+see this the strategy work group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this the strategy work group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this the strategy work group
+information Tech technology R&D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Tech technology R&D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Tech technology R&D and
+process work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process work
+groups last year when we when we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups last year when we when we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups last year when we when we looked
+at things like um pedigree management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things like um pedigree management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things like um pedigree management
+one of the things we realized was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we realized was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we realized was and
+and we've talked about a lot today was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about a lot today was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about a lot today was
+security and and the requirements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and and the requirements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and and the requirements are
+pretty clear the people in the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear the people in the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear the people in the supply
+chain need to and sometimes customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain need to and sometimes customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain need to and sometimes customers
+would need to read and write the tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to read and write the tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to read and write the tags
+the bad guys don't need to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guys don't need to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guys don't need to do that and
+that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our
+requirement uh to that point because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh to that point because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement uh to that point because we
+don't have a very simple cost effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a very simple cost effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a very simple cost effective
+easily mechanism for securing the tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily mechanism for securing the tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily mechanism for securing the tags
+and the information in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the information in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the information in the supply chain
+there's a number of areas where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of areas where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of areas where you see
+here where we we're looking at security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we we're looking at security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we we're looking at security
+in the areas of item level tagging how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the areas of item level tagging how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the areas of item level tagging how
+to physically secure a tag in the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically secure a tag in the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically secure a tag in the areas
+of serialization how do we secure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serialization how do we secure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of serialization how do we secure the
+number on a tag in the areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on a tag in the areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on a tag in the areas of
+decommissioning how do we ensure that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decommissioning how do we ensure that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decommissioning how do we ensure that a
+tag does not get removed from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag does not get removed from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag does not get removed from a
+discarded bottle and re-entered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded bottle and re-entered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded bottle and re-entered the
+supply chain things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain things like that so
+security actually has broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security actually has broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security actually has broad
+ramifications as far as the the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications as far as the the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications as far as the the areas
+that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working
+on some of the areas that we working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the areas that we working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the areas that we working on
+in 2006 that are kind of interesting are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2006 that are kind of interesting are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2006 that are kind of interesting are
+track and Trace and I want to make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and Trace and I want to make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and Trace and I want to make a a
+sort of a a difference in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a difference in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a difference in your mind
+between what track and Trace is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what track and Trace is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what track and Trace is and what
+pedigree is so pedigree and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree is so pedigree and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree is so pedigree and and I think
+Chuck actually coined this phrase today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck actually coined this phrase today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck actually coined this phrase today
+was pedigree if you think about it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pedigree if you think about it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pedigree if you think about it is a
+business to regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business to regulator
+message pedigrees can be started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message pedigrees can be started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message pedigrees can be started by
+paper they can be started through a EDI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they can be started through a EDI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they can be started through a EDI
+transaction or through an XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction or through an XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction or through an XML
+transaction not easily queriable for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction not easily queriable for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction not easily queriable for for
+an industry so we're also looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry so we're also looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industry so we're also looking at
+this year at the track and Trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year at the track and Trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year at the track and Trace the
+vocabulary that this industry will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that this industry will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that this industry will use
+and the understanding they'll have at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the understanding they'll have at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the understanding they'll have at a
+business level of what all of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business level of what all of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business level of what all of the events
+mean when you move product with RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you move product with RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you move product with RFID
+tags on them the other areas I'll point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags on them the other areas I'll point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags on them the other areas I'll point
+out that are that will be new is and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that are that will be new is and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that are that will be new is and we
+originally saw these as variants but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally saw these as variants but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally saw these as variants but so
+we'll be doing a little bit of a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing a little bit of a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing a little bit of a gap
+analysis between the require we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis between the require we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis between the require we have
+today and when we bring um companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and when we bring um companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and when we bring um companies
+that that focus in these areas and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that focus in these areas and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that focus in these areas and those
+areas like cold chain medical devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like cold chain medical devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like cold chain medical devices
+which will start up soon and biologics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will start up soon and biologics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will start up soon and biologics
+and how they affect and how they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they affect and how they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they affect and how they add
+requirements to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements to our
+pack so I think I'm I may be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack so I think I'm I may be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack so I think I'm I may be done with
+that that was my one slide so we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was my one slide so we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was my one slide so we'll give
+ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm I'm here again subbing for Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm I'm here again subbing for Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm I'm here again subbing for Tom
+Pudo with regard to item level tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pudo with regard to item level tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pudo with regard to item level tagging
+and the work that that work group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work that that work group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work that that work group has
+done for um the healthc care and Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for um the healthc care and Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done for um the healthc care and Life
+Sciences uh bag this group was consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences uh bag this group was consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences uh bag this group was consisted
+of uh a series of about I guess 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a series of about I guess 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh a series of about I guess 32
+individuals that were part of the item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that were part of the item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that were part of the item
+level tagging uh work group 10 were from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level tagging uh work group 10 were from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level tagging uh work group 10 were from
+uh fast moving consumer uh fast moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fast moving consumer uh fast moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fast moving consumer uh fast moving
+consumer goods 10 were from Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods 10 were from Healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer goods 10 were from Healthcare
+and life sciences and 10 were from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and life sciences and 10 were from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and life sciences and 10 were from the
+hardware Action Group within EPC Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware Action Group within EPC Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware Action Group within EPC Global
+in addition to that we had Dan Engles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that we had Dan Engles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that we had Dan Engles
+from U um Auto ID center here working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U um Auto ID center here working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U um Auto ID center here working
+with us and we also had an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and we also had an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and we also had an individual
+from the architecture review Council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the architecture review Council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the architecture review Council
+within EPC Global so that group was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within EPC Global so that group was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within EPC Global so that group was
+pulled together from the three bags uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled together from the three bags uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled together from the three bags uh
+to represent those bags and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent those bags and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent those bags and their
+interest with respect to Turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with respect to Turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with respect to Turning
+requirements into uh Solutions or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements into uh Solutions or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements into uh Solutions or at
+least into understandable requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least into understandable requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least into understandable requirements
+for the health uh the hardware Action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the health uh the hardware Action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the health uh the hardware Action
+Group to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group to act
+upon the objectives that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the objectives that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the objectives that we had before
+us was again because we were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us was again because we were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us was again because we were basically
+business action groups was to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business action groups was to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business action groups was to really
+Define the business scenarios and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the business scenarios and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the business scenarios and
+requirements uh that would drive the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh that would drive the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements uh that would drive the way
+we tended to uh intended to deploy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tended to uh intended to deploy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tended to uh intended to deploy and
+ADT U RFID technology we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADT U RFID technology we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADT U RFID technology we started out
+with the business scenarios again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the business scenarios again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the business scenarios again
+focusing on item level uh case and palet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on item level uh case and palet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on item level uh case and palet
+had been pretty well covered you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been pretty well covered you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been pretty well covered you know in
+a fine fashion from fmcg uh item level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine fashion from fmcg uh item level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine fashion from fmcg uh item level
+uh had not it was Paramount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had not it was Paramount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had not it was Paramount of
+importance to healthcare and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to healthcare and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to healthcare and life
+sciences and yet it was also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and yet it was also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and yet it was also of
+significant importance to both fmcg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant importance to both fmcg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant importance to both fmcg and
+DOD we went into tremendous detail uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD we went into tremendous detail uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD we went into tremendous detail uh
+addressing the operating environments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the operating environments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the operating environments in
+which item level tagging would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which item level tagging would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which item level tagging would have to
+uh perform uh men Max read uh uh read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perform uh men Max read uh uh read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perform uh men Max read uh uh read
+and write ranges uh were were critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write ranges uh were were critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write ranges uh were were critical
+to us because there very different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us because there very different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us because there very different set
+of scenarios from pallet in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenarios from pallet in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scenarios from pallet in case
+security requirements uh which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security requirements uh which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security requirements uh which you've
+heard all day long uh were as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard all day long uh were as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard all day long uh were as important
+for us as they have been for all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as they have been for all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as they have been for all of you
+both in the other industry presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the other industry presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the other industry presentations
+as well as the Auto ID Labs work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the Auto ID Labs work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the Auto ID Labs work that
+you've been doing to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been doing to date
+um privacy features uh critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um privacy features uh critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um privacy features uh critical to
+healthcare and Life Sciences again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and Life Sciences again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and Life Sciences again we
+have significant concerns there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant concerns there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant concerns there that
+unless we educate the public well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we educate the public well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we educate the public well enough
+to understand the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the value of this
+technology and it's u a use in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it's u a use in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it's u a use in their
+best interest it will be a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best interest it will be a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best interest it will be a challenge
+getting adoption uh we have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting adoption uh we have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting adoption uh we have a number of
+products control substances that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products control substances that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products control substances that and the
+Pharma Industries we we have to U move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharma Industries we we have to U move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharma Industries we we have to U move
+out to customers these need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to customers these need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to customers these need to be
+shielded and secured uh so that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielded and secured uh so that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielded and secured uh so that others
+do not know what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not know what is being
+sent um we don't want these tags going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent um we don't want these tags going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent um we don't want these tags going
+out live to customers and consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out live to customers and consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out live to customers and consumers
+because they in turn U uh are paranoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they in turn U uh are paranoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they in turn U uh are paranoid
+about uh knowledge of U Med uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh knowledge of U Med uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh knowledge of U Med uh
+medication consumption uh being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication consumption uh being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication consumption uh being made
+available to those around them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to those around them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to those around them and
+lastly memory features uh this area you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly memory features uh this area you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly memory features uh this area you
+know is how do we want to use the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how do we want to use the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how do we want to use the memory
+that will be on the chip uh in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be on the chip uh in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be on the chip uh in the most
+efficient and effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and effective
+way the progress we made to date and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the progress we made to date and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the progress we made to date and
+this again has this group has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again has this group has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again has this group has been
+working I guess since about Late July of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I guess since about Late July of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I guess since about Late July of
+2005 uh we delivered a series of U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 uh we delivered a series of U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 uh we delivered a series of U uh
+item level uh requirements to that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item level uh requirements to that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item level uh requirements to that group
+it was about 32 Pages worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about 32 Pages worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about 32 Pages worth of
+requirements spanning both uh well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements spanning both uh well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements spanning both uh well all
+three hls fmcg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hls fmcg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hls fmcg and
+DOD uh as well as 60 bus business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD uh as well as 60 bus business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD uh as well as 60 bus business
+scenarios that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that
+we felt well demonstrated the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we felt well demonstrated the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we felt well demonstrated the way this
+technology needed to work uh for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology needed to work uh for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology needed to work uh for those
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+groups uh January 16th and 17th yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh January 16th and 17th yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh January 16th and 17th yeah we
+narrowed that down we wented it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed that down we wented it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed that down we wented it down to
+about seven critical scenarios that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven critical scenarios that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about seven critical scenarios that uh
+it was the intention of the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the intention of the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the intention of the hardware
+Action Group and the vendor Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action Group and the vendor Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Action Group and the vendor Community
+supporting the hardware Action Group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the hardware Action Group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the hardware Action Group to
+do demonstrations of those seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do demonstrations of those seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do demonstrations of those seven
+scenarios and those seven scenarios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and those seven scenarios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and those seven scenarios are
+the ones listed here uh they span again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones listed here uh they span again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones listed here uh they span again
+the three business action groups I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three business action groups I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three business action groups I'm
+here to represent hanging garments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to represent hanging garments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to represent hanging garments on
+metal uh on mobile metal H hanger racks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh on mobile metal H hanger racks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh on mobile metal H hanger racks
+uh creates a u a real dilemma for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creates a u a real dilemma for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creates a u a real dilemma for uh the
+apparel industry uh from a reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparel industry uh from a reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparel industry uh from a reader
+perspective a tent perspective the doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective a tent perspective the doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective a tent perspective the doc
+door Portal same thing if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door Portal same thing if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door Portal same thing if you look at it
+the uh all across all three of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all across all three of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all across all three of those
+groups you know we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you know we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you know we need to be able to
+read uh accurately uh particularly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh accurately uh particularly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh accurately uh particularly when
+you get to the healthcare side uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the healthcare side uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the healthcare side uh we are
+not comfortable with you know 99% reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not comfortable with you know 99% reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not comfortable with you know 99% reads
+we really do need 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do need 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do need 100%
+reads uh a perel point of sale again was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads uh a perel point of sale again was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads uh a perel point of sale again was
+a scenario we picked because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scenario we picked because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scenario we picked because it
+represented uh one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented uh one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented uh one of the more
+challenging point of sale U scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging point of sale U scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging point of sale U scenarios
+that needed to be U shown to be U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be U shown to be U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be U shown to be U
+effective DVDs and adjacent shelf slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective DVDs and adjacent shelf slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective DVDs and adjacent shelf slots
+that particular scenario again represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular scenario again represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular scenario again represent
+close packing of a product on metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packing of a product on metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packing of a product on metal
+shelves uh a dense reader scenario uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelves uh a dense reader scenario uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelves uh a dense reader scenario uh
+more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or
+less vials and amples in a case uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less vials and amples in a case uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less vials and amples in a case uh here
+again this was a read scenario and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was a read scenario and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this was a read scenario and for
+us this represents probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this represents probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this represents probably one of the
+smallest products that will be tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest products that will be tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest products that will be tagging
+and it represented a challenge for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represented a challenge for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it represented a challenge for us
+both on a read and write perspective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on a read and write perspective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on a read and write perspective uh
+the the speed at which these move across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the speed at which these move across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the speed at which these move across
+the U uh the pack packaging lines is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh the pack packaging lines is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh the pack packaging lines is is
+of a concern so we need real accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exactly and probably the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exactly and probably the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exactly and probably the most uh
+challenging scenario that the hag faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging scenario that the hag faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging scenario that the hag faces
+and the work ahead of them is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work ahead of them is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the work ahead of them is that of
+the retail Farm ax tote scenario this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail Farm ax tote scenario this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail Farm ax tote scenario this is
+where uh the wholesalers will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the wholesalers will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the wholesalers will put
+together you know particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know particularly the
+wholesalers will put together a toad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesalers will put together a toad of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesalers will put together a toad of
+product they could represent you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they could represent you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they could represent you know a
+dozen or better uh manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen or better uh manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen or better uh manufacturers
+products all tagged differently uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all tagged differently uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all tagged differently uh all
+kinds of different products of all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different products of all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of different products of all sorts
+of of uh form factors of materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh form factors of materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh form factors of materials and
+of contents uh all together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contents uh all together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contents uh all together the
+orientation of antennas you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of antennas you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of antennas you know it's
+random orientation so it's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random orientation so it's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random orientation so it's it's going to
+be truly a challenge for them to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be truly a challenge for them to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be truly a challenge for them to uh to
+demonstrate that one and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that one and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that one and then the last
+one the vile and ample right scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the vile and ample right scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the vile and ample right scenario
+was the only right scenario that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only right scenario that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only right scenario that we did
+include in this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in this because
+you know we felt that this was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we felt that this was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we felt that this was the one
+that uh represented things very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh represented things very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh represented things very close
+together very small form factor uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very small form factor uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together very small form factor uh going
+at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pace the uh areas of central focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace the uh areas of central focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace the uh areas of central focus and
+concern for us in these demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for us in these demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for us in these demonstrations
+that are coming up are really to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up are really to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up are really to uh to
+look at performance considerations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at performance considerations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at performance considerations and
+again this is the operation of the tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the operation of the tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the operation of the tags
+operations between tags and readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations between tags and readers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations between tags and readers
+operations of fixed readers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of fixed readers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of fixed readers and the
+presence of mobile readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of mobile readers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of mobile readers
+you know again this is in the retail end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again this is in the retail end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again this is in the retail end
+of the supply chain that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply chain that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply chain that we're
+addressing and uh lastly uh operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and uh lastly uh operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing and uh lastly uh operation
+and dense reader environments uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense reader environments uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense reader environments uh there
+again it's inventory uh takes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's inventory uh takes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's inventory uh takes that are
+occurring in the retail setting either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in the retail setting either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in the retail setting either
+in the U store or in the back rooms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U store or in the back rooms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U store or in the back rooms with
+lots of readers lots of antennas tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of readers lots of antennas tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of readers lots of antennas tons of
+products security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products security
+considerations uh here as you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh here as you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh here as you've heard
+all day long you know the interest here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long you know the interest here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long you know the interest here
+is is in manageable affordable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is in manageable affordable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is in manageable affordable and
+non-intrusive uh Security Solutions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intrusive uh Security Solutions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intrusive uh Security Solutions uh
+we we just uh you know can't afford the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just uh you know can't afford the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just uh you know can't afford the
+cost you know of the detail or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know of the detail or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you know of the detail or the
+latency that might be introduced uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency that might be introduced uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency that might be introduced uh with
+certain types of U of encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of U of encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of U of encryption and
+decryption requirements so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption requirements so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption requirements so this is an
+area that we really would like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that we really would like to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that we really would like to work
+very closely with the the labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely with the the labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely with the the labs
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh memory read right locking uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory read right locking uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory read right locking uh this is
+hopefully you know a solution for us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know a solution for us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know a solution for us as
+we move forward with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move forward with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move forward with respect to
+shielding uh certain pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding uh certain pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding uh certain pieces of
+information that uh we need to Shield as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that uh we need to Shield as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that uh we need to Shield as
+products move through the uh supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products move through the uh supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products move through the uh supply
+chain yet make them visible at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain yet make them visible at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain yet make them visible at different
+points in the supply chain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the supply chain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the supply chain for
+efficiency and effectiveness of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and effectiveness of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and effectiveness of those
+operations and lastly decommissioning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and lastly decommissioning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and lastly decommissioning of
+tags Bob mentioned that earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags Bob mentioned that earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags Bob mentioned that earlier in the
+discussion this is an area that uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion this is an area that uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion this is an area that uh again
+for the healthcare my Sciences group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthcare my Sciences group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the healthcare my Sciences group is
+of particular concern because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular concern because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular concern because you know
+we you know we want to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we want to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know we want to make sure that we
+have a way of either killing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of either killing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of either killing or
+partially killing tags as it goes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially killing tags as it goes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially killing tags as it goes out to
+the uh consuming uh population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh consuming uh population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh consuming uh population and
+possibly bring it back if we want at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bring it back if we want at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bring it back if we want at a
+later date when we want to use it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later date when we want to use it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later date when we want to use it in a
+much more Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fashion the dense reader environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the dense reader environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion the dense reader environment
+considerations here we're having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations here we're having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations here we're having uh
+trouble because every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because every one of those
+scenarios uh uh is unique to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios uh uh is unique to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios uh uh is unique to the the
+business or the operation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or the operation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business or the operation that's
+performing them and uh how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing them and uh how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing them and uh how we're going
+to replicate something like that and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate something like that and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replicate something like that and our
+test coming up is is going to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test coming up is is going to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test coming up is is going to be a real
+challenge um but we do have dense reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um but we do have dense reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge um but we do have dense reader
+scenarios in these various locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in these various locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in these various locations
+throughout supply chain either at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout supply chain either at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout supply chain either at the
+dock doors at the racking and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock doors at the racking and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock doors at the racking and the
+distribution centers at the shelves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers at the shelves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centers at the shelves and
+the retail store and even a CH a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail store and even a CH a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail store and even a CH a
+customer checkout so it isn't it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer checkout so it isn't it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer checkout so it isn't it's a
+concern for us in terms of interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for us in terms of interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for us in terms of interference
+and lastly uh the mobile readers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly uh the mobile readers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly uh the mobile readers uh
+entering the field of stationary readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the field of stationary readers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the field of stationary readers
+again when you know the noia phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when you know the noia phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when you know the noia phone
+example of being able to go in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of being able to go in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of being able to go in and and
+determine uh you know the U to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh you know the U to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh you know the U to read a
+tag you know our concerns were well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag you know our concerns were well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag you know our concerns were well is
+this really going to impact you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really going to impact you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really going to impact you know the
+U intelligent shelf readers that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U intelligent shelf readers that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U intelligent shelf readers that may be
+in place or not and it seems like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place or not and it seems like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place or not and it seems like from
+the research that's been done today by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that's been done today by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that's been done today by U
+Auto ID Labs here you know that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID Labs here you know that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID Labs here you know that's one
+that we're not going to have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to have to worry
+too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+oops I'm not going to go into detail on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I'm not going to go into detail on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I'm not going to go into detail on
+these but these are U just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but these are U just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but these are U just to give you
+an example of the depth of of uh detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the depth of of uh detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the depth of of uh detail
+and the comprehensiveness in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comprehensiveness in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the comprehensiveness in which we
+defined our business scenarios uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined our business scenarios uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined our business scenarios uh to
+capture the operating environments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the operating environments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the operating environments in
+which these tags would have to work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these tags would have to work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these tags would have to work uh
+we measured everything from uh where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measured everything from uh where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measured everything from uh where in
+the scenario it would occur uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario it would occur uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenario it would occur uh the
+number of tags that would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tags that would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tags that would have to be
+read you know at that particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you know at that particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read you know at that particular point
+the interrogation region that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interrogation region that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interrogation region that the
+readers would uh uh would be impacted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers would uh uh would be impacted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers would uh uh would be impacted by
+the tag antenna sizes and the variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag antenna sizes and the variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag antenna sizes and the variety of
+those tag antenna sizes uh maximum read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tag antenna sizes uh maximum read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tag antenna sizes uh maximum read
+ranges maximum tag velocity or in cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges maximum tag velocity or in cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges maximum tag velocity or in cases
+when they're stationary how long are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're stationary how long are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're stationary how long are
+they stationary uh to allow a read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stationary uh to allow a read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stationary uh to allow a read
+the reader reliability again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader reliability again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader reliability again this is
+something that we you know feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we you know feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we you know feel very
+strongly about U being as close to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly about U being as close to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly about U being as close to 100
+is possible and then uh the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible and then uh the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible and then uh the last one
+were notes on the materials and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were notes on the materials and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were notes on the materials and uh
+makeups of of what these scenarios were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeups of of what these scenarios were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeups of of what these scenarios were
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh a good example again going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good example again going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a good example again going back to
+the retail of phote you know here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail of phote you know here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail of phote you know here again
+you're looking at liquids blister packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at liquids blister packs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at liquids blister packs
+tablets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablets
+syringes uh foil metal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringes uh foil metal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syringes uh foil metal uh
+packages all in a tote you know to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages all in a tote you know to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages all in a tote you know to be
+read uh with random oriented placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh with random oriented placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh with random oriented placement
+in that tote so these are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tote so these are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tote so these are very very
+challenging uh demonstrations we know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging uh demonstrations we know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging uh demonstrations we know uh
+hopefully that uh most of it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that uh most of it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that uh most of it will be
+successful and we'll move forward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and we'll move forward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and we'll move forward with
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+Solutions and where we are now is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and where we are now is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and where we are now is we're
+proceeding in this second phase we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in this second phase we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding in this second phase we is
+turning all of this over to the hag for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning all of this over to the hag for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning all of this over to the hag for
+them to take on uh there is a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take on uh there is a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take on uh there is a little uh
+wrapup work that's still expected of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapup work that's still expected of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapup work that's still expected of our
+group and that's to get a better sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that's to get a better sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and that's to get a better sense
+of what uh the hospital demands are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh the hospital demands are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh the hospital demands are
+unfortunately you know today we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you know today we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you know today we haven't
+had Hospital representation you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Hospital representation you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had Hospital representation you know as
+U directly and uh strongly as what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U directly and uh strongly as what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U directly and uh strongly as what we've
+needed you know in the hls uh Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed you know in the hls uh Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed you know in the hls uh Community
+but we do need to get more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to get more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to get more information
+there because that represents a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that represents a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because that represents a u
+possible frequency issue for us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible frequency issue for us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible frequency issue for us and
+likewise uh more complexity so the hag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise uh more complexity so the hag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise uh more complexity so the hag
+is going to confirm that the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to confirm that the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to confirm that the technology
+V vendors that are going to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V vendors that are going to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V vendors that are going to work with
+them in these demonstrations which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in these demonstrations which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in these demonstrations which they
+think will be somewhere between six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will be somewhere between six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think will be somewhere between six and
+12 uh companies working with us uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh companies working with us uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 uh companies working with us uh we
+want to make sure they cover the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure they cover the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure they cover the seven
+scenarios in an equal fashion so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in an equal fashion so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in an equal fashion so they
+don't all go after scenario one and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all go after scenario one and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all go after scenario one and five
+you know and the others don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the others don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the others don't get
+addressed uh that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed uh that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed uh that's going to be the
+challenge for the hag to make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for the hag to make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for the hag to make sure they
+work that out they're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that out they're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that out they're going to do the
+work between uh February and March 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work between uh February and March 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work between uh February and March 20
+2nd at which time these demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2nd at which time these demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2nd at which time these demonstrations
+are going to be provided back to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be provided back to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be provided back to the uh
+three U business action groups hls fmcg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three U business action groups hls fmcg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three U business action groups hls fmcg
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+DOD and then we will uh see where we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD and then we will uh see where we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD and then we will uh see where we go
+from there in terms of what they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there in terms of what they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there in terms of what they can do
+and what they can't so out of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they can't so out of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they can't so out of that we
+expect a lot of of opportunities to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a lot of of opportunities to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a lot of of opportunities to come
+back to you and uh and ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you and uh and ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you and uh and ask for
+assistance in drilling down on how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in drilling down on how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance in drilling down on how we
+can turn something that doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn something that doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn something that doesn't look
+like it can work today and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it can work today and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it can work today and something
+that can you know six or nine months a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you know six or nine months a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you know six or nine months a
+year year and a half out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay hi I'm Ted I'm going to try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi I'm Ted I'm going to try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hi I'm Ted I'm going to try to go
+through with you guys what we've done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with you guys what we've done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with you guys what we've done in
+the uh in the bag for the pedigree side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the bag for the pedigree side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the bag for the pedigree side
+of the business again um Mike open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the business again um Mike open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the business again um Mike open up
+with some very uh you know uh leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some very uh you know uh leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some very uh you know uh leading
+drivers as what's causing us to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers as what's causing us to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers as what's causing us to do this
+and and really the driver is not uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really the driver is not uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really the driver is not uh you
+know pedigree but the health but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pedigree but the health but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pedigree but the health but our
+driver is really patient safety and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is really patient safety and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver is really patient safety and
+health care okay again the our lightning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care okay again the our lightning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care okay again the our lightning
+rod for us to move forward in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod for us to move forward in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod for us to move forward in the
+pedigree space was was caused by the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree space was was caused by the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree space was was caused by the FDA
+report that was issued in uh U February
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was issued in uh U February
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that was issued in uh U February
+of 2004 you know so it appears that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2004 you know so it appears that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2004 you know so it appears that you
+know we do have a counterfeit problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do have a counterfeit problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do have a counterfeit problem
+and that how are we going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that how are we going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that how are we going to deal with
+that problem and and the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and and the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and and the report
+indicated that the best way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that the best way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that the best way to do that
+was to use RFID based systems right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to use RFID based systems right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to use RFID based systems right so I
+don't I think you guys have seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think you guys have seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I think you guys have seen these
+products you know on one side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you know on one side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you know on one side is the
+good the good product on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the good product on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the good product on the right side
+I mean left or right side depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean left or right side depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean left or right side depending on
+the product you know is showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product you know is showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product you know is showing you the
+good the good B and the bad bad product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the good B and the bad bad product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the good B and the bad bad product
+so how you going to tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how you going to tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how you going to tell the difference
+right so the they're saying RFID is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the they're saying RFID is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the they're saying RFID is the
+way to go right um the problem is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go right um the problem is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go right um the problem is what
+the problem is we have too many cooks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is we have too many cooks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is we have too many cooks in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+kitchen for us you know we would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen for us you know we would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen for us you know we would love to
+comply I think the industry wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply I think the industry wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply I think the industry wants to
+comply I think it's the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply I think it's the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply I think it's the right thing to
+to do for us right thing to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for us right thing to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for us right thing to do for the
+nation right but uh if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation right but uh if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation right but uh if you look at this
+we have here um 30 plus states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here um 30 plus states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here um 30 plus states have
+written pedigree laws now you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written pedigree laws now you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written pedigree laws now you know I
+represent McKesson mck is a wholesal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent McKesson mck is a wholesal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent McKesson mck is a wholesal
+Wholesale Distributor of pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wholesale Distributor of pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wholesale Distributor of pharmaceutical
+drugs we cannot afford to write systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs we cannot afford to write systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs we cannot afford to write systems
+for you know 30 different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know 30 different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know 30 different states
+basically so we really need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so we really need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so we really need to have a
+model a consistent model you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a consistent model you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a consistent model you know the
+model that my Mike showed would be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that my Mike showed would be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that my Mike showed would be great
+to have but unfortunately Florida the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have but unfortunately Florida the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have but unfortunately Florida the
+first one that's coming up up for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that's coming up up for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that's coming up up for us
+which we put a lot of effort behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we put a lot of effort behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we put a lot of effort behind in
+July 1st of 2006 indicated that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July 1st of 2006 indicated that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July 1st of 2006 indicated that we have
+to be in compliance to their model first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in compliance to their model first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in compliance to their model first
+and then followed by January 1st of 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then followed by January 1st of 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then followed by January 1st of 2007
+is California and then there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is California and then there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is California and then there's various
+laws already in place like uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws already in place like uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws already in place like uh in
+regulatory process like Nevada like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory process like Nevada like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory process like Nevada like
+Texas already in progress and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas already in progress and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas already in progress and writing
+regulations that may interfere with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that may interfere with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that may interfere with what
+has already been proposed by Florida so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been proposed by Florida so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been proposed by Florida so
+the real benefit for us and so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real benefit for us and so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real benefit for us and so to speak
+is that the models have been proposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the models have been proposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the models have been proposed by
+the other quote 29 30 plus States here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quote 29 30 plus States here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quote 29 30 plus States here
+differs um significantly from Florida so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs um significantly from Florida so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs um significantly from Florida so
+there might be some um consolidation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some um consolidation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some um consolidation so
+to speak hopefully by the models uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak hopefully by the models uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak hopefully by the models uh and
+we're looking for is some some federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is some some federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is some some federal
+interaction here that will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here that will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here that will allow us to
+do that okay uh so really again just and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay uh so really again just and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay uh so really again just and
+I'll talk about a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about a little bit about the
+solution is what identification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is what identification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is what identification and
+tracking so but how do you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking so but how do you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking so but how do you do that you
+know I had not heard anything today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had not heard anything today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had not heard anything today that
+that tells me that says that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that says that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that says that we need to
+do the entire supply chain and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the entire supply chain and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the entire supply chain and all
+products in the supply chain that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in the supply chain that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in the supply chain that's not
+what we need to have done here we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have done here we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have done here we got to
+do some type of you know I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some type of you know I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some type of you know I don't think
+there's sufficient RFID capacity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sufficient RFID capacity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sufficient RFID capacity in the
+industry to solve and meet all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to solve and meet all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry to solve and meet all of the
+demand that necessary to enable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that necessary to enable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that necessary to enable the
+entire supply chain of pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain of pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire supply chain of pharmaceutical
+products so you know so there's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you know so there's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you know so there's got to
+be some approach some thinking that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some approach some thinking that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some approach some thinking that says
+that what's a rational you rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's a rational you rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's a rational you rational
+adoption approach here you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption approach here you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption approach here you know is it
+high demand guys only is it the top 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high demand guys only is it the top 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high demand guys only is it the top 100
+is it the the guys that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the the guys that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the the guys that are most
+counterfeit it you know so we we we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeit it you know so we we we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeit it you know so we we we need
+we need help and we need some guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need help and we need some guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need help and we need some guidance
+here okay but again we're we're forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but again we're we're forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but again we're we're forced
+by the Florida pedigree law to to enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Florida pedigree law to to enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Florida pedigree law to to enable
+the whole whole supply chain but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole whole supply chain but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole whole supply chain but if you
+look at without going into what Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at without going into what Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at without going into what Florida
+is all about uh that model is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about uh that model is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about uh that model is is
+fundamentally flawed okay in in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally flawed okay in in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally flawed okay in in the way
+we would think about a pure chain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would think about a pure chain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would think about a pure chain of
+custody and a pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody and a pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custody and a pedigree
+model uh so the Florida pedigree model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so the Florida pedigree model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so the Florida pedigree model
+says you it's not the data element so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you it's not the data element so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you it's not the data element so to
+speak it's what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it's what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it's what you're trying to
+accomplish here uh and um we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish here uh and um we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish here uh and um we need this
+basic stuff you know and they don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff you know and they don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff you know and they don't even
+talk about serialization obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about serialization obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about serialization obviously you
+know when you counterfeit product at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you counterfeit product at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you counterfeit product at an
+item level or a bottle level and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item level or a bottle level and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item level or a bottle level and they're
+looking at tracking only lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tracking only lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tracking only lot and
+expiration date so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration date so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration date so to
+speak um so there was other industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um so there was other industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um so there was other industry
+groups have come together not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups have come together not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups have come together not just
+States you know I didn't show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you know I didn't show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you know I didn't show you the
+whole picture here you know there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture here you know there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole picture here you know there has
+been nabp then there's other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nabp then there's other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been nabp then there's other groups
+uniform uh uh there's a uniform pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh uh there's a uniform pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh uh there's a uniform pedigree
+Council that's been put together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council that's been put together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council that's been put together by
+different industry groups as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industry groups as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different industry groups as well
+representing uh you know various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh you know various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh you know various
+factions here but they came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions here but they came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factions here but they came up with a
+different set you know of data elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set you know of data elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set you know of data elements
+associated with what it should be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what it should be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what it should be in a
+pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree
+uh so really where and without defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so really where and without defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so really where and without defining
+you know what they did was in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they did was in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they did was in those
+groups was Define quote the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups was Define quote the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups was Define quote the data
+elements obviously data elements are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements obviously data elements are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements obviously data elements are of
+value because I'm an IT guy you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because I'm an IT guy you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because I'm an IT guy you know I
+work with data elements but what's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with data elements but what's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with data elements but what's more
+important what's the process associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what's the process associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what's the process associated
+with that that definition of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that definition of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that definition of what a
+pedigree is right right who updates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree is right right who updates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree is right right who updates the
+data you know who who who says what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know who who who says what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know who who who says what data
+should be there when should you update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there when should you update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be there when should you update
+it how do I share the information oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do I share the information oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do I share the information oh and
+then from the process side you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the process side you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from the process side you know
+where does it start who's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it start who's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it start who's responsible
+who will enforce you know again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will enforce you know again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will enforce you know again we
+talked about what is authen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what is authen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what is authen
+authentication authentication here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication authentication here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication authentication here you
+know it's not just a number it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not just a number it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not just a number it's also
+the overt and covert measures associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overt and covert measures associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overt and covert measures associated
+with it and the linking of the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and the linking of the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and the linking of the two sides
+of the pedigree model you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pedigree model you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pedigree model you know with the
+right side and left side in in a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and left side in in a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and left side in in a logical
+data model okay so who pays for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data model okay so who pays for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data model okay so who pays for the
+system which is even a better question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is even a better question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is even a better question
+you know if if regulatory mandates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if regulatory mandates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if regulatory mandates this
+stuff obviously there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff obviously there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff obviously there's going to be a
+huge increase in cost here um so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge increase in cost here um so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge increase in cost here um so um you
+know and and Masten deals with literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and Masten deals with literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and Masten deals with literally
+thousands of local pharmacies and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of local pharmacies and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of local pharmacies and we
+call them there in in different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them there in in different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them there in in different parts of
+the country we call them Mom and Pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country we call them Mom and Pops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country we call them Mom and Pops
+you know some if we put in an RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some if we put in an RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some if we put in an RFID
+system that is associated with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is associated with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is associated with you know
+a more sophisticated system can these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more sophisticated system can these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more sophisticated system can these
+can these pharmacies be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can these pharmacies be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can these pharmacies be able to
+authenticate the product when when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate the product when when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate the product when when we
+receive it you know do they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it you know do they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it you know do they have the
+cost infrastructure do so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost infrastructure do so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost infrastructure do so you know I
+know we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need
+standards okay um I'm I'm also part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards okay um I'm I'm also part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards okay um I'm I'm also part of
+the uh information work group we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh information work group we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh information work group we're
+working within the bag um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working within the bag um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working within the bag um you know we
+really need to have is you know uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have is you know uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to have is you know uh the
+information model The Logical models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information model The Logical models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information model The Logical models you
+know the flow uh associated with it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the flow uh associated with it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the flow uh associated with it you
+guys I know some of the speakers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I know some of the speakers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys I know some of the speakers here
+today uh attempted to to bridge into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh attempted to to bridge into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh attempted to to bridge into
+that you know without talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know without talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know without talking about it
+but you know if we really need the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if we really need the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if we really need the rules
+as an IT organization uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an IT organization uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an IT organization uh to do
+synchronization validation ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization validation ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization validation ownership
+retention security you know Florida says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention security you know Florida says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention security you know Florida says
+we have to keep the keep the records for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to keep the keep the records for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to keep the keep the records for
+our pedigree for three years you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pedigree for three years you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pedigree for three years you know we
+generate I don't know I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate I don't know I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate I don't know I'm not going to
+go through the numbers of Messin but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the numbers of Messin but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the numbers of Messin but we
+you know there's a lot of orders we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of orders we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of orders we
+generate an order for each customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an order for each customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an order for each customer
+every day of the year in Florida you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of the year in Florida you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day of the year in Florida you
+know that we do an overnight delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we do an overnight delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we do an overnight delivery
+model so how many pedigrees do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so how many pedigrees do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so how many pedigrees do we need
+to create for every product there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create for every product there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create for every product there is
+there we cannot afford to create a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we cannot afford to create a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we cannot afford to create a paper
+pedigree based system and and in Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree based system and and in Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree based system and and in Florida
+allows a paper pedigree system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a paper pedigree system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a paper pedigree system and
+there's no Integrity in a paper pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Integrity in a paper pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Integrity in a paper pedigree
+system really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system really
+okay um this isn't this is uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this isn't this is uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um this isn't this is uh a little
+bit about evolution of of uh Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about evolution of of uh Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about evolution of of uh Hardware
+software and integration but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and integration but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and integration but you know if
+you look at all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at all the different
+architectural stacks and and stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural stacks and and stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural stacks and and stuff is
+really is there is that middleware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is there is that middleware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is there is that middleware is
+like expanding to the edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expanding to the edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expanding to the edge and the
+middleware is expanding upward into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware is expanding upward into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware is expanding upward into the
+Enterprise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise so
+um there there's no static model so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's no static model so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's no static model so to
+speak of Technology here we are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of Technology here we are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of Technology here we are moving
+from gen one to gen two so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gen one to gen two so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gen one to gen two so you know
+we're talking about adual readers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about adual readers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about adual readers you
+know we're talking about we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're talking about we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're talking about we haven't
+really we haven't really come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we haven't really come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we haven't really come up with a
+sense of understanding what are the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of understanding what are the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of understanding what are the firm
+frequencies associated with what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies associated with what we're
+going to do how we going to write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do how we going to write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do how we going to write these
+tags and what should be on the tags and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and what should be on the tags and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and what should be on the tags and
+then then we have the performance issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then we have the performance issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then we have the performance issues
+with item level tagging still to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with item level tagging still to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with item level tagging still to decide
+so you know uh I think uh Chuck and Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh I think uh Chuck and Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know uh I think uh Chuck and Mike
+here really said the same things here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really said the same things here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really said the same things here we
+really need your help here you know help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need your help here you know help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need your help here you know help
+us resolve these issues here so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us resolve these issues here so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us resolve these issues here so that we
+can get this you know patient safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this you know patient safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this you know patient safety
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addressed uh so a summary of issues here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed uh so a summary of issues here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed uh so a summary of issues here
+um again uh top of the list is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again uh top of the list is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again uh top of the list is really
+for us in health care you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in health care you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us in health care you know we're
+Guided by hippo rules we're Guided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guided by hippo rules we're Guided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guided by hippo rules we're Guided by
+many different privacy and and security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different privacy and and security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different privacy and and security
+practices already you know we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices already you know we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices already you know we need one
+that that allow us to do what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that allow us to do what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that allow us to do what we need to
+do and um not lose the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and um not lose the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and um not lose the the the
+confidence of what we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence of what we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence of what we have in our
+healthc care consumer Base today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care consumer Base today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care consumer Base today you
+know we cannot allow that to to erode um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we cannot allow that to to erode um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we cannot allow that to to erode um
+you know so again where's the data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so again where's the data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so again where's the data you
+know how are we going to hold that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how are we going to hold that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how are we going to hold that data
+you know our uh the healthcare industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our uh the healthcare industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our uh the healthcare industry
+model today uh is hold very closely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model today uh is hold very closely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model today uh is hold very closely to
+the Vesta data you know so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vesta data you know so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vesta data you know so we need to
+come up with models that that allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with models that that allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with models that that allow us
+to to expand be beyond our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to expand be beyond our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to expand be beyond our current
+supply chain model and say what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain model and say what is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain model and say what is uh
+the economics as associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics as associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics as associated with it
+um uh product identification schema you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh product identification schema you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh product identification schema you
+know uh we talked about it in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh we talked about it in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh we talked about it in many
+different and forums here today you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and forums here today you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and forums here today you know
+a local schema versus a global schema uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local schema versus a global schema uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local schema versus a global schema uh
+obviously the manufacturers have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the manufacturers have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the manufacturers have a
+global business and yet uh the NDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global business and yet uh the NDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global business and yet uh the NDC
+number which is the primary ENT product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is the primary ENT product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is the primary ENT product
+identifier here in America is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier here in America is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier here in America is used for
+claims processing also so you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims processing also so you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims processing also so you know and
+in a pharmacy for them not to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pharmacy for them not to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pharmacy for them not to have that
+NDC number on the product is a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDC number on the product is a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDC number on the product is a big deal
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+you know and also um item level tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and also um item level tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and also um item level tagging
+was talked about by Chuck obviously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about by Chuck obviously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about by Chuck obviously in
+detail Ford and reverse logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail Ford and reverse logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail Ford and reverse logistic
+participation obviously the model if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation obviously the model if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation obviously the model if you
+look at the Florida model it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Florida model it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Florida model it doesn't
+start with a manufacturer it starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a manufacturer it starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a manufacturer it starts with
+a wholesaler okay there's a few supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wholesaler okay there's a few supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wholesaler okay there's a few supply
+chain participants missing they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain participants missing they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain participants missing they're in
+the middle here you know and so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here you know and so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here you know and so I mean
+including Logistics guys right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Logistics guys right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Logistics guys right so you
+know we believe that really the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we believe that really the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we believe that really the best
+pedigree model contains all participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree model contains all participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree model contains all participants
+in the in the supply chain right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the supply chain right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the supply chain right there
+can't be going from one step to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be going from one step to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be going from one step to step
+three and okay and step two maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and okay and step two maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and okay and step two maybe if you
+have if you can if you have the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you can if you have the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you can if you have the time you
+know um so we're looking for is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um so we're looking for is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um so we're looking for is really a
+state and FDA e pedigree model we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and FDA e pedigree model we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and FDA e pedigree model we're
+looking for an electronic model you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an electronic model you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an electronic model you know
+electronic models I believe the pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic models I believe the pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic models I believe the pedigree
+model itself is a pretty uniform model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model itself is a pretty uniform model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model itself is a pretty uniform model
+in the sense that the problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the problem that you
+can address in terms of a pedigree model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address in terms of a pedigree model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can address in terms of a pedigree model
+for uh for healthcare can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for healthcare can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for healthcare can apply to
+Consumer package groids it can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer package groids it can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer package groids it can apply to
+you know the you know the clothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the you know the clothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the you know the clothing
+industry for example right so the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for example right so the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry for example right so the model
+is fairly clear but we need to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly clear but we need to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly clear but we need to Define
+one across Industries and I would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one across Industries and I would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one across Industries and I would think
+I would add significantly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would add significantly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would add significantly to the
+adoption associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption associated with
+it um tag frequency technology maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um tag frequency technology maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um tag frequency technology maturity
+you know I I caution um as a business we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I caution um as a business we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I caution um as a business we
+we have X number of dollars each year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X number of dollars each year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X number of dollars each year to
+invest into into technology you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest into into technology you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest into into technology you know
+what we need to have is an evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have is an evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have is an evolutionary
+step you know we can't slowly evolve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know we can't slowly evolve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you know we can't slowly evolve you
+know we got to have checkpoints along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got to have checkpoints along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we got to have checkpoints along
+the way I was talking to John early over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I was talking to John early over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I was talking to John early over
+lunch about the concept of you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch about the concept of you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch about the concept of you know we
+have to set the Future Vision of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to set the Future Vision of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to set the Future Vision of where
+we're going to go right where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go right where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go right where are we
+going to be two years from now three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two years from now three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two years from now three
+years from now wherever the wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now wherever the wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now wherever the wherever the
+slice and dice is okay but the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and dice is okay but the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and dice is okay but the end of
+year one we have to say to ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one we have to say to ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one we have to say to ourselves to
+say we're all going to be X12 by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're all going to be X12 by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're all going to be X12 by this
+day and able to accomplish these type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and able to accomplish these type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and able to accomplish these type of
+things so that's what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's what we're looking for
+here as an industry because we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an industry because we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an industry because we can't do
+this incremental adoption approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incremental adoption approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incremental adoption approach
+because it's a huge infrastructure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a huge infrastructure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a huge infrastructure we
+have to change overnight okay took us 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change overnight okay took us 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change overnight okay took us 30
+years to get the barcode maturity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get the barcode maturity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get the barcode maturity we
+cannot wait 30 years for rid to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot wait 30 years for rid to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot wait 30 years for rid to become
+mature okay there we all understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature okay there we all understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature okay there we all understand the
+the product identification strength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product identification strength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product identification strength and
+the need for product identification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for product identification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for product identification and
+and the glory associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glory associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glory associated with
+understanding what else we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what else we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what else we can do with
+additional bits of information that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits of information that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits of information that we
+never had with the linear barcode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had with the linear barcode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had with the linear barcode so
+um um I again uh what's a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I again uh what's a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I again uh what's a rational
+adoptions approach you know what's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoptions approach you know what's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoptions approach you know what's you
+know for us the for massen a Wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for us the for massen a Wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for us the for massen a Wholesale
+Distributor what percentage of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributor what percentage of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributor what percentage of product
+has to be uh enabled for us to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be uh enabled for us to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be uh enabled for us to to make
+that a uh a nonparallel setup technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh a nonparallel setup technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a uh a nonparallel setup technology
+so to speak you know I can't be scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak you know I can't be scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak you know I can't be scanning
+product with barcodes in one hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with barcodes in one hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with barcodes in one hand and
+then using RFID on the other it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using RFID on the other it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using RFID on the other it doesn't
+say me any time if I close the toad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say me any time if I close the toad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say me any time if I close the toad and
+I have to open it back up to scan those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to open it back up to scan those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to open it back up to scan those
+those products are not RFID enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those products are not RFID enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those products are not RFID enabled
+versus guys that are L are barcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus guys that are L are barcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus guys that are L are barcode
+enabled so we have to reach a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled so we have to reach a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled so we have to reach a level of
+maturity and adoption as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and adoption as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity and adoption as quickly as
+possible and that would entable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that would entable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that would entable that
+would be everybody in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be everybody in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be everybody in the supply chain
+again and know that goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and know that goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and know that goes back to the
+cost dollars and goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost dollars and goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost dollars and goes back to the
+evolutionary aspects of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary aspects of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary aspects of it so
+um it's really not a focus on technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really not a focus on technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really not a focus on technology
+I don't want to make the you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to make the you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to make the you know I know
+we're a Technology Group here we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a Technology Group here we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a Technology Group here we really
+really need to focus on the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to focus on the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to focus on the long-term
+Vision in terms of a business set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision in terms of a business set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision in terms of a business set of
+requirements and saying we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and saying we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and saying we're going to
+sell safe and secure we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell safe and secure we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell safe and secure we're going to
+we're going to sell reverse Logistics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sell reverse Logistics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sell reverse Logistics or
+operational efficiencies May one make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational efficiencies May one make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational efficiencies May one make
+may follow the other on a on a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may follow the other on a on a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may follow the other on a on a logical
+basis but when you develop a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but when you develop a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis but when you develop a sense of
+Solutions and when I say e pedigree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and when I say e pedigree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and when I say e pedigree that
+to me that's a business scenario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that's a business scenario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that's a business scenario and
+what are what are supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are what are supporting
+Technologies allow us to get to step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies allow us to get to step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies allow us to get to step one
+and then further out a a second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then further out a a second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then further out a a second step
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+it and that's all I really had to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's all I really had to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's all I really had to say I
+want to keep you know keep to our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep you know keep to our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep you know keep to our time
+here so um I'm sure um we're up here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um I'm sure um we're up here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so um I'm sure um we're up here for
+a few questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here thank you very much if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here thank you very much if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here thank you very much if we could
+come down to the front of the room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to the front of the room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to the front of the room for
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just handed us a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just handed us a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just handed us a big
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+menu picking up on themes from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu picking up on themes from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu picking up on themes from uh from
+throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day hi I'm Alonso gutierre from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day hi I'm Alonso gutierre from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day hi I'm Alonso gutierre from the
+University of Wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Wisconsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Wisconsin
+marison um in in the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marison um in in the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marison um in in the beginning of the
+presentation you you got a big slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you you got a big slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you you got a big slide
+saying that is for this the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that is for this the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that is for this the patient
+safety um we're working in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety um we're working in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety um we're working in some of the
+supply chain uh on the blood uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain uh on the blood uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain uh on the blood uh the
+blood products on supply chain and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood products on supply chain and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood products on supply chain and and a
+big issues we're dealing with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issues we're dealing with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issues we're dealing with is the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+identification I this is for the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification I this is for the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification I this is for the patient
+and at the end of all of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of all of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of all of these is a
+patient who's receiving this different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who's receiving this different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who's receiving this different
+than the Consumer products we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Consumer products we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Consumer products we have to
+tide with the patient it's not that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide with the patient it's not that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide with the patient it's not that in
+the consumer that we can just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer that we can just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumer that we can just kind of
+send the product out and we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the product out and we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the product out and we don't care
+who bought it who's dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who bought it who's dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who bought it who's dealing with
+this who's skinning this cat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who's skinning this cat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this who's skinning this cat of the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+identification should it be in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification should it be in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification should it be in parallel
+with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of
+these start yeah start uh I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these start yeah start uh I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these start yeah start uh I I think I
+it's excellent point I think this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent point I think this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's excellent point I think this whole
+area of of linking um prescriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of linking um prescriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of linking um prescriptions
+devices because the common point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices because the common point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices because the common point of
+connection is the patient right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is the patient right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is the patient right so you
+really don't see anyone solving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't see anyone solving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't see anyone solving that
+problem right now um one one hope on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right now um one one hope on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right now um one one hope on on
+the horizon though is there's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon though is there's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizon though is there's quite a
+bit of movement in the government um Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of movement in the government um Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of movement in the government um Dr
+uh brers organization that's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brers organization that's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brers organization that's looking at
+um helping um improve the health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping um improve the health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um helping um improve the health care
+System via application of it that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System via application of it that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System via application of it that's an
+area that uh is taking a look at this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that uh is taking a look at this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that uh is taking a look at this so
+we we would expect some of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we would expect some of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we would expect some of the work
+that's going on there uh may eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on there uh may eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on there uh may eventually
+move in that particular direction ction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that particular direction ction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in that particular direction ction
+um the the other area U there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the other area U there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the other area U there's an
+association called nahit National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association called nahit National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association called nahit National
+Association of Healthcare information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of Healthcare information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of Healthcare information
+technology that is is it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is is it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is is it's certainly
+within their brief and they and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their brief and they and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their brief and they and they
+have with uh they commissioned a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with uh they commissioned a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with uh they commissioned a study
+uh last year around the adoption of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last year around the adoption of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last year around the adoption of of
+RFID and other Auto ID Technologies not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID and other Auto ID Technologies not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID and other Auto ID Technologies not
+just for products but also for patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for products but also for patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for products but also for patients
+too so I agree with you it's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I agree with you it's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I agree with you it's an issue
+but there are it's it's still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are it's it's still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are it's it's still very
+fragmented needs to be brought together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented needs to be brought together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmented needs to be brought together
+in coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinated
+manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+um also um from my perspective um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also um from my perspective um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also um from my perspective um is
+that RFID and patient identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that RFID and patient identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that RFID and patient identification
+probably don't go together uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't go together uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't go together uh on the
+same chip so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chip so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chip so to
+speak um I think that there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um I think that there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um I think that there's a there's
+a privacy you know the HIPPA laws I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privacy you know the HIPPA laws I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a privacy you know the HIPPA laws I
+don't if you guys familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you guys familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you guys familiar with the
+federal HIPPA laws Health Care insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal HIPPA laws Health Care insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal HIPPA laws Health Care insurance
+portability accountability act you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portability accountability act you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portability accountability act you know
+that that requires uh you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that requires uh you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that requires uh you know that that
+that data be secured and have privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data be secured and have privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data be secured and have privacy
+concerns associated with the linking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns associated with the linking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns associated with the linking of
+a person you know personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person you know personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person you know personally
+identifiable information so I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable information so I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable information so I probably
+don't think it'll be on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it'll be on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it'll be on the on the
+product you know that you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you know that you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you know that you get from the
+the pharmacy okay there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmacy okay there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmacy okay there might be a
+pharmacy number or or you know script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacy number or or you know script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmacy number or or you know script
+number but that would be you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but that would be you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but that would be you know uh
+again your the patient information will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your the patient information will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your the patient information will
+be stored by the by the pharmacist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stored by the by the pharmacist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stored by the by the pharmacist
+additionally there's again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally there's again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally there's again there's
+another agency called uh HMS H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agency called uh HMS H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agency called uh HMS H
+Healthcare Information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare Information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare Information
+Management d d d right the two s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management d d d right the two s's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management d d d right the two s's
+system service and yeah system something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system service and yeah system something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system service and yeah system something
+along that line you again electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line you again electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that line you again electronic
+medical records is a solution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records is a solution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records is a solution here
+somewhere along the way you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way you know there's
+a there's also in the federal uh bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's also in the federal uh bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's also in the federal uh bodies
+here that are looking at you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are looking at you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are looking at you know uh
+trying to develop e electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop e electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop e electronic medical
+records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records
+so one of the areas that you may we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the areas that you may we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the areas that you may we may
+be able to help you out with is that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to help you out with is that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to help you out with is that U
+our parent have a gs1 and gs1 in Ireland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parent have a gs1 and gs1 in Ireland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parent have a gs1 and gs1 in Ireland
+has done quite a bit of work with blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done quite a bit of work with blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done quite a bit of work with blood
+track and they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and MIT actually we're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT actually we're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MIT actually we're doing some
+marketing research of the RFID in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing research of the RFID in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing research of the RFID in the
+drug tracking business we found actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug tracking business we found actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug tracking business we found actually
+the businesses is growing very fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the businesses is growing very fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the businesses is growing very fast the
+market size like in 2006 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market size like in 2006 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market size like in 2006 is going to be
+25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25%
+and7 going to be uh 30 TI 2011 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and7 going to be uh 30 TI 2011 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and7 going to be uh 30 TI 2011 is going
+to be 40% and it's going to exceed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 40% and it's going to exceed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 40% and it's going to exceed like
+one billion US Dollars and I noticed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one billion US Dollars and I noticed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one billion US Dollars and I noticed you
+have a summary of issues one thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a summary of issues one thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a summary of issues one thing I'm
+specifically interested obviously didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interested obviously didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interested obviously didn't
+get a chance to explore more is U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to explore more is U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to explore more is U the
+data Network I mean Central or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Network I mean Central or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Network I mean Central or
+distributed and also the the secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and also the the secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and also the the secure
+access when you have all this like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access when you have all this like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access when you have all this like a
+network network uh the software located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network network uh the software located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network network uh the software located
+everywhere probably globally how like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere probably globally how like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere probably globally how like is
+there any initiation or if there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any initiation or if there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any initiation or if there any
+research in that area like so how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in that area like so how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in that area like so how you
+guarantee the data is right before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the data is right before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee the data is right before you
+get it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into the
+network so so one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so so one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so so one of the things that
+we'll be doing this year is is the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing this year is is the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing this year is is the track
+and Trace effort and that will first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Trace effort and that will first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Trace effort and that will first off
+Define the vocabulary that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the vocabulary that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the vocabulary that that the
+healthcare industry will use to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare industry will use to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare industry will use to identify
+events and understand them from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and understand them from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and understand them from a
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+perspective part of that again overl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective part of that again overl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective part of that again overl
+everything is the security aspect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the security aspect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the security aspect and so
+we're looking to partner with in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking to partner with in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking to partner with in this
+case a software Action Group Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a software Action Group Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a software Action Group Security
+around the network to ensure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the network to ensure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the network to ensure that that
+data is safe uh but that's that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is safe uh but that's that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is safe uh but that's that's part
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2006 again it's part of the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 again it's part of the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 again it's part of the development
+it's part of the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the development of the
+entire if you're looking at just at e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire if you're looking at just at e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire if you're looking at just at e
+pedigree alone uh you have you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree alone uh you have you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree alone uh you have you're going
+to have to Define rules business process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to Define rules business process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to Define rules business process
+rules as to who who at what point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules as to who who at what point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules as to who who at what point is
+that you know what what part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what what part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what what part of the
+record so speak the record is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record so speak the record is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record so speak the record is created
+you know who creates a track who creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who creates a track who creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who creates a track who creates
+a trace who creates the authentification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trace who creates the authentification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trace who creates the authentification
+side you know the product identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know the product identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know the product identification
+side and what part of the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what part of the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what part of the supply chain
+in terms of the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the supply chain
+participants are required to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants are required to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants are required to update
+required to update this because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to update this because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to update this because you know
+if you want a good pedigree all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a good pedigree all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a good pedigree all the
+players have to play each of them have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have to play each of them have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have to play each of them have a
+role to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role to
+play I I've got a question regarding um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I I've got a question regarding um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I I've got a question regarding um
+chemical and thermal stability of drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and thermal stability of drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and thermal stability of drug
+compounds can you say anything on tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds can you say anything on tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds can you say anything on tests
+you've done with respect to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with respect to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with respect to different
+frequency of different rid systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of different rid systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of different rid systems and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcomes it's an area and I know uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's an area and I know uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's an area and I know uh the
+Auto ID Labs here in MIT have proposed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID Labs here in MIT have proposed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID Labs here in MIT have proposed a
+study uh it's an area that's still out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh it's an area that's still out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh it's an area that's still out
+for for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for um
+investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um without theing I think some companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without theing I think some companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without theing I think some companies
+have done some work that we're aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some work that we're aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done some work that we're aware of
+but it's not been made public yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not been made public yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not been made public yet okay
+um the and and I think what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the and and I think what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the and and I think what's going to
+be required and I think you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be required and I think you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be required and I think you're going to
+see the FDA has a meeting on February
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the FDA has a meeting on February
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the FDA has a meeting on February
+8th and 9th there going to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th and 9th there going to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8th and 9th there going to be another
+call for companies to to come forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for companies to to come forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for companies to to come forward
+with public data they made that call at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with public data they made that call at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with public data they made that call at
+the uh necds hdma meeting back last fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh necds hdma meeting back last fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh necds hdma meeting back last fall
+um I I think the challenge the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think the challenge the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think the challenge the companies
+have around this investigation is is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around this investigation is is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around this investigation is is you
+know what's the design of experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the design of experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the design of experiment you
+know uh what's the end point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what's the end point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what's the end point of that
+experiment and that's what everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and that's what everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and that's what everyone's
+kind of struggling with right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of struggling with right now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of struggling with right now okay
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you very much to the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you very much to the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you very much to the panel
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n4KKgKpp--0.txt b/n4KKgKpp--0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69f8317350207ea7adc442772729b480ddc63494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n4KKgKpp--0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so stability has some value uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stability has some value uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stability has some value uh but it
+doesn't mean that everybody's happy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that everybody's happy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that everybody's happy in
+fact it just means that uh nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it just means that uh nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it just means that uh nobody can
+find anybody else who's equally unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anybody else who's equally unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find anybody else who's equally unhappy
+that they would want to run off with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would want to run off with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would want to run off with so
+let's examine the question of how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine the question of how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine the question of how well
+people do using the mating ritual or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do using the mating ritual or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do using the mating ritual or in
+other possible ways of finding stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible ways of finding stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possible ways of finding stable
+marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages
+so basically we want to begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we want to begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we want to begin with the
+question of who does better the boys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of who does better the boys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of who does better the boys or
+the girls uh May maybe uh it's a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls uh May maybe uh it's a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls uh May maybe uh it's a mixture
+maybe the boys do better the girls do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the boys do better the girls do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the boys do better the girls do
+better maybe some boys do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better maybe some boys do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better maybe some boys do better than
+others and some girls do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and some girls do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and some girls do better than
+others and one thing to notice is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and one thing to notice is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and one thing to notice is we
+know that the girls suitors are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the girls suitors are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the girls suitors are getting
+better day by day and that sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better day by day and that sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better day by day and that sounds like
+you know the mating ritual might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mating ritual might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mating ritual might be
+slanted towards them likewise the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted towards them likewise the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted towards them likewise the boys
+sweethearts the ones that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweethearts the ones that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweethearts the ones that they're
+serenading are getting worse day by day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serenading are getting worse day by day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serenading are getting worse day by day
+and that sounds like it might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sounds like it might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sounds like it might be an
+argument for the girls to do better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the girls to do better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the girls to do better but
+that's not true and the reason it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and the reason it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true and the reason it's not
+is that if you think about it the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you think about it the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you think about it the boys
+are starting off with their first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting off with their first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting off with their first choice
+they begin by serenading the girl at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin by serenading the girl at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin by serenading the girl at the
+top of their list and it's true that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of their list and it's true that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of their list and it's true that day
+by day they keep going down or staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by day they keep going down or staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by day they keep going down or staying
+the same or going down but they're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or going down but they're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or going down but they're only
+sinking to in fact uh the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking to in fact uh the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking to in fact uh the best possible
+woman that they could be married to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that they could be married to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that they could be married to um
+let's examine that so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine that so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine that so I need a
+definition which is that we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that we'll say that
+a woman Nicole is called optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman Nicole is called optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman Nicole is called optimal for
+Keith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith
+when she is the highest ranked girl he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she is the highest ranked girl he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she is the highest ranked girl he
+can stably marry so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stably marry so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stably marry so let's think about
+that for a minute so Keith uh has his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a minute so Keith uh has his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a minute so Keith uh has his
+preference for different uh girls that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for different uh girls that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for different uh girls that
+he likes to different degrees uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he likes to different degrees uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he likes to different degrees uh and uh
+there may be some that he likes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some that he likes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some that he likes like
+Keith uh thinks that Angelina is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh thinks that Angelina is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh thinks that Angelina is
+terrific but there's just no way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific but there's just no way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific but there's just no way that
+that she's going to wind up with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's going to wind up with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's going to wind up with him
+because she just ranks him very lowly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she just ranks him very lowly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she just ranks him very lowly so
+there's no stable set of marriages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stable set of marriages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no stable set of marriages in
+which Keith can wind up with this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Keith can wind up with this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Keith can wind up with this very
+desirable woman Angelina but um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable woman Angelina but um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable woman Angelina but um if you
+look at all of the sets of marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the sets of marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the sets of marriages
+that that are stable that Keith can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are stable that Keith can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are stable that Keith can be
+involved in among them Nicole is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in among them Nicole is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in among them Nicole is the
+woman that he most likes so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that he most likes so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that he most likes so that's what
+we mean by Nicole is optimal for Keith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by Nicole is optimal for Keith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by Nicole is optimal for Keith
+she's optimal among the feasible women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's optimal among the feasible women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's optimal among the feasible women
+that he could stably be married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could stably be married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could stably be married
+to and the claim that we're making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the claim that we're making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the claim that we're making is
+that the mating ritual yields a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mating ritual yields a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mating ritual yields a set of
+stable marriages which is simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages which is simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages which is simultaneously
+optimal for Keith and all the other boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for Keith and all the other boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for Keith and all the other boys
+at once now that's a kind of unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once now that's a kind of unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once now that's a kind of unusual
+thing you usually when you're optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you usually when you're optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you usually when you're optimizing
+you figure you optimize for one uh boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure you optimize for one uh boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure you optimize for one uh boy
+and it sacrifices the optimality for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sacrifices the optimality for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sacrifices the optimality for the
+other boys but that's not what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boys but that's not what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boys but that's not what happens
+in The Mating ritual all of the boys get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Mating ritual all of the boys get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Mating ritual all of the boys get
+their absolutely optimal spouse in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their absolutely optimal spouse in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their absolutely optimal spouse in The
+Mating ritual and dually it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mating ritual and dually it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mating ritual and dually it turns out
+that all of the girls get the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the girls get the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the girls get the worst
+possible spouse that they can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spouse that they can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spouse that they can get a
+pessimal spouse among all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimal spouse among all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimal spouse among all possible
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+marriages okay well with that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages okay well with that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages okay well with that claim
+understood let's go about proving it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood let's go about proving it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood let's go about proving it and
+we're going to prove that uh The Mating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that uh The Mating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove that uh The Mating
+ritual leads to boy optimal marriages by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual leads to boy optimal marriages by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual leads to boy optimal marriages by
+contradiction so let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's suppose that
+Nicole is optimal for Keith um among all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole is optimal for Keith um among all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole is optimal for Keith um among all
+the women that Keith could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women that Keith could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women that Keith could possibly be
+married to in a stable way Nicole is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to in a stable way Nicole is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to in a stable way Nicole is the
+best suppose that Keith does not wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best suppose that Keith does not wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best suppose that Keith does not wind up
+marrying Nicole in some in the mating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying Nicole in some in the mating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying Nicole in some in the mating
+ritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual
+okay so he doesn't marry Nicole in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he doesn't marry Nicole in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he doesn't marry Nicole in The
+Mating ritual that means that he must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mating ritual that means that he must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mating ritual that means that he must
+have since Nicole is is optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have since Nicole is is optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have since Nicole is is optimal for
+Keith uh he must be married to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh he must be married to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh he must be married to somebody
+that's less desirable to him than Nicole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less desirable to him than Nicole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less desirable to him than Nicole
+so he must have crossed Nicole off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he must have crossed Nicole off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he must have crossed Nicole off on
+someday let's call that his bad day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday let's call that his bad day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday let's call that his bad day so
+on his bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his bad
+day Keith uh is rejected by his optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Keith uh is rejected by his optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Keith uh is rejected by his optimal
+spouse okay among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse okay among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse okay among
+if this ever happens there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this ever happens there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this ever happens there's going to be
+some uh boy for which who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh boy for which who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh boy for which who has the
+earliest bad day we might as well assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest bad day we might as well assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest bad day we might as well assume
+that it's Keith so let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's Keith so let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's Keith so let's assume that
+Keith uh was the earliest among the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh was the earliest among the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith uh was the earliest among the boys
+to have a bad day that is a day on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a bad day that is a day on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a bad day that is a day on which
+he crosses off his optimal spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he crosses off his optimal spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he crosses off his optimal spouse
+because he was rejected by her well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was rejected by her well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was rejected by her well on
+this bad day uh when Keith crosses off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad day uh when Keith crosses off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bad day uh when Keith crosses off
+Nicole it's because Nicole rejected him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole it's because Nicole rejected him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole it's because Nicole rejected him
+which meant that Nicole had a Suitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that Nicole had a Suitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant that Nicole had a Suitor
+that she liked better than Keith let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she liked better than Keith let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she liked better than Keith let's
+call that Suitor Tom so what we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Suitor Tom so what we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that Suitor Tom so what we know is
+that Nicole prefers this guy Tom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nicole prefers this guy Tom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nicole prefers this guy Tom to
+Keith on the day that she uh that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith on the day that she uh that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith on the day that she uh that she
+that she rejected Keith and he crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she rejected Keith and he crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she rejected Keith and he crossed
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+off and we also know since this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and we also know since this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and we also know since this is the
+earliest bad day that anybody has um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest bad day that anybody has um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest bad day that anybody has um uh
+Tom has not yet crossed off his optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom has not yet crossed off his optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom has not yet crossed off his optimal
+girl so what that means is that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl so what that means is that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl so what that means is that since
+he's Serena Nicole and she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Serena Nicole and she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Serena Nicole and she's going to
+wind up rejecting Keith in favor of Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up rejecting Keith in favor of Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up rejecting Keith in favor of Tom
+it must be the case that uh Nicole is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be the case that uh Nicole is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be the case that uh Nicole is at
+least as desirable to Tom as his optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as desirable to Tom as his optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as desirable to Tom as his optimal
+spouse because he hasn't gotten to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse because he hasn't gotten to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse because he hasn't gotten to his
+optimal spouse yet he's working his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal spouse yet he's working his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal spouse yet he's working his way
+down the list um and he hasn't had a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list um and he hasn't had a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the list um and he hasn't had a bad
+day yet so let's put these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yet so let's put these two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yet so let's put these two pieces
+together Nicole is at least as desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Nicole is at least as desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together Nicole is at least as desirable
+to Tom as Tom's optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Tom as Tom's optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Tom as Tom's optimal
+spouse and Nicole prefers Tom to Keith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse and Nicole prefers Tom to Keith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse and Nicole prefers Tom to Keith
+well what that tells us is that if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what that tells us is that if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what that tells us is that if I had
+a set of stable marriages with Nicole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of stable marriages with Nicole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of stable marriages with Nicole
+Married to Keith then in the stable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Married to Keith then in the stable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Married to Keith then in the stable set
+of marriages of course Tom is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marriages of course Tom is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of marriages of course Tom is going to
+be married to somebody that's at best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be married to somebody that's at best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be married to somebody that's at best
+optimal for him so he's married to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for him so he's married to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for him so he's married to
+somebody that he likes uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that he likes uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that he likes uh less than
+Nicole and Nicole is married to Keith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole and Nicole is married to Keith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole and Nicole is married to Keith
+and she likes Tom better than who she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she likes Tom better than who she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she likes Tom better than who she's
+married to what that tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to what that tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to what that tells us is that
+Nicole and Tom are a rogue couple in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole and Tom are a rogue couple in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole and Tom are a rogue couple in any
+stable set of marriages where Nicole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages where Nicole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages where Nicole is
+married to Keith but that contradicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to Keith but that contradicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to Keith but that contradicts
+the fact that Nicole's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Nicole's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Nicole's supposed to be
+optimal for Keith there's supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for Keith there's supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal for Keith there's supposed to be
+a stable set of marriages where Nicole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable set of marriages where Nicole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable set of marriages where Nicole
+is married to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Keith so a similar argument it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith so a similar argument it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keith so a similar argument it's
+actually slightly easier uh is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly easier uh is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly easier uh is that uh
+The Mating ritual yields a set of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mating ritual yields a set of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mating ritual yields a set of stable
+marriages in which all of the girls get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages in which all of the girls get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages in which all of the girls get
+the worst possible spouse that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible spouse that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible spouse that they can
+have in any set of stable marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in any set of stable marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in any set of stable marriages
+okay so this leads to a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this leads to a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this leads to a whole bunch of
+questions and it turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it turns out that there's
+a very rich theory of uh stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rich theory of uh stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rich theory of uh stable
+marriages as I mentioned um uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages as I mentioned um uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages as I mentioned um uh first
+question to ask is well are there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is well are there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is well are there other
+possible stable marriages well one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible stable marriages well one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible stable marriages well one thing
+you can obviously do is you could switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obviously do is you could switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obviously do is you could switch
+the roles of the boys and the girls so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles of the boys and the girls so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles of the boys and the girls so
+if you switch the roles in the boys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch the roles in the boys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch the roles in the boys and
+the girls you'll get a uh a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls you'll get a uh a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls you'll get a uh a set of
+stable marriages that are optimal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages that are optimal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages that are optimal for
+the girls and pessimal for the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and pessimal for the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and pessimal for the boys
+maybe that's fair fair you'd rather do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's fair fair you'd rather do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's fair fair you'd rather do
+that so that's at least a possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's at least a possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's at least a possibility of
+using the mating ritual to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the mating ritual to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the mating ritual to get two
+different uh stable sets of marriages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh stable sets of marriages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh stable sets of marriages uh
+unless the two happen to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the two happen to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the two happen to be the
+same and the question arises are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the question arises are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the question arises are there
+others that could exist that the mating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that could exist that the mating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that could exist that the mating
+ritual doesn't find either by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual doesn't find either by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual doesn't find either by choosing
+the boys to act as boys or the boys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys to act as boys or the boys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys to act as boys or the boys to
+act as girls and the answer is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as girls and the answer is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as girls and the answer is that in
+general there can be many as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there can be many as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there can be many as a matter of
+fact if there are n boys and girls it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if there are n boys and girls it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if there are n boys and girls it's
+possible that there could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that there could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that there could be an
+exponential number number of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential number number of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential number number of stable
+marriages in n and that leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages in n and that leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages in n and that leads to the
+question of well which is one that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of well which is one that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of well which is one that might
+be a better one to choose compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better one to choose compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better one to choose compared to
+the one that completely favors the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that completely favors the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that completely favors the boys
+or completely favors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completely favors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or completely favors the
+girls um another interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls um another interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls um another interesting question
+that comes up um that's uh an issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up um that's uh an issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up um that's uh an issue that
+comes up with General Protocols of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with General Protocols of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with General Protocols of
+negotiation and optimization among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation and optimization among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation and optimization among
+multiple parties is does it serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties is does it serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties is does it serve
+anybody to lie that is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to lie that is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to lie that is instead of
+following the protocol uh and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the protocol uh and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the protocol uh and always
+going to the uh and the boys always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the uh and the boys always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the uh and the boys always
+serenading the girls that they like best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serenading the girls that they like best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serenading the girls that they like best
+and the uh girls always rejecting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh girls always rejecting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh girls always rejecting uh
+anybody that's less desirable than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that's less desirable than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that's less desirable than their
+favorite Suitor uh suppose they violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Suitor uh suppose they violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Suitor uh suppose they violate
+the convention and lie can they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention and lie can they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention and lie can they do
+better well it turns out that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well it turns out that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better well it turns out that of course
+the boys in the mating ritual are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys in the mating ritual are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys in the mating ritual are doing
+optimal so they don't gain anything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so they don't gain anything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so they don't gain anything by
+trying to lie but the girls it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to lie but the girls it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to lie but the girls it turns out
+uh almost it's almost the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost it's almost the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost it's almost the case that
+girls can do better by lying if they if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls can do better by lying if they if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls can do better by lying if they if
+they conspire together to lie they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conspire together to lie they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conspire together to lie they can
+actually uh Force The Mating ritual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh Force The Mating ritual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh Force The Mating ritual to
+wind up turning into a stable set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up turning into a stable set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up turning into a stable set of
+marriages that's girl optimal so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages that's girl optimal so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages that's girl optimal so that
+raises another issue about are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises another issue about are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises another issue about are there
+protocols which are resistant to lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols which are resistant to lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols which are resistant to lying
+um we're not going to go into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to go into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're not going to go into these
+questions we mainly wanted to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we mainly wanted to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we mainly wanted to understand
+the stable marriage problem which and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable marriage problem which and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable marriage problem which and
+its applications um and how to find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its applications um and how to find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its applications um and how to find them
+uh again if you want to learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if you want to learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if you want to learn more about
+this you can look at the book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can look at the book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can look at the book by
+gusfield and Irving uh that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusfield and Irving uh that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusfield and Irving uh that I mentioned
+in a previous video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nAtEwpgQI_E.txt b/nAtEwpgQI_E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10fd3b99d1e1025661eed30ed3c1a2066854fc0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nAtEwpgQI_E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+PROFESSOR: How can I recommend
+you to world class faculty
+
+members here at MIT
+if you're sloppy?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PHIL: One of the students
+doesn't want to confess to
+
+spilling half a bottle of
+hazardous chemical on the
+
+laboratory floor.
+
+I mean, that's a major
+safety hazard.
+
+IKE: Did you guys
+know who did it?
+
+PHIL: No.
+
+IKE: Yeah, I can't tell you.
+
+I'm a brother.
+
+I'm a homey.
+
+PHIL: This is when
+we have a witch
+
+trial like in The Crucible.
+
+And if nobody confesses, we
+send everybody home, and
+
+everyone gets an
+F for the day.
+
+IKE: [BLEEP]
+
+was the one who spilled
+the urea.
+
+Don't tell [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Don't tell.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PHIL: Pretty angry.
+
+I would say it was urea, but
+we can't know for sure.
+
+So.
+
+IKE: But he knows himself.
+
+He knows himself.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+It's a secret.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PHIL: Recently across the
+country and, of course,
+
+throughout time, there's been
+waves of serious injuries and
+
+deaths as a result of not
+following best safety
+
+practices in the laboratory.
+
+PROFESSOR: The labs have
+not been cleaned.
+
+Chemicals, basically, have been
+spilled on the scales and
+
+on the floor.
+
+PHIL: If somebody steps in
+that, they track it home.
+
+It's on your shoes.
+
+It gets on your rug.
+
+PROFESSOR: You come in, and
+you spill the chemicals.
+
+And then, you just disappear.
+
+And that is just not right.
+
+PHIL: Next thing you know,
+you're doing Pilates in a
+
+puddle of urea.
+
+HANSOL: He's basically
+yelled at us.
+
+That's as far as he's going
+to get in terms
+
+of yelling at students.
+
+PROFESSOR: I forgot
+you're freshmen.
+
+So what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to give you a fresh
+
+start today.
+
+You're going to clean
+up your act.
+
+Today's your new start.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nCWwhF0TkVI.txt b/nCWwhF0TkVI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a75fa8ee5f4cb9b7af9edbf07b852a1f3e568a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nCWwhF0TkVI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've been discussing graph limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been discussing graph limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been discussing graph limits
+for a couple lectures now in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple lectures now in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple lectures now in the first
+lecture on graph limits so two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on graph limits so two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on graph limits so two lectures
+ago I stated a number of main theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I stated a number of main theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I stated a number of main theorems
+and today we will prove these theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we will prove these theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we will prove these theorems
+using some of the tools that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the tools that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the tools that we
+developed last time namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed last time namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed last time namely the
+regularity lemma and also we proved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and also we proved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and also we proved this
+martingale convergence theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem which
+will also come in okay so let me recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also come in okay so let me recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also come in okay so let me recall
+what were the three main theorems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the three main theorems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the three main theorems that
+we stated at the end of two lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stated at the end of two lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stated at the end of two lectures ago
+so one of them was the equivalence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them was the equivalence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of them was the equivalence of
+convergence on one hand we defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence on one hand we defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence on one hand we defined a
+notion of convergence where we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence where we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of convergence where we say that
+W n approaches W by definition if the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W n approaches W by definition if the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W n approaches W by definition if the F
+densities converge we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge we can say
+convergence even without a limit in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence even without a limit in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence even without a limit in mind
+where we say a sequence converges if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say a sequence converges if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say a sequence converges if all
+of these F densities converge so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these F densities converge so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these F densities converge so the
+first main theorem was that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first main theorem was that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first main theorem was that the two
+notions of equal convergence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of equal convergence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions of equal convergence are
+equivalent so one notion being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so one notion being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so one notion being
+convergence in terms of f densities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in terms of f densities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in terms of f densities and
+the second ocean being convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second ocean being convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second ocean being convergence in
+the sense of the cut norm the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of the cut norm the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of the cut norm the cut
+distance there was a second theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance there was a second theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance there was a second theorem that
+tells us that limits always exist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that limits always exist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that limits always exist you
+can if you have a convergent sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you have a convergent sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you have a convergent sequence
+then you can represent a limit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can represent a limit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can represent a limit by a
+graph on and the third statement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on and the third statement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on and the third statement was
+about compactness of the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about compactness of the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about compactness of the space of
+griffons okay so we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons okay so we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons okay so we're actually going to
+prove these theorems in Reverse water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove these theorems in Reverse water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove these theorems in Reverse water
+we're going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with the
+compactness and work backwards okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness and work backwards okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness and work backwards okay so
+this is not how these terms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how these terms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not how these terms were
+originally proved we're not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally proved we're not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally proved we're not in that
+water but it will be helpful to for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but it will be helpful to for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but it will be helpful to for us
+to do this by first considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this by first considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this by first considering the
+compactness statement so remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness statement so remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness statement so remember what
+compactness says I start with this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness says I start with this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness says I start with this space
+w total which is the space of graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where I identify griffons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I identify griffons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I identify griffons that have
+distance zero so if they have cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance zero so if they have cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance zero so if they have cut
+distance 0 than I refer to them as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 0 than I refer to them as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 0 than I refer to them as the
+same point so this is now a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point so this is now a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point so this is now a metric space
+and the theorem is that this space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theorem is that this space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the theorem is that this space is
+compact so I think this it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so I think this it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so I think this it's a really
+nice term it's a beautiful theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice term it's a beautiful theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice term it's a beautiful theorem that
+encapsulates a lot of what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates a lot of what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulates a lot of what we've been
+talking about so far with similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so far with similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so far with similarities
+regularity and whatnot in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and whatnot in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and whatnot in a
+qualitatively succinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively succinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively succinctly
+just that this space of graphing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that this space of graphing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that this space of graphing is
+compact you may not have some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact you may not have some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact you may not have some intuition
+about what the space looks like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the space looks like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the space looks like at the
+moment I mean I will see the proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I mean I will see the proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I mean I will see the proof and
+hopefully that will give you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that will give you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that will give you some more
+intuition I first learned about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I first learned about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I first learned about this
+theorem when last all of us who was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem when last all of us who was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem when last all of us who was one
+of the pioneers in the subject when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pioneers in the subject when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pioneers in the subject when he
+came to MIT to give a talk when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT to give a talk when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT to give a talk when I was a
+graduate student and he said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and he said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and he said that you
+know analysts thought that they pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know analysts thought that they pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know analysts thought that they pretty
+much knew all the naturally-occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knew all the naturally-occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much knew all the naturally-occurring
+compact spaces out there so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact spaces out there so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact spaces out there so there are
+lots of spaces that occurring analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spaces that occurring analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spaces that occurring analysis
+in topology that are compact I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in topology that are compact I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in topology that are compact I'm the
+first one you learn in analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you learn in analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you learn in analysis
+undergraduate it's probably that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate it's probably that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate it's probably that an
+interval which is compact but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which is compact but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which is compact but there are
+also many other spaces but this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many other spaces but this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also many other spaces but this one here
+doesn't seem to be any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be any of these
+classical notions of compactness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical notions of compactness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical notions of compactness right
+so it's in some sense a new compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in some sense a new compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in some sense a new compact
+space so so let's see how the proof goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now because we're working in a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we're working in a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because we're working in a metric
+space it suffices to show due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it suffices to show due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it suffices to show due to the
+equivalence between compactness in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between compactness in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between compactness in a
+sense of finite open covers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of finite open covers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of finite open covers and
+sequential compactness in a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffice us to show sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice us to show sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice us to show sequential
+compactness that every sequence has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness that every sequence has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness that every sequence has a
+convergent subsequence cut metric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence cut metric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence cut metric and
+also will produce a limit as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will produce a limit as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also will produce a limit as a
+convergent subsequence so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent subsequence so that's what we
+do I give you an arbitrary sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I give you an arbitrary sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I give you an arbitrary sequence of
+griffons I want to construct by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons I want to construct by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons I want to construct by taking
+sub sequences a convergent sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sequences a convergent sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sequences a convergent sequence and
+I will tell you what that limit is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will tell you what that limit is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will tell you what that limit is so
+here's what we're going to do given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're going to do given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're going to do given the
+sequence as I hinted before it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I hinted before it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as I hinted before it has to do
+with the regularity lemma so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the regularity lemma so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the regularity lemma so we're going
+to apply the regularity lemma in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the regularity lemma in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the regularity lemma in the
+above form which we did last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above form which we did last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above form which we did last time so
+apply the weak regularity lemma which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the weak regularity lemma which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the weak regularity lemma which
+will tell us that for each WM there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us that for each WM there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us that for each WM there
+exists a partition in fact a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a partition in fact a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a partition in fact a sequence of
+partitions each one refining the next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions each one refining the next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions each one refining the next so
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+start with WN and starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with WN and starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with WN and starting with the
+trivial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial part
+apply that lemma and obtain a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that lemma and obtain a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that lemma and obtain a partition
+P sub n comma 1 and then starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sub n comma 1 and then starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sub n comma 1 and then starting with
+that as now P naught I'm going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as now P naught I'm going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as now P naught I'm going to apply
+regularity lemma again and obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma again and obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma again and obtain a
+refinement okay I will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement okay I will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement okay I will have this
+sequence of partitions each one refining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions each one refining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partitions each one refining
+the next so all these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so all these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so all these are going to be
+partitions of the zero one interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of the zero one interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of the zero one interval and
+as I mentioned last time everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time everything's
+going to be measurable I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measurable I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measurable I'm not going to
+even mention measurability everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention measurability everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mention measurability everything
+will be measurable such that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be measurable such that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be measurable such that they
+satisfy the following conditions ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the following conditions ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the following conditions ok so
+the first one is what I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is what I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is what I mentioned
+further earlier is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further earlier is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further earlier is that you have a
+sequence of refinements so each P sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of refinements so each P sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of refinements so each P sub
+and k plus 1 refines the previous one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k plus 1 refines the previous one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k plus 1 refines the previous one so
+for all and then K in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all and then K in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all and then K in the second
+condition is given by the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is given by the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is given by the regularity
+lemma you get to control the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma you get to control the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma you get to control the number of
+parts so say in the third part what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so say in the third part what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so say in the third part what the
+error of approximation is but you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of approximation is but you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of approximation is but you got to
+control the number of parts so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the number of parts so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the number of parts so in
+particular I can make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I can make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I can make sure that this
+number here the number of parts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here the number of parts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here the number of parts in the
+cave partition depends only on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you might complain somewhat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might complain somewhat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might complain somewhat because
+the regularity lemma only tells you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity lemma only tells you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity lemma only tells you an
+upper bound on the number of parts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on the number of parts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on the number of parts but
+that's okay I can add I can allow empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay I can add I can allow empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay I can add I can allow empty
+parts so now I make sure that the cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so now I make sure that the cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so now I make sure that the cave
+partition has exactly n K parts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition has exactly n K parts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition has exactly n K parts and the
+third one has to do with the error of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one has to do with the error of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one has to do with the error of
+approximation so now setting okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so now setting okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so now setting okay so
+suppose we writing suppose we write W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we writing suppose we write W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we writing suppose we write W
+sub n K as the graph on obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n K as the graph on obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n K as the graph on obtained by
+applying the stepping operator so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the stepping operator so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the stepping operator so this
+is the averaging operator on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the averaging operator on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the averaging operator on this
+partition the corresponding to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the corresponding to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the corresponding to the K
+partition I apply that partition do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I apply that partition do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I apply that partition do a
+stepping a virgin operator on the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping a virgin operator on the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping a virgin operator on the nth
+graph on I get W sub NK the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on I get W sub NK the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on I get W sub NK the third
+condition is that the cave partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that the cave partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that the cave partition
+approximates it's a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates it's a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates it's a good approximation
+in the cut norm up to error 1 over K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cut norm up to error 1 over K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cut norm up to error 1 over K so
+1 over K is some arbitrary sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K is some arbitrary sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K is some arbitrary sequence
+going to 0 as K goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I obtained the sequence of partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I obtained the sequence of partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I obtained the sequence of partitions
+so by applying the regularity lemma two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by applying the regularity lemma two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by applying the regularity lemma two
+to each to each graph on in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each to each graph on in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each to each graph on in the sequence
+now these croissants I mean they each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these croissants I mean they each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these croissants I mean they each
+had their own vertex set and so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their own vertex set and so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their own vertex set and so far
+they're now related to each other but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now related to each other but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now related to each other but to
+make the visualization easier and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the visualization easier and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the visualization easier and also
+to in order to do the next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to do the next step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to do the next step in the
+proof I'm going to do some major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I'm going to do some major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I'm going to do some major
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving bisection so think of this as
+permuting the vertex labels some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permuting the vertex labels some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permuting the vertex labels some so
+initially you might have a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you might have a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you might have a partition
+into arbitrary measurable sets what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into arbitrary measurable sets what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into arbitrary measurable sets what I
+can do is push over the first set to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is push over the first set to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is push over the first set to the
+left and so on so do a major preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so on so do a major preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so on so do a major preserving
+back section by injection in a way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back section by injection in a way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back section by injection in a way so
+that I can maintain that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can maintain that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can maintain that all the
+partitions are visually chopping up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions are visually chopping up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions are visually chopping up into
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the question is it may be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is it may be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is it may be the case
+that for a given K I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given K I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given K I can do this
+arrangement but it's not clear to you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement but it's not clear to you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement but it's not clear to you at
+the moment why you can do this uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment why you can do this uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment why you can do this uniformly
+for all K so one way to get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all K so one way to get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all K so one way to get around this
+is for now just think of for each given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for now just think of for each given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for now just think of for each given
+K and then you'll see at the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you'll see at the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you'll see at the end that
+that's already enough okay any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already enough okay any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already enough okay any more
+questions so so now assume all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so now assume all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so now assume all of these
+P sub K and K are intervals so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sub K and K are intervals so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sub K and K are intervals so in fact
+you know what you said maybe a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you said maybe a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you said maybe a better
+way to go but to make our life a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go but to make our life a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go but to make our life a little
+bit easier let's just assume for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier let's just assume for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier let's just assume for now
+that you can't do this okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do this okay and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do this okay and what's
+going to happen next is some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen next is some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen next is some kind of a
+diagonalization argument we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization argument we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization argument we're going to
+be picking sub sequences so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be picking sub sequences so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be picking sub sequences so I'm going to
+be picking sub sequences so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be picking sub sequences so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be picking sub sequences so that they
+are going to have very nice convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have very nice convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have very nice convergence
+properties and so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and so I'm going to
+repeatedly throw out a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly throw out a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly throw out a lot of the
+sequence so this is a diagnol ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so this is a diagnol ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so this is a diagnol ization
+argument and basically what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and basically what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and basically what happens is
+that by passing two sub sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by passing two sub sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by passing two sub sequences and
+we're going to do this repeatedly many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this repeatedly many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this repeatedly many
+times we can assume first that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we can assume first that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we can assume first that the
+endpoints P sub and 1 they converge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints P sub and 1 they converge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints P sub and 1 they converge and
+goes to infinity so each piece up and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so each piece up and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity so each piece up and 1
+is some partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into of interval right into some bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into of interval right into some bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into of interval right into some bound
+some fixed number of parts so by passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed number of parts so by passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed number of parts so by passing
+to a subsequence I make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a subsequence I make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a subsequence I make sure that the
+division points all converge okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division points all converge okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division points all converge okay and
+now by passing one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by passing one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by passing one more time
+okay so by passing two subsequence one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by passing two subsequence one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by passing two subsequence one
+more time let's assume that also W sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time let's assume that also W sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time let's assume that also W sub
+and one converges to some function some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one converges to some function some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one converges to some function some
+graph on you one point wise so initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on you one point wise so initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on you one point wise so initially
+I have these graph ons each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these graph ons each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have these graph ons each one of them
+is a M by M block they have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a M by M block they have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a M by M block they have various
+division points by passing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division points by passing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division points by passing to a
+subsequence I assume that the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence I assume that the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence I assume that the point of
+division they converge and now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division they converge and now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division they converge and now by
+passing to an additional subsequence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to an additional subsequence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing to an additional subsequence I
+can make sure the individual values they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure the individual values they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure the individual values they
+converge so as a result W sub n comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so as a result W sub n comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so as a result W sub n comma
+one converges to W one converges to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one converges to W one converges to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one converges to W one converges to some
+graph on you one point wise almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on you one point wise almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on you one point wise almost
+everywhere and we repeat for W sub n K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and we repeat for W sub n K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and we repeat for W sub n K
+for each K okay so do this sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each K okay so do this sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each K okay so do this sequentially
+so we just did it for K equals to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just did it for K equals to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just did it for K equals to one
+now do it for two three four and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do it for two three four and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do it for two three four and so on
+so this is a diagonalization argument we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a diagonalization argument we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a diagonalization argument we
+do this countably many times at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this countably many times at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this countably many times at the end
+what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passed down to the following subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed down to the following subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed down to the following subsequence
+and just to make my life a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make my life a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to make my life a bit more
+convenient instead of labeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient instead of labeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient instead of labeling the
+vertices of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the subject
+labeling the indices of the subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the indices of the subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the indices of the subsequence
+I'm going to real Abel the sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to real Abel the sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to real Abel the sequence so
+that it's still labeled I 1 2 3 4 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still labeled I 1 2 3 4 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still labeled I 1 2 3 4 and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so we now pass to a sequence W 1 2 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now pass to a sequence W 1 2 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now pass to a sequence W 1 2 3 and
+so on such that if you look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on such that if you look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on such that if you look at the first
+partition the first week regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the first week regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the first week regularity
+partition they produce W 1 1 W 1 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition they produce W 1 1 W 1 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition they produce W 1 1 W 1 and so
+on and these guys they converge to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and these guys they converge to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and these guys they converge to you
+one point wise ok the second level W 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point wise ok the second level W 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point wise ok the second level W 2 1
+w w1 q w1 w2 w3 2 they converge to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w1 q w1 w2 w3 2 they converge to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w w1 q w1 w2 w3 2 they converge to you
+two point wise and so on okay so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point wise and so on okay so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point wise and so on okay so far so
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why if there's a question is why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why if there's a question is why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why if there's a question is why is
+this true why I stopped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true why I stopped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true why I stopped us
+w and comma one converge to W 1 W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and comma one converge to W 1 W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and comma one converge to W 1 W
+converts to u 1 pointless initially am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to u 1 pointless initially am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to u 1 pointless initially am I
+not but what I'm saying is you can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but what I'm saying is you can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but what I'm saying is you can pass
+to subsequence you can pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsequence you can pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsequence you can pass the
+subsequent because there are only M 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent because there are only M 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent because there are only M 1
+parts so it's an M by M 1 by M 1 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so it's an M by M 1 by M 1 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so it's an M by M 1 by M 1 matrix
+of real numbers and only have finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers and only have finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers and only have finally
+found the menu of them so you can pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the menu of them so you can pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the menu of them so you can pick a
+subsequence so that they converge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're asking if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're asking if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're asking if we do this
+slightly not so carefully we might end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly not so carefully we might end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly not so carefully we might end
+up with an empty sequence all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an empty sequence all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an empty sequence all right so
+this is why I say you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I say you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I say you have to do a
+diagonal ization argument each step you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal ization argument each step you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal ization argument each step you
+keep the first term the sequence so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first term the sequence so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first term the sequence so that
+you always maintain some sequence so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always maintain some sequence so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always maintain some sequence so you
+can you have to be slightly careful what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have to be slightly careful what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you have to be slightly careful what
+diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+okay any more questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any more questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any more questions all right
+so by passing to a subsequence we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by passing to a subsequence we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by passing to a subsequence we obtain
+this very nice sequence that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice sequence that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice sequence that's nice
+subsequence such that each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence such that each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence such that each row
+corresponding to each level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each level of
+regularization converges point-wise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization converges point-wise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization converges point-wise to
+some you so what do these use look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you so what do these use look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you so what do these use look like
+so they are step griffons so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are step griffons so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are step griffons so let's
+explore the structure of you a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so since we have that each okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since we have that each okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since we have that each okay so
+we have the property that each partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the property that each partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the property that each partition
+refines the previous partition and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines the previous partition and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines the previous partition and as a
+result if you look at the K plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result if you look at the K plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result if you look at the K plus 1
+stepping and I step it by the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping and I step it by the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping and I step it by the previous
+partition in the sequence I should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in the sequence I should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in the sequence I should get
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+I should call back one in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call back one in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call back one in the sequence
+so this was the this graph on obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the this graph on obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the this graph on obtained
+by averaging over the Kate partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging over the Kate partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging over the Kate partition and
+this is the graph on obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the graph on obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the graph on obtained by
+averaging the over the k plus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the over the k plus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the over the k plus first
+partition so if I go back one more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so if I go back one more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so if I go back one more I
+should go back in the sequence and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back in the sequence and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go back in the sequence and since
+use the use are the point wise limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the use are the point wise limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the use are the point wise limit of
+these double use the same relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these double use the same relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these double use the same relationship
+should also hold for the use namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also hold for the use namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also hold for the use namely that
+u sub K should equal to u sub P a u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u sub K should equal to u sub P a u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u sub K should equal to u sub P a u sub
+K plus 1 if I step it with PK where PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus 1 if I step it with PK where PK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K plus 1 if I step it with PK where PK
+is the okay so if you look at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the okay so if you look at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the okay so if you look at all these
+endpoints converge and these partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints converge and these partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints converge and these partitions
+they converge to p1 ok so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to p1 ok so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to p1 ok so if you look at
+the partitions that correspond to P 1 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions that correspond to P 1 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions that correspond to P 1 P
+2 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and so on
+I want these partitions to converge to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want these partitions to converge to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want these partitions to converge to P
+1 I want these partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to convert you teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert you teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert you teach you
+so all these partitions there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these partitions there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these partitions there there are
+partitions into intervals so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into intervals so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into intervals so I'm just
+saying if you look at where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you look at where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if you look at where the
+intervals were the divisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals were the divisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals were the divisions of
+intervals go they converge and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals go they converge and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals go they converge and I'm
+calling the limit partition P sub K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're using that P sub K plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using that P sub K plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're using that P sub K plus 1
+refines P sub K because the same is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines P sub K because the same is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines P sub K because the same is true
+for each end so in the limit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each end so in the limit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each end so in the limit the same
+must be true as well okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true as well okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true as well okay so you have
+this column of use so let me draw you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column of use so let me draw you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column of use so let me draw you a
+picture of what this use could look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what this use could look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what this use could look like
+alright so here's an illustration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so here's an illustration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so here's an illustration that
+may be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what could these use look like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could these use look like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what could these use look like each
+one of them is represented by values on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is represented by values on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is represented by values on
+the unit square and I write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit square and I write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit square and I write this in
+matrix notation so that the origin is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation so that the origin is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation so that the origin is at
+the top left corner so you one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left corner so you one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left corner so you one might be
+well maybe P one is just the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe P one is just the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe P one is just the trivial
+partition in which case u 1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in which case u 1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition in which case u 1 is going to
+be a constant graph um let's say it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant graph um let's say it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant graph um let's say it has
+value point 5 u 2 came from u 1 by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value point 5 u 2 came from u 1 by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value point 5 u 2 came from u 1 by some
+partitioning suppose just for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning suppose just for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning suppose just for the sake
+of illustration there was only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustration there was only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of illustration there was only a
+partitioning into two parts and okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning into two parts and okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning into two parts and okay so
+it doesn't have to be I think Warren it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be I think Warren it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be I think Warren it
+doesn't have to be at midpoint but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be at midpoint but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be at midpoint but just
+for illustration suppose the division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for illustration suppose the division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for illustration suppose the division
+were at the midpoint because you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the midpoint because you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at the midpoint because you one
+needs to have okay so this point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have okay so this point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have okay so this point five
+value should be the average value in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value should be the average value in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value should be the average value in all
+of these four squares so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these four squares so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these four squares so for instance
+the points maybe like 0.6 0.6 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example and in u3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example and in u3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example and in u3 the
+partitioning the p3 partition so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning the p3 partition so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning the p3 partition so here
+the partitions p1 partition is p2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions p1 partition is p2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partitions p1 partition is p2 that's
+two parts and suppose p3 now has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts and suppose p3 now has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts and suppose p3 now has four
+parts and again for illustration sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and again for illustration sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and again for illustration sake
+suppose it is equally dividing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it is equally dividing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it is equally dividing the
+interval into four intervals it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into four intervals it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into four intervals it could be
+that now each of these parts is split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now each of these parts is split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now each of these parts is split up
+into four different values in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different values in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four different values in a way that
+so you can obtain the original numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can obtain the original numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can obtain the original numbers
+by averaging so that's one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging so that's one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by averaging so that's one possible
+example likewise you can have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example likewise you can have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example likewise you can have something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and I should maintain symmetry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I should maintain symmetry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I should maintain symmetry in
+this matrix and last why I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and last why I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and last why I'm just gonna
+be lazy and say that it's still 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lazy and say that it's still 0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lazy and say that it's still 0.4
+throughout okay so this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout okay so this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout okay so this is what the
+sequence of views are going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of views are going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of views are going to look like
+each one of them split up a box in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them split up a box in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them split up a box in the
+previous view in such way that the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous view in such way that the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous view in such way that the local
+averages the step averages are preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages the step averages are preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages the step averages are preserved
+any questions so far all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far all right so now we
+get to martingales so I claim that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to martingales so I claim that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to martingales so I claim that this
+is basically a martingale okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a martingale okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a martingale okay so in
+suppose you let XY be a uniform point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you let XY be a uniform point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you let XY be a uniform point in
+the unit square and consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit square and consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit square and consider this
+sequence so this is now a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so this is now a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so this is now a random
+sequence because XY are random I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluate this use on this random uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this use on this random uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this use on this random uniform
+random point X comma Y so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point X comma Y so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point X comma Y so this is a
+random sequence and the main observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequence and the main observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequence and the main observation
+is that this is a marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the definition of a
+martingale for last time martingale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale for last time martingale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale for last time martingale is
+one where if you look at the value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where if you look at the value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where if you look at the value of U
+sub K conditioned on the previous values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expectation is just the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is just the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is just the previous
+term and I claim this as true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I claim this as true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I claim this as true for the
+sequence because of the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because of the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because of the way we
+constructed it it's splitting up each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it it's splitting up each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed it it's splitting up each
+box in an averaging preserving way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different way to see this and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to see this and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to see this and for those
+of you who actually know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who actually know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who actually know what the
+definition of a random variable is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a random variable is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a random variable is in
+the probability theory is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability theory is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability theory is that you
+should do this zero one squared as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this zero one squared as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do this zero one squared as the
+probability space in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space in which case you
+itself is the random variable and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is the random variable and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is the random variable and this
+partitioning gives you a filtration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning gives you a filtration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning gives you a filtration of
+the space it's a sequence of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space it's a sequence of Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space it's a sequence of Sigma
+algebra dividing up the space into finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra dividing up the space into finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra dividing up the space into finer
+and finer pieces so this is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer pieces so this is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finer pieces so this is really what
+a martingale is what we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martingale is what we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martingale is what we have a
+martingale it's bounded because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale it's bounded because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale it's bounded because the
+values take place in 0 1 so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values take place in 0 1 so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values take place in 0 1 so by the
+martingale convergence theorem which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem which we
+proved last time we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved last time we find that the
+sequence must converge to some limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence must converge to some limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence must converge to some limit so
+so this is the sequence of martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sequence of martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sequence of martingale
+converges which means by interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges which means by interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges which means by interpretation
+so there exists ru which is a graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that U K converges to u point-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that U K converges to u point-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that U K converges to u point-wise
+almost everywhere as K goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the limit ok so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the limit ok so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the limit ok so this is this is a
+limit and we're going to show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and we're going to show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and we're going to show that it
+has indeed a limit but you see this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has indeed a limit but you see this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has indeed a limit but you see this is a
+construction of the limit where we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the limit where we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of the limit where we took
+regularity got all these nice pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity got all these nice pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity got all these nice pieces
+founds convergent subsequences and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founds convergent subsequences and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founds convergent subsequences and then
+apply the martingale convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the martingale convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the martingale convergence
+sequence of martingale convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of martingale convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of martingale convergence
+theorem to produce for us this candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to produce for us this candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to produce for us this candidate
+for the limit this u so now let us show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it is indeed the limit that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is indeed the limit that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is indeed the limit that we're
+looking for in that in the subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in that in the subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for in that in the subsequence
+so again have passed out all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again have passed out all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again have passed out all the terms
+which we removed from in passing two sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we removed from in passing two sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we removed from in passing two sub
+sequences so in the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so in the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so in the remaining
+subsequence I want to show that the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence I want to show that the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence I want to show that the W
+ends indeed converge to U and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends indeed converge to U and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends indeed converge to U and this is
+now a fairly straightforward three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a fairly straightforward three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a fairly straightforward three
+Absalom's argument a standard analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absalom's argument a standard analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absalom's argument a standard analysis
+argument but look a so let's carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but look a so let's carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but look a so let's carry it
+through so for every epsilon bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so for every epsilon bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so for every epsilon bigger than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+suppose you pick a sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you pick a sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you pick a sufficiently large
+okay so there exists a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists a sufficiently
+large cake make sure K is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cake make sure K is large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cake make sure K is large enough
+such that U differs from okay l1 norm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that U differs from okay l1 norm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that U differs from okay l1 norm at
+most epsilon over 3 because the you case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most epsilon over 3 because the you case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most epsilon over 3 because the you case
+they converge to you point wise almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to you point wise almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to you point wise almost
+everywhere okay so we find this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay so we find this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere okay so we find this case so
+let's fix escape then there exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix escape then there exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's fix escape then there exists and
+not such that if you look at this u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such that if you look at this u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such that if you look at this u sub
+K it does not it is very close to W sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it does not it is very close to W sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it does not it is very close to W sub
+and K for all and large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because our farm because of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because our farm because of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because our farm because of what
+happened up there so we can now compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened up there so we can now compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened up there so we can now compute
+the difference between fact let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between fact let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between fact let's do it
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's compute difference cut norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's compute difference cut norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's compute difference cut norm
+of the difference between the term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between the term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between the term in
+the sequence W sub N and you triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence W sub N and you triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence W sub N and you triangle
+inequality we have following it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the cut norm is upper bounded by the l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut norm is upper bounded by the l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut norm is upper bounded by the l1
+norm look at the definitions replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm look at the definitions replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm look at the definitions replace the
+first couple of these the first term I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of these the first term I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of these the first term I
+claim is at most epsilon over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second term is going to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is going to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is going to be at least
+epsilon over 3 and the third term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 3 and the third term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 3 and the third term is
+going to be also at most epsilon over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also at most epsilon over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also at most epsilon over 3
+because well from the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well from the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well from the regularity
+approximation I know that it is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I know that it is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I know that it is at most
+1 over K and I chose K large enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K and I chose K large enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K and I chose K large enough so
+that is also at most epsilon over 3 put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also at most epsilon over 3 put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also at most epsilon over 3 put
+everything together we find that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together we find that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together we find that these
+two are they differ by most epsilon if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are they differ by most epsilon if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are they differ by most epsilon if n
+is large enough but now since epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough but now since epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large enough but now since epsilon
+can be arbitrarily small we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be arbitrarily small we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be arbitrarily small we find that
+you indeed have convergence as cleaned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indeed have convergence as cleaned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you indeed have convergence as cleaned
+and this finish is the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this finish is the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this finish is the proof of
+compactness so there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness so there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness so there are a few
+components one is passing to so applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one is passing to so applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one is passing to so applying
+regularity passing to subsequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity passing to subsequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity passing to subsequences and
+obtaining this limit from the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining this limit from the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining this limit from the regularity
+approximations that this use and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that this use and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that this use and then we
+observe that these use they form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that these use they form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that these use they form a
+martingale so we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale so we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale so we can apply the
+martingale convergence theorem to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingale convergence theorem to get us
+a candidate for the limit and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for the limit and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for the limit and then the
+rest is fairly straightforward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is fairly straightforward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is fairly straightforward because
+all the steps are good approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps are good approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps are good approximations
+put them together you prove the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions all right so you may ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions all right so you may ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions all right so you may ask
+now we have compactness what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have compactness what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have compactness what is
+compactness good form so it may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness good form so it may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness good form so it may seem
+like a somewhat abstract concept so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a somewhat abstract concept so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a somewhat abstract concept so in
+the second half of today's lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of today's lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of today's lecture I
+want to show you how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how to use this
+compactness claim combined with you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness claim combined with you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness claim combined with you are
+you know the first definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first definition of
+compactness that you've seen namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness that you've seen namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness that you've seen namely
+every open cover contains a finite sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every open cover contains a finite sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every open cover contains a finite sub
+cover and to use that to prove many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and to use that to prove many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and to use that to prove many
+consequences about the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences about the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences about the space
+griffons and some things that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons and some things that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+griffons and some things that we had to
+in a work a bit hard at but they turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a work a bit hard at but they turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a work a bit hard at but they turned
+out to fall from the compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to fall from the compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to fall from the compactness
+statement okay so let's take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay so let's take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay so let's take a quick
+break in the first part of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in the first part of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in the first part of this lecture
+we proved that the space of griffons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that the space of griffons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved that the space of griffons is
+compact so now let me show you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so now let me show you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact so now let me show you what we
+can you know rebus consequences from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know rebus consequences from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know rebus consequences from the
+compactness result so I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness result so I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness result so I want to show you
+how to apply compactness and prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to apply compactness and prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to apply compactness and prove some
+consequences as I mentioned earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences as I mentioned earlier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences as I mentioned earlier the
+compactness result is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness result is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness result is related to
+regularity and in fact many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and in fact many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and in fact many of the
+results I'm going to stay you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I'm going to stay you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results I'm going to stay you can prove
+maybe with some more work using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with some more work using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with some more work using the
+regularity lemma but I also want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma but I also want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma but I also want to show
+you how to deduce them directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to deduce them directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to deduce them directly from
+compactness in fact will deduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness in fact will deduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness in fact will deduce the
+regularity lemma from compactness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma from compactness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma from compactness so
+these two ideas compactness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ideas compactness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ideas compactness and
+regularity they go hand-in-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity they go hand-in-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity they go hand-in-hand
+so first more so as a warm-up but I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first more so as a warm-up but I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first more so as a warm-up but I was
+also an interesting result a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an interesting result a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an interesting result a statement
+an interesting statement on its own so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting statement on its own so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting statement on its own so
+let me prove the following ok so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove the following ok so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove the following ok so here is
+a statement that we can deduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement that we can deduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement that we can deduce from
+compactness so for every epsilon there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness so for every epsilon there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness so for every epsilon there
+exists some number n which depends only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some number n which depends only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some number n which depends only
+on epsilon such that for every top new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epsilon such that for every top new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epsilon such that for every top new
+graph um there exists a graph G worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um there exists a graph G worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um there exists a graph G worth
+and vertices such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cut distance between G and W is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut distance between G and W is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut distance between G and W is at
+most Epsilon so think about whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Epsilon so think about whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Epsilon so think about whether it
+says for every epsilon during some pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for every epsilon during some pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says for every epsilon during some pound
+and such that every graph on the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that every graph on the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that every graph on the graph
+on is some real valued function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is some real valued function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is some real valued function so
+taking values between 0 & 1 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking values between 0 & 1 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking values between 0 & 1 you can
+approximate it in the distance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it in the distance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it in the distance that we
+care about by a graph with a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about by a graph with a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about by a graph with a bounded
+number of vertices this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices this is kind of like
+regularity lemma if you are allowed edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma if you are allowed edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma if you are allowed edge
+weights on this graph G then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on this graph G then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights on this graph G then it
+immediately follows from the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately follows from the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately follows from the weak
+regularity lemma that we already proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from that weak regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that weak regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that weak regularity lemma
+which allows you to get some G with edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get some G with edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get some G with edge
+weights you can think about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights you can think about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights you can think about how you
+might turn into an edge weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn into an edge weighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might turn into an edge weighted graph
+into an on edge way an unweighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an on edge way an unweighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an on edge way an unweighted graph
+so that's that can also be done but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that can also be done but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that can also be done but I
+want to show you a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you a completely different
+way of proving this result that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of proving this result that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of proving this result that follows
+from compactness and so I say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from compactness and so I say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from compactness and so I say it's a
+warm-up because it's really a warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up because it's really a warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up because it's really a warm-up
+for the next thing we're going to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next thing we're going to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next thing we're going to do and
+it shows you this easier example showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you this easier example showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you this easier example showing
+you how to use compactness many so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to use compactness many so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to use compactness many so the
+idea is I have this compact space I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I have this compact space I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I have this compact space I'm
+going to cover the space by open sets by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover the space by open sets by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover the space by open sets by
+open balls so the open balls are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open balls so the open balls are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open balls so the open balls are going
+to be this B sub epsilon G so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this B sub epsilon G so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this B sub epsilon G so for each
+graph G I'm going to consider the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G I'm going to consider the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G I'm going to consider the set of
+crayons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that are within epsilon of G so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are within epsilon of G so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are within epsilon of G so this you
+have some topological spaces a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some topological spaces a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some topological spaces a metric
+space have a point G and I look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space have a point G and I look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space have a point G and I look at its
+open ball so that's this is the ball so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ball so that's this is the ball so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open ball so that's this is the ball so
+I claim that these open balls they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that these open balls they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that these open balls they form
+an open cover the space where is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cover the space where is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open cover the space where is that so
+I want to show every point W is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show every point W is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show every point W is covered
+so this follows from so this follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this follows from so this follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this follows from so this follows
+from the claim that every W is the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the claim that every W is the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the claim that every W is the limit
+is the limit of some sequence of graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we didn't technically actually prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't technically actually prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't technically actually prove
+this frame so this is I said that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frame so this is I said that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frame so this is I said that if you
+take W random graphs you get this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take W random graphs you get this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take W random graphs you get this okay
+so we didn't technically prove that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't technically prove that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't technically prove that but
+okay so it turns out to be true there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out to be true there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out to be true there
+are easier ways to establish it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easier ways to establish it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easier ways to establish it as well
+by taking one approximations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking one approximations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking one approximations but the
+point is that if you use this claim here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if you use this claim here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if you use this claim here
+you do not get a bound on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not get a bound on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not get a bound on a number of
+vertices it could be that for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it could be that for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it could be that for very
+bizarre-looking double use you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre-looking double use you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre-looking double use you might
+require much more number of vertices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much more number of vertices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require much more number of vertices a
+priori you do not know that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori you do not know that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori you do not know that it is
+bounded as a function of epsilon but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded as a function of epsilon but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded as a function of epsilon but now
+we we have this open cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have this open cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have this open cover
+so by compactness of the space of bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by compactness of the space of bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by compactness of the space of bonds
+we can find an open cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an open cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an open cover
+using a finite subset of these graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a finite subset of these graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a finite subset of these graphs
+you G 1 2 G K it's a finite subset they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you G 1 2 G K it's a finite subset they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you G 1 2 G K it's a finite subset they
+do an open cover and now we let n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an open cover and now we let n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an open cover and now we let n to be
+the least common multiple of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least common multiple of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least common multiple of all of
+these vertex set sizes so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertex set sizes so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertex set sizes so all of these
+vertices so they can be so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so they can be so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so they can be so all of these
+graphs they are within so so for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs they are within so so for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs they are within so so for each of
+this graph I can replace it by a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph I can replace it by a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph I can replace it by a graph
+on exactly n vertices there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly n vertices there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly n vertices there exist a
+graph G Prime exactly n vertices such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G Prime exactly n vertices such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G Prime exactly n vertices such
+that they represent the same point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they represent the same point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they represent the same point in
+the space of graphics devices think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of graphics devices think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of graphics devices think
+about the representation of a graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the representation of a graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the representation of a graph on
+using from graph if I start with G and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using from graph if I start with G and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using from graph if I start with G and I
+blow up each vertex into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k vertices then it turns out I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k vertices then it turns out I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k vertices then it turns out I mean you
+should think about why this is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about why this is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about why this is true but
+it's hard to see if you draw the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see if you draw the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see if you draw the picture
+so remember this black and white picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this black and white picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this black and white picture
+that they're actually they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're actually they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're actually they're the same
+point they are represented by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they are represented by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they are represented by the same
+graph all ok and that's it ok so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all ok and that's it ok so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all ok and that's it ok so we
+found these these geez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these these geez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these these geez
+all of them have exactly n vertices such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have exactly n vertices such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them have exactly n vertices such
+that they're epsilon open balls form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're epsilon open balls form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're epsilon open balls form an
+open cover of the space of graph on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cover of the space of graph on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cover of the space of graph on so
+every graphing can be approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graphing can be approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graphing can be approximated by
+one of these so you get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so you get that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so you get that from
+compactness the statement says for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness the statement says for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness the statement says for every
+epsilon there exists an N so and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists an N so and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon there exists an N so and it's a
+function of Epsilon what's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this proof doesn't tell anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof doesn't tell anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof doesn't tell anything about
+it so this proof gives no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of M epsilon so it's some senses even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M epsilon so it's some senses even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M epsilon so it's some senses even
+worse than some of the things we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than some of the things we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than some of the things we've seen
+in the earlier discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the earlier discussion on
+similarities regularity lemma where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma where they
+were tower or wowzer types here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tower or wowzer types here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tower or wowzer types here there's
+no information because it comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information because it comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information because it comes from a
+compactness statement so you just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness statement so you just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness statement so you just know
+there exists a finite open cover no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a finite open cover no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a finite open cover no
+bounds okay any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds okay any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds okay any questions about this
+warm-up application it feels a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up application it feels a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm-up application it feels a bit
+magical right so you have compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical right so you have compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical right so you have compactness
+and then you have all of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have all of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have all of these these
+consequences so now let me show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences so now let me show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences so now let me show you how
+you can deduce the regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deduce the regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deduce the regularity lemma
+itself from compactness in fact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from compactness in fact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself from compactness in fact in the
+proof of the existence in the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the existence in the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the existence in the proof of
+compactness we only used weak regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness we only used weak regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness we only used weak regularity
+and now let me show you how you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let me show you how you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let me show you how you can use
+weak regularity consequences namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak regularity consequences namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak regularity consequences namely
+compactness to bootstrap itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness to bootstrap itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness to bootstrap itself to
+strong regularity so we saw a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity so we saw a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity so we saw a version of
+strong regularity in the earlier chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity in the earlier chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong regularity in the earlier chapter
+when we discussed summer least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discussed summer least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discussed summer least
+regularity lemma so let me state it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so let me state it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so let me state it in a
+in a somewhat different looking form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a somewhat different looking form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a somewhat different looking form but
+that turns out to be morally equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose I have a vector of Epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a vector of Epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have a vector of Epsilon okay
+so all of these are positive real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are positive real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are positive real
+numbers the claim is that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the claim is that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the claim is that there exists
+an M which only depends on this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M which only depends on this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M which only depends on this vector
+such that for every graph on w one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for every graph on w one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for every graph on w one can
+okay so every graph on w can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as following decompose in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as following decompose in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as following decompose in the following
+way we write W as a sum of a structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we write W as a sum of a structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we write W as a sum of a structured
+part the pseudo-random part and a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the pseudo-random part and a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the pseudo-random part and a small
+part where the structured part is a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where the structured part is a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where the structured part is a step
+function with K parts the K is at most M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with K parts the K is at most M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with K parts the K is at most M
+this cleaned bound M the pseudo-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleaned bound M the pseudo-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cleaned bound M the pseudo-random
+part is very has a very small cut norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is very has a very small cut norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is very has a very small cut norm
+so it's cut norm very small even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's cut norm very small even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's cut norm very small even
+compared to the number of parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the number of parts and
+finally the small part has L 1 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the small part has L 1 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the small part has L 1 norm
+bounded by epsilon 1 so that's the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by epsilon 1 so that's the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by epsilon 1 so that's the claim
+you can always there exists some bound m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always there exists some bound m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always there exists some bound m
+in terms of these error parameters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these error parameters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these error parameters so
+that you have this decomposition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this decomposition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this decomposition so we
+saw some version of this earlier when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some version of this earlier when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some version of this earlier when we
+discussed the spectral proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the spectral proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the spectral proof of
+regularity lemma and I don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and I don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and I don't want to go
+into details of how these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into details of how these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into details of how these two things are
+related but just to comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but just to comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but just to comment that
+depending on your choice of the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your choice of the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your choice of the epsilon
+parameters it relates to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it relates to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters it relates to some of the
+different versions of regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of regularity lemma
+that we've seen before so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen before so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen before so for example if
+epsilon K is roughly epsilon some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon K is roughly epsilon some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon K is roughly epsilon some fixed
+epsilon over K squared then this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over K squared then this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over K squared then this is so
+this is basically the same as similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the same as similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the same as similar
+these regularity lemma whereas if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regularity lemma whereas if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regularity lemma whereas if all
+the case are the same epsilon then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case are the same epsilon then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case are the same epsilon then this
+is roughly the same as the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly the same as the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly the same as the week
+regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right how to prove this claim we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how to prove this claim we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how to prove this claim we're
+going to use compactness again so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use compactness again so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use compactness again so first
+there always exists an l1 approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists an l1 approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there always exists an l1 approximation
+so that every W has some step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that every W has some step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that every W has some step function
+you associated to it such that the l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you associated to it such that the l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you associated to it such that the l1
+distance between W and you yes at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between W and you yes at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between W and you yes at most
+epsilon one okay so again this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon one okay so again this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon one okay so again this is one of
+these more measure theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more measure theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more measure theoretic
+technicalities I don't want to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities I don't want to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities I don't want to get into
+you but it's not hard to prove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it's not hard to prove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it's not hard to prove so
+roughly speaking you have some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking you have some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking you have some function
+you can approximate it using steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate it using steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate it using steps and
+now let me but okay so I and asked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me but okay so I and asked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me but okay so I and asked with
+the previous so similar to what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous so similar to what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous so similar to what we did
+just now if you just do that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now if you just do that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now if you just do that the number
+of steps might not be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps might not be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps might not be a function of
+Epsilon so you might need much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so you might need much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so you might need much more
+steps just doing that if your W looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps just doing that if your W looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps just doing that if your W looks
+more pathological so now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pathological so now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pathological so now what we're
+going to do is consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is consider the following
+function K of W and I define it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K of W and I define it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K of W and I define it to be
+the minimum K such that there exists a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum K such that there exists a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum K such that there exists a K
+step rap on you such that you minus W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step rap on you such that you minus W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step rap on you such that you minus W is
+at most Epsilon so among all the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most Epsilon so among all the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most Epsilon so among all the step
+function approximations pick one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximations pick one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function approximations pick one that
+has the minimum number of steps and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the minimum number of steps and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the minimum number of steps and call
+the number of steps caved up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now as before we're going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as before we're going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now as before we're going to come up
+with an open cover of the space of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an open cover of the space of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an open cover of the space of graph
+ons so the open cover is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons so the open cover is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons so the open cover is going to be
+consisting of the cut your balls so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of the cut your balls so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of the cut your balls so
+let's consider so this is a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider so this is a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider so this is a ball
+centered around W with radius epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around W with radius epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around W with radius epsilon
+sub-k W this is an open cover of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-k W this is an open cover of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-k W this is an open cover of the
+spacer coughing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer coughing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacer coughing's
+as W ranges over all graphs so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as W ranges over all graphs so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as W ranges over all graphs so I'm
+literally looking at every point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally looking at every point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally looking at every point in the
+space and putting an open bar around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and putting an open bar around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and putting an open bar around it
+so obviously this is an open cover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously this is an open cover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously this is an open cover and
+because of compactness there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of compactness there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of compactness there exists a
+finite sub cover so there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sub cover so there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sub cover so there exists a
+finite set right curly s of griffons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balls as a range overcoat w in curly s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls as a range overcoat w in curly s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls as a range overcoat w in curly s
+they cover the space of griffons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cover the space of griffons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cover the space of griffons okay
+now the goal is given the W I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the goal is given the W I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the goal is given the W I want to
+approximate it in some way so having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it in some way so having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it in some way so having a
+finite set of things to work with allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of things to work with allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of things to work with allows
+us to do some kind of approximations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do some kind of approximations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do some kind of approximations so
+thus for every W graph on there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus for every W graph on there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus for every W graph on there exists a
+W Prime in s whose ball in that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Prime in s whose ball in that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Prime in s whose ball in that correct
+collection covers the point W such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection covers the point W such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection covers the point W such that
+W is contained in this in this bowl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so given this w prime because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given this w prime because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given this w prime because of
+you know this this definition over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this definition over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this definition over here
+so there exists in you with so which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists in you with so which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists in you with so which is
+a K step graph on with K at most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K step graph on with K at most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K step graph on with K at most the
+maximum over all such possible number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all such possible number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all such possible number of
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that W and W Prime they are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that W and W Prime they are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that W and W Prime they are closed
+in cup norm because you have this open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cup norm because you have this open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cup norm because you have this open
+cover and furthermore W prime is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and furthermore W prime is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and furthermore W prime is close
+to a graph on with a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a graph on with a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a graph on with a small number of
+steps okay so suppose we now write W as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so suppose we now write W as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay so suppose we now write W as
+u plus W minus W Prime and then plus W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus W minus W Prime and then plus W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus W minus W Prime and then plus W
+prime minus u we find that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minus u we find that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime minus u we find that this is a
+decomposition that we are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that we are looking for
+because the U so this is the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the U so this is the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the U so this is the structure
+component has K steps where K is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component has K steps where K is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component has K steps where K is less
+than this quantity here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this quantity here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this quantity here and that
+quantity there is just some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there is just some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity there is just some function of
+Epsilon right at most some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon right at most some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon right at most some function of
+the absalons it doesn't depend on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absalons it doesn't depend on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absalons it doesn't depend on a
+specific choice of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second term this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term this is the
+pseudo-random piece because it's cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random piece because it's cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random piece because it's cut
+norm is small things should be subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally the third term here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the third term here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the third term here is the
+small term because it's l1 norm is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so putting them together we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so putting them together we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so putting them together we get a
+regularity lemma so again the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so again the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma so again the proof
+gives you no information whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you no information whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you no information whatsoever
+about the bound M as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bound M as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bound M as a function of the
+input parameters the epsilon so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input parameters the epsilon so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input parameters the epsilon so it turns
+out you can use a different method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can use a different method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can use a different method to
+get a bounce namely we actually more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bounce namely we actually more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bounce namely we actually more or
+less did this proof when we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less did this proof when we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less did this proof when we discussed
+regularity lemma the strong regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma the strong regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma the strong regularity
+lemma so we did a different proof where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so we did a different proof where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma so we did a different proof where
+we iterated an energy increment argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we iterated an energy increment argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we iterated an energy increment argument
+and now gave you some concrete doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now gave you some concrete doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now gave you some concrete doubts
+some balance which iterates on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some balance which iterates on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some balance which iterates on these
+epsilon but here's a different proof it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon but here's a different proof it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon but here's a different proof it
+gives you less information but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you less information but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you less information but it
+elegantly uses this compactness feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly uses this compactness feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly uses this compactness feature
+of the space of griffons any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we prove compactness now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we prove compactness now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we prove compactness now let's
+go on to the other two claims the namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the other two claims the namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the other two claims the namely
+the existence of the limit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the limit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the limit and the
+equivalence is of convergence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is of convergence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is of convergence the
+existence of the limit more or less is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the limit more or less is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of the limit more or less is a
+consequence of compactness so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of compactness so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of compactness so you have
+this sequence pythons w1 w2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence pythons w1 w2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence pythons w1 w2 and so on
+and the claim is that if this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that if this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that if this sequence
+the sequence of f densities converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each F then there exists some limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each F then there exists some limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each F then there exists some limit
+W such that all of these sequences f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W such that all of these sequences f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W such that all of these sequences f
+densities converge to the limit density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge to the limit density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities converge to the limit density
+okay so that was the claim so nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the claim so nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the claim so nothing
+about cut norms in at least as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cut norms in at least as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cut norms in at least as far as
+the statement goes well okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement goes well okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement goes well okay from
+compactness we know that you can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness we know that you can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness we know that you can produce
+always a sub sequential limit so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a sub sequential limit so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a sub sequential limit so by
+compactness of sequential compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists some limit point and this W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some limit point and this W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some limit point and this W
+has the property that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that for some
+subsequence the cut distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence the cut distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence the cut distance from the
+sub sequence converges to W so for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence and knot and I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and knot and I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and knot and I going to
+infinity but now by the counting lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of F densities okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of F densities okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of F densities okay so the
+counting lemma tells you if you have cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma tells you if you have cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting lemma tells you if you have cut
+distance going to zero then the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance going to zero then the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance going to zero then the F
+density should also go to zero so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density should also go to zero so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density should also go to zero so indeed
+that's what we have here so this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here so this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here so this is so
+far just for the subsequence but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far just for the subsequence but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far just for the subsequence but we
+assumed already that entire sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed already that entire sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed already that entire sequence
+converges for every respect to every F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges for every respect to every F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges for every respect to every F
+densities so it must be the same limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that finishes the proof of proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that finishes the proof of proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that finishes the proof of proof of
+convergence to proof of the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to proof of the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to proof of the existence of
+the existence of the limit so we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the limit so we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the limit so we obtain
+this limit from compactness next let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit from compactness next let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit from compactness next let's
+prove the equivalence of convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the equivalence of convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the equivalence of convergence and
+this one's some more trickier so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's some more trickier so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's some more trickier so what
+happens here is that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is that we would like to
+show that these two notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that these two notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that these two notions of
+convergence one having to do with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence one having to do with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence one having to do with f
+densities and another having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and another having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and another having to do with
+cut distance that these two notions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance that these two notions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance that these two notions are
+equivalent to each other so the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other so the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other so the goal
+here is to show that this F density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to show that this F density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to show that this F density
+converges it's equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges it's equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges it's equivalent to the
+statement that W sub n is Cauchy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that W sub n is Cauchy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that W sub n is Cauchy with
+respect to the cut distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the cut distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the cut distance
+or claim one of the directions is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or claim one of the directions is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or claim one of the directions is easy
+which direction is that okay so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction is that okay so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction is that okay so which
+direction is the easy direction so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the easy direction so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the easy direction so which
+way left going left going right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way left going left going right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way left going left going right okay so
+going left okay so I claim that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left okay so I claim that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left okay so I claim that this is
+easy because it follows from counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because it follows from counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because it follows from counting
+lemma counting lomilomi the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma counting lomilomi the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma counting lomilomi the spirit of
+the counting lemma least qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting lemma least qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counting lemma least qualitatively
+is that if you have to graph outs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have to graph outs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have to graph outs that
+are closing cut distance then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closing cut distance then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closing cut distance then they're
+closing F densities so if you have Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing F densities so if you have Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing F densities so if you have Co
+sheet with respect to cut distance then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet with respect to cut distance then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet with respect to cut distance then
+they're Cauchy and hence convergent in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Cauchy and hence convergent in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Cauchy and hence convergent in F
+densities it's the other direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities it's the other direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities it's the other direction that
+will require some work and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require some work and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require some work and this one is
+actually genuinely tricky so and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually genuinely tricky so and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually genuinely tricky so and it's
+kind of a it's almost kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's almost kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's almost kind of a
+miraculous statement that somehow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous statement that somehow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculous statement that somehow if you
+only knew the F densities right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only knew the F densities right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only knew the F densities right so
+somebody gives you this very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you this very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives you this very large
+sequence of graphs and only tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of graphs and only tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of graphs and only tells you
+that the triangle density is c4 density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the triangle density is c4 density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the triangle density is c4 density
+is you know all of these craft densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know all of these craft densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know all of these craft densities
+they converge somehow from these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge somehow from these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge somehow from these small
+statistics you conclude that the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you conclude that the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you conclude that the graph
+globally look very similar to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally look very similar to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally look very similar to each other
+that's actually if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually if you think about this
+is this is an amazing statement okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is an amazing statement okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is an amazing statement okay so
+let's see the proof so here is the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the proof so here is the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the proof so here is the proof
+here in the proof matter here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the proof matter here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the proof matter here is
+somewhat representative of these graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat representative of these graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat representative of these graph
+limit type arguments so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit type arguments so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit type arguments so it's worth
+paying attention to see how this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to see how this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to see how this one
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+by compactness if we're going to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by compactness if we're going to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by compactness if we're going to set up
+by contradiction so if you are if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction so if you are if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction so if you are if the
+sequence is not Cauchy so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not Cauchy so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not Cauchy so if the
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+is not cozy then there exist limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cozy then there exist limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cozy then there exist limit to
+limit points okay so there exist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit points okay so there exist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit points okay so there exist at
+least two distinct limit points and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two distinct limit points and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two distinct limit points and call
+them U and W and such that so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U and W and such that so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them U and W and such that so because
+you have two separate limit points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two separate limit points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two separate limit points you
+must have that this sequence at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have that this sequence at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have that this sequence at least
+along a sub sequence that converges to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a sub sequence that converges to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a sub sequence that converges to W
+converges in F densities to W so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in F densities to W so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in F densities to W so
+initially this is true along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this is true along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially this is true along a
+subsequence but the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence but the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence but the left hand side is
+convergent so this is true along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent so this is true along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent so this is true along the
+sequence but U is also a limit point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but U is also a limit point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but U is also a limit point so
+the same is true for you and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the f density in W must equal to the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f density in W must equal to the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f density in W must equal to the F
+density in top in you for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we would be done if we can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would be done if we can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would be done if we can prove
+that the F density is the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the F density is the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the F density is the collection of
+all these F densities they determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these F densities they determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these F densities they determine the
+graph oh and that's indeed the case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph oh and that's indeed the case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph oh and that's indeed the case so
+this is the next claim so when I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the next claim so when I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the next claim so when I would
+call moment lemma is that if u and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call moment lemma is that if u and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call moment lemma is that if u and W are
+fonts such that f densities for all F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts such that f densities for all F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts such that f densities for all F
+then the cart distance between U and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cart distance between U and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cart distance between U and W
+is equal to 0 some other local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 some other local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 some other local
+statistics tells you globally that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics tells you globally that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics tells you globally that these
+two graphs must agree with each other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs must agree with each other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two graphs must agree with each other it
+so I know why I call it a moment lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know why I call it a moment lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know why I call it a moment lemma
+there is something else which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something else which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something else which this
+should remind you of so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you of so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you of so there are some
+classical results in probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical results in probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical results in probability that
+tells you if you have two probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you if you have two probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you if you have two probability
+distributions both assume are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions both assume are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions both assume are nice
+enough then if they have the same cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then if they have the same cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then if they have the same cave
+moment for every K there's a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for every K there's a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for every K there's a first
+moment second moment third moment if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment second moment third moment if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment second moment third moment if all
+the moments agree that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments agree that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments agree that these two
+probability distributions should agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions should agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions should agree
+and this is some graphical version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some graphical version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some graphical version of
+that so instead of looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so instead of looking at a
+probability distribution we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution we're looking
+at graph phones which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at graph phones which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at graph phones which are
+two-dimensional these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional these are
+two-dimensional objects and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional objects and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional objects and this
+moment's lemma tells you that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment's lemma tells you that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment's lemma tells you that it is
+two-dimensional and the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and the corresponding
+two-dimensional moments namely these F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional moments namely these F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional moments namely these F
+moments if they agree then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments if they agree then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments if they agree then the two
+graphics must agree so it's the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics must agree so it's the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics must agree so it's the analog
+of the probability theory statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability theory statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability theory statement
+about about moments the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about moments the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about moments the proof is
+actually somehow tricky so I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somehow tricky so I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually somehow tricky so I'm only
+going to give you a sketch and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a sketch and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a sketch and the key
+here is to consider the W random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to consider the W random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to consider the W random graph
+which we saw last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is doubly random graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is doubly random graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is doubly random graph with
+K vertices sampled using the graph on W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a key observation here is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a key observation here is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a key observation here is that for
+every F the probability that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every F the probability that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every F the probability that the sample
+W random graph agrees with F and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph agrees with F and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph agrees with F and here
+there's a bit of technicality I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of technicality I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of technicality I want
+them to agree as labelled graphs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to agree as labelled graphs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to agree as labelled graphs so the
+vertices of W are a probably labeled one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of W are a probably labeled one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of W are a probably labeled one
+through K and this K W random graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through K and this K W random graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through K and this K W random graph is
+generated with vertices labeled 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated with vertices labeled 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated with vertices labeled 1
+through K they agree with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through K they agree with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through K they agree with some
+probability that is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that is completely
+determined by the EF densities yes yes K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the EF densities yes yes K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the EF densities yes yes K
+is the number of vertices of F and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of vertices of F and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of vertices of F and the
+specific formula is not so important let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific formula is not so important let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific formula is not so important let
+me just write it down but the points if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it down but the points if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it down but the points if
+you know all the F densities then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the F densities then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the F densities then you
+have all the information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information about the
+distribution of this W of random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this W of random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this W of random graph
+and the way you can calculate the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can calculate the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can calculate the actual
+probability is via an inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is via an inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is via an inclusion
+exclusion and the reason we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and the reason we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion and the reason we have to do
+this inclusion exclusion is just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inclusion exclusion is just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inclusion exclusion is just because
+this is more like counting induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more like counting induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more like counting induced
+subgraphs and this is counting actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs and this is counting actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs and this is counting actual
+sub graphs so there's an extra step but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub graphs so there's an extra step but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub graphs so there's an extra step but
+the point is if you knew this data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if you knew this data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if you knew this data the
+moments data that you immediately know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments data that you immediately know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments data that you immediately know
+the distribution of the W random graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the W random graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the W random graphs
+so if I have to graph ons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so if I have two croissants for which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two croissants for which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two croissants for which I
+know that they are f densities agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they are f densities agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they are f densities agree
+then I should be able to conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should be able to conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I should be able to conclude that
+the corresponding W random graphs also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding W random graphs also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding W random graphs also
+had the same distribution in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this the W random graph and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the W random graph and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the W random graph and the new
+random graph have the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to create a variant of the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a variant of the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to create a variant of the W
+random graph which is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph which is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph which is something called
+an H random graph it's kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H random graph it's kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H random graph it's kind of like the
+W random graph except I forget the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph except I forget the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W random graph except I forget the very
+last step so I only keep a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step so I only keep a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step so I only keep a weighted
+think of it as so think this I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as so think this I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as so think this I say
+waited an edge weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where are you sample x1 through XK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you sample x1 through XK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you sample x1 through XK
+uniformly between 0 & 1 & I put each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly between 0 & 1 & I put each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly between 0 & 1 & I put each
+weight between I and J to be W of X I XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight between I and J to be W of X I XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight between I and J to be W of X I XJ
+so the difference between this H version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between this H version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between this H version
+and the G version is that the G version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the G version is that the G version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the G version is that the G version
+is obtained by turning this weight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by turning this weight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained by turning this weight into
+an actual edge with that probability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual edge with that probability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual edge with that probability but
+if I don't do the last step I obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't do the last step I obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't do the last step I obtain
+this intermediate object so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate object so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate object so the
+following are true and this is where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following are true and this is where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following are true and this is where I'm
+going to skip the proofs if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip the proofs if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip the proofs if I look at
+the this H random graph and the G random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this H random graph and the G random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this H random graph and the G random
+graph they are very close in cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they are very close in cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they are very close in cut
+distance you can think of this as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you can think of this as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you can think of this as to
+claim that GNP is very close to G in cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that GNP is very close to G in cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that GNP is very close to G in cut
+distance okay so they are very closed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so they are very closed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so they are very closed in
+cut distance as K going to infinity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance as K going to infinity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance as K going to infinity with
+probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1
+so now gonna do the proof but it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now gonna do the proof but it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now gonna do the proof but it's some
+kind of a concentration argument and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a concentration argument and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a concentration argument and the
+second claim is that the H random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second claim is that the H random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second claim is that the H random graph
+is actually very close to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very close to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very close to the original
+graph on W as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is also little wine in distance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also little wine in distance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also little wine in distance as
+K goes to infinity so this one is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K goes to infinity so this one is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K goes to infinity so this one is again
+not so obvious but it's easier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious but it's easier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious but it's easier in the
+case when W itself is a step function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when W itself is a step function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when W itself is a step function in
+which case the produced H is almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the produced H is almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the produced H is almost the
+same as W except the boundaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W except the boundaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W except the boundaries are
+slightly shifted perhaps and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted perhaps and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly shifted perhaps and so you
+first approximate W by a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximate W by a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first approximate W by a step function
+and prove this up to an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove this up to an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove this up to an epsilon
+approximation and then the steps go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and then the steps go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and then the steps go to
+infinity so if you have these two claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so if you have these two claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so if you have these two claims
+so then we see that this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we see that this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we see that this one here is
+identically distributed as this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed as this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed as this one here
+is identically distributed as kayuu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identically distributed as kayuu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identically distributed as kayuu so
+it should follow that the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should follow that the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should follow that the corresponding
+H random graph for you if you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H random graph for you if you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H random graph for you if you replace
+the same inequalities by the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inequalities by the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inequalities by the new
+versions it should also be true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it should also be true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it should also be true so
+because these two are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these two are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these two are the same
+distribution if you follow this chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you follow this chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you follow this chain
+you're paying that the cut distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying that the cut distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're paying that the cut distance
+between U and W is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to close by mentioning it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to close by mentioning it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to close by mentioning it in some
+sense so here you have two graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so here you have two graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so here you have two graphs that
+have exactly two graph on them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly two graph on them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly two graph on them exactly
+the same F moments but what if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F moments but what if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same F moments but what if I give
+you two graphs which have very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two graphs which have very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two graphs which have very similar
+moments to each other can you conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to each other can you conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to each other can you conclude
+that the two graphs are close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two graphs are close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two graphs are close to each
+other and that would be some kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that would be some kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that would be some kind of an
+inverse counting them and in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse counting them and in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse counting them and in fact it
+does follow as a corollary follows as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does follow as a corollary follows as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does follow as a corollary follows as a
+corollary and the statement is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary and the statement is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollary and the statement is that for
+every epsilon there exists K and a tub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon there exists K and a tub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon there exists K and a tub
+such that if the two graphs U and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if the two graphs U and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if the two graphs U and W are
+such that the F densities do not differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the F densities do not differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the F densities do not differ
+by more than ETA for every F at most K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more than ETA for every F at most K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more than ETA for every F at most K
+vertices then the cut distance between U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then the cut distance between U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices then the cut distance between U
+and W is at most Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W is at most Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W is at most Epsilon
+so the counting lemma tells you if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the counting lemma tells you if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the counting lemma tells you if the
+cut distance is small then all the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance is small then all the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut distance is small then all the F
+moments are close to each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are close to each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are close to each other and the
+inverse or tells you tells you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse or tells you tells you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse or tells you tells you this
+converse so tells you this if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse so tells you this if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse so tells you this if you have
+similar F moments up to a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar F moments up to a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar F moments up to a certain point
+then this is small you can deduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is small you can deduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is small you can deduce the
+inverse counting lemma from the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse counting lemma from the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse counting lemma from the moments
+lemma via a compactness argument similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma via a compactness argument similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma via a compactness argument similar
+to the one that we did in class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that we did in class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that we did in class today
+and I want to give you a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to give you a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to give you a chance to
+practice with the argument so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the argument so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the argument so this will
+be on homework for the next homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on homework for the next homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on homework for the next homework
+give you some practice with using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some practice with using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some practice with using these
+compactness arguments but you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness arguments but you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness arguments but you see it's
+you know just with the other compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just with the other compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just with the other compactness
+statements there it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements there it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements there it doesn't tell you
+anything about the K and the epsilon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the K and the epsilon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the K and the epsilon as
+a function of K and theta as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of K and theta as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of K and theta as a function
+of episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of episode
+so there are other proofs that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other proofs that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other proofs that gives you
+concrete bounds but this proof here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete bounds but this proof here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete bounds but this proof here is
+much simpler if you assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler if you assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler if you assume the
+corresponding results about compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding results about compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding results about compactness
+and finally I want to mention that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally I want to mention that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally I want to mention that in
+the moments lemma in order to deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments lemma in order to deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments lemma in order to deduce
+that U and W have the same they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U and W have the same they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U and W have the same they're
+basically the same graph on we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same graph on we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same graph on we need to
+consider F moments for all F so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider F moments for all F so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider F moments for all F so you
+might ask could it be the case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask could it be the case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask could it be the case that we
+only need some finite set of F's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need some finite set of F's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need some finite set of F's to
+deduce to recover the graph all right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce to recover the graph all right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce to recover the graph all right is
+it the case that you can recover w from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the case that you can recover w from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the case that you can recover w from
+only a finite number of f moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a finite number of f moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a finite number of f moments and
+this is it's actually a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's actually a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's actually a very interesting
+problem from which we already saw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from which we already saw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from which we already saw one
+instance namely when we discussed quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance namely when we discussed quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance namely when we discussed quasi
+random graphs we saw that if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs we saw that if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs we saw that if you know
+that the k2 moment is P and also the c4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the k2 moment is P and also the c4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the k2 moment is P and also the c4
+moment is P fourth then we can deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is P fourth then we can deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is P fourth then we can deduce
+that the graph on must be the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph on must be the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph on must be the constant
+graph on P okay so we didn't do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on P okay so we didn't do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on P okay so we didn't do it in
+this language but that's what the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language but that's what the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language but that's what the proof
+does and likewise you can use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and likewise you can use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and likewise you can use this to
+deduce a qualitative version where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce a qualitative version where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce a qualitative version where you
+have an extra slack and an extra slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra slack and an extra slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra slack and an extra slack
+over here so you might ask except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you might ask except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so you might ask except for
+the constant graph phones are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant graph phones are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant graph phones are there
+other graph falls for what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other graph falls for what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other graph falls for what you can
+similarly deduce recover this graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly deduce recover this graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly deduce recover this graph on
+from just a finite amount of moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just a finite amount of moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just a finite amount of moments
+data and such graph owns are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and such graph owns are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and such graph owns are known as
+finitely forcible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally cross forceable graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally cross forceable graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally cross forceable graphics
+graph owns W such that a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of moments can uniquely recover can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moments can uniquely recover can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moments can uniquely recover can
+uniquely identify this graph on W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely identify this graph on W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely identify this graph on W and
+very interesting questions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting questions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting questions what is the
+set of all finally forcible graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all finally forcible graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all finally forcible graphics and
+turns out this is not at all obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is not at all obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is not at all obvious and
+let me just give you some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you some examples
+highly non-trivial that turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly non-trivial that turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly non-trivial that turned out to be
+finally forcible for example anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally forcible for example anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally forcible for example anything
+which is a step graph on it's finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a step graph on it's finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a step graph on it's finally
+forcible the half graph on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcible the half graph on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcible the half graph on which
+corresponds to the limit of a half-court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the limit of a half-court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the limit of a half-court
+sequence of half graphs is finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of half graphs is finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of half graphs is finally
+forcible I mean already I think neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcible I mean already I think neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcible I mean already I think neither
+of these two examples are are easy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two examples are are easy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two examples are are easy at
+all and this example here could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and this example here could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and this example here could be
+generalized where you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized where you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized where you have any
+polynomial curve that's also I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial curve that's also I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial curve that's also I think
+this has to be polynomial curve it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be polynomial curve it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be polynomial curve it's
+also finally forcible but turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finally forcible but turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finally forcible but turns out
+finally forceful graph phones can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally forceful graph phones can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally forceful graph phones can get
+quite complicated and it's still rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complicated and it's still rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complicated and it's still rather
+quite a bit of mystery around them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of mystery around them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of mystery around them okay
+so next time I want to discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time I want to discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time I want to discuss some
+inequalities that come out of that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that come out of that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that come out of that you
+can state between different F densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can state between different F densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can state between different F densities
+that's all for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nYlmkoiq4CI.txt b/nYlmkoiq4CI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f667d74de9cf4bc97ea6991e8d3f242781315a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nYlmkoiq4CI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not unsuspected because in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not unsuspected because in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not unsuspected because in some
+sense energy eigenvalues what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense energy eigenvalues what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense energy eigenvalues what do you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+if the first-order energies didn't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first-order energies didn't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first-order energies didn't split
+the state the hope is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the hope is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state the hope is that the
+second-order energy split the states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order energy split the states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order energy split the states so
+that's why you have to go to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have to go to second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have to go to second
+order so don't need to second order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so don't need to second order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so don't need to second order is
+something we had to do there was no hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we had to do there was no hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we had to do there was no hope
+to do this before we go to second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this before we go to second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this before we go to second order
+so let's go to second order and order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to second order and order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to second order and order
+lambda squared and we put m0l state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the left hand side happily is 0 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side happily is 0 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side happily is 0 so we
+have n 0 L from the right hand side e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 0 L from the right hand side e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n 0 L from the right hand side e
+and 1 minus Delta H sy 1 but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 minus Delta H sy 1 but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 minus Delta H sy 1 but again
+Taiwan has two pieces a piece in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan has two pieces a piece in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan has two pieces a piece in the
+space we had that we just calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we had that we just calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we had that we just calculated
+plus a piece in the space V tilde n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a piece in the space V tilde n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a piece in the space V tilde n and
+1 minus Delta H sy 1 BM plus the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Delta H sy 1 BM plus the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Delta H sy 1 BM plus the energy
+which would be e m2 in here and we hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be e m2 in here and we hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be e m2 in here and we hit
+with a n 0 L so we pick an a l0 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a n 0 L so we pick an a l0 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a n 0 L so we pick an a l0 okay
+that doesn't look that terrible and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look that terrible and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look that terrible and we
+agree but it really doesn't especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but it really doesn't especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but it really doesn't especially
+because a few things are gone this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a few things are gone this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a few things are gone this term
+is 0 why because state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 why because state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 why because state
+the degenerate subspace orthogonal to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate subspace orthogonal to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degenerate subspace orthogonal to be
+hard that term here I want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that term here I want to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that term here I want to remind you
+of what we did we did a long computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we did we did a long computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we did we did a long computation
+to explain that even though Delta H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that even though Delta H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain that even though Delta H is
+only diagonal in the degenerate subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only diagonal in the degenerate subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only diagonal in the degenerate subspace
+when you have a state here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a state here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a state here in the
+degenerate subspace you can let Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace you can let Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate subspace you can let Delta H
+think of it as acting as an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as acting as an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as acting as an eigenvalue
+but that's a great thing because if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a great thing because if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a great thing because if this
+acts as an eigenvalue this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an eigenvalue this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an eigenvalue this is the first
+order correction but all the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction but all the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order correction but all the first order
+Corrections are the same so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections are the same so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections are the same so this here
+Delta H and this is going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and this is going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and this is going to give the
+same as e n1 on this state and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as e n1 on this state and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as e n1 on this state and therefore
+this whole state happy is all 0 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole state happy is all 0 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole state happy is all 0 so it's
+again this Delta EIJ we did it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this Delta EIJ we did it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this Delta EIJ we did it with a
+resolution of the identity hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the identity hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the identity hope you
+remember that argument if you don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that argument if you don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that argument if you don't look
+at it back later but with a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it back later but with a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it back later but with a resolution
+of the identity we argued that Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity we argued that Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the identity we argued that Delta H
+when acting in a state of VN on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when acting in a state of VN on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when acting in a state of VN on the
+right you can assume that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can assume that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can assume that this is an
+eigenstate of it so this whole term is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of it so this whole term is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of it so this whole term is 0
+so now we are in pretty good shape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are in pretty good shape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are in pretty good shape in
+fact the equation is not that bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the equation is not that bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the equation is not that bad the
+equation has become minus and 0 L Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has become minus and 0 L Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has become minus and 0 L Delta
+H sy 1 on V hat plus e m2 al 0 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this side 1 we've already calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side 1 we've already calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side 1 we've already calculated
+it there so this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so this is great
+you see you should realize that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you should realize that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you should realize that at this
+moment which solves the problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment which solves the problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment which solves the problem because
+we're gonna get from here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get from here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna get from here something
+complicated acting on a zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated acting on a zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated acting on a zero because
+Taiwan it has this a ones but the a ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan it has this a ones but the a ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan it has this a ones but the a ones
+were given in terms of a zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given in terms of a zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were given in terms of a zero so
+something on a zero something on a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on a zero something on a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on a zero something on a zero
+it's gonna be an eigenvalue equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be an eigenvalue equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be an eigenvalue equation for
+a zero an eigenvector equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero an eigenvector equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero an eigenvector equation for a
+zero so let me just finish it so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let me just finish it so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so let me just finish it so I have
+to do a little bit of algebra with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of algebra with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of algebra with this
+left hand side I can put here this a P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I can put here this a P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I can put here this a P 1
+times the p 0 States there so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the p 0 States there so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the p 0 States there so on the
+left it will be mine as the sum over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it will be mine as the sum over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it will be mine as the sum over P
+and 0 l delta h p0 times a p1 plus e m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 l delta h p0 times a p1 plus e m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 l delta h p0 times a p1 plus e m2
+a l 0 0 ok now i just have to copy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a l 0 0 ok now i just have to copy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a l 0 0 ok now i just have to copy that
+thing there and i better copy it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there and i better copy it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there and i better copy it because
+we really need to see the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to see the final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to see the final result
+it's not that messy so here it is copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that messy so here it is copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that messy so here it is copy
+this thing I also can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I also can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing I also can write this as
+Delta H n L P you recognize that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H n L P you recognize that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H n L P you recognize that thing
+so this will be the sum over P of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the sum over P of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the sum over P of Delta
+H and LP the sign I will take care of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and LP the sign I will take care of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and LP the sign I will take care of it
+times that thing over there 1 over e p0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that thing over there 1 over e p0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that thing over there 1 over e p0
+minus en 0 that's another minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus en 0 that's another minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus en 0 that's another minus sign
+that cancelled this sign here and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancelled this sign here and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancelled this sign here and I have
+here the sum over K equals 1 to N Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the sum over K equals 1 to N Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the sum over K equals 1 to N Delta
+H P NK a k0 + e m2 a l0 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H P NK a k0 + e m2 a l0 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H P NK a k0 + e m2 a l0 equals 0
+ok so what do we do now just rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what do we do now just rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what do we do now just rewrite it
+one more time and it will all be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll write the K outside ok big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write the K outside ok big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write the K outside ok big
+parenthesis P for the first term I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis P for the first term I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis P for the first term I'm
+going to pull the K some out and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull the K some out and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull the K some out and we'll
+sum over P first so what is it Delta H n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over P first so what is it Delta H n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over P first so what is it Delta H n
+L P Delta H P and K those were the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L P Delta H P and K those were the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L P Delta H P and K those were the two
+things here data and then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here data and then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here data and then we have the
+denominator I'll change the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I'll change the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I'll change the sign of the
+first term I will change its sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term I will change its sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term I will change its sign so
+that the second term looks more like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second term looks more like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second term looks more like an
+eigenvalue so i change sign here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so i change sign here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue so i change sign here by
+changing the order of things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the order of things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the order of things in the
+denominator and then i put minus E and -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then i put minus E and -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and then i put minus E and -
+I don't have a sum over K in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a sum over K in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a sum over K in here
+but we can produce one by writing Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can produce one by writing Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can produce one by writing Delta
+KL a k0 look we got our answer if I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KL a k0 look we got our answer if I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KL a k0 look we got our answer if I call
+invent a matrix MLK 2 which is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a matrix MLK 2 which is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a matrix MLK 2 which is precisely
+Delta H and LP Delta H P NK / e m- EP c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and LP Delta H P NK / e m- EP c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and LP Delta H P NK / e m- EP c
+sum over P this is a maybe see you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over P this is a maybe see you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over P this is a maybe see you sum
+over P and it's irrelevant you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P and it's irrelevant you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P and it's irrelevant you have a
+matrix here in L and K that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here in L and K that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here in L and K that's why we
+call it MLK and therefore this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it MLK and therefore this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it MLK and therefore this whole
+equation is the sum from k equals 1 to N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the sum from k equals 1 to N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the sum from k equals 1 to N
+of M LK to minus E and to a K 0 ml 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M LK to minus E and to a K 0 ml 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M LK to minus E and to a K 0 ml 2
+into Delta L k 0 equals 0 or if you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Delta L k 0 equals 0 or if you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Delta L k 0 equals 0 or if you wish
+it's just an matrix equation of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an matrix equation of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an matrix equation of the form
+M 2 minus e n times the identity on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 2 minus e n times the identity on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M 2 minus e n times the identity on a
+vector equals 0 and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equals 0 and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equals 0 and this is an
+eigenvalue equations so finally here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equations so finally here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue equations so finally here is
+the answer let's say you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer let's say you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer let's say you compute this
+matrix of order lambda squared with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of order lambda squared with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of order lambda squared with this
+perturbation and that is the matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that is the matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that is the matrix that
+if you diagonalize you find the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you diagonalize you find the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you diagonalize you find the second
+order energy correction x' and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy correction x' and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order energy correction x' and you find
+the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvector
+and if you found the eigenvectors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you found the eigenvectors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you found the eigenvectors you
+found the good basis so the problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the good basis so the problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the good basis so the problem has
+been solved at this stage you now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved at this stage you now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been solved at this stage you now know
+that if you fail to diagonalize to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fail to diagonalize to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you fail to diagonalize to break
+the perturbation that first order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation that first order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation that first order you
+will have to diagonalize a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to diagonalize a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to diagonalize a second order
+matrix and once you diagonalize it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and once you diagonalize it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and once you diagonalize it you
+now have the good basis and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the good basis and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the good basis and it will
+happen that if the all the levels get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that if the all the levels get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that if the all the levels get
+split at second order we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at second order we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split at second order we can calculate
+fairly easily the rest of the pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily the rest of the pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily the rest of the pieces of
+the states so we'll leave it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states so we'll leave it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states so we'll leave it there
+you'll complete some details more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll complete some details more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll complete some details more
+elaborations of that in the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations of that in the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations of that in the exercises
+and we'll go to hydrogen atom next
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o7UCBjGsRTE.txt b/o7UCBjGsRTE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ec5591cf1b81b69bc154ad66f6a5dbe0024dc1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o7UCBjGsRTE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or to view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me remind you yesterday with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you yesterday with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you yesterday with
+defined and started to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and started to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and started to compute
+line integrals for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integrals for work
+of a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector field
+along a curve okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a curve okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a curve okay so we have
+a curve in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve in the plane
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+we have a vector field F that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a vector field F that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a vector field F that gives us a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to find the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the work done
+along the Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's the line integral along c of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line integral along c of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line integral along c of f
+dot Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Dr
+or more geometrically line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more geometrically line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more geometrically line integral
+along c of F dot t d s where T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along c of F dot t d s where T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along c of F dot t d s where T is the
+unit tangent vector and DS is the Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit tangent vector and DS is the Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit tangent vector and DS is the Arc
+Length element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length element
+or in coordinates that's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in coordinates that's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in coordinates that's the integral
+of MDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MDX
+plus n d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n d y
+where m and n and are the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m and n and are the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m and n and are the components
+of a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's do an example that we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an example that we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do an example that we'll just
+summarize what we did yesterday and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we did yesterday and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we did yesterday and then
+we'll move on to interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on to interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on to interesting
+observations about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations about these things
+so here's an example we'll we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example we'll we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example we'll we're going
+to look at now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say I give you the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I give you the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I give you the vector field
+y i plus x j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i plus x j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i plus x j
+so it's not completely obvious what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not completely obvious what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not completely obvious what it
+looks like but here's a computer plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but here's a computer plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like but here's a computer plot of
+that Vector field so that tells you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector field so that tells you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector field so that tells you a
+bit what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in all sorts of directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of directions
+and let's say we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we want to find
+so work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so work done
+by this Vector field if I move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Vector field if I move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this Vector field if I move along
+this closed curve I started the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this closed curve I started the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this closed curve I started the origin
+when I moved along the x-axis to 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I moved along the x-axis to 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I moved along the x-axis to 1 then
+I move along the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move along the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move along the unit circle
+to the diagonal and when I move back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diagonal and when I move back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the diagonal and when I move back to
+the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+in a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straight line
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+C consists of three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that you enclose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you enclose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you enclose
+a sector of a unit disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to
+angles between 0 and 45 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to compute this line and think oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this line and think oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this line and think oh well
+what we have to do is we have to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is we have to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is we have to set up
+three different integrals and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different integrals and add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different integrals and add them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+we need to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to set up
+the integral of y d x plus x d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of y d x plus x d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of y d x plus x d y
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+of this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this piece
+each of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these pieces
+so let's do the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one way to parametrize that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to parametrize that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to parametrize that is to
+just use the X variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the X variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the X variable
+and say that because we are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sorry we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry we're going from
+the origin to one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to one zero
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we know we're on the x-axis so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're on the x-axis so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we're on the x-axis so there's
+wave out is actually just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave out is actually just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave out is actually just zero
+and if a variable will be x from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a variable will be x from 0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a variable will be x from 0 to 1.
+if you prefer you can parametrize things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer you can parametrize things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer you can parametrize things
+say x equals t for T from 0 to 1 and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x equals t for T from 0 to 1 and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x equals t for T from 0 to 1 and y
+equals zero well it doesn't change is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero well it doesn't change is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero well it doesn't change is y
+is zero and therefore d y is also zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y d x plus x d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d x plus x d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y d x plus x d y
+but that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that becomes
+well 0 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 0 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 0 DX
+plus 0 and that's just going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 and that's just going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 and that's just going to give you
+zero okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the line integral here is very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral here is very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral here is very easy to
+compute of course you can also do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of course you can also do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of course you can also do it
+geometrically because geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically because geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically because geometrically
+you can see in the picture along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the picture along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the picture along the
+x-axis the vector field is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis the vector field is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis the vector field is pointing
+vertically right if I'm on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically right if I'm on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically right if I'm on the x-axis
+my Vector field is actually in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector field is actually in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector field is actually in the y
+direction so it's perpendicular to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's perpendicular to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so it's perpendicular to my
+curve so the work done is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the work done is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the work done is going to be
+zero f dot T will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about this first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about this first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about this first part
+of the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's move on to more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on to more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on to more interesting
+part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+the second part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part which is
+a portion of a unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+maybe I should have drawn my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have drawn my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have drawn my picture
+and so now we are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we are moving
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+of a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a curve
+that's C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course we have to choose how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have to choose how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have to choose how to
+express X and Y in terms of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X and Y in terms of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X and Y in terms of a single
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+well most likely when you're moving on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most likely when you're moving on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well most likely when you're moving on a
+circle you're going to use the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you're going to use the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle you're going to use the angle
+along the circle to tell you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the circle to tell you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the circle to tell you where you
+are okay so we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so we're going to use
+the angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle Theta
+as parameter and we'll say well we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as parameter and we'll say well we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as parameter and we'll say well we're on
+the unit circle so X is cosine Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle so X is cosine Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle so X is cosine Theta and
+Y is sine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is sine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is sine Theta
+what's the range of theta Theta goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the range of theta Theta goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the range of theta Theta goes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+0 to pi over 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to pi over 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to pi over 4.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+whenever I see DX I will replace it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I see DX I will replace it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I see DX I will replace it by
+well the derivative of cosine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative of cosine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative of cosine is
+negative sine so minus sine Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sine so minus sine Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sine so minus sine Theta D
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+and d y the derivative of sine is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d y the derivative of sine is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d y the derivative of sine is cosine
+so it will become cosine Theta D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm Computing the integral of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm Computing the integral of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm Computing the integral of Y
+DX plus x d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus x d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus x d y
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll be actually Computing the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be actually Computing the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be actually Computing the integral
+of Y is sine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is sine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y is sine Theta
+DX that's negative sine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's negative sine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX that's negative sine Theta
+D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Theta
+plus X is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X is cosine
+d y is cosine Theta D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is cosine Theta D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is cosine Theta D Theta
+from 0 to pi over 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to pi over 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to pi over 4.
+okay so that's integral from 0 to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's integral from 0 to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's integral from 0 to pi
+over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+cosine Square minus sine Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you know your trig then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know your trig then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know your trig then you
+should recognize this as cosine of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize this as cosine of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should recognize this as cosine of 2
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so that will integrate to one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that will integrate to one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that will integrate to one half
+of sine 2 Theta from 0 to pi over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine 2 Theta from 0 to pi over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine 2 Theta from 0 to pi over 2 pi
+over 4 sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 sorry
+and sine pi over 2 is 1 so you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine pi over 2 is 1 so you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sine pi over 2 is 1 so you will get
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then let's do the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the third guy is when we come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy is when we come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy is when we come back to
+the origin along the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going a straight line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going a straight line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going a straight line from
+this point where's this point well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point where's this point well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point where's this point well this
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+1 over 2 1 over root two and we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 1 over root two and we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 1 over root two and we go back
+to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we need to figure out a way to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to figure out a way to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to figure out a way to X
+Plus X and Y in terms of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus X and Y in terms of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus X and Y in terms of the same
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+so one way which is very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way which is very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way which is very natural
+would be to just say well let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just say well let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just say well let's say we
+move from here to here over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from here to here over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from here to here over time
+and you know at times you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at times you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at times you know we're
+here at time when we're here we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at time when we're here we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at time when we're here we know how
+to parametrize this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parametrize this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parametrize this line
+so what we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is say let's parameterize this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say let's parameterize this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say let's parameterize this line
+so we start at one over root two and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start at one over root two and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start at one over root two and we
+go down by one of the Row 2 in time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by one of the Row 2 in time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by one of the Row 2 in time one
+and same with y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually
+perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+but that's unnecessarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's unnecessarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's unnecessarily complicated
+okay why is it complicated because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is it complicated because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why is it complicated because we'll
+get you know all of these expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know all of these expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know all of these expressions
+would be easier to actually just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier to actually just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier to actually just look at
+Motion in this direction and then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion in this direction and then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion in this direction and then say
+well if we have a certain work if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we have a certain work if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we have a certain work if we
+move from here to here then the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from here to here then the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from here to here then the work
+done moving from here to here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done moving from here to here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done moving from here to here is just
+going to be the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the opposite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do
+slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better
+by just saying well we'll take x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying well we'll take x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just saying well we'll take x equals
+t y equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y equals t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y equals t
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+from 0 to 1 over root 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 over root 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 over root 2 and
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+well sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry that gives that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I will call minus C3 which means C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will call minus C3 which means C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will call minus C3 which means C3
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we can say the integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can say the integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can say the integral for
+work along minus C3 is the opposite of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along minus C3 is the opposite of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along minus C3 is the opposite of a
+work along C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work along C3
+or you know if you're comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if you're comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know if you're comfortable with
+integration where variables go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration where variables go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration where variables go down
+then you could also say that t address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could also say that t address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could also say that t address
+goes from one over square root of 2 down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from one over square root of 2 down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from one over square root of 2 down
+to zero and you know when you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and you know when you set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and you know when you set up
+your integral it will go from one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integral it will go from one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your integral it will go from one over
+root two to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root two to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root two to zero
+and of course that will be the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that will be the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that will be the negative
+of a one from zero to one over root two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one from zero to one over root two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a one from zero to one over root two
+so it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we do it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we do it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we do it with this
+parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization
+we'll get that well of course DX is DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get that well of course DX is DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get that well of course DX is DT
+d y is DT so the integral along minus C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is DT so the integral along minus C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y is DT so the integral along minus C3
+of y d x plus x d y is just the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y d x plus x d y is just the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y d x plus x d y is just the integral
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+0 to 1 over root 2 of T DT plus T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 over root 2 of T DT plus T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 over root 2 of T DT plus T DT
+sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm
+I'm messing up my Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which is going to be well the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be well the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be well the integral
+of 2T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is t squared between these bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t squared between these bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is t squared between these bounds
+which is one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one half
+that's the intake all along minus C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intake all along minus C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intake all along minus C3
+along the Reversed path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Reversed path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Reversed path
+and if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I want to do it along C3 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I just take the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just take the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just take the negative
+okay or if you prefer you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or if you prefer you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or if you prefer you could have
+done it directly with integral from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it directly with integral from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it directly with integral from 1
+over root 2 to 0 which gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 to 0 which gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over root 2 to 0 which gave you
+immediately the negative one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at the end
+we get that the total work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the sum of three line integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of three line integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of three line integrals
+I'm not fighting f.dr just to save space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not fighting f.dr just to save space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not fighting f.dr just to save space
+that's zero plus one half minus one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero plus one half minus one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero plus one half minus one half
+and that comes out to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes out to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes out to zero so
+a lot of calculations for nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that would give you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would give you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would give you a good
+overview of you know various ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of you know various ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of you know various ways to
+compute line integrals any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute line integrals any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute line integrals any questions
+about all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+so next let me tell you about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next let me tell you about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next let me tell you about how to
+avoid Computing line integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid Computing line integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid Computing line integrals
+well one is easy don't take this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one is easy don't take this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one is easy don't take this class
+but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's another way not to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another way not to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another way not to do it
+okay so let's look a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look a little bit about
+one kind of vector field that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of vector field that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of vector field that actually
+we've encountered a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've encountered a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've encountered a few weeks ago
+without saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying it
+so we say it when we have a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say it when we have a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say it when we have a function of
+two variables we have a gradient vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables we have a gradient vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables we have a gradient vector
+well at the time it was just a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the time it was just a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the time it was just a vector
+but that Vector depended on X and Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that Vector depended on X and Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that Vector depended on X and Y so
+in fact it's a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's a vector field
+okay so here's an interesting special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an interesting special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an interesting special
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that f
+our Vector field is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Vector field is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Vector field is actually the
+gradient of some function so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of some function so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of some function so it's a
+gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so f is a function of two variables X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is a function of two variables X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is a function of two variables X
+and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+and that's called the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field
+the reason is of course from physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is of course from physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is of course from physics you
+know in physics you call potential well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in physics you call potential well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in physics you call potential well
+electrical potential or gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical potential or gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical potential or gravitational
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy
+this function of position that stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function of position that stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function of position that stores
+that tells you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how much
+actually energy is stored somehow by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually energy is stored somehow by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually energy is stored somehow by the
+first field and its gradient gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first field and its gradient gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first field and its gradient gives you
+the false actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false actually
+not quite if you're a physicist then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite if you're a physicist then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite if you're a physicist then the
+force will be negative gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be negative gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be negative gradient
+so that means that physicists potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that physicists potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that physicists potentials
+are the opposite of mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the opposite of mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the opposite of mathematics and
+potential okay so let's just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so let's just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential okay so let's just have to
+confuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you
+it doesn't really matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter but
+so to make things simpler we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make things simpler we are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make things simpler we are using
+this convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convention
+and you know you just put a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you just put a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you just put a minus sign
+if you're doing physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I claim we can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the line integral for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so perhaps you've seen in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perhaps you've seen in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perhaps you've seen in physics
+the work done by say the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done by say the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work done by say the electrical
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+is actually given by the change in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually given by the change in value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually given by the change in value
+of a potential from the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a potential from the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a potential from the starting point
+to the ending point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ending point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ending point
+I'll same for gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll same for gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll same for gravitational force
+so these are special cases of What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are special cases of What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are special cases of What's
+called the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fundamental theorem of
+calculus for nine integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for nine integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for nine integrals
+so the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fundamental theorem of calculus
+not following integrals tells you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not following integrals tells you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not following integrals tells you if you
+integrate a derivative then you get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate a derivative then you get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate a derivative then you get back
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+and here it's the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's the same thing in
+multivariable calculus it tells you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus it tells you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus it tells you if
+you take the line integral of a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the line integral of a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the line integral of a gradient
+of a function what you get back is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function what you get back is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function what you get back is the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem
+of calculus for nine integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following thing it says if you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing it says if you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing it says if you integrate
+a vector field that's the gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field that's the gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field that's the gradient of a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a curve
+let's say that you have a curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you have a curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you have a curve that
+goes from some starting point P0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from some starting point P0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from some starting point P0
+to some ending point P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some ending point P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some ending point P1
+then all you will get is the value of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all you will get is the value of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all you will get is the value of F
+at P1 minus the value of F at P0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a pretty nifty formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a pretty nifty formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a pretty nifty formula
+but it only works if the field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only works if the field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only works if the field that
+you're integrating is a gradient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating is a gradient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating is a gradient you
+know it's a gradient and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a gradient and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a gradient and you know the
+function little f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little f
+I mean we can't put just any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we can't put just any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we can't put just any Vector
+field in here we have to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in here we have to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in here we have to put the
+gradient of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of f
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+actually on Tuesday we'll see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on Tuesday we'll see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on Tuesday we'll see how to
+decide whether a vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a vector field is
+gradient or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient or not
+and if it is a gradient how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is a gradient how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is a gradient how to find the
+potential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function
+so we'll cover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll cover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll cover that
+but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now
+we're going to try to figure out a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to figure out a bit
+you know more about this what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more about this what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more about this what it says
+what it means physically how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means physically how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means physically how to think
+about it geometrically and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I should say you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should say you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should say you know if you
+try to fight this in coordinates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fight this in coordinates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fight this in coordinates because
+that's also a useful way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a useful way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a useful way to think about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if I give you the line integral along c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you the line integral along c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you the line integral along c
+so the gradient field the components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient field the components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient field the components are
+F sub X and F sub y so it means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X and F sub y so it means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X and F sub y so it means I'm
+actually integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y
+or if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you prefer
+that's the same thing as actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as actually
+integrating the F so I'm integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the F so I'm integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the F so I'm integrating the
+differential of a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of a function f
+well then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then that's
+the change in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course if you write it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you write it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you write it you know
+in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form
+then probably it's quite obvious to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably it's quite obvious to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably it's quite obvious to you
+that this should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean in this form actually it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in this form actually it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in this form actually it's the
+same statement as in single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same statement as in single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same statement as in single variable
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually that's how we prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that's how we prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that's how we prove the
+theorem so let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem
+how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we
+prove it well let's say I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it well let's say I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it well let's say I give you a
+curve and I ask you to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and I ask you to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and I ask you to compute this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+how will you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you do that
+well the way you compute the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way you compute the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way you compute the integral
+actually is by choosing a parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is by choosing a parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is by choosing a parameter and
+expressing everything in terms of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing everything in terms of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing everything in terms of that
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+we'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set
+well so we know it's F sub X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we know it's F sub X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we know it's F sub X DX
+plus F sub y d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll want to parameterize C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll want to parameterize C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll want to parameterize C
+in the form x equals x of t y equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form x equals x of t y equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form x equals x of t y equals y
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+so if we do that then DX becomes X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that then DX becomes X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that then DX becomes X Prime
+of T DT d y becomes y Prime of T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we know X is X of T that tells us DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know X is X of T that tells us DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know X is X of T that tells us DX is
+X Prime of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime of t
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is
+y of T gives us d y is y Prime of T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of T gives us d y is y Prime of T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of T gives us d y is y Prime of T DT
+so now what we are integrating actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we are integrating actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we are integrating actually
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes the integral of f sub x times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the integral of f sub x times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the integral of f sub x times DX
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+plus F sub y times dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F sub y times dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus F sub y times dydt
+times DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but now here I recognize a familiar guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now here I recognize a familiar guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now here I recognize a familiar guy
+I've seen this one before in the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen this one before in the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen this one before in the chain
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+okay this guy by the chain hole is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this guy by the chain hole is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this guy by the chain hole is the
+rate of change of f if I take X and Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of f if I take X and Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change of f if I take X and Y to
+be functions of T and I plug those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be functions of T and I plug those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be functions of T and I plug those into
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+what I'm integrating is DF DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm integrating is DF DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm integrating is DF DT
+when I think of f as a function of T by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think of f as a function of T by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think of f as a function of T by
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+you know plugging X and Y as functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plugging X and Y as functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plugging X and Y as functions
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+and so maybe actually I should now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe actually I should now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe actually I should now say
+you know I have sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have sometimes
+T goes from some initial time let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes from some initial time let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes from some initial time let's say
+t0 to T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now by the usual fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by the usual fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now by the usual fundamental theorem
+of calculus I know that this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus I know that this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus I know that this will be
+just the change in the value of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the change in the value of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the change in the value of f
+between t 0 and T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+integral from t0 to T1 of dfdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t0 to T1 of dfdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from t0 to T1 of dfdt
+DT well that becomes f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT well that becomes f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT well that becomes f
+between t0 and T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between t0 and T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between t0 and T1
+F of what we just have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of what we just have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of what we just have to be a little
+bit careful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful here
+well it's not quite F of T it's F seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not quite F of T it's F seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not quite F of T it's F seen
+as a function of T by putting X of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of T by putting X of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of T by putting X of T and
+Y of T into it so let me divide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of T into it so let me divide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y of T into it so let me divide that
+down carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down carefully
+what I'm integrating to IS F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm integrating to IS F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm integrating to IS F
+of X of T and Y of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does that sound fair yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that sound fair yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that sound fair yeah
+okay and so when I plug in T1 I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when I plug in T1 I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when I plug in T1 I get the
+point where I am at time T 1 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I am at time T 1 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I am at time T 1 that's the
+end point of my curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point of my curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point of my curve
+when I plug t 0 I will get the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I plug t 0 I will get the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I plug t 0 I will get the starting
+point of my curve P0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of my curve P0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of my curve P0
+and that's the end of a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it wasn't that hard see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's see an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+let's look at that example again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that example again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that example again
+okay so we have this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this curve
+we had this Vector field could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this Vector field could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this Vector field could it be
+that by accident that Vector field was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by accident that Vector field was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by accident that Vector field was a
+gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field
+so remember our Vector field was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember our Vector field was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember our Vector field was
+y comma X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y comma X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y comma X
+can we think of a function whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think of a function whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we think of a function whose
+derivative respect to X is y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to X is y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative respect to X is y and
+derivative with respect to Y is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Y is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Y is X
+yeah x times y sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah x times y sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah x times y sounds like
+a good candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good candidate
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+f of x y is X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x y is X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x y is X Y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that means that the line integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the line integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the line integrals
+that we computed along these things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we computed along these things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we computed along these things can
+be just evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just evaluated
+from just finding out the values of F at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just finding out the values of F at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just finding out the values of F at
+the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point
+so here's version 2 of my plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's version 2 of my plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's version 2 of my plot
+where I've added the Contour plot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've added the Contour plot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've added the Contour plot of a
+function X Y on top of the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X Y on top of the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X Y on top of the vector field
+actually see how you know the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how you know the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how you know the vector
+field is still pointing perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is still pointing perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is still pointing perpendicular to
+the level curves as we have seen just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level curves as we have seen just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level curves as we have seen just to
+you know remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know remind you
+and so now when we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now when we move
+wealthy origin is on the level curve f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy origin is on the level curve f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthy origin is on the level curve f
+equals zero and when we start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and when we start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and when we start going
+along C1 we stay on f equals zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C1 we stay on f equals zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C1 we stay on f equals zero so
+there's no work the potential doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no work the potential doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no work the potential doesn't
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+then on C2 the potential increases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on C2 the potential increases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on C2 the potential increases from
+zero to one half the work is one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one half the work is one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to one half the work is one-half
+and then on C3 we go back down from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on C3 we go back down from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on C3 we go back down from one
+half to zero the work is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to zero the work is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to zero the work is negative
+one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half
+see that was much easier when computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along C2
+is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just
+so C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C2
+goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from
+one zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero to
+one over root two one over root two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one half minus zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one half minus zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one half minus zero and that's
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+okay because C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point
+f is 0 at that point f is one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly for the others and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the others and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for the others and of
+course when you sum you get zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you sum you get zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you sum you get zero because
+the total change in F when you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change in F when you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change in F when you know you
+go from here to here to here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here to here to here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here to here to here to here
+eventually you're back at the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're back at the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're back at the same place
+so F hasn't changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a neat trick and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a neat trick and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a neat trick and it's
+important conceptually because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conceptually because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conceptually because a lot of
+forces are gradients of potentials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are gradients of potentials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces are gradients of potentials I
+mean namely gravitational force electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean namely gravitational force electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean namely gravitational force electric
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+the problem is not every Vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is not every Vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is not every Vector field is
+a gradient a lot of vector fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient a lot of vector fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient a lot of vector fields are
+not gradients for example magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gradients for example magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gradients for example magnetic
+fields certainly are not gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a big warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+is a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's not true of our wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay still let's see what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still let's see what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still let's see what are the
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+of a fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just to put one more time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put one more time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put one more time this
+disclaimer if f is a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+there's various nice features of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various nice features of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various nice features of work
+done by gradient fields that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by gradient fields that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by gradient fields that are not
+true for over Vector Fields so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for over Vector Fields so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for over Vector Fields so one of
+them is this property of path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is this property of path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is this property of path
+Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the claim is if I have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the claim is if I have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the claim is if I have a line
+integral to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to compute
+then it doesn't matter which path I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't matter which path I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't matter which path I take
+as long as it goes from point A to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it goes from point A to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it goes from point A to point
+B it just depends on the point where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it just depends on the point where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it just depends on the point where I
+start the point where I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that certainly false in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that certainly false in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that certainly false in general
+but for a gradient field it works okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a gradient field it works okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a gradient field it works okay
+so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have
+a point P0 a point P1 and I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point P0 a point P1 and I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point P0 a point P1 and I have two
+different paths that go there say C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths that go there say C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths that go there say C1
+and C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2
+so they go from the same point to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go from the same point to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go from the same point to the
+same point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point but
+in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+in this situation the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation the line integral
+along C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the line integral along C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well actually let me insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually let me insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually let me insist
+but this is only for gradient Fields by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only for gradient Fields by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is only for gradient Fields by
+putting gradient F in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting gradient F in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting gradient F in here
+just so you know you don't get tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know you don't get tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you know you don't get tempted
+to ever use this for a field that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ever use this for a field that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ever use this for a field that's not
+a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if C1 and C2 have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C1 and C2 have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C1 and C2 have the same
+start and end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how do we prove that well it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we prove that well it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we prove that well it's very
+easy we just use the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we just use the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy we just use the fundamental theorem
+it tells us if you compute the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us if you compute the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us if you compute the line
+integral along C1 it's just F at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C1 it's just F at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C1 it's just F at this
+point minus F at this point if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point minus F at this point if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point minus F at this point if you do it
+for C2 well same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for that you don't actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you don't actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that you don't actually even
+need to know what little f is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what little f is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what little f is you know
+in advance but it's going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance but it's going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance but it's going to be the same
+so if I give you a vector field and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I give you a vector field and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I give you a vector field and I
+tell you it's the gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's the gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's the gradient of a
+mysterious function but I don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious function but I don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious function but I don't tell you
+what the function is and you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is and you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is and you don't want
+to find out you can still use path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out you can still use path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out you can still use path
+Independence but only if you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but only if you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence but only if you know what
+it's a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I guess this one is dead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that will stay here forever because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will stay here forever because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will stay here forever because
+nobody's tall enough to erase it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you come back next year and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come back next year and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come back next year and you
+still see that formula you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see that formula you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see that formula you'll see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but there's no useful information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but there's no useful information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but there's no useful information
+here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean
+that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what's another consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another consequence
+one I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mean so
+if you have a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a gradient field
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+what's called conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what's a conservative field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a conservative field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a conservative field
+well the word conservative comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the word conservative comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the word conservative comes from
+the idea in you know in physics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in you know in physics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in you know in physics it's
+been often of conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been often of conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been often of conservation of energy
+it tells you that you cannot get energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that you cannot get energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that you cannot get energy
+for free out of your first field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free out of your first field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free out of your first field
+so what it means is in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it means is in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it means is in particular
+you know if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take
+a closed trajectory so a trajectory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed trajectory so a trajectory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed trajectory so a trajectory that
+goes from some point back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from some point back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from some point back to the same
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if C is a closed curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the work done along c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+okay that's the definition of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the definition of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the definition of what it
+means to be conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be conservative
+if I take any closed curve the work will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take any closed curve the work will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take any closed curve the work will
+always be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be zero
+conference not conservative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference not conservative means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference not conservative means
+somewhere there is a curve along which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there is a curve along which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there is a curve along which
+for work is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work is not zero
+if you find a curve where the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a curve where the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a curve where the work is
+zero that's not enough to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's not enough to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's not enough to say it's
+conservative you have to show that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative you have to show that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative you have to show that no
+matter what curve I give you if it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what curve I give you if it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what curve I give you if it you
+know if it's a closed curve it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a closed curve it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's a closed curve it will
+always be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what that means concretely is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means concretely is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means concretely is you know
+if you have a force field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a force field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a force field that's
+Conservative then you cannot build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conservative then you cannot build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conservative then you cannot build
+somehow some you know Capitol motion out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow some you know Capitol motion out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow some you know Capitol motion out
+of it you can't build something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you can't build something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you can't build something that
+will just keep going just powered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just keep going just powered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just keep going just powered by
+that Force because that force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force because that force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Force because that force is
+actually not providing any energy after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not providing any energy after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not providing any energy after
+you've gone you know one loop around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone you know one loop around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone you know one loop around
+nothing's happened from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happened from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happened from the point of
+view of the energy provided by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the energy provided by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the energy provided by that
+Force there's no work coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force there's no work coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force there's no work coming from the
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+while if you have a first field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if you have a first field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while if you have a first field that's
+not Conservative then you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Conservative then you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Conservative then you can try to
+actually maybe find a loop where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe find a loop where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe find a loop where the
+work will be positive and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be positive and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be positive and then you know
+that thing will just keep running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing will just keep running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing will just keep running
+so actually if you look at magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you look at magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you look at magnetic
+fields and Transformers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and Transformers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and Transformers or
+no power adapters and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no power adapters and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no power adapters and things like that
+you precisely you extract energy from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely you extract energy from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely you extract energy from a
+magnetic field of course I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field of course I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field of course I mean you
+actually have to take some power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take some power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take some power supply
+to maintain the magnetic field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the magnetic field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the magnetic field but
+so a magnetic field you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a magnetic field you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a magnetic field you could actually
+try to get energy from it almost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get energy from it almost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get energy from it almost for
+free gravitational fields or an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free gravitational fields or an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free gravitational fields or an electric
+Fields you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now why why does that hold well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why why does that hold well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now why why does that hold well if I
+have a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gradient field
+then if I try to compute this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I try to compute this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I try to compute this line
+integral I know that it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I know that it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I know that it will be the
+value of a function at the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a function at the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a function at the end point
+minus the value at the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the value at the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the value at the starting point
+but they are the same so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are the same so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are the same so you know the
+value is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I have a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have a gradient field
+and I do the line integral then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do the line integral then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do the line integral then I will
+get F at the end point minus F at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F at the end point minus F at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F at the end point minus F at the
+starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+but we have the same point so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so just to reinforce my warning that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to reinforce my warning that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to reinforce my warning that not
+every field is a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look again at
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+our favorite Vector field from yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite Vector field from yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite Vector field from yesterday
+so our favorite Vector field yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our favorite Vector field yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our favorite Vector field yesterday
+was negative Y and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was negative Y and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was negative Y and X
+it's a vector field that just rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector field that just rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a vector field that just rotates
+around the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take say say you take just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take say say you take just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take say say you take just the
+unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example counterclockwise well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example counterclockwise well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example counterclockwise well
+remember we said yesterday that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said yesterday that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said yesterday that the line
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+of f d r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f d r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f d r
+maybe I should say F dot TDS now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say F dot TDS now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say F dot TDS now
+so because the vector field is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the vector field is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the vector field is tangent
+to the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent
+to the curve and so F that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve and so F that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve and so F that t
+is length F times where length T but T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length F times where length T but T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length F times where length T but T
+is a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unit vector
+so it's length F and the length of f on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's length F and the length of f on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's length F and the length of f on
+the unit circle was just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle was just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle was just one
+so that's the integral of one DS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the integral of one DS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the integral of one DS so
+that's just the length of a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the length of a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the length of a circle
+that's 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2 pi
+and 2 pi is definitely not 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 pi is definitely not 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2 pi is definitely not 0.
+so this Vector field is not conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now we know actually it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we know actually it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we know actually it's not the
+gradient of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of anything
+because if it was if it were gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it was if it were gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it was if it were gradient
+then it would be conservative and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be conservative and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be conservative and it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tells you you know it's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know it's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you know it's an example of a
+vector field that is not conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that is not conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that is not conservative
+it's not path independent either by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not path independent either by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not path independent either by the
+way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because
+see if I go from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I go from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I go from here to here
+along the upper half circle or under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the upper half circle or under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the upper half circle or under the
+lower along the lower half circle in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower along the lower half circle in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower along the lower half circle in one
+case I will get Pi in the other case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I will get Pi in the other case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I will get Pi in the other case I
+will get negative pi I don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get negative pi I don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get negative pi I don't get the
+same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer
+and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on
+it just you know fails to have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just you know fails to have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just you know fails to have all of
+these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I will write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I will write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I will write that down
+it's not conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not path independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't have any of its properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah how do you determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah how do you determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah how do you determine whether
+something is a gradient or not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a gradient or not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is a gradient or not well
+that's what we will see on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we will see on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we will see on Tuesday
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it possible that it's conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that it's conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that it's conservative
+and not path independent or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not path independent or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not path independent or vice versa
+the answer is no these two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no these two properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no these two properties
+are equivalent and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent and we're going to see
+that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now
+at least that's the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see so you said if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so you said if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see so you said if it's not
+path independent then we cannot draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent then we cannot draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent then we cannot draw
+level curves with our perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curves with our perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level curves with our perpendicular to
+it at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at every point
+I wouldn't necessarily go that far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't necessarily go that far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't necessarily go that far you
+might be able to draw curves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to draw curves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to draw curves that are
+perpendicular to it but they won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it but they won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it but they won't be
+the level curves of a function for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level curves of a function for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level curves of a function for which
+this is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean you might still have you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you might still have you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you might still have you know if
+you take say take this gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take say take this gradient field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take say take this gradient field
+and you know scale it but in strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know scale it but in strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know scale it but in strange
+ways you know multiply it by two in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you know multiply it by two in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you know multiply it by two in some
+places by one in other places by five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places by one in other places by five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places by one in other places by five in
+some other places you will get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other places you will get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other places you will get something
+that won't be conservative anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be conservative anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be conservative anymore and
+it will still be perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still be perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still be perpendicular to the
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+so it's more subtle than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more subtle than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more subtle than that but
+but certainly if it's not conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly if it's not conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly if it's not conservative
+and it's not a gradient and you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a gradient and you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a gradient and you cannot
+do what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what we said
+and how to decide whether it is or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to decide whether it is or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to decide whether it is or not
+that will be Tuesday's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be Tuesday's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be Tuesday's topic
+so for now I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure out again actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out again actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out again actually
+let's now State all these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let me first do one minute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me first do one minute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me first do one minute of
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just tell you again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you again you know
+what's the physics in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physics in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the physics in here
+so if a force field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll still keep my plus sign so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll still keep my plus sign so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll still keep my plus sign so maybe
+I should say this is minus physics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say this is minus physics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say this is minus physics but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the work of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of f
+is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change
+in value of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in value of potential
+from one end point to the other endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+so you know you might know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity oops
+gravitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitate
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+or electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+that's us gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or electrical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in case you haven't done you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case you haven't done you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in case you haven't done you know
+any 802 Yet electrical potential is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any 802 Yet electrical potential is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any 802 Yet electrical potential is also
+commonly known as voltage okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly known as voltage okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly known as voltage okay it's the
+one that makes it hurt when you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that makes it hurt when you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that makes it hurt when you stick
+your fingers into the socket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so now conservativeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+expected for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can't just have you know a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just have you know a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just have you know a particle
+moving in that field and going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in that field and going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in that field and going on
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+faster and faster or you know if else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster or you know if else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster or you know if else
+actually friction then you know keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually friction then you know keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually friction then you know keep
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I guess that's why we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that's why we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that's why we call that
+conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's end with a recap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's end with a recap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's end with a recap of
+various equivalent properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the first property that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first property that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first property that I will
+have for a vector field is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for a vector field is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for a vector field is that it's
+conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to say that a vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that a vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that a vector field is
+conservative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the line integral is zero along any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral is zero along any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line integral is zero along any
+closed curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 clarify sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 clarify sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 clarify sorry
+along all closed curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along all closed curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along all closed curves
+okay every closed curve that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay every closed curve that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay every closed curve that you you
+know give me any closed curve I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know give me any closed curve I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know give me any closed curve I get zero
+so now I claim this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I claim this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I claim this is the same thing as
+a second property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second property
+which is that the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the line integral
+of f is path Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means if I have two paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means if I have two paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means if I have two paths
+with the same endpoints then I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same endpoints then I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same endpoints then I will get
+always the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same answer
+why is that equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that equivalent
+well let's say that I'm path independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say that I'm path independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say that I'm path independent
+if I'm path independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm path independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm path independent
+then if I take a closed curve well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take a closed curve well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take a closed curve well it
+has the same endpoints as just the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same endpoints as just the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same endpoints as just the curve
+that doesn't move at all so path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't move at all so path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't move at all so path
+Independence tells me instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence tells me instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence tells me instead of going
+all around I could just stay where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around I could just stay where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around I could just stay where I am
+and when the work would be just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I'm path independent then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm path independent then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm path independent then I'm
+conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative
+conversely let's say that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely let's say that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely let's say that I'm just
+conservative and I want to check path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and I want to check path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and I want to check path
+Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence
+well so I have two points and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have two points and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have two points and I have
+two paths between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two paths between them
+I want to show that the work is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show that the work is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show that the work is the same
+well how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C1 and C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2
+well I observe that if I do C1 minus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I observe that if I do C1 minus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I observe that if I do C1 minus C2
+I get a closed path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a closed path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a closed path
+right if I go first from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I go first from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I go first from here to here
+and then back along that one I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back along that one I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back along that one I get a
+closed path so if I'm conservative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed path so if I'm conservative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed path so if I'm conservative I
+should get 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get 0.
+but if I get 0 on C1 minus C2 it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I get 0 on C1 minus C2 it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I get 0 on C1 minus C2 it means
+that we work on C1 and we work on C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we work on C1 and we work on C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we work on C1 and we work on C2
+other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing
+see so it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so it's the same
+it's just a different way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a different way to think about
+the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more things that are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two more things to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things to say
+the third one it's equivalent to F being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one it's equivalent to F being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one it's equivalent to F being
+a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third property
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+is a gradient field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why well if we know that it's a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well if we know that it's a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well if we know that it's a gradient
+field then we've seen that we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then we've seen that we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then we've seen that we get these
+properties out of a fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties out of a fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties out of a fundamental theorem
+question is if I have a conservative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I have a conservative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I have a conservative or
+path independent Vector field why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent Vector field why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent Vector field why is it
+the gradient of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of something
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+is a fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that actually let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually let me just say
+that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+how we find the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we find potential well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we find potential well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we find potential well let's
+say that I know the value of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I know the value of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I know the value of my
+potential here actually I get to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here actually I get to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here actually I get to choose
+what it is remember in physics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is remember in physics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is remember in physics the
+potential is defined up to adding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is defined up to adding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is defined up to adding or
+subtracting a constant what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting a constant what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting a constant what matters is
+only the change in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the change in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the change in potential
+so let's say I know my potential here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I know my potential here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I know my potential here
+and I want to know my potential here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know my potential here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know my potential here
+what do I do well I take my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do well I take my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do well I take my favorite
+particle and I move it from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and I move it from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and I move it from here to here
+and I look at the work done and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at the work done and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I look at the work done and that
+tells me how much the potential has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much the potential has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how much the potential has
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+so that tells me what the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells me what the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells me what the potential
+should be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this does not depend on my source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not depend on my source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not depend on my source of
+path because I've assumed that I'm path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path because I've assumed that I'm path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path because I've assumed that I'm path
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+so that's what we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we will do
+on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday
+and let me just State the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just State the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just State the fourth
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all that stuff is the same as also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that stuff is the same as also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that stuff is the same as also
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at
+MDX Plus ndy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX Plus ndy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX Plus ndy
+is what's called an exact differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what that means an exact differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means an exact differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means an exact differential
+means it can be put into a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can be put into a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can be put into a form
+DF for some function f and you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF for some function f and you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF for some function f and you know I'm
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+reformulating this thing right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulating this thing right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulating this thing right because
+I'm saying just I can put it in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying just I can put it in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying just I can put it in the form
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sub X DX plus F sub y d y which means
+my Vector field was a gradient field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector field was a gradient field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Vector field was a gradient field so
+these things are really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so after the weekend on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after the weekend on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after the weekend on Tuesday
+we'll actually figure out how to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually figure out how to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually figure out how to decide
+whether these things hold or not and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these things hold or not and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these things hold or not and how
+to find the button
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o7h_sYMk_oc.txt b/o7h_sYMk_oc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc61255c65df132bed5aef0cfe4861fd4ad962df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o7h_sYMk_oc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome to six one seven two my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to six one seven two my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome to six one seven two my name
+is charles leiserson and i am one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charles leiserson and i am one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is charles leiserson and i am one of the
+two lecturers this term the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lecturers this term the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lecturers this term the other is
+professor Julian shun were both in EECS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Julian shun were both in EECS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Julian shun were both in EECS
+and in csail on the seventh floor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in csail on the seventh floor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in csail on the seventh floor of the
+gates building if you don't know it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates building if you don't know it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates building if you don't know it you
+are in performance engineering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in performance engineering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in performance engineering of
+software systems so if this is the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software systems so if this is the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software systems so if this is the wrong
+if you found yourself in the wrong place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found yourself in the wrong place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found yourself in the wrong place
+now is the time to exit I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the time to exit I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the time to exit I want to start
+today by talking a little bit about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today by talking a little bit about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today by talking a little bit about why
+we do performance engineering and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do performance engineering and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do performance engineering and then
+I'll do some a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do some a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do some a little bit of
+administration and then sort of dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration and then sort of dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration and then sort of dive
+into sort of a case study that'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of a case study that'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of a case study that'll give
+you a good sense of some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good sense of some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good sense of some of the things
+that we're going to do during the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do during the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do during the term
+I put the administration in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the administration in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the administration in the middle
+because it's like if if you don't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like if if you don't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like if if you don't if
+from me telling you about the course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me telling you about the course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me telling you about the course you
+don't want to do the course then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do the course then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do the course then it's
+like why should you listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why should you listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why should you listen to the
+administration right it's like so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration right it's like so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration right it's like so so
+let's just dive right in okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just dive right in okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just dive right in okay so so the
+first thing to always understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to always understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing to always understand
+whenever you're doing something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're doing something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're doing something is a
+perspective on your on what matters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on your on what matters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on your on what matters in
+what you're doing so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing so we're going to
+study the whole term we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the whole term we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the whole term we're gonna do
+software performance engineering and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software performance engineering and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software performance engineering and so
+this is kind of interesting because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting because it
+turns out that performance is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that performance is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that performance is usually
+not at the top of what people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the top of what people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the top of what people are
+interested in when they're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in when they're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in when they're building
+software okay what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay what are some of the
+things that are more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are more important than
+software that's sorry then performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's sorry then performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's sorry then performance
+yeah deadlines good cost correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah deadlines good cost correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah deadlines good cost correctness
+extensibility yeah we would go on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensibility yeah we would go on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensibility yeah we would go on and on
+I think that you folks could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you folks could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you folks could probably
+make a pretty long list I made a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pretty long list I made a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pretty long list I made a short
+list of all the kinds of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the kinds of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the kinds of things that are
+more important than performance so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than performance so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than performance so then
+if programmers are so willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if programmers are so willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if programmers are so willing to
+sacrifice performance for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice performance for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice performance for these
+properties why do we study performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties why do we study performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties why do we study performance
+okay so this is kind of a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of a bit of a
+paradox in a bit of a puzzle why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox in a bit of a puzzle why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox in a bit of a puzzle why do you
+study something that clearly isn't at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study something that clearly isn't at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study something that clearly isn't at
+the top of the list of what most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list of what most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the list of what most people
+care about when they're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about when they're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about when they're developing
+software I think the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I think the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software I think the answer to that is
+that performance is the currency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performance is the currency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performance is the currency of
+computing okay you use performance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing okay you use performance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing okay you use performance to
+buy these other properties so you'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these other properties so you'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these other properties so you'll say
+something like gee I want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gee I want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like gee I want to make it
+easy to program and so therefore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to program and so therefore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to program and so therefore I'm
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+make something easy to program now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something easy to program now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something easy to program now I'm
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to sacrifice some performance to
+make sure that my system is secure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that my system is secure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that my system is secure okay
+and all those things come out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those things come out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those things come out of your
+performance budget and clearly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance budget and clearly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance budget and clearly if
+performance degrades too far your stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance degrades too far your stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance degrades too far your stuff
+becomes unusable okay when I talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unusable okay when I talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unusable okay when I talk with
+people in with programmers and I say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in with programmers and I say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in with programmers and I say you
+know people are fond of saying ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are fond of saying ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people are fond of saying ah
+performance you know yo you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you know yo you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you know yo you do
+performance performance doesn't matter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance performance doesn't matter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance performance doesn't matter I
+never think about it then I talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never think about it then I talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never think about it then I talk with
+with people who use computers and I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who use computers and I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who use computers and I ask
+what's your main complaint about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your main complaint about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your main complaint about the the
+computing systems you use answer too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing systems you use answer too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing systems you use answer too
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+okay so it's interesting whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's interesting whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's interesting whether you're
+the producer or that whatever but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producer or that whatever but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the producer or that whatever but but
+the real answer is that that performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real answer is that that performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real answer is that that performance
+is is like currency it's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is like currency it's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is like currency it's something you
+spend I would rather have if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend I would rather have if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend I would rather have if you look
+you know would I rather have $100 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know would I rather have $100 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know would I rather have $100 or a
+gallon of water well water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of water well water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of water well water is
+indispensable to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indispensable to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indispensable to life
+there's circumstances certainly where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's circumstances certainly where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's circumstances certainly where I
+would prefer to have the water okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to have the water okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to have the water okay then
+$100 okay but in our modern society I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay but in our modern society I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 okay but in our modern society I
+can buy water for much less than $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy water for much less than $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy water for much less than $100
+okay so even though water is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though water is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though water is essential
+to life and far more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life and far more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to life and far more important than
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+money is a currency and so I prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a currency and so I prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is a currency and so I prefer to
+have the money because I can just buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money because I can just buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money because I can just buy
+the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I
+and that's the same kind of analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same kind of analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same kind of analogy of
+performance it has no intrinsic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it has no intrinsic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it has no intrinsic value
+but it contributes to things you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it contributes to things you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it contributes to things you can use
+it to buy things that you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to buy things that you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to buy things that you care about
+like usability or testability or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usability or testability or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usability or testability or what
+have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you
+okay now in the early days of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in the early days of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in the early days of computing
+software performance engineering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software performance engineering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software performance engineering was
+common because machine resources were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common because machine resources were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common because machine resources were
+limited if you look at these machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if you look at these machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if you look at these machines
+from 1964 to 1977 I mean look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1964 to 1977 I mean look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1964 to 1977 I mean look at the
+site look at how many bytes they have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site look at how many bytes they have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site look at how many bytes they have on
+them right the in 64 there is a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right the in 64 there is a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right the in 64 there is a computer
+with 524 kilobytes okay that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 524 kilobytes okay that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 524 kilobytes okay that was a big
+machine back then that's kilobytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine back then that's kilobytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine back then that's kilobytes
+that's not megabytes that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not megabytes that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not megabytes that's not
+gigabytes that's kilobytes okay and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes that's kilobytes okay and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes that's kilobytes okay and many
+programs would strain the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs would strain the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs would strain the machine
+resources okay the clock rate for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources okay the clock rate for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources okay the clock rate for that
+machine was 33 kilohertz what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was 33 kilohertz what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine was 33 kilohertz what's a
+typical clock rate today about what four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical clock rate today about what four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical clock rate today about what four
+gigahertz three gigahertz two gigahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz three gigahertz two gigahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz three gigahertz two gigahertz
+somewhere up there yeah somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere up there yeah somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere up there yeah somewhere in
+that range okay and here they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range okay and here they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range okay and here they were
+operating with kilohertz so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating with kilohertz so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating with kilohertz so many
+programs would not fit without intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs would not fit without intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs would not fit without intense
+performance engineering and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering and one of the
+things also that there's a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also that there's a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things also that there's a lot of a lot
+of sayings that came out of that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sayings that came out of that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sayings that came out of that area
+Donald Knuth who's one of the touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Knuth who's one of the touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Knuth who's one of the touring
+award winner absolutely fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award winner absolutely fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award winner absolutely fabulous
+computer scientists in all respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists in all respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists in all respects
+wrote premature optimization is the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote premature optimization is the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote premature optimization is the root
+of all evil and I invite you by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all evil and I invite you by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all evil and I invite you by the way
+to look that quote up and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look that quote up and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look that quote up and because
+there's actually taken out of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually taken out of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually taken out of context
+okay so trying to optimize stuff too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so trying to optimize stuff too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so trying to optimize stuff too
+early he was worried about okay bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early he was worried about okay bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early he was worried about okay bill
+Wolfe who built the design the bliss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfe who built the design the bliss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfe who built the design the bliss
+language and worked on the pdp-11 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and worked on the pdp-11 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and worked on the pdp-11 and
+such said more computing sins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such said more computing sins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such said more computing sins are
+committed in the name of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed in the name of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed in the name of efficiency
+without necessarily achieving it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily achieving it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily achieving it than
+for any other single reason including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other single reason including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other single reason including
+blind stupidity okay and Michael Jackson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind stupidity okay and Michael Jackson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind stupidity okay and Michael Jackson
+said the first rule of program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the first rule of program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the first rule of program
+optimization don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization don't
+do it second rule of program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it second rule of program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it second rule of program
+optimization for experts only don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for experts only don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for experts only don't do
+it yet okay so everybody warning away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet okay so everybody warning away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet okay so everybody warning away
+because when you start trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you start trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you start trying to make
+things fast your code becomes unreadable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fast your code becomes unreadable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fast your code becomes unreadable
+okay making code that is readable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay making code that is readable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay making code that is readable and
+fast now that's that's where the art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast now that's that's where the art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast now that's that's where the art is
+and hopefully we'll learn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully we'll learn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully we'll learn a little bit
+about doing that okay and indeed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that okay and indeed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that okay and indeed there
+was no real point in in working too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no real point in in working too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no real point in in working too hard
+on performance engineering for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance engineering for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on performance engineering for many
+years if you look at technology scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years if you look at technology scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years if you look at technology scaling
+and you look at how many transistors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at how many transistors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at how many transistors are
+on various processor designs up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various processor designs up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on various processor designs up until
+about 2004 we had Moore's law in in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2004 we had Moore's law in in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2004 we had Moore's law in in full
+throttle okay with chip densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle okay with chip densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle okay with chip densities
+doubling every two years and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling every two years and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling every two years and really
+quite amazing and along with that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing and along with that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing and along with that as
+they shrunk the dimensions of chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shrunk the dimensions of chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shrunk the dimensions of chips
+because by miniaturization the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by miniaturization the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by miniaturization the clock
+speed would go up correspondingly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed would go up correspondingly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed would go up correspondingly as
+well and so if you found something was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so if you found something was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so if you found something was
+too slow wait a couple years okay wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow wait a couple years okay wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too slow wait a couple years okay wait a
+couple years it'll be faster okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years it'll be faster okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years it'll be faster okay and so
+there wasn't you know if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't you know if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't you know if you're going to
+do something with software and make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with software and make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with software and make your
+software ugly that really wasn't a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ugly that really wasn't a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software ugly that really wasn't a real
+you know wasn't a real good payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wasn't a real good payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wasn't a real good payoff
+compared to just simply waiting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to just simply waiting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to just simply waiting around
+and in that era there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that era there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that era there was something
+called Dennard scaling where which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dennard scaling where which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dennard scaling where which
+allowed things to as things shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed things to as things shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed things to as things shrunk
+allowed the clock speeds to get larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the clock speeds to get larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the clock speeds to get larger
+basically by reducing power you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by reducing power you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by reducing power you could
+reduce power and still keep everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce power and still keep everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce power and still keep everything
+fast and we'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we'll talk about that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+so if you look at what happened to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at what happened to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at what happened to from
+1977 to 2004 here are Apple computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 to 2004 here are Apple computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 to 2004 here are Apple computers
+with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar price tags and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar price tags and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar price tags and you can see the
+the clock rate really just skyrocketed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock rate really just skyrocketed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock rate really just skyrocketed
+one megahertz 400 megahertz 1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megahertz 400 megahertz 1.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megahertz 400 megahertz 1.8
+gigahertz okay and the data paths went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz okay and the data paths went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz okay and the data paths went
+from 8 bits to 32 64 the memory because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 8 bits to 32 64 the memory because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 8 bits to 32 64 the memory because
+correspondingly grow cost approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly grow cost approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly grow cost approximately
+the same and that was that's the legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and that was that's the legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and that was that's the legacy
+from Moore's Law and the tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Moore's Law and the tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Moore's Law and the tremendous
+advances in semiconductor technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in semiconductor technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in semiconductor technology and
+so until 2004 moore's law in the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until 2004 moore's law in the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so until 2004 moore's law in the scaling
+of clock frequency so court Dennard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clock frequency so court Dennard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clock frequency so court Dennard
+scaling was essentially a printing press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling was essentially a printing press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling was essentially a printing press
+for the currency of performance okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the currency of performance okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the currency of performance okay you
+didn't have to do anything you just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do anything you just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to do anything you just made
+the hardware go fast or very easy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware go fast or very easy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware go fast or very easy very
+and all that came to an end well some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that came to an end well some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that came to an end well some of
+it came to an end in 2004 when clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to an end in 2004 when clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came to an end in 2004 when clock
+speeds plateaued okay so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds plateaued okay so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds plateaued okay so if you look at
+this around 2005 you can see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around 2005 you can see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around 2005 you can see all the
+speeds we hit you know 2 to 4 gigahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds we hit you know 2 to 4 gigahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds we hit you know 2 to 4 gigahertz
+and we have not been able to make chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have not been able to make chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have not been able to make chips
+go faster than that in any practical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster than that in any practical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster than that in any practical way
+since then but the densities have kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then but the densities have kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then but the densities have kept
+growing great now the reason that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing great now the reason that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing great now the reason that the
+clock speed flattened was because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock speed flattened was because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock speed flattened was because of
+power density and this is a slide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density and this is a slide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density and this is a slide from
+Intel from that era looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel from that era looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel from that era looking at the
+growth of power density and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of power density and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of power density and what they
+were projecting was that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were projecting was that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were projecting was that that the
+junction temperatures of the transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction temperatures of the transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction temperatures of the transistors
+on the chip if they just keep scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chip if they just keep scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chip if they just keep scaling
+the way they had been scaling would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they had been scaling would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they had been scaling would
+would start to approach first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to approach first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to approach first of all the
+temperature of a nuclear reactor than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a nuclear reactor than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a nuclear reactor than
+the temperature of a rocket nozzle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of a rocket nozzle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of a rocket nozzle and
+then the Sun surface okay so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Sun surface okay so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Sun surface okay so that we're
+not going to build little technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to build little technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to build little technology
+that cools that very well and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cools that very well and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cools that very well and even if
+you could solve it for a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve it for a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve it for a little bit the
+writing was on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing was on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing was on the wall
+we cannot scale clock frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot scale clock frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot scale clock frequencies
+anymore the reason for that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the reason for that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the reason for that is that
+originally clock frequency was scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally clock frequency was scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally clock frequency was scaled
+assuming that the most of the power was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the most of the power was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the most of the power was
+dynamic power which was going when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power which was going when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power which was going when you
+switched the circuit and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched the circuit and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched the circuit and what happened
+as we kept reducing that and reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we kept reducing that and reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we kept reducing that and reducing
+that is something that used to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that used to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that used to be in the
+noise namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise namely the
+Deacon's okay started to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deacon's okay started to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deacon's okay started to become
+significant to the point where now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant to the point where now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant to the point where now today
+the dynamic power is is far less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic power is is far less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic power is is far less of a
+concern than the static power from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern than the static power from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern than the static power from just
+the circuits sitting there leaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuits sitting there leaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuits sitting there leaking and
+when you miniaturize you can't stop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you miniaturize you can't stop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you miniaturize you can't stop that
+effect from happening so what did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect from happening so what did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect from happening so what did the
+vendors do in 2004 and 2005 and since is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors do in 2004 and 2005 and since is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors do in 2004 and 2005 and since is
+they said oh gosh we've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh gosh we've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh gosh we've got all these
+transistors to use but we can't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to use but we can't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to use but we can't use the
+transistors to make stuff run faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to make stuff run faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors to make stuff run faster so
+what they did is they introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they introduced
+parallelism in the form of multi-core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism in the form of multi-core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism in the form of multi-core
+processors they put more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors they put more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors they put more than one
+processing core in a chip and to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing core in a chip and to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing core in a chip and to scale
+performance they would you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance they would you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance they would you know have
+multiple cores and each generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple cores and each generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple cores and each generation of
+Moore's law now was potentially doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore's law now was potentially doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore's law now was potentially doubling
+the number of of cores and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of of cores and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of of cores and so if you
+look at what happened for processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happened for processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happened for processor
+cores you see that around 2005 2004 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores you see that around 2005 2004 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores you see that around 2005 2004 2005
+we started to get multiple processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to get multiple processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started to get multiple processing
+cores per chip to the extent that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores per chip to the extent that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores per chip to the extent that today
+it's basically impossible to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically impossible to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically impossible to find a
+single core chip for a laptop or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single core chip for a laptop or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single core chip for a laptop or a
+workstation or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workstation or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workstation or whatever
+everything is multi-crew you can't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is multi-crew you can't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is multi-crew you can't buy
+just one you have to buy a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one you have to buy a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one you have to buy a parallel
+processor and and so the impact of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and and so the impact of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor and and so the impact of that
+was that performance was no longer free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that performance was no longer free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that performance was no longer free
+you couldn't just speed up the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just speed up the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just speed up the hardware
+now if you wanted to use that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you wanted to use that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you wanted to use that potential
+you had to do parallel program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do parallel program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do parallel program and
+that's not something that anybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not something that anybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not something that anybody in the
+industry really had done so today there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry really had done so today there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry really had done so today there
+are a lot of other things that happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other things that happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of other things that happen in
+the in that intervening time we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in that intervening time we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in that intervening time we got
+vector units as common parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector units as common parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector units as common parts of our
+machines we got GPUs we got steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines we got GPUs we got steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines we got GPUs we got steeper
+cache hierarchies we have a configurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hierarchies we have a configurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache hierarchies we have a configurable
+logic on some machines and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic on some machines and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic on some machines and so forth and
+now it's up to the software to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's up to the software to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's up to the software to adapt to
+it and so although we don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so although we don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so although we don't want to have
+to deal with performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with performance
+today you have to deal with performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have to deal with performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you have to deal with performance
+and in your lifetimes you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your lifetimes you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in your lifetimes you will have to
+deal with performance okay in software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with performance okay in software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with performance okay in software
+if you're gonna have effective software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna have effective software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna have effective software
+okay you can see what happened also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see what happened also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see what happened also this
+is a study that we did looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a study that we did looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a study that we did looking at
+software bugs and a variety of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs and a variety of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software bugs and a variety of open
+source projects where they're mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source projects where they're mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source projects where they're mentioning
+the word performance and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word performance and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word performance and you can see
+that in 2004 the numbers start going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 2004 the numbers start going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 2004 the numbers start going up
+you know some of them it's not as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of them it's not as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of them it's not as as
+convincing for some things as others but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing for some things as others but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing for some things as others but
+generally there's a trend of after 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's a trend of after 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's a trend of after 2004
+people started worrying more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started worrying more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started worrying more about
+performance if you look at software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you look at software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you look at software
+developer jobs you know as of tooth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer jobs you know as of tooth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer jobs you know as of tooth you
+know early mid-2000s 2000 oh ohs I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know early mid-2000s 2000 oh ohs I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know early mid-2000s 2000 oh ohs I guess
+okay the you see once again the mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the you see once again the mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the you see once again the mention
+of performance and jobs is going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance and jobs is going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance and jobs is going up and
+anecdotally I can tell you know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotally I can tell you know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotally I can tell you know I had
+one student who came to me after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one student who came to me after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one student who came to me after the
+spring after he'd taken six 172 and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring after he'd taken six 172 and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring after he'd taken six 172 and he
+said you know I went and I had applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I went and I had applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know I went and I had applied
+for five jobs and every job asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five jobs and every job asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five jobs and every job asked me
+every at every job interview they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every at every job interview they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every at every job interview they asked
+me a question I couldn't have answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a question I couldn't have answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a question I couldn't have answered
+if I hadn't taken six 172 and I got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hadn't taken six 172 and I got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I hadn't taken six 172 and I got five
+offers okay and when I compared those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers okay and when I compared those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers okay and when I compared those
+offers they tended to be 20 to 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers they tended to be 20 to 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers they tended to be 20 to 30%
+larger than people are just web monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than people are just web monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than people are just web monkeys
+okay so so anyway that's not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so anyway that's not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so anyway that's not to say that
+you should necessarily take this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should necessarily take this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should necessarily take this class
+okay but I just want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I just want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I just want to point out that
+what we're gonna learn is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna learn is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna learn is going to be
+interesting from a practical point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a practical point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a practical point of
+view ie your futures okay as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view ie your futures okay as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view ie your futures okay as well as
+theoretical points of view and technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical points of view and technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical points of view and technical
+points of view okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view okay
+so modern processors are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so modern processors are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so modern processors are really
+complicated and the big question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and the big question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and the big question is how
+do we write software to use that modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we write software to use that modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we write software to use that modern
+hardware efficiently okay I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware efficiently okay I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware efficiently okay I want to give
+you a example of performance engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a example of performance engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a example of performance engineering
+of a very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very well
+studied problem namely matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied problem namely matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied problem namely matrix
+multiplication who has never seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication who has never seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication who has never seen this
+problem okay so there we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so there we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so there we got some
+Joker's in the class I can say okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joker's in the class I can say okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joker's in the class I can say okay so
+this is you know it takes n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it takes n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it takes n cubed
+operations because you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations because you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations because you're basically
+computing N squared dot products okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing N squared dot products okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing N squared dot products okay so
+essentially if you add up the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you add up the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you add up the total
+number of operations it's about 2n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations it's about 2n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations it's about 2n cubed
+because there is essentially a multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is essentially a multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is essentially a multiply
+and an ADD for every pair of terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an ADD for every pair of terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an ADD for every pair of terms that
+need to be accumulated okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be accumulated okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be accumulated okay so it's
+basically 2n cubed we're gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 2n cubed we're gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 2n cubed we're gonna look at
+it assuming for simplicity that our n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it assuming for simplicity that our n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it assuming for simplicity that our n is
+a an exact power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an exact power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an exact power of two
+okay now the machine that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the machine that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the machine that we're gonna
+look at is going to be one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is going to be one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is going to be one of the one
+one of the ones that you'll have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones that you'll have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ones that you'll have access
+to an AWS okay it's a it's a compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an AWS okay it's a it's a compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an AWS okay it's a it's a compute
+optimized machine which has a Haswell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized machine which has a Haswell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized machine which has a Haswell
+microarchitecture running at 2.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarchitecture running at 2.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarchitecture running at 2.9
+gigahertz there are two processor chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz there are two processor chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz there are two processor chips
+for each of these machines and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these machines and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these machines and nine
+processing cores per chip so a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing cores per chip so a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing cores per chip so a total of
+18 cores so that's the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 cores so that's the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 cores so that's the amount of
+parallel processing it does two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processing it does two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processing it does two-way
+hyper-threading which we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading which we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading which we're actually
+going to not deal a lot with it hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not deal a lot with it hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to not deal a lot with it hyper
+threading gives you a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading gives you a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading gives you a little bit more
+performance but it also makes it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but it also makes it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but it also makes it really
+hard to measure things so generally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure things so generally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure things so generally we
+will turn off hyper threading but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn off hyper threading but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn off hyper threading but the
+performance that you get tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that you get tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that you get tends to be
+correlated with what you get when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with what you get when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with what you get when your
+hyper thread for floating-point unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper thread for floating-point unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper thread for floating-point unit
+there it is capable of doing eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is capable of doing eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is capable of doing eight
+double precision operations that 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision operations that 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision operations that 64-bit
+floating-point operations including a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point operations including a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point operations including a
+fused multiply add per core per cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused multiply add per core per cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused multiply add per core per cycle
+okay so that that's a vector unit so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's a vector unit so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's a vector unit so you
+basically each of these 18 cores can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically each of these 18 cores can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically each of these 18 cores can do
+eight double precision operations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight double precision operations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight double precision operations and so
+including a fuse multiply add which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a fuse multiply add which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a fuse multiply add which is
+actually two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two operations
+okay the way that they count these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the way that they count these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the way that they count these
+things okay it has a cache line size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay it has a cache line size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay it has a cache line size of
+64 bytes the AI cache is 32 kilobytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 bytes the AI cache is 32 kilobytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 bytes the AI cache is 32 kilobytes
+which is 8 way set associative we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 8 way set associative we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 8 way set associative we'll
+talk about some of these things if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of these things if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of these things if you
+don't know all the terms that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all the terms that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all the terms that's okay
+we're gonna cover most of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cover most of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna cover most of these terms
+later on it's got a D cache of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it's got a D cache of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it's got a D cache of the same
+size it's got an l2 cache of 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it's got an l2 cache of 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it's got an l2 cache of 256
+kilobytes and it's got an l3 cache or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes and it's got an l3 cache or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes and it's got an l3 cache or
+what's sometimes called an LLC last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sometimes called an LLC last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sometimes called an LLC last
+level cache of 25 megabytes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache of 25 megabytes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level cache of 25 megabytes and then
+it's got 60 gigabytes of DRAM so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got 60 gigabytes of DRAM so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got 60 gigabytes of DRAM so this is
+a honking big machine okay this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a honking big machine okay this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a honking big machine okay this is like
+you can get things to sing on this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get things to sing on this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get things to sing on this okay
+if you look at the peak performance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the peak performance it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the peak performance it's
+the clock speed times 2 processor chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock speed times 2 processor chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock speed times 2 processor chips
+times 9 processing cores per chip each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 9 processing cores per chip each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 9 processing cores per chip each
+capable of if you can use both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of if you can use both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of if you can use both the
+multiply and the add 16 floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and the add 16 floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and the add 16 floating-point
+operations and that goes out to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and that goes out to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and that goes out to just
+short of a teraflops okay 836 gigaflops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of a teraflops okay 836 gigaflops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of a teraflops okay 836 gigaflops
+okay so that's that's a lot of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's a lot of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's a lot of power
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's a lot of power these are fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of power these are fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of power these are fun
+machines actually okay especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines actually okay especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines actually okay especially when
+we get into things like the the the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into things like the the the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into things like the the the game
+playing AI and stuff that we do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing AI and stuff that we do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing AI and stuff that we do for the
+fourth project you'll see it they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth project you'll see it they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth project you'll see it they're
+really fun can I have a lot of compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun can I have a lot of compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun can I have a lot of compute
+okay now the base here's the basic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the base here's the basic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the base here's the basic code
+this is the full code for Python for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full code for Python for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full code for Python for
+doing matrix multiplication now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing matrix multiplication now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing matrix multiplication now
+generally in Python you wouldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in Python you wouldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in Python you wouldn't use
+this code because you just call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code because you just call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code because you just call a
+library subroutine that does matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library subroutine that does matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library subroutine that does matrix
+multiplication but sometimes you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but sometimes you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but sometimes you have a
+problem I'm going to illustrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to illustrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to illustrate with
+matrix multiplication but sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication but sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication but sometimes you
+have a problem that is for what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that is for what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that is for what you have
+to write the code and I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code and I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code and I want to give you
+an idea of how what kind of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how what kind of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how what kind of performance
+you get out of Python okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of Python okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of Python okay
+in addition somebody has to write if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition somebody has to write if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition somebody has to write if
+there is a library routine somebody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a library routine somebody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a library routine somebody had
+to write it and that person was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it and that person was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it and that person was a
+performance engineer because they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineer because they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineer because they wrote
+it to be as fast as possible and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be as fast as possible and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be as fast as possible and so this
+will give you an idea of what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an idea of what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an idea of what you can do
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+run fast okay so when you run this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run fast okay so when you run this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run fast okay so when you run this code
+so you can see that the start time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the start time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the start time you
+know before the triply nested loop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before the triply nested loop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know before the triply nested loop right
+here before the triply nested loop we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here before the triply nested loop we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here before the triply nested loop we
+take a time measurement and then we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a time measurement and then we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a time measurement and then we take
+another time measurement at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time measurement at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time measurement at the end and
+then we print the difference and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we print the difference and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we print the difference and then
+that's just this classic three triply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this classic three triply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this classic three triply
+nested loop for for matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loop for for matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loop for for matrix
+multiplication and so when you run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and so when you run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and so when you run this
+how long is this run for do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any guesses let's see how about let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses let's see how about let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses let's see how about let's do
+this runs for six microseconds who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this runs for six microseconds who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this runs for six microseconds who
+thinks six microseconds how about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks six microseconds how about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks six microseconds how about six
+milliseconds how about six milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds how about six milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds how about six milliseconds
+how about six seconds how about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about six seconds how about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about six seconds how about six
+minutes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay
+how about six hours how about six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about six hours how about six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about six hours how about six days
+okay of course it's important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course it's important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course it's important to know
+what size it is this 4096 by 4096 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size it is this 4096 by 4096 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size it is this 4096 by 4096 as it
+shows in the code okay so and those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows in the code okay so and those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows in the code okay so and those of
+you didn't vote can I wake up let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't vote can I wake up let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't vote can I wake up let's get
+active this is active learning put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active this is active learning put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active this is active learning put
+yourself out there okay it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out there okay it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out there okay it doesn't
+matter whether you're right and wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're right and wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you're right and wrong
+there'll be a bunch of people who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a bunch of people who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a bunch of people who got
+the right answer there have no idea why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer there have no idea why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer there have no idea why
+okay so it turns out it takes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out it takes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out it takes about
+21,000 seconds which is about six hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 seconds which is about six hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 seconds which is about six hours
+okay amazing is this fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right duh right this fast no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right duh right this fast no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right duh right this fast no that
+you know how how do we tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how do we tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how do we tell whether
+whether this is fast or not okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is fast or not okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is fast or not okay you
+know what should we expect from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what should we expect from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what should we expect from our
+machine so let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so let's do a
+back-of-the-envelope calculation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-of-the-envelope calculation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-of-the-envelope calculation of of
+how many operations there are and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many operations there are and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many operations there are and how
+fast we ought to be able to do we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast we ought to be able to do we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast we ought to be able to do we just
+went through and said what all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and said what all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and said what all the
+parameters the machine so there are 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the machine so there are 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the machine so there are 2n
+cubed operations that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed operations that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed operations that need to be
+performed we're not doing strassens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed we're not doing strassens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed we're not doing strassens
+algorithm or anything like that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or anything like that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or anything like that we're
+just doing straight triply nested loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing straight triply nested loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing straight triply nested loop
+so that's 2 to the 37th floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 2 to the 37th floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's 2 to the 37th floating-point
+operations okay the running time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay the running time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay the running time is
+21,000 seconds so that says that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 seconds so that says that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21,000 seconds so that says that we're
+getting about 6.2 5 mega flops out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting about 6.2 5 mega flops out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting about 6.2 5 mega flops out of
+our machine when we run that code ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our machine when we run that code ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our machine when we run that code ok
+just by dividing it out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by dividing it out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by dividing it out how many
+floating-point operations per second do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point operations per second do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point operations per second do
+we get we take the number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we take the number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get we take the number of operations
+divide it by the time okay the peak as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the time okay the peak as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by the time okay the peak as
+you recall was about 836 gigaflops okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall was about 836 gigaflops okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall was about 836 gigaflops okay
+and we're getting 6.25 mega flops okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're getting 6.25 mega flops okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're getting 6.25 mega flops okay
+so we're getting about 0.0007 5 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting about 0.0007 5 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting about 0.0007 5 percent
+of peak okay this is not fast okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peak okay this is not fast okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peak okay this is not fast okay this
+is not fast so let's let's do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fast so let's let's do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fast so let's let's do something
+really similar let's code it in Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar let's code it in Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar let's code it in Java
+rather than Python okay so we take just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than Python okay so we take just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than Python okay so we take just
+that loop the code is almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop the code is almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop the code is almost the same
+okay triply nested loop we run it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay triply nested loop we run it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay triply nested loop we run it in
+Java okay and the running time now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java okay and the running time now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java okay and the running time now it
+turns out is about just under 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is about just under 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is about just under 3,000
+seconds which is about 46 minutes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is about 46 minutes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is about 46 minutes the
+same code Python Java okay we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same code Python Java okay we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same code Python Java okay we got a
+almost a nine times speed-up over just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a nine times speed-up over just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a nine times speed-up over just
+simply coding it in a different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply coding it in a different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply coding it in a different language
+okay well let's try see that's the clap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's try see that's the clap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's try see that's the clap
+that's the language we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the language we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the language we're going to be
+using here what happens when you code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here what happens when you code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here what happens when you code it
+and see it's exactly the same thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it's exactly the same thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it's exactly the same thing okay
+we're going to use the clang LLVM 5.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the clang LLVM 5.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the clang LLVM 5.0
+compiler I believe we're using 6.0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler I believe we're using 6.0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler I believe we're using 6.0 this
+term is that right yeah okay I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is that right yeah okay I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is that right yeah okay I should
+have rerun these numbers for sex but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rerun these numbers for sex but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rerun these numbers for sex but I
+didn't so now it's basically 1,100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so now it's basically 1,100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so now it's basically 1,100
+seconds which is about 19 minutes so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is about 19 minutes so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is about 19 minutes so we
+got then about it's twice as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got then about it's twice as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got then about it's twice as fast as
+Java and about 18 times faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java and about 18 times faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java and about 18 times faster than
+Python okay so here's where we stand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python okay so here's where we stand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python okay so here's where we stand so
+far okay we have the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay we have the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay we have the running time of
+these various things okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various things okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various things okay and the
+relative speed up is how much faster it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed up is how much faster it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed up is how much faster it
+isn't in the previous row and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in the previous row and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in the previous row and the
+absolute speed up is how it is compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute speed up is how it is compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute speed up is how it is compared
+to the first row and now we're managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first row and now we're managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first row and now we're managing
+to get now 0.01 4 percent of peak so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get now 0.01 4 percent of peak so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get now 0.01 4 percent of peak so
+we're still we're still slow but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still we're still slow but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still we're still slow but before
+we go and try to optimize it further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go and try to optimize it further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go and try to optimize it further
+like why is Python so slow and C so fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is Python so slow and C so fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is Python so slow and C so fast
+anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's that's kind of on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's kind of on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's kind of on the right
+track anybody else having the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track anybody else having the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track anybody else having the ice
+articulate a little bit why Python is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a little bit why Python is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate a little bit why Python is so
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+yeah you're right like multiplying add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right like multiplying add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right like multiplying add
+those aren't the only instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't the only instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't the only instructions
+pythons doing it's doing lots of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay good so the big reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay good so the big reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay good so the big reason
+why Python is slow and C is so fast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Python is slow and C is so fast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Python is slow and C is so fast is
+that python is interpreted and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that python is interpreted and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that python is interpreted and C is
+compiled directly to byte to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled directly to byte to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled directly to byte to machine
+code and Java is somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and Java is somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and Java is somewhere in the middle
+because Java is compiled to bytecode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Java is compiled to bytecode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Java is compiled to bytecode
+which is then interpreted and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then interpreted and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is then interpreted and then
+just-in-time compiled into machine code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just-in-time compiled into machine code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just-in-time compiled into machine code
+so let me tell it talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell it talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell it talked a little bit
+about these things so so interpreters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things so so interpreters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things so so interpreters
+such as in Python are versatile but slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in Python are versatile but slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as in Python are versatile but slow
+it's one of these things where they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things where they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these things where they said
+we're gonna take some of our performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take some of our performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take some of our performance
+and use it to make a more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it to make a more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it to make a more flexible
+easier to program environment okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to program environment okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to program environment okay the
+interpreter basically reads interprets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter basically reads interprets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter basically reads interprets
+and performs each program statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performs each program statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and performs each program statement and
+then updates the Machine State so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then updates the Machine State so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then updates the Machine State so it's
+not just it's actually going through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just it's actually going through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just it's actually going through an
+each time reading your code figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time reading your code figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time reading your code figuring out
+what it does and then implementing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does and then implementing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does and then implementing it so
+there's like all this overhead compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like all this overhead compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like all this overhead compared
+to just doing its operations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just doing its operations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just doing its operations so
+interpreters can easily support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters can easily support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters can easily support
+high-level programming features and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level programming features and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level programming features and they
+can do things like dynamic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like dynamic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like dynamic code
+alteration and so forth at the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and so forth at the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and so forth at the cost of
+performance so that you know typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so that you know typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so that you know typically
+the the cycle for an interpreter is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cycle for an interpreter is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cycle for an interpreter is you
+read the next statement you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next statement you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next statement you interpret
+the statement you then perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement you then perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement you then perform the
+statement and then you update the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then you update the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and then you update the state
+of the machine and then you would fetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine and then you would fetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine and then you would fetch
+the next instruction okay and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction okay and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next instruction okay and you're
+going through that each time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that each time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that each time and that's
+done in software okay when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in software okay when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in software okay when you have
+things compiled to machine code it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things compiled to machine code it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things compiled to machine code it goes
+through a similar thing but it's highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a similar thing but it's highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a similar thing but it's highly
+optimized just for the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized just for the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized just for the things that
+machines are done okay and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are done okay and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are done okay and so when you
+compile you're able to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile you're able to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile you're able to take advantage of
+the hardware and interpreter of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware and interpreter of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware and interpreter of machine
+instructions and that's much much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and that's much much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and that's much much lower
+overhead than the big software overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead than the big software overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead than the big software overhead
+you get with Python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get with Python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get with Python
+now JIT is somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now JIT is somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now JIT is somewhere in the middle
+what's used in Java JIT compilers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used in Java JIT compilers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's used in Java JIT compilers can
+recover some of the performance in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover some of the performance in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover some of the performance in fact
+it did a pretty good job in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did a pretty good job in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did a pretty good job in this case
+the idea is when the code is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is when the code is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is when the code is first
+interpreted it's executed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted it's executed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted it's executed it's
+interpreted and then the runtime C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and then the runtime C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and then the runtime C
+system keeps track of how often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system keeps track of how often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system keeps track of how often the
+various pieces of code are executed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pieces of code are executed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pieces of code are executed and
+whenever it finds that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it finds that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it finds that there's some
+piece of code that it's executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code that it's executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code that it's executing
+frequently it then calls the compiler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently it then calls the compiler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently it then calls the compiler to
+compile that piece of code and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile that piece of code and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile that piece of code and then
+subsequent to that it runs the compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to that it runs the compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent to that it runs the compiled
+code so it tries to get the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so it tries to get the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so it tries to get the big
+advantage of the of performance by only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the of performance by only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the of performance by only
+compiling the things that are necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling the things that are necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling the things that are necessary
+you know for which it's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for which it's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for which it's actually going
+to pay off to to invoke the compiler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay off to to invoke the compiler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay off to to invoke the compiler to
+do ok so so anyway so that's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ok so so anyway so that's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ok so so anyway so that's the big
+difference with with those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with with those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with with those kinds of
+things one of the reasons we don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the reasons we don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the reasons we don't use
+Python in this class is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python in this class is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python in this class is because the
+performance model is hard to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model is hard to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance model is hard to figure out
+ok see it's much closer to the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok see it's much closer to the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok see it's much closer to the metal
+much closer to the silicon ok and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to the silicon ok and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to the silicon ok and so
+it's much easier to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to figure out what's
+going on in that in that context ok but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that in that context ok but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in that in that context ok but
+we will have a guest lecture that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a guest lecture that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have a guest lecture that we're
+going to talk about performance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about performance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about performance in
+managed languages like like Python so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed languages like like Python so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed languages like like Python so
+it's not that we're going to ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we're going to ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that we're going to ignore the
+topic but we will learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we will learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but we will learn how to do
+performance engineering in a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering in a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance engineering in a place where
+it's easier to do it ok now one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to do it ok now one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to do it ok now one of the
+things that good compiler will do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that good compiler will do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that good compiler will do is you
+know once you get to let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you get to let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know once you get to let's say we have
+the C version which is where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C version which is where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C version which is where we're going
+to move from this point cuz that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from this point cuz that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from this point cuz that's the
+fastest week we got so far is it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest week we got so far is it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest week we got so far is it turns
+out that you can change the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you can change the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you can change the order of
+loops in this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in this program
+without affecting the correctness ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the correctness ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the correctness ok so
+here we went you know for I for j4k do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we went you know for I for j4k do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we went you know for I for j4k do
+the update ok we could otherwise do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update ok we could otherwise do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update ok we could otherwise do we
+could do for I for k4j do the update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for I for k4j do the update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do for I for k4j do the update
+and it computes exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it computes exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it computes exactly the same thing
+or we could do for K for j4 I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could do for K for j4 I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could do for K for j4 I do the
+updates okay so we can change the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates okay so we can change the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates okay so we can change the order
+without affecting the correctness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the correctness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affecting the correctness okay
+and so do you think the order of loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so do you think the order of loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so do you think the order of loops
+matters for performance uh uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for performance uh uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters for performance uh uh you know I
+think this is like this leading question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like this leading question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is like this leading question
+yeah question yes okay and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question yes okay and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question yes okay and you're
+exactly right cache locality is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right cache locality is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right cache locality is what it
+is so when we do that we get the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so when we do that we get the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so when we do that we get the loop
+order affects the running time by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order affects the running time by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order affects the running time by a
+factor of 18 whoa just by switching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 18 whoa just by switching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 18 whoa just by switching the
+order okay what's going on there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay what's going on there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay what's going on there okay
+what's going on so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so we're going to talk
+about this in more depth so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in more depth so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in more depth so I'm just
+going to fly through this because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly through this because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly through this because this
+is just sort of showing you the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of showing you the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of showing you the kinds of
+considerations that you do so hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you do so hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that you do so hardware
+there are each processor reads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are each processor reads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are each processor reads and
+writes main memory in contiguous blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes main memory in contiguous blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes main memory in contiguous blocks
+called cache lines okay previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cache lines okay previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cache lines okay previously
+access cache lines are stored in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access cache lines are stored in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access cache lines are stored in a small
+memory called cache that sits near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory called cache that sits near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory called cache that sits near the
+processor when it access when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor when it access when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor when it access when the
+processor accessed something if it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor accessed something if it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor accessed something if it's in
+the cache you get a hit that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache you get a hit that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache you get a hit that's very
+cheap okay and fast if you miss you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap okay and fast if you miss you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap okay and fast if you miss you have
+to go out to either a deeper level cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out to either a deeper level cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out to either a deeper level cache
+or all the way out to main memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all the way out to main memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all the way out to main memory that
+is much much slower and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much much slower and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much much slower and we'll talk about
+that kind of thing so what happens in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing so what happens in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing so what happens in in
+for this matrix problem is the matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this matrix problem is the matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this matrix problem is the matrices
+are laid out in memory and look row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laid out in memory and look row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laid out in memory and look row
+major order that means you take you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major order that means you take you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major order that means you take you know
+you have a two-dimensional matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a two-dimensional matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a two-dimensional matrix it's
+laid out in the linear order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in the linear order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in the linear order of the
+addresses of memory by essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses of memory by essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses of memory by essentially
+taking Row one and then after Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Row one and then after Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Row one and then after Row one
+stick Row two and after that stick Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick Row two and after that stick Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick Row two and after that stick Row
+three and so forth and unfolding there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so forth and unfolding there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so forth and unfolding there's
+another order that things could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another order that things could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another order that things could have
+been laid out in fact they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been laid out in fact they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been laid out in fact they are in
+Fortran which is called column major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran which is called column major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran which is called column major
+order okay so it turns out C and Fortran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so it turns out C and Fortran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so it turns out C and Fortran
+operate in different orders okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in different orders okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in different orders okay and
+turns out it affects performance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it affects performance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it affects performance which
+way it does it so let's just take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does it so let's just take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does it so let's just take a look
+at the access pattern for order ijk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the access pattern for order ijk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the access pattern for order ijk okay
+so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing is
+once we figure out what I and what J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we figure out what I and what J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we figure out what I and what J is
+we're gonna go through and cycle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go through and cycle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go through and cycle through
+k and as we cycle through K okay CIJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and as we cycle through K okay CIJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and as we cycle through K okay CIJ
+stays the same for everything we get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same for everything we get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same for everything we get for
+that excellent spatial locality because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent spatial locality because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent spatial locality because
+we're just accessing the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just accessing the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just accessing the same location
+every single time it's going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time it's going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time it's going to be in
+cache it's always going to be there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache it's always going to be there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache it's always going to be there it's
+going to be fast to access see for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fast to access see for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fast to access see for a
+what happens is we go through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is we go through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is we go through in a
+linear order and we get good spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear order and we get good spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear order and we get good spatial
+locality but for B it's going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality but for B it's going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality but for B it's going through
+columns and those points are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and those points are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and those points are distributed
+far away in memory so the processor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away in memory so the processor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away in memory so the processor is
+going to be bringing in 64 bytes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bringing in 64 bytes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bringing in 64 bytes to
+operate on a particular datum okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on a particular datum okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on a particular datum okay and
+then it's ignoring seven of the eight by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's ignoring seven of the eight by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's ignoring seven of the eight by
+seven of the eight floating-point words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the eight floating-point words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of the eight floating-point words
+on that on that cache line and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that cache line and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on that cache line and going to
+the next one so it's wasting an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so it's wasting an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so it's wasting an awful
+lot okay so this one has good spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so this one has good spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so this one has good spatial
+locality and that it's all adjacent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality and that it's all adjacent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality and that it's all adjacent and
+you would use the cache lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use the cache lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use the cache lines
+effectively this one you're going 4096
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this one you're going 4096
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this one you're going 4096
+elements apart it's got poor spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements apart it's got poor spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements apart it's got poor spatial
+locality okay and that's why and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality okay and that's why and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality okay and that's why and that's
+for this one so then if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one so then if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one so then if we look at the
+different other ones this one the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other ones this one the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other ones this one the order
+ikj it turns out you get good spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikj it turns out you get good spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikj it turns out you get good spatial
+locality for both C and B and excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality for both C and B and excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality for both C and B and excellent
+for a okay and if you look at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a okay and if you look at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a okay and if you look at you know
+even another one you don't get nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even another one you don't get nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even another one you don't get nearly as
+good as the other one so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the other one so there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the other one so there's a whole
+range of things okay this one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things okay this one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of things okay this one you're
+doing optimally badly and both okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimally badly and both okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimally badly and both okay and
+so you can just measure the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just measure the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just measure the different
+ones and it turns out that that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it turns out that that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it turns out that that you can
+you can use a tool to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a tool to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a tool to figure this out
+and the tool that we'll be using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool that we'll be using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool that we'll be using is
+called cache grinned and it's at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cache grinned and it's at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cache grinned and it's at one of
+the valgrind Suites of caches and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valgrind Suites of caches and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valgrind Suites of caches and what
+it'll do is it'll tell you what the Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do is it'll tell you what the Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do is it'll tell you what the Miss
+rates are for the various pieces of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are for the various pieces of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are for the various pieces of code
+okay and you'll learn how to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll learn how to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you'll learn how to use that
+tool and figure out oh look at that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and figure out oh look at that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and figure out oh look at that we
+have a high miss rate for some and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high miss rate for some and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high miss rate for some and not
+for others so that may be why my code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others so that may be why my code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for others so that may be why my code is
+running slowly okay so when you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running slowly okay so when you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running slowly okay so when you pick the
+best one of those okay we then got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one of those okay we then got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one of those okay we then got a
+relative speed up from about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed up from about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative speed up from about six
+and a half so what other simple changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half so what other simple changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half so what other simple changes
+can we try there's actually a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we try there's actually a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we try there's actually a collection
+of things that we could do that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we could do that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we could do that don't
+even have us touching the code what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have us touching the code what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have us touching the code what else
+could we do four people have played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do four people have played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do four people have played with
+compilers and such and hint yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers and such and hint yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers and such and hint yeah yeah
+change the compiler flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the compiler flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the compiler flags
+okay so clang which is the compiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so clang which is the compiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so clang which is the compiler will
+be using provides a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using provides a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using provides a collection of
+optimization switches and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization switches and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization switches and you can
+specify a switch to the compiler to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a switch to the compiler to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a switch to the compiler to ask
+it to optimize so the you do - oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to optimize so the you do - oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to optimize so the you do - oh and
+then a number and zero if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a number and zero if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a number and zero if you look at
+the documentation that says do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documentation that says do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documentation that says do not
+optimize one says optimize two says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize one says optimize two says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize one says optimize two says
+optimize even more 3 says optimize yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize even more 3 says optimize yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize even more 3 says optimize yet
+more ok in this case it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ok in this case it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ok in this case it turns out that
+even though it optimized more in oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it optimized more in oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it optimized more in oh
+three turns out Oh - was a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three turns out Oh - was a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three turns out Oh - was a better
+setting ok this is one of these cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting ok this is one of these cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting ok this is one of these cases it
+doesn't happen all the time usually oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen all the time usually oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen all the time usually oh
+three does better than Oh two but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three does better than Oh two but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three does better than Oh two but in
+this case Oh to actually optimize better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case Oh to actually optimize better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case Oh to actually optimize better
+than oh three because the optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oh three because the optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oh three because the optimizations
+are to some extent heuristic ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to some extent heuristic ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to some extent heuristic ok and
+there are also other kinds of automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also other kinds of automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also other kinds of automation
+you can have it do a profile guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have it do a profile guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have it do a profile guided
+optimization where you look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization where you look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization where you look at what the
+performance was and feed that back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was and feed that back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance was and feed that back into
+the code and then the the compiler can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and then the the compiler can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code and then the the compiler can
+be smarter about how it optimizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smarter about how it optimizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smarter about how it optimizes and
+there are a variety of other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a variety of other things so
+with this simple technology we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this simple technology we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this simple technology we now
+choosing a good optimization flag in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a good optimization flag in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a good optimization flag in
+this case Oh - we got for free basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case Oh - we got for free basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case Oh - we got for free basically
+a factor of three point two five okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of three point two five okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of three point two five okay
+without having to do much work at all ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do much work at all ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do much work at all ok
+and now we're actually starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're actually starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're actually starting to
+approach one percent of peak performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one percent of peak performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach one percent of peak performance
+we got point three percent of peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got point three percent of peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got point three percent of peak
+performance ok so what's causing the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance ok so what's causing the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance ok so what's causing the low
+performance why aren't we getting most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance why aren't we getting most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance why aren't we getting most
+of the performance out of this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance out of this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the performance out of this machine
+why do you think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think yeah
+yeah we're not using all car so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not using all car so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not using all car so far
+we're using just one core and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using just one core and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using just one core and how many
+course we have 18 right 18 course ah 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have 18 right 18 course ah 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have 18 right 18 course ah 18
+cords just sitting there 17 sitting idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords just sitting there 17 sitting idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords just sitting there 17 sitting idle
+while we are trying to optimize one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we are trying to optimize one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we are trying to optimize one okay
+so multi core so we have nine cores per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi core so we have nine cores per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so multi core so we have nine cores per
+chip and there are two of these chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and there are two of these chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and there are two of these chips
+the in our test machine so we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in our test machine so we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in our test machine so we're running
+on just one of them so let's use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one of them so let's use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one of them so let's use them
+all to do that we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to do that we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to do that we're going to use the
+silk infrastructure and in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk infrastructure and in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk infrastructure and in particular we
+can use what's called a parallel loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use what's called a parallel loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use what's called a parallel loop
+which in silk huge call silk four and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in silk huge call silk four and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in silk huge call silk four and so
+you just relate that outer loop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just relate that outer loop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just relate that outer loop for
+example in this case you say silk four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this case you say silk four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this case you say silk four
+it says do all those iterations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says do all those iterations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says do all those iterations in
+parallel compiler and runtime system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel compiler and runtime system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel compiler and runtime system are
+free to schedule them and so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to schedule them and so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to schedule them and so forth okay
+and we can also do it for the inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also do it for the inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also do it for the inner loop
+okay and you know it's like or it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know it's like or it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know it's like or it turns
+out you can't also do it for the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can't also do it for the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can't also do it for the middle
+loop if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop if you think about it
+okay so I'll let you do that as a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll let you do that as a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll let you do that as a little
+bit of a homework problem why can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a homework problem why can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a homework problem why can't I
+just do a soak four of the inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a soak four of the inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a soak four of the inner loop
+okay so the question is which parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is which parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is which parallel
+version works best so we can do parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version works best so we can do parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version works best so we can do parallel
+the I loop we can parallel the J loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I loop we can parallel the J loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I loop we can parallel the J loop
+and we can do I and J together you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do I and J together you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do I and J together you can't
+do K just with a parallel loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do K just with a parallel loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do K just with a parallel loop and
+expect to get the right thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get the right thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get the right thing okay so
+and that's this way so if you look why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this way so if you look why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this way so if you look why
+what a spread of running times right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a spread of running times right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a spread of running times right
+okay if I paralyze the just the I loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I paralyze the just the I loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I paralyze the just the I loop
+it's three point one eight seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three point one eight seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's three point one eight seconds and
+if I paralyze the J loop its it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I paralyze the J loop its it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I paralyze the J loop its it actually
+slows down I think right and then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down I think right and then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down I think right and then if I
+do both I and J its Eve it's still bad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both I and J its Eve it's still bad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both I and J its Eve it's still bad I
+just want to do the out loop there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do the out loop there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do the out loop there this
+has through it turns out with scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has through it turns out with scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has through it turns out with scheduling
+overhead and we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and we'll learn about
+scheduling overhead and how you predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling overhead and how you predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling overhead and how you predict
+that and such so the rule of thumb here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and such so the rule of thumb here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and such so the rule of thumb here
+is paralyze outer loops rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paralyze outer loops rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paralyze outer loops rather than
+inner loops okay and so when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loops okay and so when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loops okay and so when we do
+parallel loops we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel loops we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel loops we get
+almost 18 X speed-up on 18 cores okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 18 X speed-up on 18 cores okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 18 X speed-up on 18 cores okay so
+let me assure you not all code is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me assure you not all code is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me assure you not all code is that
+easy to paralyze okay but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to paralyze okay but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to paralyze okay but this one
+happens to be so now we're up to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be so now we're up to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be so now we're up to what
+about just over 5% of peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just over 5% of peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just over 5% of peak
+okay so where are we losing where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where are we losing where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where are we losing where we're
+losing time here okay why are we getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing time here okay why are we getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing time here okay why are we getting
+just 5% yeah yep good so that's one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 5% yeah yep good so that's one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 5% yeah yep good so that's one and
+there's one other that we're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other that we're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other that we're not using
+very effectively because that's one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effectively because that's one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effectively because that's one and
+those are the two optimizations we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two optimizations we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two optimizations we're
+gonna do two to get a really good code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do two to get a really good code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do two to get a really good code
+here so what's the other one yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what's the other one yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what's the other one yeah that's
+actually related to the same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the same question
+okay but there's another completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's another completely
+different source of of opportunity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different source of of opportunity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different source of of opportunity here
+yeah yeah okay we can actually manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay we can actually manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay we can actually manage
+the cache misses better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache misses better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache misses better okay
+so let's go back to hardware caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to hardware caches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to hardware caches
+caches and let's restructure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and let's restructure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and let's restructure the
+computation to reuse data in the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to reuse data in the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to reuse data in the cache
+as much as possible because cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible because cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible because cache misses
+are slow and hits are fast and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slow and hits are fast and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slow and hits are fast and try to
+make the most of the cast by reusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most of the cast by reusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most of the cast by reusing the
+data that's already there okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's already there okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's already there okay so let's
+just take a look suppose that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look suppose that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look suppose that we're
+we're gonna just compute one row of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just compute one row of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna just compute one row of see
+okay so we go through one row of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we go through one row of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we go through one row of see
+that's going to take us since is 4096
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take us since is 4096
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take us since is 4096
+long vector there that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vector there that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vector there that's going to
+basically be 4096 writes that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be 4096 writes that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically be 4096 writes that we're
+going to do okay and we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do okay and we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do okay and we're gonna get
+some spatial locality there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spatial locality there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spatial locality there which is
+good but we're basically doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but we're basically doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but we're basically doing the
+processors doing 4096 writes now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors doing 4096 writes now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors doing 4096 writes now to
+compute that row okay I need to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4096 reads from a okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I need all of B okay cuz I go each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need all of B okay cuz I go each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need all of B okay cuz I go each
+column of B okay as I'm going through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of B okay as I'm going through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of B okay as I'm going through to
+fully compute C do people see that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully compute C do people see that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully compute C do people see that okay
+so I need to just compute one row of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to just compute one row of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to just compute one row of C
+I'm gonna compute what I need to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna compute what I need to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna compute what I need to access
+one row of a and all of B okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row of a and all of B okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row of a and all of B okay because
+the first element of C needs the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element of C needs the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element of C needs the whole
+first column of B the second element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of B the second element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of B the second element of
+C needs the whole second column of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C needs the whole second column of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C needs the whole second column of B
+once again don't worry if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again don't worry if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again don't worry if you don't
+fully understand this because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand this because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand this because right now
+I'm just ripping through this at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just ripping through this at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just ripping through this at high
+speed we're going to go into this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed we're going to go into this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed we're going to go into this and
+much more depth in the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more depth in the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more depth in the class and
+there'll be plenty of time to master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be plenty of time to master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be plenty of time to master
+this stuff but the main thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but the main thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but the main thing to
+understand is you're going throw a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is you're going throw a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is you're going throw a B
+then I want to compute another row of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to compute another row of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to compute another row of C
+I'm going to do the same thing I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing I'm gonna
+go through one row of a and all of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one row of a and all of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through one row of a and all of B
+again so that when I'm done we do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that when I'm done we do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that when I'm done we do about
+16 million 17 million memory accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 million 17 million memory accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 million 17 million memory accesses
+total okay that's a lot of memory asses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay that's a lot of memory asses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay that's a lot of memory asses
+so what if instead of doing that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if instead of doing that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if instead of doing that I do
+things in blocks okay so what if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in blocks okay so what if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in blocks okay so what if I want
+to compute a 64 by 64 block of C rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a 64 by 64 block of C rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a 64 by 64 block of C rather
+than a row of C so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a row of C so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a row of C so let's take a look at
+what happens there so remember by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there so remember by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens there so remember by the
+way this number 16 17 million okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this number 16 17 million okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this number 16 17 million okay
+because we're gonna compare with it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna compare with it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna compare with it okay
+so what about to compute a block so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about to compute a block so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about to compute a block so if I
+look at a block that is going to take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a block that is going to take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a block that is going to take me
+64 by 64 also takes 4096 acts writes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 by 64 also takes 4096 acts writes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 by 64 also takes 4096 acts writes to
+see same number okay but now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see same number okay but now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see same number okay but now I have to
+do about 200,000 reads from a because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about 200,000 reads from a because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about 200,000 reads from a because I
+need to access all those rows okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to access all those rows okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to access all those rows okay and
+then for B I need to access 64 columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for B I need to access 64 columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for B I need to access 64 columns
+of B okay and that's another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B okay and that's another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B okay and that's another two
+thousand two hundred sixty two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two hundred sixty two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two hundred sixty two thousand
+reads from B okay which ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads from B okay which ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads from B okay which ends up being
+half a million memory accesses total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a million memory accesses total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a million memory accesses total
+okay so I end up doing way fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I end up doing way fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I end up doing way fewer
+accesses okay if I can if if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses okay if I can if if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses okay if I can if if those
+blocks will fit in my cache okay so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks will fit in my cache okay so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks will fit in my cache okay so I do
+much less to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less to compute
+the same size footprint if I compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size footprint if I compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size footprint if I compute a
+block rather than computing a row okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block rather than computing a row okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block rather than computing a row okay
+much more efficient okay and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficient okay and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficient okay and that's a
+scheme called tiling and so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme called tiling and so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme called tiling and so if you do
+tiled matrix multiplication what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled matrix multiplication what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled matrix multiplication what you do
+is you bust your matrices into let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you bust your matrices into let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you bust your matrices into let's say
+64 by 64 sub matrices and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 by 64 sub matrices and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 by 64 sub matrices and then you do
+two levels of matrix multiply you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of matrix multiply you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of matrix multiply you do an
+outer level of multiplying of the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer level of multiplying of the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer level of multiplying of the blocks
+using the same algorithm and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same algorithm and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same algorithm and then when
+you hit the inner to do a 64 by 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the inner to do a 64 by 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the inner to do a 64 by 64
+matrix multiply I then do another three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply I then do another three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply I then do another three
+nested loops you end up with six nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loops you end up with six nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loops you end up with six nested
+loops okay and so you're basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay and so you're basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay and so you're basically you
+know busting it like this and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know busting it like this and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know busting it like this and there's a
+tuning parameter of course which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning parameter of course which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning parameter of course which is you
+know how big do I make my tile size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big do I make my tile size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how big do I make my tile size you
+know if it's s by s what should I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's s by s what should I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's s by s what should I do it
+the Leafs there should it be 64 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leafs there should it be 64 should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Leafs there should it be 64 should
+it be 128 should it be what number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be 128 should it be what number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be 128 should it be what number
+should I use there how do we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use there how do we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I use there how do we find the
+right value of how do we find the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value of how do we find the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value of how do we find the right
+value of s this tuning parameter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s this tuning parameter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s this tuning parameter okay
+ideas of how we might find it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could do that you might get a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that you might get a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that you might get a number
+but who knows what else is going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows what else is going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows what else is going on in
+the cache while you're doing this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache while you're doing this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache while you're doing this yeah
+test a bunch of them experiment okay try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a bunch of them experiment okay try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a bunch of them experiment okay try
+them see which one gives you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them see which one gives you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them see which one gives you good
+numbers and when you do that you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and when you do that you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and when you do that you get it
+turns out that 32 gives you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that 32 gives you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that 32 gives you the best
+performance okay for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay for this particular
+problem okay so you can block it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so you can block it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so you can block it and
+then you can get faster and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get faster and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get faster and when you do
+that you now end up with that gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you now end up with that gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you now end up with that gave us a
+speed of about 1.7 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of about 1.7 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of about 1.7 okay
+so we're now up to what we're almost ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now up to what we're almost ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now up to what we're almost ten
+percent of peak okay and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of peak okay and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of peak okay and the other thing
+is that if you use cache grande or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you use cache grande or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you use cache grande or a
+similar tool you can figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar tool you can figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar tool you can figure out how many
+cache references there are and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache references there are and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache references there are and so forth
+and you can see that in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that in fact it's
+dropped quite considerably when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped quite considerably when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped quite considerably when you do
+blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked
+you know the tiling versus just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the tiling versus just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the tiling versus just the
+straight parallel loops okay so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight parallel loops okay so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight parallel loops okay so once
+again you can use tools to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can use tools to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can use tools to help you
+figure this out and to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out and to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out and to understand the
+cause of what's going on well it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of what's going on well it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of what's going on well it turns
+out that our chips don't have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that our chips don't have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that our chips don't have just one
+cache they've got three levels of caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache they've got three levels of caches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache they've got three levels of caches
+okay there's l1 cache okay and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's l1 cache okay and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's l1 cache okay and there's
+data and instructions so we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and instructions so we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and instructions so we're thinking
+about data here for the data for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data here for the data for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about data here for the data for the
+matrix then it's got an l2 cache which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then it's got an l2 cache which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then it's got an l2 cache which
+is also private to the processor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also private to the processor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also private to the processor and
+then a shared l3 cache and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a shared l3 cache and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a shared l3 cache and then you go
+out to the DRAM you also can go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the DRAM you also can go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the DRAM you also can go to your
+neighboring processors and and such okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring processors and and such okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring processors and and such okay
+and they're of different sizes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're of different sizes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're of different sizes you can
+see they grow in size 32 to 232
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they grow in size 32 to 232
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they grow in size 32 to 232
+kilobytes 256 kilobytes to 25 megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes 256 kilobytes to 25 megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes 256 kilobytes to 25 megabytes
+to main memory which is 60 gigabytes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to main memory which is 60 gigabytes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to main memory which is 60 gigabytes so
+what you can do is if you I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is if you I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is if you I want to do
+two-level tiling okay you can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level tiling okay you can have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level tiling okay you can have two
+tuning parameters s and T and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning parameters s and T and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning parameters s and T and now you
+get to do you can't do binary search to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do you can't do binary search to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do you can't do binary search to
+find it unfortunately because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it unfortunately because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it unfortunately because it's
+multi-dimensional you kind of have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional you kind of have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional you kind of have to do
+it exhaustively and when you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exhaustively and when you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exhaustively and when you do that you
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with nine nested loops okay but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nine nested loops okay but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nine nested loops okay but of
+course we don't really want to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we don't really want to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we don't really want to we have
+three levels of caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of caching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of caching
+okay can anybody figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can anybody figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can anybody figure out the
+inductive number how many out for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive number how many out for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive number how many out for three
+levels of caching how many levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of caching how many levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of caching how many levels of
+tiling do we have to do this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling do we have to do this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling do we have to do this is a this
+is a gimme right twelve good twelve okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gimme right twelve good twelve okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gimme right twelve good twelve okay
+yeah into twelve okay that really and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah into twelve okay that really and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah into twelve okay that really and
+man you know when I say the code gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know when I say the code gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know when I say the code gets
+ugly when you start making things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly when you start making things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly when you start making things go
+fast okay right this is like okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay right this is like okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay right this is like okay okay
+but it turns out there's a trick you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out there's a trick you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out there's a trick you can
+tie out for every power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie out for every power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie out for every power of two
+simultaneously by just solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously by just solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously by just solving the
+problem recursively so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem recursively so the idea is that
+you do divide and conquer you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do divide and conquer you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do divide and conquer you divide
+each of the matrices into four sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the matrices into four sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the matrices into four sub
+matrices okay and then if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay and then if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay and then if you look at
+the calculations you need to do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you need to do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations you need to do you have
+to solve eight subproblems of half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve eight subproblems of half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve eight subproblems of half the
+size and then do a and then do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and then do a and then do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and then do a and then do an
+addition okay and so you have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition okay and so you have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition okay and so you have eight
+multiplications of size n over two by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of size n over two by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of size n over two by n
+over two and one addition of n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and one addition of n by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and one addition of n by n
+matrices and that gives you your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that gives you your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that gives you your answer
+but then of course what you're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course what you're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then of course what you're gonna do
+is solve each of those recursively okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve each of those recursively okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve each of those recursively okay
+and that's going to give you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to give you essentially
+the same type of performance here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of performance here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of performance here's the
+code we I don't expect that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we I don't expect that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we I don't expect that you
+understand this but we've written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this but we've written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this but we've written this
+using in parallel because it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in parallel because it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in parallel because it turns out
+you can do four of them in parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do four of them in parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do four of them in parallel and
+the silks spawn here says go and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silks spawn here says go and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silks spawn here says go and do this
+subroutine which is basically a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine which is basically a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine which is basically a sub
+problem and then while you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then while you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then while you're doing that
+the you're allowed to go and execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you're allowed to go and execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you're allowed to go and execute the
+next statement which will do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next statement which will do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next statement which will do another
+spawn another spawn and finally this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn another spawn and finally this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn another spawn and finally this and
+then this statement says but don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this statement says but don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this statement says but don't start
+the next phase until you've finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next phase until you've finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next phase until you've finished the
+first phase okay and we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase okay and we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first phase okay and we'll learn about
+about this stuff okay when we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff okay when we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff okay when we do that we
+get a running time of about 93 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a running time of about 93 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a running time of about 93 seconds
+which is about 50 times slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 50 times slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 50 times slow
+than the last version we're using cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last version we're using cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last version we're using cash
+much better but it turns out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better but it turns out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better but it turns out you know
+nothing is free nothing is easy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is free nothing is easy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is free nothing is easy in
+typically in performance engineer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in performance engineer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in performance engineer you
+have to be of clever why what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be of clever why what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be of clever why what happened
+here what why did this get worse even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what why did this get worse even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what why did this get worse even
+though it turns out if you actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it turns out if you actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it turns out if you actually look
+at the caching numbers you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the caching numbers you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the caching numbers you're getting
+great hits on cash I mean you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great hits on cash I mean you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great hits on cash I mean you have very
+few very few cache misses lots of hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few very few cache misses lots of hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few very few cache misses lots of hits
+on cache but we're still slower why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cache but we're still slower why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cache but we're still slower why do
+you suppose that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose that is
+let me get some yeah yeah the overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get some yeah yeah the overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get some yeah yeah the overhead
+to start of the function and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start of the function and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start of the function and in
+particular the place that it matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the place that it matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the place that it matters is
+that the leaves of the computation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leaves of the computation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leaves of the computation okay
+so what we do is we have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do is we have a very small
+base case we're doing this overhead all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case we're doing this overhead all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case we're doing this overhead all
+the way down to N equals 1 so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to N equals 1 so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to N equals 1 so there's a
+function call overhead even when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call overhead even when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call overhead even when you're
+multiplying one by one so hey let's pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying one by one so hey let's pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying one by one so hey let's pick
+a threshold and below that threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold and below that threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold and below that threshold
+let's just use a standard you know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just use a standard you know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just use a standard you know good
+algorithm for the for that threshold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for the for that threshold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for the for that threshold and
+if we're above that we'll do divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're above that we'll do divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're above that we'll do divide and
+conquer okay so so what we do is we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay so so what we do is we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay so so what we do is we call
+a instant you know if we're less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a instant you know if we're less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a instant you know if we're less than
+the threshold okay we we call a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold okay we we call a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold okay we we call a base
+case and the base case looks very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the base case looks very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the base case looks very much
+like just ordinary makes us multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just ordinary makes us multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just ordinary makes us multiply
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so when you do that you can once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do that you can once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you do that you can once
+again look to see what's the best value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again look to see what's the best value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again look to see what's the best value
+for the base case and it turns out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the base case and it turns out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the base case and it turns out in
+this case I guess it's it's 64 okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I guess it's it's 64 okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I guess it's it's 64 okay we
+get down to one point nine five seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to one point nine five seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to one point nine five seconds
+I didn't do the base case of one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't do the base case of one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't do the base case of one because
+I tried that and that was the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried that and that was the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried that and that was the one that
+gave us terrible performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us terrible performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us terrible performance
+sorry 32 oh yeah 32 is even better 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 32 oh yeah 32 is even better 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 32 oh yeah 32 is even better 1.3
+good yeah so he picked 32 I think I even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah so he picked 32 I think I even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah so he picked 32 I think I even
+or I didn't highlight it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I didn't highlight it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I didn't highlight it okay
+I should have highlighted that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have highlighted that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have highlighted that on the
+slide so so then when we do that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so so then when we do that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so so then when we do that we now
+are getting 12 percent of peak okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting 12 percent of peak okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting 12 percent of peak okay and
+we're doing if you count up how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing if you count up how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing if you count up how many
+cache misses we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses we have
+you can see that you know here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that you know here's the
+data cache for l1 and with parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cache for l1 and with parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data cache for l1 and with parallel
+divide-and-conquer it's the lowest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer it's the lowest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer it's the lowest but
+also now so is the last level caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now so is the last level caching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now so is the last level caching
+okay and then total number of references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then total number of references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then total number of references
+as small as well so divide-and-conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as small as well so divide-and-conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as small as well so divide-and-conquer
+turns out to be a big win here okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a big win here okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a big win here okay now
+the other thing that we mentioned which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that we mentioned which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that we mentioned which
+was we're not using the vector Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we're not using the vector Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we're not using the vector Hardware
+all of these things have vectors that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things have vectors that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things have vectors that we
+can operate on okay they have vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate on okay they have vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate on okay they have vector
+heart that process data in what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart that process data in what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart that process data in what's called
+sim deme fashion which means single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim deme fashion which means single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim deme fashion which means single
+instructions same multiple data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions same multiple data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions same multiple data that
+means you give one instruction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you give one instruction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you give one instruction and it
+does operations on a vector okay and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does operations on a vector okay and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does operations on a vector okay and as
+we mentioned we have we have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned we have we have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned we have we have eight
+floating-point units per core which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point units per core which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point units per core which
+which we can also do a fuse multiply add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can also do a fuse multiply add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can also do a fuse multiply add
+okay so so each vector Reginald multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so each vector Reginald multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so each vector Reginald multiple
+words I believe in the one the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I believe in the one the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I believe in the one the machine
+we're using this term is four words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using this term is four words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using this term is four words I
+think so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so okay
+and the but it's important when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the but it's important when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the but it's important when you use
+these you can't just use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you can't just use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you can't just use them
+willy-nilly you've got a you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly you've got a you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly you've got a you've got to
+have all the you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the you know you have to
+operate on or on the data as one chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on or on the data as one chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on or on the data as one chunk
+of vector data you can't you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector data you can't you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector data you can't you know have
+this Lane doing of the vector unit doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lane doing of the vector unit doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lane doing of the vector unit doing
+one thing in a different Lane doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in a different Lane doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing in a different Lane doing
+something else they all have to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they all have to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they all have to be doing
+essentially the same thing the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing the only
+difference being the indexing of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being the indexing of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being the indexing of memory
+okay so when you do that you can it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do that you can it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do that you can it so
+already we've actually been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we've actually been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we've actually been taking
+advantage of it but you can produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it but you can produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it but you can produce a
+vectorization report by by asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization report by by asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization report by by asking that
+and it'll tell you the system will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll tell you the system will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll tell you the system will tell
+you what what kinds of things are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what kinds of things are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what kinds of things are being
+vectorized which things are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized which things are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized which things are being
+vectorized which aren't and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized which aren't and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized which aren't and we'll talk
+about how you vectorize things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you vectorize things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you vectorize things that the
+compiler doesn't want to vectorize okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler doesn't want to vectorize okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler doesn't want to vectorize okay
+and in particular most machines don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular most machines don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular most machines don't
+support the newest sets of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the newest sets of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support the newest sets of vector
+instructions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so the
+Pilar uses vector instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilar uses vector instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilar uses vector instructions
+conservatively by default so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively by default so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively by default so what you
+were particularly if you're compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were particularly if you're compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were particularly if you're compiling
+for a particular machine you can say use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular machine you can say use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular machine you can say use
+that particular machine and here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular machine and here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular machine and here's some
+of the vectorization flags you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectorization flags you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectorization flags you can say
+use the AVX instructions if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the AVX instructions if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the AVX instructions if you have a
+VX you can use a VX - you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you can use a VX - you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you can use a VX - you can use the
+fuse multiply add vector instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse multiply add vector instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse multiply add vector instructions
+you can give a string that tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give a string that tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give a string that tells you the
+architecture that you're running on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that you're running on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that you're running on on
+that special things and you can say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special things and you can say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special things and you can say well
+use whatever machine I'm currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever machine I'm currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use whatever machine I'm currently
+compiling on ok and it'll figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling on ok and it'll figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling on ok and it'll figure out
+which architecture is that ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which architecture is that ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which architecture is that ok now
+floating-point numbers as we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point numbers as we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point numbers as we'll talk
+about turn out to have some undesirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turn out to have some undesirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about turn out to have some undesirable
+properties like they're not associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like they're not associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties like they're not associative
+so if you do a times B times C how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do a times B times C how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do a times B times C how you
+parenthesize that can give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesize that can give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesize that can give you two
+different numbers and so if you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers and so if you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers and so if you give a
+specification of a code typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of a code typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of a code typically the
+compiler will not change the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will not change the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will not change the order of
+associativity because it says I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity because it says I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity because it says I want to
+get exactly the same result but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the same result but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the same result but you can
+give it a flag called fast math - F fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a flag called fast math - F fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a flag called fast math - F fast
+math which will allow it to do that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math which will allow it to do that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math which will allow it to do that kind
+of reordering ok if it's not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reordering ok if it's not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reordering ok if it's not important
+to you that it be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that it be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that it be the same as the
+default ordering ok and when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default ordering ok and when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default ordering ok and when you use
+that so in particularly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in particularly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in particularly using
+architecture native and fast math we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture native and fast math we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture native and fast math we
+actually get about double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get about double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get about double the
+performance out of vectorization just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of vectorization just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of vectorization just
+have any compiler vectorizer ok yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any compiler vectorizer ok yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any compiler vectorizer ok yeah
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's sixty four-bit yeah but so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sixty four-bit yeah but so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sixty four-bit yeah but so we
+use these days 64-bit is pretty standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these days 64-bit is pretty standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these days 64-bit is pretty standard
+they call that double precision but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call that double precision but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call that double precision but it's
+pretty stand unless you're doing AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty stand unless you're doing AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty stand unless you're doing AI
+applications in which case you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in which case you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in which case you may want
+to do lower precision arithmetic no flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do lower precision arithmetic no flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do lower precision arithmetic no flow
+to float is 32 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to float is 32 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to float is 32 okay
+so generally people use 60 and who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally people use 60 and who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally people use 60 and who are
+doing serious you know linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing serious you know linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing serious you know linear algebra
+calculations you 64 bits but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you 64 bits but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you 64 bits but sometimes
+they can use actually sometimes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use actually sometimes they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use actually sometimes they can
+use less and then you can get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less and then you can get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use less and then you can get more
+performance if you discover you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you discover you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you discover you can use
+fewer bits in your representation we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bits in your representation we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer bits in your representation we'll
+talk about that too okay so last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that too okay so last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that too okay so last thing
+that we're going to do is there are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do is there are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to do is there are you
+can actually use the instructions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the instructions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use the instructions the
+vector instructions yourself rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector instructions yourself rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector instructions yourself rather than
+relying the compiler to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying the compiler to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying the compiler to do it and
+there's a whole manual of in strings ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole manual of in strings ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole manual of in strings ik
+instructions that you can call from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that you can call from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that you can call from C
+that allow you to do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow you to do you know the
+specific vector instructions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific vector instructions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific vector instructions that you
+might want to do it so the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do it so the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do it so the compiler
+doesn't have to figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to figure that out
+and so um and you can also use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um and you can also use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um and you can also use some
+other more insights to do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more insights to do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more insights to do things like
+you can do pre-processing and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do pre-processing and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do pre-processing and you can
+transpose the matrices which turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the matrices which turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the matrices which turns out
+to help and do data alignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help and do data alignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help and do data alignment and
+there's a lot of other things and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other things and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other things and using
+clever algorithm for the base case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm for the base case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever algorithm for the base case okay
+and so you and you do more performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you and you do more performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you and you do more performance
+engineering you think about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you think about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you think about what you're
+doing you code and then you run run run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you code and then you run run run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you code and then you run run run
+to to test and that's one nice reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to test and that's one nice reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to test and that's one nice reason to
+have the cloud because you can do tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cloud because you can do tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cloud because you can do tests
+in parallel so it takes you less time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel so it takes you less time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel so it takes you less time to
+do your tests in terms of your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your tests in terms of your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your tests in terms of your you know
+sitting around time when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around time when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around time when you're doing
+something you say oh I want to do ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you say oh I want to do ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you say oh I want to do ten
+tests let's spin up ten machines and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests let's spin up ten machines and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests let's spin up ten machines and do
+all the tests at the same time when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tests at the same time when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the tests at the same time when you
+do that and the main one we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and the main one we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and the main one we're getting
+out of this is the AVX intrinsics we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this is the AVX intrinsics we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this is the AVX intrinsics we get
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+point four one of peak so 41 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four one of peak so 41 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four one of peak so 41 percent of
+peak and get about fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and get about fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and get about fifty thousand
+speed-up okay and it turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up okay and it turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up okay and it turns out that's
+where we quit okay and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we quit okay and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we quit okay and the reason is
+because we built we beat Intel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we built we beat Intel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we built we beat Intel's
+professionally engineered math kernal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally engineered math kernal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally engineered math kernal
+library at that point okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library at that point okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library at that point okay you know
+there's a good question is why aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good question is why aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good question is why aren't we
+getting all of peak and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of peak and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of peak and you know I
+invite you to to figure that out okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to to figure that out okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to to figure that out okay it
+turns out though Intel MKL is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out though Intel MKL is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out though Intel MKL is better
+than what we did because we assumed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we did because we assumed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we did because we assumed it
+was a power of two Intel doesn't assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a power of two Intel doesn't assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a power of two Intel doesn't assume
+that it's a power of two and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a power of two and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a power of two and they're
+more robust and although we win on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust and although we win on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more robust and although we win on the
+496 by 496 by 4096 matrices they win on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 by 496 by 4096 matrices they win on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+496 by 496 by 4096 matrices they win on
+other sizes of matrices so it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sizes of matrices so it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sizes of matrices so it's not all
+it's not all things so so but the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all things so so but the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all things so so but the end of
+the story is that you know what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that you know what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that you know what have we
+done we have just done a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we have just done a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we have just done a factor of
+50,000 okay if you looked at the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 okay if you looked at the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 okay if you looked at the gas
+economy okay of a jumbo jet okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy okay of a jumbo jet okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy okay of a jumbo jet okay and
+getting the kind of performance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the kind of performance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the kind of performance that we
+just got in terms of miles per gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got in terms of miles per gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got in terms of miles per gallon
+you would be able to run a jumbo jet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to run a jumbo jet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to run a jumbo jet on
+a on a little Vespa scooter or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a little Vespa scooter or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a little Vespa scooter or whatever
+type of scooter that is okay that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of scooter that is okay that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of scooter that is okay that's how
+much we've been able to do it you gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we've been able to do it you gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we've been able to do it you gently
+let me just caution you won't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just caution you won't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just caution you won't see the
+magnitude of a performance improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a performance improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a performance improvement
+that we obtained for matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we obtained for matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we obtained for matrix
+multiplication okay that turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay that turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication okay that turns out to be
+one where it's a really good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where it's a really good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where it's a really good example
+because it's so dramatic but we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so dramatic but we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so dramatic but we will see
+some substantial numbers and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial numbers and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial numbers and in
+particular in sixty one seventy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in sixty one seventy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in sixty one seventy two
+you'll learn how to print this currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn how to print this currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn how to print this currency
+of performance all by yourself so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance all by yourself so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance all by yourself so that
+you don't have to take somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to take somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to take somebody else's
+library you can you know say oh no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library you can you know say oh no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library you can you know say oh no I'm
+an engineer that let me mention one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer that let me mention one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer that let me mention one
+other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you
+this course we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're going to focus on
+multi-core computing we are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core computing we are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core computing we are not in
+particular going to be doing GPUs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular going to be doing GPUs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular going to be doing GPUs or
+file systems or network performance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems or network performance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file systems or network performance in
+the real world those are hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world those are hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world those are hugely
+important ok what we found however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ok what we found however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ok what we found however is
+that it's better to learn a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's better to learn a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's better to learn a particular
+domain in particularly this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in particularly this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in particularly this particular
+domain people who master who master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain people who master who master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain people who master who master
+multi-core performance engineering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core performance engineering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-core performance engineering in
+fact go on to do these other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact go on to do these other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact go on to do these other things and
+are really good at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at it
+ok because you've learned this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok because you've learned this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok because you've learned this sort of
+the core the basis the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oWr1_LybOZI.txt b/oWr1_LybOZI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78472130a861f3243f5103102692878c4473e3e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oWr1_LybOZI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10720 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so uh last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so uh last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. Okay, so uh last time we
+talked about nonlinear dynamics. We drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nonlinear dynamics. We drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nonlinear dynamics. We drew
+phase plots. We talked about basins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plots. We talked about basins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plots. We talked about basins of
+attraction. We talked about fixed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction. We talked about fixed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction. We talked about fixed points
+um and and we hinted at control, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and we hinted at control, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and we hinted at control, right?
+And I tried to motivate control not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I tried to motivate control not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I tried to motivate control not as
+some some um nice matrix manipulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some um nice matrix manipulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some um nice matrix manipulation of
+equations, but actually by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, but actually by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, but actually by thinking
+about phase plots and saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase plots and saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase plots and saying you're
+going to you're going to move that phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you're going to move that phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you're going to move that phase
+plot a little bit. You're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a little bit. You're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a little bit. You're going to
+reshape it in order to to bend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshape it in order to to bend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshape it in order to to bend the
+system to your will, right? But just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to your will, right? But just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to your will, right? But just a
+little bending, right? You're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bending, right? You're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bending, right? You're only
+allowed a little bending in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a little bending in this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a little bending in this class.
+Okay? So today we're going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So today we're going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So today we're going to we're
+going to make good on that idea. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make good on that idea. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make good on that idea. Um but
+we're going to do it on an even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it on an even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it on an even simpler
+system first. just just today uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system first. just just today uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system first. just just today uh we're
+going to do it on the double integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it on the double integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it on the double integrator
+which is uh q dot equals u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here I can do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I can do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here I can do everything
+analytically on the board okay um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically on the board okay um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically on the board okay um if you
+want a physical interpretation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a physical interpretation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a physical interpretation of that
+um which I always like you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I always like you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I always like you can think of
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+brick of unit mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick of unit mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick of unit mass
+uh on case where you provide as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on case where you provide as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on case where you provide as a
+control input a force like this and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control input a force like this and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control input a force like this and be
+the force equals u and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force equals u and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force equals u and there's no
+friction and mass equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction and mass equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction and mass equals
+1. Okay. What we're going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. What we're going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Okay. What we're going to try to do
+with this this um double integrator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this um double integrator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this this um double integrator is
+roughly we're going to try to drive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly we're going to try to drive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly we're going to try to drive it
+to some to the origin. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some to the origin. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some to the origin. We're going to
+try to drive it to zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position. I guess that's negative x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. I guess that's negative x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. I guess that's negative x in
+this picture. and with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. and with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. and with zero
+velocity. Okay, it turns out um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. Okay, it turns out um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. Okay, it turns out um there's
+lots of ways to do that. Um and the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do that. Um and the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do that. Um and the goal
+here is to to make you think about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to to make you think about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to to make you think about ways
+to do that that involve invoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that that involve invoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that that involve invoking
+optimality because that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality because that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality because that's going to be
+our our computational crutch for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our computational crutch for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our computational crutch for the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+term. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Okay. Um
+so let me I I've been trying to bring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I I've been trying to bring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me I I've been trying to bring um
+the tools from the different disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools from the different disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools from the different disciplines
+all together. So, let me start by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together. So, let me start by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together. So, let me start by doing
+um just a quick um sort of pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a quick um sort of pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just a quick um sort of pole
+placement analysis for those of you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement analysis for those of you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement analysis for those of you that
+don't think about poles and and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about poles and and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about poles and and linear
+systems that much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that much.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so, if I want to write the a state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, if I want to write the a state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, if I want to write the a state space
+form of this equation, again, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this equation, again, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this equation, again, I've
+always tried to use Q just to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tried to use Q just to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tried to use Q just to be my
+coordinates and I'll use X to be my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I'll use X to be my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and I'll use X to be my a
+state vector. So, a state space form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vector. So, a state space form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state vector. So, a state space form of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to use the vector x to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to use the vector x to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to use the vector x to be in
+this case q and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case q and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case q and q
+dot. Okay. And that dynamics there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. Okay. And that dynamics there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. Okay. And that dynamics there is
+the simplest state space form you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest state space form you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest state space form you're
+going to see. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see. But
+um a state space linear um equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a state space linear um equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a state space linear um equation will
+will have the form ax plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the form ax plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the form ax plus b
+u in our case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to be the the trivial 0 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be the the trivial 0 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be the the trivial 0 1 0 0
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+plus 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 01
+* u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* u.
+Right? Okay. It's not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Okay. It's not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Okay. It's not going to get
+easier than that, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than that, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than that, but we're going to
+we're going to use that form because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that form because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that form because
+that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help. Okay. Our goal now is to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help. Okay. Our goal now is to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help. Okay. Our goal now is to design
+you, right? We want to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, right? We want to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, right? We want to come up with a
+control action U which you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control action U which you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control action U which you can think of
+as being a force on the brick let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a force on the brick let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a force on the brick let's say
+which drives the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which drives the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which drives the system to
+zero. Um so in general our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um so in general our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um so in general our goal
+um is to design some feedback law um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to design some feedback law um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to design some feedback law um I
+use pi for my u my my control policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pi for my u my my control policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pi for my u my my control policies
+which is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay let's start by doing the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay let's start by doing the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay let's start by doing the linear
+thing. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Let's
+start um with considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um with considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start um with considering
+uh u's of the form negative kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u's of the form negative kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u's of the form negative kx
+okay where k is a matrix well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where k is a matrix well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where k is a matrix well actually
+what is k in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a one by two right so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one by two right so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one by two right so it's going to be
+k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k2* x which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my Q Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Q Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Q Q
+dot equivalent to saying K1 Q minus K2 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equivalent to saying K1 Q minus K2 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equivalent to saying K1 Q minus K2 Q
+dot. So many of you will recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. So many of you will recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. So many of you will recognize this
+as a as a proportional derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a proportional derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a proportional derivative
+controller form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller form.
+Okay. Okay. So if I take this u= kx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So if I take this u= kx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So if I take this u= kx and
+I start thinking about what that what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start thinking about what that what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start thinking about what that what if
+I change k what happens to my um control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change k what happens to my um control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change k what happens to my um control
+system? That's easy to do in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? That's easy to do in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? That's easy to do in linear
+systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I stick that gain matrix in then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I stick that gain matrix in then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I stick that gain matrix in then
+what I get is a closed loop system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is a closed loop system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is a closed loop system which
+is a minus sorry minus b k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus sorry minus b k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus sorry minus b k
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is
+just the system 0 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the system 0 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the system 0 1 -
+k1ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1ative
+k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2
+x. Okay. And if you've had a class on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. And if you've had a class on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. And if you've had a class on um
+differential equations, you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations, you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations, you know how to
+solve that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um right, the solution uses the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um right, the solution uses the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um right, the solution uses the igen
+values of this system. You can quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this system. You can quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this system. You can quickly
+take the igen values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix character characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix character characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix character characteristic equation
+works out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be k^ 2 - 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be k^ 2 - 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be k^ 2 - 4
+k1 all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 all over
+2. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Okay.
+with igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen
+vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V_sub_1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V_sub_1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V_sub_1 is
+this, V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay, that's just the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, that's just the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, that's just the igen values
+and IGEN vectors of this matrix. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what are the conditions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what are the conditions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what are the conditions on the
+IGEN values to make sure the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IGEN values to make sure the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IGEN values to make sure the system is
+stable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You want them to be both negative. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want them to be both negative. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want them to be both negative. Okay.
+And we also potentially we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also potentially we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also potentially we care about
+whether the system has any oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the system has any oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the system has any oscillations
+or not which manifests themselves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not which manifests themselves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not which manifests themselves on
+whether that's whether the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's whether the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's whether the thing is
+complex got complex values. Right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex got complex values. Right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex got complex values. Right? This
+is all things you you've seen in plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all things you you've seen in plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all things you you've seen in plenty
+of classes. But the only way it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes. But the only way it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classes. But the only way it's going
+to be complex is if this thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complex is if this thing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complex is if this thing goes
+negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative,
+right? Okay. So, we want we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, we want we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, we want we want a
+couple things, right? We want both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things, right? We want both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things, right? We want both of
+them to be um both of these to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be um both of these to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be um both of these to be less
+than zero, which we can get um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, which we can get um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, which we can get um pretty
+easily. And we want K2 to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. And we want K2 to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. And we want K2 to be bigger than
+4k1, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2 squared is bigger than 4K1 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 squared is bigger than 4K1 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 squared is bigger than 4K1 then the
+system is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overdamped. If it equals 4K1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped. If it equals 4K1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped. If it equals 4K1 it's
+critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damped and it's under damped if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped and it's under damped if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped and it's under damped if it's
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4K1. And we want for stability we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4K1. And we want for stability we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4K1. And we want for stability we want
+um lambda 1 and two to be less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lambda 1 and two to be less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lambda 1 and two to be less than zero
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability. Okay. So just to connect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. Okay. So just to connect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability. Okay. So just to connect this
+to the phase plots we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase plots we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase plots we were talking about
+yesterday. You've seen you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. You've seen you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. You've seen you might have
+seen phase plots first in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen phase plots first in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen phase plots first in this context
+in the linear systems context. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear systems context. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear systems context. Um the
+reason to do this value decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do this value decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do this value decomposition is
+that you have these beautiful graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have these beautiful graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have these beautiful graphical
+interpretations of the solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of the solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of the solutions to the
+system. Um let's ch let's choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um let's ch let's choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um let's ch let's choose a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+case. Um what did I pick? Oh yeah. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Um what did I pick? Oh yeah. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Um what did I pick? Oh yeah. So so
+let's say K1 is one. That means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say K1 is one. That means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say K1 is one. That means I'm
+going to want to think about um uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to think about um uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to think about um uh an
+overdamped system. I'm going to think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped system. I'm going to think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped system. I'm going to think I
+want K2 to be um at least greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want K2 to be um at least greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want K2 to be um at least greater than
+two. So let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. So I'm going to choose K equals K2=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So I'm going to choose K equals K2=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So I'm going to choose K equals K2=
+4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.
+If I do that then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I do that then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I do that then my
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+values work out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values work out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values work out to
+be -4 plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be -4 plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be -4 plus or
+minus 16 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 16 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 16 -
+4 / 2 which is -2 plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 / 2 which is -2 plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 / 2 which is -2 plus or
+minus<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus<unk>
+3 is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is about
+1.75 okay so I get.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 okay so I get.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 okay so I get.2
+25 and negative 3.75 for my igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+Okay. And the igen vectors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the igen vectors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the igen vectors are going to
+be just this form. So what that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just this form. So what that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just this form. So what that allows
+me to do is make my same state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do is make my same state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do is make my same state space
+plots we were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesterday where now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where now I have
+Q and Q dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And my first iggon um vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And my first iggon um vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And my first iggon um vector is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.25.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25.
+Okay. So for if I go I'll use these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for if I go I'll use these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for if I go I'll use these as
+quarters. So I go minus 0.25 25 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters. So I go minus 0.25 25 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters. So I go minus 0.25 25 and the
+time I go one here. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go one here. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go one here. So I
+get a line that looks like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1. And I get a line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1. And I get a line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1. And I get a line that
+goes almost -4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes almost -4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes almost -4.
+So a little bit under that here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay. And the IGEN values on this, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the IGEN values on this, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the IGEN values on this, if
+you've seen these plots before, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen these plots before, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen these plots before, we
+typically cartoon. They're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically cartoon. They're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically cartoon. They're both
+negative. So, we're going to draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So, we're going to draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So, we're going to draw an
+arrow like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow like
+this. Systems initial conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Systems initial conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Systems initial conditions that
+start on this will just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this will just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this will just get
+smaller, right? Initial conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller, right? Initial conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller, right? Initial conditions that
+start on this will also get smaller, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this will also get smaller, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on this will also get smaller, but
+they're going to actually get smaller a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually get smaller a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually get smaller a
+lot quicker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to say a few of the subtleties,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say a few of the subtleties,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say a few of the subtleties,
+right? So I I chose an overdamped system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I I chose an overdamped system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So I I chose an overdamped system
+so I don't have repeated values, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have repeated values, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have repeated values, right?
+I chose a overdamped system so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose a overdamped system so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I chose a overdamped system so I don't
+have oscillations because I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oscillations because I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oscillations because I can't make
+the same plots. But for the overdamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plots. But for the overdamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plots. But for the overdamped
+system, this is a great way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, this is a great way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, this is a great way to think
+about things. um the reason that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things. um the reason that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things. um the reason that the
+when I don't have repeated igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I don't have repeated igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I don't have repeated igen values
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh any initial condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh any initial condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh any initial condition of the
+system can be written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be written as a linear
+combination that means that if the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that means that if the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that means that if the when
+the system doesn't have repeated igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't have repeated igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't have repeated igen
+values the igen vectors span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the igen vectors span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the igen vectors span the
+space okay any initial conditions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay any initial conditions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay any initial conditions can be
+written as a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a linear combination of the
+two igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two igen
+values okay and the com and the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay and the com and the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay and the com and the dynamics
+of from this point are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from this point are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from this point are just the
+exponential dynamics on the of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential dynamics on the of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential dynamics on the of the two
+components. I I don't know. Tell me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. I I don't know. Tell me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. I I don't know. Tell me tell
+me if you want me to say that again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you want me to say that again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you want me to say that again in a
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's not it's not really the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not it's not really the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not it's not really the focus
+but but if if if you uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if if if you uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if if if you uh if you
+understand that you got the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you got the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you got the whole thing
+here. So um what it means is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So um what it means is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So um what it means is you could
+you could take any initial condition. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take any initial condition. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take any initial condition. It
+turns out any initial condition when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out any initial condition when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out any initial condition when I
+have igen vectors which span the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have igen vectors which span the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have igen vectors which span the space
+I'm guaranteed to have that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guaranteed to have that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guaranteed to have that if I have
+unique IGEN values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique IGEN values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique IGEN values
+um then I can write this as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I can write this as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then I can write this as a as a
+combination of these vectors. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these vectors. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these vectors. Okay. So
+if I I'll try to do it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I'll try to do it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I'll try to do it. It's
+some I've got some sort of one component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I've got some sort of one component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I've got some sort of one component
+like this and one component like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and one component like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and one component like this.
+This initial condition if I say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This initial condition if I say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This initial condition if I say this is
+x0. Okay. And it turns out the so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0. Okay. And it turns out the so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0. Okay. And it turns out the so I
+could say x0 is alpha 1 * v1 plus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say x0 is alpha 1 * v1 plus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say x0 is alpha 1 * v1 plus alpha
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v2. Okay, we know that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2. Okay, we know that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2. Okay, we know that initial
+conditions that are just on the line v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that are just on the line v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that are just on the line v1
+go like e to the negative lambda or e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like e to the negative lambda or e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like e to the negative lambda or e to
+the lambda t um v1. So the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda t um v1. So the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda t um v1. So the whole system
+goes like alpha 1 e to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like alpha 1 e to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like alpha 1 e to the negative
+lambd sorry just got negative values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambd sorry just got negative values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambd sorry just got negative values to
+the lambda t v1 plus alpha 2 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda t v1 plus alpha 2 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda t v1 plus alpha 2 e to the
+lambda 2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v2. Okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2. Okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2. Okay that's
+the it's the great thing about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the great thing about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the great thing about all these
+linear systems. So what that means is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems. So what that means is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems. So what that means is if
+I've drawn the IGEN vectors then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn the IGEN vectors then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn the IGEN vectors then I know
+exactly the entire phase plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the entire phase plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the entire phase plot of the
+system. Okay. So we're connecting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay. So we're connecting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay. So we're connecting it
+back to the pendulum. The pendulum I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the pendulum. The pendulum I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the pendulum. The pendulum I I
+went through in all the different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in all the different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in all the different places
+I thought about what the contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about what the contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought about what the contributions
+were and mapped it out here. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and mapped it out here. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and mapped it out here. I don't
+have to do that. I know that this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that. I know that this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that. I know that this system
+is going to the component that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to the component that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to the component that it's
+based that has in this value is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based that has in this value is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based that has in this value is going to
+decay quickly towards zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay quickly towards zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay quickly towards zero and it's
+going to decay faster than this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decay faster than this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decay faster than this one.
+Which means an initial condition like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means an initial condition like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means an initial condition like
+this is going to go like this. I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to go like this. I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to go like this. I should
+have used one of my many other colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used one of my many other colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used one of my many other colors to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that looks like a blue. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So trajectories from that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So trajectories from that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So trajectories from that initial
+condition are going to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are going to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are going to do that.
+Okay. And trajectories from this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And trajectories from this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And trajectories from this initial
+condition are going to what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are going to what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition are going to what are they
+going to do? What if I start over here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They're going to go mostly down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to go mostly down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to go mostly down and
+eventually we think it's stable so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we think it's stable so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we think it's stable so it's
+going to get to the origin. I could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to the origin. I could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to the origin. I could even
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+my filledin circle there. Okay. When are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filledin circle there. Okay. When are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filledin circle there. Okay. When are
+they going to start bending towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to start bending towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to start bending towards the
+origin?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Later. Yeah. Uh they have to pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later. Yeah. Uh they have to pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Later. Yeah. Uh they have to pass this
+before they get right. They have to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get right. They have to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they get right. They have to pass
+that and get to negative velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get to negative velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and get to negative velocities
+before they can hook back in. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they can hook back in. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they can hook back in. Okay. So
+the trajectories look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this and go in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and go in.
+Yeah. And and likewise. So all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And and likewise. So all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And and likewise. So all these
+trajectories sort of you can map out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories sort of you can map out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories sort of you can map out the
+um the entire phase portrait of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the entire phase portrait of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the entire phase portrait of the
+space pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space pretty quickly
+um just by understanding the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just by understanding the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just by understanding the igen values
+and IGEN vectors. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The same thing is true over here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's okay. So just another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay. So just another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay. So just another example of a
+phase plot that we have in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plot that we have in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plot that we have in the linear
+systems. It works out to be clean. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. It works out to be clean. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. It works out to be clean. You
+can just do these igen values vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do these igen values vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do these igen values vectors.
+Okay. Now control. We're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now control. We're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now control. We're allowed to
+change K1 and K2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K1 and K2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K1 and K2.
+Changing K1 and K2 is going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changing K1 and K2 is going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changing K1 and K2 is going to change
+the the phase portrait, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase portrait, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase portrait, right? It's
+going to change those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors. I want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. I want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. I want to change
+them to make it do whatever I want. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make it do whatever I want. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make it do whatever I want. So,
+so that's actually the first discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the first discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the first discussion
+is what do we want to make it do? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um maybe even before that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe even before that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe even before that I should
+observe that without thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that without thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that without thinking about
+optimality at all um it would be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality at all um it would be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality at all um it would be easy to
+sort of stop here. Okay, because I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stop here. Okay, because I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stop here. Okay, because I if I
+look at this carefully as long as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this carefully as long as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this carefully as long as I
+choose K squar K2 squared greater than 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K squar K2 squared greater than 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K squar K2 squared greater than 4
+K1 I know I'm going to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 I know I'm going to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 I know I'm going to not
+oscillate. Okay. And I can just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. Okay. And I can just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate. Okay. And I can just start
+driving K1 and correspondingly K2 up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving K1 and correspondingly K2 up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving K1 and correspondingly K2 up as
+high as I like, right? And make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as I like, right? And make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as I like, right? And make the
+system get to the origin as fast as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system get to the origin as fast as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system get to the origin as fast as I
+want and it won't oscillate, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it won't oscillate, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it won't oscillate, right? So
+what's my motiv? Why would I I mean, why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my motiv? Why would I I mean, why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my motiv? Why would I I mean, why
+not just drive them all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just drive them all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just drive them all the way to
+infinity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You don't have a motor that can do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't have a motor that can do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't have a motor that can do that.
+You can't don't have a motor to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't don't have a motor to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't don't have a motor to do
+that's the one first unsatisfying thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one first unsatisfying thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one first unsatisfying thing.
+Absolutely. Probably there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Probably there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Probably there's some
+unmodled thing. Even if I did have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodled thing. Even if I did have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodled thing. Even if I did have a
+motor that could do that, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that could do that, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that could do that, there's
+probably some unm modeled things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some unm modeled things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some unm modeled things that I
+might excite and cause bad things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might excite and cause bad things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might excite and cause bad things to
+happen. Anyways, the ice you could melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Anyways, the ice you could melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Anyways, the ice you could melt
+the ice on the brick. That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice on the brick. That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ice on the brick. That's right.
+That's right. I guess I could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. I guess I could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. I guess I could have said
+wheels and then maybe they'd melt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and then maybe they'd melt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and then maybe they'd melt the
+tires. Okay. Um and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires. Okay. Um and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires. Okay. Um and you can see that
+here actually remember. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually remember. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually remember. So,
+um what does the what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does the what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does the what does the
+unactuated phase plot of the system look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unactuated phase plot of the system look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unactuated phase plot of the system look
+like? I can just draw that. If if u was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? I can just draw that. If if u was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? I can just draw that. If if u was
+just uniformly zero, if k1 and k2 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uniformly zero, if k1 and k2 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uniformly zero, if k1 and k2 were
+zero, what would what would the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, what would what would the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, what would what would the face
+plot have looked like there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot have looked like there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot have looked like there?
+Is that a circle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a circle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that a circle?
+Oh no, but that's a con. It would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no, but that's a con. It would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no, but that's a con. It would have
+just been x dot equals a of x where a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been x dot equals a of x where a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been x dot equals a of x where a is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy,
+right? So it wouldn't have been as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it wouldn't have been as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So it wouldn't have been as
+interesting, right? It would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, right? It would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, right? It would have been
+every point would have just had a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point would have just had a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point would have just had a vector
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+Right? It would have been a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It would have been a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It would have been a little
+bigger with bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger with bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger with bigger
+velocities. Right? But it's just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities. Right? But it's just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities. Right? But it's just it
+would just be a a flow like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a a flow like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a a flow like
+that, which I hope is sort of what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, which I hope is sort of what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, which I hope is sort of what you'd
+expect it to do if since it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to do if since it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to do if since it's an
+integrator, right? Things are just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator, right? Things are just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator, right? Things are just going
+to off into the uh to the ether. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to off into the uh to the ether. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to off into the uh to the ether. Okay.
+Um, so if I consider I I started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if I consider I I started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if I consider I I started with
+this and I'm getting out things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm getting out things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm getting out things that
+look like this, I'm already I mean in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this, I'm already I mean in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this, I'm already I mean in my
+unitless cartoon here, it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless cartoon here, it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitless cartoon here, it sort of
+already looks like I'm using a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks like I'm using a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looks like I'm using a lot of
+torque to do what I'm doing, right? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to do what I'm doing, right? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to do what I'm doing, right? Or
+I'm using a lot of force. Uh, right. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using a lot of force. Uh, right. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using a lot of force. Uh, right. I'm
+I'm really significantly changing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really significantly changing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really significantly changing those
+dynamics in order to bend this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in order to bend this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in order to bend this thing to
+come around like that. That's okay. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around like that. That's okay. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around like that. That's okay. But
+we can do better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So today I want to use this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So today I want to use this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So today I want to use this system
+which I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think it's
+quite easy to have strong intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to have strong intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to have strong intuition for
+to start designing optimal feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controllers. Okay. So let's address the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers. Okay. So let's address the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers. Okay. So let's address the
+uh you know we don't have infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we don't have infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we don't have infinite
+torque problem first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One more comment on this. So there's a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One more comment on this. So there's a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One more comment on this. So there's a I
+didn't actually call them poles. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually call them poles. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually call them poles. There's
+a pole placement version of this, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole placement version of this, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole placement version of this, too.
+It's exactly the same thing. If you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the same thing. If you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the same thing. If you were
+to draw a root locus, what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a root locus, what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a root locus, what would the
+system look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system look like?
+In root locus you would be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In root locus you would be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In root locus you would be changing
+typic the typical root locus would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typic the typical root locus would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typic the typical root locus would be
+you you're multiplying the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're multiplying the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're multiplying the entire
+feedback by some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback by some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback by some linear
+term you're not you're not scaling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you're not you're not scaling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you're not you're not scaling them
+you know in some squared law. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some squared law. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some squared law. So what
+you get is for very small feedback gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is for very small feedback gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is for very small feedback gains
+you get oscillations. As you crank it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get oscillations. As you crank it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get oscillations. As you crank it
+up, the poles connect in the left half F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, the poles connect in the left half F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, the poles connect in the left half F
+plane and then they separate. Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then they separate. Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then they separate. Right? And
+as I keep turning up my gains, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I keep turning up my gains, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I keep turning up my gains, one of
+them creeps towards the origin, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them creeps towards the origin, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them creeps towards the origin, the
+other one goes off really far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one goes off really far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one goes off really far to
+infinity. Right? So just those you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Right? So just those you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Right? So just those you think
+about poles and zeros, this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poles and zeros, this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poles and zeros, this is exactly
+the same way to say that. Right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way to say that. Right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way to say that. Right? I
+didn't do a root locus because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a root locus because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a root locus because I was
+changing two parameters, but it's all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing two parameters, but it's all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing two parameters, but it's all it
+all connects. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now um let's say I have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now um let's say I have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now um let's say I have a hard
+constraint on what U I can provide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on what U I can provide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on what U I can provide.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um let's just say that that I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's just say that that I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's just say that that I have an
+additional constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's let's say the absolute value of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's let's say the absolute value of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's let's say the absolute value of u
+has got to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be less than
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well,
+that changes a lot of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes a lot of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes a lot of things.
+Um my my linear system analysis is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um my my linear system analysis is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um my my linear system analysis is sort
+of impoverished. Now I'm going to, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impoverished. Now I'm going to, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impoverished. Now I'm going to, if
+you want a graphical view version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a graphical view version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a graphical view version of
+what that's doing, that's sort of, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's doing, that's sort of, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's doing, that's sort of, you
+know, my my zero input looked like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, my my zero input looked like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, my my zero input looked like that.
+I wanted to go like this with my linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go like this with my linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to go like this with my linear
+controller, but maybe it's capped at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller, but maybe it's capped at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller, but maybe it's capped at
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this,
+right? Okay. So, what's that going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, what's that going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So, what's that going to do
+to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system? If I were to just take my U, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? If I were to just take my U, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? If I were to just take my U, if
+I just ran the policy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ran the policy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just ran the policy,
+u is um some saturation, let's say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is um some saturation, let's say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is um some saturation, let's say on
+negative kx, I took my same feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative kx, I took my same feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative kx, I took my same feedback
+linear feedback controller and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear feedback controller and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear feedback controller and I just
+said if it's greater than one, it's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if it's greater than one, it's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if it's greater than one, it's one.
+If it's ne less than negative 1, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's ne less than negative 1, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's ne less than negative 1, it's
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+1. I think you're still okay. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. I think you're still okay. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. I think you're still okay. It's
+things are trajectories are still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are trajectories are still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are trajectories are still going
+to get to the origin. They might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the origin. They might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the origin. They might take
+fairly long routes to the origin. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long routes to the origin. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly long routes to the origin. Okay,
+you're not going to lose stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to lose stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to lose stability in
+this case because of that. But it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because of that. But it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because of that. But it starts
+to feel like, man, I should really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel like, man, I should really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel like, man, I should really be
+thinking about those hard constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those hard constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about those hard constraints
+when I design my controller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I design my controller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I design my controller.
+Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All
+right. So, how do we do that? One way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, how do we do that? One way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, how do we do that? One way to
+do that is optimal control. It's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is optimal control. It's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is optimal control. It's not the
+only way to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to do it.
+Um, let's formulate an optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's formulate an optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's formulate an optimal control
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me sync up with my notes so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me sync up with my notes so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me sync up with my notes so I don't
+go too far a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field.
+Okay. Um let's say my goal in life is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um let's say my goal in life is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um let's say my goal in life is to
+get to the origin as fast as possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the origin as fast as possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the origin as fast as possible in
+minimum time. Okay. And but I'm subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time. Okay. And but I'm subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum time. Okay. And but I'm subject
+to this constraint. Okay. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this constraint. Okay. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this constraint. Okay. So that's the
+famous minimum time problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subject to uh that constraint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. Okay. Are we trying to stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. Are we trying to stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. Are we trying to stop at
+the origin? Yes. Do we want both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin? Yes. Do we want both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin? Yes. Do we want both the
+position and the velocity to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero? Turns out you need this constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Turns out you need this constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? Turns out you need this constraint
+to for it to be a wellpost problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for it to be a wellpost problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for it to be a wellpost problem.
+Right? If I didn't have constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If I didn't have constraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If I didn't have constraints on
+U, then like I said, I would just use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U, then like I said, I would just use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U, then like I said, I would just use as
+much U as possible. I would get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much U as possible. I would get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much U as possible. I would get there
+infinitely fast. And we haven't learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely fast. And we haven't learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely fast. And we haven't learned
+a whole lot. Okay. Um, there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot. Okay. Um, there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot. Okay. Um, there are other
+ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+to penalize you or or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to penalize you or or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to penalize you or or something like
+that, but we're going to put a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but we're going to put a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but we're going to put a hard
+constraint on it here. Okay. Now, muster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on it here. Okay. Now, muster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on it here. Okay. Now, muster
+all your intuition about bricks on ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your intuition about bricks on ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your intuition about bricks on ice
+and tell me if I've got limited force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me if I've got limited force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me if I've got limited force to
+give and I want to get to the origin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and I want to get to the origin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and I want to get to the origin as
+fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as
+possible, what should I do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, what should I do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, what should I do?
+Bang. Bang. Bang. Bang. Okay, good. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. Bang. Bang. Bang. Okay, good. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang. Bang. Bang. Bang. Okay, good. He
+knows the answer. What should I do who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the answer. What should I do who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the answer. What should I do who
+haven't thought about it and don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about it and don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about it and don't know
+what bang bang is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bang bang is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bang bang is?
+Accelerate as much as possible and save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accelerate as much as possible and save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accelerate as much as possible and save
+as much as hard to start. Right. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as hard to start. Right. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as hard to start. Right. Right.
+So, if I want to get there as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I want to get there as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I want to get there as fast as
+possible, I'm going to hit the hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, I'm going to hit the hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, I'm going to hit the hit the
+accelerator, go as fast as I can until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator, go as fast as I can until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator, go as fast as I can until
+some critical point where I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical point where I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical point where I'm going to
+hit the brakes and I'm going to skid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the brakes and I'm going to skid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the brakes and I'm going to skid
+stop right into the goal. Right? There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right into the goal. Right? There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right into the goal. Right? There's
+nothing better I can do than that. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better I can do than that. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing better I can do than that. We're
+going to prove that. Okay? But I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that. Okay? But I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that. Okay? But I want to
+see that's a fairly complicated thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's a fairly complicated thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's a fairly complicated thing.
+It's something you can guess for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's something you can guess for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's something you can guess for the
+double integrator. You can't guess for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrator. You can't guess for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrator. You can't guess for a
+walking robot for instance. Okay. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot for instance. Okay. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot for instance. Okay. Um but
+we want to get that out of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get that out of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get that out of some
+machinery that's going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that's going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that's going to be more
+general than double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than double
+integrators. Okay. Okay. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators. Okay. Okay. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators. Okay. Okay. So, the
+proposition was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um bang bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control. Okay. Bang bang control. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Okay. Bang bang control. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Okay. Bang bang control. You
+might hear people casually say bang bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might hear people casually say bang bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might hear people casually say bang bang
+control is optimal. And that is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is optimal. And that is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is optimal. And that is it's a
+it's a it's very common if you have hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's very common if you have hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's very common if you have hard
+limits on your actuators. It's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on your actuators. It's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on your actuators. It's very
+common that the best thing to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that the best thing to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that the best thing to do is to
+be at those limits all the time. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at those limits all the time. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at those limits all the time. Okay.
+If that's the way you've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's the way you've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's the way you've defined the
+problem, bang bang control solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, bang bang control solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, bang bang control solutions are
+are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ubiquitous. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitous. Okay.
+They don't always work that well on real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't always work that well on real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't always work that well on real
+robots because actuators don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots because actuators don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots because actuators don't like to
+produce z, you know, infinite force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce z, you know, infinite force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce z, you know, infinite force and
+then or max force and then negative max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or max force and then negative max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or max force and then negative max
+force within a single time step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But good. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think the only subtle part about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the only subtle part about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the only subtle part about it
+is figuring out when I need to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out when I need to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out when I need to switch
+from hitting the gas to hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hitting the gas to hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hitting the gas to hitting the
+brakes. Okay, so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. Okay, so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. Okay, so let's see if we can
+figure that out first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think a pretty good way to do it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a pretty good way to do it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a pretty good way to do it is to
+think about what happens if you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you hit the
+brakes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes.
+Okay? And then you want to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then you want to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then you want to hit the
+brakes and arrive directly at the goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes and arrive directly at the goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes and arrive directly at the goal.
+There's only going to be a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only going to be a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's only going to be a handful of
+states from which if I was going at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states from which if I was going at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states from which if I was going at some
+if I some position and some velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I some position and some velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I some position and some velocity and
+I hit the brakes full now, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit the brakes full now, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit the brakes full now, I'm going to
+land exactly at the goal. Let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land exactly at the goal. Let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land exactly at the goal. Let's see if
+we can figure out that set of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out that set of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out that set of states
+first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first.
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's think about the case where um Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about the case where um Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about the case where um Q
+is greater than zero first. Just pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero first. Just pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero first. Just pick a
+side. Okay. So in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brakes. Um is that positive one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. Um is that positive one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. Um is that positive one or
+negative one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one?
+negative one. No, it's positive one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one. No, it's positive one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one. No, it's positive one.
+Sorry, you almost got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me. If Q is greater than zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. If Q is greater than zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. If Q is greater than zero,
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+positive. Q is greater than zero, then U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Q is greater than zero, then U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. Q is greater than zero, then U
+is positive one, right? I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive one, right? I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive one, right? I want to be
+pushing back in the direction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing back in the direction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing back in the direction I'm
+already coming from, right? So, U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already coming from, right? So, U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already coming from, right? So, U is
+positive one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one.
+Okay. All right. So, now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So, now we're going to
+have a uh some math ahead of us. See if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh some math ahead of us. See if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh some math ahead of us. See if
+we can integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate this
+equation. Okay. Um I can do that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Okay. Um I can do that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Okay. Um I can do that on the
+board for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for you.
+Um Q dot of T. Let me I better get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Is a Yeah, U of T. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is a Yeah, U of T. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is a Yeah, U of T. So in this
+case was one plus Q dot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was one plus Q dot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was one plus Q dot of
+zero, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right?
+I'll just make it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just make it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just make it a little bit more
+general here. This case it was one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general here. This case it was one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general here. This case it was one.
+Okay. And q dot of t is um sorry switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And q dot of t is um sorry switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And q dot of t is um sorry switch
+orders. Q q0 + q dot 0 t + 12 u t ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. Okay. I want to figure out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I screw it up? What? Just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw it up? What? Just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw it up? What? Just in the
+label. Just in the label. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. Just in the label. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label. Just in the label. The first
+symbol is Oh, sorry. Sorry. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is Oh, sorry. Sorry. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is Oh, sorry. Sorry. Thank you.
+Good. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you. Okay. So let's figure out if u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Okay. So let's figure out if u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Okay. So let's figure out if u is
+one um what trajectories are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what trajectories are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um what trajectories are going to
+get me so that q at t at some tf final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me so that q at t at some tf final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me so that q at t at some tf final
+qt and q dot of t are zero. Okay, simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qt and q dot of t are zero. Okay, simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qt and q dot of t are zero. Okay, simple
+enough. Little little manipulation. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want Right. So, it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Right. So, it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Right. So, it turns
+out I'm going to solve for Q 0 and Q dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'm going to solve for Q 0 and Q dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'm going to solve for Q 0 and Q dot
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Q dot0 looks like that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q dot0 looks like that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Q dot0 looks like that's going to be
+negative u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t. It's a little bit weird my notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. It's a little bit weird my notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. It's a little bit weird my notation
+here. I'm saying that the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm saying that the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm saying that the initial
+conditions are are moving backwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are are moving backwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are are moving backwards.
+Hope it's I hope it's a the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope it's I hope it's a the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope it's I hope it's a the equations
+are simple enough. I hope it's okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple enough. I hope it's okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple enough. I hope it's okay. Um
+and q 0 of t had it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q 0 of t had it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q 0 of t had it better be
+um it turns out to be 12 u t ^2. So q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out to be 12 u t ^2. So q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out to be 12 u t ^2. So q
+dot of t is negative u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot of t is negative u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot of t is negative u of
+t. Add those together. Q0 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Add those together. Q0 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Add those together. Q0 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t
+^2. Okay. If I solve for t, solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Okay. If I solve for t, solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Okay. If I solve for t, solve out
+t. Um in this case u is one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um see is just negative q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot. So q um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. So q um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. So q um of
+zero is just 12. Let's keep that as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is just 12. Let's keep that as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is just 12. Let's keep that as just
+one. Um t ^2 q dot 0 squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um t ^2 q dot 0 squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um t ^2 q dot 0 squared.
+If I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I plot
+that, what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what I've
+got in my state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space Q Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Q Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Q Q
+dot is a manifold of solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is a manifold of solutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is a manifold of solutions.
+Okay, which starts at zero and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which starts at zero and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which starts at zero and then I
+said I did this for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+Okay. And it goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay, this one's not a solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, this one's not a solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, this one's not a solution.
+Why did where did I get that out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did where did I get that out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did where did I get that out?
+Um, one of my assumptions here when I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of my assumptions here when I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one of my assumptions here when I uh
+inverted t or something, then I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted t or something, then I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted t or something, then I that
+solution disappears. That's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution disappears. That's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution disappears. That's not a
+reasonable you can't have negative time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable you can't have negative time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable you can't have negative time.
+Okay. Okay. So, uh, in fact, in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, uh, in fact, in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, uh, in fact, in my
+notes, I did it. I solved for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes, I did it. I solved for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes, I did it. I solved for the other
+T, which would have been better. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T, which would have been better. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T, which would have been better. Sorry.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+um, there's a line of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there's a line of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there's a line of solutions
+here, which if I start at this Q, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which if I start at this Q, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which if I start at this Q, so
+this is this is actually the, uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is actually the, uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is actually the, uh, the
+positive Q, negative Q velocities. I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Q, negative Q velocities. I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Q, negative Q velocities. I hit
+the brakes, I go coasting into the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brakes, I go coasting into the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brakes, I go coasting into the stop
+at the origin, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin, right?
+Turns out if I do if I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out if I do if I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out if I do if I think about the
+negative Q case, I get a similar line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Q case, I get a similar line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Q case, I get a similar line,
+similar curve. It's just a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar curve. It's just a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar curve. It's just a quadratic
+curve over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay, this is the You know what? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is the You know what? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is the You know what? Let me
+be a little bit more careful. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more careful. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more careful. Let me
+make that one pink because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that one pink because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that one pink because this is the
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um use negative one case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good.
+Okay, I figured out the the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I figured out the the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I figured out the the line of
+solutions where and if I hit the brakes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where and if I hit the brakes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions where and if I hit the brakes,
+I get to the origin. What do I do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the origin. What do I do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to the origin. What do I do?
+Harness your intuition again. What do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harness your intuition again. What do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harness your intuition again. What do I
+do if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here? accelerate and stop, right? I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? accelerate and stop, right? I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? accelerate and stop, right? I want
+to So, this was the, you know, stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to So, this was the, you know, stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to So, this was the, you know, stopping
+all the way to the goal. So, pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the goal. So, pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the goal. So, pretty much
+if I'm anywhere else, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm anywhere else, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm anywhere else, I want to
+accelerate. So, what does accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate. So, what does accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate. So, what does accelerating
+look like when I'm here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when I'm here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when I'm here?
+It's going to put me going up. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to put me going up. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to put me going up. Okay.
+And what happens is anytime I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens is anytime I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what happens is anytime I'm sort of
+below this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm going to
+um drive myself up. I can't go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drive myself up. I can't go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drive myself up. I can't go backwards
+like that. Going to drive myself up. Hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Going to drive myself up. Hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Going to drive myself up. Hit
+that and ride it in. Okay. And if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and ride it in. Okay. And if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and ride it in. Okay. And if I'm
+above the curve, what do I do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have to overshoot a little bit, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to overshoot a little bit, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to overshoot a little bit, right?
+can't bend down more than this. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't bend down more than this. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't bend down more than this. So, I'm
+going to ride it all the way over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ride it all the way over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ride it all the way over to
+here, connect up to this surface, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, connect up to this surface, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, connect up to this surface, and
+ride it in. Right. Okay. And it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride it in. Right. Okay. And it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride it in. Right. Okay. And it turns
+out anytime I'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anytime I'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anytime I'm over
+here, the best thing to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the best thing to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the best thing to do is
+to Did I get my colors wrong? Got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Did I get my colors wrong? Got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Did I get my colors wrong? Got my
+colors wrong. This would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors wrong. This would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors wrong. This would be the same
+action as uh Let me fix that real quick.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as uh Let me fix that real quick.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action as uh Let me fix that real quick.
+Sorry. This is the um That's confusing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This is the um That's confusing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This is the um That's confusing.
+This is the accelerate, right? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the accelerate, right? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the accelerate, right? And then
+break. And this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break. And this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break. And this is the
+break, right? Which way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? Yeah, this one should Let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Yeah, this one should Let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Yeah, this one should Let me just
+recolor it for you to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recolor it for you to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recolor it for you to make it a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+clear. Sorry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's say I'm pink over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say I'm pink over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say I'm pink over
+here, blue over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, blue over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, blue over
+here. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay,
+then I want to be pink. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to be pink. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to be pink. I want to
+decelerate just like this. If I'm above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate just like this. If I'm above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate just like this. If I'm above
+it, right? Because I want to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Because I want to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Because I want to take these
+curves that are almost there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I'm if I can't if I've got extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm if I can't if I've got extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I'm if I can't if I've got extra
+time, I'm going to accelerate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, I'm going to accelerate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, I'm going to accelerate to the
+point where I decelerate again. So down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I decelerate again. So down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I decelerate again. So down
+here should be blue. And then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be blue. And then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here should be blue. And then this is
+again the case where I I decelerate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the case where I I decelerate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the case where I I decelerate as
+much as I can until I take the pink line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I can until I take the pink line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I can until I take the pink line
+in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+Okay, this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was the
+u= 1 and this was the u= positive 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, because that is all satisfying. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because that is all satisfying. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because that is all satisfying. We
+can now connect this back again to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now connect this back again to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now connect this back again to your
+um phase plot pictures, right? We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phase plot pictures, right? We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phase plot pictures, right? We had
+our initial lines that look like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial lines that look like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial lines that look like this,
+right? I'm allowed allowed to apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm allowed allowed to apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm allowed allowed to apply a
+bounded amount of torque. Right? So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded amount of torque. Right? So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded amount of torque. Right? So, the
+best thing I can do if I'm right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing I can do if I'm right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best thing I can do if I'm right here is
+I can warp this thing down to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can warp this thing down to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can warp this thing down to the point
+where I get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Okay. And if I'm here, I can warp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Okay. And if I'm here, I can warp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Okay. And if I'm here, I can warp
+it up to the to push me here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to the to push me here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to the to push me here and then
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down. The hard part is actually showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. The hard part is actually showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. The hard part is actually showing
+that that's optimal. And the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's optimal. And the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's optimal. And the reason I'm
+going to go through it is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through it is because it's
+it forms the basis for all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the basis for all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms the basis for all the the
+algorithms that are going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are going to be more
+general. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+So let me show you that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal. To do that I need to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal. To do that I need to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal. To do that I need to introduce
+our first sort of optimality ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first sort of optimality ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first sort of optimality ideas for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course. Are people okay with the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Are people okay with the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Are people okay with the that
+picture?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture?
+Bottom right below the line. Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bottom right below the line. Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bottom right below the line. Mhm.
+Y overshoot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y overshoot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y overshoot.
+So tell me where bottom right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So tell me where bottom right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So tell me where bottom right.
+Okay. So here um so this is the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here um so this is the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here um so this is the place
+where if I decelerate I get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I decelerate I get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I decelerate I get to the
+origin. Right? If I'm here then I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Right? If I'm here then I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Right? If I'm here then I have a
+little bit more velocity in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more velocity in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more velocity in the same
+position. Right? So if I if I hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Right? So if I if I hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Right? So if I if I hit the
+brakes I'm not going to stop in time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes I'm not going to stop in time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes I'm not going to stop in time.
+Right? So I can't I just I don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I can't I just I don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I can't I just I don't quite
+decelerate fast enough to get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate fast enough to get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate fast enough to get here
+because there's limited torque. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's limited torque. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's limited torque. So I
+just slip past it until my chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slip past it until my chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slip past it until my chance to
+come in the other way again. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the other way again. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the other way again. So these
+two regions are being separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regions are being separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regions are being separated
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. The the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The the only
+separation is is that curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is is that curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is is that curve.
+But on the top left everywhere up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But on the top left everywhere up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But on the top left everywhere up here
+you want to be top left. You said yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be top left. You said yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be top left. You said yeah
+on the top left and bottom line like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top left and bottom line like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top left and bottom line like
+below the line you said you're fine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the line you said you're fine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the line you said you're fine here
+you're blue you actually want to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're blue you actually want to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're blue you actually want to the
+same way you want to accelerate as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you want to accelerate as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you want to accelerate as much
+as you can because you want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can because you want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can because you want to get to
+the place where you have to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you have to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where you have to hit the
+brakes right so this is what this is me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes right so this is what this is me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes right so this is what this is me
+I'm at some position um I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at some position um I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at some position um I don't have
+enough velocity that I have to just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough velocity that I have to just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough velocity that I have to just hit
+my brakes so I'm going to gun it until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brakes so I'm going to gun it until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brakes so I'm going to gun it until
+I'm at the velocity where I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the velocity where I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the velocity where I just have to
+hit my brakes and then ride it in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit my brakes and then ride it in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit my brakes and then ride it in right
+up here I'm at the point where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I'm at the point where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I'm at the point where I have
+too much velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much velocity
+Even if I hit my brakes, I'm still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if I hit my brakes, I'm still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if I hit my brakes, I'm still going
+to overshoot a little bit, which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overshoot a little bit, which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overshoot a little bit, which means
+I'm going to have to So you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to So you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to So you could think
+of it as now the word brakes maybe flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as now the word brakes maybe flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as now the word brakes maybe flips
+when you flip that across across. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip that across across. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip that across across. Maybe
+that's the right thing. But the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing. But the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right thing. But the the
+action I take um you know is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I take um you know is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action I take um you know is only
+changing based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing based on
+that switching surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that switching surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that switching surface.
+Okay, which as you know will be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which as you know will be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which as you know will be a a
+nightmare for a lot of our reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare for a lot of our reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare for a lot of our reinforcement
+learning algorithms. This is a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms. This is a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms. This is a hard
+cusp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp.
+Okay. So in general um you know these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in general um you know these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in general um you know these so
+if you have a control system that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a control system that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a control system that has a
+hard nonlinearity like this which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard nonlinearity like this which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard nonlinearity like this which is you
+know I'm doing one thing here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm doing one thing here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm doing one thing here and I'm
+immediately at some discrete place doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately at some discrete place doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately at some discrete place doing
+a different thing. Okay, that's, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different thing. Okay, that's, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different thing. Okay, that's, you
+know, that's a very nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's a very nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's a very nonlinear
+event and it's hard to get analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and it's hard to get analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and it's hard to get analytically
+when you're doing something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing something more
+complicated than a double integrator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than a double integrator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than a double integrator and
+it can be hard to get computationally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hard to get computationally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hard to get computationally,
+but we'll we'll we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll we'll we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll we'll we'll talk about that
+when the time comes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes.
+Okay, so how the heck do I make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so how the heck do I make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so how the heck do I make an
+optimality argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality argument about
+this? Okay, I want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Okay, I want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Okay, I want to introduce
+Pontriagen's minimum principle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be
+a a load of equations real quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a load of equations real quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a load of equations real quick and
+we're going to we're going to tease them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to tease them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to tease them
+out. Okay, in general, optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, in general, optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, in general, optimal control
+problems are going to go are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are going to go are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are going to go are going to be
+formulated by designing a cost function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated by designing a cost function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated by designing a cost function.
+Okay, that that cost function is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that that cost function is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that that cost function is some
+um some scalar quantity that that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some scalar quantity that that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some scalar quantity that that I want
+to minimize. Okay. So, um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize. Okay. So, um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize. Okay. So, um I'm going to
+use J for let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use J for let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use J for let me let
+me be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me be a
+little I'm going to use the symbols G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I'm going to use the symbols G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I'm going to use the symbols G of
+XU as an instantaneous cost function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I'll use h of x to to mean final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll use h of x to to mean final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll use h of x to to mean final
+costs. I'm going to show you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. I'm going to show you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. I'm going to show you what this
+means in a second here. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a second here. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a second here. And I'm going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+j of x to be a cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of x to be a cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of x to be a cost to
+go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, it's very important all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's very important all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's very important all of these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+scalers, not vectors at all. just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers, not vectors at all. just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers, not vectors at all. just a
+scalar quantity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar quantity.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So a typical optimal control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a typical optimal control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a typical optimal control problem
+will be formulated as something like h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be formulated as something like h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be formulated as something like h
+ofx capital t plus integral from 0 to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx capital t plus integral from 0 to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx capital t plus integral from 0 to t
+g ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g ofx
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+subject to x dot of t is f ofxu. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to x dot of t is f ofxu. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to x dot of t is f ofxu. Let's
+say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+dynamics and x0 of t is some let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and x0 of t is some let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and x0 of t is some let me call
+it x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x knot
+here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knot. This is a general um cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. This is a general um cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. This is a general um cost function
+sort of cost to go function form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cost to go function form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cost to go function form for
+optimal control. We're going to use it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control. We're going to use it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control. We're going to use it a
+lot. Okay. There's just a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Okay. There's just a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Okay. There's just a couple things
+to note about it. So, so just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note about it. So, so just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note about it. So, so just to get
+some intuition. So, g of x u that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition. So, g of x u that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intuition. So, g of x u that says
+that's things I'm penalizing throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's things I'm penalizing throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's things I'm penalizing throughout
+the trajectory. So, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um maybe I want to to do small um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I want to to do small um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I want to to do small um
+actions in general in which case I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in general in which case I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in general in which case I could
+put some term in here which penalizes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some term in here which penalizes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some term in here which penalizes me
+um for having a u. I could put a u ^2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for having a u. I could put a u ^2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for having a u. I could put a u ^2 in
+here or something like that, right? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or something like that, right? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or something like that, right? Or
+maybe I want to just um worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to just um worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to just um worry about
+being a long way from the origin. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a long way from the origin. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a long way from the origin. Maybe
+I'll put an x squ in here or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put an x squ in here or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put an x squ in here or something
+like this. Okay. Um h is a final cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay. Um h is a final cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay. Um h is a final cost
+that's only going to penalize. It's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only going to penalize. It's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only going to penalize. It's some
+function that only penalizes the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that only penalizes the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that only penalizes the final
+state of the system. So maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system. So maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system. So maybe I don't
+care what I'm doing for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what I'm doing for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what I'm doing for the first
+capital t seconds, but at time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t seconds, but at time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t seconds, but at time um
+capital t I want to um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t I want to um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t I want to um I want to
+penalize it for being away from zero x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize it for being away from zero x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize it for being away from zero x
+x^2 here or something like that. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 here or something like that. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 here or something like that. There's
+lots of different forms. Um the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different forms. Um the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different forms. Um the only
+thing that's really important to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's really important to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's really important to note
+about this, the only really restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this, the only really restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this, the only really restriction
+in the forms that you can play with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forms that you can play with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forms that you can play with is
+that we do tend to assume this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do tend to assume this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do tend to assume this form
+which is additive. it's integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is additive. it's integraable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is additive. it's integraable
+integrates some scalar cost G. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates some scalar cost G. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates some scalar cost G. Okay. So
+I don't look at um multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't look at um multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't look at um multiplicative
+contributions of from X at time one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of from X at time one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of from X at time one and
+X at time four or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at time four or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at time four or something like that.
+I'm only looking at additive cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only looking at additive cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only looking at additive cost
+functions and that assuming that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that assuming that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that assuming that form
+that additive cost form um will make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that additive cost form um will make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that additive cost form um will make all
+the derivations work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivations work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivations work
+roughly. Okay. Okay, so for the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly. Okay. Okay, so for the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly. Okay. Okay, so for the minimum
+time problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem,
+um what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form? You can formulate it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form? You can formulate it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form? You can formulate it a couple
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ways. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, I could actually just have in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I could actually just have in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I could actually just have in in
+this case I could actually have g of x u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I could actually have g of x u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I could actually have g of x u
+equals 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1,
+right? and have capital t defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? and have capital t defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? and have capital t defined as the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and have h of x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z. Right? That's a perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. Right? That's a perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. Right? That's a perfectly reasonable
+optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulation. Okay? So it certainly fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation. Okay? So it certainly fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation. Okay? So it certainly fits
+in this sort of general optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form. Okay. So now we need to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Okay. So now we need to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Okay. So now we need to know how
+to we've got this guess. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we've got this guess. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we've got this guess. I'm going to
+leave that hard earned picture up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. I like this one too, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pontreagan let me just say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontreagan let me just say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontreagan let me just say what
+Pontriagen's minimum principle is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle is first
+and then we'll make sure it makes sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make sure it makes sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make sure it makes sense.
+Okay. So for this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for this general
+form j of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form j of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form j of
+um x is h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xt plus integral from 0 to tg of x u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plus integral from 0 to tg of x u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt plus integral from 0 to tg of x u
+dt subject to and I'm I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt subject to and I'm I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt subject to and I'm I'm going to try
+to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful
+about writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing
+these all every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um let's assume for to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's assume for to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's assume for to begin with
+capital T is fixed just a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T is fixed just a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T is fixed just a parameter
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chose and I'm going to let's say U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose and I'm going to let's say U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose and I'm going to let's say U is
+bounded to some set U in our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded to some set U in our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded to some set U in our problem
+right now it was negative 1 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The minimum principle goes like this. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to define this new auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define this new auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define this new auxiliary
+function Hamiltonian capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Hamiltonian capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Hamiltonian capital
+H. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I have found some optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have found some optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have found some optimal control
+solution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll think of it in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think of it in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think of it in terms of the the
+solution right now in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory which is some sequence xstar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory which is some sequence xstar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory which is some sequence xstar
+of t u star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t then it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t then it must
+satisfy the following conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+First of all, we know it must satisfy f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, we know it must satisfy f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, we know it must satisfy f
+ofxar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxar
+u star. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u star. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u star. That
+was already one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already one of our
+conditions and it has to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Okay, there's a significantly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Okay, there's a significantly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Okay, there's a significantly less
+trivial one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial one which is
+that P do of T has got to equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P do of T has got to equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P do of T has got to equal to
+negative partial H partial X evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative partial H partial X evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative partial H partial X evaluated
+at XAR.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at XAR.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at XAR.
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P, which if if H is what I had up there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P, which if if H is what I had up there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P, which if if H is what I had up there,
+works out to be um partial G partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be um partial G partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to be um partial G partial X
+plus partial F partial X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial F partial X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial F partial X transpose
+P T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this auxiliary variable that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this auxiliary variable that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this auxiliary variable that we
+had has to be the gradient of partial h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had has to be the gradient of partial h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had has to be the gradient of partial h
+evaluated at xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t. One last condition. So this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. One last condition. So this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. One last condition. So this is sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u star of t had better be the arg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u star of t had better be the arg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u star of t had better be the arg
+min over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u of h x star u p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, sorry. Got that out. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sorry. Got that out. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, sorry. Got that out. We're going
+to make sense of it now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But okay, before we derive it and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But okay, before we derive it and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But okay, before we derive it and I'll
+just do a sketch of the derivation, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a sketch of the derivation, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a sketch of the derivation, but
+before we derive it, let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we derive it, let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we derive it, let's just think
+about the implications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, first of all, um this says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, first of all, um this says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, first of all, um this says the
+optimal control trajectory must satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control trajectory must satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control trajectory must satisfy
+which means it's a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimality. Um if I found some optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. Um if I found some optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. Um if I found some optimal
+trajectory xstar u star some trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory xstar u star some trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory xstar u star some trajectory
+x u I can verify that it a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x u I can verify that it a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x u I can verify that it a necessary
+condition is that all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is that all these things are
+hold but that's actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but that's actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but that's actually not a
+sufficient condition in general okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition in general okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient condition in general okay um
+for linear systems that are convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear systems that are convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linear systems that are convex
+linear dynamics that are convex in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dynamics that are convex in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear dynamics that are convex in the
+cost function it turns out it's okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function it turns out it's okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function it turns out it's okay but
+in general it's not always sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it says that if I take my x and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it says that if I take my x and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it says that if I take my x and I
+integrate it forward in time, solving x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it forward in time, solving x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it forward in time, solving x
+by integrating my dynamics forward, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating my dynamics forward, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating my dynamics forward, and
+then I take this other function, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I take this other function, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I take this other function, this
+new set of variables p, which happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of variables p, which happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of variables p, which happens to
+have the same size as x, we'll see that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size as x, we'll see that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size as x, we'll see that,
+and integrate it effectively backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate it effectively backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate it effectively backwards
+in time because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time because I
+final condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final condition on
+P. If I do both of those things and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. If I do both of those things and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. If I do both of those things and I
+can write down U as being the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down U as being the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down U as being the argument
+of what's left H X, then I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's left H X, then I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's left H X, then I've I've
+satisfied a necessary condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied a necessary condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied a necessary condition for
+optimality. Okay, let's try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. Okay, let's try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality. Okay, let's try to make
+sense of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many people have done optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many people have done optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many people have done optimization
+before at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all? How many people have seen Lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all? How many people have seen Lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all? How many people have seen Lrange
+multipliers before?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, good. So, let me say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, let me say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, let me say a few things
+but not dwell. And there's there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not dwell. And there's there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not dwell. And there's there's a lot
+of there's a lot of information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's a lot of information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there's a lot of information in the
+notes. Um, as fast as I can type.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. In general, what I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. In general, what I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. In general, what I'm trying
+to do is I'm trying to minimize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm trying to minimize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm trying to minimize some
+function. In this case, I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. In this case, I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. In this case, I'm trying to
+minimize J, right? I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize J, right? I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize J, right? I'm trying to
+minimize this J of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this J of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this J of X
+um by finding the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by finding the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by finding the the
+U tape, which minimizes that. Okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U tape, which minimizes that. Okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U tape, which minimizes that. Okay, but
+let's make it a little simpler just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a little simpler just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it a little simpler just to
+make sure we get the the basic idea. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we get the the basic idea. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we get the the basic idea. Let
+me just say J is some function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say J is some function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say J is some function of some
+parameter alpha. Um I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter alpha. Um I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter alpha. Um I'm trying to
+minimize J. Some function that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize J. Some function that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize J. Some function that depends
+on I can even do it even simpler. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I can even do it even simpler. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I can even do it even simpler. Let's
+get rid of let's just say minimize over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of let's just say minimize over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of let's just say minimize over
+X J of X. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X J of X. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X J of X. Okay.
+Uh so if I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+X J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X J of
+X looks like this. I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X looks like this. I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X looks like this. I want to find the
+minimum. The first condition, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. The first condition, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. The first condition, the
+necessary condition is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary condition is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary condition is that at the
+minimum the derivative of that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the derivative of that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum the derivative of that thing
+better be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So I can check by just checking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can check by just checking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can check by just checking um
+if partial j partial x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if partial j partial x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if partial j partial x equals
+z, right? then I've got a candidate I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z, right? then I've got a candidate I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z, right? then I've got a candidate I've
+got a necessary condition um for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minima okay um that's actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima okay um that's actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima okay um that's actually a lot of
+it the the second part is the lrangege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the second part is the lrangege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the the second part is the lrangege
+multiplier part now let's say I have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier part now let's say I have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier part now let's say I have um
+um let's say j let's say x is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say j let's say x is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say j let's say x is a vector
+now two dimensional vector let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two dimensional vector let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two dimensional vector let's say I
+want to do the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the optimization
+um minim min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minim min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minim min
+uh j of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j of x
+um subject to the constraint that x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subject to the constraint that x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subject to the constraint that x1
+equals x2 or x4. Let's do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x2 or x4. Let's do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x2 or x4. Let's do something
+slightly more interesting. x1 + x2 is 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, turns out thanks to the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, turns out thanks to the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, turns out thanks to the method of
+Lrangee, one of his many methods,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lrangee, one of his many methods,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lrangee, one of his many methods,
+um, uh, solving this problem is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, solving this problem is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, solving this problem is sort of
+no more difficult than solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more difficult than solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more difficult than solving this
+problem, finding necessary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, finding necessary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, finding necessary conditions
+for this problem, right? By just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem, right? By just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem, right? By just um
+making an augmented function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an augmented function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an augmented function
+um you can now minimize x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can now minimize x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can now minimize x
+um and lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and lambda
+of j of x plus lambda times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of j of x plus lambda times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of j of x plus lambda times this
+constraint which in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which in this case is
+x1 + x2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 + x2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 + x2 -
+3 has to equal zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It turns out if partial j partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda equals zero then that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals zero then that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals zero then that means the
+constraint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is
+enforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right partial j partial lambda in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right partial j partial lambda in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right partial j partial lambda in this
+is x1 + x2 - 3 if that equals zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x1 + x2 - 3 if that equals zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x1 + x2 - 3 if that equals zero which
+is the condition I'm looking for anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition I'm looking for anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition I'm looking for anyways
+for the minimum then I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum then I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum then I've
+now not only um have I sort of satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only um have I sort of satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not only um have I sort of satisfied
+my constraint but the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my constraint but the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my constraint but the remaining
+minima the minimization of this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima the minimization of this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima the minimization of this is this
+constrained solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained solution to that
+optimization okay if the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay if the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization okay if the lrange
+multiplier method is very very useful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier method is very very useful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier method is very very useful if
+you don't know it look it up it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So the partial J part of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the partial J part of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the partial J part of lambda
+that J in the partial is this new J. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J in the partial is this new J. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that J in the partial is this new J. Oh,
+sorry. Thank you. Thank you. Yep. Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Thank you. Thank you. Yep. Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Thank you. Thank you. Yep. Good
+catch. Good catch. Thank you. Partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch. Good catch. Thank you. Partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch. Good catch. Thank you. Partial of
+I don't know that whole thing. Partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that whole thing. Partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that whole thing. Partial
+lambda. Thank you. Good catch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in the method of lrange multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the method of lrange multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the method of lrange multipliers
+um sort of lambda has a has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of lambda has a has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of lambda has a has an
+interpretation as sort of a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as sort of a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation as sort of a constraint
+force. Okay. What you're about to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Okay. What you're about to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Okay. What you're about to see is
+that um all I'm saying in Pontriagen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all I'm saying in Pontriagen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um all I'm saying in Pontriagen's
+minimum principle which is you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum principle which is you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum principle which is you know an
+absolute sort of staple in optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sort of staple in optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute sort of staple in optimal
+control is all I'm saying is that J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is all I'm saying is that J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is all I'm saying is that J of
+X is which is my my cost function my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is which is my my cost function my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is which is my my cost function my
+cost to go function is at a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go function is at a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go function is at a stationary
+point with a lrange multiplier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with a lrange multiplier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with a lrange multiplier which
+enforces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces this
+dynamics okay and that lrange multip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics okay and that lrange multip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics okay and that lrange multip
+multiplier happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier happens to be
+P. Okay, so let's just see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Okay, so let's just see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. Okay, so let's just see how that
+plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out. Okay, so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, so this is a
+sketch of of the derivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of of the derivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of of the derivation of
+Pontriagen's minimum principle, which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle, which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen's minimum principle, which I
+think I'm just going to do enough so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just going to do enough so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm just going to do enough so you
+see where those things are and have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where those things are and have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where those things are and have some
+intuition about them. A sketch of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about them. A sketch of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about them. A sketch of it
+based on the calculus of variations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the calculus of variations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the calculus of variations.
+There's many other ways to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the
+calculus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of
+variations, which is a scary name for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations, which is a scary name for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations, which is a scary name for a
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, this is the problem I'm solving. J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is the problem I'm solving. J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is the problem I'm solving. J
+of X0 is H of X plus G integral over G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X0 is H of X plus G integral over G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X0 is H of X plus G integral over G
+subject to those constraints. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to those constraints. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to those constraints. Okay. So
+how do I write that in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I write that in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I write that in terms of a
+lrangege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangege
+multiplier? I'm going to do a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier? I'm going to do a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier? I'm going to do a second
+function which I'm I won't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I'm I won't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I'm I won't make the
+mistake of calling J again here. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake of calling J again here. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake of calling J again here. Let's
+call it S. some function s is is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it S. some function s is is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it S. some function s is is going
+to be um h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um h of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um h of x
+t plus the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t of g of xt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of g of xt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of g of xt
+u t plus some lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t plus some lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u t plus some lrange
+multipliers p in this case times my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers p in this case times my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers p in this case times my
+constraint which is x dot minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is x dot minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is x dot minus f
+ofxu hope I was trying use TE's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu hope I was trying use TE's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu hope I was trying use TE's
+everywhere. Let me try to keep using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Let me try to keep using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Let me try to keep using
+TE's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere. Okay. So now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Okay. So now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Okay. So now I can
+explicitly try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly try
+to find the place where s which is my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the place where s which is my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the place where s which is my my
+lrangege multiplier version of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangege multiplier version of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrangege multiplier version of my
+problem which has the explicit cost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which has the explicit cost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which has the explicit cost that
+I'm trying to minimize subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to minimize subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to minimize subject to the
+constraints that x better be satisfy my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that x better be satisfy my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that x better be satisfy my
+dynamics. Okay, exactly the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics. Okay, exactly the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics. Okay, exactly the same as that
+2cond lrange multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2cond lrange multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2cond lrange multiplier
+introduction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, now getting it right is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now getting it right is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now getting it right is a little
+bit funny.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funny.
+Um so s is now you could think of s as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so s is now you could think of s as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so s is now you could think of s as a
+functional right a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional right a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional right a function of
+functions. Um if I take a variation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Um if I take a variation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Um if I take a variation,
+this is just it's going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just it's going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just it's going to be exactly
+like your uh your basic calculus, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your uh your basic calculus, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your uh your basic calculus, but
+the the calculus of variations uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the calculus of variations uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the calculus of variations uses
+these symbols for a variation on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols for a variation on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols for a variation on a
+function is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is just going to
+be partial h partial x times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be partial h partial x times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be partial h partial x times the
+variation in x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in x of
+t plus the integral 0 dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Notice quickly that this thing inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice quickly that this thing inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice quickly that this thing inside
+here is just H,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just H,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just H,
+right? That's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's my
+Hamiltonian. So that thing inside there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. So that thing inside there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. So that thing inside there,
+I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this says this is a variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this says this is a variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this says this is a variational
+analysis of S that says if my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of S that says if my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of S that says if my function
+changes by some small amount in X tilda,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by some small amount in X tilda,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by some small amount in X tilda,
+this is the the result of in changing S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the result of in changing S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the result of in changing S
+in S. Similarly, if my thing changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S. Similarly, if my thing changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in S. Similarly, if my thing changes by
+a little bit in XT or in UT or in PT or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in XT or in UT or in PT or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit in XT or in UT or in PT or
+in all of them simultaneously, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of them simultaneously, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of them simultaneously, this
+tells me what the variation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what the variation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what the variation is going to
+be in S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in S.
+Okay, the stationary conditions. Then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the stationary conditions. Then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the stationary conditions. Then if
+I'm at an optima, what I care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at an optima, what I care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at an optima, what I care about is
+that that I if I change U a little bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I if I change U a little bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I if I change U a little bit,
+if I change X a little bit, if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change X a little bit, if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change X a little bit, if I change
+P a little bit, S better not change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P a little bit, S better not change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P a little bit, S better not change.
+That's my condition, my necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my condition, my necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my condition, my necessary
+condition for optimality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's
+um if partial h partial p is zero then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if partial h partial p is zero then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if partial h partial p is zero then I
+know that changing p isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that changing p isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that changing p isn't going to
+change the solution. So I can look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solution. So I can look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solution. So I can look for
+stationary points with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p. Partial h partial p better be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. Partial h partial p better be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. Partial h partial p better be zero.
+What's partial h partial p?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's partial h partial p?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's partial h partial p?
+Well, it turns out it's just x dot minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out it's just x dot minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out it's just x dot minus
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ofxu, which is my forward dynamics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu, which is my forward dynamics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu, which is my forward dynamics.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so if I've integrated my system forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I've integrated my system forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I've integrated my system forward
+in time, then this thing's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time, then this thing's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time, then this thing's going to be
+true and partial and a steady state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and partial and a steady state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and partial and a steady state with
+respect to changes in p. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay. Let's look at the changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Let's look at the changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Let's look at the changes with
+respect to to X. So to get um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to X. So to get um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to X. So to get um the
+contributions from x correct, we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from x correct, we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from x correct, we first
+need to worry about this x dot. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about this x dot. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about this x dot. We don't
+want to have that x dot floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have that x dot floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have that x dot floating around
+in there. So let's integrate by parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. So let's integrate by parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. So let's integrate by parts to
+get that out of there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that out of there.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um we're going to look at this partial h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're going to look at this partial h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we're going to look at this partial h
+partial x um the variations but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x um the variations but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial x um the variations but first
+integrate by parts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I the integral of
+my p of tx dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my p of tx dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my p of tx dot
+tdt from 0 to t is just going to be p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt from 0 to t is just going to be p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt from 0 to t is just going to be p of
+t x of t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x of t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x of t minus
+P of 0 X of 0 um minus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 X of 0 um minus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 X of 0 um minus the integral
+capital T of P dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T of P dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T of P dot
+T X of T I forgot my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose DT right basic integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DT right basic integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DT right basic integration by
+parts okay if I now take my variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts okay if I now take my variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts okay if I now take my variation in
+partial X having used that then what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X having used that then what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X having used that then what I
+get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case
+was partial G partial X transpose plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was partial G partial X transpose plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was partial G partial X transpose plus
+partial F partial X transpose P of T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My goal is to show you enough of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My goal is to show you enough of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My goal is to show you enough of the
+derivation that you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation that you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation that you understand what
+these terms are and not so much to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are and not so much to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are and not so much to get
+completely bogged down in it. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bogged down in it. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bogged down in it. If you
+want a good treatment, a careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a good treatment, a careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a good treatment, a careful
+treatment, um you should see Bert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Seikus optimal control book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+When I say careful treatment there, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I say careful treatment there, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I say careful treatment there, it's
+going to be five pages or more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be five pages or more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be five pages or more at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+least. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Pontriagen's minimum principle says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Pontriagen's minimum principle says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Pontriagen's minimum principle says
+that if my my constraint is satisfied X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if my my constraint is satisfied X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if my my constraint is satisfied X
+dot and if I can just integrate back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and if I can just integrate back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and if I can just integrate back
+this P dot backwards in time from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P dot backwards in time from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P dot backwards in time from some
+final conditions which are the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conditions which are the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final conditions which are the same the
+same basic variation argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic variation argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same basic variation argument that
+drives this. Okay. Then I found Lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives this. Okay. Then I found Lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives this. Okay. Then I found Lrange
+multipliers which satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers which satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers which satisfies that
+constraint. Okay. And the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Okay. And the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Okay. And the final
+variation says that u had better be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation says that u had better be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation says that u had better be the
+minimum of h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of h of
+x. That puts me at a at a local minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That puts me at a at a local minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That puts me at a at a local minima
+in my constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my constrained
+optimization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization.
+Okay, big pill to swallow, but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, big pill to swallow, but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, big pill to swallow, but this is
+the way we're going to to uh show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to to uh show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to to uh show that
+the the brick um solution is optimal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brick um solution is optimal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the brick um solution is optimal.
+People are much more enthusiastic when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People are much more enthusiastic when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People are much more enthusiastic when
+there's um bricks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um bricks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um bricks.
+Okay, it's okay. I understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let's let's turn the crank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's let's turn the crank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's let's turn the crank and
+use this tool now to um see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this tool now to um see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this tool now to um see what the
+heck see if we can verify our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck see if we can verify our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck see if we can verify our original
+bang bang policy is optimal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for the bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for the bang
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contrian on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrian on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrian on
+bang bang double integrator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what's the Hamiltonian look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the Hamiltonian look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the Hamiltonian look like
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing? G of X U we said was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? G of X U we said was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? G of X U we said was just
+one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+panspose time x dot minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofxu. I'll just write it out in element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu. I'll just write it out in element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxu. I'll just write it out in element
+form since it's so simple. It's p1 * q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since it's so simple. It's p1 * q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form since it's so simple. It's p1 * q
+dot plus p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+* u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's um if we were to had if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's um if we were to had if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's um if we were to had if
+we had derived our bang bang controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had derived our bang bang controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had derived our bang bang controller
+just like this then we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this then we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this then we could actually
+immediately say what's the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say what's the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say what's the optimal
+control solution. If I want to take um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control solution. If I want to take um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control solution. If I want to take um U
+star is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argu
+in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+XU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XU
+P. And what's it going to be? Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. And what's it going to be? Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. And what's it going to be? Just
+looking at what I've got on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. This is a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is a good time
+to make sure you get it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Good. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. So
+um these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these terms
+are are have no impact right um if P2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are have no impact right um if P2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are have no impact right um if P2 is
+positive and I want to minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I want to minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and I want to minimize this
+thing then u you better be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then u you better be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then u you better be negative
+right as negative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as negative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as negative as
+possible it's negative as possible means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's negative as possible means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's negative as possible means
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+1 and if P2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if P2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if P2 is
+negative then u it be should be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then u it be should be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then u it be should be as
+positive as possible to minimize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as possible to minimize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as possible to minimize that
+thing okay so it turns out our same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it turns out our same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it turns out our same
+policy that we worked hard for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that we worked hard for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy that we worked hard for in the
+Pontriagen in terms of the Lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen in terms of the Lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pontriagen in terms of the Lrange
+multipliers works out to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers works out to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers works out to just be
+P2 sine of P2 of T negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 sine of P2 of T negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 sine of P2 of T negative sign
+sorry so the sign function is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so the sign function is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so the sign function is just one
+if it's greater than zero negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's greater than zero negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's greater than zero negative one
+if it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero my equations for P which if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero my equations for P which if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero my equations for P which if I
+didn't use the word adjoint equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the word adjoint equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the word adjoint equations
+yet should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet should
+have these equations for P are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these equations for P are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these equations for P are called
+the adjint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+equations. My equations for P are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. My equations for P are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. My equations for P are pretty
+painless, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painless, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painless, right? So
+p1 dot is uh negative partial h partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x1. x1 is q so doesn't appear at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1. x1 is q so doesn't appear at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1. x1 is q so doesn't appear at all.
+That's zero. So that lrange multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's zero. So that lrange multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's zero. So that lrange multiplier
+isn't going to change at all. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change at all. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change at all. That's
+pretty painless. And p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty painless. And p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty painless. And p2
+dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot is
+uh negative partial h partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative partial h partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negative partial h partial
+x2 and that's negative p1 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay. Um so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Um so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Um so it turns out that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that P1 my lrange multiplier is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P1 my lrange multiplier is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P1 my lrange multiplier is just
+going to be some constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some constant and
+P2 T is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 T is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 T is just going to
+be the integral of that constant C2 + C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integral of that constant C2 + C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integral of that constant C2 + C1
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T. Okay. Trying to debate how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Okay. Trying to debate how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Okay. Trying to debate how much the
+Squeeze in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squeeze in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squeeze in the next few
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes. You know what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. You know what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. You know what?
+Let's let me do it tomorrow for real or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let me do it tomorrow for real or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let me do it tomorrow for real or
+on Thursday for real cuz I don't I cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday for real cuz I don't I cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday for real cuz I don't I cuz
+cuz it's going to take 10 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's going to take 10 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's going to take 10 minutes to
+finish but it's worth doing it right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but it's worth doing it right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish but it's worth doing it right. So
+for homework to yourself see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homework to yourself see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for homework to yourself see if you can
+work it through. Take the equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it through. Take the equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it through. Take the equations that
+we had and show that these that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had and show that these that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had and show that these that those
+four conditions are satisfied and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four conditions are satisfied and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four conditions are satisfied and I'll
+spend the first 10 minutes of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the first 10 minutes of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the first 10 minutes of class
+doing it properly on Thursday. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it properly on Thursday. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it properly on Thursday. I don't
+want to rush through it and have it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rush through it and have it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to rush through it and have it mean
+nothing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing.
+Okay. Um sorry if I I wrote three here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um sorry if I I wrote three here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um sorry if I I wrote three here.
+There's there's a condition a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's a condition a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's a condition a final
+condition on P2. So three conditions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on P2. So three conditions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on P2. So three conditions by
+this number. Awesome.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ozWf4TDXvdk.txt b/ozWf4TDXvdk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76cda732d9340d2386ab698c7e8b55a68b3c8c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ozWf4TDXvdk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+MARK HARVEY: Good
+evening everybody.
+
+My name's Mark Harvey.
+
+And I'd like to welcome
+you to this concert.
+
+And this is the first of a
+whole series of concerts.
+
+I hope you have
+the program there,
+
+The Art of the
+Improvisor series.
+
+We have many fine
+groups coming up,
+
+including one led by Phil
+Scarff in about 2 1/2 weeks,
+
+over at the wall auditorium
+up that way a little bit,
+
+and then two more
+wonderful groups.
+
+This is a concert series in
+conjunction with a class that's
+
+going on this semester
+called musical improvisation.
+
+So we thought that it would
+be an interesting idea
+
+to have a concert
+series and also
+
+invite the people from
+the artistic groups
+
+to come into the
+class and present
+
+their particular approach
+with the students.
+
+And I see a lot of
+the students here,
+
+so thank you for coming out.
+
+This is great.
+
+And all you other
+folks, we appreciate
+
+you coming out on a cold night.
+
+It always seems to be a
+cold night when we do this,
+
+but we're very happy to do it.
+
+This is called FiLmprov, which
+means film and improvisation.
+
+And we're going to
+start with improvisation
+
+with our musical group,
+for a musical set.
+
+We'll just have a brief
+pause, and then we're
+
+going to have the films of Kate
+Manson with us, now transformed
+
+into a pit orchestra.
+
+So you'll see us in
+two different guises.
+
+So we hope it's not too much
+of a shock to see that change.
+
+So here we go.
+
+We're going to play something.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pPqI5LbC96Y.txt b/pPqI5LbC96Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e72076c7da8718862e84267fc4e348e26a131b03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pPqI5LbC96Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of
+MIT courses, visit
+
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ROSS COLLINS: Welcome
+to the tutorial
+
+on the method of
+simulated moments.
+
+Collaborating together
+on this tutorial
+
+is Armin Ashoury, Ross
+Collins, and Ali Kamil.
+
+We will present the
+tutorial in two parts.
+
+The first part, presented
+by me, Ross Collins,
+
+is an overview of the MSM, why
+it's useful, and how it works.
+
+The second part, presented
+by Armin Ashoury,
+
+will go through
+the details of how
+
+to implement the
+MSM in Vensim DSS.
+
+Background
+information on the MSM
+
+is included in the associated
+book chapter with this video.
+
+The chapter goes into much more
+mathematical detail in the MSM
+
+formulation, which the
+interested viewer should
+
+consult if looking
+for more information.
+
+In this video, we do not dissect
+every individual formula,
+
+but instead try to give a
+useful overview of the MSM,
+
+and then apply it
+to a simple example.
+
+The step-by-step
+replication the tutorial
+
+will likely require reading and
+understanding the book chapter
+
+in more detail.
+
+Still, this video
+should give a flavor
+
+of why MSM is useful, how it
+works in the general level,
+
+and what sort of time and effort
+is required to implement it
+
+in system dynamics models.
+
+So what does the MSM let you do?
+
+Well, according
+to this quote, it
+
+allows one to "compare
+time series data
+
+against the same
+variables in a model,
+
+and minimize the weighted sum
+of a function of the error term
+
+by changing the uncertain
+parameters until best
+
+fitting estimates are found
+through optimization,"
+
+This is important
+for model validation.
+
+So specifically
+what MSM does is it
+
+compares the
+moments of real data
+
+against the moments
+of simulated data
+
+or just the model output
+from a simulation.
+
+So moments are things like
+mean, variance, skewness.
+
+Kurtosis is another one.
+
+These are the first, second,
+third, and fourth moments
+
+respectively.
+
+An important thing to realize
+is that unknown parameters
+
+in a model will alter
+the simulated moments.
+
+So if you have some unknown
+parameters, x, and some moment,
+
+y, if you change x,
+then y will change.
+
+So what the optimization method
+does-- referred to in the quote
+
+up at the top-- is
+it will find values
+
+for our unknown
+parameters that minimize
+
+the weighted
+difference-- and I'll
+
+get to why weighted is important
+later-- the weighted difference
+
+between real and
+simulated moments.
+
+And these weighted differences
+are called the error terms.
+
+So we're going to apply this
+MSM to a simple obesity model.
+
+We basically have
+weight data in Excel--
+
+this Excel file is included
+with this video-- we have
+
+weight data for a population
+of 1,000 individuals at five
+
+different points in
+time, specifically
+
+years 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20.
+
+The moment conditions we use
+are mean and standard deviation.
+
+And given that we have five
+years of data and two moments,
+
+we have 10 moments in total.
+
+So the unknown
+parameters that we're
+
+trying to estimate
+through the MSM technique
+
+are called Overfeeding,
+Starvation,
+
+and Energy Intake Extra Trend.
+
+So I am going to show
+this model really quick.
+
+It's a very simple
+model that tracks
+
+the weight gain of
+1,000 individuals.
+
+You can see you have the
+stock structure here,
+
+an array of 1,000 people, so
+we're utilizing subscripts
+
+to denote these
+1,000 individuals.
+
+And the major feedback is
+that as weight change accrues,
+
+you have some energy intake
+balance that changes.
+
+This feeds back into
+one's energy intake
+
+through the starvation
+and overfeed parameters
+
+and then alters
+the weight change.
+
+So the three uncertain
+parameters are here.
+
+We have an underlying
+trend in energy intake
+
+that impacts the weight
+trajectory of each individual.
+
+And then we have the starvation
+and overfeed parameters
+
+that impact this major feedback.
+
+If energy intake balance
+is on the heavier side,
+
+starvation kicks in with
+some parameter of force.
+
+From the lower side,
+the overfeed parameter
+
+kicks in with some
+amount of force.
+
+So let's see.
+
+If we click on the weight
+here and show a graph,
+
+we're only going to get to
+show 16 of the individuals,
+
+but you can see the
+trajectory of them
+
+through time--
+over the 20 years.
+
+The initial conditions
+are captured here.
+
+The mean of individuals
+is 80 kilograms--
+
+so you can see it sort
+of circled around there--
+
+and the standard deviation
+is 5 kilograms, which
+
+is why the initial
+conditions differ.
+
+But you can see
+the trajectories,
+
+and we have this for
+1,000 individuals.
+
+So then the idea of the
+MSM is you have these 1,000
+
+trajectories, and you
+have the moments that
+
+define these trajectories.
+
+And we compare that
+against the real data
+
+that we have in the exercise.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Final slide that I'm
+going to talk about
+
+before I hand it off to
+Armin to go into the Vensim
+
+implementation.
+
+So basically, there are
+four overarching steps
+
+and four Vensim models
+associated to each step.
+
+So in the first step, we are
+basically making the first cut
+
+at estimating these
+three unknown parameters.
+
+And to do that,
+we need-- and I'm
+
+going to pull up the
+book chapter here--
+
+we need to minimize the
+weighted differences
+
+of these parameters.
+
+And that's what you can see here
+in equation three in the book
+
+chapter.
+
+This theta hat is the set
+of parameters-- in our case
+
+just three-- and
+we want to minimize
+
+the difference between simulated
+moments and the real moments
+
+to use for data.
+
+And we have here in
+the middle this W,
+
+which is a weighting matrix.
+
+And the purpose of
+the weighting matrix
+
+is to give less weight to really
+noisy and uncertain moments,
+
+since those are going to sort
+of hijacked the optimization
+
+process when trying
+to choose parameters.
+
+So the first W that we
+use in the first step
+
+is essentially just taking
+the real data moments
+
+and squaring them and then
+taking the reciprocal.
+
+And those are along the
+diagonal elements of W. Armin
+
+will go into more
+detail about that,
+
+but that's our initial
+starting point for W.
+
+So the output of that are
+an initial set of parameter
+
+estimates, not
+necessarily optimized,
+
+but certainly informed by
+this initial weighting matrix.
+
+The second step is to calculate
+essentially a more efficiently
+
+weighted W, or what we call W*,
+and it uses an algorithm that
+
+is discussed in the chapter.
+
+It's equation four down here.
+
+As you can see, it's reasonably
+complicated and requires first
+
+calculating the
+variance-covariance matrix
+
+of the simulated moments, which
+again we can do in Vensim--
+
+even though it's
+easier in MATLAB--
+
+and W* is simply the
+inverse of this matrix.
+
+So once we've got W*, we
+basically go into the second
+
+step, which is very
+similar to the first step.
+
+It's an optimization
+yet again, but now we
+
+have a more
+efficiently weighted W.
+
+And that gives us a better
+set of optimized parameters.
+
+The important thing
+to note is that we
+
+can iterate if we
+are not happy with W,
+
+but the final step involves
+calculating competence
+
+intervals for each of
+our uncertain parameters.
+
+Again, in our case,
+we have three of them.
+
+So these confidence
+intervals are just
+
+like other confidence intervals
+and statistical exercises.
+
+We want those bounds to
+be as tight as possible,
+
+and we don't want
+them to include zero.
+
+So that is the
+overview of the MSM.
+
+I'm going to hand
+it off now to Armin,
+
+who is going to go through
+the major steps actually
+
+implemented in Vensim.
+
+So thank you for listening.
+
+ARMIN ASHOURY: In
+each model, we have
+
+a part that captured the moments
+we need for the MSM process.
+
+So here, for example,
+in the FirstStep model,
+
+we see that we have the
+main model of obesity.
+
+And here we have
+the part that tries
+
+to capture the different
+moments that we have.
+
+For example, here we want to
+catch the mean of body weights
+
+and also similar
+deviation of body weights.
+
+Simply, this part tries to
+create a matrix of moments.
+
+For each column, we
+have one simulation.
+
+So here, for example, we
+have like 10 simulations.
+
+And for each row, we have
+one of our moments here.
+
+Since we have like five years of
+data, which are year 1, 5, 10,
+
+15, and 20, we have to
+use two moments, which
+
+are mean and standard deviation.
+
+We have like 10 rows that,
+for the first five years,
+
+we have first five rows, we
+have the mean of our years.
+
+And for the second five rows,
+we have a standard deviation
+
+of our years.
+
+So we can create this matrix
+in whatever way you want,
+
+but here we try to
+capture these moments
+
+and create that matrix
+using second flow system.
+
+In the FirstStep
+of moment, we tried
+
+to find three unknown parameters
+of obesity model, which
+
+are extra trends,
+starvation, overfeed.
+
+We use formula five
+in the book chapter
+
+and try to optimize
+those parameters
+
+based on that formula.
+
+So here in formula five, you
+see like different parameters
+
+we have.
+
+For example, M of s is the
+average simulated vector
+
+of moments.
+
+So for example,
+in our example, we
+
+have like 10 simulation for
+each one of those moments,
+
+so we average the moments
+over those simulation
+
+and create a vector,
+which is M of s here.
+
+And M of d is the real
+moments values in that vector
+
+that we capture from
+the real data we have.
+
+W here is the initial
+value for the weights.
+
+For the initial value,
+we use the Formula One
+
+over moments, real
+moments, to power of two.
+
+In the model, we
+call the function--
+
+a function here
+as the error term.
+
+So here in the view 2
+of our FirstStep model,
+
+we can see that we have our
+three unknown parameters here.
+
+We put them all together
+in one vector here
+
+called parameter so that we
+can deal with them easily.
+
+So from the obesity
+model, we get the moments
+
+that we need here.
+
+So if you take a look at the
+moments here-- the moments
+
+we have here-- in
+the last year-- year
+
+20-- you'll see that
+we have matrices that
+
+has 10 moments in it,
+and for each moments
+
+we have like 10 simulations.
+
+So we have 10 in 10
+matrix for each moments
+
+in each simulation.
+
+So we get those values.
+
+And here we can get an average
+over those 10 simulations,
+
+and we create the M of s
+that we talked about here.
+
+So using that and
+using the real data
+
+that we have we calculate the
+difference between the moment--
+
+the selected moments
+and the real moments.
+
+And here, we see that
+we calculate the W
+
+based on the formula we have
+for the initial value, which
+
+is one over real moments
+to the power of 2.
+
+And using these data, we
+calculate the error terms here,
+
+which we just calculated
+for the last time
+
+of the simulation,
+which is the year 20.
+
+So as you can see
+here, this formula
+
+here is a formula 5 from the
+chapter books that we have.
+
+And finally, we have
+to do some optimization
+
+on the model to get the value.
+
+So here, you'll see that we
+want to optimize over the error
+
+terms, and we want
+to minimize it.
+
+So we put error term
+here on base minus one.
+
+You have to do to choose a
+policy for this optimization.
+
+So we are what we want to
+optimize over the parameters,
+
+so we have to choose
+the parameters
+
+as the variable we
+want to optimize.
+
+And then we do the
+optimization and you
+
+will get the values we need.
+
+So we do optimization, and
+it may take for awhile, maybe
+
+like 20 or 30 minutes.
+
+So we are fast
+forwarding to the values
+
+we have at the end of that.
+
+So as you can see
+here, we have optimized
+
+parameters-- optimized values
+for our parameters, which
+
+are kind of close to the
+real values that we have.
+
+So in the next model,
+which is the CalcW model,
+
+we try to calculate
+the weight we
+
+need for the MSM process
+using other models.
+
+So here we import optimized,
+unknown parameters
+
+from the previous model,
+which is the FirstStep model,
+
+to CalcW model.
+
+Then we calculate
+a variable called
+
+S using the formula
+for in the book chapter
+
+that you can see it over here.
+
+And the inverse
+of that S variable
+
+is the weight that we
+need for our MSM process.
+
+In the first view of
+CalcW, although everything
+
+is the same as this previous
+model, in the second view,
+
+we try to calculate the
+S based on the formula we
+
+have in the book chapter.
+
+So here we can see that
+we try to calculate
+
+the average of
+simulated moments.
+
+And this is exactly the
+same as the previous model,
+
+and we try to
+calculate the average
+
+of each moment over
+10 simulations.
+
+And after that, you can
+see that that average
+
+of simulated moments
+here in the formula 4.
+
+And we have to subtract
+the real value of moments
+
+from that average and then
+multiply to its transpose
+
+and get another
+average over that.
+
+So here in the moments
+differences variable,
+
+we try to calculate
+the formula we
+
+have in the book
+chapter formula 4.
+
+And using that, we just
+calculated the S hat
+
+for the last final
+time of simulation.
+
+We only need to calculate the
+value of S just for one time,
+
+so that by inversing the
+value of the matrix S,
+
+we can get the value of matrix
+W that we need the MSM process.
+
+So we just want the
+models for one time.
+
+And here, after the
+simulation ends,
+
+you can see the
+value of S hat we
+
+need in the final time
+of simulation here.
+
+So we have like 10 by 10
+matrix that has like difference
+
+moments, and we have
+to inverse this matrix
+
+to get the real weight
+matrix that we need.
+
+In the next model, which
+is the SecondStep model,
+
+we again want to find
+all known parameters
+
+that we have using some
+optimization this time
+
+using the calculated w from
+the previous part in the CalcW
+
+part.
+
+So we imported S matrix
+from the previous part.
+
+And by inversing that S matrix,
+we get the W that we need.
+
+And also, we can import
+optimized parameters
+
+from the FirstStep
+model, or we can just
+
+use some random other
+variables, values
+
+as the initial values
+of the parameters.
+
+And so finally, we do
+another optimization
+
+to find our three
+unknown parameters.
+
+And we again use
+the formula (5).
+
+Just this time, we
+have the W calculated
+
+from the previous model,
+which was the CalcW model.
+
+So here in the SecondStep
+model, in view one,
+
+you can see everything's
+the same as the two
+
+previous models.
+
+And in view two,
+you can see the only
+
+[? serious ?] thing, that
+difference from the FirstStep
+
+model, is that we
+import the value of S
+
+and then inverse it to calculate
+the W instead of calculating
+
+W based on the data
+moments that we have.
+
+Here we have some kind
+of [? bargain ?] Vensim.
+
+And if you try to import the
+values of S hat from previous
+
+model using some
+kind of function,
+
+like GET VDF CONSTANT or any
+other function that tries
+
+to import the values
+from the previous model,
+
+then my Vensim cannot calculate
+the inverse of that metrics
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So here we just copy-pasted
+the values of the calculated S
+
+matrix from previous
+model and just put it here
+
+as the exogenous
+variable, and here we
+
+calculate the
+inverse of my matrix,
+
+instead of just using
+the imported values
+
+from the previous model.
+
+For the SecondStep
+model, again, we
+
+have to optimize the parameter.
+
+So again, we have like the same
+system as the FirstStep model.
+
+We tried to minimize
+the errors terms,
+
+and we are trying to
+optimize the parameters.
+
+And after like the
+simulation-- simulation may
+
+take like an hour or so-- so
+after the simulation ends,
+
+we have optimized value
+for our unknown parameters.
+
+After the optimization
+is finished,
+
+we can see the optimized
+parameters value here.
+
+So we get these values for
+each one of these parameters.
+
+And we can see, for example,
+0.002 is for [INAUDIBLE]
+
+random, 0.35 is for
+starvation, and 0.13
+
+is for an overfeed
+parameters here,
+
+The next model, which is the
+Confidence Interval Model,
+
+we try to calculate
+the confidence
+
+interval of our
+unknown parameters.
+
+So here we need to import
+the optimized parameters
+
+from the SecondStep model and
+the W from the CalcW model.
+
+And then we calculate the
+confidence intervals first
+
+by calculating a
+variable called Q.
+
+We can see the formula for
+calculating the Q here.
+
+And then using that
+Q, we calculate
+
+the confidence interval using
+this formula we can see here.
+
+We just have to add and increase
+our values from each parameter.
+
+So here the confidence level
+factor, for example for 95%,
+
+the confidence
+interval-- assuming
+
+we have normal
+distribution-- is 1.96.
+
+Then we have to multiply that
+value, that confidence level
+
+factor to a square root of
+q, and adding and subtracting
+
+from the parameters.
+
+So after that, we have
+the confidence interval
+
+for each one of our parameters.
+
+So here in the Confidence
+Interval Model,
+
+we can see that
+again we calculate
+
+the average simulated
+moment, and we
+
+get the S from
+the previous part.
+
+Also, we have two import the
+value of parameters meters
+
+from the previous model, which
+was the SecondStep model.
+
+So we get the optimized
+parameters here.
+
+We get the value of S here.
+
+And here we try to calculate
+the confidence interval
+
+using the formula that we have.
+
+So here in the
+formula 7, you can
+
+see that we have 1 plus 1/K. K
+here is number of simulation.
+
+So for example, we
+have 10 simulation.
+
+Then we have delta as
+minus 1, which is the W.
+
+And again, delta--
+delta here is the change
+
+in moments of a
+parameter by changing
+
+the parameter for epsilon or
+[? theta ?] [INAUDIBLE] value.
+
+So for example, if you add
+0.001 to an optimized value
+
+of "Starvation", how much
+it's average simulated mean
+
+may change or standard deviation
+may change to two moments
+
+that we have.
+
+So we tried to calculate
+that delta here using
+
+some [INAUDIBLE] variable.
+
+In [INAUDIBLE] variable,
+we just add and decrease
+
+a value of epsilon
+to each parameters,
+
+and then we get the delta here.
+
+Using this system
+that you can see here,
+
+we calculate the confidence
+interval we need.
+
+So again, we need to run
+the model only for one time.
+
+Just by running the
+model just for one time,
+
+we can calculate the confidence
+interval that we need.
+
+So after running
+the model, we can
+
+see this we have the
+confidence intervals for,
+
+for example, upper
+bound confidence
+
+interval for each one
+of the parameters here,
+
+and the lower bound
+of confidence interval
+
+for each one of the parameters
+that we have in here.
+
+The base obesity
+model and the moments,
+
+the capturing moments
+structure that we
+
+have in all four models,
+are kind of the same,
+
+except for the last model,
+which is the confidence interval
+
+model.
+
+We have to add one
+other set of scripts
+
+that is for
+sensitivity analysis.
+
+For each one of
+the parameters, we
+
+have one upper bound
+and one lower bound,
+
+so we have to add six
+subscripts to the model.
+
+And for each one
+of the subscript,
+
+we have to run a
+simulation to, for example,
+
+catch the upper bound
+of one of the parameters
+
+or catch the lower
+bound of the parameters.
+
+So you have to change
+the model in a way
+
+that it runs the simulation for
+each one of those subscription.
+
+But everything else is the
+same in our four models
+
+for the base of
+the obesity model
+
+and the moment capturing
+model for a structure.
+
+Finally, if we put aside
+the [INAUDIBLE] in Vensim
+
+and assume that we can
+just import and export
+
+[INAUDIBLE] between models and
+calculate the inverse of matrix
+
+without any problem, we can
+create just one common script
+
+that runs our sequential models
+and just import and export
+
+the data between them.
+
+And after running all
+the models and processes,
+
+and it just gives us
+the final solution
+
+of the optimized parameters
+and their confidence intervals.
+
+So here for example, we
+created a common script
+
+that tells Vensim to
+optimize the first model,
+
+then import the value
+from the first model
+
+and calculate the W while
+you're running the second model.
+
+And after that, just import
+the W from the CalcW model
+
+and just do another
+optimization to get
+
+the second to do another
+optimization on SecondStep
+
+model.
+
+Finally, export the values
+to the confidence values
+
+of unknown parameters to
+the confidence interval,
+
+and just calculate the
+confidence interval.
+
+So using such as system, using
+such a common script system,
+
+we can just do one-- just
+gives Vensim one common,
+
+and it will just do the whole
+process of our series models
+
+one after each other, and
+do the whole thing together.
+
+And just gives us the
+final parameter's value
+
+and their confidence interval.
+
+So that was it.
+
+Thank you so much for watching.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pUmMZqwzZ10.txt b/pUmMZqwzZ10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed18a80a974045566545544756558c2805387690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pUmMZqwzZ10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous chapter we discussed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous chapter we discussed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous chapter we discussed how
+to encode information as sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode information as sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode information as sequences of
+bits in this chapter we turn our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in this chapter we turn our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in this chapter we turn our
+attention to finding a useful physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to finding a useful physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to finding a useful physical
+representation for bits our first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for bits our first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for bits our first step
+in building devices that can process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building devices that can process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building devices that can process
+information so what makes a good bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what makes a good bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so what makes a good bit in
+other words what properties do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what properties do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what properties do we want
+our physical representation of bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical representation of bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical representation of bits to
+have well we'll want a lot of them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we'll want a lot of them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we'll want a lot of them we
+expect to carry billions of bits around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to carry billions of bits around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to carry billions of bits around
+with us for example music files and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us for example music files and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us for example music files and we
+expect to have access to trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have access to trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have access to trillions of
+additional bits on the web for news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits on the web for news and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits on the web for news and
+entertainment and social interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and social interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and social interactions
+commerce the list goes on and on so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce the list goes on and on so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce the list goes on and on so we
+want this to be small and inexpensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be small and inexpensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be small and inexpensive
+mother nature has a suggestion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature has a suggestion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature has a suggestion the
+chemical encoding embodied in DNA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical encoding embodied in DNA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical encoding embodied in DNA or
+sequences of the nucleotides adenine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of the nucleotides adenine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of the nucleotides adenine
+thymine guanine and cytosine form codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine guanine and cytosine form codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymine guanine and cytosine form codons
+that encode genetic information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode genetic information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encode genetic information that
+serve as the blueprint for living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the blueprint for living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the blueprint for living
+organisms the molecular scale meets our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the molecular scale meets our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the molecular scale meets our
+size requirements and there's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size requirements and there's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size requirements and there's active
+research underway on how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research underway on how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research underway on how to use the
+chemistry of life to perform interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of life to perform interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of life to perform interesting
+computations on a massive scale we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations on a massive scale we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations on a massive scale we'd
+certainly like our bits to be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly like our bits to be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly like our bits to be stable
+over long periods of time once a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long periods of time once a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over long periods of time once a zero
+boys a zero the rosetta stone shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys a zero the rosetta stone shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys a zero the rosetta stone shown here
+as part of its original tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of its original tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of its original tablet
+containing a decree from the Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a decree from the Egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a decree from the Egyptian
+King Ptolemy v was created in 196 BC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King Ptolemy v was created in 196 BC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King Ptolemy v was created in 196 BC and
+encoded the information needed for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the information needed for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the information needed for our
+archaeologists to start reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists to start reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists to start reliably
+deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics
+almost 2,000 years later but the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 2,000 years later but the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 2,000 years later but the very
+property that makes stone engravings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes stone engravings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes stone engravings a
+stable representation of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable representation of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable representation of information
+makes it difficult to manipulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it difficult to manipulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it difficult to manipulate the
+information which brings us to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which brings us to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which brings us to the final
+item in our shopping list we'd like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in our shopping list we'd like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in our shopping list we'd like our
+representation of bits to make it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of bits to make it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of bits to make it easy
+to quickly access transform combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly access transform combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly access transform combine
+transmit and store the information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit and store the information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit and store the information they
+encode assuming we don't want to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode assuming we don't want to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode assuming we don't want to carry
+around buckets of gooey DNA or stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around buckets of gooey DNA or stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around buckets of gooey DNA or stone
+chisels how should we represent bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chisels how should we represent bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chisels how should we represent bits
+with some engineering we can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some engineering we can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some engineering we can represent
+information using the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using the electrical
+phenomenon associated with charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon associated with charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon associated with charged
+particles the presence of charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the presence of charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the presence of charged
+particles creates differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles creates differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles creates differences in
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+potential energy we can measure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy we can measure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy we can measure as
+voltages and the flow of charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and the flow of charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and the flow of charged
+particles can be measured as currents we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be measured as currents we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be measured as currents we
+can also encode information using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also encode information using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also encode information using the
+phase and frequency of electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and frequency of electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and frequency of electromagnetic
+fields associated with charged particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields associated with charged particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields associated with charged particles
+these latter two choices form the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these latter two choices form the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these latter two choices form the basis
+for wireless communication which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wireless communication which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wireless communication which
+electrical phenomenon is the best choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical phenomenon is the best choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical phenomenon is the best choice
+depends on the intended application in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the intended application in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the intended application in
+this course we'll use voltages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we'll use voltages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we'll use voltages to
+represent bits for example we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent bits for example we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent bits for example we might
+choose 0 volts to represent a 0 bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 0 volts to represent a 0 bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 0 volts to represent a 0 bit and
+1 volt to represent a 1 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 volt to represent a 1 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 volt to represent a 1 bit
+to represent sequences of bits we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent sequences of bits we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent sequences of bits we can
+use multiple voltage measurements either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multiple voltage measurements either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multiple voltage measurements either
+from many different wires or as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many different wires or as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many different wires or as a
+sequence of voltages over time on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of voltages over time on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of voltages over time on a
+single wire a representation using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single wire a representation using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single wire a representation using
+voltages has many advantages electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages has many advantages electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages has many advantages electrical
+outlets provide an inexpensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlets provide an inexpensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlets provide an inexpensive and
+mostly reliable source of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly reliable source of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly reliable source of electricity
+and for mobile applications we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for mobile applications we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for mobile applications we can use
+batteries to supply what we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries to supply what we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries to supply what we need for
+more than a century we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a century we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a century we've been
+accumulating considerable engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating considerable engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating considerable engineering
+knowledge about voltages and currents we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about voltages and currents we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about voltages and currents we
+now know how to build very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know how to build very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know how to build very small
+circuits to store detect and manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits to store detect and manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits to store detect and manipulate
+voltages and we can make those circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and we can make those circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and we can make those circuits
+run on a very small amount of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a very small amount of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on a very small amount of electrical
+power in fact we can design circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in fact we can design circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in fact we can design circuits
+that require close to zero power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require close to zero power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require close to zero power
+dissipation in a steady state if none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation in a steady state if none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation in a steady state if none of
+the encoded information is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoded information is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoded information is changing
+however a voltage based representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a voltage based representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a voltage based representation
+does have some challenges voltages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some challenges voltages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some challenges voltages of
+easily affected by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily affected by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily affected by changing
+electromagnetic fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields in the
+surrounding environment if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding environment if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding environment if I want to
+transmit voltage encoded information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit voltage encoded information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit voltage encoded information to
+you we need to be connected by a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we need to be connected by a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we need to be connected by a wire
+and changing the voltage on a wire takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing the voltage on a wire takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changing the voltage on a wire takes
+some time since the timing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time since the timing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time since the timing of the
+necessary flow of charged particles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary flow of charged particles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary flow of charged particles is
+determined by the resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the resistance and
+capacitance of the wire in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of the wire in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of the wire in modern
+integrated circuits these RC time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits these RC time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuits these RC time
+constants are small but sadly not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are small but sadly not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are small but sadly not zero
+we have good engineering solutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good engineering solutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have good engineering solutions for
+these challenges so let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pVY9pw7S-B4.txt b/pVY9pw7S-B4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41ec130428aa0a1640d8f1f30c6b7e6075089bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pVY9pw7S-B4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16336 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good afternoon. My name is Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good afternoon. My name is Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good afternoon. My name is Thomas
+Malone. I'm a professor at the Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malone. I'm a professor at the Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malone. I'm a professor at the Sloan
+School and director of the MIT Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School and director of the MIT Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School and director of the MIT Center
+for Collective Intelligence. And it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Collective Intelligence. And it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Collective Intelligence. And it is
+my job to welcome you here today and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job to welcome you here today and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job to welcome you here today and to
+introduce our speaker. I actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our speaker. I actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our speaker. I actually have
+an even more exciting announcement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more exciting announcement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even more exciting announcement for
+you, which is you thought you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, which is you thought you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, which is you thought you were going
+to come for an interesting exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come for an interesting exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come for an interesting exciting
+talk, but you're actually here for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk, but you're actually here for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk, but you're actually here for an
+adventure because it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure because it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure because it turns out that
+apparently the power is out in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the power is out in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the power is out in all of
+Cambridge. The lights you see here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge. The lights you see here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge. The lights you see here are
+from the emergency power system in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the emergency power system in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the emergency power system in this
+building. But we do not have regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. But we do not have regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. But we do not have regular
+power and therefore the speaker will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and therefore the speaker will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and therefore the speaker will not
+be able to use his slides and video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use his slides and video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use his slides and video and
+all the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the wonderful
+multimedia material he had prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia material he had prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimedia material he had prepared for
+you. So you get to have an oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So you get to have an oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So you get to have an oldfashioned
+adventure just listening to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure just listening to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure just listening to each other
+talk. So to prepare you for that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. So to prepare you for that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. So to prepare you for that uh it
+is my pleasure to introduce our speaker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my pleasure to introduce our speaker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my pleasure to introduce our speaker.
+Uh, I talked to him a little bit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I talked to him a little bit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I talked to him a little bit just
+before this and neither of us has had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this and neither of us has had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this and neither of us has had a
+clear memory of this, but I do remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear memory of this, but I do remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear memory of this, but I do remember
+talking to Don over 30 years ago when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Don over 30 years ago when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Don over 30 years ago when I
+was a researcher at Xerox PaloAlto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a researcher at Xerox PaloAlto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a researcher at Xerox PaloAlto
+Research Center, Xerox Park, and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Center, Xerox Park, and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research Center, Xerox Park, and he was
+a researcher at Bell Northern Research.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a researcher at Bell Northern Research.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a researcher at Bell Northern Research.
+Uh, I don't remember what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I don't remember what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I don't remember what we talked
+about, but I remember thinking it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, but I remember thinking it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, but I remember thinking it was
+interesting, whatever it was. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, whatever it was. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, whatever it was. And then
+uh after he was at Bell Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after he was at Bell Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after he was at Bell Northern
+Research, I actually found one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research, I actually found one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research, I actually found one of his
+bios on the web which said after three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bios on the web which said after three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bios on the web which said after three
+years at Bell Northern, Tapscot left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at Bell Northern, Tapscot left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at Bell Northern, Tapscot left to
+pursue other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue other
+interests. Now, that's usually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. Now, that's usually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. Now, that's usually not a
+very good thing to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good thing to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good thing to say
+about. But in this case, the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But in this case, the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But in this case, the next
+sentence says, "He founded and sold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence says, "He founded and sold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence says, "He founded and sold a
+few successful companies and wrote 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few successful companies and wrote 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few successful companies and wrote 14
+books, including best sellers, Paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books, including best sellers, Paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books, including best sellers, Paradigm
+Shift, Wikenomics, uh, which by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift, Wikenomics, uh, which by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shift, Wikenomics, uh, which by the way
+I use as leading in one of my courses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use as leading in one of my courses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use as leading in one of my courses on
+organizational design, and almost most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational design, and almost most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational design, and almost most
+recently his new book, Microeconomics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently his new book, Microeconomics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently his new book, Microeconomics,
+which is, I believe, for sale there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is, I believe, for sale there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is, I believe, for sale there at
+the back of the room." He just told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the room." He just told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the room." He just told me
+this afternoon that that's not his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon that that's not his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon that that's not his
+newest book. Apparently, his newest book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest book. Apparently, his newest book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest book. Apparently, his newest book
+is not a book. It is an app. The Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a book. It is an app. The Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a book. It is an app. The Don
+Tapscott app, New Solutions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tapscott app, New Solutions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tapscott app, New Solutions for a
+Connected Planet. In addition to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected Planet. In addition to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected Planet. In addition to all
+these books, Don was also named one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books, Don was also named one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books, Don was also named one of
+the thinkers 50 definitive list of top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinkers 50 definitive list of top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thinkers 50 definitive list of top
+business thinkers in the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business thinkers in the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business thinkers in the world.
+Macroeconomics was a runner up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macroeconomics was a runner up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macroeconomics was a runner up for the
+best business book of the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business book of the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business book of the last two
+years. He's a member of the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. He's a member of the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. He's a member of the World
+Economic Forum, an adjunct professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Forum, an adjunct professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Forum, an adjunct professor of
+management at the Rottman School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management at the Rottman School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management at the Rottman School of
+Management in Toronto, Martin Prosperity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management in Toronto, Martin Prosperity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management in Toronto, Martin Prosperity
+Institute fellow. He is, I believe, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute fellow. He is, I believe, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute fellow. He is, I believe, it's
+fair to say, one of the most prolific,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to say, one of the most prolific,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to say, one of the most prolific,
+profound, and influential thinkers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound, and influential thinkers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound, and influential thinkers about
+in the world today about the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world today about the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world today about the digital
+revolution and what it means for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and what it means for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and what it means for all of
+us. It's my pleasure to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thanks Tom for that two kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks Tom for that two kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks Tom for that two kind
+introduction. Well they say power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction. Well they say power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction. Well they say power
+corrupts PowerPoint corrupts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupts PowerPoint corrupts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupts PowerPoint corrupts.
+Absolutely. So um I guess we will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So um I guess we will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. So um I guess we will have a
+conversation. The u I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. The u I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. The u I'm trying to
+remember what we talked about too but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about too but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about too but we
+were both trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both trying to figure out how
+computers connected to networks might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers connected to networks might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers connected to networks might
+have an impact on the world. And back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the world. And back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on the world. And back
+then uh some of you may not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh some of you may not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh some of you may not have been
+around but computers were only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but computers were only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but computers were only in the
+late 70s when I started DNR were used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 70s when I started DNR were used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 70s when I started DNR were used by
+programmers. They weren't even used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers. They weren't even used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers. They weren't even used by
+secretaries. Word processing was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries. Word processing was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries. Word processing was just
+starting uh to appear. Um and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting uh to appear. Um and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting uh to appear. Um and we had
+this crazy idea that at DNR that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy idea that at DNR that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy idea that at DNR that
+computers might become a communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers might become a communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers might become a communications
+tool. They might be used by everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. They might be used by everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool. They might be used by everybody.
+And so we did a controlled uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we did a controlled uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we did a controlled uh
+experiment. We had 50 knowledge workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. We had 50 knowledge workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. We had 50 knowledge workers
+as we called them uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we called them uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we called them uh using
+multi-function workstations pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-function workstations pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-function workstations pretty much
+Microsoft Office running on a BT100 dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Office running on a BT100 dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Office running on a BT100 dumb
+terminal from deck and um then we had 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal from deck and um then we had 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal from deck and um then we had 50
+uh people who were the control group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who were the control group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people who were the control group and
+uh they had the old pens and papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had the old pens and papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had the old pens and papers and
+secretaries and calculators and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries and calculators and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretaries and calculators and all that
+traditional stuff. We found out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional stuff. We found out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional stuff. We found out that the
+the test group actually worked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test group actually worked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test group actually worked very
+differently. They communicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. They communicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. They communicated
+differently. Um and on the measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Um and on the measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Um and on the measures that
+we had, they performed uh better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had, they performed uh better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had, they performed uh better and
+they had more fun too. And within only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had more fun too. And within only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had more fun too. And within only
+25 years, people were watching cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years, people were watching cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 years, people were watching cat
+videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Um but I wrote a book out based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um but I wrote a book out based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um but I wrote a book out based
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+experience in uh 1981. And u I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in uh 1981. And u I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in uh 1981. And u I'll say it
+was a study in bad time. It did not sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study in bad time. It did not sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study in bad time. It did not sell
+very well. And my I think my mom bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well. And my I think my mom bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well. And my I think my mom bought
+most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the
+cops and people said this will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops and people said this will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cops and people said this will never
+happen. Regular people will never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Regular people will never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Regular people will never use
+computers. And do you know the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. And do you know the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. And do you know the reason
+regular people what they said? Typing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular people what they said? Typing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular people what they said? Typing.
+Yes. Managers, professionals will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Managers, professionals will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Managers, professionals will never
+learn to type. So all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to type. So all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to type. So all these
+profoundities became reduced to typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundities became reduced to typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundities became reduced to typing
+proficiency. I became a typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency. I became a typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficiency. I became a typing
+evangelist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evangelist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evangelist.
+is fun. But uh flash forward to today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun. But uh flash forward to today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun. But uh flash forward to today um
+this of course is happening. So um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is happening. So um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is happening. So um what
+I think I'll do rather than talking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll do rather than talking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll do rather than talking for
+an hour without slides is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour without slides is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour without slides is I'm going to
+talk for a lot less and kind of cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk for a lot less and kind of cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk for a lot less and kind of cover
+the the turf that I was going to cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the turf that I was going to cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the turf that I was going to cover.
+Then we could throw it up and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we could throw it up and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we could throw it up and have a
+conversation there for a few people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation there for a few people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation there for a few people in
+this room who actually have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room who actually have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room who actually have some
+knowledge about the web um and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the web um and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the web um and other
+things than uh themselves. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than uh themselves. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than uh themselves. So
+uh where do we start?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where do we start?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where do we start?
+Well, womics that was uh actually my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, womics that was uh actually my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, womics that was uh actually my
+12th book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th book
+2007 and it argued that uh the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and it argued that uh the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and it argued that uh the internet
+and the web are not are not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the web are not are not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the web are not are not about
+eyeball stickiness page views hooking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball stickiness page views hooking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball stickiness page views hooking up
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+uh.coms any of that. They're becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh.coms any of that. They're becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh.coms any of that. They're becoming a
+new computational platform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new computational platform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new computational platform that
+radically drops transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically drops transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically drops transaction and
+collaboration costs in our economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration costs in our economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration costs in our economy and
+in society. And this we argued uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society. And this we argued uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in society. And this we argued uh is
+leading to a profound change in the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a profound change in the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a profound change in the deep
+structure and architecture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and architecture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and architecture of a
+corporation of how we orchestrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation of how we orchestrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation of how we orchestrate
+capability to innovate to create goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to innovate to create goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to innovate to create goods
+and services to engage with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services to engage with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and services to engage with the rest of
+the world. This talent and uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. This talent and uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. This talent and uniquely
+qualified minds can be outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified minds can be outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified minds can be outside the
+boundaries of your company. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your company. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of your company. And this
+unfolds in all kinds of new business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds in all kinds of new business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds in all kinds of new business
+models. Ideagorics which are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Ideagorics which are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Ideagorics which are open
+markets for for unique and qualified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets for for unique and qualified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets for for unique and qualified
+minds. Proumer turning your consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds. Proumer turning your consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds. Proumer turning your consumers
+into producers. Open platforms where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producers. Open platforms where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producers. Open platforms where you
+open up the APIs of your business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the APIs of your business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the APIs of your business and
+the world co-inovates on top of that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world co-inovates on top of that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world co-inovates on top of that. Um
+peer production. These are all new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer production. These are all new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer production. These are all new
+models that are emerging in in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are emerging in in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are emerging in in a very
+powerful way. The book was a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way. The book was a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way. The book was a big deal.
+It was actually the bestselling manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was actually the bestselling manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was actually the bestselling manager
+book for the year uh in the US in 2007.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for the year uh in the US in 2007.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book for the year uh in the US in 2007.
+And then something happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then something happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then something happened
+uh that caused me to recalibrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that caused me to recalibrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that caused me to recalibrate and
+that was the um the financial meltdown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the um the financial meltdown.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the um the financial meltdown.
+And it's who imagine five years ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's who imagine five years ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's who imagine five years ago that
+one of the big themes of business books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big themes of business books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big themes of business books
+and cover stories on magazines and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cover stories on magazines and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cover stories on magazines and so on
+would be how to save capitalism. Where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be how to save capitalism. Where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be how to save capitalism. Where's
+capitalism even savable? And these books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism even savable? And these books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism even savable? And these books
+are not being written by occupied types.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not being written by occupied types.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not being written by occupied types.
+They're being written by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being written by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being written by the
+capitalists. Matthew Bishop, business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists. Matthew Bishop, business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists. Matthew Bishop, business
+editor at the Economist, wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor at the Economist, wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor at the Economist, wrote a book
+called The Road from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Road from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Road from the
+Room. And some of you may know this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Room. And some of you may know this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Room. And some of you may know this guy
+Paul Kugman, Nobel Prize, The Economist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Kugman, Nobel Prize, The Economist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Kugman, Nobel Prize, The Economist,
+Controversial Guy, writes the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Controversial Guy, writes the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Controversial Guy, writes the New York
+Times. Um, he and I have been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times. Um, he and I have been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times. Um, he and I have been on the
+same stage a few times recently. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stage a few times recently. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stage a few times recently. And uh
+you may know his point that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may know his point that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may know his point that when you
+have the meltdown of a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the meltdown of a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the meltdown of a financial
+industry, you get a prolonged period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, you get a prolonged period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry, you get a prolonged period of
+slump. Japan had one in '92. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slump. Japan had one in '92. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slump. Japan had one in '92. They're
+still in a slump. So get ready for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in a slump. So get ready for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in a slump. So get ready for a
+couple of decades of ugliness. He says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades of ugliness. He says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades of ugliness. He says
+the global economy. And that's the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global economy. And that's the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global economy. And that's the good
+news scenario because some really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news scenario because some really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news scenario because some really bad
+things can happen like say Italy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen like say Italy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen like say Italy or
+Spain defaults on it so debt Merkel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain defaults on it so debt Merkel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain defaults on it so debt Merkel and
+Germany doesn't backs stop the euro.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany doesn't backs stop the euro.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany doesn't backs stop the euro.
+Europe uh goes into a depression. in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh goes into a depression. in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh goes into a depression. in the
+global economy goes into a profession.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global economy goes into a profession.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global economy goes into a profession.
+So I get up on the stage and I look out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get up on the stage and I look out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get up on the stage and I look out
+at this audience and all these people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this audience and all these people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this audience and all these people in
+a fetal position and um I say look far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fetal position and um I say look far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fetal position and um I say look far
+be it for me to debate a Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it for me to debate a Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it for me to debate a Nobel Prize
+winning economist but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning economist but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning economist but to
+me the future is not something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the future is not something to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the future is not something to be
+predicted. The future is something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted. The future is something to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted. The future is something to be
+achieved and we can achieve a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and we can achieve a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved and we can achieve a very
+different future than the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different future than the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different future than the one that
+carved in our minds. But if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved in our minds. But if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved in our minds. But if we're going
+to do that, we need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we need to know what the
+problem is. And the problem doesn't fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is. And the problem doesn't fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is. And the problem doesn't fall
+within the paradigm or the mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the paradigm or the mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the paradigm or the mental model
+of traditional economies. So worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional economies. So worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional economies. So worry about
+things like the business cycle and do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the business cycle and do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the business cycle and do we
+need more austerity or more fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more austerity or more fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more austerity or more fiscal
+stimulation and in the UK is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation and in the UK is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation and in the UK is this a
+double dip, you know, recession and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dip, you know, recession and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dip, you know, recession and so
+on. The these are all important topics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The these are all important topics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The these are all important topics,
+but fundamentally to me this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fundamentally to me this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fundamentally to me this is not a
+cyclical change that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical change that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical change that we're going
+through. It's a secular change. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. It's a secular change. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. It's a secular change. It's a
+turning point in history. You add all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point in history. You add all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point in history. You add all
+these things up all around the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up all around the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things up all around the world and
+there's a case to be made that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case to be made that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case to be made that the
+industrial age has finally ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age has finally ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial age has finally ran out of
+gas. I mean you look around and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. I mean you look around and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas. I mean you look around and there
+are a set of institutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of institutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of institutions in
+macroeconomics we talk about 16 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics we talk about 16 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics we talk about 16 of them
+that are at various stages of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at various stages of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at various stages of being
+stalled or frozen or in atrophied or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalled or frozen or in atrophied or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalled or frozen or in atrophied or
+even failing contrasted with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even failing contrasted with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even failing contrasted with these
+sparkling new initiatives of of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkling new initiatives of of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparkling new initiatives of of a new
+model of that institution being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of that institution being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of that institution being built
+around the web and being built around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the web and being built around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the web and being built around a
+new set of principles and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of principles and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of principles and uh you know
+the old industrial age model of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old industrial age model of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old industrial age model of of
+innovation and the corporation typified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and the corporation typified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and the corporation typified
+by General Motors. Well, GM went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by General Motors. Well, GM went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by General Motors. Well, GM went
+bankrupt, the financial industry. I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt, the financial industry. I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt, the financial industry. I gave
+a talk called TEDex Wall Street at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk called TEDex Wall Street at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk called TEDex Wall Street at the
+New York Stock Exchange. It was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange. It was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange. It was actually
+the opening speech. And and I said, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening speech. And and I said, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening speech. And and I said, you
+know, Wall Street, we have a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Wall Street, we have a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Wall Street, we have a problem.
+There's a growing understanding that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a growing understanding that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a growing understanding that the
+world is becoming less fair, less um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is becoming less fair, less um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is becoming less fair, less um
+prosperous, and less sustainable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous, and less sustainable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous, and less sustainable. And
+you're at the heart of of this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the heart of of this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at the heart of of this problem.
+Your core modus operandi almost brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your core modus operandi almost brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your core modus operandi almost brought
+down global capitalism. Have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down global capitalism. Have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down global capitalism. Have you
+changed? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed? Um,
+newspapers are going bankrupt. 70 have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers are going bankrupt. 70 have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers are going bankrupt. 70 have
+gone under in the United States. It'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone under in the United States. It'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone under in the United States. It'd be
+a fun little mass collaboration thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun little mass collaboration thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun little mass collaboration thing.
+In what year will the last newspaper get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In what year will the last newspaper get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In what year will the last newspaper get
+published in an OECD country that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in an OECD country that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in an OECD country that you
+know 30 or so developed countries? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 or so developed countries? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 30 or so developed countries? I'm
+guessing sometime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing sometime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing sometime in the
+2030 range. Um as one youngster said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 range. Um as one youngster said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 range. Um as one youngster said to
+us, "If the news is important, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, "If the news is important, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, "If the news is important, it will
+find me." Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me." Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find me." Um
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and actually interviewed a youngster in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually interviewed a youngster in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually interviewed a youngster in
+front of a big she's 20 years old at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a big she's 20 years old at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a big she's 20 years old at the
+World Congress on it. It's like 7,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Congress on it. It's like 7,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Congress on it. It's like 7,000
+people and I had a panel of of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I had a panel of of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and I had a panel of of young
+people and uh I said to her, "I bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and uh I said to her, "I bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and uh I said to her, "I bet
+you're part of the dumbest generation."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're part of the dumbest generation."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're part of the dumbest generation."
+It's the title of a book. This guy Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the title of a book. This guy Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the title of a book. This guy Mark
+Bearine says, "How the digital age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bearine says, "How the digital age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bearine says, "How the digital age
+stupifies young Americans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupifies young Americans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupifies young Americans and
+jeopardizes our future. Don't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizes our future. Don't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizes our future. Don't trust
+anyone under 30." He says, "Um, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone under 30." He says, "Um, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone under 30." He says, "Um, so I
+said to her, aren't her name is Rahu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to her, aren't her name is Rahu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to her, aren't her name is Rahu.
+She was uh studying in Syria. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was uh studying in Syria. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She was uh studying in Syria. Sorry,
+born in Syria, studying in Paris. Her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in Syria, studying in Paris. Her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in Syria, studying in Paris. Her
+boyfriend is in Toronto. They turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend is in Toronto. They turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriend is in Toronto. They turn on
+video Skype all day long to keep their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video Skype all day long to keep their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video Skype all day long to keep their
+relationship from across the ocean." So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship from across the ocean." So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship from across the ocean." So
+on. So I said she met him on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So I said she met him on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So I said she met him on the
+internet. They're now married. I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. They're now married. I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. They're now married. I said,
+"Is that weird meeting your boyfriend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Is that weird meeting your boyfriend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Is that weird meeting your boyfriend on
+the internet?" And she said, "No, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet?" And she said, "No, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet?" And she said, "No, it's
+great. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's like
+shopping." And uh so I said to her,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping." And uh so I said to her,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping." And uh so I said to her,
+"Aren't you part of the dumbest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Aren't you part of the dumbest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Aren't you part of the dumbest
+generation? I bet you're you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation? I bet you're you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation? I bet you're you probably
+know who won American Idol, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who won American Idol, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who won American Idol, but you
+don't know who's the vice president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who's the vice president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who's the vice president of
+the United States. I bet you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. I bet you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. I bet you you don't
+read the newspaper. You probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspaper. You probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspaper. You probably don't
+watch the TV news. you probably get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the TV news. you probably get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the TV news. you probably get your
+news from John Stewart in the Daily Show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news from John Stewart in the Daily Show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news from John Stewart in the Daily Show
+on Comedy Central. And um like I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Comedy Central. And um like I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Comedy Central. And um like I knew
+her and I kind of knew that that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and I kind of knew that that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and I kind of knew that that was not
+true, but she says, "Uh, why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, but she says, "Uh, why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, but she says, "Uh, why don't I
+don't think that's a fair stereotype. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that's a fair stereotype. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that's a fair stereotype. I
+mean, I think I'm informed and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I think I'm informed and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I think I'm informed and most of
+my friends are, but you're right, Mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends are, but you're right, Mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends are, but you're right, Mr.
+Papscott. Uh I don't read the newspaper,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papscott. Uh I don't read the newspaper,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papscott. Uh I don't read the newspaper,
+but have you ever seen those things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have you ever seen those things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have you ever seen those things?
+They come out once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come out once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come out once a
+day and they don't have hot links. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they don't have hot links. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and they don't have hot links. They
+don't have any." and you get this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any." and you get this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any." and you get this weird
+black stuff on your fingers. She says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black stuff on your fingers. She says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black stuff on your fingers. She says,
+"Let me tell you how I get informed."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Let me tell you how I get informed."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Let me tell you how I get informed."
+She describes how she curates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She describes how she curates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She describes how she curates this
+environment. Uh she says, "You're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Uh she says, "You're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Uh she says, "You're also
+right. I I don't watch the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I I don't watch the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I I don't watch the television
+news, but does anybody Sam Donaldson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news, but does anybody Sam Donaldson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news, but does anybody Sam Donaldson
+told me the average age of the ABC night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me the average age of the ABC night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me the average age of the ABC night
+news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is
+64." And she says, and I do watch John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64." And she says, and I do watch John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64." And she says, and I do watch John
+Stewart, the Daily Show, but not to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart, the Daily Show, but not to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart, the Daily Show, but not to get
+the news. She says, "I don't think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news. She says, "I don't think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news. She says, "I don't think the
+Daily Show would be funny unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daily Show would be funny unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daily Show would be funny unless you
+know the news." So, this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the news." So, this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the news." So, this is a little
+vignette about the challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette about the challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vignette about the challenges that we
+have with informing ourselves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with informing ourselves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with informing ourselves as a
+society when the old models are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society when the old models are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society when the old models are doing
+that are collapsing and when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are collapsing and when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are collapsing and when there are
+vast opportunities that are emerging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast opportunities that are emerging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast opportunities that are emerging and
+for every one of these institutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these institutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these institutions are
+tough issues. I mean, you know, h how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough issues. I mean, you know, h how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough issues. I mean, you know, h how do
+we pay journalists? How do we ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay journalists? How do we ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay journalists? How do we ensure
+investigative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigative
+uh journalism and and quality? Um how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh journalism and and quality? Um how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh journalism and and quality? Um how do
+we avoid bulcanization where we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we avoid bulcanization where we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we avoid bulcanization where we can all
+follow our own little point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow our own little point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow our own little point of view and
+where we may end up in these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we may end up in these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we may end up in these little
+self-reinforcing echo chambers where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reinforcing echo chambers where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reinforcing echo chambers where the
+purpose of information is not to inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of information is not to inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of information is not to inform
+us but it's to uh to give us comfort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but it's to uh to give us comfort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but it's to uh to give us comfort.
+So, but every one of these, I mean, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but every one of these, I mean, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but every one of these, I mean, our
+models of global problem solving, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of global problem solving, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of global problem solving, they
+came out of the Second World War, Breton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the Second World War, Breton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the Second World War, Breton
+Woods, the UN, great UN, the World Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods, the UN, great UN, the World Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woods, the UN, great UN, the World Bank
+and the GAT and the the WTO and the IMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the GAT and the the WTO and the IMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the GAT and the the WTO and the IMF
+and the G20 and the G8. Are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the G20 and the G8. Are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the G20 and the G8. Are these
+problems that we have in the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have in the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have in the world that
+are growing? Are they just too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing? Are they just too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing? Are they just too hard to
+solve? Or maybe our state-based models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve? Or maybe our state-based models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve? Or maybe our state-based models
+of global cooperation and governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global cooperation and governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global cooperation and governments
+are not the appropriate model? Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the appropriate model? Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the appropriate model? Now
+meanwhile on that one there are tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile on that one there are tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile on that one there are tens of
+millions of people participating in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people participating in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people participating in new
+things multistakeholder networks. I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things multistakeholder networks. I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things multistakeholder networks. I call
+them global solution networks. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them global solution networks. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them global solution networks. This is
+the biggest project that I'm doing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest project that I'm doing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest project that I'm doing right
+now. It's a a big project on how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It's a a big project on how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It's a a big project on how do we
+solve the world's problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the world's problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the world's problems
+differently. So modest little thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. So modest little thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. So modest little thing. So
+um but we can go through all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we can go through all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we can go through all of these
+institutions. Science our model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Science our model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Science our model of
+science is deeply flawed in many areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is deeply flawed in many areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is deeply flawed in many areas.
+The pharmaceutical industry is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pharmaceutical industry is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pharmaceutical industry is a great
+example. They're about to fall off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. They're about to fall off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. They're about to fall off this
+thing called the patent cliff where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the patent cliff where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the patent cliff where
+they're going to lose they are losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to lose they are losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to lose they are losing
+right now 25 to 35% of their revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now 25 to 35% of their revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now 25 to 35% of their revenue
+overnight. So what do you do? Cut back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight. So what do you do? Cut back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight. So what do you do? Cut back
+on office expenses. No, we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on office expenses. No, we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on office expenses. No, we need to
+change the whole model of science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the whole model of science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the whole model of science to
+embrace the internet and new models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the internet and new models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the internet and new models of
+of uh of orchestrating capability. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of orchestrating capability. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of orchestrating capability. and
+Andrew Witty uh bless his heart the CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Witty uh bless his heart the CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Witty uh bless his heart the CEO
+of Glaco Smith Klein just two weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Glaco Smith Klein just two weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Glaco Smith Klein just two weeks ago
+announced that they're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announced that they're going to start
+sharing clinical trial data a rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing clinical trial data a rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing clinical trial data a rising
+tide can lift all boats you share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide can lift all boats you share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tide can lift all boats you share
+pre-ompetitive research they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ompetitive research they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ompetitive research they should be
+doing that proof of clinical mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that proof of clinical mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that proof of clinical mechanism
+it's called share comparator arm data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called share comparator arm data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called share comparator arm data
+and why not share all kinds of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why not share all kinds of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why not share all kinds of clinical
+trial research they have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial research they have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial research they have to change the
+whole model so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole model so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole model so the
+the what what I was going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what I was going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what what I was going to focus on
+today was the issue of education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was the issue of education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was the issue of education and
+that's another one both at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one both at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one both at the
+university and at other levels um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and at other levels um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and at other levels um we
+still largely have an industrial age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still largely have an industrial age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still largely have an industrial age
+model and the industrial age was a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the industrial age was a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the industrial age was a model
+of a scale and a standardization. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scale and a standardization. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scale and a standardization. So we
+have mass production, mass distribution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mass production, mass distribution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mass production, mass distribution,
+mass marketing, mass media, mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass marketing, mass media, mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass marketing, mass media, mass
+education where something at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where something at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education where something at the center
+or the top pushed out standardized units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top pushed out standardized units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the top pushed out standardized units
+to passive recipients. Um, so you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to passive recipients. Um, so you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to passive recipients. Um, so you push
+out products, you push out uh television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out products, you push out uh television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out products, you push out uh television
+shows, you push out lectures. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows, you push out lectures. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows, you push out lectures. Um, but
+they're all one sizefits-all, one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all one sizefits-all, one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all one sizefits-all, one too
+many. And the recipients are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. And the recipients are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. And the recipients are relatively
+inert. And you know, this is reflect. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert. And you know, this is reflect. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert. And you know, this is reflect. I
+know that a lot of teachers are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a lot of teachers are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a lot of teachers are working
+hard to reinvent the schools, but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to reinvent the schools, but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to reinvent the schools, but still
+the the the basic model pedagogy is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the basic model pedagogy is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the basic model pedagogy is I'm
+a teacher. I acknowledge you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a teacher. I acknowledge you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a teacher. I acknowledge you're a
+student. You don't get ready here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. You don't get ready here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student. You don't get ready here in
+Congress. and uh K to2. I was just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress. and uh K to2. I was just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress. and uh K to2. I was just with
+a a amazing group of uh business leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a amazing group of uh business leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a amazing group of uh business leaders
+and government leaders and educators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and government leaders and educators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and government leaders and educators in
+Canada this morning that's decided we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada this morning that's decided we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada this morning that's decided we're
+finally going to have to transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally going to have to transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally going to have to transform the
+schools K to 12 for relevance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools K to 12 for relevance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools K to 12 for relevance and
+effectiveness for the 21st century. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness for the 21st century. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness for the 21st century. But
+the whole this model of the lecture well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole this model of the lecture well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole this model of the lecture well
+I I kind of caricatururize it. Lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I kind of caricatururize it. Lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I kind of caricatururize it. Lecture
+is a process whereby the notes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process whereby the notes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a process whereby the notes of a
+lecture go to the notes of a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture go to the notes of a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture go to the notes of a student
+without going through the brains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going through the brains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going through the brains of
+either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either.
+I appreciate the irony that I'm standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I appreciate the irony that I'm standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I appreciate the irony that I'm standing
+up here giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here giving you a
+lecture and it would have been even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it would have been even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it would have been even more
+so if I had my but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had my but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had my but
+um in this conversation you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this conversation you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this conversation you're not going
+to remember about the 16 institutions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about the 16 institutions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about the 16 institutions or
+the five principles or the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five principles or the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five principles or the seven
+business models or anything else that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models or anything else that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models or anything else that I
+I may try and go over. I'm I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may try and go over. I'm I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may try and go over. I'm I'm just
+trying to convince you of an idea maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convince you of an idea maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to convince you of an idea maybe
+that you would think differently about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would think differently about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would think differently about
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+So just one more point before I finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just one more point before I finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just one more point before I finish
+up on it. So all these institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it. So all these institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it. So all these institutions
+um that are the old the old model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are the old the old model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that are the old the old model uh
+contrasted with new models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with new models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with new models that are
+emerging um I think that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging um I think that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging um I think that this is really
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+apocalyp and if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocalyp and if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocalyp and if you want to understand
+what's happening today again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening today again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening today again with
+respect to Kugman you don't go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Kugman you don't go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Kugman you don't go back to
+91 or 82 or even the great recession. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 or 82 or even the great recession. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 or 82 or even the great recession. I
+think you need to go back earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need to go back earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need to go back earlier that
+all around the world we had agrarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the world we had agrarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all around the world we had agrarian
+economies the means of production the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies the means of production the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies the means of production the
+political system was called feudalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system was called feudalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system was called feudalism
+and knowledge was tightly concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge was tightly concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge was tightly concentrated
+in all adopters the church and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all adopters the church and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all adopters the church and the state
+and people didn't know about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people didn't know about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people didn't know about things
+there's no concept of progress and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no concept of progress and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no concept of progress and then
+along comes uh Johannes Gutenberg with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along comes uh Johannes Gutenberg with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along comes uh Johannes Gutenberg with
+his great invention and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his great invention and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his great invention and over time
+different parts of the populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the populations
+started to acquire knowledge and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to acquire knowledge and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to acquire knowledge and when
+they did the institutions of feudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the institutions of feudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did the institutions of feudal
+ligrarian society appeared to be stalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligrarian society appeared to be stalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligrarian society appeared to be stalled
+or frozen or in atrophy or even failing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or frozen or in atrophy or even failing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or frozen or in atrophy or even failing.
+It didn't make sense for the Catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It didn't make sense for the Catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It didn't make sense for the Catholic
+Church to be responsible for medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church to be responsible for medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church to be responsible for medicine
+when people had knowledge. It didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people had knowledge. It didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people had knowledge. It didn't
+make sense for a bunch of kings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for a bunch of kings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense for a bunch of kings and
+nobles to be running things. So, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobles to be running things. So, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobles to be running things. So, we had
+the parliamentary democracy, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parliamentary democracy, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parliamentary democracy, the
+creation of the nation state. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the nation state. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the nation state. We had
+these national democratic revolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these national democratic revolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these national democratic revolutions
+all uh throughout Latin America and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh throughout Latin America and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh throughout Latin America and
+other parts, the French Revolution, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts, the French Revolution, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts, the French Revolution, the
+American Revolution. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Revolution. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Revolution. And that's
+essentially what these these were of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what these these were of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what these these were of a
+new population um a new classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new population um a new classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new population um a new classes
+rebelling against the old church and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebelling against the old church and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebelling against the old church and and
+mobility wanted to create not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility wanted to create not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility wanted to create not just
+nations but a new kind of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations but a new kind of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations but a new kind of uh of
+economy and uh with that the we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and uh with that the we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and uh with that the we had the
+Protestant Reformation Martin Luther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant Reformation Martin Luther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant Reformation Martin Luther
+called the printing press God's highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the printing press God's highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the printing press God's highest
+act of grace. We saw the creation of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of grace. We saw the creation of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of grace. We saw the creation of u
+science. The the university really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. The the university really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. The the university really
+started to take off during this period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to take off during this period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to take off during this period.
+We saw the uh the industrial revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We saw the uh the industrial revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We saw the uh the industrial revolution
+and ultimately it it was all good. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately it it was all good. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately it it was all good. It
+advanced our standard of living and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced our standard of living and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced our standard of living and our
+our knowledge and and quality of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge and and quality of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our knowledge and and quality of life
+but it it did come with a cost. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it did come with a cost. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it did come with a cost. And now
+once again uh to me the technology genie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh to me the technology genie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh to me the technology genie
+is out of the bottle. Only this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of the bottle. Only this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out of the bottle. Only this time
+it's it's very different. that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very different. that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very different. that the
+printing press gave us access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing press gave us access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing press gave us access to the
+written word. The web enables each of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written word. The web enables each of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written word. The web enables each of us
+to be a publisher. The printing press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a publisher. The printing press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a publisher. The printing press
+gave us access to recorded knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us access to recorded knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us access to recorded knowledge.
+The web gives us access not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The web gives us access not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The web gives us access not just to
+knowledge but to the intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but to the intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but to the intelligence
+contained in the cranium of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the cranium of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the cranium of other people
+on a global basis. This is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a global basis. This is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a global basis. This is not an
+information age. It's an age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information age. It's an age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information age. It's an age of
+networking and human intelligence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and human intelligence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and human intelligence.
+That's why I'm so delighted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why I'm so delighted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why I'm so delighted to be
+introduced by Tom's on the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Tom's on the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Tom's on the question of
+the next step on that collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step on that collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step on that collective
+intelligence is probably the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is probably the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is probably the world's
+leading thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading thinking.
+So this is an age of collaboration. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an age of collaboration. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an age of collaboration. It's
+about connecting cranium. Now um why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about connecting cranium. Now um why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about connecting cranium. Now um why is
+all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this
+happening? The web daddy's internet. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening? The web daddy's internet. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening? The web daddy's internet. you
+know, the social web, a new generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the social web, a new generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the social web, a new generation
+of uh digital natives. I'm a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh digital natives. I'm a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh digital natives. I'm a digital
+immigrant. I had to learn the language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant. I had to learn the language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant. I had to learn the language.
+We had the first generation to grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had the first generation to grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had the first generation to grow up
+digital. And I started sping kids about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital. And I started sping kids about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital. And I started sping kids about
+20 years ago when I noticed how my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago when I noticed how my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years ago when I noticed how my own
+children were effortlessly able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were effortlessly able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were effortlessly able to use
+all this sophisticated technology. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this sophisticated technology. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this sophisticated technology. At
+first, I thought my children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, I thought my children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, I thought my children are
+prodigies. And um then I noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodigies. And um then I noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodigies. And um then I noticed that
+all their friends were like them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their friends were like them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their friends were like them. So
+that was a bad theory. So um in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a bad theory. So um in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a bad theory. So um in the mid
+90s I started working uh with 300 kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s I started working uh with 300 kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s I started working uh with 300 kids
+and in 97 I wrote a book called growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 97 I wrote a book called growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 97 I wrote a book called growing
+up digital and I and I that defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up digital and I and I that defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up digital and I and I that defined the
+net generation the digital divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generation the digital divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generation the digital divide the
+generation gap a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap a whole bunch of other
+ideas and I said these kids are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and I said these kids are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and I said these kids are going to
+have no fear of technology because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no fear of technology because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no fear of technology because it's
+not technology dynam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very important. I was an authority on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. I was an authority on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. I was an authority on
+model trains when I was 11. Today, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model trains when I was 11. Today, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model trains when I was 11. Today, the
+11year-old at the breakfast table is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11year-old at the breakfast table is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11year-old at the breakfast table is an
+authority on this digital revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority on this digital revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority on this digital revolution
+that's, you know, changing business,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's, you know, changing business,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's, you know, changing business,
+commerce, government, earning, finance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce, government, earning, finance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce, government, earning, finance,
+education, every institution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, every institution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, every institution and
+society. So, it's not a generation gap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. So, it's not a generation gap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. So, it's not a generation gap.
+That's what we had in the 60s. Uh, kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we had in the 60s. Uh, kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we had in the 60s. Uh, kids
+and parents get along really well today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parents get along really well today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and parents get along really well today.
+We interviewed uh 11,000 young people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We interviewed uh 11,000 young people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We interviewed uh 11,000 young people in
+10 countries uh or surveyed them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 countries uh or surveyed them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 countries uh or surveyed them.
+Um, back back in the 60s, I mean, my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, back back in the 60s, I mean, my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, back back in the 60s, I mean, my
+parents didn't even like the Beatles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents didn't even like the Beatles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents didn't even like the Beatles,
+let alone, you know, the Doors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone, you know, the Doors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone, you know, the Doors or
+something. What we have today is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. What we have today is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. What we have today is what I
+call the generation laugh where kids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the generation laugh where kids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the generation laugh where kids are
+laughing their parents on the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing their parents on the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing their parents on the digital
+track. And if you have a teenager in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. And if you have a teenager in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. And if you have a teenager in
+your house, you know what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house, you know what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house, you know what I'm talking
+about. Who does the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Who does the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Who does the systems
+administration in your home? So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration in your home? So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration in your home? So, this is
+humbling and it's leading. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humbling and it's leading. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humbling and it's leading. This
+generation is the biggest ever. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is the biggest ever. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is the biggest ever. They're
+coming into the workforce, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the workforce, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the workforce, the
+marketplace, into society, and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace, into society, and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace, into society, and they're
+different. I'd be happy to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I'd be happy to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I'd be happy to talk about
+that because we did a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we did a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we did a really big
+project. It was probably the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. It was probably the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. It was probably the biggest
+study ever of any generation. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study ever of any generation. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study ever of any generation. And I'm
+convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced
+they're and I'd be happy to explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and I'd be happy to explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're and I'd be happy to explain that
+why. And they're sure not the dumbest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. And they're sure not the dumbest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why. And they're sure not the dumbest uh
+generation. All the other stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. All the other stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. All the other stereotypes
+about kids are not addicted, discreet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kids are not addicted, discreet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kids are not addicted, discreet,
+losing their social skills or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their social skills or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing their social skills or the
+terrible youth culture, the violence. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible youth culture, the violence. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible youth culture, the violence. Uh
+Jean Twang's got a book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Twang's got a book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean Twang's got a book called
+Generation Me. We've created a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Me. We've created a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Me. We've created a little
+army of narcissists. They don't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army of narcissists. They don't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army of narcissists. They don't give a
+damn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn.
+Um it's a great stereotype that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a great stereotype that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a great stereotype that the
+problem is there's no data to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there's no data to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is there's no data to support
+it. The data would suggest otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. The data would suggest otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. The data would suggest otherwise.
+I'd be happy to give to so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be happy to give to so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be happy to give to so this is
+leading to a social revolution as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a social revolution as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a social revolution as the
+internet drops transactional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet drops transactional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet drops transactional
+collaboration costs not just in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration costs not just in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration costs not just in business
+but in society. And you know that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in society. And you know that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in society. And you know that um
+this big debate with Malcolm Gladwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big debate with Malcolm Gladwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big debate with Malcolm Gladwell
+who's familiar with that about he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's familiar with that about he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's familiar with that about he wrote
+an article in New York that said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in New York that said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article in New York that said the
+revolution will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twot. But again we can get into it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twot. But again we can get into it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twot. But again we can get into it if
+you want but um he said real social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but um he said real social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but um he said real social
+change comes from strong ties and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change comes from strong ties and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change comes from strong ties and there
+may yeah maybe 200 million people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may yeah maybe 200 million people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may yeah maybe 200 million people on
+Facebook causes but just because you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook causes but just because you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook causes but just because you go
+like doesn't mean you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doesn't mean you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doesn't mean you're changing the
+world. They're not activists they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. They're not activists they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. They're not activists they're
+slactivists he says. Um, so I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slactivists he says. Um, so I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slactivists he says. Um, so I got
+involved in the debate and others did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the debate and others did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the debate and others did
+too. And I said, "Look at, you know, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. And I said, "Look at, you know, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. And I said, "Look at, you know, all
+ties in society that are strong begin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties in society that are strong begin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties in society that are strong begin as
+weak ties with probably one exception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak ties with probably one exception.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak ties with probably one exception.
+The relationship between a mother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relationship between a mother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relationship between a mother and
+her baby, that one's strong from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her baby, that one's strong from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her baby, that one's strong from the
+get-go, although even that one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-go, although even that one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-go, although even that one kind of
+gates for a while. But if we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates for a while. But if we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates for a while. But if we can create
+a platform that builds and sweep ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a platform that builds and sweep ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a platform that builds and sweep ties
+and people get to come into motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people get to come into motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people get to come into motion and
+they become stronger, the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become stronger, the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become stronger, the connections
+are greater, then surely this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater, then surely this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater, then surely this is a
+powerful force or enable for change. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful force or enable for change. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful force or enable for change. It
+was a good debate and then reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good debate and then reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good debate and then reality
+intervened. It was settled. Reality had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened. It was settled. Reality had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervened. It was settled. Reality had
+a name Tunisia and then it got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name Tunisia and then it got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name Tunisia and then it got another
+name uh Egypt. Then it got another 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh Egypt. Then it got another 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh Egypt. Then it got another 15
+names or so. And like the Tunisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or so. And like the Tunisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names or so. And like the Tunisian
+revolution wasn't caused by social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution wasn't caused by social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution wasn't caused by social
+media. It was caused by injustice. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media. It was caused by injustice. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media. It was caused by injustice. It
+wasn't created by social media. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't created by social media. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't created by social media. It was
+created by a new generation of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by a new generation of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by a new generation of young
+people who wanted hope and who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wanted hope and who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wanted hope and who didn't
+want to be treated uh as subjects. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be treated uh as subjects. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be treated uh as subjects. But
+the internet was really critical to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet was really critical to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet was really critical to this
+whole thing and be happy to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and be happy to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and be happy to talk about
+that. But in ways that people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But in ways that people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But in ways that people don't
+understand. During the Tunisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. During the Tunisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. During the Tunisian
+revolution, snipers were killing unarmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution, snipers were killing unarmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution, snipers were killing unarmed
+students in the street. So the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the street. So the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the street. So the kids
+would take their mobile device, take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take their mobile device, take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take their mobile device, take a
+photograph, uh uh try and triangulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph, uh uh try and triangulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph, uh uh try and triangulate
+the location, send that to friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location, send that to friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location, send that to friendly
+military units who came uh came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military units who came uh came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military units who came uh came in and
+took out the snipers. You know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out the snipers. You know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out the snipers. You know, you
+think the webs about hooking up online.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the webs about hooking up online.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the webs about hooking up online.
+Actually, for these kids, it was a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, for these kids, it was a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, for these kids, it was a tool
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+self-defense. Up until 8 months ago, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defense. Up until 8 months ago, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defense. Up until 8 months ago, uh
+the Syria uh Syrian situation was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syria uh Syrian situation was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syria uh Syrian situation was just
+um kind of disintegrated. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of disintegrated. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of disintegrated. But there
+actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were
+demonstrations a year ago. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations a year ago. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations a year ago. And what
+would happen is if you got injured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is if you got injured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is if you got injured in a
+demonstration, an ambulance would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration, an ambulance would pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration, an ambulance would pick
+you up. You go into a hospital with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up. You go into a hospital with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up. You go into a hospital with a
+broken leg and you had a good chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken leg and you had a good chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken leg and you had a good chance of
+coming out with a bullet in your head.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with a bullet in your head.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with a bullet in your head.
+So, these two youngsters in their 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these two youngsters in their 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, these two youngsters in their 20s
+created an alternative emergency health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an alternative emergency health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an alternative emergency health
+care system using Twitter where you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care system using Twitter where you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care system using Twitter where you got
+injured, someone um you got picked up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured, someone um you got picked up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injured, someone um you got picked up,
+taken to a makeshift medical plan where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to a makeshift medical plan where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to a makeshift medical plan where
+you got medical treatment as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got medical treatment as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got medical treatment as opposed to
+being executed. So, those are just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed. So, those are just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed. So, those are just two
+little vignettes of how this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vignettes of how this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vignettes of how this is not
+about helping people get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about helping people get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about helping people get the right
+placards to the right place. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placards to the right place. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placards to the right place. This is
+like call them wiki revolutions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call them wiki revolutions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call them wiki revolutions where
+they enable people to have collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enable people to have collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enable people to have collective
+force in ways that were previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in ways that were previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in ways that were previously
+unthinkable. So the final u big driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable. So the final u big driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable. So the final u big driver
+for all this is what you might call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this is what you might call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this is what you might call an
+economic or business revolution. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic or business revolution. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic or business revolution. And
+anyone here heard of Ronald co you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here heard of Ronald co you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here heard of Ronald co you know
+Tom has co a s e okay well I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom has co a s e okay well I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom has co a s e okay well I'll just do
+a sec on this. Um, this was what 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sec on this. Um, this was what 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sec on this. Um, this was what 75
+years ago now, 80 years ago. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now, 80 years ago. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now, 80 years ago. He
+wrote, probably more like 75 because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote, probably more like 75 because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote, probably more like 75 because I'm
+pretty sure he's still alive. Um, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure he's still alive. Um, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure he's still alive. Um, he
+wrote a paper where he asked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper where he asked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper where he asked a
+deceptively simple question. He said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptively simple question. He said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceptively simple question. He said,
+"Why does the firm exist? If Adam Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Why does the firm exist? If Adam Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Why does the firm exist? If Adam Smith
+is right, the open markets the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right, the open markets the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right, the open markets the best
+mechanism to determine the allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to determine the allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to determine the allocation of
+information and people and materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and people and materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and people and materials and
+money and so on. Why isn't everybody an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on. Why isn't everybody an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on. Why isn't everybody an
+independent contractor at every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractor at every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractor at every step
+along the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way in
+production? And he said, why do you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production? And he said, why do you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production? And he said, why do you why
+do we all work companies? And he said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we all work companies? And he said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we all work companies? And he said,
+the answer is, and he won a Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is, and he won a Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is, and he won a Nobel Prize
+for saying this, the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying this, the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saying this, the answer is
+transaction cost. Now, he defined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost. Now, he defined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost. Now, he defined that
+very broadly. He really was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly. He really was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly. He really was talking
+about the cost of collaboration. He said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cost of collaboration. He said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cost of collaboration. He said
+the cost of search. This is like 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of search. This is like 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of search. This is like 75
+years ago of finding all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago of finding all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago of finding all the right
+information, the right people, the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information, the right people, the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information, the right people, the right
+whatever in in an open market that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in in an open market that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever in in an open market that'd be
+totally prohibitive. So we bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally prohibitive. So we bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally prohibitive. So we bring that
+inside the boundaries of a corporation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the boundaries of a corporation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the boundaries of a corporation.
+We have things like filing cabinets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have things like filing cabinets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have things like filing cabinets to
+get information and order charts to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information and order charts to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information and order charts to find
+people and so on. The transaction cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on. The transaction cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so on. The transaction cost
+of search are lower within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search are lower within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of search are lower within the
+boundaries. The cost of coordination,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries. The cost of coordination,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries. The cost of coordination,
+the cost of contracting, whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of contracting, whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of contracting, whole bunch of
+things. And the big industrials were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And the big industrials were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. And the big industrials were
+right. The industrial age was an age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The industrial age was an age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The industrial age was an age of
+vertical integration where we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical integration where we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical integration where we brought
+everything from soup to nuts within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from soup to nuts within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from soup to nuts within
+corporation. Henry Ford had within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation. Henry Ford had within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation. Henry Ford had within the
+boundaries of the Ford Motor Company,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the Ford Motor Company,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries of the Ford Motor Company,
+power plant, steel mill, shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant, steel mill, shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant, steel mill, shipping
+company, glass factory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, glass factory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, glass factory.
+Why? Because the costs of collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because the costs of collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Because the costs of collaboration
+in an open market were greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an open market were greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an open market were greater than the
+cost of doing things inside and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of doing things inside and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of doing things inside and so
+forth. Along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Along
+comes well early uh days of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes well early uh days of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes well early uh days of modern
+transportation, the telephone uh tel u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation, the telephone uh tel u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation, the telephone uh tel u
+faximile u the early days of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faximile u the early days of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faximile u the early days of information
+technology and the boundaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the boundaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and the boundaries of
+corporations became more coarse back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations became more coarse back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations became more coarse back
+paradigm shift. I finally wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm shift. I finally wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm shift. I finally wrote a book
+that somebody read um at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody read um at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody read um at the beginning
+of the '90s, but we called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the '90s, but we called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the '90s, but we called it the
+extended enterprise. And then with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended enterprise. And then with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended enterprise. And then with the
+internet, transaction uh transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, transaction uh transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, transaction uh transaction
+costs dropped more in the web. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs dropped more in the web. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs dropped more in the web. And then
+now transaction and collaboration costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now transaction and collaboration costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now transaction and collaboration costs
+are dropping so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dropping so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dropping so much that
+peers come together and create value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers come together and create value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers come together and create value.
+peers within an organization. Peers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers within an organization. Peers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers within an organization. Peers in
+the sense of companies acting as peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of companies acting as peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of companies acting as peers
+rather than superiors and subordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than superiors and subordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than superiors and subordinates
+in the supply chain. And the crazy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain. And the crazy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supply chain. And the crazy one
+is peers outside the boundaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peers outside the boundaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peers outside the boundaries of
+companies. So if you can, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. So if you can, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies. So if you can, you know,
+create an encyclopedia with a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an encyclopedia with a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an encyclopedia with a million
+people. It's 20 times bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. It's 20 times bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. It's 20 times bigger than
+Britannica and 240 languages. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britannica and 240 languages. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britannica and 240 languages. But
+according to the big nature magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the big nature magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the big nature magazine
+study on scientific articles, the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on scientific articles, the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on scientific articles, the air
+rate is about the same as botanic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is about the same as botanic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is about the same as botanic.
+What else could you create? Could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else could you create? Could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else could you create? Could you
+through pure production? Could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pure production? Could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pure production? Could you
+create a computer operating system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a computer operating system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a computer operating system?
+Well, Linux is now the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Linux is now the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Linux is now the dominant
+operating system for uh in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system for uh in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system for uh in the world
+actually. It dominates medium and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. It dominates medium and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. It dominates medium and large
+computers and as of this year dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and as of this year dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and as of this year dominates
+mobile devices. It's in a comments. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices. It's in a comments. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices. It's in a comments. Um
+social media is becoming social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media is becoming social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social media is becoming social
+production. It's a new it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. It's a new it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production. It's a new it's not about
+hooking up online. It's a new means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooking up online. It's a new means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooking up online. It's a new means of
+production.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production.
+So, uh, Linux announced some big new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, Linux announced some big new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, Linux announced some big new
+customers a while ago. Hear about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers a while ago. Hear about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers a while ago. Hear about that.
+One of them is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is called
+China. Imagine that you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China. Imagine that you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China. Imagine that you're the
+saleserson. Hey, got a great new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saleserson. Hey, got a great new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saleserson. Hey, got a great new
+customer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer.
+China, lot of users,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China, lot of users,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China, lot of users,
+lot. Could you create a physical good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Could you create a physical good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Could you create a physical good
+this way? Well, the Chinese motorcycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way? Well, the Chinese motorcycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way? Well, the Chinese motorcycle
+industry is dozens of little companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is dozens of little companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is dozens of little companies.
+They cooperate alternative web. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They cooperate alternative web. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They cooperate alternative web. They
+meet in tea houses. There's no OEM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in tea houses. There's no OEM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in tea houses. There's no OEM.
+There's no Harley-David Harley-Davidson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no Harley-David Harley-Davidson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no Harley-David Harley-Davidson
+pulling all the strings. This is now 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling all the strings. This is now 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling all the strings. This is now 40%
+of global motorcycle production and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global motorcycle production and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global motorcycle production and get
+ready for the thousand peer produced car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the thousand peer produced car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the thousand peer produced car
+uh using the same model. So you put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the same model. So you put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using the same model. So you put all
+that together, tie it in with the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together, tie it in with the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together, tie it in with the global
+crisis, and we now have a burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis, and we now have a burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis, and we now have a burning
+platform in all of these institutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform in all of these institutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform in all of these institutions.
+And um so let's just say a couple words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so let's just say a couple words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so let's just say a couple words
+about education and then we can throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about education and then we can throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about education and then we can throw a
+little you know the burning platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know the burning platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know the burning platform
+idea that you're somewhere like on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you're somewhere like on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you're somewhere like on an
+oil rig that's on fire where the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil rig that's on fire where the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil rig that's on fire where the costs
+of staying where you are become greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of staying where you are become greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of staying where you are become greater
+than the cost of moving to something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cost of moving to something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the cost of moving to something new
+even though the new state may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the new state may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the new state may be
+unknown. And in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown. And in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown. And in all of these
+institutions we've had a burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we've had a burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we've had a burning
+platform or we now have a burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform or we now have a burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform or we now have a burning
+platform. government. It was Al Gore was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. government. It was Al Gore was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform. government. It was Al Gore was
+on this 20 years ago, the reinvention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this 20 years ago, the reinvention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this 20 years ago, the reinvention of
+government. You all know about that. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. You all know about that. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. You all know about that. We
+actually have to reinvent government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to reinvent government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to reinvent government
+today. The the the sovereign debt crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The the the sovereign debt crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The the the sovereign debt crisis
+in Europe, the fiscal mess in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe, the fiscal mess in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe, the fiscal mess in the in the
+US. We have these industrial age models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US. We have these industrial age models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US. We have these industrial age models
+of government that grew up at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government that grew up at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government that grew up at the same
+period as the industrial age corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as the industrial age corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period as the industrial age corporation
+where governments take tax revenue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where governments take tax revenue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where governments take tax revenue from
+citizens. They have all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens. They have all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens. They have all these people
+inside their boundaries that create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside their boundaries that create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside their boundaries that create
+public value like services or laws. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public value like services or laws. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public value like services or laws. They
+push that back out to the citizens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that back out to the citizens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that back out to the citizens.
+Well, that will continue. But there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that will continue. But there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that will continue. But there are
+all these new models that are emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these new models that are emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these new models that are emerging
+now. Um where governments can be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Um where governments can be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Um where governments can be not
+simply the providers of public value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the providers of public value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the providers of public value,
+they can be the the curator. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be the the curator. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be the the curator. So the
+context providers of public value. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context providers of public value. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context providers of public value. So
+the whole notion of government as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole notion of government as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole notion of government as a
+platform, great big idea. Governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform, great big idea. Governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform, great big idea. Governments
+release data. Tim's huge advocate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release data. Tim's huge advocate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release data. Tim's huge advocate of
+that. I think at a at a TED conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I think at a at a TED conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I think at a at a TED conference
+people chanting as I remember raw data,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people chanting as I remember raw data,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people chanting as I remember raw data,
+raw data. there's we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data. there's we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data. there's we can
+get but um you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but um you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but um you know and then
+then if we simply provide raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we simply provide raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we simply provide raw data
+you've got private companies civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got private companies civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got private companies civil
+society organizations other government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society organizations other government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society organizations other government
+agencies academia individual citizens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies academia individual citizens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies academia individual citizens
+who self-organize now on this platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who self-organize now on this platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who self-organize now on this platform
+to use that data. This is not about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that data. This is not about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that data. This is not about you
+know putting government online or paving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting government online or paving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting government online or paving
+the count path or all the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count path or all the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the count path or all the other things
+that we've been doing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been doing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been doing about the
+reinvention of government. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvention of government. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvention of government. This is the
+early days of a new division of labor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of a new division of labor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of a new division of labor in
+society about how we come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society about how we come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society about how we come together to
+create public value that we used to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create public value that we used to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create public value that we used to call
+services or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services or
+laws. Now this has extended out around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. Now this has extended out around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. Now this has extended out around
+the world too. Um you know we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world too. Um you know we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world too. Um you know we can now
+come together and do things like govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and do things like govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and do things like govern
+something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the
+world without using a state-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without using a state-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world without using a state-based
+institution to do that. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution to do that. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution to do that. And the
+governance of the internet would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the internet would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the internet would be a
+great example of that. And as you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of that. And as you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of that. And as you may
+know, there's a huge showdown at the OK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's a huge showdown at the OK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there's a huge showdown at the OK
+Corral shaping up next week in Dubai for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral shaping up next week in Dubai for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corral shaping up next week in Dubai for
+the old state-based institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old state-based institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old state-based institutions
+um institution of the uh WTU that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um institution of the uh WTU that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um institution of the uh WTU that that
+regulated telecommunications in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated telecommunications in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated telecommunications in the
+world. Um um sort of battling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um um sort of battling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Um um sort of battling the
+ecosystem that governs the internet. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem that governs the internet. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem that governs the internet. I
+can the um uh internet engineering task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the um uh internet engineering task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the um uh internet engineering task
+force the W uh 3 consortium all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the W uh 3 consortium all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the W uh 3 consortium all these
+organizations that are multistakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that are multistakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that are multistakeholder
+networks but they are not based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks but they are not based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks but they are not based on
+states and they're doing a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and they're doing a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and they're doing a pretty good
+job of governing u the internet with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of governing u the internet with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of governing u the internet with a
+with a completely different model. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a completely different model. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a completely different model. So
+the old regimes and some of these uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old regimes and some of these uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old regimes and some of these uh uh
+tyrannical if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrannical if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrannical if you like
+or death spot regimes think that no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or death spot regimes think that no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or death spot regimes think that no no
+we need better governance. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need better governance. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need better governance. So there
+shouldn't be things like lies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be things like lies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be things like lies on the
+internet and um so we can fix that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and um so we can fix that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and um so we can fix that by
+having you know the the WTU playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know the the WTU playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know the the WTU playing a
+more active role. So this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active role. So this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active role. So this is this is a
+battle between the old and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle between the old and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle between the old and the new
+that's shaping up in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaping up in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shaping up in all of these
+institutions. Okay. So, a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Okay. So, a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions. Okay. So, a couple of
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+education and learning and I I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and learning and I I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and learning and I I say this
+with some humility really. I mean, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some humility really. I mean, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some humility really. I mean, I'm
+at MIT, the home of uh the uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT, the home of uh the uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT, the home of uh the uh open
+courseware uh initiative, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh initiative, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh initiative, but
+um to me, we have a bunch of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me, we have a bunch of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me, we have a bunch of big
+problems with the industrial model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the industrial model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with the industrial model of
+learning. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. One is
+pedagogy. It's a one to many, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy. It's a one to many, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy. It's a one to many, one
+sizefits-all model. And second is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizefits-all model. And second is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizefits-all model. And second is how
+content gets created for learning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content gets created for learning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content gets created for learning.
+um at the post-secary education level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the post-secary education level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the post-secary education level.
+How bizarre that we have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How bizarre that we have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How bizarre that we have thousands of
+statistics professors all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics professors all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics professors all around the
+world that are each developing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that are each developing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that are each developing their own
+little notes and powerpoints and tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notes and powerpoints and tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notes and powerpoints and tests
+and and u and and materials and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and u and and materials and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and u and and materials and and
+learning guides and so on to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning guides and so on to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning guides and so on to explain
+what an analysis of variance is. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an analysis of variance is. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an analysis of variance is. There
+are probably three or four best ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably three or four best ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably three or four best ways and
+they be culturally specific. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be culturally specific. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be culturally specific. But the
+ivory tower that that term it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivory tower that that term it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivory tower that that term it it's not
+an accident that that term is used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that that term is used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that that term is used.
+Universities were originally places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universities were originally places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universities were originally places to
+keep the books and then smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the books and then smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the books and then smart people
+started hanging around and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started hanging around and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started hanging around and then you
+started getting students to come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting students to come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting students to come and
+learn from the smart people. We have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the smart people. We have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the smart people. We have all
+these old inst ins insular institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old inst ins insular institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these old inst ins insular institutions
+and within them um you know academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within them um you know academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within them um you know academics
+that that create their own thing when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that create their own thing when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that create their own thing when we
+could be collaborating to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be collaborating to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be collaborating to create
+postsecary education. The third big set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsecary education. The third big set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsecary education. The third big set
+of issues has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues has to do with the
+relationship of the university to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of the university to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of the university to not
+just other universities but to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just other universities but to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just other universities but to other
+levels of education and to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of education and to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of education and to other
+institutions in society and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in society and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions in society and I think that
+we can make some big changes on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make some big changes on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make some big changes on those
+too. So let me just say a word about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So let me just say a word about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So let me just say a word about uh
+pedagogy. Um the model is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy. Um the model is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogy. Um the model is a
+uh in the industrial age was a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the industrial age was a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the industrial age was a teacher
+focused one way model where the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused one way model where the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused one way model where the student
+is isolated in the learning process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isolated in the learning process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isolated in the learning process.
+Now, of course, you can try and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, of course, you can try and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, of course, you can try and have
+discussions and so on, but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and so on, but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and so on, but when you're
+teaching psych 101 and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching psych 101 and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching psych 101 and there's a
+thousand people in the class, it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people in the class, it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people in the class, it's hard
+to hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hard
+to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what can we do to move towards a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what can we do to move towards a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what can we do to move towards a new
+model? Actually, just before I do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? Actually, just before I do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? Actually, just before I do that,
+let me say a couple of things. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a couple of things. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a couple of things. You know,
+the whole thing about lifelong learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing about lifelong learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing about lifelong learning,
+we've all know that concept. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all know that concept. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all know that concept. This is
+really very impactful when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very impactful when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very impactful when you think
+about what is the purpose of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the purpose of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is the purpose of higher
+education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education.
+Um, you know, when I graduated, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, when I graduated, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, when I graduated, I was
+kind of set for life. I just kept up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of set for life. I just kept up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of set for life. I just kept up in
+my chosen field. At least I thought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chosen field. At least I thought.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chosen field. At least I thought.
+Today, young people graduate, you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today, young people graduate, you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today, young people graduate, you're not
+set for life. You're set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for life. You're set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for life. You're set for
+like, I don't know, 15 units. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I don't know, 15 units. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I don't know, 15 units. If you
+took a technical course in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a technical course in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a technical course in the first
+year, a lot of a lot of that is obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, a lot of a lot of that is obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, a lot of a lot of that is obsolete
+by the time you get to the the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get to the the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get to the the fourth
+year. So, you know, it's like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So, you know, it's like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So, you know, it's like your
+career is a milk carton. It's got a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career is a milk carton. It's got a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career is a milk carton. It's got a time
+stamp on it and it's going to go sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp on it and it's going to go sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp on it and it's going to go sour
+unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're
+reinventing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinventing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinventing. So,
+um this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this means
+that what a university needs to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what a university needs to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what a university needs to do is
+not just do trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do trade
+knowledge. Um now, let me uh provoke you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. Um now, let me uh provoke you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. Um now, let me uh provoke you
+a bit on that one. Um, I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit on that one. Um, I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit on that one. Um, I would say that
+of of course you need mastery,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course you need mastery,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course you need mastery,
+especially technical courses and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially technical courses and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially technical courses and and
+we're not going to Google everything,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to Google everything,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to Google everything,
+but the fact that we have the web now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that we have the web now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that we have the web now
+and these search engines and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these search engines and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these search engines and so on and
+the these new technologies coming out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these new technologies coming out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these new technologies coming out,
+geospatiality, the semantic web and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geospatiality, the semantic web and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geospatiality, the semantic web and so
+on, that we can we do have this world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, that we can we do have this world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, that we can we do have this world of
+information that's going to be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's going to be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's going to be easier
+and easier to get access to. So Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier to get access to. So Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier to get access to. So Albert
+Einstein was interviewed rare rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was interviewed rare rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was interviewed rare rare
+interview and it was a a journalist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and it was a a journalist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and it was a a journalist who
+at the end of the interview said um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the interview said um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the interview said um and
+I paraphrase uh that was great. Could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paraphrase uh that was great. Could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paraphrase uh that was great. Could I
+follow up with a phone call? And he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with a phone call? And he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up with a phone call? And he said
+yes. She said may I may I have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. She said may I may I have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. She said may I may I have your
+telephone number? And he said yes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone number? And he said yes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone number? And he said yes. And
+he pulled out a phone book and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he pulled out a phone book and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he pulled out a phone book and he
+started looking at his number. And she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at his number. And she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at his number. And she
+said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I
+paraphrase what? You're the smartest man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase what? You're the smartest man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrase what? You're the smartest man
+in the world. You don't know your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. You don't know your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world. You don't know your own
+phone number. Einstein says, "I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number. Einstein says, "I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number. Einstein says, "I only
+remember things I can't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things I can't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things I can't look
+up." So, this is uh Eric Schmidt, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up." So, this is uh Eric Schmidt, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up." So, this is uh Eric Schmidt, the
+Earthqu CEO of uh Google has this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earthqu CEO of uh Google has this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earthqu CEO of uh Google has this little
+aphronism or apherism uh where he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphronism or apherism uh where he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aphronism or apherism uh where he talks
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um information and the growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information and the growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information and the growth of
+information. So, um and I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, um and I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. So, um and I've heard
+different variants of this, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants of this, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants of this, but they're
+all roughly the same. He says between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all roughly the same. He says between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all roughly the same. He says between
+the beginning of human time and the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of human time and the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of human time and the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh humanity recorded five exabytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh humanity recorded five exabytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh humanity recorded five exabytes of
+information. That's a lot. An exabyte is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. That's a lot. An exabyte is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. That's a lot. An exabyte is
+quintilion by bites. He says in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintilion by bites. He says in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintilion by bites. He says in the
+last 12 hours we recorded five exabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 12 hours we recorded five exabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 12 hours we recorded five exabytes
+of information. Now a lot of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information. Now a lot of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information. Now a lot of that is
+cat but a lot of it isn't. um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but a lot of it isn't. um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but a lot of it isn't. um their
+transactions and important you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and important you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions and important you know the
+things people develop in courseware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people develop in courseware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people develop in courseware and
+so on. So what are we going to do? Try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So what are we going to do? Try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. So what are we going to do? Try
+and this is get kids to stuff more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is get kids to stuff more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is get kids to stuff more of
+that into their heads. No, when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into their heads. No, when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into their heads. No, when you
+graduate what's really important is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate what's really important is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate what's really important is your
+capacity to think to solve problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to think to solve problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to think to solve problems to
+research collaborate put things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research collaborate put things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research collaborate put things in
+context to understand the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to understand the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to understand the inter
+relationship between things. these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between things. these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between things. these
+higher order skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order skills
+and so this is a big challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a big challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a big challenge to
+reinvent both K to2 and university so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvent both K to2 and university so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvent both K to2 and university so
+that these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these kinds of
+capacities uh can be uh developed. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities uh can be uh developed. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities uh can be uh developed. Now
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1976 I took a gra uh I was doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 I took a gra uh I was doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 I took a gra uh I was doing a
+master's of uh education and I did uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's of uh education and I did uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's of uh education and I did uh I
+took a graduate course in uh statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a graduate course in uh statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a graduate course in uh statistics
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1976 that was all on a computer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 that was all on a computer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 that was all on a computer was
+connected to a machine called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a machine called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a machine called a
+PDP117 digital and we had uh dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDP117 digital and we had uh dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDP117 digital and we had uh dumb
+terminals and there was a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and there was a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and there was a slide
+projector that projected graphic stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector that projected graphic stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector that projected graphic stuff
+out to us. So, it was multimedia. It a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to us. So, it was multimedia. It a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to us. So, it was multimedia. It a
+self-paced interactive party like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced interactive party like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced interactive party like a
+moot. Um, I went over things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moot. Um, I went over things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moot. Um, I went over things I
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+uh quickly. Things I didn't understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quickly. Things I didn't understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quickly. Things I didn't understand.
+I went over and over again. I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went over and over again. I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went over and over again. I remember
+thinking if someone saw me going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if someone saw me going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if someone saw me going over
+this again, they would think I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again, they would think I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again, they would think I'm really
+dumb. But nobody saw me and I went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb. But nobody saw me and I went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb. But nobody saw me and I went over
+it till I got it. Now, I got an A, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it till I got it. Now, I got an A, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it till I got it. Now, I got an A, but
+most most kids did it up from a B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most kids did it up from a B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most kids did it up from a B minus
+on the same set of standard tests two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same set of standard tests two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same set of standard tests two
+years earlier. And I thought, well, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier. And I thought, well, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years earlier. And I thought, well, this
+is obvious. Self-paced learning. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obvious. Self-paced learning. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obvious. Self-paced learning. There
+were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no
+lectures. This statistics lecture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. This statistics lecture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. This statistics lecture by
+definition is a bust, right? There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a bust, right? There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a bust, right? There's no
+one sizefits all for statistics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sizefits all for statistics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sizefits all for statistics.
+Everyone in the lecture hall is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone in the lecture hall is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone in the lecture hall is either
+bored or they don't get it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored or they don't get it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored or they don't get it. But
+um I thought, well, this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I thought, well, this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I thought, well, this is going to
+just take off. That was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take off. That was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take off. That was that
+was almost 40 years ago and it's just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost 40 years ago and it's just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost 40 years ago and it's just in
+the last 12 months that we're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 12 months that we're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 12 months that we're seeing the
+rise of these um these uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of these um these uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of these um these uh new
+interactive learning environments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive learning environments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive learning environments that
+are self-paced. So you got Corsera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are self-paced. So you got Corsera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are self-paced. So you got Corsera
+uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a
+little uh reality check. Who knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh reality check. Who knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh reality check. Who knows about
+Corsera? Okay. You've got things like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corsera? Okay. You've got things like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corsera? Okay. You've got things like um
+EdX here at MIT with Harvard. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EdX here at MIT with Harvard. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EdX here at MIT with Harvard. Um the
+whole idea of the flipped classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the flipped classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the flipped classroom
+where rather than studying after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rather than studying after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rather than studying after the the
+class, you study before the class, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, you study before the class, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, you study before the class, you
+watch the lecture, you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the lecture, you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the lecture, you do some
+interactive thing. And these interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive thing. And these interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive thing. And these interactive
+things are they don't just work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are they don't just work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are they don't just work for
+statistics, they work for anything where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics, they work for anything where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics, they work for anything where
+you you have a challenge of mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a challenge of mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a challenge of mastery
+where there's a right or wrong answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a right or wrong answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a right or wrong answer.
+Now even in history, there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now even in history, there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now even in history, there are lots of
+right and wrong answers. You know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong answers. You know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and wrong answers. You know what
+was about the American Revolution? you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the American Revolution? you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about the American Revolution? you
+know the dates and and what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the dates and and what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the dates and and what actually
+occurred around that and then you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred around that and then you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred around that and then you come
+to the classroom and that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classroom and that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the classroom and that's when the
+interaction and collaboration and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and collaboration and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and collaboration and and
+the active learning uh really uh takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active learning uh really uh takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active learning uh really uh takes
+place. So um this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So um this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. So um this is a big
+opportunity and um it's a time when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and um it's a time when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and um it's a time when this
+is finally uh really happening and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finally uh really happening and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finally uh really happening and those
+of you I know a number of you are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I know a number of you are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I know a number of you are with
+the uh the open courseware board thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the open courseware board thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the open courseware board thank
+you very much because you're viewership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much because you're viewership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much because you're viewership
+made a real difference. Now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a real difference. Now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a real difference. Now on the
+second question about how does content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question about how does content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question about how does content
+get created uh Charles Vest again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get created uh Charles Vest again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get created uh Charles Vest again from
+MIT um was a real leader on that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um was a real leader on that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um was a real leader on that stuff
+creating the notion of the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the notion of the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the notion of the meta
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+and see with the open courseware the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see with the open courseware the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see with the open courseware the
+first stage was really just publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage was really just publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage was really just publishing
+materials online but we need to move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials online but we need to move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials online but we need to move to
+a couple of new stages. A second stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of new stages. A second stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of new stages. A second stage
+and and the mukes are driving a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mukes are driving a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mukes are driving a lot of
+this is we need to have collaboration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we need to have collaboration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we need to have collaboration in
+the creation of higher learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of higher learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of higher learning
+content. We need to co-innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. We need to co-innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. We need to co-innovate
+postsecary education amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsecary education amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postsecary education amongst
+academics and um content creators around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics and um content creators around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics and um content creators around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world. And a lot of this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And a lot of this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And a lot of this is going to be
+software actually um as self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software actually um as self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software actually um as self-paced
+interactive writing becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive writing becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive writing becomes
+important. And then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And then the next
+level to me is that you start to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to me is that you start to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to me is that you start to bring
+the tonic of the market to bear in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tonic of the market to bear in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tonic of the market to bear in every
+course in every situation and and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in every situation and and value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in every situation and and value
+comes to the floor. Value is evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the floor. Value is evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the floor. Value is evidence
+like never before because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like never before because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like never before because of
+transparency and the really good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and the really good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and the really good stuff
+starts to have a real impact. So, I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to have a real impact. So, I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to have a real impact. So, I'm a
+student and I might I might have a home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and I might I might have a home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and I might I might have a home
+university and especially I might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and especially I might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and especially I might have a
+campus experience somewhere because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus experience somewhere because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus experience somewhere because
+that's still really important. Marvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still really important. Marvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still really important. Marvin
+Drestler, the uh the former head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drestler, the uh the former head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drestler, the uh the former head of
+sociology at Princeton for 20 years. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology at Princeton for 20 years. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology at Princeton for 20 years. I
+was on a panel uh with him and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on a panel uh with him and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on a panel uh with him and we were
+talking about the role of campus and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of campus and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of campus and he
+says, "Come on, Don. The campus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Come on, Don. The campus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Come on, Don. The campus is a
+great place for young people to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place for young people to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place for young people to go for
+four years and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years and get
+older." He says, "They're bound to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older." He says, "They're bound to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older." He says, "They're bound to learn
+something while they're there."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while they're there."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something while they're there."
+um and that there there's a role for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that there there's a role for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that there there's a role for a
+campus and for a home institution. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and for a home institution. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and for a home institution. But
+why why shouldn't we be able to to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why shouldn't we be able to to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why shouldn't we be able to to study
+from a multiplicity of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a multiplicity of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a multiplicity of all kinds of
+different sources? Some of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources? Some of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources? Some of them will be
+other universities. Some of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities. Some of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities. Some of them will be
+independent academics. Some of them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent academics. Some of them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent academics. Some of them um
+could be come from other places as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be come from other places as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be come from other places as well.
+And when you start to think about that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you start to think about that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you start to think about that,
+you start to think about these walls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think about these walls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think about these walls of
+the 94 plan breaking down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 94 plan breaking down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 94 plan breaking down.
+So, I have this great video I'm dying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I have this great video I'm dying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I have this great video I'm dying to
+show you, but um I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you, but um I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you, but um I'm not going to be
+able to do it, but it's it's around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it, but it's it's around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it, but it's it's around the
+idea of collective intelligence and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of collective intelligence and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of collective intelligence and um
+something that I've been studying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I've been studying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I've been studying uh
+science of nature actually to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of nature actually to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of nature actually to try and
+see what an age of network intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what an age of network intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what an age of network intelligence
+might look like because we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like because we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like because we've looked at
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations and
+um and we've learned lots, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've learned lots, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we've learned lots, but uh
+there's a lot to be learned from nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to be learned from nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to be learned from nature
+and there's a very spectacular thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very spectacular thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very spectacular thing.
+You can go on to YouTube and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can go on to YouTube and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can go on to YouTube and actually
+see the video um but it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the video um but it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the video um but it's called the
+murmmoration and um if you type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murmmoration and um if you type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murmmoration and um if you type in
+macroeconomics murmmoration into YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics murmmoration into YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomics murmmoration into YouTube
+you'll see it but it's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it but it's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it but it's one of the most
+spectacular things in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular things in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular things in all
+of and um it functions according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and um it functions according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and um it functions according to the
+principles of economics basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of economics basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of economics basically it's
+collaboration there's a big openness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration there's a big openness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration there's a big openness
+there's a sharing of all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sharing of all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sharing of all kinds of
+information not just about speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not just about speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not just about speed and
+trajectory and so on and their rules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and so on and their rules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and so on and their rules to
+govern that key rule would be don't bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern that key rule would be don't bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern that key rule would be don't bump
+into anybody else. Um, but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anybody else. Um, but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anybody else. Um, but these are
+thousands and thousands of birds and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of birds and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of birds and and
+there's a real interdependence like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real interdependence like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real interdependence like I'm
+going around saying business can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around saying business can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around saying business can't
+succeed in a world that's failing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in a world that's failing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in a world that's failing and
+this murmmoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this murmmoration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this murmmoration
+functions around that notion because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around that notion because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions around that notion because one
+of one one of its main purposes is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one one of its main purposes is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one one of its main purposes is to
+defend the birds from predators and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend the birds from predators and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend the birds from predators and in
+these videos you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos you can see
+hawks trying to get a bird and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawks trying to get a bird and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hawks trying to get a bird and then the
+the birds whirl around this violently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds whirl around this violently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the birds whirl around this violently
+noisy huge huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy huge huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy huge huge
+black arrow. That's a terrifying thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black arrow. That's a terrifying thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black arrow. That's a terrifying thing
+apparently if you're a hawk or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently if you're a hawk or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently if you're a hawk or a
+predator. And they the hawks just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator. And they the hawks just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator. And they the hawks just get
+chased away. So by deflecting power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chased away. So by deflecting power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chased away. So by deflecting power of
+the little birds. So the the idea there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little birds. So the the idea there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little birds. So the the idea there
+and I just want to throw this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to throw this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to throw this out
+because um u because uh uh Tom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um u because uh uh Tom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um u because uh uh Tom and
+others who think about this are here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who think about this are here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who think about this are here.
+But could we go beyond? If we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But could we go beyond? If we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But could we go beyond? If we were to
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ourselves on this planet through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on this planet through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on this planet through this
+vast network of glass and air, could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast network of glass and air, could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast network of glass and air, could we
+go beyond just sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond just sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond just sharing
+information?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information?
+Uh could or knowledge, could we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh could or knowledge, could we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh could or knowledge, could we start to
+share our intelligence? Could we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our intelligence? Could we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share our intelligence? Could we create
+some kind of collective intelligence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of collective intelligence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of collective intelligence or
+even some kind of consciousness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some kind of consciousness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some kind of consciousness that
+extends beyond an individual or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends beyond an individual or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends beyond an individual or a
+organization or a society?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or a society?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization or a society?
+Um if we could do that we could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we could do that we could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we could do that we could solve
+some pretty big problems like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty big problems like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty big problems like you
+remember the learning organization Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the learning organization Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the learning organization Peter
+Sangi that whole idea it never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sangi that whole idea it never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sangi that whole idea it never really
+happened maybe the precondition for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened maybe the precondition for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened maybe the precondition for a
+learning organization wasn't there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning organization wasn't there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning organization wasn't there that
+organizations like people can't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like people can't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like people can't learn
+unless they're conscious. I mean when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they're conscious. I mean when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they're conscious. I mean when I
+give talks I try to tell stories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks I try to tell stories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks I try to tell stories and
+even be funny because I find people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be funny because I find people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be funny because I find people
+learn more when they're conscious. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more when they're conscious. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more when they're conscious. Um
+maybe we need to create organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to create organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we need to create organizations
+that have consciousness before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have consciousness before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have consciousness before we can
+create learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create learning
+organizations. Um you know during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. Um you know during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. Um you know during the
+Egyptian revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptian revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptian revolution
+um a lot of people were saying Labar's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of people were saying Labar's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of people were saying Labar's
+too strong the kids are going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too strong the kids are going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too strong the kids are going to give
+up. They'll go home. And I knew at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. They'll go home. And I knew at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. They'll go home. And I knew at the
+time the I wrote about this, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the I wrote about this, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the I wrote about this, I don't
+think they will because if they go home,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will because if they go home,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will because if they go home,
+if they break up that collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they break up that collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they break up that collective
+um then he'll hunt them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he'll hunt them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then he'll hunt them down
+individually and he'll kill them. So or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and he'll kill them. So or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and he'll kill them. So or
+for sure all of the leadership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure all of the leadership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure all of the leadership and
+probably a level down maybe a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a level down maybe a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a level down maybe a few of
+their families as well. Um so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families as well. Um so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their families as well. Um so they had
+to kind of uh stay together like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of uh stay together like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of uh stay together like the
+like the murmmoration took breaks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the murmmoration took breaks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the murmmoration took breaks up
+then predators are going to have a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then predators are going to have a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then predators are going to have a field
+day. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. So
+um just to recap, some big drivers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to recap, some big drivers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to recap, some big drivers,
+technology,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology,
+demographics, economic and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics, economic and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics, economic and social
+leading to new models of most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to new models of most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to new models of most of our
+institutions going away from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions going away from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions going away from an
+industrial model to a collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial model to a collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial model to a collaborative
+model where we network human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we network human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we network human
+intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and
+um where yeah, this is a time of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where yeah, this is a time of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where yeah, this is a time of great
+danger and peril, but it's fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger and peril, but it's fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger and peril, but it's fundamentally
+a time to me of a big opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to me of a big opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time to me of a big opportunity to
+create all kinds of new wealth, new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create all kinds of new wealth, new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create all kinds of new wealth, new
+value, new prosperity, and and uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, new prosperity, and and uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, new prosperity, and and uh new
+social justice, and maybe even um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social justice, and maybe even um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social justice, and maybe even um
+creating a smaller world that our kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a smaller world that our kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a smaller world that our kids
+inherit. That's uh that's a better one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit. That's uh that's a better one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit. That's uh that's a better one.
+So, I'm I'm going to stop it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm I'm going to stop it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm I'm going to stop it there and
+then uh just let's uh we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh just let's uh we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh just let's uh we can talk about
+any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So speaking of hyperbolic um what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So speaking of hyperbolic um what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So speaking of hyperbolic um what are
+your thoughts if any around's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts if any around's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts if any around's
+uh writings around singularity you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writings around singularity you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh writings around singularity you you
+talked about collective intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about collective intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about collective intelligence
+sort of starts to touch on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of starts to touch on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of starts to touch on some of the
+things he has written about you read his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he has written about you read his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he has written about you read his
+work and what are your thoughts well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what are your thoughts well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what are your thoughts well I'm
+I'm just reading his new book which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just reading his new book which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just reading his new book which is
+not yet published the moon review but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet published the moon review but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet published the moon review but of
+his new book about um changing the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his new book about um changing the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his new book about um changing the way
+we think. And so far it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think. And so far it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think. And so far it seems to be
+pretty interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting because
+u we have to design our models. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we have to design our models. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we have to design our models. Uh
+especially important for kids because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important for kids because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important for kids because a
+third of the human brain gets built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the human brain gets built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the human brain gets built
+during extended adolescence age 8 to 18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during extended adolescence age 8 to 18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during extended adolescence age 8 to 18.
+And the number one variable determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the number one variable determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the number one variable determining
+how what your brain is like, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what your brain is like, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what your brain is like, the
+synaptic connections of your brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic connections of your brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic connections of your brain is
+how you spend your time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you spend your time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you spend your time after
+you. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And
+um my generation, the baby boomers, grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my generation, the baby boomers, grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my generation, the baby boomers, grew
+up, we watch TV 24 hours a week. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, we watch TV 24 hours a week. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, we watch TV 24 hours a week. And so
+we were the passive recipients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were the passive recipients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were the passive recipients of
+somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's
+video at the industrial mall, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at the industrial mall, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at the industrial mall, right? I
+was cool with that. But for a long time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cool with that. But for a long time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cool with that. But for a long time,
+I was cool with being a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was cool with being a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was cool with being a passive
+recipient. I was broadcast to TV and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient. I was broadcast to TV and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipient. I was broadcast to TV and my
+parents, you know, the the baby boomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, you know, the the baby boomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, you know, the the baby boomer
+family. Father's father knows best. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family. Father's father knows best. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family. Father's father knows best. It
+was a one-way kind of uh transition. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a one-way kind of uh transition. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a one-way kind of uh transition. I
+described this as the uh the baby boomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this as the uh the baby boomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this as the uh the baby boomer
+family had an org chart. you know, mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had an org chart. you know, mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family had an org chart. you know, mom
+reported to dad, the kids reported to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to dad, the kids reported to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported to dad, the kids reported to
+mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom
+and that's of course, but but I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course, but but I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's of course, but but I went to
+school and I was broadcast to and I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I was broadcast to and I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I was broadcast to and I went
+to the church uh uh church every Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the church uh uh church every Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the church uh uh church every Sunday
+and I got broadcast to and I went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got broadcast to and I went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got broadcast to and I went into
+the workforce initially had a boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce initially had a boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce initially had a boss
+telling me what to do. Um but kids today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what to do. Um but kids today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me what to do. Um but kids today
+are growing up in a very different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing up in a very different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing up in a very different kind
+of environment. They come home and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environment. They come home and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environment. They come home and they
+don't turn on the TV. They turn on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn on the TV. They turn on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn on the TV. They turn on their
+computer and they're in three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and they're in three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and they're in three different
+windows and they got three magazines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and they got three magazines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and they got three magazines
+open. They're listening to iTunes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. They're listening to iTunes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. They're listening to iTunes and
+texting and they got video game go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texting and they got video game go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texting and they got video game go oh
+yeah and they're doing their homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they're doing their homework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they're doing their homework.
+Um but the the TV is sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the the TV is sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the the TV is sort of like um
+ambient media. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient media. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient media. It's
+like and this is affecting brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this is affecting brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and this is affecting brain
+development um in all kinds of ways. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development um in all kinds of ways. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development um in all kinds of ways. So
+we need we need to think about designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need we need to think about designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need we need to think about designing
+our children's brains or helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children's brains or helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our children's brains or helping them
+design a good brain. But it's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a good brain. But it's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a good brain. But it's also true
+for us as well. Uh brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as well. Uh brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us as well. Uh brain
+plasticity now is a big theme. Now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity now is a big theme. Now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity now is a big theme. Now it's
+not like adolescence where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like adolescence where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like adolescence where you're
+actually building a third of the brain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually building a third of the brain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually building a third of the brain.
+This is you have a brain but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is you have a brain but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is you have a brain but they can
+change. You know the that famous meme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. You know the that famous meme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. You know the that famous meme
+about London bus drivers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about London bus drivers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about London bus drivers that
+um uh that taxi drivers have a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that taxi drivers have a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that taxi drivers have a bigger
+part of the uh frontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh frontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh frontal cortex
+responsible for memory than taxi drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for memory than taxi drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for memory than taxi drivers
+because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to
+remember the map of London. You ever got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the map of London. You ever got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the map of London. You ever got
+a taxi cab in London? I I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a taxi cab in London? I I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a taxi cab in London? I I did this
+recently. I'm going to one whiffle pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently. I'm going to one whiffle pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently. I'm going to one whiffle pot
+lane. It was this little tiny block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane. It was this little tiny block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane. It was this little tiny block and
+I googled it because I knew I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I googled it because I knew I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I googled it because I knew I was going
+to have to explain where this was. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to explain where this was. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to explain where this was. the
+guy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy goes
+Roy off he goes. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roy off he goes. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roy off he goes. So, um,
+so if it's true that we have brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's true that we have brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's true that we have brain
+plasticity, there are probably all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity, there are probably all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity, there are probably all kinds
+of things that we could do to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we could do to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we could do to uh to
+actually design our minds. Now, on so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design our minds. Now, on so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design our minds. Now, on so,
+so that's kind of what this new book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what this new book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of what this new book is
+exploring on the singularity. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring on the singularity. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring on the singularity. Um, the
+you know, these are interesting ideas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these are interesting ideas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these are interesting ideas.
+Some of it I don't buy. Personally, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of it I don't buy. Personally, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of it I don't buy. Personally, I
+don't want to live to be 150 and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to live to be 150 and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to live to be 150 and watch
+all my blessed friends and family die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my blessed friends and family die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my blessed friends and family die
+off. Um, so the whole thing if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Um, so the whole thing if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Um, so the whole thing if you can
+stay alive for another 30 years and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive for another 30 years and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive for another 30 years and we
+can start implanting all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start implanting all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start implanting all kinds of
+devices in us and but that's a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in us and but that's a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in us and but that's a social
+opinion and it's a personal opinion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and it's a personal opinion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and it's a personal opinion but
+obviously he's made you know he's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously he's made you know he's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously he's made you know he's made
+an important contribution to this. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important contribution to this. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important contribution to this. Yeah.
+Yeah. So I I often like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I I often like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I I often like being
+provocative too. So I'll make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative too. So I'll make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provocative too. So I'll make an
+analogy. If you if you look at global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. If you if you look at global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. If you if you look at global
+climate change and global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and global
+warming, you know, you could look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming, you know, you could look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming, you know, you could look at it
+as great opportunities, right? If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as great opportunities, right? If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as great opportunities, right? If you're
+in Canada, gets warmer. If you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Canada, gets warmer. If you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Canada, gets warmer. If you're in a
+desert, you might get water. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert, you might get water. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert, you might get water. Um there's
+lots of places where you can say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places where you can say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places where you can say it
+could be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be much
+better, but there's a lot of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, but there's a lot of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, but there's a lot of places
+where it could get a lot worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could get a lot worse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could get a lot worse.
+And if we're at a sort of real changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're at a sort of real changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're at a sort of real changing
+point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point,
+um, you seem nicely focused on places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you seem nicely focused on places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you seem nicely focused on places
+where it could get better, but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could get better, but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could get better, but I don't
+get a sense that you're capturing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense that you're capturing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense that you're capturing that
+like there's change all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's change all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's change all over the place
+and a lot of change could be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of change could be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of change could be a lot
+worse. Yeah. Okay. Well, let let me pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse. Yeah. Okay. Well, let let me pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse. Yeah. Okay. Well, let let me pick
+up two sides of that. First of all, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two sides of that. First of all, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two sides of that. First of all, let
+me talk about climate change, okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about climate change, okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about climate change, okay?
+Because I am from Canada and uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I am from Canada and uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I am from Canada and uh last
+summer we had this beautiful hot, sunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer we had this beautiful hot, sunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer we had this beautiful hot, sunny
+summer. was just wonderful. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer. was just wonderful. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer. was just wonderful. And I
+remember um saying to a friend, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um saying to a friend, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um saying to a friend, you
+know, this whole climate change just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this whole climate change just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this whole climate change just
+could be really cool if it wasn't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really cool if it wasn't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really cool if it wasn't for
+the fact that a billion and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a billion and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a billion and a half
+people are going to lose half their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to lose half their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to lose half their
+water supply in the next 10 to 20 years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water supply in the next 10 to 20 years.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water supply in the next 10 to 20 years.
+Yeah. So, um I'm, you know, I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, um I'm, you know, I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, um I'm, you know, I agree with
+you completely. So, of course, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you completely. So, of course, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you completely. So, of course, there's a
+dark side to all of this and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side to all of this and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark side to all of this and there's
+also massive disruption as well. Uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also massive disruption as well. Uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also massive disruption as well. Uh give
+you an example, a digital divide. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example, a digital divide. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example, a digital divide. Okay,
+that was a thing that we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a thing that we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a thing that we came up with
+back in in the uh ' 90s. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in the uh ' 90s. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in in the uh ' 90s. And
+uh you know, I said there's a danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know, I said there's a danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know, I said there's a danger
+we'll create a world of digital halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll create a world of digital halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll create a world of digital halves
+and have nots who become knowowers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have nots who become knowowers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have nots who become knowowers and
+no nots and doers and do nots and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nots and doers and do nots and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nots and doers and do nots and people
+who can communicate with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can communicate with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can communicate with the rest of the
+world and those that can't. And if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and those that can't. And if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and those that can't. And if we do
+this, we'll create a structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we'll create a structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we'll create a structural
+underclass and some wounds in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underclass and some wounds in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underclass and some wounds in society
+that are hard to heal. So since I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to heal. So since I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard to heal. So since I wrote
+that like 20 years ago,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 20 years ago,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like 20 years ago,
+um what billion and a half people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what billion and a half people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what billion and a half people have
+come on to the internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on to the internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on to the internet and
+and they're not they're not coming onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not they're not coming onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not they're not coming onto
+the internet in the developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet in the developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet in the developing world
+because of the you know one laptop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the you know one laptop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the you know one laptop for
+child or something like that. Although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or something like that. Although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or something like that. Although
+bless Nicholas Negro Ponte for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless Nicholas Negro Ponte for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless Nicholas Negro Ponte for the
+wonderful thing that he did um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing that he did um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful thing that he did um they're
+coming up because of mobility. So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up because of mobility. So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up because of mobility. So my
+family uh was in the uh um the Suru land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh was in the uh um the Suru land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh was in the uh um the Suru land
+in Kenya and uh on one of these safaris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya and uh on one of these safaris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kenya and uh on one of these safaris
+and we met a a goat her 14-year-old goat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we met a a goat her 14-year-old goat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we met a a goat her 14-year-old goat
+her who didn't have water. She drank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her who didn't have water. She drank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her who didn't have water. She drank
+goats milk. She didn't have electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats milk. She didn't have electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats milk. She didn't have electrical
+power but she had a mobile device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but she had a mobile device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but she had a mobile device that
+could pull up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull up a
+browser. Um now she's 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser. Um now she's 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser. Um now she's 14.
+uh she's pregnant for uh for her second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she's pregnant for uh for her second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she's pregnant for uh for her second
+child, married to somebody in his 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child, married to somebody in his 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child, married to somebody in his 60s
+who has no idea what this thing is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has no idea what this thing is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has no idea what this thing is kind
+of threatened by. Uh so what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threatened by. Uh so what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threatened by. Uh so what kind of
+cognitive dissonance is going on in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance is going on in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance is going on in her
+mind about what's you know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about what's you know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about what's you know what's going
+on in my world? Uh but but and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in my world? Uh but but and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in my world? Uh but but and and you
+could point that that's a single example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could point that that's a single example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could point that that's a single example
+but and we could we could talk all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and we could we could talk all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and we could we could talk all day
+about all kinds of huge disruptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all kinds of huge disruptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all kinds of huge disruptions and
+calamity and the newspaper I alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calamity and the newspaper I alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calamity and the newspaper I alluded to
+the the problems of the old models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problems of the old models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problems of the old models of
+informing ourselves collapsing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing ourselves collapsing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing ourselves collapsing but
+overall to me the arc of history is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall to me the arc of history is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall to me the arc of history is a
+positive one and it's towards overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and it's towards overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and it's towards overall
+with all kinds of disruption it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of disruption it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all kinds of disruption it's
+towards openness it's towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards openness it's towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards openness it's towards
+prosperity and Um to me we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity and Um to me we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperity and Um to me we've got the
+most powerful platform ever for creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most powerful platform ever for creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most powerful platform ever for creating
+wealth for for transparency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth for for transparency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth for for transparency for
+scrutinizing our institutions companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinizing our institutions companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinizing our institutions companies
+governments everywhere becoming naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments everywhere becoming naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments everywhere becoming naked
+and sunlight is a fabulous u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunlight is a fabulous u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunlight is a fabulous u
+disinfectant everywhere it's taking time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinfectant everywhere it's taking time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disinfectant everywhere it's taking time
+but everywhere institutions are having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everywhere institutions are having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everywhere institutions are having
+to get buff you know if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get buff you know if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get buff you know if you're going to
+be naked you better be buff as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naked you better be buff as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naked you better be buff as we said
+fitness is no longer an option and Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness is no longer an option and Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness is no longer an option and Um,
+and but by buff you need to have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but by buff you need to have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but by buff you need to have good
+value, but you also need to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, but you also need to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, but you also need to have these
+values of integrity as part of the bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of integrity as part of the bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of integrity as part of the bonus
+because if you don't, you're unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't, you're unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't, you're unable to
+to build trust. Uh, and and increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build trust. Uh, and and increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build trust. Uh, and and increasingly
+I may be naive, but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be naive, but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may be naive, but I think that
+integrity is on the rise overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity is on the rise overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity is on the rise overall
+um as an arc in the world. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as an arc in the world. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as an arc in the world. um you know
+this old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old
+uh this old thing from the corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this old thing from the corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this old thing from the corporate
+social responsibility people do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility people do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social responsibility people do you
+remember this uh meme you do well by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this uh meme you do well by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this uh meme you do well by
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+good now I don't think that was true I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now I don't think that was true I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now I don't think that was true I
+think lots of companies did well by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lots of companies did well by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think lots of companies did well by
+being really bad by being monopolies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really bad by being monopolies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really bad by being monopolies or
+having terrible labor practices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having terrible labor practices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having terrible labor practices in the
+developing world or externalizing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world or externalizing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world or externalizing their
+costs on their uh society or you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs on their uh society or you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs on their uh society or you know by
+treating their employees bad by focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating their employees bad by focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating their employees bad by focusing
+all purely on marketing rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all purely on marketing rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all purely on marketing rather than
+innovation But now I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation But now I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation But now I think that's
+starting to become true. We know well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to become true. We know well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to become true. We know well uh
+we know for sure that you do badly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for sure that you do badly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know for sure that you do badly by
+being bad. Wall Street found um found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bad. Wall Street found um found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bad. Wall Street found um found
+that to be true. So overall I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be true. So overall I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be true. So overall I'm not an
+optimist. I'm I'm just I'm more of I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimist. I'm I'm just I'm more of I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimist. I'm I'm just I'm more of I'd
+like to think of myself as a researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of myself as a researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of myself as a researcher
+basically. And I with notwithstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. And I with notwithstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. And I with notwithstanding
+all the disruption I think that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the disruption I think that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the disruption I think that all of
+this is moving in a direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to throw another analogy. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to throw another analogy. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to throw another analogy. This
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+trains. In China right now, they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains. In China right now, they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains. In China right now, they've
+built several high-speed trains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built several high-speed trains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built several high-speed trains in
+record time. And in the United States,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record time. And in the United States,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record time. And in the United States,
+we've taken years to talk about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken years to talk about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taken years to talk about building
+trains and at the same time our subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and at the same time our subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and at the same time our subway
+systems are not close to the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are not close to the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are not close to the efficiency
+of those trains. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those trains. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those trains. So I'm
+wondering even though these revolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering even though these revolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering even though these revolutions
+be starting in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be starting in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be starting in the United
+States, what do you what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States, what do you what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States, what do you what are your
+thoughts about how other countries when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about how other countries when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about how other countries when
+they technologies to to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they technologies to to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they technologies to to deal with these
+drugs develop to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs develop to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs develop to deal with these
+collaborations they will be able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations they will be able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations they will be able to move
+faster than we can on using them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than we can on using them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than we can on using them?
+Well, if if by that you mean can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if if by that you mean can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if if by that you mean can um
+developing countries leap fraud over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries leap fraud over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries leap fraud over
+previous stages that the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stages that the developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stages that the developed
+countries have gone through are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have gone through are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have gone through are going to
+the answer is obviously uh yes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is obviously uh yes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is obviously uh yes and you
+see it's like uneven and combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's like uneven and combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's like uneven and combined
+development in the world when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the world when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the world when you have
+big explosive and very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big explosive and very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big explosive and very positive
+movements I mean there are reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements I mean there are reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements I mean there are reasons that
+we don't have proper transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have proper transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have proper transportation
+systems in North America and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in North America and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in North America and they have
+to do with the industrial age and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the industrial age and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the industrial age and the
+automobile the oil industry and the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the oil industry and the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the oil industry and the oil
+industry that had a strong material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that had a strong material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry that had a strong material
+interest in preventing that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in preventing that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in preventing that from
+occurring. In macroeconomics, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring. In macroeconomics, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring. In macroeconomics, there's a
+chapter on trans rethinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on trans rethinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter on trans rethinking of
+transportation systems, right? And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation systems, right? And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation systems, right? And it
+starts off with this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with this little
+um thought experiment. Okay, I'm do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thought experiment. Okay, I'm do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thought experiment. Okay, I'm do it
+right here. Imagine you have landed on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. Imagine you have landed on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. Imagine you have landed on a
+planet similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet similar to
+Earth in its development 100 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth in its development 100 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth in its development 100 years ago
+and your assignment is to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your assignment is to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your assignment is to design the
+dominant mode of transportation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mode of transportation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mode of transportation for the
+population of this planet. Here are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of this planet. Here are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of this planet. Here are your
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+criteria. Uh use as much fuel as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Uh use as much fuel as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria. Uh use as much fuel as you
+possibly can. Uh use as much arable land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can. Uh use as much arable land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can. Uh use as much arable land
+of the planet as you possibly can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planet as you possibly can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planet as you possibly can.
+Um pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um pump
+the maximum number of toxins into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum number of toxins into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum number of toxins into the
+environment. Kill or maim as many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Kill or maim as many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Kill or maim as many people
+as possible. Hint, make every pilot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible. Hint, make every pilot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible. Hint, make every pilot an
+amateur. Um, you know, it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur. Um, you know, it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur. Um, you know, it goes through
+just all these design. I mean, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all these design. I mean, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all these design. I mean, the the
+internal combustion engine automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine automobile
+and don't get me wrong, I love my car,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't get me wrong, I love my car,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't get me wrong, I love my car,
+but u is is a bizarre sort of concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but u is is a bizarre sort of concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but u is is a bizarre sort of concept
+with retrospect in terms of a way of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with retrospect in terms of a way of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with retrospect in terms of a way of of
+uh of moving this around. Well, now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of moving this around. Well, now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of moving this around. Well, now now
+again burning platform. We have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again burning platform. We have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again burning platform. We have to start
+to uh to rethink this. Now the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to rethink this. Now the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to rethink this. Now the way it's
+going to work out is we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out is we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out is we're not going to
+get rid of all highways and and have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all highways and and have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all highways and and have big
+trains. Uh the way it will work out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains. Uh the way it will work out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains. Uh the way it will work out is
+with intelligent transportation systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intelligent transportation systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intelligent transportation systems
+where um we'll have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um we'll have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um we'll have all kinds of
+hybrid hybrid models that will hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid hybrid models that will hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid hybrid models that will hopefully
+externalize fewer costs on onto society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalize fewer costs on onto society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalize fewer costs on onto society.
+will be more efficient in their use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more efficient in their use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be more efficient in their use of
+resources and will kill less people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and will kill less people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and will kill less people and
+will be a more rational transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a more rational transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a more rational transportation
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Um let me give you a reference. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me give you a reference. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me give you a reference. Um the
+biomimicry institute which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry institute which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry institute which
+collects information about biomimicry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects information about biomimicry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects information about biomimicry to
+a technology. I I was on their site a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technology. I I was on their site a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technology. I I was on their site a
+couple years ago and thought that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago and thought that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago and thought that I'd
+look at what they have in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what they have in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what they have in terms of
+intelligence and there about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and there about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and there about
+285 as I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+285 as I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+285 as I recall
+biomimicry ideas applied to intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry ideas applied to intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry ideas applied to intelligence
+and organization. So if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organization. So if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organization. So if you haven't
+looked at that resource, I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that resource, I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that resource, I would suggest
+that you do. Let me push back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do. Let me push back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do. Let me push back a little
+bit on the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the difference between
+regeneration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+communication. I'm 62,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. I'm 62,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. I'm 62,
+so I come out about the same time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I come out about the same time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I come out about the same time period
+and I would do my homework in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would do my homework in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would do my homework in front of
+the television. So and it, you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the television. So and it, you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the television. So and it, you know, so
+that would be a little bit like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a little bit like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a little bit like having
+another screen open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another screen open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another screen open.
+And I noticed a difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I noticed a difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I noticed a difference between the
+way that I looked at television and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I looked at television and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I looked at television and the
+way that my parents looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that my parents looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that my parents looked at
+television. So for instance, when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television. So for instance, when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television. So for instance, when the
+live show of the Harvey Oswald being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live show of the Harvey Oswald being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live show of the Harvey Oswald being
+killed in in a Texas police station came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed in in a Texas police station came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed in in a Texas police station came
+on, I was the person who noticed that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, I was the person who noticed that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, I was the person who noticed that.
+My parents, my grandparents who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My parents, my grandparents who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My parents, my grandparents who were
+also watching didn't. And they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also watching didn't. And they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also watching didn't. And they were
+surprised and pleased that I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and pleased that I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised and pleased that I noticed
+that, that I could see that where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that I could see that where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that I could see that where they
+didn't. And I remember as a kid looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. And I remember as a kid looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. And I remember as a kid looking
+at television and saying there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at television and saying there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at television and saying there are all
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+images of different sexuals, men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of different sexuals, men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of different sexuals, men and
+women, and I would actually count when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women, and I would actually count when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women, and I would actually count when
+I'm eight or 10 how many women appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eight or 10 how many women appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eight or 10 how many women appeared
+and how many men appeared. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many men appeared. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many men appeared. And so
+there's different things that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different things that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different things that are going
+on, but they're not so different than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, but they're not so different than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, but they're not so different than I
+think the generation coming up. Now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the generation coming up. Now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the generation coming up. Now for
+the generation coming up. Recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation coming up. Recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation coming up. Recently
+Occupy did occupy sanity and they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupy did occupy sanity and they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occupy did occupy sanity and they did it
+in collaboration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with
+350.org. And if you go to the Occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350.org. And if you go to the Occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350.org. And if you go to the Occupy
+site, it has a link to 350.org. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site, it has a link to 350.org. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site, it has a link to 350.org. You
+press on the link and it's 404. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on the link and it's 404. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press on the link and it's 404. It's not
+there. You go to 350.org report and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You go to 350.org report and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You go to 350.org report and they
+have a link about Occupy and Hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link about Occupy and Hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a link about Occupy and Hurricane
+Sandy, but it's to the Red Cross and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy, but it's to the Red Cross and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sandy, but it's to the Red Cross and it
+doesn't tell me anything about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me anything about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell me anything about how to
+collaborate. So, we still have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. So, we still have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate. So, we still have all of
+these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different
+difficulties of actually putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of actually putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties of actually putting
+information together. And I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together. And I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information together. And I'm not so
+sure that my brain is all that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that my brain is all that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that my brain is all that different
+than my niec's or my nephew's brain. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my niec's or my nephew's brain. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than my niec's or my nephew's brain. And
+I'm not sure that all of the media that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that all of the media that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that all of the media that
+we have is appreciably different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is appreciably different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is appreciably different than
+the media that we have now. Well, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media that we have now. Well, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media that we have now. Well, maybe
+true in your case, but for most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in your case, but for most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in your case, but for most people
+it's not. I mean, I can't even read my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. I mean, I can't even read my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. I mean, I can't even read my
+email or listen to iTunes at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email or listen to iTunes at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email or listen to iTunes at the same
+time. Um, and I think that my parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um, and I think that my parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um, and I think that my parents
+come up to me and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me and it's just
+an guy came up not too long ago. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an guy came up not too long ago. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an guy came up not too long ago. He
+said, "Uh, how can my 14-year-old get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Uh, how can my 14-year-old get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Uh, how can my 14-year-old get
+A's when she does her homework and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's when she does her homework and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's when she does her homework and five
+other things?" And so I asked him,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things?" And so I asked him,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things?" And so I asked him,
+"Well, does she really get A's? Is she a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, does she really get A's? Is she a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, does she really get A's? Is she a
+good kid? Does she get out? Is she fit?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good kid? Does she get out? Is she fit?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good kid? Does she get out? Is she fit?
+Does she have balance in her life? She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does she have balance in her life? She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does she have balance in her life? She
+have friends?" He said, "Oh, yeah. She's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends?" He said, "Oh, yeah. She's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have friends?" He said, "Oh, yeah. She's
+just great." I said, "Well, well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just great." I said, "Well, well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just great." I said, "Well, well, the
+first thing is we're not talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is we're not talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is we're not talking about a
+problem. I'm talking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I'm talking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I'm talking about something
+that's interesting." And the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting." And the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting." And the the time
+that I spend with brain scientists, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spend with brain scientists, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I spend with brain scientists, the
+best conclusion I can come to, see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best conclusion I can come to, see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best conclusion I can come to, see,
+she's not actually multitasking. She has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not actually multitasking. She has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not actually multitasking. She has
+better active working memory and she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better active working memory and she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better active working memory and she has
+better switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better switching
+abilities. And so she can hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities. And so she can hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities. And so she can hold on to
+that, move over to that uh do this, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, move over to that uh do this, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, move over to that uh do this, and
+then come back and and pick pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and and pick pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and and pick pick that
+activity up again. And this is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity up again. And this is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity up again. And this is a whole
+generation that's doing that. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that's doing that. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that's doing that. And there
+are all kinds of implications of this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kinds of implications of this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kinds of implications of this. I
+mean, one thing we ask the kids all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, one thing we ask the kids all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, one thing we ask the kids all
+around the world, when you're online,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world, when you're online,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world, when you're online,
+what are you doing? Working, learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing? Working, learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing? Working, learning,
+collaborating, or entertaining yourself,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating, or entertaining yourself,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating, or entertaining yourself,
+having fun, and everywhere they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun, and everywhere they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun, and everywhere they had
+trouble answering the question. They'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble answering the question. They'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble answering the question. They'd
+say, "Yes." Yes. Are those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Yes." Yes. Are those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Yes." Yes. Are those are the same
+thing, aren't they? Yeah. So, they sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, aren't they? Yeah. So, they sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, aren't they? Yeah. So, they sure
+weren't the same thing for me. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't the same thing for me. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't the same thing for me. When I
+was watching the Mickey Mouse Club, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching the Mickey Mouse Club, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was watching the Mickey Mouse Club, I
+was only doing one of those things. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only doing one of those things. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only doing one of those things. I
+was having fun and entertaining myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having fun and entertaining myself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was having fun and entertaining myself.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+whereas today work, learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas today work, learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas today work, learning,
+collaboration and fun are the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and fun are the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and fun are the same thing
+for a whole generation. I think the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole generation. I think the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole generation. I think the kids
+have got it right. I mean what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got it right. I mean what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got it right. I mean what are you
+doing today? Are you working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today? Are you working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today? Are you working or
+learning? You know it's called knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning? You know it's called knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning? You know it's called knowledge
+work. It's the same activity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's the same activity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's the same activity and then
+you know increasingly we work and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know increasingly we work and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know increasingly we work and learn
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+collaboration and hopefully you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and hopefully you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration and hopefully you know
+we're having fun too. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having fun too. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having fun too. So,
+um, there, if you're really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there, if you're really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there, if you're really interested
+in this, there's it's a $4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this, there's it's a $4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this, there's it's a $4 million
+project summarized in in Grown Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project summarized in in Grown Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project summarized in in Grown Up
+Digital. There's a ton of evidence. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Digital. There's a ton of evidence. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Digital. There's a ton of evidence. By
+the way, while I'm at it, this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, while I'm at it, this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, while I'm at it, this whole
+stereotype about kids, they don't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype about kids, they don't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype about kids, they don't give a
+damn. Youth volunteering is up year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn. Youth volunteering is up year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn. Youth volunteering is up year to
+year for 15 years in the United States,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for 15 years in the United States,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for 15 years in the United States,
+many OECD countries. They're the dumbest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many OECD countries. They're the dumbest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many OECD countries. They're the dumbest
+generation. Well, our measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. Well, our measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation. Well, our measure of
+dumbness or intelligence is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbness or intelligence is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbness or intelligence is called the
+IQ. It's been going up year to year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ. It's been going up year to year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ. It's been going up year to year
+forever. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. Um,
+uh, SAT scores are at an all-time high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, SAT scores are at an all-time high.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, SAT scores are at an all-time high.
+It's never been tougher to get into MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's never been tougher to get into MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's never been tougher to get into MIT.
+Uh, kids are graduating all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, kids are graduating all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, kids are graduating all around the
+world from university like never before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world from university like never before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world from university like never before.
+Now, to be really frank about this, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, to be really frank about this, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, to be really frank about this, the
+top third are great. The middle third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top third are great. The middle third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top third are great. The middle third
+are not too bad compared to previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too bad compared to previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too bad compared to previous
+generations, better. The bottom third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations, better. The bottom third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations, better. The bottom third
+are dropping out of school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dropping out of school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dropping out of school.
+Um, but you know these people like Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you know these people like Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you know these people like Mark
+Bearine that blame the internet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bearine that blame the internet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bearine that blame the internet for
+that. I mean they're real problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean they're real problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean they're real problems with
+the bottom three. They're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom three. They're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom three. They're coming from
+single parent families. The mom doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parent families. The mom doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parent families. The mom doesn't
+have time to talk to the kids, let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk to the kids, let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to talk to the kids, let alone
+to work with them on their homework if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with them on their homework if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with them on their homework if
+she were so inclined. There's an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she were so inclined. There's an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she were so inclined. There's an old
+model of pedagogy. The kids are bored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of pedagogy. The kids are bored.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of pedagogy. The kids are bored.
+Uh there's all kinds of inner city uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's all kinds of inner city uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's all kinds of inner city uh
+bad stuff with uh with you know gangs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad stuff with uh with you know gangs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad stuff with uh with you know gangs
+and kids are coming to school hungry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids are coming to school hungry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kids are coming to school hungry.
+This is not a failing of the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not a failing of the internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not a failing of the internet.
+It's a it's a failing of public policy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a it's a failing of public policy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a it's a failing of public policy.
+It's a failing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a failing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a failing of
+society. And u you know to blame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. And u you know to blame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. And u you know to blame the
+internet is kind of like what I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is kind of like what I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is kind of like what I said in
+the book blaming the library for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book blaming the library for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book blaming the library for
+ignorance that the web's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance that the web's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance that the web's not the
+problem. It's part of the solution. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's part of the solution. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's part of the solution. And
+it's not about technology. It's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about technology. It's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about technology. It's about a
+change of relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of relationship between the
+student and the teacher and the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and the teacher and the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and the teacher and the learning
+process. As long as you're on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. As long as you're on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. As long as you're on that
+subject, I wonder if you make comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject, I wonder if you make comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject, I wonder if you make comparison
+for to u I think it's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to u I think it's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to u I think it's a common
+perception which exaggerated quite our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which exaggerated quite our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which exaggerated quite our
+university system both public and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university system both public and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university system both public and
+private is uh is the envy of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private is uh is the envy of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private is uh is the envy of the world
+uh in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in large
+school send the children here etc. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school send the children here etc. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school send the children here etc. And
+our K through2 system is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K through2 system is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K through2 system is large
+measurably or is it viewed that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurably or is it viewed that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurably or is it viewed that way
+anyway and again I'm exaggerating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and again I'm exaggerating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and again I'm exaggerating point
+you were getting to that point that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were getting to that point that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were getting to that point that's a
+third at the bottom but how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third at the bottom but how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third at the bottom but how would you
+want differentiate the causes of that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want differentiate the causes of that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want differentiate the causes of that or
+maybe maybe what our expectations should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe what our expectations should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe what our expectations should
+be and second and how it does compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and second and how it does compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and second and how it does compare
+with the rest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um well there there are people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well there there are people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well there there are people in this
+room that would have uh more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that would have uh more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that would have uh more complete
+data but uh K cult was a big problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but uh K cult was a big problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but uh K cult was a big problem uh
+in the United States and I was just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and I was just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and I was just in
+Wisconsin um with a bunch of educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin um with a bunch of educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin um with a bunch of educators
+class sizes they were going to 50. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sizes they were going to 50. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class sizes they were going to 50. Now
+when you have 50 kids in a grade six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have 50 kids in a grade six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have 50 kids in a grade six
+class you're into the industrial model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're into the industrial model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're into the industrial model.
+I mean you're not even you're not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're not even you're not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're not even you're not even a
+transmitter of data. you're more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter of data. you're more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter of data. you're more a
+custodian, you know, and supervisor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodian, you know, and supervisor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodian, you know, and supervisor and
+it's really hard to have self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to have self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to have self-paced
+interactive collaborative learning when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive collaborative learning when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive collaborative learning when
+you have that. Now, if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that. Now, if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that. Now, if you have a
+smaller class size, you actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class size, you actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller class size, you actually don't
+even need much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need much
+technology. My my son went to Amoris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. My my son went to Amoris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. My my son went to Amoris
+College 8 to1 student u teacher ratio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College 8 to1 student u teacher ratio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College 8 to1 student u teacher ratio.
+you know, he's got Pulitzer Prize, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, he's got Pulitzer Prize, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, he's got Pulitzer Prize, a
+Pulitzer Prize winning history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profon time with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profon time with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profon time with it.
+But when when you say the universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when when you say the universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when when you say the universities
+are the uh envy of the world, the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh envy of the world, the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the uh envy of the world, the top
+universities are the envy of the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are the envy of the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities are the envy of the world.
+But there are lots of universities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are lots of universities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are lots of universities that
+aren't that great too. Ammerst to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that great too. Ammerst to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that great too. Ammerst to the
+Ivy's, you know, MIT schools like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivy's, you know, MIT schools like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivy's, you know, MIT schools like this.
+So they are absolutely the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they are absolutely the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they are absolutely the greatest
+schools in the world. And like being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in the world. And like being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in the world. And like being a
+Canadian, it's it's talk about envy. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian, it's it's talk about envy. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian, it's it's talk about envy. I
+mean, if you're a smart kid in Canada,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, if you're a smart kid in Canada,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, if you're a smart kid in Canada,
+just like in the US, you always try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the US, you always try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the US, you always try and
+go to the toughest place to get into.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the toughest place to get into.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the toughest place to get into.
+And in the United States, out of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the United States, out of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the United States, out of high
+school, you've got the Ivy League
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, you've got the Ivy League
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, you've got the Ivy League
+schools, you've got great technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, you've got great technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, you've got great technical
+schools like uh MIT, you've got um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like uh MIT, you've got um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like uh MIT, you've got um and
+then you have the little audience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the little audience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the little audience.
+Ammeris College has an endowment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ammeris College has an endowment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ammeris College has an endowment of a
+billion4 with 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion4 with 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion4 with 1500
+students. But in Canada, you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. But in Canada, you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. But in Canada, you don't have
+any of that really. What you've got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that really. What you've got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that really. What you've got is
+the hardest places to get into are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest places to get into are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardest places to get into are the
+undergraduate finance and commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate finance and commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate finance and commerce
+schools, Queen Commerce, McGill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, Queen Commerce, McGill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools, Queen Commerce, McGill
+Commerce, the ID school of so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce, the ID school of so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce, the ID school of so all the
+smartest kids end up being 20 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest kids end up being 20 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest kids end up being 20 years old
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+accounting. And I've talked to so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting. And I've talked to so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting. And I've talked to so many
+kids who figured this is terrible. I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who figured this is terrible. I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids who figured this is terrible. I got
+trained. I didn't really get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained. I didn't really get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained. I didn't really get an
+education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education.
+So, um, that's just a a little Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that's just a a little Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that's just a a little Canadian
+angle on this whole thing. Um, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle on this whole thing. Um, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle on this whole thing. Um, we're
+going to run out of time and I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time and I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time and I wanted to
+tell you a story to sort of make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a story to sort of make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a story to sort of make the
+point, but I saw another hand sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but I saw another hand sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but I saw another hand sort of
+anxiously waving. Are we I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiously waving. Are we I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiously waving. Are we I had a
+question about your thoughts on place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about your thoughts on place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about your thoughts on place.
+Some of your comments about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of your comments about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of your comments about how
+collaboration over the distance seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration over the distance seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration over the distance seem to
+kind of dissolve the notion of close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dissolve the notion of close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dissolve the notion of close and
+distance. you know there's been such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. you know there's been such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. you know there's been such a
+reinvestment in cities for the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvestment in cities for the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvestment in cities for the last few
+decades and really recognizing the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and really recognizing the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades and really recognizing the value
+of clusters and I think innovation helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clusters and I think innovation helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clusters and I think innovation helps
+people coming together physically um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming together physically um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming together physically um how
+do you reconcile the digitalation agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you reconcile the digitalation agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you reconcile the digitalation agency
+I think it's great importance having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's great importance having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's great importance having
+physical people coming together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical people coming together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical people coming together in the
+same time but I don't see a conflict I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but I don't see a conflict I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time but I don't see a conflict I
+see endless opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see endless opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see endless opportunity
+um it's true cities are becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true cities are becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's true cities are becoming more
+important in fact if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in fact if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in fact if you look at the
+world there's a disintermediation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's a disintermediation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's a disintermediation that's
+happening where we need stronger global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where we need stronger global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening where we need stronger global
+problem solving governance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving governance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving governance as
+models that I was talking about, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I was talking about, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I was talking about, but the
+world is all coming into cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is all coming into cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is all coming into cities and
+cities are where we live and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are where we live and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are where we live and where we
+eat and where we um have children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat and where we um have children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat and where we um have children and
+and uh and so on. So, um now having said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on. So, um now having said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so on. So, um now having said
+that, there are opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there are opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there are opportunities to
+reinvent just about every aspect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvent just about every aspect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvent just about every aspect of the
+city. And in North America, again, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city. And in North America, again, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city. And in North America, again, we
+did a terrible job designing uh cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a terrible job designing uh cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a terrible job designing uh cities
+after the Second World War. We separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Second World War. We separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Second World War. We separated
+where you worked and where you lived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you worked and where you lived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you worked and where you lived and
+where you shop. And we didn't listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you shop. And we didn't listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you shop. And we didn't listen to
+Jane Jacobs who was saying we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane Jacobs who was saying we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane Jacobs who was saying we need
+density because when you have density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density because when you have density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density because when you have density
+you get uh first of all people can walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh first of all people can walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh first of all people can walk
+around or they can move around more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or they can move around more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or they can move around more
+easily and you get community so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and you get community so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and you get community so you get
+people taking responsibility for things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people taking responsibility for things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people taking responsibility for things.
+So you go downtown in some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you go downtown in some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you go downtown in some of these
+cities of Atlanta and after 6:00 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of Atlanta and after 6:00 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of Atlanta and after 6:00 at
+night it's like a ghost town. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's like a ghost town. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night it's like a ghost town. It's a
+dangerous place to be. So the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous place to be. So the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous place to be. So the European
+model would have made a lot more sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would have made a lot more sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would have made a lot more sense.
+So, I was just in Dubai last week and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I was just in Dubai last week and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I was just in Dubai last week and uh
+it what what a missed opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what what a missed opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what what a missed opportunity that
+was. You know, you're building a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. You know, you're building a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. You know, you're building a city
+from scratch. You have all the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch. You have all the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch. You have all the money in
+the world. You know, you ought to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. You know, you ought to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. You know, you ought to go and
+hire the best city planners and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire the best city planners and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire the best city planners and think
+about the networks and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the networks and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the networks and so on and
+building a a new 21st century city. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a a new 21st century city. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a a new 21st century city. We
+didn't do that. So, you're driving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that. So, you're driving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that. So, you're driving along
+in the desert. Here's a sky school. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desert. Here's a sky school. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the desert. Here's a sky school. I
+mean, it it makes uh no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it it makes uh no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it it makes uh no sense
+whatsoever. But when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever. But when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever. But when it comes to
+learning, which is kind of what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, which is kind of what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, which is kind of what we were
+talking about before, there's a role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before, there's a role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before, there's a role for
+the physical place. I mean, this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical place. I mean, this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical place. I mean, this is this
+is a pretty high bandwidth kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty high bandwidth kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty high bandwidth kind of
+situation. It's hard to replicate. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. It's hard to replicate. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. It's hard to replicate. And
+um there there's a lot to what Marvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's a lot to what Marvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's a lot to what Marvin
+Drestler said about the physical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drestler said about the physical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drestler said about the physical uh
+campus being a place where young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus being a place where young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus being a place where young people
+can go and interact and get older and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and interact and get older and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and interact and get older and
+and do that that kind of stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that that kind of stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that that kind of stuff.
+Um so uh but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh but on the other
+hand the the web provides these endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the the web provides these endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the the web provides these endless
+opportunities to rethink you know how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to rethink you know how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to rethink you know how we
+deliver content who you can get access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver content who you can get access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver content who you can get access
+to in the world. I mean why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the world. I mean why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the world. I mean why would you
+have some somebody standing up giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some somebody standing up giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some somebody standing up giving
+you a lecture about Peter Duck when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lecture about Peter Duck when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lecture about Peter Duck when you
+can go and interact with Peter Ducker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and interact with Peter Ducker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and interact with Peter Ducker
+the real time you know Peter Duck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real time you know Peter Duck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real time you know Peter Duck it
+doesn't make a lot of sense to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a lot of sense to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a lot of sense to do that.
+So it's a time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a time of
+opportunity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity.
+Um I think we're supposed to end about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think we're supposed to end about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think we're supposed to end about
+now. So let me just uh tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So let me just uh tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So let me just uh tell you this
+story to make uh the point and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to make uh the point and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to make uh the point and this is
+a in the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the spirit of
+provoking. So I was at Florida State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provoking. So I was at Florida State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provoking. So I was at Florida State
+University and they have a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and they have a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and they have a billion
+dollar fund raise. They're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar fund raise. They're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar fund raise. They're trying to
+position themselves as the world's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position themselves as the world's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position themselves as the world's first
+21st century university. So they brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century university. So they brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st century university. So they brought
+me in for a long lunch with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in for a long lunch with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in for a long lunch with the
+president and the deans and and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and the deans and and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and the deans and and some
+academics 25 people to basically have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics 25 people to basically have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics 25 people to basically have a
+conversation pick my brain about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation pick my brain about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation pick my brain about what
+does that university look like. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that university look like. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that university look like. So you
+got a little taste of my view uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little taste of my view uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little taste of my view uh today
+and I presented that and then they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I presented that and then they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I presented that and then they they
+said great let's have a discussion. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said great let's have a discussion. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said great let's have a discussion. So,
+one of the deans, he turns to a guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the deans, he turns to a guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the deans, he turns to a guy in
+the room named Joe and he's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room named Joe and he's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room named Joe and he's a a
+22-year-old senior uh graduate and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22-year-old senior uh graduate and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22-year-old senior uh graduate and he
+says, "Joe, you're the only um student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Joe, you're the only um student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Joe, you're the only um student
+here. Let's start off with your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's start off with your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let's start off with your point of
+view. Uh what do you think about what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. Uh what do you think about what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. Uh what do you think about what uh
+Don just said?" And Joe says, "Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don just said?" And Joe says, "Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don just said?" And Joe says, "Well,
+I've been sitting here thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been sitting here thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been sitting here thinking about it
+and actually it's resonating with me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's resonating with me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's resonating with me and
+something I hadn't really considered. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hadn't really considered. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hadn't really considered. I
+think as a generation we do learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a generation we do learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a generation we do learn
+differently. Let me give you an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Let me give you an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently. Let me give you an example.
+I don't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't read
+books. Now the look in the room is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. Now the look in the room is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. Now the look in the room is sort
+of the look in this room. Um he says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the look in this room. Um he says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the look in this room. Um he says I
+think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm
+knowledgeable but I don't really read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable but I don't really read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable but I don't really read
+books. I mean I go on the web and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. I mean I go on the web and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. I mean I go on the web and I got
+pretty good BS protectors. I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good BS protectors. I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good BS protectors. I know how to
+authenticate and scrutinize and where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate and scrutinize and where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate and scrutinize and where to
+find good sources.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find good sources.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find good sources.
+If if I need to know what's in a book, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I need to know what's in a book, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I need to know what's in a book, I
+can go to Google books and I can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to Google books and I can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to Google books and I can get a
+chapter. And I'm pretty good at figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. And I'm pretty good at figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. And I'm pretty good at figuring
+out what's the red chapter to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the red chapter to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the red chapter to get to
+understand someone's thesis. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand someone's thesis. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand someone's thesis. And if I
+have to actually read a book from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually read a book from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually read a book from
+beginning to end,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end,
+um I don't follow somebody else's. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't follow somebody else's. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't follow somebody else's. I'm
+in the index. I'm in the table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the index. I'm in the table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the index. I'm in the table of
+contents. I'm not on the web. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents. I'm not on the web. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents. I'm not on the web. I'm
+counting back. Says I don't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting back. Says I don't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting back. Says I don't read
+books. And so the dean of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. And so the dean of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. And so the dean of the film
+school, it's a a famous film school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, it's a a famous film school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, it's a a famous film school
+sitting beside me. He says, "Well, Joe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting beside me. He says, "Well, Joe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting beside me. He says, "Well, Joe,
+that was very interesting. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very interesting. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very interesting. I don't know
+if that's exciting or if it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's exciting or if it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's exciting or if it means the
+end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+civilization." So, so we got into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization." So, so we got into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization." So, so we got into this
+amazing conversation. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing conversation. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing conversation. They were
+challenging all kinds of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging all kinds of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging all kinds of fundamental
+things of pedagogy, the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of pedagogy, the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of pedagogy, the nature of the
+university, the relationship to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university, the relationship to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university, the relationship to the
+institute. I was very happy. And so, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute. I was very happy. And so, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute. I was very happy. And so, at
+the end, we all stand up and I go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end, we all stand up and I go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end, we all stand up and I go over
+to Joe. I said, "That was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joe. I said, "That was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joe. I said, "That was really
+interesting what she said. I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what she said. I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what she said. I'd like to
+explore that a bit. I'd like to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that a bit. I'd like to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore that a bit. I'd like to get to
+know you. Could I interview you? And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you. Could I interview you? And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you. Could I interview you? And um
+because I was just finishing up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was just finishing up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was just finishing up a
+grownup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grownup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grownup
+digital. And he said, "Well, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital. And he said, "Well, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital. And he said, "Well, I don't
+think so. I got to go. Um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so. I got to go. Um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so. I got to go. Um I'm going to
+uh to Fort Lauderdale." I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Fort Lauderdale." I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to Fort Lauderdale." I said,
+"Perfect. You can come with me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Perfect. You can come with me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Perfect. You can come with me because
+they give me a plane for the day." So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give me a plane for the day." So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give me a plane for the day." So,
+we hit a ride Fort Lauderdale. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hit a ride Fort Lauderdale. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hit a ride Fort Lauderdale. I'm
+sitting there interviewing in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there interviewing in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there interviewing in the in the
+plane and I said to him, "Tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I said to him, "Tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I said to him, "Tell me about
+yourself." He says, "What do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself." He says, "What do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself." He says, "What do you want to
+know?" I said, "Well, first of all, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know?" I said, "Well, first of all, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know?" I said, "Well, first of all, what
+kind of student are you?" He says, "I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of student are you?" He says, "I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of student are you?" He says, "I'm
+a good student." I said, "How good?" He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good student." I said, "How good?" He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good student." I said, "How good?" He
+says, "Well, 4.0. I mean, I've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Well, 4.0. I mean, I've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Well, 4.0. I mean, I've always
+had A's." And I said, "Do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had A's." And I said, "Do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had A's." And I said, "Do you do
+anything else here at the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else here at the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else here at the university
+besides being a student?" He says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides being a student?" He says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides being a student?" He says,
+"Well, yeah. I mean, I'm the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, yeah. I mean, I'm the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, yeah. I mean, I'm the president
+of the students council have been for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students council have been for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students council have been for
+two years. I'm on 18 committees. I chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years. I'm on 18 committees. I chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years. I'm on 18 committees. I chair
+12 of them. And I've got a $14 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of them. And I've got a $14 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of them. And I've got a $14 million
+budget." And um that takes some time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said," he said, "You do anything else?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said," he said, "You do anything else?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said," he said, "You do anything else?"
+He says, "Well, the usual inter mural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He says, "Well, the usual inter mural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He says, "Well, the usual inter mural
+sports stuff." I like that. He says, "I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports stuff." I like that. He says, "I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports stuff." I like that. He says, "I
+guess the big thing would be uh that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the big thing would be uh that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the big thing would be uh that my
+girlfriend is from New Orleans and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend is from New Orleans and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend is from New Orleans and when
+Katrina hit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina hit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina hit,
+u we went down to see what we could do."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we went down to see what we could do."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u we went down to see what we could do."
+And there was no healthcare clinic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there was no healthcare clinic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there was no healthcare clinic in
+the ninth ward, the devastated area. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninth ward, the devastated area. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninth ward, the devastated area. So,
+I set one up and I said, "Set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set one up and I said, "Set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set one up and I said, "Set up a
+healthcare clinic?" He says, "Yeah, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare clinic?" He says, "Yeah, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare clinic?" He says, "Yeah, you
+have the internet. You can do anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the internet. You can do anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the internet. You can do anything.
+You need an air conditioner, you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need an air conditioner, you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You need an air conditioner, you can get
+an air conditioner." I said, "Wow." I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air conditioner." I said, "Wow." I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air conditioner." I said, "Wow." I
+mean, what happened? He says, "It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, what happened? He says, "It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, what happened? He says, "It's
+great. It's still functioning. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's still functioning. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. It's still functioning. It's
+called the Ninth Ward Healthcare Clinic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Ninth Ward Healthcare Clinic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Ninth Ward Healthcare Clinic.
+It sees 9,000 patients a year." And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sees 9,000 patients a year." And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sees 9,000 patients a year." And I
+said, "That's good, too." Um, I I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "That's good, too." Um, I I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "That's good, too." Um, I I said,
+"Uh, tell me uh tell me about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Uh, tell me uh tell me about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Uh, tell me uh tell me about your
+family and his size." And he says, "Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and his size." And he says, "Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and his size." And he says, "Not
+I realize I did some something sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize I did some something sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize I did some something sensitive
+here." He said, "In the last year, both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." He said, "In the last year, both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here." He said, "In the last year, both
+my parents died. Uh, one got sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents died. Uh, one got sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents died. Uh, one got sick and
+the other was in an an accident." I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was in an an accident." I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was in an an accident." I
+said, "Geez, I'm so sorry, Joe." And u I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Geez, I'm so sorry, Joe." And u I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Geez, I'm so sorry, Joe." And u I
+said, "Do you have siblings?" He says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Do you have siblings?" He says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Do you have siblings?" He says,
+"Yeah, I'm the eldest, uh, too." And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, I'm the eldest, uh, too." And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yeah, I'm the eldest, uh, too." And so
+it's my job to keep the family together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my job to keep the family together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my job to keep the family together.
+And I said, "Well, do they live here?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I said, "Well, do they live here?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I said, "Well, do they live here?"
+He said, "No, they're in Lauderdale."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He said, "No, they're in Lauderdale."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He said, "No, they're in Lauderdale."
+Um, and I said, "How do you keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I said, "How do you keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I said, "How do you keep the
+family together when you're not there?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family together when you're not there?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family together when you're not there?"
+And he says, "Well, we're on the web all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he says, "Well, we're on the web all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he says, "Well, we're on the web all
+all day long and texting." He says, "You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long and texting." He says, "You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long and texting." He says, "You
+know, the best thing I found is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the best thing I found is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the best thing I found is we
+created a guild in World of Warcraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a guild in World of Warcraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a guild in World of Warcraft and
+we go slay dragons together as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go slay dragons together as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go slay dragons together as a
+family." Man, it's just it's so great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family." Man, it's just it's so great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family." Man, it's just it's so great.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+uh it's pretty cool. Um I said, "What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's pretty cool. Um I said, "What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's pretty cool. Um I said, "What
+are you doing next year?" He says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing next year?" He says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing next year?" He says,
+"Well, I'm going to London. I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, I'm going to London. I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, I'm going to London. I'm I'm
+doing a master's degree and I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a master's degree and I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a master's degree and I'm so
+excited." He says, "I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited." He says, "I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited." He says, "I'm going to have
+the British health care system." He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British health care system." He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British health care system." He
+said, "We just never had healthcare as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "We just never had healthcare as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "We just never had healthcare as a
+kid. Um, we just never want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid. Um, we just never want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid. Um, we just never want to be
+doctor." And I said, "Wow, that's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor." And I said, "Wow, that's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor." And I said, "Wow, that's great.
+What What are you studying?" He says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What What are you studying?" He says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What What are you studying?" He says,
+"I'm doing a master's in philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I'm doing a master's in philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I'm doing a master's in philosophy and
+I'm really excited. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really excited. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really excited. I'm going to
+Oxford." Said, "Wow, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford." Said, "Wow, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford." Said, "Wow, I'm going to
+Oxford." Oxford and Cambridge for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford." Oxford and Cambridge for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford." Oxford and Cambridge for a
+master of philosophy would be the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of philosophy would be the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master of philosophy would be the two
+hardest places in the world. And I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest places in the world. And I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest places in the world. And I said,
+"Um, it's wonderful. I mean, did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Um, it's wonderful. I mean, did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Um, it's wonderful. I mean, did you get
+some financial aid?" because I knew he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some financial aid?" because I knew he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some financial aid?" because I knew he
+was poor. And he said, he says, "Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor. And he said, he says, "Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor. And he said, he says, "Yeah,
+yeah, I got this great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I got this great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, I got this great great
+scholarship. It covers everything." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship. It covers everything." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship. It covers everything." And
+I said, "Cool. Where'd that come from?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Cool. Where'd that come from?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "Cool. Where'd that come from?"
+He says, "Well, it's called the Roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Scholarship." The Road Scholar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholarship." The Road Scholar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholarship." The Road Scholar from
+Northern Florida 2008 doesn't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Florida 2008 doesn't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Florida 2008 doesn't read
+books. So, Bob Dylan, there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. So, Bob Dylan, there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. So, Bob Dylan, there's something
+going on here and we don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and we don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and we don't know what it
+is. I mean, we and these forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I mean, we and these forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. I mean, we and these forces are
+coming together. They're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together. They're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together. They're really
+tectonic. You got the web, you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonic. You got the web, you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonic. You got the web, you got the
+first generation and they are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation and they are they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation and they are they are
+different. I think there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I think there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. I think there's a lot of
+evidence that speaks to that and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that speaks to that and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that speaks to that and you've
+got you've got you know the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you've got you know the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you've got you know the social
+thing. You've got profound changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You've got profound changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You've got profound changes to
+the architecture of our institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture of our institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architecture of our institutions
+bumping up against the old industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping up against the old industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping up against the old industrial
+model. This is uh this is finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. This is uh this is finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. This is uh this is finally
+happening. So this is a new paradigm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So this is a new paradigm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. So this is a new paradigm and
+when you get one of these, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get one of these, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get one of these, you get a
+leadership crisis because uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership crisis because uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership crisis because uh you know
+paradigms are a mental model. They put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms are a mental model. They put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms are a mental model. They put
+boundaries around what we think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries around what we think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries around what we think they
+constrain our actions. They're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain our actions. They're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain our actions. They're often
+based on assumptions that are so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on assumptions that are so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on assumptions that are so strong
+we don't know that they're there. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that they're there. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that they're there. The
+earth is at the center of the universe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is at the center of the universe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is at the center of the universe.
+Fair enough. A big problem in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair enough. A big problem in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair enough. A big problem in the world
+is communism. Remember that one. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communism. Remember that one. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communism. Remember that one. Uh the
+purpose of computing is to automate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of computing is to automate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of computing is to automate
+existing business processes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing business processes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing business processes with the
+goal of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of reducing
+headcount. And something can happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount. And something can happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headcount. And something can happen in
+our times, culture, technology, whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our times, culture, technology, whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our times, culture, technology, whatever
+that causes a shift to occur occur. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a shift to occur occur. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes a shift to occur occur. And
+and when that happens, these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that happens, these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when that happens, these new
+paradigms cause dislocation or conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms cause dislocation or conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms cause dislocation or conflict
+and confusion and uncertainty. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confusion and uncertainty. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confusion and uncertainty. Uh
+they're nearly always received with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nearly always received with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nearly always received with uh
+coolness or worse mockery, hostility, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolness or worse mockery, hostility, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolness or worse mockery, hostility, uh
+vested interest, fight against change. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vested interest, fight against change. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vested interest, fight against change. I
+mean, M uh not Melly, Galileo had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, M uh not Melly, Galileo had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, M uh not Melly, Galileo had a
+rough life trying to convince the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough life trying to convince the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough life trying to convince the church
+that the earth wasn't at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earth wasn't at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earth wasn't at the center of
+the universe. Do you know when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe. Do you know when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe. Do you know when he was
+exonerated? See, it was like about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exonerated? See, it was like about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exonerated? See, it was like about 20
+years ago. The pope said, "Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The world is not flat and we are not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The world is not flat and we are not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The world is not flat and we are not at
+the center of the universe. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leadership is a huge challenge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership is a huge challenge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership is a huge challenge and the
+old model you know via a koka you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old model you know via a koka you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old model you know via a koka you know
+Jack Welch great visionary sells a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Welch great visionary sells a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Welch great visionary sells a
+vision down that's one thing Sang was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision down that's one thing Sang was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision down that's one thing Sang was
+right about the person at the top can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about the person at the top can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about the person at the top can't
+learn for the organization as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for the organization as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for the organization as a whole
+and so I think that this again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that this again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that this again is
+something gives me great hope because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gives me great hope because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gives me great hope because
+leaders can come from anywhere and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders can come from anywhere and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders can come from anywhere and now
+with these new collaborative tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new collaborative tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these new collaborative tools.
+They're being called for it all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being called for it all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're being called for it all over the
+place. And leadership is not the old,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And leadership is not the old,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. And leadership is not the old,
+you know, I have a great vision. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I have a great vision. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I have a great vision. It's
+this it's about collective intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's about collective intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's about collective intelligence
+and about new collaborative models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about new collaborative models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about new collaborative models of
+leadership. So, it's a time when um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. So, it's a time when um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. So, it's a time when um you
+know, we each get to participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we each get to participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we each get to participate in
+that. And the the way that I've just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And the the way that I've just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And the the way that I've just to
+finish I've been describing this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I've been describing this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish I've been describing this is that
+the old media was this controlled, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old media was this controlled, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old media was this controlled, you
+know, one-way model, you know, freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, one-way model, you know, freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, one-way model, you know, freedom
+of the press. Somebody said it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the press. Somebody said it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the press. Somebody said it's a great
+idea, especially if you own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+press. And but the new model is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press. And but the new model is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press. And but the new model is it's the
+antithesis. It's it's not one to many,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithesis. It's it's not one to many,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithesis. It's it's not one to many,
+it's one to one, it's many to many. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one, it's many to many. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one, it's many to many. It's
+it's it's highly distributed. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's highly distributed. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's highly distributed. It's not
+centralized. People are active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized. People are active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized. People are active
+everywhere. they can participate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. they can participate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. they can participate like
+never before. And this will be uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never before. And this will be uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never before. And this will be uh what
+we want it to be. And if we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be. And if we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be. And if we want it to
+be a platform to find a cure for cancer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a platform to find a cure for cancer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a platform to find a cure for cancer,
+a galaxy zoo to discover the heavens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy zoo to discover the heavens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a galaxy zoo to discover the heavens
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+275,000 amateur astronomers, or we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+275,000 amateur astronomers, or we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+275,000 amateur astronomers, or we want
+it to be a platform to rethink the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a platform to rethink the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a platform to rethink the whole
+model of higher education, it will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of higher education, it will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of higher education, it will do
+that. If we want it to be a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If we want it to be a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If we want it to be a tool to
+organize against public education as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize against public education as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize against public education as
+some people in the Tea Party think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in the Tea Party think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people in the Tea Party think
+should be done, it will do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be done, it will do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be done, it will do that.
+So um my bottom line on all this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um my bottom line on all this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um my bottom line on all this just
+getting back to the point about optimism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the point about optimism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the point about optimism
+is that I'm hopeful there are more good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm hopeful there are more good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm hopeful there are more good
+people than bad people and that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people than bad people and that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people than bad people and that um but
+each of each of us has a responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of each of us has a responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of each of us has a responsibility
+to bring our legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring our legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring our legitimate
+aspirations and um expectations to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations and um expectations to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations and um expectations to the
+table to do that. If we do that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to do that. If we do that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to do that. If we do that by the
+hundreds and millions then uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and millions then uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and millions then uh you know
+this network intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network intelligence
+uh age will be one where promises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age will be one where promises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age will be one where promises
+fulfilled and peril is uh perhaps uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and peril is uh perhaps uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and peril is uh perhaps uh
+unrequited. So thank you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrequited. So thank you very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrequited. So thank you very much.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pfZ6CTEPc9s.txt b/pfZ6CTEPc9s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8df3e95ffbf15630a3c2f091ba8923be5f29f11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pfZ6CTEPc9s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, good morning Clauddio. Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good morning Clauddio. Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good morning Clauddio. Good
+morning. Thank you again for coming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. Thank you again for coming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. Thank you again for coming.
+It's uh always a pleasure to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh always a pleasure to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's uh always a pleasure to show you
+the the factory to you. Um so before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factory to you. Um so before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factory to you. Um so before the
+main purpose of that I show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main purpose of that I show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main purpose of that I show you the
+value stream, the factory, the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream, the factory, the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream, the factory, the product
+flow. But before that, let me uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. But before that, let me uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. But before that, let me uh I'm
+going to give you a little uh preview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little uh preview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a little uh preview of
+who we are. Yeah, everybody knows New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are. Yeah, everybody knows New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are. Yeah, everybody knows New
+Balance, but tell us about your journey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance, but tell us about your journey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balance, but tell us about your journey.
+Specifically, you know, the Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specifically, you know, the Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specifically, you know, the Lawrence
+factory. Um the factory specifically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory. Um the factory specifically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory. Um the factory specifically is
+divided into you have standing here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into you have standing here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into you have standing here, you
+got to your left side the portion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to your left side the portion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to your left side the portion that
+we call the cut stitch. This is the made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the cut stitch. This is the made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the cut stitch. This is the made
+in America shoes that we cut from cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America shoes that we cut from cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America shoes that we cut from cut
+from scratch and we pack here. And to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and we pack here. And to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and we pack here. And to
+your right, my right side is the we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your right, my right side is the we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your right, my right side is the we call
+the source upper world. Uh we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source upper world. Uh we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source upper world. Uh we get the
+sole and the um and the upper from Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole and the um and the upper from Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole and the um and the upper from Asia
+and we just put it together. Now are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just put it together. Now are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just put it together. Now are you
+the only shoe company that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only shoe company that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only shoe company that actually
+manufactures shoes in the US? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactures shoes in the US? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactures shoes in the US? I
+understand. Yes, it is. That's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. Yes, it is. That's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. Yes, it is. That's what's
+behind me here. That's and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me here. That's and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me here. That's and that's where
+our competenc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh turnaround shoes in two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turnaround shoes in two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turnaround shoes in two or three
+days. Two or three days. Yeah. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. Two or three days. Yeah. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. Two or three days. Yeah. We can
+get it into the in the customer. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into the in the customer. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into the in the customer. We'll
+see that how you do that when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that how you do that when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that how you do that when we go
+through the value stream. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the value stream. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the value stream. Absolutely.
+I'll show that. Um so some statistics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show that. Um so some statistics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show that. Um so some statistics we
+uh packed 5200 pair a day and ship 5200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packed 5200 pair a day and ship 5200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packed 5200 pair a day and ship 5200
+pair a day. We are 220
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair a day. We are 220
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair a day. We are 220
+associates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates.
+Um which I'm going to show you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um which I'm going to show you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um which I'm going to show you when we
+go through operation the value stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through operation the value stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through operation the value stream
+which uh is a group operations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is a group operations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is a group operations uh
+putting a strategically in a cell shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a strategically in a cell shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a strategically in a cell shape
+to make a product um that has there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a product um that has there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a product um that has there's
+some history behind it and and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some history behind it and and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some history behind it and and it's very
+interesting. What you see here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. What you see here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. What you see here is the
+product of three and a half four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three and a half four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three and a half four years
+of lean transformation. uh three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lean transformation. uh three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lean transformation. uh three and a
+half years ago we decided to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years ago we decided to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years ago we decided to work with
+the Toyota production uh company uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toyota production uh company uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toyota production uh company uh to
+about the Toyota production system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Toyota production system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Toyota production system which
+is uh lean is another name for it. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lean is another name for it. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lean is another name for it. Not
+so long four years ago it used to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long four years ago it used to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long four years ago it used to take
+us eight days to make a pair of shoes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us eight days to make a pair of shoes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us eight days to make a pair of shoes.
+Eight day from start to finish. From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eight day from start to finish. From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eight day from start to finish. From
+start to finish you mean it didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to finish you mean it didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to finish you mean it didn't you
+weren't working on that shoe the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working on that shoe the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working on that shoe the whole
+time but start to finish. Well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but start to finish. Well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but start to finish. Well that's a
+good question because what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question because what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question because what we call the
+value added work which was only 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added work which was only 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added work which was only 23
+minutes. So the shoe was floating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. So the shoe was floating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. So the shoe was floating in the
+factory for eight days with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory for eight days with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory for eight days with only
+associates uh touching the shoe adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates uh touching the shoe adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates uh touching the shoe adding
+value to the shoe for 23 minutes. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the shoe for 23 minutes. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to the shoe for 23 minutes. When
+did the transformation after three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the transformation after three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the transformation after three and a
+half years we went from eight days to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years we went from eight days to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half years we went from eight days to
+right now it take us between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it take us between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it take us between two and
+three hours in a value stream to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours in a value stream to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours in a value stream to produce
+a pair of shoes. So that's a 98%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of shoes. So that's a 98%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of shoes. So that's a 98%
+reduction and still about 23 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and still about 23 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and still about 23 minutes of
+value added time. Yes, absolutely. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added time. Yes, absolutely. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added time. Yes, absolutely. So,
+so there's actually still some room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually still some room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's actually still some room for
+potentially for improvement. Once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially for improvement. Once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially for improvement. Once you
+send lean and you come part of your DNA,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send lean and you come part of your DNA,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send lean and you come part of your DNA,
+you never stop. You'll see supervisors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never stop. You'll see supervisors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never stop. You'll see supervisors
+and uh flow coordinators which are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh flow coordinators which are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh flow coordinators which are our
+team leaders always with a watch looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team leaders always with a watch looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team leaders always with a watch looking
+at uh the site taking cycle times if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the site taking cycle times if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the site taking cycle times if
+there's opportunity to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+improve. So we there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve. So we there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve. So we there are other
+statistics we reduce we were used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we reduce we were used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we reduce we were used to be
+in two floors. Uh right now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two floors. Uh right now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two floors. Uh right now we're in
+one. We emptied like a quarter uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We emptied like a quarter uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We emptied like a quarter uh I
+think it's like um close to 2500 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like um close to 2500 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like um close to 2500 square
+feet of floor. Um the beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of floor. Um the beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of floor. Um the beginning of a
+value stream that in those days were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream that in those days were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream that in those days were not
+called value stream was like straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called value stream was like straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called value stream was like straight
+lines. Uh used to be in the in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. Uh used to be in the in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. Uh used to be in the in the first
+floor the beginning and the end on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor the beginning and the end on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor the beginning and the end on the
+second floor. Not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second floor. Not too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second floor. Not too much
+communication. Nobody could see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. Nobody could see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. Nobody could see the
+whole value. Exactly. And I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole value. Exactly. And I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole value. Exactly. And I'll show you
+later is the from a management point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is the from a management point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is the from a management point of
+view. the ability to have a a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. the ability to have a a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. the ability to have a a value
+stream where the beginning and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream where the beginning and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream where the beginning and the end
+meet is extremely powerful. Um so square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet is extremely powerful. Um so square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet is extremely powerful. Um so square
+footage is I think it's close to 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage is I think it's close to 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage is I think it's close to 30%
+reduction al working process like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction al working process like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction al working process like I said
+98%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98%.
+Um so this is incredible. So how how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is incredible. So how how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is incredible. So how how do
+we do that? Um part of lean there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that? Um part of lean there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that? Um part of lean there are
+two basic concepts. um t time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic concepts. um t time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic concepts. um t time which is
+flow that based on our uh capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that based on our uh capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that based on our uh capacity of
+the value stream and availability is a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream and availability is a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream and availability is a t
+time of 25 22 and a half seconds which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 25 22 and a half seconds which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 25 22 and a half seconds which
+means that it's a frequency tag time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's a frequency tag time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's a frequency tag time is
+a frequency of delivery. So at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency of delivery. So at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency of delivery. So at the end
+of the line you will see a shoe leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line you will see a shoe leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line you will see a shoe leaving
+every 22 and it has a pair of shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 22 and it has a pair of shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 22 and it has a pair of shoes
+every 45. Absolutely. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 45. Absolutely. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 45. Absolutely. So that's the
+concept of the t time and flow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the t time and flow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the t time and flow and the
+other concept of waste we become uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept of waste we become uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept of waste we become uh
+actually we have a course we call waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have a course we call waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have a course we call waste
+detectives where we put our sources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectives where we put our sources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectives where we put our sources to
+identify waste. So what is a waste from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify waste. So what is a waste from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify waste. So what is a waste from
+in in the is every associate a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the is every associate a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the is every associate a waste
+detective? Yes that's where they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective? Yes that's where they are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective? Yes that's where they are.
+Everyone here is becomes a waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone here is becomes a waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone here is becomes a waste
+detective. I'll um I have a poster very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective. I'll um I have a poster very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective. I'll um I have a poster very
+interesting that I like to use for tours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that I like to use for tours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that I like to use for tours
+and also for educational purposes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for educational purposes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for educational purposes where
+in the lean world they are like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lean world they are like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lean world they are like the
+deadly wastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadly wastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadly wastes
+and they are I'll go through you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are I'll go through you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are I'll go through you over
+production we produce a head waiting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we produce a head waiting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we produce a head waiting and
+it's very interesting there are some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting there are some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting there are some uh
+interesting pictures with associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting pictures with associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting pictures with associates
+participating in them of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in them of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in them of the examples
+transportation over processing so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation over processing so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation over processing so just
+on the waiting for example eight days 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the waiting for example eight days 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the waiting for example eight days 23
+minutes of value added. There was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of value added. There was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of value added. There was a lot
+of waiting. Lot of lot of you know. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waiting. Lot of lot of you know. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waiting. Lot of lot of you know. Yes.
+And it used to be normal. Now it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it used to be normal. Now it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it used to be normal. Now it's uh
+the transportation you had two floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation you had two floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation you had two floors
+before. Absolutely. Okay. Um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Absolutely. Okay. Um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Absolutely. Okay. Um over
+processing. This is this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. This is this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. This is this is interesting
+ways that people don't sometimes have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people don't sometimes have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people don't sometimes have to
+understand in this particular uh case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in this particular uh case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in this particular uh case
+this shoe to it needs a row of stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shoe to it needs a row of stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shoe to it needs a row of stitching
+at the bottom. Now they put two. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom. Now they put two. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom. Now they put two. People
+may think well two is better than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think well two is better than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think well two is better than one.
+No it's not. The shoe needs one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No it's not. The shoe needs one. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No it's not. The shoe needs one. Okay.
+But sometime we tend to add two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But sometime we tend to add two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But sometime we tend to add two like
+maybe three cost of pain when two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three cost of pain when two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three cost of pain when two was
+enough. So we're looking into that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. So we're looking into that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough. So we're looking into that.
+Yeah. Um excess inventory y waste I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um excess inventory y waste I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um excess inventory y waste I mean
+interesting assets seems to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting assets seems to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting assets seems to be in the
+balance sheet seems to be an asset but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet seems to be an asset but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet seems to be an asset but
+we'll see this as soon as we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this as soon as we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this as soon as we start the
+value stream walk. Absolutely. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream walk. Absolutely. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream walk. Absolutely. This
+actually this is the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the first part of the
+cutting department and there motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting department and there motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting department and there motion
+safety has a lot to do with here. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety has a lot to do with here. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety has a lot to do with here. Here
+you have an associate placing issue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an associate placing issue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an associate placing issue and
+overstretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstretching
+very different from getting closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from getting closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from getting closer to
+you know associate um and defects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know associate um and defects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know associate um and defects.
+And we you know we add in a which is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we you know we add in a which is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we you know we add in a which is and
+use associate creativity. Wonderful. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use associate creativity. Wonderful. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use associate creativity. Wonderful. Uh
+it's wonderful. So when I'm what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wonderful. So when I'm what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wonderful. So when I'm what we've
+all been training here is that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been training here is that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been training here is that as we
+walk the floor we do analysis we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk the floor we do analysis we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk the floor we do analysis we are
+starting to identify this waste. We see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to identify this waste. We see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to identify this waste. We see
+somebody over stretching is motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody over stretching is motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody over stretching is motion we
+see somebody waiting. So whenever we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see somebody waiting. So whenever we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see somebody waiting. So whenever we see
+this waste we put together a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waste we put together a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waste we put together a continuous
+improvement activity called you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement activity called you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement activity called you know the
+kaizen activity. So the whole goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaizen activity. So the whole goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaizen activity. So the whole goal is
+reduce waste, improve flow. Reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce waste, improve flow. Reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce waste, improve flow. Reduce
+waste, improve flow. I want to see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste, improve flow. I want to see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste, improve flow. I want to see your
+value stream. Can we get started?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream. Can we get started?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream. Can we get started?
+Absolutely. Let's start it. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Let's start it. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Let's start it. Absolutely.
+Wonderful. This is uh the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful. This is uh the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful. This is uh the beginning of
+the value stream.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value stream.
+So this is the front end of your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the front end of your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the front end of your value
+stream here. This is the front end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream here. This is the front end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream here. This is the front end of a
+value stream. And you you don't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream. And you you don't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream. And you you don't call
+this a department, you call it a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a department, you call it a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a department, you call it a value
+stream. The value stream and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream. The value stream and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream. The value stream and the
+definition is value stream is a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is value stream is a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is value stream is a series
+of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations
+uh put in sequence. we call it a cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put in sequence. we call it a cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put in sequence. we call it a cell to
+make a particular product. Okay. Uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a particular product. Okay. Uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a particular product. Okay. Uh it
+doesn't have to be one product, could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be one product, could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be one product, could be
+two product, three product, but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two product, three product, but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two product, three product, but there is
+some uh similar operations and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh similar operations and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh similar operations and then you
+can connect them. Okay. Now in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect them. Okay. Now in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect them. Okay. Now in in a
+little bit bigger sense, your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger sense, your value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger sense, your value
+stream goes all the way back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream goes all the way back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream goes all the way back to your
+suppliers and you know eventually out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and you know eventually out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and you know eventually out to
+your stores and so on. But we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores and so on. But we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores and so on. But we're looking
+just at the value stream. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the value stream. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the value stream. Absolutely.
+Starting with what's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starting with what's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starting with what's coming from the
+suppliers and maybe at the end we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and maybe at the end we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers and maybe at the end we'll see
+what's going out to your stores.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going out to your stores.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going out to your stores.
+Correct. And as as the concept of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. And as as the concept of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. And as as the concept of value
+stream is used within a cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is used within a cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is used within a cell in
+manufacturing the concept also true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the concept also true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing the concept also true for
+the whole corporation whether where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole corporation whether where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole corporation whether where we
+say a purchasing department would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a purchasing department would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a purchasing department would be a
+department part of the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department part of the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department part of the the whole
+corporation value correct. Yeah. So, so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation value correct. Yeah. So, so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation value correct. Yeah. So, so,
+so what you see here is the cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see here is the cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see here is the cutting
+that's the first uh the first operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first uh the first operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first uh the first operation
+and basically materials are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically materials are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically materials are coming from
+our suppliers. Uh they come in rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our suppliers. Uh they come in rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our suppliers. Uh they come in rolls
+they go to the consolidation center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the consolidation center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the consolidation center and
+then pull based on the demand. Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull based on the demand. Okay. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pull based on the demand. Okay. Uh
+the the production schedule. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the production schedule. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the production schedule. So this
+value pulls based on its demand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pulls based on its demand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pulls based on its demand.
+Exactly. Exactly. And the materials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Exactly. And the materials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Exactly. And the materials are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+layered and we build what we call a web.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered and we build what we call a web.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered and we build what we call a web.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+It's a series of staples right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a series of staples right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a series of staples right there.
+Exactly. How much is it given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. How much is it given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. How much is it given to the
+cutter is based we have a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter is based we have a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter is based we have a computer
+system that based on the schedule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that based on the schedule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that based on the schedule of
+number of pairs the size and the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs the size and the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pairs the size and the width
+um we'll tell how many pairs we need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll tell how many pairs we need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll tell how many pairs we need and
+then how much you know u square footage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much you know u square footage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how much you know u square footage.
+Okay. To the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. To the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. To the
+cutter basically. And how how frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter basically. And how how frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter basically. And how how frequently
+do you make that calculation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make that calculation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you make that calculation?
+Well each work quarter like daily daily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well each work quarter like daily daily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well each work quarter like daily daily.
+Daily daily. And right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daily daily. And right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daily daily. And right now we're
+delivering the materials uh every uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering the materials uh every uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering the materials uh every uh of
+the daily calculation we deliver four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily calculation we deliver four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daily calculation we deliver four to
+five hours worth of material. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hours worth of material. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hours worth of material. So that's
+kind of like a just in time. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a just in time. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a just in time. Absolutely.
+Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely.
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+cutter we'll pick out what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter we'll pick out what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter we'll pick out what's called a
+die which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die which is
+um has the shape of the part. Okay. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has the shape of the part. Okay. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has the shape of the part. Okay. We
+have hydraulic machine and place the dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydraulic machine and place the dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hydraulic machine and place the dye
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+material. The placement of the dice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. The placement of the dice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. The placement of the dice is
+called nesting. Nesting. Okay. And he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nesting. Nesting. Okay. And he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nesting. Nesting. Okay. And he
+said it's it's trying to minimize waste.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's it's trying to minimize waste.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's it's trying to minimize waste.
+I guess exactly. It's like a puzzle. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess exactly. It's like a puzzle. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess exactly. It's like a puzzle. Uh
+cutters may take from 3 months to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutters may take from 3 months to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutters may take from 3 months to 6
+months to get good at it. U not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to get good at it. U not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to get good at it. U not only to
+understand where the dye goes but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the dye goes but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where the dye goes but also
+make it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it with
+speed because talk about speed. Let let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed because talk about speed. Let let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed because talk about speed. Let let
+me talk a bit concept concept which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk a bit concept concept which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk a bit concept concept which is a
+concept of tag time. Okay. In the le in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of tag time. Okay. In the le in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of tag time. Okay. In the le in
+a lean world you the goal is to flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lean world you the goal is to flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lean world you the goal is to flow and
+to reduce waste. Flow and to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce waste. Flow and to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce waste. Flow and to reduce
+waste uh based on the demand in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste uh based on the demand in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste uh based on the demand in this
+value stream which is 50 cases a day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream which is 50 cases a day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream which is 50 cases a day.
+The case being 12 pair and the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The case being 12 pair and the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The case being 12 pair and the available
+time per day 600 pair a day that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per day 600 pair a day that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time per day 600 pair a day that this
+value stream this value specifically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream this value specifically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream this value specifically and
+7 and a half hours in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and a half hours in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and a half hours in a
+shift the the frequency of output is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the the frequency of output is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the the frequency of output is 20
+2 and 1/2 seconds per shoe. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and 1/2 seconds per shoe. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and 1/2 seconds per shoe. That
+frequency is called t time. Okay, t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is called t time. Okay, t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is called t time. Okay, t
+time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+Now although I just mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now although I just mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now although I just mentioned that the
+frequency is 22 and a half seconds per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 22 and a half seconds per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 22 and a half seconds per
+shoe at this stage because of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe at this stage because of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe at this stage because of the uh
+characteristics of the operation, we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the operation, we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the operation, we are
+not blowing one shoe at a time. We are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not blowing one shoe at a time. We are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not blowing one shoe at a time. We are
+still in a batch world. Okay. But a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in a batch world. Okay. But a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in a batch world. Okay. But a
+small batch small batches. In the pa in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small batch small batches. In the pa in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small batch small batches. In the pa in
+the past as I said before when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past as I said before when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past as I said before when we were
+our lead time was eight days um in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead time was eight days um in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lead time was eight days um in a
+equivalent value stream we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent value stream we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent value stream we will have
+close to 400 cases of whip. Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 400 cases of whip. Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 400 cases of whip. Okay. Now
+when the lead time of 3 hours our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lead time of 3 hours our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lead time of 3 hours our
+working process is 20 25 cases. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working process is 20 25 cases. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working process is 20 25 cases. Okay.
+That's a reduction of 98%. So I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a reduction of 98%. So I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a reduction of 98%. So I see a
+little green thing on the floor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little green thing on the floor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little green thing on the floor that
+visual control says cutting rip seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual control says cutting rip seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual control says cutting rip seven
+cases maximum. Absolutely. Okay. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases maximum. Absolutely. Okay. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases maximum. Absolutely. Okay. That's
+all the space you got. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the space you got. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the space you got. So
+the cutters will cut the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutters will cut the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutters will cut the individual
+parts based on the material and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts based on the material and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts based on the material and they
+will be placing the parts on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be placing the parts on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be placing the parts on the on the
+bins. Okay. When they finish the hour,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins. Okay. When they finish the hour,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins. Okay. When they finish the hour,
+so here the the unit of uh of flow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the unit of uh of flow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the unit of uh of flow you
+can call it an hour could be between six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it an hour could be between six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call it an hour could be between six
+and seven cases depending on the style.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven cases depending on the style.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven cases depending on the style.
+Okay. So while we're here, I I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So while we're here, I I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So while we're here, I I see a
+broom hanging up there. So I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom hanging up there. So I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broom hanging up there. So I want to
+just ask you about 5S. 5S that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask you about 5S. 5S that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask you about 5S. 5S that's
+actually that's a uh it's very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a uh it's very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a uh it's very typical
+5S is the um it's a system that um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S is the um it's a system that um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5S is the um it's a system that um or
+organization you know it's a 5S that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know it's a 5S that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know it's a 5S that for
+source setting order shine standardize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source setting order shine standardize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source setting order shine standardize
+and sustain and uh it's much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sustain and uh it's much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sustain and uh it's much more than
+just cleaning and once you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cleaning and once you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cleaning and once you understand
+the 5S there are economics in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5S there are economics in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5S there are economics in place and
+there is a very key location of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very key location of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very key location of parts
+and this is the first system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the first system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the first system we
+implemented like 5 years ago. I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like 5 years ago. I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like 5 years ago. I was
+going to ask you, it's hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you, it's hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you, it's hard for me
+almost to imagine a place where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to imagine a place where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost to imagine a place where it
+wouldn't naturally be 5S, but you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't naturally be 5S, but you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't naturally be 5S, but you had to
+start with 5S. You start with the 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 5S. You start with the 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 5S. You start with the 5S
+because one of the I think the mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the I think the mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the I think the mistakes
+is thinking that 5S is just a cleaning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking that 5S is just a cleaning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking that 5S is just a cleaning.
+So, everybody understands cleaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, everybody understands cleaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, everybody understands cleaning and
+so much to clean and when you start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to clean and when you start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to clean and when you start a
+new process, you can get so many gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new process, you can get so many gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new process, you can get so many gains
+by just cleaning. It looks good. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just cleaning. It looks good. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just cleaning. It looks good. There's
+much more to it. But the broom in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more to it. But the broom in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more to it. But the broom in that
+place with the label says broom, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with the label says broom, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with the label says broom, that's
+been it becomes part of your organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it becomes part of your organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it becomes part of your organizing
+yourself. Absolutely. And it's part it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Absolutely. And it's part it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Absolutely. And it's part it
+goes deeper. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes deeper. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes deeper. I think
+that FS is good actually a reflection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FS is good actually a reflection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FS is good actually a reflection of
+leadership. If you cannot get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. If you cannot get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership. If you cannot get an
+organized workplace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized workplace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized workplace and
+clean you your chances of flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean you your chances of flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean you your chances of flowing
+product and meeting the attack time are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and meeting the attack time are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and meeting the attack time are
+very slim. So it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slim. So it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slim. So it has to do with the
+discipline. It goes much bit deeper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline. It goes much bit deeper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline. It goes much bit deeper than
+that than just the cleaning. Uhhuh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than just the cleaning. Uhhuh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that than just the cleaning. Uhhuh.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the cutting
+department about bad seven cases. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department about bad seven cases. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department about bad seven cases. Now
+and we're going to walk to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to walk to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to walk to the next
+department is called the prefeit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is called the prefeit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is called the prefeit
+department part of the value. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department part of the value. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department part of the value. This is
+like the second part of the value. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second part of the value. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second part of the value. It's
+the second thing in the value. We got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing in the value. We got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing in the value. We got
+the cutting. Now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutting. Now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cutting. Now we're going to do
+stitching. Exactly. The prefeit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching. Exactly. The prefeit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching. Exactly. The prefeit is a
+shoe making technique many years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe making technique many years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe making technique many years ago
+when we didn't have computers. The way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we didn't have computers. The way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we didn't have computers. The way a
+shoe was stitched is used to be fitted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe was stitched is used to be fitted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe was stitched is used to be fitted.
+Two parts coming together and a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two parts coming together and a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two parts coming together and a very uh
+skillful stitchers to put it together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful stitchers to put it together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful stitchers to put it together.
+But before be able to preit and stitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But before be able to preit and stitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But before be able to preit and stitch
+it um be fitted used to be pre fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um be fitted used to be pre fitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um be fitted used to be pre fitted
+which is you do marking you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you do marking you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you do marking you do
+embroidery you do other things before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery you do other things before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery you do other things before
+you put the shoe together that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the shoe together that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the shoe together that's where
+the name coming from pre fit so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name coming from pre fit so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name coming from pre fit so we do
+embroidery okay put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery okay put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery okay put the
+logos or made USA logo it's there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logos or made USA logo it's there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logos or made USA logo it's there and
+then you will see a series of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see a series of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see a series of operations
+miscellaneous operations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscellaneous operations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscellaneous operations that are
+required to make a shoe for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to make a shoe for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to make a shoe for example
+reinforcement on the chip. Uh I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement on the chip. Uh I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement on the chip. Uh I talk
+about embroidery. Some cells take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about embroidery. Some cells take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about embroidery. Some cells take
+embroidery, others do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery, others do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embroidery, others do
+not. Here we have a machine called AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Here we have a machine called AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Here we have a machine called AR
+radio frequency machine. It's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency machine. It's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio frequency machine. It's not being
+operated right now, but as an example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated right now, but as an example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated right now, but as an example,
+this is a part it will make this decor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a part it will make this decor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a part it will make this decor.
+You know, it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's a nice
+feature. This what this machine is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. This what this machine is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. This what this machine is going
+to do. Again, some cells have it, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Again, some cells have it, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Again, some cells have it, some
+cells do not. And if we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do not. And if we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do not. And if we go through the
+the the team, you'll see associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the team, you'll see associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the team, you'll see associates
+making other miscellaneous operations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making other miscellaneous operations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making other miscellaneous operations to
+the part to the shoe. So the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part to the shoe. So the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part to the shoe. So the flow of
+material starts over there goes to So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material starts over there goes to So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material starts over there goes to So
+we'll go cutting, refit, we'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go cutting, refit, we'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go cutting, refit, we'll go to the
+computer stitching and we'll finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching and we'll finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching and we'll finish up
+stitching and then eventually uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching and then eventually uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching and then eventually uh the
+assembly where they put the so on. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly where they put the so on. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly where they put the so on. So if
+if things are getting a little out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things are getting a little out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things are getting a little out of uh
+sequence timing wise, could someone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence timing wise, could someone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence timing wise, could someone from
+here go over and help debrief it people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go over and help debrief it people?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go over and help debrief it people?
+This is a this is a very good it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a this is a very good it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a this is a very good it's a
+very good point. When we changed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point. When we changed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point. When we changed from
+the batch and Q world to the lean world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batch and Q world to the lean world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batch and Q world to the lean world,
+we changed the management system. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the management system. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the management system. In the
+past, you have uh associates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past, you have uh associates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past, you have uh associates and
+supervisor, nobody in the middle. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor, nobody in the middle. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor, nobody in the middle. in
+order to support the attack time of 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to support the attack time of 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to support the attack time of 22
+and a half seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half seconds
+um and maintain that flow. Now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maintain that flow. Now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maintain that flow. Now we
+changed the system where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the system where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the system where we have a
+supervisor, we have team leaders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor, we have team leaders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor, we have team leaders and
+then the associate. So team leaders fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the associate. So team leaders fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the associate. So team leaders fill
+in if there is a disruption any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if there is a disruption any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if there is a disruption any
+kind break to a phone call to a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind break to a phone call to a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind break to a phone call to a quality
+issue. They will jump in to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. They will jump in to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. They will jump in to maintain the
+team leader will absolutely team leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team leader will absolutely team leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team leader will absolutely team leader
+can do everything. Absolutely. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do everything. Absolutely. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do everything. Absolutely. Yes.
+So we still in this team in the pre fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still in this team in the pre fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still in this team in the pre fit
+we have batch the parts are pre fitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have batch the parts are pre fitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have batch the parts are pre fitted
+put a a reinforcement to the toe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a reinforcement to the toe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a reinforcement to the toe you
+make a little dec uh you know uh you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little dec uh you know uh you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little dec uh you know uh you put
+those associates there are making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associates there are making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those associates there are making a
+little hole on the part they're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole on the part they're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole on the part they're putting
+back on those bins that we talked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on those bins that we talked before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on those bins that we talked before
+and brought filling badge to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brought filling badge to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brought filling badge to this
+department is called computer stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is called computer stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is called computer stitching
+computer stitching so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching so what I'm going to
+show you right now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stitching
+machines but they have a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines but they have a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines but they have a computer and
+cameras and the way it works you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and the way it works you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and the way it works you see an
+associate picking this kind of parts put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate picking this kind of parts put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate picking this kind of parts put
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+pallet these little holes is to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet these little holes is to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet these little holes is to put on
+pins and the pallet will be fed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins and the pallet will be fed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins and the pallet will be fed into
+this machine and you have lights taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine and you have lights taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine and you have lights taking
+pictures okay and a computer and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures okay and a computer and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures okay and a computer and taking
+picture to three frames per second. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to three frames per second. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture to three frames per second. So
+the camera tell the computer this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera tell the computer this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera tell the computer this is the
+edge and the computer tell the sewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the computer tell the sewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the computer tell the sewing
+machine where to put the stitch. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where to put the stitch. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where to put the stitch. Okay.
+Okay. At this computer stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. At this computer stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. At this computer stitching
+department is when we transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is when we transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is when we transition from
+the badge to the flow and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badge to the flow and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badge to the flow and that's what
+I'm going to show you. Okay. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you. Okay. Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you. Okay. Great.
+This associate here I I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This associate here I I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This associate here I I forgot to
+mention we talk about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention we talk about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention we talk about the different
+management system. Remember t time flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system. Remember t time flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system. Remember t time flow
+supervisor team leader to help but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor team leader to help but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor team leader to help but also
+we want associates to be on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want associates to be on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want associates to be on the line
+producing the shoes at that tag time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the shoes at that tag time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the shoes at that tag time. So
+another level is called the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level is called the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level is called the point of
+views okay associates the of the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views okay associates the of the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views okay associates the of the goal
+point of views is to bring the parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of views is to bring the parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of views is to bring the parts to
+okay the operators actually adding value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the operators actually adding value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the operators actually adding value
+to the shoe. So this lady's a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shoe. So this lady's a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the shoe. So this lady's a point of
+use association. She looks pretty busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use association. She looks pretty busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use association. She looks pretty busy
+too. Very busy. They have to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Very busy. They have to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Very busy. They have to distribute
+you know in case a case every 9 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in case a case every 9 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in case a case every 9 minutes
+and they have uh a flow from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh a flow from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have uh a flow from this
+computer stitching to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer stitching to the next
+department and come back and flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and come back and flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and come back and flow.
+Everything is about flow. So you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is about flow. So you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is about flow. So you want to
+keep this person want to have everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this person want to have everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this person want to have everything
+she needs to do what she needs to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to do what she needs to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she needs to do what she needs to do.
+Exactly. Exactly. Yeah, this person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Exactly. Yeah, this person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Exactly. Yeah, this person in
+the past in the past world this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past in the past world this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past in the past world this person
+will leave the machine we both pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave the machine we both pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave the machine we both pick up
+the parts come back. Um lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts come back. Um lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts come back. Um lot of
+variability in the system and reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the system and reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the system and reduction
+of waste is to reduce variability at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waste is to reduce variability at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waste is to reduce variability at the
+same time. They must have to work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. They must have to work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. They must have to work very
+closely together. Yes, absolutely. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely together. Yes, absolutely. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely together. Yes, absolutely. So
+here you have the computer stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the computer stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the computer stitching
+machine. Um these are the parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um these are the parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um these are the parts that
+came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cutting and the associate puts the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting and the associate puts the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting and the associate puts the parts
+on this pallet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this pallet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this pallet.
+is fed into the machine. Goes back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fed into the machine. Goes back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fed into the machine. Goes back in
+the machine. You got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine. You got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine. You got the
+cameras taking pictures and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras taking pictures and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras taking pictures and now it's
+stitching and then the sewing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching and then the sewing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching and then the sewing machines
+stitching where the computer telling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stitch the P comes up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here we got the parts. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now why only three parts is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why only three parts is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why only three parts is because
+under the tact time of 22 and a2 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tact time of 22 and a2 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the tact time of 22 and a2 seconds
+that solid fits in this machine. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid fits in this machine. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid fits in this machine. Okay.
+So we look at we take all the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we look at we take all the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we look at we take all the time that
+is required to stitch a shoe. We divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to stitch a shoe. We divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to stitch a shoe. We divide
+it by 22 and 1/2 seconds and that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 22 and 1/2 seconds and that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 22 and 1/2 seconds and that tells
+us how many assources we need to put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how many assources we need to put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how many assources we need to put to
+flow. Now when you switched to the tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. Now when you switched to the tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. Now when you switched to the tack
+time uh approach did you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh approach did you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh approach did you have to
+redesign some of these machines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign some of these machines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign some of these machines to
+completely? Okay. In the past, the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely? Okay. In the past, the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely? Okay. In the past, the old
+machines didn't fit the tactics. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines didn't fit the tactics. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines didn't fit the tactics. I'm
+sorry. The machines are okay. We have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. The machines are okay. We have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. The machines are okay. We have to
+change the thinking of the designing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the thinking of the designing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the thinking of the designing of
+the pallets. Okay. In the past, in the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallets. Okay. In the past, in the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallets. Okay. In the past, in the B
+and and and and Q world, we were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and Q world, we were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and Q world, we were very
+proud when we could put as many layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud when we could put as many layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud when we could put as many layers
+as possible to save machinery. Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to save machinery. Okay. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to save machinery. Okay. Uh
+the goal was a machine efficiency,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal was a machine efficiency,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal was a machine efficiency,
+right? Because you get rewarded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because you get rewarded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because you get rewarded in the
+in the batch world for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the batch world for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the batch world for machine
+efficiency. Right now the goal is into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Right now the goal is into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. Right now the goal is into
+efficiency in associated to okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in associated to okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in associated to okay so what
+we did is now we don't pack as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did is now we don't pack as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did is now we don't pack as many
+layers as we can. We only put enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers as we can. We only put enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers as we can. We only put enough
+layers to maintain flow. The machine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers to maintain flow. The machine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers to maintain flow. The machine the
+same but the design of the pallet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the design of the pallet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but the design of the pallet and
+the number of parts has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parts has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parts has changed
+radically. Very good. And did and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically. Very good. And did and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically. Very good. And did and did
+the associates participate in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associates participate in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associates participate in that
+redesign. Oh, absolutely. I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign. Oh, absolutely. I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign. Oh, absolutely. I mean that
+that's a great question and we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question and we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question and we talk
+about the team leaders. That's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the team leaders. That's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the team leaders. That's one of
+the major major changes that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major major changes that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major major changes that you know
+we're reading the books about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading the books about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading the books about our
+associates are best assets and I tell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates are best assets and I tell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates are best assets and I tell we
+we I think we're walking you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think we're walking you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think we're walking you know uh
+we're talking but we also you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking but we also you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking but we also you know we're
+doing great things here where associates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great things here where associates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing great things here where associates
+have an great part you know in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an great part you know in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an great part you know in the uh in
+the problem solving activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem solving activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem solving activity in the
+design supervisors and team leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design supervisors and team leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design supervisors and team leaders
+consult them all the time uh that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult them all the time uh that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consult them all the time uh that's when
+it makes a big big difference before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a big big difference before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a big big difference before we
+talk about patch. Now you see single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about patch. Now you see single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about patch. Now you see single
+piece flow. You have flow. Yep. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece flow. You have flow. Yep. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece flow. You have flow. Yep. So we
+got a cell here. And you have a cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a cell here. And you have a cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a cell here. And you have a cell.
+Exactly. I mean this is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. I mean this is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. I mean this is a very good
+graphical realization of a cell. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical realization of a cell. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical realization of a cell. You can
+see it all connected together. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it all connected together. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it all connected together. It's a
+good point. This is a good example of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. This is a good example of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. This is a good example of of
+blowing. Yeah. Blowing. And we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing. Yeah. Blowing. And we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing. Yeah. Blowing. And we asked
+them to not to have more than two pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to not to have more than two pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to not to have more than two pairs.
+It says right there. Two pairs only. Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says right there. Two pairs only. Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says right there. Two pairs only. Two
+pairs only. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs only. Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs only. Yeah. Um
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+And you got you got you got some visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you got you got you got some visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you got you got you got some visual
+work instructions here. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work instructions here. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work instructions here. Absolutely.
+That's part of the standardized work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's part of the standardized work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's part of the standardized work
+where we define the standardized web and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we define the standardized web and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we define the standardized web and
+visual management is big part of it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual management is big part of it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual management is big part of it. And
+if if you have more if I see three pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have more if I see three pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you have more if I see three pairs
+you know there's a problem these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a problem these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a problem these are
+such a problems having problems. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a problems having problems. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a problems having problems. Okay.
+The flow coordinator we call the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The flow coordinator we call the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The flow coordinator we call the flow
+coordinator the team leader. We call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator the team leader. We call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinator the team leader. We call
+them flow coordinator. Flow coordinator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them flow coordinator. Flow coordinator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them flow coordinator. Flow coordinator.
+Yeah. It's the name we come up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. It's the name we come up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. It's the name we come up with.
+That's much better than team leader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's much better than team leader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's much better than team leader.
+Yes. Um because the goal is to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um because the goal is to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um because the goal is to mind
+saying the flow in a way. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the flow in a way. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the flow in a way. Well, the
+title flow coordinator means team leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title flow coordinator means team leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title flow coordinator means team leader
+focuses on them. Flow coordinator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on them. Flow coordinator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on them. Flow coordinator
+focuses on what they're doing. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on what they're doing. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on what they're doing. Exactly.
+Exactly. So, visually if you see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So, visually if you see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So, visually if you see three
+pair, the flow coordinator will come,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair, the flow coordinator will come,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair, the flow coordinator will come,
+you know, something is not right. So, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, something is not right. So, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, something is not right. So, uh
+visually powerful. So, Cladio, I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually powerful. So, Cladio, I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually powerful. So, Cladio, I see
+some little red dots or red color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little red dots or red color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little red dots or red color
+labels. What are those for? It could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. What are those for? It could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels. What are those for? It could be
+that um this machine sometime are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this machine sometime are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this machine sometime are very
+sensitive to u to the shape of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to u to the shape of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to u to the shape of the part
+because you take a picture and the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you take a picture and the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you take a picture and the part
+is sort of warped it pulls the machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of warped it pulls the machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of warped it pulls the machine.
+So in shoe making technology we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in shoe making technology we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in shoe making technology we can have
+a stitch run up. So the associate put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stitch run up. So the associate put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stitch run up. So the associate put a
+little red dot and as it goes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red dot and as it goes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little red dot and as it goes by the
+floor will notice fix it quickly and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor will notice fix it quickly and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor will notice fix it quickly and put
+it back into the line. Now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the line. Now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back into the line. Now is that
+something that came out of an employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out of an employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out of an employee
+suggestion? Probably. Yeah. and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion? Probably. Yeah. and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion? Probably. Yeah. and they
+they like to have that and they identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to have that and they identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like to have that and they identify
+themselves you know at least the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you know at least the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves you know at least the defect
+is there but they take ownership that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there but they take ownership that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there but they take ownership that's
+a big thing that changed in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big thing that changed in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big thing that changed in the past
+they were just trying to you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just trying to you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just trying to you know we
+have inspectors at the line putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inspectors at the line putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inspectors at the line putting the
+doors now defects happen but now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors now defects happen but now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors now defects happen but now they
+have ownership and and we I'm very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ownership and and we I'm very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ownership and and we I'm very proud
+we we created really uh an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we created really uh an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we created really uh an environment
+that it's okay uh to show the mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's okay uh to show the mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's okay uh to show the mistakes
+and it's not it's no problem and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not it's no problem and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not it's no problem and they're
+happy with that oh not a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with that oh not a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with that oh not a problem and
+very interestingly when we change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interestingly when we change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interestingly when we change from
+the adds to the lean uh standards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adds to the lean uh standards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adds to the lean uh standards are
+very important standardized work which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important standardized work which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important standardized work which
+is the definition sort of the best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition sort of the best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition sort of the best uh
+flow of product considering cost policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of product considering cost policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of product considering cost policy
+and economics and some people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics and some people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and economics and some people thought
+well if I have to do always the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have to do always the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have to do always the same uh
+management was concerned that associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was concerned that associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management was concerned that associate
+with feel like robot and feedback that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feel like robot and feedback that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feel like robot and feedback that
+we got after few months of lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got after few months of lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got after few months of lean
+implementation is that they love to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is that they love to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is that they love to know
+what they have to do So management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have to do So management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have to do So management and
+even human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even human
+resources concept that they would feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources concept that they would feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources concept that they would feel a
+robot was not correct and um what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot was not correct and um what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot was not correct and um what we're
+trying to teach them is that it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to teach them is that it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to teach them is that it's sort
+of a paradox because standardized work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paradox because standardized work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paradox because standardized work
+tells you always have to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you always have to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you always have to do the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+but as you do always the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you do always the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you do always the same thing you
+have a foundation for problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a foundation for problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a foundation for problem solving
+for continuous improvement. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous improvement. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous improvement. So
+standardized work is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized work is a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized work is a continuous
+improvement tool continuous improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement tool continuous improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement tool continuous improvement
+very it depends how you look at them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it depends how you look at them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very it depends how you look at them. So
+through that repetition they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that repetition they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that repetition they will
+recommend uh changes. That's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend uh changes. That's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend uh changes. That's a really
+interesting approach because that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting approach because that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting approach because that makes
+standardized work be something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized work be something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized work be something where
+you're always trying to improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always trying to improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always trying to improve it
+compared to now we can forget about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to now we can forget about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to now we can forget about it.
+Right. Well that's the thing it sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Well that's the thing it sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Well that's the thing it sometime
+we go crazy never stops once you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go crazy never stops once you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go crazy never stops once you got
+those friends we wire for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those friends we wire for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those friends we wire for continuous
+improvement never stop and the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement never stop and the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement never stop and the goal of
+management is it really changed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is it really changed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is it really changed uh
+radically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically.
+Um manage management become more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um manage management become more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um manage management become more of
+teachers and coaches coaches always um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and coaches coaches always um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers and coaches coaches always um
+challenges the thinking always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the thinking always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the thinking always uh
+production management call they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production management call they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production management call they always
+have to uh put have like gentle tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh put have like gentle tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh put have like gentle tension
+you you will not in my experience or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will not in my experience or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will not in my experience or
+what I read you will not introduce lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I read you will not introduce lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I read you will not introduce lean
+with that that tension you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that tension you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that tension you know it's
+it's it's a you know it's like I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a you know it's like I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a you know it's like I read
+somewhere else you know this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you know this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else you know this is like a
+pressure cooker it's always pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cooker it's always pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cooker it's always pressure to
+just release the That's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just release the That's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just release the That's a very good
+analogy. Okay, great. Maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. Okay, great. Maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy. Okay, great. Maybe we should
+move on. Yes. So, here you got the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on. Yes. So, here you got the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on. Yes. So, here you got the uh
+the case ready for the next department.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case ready for the next department.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case ready for the next department.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And the case will be sent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the case will be sent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the case will be sent to the
+stitching department. So, I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching department. So, I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching department. So, I think we
+should go around and I'll show you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go around and I'll show you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go around and I'll show you from
+the beginning. Okay. Very good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quite a lot of visual control here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of visual control here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of visual control here.
+Yeah. So this So I wanted to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this So I wanted to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this So I wanted to talk to you
+about that before we talk about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that before we talk about the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that before we talk about the um
+the stitching cell. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stitching cell. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stitching cell. Okay.
+D time flow flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D time flow flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D time flow flow
+coordinators are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinators are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinators are required to
+keep detail of you have detail here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep detail of you have detail here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep detail of you have detail here of
+the plan versus actual if there are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan versus actual if there are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan versus actual if there are any
+deviation okay this is the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay this is the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay this is the production
+board for the last team that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for the last team that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for the last team that we haven't
+done yet but if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet but if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet but if there is a
+negative they have to put a reason in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative they have to put a reason in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative they have to put a reason in
+this case was waiting for the closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case was waiting for the closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case was waiting for the closing
+closing happens to be this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing happens to be this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing happens to be this is this is
+today's this is today so I have 5 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's this is today so I have 5 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's this is today so I have 5 after
+8. This is 7 8:00. So immediately this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8. This is 7 8:00. So immediately this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8. This is 7 8:00. So immediately this
+is filled in. Yes. Cuz we're now on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled in. Yes. Cuz we're now on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled in. Yes. Cuz we're now on this
+shift here. Right. So we'll see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift here. Right. So we'll see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift here. Right. So we'll see and
+we'll see what happen. Okay. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what happen. Okay. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what happen. Okay. Okay. Um
+yeah that's a good observation. So from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good observation. So from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good observation. So from
+a management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a management
+for supervisors managers you come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for supervisors managers you come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for supervisors managers you come here
+and you know we're waiting for closing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're waiting for closing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're waiting for closing.
+So the first question I will have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first question I will have okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first question I will have okay
+why what happened the closing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what happened the closing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what happened the closing in the
+stitching? You have a board here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching? You have a board here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching? You have a board here that
+then the floor porn said machine number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the floor porn said machine number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the floor porn said machine number
+seven was done for 10 minutes. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven was done for 10 minutes. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven was done for 10 minutes. Okay,
+just big picture detail they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just big picture detail they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just big picture detail they have in
+their on their desk. They have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their on their desk. They have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their on their desk. They have a more
+detailed log that will tell them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed log that will tell them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed log that will tell them what
+happened with that particular machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with that particular machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with that particular machine.
+But you see how they connected very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see how they connected very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see how they connected very very
+good and in part of the supervisor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and in part of the supervisor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and in part of the supervisor and
+management to make sure that they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management to make sure that they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management to make sure that they make
+sense. They make sense. Morning. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. They make sense. Morning. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. They make sense. Morning. They
+broken the thread. Good morning. How are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken the thread. Good morning. How are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken the thread. Good morning. How are
+you? Good. You see they broke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Good. You see they broke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Good. You see they broke the
+thread. Broke the thread. That's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread. Broke the thread. That's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread. Broke the thread. That's why the
+thread broke. Bro, that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread broke. Bro, that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread broke. Bro, that's what we're
+talking about. She knows about it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. She knows about it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. She knows about it. It's
+okay. Is she the float coordinator? She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Is she the float coordinator? She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Is she the float coordinator? She
+the supervisor. 25 years in the company.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervisor. 25 years in the company.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervisor. 25 years in the company.
+Okay. What an asset. That's my team.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What an asset. That's my team.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What an asset. That's my team.
+Yeah. So, this is her team. I saw you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, this is her team. I saw you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, this is her team. I saw you.
+You're way up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're way up there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're way up there.
+So, like we were talking before um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, like we were talking before um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, like we were talking before um we
+talk about the generation, problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the generation, problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the generation, problem
+solving, involvement, and we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving, involvement, and we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving, involvement, and we have a very
+simple way to um appreciate the ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to um appreciate the ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to um appreciate the ideas of
+our associates. Um to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our associates. Um to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our associates. Um to talk about
+interaction supervisor associates I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction supervisor associates I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction supervisor associates I will
+introduce to Rosemary Munos. She's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to Rosemary Munos. She's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to Rosemary Munos. She's our
+supervisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Y value stream. She's been with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y value stream. She's been with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y value stream. She's been with
+the company 25 years. Wow. So she's seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company 25 years. Wow. So she's seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company 25 years. Wow. So she's seen
+a lot from the the B and Q world to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from the the B and Q world to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot from the the B and Q world to the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's okay to budge and Q world to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to budge and Q world to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to budge and Q world to to the
+lean world. So any questions you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean world. So any questions you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean world. So any questions you want to
+ask her? It's um yeah that Rosemary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her? It's um yeah that Rosemary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask her? It's um yeah that Rosemary that
+it's um really crit lean transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um really crit lean transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um really crit lean transformation
+lean the people are really the to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean the people are really the to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean the people are really the to me the
+key part critical part and you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part critical part and you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key part critical part and you're a
+frontline supervisor and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontline supervisor and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontline supervisor and you have a
+value stream I guess this is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream I guess this is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream I guess this is a kind of a
+picture of your value stream here yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of your value stream here yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of your value stream here yours
+is the gold value stream uh so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gold value stream uh so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gold value stream uh so as
+supervisor what are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor what are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor what are some of the things
+that you do when you work with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do when you work with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do when you work with your
+value stream team the most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream team the most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stream team the most important is
+to work you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work you know
+with because like you know link is 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because like you know link is 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because like you know link is 90
+like 90% associate in 90 and 15% you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90% associate in 90 and 15% you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 90% associate in 90 and 15% you
+know the rest material or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rest material or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the rest material or maybe
+supervisor the most important ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor the most important ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisor the most important ones you
+know to introduce lean uh system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to introduce lean uh system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to introduce lean uh system and
+they understand and work with them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand and work with them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand and work with them you
+know that's the most important thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the most important thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the most important thing you
+know that we can do get that result now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can do get that result now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can do get that result now
+Claudia was telling me that that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia was telling me that that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claudia was telling me that that one of
+the ways you do this is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways you do this is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways you do this is you get
+suggestions from them you engage them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from them you engage them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from them you engage them
+with suggestions so like Maria here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with suggestions so like Maria here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with suggestions so like Maria here
+she's did some kinds of suggestions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's did some kinds of suggestions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's did some kinds of suggestions and
+what happens to those suggestions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to those suggestions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to those suggestions when
+she contributes? The suggestion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she contributes? The suggestion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she contributes? The suggestion they
+given you know we we check if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you know we we check if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you know we we check if we try to
+implement almost the all the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement almost the all the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement almost the all the idea that
+they have to you know when they giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to you know when they giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to you know when they giving
+some idea we try to implement we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea we try to implement we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea we try to implement we work
+with them that way they feel more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them that way they feel more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them that way they feel more you
+know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more
+um how I can say more more involved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how I can say more more involved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how I can say more more involved you
+know in help you know the team. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in help you know the team. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in help you know the team. Yeah.
+How how do you help them with the idea?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How how do you help them with the idea?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How how do you help them with the idea?
+How do you do you help them think to it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you do you help them think to it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you do you help them think to it?
+Do they come up with idea by themselves?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they come up with idea by themselves?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they come up with idea by themselves?
+They come they came up with idea by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come they came up with idea by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come they came up with idea by
+themselves when they don't have no idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves when they don't have no idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves when they don't have no idea.
+I go with them you know I say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go with them you know I say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go with them you know I say you know
+for example uh what you think you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh what you think you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh what you think you don't
+have no idea how you can get any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea how you can get any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea how you can get any idea
+sometime they say oh maybe I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime they say oh maybe I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime they say oh maybe I don't have
+too many time to think and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many time to think and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many time to think and something
+like that I told them what you think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I told them what you think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I told them what you think if
+I put you know for example the body here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put you know for example the body here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put you know for example the body here
+close to you you can save you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you you can save you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you you can save you know one
+second I said yeah that's fine we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I said yeah that's fine we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I said yeah that's fine we can
+try you know they all try anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try you know they all try anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try you know they all try anything you
+know that I can tell them to do yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can tell them to do yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can tell them to do yeah so
+what a as a supervisor what is a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a as a supervisor what is a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a as a supervisor what is a what
+what's the biggest challenge you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the biggest challenge you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the biggest challenge you have in
+this job. You got 25 people. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a That's a That's a That's a
+That's a That's a That's a lot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a That's a That's a lot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a That's a That's a lot right
+there. Work work together. Work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Work work together. Work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Work work together. Work
+together. Team work. That's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Team work. That's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Team work. That's the most
+important. You know, when we work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. You know, when we work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. You know, when we work like
+you can get anything you want, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get anything you want, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get anything you want, you know,
+if you want. Well, super. Well, let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want. Well, super. Well, let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want. Well, super. Well, let's go
+back in the factory. You got you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the factory. You got you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the factory. You got you got a
+lot of work to do. Yeah. Okay. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work to do. Yeah. Okay. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work to do. Yeah. Okay. Thank
+you. Thank you. So, this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Thank you. So, this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Thank you. So, this one is
+called stitching. Before in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stitching. Before in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stitching. Before in the computer
+stitching, the upper was in the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching, the upper was in the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitching, the upper was in the flat
+form. Yeah. Here is the first time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Yeah. Here is the first time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Yeah. Here is the first time the
+upper takes a 3D form. Okay. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper takes a 3D form. Okay. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper takes a 3D form. Okay. So it's a
+cell and basically it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and basically it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and basically it will
+follow something stop here trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow something stop here trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow something stop here trying to
+understand it will follow this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to feed to what we call the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed to what we call the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed to what we call the assembly
+department okay what is this the so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department okay what is this the so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department okay what is this the so okay
+still in the stitching department you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the stitching department you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the stitching department you
+still have flow continuous flow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have flow continuous flow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have flow continuous flow if you
+looked between the stations to oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked between the stations to oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked between the stations to oper
+Uppers to upper to uppers. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uppers to upper to uppers. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uppers to upper to uppers. That
+associate I just noticed he did not put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate I just noticed he did not put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate I just noticed he did not put
+another shoe on that tray until one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another shoe on that tray until one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another shoe on that tray until one was
+removed. Conbon. Okay. So they pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Conbon. Okay. So they pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed. Conbon. Okay. So they pulling
+pulling. Yep. Very critical. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling. Yep. Very critical. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling. Yep. Very critical. That
+discipline is very very important. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is very very important. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is very very important. You
+don't want that over production. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that over production. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that over production. You're
+right. Two there. Two there, two there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Two there. Two there, two there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Two there. Two there, two there.
+And you saw how they were stopped. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you saw how they were stopped. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you saw how they were stopped. You
+saw the switch. Yeah. And they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the switch. Yeah. And they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the switch. Yeah. And they were
+stopped. As soon as she pulled one off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped. As soon as she pulled one off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped. As soon as she pulled one off,
+he put one there. Yeah. It takes months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put one there. Yeah. It takes months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put one there. Yeah. It takes months
+and years to get that. But they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years to get that. But they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years to get that. But they
+understand. They they understand uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. They they understand uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. They they understand uh that
+the the shoes are not going anywhere if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shoes are not going anywhere if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shoes are not going anywhere if
+they overproduce. You know, it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overproduce. You know, it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overproduce. You know, it looks
+like a symphony. Everybody's playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a symphony. Everybody's playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a symphony. Everybody's playing
+together. Yeah. Yes. Exactly. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Yeah. Yes. Exactly. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Yeah. Yes. Exactly. It's
+attack. It's like a rhythm. Yeah. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack. It's like a rhythm. Yeah. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack. It's like a rhythm. Yeah. A
+rhythm. The shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm. The shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm. The shoe
+circulates to the department. They stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulates to the department. They stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulates to the department. They stop.
+That's why they don't have a shoe here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why they don't have a shoe here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why they don't have a shoe here.
+the associate will put uh and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate will put uh and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate will put uh and basically
+the department is there are two basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department is there are two basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department is there are two basic
+operation it's called the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation it's called the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation it's called the last thing
+where you this is called the last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you this is called the last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you this is called the last the
+last you have a last this is a style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last you have a last this is a style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last you have a last this is a style and
+you have a last per foots are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a last per foots are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a last per foots are very
+different uh it happens to be 10 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it happens to be 10 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it happens to be 10 and a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+the width is Dave D call David um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is Dave D call David um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is Dave D call David um no
+balance that's you know specializes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that's you know specializes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that's you know specializes in
+width so this particular shoe goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width so this particular shoe goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width so this particular shoe goes from
+B very narrow to 6E very wide and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B very narrow to 6E very wide and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B very narrow to 6E very wide and each
+one each foot requires a different L. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each foot requires a different L. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each foot requires a different L. So
+does a so how do we know when the shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a so how do we know when the shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a so how do we know when the shoes
+are going through this cell that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through this cell that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through this cell that are
+they making it for a particular size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they making it for a particular size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they making it for a particular size
+last? There is um a document that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last? There is um a document that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last? There is um a document that is
+printed every day and distributed to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed every day and distributed to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed every day and distributed to all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+supervisors per value stream that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors per value stream that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervisors per value stream that they
+know exactly the sequence. So he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly the sequence. So he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly the sequence. So he knows
+very well the flow coordinators in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the flow coordinators in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well the flow coordinators in this
+team knows very well what's coming. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team knows very well what's coming. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team knows very well what's coming. But
+that's done on a daily basis. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done on a daily basis. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done on a daily basis. So you're
+really responding almost a daily basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really responding almost a daily basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really responding almost a daily basis
+to the pull of the in customer right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pull of the in customer right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pull of the in customer right.
+Yeah it's a daily. Yeah daily. They we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah it's a daily. Yeah daily. They we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah it's a daily. Yeah daily. They we
+know some sometimes weekly sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some sometimes weekly sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some sometimes weekly sometime
+daily but we know exactly it gets um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily but we know exactly it gets um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily but we know exactly it gets um at
+the beginning of the day or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the day or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the day or the
+afternoon before it gets put in this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon before it gets put in this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon before it gets put in this um
+you know document. Is that based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know document. Is that based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know document. Is that based on the
+orders that are coming in for shoes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders that are coming in for shoes?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders that are coming in for shoes?
+Yeah depends on the work order. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah depends on the work order. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah depends on the work order. Some
+shoes are directly go direct to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes are directly go direct to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes are directly go direct to
+customers. Some orders go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. Some orders go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. Some orders go to the
+warehouse. It depends of where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse. It depends of where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse. It depends of where they are
+who they are for. It can be a weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they are for. It can be a weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they are for. It can be a weekly
+work order or a daily work order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work order or a daily work order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work order or a daily work order.
+Regardless of that, this document is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regardless of that, this document is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regardless of that, this document is
+daily and it gets distributed again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily and it gets distributed again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily and it gets distributed again to
+the supervisor for coordinators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervisor for coordinators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supervisor for coordinators and
+setup people. Set up people the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup people. Set up people the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup people. Set up people the ones
+that bring the work. So it's like no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring the work. So it's like no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring the work. So it's like no,
+it's no question. So in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no question. So in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no question. So in the case of the
+last the setup person will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the setup person will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the setup person will have this
+document. So no need to talk. No need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document. So no need to talk. No need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document. So no need to talk. No need to
+talk. Every every single transaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. Every every single transaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. Every every single transaction is
+very clear who's responsible, what needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear who's responsible, what needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear who's responsible, what needs
+to be done. So this must give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done. So this must give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done. So this must give you a
+competitive edge over your competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive edge over your competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive edge over your competitors
+whose shoes are being made in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose shoes are being made in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose shoes are being made in another
+country and the market is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the market is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and the market is here and
+there's a time lag between those two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time lag between those two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time lag between those two.
+This is one uh yes it is. you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one uh yes it is. you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one uh yes it is. you know, we
+can we're working right now with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're working right now with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're working right now with our
+lead time of 3 days is to try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead time of 3 days is to try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead time of 3 days is to try to help
+the retailers to minimize the inventory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers to minimize the inventory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers to minimize the inventory.
+So if Saturday, Friday, Saturday is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if Saturday, Friday, Saturday is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if Saturday, Friday, Saturday is a
+Saturday the big day on Monday they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday the big day on Monday they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday the big day on Monday they
+place an order 3 days later we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place an order 3 days later we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place an order 3 days later we can
+deliver back to them. So and this lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver back to them. So and this lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver back to them. So and this lady
+is doing it right now. I mean she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing it right now. I mean she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing it right now. I mean she's
+absolutely real time response. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely real time response. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely real time response. Okay,
+cool. This is to be in a customer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. This is to be in a customer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. This is to be in a customer in
+three or four days and that makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four days and that makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four days and that makes a big
+difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Basically in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically in this
+department this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department this
+associates the shoe is put into what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates the shoe is put into what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates the shoe is put into what's
+called a conditioner just get some steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a conditioner just get some steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a conditioner just get some steam
+to soften up a little bit. Okay. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to soften up a little bit. Okay. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to soften up a little bit. Okay. So when
+he removes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last put on the paint and put the shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last put on the paint and put the shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last put on the paint and put the shoe
+on it flex to fill you know to fit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it flex to fill you know to fit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it flex to fill you know to fit uh
+the shoe gets cemented the bottom. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoe gets cemented the bottom. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shoe gets cemented the bottom. Okay.
+Um the salt is delivered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the salt is delivered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the salt is delivered from
+behind that associates with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that associates with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that associates with that um
+yellow machine there that basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow machine there that basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow machine there that basically what
+it does it activates. Maybe I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it activates. Maybe I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it activates. Maybe I'll show
+you a little more closely here. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more closely here. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little more closely here. So the
+shoe is cemented. Okay. Is put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe is cemented. Okay. Is put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe is cemented. Okay. Is put in this
+big dryer. Okay. To dry the soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dryer. Okay. To dry the soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dryer. Okay. To dry the soap
+underneath is come from behind the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath is come from behind the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath is come from behind the right
+salt for the right upper. Um the cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt for the right upper. Um the cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt for the right upper. Um the cement
+gets a little heat heat in that uh salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little heat heat in that uh salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little heat heat in that uh salt
+activator oven. Then the associate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator oven. Then the associate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator oven. Then the associate will
+get the upper and the salt, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the upper and the salt, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the upper and the salt, you know,
+activated. They stick it together. Put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated. They stick it together. Put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated. They stick it together. Put
+in the big press where they should stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big press where they should stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the big press where they should stay
+for 2 minutes to ensure bonding. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 minutes to ensure bonding. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2 minutes to ensure bonding. Okay.
+And then go to our table where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then go to our table where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then go to our table where the
+packing associates will do some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing associates will do some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing associates will do some basic
+inspection. We'll remove any cement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection. We'll remove any cement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection. We'll remove any cement.
+We'll apply the laces, any tags,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll apply the laces, any tags,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll apply the laces, any tags,
+advertisement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement,
+uh some tissue inside the shoe to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some tissue inside the shoe to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some tissue inside the shoe to keep
+the shape inside the box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape inside the box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape inside the box.
+Yep. Get packed. And that's it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Get packed. And that's it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Get packed. And that's it. And
+that's it. Okay. So, Cladio, this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it. Okay. So, Cladio, this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it. Okay. So, Cladio, this now
+goes to your customer. And if I Yeah. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to your customer. And if I Yeah. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to your customer. And if I Yeah. If
+I go to a New Balance Outland or a shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to a New Balance Outland or a shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to a New Balance Outland or a shoe
+store, I can buy them. You see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store, I can buy them. You see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store, I can buy them. You see those
+shoes? Absolutely. Clauddio, thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes? Absolutely. Clauddio, thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes? Absolutely. Clauddio, thanks so
+much for showing us. It's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for showing us. It's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for showing us. It's been a
+pleasure. Really a pleasure. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure. Really a pleasure. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure. Really a pleasure. You know,
+as we're leaving, I kind of want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're leaving, I kind of want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're leaving, I kind of want to know
+what's the next step of your lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step of your lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next step of your lean
+journey. It's interesting. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey. It's interesting. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey. It's interesting. And the
+answer is more of the same. But what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is more of the same. But what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is more of the same. But what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by
+that everything is about the thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is about the thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is about the thinking.
+So what we'll do, we will work in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we'll do, we will work in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we'll do, we will work in more
+sophisticated problems. We continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated problems. We continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated problems. We continue
+sharpening our problem solving skills.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpening our problem solving skills.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpening our problem solving skills.
+So we will be to resolve more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will be to resolve more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will be to resolve more
+complicated waste problems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pwFsPEPPUGU.txt b/pwFsPEPPUGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..986c02088fea6f07d7ac5b02c5f15f7261a19d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pwFsPEPPUGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18026 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+welcome to lectures uh seven and eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lectures uh seven and eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to lectures uh seven and eight
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're gonna talk about risk preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about risk preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about risk preferences
+hello we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello we're gonna talk about
+risk preferences in particular sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences in particular sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences in particular sort of
+from the perspective of expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of expected utility
+which is sort of the classical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the classical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the classical way of
+economics to view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to view this
+um this is gonna take like one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is gonna take like one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is gonna take like one and a
+half perhaps two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half perhaps two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half perhaps two lectures
+um broadly speaking we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um broadly speaking we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um broadly speaking we're going to look
+at sort of like what does economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of like what does economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sort of like what does economics
+usually assume how does economics think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually assume how does economics think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually assume how does economics think
+about risk preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about risk preferences
+about choices involving risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we think about sort of measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about sort of measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about sort of measuring
+risk preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk preferences
+um what are some of the implications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are some of the implications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are some of the implications and
+what are the some of the limits of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the some of the limits of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the some of the limits of risk
+preferences in terms of like what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in terms of like what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in terms of like what we can
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+and what we can not explain and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can not explain and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can not explain and then uh
+in the following lectures then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following lectures then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following lectures then we're
+going to have like an alternative model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have like an alternative model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have like an alternative model
+of reference dependence preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference dependence preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reference dependence preferences
+where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially
+we're going to relax or change some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to relax or change some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to relax or change some of
+the underlying assumptions on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying assumptions on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying assumptions on how to
+measure preferences related to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem set two will be posted uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set two will be posted uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set two will be posted uh uh
+soon later this week i i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon later this week i i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon later this week i i'm sure you
+uh can't wait for this a reminder um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't wait for this a reminder um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't wait for this a reminder um uh
+late submissions will not be accepted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late submissions will not be accepted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late submissions will not be accepted uh
+i uh this is always like a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh this is always like a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh this is always like a commitment
+problem because people come up with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because people come up with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because people come up with all
+sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of
+good excuses why um uh they submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excuses why um uh they submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good excuses why um uh they submitted
+the problem said late and then i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem said late and then i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem said late and then i kind of
+feel bad about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad about it
+so i'm here with uh committing to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here with uh committing to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here with uh committing to not
+accepting any late submissions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting any late submissions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting any late submissions for
+whatever reasons unless you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reasons unless you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reasons unless you have sort of
+a medical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical uh
+excuse or like uh uh sort of an excused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse or like uh uh sort of an excused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse or like uh uh sort of an excused
+sq uh notice so no my pdf was corrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sq uh notice so no my pdf was corrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sq uh notice so no my pdf was corrupted
+and all sorts of other good reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of other good reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of other good reasons
+as a student once as well and i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student once as well and i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student once as well and i know
+students are very um creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are very um creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are very um creative
+um we will post previous problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will post previous problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will post previous problem sets
+midterms in finals for you to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms in finals for you to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms in finals for you to practice
+overall i think of the problem sets less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall i think of the problem sets less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall i think of the problem sets less
+of a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a way for
+testing you or testing sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you or testing sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you or testing sort of uh
+whether you can do it or not but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can do it or not but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can do it or not but rather
+as a way for you to practice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way for you to practice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way for you to practice things
+whether you have understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have understood
+uh the materials so like in parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the materials so like in parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the materials so like in parts of the
+past problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past problem sets and
+midterms and finals supposed to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms and finals supposed to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterms and finals supposed to help you
+with that as usual please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as usual please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as usual please
+ask questions on piazza or come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions on piazza or come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions on piazza or come to
+office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours
+so what we're going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to talk about is
+broadly speaking risk aversion how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking risk aversion how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly speaking risk aversion how do
+economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists
+think about choices involving risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about choices involving risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about choices involving risk
+then again i sort of outline um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again i sort of outline um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again i sort of outline um sort of
+the very simple or the basic model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very simple or the basic model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very simple or the basic model of
+uh the main workhorse model of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the main workhorse model of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the main workhorse model of economics
+to think about choices involving risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about choices involving risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about choices involving risk
+which is the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the expected utility
+model we're going to then think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we're going to then think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we're going to then think about
+kind of like how do we measure risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do we measure risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like how do we measure risk
+preferences the underlying preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the underlying preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the underlying preference
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+that sort of are embedded in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of are embedded in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of are embedded in this model
+we're going to lead them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lead them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lead them
+to like some absurd implications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like some absurd implications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like some absurd implications in
+particular sort of discrepancy how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of discrepancy how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of discrepancy how
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+tend to think about small scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about small scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about small scale and
+large-scale risk aversion what i mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale risk aversion what i mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale risk aversion what i mean by
+that but essentially small gambles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but essentially small gambles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but essentially small gambles that
+involve a few dollars versus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a few dollars versus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a few dollars versus like
+really large-scale choices that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large-scale choices that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large-scale choices that involve
+like thousands of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thousands of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thousands of dollars
+and what i'm going to show you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to show you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to show you kind of
+very similar to some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to some degree
+uh to how we think about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to how we think about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to how we think about time
+preferences where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where um
+the typical exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical exponential discounting
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+cannot explain both a short run and long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain both a short run and long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain both a short run and long
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+time preference decision that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preference decision that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time preference decision that people
+make that's just sort of calibrationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's just sort of calibrationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that's just sort of calibrationally
+very hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do
+similarly the expected utility model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the expected utility model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the expected utility model has
+problems with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with like
+reconciling small scale and large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling small scale and large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling small scale and large-scale
+choices that people make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make
+i'll tell you that in more detail but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you that in more detail but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you that in more detail but in
+short the summary is if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the summary is if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the summary is if people
+are risk-averse when it comes to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risk-averse when it comes to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are risk-averse when it comes to small
+gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+that implies that like they're absurdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that like they're absurdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that like they're absurdly
+risk-averse coming from large gamble if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse coming from large gamble if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse coming from large gamble if
+you sort of take that model seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take that model seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of take that model seriously
+and so that's kind of like not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of like not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of like not not
+really true in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true in reality
+and so then we sort of think about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we sort of think about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we sort of think about kind
+of how to relax on those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to relax on those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to relax on those kinds of
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+okay so first let's think about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let's think about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first let's think about kind of
+like what kinds of choices and decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what kinds of choices and decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what kinds of choices and decisions
+do in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in fact
+involve risk and uncertainty what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve risk and uncertainty what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve risk and uncertainty what
+examples do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples do we have
+in your life what is risky or what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your life what is risky or what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your life what is risky or what what
+involves uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right whether you're not whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether you're not whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether you're not whether it's
+you not to get education whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not to get education whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not to get education whether or not
+to study and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study and so on
+because the reward often is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reward often is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reward often is like
+uncertain right you might get a job you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain right you might get a job you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain right you might get a job you
+might not get a job you might do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get a job you might do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get a job you might do really
+well in college you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in college you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in college you might not
+uh and so on and so forth so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on and so forth so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on and so forth so like the
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+and the costs you might like it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the costs you might like it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the costs you might like it you
+might not like it and so on it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like it and so on it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like it and so on it's not
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+so the costs and benefits are uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the costs and benefits are uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the costs and benefits are uncertain
+there might be a recession when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a recession when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a recession when you
+graduate and so on and so forth so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and so on and so forth so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate and so on and so forth so like
+the returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns and
+costs are both uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly you buy you you might buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly you buy you you might buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly you buy you you might buy a
+house um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um
+uh or you might think about like buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you might think about like buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you might think about like buying
+or renting uh more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or renting uh more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or renting uh more broadly
+um and there it depends a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there it depends a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there it depends a lot on
+essentially what's happening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's happening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's happening to the
+housing market if the housing market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market if the housing market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market if the housing market
+goes up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down
+uh the choice to buy a house versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the choice to buy a house versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the choice to buy a house versus
+renting is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting is very
+different right so if the housing market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so if the housing market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so if the housing market
+goes up most likely you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up most likely you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up most likely you should probably
+buy a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house
+the housing market actually happens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing market actually happens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing market actually happens the
+tank the next post at least it's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank the next post at least it's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank the next post at least it's a bad
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+to do so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the two choices that we had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the two choices that we had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the two choices that we had so
+far were essentially choices involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far were essentially choices involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far were essentially choices involving
+risk where you sort of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk where you sort of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk where you sort of essentially
+decide to do something where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do something where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do something where the
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+are uncertain or risky in some way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncertain or risky in some way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncertain or risky in some way now
+what you're saying in some sense is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying in some sense is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying in some sense is like
+a bunch of other choices potentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of other choices potentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of other choices potentially are
+risk mitigation strategies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk mitigation strategies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk mitigation strategies right
+so you have essentially certain risks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have essentially certain risks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have essentially certain risks in
+your life and you have choices where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life and you have choices where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life and you have choices where you
+could say i could buy insurance so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say i could buy insurance so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say i could buy insurance so i
+could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of
+make other choices that mitigate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other choices that mitigate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other choices that mitigate or
+reduce the risk that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the risk that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the risk that i'm
+exposed to and one sort of canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to and one sort of canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to and one sort of canonical
+example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that is
+purchasing any type of insurance but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing any type of insurance but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing any type of insurance but in
+particular sort of renters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of renters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sort of renters
+insurance as you mentioned yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance as you mentioned yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance as you mentioned yes yeah
+they choose to grow yes so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to grow yes so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose to grow yes so like
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+i call that sort of like and develop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call that sort of like and develop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call that sort of like and develop in
+particular or development economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular or development economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular or development economics
+in particular there's lots of issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's lots of issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's lots of issues of
+production choices that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production choices that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production choices that people
+make um this could be like what crops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um this could be like what crops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um this could be like what crops to
+grow whether you should buy a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow whether you should buy a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow whether you should buy a machine
+uh whether you should start a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you should start a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether you should start a business
+and so on so it's all sorts of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's all sorts of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's all sorts of like
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+in terms of what business to go into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what business to go into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what business to go into um
+what kinds of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of um
+specifics uh what products to sell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics uh what products to sell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics uh what products to sell if
+you have a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a business
+and then the farmer case like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the farmer case like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the farmer case like you know
+what crops should you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what crops should you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what crops should you uh
+grow should you buy fertilizer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow should you buy fertilizer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow should you buy fertilizer should
+you use other inputs and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use other inputs and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use other inputs and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+uh should you do we d like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should you do we d like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should you do we d like there's a
+bunch of different other so you inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different other so you inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different other so you inter
+crop like there's a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop like there's a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop like there's a bunch of different
+other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um
+uh choices that you could make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices that you could make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choices that you could make that
+essentially involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially involve
+um risk because the outcome essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um risk because the outcome essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um risk because the outcome essentially
+is uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertain
+because essentially you know the season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you know the season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you know the season
+might be good or bad in the farmer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good or bad in the farmer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be good or bad in the farmer's
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+if you for example purchase fertilizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you for example purchase fertilizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you for example purchase fertilizer
+or certain uh for example you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain uh for example you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or certain uh for example you could
+purchase or use drought resistant crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase or use drought resistant crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase or use drought resistant crops
+of course if there's no drought then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if there's no drought then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if there's no drought then
+that's not really that helpful but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really that helpful but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really that helpful but if
+there's a drought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a drought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a drought
+that's really high return to to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really high return to to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really high return to to to do
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creating uh yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating uh yeah so uh
+investing your money into a different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing your money into a different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing your money into a different in
+the stock market or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market or um
+in in other sort of in bonds or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other sort of in bonds or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in other sort of in bonds or the like
+uh you know what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know what how
+how should you invest that money that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should you invest that money that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should you invest that money that's
+kind of like related to some uh so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like related to some uh so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like related to some uh so some
+degree um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree um
+to the um renting versus buying house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um renting versus buying house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the um renting versus buying house
+you can think of like buying as a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of like buying as a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of like buying as a house
+uh as like one asset one potential very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as like one asset one potential very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as like one asset one potential very
+sort of a liquid asset that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a liquid asset that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a liquid asset that you could
+buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+similarly you could you could buy stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you could you could buy stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you could you could buy stocks
+you could pay bonds you could like keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pay bonds you could like keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pay bonds you could like keep
+just cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cash
+and so on and there that very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and there that very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and there that very much
+depends on the return depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the return depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the return depends on
+uh things that are out of your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that are out of your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that are out of your hand
+which essentially is just what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is just what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is just what what the
+stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market
+might do so i think once you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do so i think once you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do so i think once you think about
+sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like um
+choices involving um risk um essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices involving um risk um essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices involving um risk um essentially
+almost any choice in in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any choice in in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any choice in in your life
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um is risky to some degree or uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is risky to some degree or uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is risky to some degree or uncertain
+uh ranging from like going to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ranging from like going to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ranging from like going to college
+doing problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing problem sets
+uh studying for exams which exam should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh studying for exams which exam should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh studying for exams which exam should
+you study for which questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study for which questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study for which questions
+are people can ask health decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people can ask health decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people can ask health decisions
+should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you
+should you invest in your health or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you invest in your health or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you invest in your health or not
+for a lot of diseases that people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of diseases that people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of diseases that people might
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+uh it's often very uncertain right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's often very uncertain right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's often very uncertain right so
+even if you're like smoking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're like smoking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're like smoking a lot
+not every smoker um falls sick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every smoker um falls sick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every smoker um falls sick or
+like you know that just the the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that just the the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know that just the the risk of
+cancer and other diseases increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and other diseases increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and other diseases increases
+um there's sort of financial incent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of financial incent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of financial incent and
+investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments
+uh uh dating choices and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh dating choices and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh dating choices and so on and so
+forth um even friendship choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um even friendship choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um even friendship choices are
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+risky if you want riding your bicycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky if you want riding your bicycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky if you want riding your bicycle
+there's very sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very sort of um
+small choices wearing a helmet versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small choices wearing a helmet versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small choices wearing a helmet versus
+not essentially almost anything in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not essentially almost anything in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not essentially almost anything in your
+life if you think about sort of what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if you think about sort of what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if you think about sort of what are
+the outcomes what are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes what are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes what are the different
+choices that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that you have
+and what are the outcomes associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the outcomes associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the outcomes associated
+with those choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those choices
+almost all of those choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of those choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of those choices are
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+uncertainty in a sense like you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a sense like you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a sense like you're not
+quite sure as the return you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure as the return you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure as the return you want to be
+high or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low
+then as i said before in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as i said before in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as i said before in addition to
+that there's sort of mis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of mis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sort of mis
+risk mitigating strategies in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk mitigating strategies in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk mitigating strategies in the sense
+of like you have a lot of choices a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you have a lot of choices a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like you have a lot of choices a lot
+of issues that are associated with risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that are associated with risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that are associated with risk
+and now you can choose to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can choose to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can choose to reduce your
+exposure to risk by purchasing insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk by purchasing insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk by purchasing insurance
+or for example also by avoiding certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example also by avoiding certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for example also by avoiding certain
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+behaviors right so if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors right so if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors right so if you're if you're
+worried about sort of being robbed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about sort of being robbed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about sort of being robbed for
+example in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a certain
+part of town you might sort of choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of town you might sort of choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of town you might sort of choose to
+go through that part of town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that part of town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that part of town
+and that's a risky thing to do or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a risky thing to do or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a risky thing to do or you
+can have sort of like risk mitigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have sort of like risk mitigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have sort of like risk mitigating
+strategies where you just don't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies where you just don't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies where you just don't leave
+your house or just go in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house or just go in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house or just go in different ways
+or just never go into certain areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just never go into certain areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just never go into certain areas
+which essentially are ways to to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially are ways to to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially are ways to to protect
+you to reduce your risk exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to reduce your risk exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to reduce your risk exposure
+um overall any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um overall any questions
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so now let me sort of just still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me sort of just still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me sort of just still
+tell you like three broad stylized facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like three broad stylized facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like three broad stylized facts
+that we're gonna try and explain or try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna try and explain or try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna try and explain or try
+and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of
+to tackle and that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle and that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle and that's kind of what
+economics is trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is trying to do
+so the first question is the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question is the first thing
+that comes to mind when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to mind when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to mind when you think about
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+and modeling choices involving risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modeling choices involving risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modeling choices involving risk is
+risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion
+how do we think about risk aversion what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about risk aversion what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about risk aversion what
+is risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risk aversion
+why are people averse to risk yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are people averse to risk yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are people averse to risk yeah
+risk aversion is a tendency to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion is a tendency to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion is a tendency to avoid
+vets that are more risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vets that are more risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vets that are more risky
+even though they will still stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they will still stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they will still stand up
+so one you say essentially if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one you say essentially if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one you say essentially if there are
+certain bets that involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bets that involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain bets that involve
+risk where like say the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk where like say the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk where like say the expected value
+so an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an expectation
+you're going to do pretty well perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do pretty well perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do pretty well perhaps
+better than like some safe outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than like some safe outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than like some safe outcomes
+people tend to avoid those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to avoid those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to avoid those kinds of
+threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threats
+and that we might call risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we might call risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we might call risk aversion
+right so that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's exactly right
+um but now why are people doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now why are people doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now why are people doing that
+like what are the underlying reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes um potentially involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um potentially involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um potentially involved
+is loss aversion which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loss aversion which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is loss aversion which um
+you know in in the readings i believe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the readings i believe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in the readings i believe uh
+uh some studies by uh and others were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some studies by uh and others were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some studies by uh and others were
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+that showed that we had aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed that we had aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showed that we had aversion
+specifically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to
+using uh money or utility rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh money or utility rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh money or utility rather than
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+risk in and of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in and of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in and of itself
+right so one part would be to say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one part would be to say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one part would be to say people
+might sort of lose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of lose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of lose or
+gain money in certain gambles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain money in certain gambles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain money in certain gambles and
+what you're saying is essentially people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is essentially people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is essentially people
+might not treat the losses the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not treat the losses the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not treat the losses the same as
+they treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they treat the
+gains and then you might sort of decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and then you might sort of decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and then you might sort of decline
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+gambles or certain risks you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles or certain risks you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles or certain risks you might you
+just worried about losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worried about losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worried about losing
+uh out and you put a lot of value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out and you put a lot of value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out and you put a lot of value on
+that that's exactly right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly right we're going to
+talk about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this um
+uh next week in a lot more detail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week in a lot more detail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next week in a lot more detail um
+what what are some other reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some other reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are some other reasons why
+people might not want to to to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might not want to to to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might not want to to to engage in
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one part is and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one part is and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one part is and that's exactly
+how economists think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists think about this is
+diminishing marginal utility that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility that's to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+getting a first dollar if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a first dollar if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a first dollar if you're really
+poor getting your first dollar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor getting your first dollar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor getting your first dollar has
+really high value to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high value to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high value to you
+the reason being that like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like now
+essentially otherwise you would starve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially otherwise you would starve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially otherwise you would starve
+or you can't eat and so on you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't eat and so on you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't eat and so on you can you
+know the value of whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value of whatever you
+purchase with that dollar is really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase with that dollar is really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase with that dollar is really high
+because you just have nothing otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have nothing otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just have nothing otherwise
+now if i give you a million dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you a million dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you a million dollars and
+then another dollar then essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another dollar then essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another dollar then essentially the
+additional dollar that i give you after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollar that i give you after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollar that i give you after
+the million is just not doing very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million is just not doing very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million is just not doing very much
+so the marginal utility of that dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal utility of that dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal utility of that dollar
+is low in that sort of diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low in that sort of diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low in that sort of diminishing
+marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of
+wealth that's exactly how economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that's exactly how economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth that's exactly how economists
+talk about this we're going to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this we're going to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this we're going to get back
+to that in a lot of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there might be sort of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there might be sort of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there might be sort of certain
+minimum standards in some sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum standards in some sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum standards in some sense that
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+over their uh outcomes where you say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their uh outcomes where you say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their uh outcomes where you say for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+you really want to have like a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have like a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have like a place to
+sleep or want to have some meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or want to have some meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or want to have some meal
+and essentially if you're below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially if you're below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially if you're below that
+threshold essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold essentially you
+your marginal utility anywhere below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your marginal utility anywhere below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your marginal utility anywhere below
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+is really high because you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high because you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really high because you really want
+to get over that threshold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get over that threshold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get over that threshold and
+so you might sort of like avoid certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might sort of like avoid certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might sort of like avoid certain
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+choices or investments or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or investments or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or investments or the like
+if there's even a small chance of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's even a small chance of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's even a small chance of like
+getting below your threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting below your threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting below your threshold
+you might be really averse to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be really averse to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be really averse to that but
+what are sort of some more perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sort of some more perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sort of some more perhaps
+psychological reasons why people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological reasons why people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological reasons why people don't
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um risks yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so that's right that's what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that's right that's what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that's right that's what people
+do we're gonna also talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're gonna also talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're gonna also talk about that
+but like why do people not like the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like why do people not like the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like why do people not like the risk
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something some people like actually risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some people like actually risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something some people like actually risk
+but what is the issue about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the issue about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the issue about like
+having a lot of exposure like why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of exposure like why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of exposure like why do
+people purchase insurance for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people purchase insurance for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people purchase insurance for example
+yes there's some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right so there's one part is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's one part is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's one part is what you
+said which is like there's diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is like there's diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is like there's diminishing
+marginal utility of wealth and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of wealth and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility of wealth and this is
+exactly how we're going to model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to model this
+and how economists think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how economists think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how economists think about this
+however there's other things involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's other things involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's other things involved
+which is just things like anxiety or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just things like anxiety or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just things like anxiety or
+uncertainty people might just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty people might just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty people might just not
+uh suppose a storm is coming up i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose a storm is coming up i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose a storm is coming up i might
+purchase insurance and if i purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase insurance and if i purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase insurance and if i purchase
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+like flood insurance of the lake for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flood insurance of the lake for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flood insurance of the lake for for
+a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house
+i might just feel much i might sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just feel much i might sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just feel much i might sleep
+better at nights and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at nights and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at nights and so on and so forth
+i might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just be
+feel better about sort of like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about sort of like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about sort of like uh
+concerns or like health insurance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or like health insurance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or like health insurance for
+example might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might
+uh lower anxiety and so on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower anxiety and so on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower anxiety and so on because
+people are just not worried constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just not worried constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just not worried constantly
+about like falling ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like falling ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like falling ill
+or like disasters happening and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like disasters happening and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like disasters happening and that's
+beyond potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond potentially
+uh any diminishing uh marginal utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any diminishing uh marginal utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any diminishing uh marginal utility
+of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wealth
+that sort of anxiety is stress worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of anxiety is stress worries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of anxiety is stress worries
+um and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on
+any other reasons yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other reasons yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other reasons yeah
+i think even beyond people wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think even beyond people wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think even beyond people wanting to
+like not be stressed and anxious there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not be stressed and anxious there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not be stressed and anxious there's
+also the element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the element of
+if you're buying insurance to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're buying insurance to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're buying insurance to like
+smooth your consumption between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth your consumption between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth your consumption between
+like different states of the world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different states of the world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different states of the world it
+makes it a lot easier to plan for states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot easier to plan for states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it a lot easier to plan for states
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's exactly right so so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right so so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right so so in some
+sense if you have insurance if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you have insurance if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you have insurance if you
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+risks in the states of the world you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks in the states of the world you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks in the states of the world you can
+sort of essentially exclude a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially exclude a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially exclude a bunch of
+bad states of the world for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad states of the world for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad states of the world for example
+suppose you buy health insurance or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you buy health insurance or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you buy health insurance or both
+you have flood insurance and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have flood insurance and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have flood insurance and so on
+a lot of bad things that might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of bad things that might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of bad things that might happen
+you might be able to deal with and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to deal with and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to deal with and you
+don't have to necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to necessarily
+have a contingent plan of like what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a contingent plan of like what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a contingent plan of like what if i
+fall sick and then go bankrupt then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall sick and then go bankrupt then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall sick and then go bankrupt then like
+all sorts of other bad things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other bad things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other bad things happen
+or you know what if i there's flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know what if i there's flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know what if i there's flood
+insurance i can't pay the bills and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance i can't pay the bills and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance i can't pay the bills and then
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+leave my house and so on so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave my house and so on so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave my house and so on so essentially
+it makes planning easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes planning easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes planning easier
+in part because it's just sort of easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's just sort of easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because it's just sort of easier
+in the mind people feel more comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mind people feel more comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mind people feel more comfortable
+and part it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part it's
+actually computational or just easier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computational or just easier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computational or just easier um
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+so i um added some reasons here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i um added some reasons here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i um added some reasons here there's
+a bunch of different reasons i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different reasons i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different reasons i think
+it's important to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to understand that
+economists have modeled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have modeled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have modeled a
+risk aversion as diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion as diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion as diminishing marginal
+utility of wealth that's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of wealth that's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of wealth that's a very simple
+way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing this
+it captures a lot of things but perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it captures a lot of things but perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it captures a lot of things but perhaps
+not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them
+and so um uh here's some reasons that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um uh here's some reasons that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um uh here's some reasons that i
+mentioned sort of contingent planning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned sort of contingent planning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned sort of contingent planning uh
+becomes harder if you have risks that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes harder if you have risks that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes harder if you have risks that's
+what maya just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what maya just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what maya just said
+um people are worried or stressed or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are worried or stressed or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people are worried or stressed or are
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um anxious when they have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anxious when they have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anxious when they have lots of
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+um people might feel regret over missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people might feel regret over missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people might feel regret over missed
+opportunity that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that's like
+if i offer you some insurance right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i offer you some insurance right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i offer you some insurance right now
+um and you might say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you might say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you might say well you know
+um it's actually unlikely that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually unlikely that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's actually unlikely that that
+anything bad happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad happens
+but in case something really bad happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case something really bad happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in case something really bad happens
+and you had the chance to actually avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had the chance to actually avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had the chance to actually avoid
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+then you might feel particularly bad not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might feel particularly bad not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might feel particularly bad not
+just because the outcome is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the outcome is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the outcome is bad
+but but because i offered it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but because i offered it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but because i offered it to you and
+you didn't accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't accept it
+there's sort of like disappointment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of like disappointment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of like disappointment
+relative to expectations this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to expectations this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to expectations this is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+getting into territory of losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into territory of losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into territory of losses and
+gains when people have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains when people have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains when people have certain
+expectations to have an expectation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to have an expectation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to have an expectation to
+have a certain income and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain income and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain income and the like
+now if like bad stuff happens they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if like bad stuff happens they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if like bad stuff happens they fall
+below those expectations and perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below those expectations and perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below those expectations and perceive
+those outcomes than as losses compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outcomes than as losses compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outcomes than as losses compared
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the status quo or the expectations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status quo or the expectations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status quo or the expectations that
+they had again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had again
+economists think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about this as
+diminishing marginal utility of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of wealth
+that's a very simple way of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very simple way of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very simple way of modeling
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+and we're going to see kind of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see kind of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to see kind of like what
+the limitations of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of those are
+now i'm going to show you three stylized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to show you three stylized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to show you three stylized
+facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts about
+the world and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and then we're going to
+discuss kind of like how to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss kind of like how to perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss kind of like how to perhaps
+model that so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that so the first one is
+essentially very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very simple
+people are risk-averse in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are risk-averse in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are risk-averse in various
+ways and one sort of basic fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and one sort of basic fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and one sort of basic fact is that
+lots of people buy insurance people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people buy insurance people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people buy insurance people are
+willing to pay to purchase insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay to purchase insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay to purchase insurance
+that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you
+essentially money or an expectation less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially money or an expectation less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially money or an expectation less
+money than you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than you pay
+right so fair insurance as economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fair insurance as economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fair insurance as economists
+would model it or think about it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would model it or think about it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would model it or think about it is to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+if i purchase insurance that pays you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i purchase insurance that pays you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i purchase insurance that pays you
+the expected value of the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the insurance
+so if i pay a premium for an insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i pay a premium for an insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i pay a premium for an insurance
+there's a probability of something bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability of something bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability of something bad
+happening and then sort of like a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then sort of like a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then sort of like a loss
+that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+or some insurance payment that i get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some insurance payment that i get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some insurance payment that i get in
+case something bad happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case something bad happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case something bad happens
+fair insurance would be like the premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair insurance would be like the premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair insurance would be like the premium
+is essentially an expectation the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an expectation the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an expectation the same
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+uh uh the probability of or is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the probability of or is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the probability of or is the same
+as the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the expectation of
+the loss which is the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss which is the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss which is the probability of the
+loss occurring and the actual payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss occurring and the actual payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss occurring and the actual payment
+that i get from the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i get from the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i get from the insurance
+of course the insurance industry wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the insurance industry wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the insurance industry wants
+to make money so the insurance industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money so the insurance industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money so the insurance industry
+will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh
+will not offer fair insurance but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not offer fair insurance but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not offer fair insurance but like
+less than fair insurance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than fair insurance like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than fair insurance like
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uh there's a price for purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a price for purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a price for purchasing
+insurance lots of people are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance lots of people are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance lots of people are willing to
+pay for insurance people are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for insurance people are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for insurance people are willing to
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+money to get insurance to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to get insurance to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to get insurance to reduce the
+risk or the exposure to risks that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or the exposure to risks that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or the exposure to risks that they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+their social security and various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social security and various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their social security and various ways
+where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where essentially
+people sort of insure themselves or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of insure themselves or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of insure themselves or like
+society ensures them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society ensures them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society ensures them
+for old age or not being able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for old age or not being able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for old age or not being able to take
+care of themselves you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of themselves you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of themselves you could argue
+that's perhaps also due to like present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps also due to like present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perhaps also due to like present
+bias so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so other
+paternalistic reasons but surely like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalistic reasons but surely like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternalistic reasons but surely like
+society in some senses helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in some senses helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in some senses helping people
+insure themselves against potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure themselves against potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure themselves against potential
+states of the world um where there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world um where there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world um where there might
+be a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a need
+there's very sort of other institut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very sort of other institut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very sort of other institut
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+institutions including sort of extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions including sort of extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions including sort of extended
+families and formal insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and formal insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and formal insurance in
+developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+sharecropping and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharecropping and so on and so forth
+what's sharecropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's inter cropping or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's inter cropping or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's inter cropping or like
+but that might be referred to that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might be referred to that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might be referred to that as
+well yeah it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah it's like
+when when the person runs out their land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the person runs out their land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the person runs out their land
+you get kind of all the benefits from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kind of all the benefits from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kind of all the benefits from
+the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land
+but they take the ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they take the ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they take the ramp
+right exactly so it's essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so it's essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so it's essentially these
+kinds of arrangement um uh which often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of arrangement um uh which often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of arrangement um uh which often
+somebody has land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has land
+uh uh somebody rents out the land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh somebody rents out the land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh somebody rents out the land and
+then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+uh you have to pay them something back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to pay them something back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to pay them something back
+uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+can keep some of the output and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep some of the output and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep some of the output and so on
+and often that's essentially some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often that's essentially some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often that's essentially some way of
+like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially
+reducing risk so there's various sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing risk so there's various sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing risk so there's various sort of
+institutions but broadly speaking we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions but broadly speaking we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions but broadly speaking we
+think like in many situations people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like in many situations people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like in many situations people
+don't like risk and they look for ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like risk and they look for ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like risk and they look for ways
+to reduce the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the exposure
+to risks there's also like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risks there's also like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risks there's also like these
+informal insurance arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal insurance arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal insurance arrangements
+which are things like you know people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are things like you know people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are things like you know people uh
+get together and they sort of help each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together and they sort of help each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get together and they sort of help each
+other whenever something bad happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other whenever something bad happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other whenever something bad happens uh
+one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person
+um uh uh is then being helped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh is then being helped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh is then being helped by
+everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else
+uh and sort of uh that sort of replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sort of uh that sort of replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and sort of uh that sort of replacing
+some sort of formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of formula
+for insurance schemes in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insurance schemes in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for insurance schemes in particular in
+developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+second risk reduction has its price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second risk reduction has its price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second risk reduction has its price that
+is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say
+people are willing to take on risk if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to take on risk if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to take on risk if
+the return is high enough so another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is high enough so another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return is high enough so another way
+to put this is like if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this is like if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this is like if you want to
+purchase insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase insurance
+usually you have to pay for it like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have to pay for it like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you have to pay for it like the
+insurance industry makes a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance industry makes a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance industry makes a lot of money
+for differently like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differently like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for differently like um
+people are willing to take on some risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to take on some risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to take on some risk
+if things get cheaper right for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things get cheaper right for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if things get cheaper right for example
+you think about buying a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about buying a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about buying a car
+you could buy a super safe car with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy a super safe car with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy a super safe car with all
+sorts of safety features not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of safety features not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of safety features not everybody
+does that the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that the reason is
+because you know cheaper cars or or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know cheaper cars or or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know cheaper cars or or less
+safe cars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe cars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe cars are
+cheaper so you might just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper so you might just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper so you might just sort of
+willing to take on some risk in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take on some risk in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to take on some risk in some
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+for some price right when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some price right when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some price right when you think
+about like starting a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like starting a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like starting a restaurant
+restaurants essentially um fail all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants essentially um fail all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants essentially um fail all the
+time yet people are sort of willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yet people are sort of willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yet people are sort of willing to
+do it presumably the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it presumably the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it presumably the reason is because
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+actually succeed you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually succeed you're going to make
+quite a bit of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of money
+so if there's like a high expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's like a high expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's like a high expected
+return people are willing to take on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return people are willing to take on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return people are willing to take on um
+some risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risks
+people put in money into the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put in money into the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put in money into the stock
+market so they increase their risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so they increase their risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so they increase their risk
+exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+the reason why they do that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they do that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why they do that is because
+in expectation they make quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expectation they make quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expectation they make quite a bit of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+um um but of course that often entails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but of course that often entails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but of course that often entails
+risk so one way to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so one way to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so one way to think about the
+entire sort of finance industry is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sort of finance industry is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sort of finance industry is like
+risk intermediation essentially there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk intermediation essentially there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk intermediation essentially there's
+some businesses that have a lot of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some businesses that have a lot of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some businesses that have a lot of risk
+and that risk is sort of off-loaded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that risk is sort of off-loaded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that risk is sort of off-loaded to
+investors and the investors accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and the investors accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and the investors accept that
+risk they say i'm willing to take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk they say i'm willing to take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk they say i'm willing to take on
+that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk
+but only um for a good return right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only um for a good return right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only um for a good return right so
+i'm not going to like take on risk from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to like take on risk from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to like take on risk from
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if i'm not in expectation making money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not in expectation making money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not in expectation making money
+but often essentially there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often essentially there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often essentially there's a
+trade-off between and this is whole if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between and this is whole if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between and this is whole if
+you're taking finance classes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking finance classes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking finance classes and so on
+that's kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of obvious
+there's a trade-off between risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trade-off between risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trade-off between risk and
+expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return
+okay in what situations are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in what situations are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in what situations are people
+actually willing to take on risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually willing to take on risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually willing to take on risk
+for its own sake or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its own sake or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its own sake or just
+so i told you like people are risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told you like people are risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told you like people are risk
+averse and that's true in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse and that's true in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse and that's true in most
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+but where are people actually willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where are people actually willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where are people actually willing to
+take on risks yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on risks yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on risks yes
+right lots of people actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lots of people actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lots of people actually go to
+casinos and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casinos and here
+the expected um return is actually um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected um return is actually um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected um return is actually um a
+negative or the expected you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or the expected you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or the expected you know like
+you're going to lose money on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose money on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose money on average
+unless you're sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're sort of like
+a smart mit students who can count cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart mit students who can count cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart mit students who can count cards
+in poker or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poker or something
+you're going to lose money essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose money essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose money essentially
+so there must be some form of like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be some form of like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be some form of like some
+preference or some desire to take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference or some desire to take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference or some desire to take on
+risk in some situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in some situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in some situations
+because you know you cannot just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you cannot just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you cannot just this is
+not like investing in the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like investing in the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like investing in the stock market
+where on average you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on average you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where on average you're going to
+get money if you go to the casino on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money if you go to the casino on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money if you go to the casino on
+average you're going to lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you're going to lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you're going to lose money
+now you could say it's like so much fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say it's like so much fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could say it's like so much fun
+and so on it could also be addiction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it could also be addiction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it could also be addiction it
+could be also self-control issues and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also self-control issues and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be also self-control issues and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+or there could be something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there could be something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there could be something about
+people's beliefs or preferences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs or preferences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's beliefs or preferences that
+induce them to take on risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce them to take on risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce them to take on risk
+but notice that's different from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that's different from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that's different from what we
+discussed before that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before that's not really
+consistent with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like
+risk aversion because people choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion because people choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion because people choose to
+increase the risk that they're exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the risk that they're exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the risk that they're exposed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+any other um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly people are buying lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people are buying lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people are buying lots of
+lottery tickets uh similar they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery tickets uh similar they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery tickets uh similar they're doing
+lots of sports betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of sports betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of sports betting
+and again what you're doing here is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you're doing here is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what you're doing here is like
+to be very clear on average you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very clear on average you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very clear on average you're going
+to lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose money
+that you're going to increase risk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to increase risk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to increase risk or
+the exposure to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure to risk
+and there's some questions on why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some questions on why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some questions on why people
+are doing this we're going to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this we're going to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this we're going to get back
+to this we're going to knock not to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we're going to knock not to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we're going to knock not to talk
+about this today but it's sort of on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this today but it's sort of on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this today but it's sort of on a
+flag that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag that
+while people are risk averse in many and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people are risk averse in many and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people are risk averse in many and
+almost uh nearly all situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh nearly all situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost uh nearly all situations
+of the world are important choices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world are important choices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world are important choices that
+you encounter there are some choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter there are some choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encounter there are some choices
+where people are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are in fact
+um exposing themselves to to to to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exposing themselves to to to to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exposing themselves to to to to risk
+in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+exposure to risk that actually has high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk that actually has high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk that actually has high
+expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+the expected utility um and sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility um and sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility um and sort of how
+do economists think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do economists think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do economists think about um
+uh uh uh how should we behave and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh how should we behave and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh how should we behave and that's
+a normative model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normative model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normative model
+how do economists think about like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do economists think about like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do economists think about like how
+people should behave when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave when it comes to
+choices involving risk so what is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices involving risk so what is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices involving risk so what is um
+what is expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does the model assume or what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so um the assumption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so um the assumption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so um the assumption here
+is there's different states of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's different states of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's different states of the world
+there's good things and bad things may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good things and bad things may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's good things and bad things may
+happen you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you might
+get a job you might not get a job you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job you might not get a job you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job you might not get a job you
+might get a good grade bad grade and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a good grade bad grade and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a good grade bad grade and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+you can sort of like partition the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of like partition the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of like partition the world
+or anything that's going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything that's going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything that's going to happen in
+the future into different states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future into different states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future into different states of the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+we can associate a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate a utility
+uh as an outcome and an associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as an outcome and an associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as an outcome and an associated
+utility with that state of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility with that state of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility with that state of the world
+right if you get a good job you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you get a good job you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you get a good job you get a
+high income again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high income again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high income again
+if you don't get a job get a low income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get a job get a low income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get a job get a low income
+or whatever or unemployment insurance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or unemployment insurance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever or unemployment insurance or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+and there are certain utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certain utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certain utilities
+associated with these outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these outcomes
+expected utility now is essentially say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility now is essentially say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility now is essentially say
+okay now for each of these states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for each of these states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for each of these states of the
+world there's a probability of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's a probability of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's a probability of the state
+of the world happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world happening
+and i'm going to use essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use essentially the
+weighted average which essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average which essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average which essentially is
+weighting each state with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting each state with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting each state with their
+associated probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated probability
+times the uh and then using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh and then using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh and then using the
+associated utilities for each state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated utilities for each state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated utilities for each state
+and the expectations of those utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectations of those utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectations of those utilities
+is what's expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's expected
+utility and that's very complicated i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and that's very complicated i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and that's very complicated i'm
+going to sort of get better let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of get better let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of get better let's
+set in more words than the necessary let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in more words than the necessary let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in more words than the necessary let
+me sort of get back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of get back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me sort of get back to this
+so first uh let's think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first uh let's think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first uh let's think about like
+expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+so um suppose there's a gamble and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um suppose there's a gamble and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um suppose there's a gamble and this
+is not very simplified there's a gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very simplified there's a gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very simplified there's a gamble
+called g over two states of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called g over two states of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called g over two states of the world
+state one occurs with probability p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one occurs with probability p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state one occurs with probability p
+and yields monetary payoff x state 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yields monetary payoff x state 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yields monetary payoff x state 2
+occurs with probability 1 minus p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with probability 1 minus p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs with probability 1 minus p and
+yields monetary payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields monetary payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields monetary payoff
+y now the expected monetary value now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now the expected monetary value now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now the expected monetary value now
+this is not expected utility is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not expected utility is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not expected utility is this
+expected monetary value this is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value this is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value this is how much
+money you get in expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you get in expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you get in expectation is
+essentially just the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just the weighted average of
+those two things sort of weighted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things sort of weighted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things sort of weighted by
+the probabilities let's just p times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities let's just p times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities let's just p times x
+plus 1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 minus p
+times y that's just the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y that's just the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y that's just the expected value
+of how much money you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much money you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much money you're going to get
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+gamble now this is just a definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble now this is just a definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble now this is just a definition a
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+gamble and this is what economists tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble and this is what economists tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble and this is what economists tend
+to use a lot a fair gamble is one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a lot a fair gamble is one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a lot a fair gamble is one with
+um a price equal to expected to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a price equal to expected to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a price equal to expected to its
+expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+right so if i ask you um would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i ask you um would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i ask you um would you like
+to take this gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this gamble
+um uh you're gonna ask kind of like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're gonna ask kind of like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're gonna ask kind of like is
+this a fair gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a fair gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a fair gamble
+essentially that's just asking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's just asking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's just asking about is
+it paying uh the expected value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it paying uh the expected value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it paying uh the expected value of this
+uh in terms of money i put monetary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of money i put monetary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of money i put monetary in
+in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
+in parentheses because i could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses because i could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses because i could also
+provide you like a fair gamble of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you like a fair gamble of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide you like a fair gamble of like
+apples and then it would just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and then it would just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and then it would just be the
+expected value of apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of apples
+that would be also like a fair gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also like a fair gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also like a fair gamble
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+now what's the expected utility of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the expected utility of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the expected utility of this
+gamble well now you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble well now you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble well now you need to have a
+utility function for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function for each of these
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+so if my utility function is u of x this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if my utility function is u of x this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if my utility function is u of x this
+is kind of like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like how much
+utility i get for um in the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility i get for um in the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility i get for um in the state of
+actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting
+x or y so called x i is like the or i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x or y so called x i is like the or i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x or y so called x i is like the or i
+is like the state of the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the state of the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the state of the world so
+essentially now it's the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now it's the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially now it's the weighted
+average of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of p
+i times u of x i so in this case like p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times u of x i so in this case like p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times u of x i so in this case like p
+times u of x plus y minus p times u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u of x plus y minus p times u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u of x plus y minus p times u of
+y any questions on this so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so when you now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you now think about
+evaluating gambles using expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating gambles using expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating gambles using expected
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+if your utility function is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your utility function is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your utility function is linear
+then you're going to essentially decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to essentially decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to essentially decide
+the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way as
+if you were just evaluating the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were just evaluating the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were just evaluating the expected
+monetary value right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value right
+um and if not if the utility function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if not if the utility function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if not if the utility function is
+concave or convex then essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave or convex then essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave or convex then essentially
+people are potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are potentially
+risk-averse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse so
+how economists think about expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists think about expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how economists think about expected
+monetary value is like the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value is like the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value is like the history of
+that used to be the first theories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be the first theories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be the first theories that
+people wrote down was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wrote down was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wrote down was
+this was like a model how people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like a model how people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was like a model how people thought
+people should behave that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should behave that was a
+normative model that people wrote at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative model that people wrote at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative model that people wrote at
+some point and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point and said
+you should um rational people should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should um rational people should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should um rational people should
+should essentially maximize monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should essentially maximize monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should essentially maximize monetary
+payouts and just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payouts and just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payouts and just to say
+um uh if the expected monetary value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if the expected monetary value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if the expected monetary value of
+a certain gamble is high you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain gamble is high you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain gamble is high you should
+expect it or if it's higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it or if it's higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it or if it's higher than
+its price then you should accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price then you should accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price then you should accept it
+otherwise not now it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise not now it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise not now it turns out that
+in practice that's not descriptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice that's not descriptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice that's not descriptively
+accurate that's just not how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that's just not how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that's just not how people
+behave on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave on the world
+and in fact and the reason being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact and the reason being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact and the reason being that
+people are risk averse in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are risk averse in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are risk averse in most
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+now when using now the expected monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when using now the expected monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when using now the expected monetary
+value essentially we use the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value essentially we use the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value essentially we use the expected
+money value as as a definition for risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money value as as a definition for risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money value as as a definition for risk
+neutrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality
+if somebody is risk neutral if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is risk neutral if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody is risk neutral if somebody
+doesn't care at all about risk in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care at all about risk in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care at all about risk in some
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+that person essentially just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person essentially just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person essentially just is
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+right so the decision makers and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the decision makers and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the decision makers and this
+definition is risk neutral if for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is risk neutral if for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is risk neutral if for any
+lottery g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery g
+she's indifferent between g and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's indifferent between g and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's indifferent between g and getting
+the expected monetary value g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected monetary value g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected monetary value g
+um for sure and so decision maker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure and so decision maker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure and so decision maker is
+neutral if the utility function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral if the utility function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral if the utility function is
+linear okay essentially the more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay essentially the more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear okay essentially the more money
+you get then there's no diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get then there's no diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get then there's no diminishing
+margin utility of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility of of
+money now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now
+what's risk aversion then a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's risk aversion then a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's risk aversion then a decision
+maker is risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker is risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker is risk averse
+for any lottery g trooper prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any lottery g trooper prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any lottery g trooper prefers
+getting the expected money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the expected money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the expected money
+monetary value g for for sure rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value g for for sure rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value g for for sure rather
+than taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking
+um g and the person is risk loving if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um g and the person is risk loving if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um g and the person is risk loving if
+the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person
+rather has the lottery than the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather has the lottery than the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather has the lottery than the expected
+monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+um for sure right these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure right these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure right these are just
+definition that's just the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's just the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's just the way how
+economists think about risk this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about risk this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about risk this
+definition defining how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition defining how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition defining how we think about
+risk aversion and risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion and risk
+lovingness if you want now let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovingness if you want now let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovingness if you want now let me give
+you just a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a very simple example
+uh suppose a person with wealth ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose a person with wealth ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose a person with wealth ten
+thousand dollars offered a gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars offered a gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars offered a gamble
+uh the gamble is you can gain five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the gamble is you can gain five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the gamble is you can gain five
+hundred dollars with a fifty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars with a fifty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars with a fifty percent
+chance and lose four hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance and lose four hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance and lose four hundred dollars
+with a fifty percent chance will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fifty percent chance will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fifty percent chance will you
+accept this gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this gamble
+how do we do this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose i'm just unexpected i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i'm just unexpected i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i'm just unexpected i'm just
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the expected monetary value
+what am i what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i what am i
+going to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what i'm going to do is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm going to do is i'm
+going to just look at what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just look at what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just look at what's the
+expected my expected monetary value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected my expected monetary value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected my expected monetary value of
+accepting the lottery which is 0.5 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the lottery which is 0.5 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the lottery which is 0.5 which
+is like the probability of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the probability of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the probability of that uh
+uh of a loss times nine thousand nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a loss times nine thousand nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a loss times nine thousand nine
+thousand six hundred this is like ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand six hundred this is like ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand six hundred this is like ten
+thousand minus the four hundred dilutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand minus the four hundred dilutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand minus the four hundred dilutes
+plus point five times ten thousand plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point five times ten thousand plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point five times ten thousand plus
+five hundred which gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred which gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred which gives me
+uh ten thousand fifty if i reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ten thousand fifty if i reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ten thousand fifty if i reject the
+lottery i'm just where i am before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery i'm just where i am before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery i'm just where i am before
+now uh the risk neutral decision maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the risk neutral decision maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the risk neutral decision maker
+will reject the gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reject the gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reject the gamble
+in fact irrespective irrespective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact irrespective irrespective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact irrespective irrespective of the
+initial wealth because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wealth because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial wealth because essentially
+everything is linear so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is linear so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is linear so you can just
+drop out the wealth you can just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out the wealth you can just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out the wealth you can just look at
+what's the expected value regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected value regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected value regardless of
+how much money the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money the person
+has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sorry that's a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry that's a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry that's a typo
+yes sorry that's a typo yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry that's a typo yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry that's a typo yes thank you
+sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's
+yeah so the exactly the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the exactly the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the exactly the expected
+monetary value is higher than the status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value is higher than the status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value is higher than the status
+quo as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quo as you
+accept the gamble and that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the gamble and that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the gamble and that doesn't
+depend on the initial wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the initial wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the initial wealth
+okay so now what's the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what's the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what's the expected utility
+maximizer do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer do and
+how does it expect it to slowly maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it expect it to slowly maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it expect it to slowly maximize
+think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes um in their calculation rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um in their calculation rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um in their calculation rather than
+waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting
+like the 9600 and the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 9600 and the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 9600 and the 10
+500 they'll weight the utility values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 they'll weight the utility values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 they'll weight the utility values
+exactly so now we need the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so now we need the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so now we need the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+what's the utility of 9600 the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the utility of 9600 the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the utility of 9600 the utility
+of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10
+500 uh and the utility of 10 000. now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 uh and the utility of 10 000. now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 uh and the utility of 10 000. now
+will she ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will she ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will she ex
+uh uh will she accepts the gamble well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh will she accepts the gamble well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh will she accepts the gamble well
+now it depends essentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it depends essentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it depends essentially on
+uh the utility function what's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the utility function what's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the utility function what's the shape
+of that utility function uh look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that utility function uh look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that utility function uh look like in
+particular it depends on the concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it depends on the concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it depends on the concavity
+of the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function
+so what do i mean by um the concavity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by um the concavity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by um the concavity of
+the utility function this is a concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function this is a concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function this is a concave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+what do i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like what's the definition yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one definition is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one definition is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one definition is the second
+derivative is negative that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is negative that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is negative that's exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's true if the the the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true if the the the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true if the the the function is
+like twice differentiable you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like twice differentiable you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like twice differentiable you have like
+a slightly different definition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different definition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different definition that's
+slightly more general because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more general because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more general because it doesn't
+depend on differentiability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on differentiability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on differentiability but
+essentially is to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is to say um
+it's the following definition if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the following definition if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the following definition if the
+utility of a convex combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of a convex combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of a convex combination of two
+outcomes i'm going to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes i'm going to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes i'm going to tell you about
+this in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second
+is larger than the convex combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the convex combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the convex combination of
+the utility of those outcomes what do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of those outcomes what do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of those outcomes what do i
+mean by that suppose you have an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that suppose you have an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that suppose you have an outcome
+x and a utility associated with that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and a utility associated with that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and a utility associated with that as
+u of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of x
+suppose you have an outcome y and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an outcome y and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have an outcome y and a
+utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of
+u of y associated with that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y associated with that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y associated with that and now
+suppose you have a convex combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a convex combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a convex combination of
+x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y
+which is just the probability of p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the probability of p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the probability of p is
+like a probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a probability of
+p times x plus 1 minus p times y that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times x plus 1 minus p times y that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times x plus 1 minus p times y that's
+in the middle of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of x and y
+right so i take like a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i take like a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i take like a weighted average
+of x and y that adds up to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y that adds up to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y that adds up to 1.
+now if i have the utility associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i have the utility associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i have the utility associated
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+convex combination that's u of p x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex combination that's u of p x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex combination that's u of p x plus
+1 minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus p
+times y right that's just the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y right that's just the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y right that's just the utility
+associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that
+now if i draw a line between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i draw a line between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i draw a line between those two
+graphs and look at what's the convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and look at what's the convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and look at what's the convex
+combination of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of p
+so what's p of u of x plus 1 minus p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's p of u of x plus 1 minus p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's p of u of x plus 1 minus p of
+u of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of y
+that's essentially the weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the weighted average
+of the utilities associated with x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utilities associated with x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utilities associated with x and y
+now the question is like is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is like is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is like is the average
+of the utility of the average higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility of the average higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility of the average higher or
+lower than the average of the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the average of the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the average of the utilities
+can somebody explain this in words or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody explain this in words or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody explain this in words or
+what i just said or what what do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said or what what do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said or what what do i mean
+can somebody repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right is the line above or below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the line above or below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is the line above or below the
+curve in this case the line is below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in this case the line is below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in this case the line is below the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+now what that means is if i give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is if i give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is if i give you two
+outcomes and i say would you rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and i say would you rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and i say would you rather have
+you could have x and y or would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have x and y or would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have x and y or would you
+rather have the average to some weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the average to some weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the average to some weighted
+average of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of x and y
+now the question is what's the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what's the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what's the utility
+associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated
+with this average of x and y that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this average of x and y that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this average of x and y that's the
+thing that you see here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you see here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you see here on the left
+upper side that's u of p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper side that's u of p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper side that's u of p
+of x plus y minus p of y times y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus y minus p of y times y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus y minus p of y times y right
+that's essentially the utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the utility of the
+weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average
+is that larger or smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that larger or smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that larger or smaller than the
+weighted average of the utilities which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the utilities which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the utilities which
+is the thing that i show you here below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that i show you here below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that i show you here below
+and what you see is in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see is in this case and
+this is because the line is exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because the line is exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because the line is exactly as
+you say it's below the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's below the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's below the utility function
+if the line is below the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the line is below the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the line is below the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that means essentially that the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means essentially that the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means essentially that the utility
+of the weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weighted average
+is higher than the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the weighted average of
+the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+which means essentially the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means essentially the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means essentially the function is
+concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+and that means essentially that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means essentially that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means essentially that the
+person is risk averse as we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is risk averse as we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is risk averse as we call it
+you'd rather have the average than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd rather have the average than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd rather have the average than the
+spread of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the two
+two outcomes any questions on this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes any questions on this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two outcomes any questions on this or
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can look at this in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can look at this in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can look at this in detail
+but essentially it's like a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially it's like a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially it's like a simple
+um definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definition
+so now um expected utility says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um expected utility says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um expected utility says
+essentially the following it says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the following it says a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the following it says a
+risk-averse person rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse person rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse person rejects
+all fair gambles and again fair gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fair gambles and again fair gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fair gambles and again fair gambles
+are gambles that pay you the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gambles that pay you the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gambles that pay you the expected
+monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary value
+and the reason why that person does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why that person does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why that person does that
+is because the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the expected utility
+is lower than the utility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the utility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the utility of the
+expected monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected monetary value
+this is exactly this essentially as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly this essentially as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly this essentially as you
+just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+it's because the the straight line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the the straight line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because the the straight line is
+between below the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between below the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between below the utility function
+and that's essentially exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially exactly the same
+definition here therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here therefore
+um a risk-averse person who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a risk-averse person who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a risk-averse person who has a
+concave utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility function
+uh rejects all fair gumballs now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rejects all fair gumballs now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rejects all fair gumballs now
+what does expected utility theory then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does expected utility theory then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does expected utility theory then
+say well it says risky options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it says risky options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it says risky options are
+valued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by
+by doing three things one is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing three things one is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing three things one is you have to
+define utility over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define utility over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define utility over
+final outcomes and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final outcomes and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final outcomes and this is sort of
+getting back what you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back what you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back what you were saying
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+people might be worried about losses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might be worried about losses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might be worried about losses or
+gains and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains and the like
+we're assuming all of this away we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming all of this away we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming all of this away we're
+just saying like their final outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like their final outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like their final outcomes
+how much money you have what grades you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you have what grades you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money you have what grades you
+have how many kids you have and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many kids you have and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many kids you have and so on
+these are final outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are final outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are final outcomes
+uh like things that um uh sort of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like things that um uh sort of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like things that um uh sort of for
+an absolute value is defined there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value is defined there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value is defined there's a
+utility associated with those outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility associated with those outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility associated with those outcomes
+it's not about like you expected more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about like you expected more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about like you expected more
+money or less money or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or less money or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or less money or the like
+that's completely irrelevant we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely irrelevant we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely irrelevant we're just
+looking at final outcomes how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at final outcomes how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at final outcomes how much money
+do you end up actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you end up actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you end up actually getting
+and we're associating some utility with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're associating some utility with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're associating some utility with
+that that's assumption number one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's assumption number one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's assumption number one or
+like that's the first thing one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the first thing one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the first thing one does
+um second is you weight these utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second is you weight these utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second is you weight these utilities
+for each outcomes by its probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each outcomes by its probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each outcomes by its probability
+we essentially we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially we know what the
+probabilities are of each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are of each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are of each of those
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+we're gonna like take the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna like take the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna like take the weighted
+average of these utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these utilities
+and then we sort of adding them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we sort of adding them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we sort of adding them up
+and then by adding them up we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by adding them up we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by adding them up we can
+essentially we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we can evaluate
+all sorts of lotteries and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of lotteries and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of lotteries and then we just
+compare those lotteries with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare those lotteries with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare those lotteries with other
+either with some fixed amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either with some fixed amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either with some fixed amount of money
+or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other
+lotteries or outcomes that we might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries or outcomes that we might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries or outcomes that we might get
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+there's two key implicit assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two key implicit assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two key implicit assumptions
+that are really important one is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really important one is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really important one is only
+final outcomes matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final outcomes matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final outcomes matter
+it doesn't matter what you expected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what you expected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what you expected in
+advance it doesn't matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance it doesn't matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance it doesn't matter what you
+thought you might get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you might get and
+didn't doesn't matter what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't doesn't matter what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't doesn't matter what you had
+yesterday all of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday all of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday all of these things are
+completely irrelevant in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely irrelevant in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely irrelevant in the simplest
+form of expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of expected utility
+unless they sort of have information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they sort of have information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they sort of have information or
+the like only final outcomes matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like only final outcomes matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like only final outcomes matter
+and then there's linearity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's linearity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's linearity and
+probabilities that's to say is like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's to say is like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that's to say is like we
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+weight on the different types of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the different types of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on the different types of states
+of the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world uh
+relative to what the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what the probability of
+those diet states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diet states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diet states are
+so it cannot be that like if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it cannot be that like if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it cannot be that like if something
+is twice as likely you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice as likely you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice as likely you should
+put twice as much weight on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put twice as much weight on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put twice as much weight on that and
+your evaluation of the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evaluation of the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your evaluation of the outcomes
+it cannot be that like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be that like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be that like this is
+non-linear in certain ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear in certain ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear in certain ways
+there's linearity and probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's linearity and probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's linearity and probabilities
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let me get back to what i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me get back to what i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me get back to what i said
+previously what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously what are we
+assuming away here what are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming away here what are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming away here what are things that
+are not in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so i'm assuming everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so i'm assuming everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so i'm assuming everything
+essentially all the other things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the other things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the other things that we
+said previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said previously
+we are assuming away for example things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are assuming away for example things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are assuming away for example things
+like anxiety over certain outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anxiety over certain outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anxiety over certain outcomes
+worries stress and so on i'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries stress and so on i'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries stress and so on i'm also
+assuming the way regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the way regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the way regret
+um i'm assuming away a lot of gains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm assuming away a lot of gains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm assuming away a lot of gains and
+losses essentially anything we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses essentially anything we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses essentially anything we said
+before is essentially just so stripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is essentially just so stripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is essentially just so stripped
+away and simplified in some sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and simplified in some sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and simplified in some sense and
+saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+we can explain a lot of behaviors just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can explain a lot of behaviors just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can explain a lot of behaviors just
+using the concavity of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the concavity of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the concavity of the utility
+function now i have like one example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now i have like one example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now i have like one example for
+you when i think i encourage you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when i think i encourage you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when i think i encourage you sort of
+for any of these kinds of assumptions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these kinds of assumptions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these kinds of assumptions or
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+functions or things that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or things that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or things that you see in
+economics it's worth sort of looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's worth sort of looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's worth sort of looking out
+in the world what people are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world what people are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world what people are actually
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+and uh trying to see you know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh trying to see you know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh trying to see you know is that
+actually compatible with people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compatible with people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compatible with people with
+behavior that we see in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that we see in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that we see in the world and
+here's sort of one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of one example
+right so actually don't think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually don't think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually don't think this is a
+rational behavior in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational behavior in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational behavior in the sense of like
+and that's actually a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a good example of
+like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+what we might confuse with the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might confuse with the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might confuse with the rational
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors
+so i guess what we see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess what we see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess what we see is that
+expected utility has very a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility has very a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility has very a lot of
+trouble explaining this behavior right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble explaining this behavior right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble explaining this behavior right
+because essentially you spent like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you spent like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially you spent like five
+dollars on those lotteries i'm offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on those lotteries i'm offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on those lotteries i'm offering
+you ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten dollars
+so you could get twice as many tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get twice as many tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get twice as many tickets
+so your probability of winning will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your probability of winning will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your probability of winning will be
+twice as high presumably you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as high presumably you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as high presumably you prefer
+winning over losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning over losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning over losing
+so therefore you know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore you know you should
+obviously take that deal unless there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously take that deal unless there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously take that deal unless there's
+some transaction costs to the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transaction costs to the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transaction costs to the like
+people are not doing that um the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not doing that um the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not doing that um the main
+reason that's mentioned here is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's mentioned here is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's mentioned here is like
+regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret
+now um what the person was saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um what the person was saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um what the person was saying like
+here is like these are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like these are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is like these are perhaps
+irrational decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational decisions
+i actually don't think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually don't think that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually don't think that's right
+essentially it's just like we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just like we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just like we cannot
+rationalize the decision that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize the decision that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize the decision that we see
+with expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expected utility
+in the sense that like it looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that like it looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that like it looks like the
+person behaves in irrational ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person behaves in irrational ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person behaves in irrational ways
+but the person may just have like regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person may just have like regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the person may just have like regret
+aversion something that essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion something that essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion something that essentially is
+not in the utility function we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the utility function we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the utility function we sort of
+modeled it in the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled it in the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled it in the wrong way
+and sort of by not capturing this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of by not capturing this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of by not capturing this we
+might miss certain behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss certain behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss certain behaviors
+now we're going to talk a lot about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk a lot about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk a lot about not
+about lotteries right now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lotteries right now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lotteries right now we're going to
+get back to this a little bit in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this a little bit in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to this a little bit in terms
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+why people engage in risk but i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people engage in risk but i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people engage in risk but i just
+want to be clear on like what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear on like what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear on like what we're
+assuming here we're assuming a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here we're assuming a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming here we're assuming a lot of
+stuff away and i want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away and i want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff away and i want you to be
+aware of that um there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that um there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that um there's another
+question on like which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on like which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on like which the
+actually the the question of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the question of the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the question of the video
+did not sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not sort of um
+uh try to tackle which is like why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to tackle which is like why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to tackle which is like why are
+people playing these lotteries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people playing these lotteries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people playing these lotteries in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+like why engage in the lotteries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why engage in the lotteries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why engage in the lotteries in the
+first place in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place in some sense
+uh that wasn't clear either again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that wasn't clear either again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that wasn't clear either again we're
+going to get back to that but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to that but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to that but the the
+point of the video was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the video was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the video was to
+to show you the assumptions these are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the assumptions these are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the assumptions these are a
+bunch of assumptions that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of assumptions that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of assumptions that are in the
+expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility model
+not all of these assumptions are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of these assumptions are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of these assumptions are right
+and you know um we want to be sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know um we want to be sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know um we want to be sort of uh
+aware of that but let me sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that but let me sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that but let me sort of just
+summarize what i just told you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what i just told you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what i just told you in this
+and sometimes it's like recap of like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's like recap of like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's like recap of like uh
+1401 um if you want which i think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 um if you want which i think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 um if you want which i think in
+part you also discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you also discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you also discussed in
+uh recitation or there's like a handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recitation or there's like a handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recitation or there's like a handout
+from 1401 that you can sort of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1401 that you can sort of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1401 that you can sort of look at
+to study it in more details so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study it in more details so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study it in more details so many
+important economic choices involve risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important economic choices involve risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important economic choices involve risk
+and uh people are risk averse in many um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people are risk averse in many um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh people are risk averse in many um
+contacts the expected utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the expected utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the expected utility model
+is a workhorse model of economics who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a workhorse model of economics who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a workhorse model of economics who
+are studying risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying risk
+um and the way it's sun is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way it's sun is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way it's sun is essentially
+one takes the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one takes the weighted average of
+utilities from final outcomes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from final outcomes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from final outcomes that's
+what matters for assessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters for assessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters for assessing
+outcomes okay and so now we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and so now we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes okay and so now we're gonna see
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+taking that model very seriously what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that model very seriously what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that model very seriously what
+can be explained and what are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be explained and what are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be explained and what are perhaps
+the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of
+of doing so now and so the risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing so now and so the risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing so now and so the risk aversion
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+solely and exclusively from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely and exclusively from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely and exclusively from the
+concavity of the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity of the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity of the utility function
+there's no other reasons to avoid risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other reasons to avoid risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other reasons to avoid risk
+then essentially your utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially your utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially your utility function
+is concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concave
+okay so now how do we measure risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how do we measure risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how do we measure risk and
+that's again like sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again like sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again like sort of like
+definitions that economists use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that economists use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that economists use
+when you think about risk aversion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about risk aversion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about risk aversion how
+do you measure this well you measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you measure this well you measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you measure this well you measure it
+essentially through the concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through the concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially through the concavity
+of the utility function which is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function which is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utility function which is as you
+were saying earlier it's coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying earlier it's coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying earlier it's coming from the
+second derivative of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+there's two main measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main measures that
+economists use they're sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists use they're sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists use they're sort of the
+absolute or the coefficient of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute or the coefficient of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute or the coefficient of absolute
+risk aversion we call that r it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion we call that r it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion we call that r it's
+essentially taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the
+uh second derivative um which tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second derivative um which tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second derivative um which tends to
+be negative so we take the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative so we take the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative so we take the negative of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um we scale it by the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we scale it by the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we scale it by the first derivative
+that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially
+to make it uh insensitive to like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it uh insensitive to like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it uh insensitive to like if you
+multiply the utility function by like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the utility function by like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the utility function by like a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+presumably that doesn't change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that doesn't change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that doesn't change anything
+to your choices so your risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your choices so your risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your choices so your risk aversion
+should not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not change
+um and therefore you know um uh we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and therefore you know um uh we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and therefore you know um uh we sort
+of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to
+to normalize or divide by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize or divide by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normalize or divide by the first
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+a second version of that is or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second version of that is or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second version of that is or an
+alternative version is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative version is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative version is the
+coefficient of a relative risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of a relative risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of a relative risk aversion
+which essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially is
+we call it gamma gamma is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it gamma gamma is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it gamma gamma is x
+the outcome of the wealth outcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the wealth outcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the wealth outcome that
+we look at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at times
+r times the coefficient of absolute risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r times the coefficient of absolute risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r times the coefficient of absolute risk
+aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion
+it's the elasticity of the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the elasticity of the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the elasticity of the slope of the
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+which i've written out here and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've written out here and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've written out here and sort of
+one very nice property of this and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very nice property of this and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very nice property of this and again
+that's like a definition there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a definition there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a definition there's not
+much to argue with this sister saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to argue with this sister saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to argue with this sister saw
+economists measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists measure this
+one nice property of this is like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice property of this is like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nice property of this is like if you
+look at uh portfolio models so the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh portfolio models so the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh portfolio models so the like
+when implications of um constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when implications of um constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when implications of um constant
+relative risk aversion which i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk aversion which i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk aversion which i'm going
+to show you a function of in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a function of in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a function of in a bit
+is that people with constant relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people with constant relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that people with constant relative
+risk aversion invest a constant share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion invest a constant share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion invest a constant share of
+their wealth and risky assets regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wealth and risky assets regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wealth and risky assets regardless
+of their level of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their level of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their level of wealth
+that's like a main sort of result from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a main sort of result from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a main sort of result from a
+finance or like portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance or like portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance or like portfolio
+models um in some sense that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um in some sense that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um in some sense that's sort of
+irrelevant for you these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant for you these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant for you these are just
+definitions in the sense of like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in the sense of like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions in the sense of like if you
+wanted to measure risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to measure risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to measure risk aversion
+this is what economists have used mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if i give you these definitions how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you these definitions how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you these definitions how
+would you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually
+measure this if you wanted to know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this if you wanted to know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this if you wanted to know my
+risk aversion how would you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so let me give you actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me give you actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me give you actually a
+utility function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function here
+sorry it's let me let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's let me let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's let me let me give you
+actually two utility functions here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two utility functions here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two utility functions here's
+just examples of one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples of one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples of one example of a
+constant absolute risk conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant absolute risk conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant absolute risk conversion
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that you see here or like constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here or like constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see here or like constant
+relative risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative risk aversion
+cra this is what we mostly um use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cra this is what we mostly um use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cra this is what we mostly um use so
+that's just a definition of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a definition of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a definition of a function
+that has the property that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the property that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the property that it has
+constant relative risk aversion you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk aversion you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk aversion you can
+sort of verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of verify that
+um we're going to focus here on cra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to focus here on cra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to focus here on cra
+functions which are sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are sort of what
+economists are mostly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are mostly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists are mostly used
+so now if i told you this is my utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i told you this is my utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i told you this is my utility
+function my utility function looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my utility function looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my utility function looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now how would you estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how would you estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how would you estimate
+my risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you could give me essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could give me essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could give me essentially
+choices um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices um
+of outcomes uh that have essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes uh that have essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes uh that have essentially
+some uncertainty or different risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty or different risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uncertainty or different risk
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+and then i'll give you the choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i say i prefer one over the other can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i prefer one over the other can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say i prefer one over the other can
+you tell what my gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell what my gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell what my gamma is
+what can you tell me or what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you can put some bounds on it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can put some bounds on it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can put some bounds on it right
+so i'm going to show you this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you this in a
+second but essentially if i say i prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but essentially if i say i prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but essentially if i say i prefer
+one option over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one option over the other
+you're going to have like gamma on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have like gamma on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have like gamma on the
+left-hand side gamma on the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side gamma on the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side gamma on the right-hand
+side and give you some equations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and give you some equations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and give you some equations that's
+essentially some inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some inequality
+and then if you solve that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you solve that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you solve that equation
+you're going to get some bound on gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some bound on gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some bound on gamma
+that's sort of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of essentially
+tells you below or above or my risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you below or above or my risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you below or above or my risk
+aversion must be below or above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion must be below or above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion must be below or above
+a certain number what else could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly and that's what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly and that's what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly and that's what's called
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+certainty or so uh the simplest way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty or so uh the simplest way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty or so uh the simplest way of
+doing that is to say here's a lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is to say here's a lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is to say here's a lottery
+between some gains or losses or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some gains or losses or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some gains or losses or two
+gains with certain probabilities there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains with certain probabilities there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains with certain probabilities there's
+some risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risk
+involved and then we could ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and then we could ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and then we could ask you
+what's the amount that makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the amount that makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the amount that makes you
+indifferent between receiving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between receiving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between receiving that
+amount for sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for sure and
+the gamble that i'm offering you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamble that i'm offering you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamble that i'm offering you now
+that's called the certainty equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the certainty equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the certainty equivalent
+essentially it's the the amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's the the amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's the the amount of money
+if i have a certain gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a certain gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a certain gamble
+what's the amount of money that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the amount of money that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the amount of money that if you
+get it for sure makes you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for sure makes you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for sure makes you exactly
+indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent
+between that amount of money for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that amount of money for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that amount of money for sure
+and the gamble which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gamble which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gamble which is
+uncertain right so if you then had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain right so if you then had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain right so if you then had the
+certainty equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty equivalent
+now you could essentially just back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could essentially just back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could essentially just back out
+what my gamma is by just solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my gamma is by just solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my gamma is by just solving the
+solving for gamma um that's there let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for gamma um that's there let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for gamma um that's there let me
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+show you that uh there's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that uh there's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that uh there's another thing
+that we could do what else could we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do what else could we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do what else could we do
+so we said okay if i give you gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said okay if i give you gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said okay if i give you gambles
+choices between different gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between different gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between different gambles
+i could ask you for certainty equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could ask you for certainty equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could ask you for certainty equivalent
+now these are all kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are all kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are all kind of like
+lab ways of doing this but if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab ways of doing this but if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab ways of doing this but if you looked
+in the real world if you try to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world if you try to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world if you try to sort of
+figure out in the real world how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in the real world how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in the real world how people
+making these choices or choices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these choices or choices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these choices or choices in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+what kinds of choices could you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of choices could you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of choices could you observe
+to figure out what people's gamma is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what people's gamma is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what people's gamma is yes
+could you sell them insurance or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you sell them insurance or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you sell them insurance or an
+option to mitigate their risk and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to mitigate their risk and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to mitigate their risk and figure
+out how much they value that mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much they value that mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much they value that mitigation
+exactly that's exactly right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's exactly right and that's
+exactly what we're going to discuss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're going to discuss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're going to discuss and
+what people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done
+now it's a little bit tricky that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a little bit tricky that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a little bit tricky that in
+usual cases if i just ask you like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual cases if i just ask you like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual cases if i just ask you like what
+insurance have you chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance have you chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance have you chosen
+it's a little tricky to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little tricky to figure out what
+your gamma actually is because i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma actually is because i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma actually is because i don't
+know what options you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what options you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what options you had
+right so what i need is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i need is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i need is essentially a
+choice set between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice set between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice set between
+like suppose i'm selling you insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suppose i'm selling you insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suppose i'm selling you insurance
+in particular what i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular what i'm going to show you
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+next time is justin sidner's paper where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time is justin sidner's paper where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time is justin sidner's paper where
+people can choose between these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can choose between these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can choose between these are
+customers in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in a certain
+home home insurance where people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home home insurance where people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home home insurance where people have
+choices between different deductibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between different deductibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices between different deductibles
+right and now i can essentially say if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now i can essentially say if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now i can essentially say if i
+choose a high deductible versus a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a high deductible versus a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a high deductible versus a lower
+deductible essentially it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible essentially it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible essentially it's like
+implicitly you're choosing the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly you're choosing the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly you're choosing the risk
+exposure that you have for a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure that you have for a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure that you have for a price
+so have like in sydner's case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have like in sydner's case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have like in sydner's case there's
+like four different options that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four different options that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four different options that people
+offered so he knows essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered so he knows essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered so he knows essentially
+both the choice set like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the choice set like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the choice set like what are the
+choices that people offered in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people offered in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people offered in this case
+i guess they're often offered four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess they're often offered four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess they're often offered four
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+and then the actual choice that they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the actual choice that they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the actual choice that they um
+they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+again that's not going to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's not going to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's not going to give you an
+exact gamma in terms of like pinning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact gamma in terms of like pinning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact gamma in terms of like pinning it
+down exactly what it is because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what it is because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly what it is because there's
+like four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four different
+inequalities that you get from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that you get from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that you get from these
+choices but you can actually bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but you can actually bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but you can actually bound
+as it turns out people's risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out people's risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out people's risk aversion
+pretty well using those kinds of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well using those kinds of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well using those kinds of choices
+exactly so that's what we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's what we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's what we have here is
+like certain equivalence choices from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain equivalence choices from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain equivalence choices from
+gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambles
+uh and insurance choices so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and insurance choices so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and insurance choices so let's start
+with um certainty equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um certainty equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um certainty equivalent
+so suppose your wealth um equals either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose your wealth um equals either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose your wealth um equals either
+fifty thousand a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand a hundred thousand
+dollars each with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars each with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars each with probability
+uh fifty percent suppose those those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fifty percent suppose those those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fifty percent suppose those those are
+uh that's essentially like um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's essentially like um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's essentially like um there's
+lots of risk in your life are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of risk in your life are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of risk in your life are those
+fifty thousand hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty thousand hundred thousand
+uh starting tomorrow are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starting tomorrow are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starting tomorrow are you going to
+find out uh the chance of that is fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh the chance of that is fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh the chance of that is fifty
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+each now of course that's hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each now of course that's hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each now of course that's hypothetical
+but so but let's let's suppose that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so but let's let's suppose that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so but let's let's suppose that for
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+your expected wealth then of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected wealth then of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected wealth then of course is
+like 75 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 75 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 75 000
+um now what guaranteed amount uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what guaranteed amount uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now what guaranteed amount uh it's a
+certain equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain equivalent of the
+wce do you find equally desirable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wce do you find equally desirable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wce do you find equally desirable right
+if i could make all of your risks go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could make all of your risks go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i could make all of your risks go
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+and just say i'm giving you a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say i'm giving you a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say i'm giving you a fixed
+amount what amount would you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount what amount would you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount what amount would you choose
+now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you
+when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially if i give you the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if i give you the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if i give you the if you
+give me an amount w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an amount w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an amount w
+uh a certainty equivalent uh that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a certainty equivalent uh that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a certainty equivalent uh that gives
+me essentially an equation which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me essentially an equation which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me essentially an equation which is like
+the utility from the certain equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility from the certain equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility from the certain equivalent
+by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+must be uh since you just told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh since you just told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh since you just told me that
+uh must be the same as the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh must be the same as the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh must be the same as the weighted
+average of the utility of fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the utility of fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the utility of fifty thousand
+and the euro till two of hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the euro till two of hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the euro till two of hundred
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+with probability fifty percent each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability fifty percent each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability fifty percent each
+right and once you do that now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once you do that now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once you do that now you get
+essentially some non-linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some non-linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially some non-linear equation
+um uh uh that depends on gamma that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that depends on gamma that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that depends on gamma that you
+can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve
+perhaps not um uh not in close form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not um uh not in close form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not um uh not in close form but
+you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can essentially
+figure out what the answer is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the answer is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the answer is in
+mathematical or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or the like
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+as it turns out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out now
+you can solve for this and the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for this and the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for this and the implied
+values of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of gamma
+like i've written down for here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i've written down for here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i've written down for here so if
+you tell me if you tell me here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me if you tell me here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me if you tell me here um
+uh 70 000 um gamma is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 70 000 um gamma is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 70 000 um gamma is one
+you tell me 66 000 it's two fifty eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me 66 000 it's two fifty eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me 66 000 it's two fifty eight
+thousand it's five fifty three thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand it's five fifty three thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand it's five fifty three thousand
+that's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10
+51 000 it's uh 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 000 it's uh 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 000 it's uh 30.
+um who would say anything below 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes no what would you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like value of gamma less than 10 yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like value of gamma less than 10 yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like value of gamma less than 10 yes
+yes for sure that seems like very um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for sure that seems like very um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for sure that seems like very um uh
+uh very reasonable if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very reasonable if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very reasonable if you think about
+like in value of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in value of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in value of like
+um uh 30 if you had a value of 30 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 30 if you had a value of 30 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 30 if you had a value of 30 you
+probably would not leave the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not leave the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not leave the house
+like ever and sometimes you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ever and sometimes you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ever and sometimes you would not
+come to class or something because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class or something because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class or something because you
+worried about like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about like some
+stuff falling on your head or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff falling on your head or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff falling on your head or the like
+um because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because again
+let me show you what the the lottery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what the the lottery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what the the lottery was
+the lottery was between fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery was between fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery was between fifty thousand
+and hundred thousand with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundred thousand with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hundred thousand with um
+with fifty percent chance if you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fifty percent chance if you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fifty percent chance if you tell me
+you're different between that and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're different between that and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're different between that and like
+fifty one 000 for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty one 000 for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty one 000 for sure
+you were essentially valuing this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were essentially valuing this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were essentially valuing this like
+small increment coming from 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small increment coming from 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small increment coming from 50
+000 to 51 209 that's like thousands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 to 51 209 that's like thousands uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 to 51 209 that's like thousands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you value that a lot compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you value that a lot compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you value that a lot compared to
+like the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 50
+50 chance of like actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 chance of like actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 chance of like actually getting
+hundred thousand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand um
+um dollars so we sort of think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollars so we sort of think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollars so we sort of think that
+uh when looking at these large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when looking at these large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when looking at these large-scale
+choices economists often assume i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices economists often assume i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices economists often assume i think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people's gamma is somewhere between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's gamma is somewhere between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's gamma is somewhere between zero
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+okay so like somewhere maybe 70 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like somewhere maybe 70 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like somewhere maybe 70 000
+maybe even lower than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even lower than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even lower than that
+maybe 66 000 these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 66 000 these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 66 000 these are sort of
+reasonable choices that we think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices that we think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices that we think people
+are making or like you see people making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making or like you see people making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making or like you see people making
+in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their lives
+um anything above that seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything above that seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything above that seems like it's
+just not right because in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not right because in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not right because in some sense
+that's not how people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how people behave
+in the real world people are comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world people are comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world people are comfortable
+with at least some risk in their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least some risk in their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least some risk in their life
+when you look at them so the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at them so the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at them so the broad
+lesson is that choices involving large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is that choices involving large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson is that choices involving large
+scale risks suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale risks suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale risks suggest that
+um gamma can't be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gamma can't be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gamma can't be um
+too large okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now second we can say okay so those sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now second we can say okay so those sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now second we can say okay so those sort
+of are large scale choices now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are large scale choices now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are large scale choices now we're
+going to look at sort of small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at sort of small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at sort of small scale
+choices using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices using
+small gambles as deccent was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small gambles as deccent was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small gambles as deccent was just
+alluding to so here's a choice involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to so here's a choice involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to so here's a choice involving
+a small scale gamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small scale gamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small scale gamble
+what if you had a 50 50 bet to win 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you had a 50 50 bet to win 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you had a 50 50 bet to win 11
+and lose 10 who would take that bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who would not take it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would not take it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would not take it okay
+so so suppose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so suppose you know
+there's a question kind of like for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question kind of like for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question kind of like for all
+of those questions now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those questions now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those questions now since
+we need to know since your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know since your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know since your uh your
+utility is not necessarily linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not necessarily linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is not necessarily linear
+we need to know what your wealth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what your wealth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know what your wealth is
+suppose it's 20 000 but you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's 20 000 but you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's 20 000 but you can choose
+all sorts of other numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other numbers
+and you turn down a 50 50 bet to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you turn down a 50 50 bet to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you turn down a 50 50 bet to win
+this is 110 and lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 110 and lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 110 and lose
+100 you could do this for 11 and 10 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you could do this for 11 and 10 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 you could do this for 11 and 10 as
+well what can we learn now about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we learn now about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we learn now about your
+your gamma and this is what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma and this is what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma and this is what i was saying
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+now is essentially if you turn down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially if you turn down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is essentially if you turn down this
+bet it must be that having 20 000 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it must be that having 20 000 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it must be that having 20 000 which
+is like the status quo if you turn down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the status quo if you turn down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the status quo if you turn down
+the bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bet
+the utility of that is larger than fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of that is larger than fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of that is larger than fifty
+percent of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of um
+uh uh twenty thousand plus hundred ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh twenty thousand plus hundred ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh twenty thousand plus hundred ten
+plus uh fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh fifty
+uh uh uh point five times the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh point five times the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh point five times the utility of
+twenty thousand minus a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand minus a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand minus a hundred
+again nice and can sort of then um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nice and can sort of then um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nice and can sort of then um uh
+plug in the utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the utility function and
+essentially solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially solve for
+for gamma now i can show you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gamma now i can show you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gamma now i can show you if you
+solve for gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for gamma
+um and and some of the um uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and some of the um uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and some of the um uh next
+problems that is doing some of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that is doing some of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that is doing some of that is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+essentially rejecting this bet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rejecting this bet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rejecting this bet is
+implying that gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that gamma
+is like larger than 18. now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like larger than 18. now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like larger than 18. now
+18 is actually not that large but surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 is actually not that large but surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 is actually not that large but surely
+18 is larger than like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 is larger than like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 is larger than like two
+and we just sort of agreed earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just sort of agreed earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just sort of agreed earlier on
+that like gamma should be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like gamma should be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like gamma should be somewhere
+below 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 10
+presumably somewhere between around two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably somewhere between around two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably somewhere between around two
+or maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe one
+so what we get here now is like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get here now is like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get here now is like when you
+look at large scale choices it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at large scale choices it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at large scale choices it looks
+like people's gamma is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people's gamma is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people's gamma is like you know
+somewhere between zero and two perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between zero and two perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between zero and two perhaps
+like below five or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like below five or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like below five or something
+but surely not above 10. when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but surely not above 10. when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but surely not above 10. when you look
+at small-scale choices that seem pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at small-scale choices that seem pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at small-scale choices that seem pretty
+reasonable and many of you seem to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and many of you seem to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable and many of you seem to agree
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+like you know uh you might not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know uh you might not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know uh you might not want to
+take certain bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take certain bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take certain bets
+maybe your credit constrained to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your credit constrained to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your credit constrained to the
+lake but but in any case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake but but in any case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lake but but in any case um
+it looks like people's gamma is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people's gamma is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like people's gamma is really
+large okay and so now the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay and so now the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay and so now the question is
+like how do we sort of reconcile this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we sort of reconcile this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we sort of reconcile this
+how do we put these things um together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we put these things um together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we put these things um together
+now matthew raven has written a paper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now matthew raven has written a paper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now matthew raven has written a paper of
+this and sort of says this is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and sort of says this is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and sort of says this is not just
+sort of like an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like an intuitive
+argument uh this is a paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh this is a paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh this is a paper in
+econometric from 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric from 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometric from 2000
+but in fact he sort of proves that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact he sort of proves that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact he sort of proves that um
+when people reject small-scale gambles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people reject small-scale gambles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people reject small-scale gambles
+that just sort of implies crazy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just sort of implies crazy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just sort of implies crazy stuff
+for like large-scale choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like large-scale choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like large-scale choices
+essentially stuff that just seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially stuff that just seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially stuff that just seems
+completely implausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely implausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely implausible
+and essentially he under minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially he under minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially he under minimal
+assumptions proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions proves that
+uh this doesn't make um a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this doesn't make um a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this doesn't make um a lot of sense
+now what i mean by this is uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i mean by this is uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i mean by this is uh what we
+learned from this is that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from this is that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from this is that essentially
+the marginal utility of money must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal utility of money must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal utility of money must
+create a must uh extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a must uh extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a must uh extreme
+uh decrease extremely rapidly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decrease extremely rapidly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decrease extremely rapidly if you
+sort of take this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take this model
+uh uh seriously he does this under no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh seriously he does this under no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh seriously he does this under no
+assumptions about the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the utility function
+so it's not just some special case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just some special case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just some special case that
+you sort of like doctored together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like doctored together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of like doctored together with
+some special assumptions of the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special assumptions of the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special assumptions of the utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+the only thing in fact that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing in fact that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing in fact that he's
+assuming is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that
+the utility function is weakly concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is weakly concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function is weakly concave
+okay and so uh here's the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh here's the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh here's the example that
+uh was also in your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was also in your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was also in your reading
+suppose is johnny who is a risk-averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is johnny who is a risk-averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is johnny who is a risk-averse
+expected utility maximizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility maximizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility maximizer
+where the utility function where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the utility function where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the utility function where the
+second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is
+smaller equal than zero meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller equal than zero meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller equal than zero meaning that
+essentially his utility function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his utility function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially his utility function is
+weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly
+concave suppose that person turns down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave suppose that person turns down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave suppose that person turns down a
+50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 50
+gamble of losing 10 or gaining 11 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble of losing 10 or gaining 11 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamble of losing 10 or gaining 11 for
+any level of wealth that assumption at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any level of wealth that assumption at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any level of wealth that assumption at
+the end for any level of wealth is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end for any level of wealth is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end for any level of wealth is kind
+of important but actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important but actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important but actually not
+that important you can sort of relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important you can sort of relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important you can sort of relax
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as well for our purposes we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for our purposes we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well for our purposes we can sort of
+mostly ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly ignore it
+now what's the biggest why such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the biggest why such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the biggest why such that we
+know johnny will turn down a 50 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know johnny will turn down a 50 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know johnny will turn down a 50 50
+lose 100 win uh y bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose 100 win uh y bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose 100 win uh y bet
+so here are the answers um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the answers um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the answers um and um
+what's the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g and why is that or can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is
+it because he will like reject this bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because he will like reject this bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because he will like reject this bet
+for any level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any level
+so that kind of like implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of like implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of like implies that
+he's not able to accept any level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not able to accept any level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not able to accept any level of
+no no i think that's just because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no i think that's just because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no i think that's just because for
+the iteration forward in the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration forward in the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration forward in the proof of
+the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people
+of the thing like he needs to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing like he needs to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing like he needs to sort of
+like make that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make that argument
+but in fact that's not essential there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's not essential there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that's not essential there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+restrictions to that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions to that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions to that you can you can
+prove the same thing maybe not as stark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the same thing maybe not as stark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the same thing maybe not as stark
+in terms of a result but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a result but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a result but
+this is just because he's iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because he's iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because he's iterating
+forward he needs to sort of prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward he needs to sort of prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward he needs to sort of prove the
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+utilities that derives but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities that derives but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities that derives but it's actually
+not necessarily central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so what's happening here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's sort of start very simply let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's sort of start very simply let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's sort of start very simply let's
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+with johnny's first choice that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with johnny's first choice that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with johnny's first choice that says
+he rejects the bet which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rejects the bet which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rejects the bet which means
+essentially on the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on the right hand side is
+utility of status quo of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of status quo of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of status quo of essentially
+just utility of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just utility of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just utility of w
+on the left-hand side is 50 chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side is 50 chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side is 50 chance of
+winning 11.50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning 11.50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning 11.50
+chance of losing 10 now you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of losing 10 now you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of losing 10 now you can sort of
+um multiply this by two and rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiply this by two and rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiply this by two and rearrange
+which gives you the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you the second
+line essentially that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line essentially that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line essentially that says that the
+increase in utility going from w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in utility going from w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in utility going from w
+to w11 plus 11 is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w11 plus 11 is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w11 plus 11 is smaller than the
+increase in utility going from w minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in utility going from w minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in utility going from w minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a w okay that's just the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a w okay that's just the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a w okay that's just the left hand
+side and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the right hand side
+i'm just rearranging terms so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just rearranging terms so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just rearranging terms so what that
+means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that
+again like on the left hand side is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like on the left hand side is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like on the left hand side is how
+much does the utility increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does the utility increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does the utility increase
+if i go from w to w plus 11 essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go from w to w plus 11 essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go from w to w plus 11 essentially
+if i add 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add 11
+from coming from w that um utility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from w that um utility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from w that um utility that
+he values by at most 10 11 so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he values by at most 10 11 so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he values by at most 10 11 so each
+dollar that he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar that he gets
+on the left hand side is valued at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is valued at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side is valued at most
+10 11 as much as the dollars between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 as much as the dollars between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 as much as the dollars between
+w minus 10 and w right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w minus 10 and w right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w minus 10 and w right so if you have
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+10 dollars on the right 11 on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 dollars on the right 11 on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 dollars on the right 11 on the left
+you prefer the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer the right hand side of the
+left-hand side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side which
+means like each dollar must be valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like each dollar must be valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like each dollar must be valued
+more on the right-hand side put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the right-hand side put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the right-hand side put
+differently the dollars on the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the dollars on the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the dollars on the left-hand
+side are values 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are values 10 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are values 10 11
+of the dollars on the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dollars on the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dollars on the right-hand side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so just to repeat again on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to repeat again on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to repeat again on the right
+hand side we're adding 10 dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're adding 10 dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're adding 10 dollars
+on the left-hand side we adding um 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side we adding um 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side we adding um 11
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+or subtracting we'll be adding left 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtracting we'll be adding left 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtracting we'll be adding left 11
+on the left-hand side and we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side and we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side and we subtract
+10 in the right-hand side now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in the right-hand side now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 in the right-hand side now
+since you prefer the thing or the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you prefer the thing or the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you prefer the thing or the thing
+on the right hand side is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is larger
+that must mean that each dollar on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that each dollar on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must mean that each dollar on the
+right hand side is worth more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is worth more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is worth more
+it's 11 10 uh compared to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 11 10 uh compared to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 11 10 uh compared to the the
+dollars on the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on the left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on the left-hand side
+or put differently each dollar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put differently each dollar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put differently each dollar in the
+left-hand side is valued 10-11 of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side is valued 10-11 of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side is valued 10-11 of each
+dollar on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on the right hand side
+you can sort of think about this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think about this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think about this a bit
+but trust me that is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me that is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me that is correct
+now there's diminishing margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's diminishing margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's diminishing margin utility
+essentially concavity sort of says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concavity sort of says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concavity sort of says that
+the marginal dollar at w minus 10 is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal dollar at w minus 10 is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal dollar at w minus 10 is at
+least as valuable as the marginal dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as valuable as the marginal dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as valuable as the marginal dollar
+at w that's essentially just simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at w that's essentially just simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at w that's essentially just simple um
+assumption of concavity essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of concavity essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of concavity essentially just
+saying like there's diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like there's diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like there's diminishing marginal
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+so the the lower the amount of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the lower the amount of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the lower the amount of wealth
+that you have the larger or weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have the larger or weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have the larger or weakly
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+the uh margin utility is so good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh margin utility is so good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh margin utility is so good the
+margin utility at w minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility at w minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility at w minus 10
+is uh at least as large as the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at least as large as the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at least as large as the margin
+utility sw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility sw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility sw
+and that marginal utility for a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that marginal utility for a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that marginal utility for a dollar
+is at least as valuable as the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least as valuable as the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least as valuable as the marginal
+utility at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility at
+w plus 11. now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus 11. now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus 11. now
+sort of taken together that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken together that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken together that means that
+johnny values a dollar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnny values a dollar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johnny values a dollar at
+w plus 11 by at most 10 11 as much as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus 11 by at most 10 11 as much as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w plus 11 by at most 10 11 as much as he
+values the dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the dollars
+at w minus 10. what does that mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at w minus 10. what does that mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at w minus 10. what does that mean is
+that if you go from w minus 10 to w plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go from w minus 10 to w plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go from w minus 10 to w plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially the marginal dollar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially the marginal dollar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially the marginal dollar that
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+is is worth 10 11 as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is worth 10 11 as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is worth 10 11 as much
+for every 21 that he uh increases his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every 21 that he uh increases his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every 21 that he uh increases his
+wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+given the some of the confused phases i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the some of the confused phases i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the some of the confused phases i
+see we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we might
+do some of this in recitation but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of this in recitation but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of this in recitation but um
+this is just essentially simple algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just essentially simple algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just essentially simple algebra
+and using the assumptions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the assumptions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the assumptions um
+uh the minimal assumptions that i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the minimal assumptions that i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the minimal assumptions that i made
+now you can do the same thing as like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do the same thing as like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do the same thing as like if
+the person were 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person were 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person were 21
+is richer so essentially now i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is richer so essentially now i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is richer so essentially now i'm doing
+the same thing just adding 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing just adding 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing just adding 21
+dollars on each side i'm doing the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on each side i'm doing the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on each side i'm doing the exact
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+and i'm going to get essentially that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to get essentially that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to get essentially that
+the exact same thing as essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing as essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing as essentially
+saying that he values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that he values
+each dollar that he gets at uh w plus 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dollar that he gets at uh w plus 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dollar that he gets at uh w plus 32
+dollars but at most 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars but at most 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars but at most 10
+10 11 so the power of two five six as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 so the power of two five six as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 so the power of two five six as
+much as he values the dollars at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as he values the dollars at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as he values the dollars at
+w minus ten so i'm essentially doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w minus ten so i'm essentially doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w minus ten so i'm essentially doing is
+i'm iterating forward so i know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm iterating forward so i know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm iterating forward so i know the
+utility function is concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function is concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function is concave
+by sort of your first choice i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of your first choice i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sort of your first choice i know that
+essentially you must the utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you must the utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you must the utility is
+declining um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining um
+going on one side so now essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one side so now essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on one side so now essentially
+going taking this forward essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going taking this forward essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going taking this forward essentially
+saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like
+well for every 21 dollars you valued in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for every 21 dollars you valued in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for every 21 dollars you valued in
+each dollar by 10 11's as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dollar by 10 11's as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each dollar by 10 11's as much
+so now i'm saying like well if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm saying like well if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm saying like well if you had
+21 dollars plus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 dollars plus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 dollars plus like
+21 is 42 dollars plus 20 is 63
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 is 42 dollars plus 20 is 63
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 is 42 dollars plus 20 is 63
+your margin utility must be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your margin utility must be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your margin utility must be really
+declining very very rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining very very rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining very very rapidly
+so once you have like um a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have like um a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have like um a lot more
+money than essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money than essentially
+you just don't care at all about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't care at all about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't care at all about any
+marginal dollar that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal dollar that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal dollar that you get
+so you can do this by if the person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do this by if the person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do this by if the person was
+like 42 dollars richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 42 dollars richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 42 dollars richer
+um essentially okay about each dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially okay about each dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um essentially okay about each dollar
+five six as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six as much
+if it's 420 dollars you care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 420 dollars you care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 420 dollars you care about it
+three twentieths as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three twentieths as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three twentieths as much
+and if you were like eight hundred forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were like eight hundred forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were like eight hundred forty
+dollars richer you care about it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars richer you care about it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars richer you care about it only
+two hundredths as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundredths as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundredths as much
+so essentially that's to say and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's to say and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially that's to say and this is
+exactly as you were saying the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you were saying the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as you were saying the marginal
+utility plummets for substantial changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility plummets for substantial changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility plummets for substantial changes
+in lifetime wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lifetime wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lifetime wealth
+so you care less than two percent about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you care less than two percent about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you care less than two percent about
+an additional dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional dollar
+when uh you are 900 richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh you are 900 richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh you are 900 richer
+than you are right now that doesn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are right now that doesn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are right now that doesn't feel
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but essentially it's like a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially it's like a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially it's like a simple
+implication of what was just assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of what was just assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of what was just assumed
+there's no magic here this is like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic here this is like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic here this is like very
+simple algebra and very simple like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra and very simple like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra and very simple like just
+using very simple minor assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using very simple minor assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using very simple minor assumptions
+but essentially saying if this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially saying if this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially saying if this person
+rejects this gamble as we just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects this gamble as we just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejects this gamble as we just had
+um it follows and there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it follows and there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it follows and there's sort of
+complicated proofs in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated proofs in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated proofs in the paper
+but it follows that essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it follows that essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it follows that essentially the
+additional dollars for like if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollars for like if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dollars for like if you give
+the person 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person 900
+more um uh the person values each dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh the person values each dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh the person values each dollar
+only two percent as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two percent as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two percent as much
+as um uh when the person is 900 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um uh when the person is 900 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um uh when the person is 900 um
+richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer
+and so then you look at sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you look at sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you look at sort of like
+these um consequences and you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um consequences and you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um consequences and you can read
+at this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this in the
+raven and taylor paper or the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raven and taylor paper or the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raven and taylor paper or the original
+um raven paper if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raven paper if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raven paper if you like
+essentially you get these like absurd um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get these like absurd um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you get these like absurd um
+uh conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conclusions
+if you look at the left hand side these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the left hand side these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the left hand side these
+are sort of like if an expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like if an expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like if an expected utility
+maximizer always turns down certain bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer always turns down certain bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer always turns down certain bets
+on the left-hand side it follows that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side it follows that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side it follows that he
+also turns down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also turns down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also turns down
+the bets on the right-hand side and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bets on the right-hand side and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bets on the right-hand side and you
+know we think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we think you know
+for example if i told you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i told you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if i told you like
+losing ten dollars or gaining eleven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing ten dollars or gaining eleven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing ten dollars or gaining eleven
+dollars that seems like a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that seems like a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that seems like a reasonable
+thing to reject perhaps that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to reject perhaps that seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to reject perhaps that seems like
+a thing that one might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that one might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that one might do
+uh at least like you guys were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least like you guys were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least like you guys were saying
+that you might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might do that
+well if that's the case then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the case then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the case then you should
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+accept um or reject the gamble of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um or reject the gamble of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept um or reject the gamble of like
+losing a hundred dollars and gaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a hundred dollars and gaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a hundred dollars and gaining
+like infinite amount of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like infinite amount of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like infinite amount of dollars
+and that seems obviously absurd um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems obviously absurd um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that seems obviously absurd um um
+and so so that can't be really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that can't be really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that can't be really um
+um uh true now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh true now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh true now
+what's going on here essentially is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here essentially is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here essentially is to
+say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that
+the utility function as it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function as it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function as it is an
+expected utility has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility has
+trouble reconciling people's small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble reconciling people's small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble reconciling people's small scale
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+and large-scale choices and it's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large-scale choices and it's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large-scale choices and it's similar
+to what when we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what when we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what when we talked about like
+exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discounting
+we only have like one parameter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have like one parameter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have like one parameter here
+which is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gamma
+for both gains and losses and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both gains and losses and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both gains and losses and for all
+sorts of scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scales
+and that parameter is just not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that parameter is just not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that parameter is just not able to
+fit people's choices in sensible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit people's choices in sensible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit people's choices in sensible ways
+it seems to be people have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be people have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be people have like
+small-scale risk aversion in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small-scale risk aversion in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small-scale risk aversion in some sense
+and it seems to be people are like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to be people are like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to be people are like not
+incredibly risk-averse for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly risk-averse for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly risk-averse for large
+amounts of money and so now the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money and so now the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of money and so now the expected
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+model cannot match both of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model cannot match both of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model cannot match both of those things
+that's essentially what the raven paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what the raven paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially what the raven paper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+does we'll talk about talk about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does we'll talk about talk about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does we'll talk about talk about this in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and some slower form and recitation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some slower form and recitation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some slower form and recitation uh
+to sort of go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of go over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of go over this
+but in some sense uh the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense uh the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense uh the important part
+here is to understand the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to understand the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to understand the intuition
+and the intuition essentially is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuition essentially is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intuition essentially is that if
+there's curvature of a very small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's curvature of a very small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's curvature of a very small scale
+or very small stakes it must be there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very small stakes it must be there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very small stakes it must be there's
+lots of curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of curvature
+going forward over large scales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward over large scales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward over large scales and
+that's just not plausible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not plausible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not plausible because
+essentially then people would just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then people would just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then people would just not
+value really really large amounts and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value really really large amounts and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value really really large amounts and we
+know that people do value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that people do value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that people do value
+money at least to some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at least to some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at least to some like
+any uh questions on this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone tried to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um so what we're gonna gonna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so what we're gonna gonna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so what we're gonna gonna do is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+notice that here he was not assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that here he was not assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that here he was not assuming
+anything about the utility function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the utility function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the utility function the
+only thing he was assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing he was assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing he was assuming
+or raven was assuming here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or raven was assuming here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or raven was assuming here is
+that the person is expected to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is expected to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person is expected to tell the
+maximizer and that the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer and that the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizer and that the utility function
+is weakly not even strictly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weakly not even strictly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weakly not even strictly um
+concave now what that means is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave now what that means is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave now what that means is you can't
+sort of like just change the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like just change the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like just change the functional
+form because there's not even like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because there's not even like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because there's not even like this
+is a general proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general proof
+for like any utility function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like any utility function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like any utility function that you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+so what you have to do now is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do now is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do now is either
+sort of say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say well
+there's some other assumptions wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other assumptions wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other assumptions wrong
+about expected utility in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expected utility in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about expected utility in terms of
+you know the weighting the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the weighting the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the weighting the probabilities
+or stuff like that that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stuff like that that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stuff like that that essentially
+uh uh you can explain the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can explain the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can explain the phenomenon
+could be something about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something about like
+red diversion and so on they seem kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red diversion and so on they seem kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red diversion and so on they seem kind
+of unlikely the most likely thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlikely the most likely thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlikely the most likely thing and
+this is what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to talk about
+next week is kahneman tversky's um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is kahneman tversky's um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is kahneman tversky's um sort
+of lost aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lost aversion
+framework where you say if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework where you say if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework where you say if you put
+different weight on gains versus losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight on gains versus losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different weight on gains versus losses
+then essentially you have like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially you have like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially you have like two
+parameters you have one parameter about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have one parameter about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have one parameter about
+like your risk conversion over gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your risk conversion over gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your risk conversion over gains
+and you have a parameter that's uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a parameter that's uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a parameter that's uh that
+steers kind of like how you feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steers kind of like how you feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steers kind of like how you feel about
+losses compared to gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses compared to gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses compared to gains
+so once you do that then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you do that then you have
+another degree of freedom and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another degree of freedom and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another degree of freedom and you can
+explain a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a lot of
+pavers um potentially but that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavers um potentially but that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pavers um potentially but that's kind of
+the equivalent of that exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of that exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of that exactly
+but the difference here is that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the difference here is that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the difference here is that it's not
+coming through like the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through like the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through like the utility function
+the reason being that the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that the problem is
+actually not the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the utility function
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+as i said uh there's actually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said uh there's actually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said uh there's actually no
+assumption here that that that can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here that that that can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here that that that can even
+be changed because it's very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed because it's very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed because it's very general
+for any function that you assume be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any function that you assume be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any function that you assume be it
+any of the ones that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the ones that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the ones that i just
+just showed you previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then the last choice what might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the last choice what might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the last choice what might do
+and we'll get started on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get started on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get started on this and
+they're going to finish next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to finish next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to finish next time
+is as you classmate was saying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you classmate was saying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you classmate was saying about
+insurance choices so how do you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance choices so how do you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance choices so how do you do that
+so this is a very nice paper by justin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nice paper by justin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very nice paper by justin
+sidner who's using sort of like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidner who's using sort of like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidner who's using sort of like real
+world insurance choices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world insurance choices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world insurance choices and
+um what's very nice about it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's very nice about it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's very nice about it that you
+might not say well i might sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not say well i might sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not say well i might sort of say
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+college students and lab choices make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students and lab choices make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college students and lab choices make
+funky uh give you funky answers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky uh give you funky answers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky uh give you funky answers and
+might not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not sort of
+believe that this is really predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is really predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that this is really predictive
+of anything in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything in the real world
+so we really want like real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really want like real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really want like real world
+choices that people make in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that people make in their lives
+um um and sort of you might also worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and sort of you might also worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and sort of you might also worry
+about demand effects and about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand effects and about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about demand effects and about sort of
+like people behaving a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people behaving a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people behaving a little bit
+funny in experiment so let's find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in experiment so let's find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in experiment so let's find like
+real world choices that people have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world choices that people have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world choices that people have made
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+try to see maybe we can estimate gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see maybe we can estimate gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see maybe we can estimate gamma
+using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that
+and so what justin citna has is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what justin citna has is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what justin citna has is like
+data from a large home insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from a large home insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from a large home insurance
+provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+um he has like a bunch of like standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he has like a bunch of like standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he has like a bunch of like standard
+policies there's a random sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies there's a random sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies there's a random sample of
+those so the 50 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so the 50 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so the 50 000
+standard policies but he has importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard policies but he has importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard policies but he has importantly
+he has both the options that people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has both the options that people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has both the options that people had
+so like what is your choice set here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like what is your choice set here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like what is your choice set here's
+four different choices for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different choices for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different choices for each person
+and he has um then the choices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has um then the choices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has um then the choices that
+people made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made
+plus he has like claims that people made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus he has like claims that people made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus he has like claims that people made
+after that he has like all the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that he has like all the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that he has like all the new
+customers which matters a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers which matters a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers which matters a little bit
+because you know you might say new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you might say new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you might say new
+customers are confused maybe the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are confused maybe the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers are confused maybe the old
+ones are the ones that are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are the ones that are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are the ones that are right
+now uh the key part here is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the key part here is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the key part here is like the
+deductible that people were choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible that people were choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible that people were choosing
+what is our deductible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so this is uh expenses paid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is uh expenses paid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is uh expenses paid out
+of pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pocket
+uh before the insurer um starts paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before the insurer um starts paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before the insurer um starts paying
+any expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any expenses
+that would be like if you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like if you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like if you had some
+damage to your house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to your house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to your house
+for some small amount um you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount um you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some small amount um you'd have to
+pay that for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay that for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay that for yourself
+if you have some large amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some large amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some large amount of the
+damage you have to still pay the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you have to still pay the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage you have to still pay the small
+amount and then the insurer would pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then the insurer would pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then the insurer would pay
+um the rest and that's usually used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rest and that's usually used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rest and that's usually used to
+deter like large number of claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter like large number of claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter like large number of claims
+because you know the insurance company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the insurance company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the insurance company
+just doesn't want to pay for every 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't want to pay for every 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't want to pay for every 50
+dollars of damage that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of damage that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of damage that you might have
+because that's just really costly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just really costly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just really costly for
+them to do for administrative costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do for administrative costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do for administrative costs
+now what sydner has is choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what sydner has is choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what sydner has is choices over
+menus of four deductibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menus of four deductibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menus of four deductibles
+and again as i said they have or he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as i said they have or he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as i said they have or he has
+like both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like both
+individuals choice set and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals choice set and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals choice set and their
+preferred options if you only had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred options if you only had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred options if you only had the
+preferred options it would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred options it would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred options it would be very hard
+to figure out kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out kind of like
+what actually because you then can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually because you then can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually because you then can't
+really say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say um
+uh what's the counter factual you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the counter factual you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the counter factual you don't
+know essentially what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially what else
+he could have chosen or she or he should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have chosen or she or he should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have chosen or she or he should
+have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen
+so you kind of want to know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of want to know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of want to know different
+options and then sort of the outcome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and then sort of the outcome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and then sort of the outcome and
+then say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say okay
+since you had these different options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you had these different options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you had these different options
+available it must be that you preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it must be that you preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available it must be that you preferred
+one or the other it must be that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other it must be that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other it must be that you're
+risk-averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse
+or not so here's kind of what these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so here's kind of what these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so here's kind of what these data
+look like um the sample data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um the sample data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um the sample data are
+deductibles okay this is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductibles okay this is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductibles okay this is again the
+amount that you have to pay out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that you have to pay out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that you have to pay out of
+pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket
+until the insurer sort of kicks in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the insurer sort of kicks in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the insurer sort of kicks in and
+pays for you there is the premium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays for you there is the premium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays for you there is the premium which
+is like how much you have to pay every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like how much you have to pay every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like how much you have to pay every
+year anyway regardless of what anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year anyway regardless of what anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year anyway regardless of what anything
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+um they're sort of uh relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're sort of uh relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're sort of uh relative to the
+thousand dollar policy kind of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar policy kind of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar policy kind of what's
+the premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium
+that's to say like how much more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say like how much more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to say like how much more money
+you have to pay for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay for a certain
+premium so for example uh choice one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium so for example uh choice one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium so for example uh choice one has
+like a premium of five hundred four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a premium of five hundred four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a premium of five hundred four
+dollars choice two has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars choice two has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars choice two has a
+uh a premium of five hundred eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a premium of five hundred eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a premium of five hundred eighty
+eight dollars so that's eighty four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dollars so that's eighty four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dollars so that's eighty four
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+uh higher um you pay essentially 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh higher um you pay essentially 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh higher um you pay essentially 84
+in premium every year to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in premium every year to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in premium every year to reduce your
+deductible from a thousand dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible from a thousand dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible from a thousand dollars to
+500 okay so what you can do essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 okay so what you can do essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 okay so what you can do essentially
+you can reduce your deductible at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce your deductible at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce your deductible at a
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+um the price relative to the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the price relative to the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the price relative to the thousand
+dollar policy is in the third column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar policy is in the third column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar policy is in the third column
+and you see the deductible on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the deductible on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the deductible on the
+left-hand side so this person is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side so this person is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side so this person is like
+policyholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policyholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policyholder
+um if you're just comparing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're just comparing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're just comparing their
+choices couldn't it be that they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices couldn't it be that they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices couldn't it be that they're just
+a more risky person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more risky person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more risky person
+and not necessarily risk first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily risk first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily risk first um
+correct so that's exactly right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so that's exactly right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so that's exactly right so
+there's sort of unobservable risks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of unobservable risks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of unobservable risks that
+people might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have
+i'll get back to that but essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get back to that but essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get back to that but essentially um
+what you see is that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that like
+a lot of people make very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people make very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people make very similar
+choices then on average people's risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices then on average people's risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices then on average people's risk is
+relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low
+so what you're saying essentially i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying essentially i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying essentially i need
+to know your claim rate i need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know your claim rate i need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know your claim rate i need to know
+kind of like what's your probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what's your probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what's your probability of
+actually having any damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having any damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having any damages
+and it turns out claim rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out claim rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out claim rates are
+extremely low in the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low in the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low in the sample
+the order of magnitude of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of magnitude of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of magnitude of something like
+below five percent or i think it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below five percent or i think it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below five percent or i think it's even
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+um so it cannot be that everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it cannot be that everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it cannot be that everybody is
+like a high-risk person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high-risk person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high-risk person
+it can be potentially that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be potentially that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be potentially that everybody
+thinks they're a high-risk person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they're a high-risk person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they're a high-risk person
+but you know that's uh uh als that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's uh uh als that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's uh uh als that's
+then there's a different mistake going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a different mistake going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a different mistake going
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so what he's assuming essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he's assuming essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he's assuming essentially is
+like on average people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on average people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on average people
+are it must be that like there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it must be that like there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it must be that like there's some
+high-risk people and some lowers people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk people and some lowers people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk people and some lowers people
+but essentially he's sort of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially he's sort of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially he's sort of kind of
+assuming this away and sort of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this away and sort of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this away and sort of saying
+like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look
+on average claim rates are really low it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average claim rates are really low it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average claim rates are really low it
+could be that there is some fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that there is some fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that there is some fraction of
+like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really
+um uh high-risk people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh high-risk people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh high-risk people
+but those can't be by definition since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those can't be by definition since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those can't be by definition since
+only like something like five percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like something like five percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like something like five percent of
+claims uh claim rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims uh claim rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims uh claim rates
+it can't be that like there's everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that like there's everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be that like there's everybody
+is like a high-risk person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a high-risk person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a high-risk person
+um so it must be that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it must be that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it must be that there's some
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+who behave as as if they're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who behave as as if they're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who behave as as if they're either
+really risk-averse or as if they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risk-averse or as if they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risk-averse or as if they think
+they're really high-risk people and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really high-risk people and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really high-risk people and this
+is kind of where like the old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of where like the old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of where like the old and
+new customers are helpful for because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new customers are helpful for because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new customers are helpful for because
+there's some customers who have like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some customers who have like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some customers who have like you
+know been at this company for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know been at this company for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know been at this company for like
+10 15 years and sort of there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 years and sort of there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 years and sort of there you know
+you kind of should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of should
+know that what kind of risk person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what kind of risk person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what kind of risk person you
+you are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are perhaps
+that's a great um question i'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great um question i'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great um question i'll actually
+get back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that
+okay so policy holder one is uh the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so policy holder one is uh the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so policy holder one is uh the home
+was built in in 1966 he had an insured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built in in 1966 he had an insured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built in in 1966 he had an insured
+value of 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 180
+000 the menu available for this policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 the menu available for this policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 the menu available for this policy
+and the same year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same year was
+uh the following and then he has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the following and then he has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the following and then he has also
+the choice on the right-hand side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice on the right-hand side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice on the right-hand side you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+the the policy that shows us so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the policy that shows us so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the policy that shows us so that
+person chose for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person chose for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person chose for example
+a deductible of uh 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deductible of uh 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deductible of uh 200
+and for a price of like 157 dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a price of like 157 dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a price of like 157 dollars
+relative to pi paying the 1 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to pi paying the 1 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to pi paying the 1 000
+deductible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductible
+policyholder 2 similarly sort of chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first option notice that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first option notice that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first option notice that the price
+has changed a little bit in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed a little bit in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed a little bit in part because
+the company has sort of taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has sort of taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has sort of taken into
+account some covariates and some risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account some covariates and some risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account some covariates and some risk
+in some ways already so like the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways already so like the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways already so like the company
+is kind of pricing specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of pricing specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of pricing specifically
+depending on what your home value is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what your home value is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what your home value is and
+maybe the area and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the area and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the area and so on and so forth
+but since cydner has all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since cydner has all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since cydner has all that
+information he can sort of just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information he can sort of just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information he can sort of just take
+that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account
+now what can we now say about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what can we now say about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what can we now say about risk
+aversion how can we now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion how can we now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion how can we now sort of
+estimate risk aversion using this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate risk aversion using this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate risk aversion using this these
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes so what you need to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what you need to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what you need to know is
+essentially a number of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a number of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a number of different things
+you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the
+deductibles the premium for adoption the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductibles the premium for adoption the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductibles the premium for adoption the
+claim probability and the wealth levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim probability and the wealth levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim probability and the wealth levels
+i'll talk about this in more detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about this in more detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll talk about this in more detail but
+essentially what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you can do is
+for each of these options you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these options you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these options you can write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+an indirect utility of wealth function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indirect utility of wealth function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indirect utility of wealth function
+you essentially can write down what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially can write down what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you essentially can write down what's
+the expected utility of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected utility of that
+option and then you can essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put bounds essentially on like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put bounds essentially on like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put bounds essentially on like if you
+preferred option one over option two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred option one over option two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred option one over option two
+uh that tells me something about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tells me something about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tells me something about like
+your gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma
+and so what sidner then does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sidner then does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what sidner then does is
+essentially estimate gamma using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially estimate gamma using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially estimate gamma using
+uh those different choices i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those different choices i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those different choices i'm going to
+go over that in like a lot more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over that in like a lot more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over that in like a lot more detail
+and slower next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pz3zyUO2gpM.txt b/pz3zyUO2gpM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b2e71dc66e6968e586ab27f33a60b46f726603e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pz3zyUO2gpM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome to the second special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to the second special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome to the second special
+recitation on the exam problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on the exam problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on the exam problem solving
+as you may have experienced when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may have experienced when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may have experienced when you do
+homework problems you can give every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems you can give every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework problems you can give every
+problem or even every step a careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or even every step a careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or even every step a careful
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+you may even try different methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may even try different methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may even try different methods in
+solving one problem just to check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving one problem just to check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving one problem just to check your
+answers and also to find the optimal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and also to find the optimal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and also to find the optimal way
+but in the real exam these may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real exam these may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real exam these may not be
+available to you anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you anymore
+because time is the main issue so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is the main issue so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is the main issue so you
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do things fast but accurately at
+the same time today's recitation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time today's recitation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time today's recitation is
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on that so we're going to
+look at a real example so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a real example so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a real example so this is the
+problem from a 15-minute linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from a 15-minute linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from a 15-minute linear algebra
+exam okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+by now you've developed enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you've developed enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you've developed enough
+background to completely solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to completely solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to completely solve this
+problem so because this is a 50-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so because this is a 50-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so because this is a 50-minute
+exam a good suggestion on time spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam a good suggestion on time spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam a good suggestion on time spending
+on this problem would be no more than 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem would be no more than 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem would be no more than 15
+minutes which means within 50 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which means within 50 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes which means within 50 minutes
+you have to read through the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to read through the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to read through the questions
+understand what they're asking for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're asking for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what they're asking for and
+completely solve all three parts why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely solve all three parts why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely solve all three parts why
+don't you hit pause now and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you hit pause now and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you hit pause now and try to
+complete this problem as if you were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this problem as if you were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this problem as if you were in
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and time yourself for 15 minutes
+if you finish early don't forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you finish early don't forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you finish early don't forget to
+check your answer you want to get other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your answer you want to get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your answer you want to get other
+credits you deserve in an exam okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits you deserve in an exam okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits you deserve in an exam okay I'll
+come back later and show you how I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back later and show you how I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back later and show you how I would
+speed up in the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay have you finished well let's solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have you finished well let's solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have you finished well let's solve
+this problem together we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem together we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem together we are looking at
+a four by four matrix a here as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four by four matrix a here as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four by four matrix a here as you can
+see this matrix is made up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this matrix is made up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this matrix is made up by the
+examiner in a rather casual way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner in a rather casual way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner in a rather casual way because
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers from 1 to 12 as the
+entries of this matrix and in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of this matrix and in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of this matrix and in the first
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to find all the nonzero
+terms in this big formula to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this big formula to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this big formula to compute
+determinant of a so the determinant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a so the determinant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a so the determinant of a
+so that's part one that's equal to a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's part one that's equal to a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's part one that's equal to a big
+summation of plus or minus a1 alpha a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of plus or minus a1 alpha a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of plus or minus a1 alpha a 2
+beta a 3 gamma and a 4 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta a 3 gamma and a 4 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta a 3 gamma and a 4 dot
+so what I'm doing here is I choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing here is I choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm doing here is I choose one
+entry from each row with the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry from each row with the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry from each row with the columns
+being all different so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all different so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all different so in other words if
+I take this column numbers down so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this column numbers down so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this column numbers down so let
+me write it here alpha beta gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here alpha beta gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here alpha beta gamma and
+Delta I want this to be a permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I want this to be a permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I want this to be a permutation of
+numbers 1 2 3 4 okay so how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 4 okay so how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 2 3 4 okay so how would you do
+it well if you follow this order you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well if you follow this order you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well if you follow this order you may
+want to start with the first row and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with the first row and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with the first row and you
+go through all the possibilities of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the possibilities of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all the possibilities of this
+alpha beta gamma and Delta and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta gamma and Delta and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta gamma and Delta and at the
+end you drop the terms which are 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you drop the terms which are 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you drop the terms which are 0 but
+if you do it in that way how many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it in that way how many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it in that way how many terms
+do you have to compute this is a four by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to compute this is a four by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to compute this is a four by
+four matrix so in general this sum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four matrix so in general this sum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four matrix so in general this sum will
+contain 4 factorial which is 24 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain 4 factorial which is 24 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain 4 factorial which is 24 terms
+that sounds time-consuming so can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds time-consuming so can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds time-consuming so can you do
+it in a faster way well since we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a faster way well since we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a faster way well since we only
+care about nonzero terms in this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about nonzero terms in this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about nonzero terms in this sum
+let's look at where 0 occurs in matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at where 0 occurs in matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at where 0 occurs in matrix a
+there here you have 0 entries in these 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here you have 0 entries in these 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here you have 0 entries in these 4
+spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots
+ok so they all occur in the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so they all occur in the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so they all occur in the third row
+and the fourth row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth row
+which means when you make your choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when you make your choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when you make your choice of
+the last two entries in order not to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two entries in order not to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two entries in order not to get
+zero you can only choose within this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can only choose within this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can only choose within this red
+box right because you want to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right because you want to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box right because you want to avoid
+these zeros which means the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zeros which means the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zeros which means the choice of
+the last two entries can only be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two entries can only be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two entries can only be either
+nine twelve or ten eleven okay now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine twelve or ten eleven okay now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine twelve or ten eleven okay now if
+that's the case what will happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case what will happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case what will happen to the
+first two entries since they all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two entries since they all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two entries since they all have to
+come come from different columns which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come from different columns which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come from different columns which
+means when you choose the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you choose the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when you choose the first two
+entries they can only be from this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries they can only be from this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries they can only be from this red
+box which means the choice of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which means the choice of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box which means the choice of the first
+two entries can only be either 1/6 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either 1/6 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries can only be either 1/6 or
+2/5 so how many terms am i talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/5 so how many terms am i talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/5 so how many terms am i talking about
+two possibilities here and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities here and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities here and two
+possibilities here which comes to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here which comes to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here which comes to four
+so in other words instead of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words instead of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words instead of computing
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 terms you only need four terms here
+let's put them down okay so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them down okay so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put them down okay so we start
+with this choice 1 6 9 12 so that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this choice 1 6 9 12 so that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this choice 1 6 9 12 so that's 1
+times 6 times 9 times 12 well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 6 times 9 times 12 well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 6 times 9 times 12 well these are
+from diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from diagonals
+right so of course this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course this coordinate
+numbers will just be a 1 1 a 2 2 a 3 3 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will just be a 1 1 a 2 2 a 3 3 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers will just be a 1 1 a 2 2 a 3 3 a
+4 4 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 this is a perfect alignment of 1 2 3
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so the sign of this term is just a
+plus sign let's continue now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign let's continue now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign let's continue now I'm going
+to look at 1 6 but 10 11 so 1 times 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at 1 6 but 10 11 so 1 times 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at 1 6 but 10 11 so 1 times 6
+times 10 times 11 what is the court name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 times 11 what is the court name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 times 11 what is the court name
+member what are the coordinate numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member what are the coordinate numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member what are the coordinate numbers
+of this choice a 1 1 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this choice a 1 1 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this choice a 1 1 8
+two to ten comes from a 3/4 so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to ten comes from a 3/4 so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to ten comes from a 3/4 so here I
+have four in the front the last one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four in the front the last one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four in the front the last one is a
+four three so here this is a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three so here this is a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three so here this is a permutation
+of one two three four in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one two three four in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one two three four in order to get
+back to this I have to exchange three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this I have to exchange three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this I have to exchange three
+and four just do it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four just do it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four just do it once
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means I need a negative sign
+in the front a negative sign in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front a negative sign in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front a negative sign in front of
+the entire product well let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire product well let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire product well let's continue
+I'm gonna write it down here as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write it down here as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write it down here as you can
+see the blue part indicate the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the blue part indicate the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the blue part indicate the signature
+of columns okay so next time I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns okay so next time I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns okay so next time I'm going
+to put I've exhausted the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put I've exhausted the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put I've exhausted the first
+possibility of you know choosing one six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of you know choosing one six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of you know choosing one six
+right so let's look at 2 5 2 times 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at 2 5 2 times 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's look at 2 5 2 times 5
+times 9 times 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the column what are the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the column what are the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the column what are the column
+numbers 2 comes from one to entry so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 2 comes from one to entry so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 2 comes from one to entry so I
+have a 2 in the front 5 is 2 1 entry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 in the front 5 is 2 1 entry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 in the front 5 is 2 1 entry so
+2 1 and then 3 4 3 4 again I need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and then 3 4 3 4 again I need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and then 3 4 3 4 again I need one
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange to get back to 1 2 3 4 which
+means I have a negative sign the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have a negative sign the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have a negative sign the last
+one would be 2 5 2 times 5 times 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be 2 5 2 times 5 times 10 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be 2 5 2 times 5 times 10 11
+so times 10 times it'll be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times 10 times it'll be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so times 10 times it'll be okay
+columns are a 1 2 a 2 1 a 3 4 a 4 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are a 1 2 a 2 1 a 3 4 a 4 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are a 1 2 a 2 1 a 3 4 a 4 3 so
+you exchange the first to spot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exchange the first to spot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exchange the first to spot and the
+second the last two spots you get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the last two spots you get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the last two spots you get back
+to 1 2 3 4 but you have to do twice two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 2 3 4 but you have to do twice two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 2 3 4 but you have to do twice two
+exchanges which means you need a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which means you need a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges which means you need a plus
+sign in front that's it this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front that's it this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front that's it this big
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula comes down to the sum
+of four terms and you can compute it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four terms and you can compute it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four terms and you can compute it if
+you don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make any
+per mistake the result should be eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mistake the result should be eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mistake the result should be eight
+okay did you get the right answer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you get the right answer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you get the right answer all
+right time is really precious let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time is really precious let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time is really precious let's move
+on to the second part in the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the second part in the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the second part in the second part
+we need to find cofactors c11 c12 c-13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find cofactors c11 c12 c-13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find cofactors c11 c12 c-13
+and c14 let me okay let me put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c14 let me okay let me put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and c14 let me okay let me put the
+second part here okay so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part here okay so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part here okay so we're looking
+for the cofactors of the first row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cofactors of the first row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cofactors of the first row of
+matrix a let's just write everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a let's just write everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a let's just write everything
+down c11 see what one is the cofactor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down c11 see what one is the cofactor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down c11 see what one is the cofactor of
+this entry here so you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry here so you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry here so you're looking at the
+determinant of this leftover 3x3 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this leftover 3x3 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this leftover 3x3 matrix
+so that's determinant of copy it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's determinant of copy it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's determinant of copy it down
+six seven eight zero nine ten zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight zero nine ten zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight zero nine ten zero
+eleven twelve how would you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven twelve how would you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven twelve how would you compute this
+this is a 3x3 matrix of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 3x3 matrix of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 3x3 matrix of course you can
+use the big summation formula again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the big summation formula again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the big summation formula again in
+other words you can write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can write down this
+determinant this formula but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant this formula but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant this formula but for the
+specific 3x3 matrix but that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific 3x3 matrix but that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific 3x3 matrix but that will
+involve three factorial terms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve three factorial terms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve three factorial terms right
+which is six terms alright is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is six terms alright is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is six terms alright is there a
+way that you can do it faster just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can do it faster just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can do it faster just
+notice that the first column of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the first column of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the first column of this
+matrix has only one nonzero entry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has only one nonzero entry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has only one nonzero entry which
+is this one one entry 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one one entry 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one one entry 6
+so why don't we just expand this along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we just expand this along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't we just expand this along
+the first column and use cofactors let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column and use cofactors let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column and use cofactors let's
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+that this determinant is equal to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this determinant is equal to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this determinant is equal to 6
+times its cofactor and its cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its cofactor and its cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its cofactor and its cofactor
+comes to the determinant of this 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the determinant of this 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the determinant of this 2 by 2
+matrix which is easy that becomes 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is easy that becomes 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix which is easy that becomes 9
+times 12 minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 12 minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 12 minus 10
+eleven and if you compute this correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven and if you compute this correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven and if you compute this correctly
+that should be negative twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be negative twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be negative twelve
+okay that's not too bad let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not too bad let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not too bad let's look at
+the second one c12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one c12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one c12
+okay c12 is the determinant of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay c12 is the determinant of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay c12 is the determinant of these
+three by three matrix so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three matrix so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three matrix so I have to
+delete the first row in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete the first row in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete the first row in the second
+column and I read what is left over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and I read what is left over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and I read what is left over and
+I put it here so that's five seven eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it here so that's five seven eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it here so that's five seven eight
+zero nine ten zero eleven twelve same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nine ten zero eleven twelve same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nine ten zero eleven twelve same
+thing the first column has only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the first column has only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the first column has only one
+nonzero entry you expend it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entry you expend it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entry you expend it along the
+first column use cofactors the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column use cofactors the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column use cofactors the result
+will be ten okay there's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ten okay there's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ten okay there's one thing that
+have forgotten here because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forgotten here because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forgotten here because we're
+looking at one to entry so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one to entry so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one to entry so for the
+cofactor I have to put an extra negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor I have to put an extra negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor I have to put an extra negative
+sign here so this is actually negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this is actually negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so this is actually negative
+one time's the determinant of this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time's the determinant of this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time's the determinant of this three
+by three matrix and the result will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three matrix and the result will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three matrix and the result will be
+ten okay let's continue c-13 let's hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten okay let's continue c-13 let's hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten okay let's continue c-13 let's hope
+the computation is going to get easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation is going to get easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation is going to get easier
+and easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easier
+so c-13 is the determinant of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c-13 is the determinant of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c-13 is the determinant of the left
+over three by three matrix so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three by three matrix so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three by three matrix so I'll
+directly read from that that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly read from that that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly read from that that's going to
+be 5 6 8 0 0 10 and 0 0 12 what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 5 6 8 0 0 10 and 0 0 12 what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 5 6 8 0 0 10 and 0 0 12 what is the
+determinant of this matrix again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix again you can
+use the same method as we did for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same method as we did for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same method as we did for the
+first two because the first column has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two because the first column has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two because the first column has
+only one nonzero entry and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one nonzero entry and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one nonzero entry and if you do
+that the Razr should be 0 but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Razr should be 0 but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Razr should be 0 but you should
+be able to tell it without any direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell it without any direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell it without any direct
+computation why is that well clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation why is that well clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation why is that well clearly the
+first two columns are linearly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns are linearly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns are linearly in a
+linearly dependent because what a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent because what a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent because what a second
+is six over five times the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six over five times the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six over five times the first column
+so this is a singular matrix right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a singular matrix right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a singular matrix right away
+the determinant is zero right so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is zero right so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant is zero right so what is
+C 1 for C 1 4 is the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 for C 1 4 is the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 for C 1 4 is the determinant of the
+matrix of 5 6 7 0 0 9 0 0 11 same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of 5 6 7 0 0 9 0 0 11 same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of 5 6 7 0 0 9 0 0 11 same thing
+it's singular so determinant is 0 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular so determinant is 0 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular so determinant is 0 all
+right so that completes the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that completes the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that completes the second part
+you can move on to the third part now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move on to the third part now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move on to the third part now
+but before you do that just notice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you do that just notice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you do that just notice this
+may be a good point to check your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a good point to check your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a good point to check your answer
+from the first part right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first part right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first part right because you
+have all the factors of the first row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the factors of the first row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the factors of the first row of
+a and if you use the other formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if you use the other formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if you use the other formula to
+compute the determinant of a you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a you can see
+the determinant determinant of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant determinant of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant determinant of a is
+equal to the dot product of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the dot product of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the dot product of the first
+row with its cofactors so because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with its cofactors so because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row with its cofactors so because the
+last two cofactors are 0 so I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two cofactors are 0 so I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two cofactors are 0 so I only have
+2 terms in the sum right so determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 terms in the sum right so determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 terms in the sum right so determinant
+of a is equal to a11 entry which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is equal to a11 entry which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is equal to a11 entry which is 1
+times C 1 1 which is negative 12 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a12 entry which is 2 times c1 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 entry which is 2 times c1 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a12 entry which is 2 times c1 2 which is
+10 what is that negative 12 plus 20 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 what is that negative 12 plus 20 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 what is that negative 12 plus 20 that
+gives you 8 okay at least the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you 8 okay at least the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you 8 okay at least the answers
+from the first two parts are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first two parts are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first two parts are consistent
+so by now you should be more confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by now you should be more confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by now you should be more confident
+to move on to the third part I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to the third part I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to the third part I have a
+problem of space so please allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of space so please allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of space so please allow me to
+put the third part here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the third part here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the third part here I'm going to
+come all the way back here so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come all the way back here so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come all the way back here so that's my
+third part what is third part third part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part what is third part third part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part what is third part third part
+asks it asks you to find the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks it asks you to find the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks it asks you to find the first
+column of a inverse well it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a inverse well it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a inverse well it seems that
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+more computation of cofactors but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation of cofactors but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation of cofactors but as
+many well design exam problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many well design exam problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many well design exam problems the
+answer from third part can be directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from third part can be directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer from third part can be directly
+derived from the first part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from the first part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from the first part in the
+second part okay so that's how you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part okay so that's how you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part okay so that's how you how
+you should do it so what is a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do it so what is a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do it so what is a inverse
+the formula for a inverse is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for a inverse is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for a inverse is equal to 1
+over determinant of a time's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over determinant of a time's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over determinant of a time's the
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C is
+composed by cofactors of matrix a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed by cofactors of matrix a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed by cofactors of matrix a we
+want to find the first column of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the first column of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the first column of a
+inverse so the first column of a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be 1 over determinant a does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 1 over determinant a does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 1 over determinant a does
+constant times the first row of C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the first row of C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the first row of C the
+transpose right so I have to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so I have to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right so I have to put here
+first row of C transpose determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of C transpose determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of C transpose determinant of
+a comes from the first part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comes from the first part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comes from the first part and the
+first row of C comes from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of C comes from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of C comes from the second
+part so I just copy what I have from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I just copy what I have from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so I just copy what I have from the
+first 2 parts down that's 1 over 8 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 2 parts down that's 1 over 8 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 2 parts down that's 1 over 8 this
+column vector will become negative 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vector will become negative 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vector will become negative 12
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+1000 that's it that completes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 that's it that completes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 that's it that completes this
+problem have you got your answer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+before I finish there are two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I finish there are two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I finish there are two things
+that I'd like to remind you first as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to remind you first as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to remind you first as you
+can see this is an exercise on the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is an exercise on the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is an exercise on the big
+summation formula to compute determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula to compute determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formula to compute determine
+of a in previous recitation we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in previous recitation we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in previous recitation we've
+practiced using the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced using the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced using the combination of
+elimination and the method by cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and the method by cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and the method by cofactors
+to compute determinants but we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute determinants but we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute determinants but we should
+never forget this formula because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget this formula because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget this formula because it
+always works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always works
+in a lot of cases this will turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of cases this will turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of cases this will turn out to
+be an easy way to compute determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an easy way to compute determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an easy way to compute determinants
+for example for this matrix a here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for this matrix a here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for this matrix a here and
+second in your real exam it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in your real exam it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in your real exam it would be
+really helpful if you can put down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful if you can put down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful if you can put down your
+work like this because it helps you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like this because it helps you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like this because it helps you to
+check your work and also even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your work and also even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your work and also even if you
+don't get your final answer correct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get your final answer correct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get your final answer correct this
+may get you some partial credits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get you some partial credits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get you some partial credits okay
+I'm going to stop here and thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop here and thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop here and thank you for
+watching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q-uLJN8upWE.txt b/q-uLJN8upWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eee4c9b1d3b526027208dbdd791ff9ff1dc03f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q-uLJN8upWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so it's uh five after we we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's uh five after we we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's uh five after we we should
+probably start. Um, so last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start. Um, so last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start. Um, so last time we were
+talking about honeycombs and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about honeycombs and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about honeycombs and I just
+wanted to quickly kind of review what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to quickly kind of review what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to quickly kind of review what we
+had talked about and then today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked about and then today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked about and then today I'm
+going to start deriving equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start deriving equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start deriving equations for
+the mechanical properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties of the
+honeycombs. Okay, so this is kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. Okay, so this is kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. Okay, so this is kind of our
+honeycomb setup here. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb setup here. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb setup here. These are the
+hexagonal cells we're going to look at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal cells we're going to look at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal cells we're going to look at.
+We talked about the stress strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about the stress strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about the stress strain
+behavior. The curves on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. The curves on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. The curves on the left hand
+side are for compression and the ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are for compression and the ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are for compression and the ones on
+the right hand side are for tension. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side are for tension. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side are for tension. And
+so what we're going to be doing today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to be doing today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to be doing today is
+we're going to start out by calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start out by calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start out by calculating
+a Young's modulus. This slope here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Young's modulus. This slope here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Young's modulus. This slope here.
+We're going to calculate the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to calculate the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to calculate the stress
+plateaus for failure by elastic buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus for failure by elastic buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateaus for failure by elastic buckling
+in elasttoic honeycombs by failure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elasttoic honeycombs by failure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elasttoic honeycombs by failure from
+plastic yielding and say a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic yielding and say a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic yielding and say a metal
+honeycomb and by failure by a brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and by failure by a brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and by failure by a brittle
+crushing in say a ceramic honeycomb. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing in say a ceramic honeycomb. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing in say a ceramic honeycomb. Uh
+and if we have time we'll get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have time we'll get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have time we'll get to the
+tension stuff. I don't know if we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension stuff. I don't know if we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension stuff. I don't know if we'll get
+that today or next time. So, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today or next time. So, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today or next time. So, we're going
+to start calculating those properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start calculating those properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start calculating those properties
+today. And these were the deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. And these were the deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. And these were the deformation
+mechanisms. Remember, we said the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms. Remember, we said the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms. Remember, we said the linear
+elastic behavior was related to bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic behavior was related to bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic behavior was related to bending
+of the cell walls. And then the plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell walls. And then the plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell walls. And then the plateau
+was related to buckling if it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to buckling if it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was related to buckling if it was an
+elastor and the plateau was related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastor and the plateau was related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastor and the plateau was related to
+yielding if it was say a metal that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding if it was say a metal that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding if it was say a metal that had
+a yield point. Uh and then this was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield point. Uh and then this was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield point. Uh and then this was sort
+of an overview of the stress strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an overview of the stress strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an overview of the stress strain
+curve showing those different regions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve showing those different regions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve showing those different regions.
+Okay. So, what I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what I'm going to talk about
+today to start is the linear elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to start is the linear elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to start is the linear elastic
+behavior. And we're going to be starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. And we're going to be starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. And we're going to be starting
+with the inplane behavior. So in plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inplane behavior. So in plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inplane behavior. So in plane
+means in the plane of the hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the plane of the hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in the plane of the hexagonal
+cells. Okay? And then next time we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Okay? And then next time we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Okay? And then next time we'll do
+the out of plane behavior this way on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane behavior this way on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane behavior this way on.
+So if I deform my little honeycomb like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I deform my little honeycomb like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I deform my little honeycomb like
+this, what initially happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, what initially happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, what initially happens is the
+inclined cell walls bend. So if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined cell walls bend. So if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined cell walls bend. So if you can
+see over here, you can we've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over here, you can we've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see over here, you can we've kind of
+exaggerated it on this sketch. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated it on this sketch. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated it on this sketch. So this
+wall here is bent. This one here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall here is bent. This one here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall here is bent. This one here just
+kind of moves along, goes for the ride.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moves along, goes for the ride.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moves along, goes for the ride.
+Uh and this guy here is bent. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this guy here is bent. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this guy here is bent. So this is
+for loading in the what we're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loading in the what we're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loading in the what we're calling
+the X1 direction. sigma 1. And the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 direction. sigma 1. And the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 direction. sigma 1. And the same
+kind of thing happens when we load in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happens when we load in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing happens when we load in
+the other direction in the sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction in the sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction in the sigma 2
+direction. These guys still bend. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. These guys still bend. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. These guys still bend. Now
+the honeycomb gets wider that way, gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honeycomb gets wider that way, gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honeycomb gets wider that way, gets
+shorter this way, wider that way. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter this way, wider that way. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter this way, wider that way. And we
+can calculate the Young's modulus if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the Young's modulus if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the Young's modulus if we
+can relate the load on the beam and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate the load on the beam and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate the load on the beam and the
+moments to this deflection here. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to this deflection here. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments to this deflection here. Right?
+So the the Young's modulus is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the Young's modulus is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the Young's modulus is going to
+be related to the stiffness and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the stiffness and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to the stiffness and the
+stiffness is going to be related to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness is going to be related to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness is going to be related to how
+much deformation you get for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much deformation you get for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much deformation you get for a certain
+amount of load that you put on the beam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of load that you put on the beam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of load that you put on the beam.
+So, I'm going to calculate the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to calculate the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to calculate the modulus
+for the x1 direction, the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x1 direction, the thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the x1 direction, the thing on the
+left there. Um, and you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there. Um, and you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there. Um, and you can do the same
+thing for the x2 direction on the right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the x2 direction on the right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the x2 direction on the right,
+but I won't calculate that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't calculate that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't calculate that because it's
+exactly the same kind of process. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of process. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of process. Okay.
+So, let me start here. Get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me start here. Get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me start here. Get my
+chalk. So, I'm going to draw one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, I'm going to draw one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, I'm going to draw one unit
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So, here's my unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, here's my unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, here's my unit cell
+there, like that. And this member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, like that. And this member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, like that. And this member
+here is of length H. That member there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of length H. That member there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of length H. That member there
+is of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length
+L. That angle there is theta. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. That angle there is theta. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. That angle there is theta. I'm going
+to say all the walls have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all the walls have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all the walls have equal
+thickness. I'm going to call it T. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. I'm going to call it T. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. I'm going to call it T. And
+I'm going to define an X1 and X2 axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define an X1 and X2 axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define an X1 and X2 axis
+like this. So the horizontal is X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So the horizontal is X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So the horizontal is X1 and
+the vertical axis is X2. And I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis is X2. And I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis is X2. And I'm going
+to say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that I
+apply a sort of global stress to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a sort of global stress to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a sort of global stress to it.
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+one. So there's a stress in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there's a stress in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there's a stress in the one
+direction there. Sigma one. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there. Sigma one. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there. Sigma one. Okay. And
+I'm going to say my honeycomb has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say my honeycomb has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say my honeycomb has a
+depth B into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page. But the depth B is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page. But the depth B is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page. But the depth B is because the
+honeycomb's prismatic, the B's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's prismatic, the B's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's prismatic, the B's are
+always going to cancel out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to cancel out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to cancel out of all the
+equations that we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we're going to get
+because everything's uniform in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything's uniform in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything's uniform in that
+direction. And we can think about a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And we can think about a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And we can think about a a
+unit cell here. And in the x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction we could say the length of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we could say the length of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we could say the length of our
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell is 2 L cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is 2 L cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is 2 L cos
+theta. Okay. So in the x1 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. So in the x1 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. Okay. So in the x1 direction
+that's our unit cell there and that's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our unit cell there and that's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our unit cell there and that's 2
+L co of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L co of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L co of
+theta. And in the X2 direction, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And in the X2 direction, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And in the X2 direction, you
+might think that you go from this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that you go from this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that you go from this vertex
+up here down to that vertex there. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here down to that vertex there. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here down to that vertex there. But
+if you did that, then on the next layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did that, then on the next layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did that, then on the next layer
+of cells, you wouldn't have the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells, you wouldn't have the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells, you wouldn't have the same uh
+same distance. So the unit length in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distance. So the unit length in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distance. So the unit length in the
+X2 direction is actually from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 direction is actually from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 direction is actually from here to
+here. And then you can see the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then you can see the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then you can see the next
+cell, you would get the same thing. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, you would get the same thing. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, you would get the same thing. You
+get this bit here from the inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this bit here from the inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this bit here from the inclined
+member. And then you get a bit H down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member. And then you get a bit H down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member. And then you get a bit H down
+here from the next member. So this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the next member. So this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from the next member. So this bit
+here is equal to h + l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to h + l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to h + l
+* s of theta. So I can say in the x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* s of theta. So I can say in the x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* s of theta. So I can say in the x2
+direction the length of the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is h plus l sin theta. Okay. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h plus l sin theta. Okay. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h plus l sin theta. Okay. So that's
+kind of the the setup. And then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the setup. And then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the setup. And then what we
+want to look at is that inclined member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is that inclined member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is that inclined member
+that bends. We want to look at how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bends. We want to look at how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bends. We want to look at how this
+guy bends under the load. And if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy bends under the load. And if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy bends under the load. And if we can
+relate the forces on it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the forces on it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the forces on it to the
+deflection and we need the uh component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and we need the uh component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and we need the uh component
+of the deflection in the one direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deflection in the one direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deflection in the one direction,
+then we're going to be able to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to be able to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to be able to get the
+modulus. So I'm going to draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus. So I'm going to draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus. So I'm going to draw that
+inclined member again over here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined member again over here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined member again over here. And
+it's going to see some loads that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to see some loads that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to see some loads that I'm
+going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call
+P. And that's going to cause this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. And that's going to cause this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. And that's going to cause this thing
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+bend. So I've kind of exaggerated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend. So I've kind of exaggerated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend. So I've kind of exaggerated it
+there, but there's the bending. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but there's the bending. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but there's the bending. And
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+some end deflection there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some end deflection there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some end deflection there
+delta. And there's moments at either end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. And there's moments at either end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. And there's moments at either end
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+beam or either end of that member as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam or either end of that member as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam or either end of that member as
+well. And this member here has a length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And this member here has a length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And this member here has a length.
+That length is L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That length is L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That length is L.
+Okay. Are we good? So it's just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are we good? So it's just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are we good? So it's just kind of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+setup. And I'm going to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup. And I'm going to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup. And I'm going to draw the
+deflection delta bigger over here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection delta bigger over here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection delta bigger over here. So
+say that's delta. that's same parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's delta. that's same parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's delta. that's same parallel
+as this guy here. What I'm going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this guy here. What I'm going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this guy here. What I'm going to want
+is the deflection in the x1 direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deflection in the x1 direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deflection in the x1 direction.
+And when I come to calculate the pson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I come to calculate the pson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I come to calculate the pson's
+ratio, I'm going to want the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio, I'm going to want the deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio, I'm going to want the deflection
+in the x2 direction. And if this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x2 direction. And if this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x2 direction. And if this angle
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+theta between the horizontal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta between the horizontal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta between the horizontal and the
+inclined member, then this angle up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined member, then this angle up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined member, then this angle up here
+is also theta. And so this bit here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also theta. And so this bit here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also theta. And so this bit here is
+delta sin theta. And this bit here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin theta. And this bit here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin theta. And this bit here is
+delta cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta cos
+theta. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the Young's modulus is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Young's modulus is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Young's modulus is going to be
+the stress in the one direction divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress in the one direction divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress in the one direction divided
+by the strain in the one direction. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the strain in the one direction. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the strain in the one direction. So I
+need to get the stress and the strain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the stress and the strain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the stress and the strain in
+the one direction. So here the stress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction. So here the stress in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction. So here the stress in
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+direction. If I'm applying my load like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. If I'm applying my load like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. If I'm applying my load like
+this sigma one, the stress in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sigma one, the stress in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sigma one, the stress in the one
+direction is going to be this load P. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is going to be this load P. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is going to be this load P. So
+this load say P on this member here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load say P on this member here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load say P on this member here
+divided by this length here the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this length here the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by this length here the unit
+cell length and then divided by B into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell length and then divided by B into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell length and then divided by B into
+the board the width into the board. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board the width into the board. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board the width into the board. So
+sigma 1 is going to be P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 is going to be P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 is going to be P
+/ H + L sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ H + L sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ H + L sin theta
+* B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And epsilon 1 is going to be the strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And epsilon 1 is going to be the strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And epsilon 1 is going to be the strain
+in the one direction. It's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction. It's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction. It's going to be
+the deformation in the one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deformation in the one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deformation in the one direction
+divided by the unit cell length in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the unit cell length in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the unit cell length in the
+one direction. So that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction. So that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction. So that's going to be
+delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+theta /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta /
+l cos theta. So here even though I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l cos theta. So here even though I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l cos theta. So here even though I've
+said this unit cell is 2 l cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this unit cell is 2 l cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this unit cell is 2 l cos theta
+there' be two of the members here they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be two of the members here they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' be two of the members here they'd
+be twice that deflection in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice that deflection in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be twice that deflection in the one
+direction. Okay. So it's for one beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Okay. So it's for one beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Okay. So it's for one beam
+it's delta sin theta over l cos theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delta sin theta over l cos theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delta sin theta over l cos theta.
+Are we okay so far? So far so good. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we okay so far? So far so good. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we okay so far? So far so good. So
+so for the hexagons because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the hexagons because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the hexagons because we're going
+to figure out the equations more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the equations more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the equations more or less
+exactly. We're going to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. We're going to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. We're going to keep track of
+all the geometrical factors. When we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the geometrical factors. When we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the geometrical factors. When we
+come to the foams we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the foams we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the foams we're not going to
+keep track of all the geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all the geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all the geometrical
+factors. So, one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So, one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So, one of the things that
+makes this look a little kind of hairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this look a little kind of hairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this look a little kind of hairy
+is just the fact that we're keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the fact that we're keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the fact that we're keeping
+track of all these signs and cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all these signs and cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all these signs and cosiness
+and all the dimensions and things. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So, I need to be able to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I need to be able to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I need to be able to relate
+my load P to my deformation delta to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load P to my deformation delta to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my load P to my deformation delta to get
+a stiffness out of this to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stiffness out of this to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stiffness out of this to get a
+modulus. Okay. So, the way I do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus. Okay. So, the way I do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus. Okay. So, the way I do that is
+remember in 3032 we did those bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in 3032 we did those bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in 3032 we did those bending
+moment diagrams. We did the deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment diagrams. We did the deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment diagrams. We did the deflection
+of the beams. That's this is where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beams. That's this is where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beams. That's this is where this
+comes in handy. So, I'm going to draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in handy. So, I'm going to draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in handy. So, I'm going to draw my
+beam a little bit differently. Now, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam a little bit differently. Now, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam a little bit differently. Now, I'm
+going to turn it on its side. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn it on its side. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn it on its side. So, this
+is still my length L, but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still my length L, but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still my length L, but I'm going to
+turn on my side just so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on my side just so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on my side just so that you can see
+it the same kind of way we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same kind of way we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the same kind of way we did the
+bending moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams. So, this is still my length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. So, this is still my length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. So, this is still my length L
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And
+there's n moments m and m here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n moments m and m here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n moments m and m here.
+And P sin theta is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And P sin theta is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And P sin theta is just the
+perpendicular component of the load P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular component of the load P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular component of the load P.
+So P sine theta is just the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P sine theta is just the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So P sine theta is just the component
+perpendicular to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam. So I could draw a shear diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. So I could draw a shear diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. So I could draw a shear diagram
+here and I could draw a bending moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could draw a bending moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could draw a bending moment
+diagram here. And if you remember the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here. And if you remember the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here. And if you remember the B
+the shear diagram, if I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear diagram, if I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear diagram, if I have no
+concentrated load along here and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated load along here and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated load along here and I have
+no distributed load along here, if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distributed load along here, if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distributed load along here, if this
+is zero down here, it's just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero down here, it's just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero down here, it's just going to go
+up by P sin theta and then be horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by P sin theta and then be horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by P sin theta and then be horizontal
+and then come down by P sin theta. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come down by P sin theta. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come down by P sin theta. Okay,
+so that's the shear diagram. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the shear diagram. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the shear diagram. And then
+the bending moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram I'm going to draw down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So I've got some moment at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I've got some moment at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I've got some moment at the end
+here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And
+this would tend to bend like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would tend to bend like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would tend to bend like that. So
+this would be a negative moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a negative moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a negative moment.
+Remember um bending moments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember um bending moments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember um bending moments were
+negative if there was tension on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if there was tension on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if there was tension on the top
+and they were positive if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were positive if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were positive if there was
+tension on the bottom. So over here we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on the bottom. So over here we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension on the bottom. So over here we'd
+have tension on the top. So that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tension on the top. So that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tension on the top. So that would
+give us a negative bending moment. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a negative bending moment. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a negative bending moment. And
+then if you also remember the moment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you also remember the moment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you also remember the moment at
+a particular point is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point is equal to the
+integral from say A to B. Well, maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from say A to B. Well, maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from say A to B. Well, maybe I
+should write this another way. M B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write this another way. M B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write this another way. M B minus
+M A is the integral of the shear diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A is the integral of the shear diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A is the integral of the shear diagram
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+points. A little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sloppy. Okay. So if I know how I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy. Okay. So if I know how I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy. Okay. So if I know how I have
+some moment here minus m, if I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some moment here minus m, if I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some moment here minus m, if I integrate
+this uh shear diagram up, then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh shear diagram up, then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh shear diagram up, then this is
+just going to be linear here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be linear here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be linear here and then
+I'm going to be at plus m over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if you look at this shear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you look at this shear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you look at this shear and
+bending moment diagram, it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending moment diagram, it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending moment diagram, it's really just
+the same as the shear and bending moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the shear and bending moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the shear and bending moment
+diagram for two cantal levers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for two cantal levers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for two cantal levers that are
+attached to each other. So let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to each other. So let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to each other. So let me just
+draw over here uh what the cantal lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw over here uh what the cantal lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw over here uh what the cantal lever
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like. Let's see. So imagine I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Let's see. So imagine I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Let's see. So imagine I just had a
+can lever like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lever like
+this and I have some force F on it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I have some force F on it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I have some force F on it like
+that and I call this distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I call this distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I call this distance here
+capital L and I'm going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital L and I'm going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital L and I'm going to call that
+deflection capital delta like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection capital delta like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection capital delta like that.
+Okay, if I drew the shear diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if I drew the shear diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if I drew the shear diagram for
+that, there'd be a reaction here F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there'd be a reaction here F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, there'd be a reaction here F.
+There'd be a moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lip. So this would look Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lip. So this would look Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lip. So this would look Oops.
+It's a bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit too
+long. Shear diagram here would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. Shear diagram here would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. Shear diagram here would look like
+this. That would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. That would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. That would be
+zero. This would be F L. And the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This would be F L. And the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This would be F L. And the moment
+diagram would look like this. Oops. Get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would look like this. Oops. Get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram would look like this. Oops. Get
+a little too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little too long
+again. And that would be minus L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And that would be minus L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And that would be minus L and
+that would be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So do you see how the shear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So do you see how the shear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So do you see how the shear and
+the bending moment diagram here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending moment diagram here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending moment diagram here are
+really just like two cantal levers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just like two cantal levers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just like two cantal levers.
+Okay. So I know that the deflection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I know that the deflection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I know that the deflection for
+a cantal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lever delta is equal to f capital l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever delta is equal to f capital l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever delta is equal to f capital l
+cubed over 3 e i. Okay, that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 3 e i. Okay, that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 3 e i. Okay, that's kind of a
+standard result. And so I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard result. And so I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard result. And so I can take this
+and apply that to this beam here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that to this beam here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply that to this beam here. So
+instead of working everything out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of working everything out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of working everything out from
+first principles, I'm just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles, I'm just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles, I'm just going to say
+that my beam here is like two can levers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my beam here is like two can levers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my beam here is like two can levers
+and instead of f I've got p sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of f I've got p sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of f I've got p sin theta
+and instead of capital L here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of capital L here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of capital L here is the
+length I've got um L over two because L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I've got um L over two because L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I've got um L over two because L
+over2 would be the length of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 would be the length of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 would be the length of one of the
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers.
+Okay. So for the for the honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I've got two cantal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levers of length L over2. So delta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers of length L over2. So delta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levers of length L over2. So delta for
+the inclined member on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclined member on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclined member on the
+honeycomb is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb is going to
+be two because I got two can levers. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two because I got two can levers. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two because I got two can levers. the
+force instead of having F I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force instead of having F I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force instead of having F I'm going to
+have P sin theta and instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P sin theta and instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P sin theta and instead of having
+capital L I'm going to have L over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital L I'm going to have L over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital L I'm going to have L over
+two all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all
+cubed so this is like F capital L cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so this is like F capital L cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so this is like F capital L cubed
+over three and here the modulus I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and here the modulus I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and here the modulus I want
+is the modulus of the solid cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modulus of the solid cell wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modulus of the solid cell wall
+material so I'm going to call that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so I'm going to call that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so I'm going to call that E
+S and over the moment of inertia okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and over the moment of inertia okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and over the moment of inertia okay so
+you see how I've done it. Is that okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how I've done it. Is that okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how I've done it. Is that okay?
+So then I can just kind of simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I can just kind of simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I can just kind of simplify this
+thing here. I've got p sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. I've got p sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here. I've got p sin
+theta l cubed uh 12 cubed is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta l cubed uh 12 cubed is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta l cubed uh 12 cubed is going to be
+1/8. So this is going to be 2 that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8. So this is going to be 2 that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8. So this is going to be 2 that's an
+eth * 3 is 24. So 2 over 24 is 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I've got delta for my honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got delta for my honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got delta for my honeycomb
+member is P sin theta L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member is P sin theta L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member is P sin theta L
+cub E SI. And here I is the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub E SI. And here I is the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub E SI. And here I is the moment of
+inertia of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of that
+um inclined member of the oops of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inclined member of the oops of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inclined member of the oops of the
+honeycomb. And that's BT cubed over 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. And that's BT cubed over 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. And that's BT cubed over 12.
+Okay. So B is the depth into the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So B is the depth into the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So B is the depth into the board
+and T is the thickness. We cube that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is the thickness. We cube that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is the thickness. We cube that and
+then divide by 12. It's a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide by 12. It's a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divide by 12. It's a rectangular
+section. Yeah. What was ES? ES is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. Yeah. What was ES? ES is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. Yeah. What was ES? ES is the
+Young's modulus of the solid that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus of the solid that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus of the solid that it's
+made from. So clearly, you know, if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from. So clearly, you know, if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from. So clearly, you know, if I'm
+if my honeycomb is made up of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my honeycomb is made up of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my honeycomb is made up of these in
+these members, whatever material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these members, whatever material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these members, whatever material the
+members are made of is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are made of is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are made of is going to affect
+the stiffness of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stiffness of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stiffness of the whole
+thing. Are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Are we
+good? Because once we have this part,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Because once we have this part,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Because once we have this part,
+then we just combine these equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just combine these equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just combine these equations for
+the stress and the strain in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and the strain in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and the strain in the one
+direction. And we have this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And we have this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And we have this equation
+relating delta and P. and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating delta and P. and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating delta and P. and we're going to
+be able to get our Young's modulus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get our Young's modulus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get our Young's modulus.
+Okay, we're happy. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So, I'm going to call the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I'm going to call the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, I'm going to call the Young's
+modulus in the one direction E star one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus in the one direction E star one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus in the one direction E star one.
+So, everything with a star refers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, everything with a star refers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, everything with a star refers to a
+cellular solid property and one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular solid property and one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular solid property and one because
+it's in the one direction. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the one direction. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the one direction. So that's
+going to be sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sigma
+1 over epsilon 1. So if I go back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over epsilon 1. So if I go back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over epsilon 1. So if I go back up
+there, I can say sigma 1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, I can say sigma 1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, I can say sigma 1 is equal to
+p / h plus l sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p / h plus l sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p / h plus l sin theta
+b and epsilon 1 is equal to delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and epsilon 1 is equal to delta sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and epsilon 1 is equal to delta sin
+theta in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta in the
+denominator over l cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta. And now instead of having delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And now instead of having delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And now instead of having delta
+here, I can substitute this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I can substitute this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I can substitute this thing here
+in for delta. And then I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for delta. And then I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for delta. And then I'm going to be
+able to cancel the p's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out. So delta was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So delta was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So delta was equal to
+p sin theta l cubed over 12 es. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sin theta l cubed over 12 es. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p sin theta l cubed over 12 es. And
+there was an I, a moment of inertia, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an I, a moment of inertia, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an I, a moment of inertia, and
+I was equal to BT cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was equal to BT cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was equal to BT cubed over
+12. And um let's see here. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. And um let's see here. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. And um let's see here. So that's
+delta. And there's another sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. And there's another sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. And there's another sin theta
+here. So I'm just going to square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I'm just going to square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So I'm just going to square that
+sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Okay. No. So now the P's cancel out. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. No. So now the P's cancel out. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. No. So now the P's cancel out. The
+B's are going to cancel out. The 12elves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's are going to cancel out. The 12elves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's are going to cancel out. The 12elves
+are going to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cancel
+out. And I'm going to rearrange this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And I'm going to rearrange this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And I'm going to rearrange this a
+little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit.
+So, I'm going to write the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to write the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to write the Young's
+modulus of the solid out in the front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of the solid out in the front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of the solid out in the front.
+Then, I've got a term here of T cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, I've got a term here of T cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, I've got a term here of T cubed
+and I'm going to multiply that by 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to multiply that by 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to multiply that by 1 over
+L^2 and then everything else. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L^2 and then everything else. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L^2 and then everything else. Well,
+let's see. I can take this L L cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I can take this L L cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. I can take this L L cubed
+here. I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can take
+that, put it underneath that. So, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, put it underneath that. So, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, put it underneath that. So, that's
+going to give me T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me T over
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+cubed. And then I've got an H plus L sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And then I've got an H plus L sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And then I've got an H plus L sin
+theta here and I've got an L there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here and I've got an L there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here and I've got an L there. So
+I'm going to take that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take that to
+be h plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta. So I've got this term with h over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So I've got this term with h over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So I've got this term with h over
+l's and the thetas. There's a cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l's and the thetas. There's a cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l's and the thetas. There's a cos theta
+from the numerator here. This term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the numerator here. This term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the numerator here. This term here
+turns into h l plus sin theta. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into h l plus sin theta. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into h l plus sin theta. And then
+I've got my sin^ square thetas down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my sin^ square thetas down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my sin^ square thetas down
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's my result for the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's my result for the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's my result for the Young's
+modulus in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, make sure that seems right. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, make sure that seems right. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, make sure that seems right. That
+seems good. Okay, so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good. Okay, so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good. Okay, so one of the things
+to notice here is there's three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice here is there's three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice here is there's three types of
+parameters that are important. So one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that are important. So one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that are important. So one is
+the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+the solid comes into this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid comes into this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid comes into this.
+Right? So the stiffness of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the stiffness of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the stiffness of the whole
+thing depends on the stiffness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing depends on the stiffness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing depends on the stiffness of
+whatever it's made from. There's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's made from. There's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's made from. There's this
+factor of TL cubed. That's directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of TL cubed. That's directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of TL cubed. That's directly
+related to the relative density or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the relative density or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the relative density or the
+volume fraction of solids. So what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume fraction of solids. So what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume fraction of solids. So what this
+is saying is the the relative density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is the the relative density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is the the relative density
+goes as T over L. So the Young's modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as T over L. So the Young's modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as T over L. So the Young's modulus
+depends on the cube of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the cube of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the cube of the relative
+density. So it's very sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. So it's very sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density. So it's very sensitive to the
+relative density. And then this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. And then this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density. And then this factor
+here really is just a factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really is just a factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here really is just a factor that
+depends on the cell geometry. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the cell geometry. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the cell geometry. Remember
+when we talked about the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the structure of
+the honeycomb, we said we could define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honeycomb, we said we could define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honeycomb, we said we could define
+the cell geometry by the ratio of h over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell geometry by the ratio of h over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell geometry by the ratio of h over
+l and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and theta.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. And since we often deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And since we often deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And since we often deal with
+regular hexagonal honeycombs, I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal honeycombs, I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal honeycombs, I'm just
+going to write down what this works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down what this works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down what this works out
+to be for regular hexagonal honeycombs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for a regular hexagonal honeycomb, h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a regular hexagonal honeycomb, h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a regular hexagonal honeycomb, h
+is one. All the members have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one. All the members have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one. All the members have the same
+length and theta is 30 and the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and theta is 30 and the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and theta is 30 and the modulus
+works out to 4 over<unk>3 * e s * t cub.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to 4 over<unk>3 * e s * t cub.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to 4 over<unk>3 * e s * t cub.
+Okay, so do you see how we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so do you see how we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so do you see how we do these
+things? So all the other properties work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? So all the other properties work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things? So all the other properties work
+in a similar kind of way. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar kind of way. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar kind of way. You have to
+say something about what the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about what the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about what the sort of
+bulk stress is on the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk stress is on the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk stress is on the whole thing and
+relate that to the loads on the members.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that to the loads on the members.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that to the loads on the members.
+You have to say something about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to say something about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to say something about how the
+loads are related to deflections. Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads are related to deflections. Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads are related to deflections. Or
+when we look at the strengths, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the strengths, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the strengths, we're
+going to look at moments and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at moments and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at moments and how the
+moments are related to failure moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are related to failure moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are related to failure moments
+of one sort or another. But it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sort or another. But it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sort or another. But it's all
+just like a little structural analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a little structural analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a little structural analysis.
+Okay. Are we good? You good, Jenny?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are we good? You good, Jenny?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Are we good? You good, Jenny?
+Yeah. I thought you were gonna put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I thought you were gonna put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I thought you were gonna put your
+hand up. No, you're okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the next property we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next property we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next property we're going
+to look at is Pon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio. And I'm going to look at it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. And I'm going to look at it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. And I'm going to look at it for
+loading in the one direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So poss ratio one two say we load uni a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So poss ratio one two say we load uni a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So poss ratio one two say we load uni a
+in the one direction we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction we want to know
+what the strain is is in two direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the strain is is in two direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the strain is is in two direction
+it's minus epsilon 2 over epsilon 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus epsilon 2 over epsilon 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus epsilon 2 over epsilon 1 and
+again if I look at my inclined member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I look at my inclined member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I look at my inclined member
+and I say that member is going to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say that member is going to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say that member is going to bend
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that and that's my deflection delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's my deflection delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's my deflection delta
+there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and
+say got the same x1 and x2 axes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say got the same x1 and x2 axes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say got the same x1 and x2 axes. And
+again, if I look at delta here, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, if I look at delta here, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, if I look at delta here, it's the
+same little sketch I had before. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same little sketch I had before. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same little sketch I had before. That's
+delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+theta and this is delta cos theta. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and this is delta cos theta. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and this is delta cos theta. I'm
+going to need those components to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need those components to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need those components to get
+the two strains in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directions. So, epsilon 1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So, epsilon 1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So, epsilon 1 is going to be
+delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sin
+theta over l cos theta. And if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over l cos theta. And if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over l cos theta. And if I'm
+compressing it, uh that would get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it, uh that would get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it, uh that would get um
+shorter. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get and epsilon 2 is going to be delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and epsilon 2 is going to be delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and epsilon 2 is going to be delta
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+theta /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta /
+h plus l sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus l sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus l sin
+theta. And that would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+longer. So these two have opposite signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. So these two have opposite signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer. So these two have opposite signs
+and so the minus sign is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the minus sign is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the minus sign is going to
+disappear here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay. So then I can get my plus ratio by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then I can get my plus ratio by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then I can get my plus ratio by
+just taking the ratio of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys. So I could I could put a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So I could I could put a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. So I could I could put a minus
+sign there to say that's the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there to say that's the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there to say that's the opposite
+sign to epsilon 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to epsilon 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to epsilon 2.
+Then this would be delta cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this would be delta cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this would be delta cos
+theta / h +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta / h +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta / h +
+l sin theta and epsilon would epsilon 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l sin theta and epsilon would epsilon 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l sin theta and epsilon would epsilon 1
+would be delta sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta over l cos theta. And the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over l cos theta. And the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over l cos theta. And the thing
+that's convenient here is that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient here is that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient here is that the two
+deltas just cancel out. So the posonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas just cancel out. So the posonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas just cancel out. So the posonance
+ratio is the ratio of two strains. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is the ratio of two strains. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is the ratio of two strains. Each
+one of the strains is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the strains is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the strains is going to be
+proportional to delta. And so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to delta. And so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to delta. And so the two
+deltas are just going to cancel out. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas are just going to cancel out. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas are just going to cancel out. And
+so I can rewrite this thing here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite this thing here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite this thing here as
+cos^2 theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos^2 theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos^2 theta
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+h plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta time sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta time sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta time sin
+theta. And so one of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And so one of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And so one of the interesting
+things to note is that the poson's ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to note is that the poson's ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to note is that the poson's ratio
+only depends on the cell geometry. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the cell geometry. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the cell geometry. It
+doesn't depend on what solid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on what solid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on what solid the
+material is made from. It doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is made from. It doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is made from. It doesn't depend
+on the relative density. It only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relative density. It only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relative density. It only depends
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+um cell geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we can also work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can also work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can also work out what
+the value is for a regular hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is for a regular hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is for a regular hexagonal
+cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we plug in H is equal to L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we plug in H is equal to L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we plug in H is equal to L and
+theta is equal to 30, you get that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is equal to 30, you get that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is equal to 30, you get that it's
+equal to one. So one's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. So one's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. So one's kind of an
+unusual number for a pulance ratio. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual number for a pulance ratio. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual number for a pulance ratio. You
+know, when we think of most materials,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when we think of most materials,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when we think of most materials,
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+around.3. So it's kind of unusual that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.3. So it's kind of unusual that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around.3. So it's kind of unusual that
+it's that large. The other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that large. The other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that large. The other thing that's
+interesting is that it can be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if theta is less than zero then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if theta is less than zero then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if theta is less than zero then you
+can get a negative value. The cos square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a negative value. The cos square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a negative value. The cos square
+is going to be a positive value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a positive value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a positive value but
+you've got a sin theta down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a sin theta down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a sin theta down here and
+that's going to give you a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you a negative
+value. So you can get negative values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So you can get negative values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So you can get negative values.
+So let me just plug in an example. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just plug in an example. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just plug in an example. So
+say h L is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say h L is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say h L is equal to
+2 and theta is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and theta is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and theta is equal to minus
+30°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30°
+then this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this turns out to
+be 3/4. So cos of 30 is <unk>3 /2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3/4. So cos of 30 is <unk>3 /2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3/4. So cos of 30 is <unk>3 /2. So
+square of that is 3 over 4. H is 2. Sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that is 3 over 4. H is 2. Sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that is 3 over 4. H is 2. Sin
+theta is a half but it's minus a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a half but it's minus a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a half but it's minus a half.
+So 2 - a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 2 - a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 2 - a half
+is 1 and a half. And then the sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and a half. And then the sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and a half. And then the sin theta
+is minus a half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a half.
+And so it works out to be minus one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it works out to be minus one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it works out to be minus one for
+that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular
+combination. And I brought my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. And I brought my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. And I brought my little
+honeycomb that has a negative plus ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb that has a negative plus ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb that has a negative plus ratio
+in. So this guy here, let's see this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So this guy here, let's see this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So this guy here, let's see this. I
+don't think there's an overhead here. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's an overhead here. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's an overhead here. No
+overhead. I guess not. I'll just pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead. I guess not. I'll just pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead. I guess not. I'll just pass it
+around. So if you take it, put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. So if you take it, put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. So if you take it, put your
+hands on the flat side and load it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on the flat side and load it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on the flat side and load it like
+this. And don't, you know, don't smush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And don't, you know, don't smush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And don't, you know, don't smush
+it like that. Just load it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that. Just load it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that. Just load it a little bit
+because you only need linear elastic. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only need linear elastic. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only need linear elastic. If
+you load it just a little bit, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load it just a little bit, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load it just a little bit, you can
+see that as you push it this way, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you push it this way, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you push it this way, it
+contracts in sideways that way. So don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts in sideways that way. So don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts in sideways that way. So don't
+smash it, just load it a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash it, just load it a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smash it, just load it a little bit and
+you can kind of see it with your hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see it with your hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see it with your hands.
+And if you know, if you put it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you know, if you put it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you know, if you put it on a
+piece of lined paper, it's easier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of lined paper, it's easier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of lined paper, it's easier to see
+it. Okay, so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, so that's kind of
+interesting. So are we good with getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So are we good with getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So are we good with getting
+the Young's modulus in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Young's modulus in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Young's modulus in the one
+direction, the posum's ratio for loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, the posum's ratio for loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, the posum's ratio for loading
+in the one direction? Okay, so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction? Okay, so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction? Okay, so you can
+do the same sort of thing to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same sort of thing to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same sort of thing to get the
+Young's modulus in the two direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus in the two direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus in the two direction and
+the posum's ratio for loading in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posum's ratio for loading in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posum's ratio for loading in the two
+direction and you get slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you get slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and you get slightly different
+formulas but um it's the same idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but um it's the same idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but um it's the same idea and
+you can also get a shear modulus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get a shear modulus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get a shear modulus this
+way an inplane shear modulus it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an inplane shear modulus it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way an inplane shear modulus it's a
+little bit the geometry of it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the geometry of it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the geometry of it's a little
+bit more complicated. So all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated. So all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated. So all of those
+things are derived in the book in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are derived in the book in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are derived in the book in the
+cellular solids book. So if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular solids book. So if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular solids book. So if you wanted
+to figure figure those out look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure figure those out look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure figure those out look at that
+you could look at the book. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at the book. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at the book. So let me
+just comment on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All All
+right. So those are the inplane linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So those are the inplane linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So those are the inplane linear
+elastic moduli and remember we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic moduli and remember we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic moduli and remember we said that
+um four of them describe the inplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four of them describe the inplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um four of them describe the inplane
+properties for an anisotropic honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for an anisotropic honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for an anisotropic honeycomb
+and you can use that reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use that reciprocal
+relationship to relate the two youngs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to relate the two youngs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to relate the two youngs
+modul and the two pulins ratios. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modul and the two pulins ratios. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modul and the two pulins ratios. Okay.
+All right. So the next thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the next thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the next thing I wanted to
+talk about was the compressive strength.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about was the compressive strength.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about was the compressive strength.
+So let me just back up here a second. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just back up here a second. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me just back up here a second. So
+if we go back to here, remember we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to here, remember we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to here, remember we had
+for an elastoic honeycomb, this stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an elastoic honeycomb, this stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an elastoic honeycomb, this stress
+plateau was related to elastic buckling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau was related to elastic buckling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau was related to elastic buckling.
+So we're going to look at that buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to look at that buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to look at that buckling
+stress first. And this plateau here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress first. And this plateau here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress first. And this plateau here is
+related to yielding. And then we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to yielding. And then we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to yielding. And then we'll look
+at the yielding stress next. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the yielding stress next. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the yielding stress next. And then
+this plateau here is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plateau here is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plateau here is related to a
+brittle uh sort of crushing. And we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle uh sort of crushing. And we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle uh sort of crushing. And we'll
+we'll do that one third. So we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that one third. So we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that one third. So we're going
+to go through each of those next. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through each of those next. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through each of those next. And
+this is kind of the schematic for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the schematic for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the schematic for the
+elastic buckling. So when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling. So when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling. So when you look at
+the elastic buckling, one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic buckling, one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elastic buckling, one of the things
+to note is that when you load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that when you load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that when you load the
+honeycomb this way on, if you load it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb this way on, if you load it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb this way on, if you load it in
+the one direction, you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction, you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction, you don't get
+buckling. It just sort of continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling. It just sort of continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling. It just sort of continues to
+Oops. If I can keep it in plane, it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. If I can keep it in plane, it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops. If I can keep it in plane, it all
+just kind of folds up. So you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of folds up. So you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of folds up. So you just get
+larger and larger bending deflections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger bending deflections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger bending deflections.
+You don't really get buckling. But when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really get buckling. But when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't really get buckling. But when
+you load it this way on these vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load it this way on these vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load it this way on these vertical
+members here, the ones of length H,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members here, the ones of length H,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members here, the ones of length H,
+they're going to buckle. So see if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to buckle. So see if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to buckle. So see if I do
+that, my my honeycomb looks like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, my my honeycomb looks like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, my my honeycomb looks like those
+cells up on the schematic there. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells up on the schematic there. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells up on the schematic there. Okay?
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops. So, we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops. So, we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops. So, we're going to look at the
+compressive stress or strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next. That's sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. That's sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. That's sometimes called the
+plateau stress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can get cell collapse by elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can get cell collapse by elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can get cell collapse by elastic
+buckling. If for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling. If for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling. If for instance the
+honeycomb's made of a polymer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's made of a polymer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's made of a polymer and then
+the stress string curve looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress string curve looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress string curve looks something
+like that. And what happens is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And what happens is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And what happens is you get
+buckling of those vertical struts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling of those vertical struts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling of those vertical struts uh
+throughout the honeycomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So get stress a stress plateau by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So get stress a stress plateau by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So get stress a stress plateau by
+plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yielding and what happens when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding and what happens when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding and what happens when you get
+plastic yielding is you get localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic yielding is you get localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic yielding is you get localization
+of the deformation. So one band of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deformation. So one band of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deformation. So one band of cells
+will begin to yield initially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to yield initially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to yield initially and then
+as the deformation proceeds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the deformation proceeds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the deformation proceeds that
+deformation band will propagate and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation band will propagate and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation band will propagate and get
+bigger and bigger and you get a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and you get a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and you get a wider
+and wider band of cells um yielding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failing. So you get localization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing. So you get localization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing. So you get localization of
+yield and then as deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+progresses the deformation band widens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses the deformation band widens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses the deformation band widens
+throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material. So if I go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So if I go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So if I go back and
+look, if I look at this one here, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, if I look at this one here, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, if I look at this one here, when
+you look at this um middle picture here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this um middle picture here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this um middle picture here,
+you can see how one band of cells has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how one band of cells has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how one band of cells has
+started to collapse and started to fail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to collapse and started to fail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to collapse and started to fail.
+And as you continue to compress that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you continue to compress that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you continue to compress that in
+the one direction this way on, then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction this way on, then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction this way on, then more
+and more neighboring cells are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more neighboring cells are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more neighboring cells are going to
+collapse and the whole thing will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and the whole thing will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse and the whole thing will get
+wider until the whole thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider until the whole thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider until the whole thing has
+collapsed. And that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed. And that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed. And that's kind of
+characteristic of the plastic failure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the
+third possibility is brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crushing. And then you get these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing. And then you get these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing. And then you get these kind of
+serrated plateau. And the peaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serrated plateau. And the peaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serrated plateau. And the peaks and
+valleys correspond to fractures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys correspond to fractures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valleys correspond to fractures of
+individual cell walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, we're going to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're going to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're going to start off with
+the elastic buckling um failure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm going to call these plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to call these plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to call these plateau
+stresses sigma star for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses sigma star for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses sigma star for the sort of
+compressive strength. And e means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength. And e means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive strength. And e means it's
+by elastic buckling. And as I mentioned,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by elastic buckling. And as I mentioned,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by elastic buckling. And as I mentioned,
+you don't get it in the one direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get it in the one direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get it in the one direction.
+The cells just fold up. You only get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cells just fold up. You only get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cells just fold up. You only get it
+for loading in the two directions. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loading in the two directions. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loading in the two directions. So,
+it's going to be Signar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EL2. Need a different piece of chalk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you get this elastic buckling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get this elastic buckling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get this elastic buckling for
+loading in the X2 direction and the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading in the X2 direction and the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading in the X2 direction and the cell
+walls of length H buckle and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of length H buckle and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of length H buckle and you don't
+get it for loading in the one direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for loading in the one direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for loading in the one direction.
+The cells just fold up. So again, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cells just fold up. So again, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cells just fold up. So again, let me
+draw a little kind of unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. And here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And here's our
+stress sigma 2 like that. And here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress sigma 2 like that. And here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress sigma 2 like that. And here's our
+little wall of length h that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wall of length h that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wall of length h that's going to
+buckle. So if I load it up, initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. So if I load it up, initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. So if I load it up, initially
+it'll be linear elastic. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be linear elastic. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be linear elastic. And then
+eventually at some stress it'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually at some stress it'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually at some stress it'll get
+large enough that this wall here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that this wall here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that this wall here will
+buckle. And we can relate that plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. And we can relate that plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. And we can relate that plateau
+stress or that compressive stress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or that compressive stress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or that compressive stress to
+some oiler buckling load.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So remember if we have a pinended column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember if we have a pinended column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember if we have a pinended column
+so just a single column and pins on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a single column and pins on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a single column and pins on
+either end the oiler buckling load says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either end the oiler buckling load says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either end the oiler buckling load says
+you get buckling when the critical load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get buckling when the critical load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get buckling when the critical load
+is equal to some n constraint factor n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some n constraint factor n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some n constraint factor n^2
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+n^2 pi^2 e and here it's e of the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 pi^2 e and here it's e of the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 pi^2 e and here it's e of the solid
+i over the length of the column and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over the length of the column and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over the length of the column and in
+this case the column length is h so h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the column length is h so h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the column length is h so h
+squ okay so So that's just the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so So that's just the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so So that's just the oiler
+formula. And here n is an end constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor. And if you remember for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And if you remember for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And if you remember for a
+pin pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin pin
+column, so if the columns pinned at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column, so if the columns pinned at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column, so if the columns pinned at both
+ends like that and just buckles out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends like that and just buckles out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends like that and just buckles out like
+that, then n is equal to one. And if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, then n is equal to one. And if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, then n is equal to one. And if the
+column's fixed at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ends, something like that, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends, something like that, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends, something like that, then the
+column looks like that. And n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column looks like that. And n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column looks like that. And n is equal
+to two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two.
+Okay. So if I know what the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I know what the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I know what the end
+condition is, I know what n is. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is, I know what n is. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is, I know what n is. And I
+can use my oiler formula here. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use my oiler formula here. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use my oiler formula here. So the
+trick to this is that it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to this is that it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to this is that it's not so
+obvious what n is. Yes. Um, so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what n is. Yes. Um, so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what n is. Yes. Um, so when
+you're loading in the X2 direction here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're loading in the X2 direction here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're loading in the X2 direction here,
+the first thing you're going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you're going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you're going to get is
+the incline members deforming, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incline members deforming, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incline members deforming, right?
+And then at some point you hit a P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at some point you hit a P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at some point you hit a P
+critical that will cause the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that will cause the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical that will cause the vertical
+members to buckle. Exactly. Okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members to buckle. Exactly. Okay. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members to buckle. Exactly. Okay. Okay.
+That's exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly right.
+Hello. Um, so the trick here is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello. Um, so the trick here is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello. Um, so the trick here is that we
+don't really know what this N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what this N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know what this N is
+initially. They're not really pin pin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially. They're not really pin pin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially. They're not really pin pin.
+They're not fixed fixed. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not fixed fixed. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not fixed fixed. And if you
+think about the the setup with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the setup with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the setup with the
+honeycomb here, the constraint on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb here, the constraint on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb here, the constraint on that
+vertical member depends on how stiff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical member depends on how stiff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical member depends on how stiff the
+adjacent members are. So you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent members are. So you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent members are. So you can kind of
+imagine if I'm looking at one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I'm looking at one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if I'm looking at one of these
+vertical members here. If these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical members here. If these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical members here. If these two
+adjacent inclined members were big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent inclined members were big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent inclined members were big
+honking thick things, it would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honking thick things, it would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honking thick things, it would be more
+constrained. And if they were little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained. And if they were little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained. And if they were little
+thin kind of teeny little membranes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin kind of teeny little membranes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin kind of teeny little membranes,
+it'd be less constrained. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be less constrained. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be less constrained. And you can
+think of it in terms of a rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of a rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it in terms of a rotational
+stiffness that when when the honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness that when when the honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness that when when the honeycomb
+buckles, you can kind of see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckles, you can kind of see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckles, you can kind of see the the
+member H goes from being horizontal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member H goes from being horizontal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member H goes from being horizontal to
+sort of it it buckles over like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it it buckles over like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of it it buckles over like this.
+But that whole end joint, say the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that whole end joint, say the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that whole end joint, say the end
+joint at the top here or the end joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint at the top here or the end joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint at the top here or the end joint
+at the bottom, that whole joint rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom, that whole joint rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom, that whole joint rotates
+a little bit. And so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. And so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. And so there's some
+rotational stiffness of that joint. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational stiffness of that joint. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational stiffness of that joint. And
+that rotational stiffness depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotational stiffness depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotational stiffness depends on how
+stiff the member H is and how stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff the member H is and how stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff the member H is and how stiff
+those inclined members are. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inclined members are. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inclined members are. So there's a
+thing called the elastic line analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the elastic line analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the elastic line analysis
+that um you can use to calculate what n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you can use to calculate what n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you can use to calculate what n
+is. And basically what that does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And basically what that does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And basically what that does is it
+matches the rotational stiffness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the rotational stiffness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the rotational stiffness of the
+column h with the rotational stiffness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column h with the rotational stiffness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column h with the rotational stiffness
+of those inclined members. So we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inclined members. So we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inclined members. So we're not
+going to get into that. I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into that. I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into that. I'm just going
+to tell you what the answer is. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what the answer is. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what the answer is. But if
+you want to go through it, it's in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go through it, it's in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go through it, it's in an
+appendix in the book. So you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix in the book. So you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendix in the book. So you can you can
+look at it if you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that the constraint n depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the constraint n depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the constraint n depends on the
+stiffness of the adjacent inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness of the adjacent inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness of the adjacent inclined
+members.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's we can find that by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's we can find that by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's we can find that by something
+called the elastic line analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you have the book, you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you have the book, you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you have the book, you can look
+in the appendex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the appendex
+and see how that works. But essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how that works. But essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how that works. But essentially
+what it does is it it matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it it matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it it matches the
+rotational stiffness of the column H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational stiffness of the column H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational stiffness of the column H
+with the rotational stiffness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rotational stiffness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rotational stiffness of the
+inclined members.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what you find is that n depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you find is that n depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you find is that n depends on
+the ratio of l h over l and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of l h over l and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of l h over l and I'm just
+going to give you a table with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a table with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a table with a few
+values. So for h over l equal to 1 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So for h over l equal to 1 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. So for h over l equal to 1 then
+n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to
+0 686. For h= to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 686. For h= to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 686. For h= to
+1.5 it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 it's equal to
+0.76 and for h equal to 2 it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.76 and for h equal to 2 it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.76 and for h equal to 2 it's equal to
+806.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now if we have values for n, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if we have values for n, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if we have values for n, we
+can just substitute in to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just substitute in to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just substitute in to get the
+critical uh buckling load. And if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh buckling load. And if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh buckling load. And if I take
+that load and divide it by the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that load and divide it by the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that load and divide it by the area of
+the unit cell, I'm going to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell, I'm going to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell, I'm going to get my
+buckling stress. So it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling stress. So it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling stress. So it's it's pretty
+straightforward from this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my buckling
+stress is going to be that critical load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is going to be that critical load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is going to be that critical load
+divided by my unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by my unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by my unit cell
+area. So it's divided by the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. So it's divided by the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. So it's divided by the unit cell
+length in the X1 direction. 2 L cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in the X1 direction. 2 L cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in the X1 direction. 2 L cos
+theta time the depth B into the page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's equal to n^2 p<unk>^ 2 e s * i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's equal to n^2 p<unk>^ 2 e s * i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's equal to n^2 p<unk>^ 2 e s * i
+and i is bt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i is bt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i is bt
+cub / the length of the column h 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub / the length of the column h 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub / the length of the column h 2 and
+then divided by the area of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divided by the area of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then divided by the area of the unit
+cell 2l cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b and I can rearrange that somewhat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and I can rearrange that somewhat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and I can rearrange that somewhat to
+put it in terms of dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+groups. So if I pull all the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So if I pull all the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. So if I pull all the constants
+out, it's n^2 p<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, it's n^2 p<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, it's n^2 p<unk>
+^2 time the modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 time the modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 time the modulus of the
+solid and then t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and then t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and then t
+cubed in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed in the numerator
+/ h^ 2 * cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ h^ 2 * cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ h^ 2 * cos
+theta in the denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So again you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again you can see that the
+buckling stress the compressive sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling stress the compressive sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling stress the compressive sort of
+elastic collapse stress depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collapse stress depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collapse stress depends on the
+solid property. So here's the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid property. So here's the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid property. So here's the modulus of
+the cell wall in here depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell wall in here depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell wall in here depends on the
+relative density through t cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density through t cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density through t cubed and
+then it depends on the cell geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it depends on the cell geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it depends on the cell geometry
+through h cos theta and n depends on h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through h cos theta and n depends on h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through h cos theta and n depends on h
+as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well.
+Okay. Okay. And then we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And then we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And then we can do the same
+thing where we figure out what it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where we figure out what it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where we figure out what it is for
+regular hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells and it's 0.22 es * t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it's 0.22 es * t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and it's 0.22 es * t
+cubed. And then we can also notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And then we can also notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed. And then we can also notice that
+since E in the two direction for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since E in the two direction for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since E in the two direction for a
+regular hexagonal cell E is the same in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal cell E is the same in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal cell E is the same in
+the two direction in the one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two direction in the one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two direction in the one direction
+it's isotropic. So E2 is also equal to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isotropic. So E2 is also equal to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's isotropic. So E2 is also equal to 4
+over<unk>3 E S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>3 E S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>3 E S
+* T over L cubed. That's equal to Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T over L cubed. That's equal to Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* T over L cubed. That's equal to Oops.
+It's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.31
+S P L cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S P L cubed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S P L cubed.
+Then we can say that the strain at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can say that the strain at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can say that the strain at which
+that buckling happens is just equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant. And for regular hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And for regular hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And for regular hexagonal
+honeycombs, it works out to a strain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, it works out to a strain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, it works out to a strain of
+10%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, are we good? So, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, are we good? So, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, are we good? So, we have a
+buckling load. We divide by the area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling load. We divide by the area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckling load. We divide by the area.
+The only complicated thing is finding N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only complicated thing is finding N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only complicated thing is finding N.
+And you can find it by this elastic line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can find it by this elastic line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can find it by this elastic line
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+thing. So, each of these calculations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So, each of these calculations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So, each of these calculations is
+like a little structural analysis only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little structural analysis only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little structural analysis only
+on a little teeny weeny scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little teeny weeny scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little teeny weeny scale of the
+cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells.
+So you see where my background in civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see where my background in civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see where my background in civil
+engineering comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering comes in
+handy. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the honeycombs involve the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the honeycombs involve the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the honeycombs involve the most
+sort of complicated equations. When we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complicated equations. When we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complicated equations. When we
+come to do the foams, we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to do the foams, we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to do the foams, we're going to use
+a dimensional analysis and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dimensional analysis and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dimensional analysis and all the
+equations are going to be much simpler.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are going to be much simpler.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are going to be much simpler.
+So this is the most kind of tedious part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the most kind of tedious part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the most kind of tedious part
+of the whole thing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing. Okay.
+Okay. So the next property I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next property I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the next property I want to
+look at is the plastic collapse stress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is the plastic collapse stress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is the plastic collapse stress.
+Say we had a a metal honeycomb and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say we had a a metal honeycomb and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say we had a a metal honeycomb and we
+wanted to calculate the stress plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to calculate the stress plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to calculate the stress plateau
+for a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a metal
+honeycomb. So we have this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. So we have this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. So we have this little
+schematic here and uh say we load it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic here and uh say we load it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic here and uh say we load it in
+the one direction again. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction again. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one direction again. So we're
+loading it here. Um and we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it here. Um and we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it here. Um and we've got some
+load P like that. And if we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load P like that. And if we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load P like that. And if we have our
+honeycomb, we load it this way on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, we load it this way on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, we load it this way on
+initially the cell walls bend and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the cell walls bend and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the cell walls bend and you
+have linear elasticity and you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear elasticity and you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear elasticity and you have some
+Young's modulus. But if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus. But if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus. But if you have a
+metal, if you continue to deform it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, if you continue to deform it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, if you continue to deform it and
+you continue to load it more and more,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue to load it more and more,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you continue to load it more and more,
+eventually you're going to hit the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to hit the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to hit the yield
+stress in the cell wall, right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the cell wall, right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in the cell wall, right? So the
+stresses in the cell wall are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses in the cell wall are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses in the cell wall are going to
+hit the yield stress. And initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the yield stress. And initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the yield stress. And initially the
+stresses are just going to be remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses are just going to be remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses are just going to be remember
+if you have a beam, the stresses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a beam, the stresses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a beam, the stresses are
+maximum at the top and the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the top and the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the top and the bottom of the
+beam. So, initially you're going to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. So, initially you're going to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. So, initially you're going to hit
+the yield stress at the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield stress at the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield stress at the top and the
+bottom of the beam first, but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the beam first, but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the beam first, but as you
+continue to load it, you're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to load it, you're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to load it, you're going to end
+up yielding the cross-section through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yielding the cross-section through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yielding the cross-section through
+the entire section. So, the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire section. So, the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire section. So, the entire
+section is going to be yielded. And once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is going to be yielded. And once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is going to be yielded. And once
+the entire section yields, it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire section yields, it forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire section yields, it forms
+what's called a plastic hinge. Once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a plastic hinge. Once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a plastic hinge. Once the
+whole thing's yielded, then you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing's yielded, then you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing's yielded, then you know you
+can add more force and the thing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add more force and the thing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add more force and the thing just
+rotates. And because it rotates, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates. And because it rotates, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates. And because it rotates, it's
+called a plastic hinge. You know, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plastic hinge. You know, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a plastic hinge. You know, if you
+take a coat hanger and you bend it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a coat hanger and you bend it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a coat hanger and you bend it back
+and forth and you bend it back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and you bend it back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth and you bend it back and
+forth, if you bend it enough, you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, if you bend it enough, you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, if you bend it enough, you form a
+plastic hinge because it just can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hinge because it just can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hinge because it just can um
+bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend
+easily. Um so these little schematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. Um so these little schematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. Um so these little schematics
+here um if you look at the say one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um if you look at the say one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um if you look at the say one of
+these inclined members, the moments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inclined members, the moments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inclined members, the moments are
+maximum at the ends. Remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the ends. Remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum at the ends. Remember when we
+had the linear elastic deformation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the linear elastic deformation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the linear elastic deformation and I
+I looked at the little bending moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at the little bending moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at the little bending moment
+diagram, the moments are maximum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, the moments are maximum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, the moments are maximum at the
+ends and you're going to form those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and you're going to form those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and you're going to form those
+plastic hinges initially at the ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hinges initially at the ends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hinges initially at the ends.
+And so these little ellipsy things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so these little ellipsy things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so these little ellipsy things here
+at the all the ends those kind of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the all the ends those kind of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the all the ends those kind of show
+where the plastic hinges are. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the plastic hinges are. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the plastic hinges are. Okay, so
+those plastic hinges are forming. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plastic hinges are forming. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those plastic hinges are forming. So
+here's for loading in the X1 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's for loading in the X1 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's for loading in the X1 direction
+and here's for loading in the X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's for loading in the X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's for loading in the X2
+direction there. Okay. So the thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there. Okay. So the thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there. Okay. So the thing we
+want to calculate is what stress does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate is what stress does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate is what stress does it
+take to form those plastic hinges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to form those plastic hinges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to form those plastic hinges and
+get this kind of plastic um plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this kind of plastic um plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this kind of plastic um plateau
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we can see we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we can see we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we can see we get
+failure by yielding in the cell walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm going to say the yield strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to say the yield strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to say the yield strength
+of the cell wall is sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ys. So sigma y for yield and s for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ys. So sigma y for yield and s for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ys. So sigma y for yield and s for the
+solid. And the plastic hinge forms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. And the plastic hinge forms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. And the plastic hinge forms when
+the cross-section has fully yielded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's look at the stress distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at the stress distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at the stress distribution
+through the cross-section when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cross-section when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cross-section when it's
+first linear elastic. So say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first linear elastic. So say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first linear elastic. So say that's the
+thickness T of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness T of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness T of the
+member. And if the beam was linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member. And if the beam was linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member. And if the beam was linear
+elastic, the stress would just vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic, the stress would just vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic, the stress would just vary
+linearly like that, right? And then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly like that, right? And then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly like that, right? And then this
+would be the neutral axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the neutral axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the neutral axis
+here where there is no normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress. Okay? So that's what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. Okay? So that's what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. Okay? So that's what happens if
+it's linear elastic. And I'm hoping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear elastic. And I'm hoping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear elastic. And I'm hoping you
+remember something vaguely like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember something vaguely like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember something vaguely like that.
+Sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds
+good. But as we increase the load on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. But as we increase the load on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. But as we increase the load on it
+and we increase the sort of external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we increase the sort of external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we increase the sort of external
+stress, this uh stress in the member is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress, this uh stress in the member is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress, this uh stress in the member is
+going to get bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get bigger and bigger and
+eventually that's going to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's going to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's going to reach the
+yield stress. Okay? And once that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield stress. Okay? And once that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield stress. Okay? And once that
+reaches the yield stress, if we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the yield stress, if we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the yield stress, if we continue
+to load it, what happens is the yielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load it, what happens is the yielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load it, what happens is the yielding
+propagates down through the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates down through the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates down through the thickness of
+the thing here. So we get yielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing here. So we get yielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing here. So we get yielding
+through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole
+cross-section. So let me scoot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section. So let me scoot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section. So let me scoot over
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Yep. Starts to yield. Does this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Starts to yield. Does this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Starts to yield. Does this curve
+change? Yes. I'm going to draw it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change? Yes. I'm going to draw it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change? Yes. I'm going to draw it for
+you. Oh, okay. That's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Oh, okay. That's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Oh, okay. That's the next
+step. That would be the next thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So
+once the stress at the outer fiber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the stress at the outer fiber is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the stress at the outer fiber is
+the yield strength of the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the yielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the yielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the yielding
+begins and it progresses through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and it progresses through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and it progresses through the
+section as the load increases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the stress distribution starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the stress distribution starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the stress distribution starts to
+look something like this once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yields. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields. Okay. So
+that's sigma y of the solid. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sigma y of the solid. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sigma y of the solid. Actually,
+let me let me rub that out because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me rub that out because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me rub that out because then
+I can show you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show you something
+else. So, in 3D, this would be through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So, in 3D, this would be through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. So, in 3D, this would be through
+the thickness of the beam. That would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the beam. That would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the beam. That would be
+the thickness of the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Beep beep would look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Beep beep would look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Beep beep would look something
+like that. Okay. And then this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Okay. And then this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Okay. And then this is still
+our neutral axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. And then eventually as you load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then eventually as you load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then eventually as you load it
+more and more, the whole cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more, the whole cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more, the whole cross-section
+is going to yield. Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm assuming that the material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that the material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm assuming that the material is
+elastic perfectly plastic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the stress drain curve for the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the stress drain curve for the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the stress drain curve for the solid
+I'm idealizing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops that's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that's not quite
+right I'm idealizing as is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm idealizing as is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm idealizing as is that
+okay so when you get to this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you get to this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you get to this point here
+the entire cross-section has yielded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cross-section has yielded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cross-section has yielded and
+that means you form the plastic hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the idea here is that the section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea here is that the section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea here is that the section
+then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just
+rotates like a pin. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can figure out the the plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can figure out the the plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can figure out the the plateau
+stress that corresponds to this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that corresponds to this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress that corresponds to this by
+looking at the moment that's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the moment that's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the moment that's associated
+with the plastic hinge formation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plastic hinge formation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plastic hinge formation. So
+there's some internal moment associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some internal moment associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some internal moment associated
+with that and then equating that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and then equating that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and then equating that to the
+applied moment. Okay, from the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied moment. Okay, from the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied moment. Okay, from the applied
+stress. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. So
+um let me see maybe back back up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see maybe back back up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see maybe back back up here.
+So there's some if I have this stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some if I have this stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some if I have this stress
+distribution here I could say this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here I could say this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here I could say this whole
+kind of stress block is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stress block is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stress block is equivalent to
+some force acting out like that and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force acting out like that and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force acting out like that and some
+force acting out like that it'd be sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting out like that it'd be sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting out like that it'd be sigma
+ys * b * t /2 would be f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ys * b * t /2 would be f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ys * b * t /2 would be f
+okay and I can say there's some plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can say there's some plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can say there's some plastic
+moment if I think of the force here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment if I think of the force here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment if I think of the force here and
+the force there they act as a couple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force there they act as a couple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force there they act as a couple and
+they have some moment and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some moment and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some moment and that's called
+the plastic moment Okay. So that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic moment Okay. So that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic moment Okay. So that's like
+an internal moment when the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal moment when the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an internal moment when the plastic
+hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms. So I'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment at the formation of the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hinge. I'm going to call that MP for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge. I'm going to call that MP for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge. I'm going to call that MP for
+plastic moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we can work out MP by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can work out MP by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can work out MP by looking at
+that um stress distribution when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um stress distribution when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um stress distribution when the
+entire cross-section has yielded. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cross-section has yielded. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cross-section has yielded. The
+force F is going to be sigma Ys * B * T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F is going to be sigma Ys * B * T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F is going to be sigma Ys * B * T
+/2, right? It's the stress times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2, right? It's the stress times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2, right? It's the stress times that
+area. And then the moment arm between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. And then the moment arm between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. And then the moment arm between
+the two forces is also T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two forces is also T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two forces is also T
+/2. And so that plastic moment is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2. And so that plastic moment is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2. And so that plastic moment is just
+sigma ys bt ^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma ys bt ^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma ys bt ^2 over
+4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.
+Okay, are we good?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is the force. This thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is the force. This thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is the force. This thing
+here is the force F. And I have to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the force F. And I have to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the force F. And I have to if
+I'm getting a moment I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a moment I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a moment I'm saying that
+that force if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force if
+I the distance between those two forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the distance between those two forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the distance between those two forces
+there is t over2. Okay. So each force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is t over2. Okay. So each force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is t over2. Okay. So each force
+acts through the middle of the block.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts through the middle of the block.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts through the middle of the block.
+And so the distance between them is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over2. And I'm going to equate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2. And I'm going to equate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2. And I'm going to equate that
+moment to the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to the applied
+moment from the sort of applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress. And if I go back to my inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. And if I go back to my inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. And if I go back to my inclined
+member, let's see, get a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member, let's see, get a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member, let's see, get a little more
+inclined. That's my inclined member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined. That's my inclined member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined. That's my inclined member
+there of length L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got loads P that are applied at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got loads P that are applied at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got loads P that are applied at the end
+from sigma 1 and I've got moments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma 1 and I've got moments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma 1 and I've got moments that
+are induced at the ends. And that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced at the ends. And that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced at the ends. And that angle
+there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be
+theta. This length here is L like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. This length here is L like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. This length here is L like that.
+And if I just do static equilibrium on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I just do static equilibrium on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I just do static equilibrium on
+that, I can say that I've got 2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I can say that I've got 2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I can say that I've got 2 * the
+moments. I've got one at each end. are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. I've got one at each end. are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. I've got one at each end. are
+both the same sign minus P and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the same sign minus P and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the same sign minus P and then the
+distance between these two PS say I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two PS say I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two PS say I take
+moments about here I've got M applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about here I've got M applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about here I've got M applied
+plus M applied I've got minus P * L sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that's equal to
+zero so the applied moment there is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the applied moment there is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the applied moment there is just
+PL sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL sin
+theta /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so Now what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so Now what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so Now what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to equate this applied moment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equate this applied moment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equate this applied moment with
+this plastic moment and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic moment and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic moment and I'm going to
+relate P to my applied stress sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate P to my applied stress sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate P to my applied stress sigma 1
+and then I'm going to get a strength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to get a strength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to get a strength in
+terms of the yield strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the yield strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the yield strength of the
+solid. There's going to be a T over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. There's going to be a T over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. There's going to be a T over L
+factor and there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and there's going to be some
+geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+factor. So that's just the last step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we get plastic collapse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honeycomb to stress I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb to stress I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb to stress I'm going to call
+sigma star plastic with a one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma star plastic with a one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma star plastic with a one because
+I'm going to look at the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and that happens when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that happens when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that happens when that
+internal plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal plastic
+moment equals the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment. So let's see. I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So let's see. I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So let's see. I've got
+that. Um let me also write down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um let me also write down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um let me also write down over
+here. I've also got that sigma 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I've also got that sigma 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I've also got that sigma 1 is
+equal to p over h + l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p over h + l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to p over h + l
+oops sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops sin theta
+* b. So here I can write P in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b. So here I can write P in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b. So here I can write P in terms of
+sigma 1 and this thing and then write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 and this thing and then write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 1 and this thing and then write
+that get the applied moment in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the applied moment in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get the applied moment in terms of
+that and then equate it to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this term on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this term on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this term on the left hand
+side corresponds to this expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side corresponds to this expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side corresponds to this expression for
+the applied moment where I've plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied moment where I've plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applied moment where I've plugged in
+for P I've plugged in sigma 1 * H plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P I've plugged in sigma 1 * H plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for P I've plugged in sigma 1 * H plus L
+sin theta * B and then that's my plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta * B and then that's my plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta * B and then that's my plastic
+moment on the left on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on the left on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on the left on the right hand
+side. So if I just rearrange this, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. So if I just rearrange this, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. So if I just rearrange this, I can
+then solve for this plastic collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solve for this plastic collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solve for this plastic collapse
+stress. So it's equal to the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. So it's equal to the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress. So it's equal to the yield
+strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+solid * t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid * t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid * t^
+2 and then times another geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then times another geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then times another geometrical
+factor 2 * h + sin theta * sin theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the same kind of thing. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the same kind of thing. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the same kind of thing. There's a
+solid property, a T over L, a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid property, a T over L, a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid property, a T over L, a relative
+density term, and then a cell geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density term, and then a cell geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density term, and then a cell geometry
+term. And we can calculate what this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And we can calculate what this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And we can calculate what this for
+regular hexagonal cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we can do a similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can do a similar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can do a similar kind of
+calculation for loading in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for loading in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for loading in the other
+direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can get a sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can get a sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can get a sheer
+strength if you want to do that too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength if you want to do that too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength if you want to do that too.
+The other direction only the or the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other direction only the or the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other direction only the or the M
+applied changes, right? Or like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied changes, right? Or like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied changes, right? Or like that
+section. Yeah. This this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. Yeah. This this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. Yeah. This this thing here is
+the same, right? This is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? This is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? This is there's a
+different geometry to it because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometry to it because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometry to it because now
+you're loading it, you know, this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. Okay. So, we've calculated a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay. So, we've calculated a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Okay. So, we've calculated a an
+elastic buckling plateau stress and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling plateau stress and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling plateau stress and a
+sort of plastic collapse plateau stress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plastic collapse plateau stress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plastic collapse plateau stress.
+And if you have thin enough walled, say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you have thin enough walled, say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you have thin enough walled, say
+even aluminum honeycombs, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aluminum honeycombs, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even aluminum honeycombs, then the
+elastic buckling could preede the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling could preede the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic buckling could preede the
+plastic um collapse. And so, I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic um collapse. And so, I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic um collapse. And so, I'm just
+going to work out what the criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out what the criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out what the criterion
+would be for that to happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the two
+stresses can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equated and then that's going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated and then that's going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated and then that's going to give us
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criterion. So the two are equal. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. So the two are equal. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion. So the two are equal. I'm
+just going to write down the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write down the equations
+that we had. So the buckling stress was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had. So the buckling stress was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had. So the buckling stress was
+n^2 p<unk> ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 p<unk> ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 p<unk> ^2
+* e of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e of the
+solid * t l cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid * t l cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid * t l cubed
+/ h^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ h^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ h^
+2* cos theta. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2* cos theta. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2* cos theta. And the
+plastic collapse stress for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic collapse stress for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic collapse stress for the two
+direction was sigma ys * t^ 2 / 2 cos^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta. So I can write this because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So I can write this because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So I can write this because this
+has a t over cub term and that has a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a t over cub term and that has a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a t over cub term and that has a t
+squ term. I can write this in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ term. I can write this in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ term. I can write this in terms of a
+t over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+critical. So if I leave a t over l here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. So if I leave a t over l here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. So if I leave a t over l here
+and I put everything else on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put everything else on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put everything else on the other
+side, I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, I've got
+12 over n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 over n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 over n^2
+pi^2. Uh then h l^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi^2. Uh then h l^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi^2. Uh then h l^
+squ over cos theta * sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over cos theta * sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over cos theta * sigma
+ys over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s. So if t is less than that, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So if t is less than that, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So if t is less than that, I'm going
+to get elastic buckling first. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get elastic buckling first. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get elastic buckling first. And if
+it's more than that, I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than that, I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than that, I'm going to get
+plastic yielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first. And we could work out an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And we could work out an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And we could work out an exact
+number for regular hexagonal honeycomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for regular hexagonal honeycomb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for regular hexagonal honeycomb.
+So I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So if I have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So if I have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So if I have a particular
+geometry, I can figure out what n is. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry, I can figure out what n is. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry, I can figure out what n is. So
+for regular hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regular hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regular hexagonal
+honeycombs, the overall critical just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, the overall critical just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, the overall critical just
+works out to three times the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to three times the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out to three times the yield
+strength of the solid over the Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the solid over the Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the solid over the Young's
+modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid. So if we know that ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. So if we know that ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid. So if we know that ratio of the
+yield strength to the modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength to the modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength to the modulus of the
+solid, we can get some idea of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, we can get some idea of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, we can get some idea of what that
+critical T over L would be. So do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical T over L would be. So do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical T over L would be. So do that
+next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next.
+You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You
+said L is less than that critical then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said L is less than that critical then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said L is less than that critical then
+you're going to get the yielding first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the yielding first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the yielding first.
+No, if it's less, you get the buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, if it's less, you get the buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, if it's less, you get the buckling
+first. If it's really skinny, it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. If it's really skinny, it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. If it's really skinny, it tends
+to buckle first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for example for metals the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example for metals the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example for metals the yield
+strength over the modulus is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength over the modulus is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength over the modulus is roughly
+0.002 like the 02% yield strength and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.002 like the 02% yield strength and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.002 like the 02% yield strength and so
+that means that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that t
+overall the sort of transition or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the sort of transition or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the sort of transition or the
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+value is at 0.6%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is at 0.6%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is at 0.6%.
+So most metal honeycombs are denser than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So most metal honeycombs are denser than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So most metal honeycombs are denser than
+that. Okay, that's a pretty low density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymers, you can get polymers with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers, you can get polymers with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers, you can get polymers with a
+yield strength relative to the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength relative to the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength relative to the modulus
+of about 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 to
+5%. And then that critical T over L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%. And then that critical T over L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5%. And then that critical T over L is
+equal to about 10 to 15%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So low density polymers with yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So low density polymers with yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So low density polymers with yield
+points may buckle before they yield.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, we have one more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we have one more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we have one more of these
+compressive um plateau stresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive um plateau stresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive um plateau stresses and
+that's for the brittle honeycomb. Um so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the brittle honeycomb. Um so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the brittle honeycomb. Um so,
+I don't think I'm going to finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm going to finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm going to finish this
+today, but let me let me set it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but let me let me set it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but let me let me set it up and
+then we'll finish it next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, the idea here is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the idea here is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the idea here is that if you have a
+ceramic honeycomb, remember I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic honeycomb, remember I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic honeycomb, remember I showed you
+some of those ceramic honeycombs. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those ceramic honeycombs. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those ceramic honeycombs. that
+if you compress them they can fail by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compress them they can fail by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compress them they can fail by a
+brittle crushing mode. So ceramic home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle crushing mode. So ceramic home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle crushing mode. So ceramic home
+honeycombs can fail in a brittle manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And again, initially there'd be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, initially there'd be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, initially there'd be some
+cell wall bending, but at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall bending, but at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall bending, but at some point
+you're going to reach the bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to reach the bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to reach the bending
+strength of the material. And bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material. And bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material. And bending
+strengths are called modulus of rupture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths are called modulus of rupture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths are called modulus of rupture.
+So you you reach the reach the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you reach the reach the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you you reach the reach the modulus
+of rupture of the cell wall.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, um, so I'm not going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so I'm not going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so I'm not going to write the
+equations down today because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations down today because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations down today because we're not
+going to get very far. So, I'll I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very far. So, I'll I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very far. So, I'll I'll do
+that next time. But, we're going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time. But, we're going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time. But, we're going to set
+this up exactly the same as we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up exactly the same as we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up exactly the same as we did for
+the last one for the plastic yielding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one for the plastic yielding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one for the plastic yielding.
+But instead of getting that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But instead of getting that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But instead of getting that sort of
+blocky fully yielded cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocky fully yielded cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocky fully yielded cross-section
+stress distribution, we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress distribution, we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress distribution, we're just going to
+have the linear elastic stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the linear elastic stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the linear elastic stress
+distribution. And when the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. And when the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. And when the maximum
+stress reaches that modulus of rupture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress reaches that modulus of rupture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress reaches that modulus of rupture,
+the thing's going to fail. So, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing's going to fail. So, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing's going to fail. So, it's the
+form of the equations is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equations is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equations is going to be
+very similar to what we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what we had for the
+plastic collapse stress, but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic collapse stress, but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic collapse stress, but there's a
+slightly different geometrical factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different geometrical factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different geometrical factor.
+That's all. Okay. So we'll do that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all. Okay. So we'll do that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all. Okay. So we'll do that next
+time and then next time we're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then next time we're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then next time we're also going
+to talk about uh the tensile behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about uh the tensile behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about uh the tensile behavior of
+honeycombs in plane. We'll work out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs in plane. We'll work out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs in plane. We'll work out a
+fracture toughness and then we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture toughness and then we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture toughness and then we'll start
+talking about the out of plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the out of plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the out of plane
+properties as well. So on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as well. So on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as well. So on Wednesday
+we'll do the out of plane properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the out of plane properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the out of plane properties.
+Okay. So hopefully we'll finish the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So hopefully we'll finish the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So hopefully we'll finish the out
+oflane properties Wednesday and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oflane properties Wednesday and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oflane properties Wednesday and then
+next week I was going to talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I was going to talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I was going to talk about some
+natural materials that have honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural materials that have honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural materials that have honeycomb
+like structures. So things like wood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structures. So things like wood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like structures. So things like wood and
+cork. Okay. All right. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork. Okay. All right. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork. Okay. All right. So this is the
+kind of most equation-y lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of most equation-y lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of most equation-y lecture in the
+whole course. So
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qvX-3FWgAVA.txt b/qvX-3FWgAVA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..724a950c048cc986ed727fd27cfbde9088c63d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qvX-3FWgAVA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what i'm going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i'm going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i'm going to try to do
+today is uh kind of a fun case study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh kind of a fun case study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh kind of a fun case study on
+spatial modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling
+and then if we have we will have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have we will have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we have we will have time
+afterwards especially with the singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards especially with the singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards especially with the singapore
+folks to try to at least have brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to try to at least have brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to try to at least have brief
+meetings on a couple of the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings on a couple of the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings on a couple of the projects
+i've met with at least one group i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've met with at least one group i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've met with at least one group i think
+one group you guys met with dave hart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group you guys met with dave hart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group you guys met with dave hart
+um at least talked email did you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least talked email did you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least talked email did you meet
+also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because it looks like you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it looks like you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it looks like you guys are
+in good shape too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good shape too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in good shape too
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so we can we can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can we can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can we can have some
+follow-up on that as well but uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up on that as well but uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up on that as well but uh what
+i'm going to do is go through this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is go through this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is go through this case
+study if if i had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if if i had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if if i had uh
+my preferences actually this is i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my preferences actually this is i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my preferences actually this is i i
+would have liked to have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have liked to have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have liked to have been able to
+talk about this a little bit earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a little bit earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a little bit earlier
+because this is some very neat stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is some very neat stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is some very neat stuff on
+spatial modeling that in the past has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling that in the past has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling that in the past has
+sometimes been a part of some projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes been a part of some projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes been a part of some projects
+so maybe even look at this and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe even look at this and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe even look at this and see if
+there's something extra on spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something extra on spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something extra on spatial
+modeling you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you can do
+essentially this is going to be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is going to be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is going to be based on
+three papers that are also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three papers that are also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three papers that are also on the
+website okay there's a paper by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website okay there's a paper by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website okay there's a paper by uh
+davis one by mozamder and one by guo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis one by mozamder and one by guo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis one by mozamder and one by guo and
+saks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saks
+so you can grab those papers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can grab those papers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can grab those papers and and
+learn more but my basic agenda is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more but my basic agenda is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more but my basic agenda is as
+shown here first i want to sort of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here first i want to sort of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here first i want to sort of talk
+a little bit about applying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about applying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about applying the same
+response surface modeling and regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling and regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling and regression
+methodology that we've talked about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that we've talked about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that we've talked about for
+things like process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like process conditions
+also to spatial parameters so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to spatial parameters so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to spatial parameters so if you
+were spatially sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spatially sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spatially sampling
+could you build a model as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you build a model as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you build a model as a function of
+spatial coordinates and get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates and get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial coordinates and get a sense of
+spatial uniformity across a wafer across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial uniformity across a wafer across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial uniformity across a wafer across
+a part across some spatial dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part across some spatial dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part across some spatial dimension and
+of course the answer is yes what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the answer is yes what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the answer is yes what's
+interesting is then when you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is then when you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is then when you go and
+calculate things like uniformity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things like uniformity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate things like uniformity or
+uniformity metrics there's some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metrics there's some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metrics there's some special
+issues that come up and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that come up and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that come up and in particular
+your sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sampling plan
+can affect dramatically what number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect dramatically what number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect dramatically what number you
+get for uniformity and so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for uniformity and so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for uniformity and so we'll talk
+about ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ways to
+not fool yourself on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fool yourself on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fool yourself on that
+the second part will be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part will be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part will be then
+to go back and say okay if i can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and say okay if i can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and say okay if i can do a
+response surface model on spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model on spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model on spatial
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+and the process is changing how do i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is changing how do i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is changing how do i put
+those two things together to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together to model
+spatial variation as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation as a function of the
+process and there's two different ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and there's two different ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and there's two different ideas
+sort of opposite cuts at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of opposite cuts at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of opposite cuts at the same
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+one based on the mosinder paper and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one based on the mosinder paper and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one based on the mosinder paper and the
+other by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by uh
+guo and saks that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guo and saks that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guo and saks that i think
+are a very interesting case study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a very interesting case study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a very interesting case study in
+that they uh show an evolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they uh show an evolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they uh show an evolution in the
+thinking about how to efficiently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to efficiently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to efficiently and
+effectively do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively do that
+so let me talk first about just purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me talk first about just purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me talk first about just purely
+spatial modeling and of course we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling and of course we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial modeling and of course we know
+that there can be a spatial trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can be a spatial trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can be a spatial trend
+systematic trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic trend
+in many many processes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many processes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many processes okay
+most of the methods we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the methods we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the methods we've been talking
+about so far kind of we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far kind of we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so far kind of we're looking at
+random variation ways of assessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variation ways of assessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variation ways of assessing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as if we were sampling from a gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we were sampling from a gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we were sampling from a gaussian
+or some other process but underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other process but underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other process but underlying
+that you may have that noise measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have that noise measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have that noise measurement
+noise or whatever but underlying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or whatever but underlying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or whatever but underlying that
+there may be a systematic spatial trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a systematic spatial trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a systematic spatial trend
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these may result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may result
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+inherent equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent equipment
+or process asymmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or process asymmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or process asymmetries
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know be highly repeatable you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be highly repeatable you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know be highly repeatable you would
+like to be able to capture and express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to capture and express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to capture and express
+them so i've sort of pictured here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so i've sort of pictured here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so i've sort of pictured here an
+example where you might have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you might have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you might have a a
+concave or convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave or convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave or convex
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+if i were measuring some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were measuring some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were measuring some parameter
+across the wafer like a film thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer like a film thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer like a film thickness
+other geometric parameters or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other geometric parameters or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other geometric parameters or some
+material property like film resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property like film resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property like film resistivity
+and very often maybe gas flows are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often maybe gas flows are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often maybe gas flows are a
+little bit different in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different in the center of
+the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer
+and so on you get these sort of bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you get these sort of bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you get these sort of bowl
+shaped patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped patterns
+but there may be other kinds of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may be other kinds of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may be other kinds of spatial
+patterns and you'd like to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and you'd like to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and you'd like to be able to to
+capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture that
+so our goal is how do we model that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our goal is how do we model that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our goal is how do we model that and
+then how do we boil that down into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do we boil that down into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do we boil that down into an
+overall metric that says how good this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall metric that says how good this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall metric that says how good this
+is and then drive the process to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then drive the process to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then drive the process to try to
+improve that decrease non-uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that decrease non-uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that decrease non-uniformity
+improve uniformity so what i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve uniformity so what i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve uniformity so what i'm going to
+do is show an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is show an example
+and what i'm going to do here is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do here is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do here is use
+synthetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic data
+by the way what i mean by synthetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what i mean by synthetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what i mean by synthetic data
+is i'm going to generate data that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to generate data that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to generate data that i
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+its properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties of
+i'm going to generate a data with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to generate a data with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to generate a data with a
+known statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known statistical
+and systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systematic
+uh known random and a known systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known random and a known systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known random and a known systematic
+component to it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it okay
+this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a useful
+technique that you might consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you might consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you might consider
+somewhere in one of your team projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in one of your team projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in one of your team projects
+as well you may be dealing with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you may be dealing with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you may be dealing with real
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and very often you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very often you don't know what
+ground truth is and that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth is and that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground truth is and that's the whole
+interesting thing about a project right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about a project right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about a project right
+is you don't really know the truth what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't really know the truth what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you don't really know the truth what
+you're trying to do is infer things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do is infer things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do is infer things
+about it from experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from experimental data
+if you're also exploring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're also exploring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're also exploring some
+methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+you want to see does this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see does this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see does this new
+methodology that i've come up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that i've come up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that i've come up with that
+i think solves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think solves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think solves some
+problem or applies to some aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or applies to some aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or applies to some aspect of
+this problem you can also test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you can also test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem you can also test that
+with synthetic data that you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with synthetic data that you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with synthetic data that you generate
+yourself and it's a nice complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and it's a nice complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and it's a nice complement
+to in some cases to the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in some cases to the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in some cases to the other the other
+project data that you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project data that you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project data that you're doing
+okay so the data that i'm generating has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the data that i'm generating has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the data that i'm generating has
+a systematic component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a systematic component
+that is a circular or elliptic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a circular or elliptic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a circular or elliptic kind of
+wafer map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer map
+plus it's got some superimposed random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it's got some superimposed random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it's got some superimposed random
+noise on it and what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise on it and what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise on it and what i'm going to do is
+sample it in two different ways so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it in two different ways so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it in two different ways so this
+is i'm going to generate two sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to generate two sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to generate two sampled
+data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+off of a more basic data set that i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a more basic data set that i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a more basic data set that i i
+create and the sampling patterns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and the sampling patterns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create and the sampling patterns are
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+two that are commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are commonly used in
+semiconductor manufacturing one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor manufacturing one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor manufacturing one is a
+circular wafer map let's see do i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular wafer map let's see do i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular wafer map let's see do i have a
+picture of it yeah so here's here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it yeah so here's here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it yeah so here's here's a
+radial or circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial or circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial or circular
+sampling plan the basic idea that i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan the basic idea that i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan the basic idea that i take
+a point at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point at the center
+then i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i take
+points around some radius i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points around some radius i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points around some radius i take
+additional points around another radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points around another radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional points around another radius
+and i take additional points at a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take additional points at a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i take additional points at a third
+radius so that i've got these rings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so that i've got these rings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so that i've got these rings of
+of concentric circles as a sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concentric circles as a sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concentric circles as a sampling plan
+an alternative one is to simply use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative one is to simply use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative one is to simply use a
+rectangular or square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular or square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular or square
+sampling plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plant
+okay so those are going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are going to be two
+different sampling plans what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sampling plans what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sampling plans what you would
+hope is you get the same uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is you get the same uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is you get the same uniformity
+metric off of the two that it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric off of the two that it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric off of the two that it shouldn't
+be sensitive to sampling i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive to sampling i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensitive to sampling i'm going to
+show you in fact that it it can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in fact that it it can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in fact that it it can be quite
+sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive
+okay so what's my synthetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's my synthetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's my synthetic data
+it's shown here this is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shown here this is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shown here this is in fact the
+elliptic component the systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic component the systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic component the systematic
+component that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that i
+create some output call it resistivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some output call it resistivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some output call it resistivity
+here just to be concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+random gaussian zero mean noise so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random gaussian zero mean noise so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random gaussian zero mean noise so i've
+got say some measurement noise process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say some measurement noise process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say some measurement noise process
+noise superimposed on this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise superimposed on this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise superimposed on this okay
+what i'm going to try to do is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to try to do is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to try to do is two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+build a response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a response surface model
+maybe hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe hopefully
+recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+something close to the underlying ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close to the underlying ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something close to the underlying ground
+truth that i've imposed here and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that i've imposed here and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth that i've imposed here and we can
+now assess how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assess how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now assess how good
+a response surface model fit is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response surface model fit is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response surface model fit is because
+i know what the truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what the truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what the truth is
+second i'm also going to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i'm also going to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i'm also going to calculate a
+non-uniformity metric and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric and the basic
+metric is going to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is going to be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric is going to be something like
+a noise to signal ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noise to signal ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a noise to signal ratio
+that is to say the normalized standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the normalized standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say the normalized standard
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+across my measurement points so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across my measurement points so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across my measurement points so i
+calculate the mean i calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the mean i calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the mean i calculate the
+standard deviation normalize or divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation normalize or divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation normalize or divide
+so i'm getting something if i multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting something if i multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting something if i multiply
+by a hundred something like a percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hundred something like a percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a hundred something like a percentage
+non-uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity
+across this wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the data just so you have it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the data just so you have it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the data just so you have it uh
+what i get in this sampling plan is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i get in this sampling plan is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i get in this sampling plan is 15
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+oops is uh 25 total data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is uh 25 total data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is uh 25 total data points
+uh one at the center and then eight at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one at the center and then eight at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one at the center and then eight at
+each of 25 50 and 75 millimeters away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of 25 50 and 75 millimeters away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of 25 50 and 75 millimeters away
+from the center this is assuming sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center this is assuming sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center this is assuming sort of
+a 200 millimeter wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 200 millimeter wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 200 millimeter wafer
+if you will okay and here's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will okay and here's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will okay and here's the actual
+data uh uh based on my my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh uh based on my my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh uh based on my my uh
+mod underlying synthetic data model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod underlying synthetic data model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod underlying synthetic data model
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+the square sampling plan in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square sampling plan in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square sampling plan in this case
+you'll notice that a few of the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that a few of the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that a few of the points
+these corner points actually fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corner points actually fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corner points actually fall off
+the edge of a round wafer so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of a round wafer so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of a round wafer so they are
+discarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded
+and those are the ones in bold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the ones in bold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the ones in bold here
+those ones are are removed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ones are are removed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ones are are removed because
+they're outside of the wafer boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outside of the wafer boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outside of the wafer boundary
+that should be a plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a plus minus
+okay so this actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this actually has a
+in fact uh slightly fewer data points it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh slightly fewer data points it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact uh slightly fewer data points it
+has only 21 data points whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only 21 data points whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only 21 data points whereas the
+previous uh sampling plan actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh sampling plan actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh sampling plan actually has
+more data it has 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data it has 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data it has 25
+yeah uh 3 times 8 plus 1 20 25 data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh 3 times 8 plus 1 20 25 data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh 3 times 8 plus 1 20 25 data
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+one thing i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i want to
+i'll be showing is a some jump plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be showing is a some jump plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be showing is a some jump plots
+some surface plots contours and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surface plots contours and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surface plots contours and so on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the contouring does show a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contouring does show a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contouring does show a little bit of
+difference because it interpolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because it interpolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because it interpolates
+just to plot things but in both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to plot things but in both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to plot things but in both of these
+cases they pretty much look uh similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they pretty much look uh similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they pretty much look uh similar
+except for some adjustment because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for some adjustment because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for some adjustment because of
+the location of the data points and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the data points and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the data points and if
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+the radial 25 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial 25 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial 25 points
+looks like it actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it actually kind of
+interpolates a little bit more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolates a little bit more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolates a little bit more to the
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+roundish or elliptic underlying pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundish or elliptic underlying pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundish or elliptic underlying pattern
+that i said i was imposing this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i said i was imposing this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i said i was imposing this one
+because of the square grid looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the square grid looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the square grid looks like it
+may have some artifacts but that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some artifacts but that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have some artifacts but that gives
+you a feel for what's going on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for what's going on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for what's going on what
+we've got is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got is a a
+not quite center high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite center high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite center high
+it's not a pure bowl right in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a pure bowl right in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a pure bowl right in the center
+it's a little bit off-center and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit off-center and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit off-center and it's
+not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly
+circular it's kind of elliptic right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular it's kind of elliptic right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular it's kind of elliptic right so
+that gives you a feel for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a feel for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a feel for what the
+underlying pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying pattern is
+so i say i want to fit a fit a model i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say i want to fit a fit a model i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i say i want to fit a fit a model i'm
+going to fit a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit a generic
+second order model in x and y so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order model in x and y so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order model in x and y so it's
+got linear coefficients in x and y an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear coefficients in x and y an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear coefficients in x and y an
+interaction term and second order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and second order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and second order terms
+uh x squared and y squared so six total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x squared and y squared so six total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x squared and y squared so six total
+total coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total coefficients
+what i'm doing first here is the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm doing first here is the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm doing first here is the radial
+pattern where i had 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern where i had 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern where i had 25
+data points and you can sort of see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points and you can sort of see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points and you can sort of see what
+what happens here what we've got is an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here what we've got is an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here what we've got is an r
+squared that looks like it's about 0.65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that looks like it's about 0.65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that looks like it's about 0.65
+it doesn't sound great but i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't sound great but i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't sound great but i know
+there's noise in the in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise in the in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's noise in the in the process
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh i've got to look in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've got to look in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i've got to look in a little bit more
+detail at the anova and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the anova and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the anova and see
+you know is my model significant the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is my model significant the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is my model significant the r
+squared is make me a little bit worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is make me a little bit worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is make me a little bit worried
+it's not it's not great but i look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not great but i look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not great but i look and
+overall the model compared to the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the model compared to the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the model compared to the error
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significant
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got an
+f that is much much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that is much much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that is much much larger
+than i would expect by chance alone it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i would expect by chance alone it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than i would expect by chance alone it's
+99.94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.94
+significant okay great so i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant okay great so i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant okay great so i've got a
+model that is capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that is capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that is capturing
+something going on then i can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on then i can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going on then i can go in and
+look at the parameter estimates look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the parameter estimates look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the parameter estimates look at
+each of the individual terms look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the individual terms look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the individual terms look at the
+t ratio and look at the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ratio and look at the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ratio and look at the probability of
+those being significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being significant
+and they all look pretty significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all look pretty significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all look pretty significant
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except
+this one for sure a y term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for sure a y term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one for sure a y term
+okay it says no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it says no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it says no
+0.5 chance that would have occurred by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 chance that would have occurred by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 chance that would have occurred by
+chance alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance alone
+and i've only got maybe 92 or 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've only got maybe 92 or 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've only got maybe 92 or 90
+91 percent chance or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 percent chance or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 percent chance or a
+level of confidence in this xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of confidence in this xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of confidence in this xy
+term but if i was looking at say 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but if i was looking at say 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but if i was looking at say 95
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+confidence interval cutoffs i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval cutoffs i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval cutoffs i might
+reject that term and we'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that term and we'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject that term and we'll see later
+that's correctly rejecting that term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correctly rejecting that term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correctly rejecting that term if
+you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look back
+so knowing ground truth actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing ground truth actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing ground truth actually this
+raises already a worry how come i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises already a worry how come i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises already a worry how come i'm
+correctly in rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in rejecting
+the x y term but incorrectly rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x y term but incorrectly rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x y term but incorrectly rejecting
+another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the other case i'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the other case i'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the other case i'm using
+the rectangular pattern fitting the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangular pattern fitting the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangular pattern fitting the same
+model in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in this case
+what happens now well now we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now well now we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now well now we only have
+21 data points notice that the r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 data points notice that the r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 data points notice that the r squared
+appears to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be better
+that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+again the model is highly significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the model is highly significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the model is highly significant
+and now if i look at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if i look at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if i look at the individual
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+the x is significant the y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is significant the y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x is significant the y is
+significant the x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the x y
+is not significant that's rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not significant that's rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not significant that's rejected
+the x squared and the y squared look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared and the y squared look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x squared and the y squared look
+i guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the
+y squared is kind of right marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared is kind of right marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared is kind of right marginal
+right at about 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at about 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at about 95
+so it seems like it's coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like it's coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like it's coming up with
+different terms in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms in the model
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+also we'll see in a second when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we'll see in a second when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we'll see in a second when i
+compare them it's coming up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them it's coming up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare them it's coming up with some
+different estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different estimates
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+maybe this isn't a surprise the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this isn't a surprise the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this isn't a surprise the sampling
+plan is affecting the model that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is affecting the model that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is affecting the model that i'm
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+okay doesn't sound too bad so far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doesn't sound too bad so far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay doesn't sound too bad so far but
+what i also want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i also want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i also want to do
+well let me compare them first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me compare them first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me compare them first and then
+what i want to do is also calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is also calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is also calculate a
+uniformity metric across all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metric across all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metric across all of this
+data and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and see what happens
+so here's our truth i've expanded out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our truth i've expanded out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our truth i've expanded out
+that original model of the systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original model of the systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original model of the systematic
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+contaminated by noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated by noise
+out to the x terms the x y and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the x terms the x y and the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the x terms the x y and the x
+squared terms and here's the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms and here's the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms and here's the radial
+sampling plan and the square sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan and the square sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan and the square sampling
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+the coefficients you know some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients you know some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients you know some of them
+are not radically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not radically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not radically different
+right they're kind of in the ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're kind of in the ballpark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're kind of in the ballpark
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in terms of deciding which terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of deciding which terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of deciding which terms
+are kept and which are are rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept and which are are rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept and which are are rejected
+we know that this one in fact really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this one in fact really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this one in fact really is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+whereas this one tries to keep it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one tries to keep it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one tries to keep it this
+one's very much smaller and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's very much smaller and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's very much smaller and we actually
+get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it
+this one's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's small
+and this one's small but real both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's small but real both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's small but real both of
+the models um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know fit parameters for it but make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fit parameters for it but make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fit parameters for it but make
+different cutoff points on what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cutoff points on what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cutoff points on what's what's
+significant what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what's really interesting i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's really interesting i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's really interesting i think is
+i now take that same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now take that same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now take that same data
+and i go back ah great come on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go back ah great come on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go back ah great come on in
+charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+oh charlene you can set up in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is if i take i take those two sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if i take i take those two sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if i take i take those two sampling
+plans and i look back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and i look back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and i look back at the
+at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh
+you know the mean and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean and the standard
+deviation just across my sampling points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation just across my sampling points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation just across my sampling points
+and calculate that non-uniformity metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate that non-uniformity metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate that non-uniformity metric
+in one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case
+it's about a factor of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a factor of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a factor of two different
+than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question is why and you can ponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why and you can ponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is why and you can ponder
+that question as you get coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as you get coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question as you get coffee
+because that's what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what i'm going to do
+so now i think everybody's had a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i think everybody's had a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i think everybody's had a chance
+to ruminate on this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ruminate on this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ruminate on this question of
+non-uniformities or at least read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities or at least read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities or at least read the
+next two sub-bullets at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two sub-bullets at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two sub-bullets at the bottom of
+the page and therefore everybody has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and therefore everybody has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page and therefore everybody has a
+good idea of what might be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of what might be going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of what might be going on
+one is of course we've got systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is of course we've got systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is of course we've got systematic
+curvature i'm not random sampling so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature i'm not random sampling so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature i'm not random sampling so i
+may in fact hit different points on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in fact hit different points on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in fact hit different points on that
+curvature right so that's one hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature right so that's one hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature right so that's one hypothesis
+is it just because of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just because of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just because of the particular
+places where my points happen to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where my points happen to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where my points happen to fall
+that's one idea what we'll find out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one idea what we'll find out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one idea what we'll find out and
+i'll i'll show that by more densely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll show that by more densely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll show that by more densely
+sampling that's actually not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling that's actually not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling that's actually not what's
+going on necessarily in this in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on necessarily in this in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on necessarily in this in this uh
+in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem
+actually it's the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's the structure of
+the sampling plan and underlying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling plan and underlying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling plan and underlying that is
+how much data or what spatial region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data or what spatial region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much data or what spatial region is
+each data point representing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point representing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point representing of the
+underlying wafer surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying wafer surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying wafer surface
+so let me let me try to explain that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me try to explain that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me try to explain that so
+what i've done here is gone back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done here is gone back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done here is gone back and
+tried to to say maybe i just wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to say maybe i just wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to say maybe i just wasn't
+sampling enough with just 25 or 21 data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling enough with just 25 or 21 data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling enough with just 25 or 21 data
+points what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what's the
+my best guess at the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best guess at the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best guess at the true
+non-uniformity which one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity which one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity which one of these two
+should i believe which one's closer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i believe which one's closer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i believe which one's closer the
+1.9 percent the 3.2 percent what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 percent the 3.2 percent what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 percent the 3.2 percent what's a
+better sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sampling plan
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+actually before i before i go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i before i go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i before i go into that
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+i need a vote here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need a vote here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need a vote here
+how many people think that the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think that the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think that the radial
+sampling plan is probably closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan is probably closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan is probably closer to the
+truth in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth in terms of
+both the model but more importantly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the model but more importantly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the model but more importantly the
+non-uniformity number that comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity number that comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity number that comes out and
+how many people think it's a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's a rectangular
+sampling plan so all those think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan so all those think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan so all those think the
+radial sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial sampling plan
+is going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be better
+raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand
+i got i got two here and a half three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got i got two here and a half three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got i got two here and a half three
+we've got one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got one two three
+three in singapore four in singapore oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in singapore four in singapore oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in singapore four in singapore oh
+we're talking it up we're talking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking it up we're talking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking it up we're talking it up
+okay how about the rectangular sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about the rectangular sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about the rectangular sampling
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+about evenly divided i got three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evenly divided i got three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evenly divided i got three here
+one in singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in singapore
+and okay that must leave four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay that must leave four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay that must leave four
+asleep people who didn't vote something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep people who didn't vote something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep people who didn't vote something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+okay what i'm gonna try to do is get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what i'm gonna try to do is get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what i'm gonna try to do is get a
+close estimate to what maybe better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close estimate to what maybe better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close estimate to what maybe better
+truth is and the way i'm gonna do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is and the way i'm gonna do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth is and the way i'm gonna do that
+is try to take a very dense spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to take a very dense spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to take a very dense spatial
+sample so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+hopefully it's not just sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's not just sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's not just sort of the
+random location of points i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random location of points i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random location of points i'm going to
+kind of get really close to almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get really close to almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get really close to almost a
+full representation of the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full representation of the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full representation of the surface and
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+you know almost a 900 point slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost a 900 point slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost a 900 point slightly
+under 900 point sample what is it 665 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 900 point sample what is it 665 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 900 point sample what is it 665 i
+guess a 29 by 29 spatial sample and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a 29 by 29 spatial sample and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a 29 by 29 spatial sample and then
+the points that fall within the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that fall within the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points that fall within the radius
+of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer
+and as you do that you actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you do that you actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you do that you actually get a
+quote a true non-uniformity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote a true non-uniformity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote a true non-uniformity that's
+about three percent closer to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent closer to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three percent closer to the to the
+other number and if one does a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number and if one does a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number and if one does a response
+surface model fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model fit
+there's a couple of important points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of important points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of important points
+that come up up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up up with this
+i i go in and i fit the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i go in and i fit the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i go in and i fit the model
+in this case the coefficients that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the coefficients that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the coefficients that come
+out of the model are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the model are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the model are actually quite
+close to the true systematic piece but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true systematic piece but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the true systematic piece but
+notice that the r squared is still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the r squared is still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the r squared is still only
+about 0.77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.77
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+why is the r squared so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the r squared so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the r squared so bad
+i got tons of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got tons of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got tons of data
+why is the r squared so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the answer is kind of highlighted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is kind of highlighted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is kind of highlighted right
+here right i've still got lots of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right i've still got lots of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right i've still got lots of random
+noise in the process i was adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the process i was adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the process i was adding
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance 0.49 or 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 0.49 or 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance 0.49 or 0.7
+standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to all of my measurements i cannot model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of my measurements i cannot model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of my measurements i cannot model
+the random noise right that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random noise right that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random noise right that's my
+residual that's left over i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual that's left over i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual that's left over i could
+include it as an estimate of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it as an estimate of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it as an estimate of the random
+noise and know what that is but i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and know what that is but i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and know what that is but i can't
+fold that into the systematic model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that into the systematic model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that into the systematic model so
+there's always a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a ground
+if there's noise and randomness that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's noise and randomness that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's noise and randomness that you
+can never capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never capture
+okay so this seems to be suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this seems to be suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this seems to be suggesting that
+maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that
+square sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square sample
+with the smaller number of points is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smaller number of points is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smaller number of points is a
+little bit better what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better what's going on
+this finally gets me to the davis paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finally gets me to the davis paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finally gets me to the davis paper
+and what they're going to propose is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're going to propose is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're going to propose is a
+method for looking at systematic trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for looking at systematic trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for looking at systematic trends
+they're first going to make them the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're first going to make them the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're first going to make them the the
+point that the signal to noise ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that the signal to noise ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that the signal to noise ratio
+this standard deviation over mu or mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard deviation over mu or mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard deviation over mu or mu
+over standard deviation if i turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over standard deviation if i turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over standard deviation if i turn it
+into a signal to noise is sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a signal to noise is sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a signal to noise is sensitive to
+both the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the location
+and the number of measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of measurements and
+they're going to propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to propose
+a different statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different statistic
+rather than just the sample standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just the sample standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just the sample standard
+deviation to try to get at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to try to get at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation to try to get at what
+a better truer measure of overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better truer measure of overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better truer measure of overall
+non-uniformity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity will be
+turns out this integration statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this integration statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this integration statistic is
+based on fitting of splines to your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on fitting of splines to your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on fitting of splines to your data
+and not a lot of people go in for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a lot of people go in for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a lot of people go in for that
+what i'm going to show is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to show is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to show is that a
+relatively simple approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple approximation
+achieves a lot of the goals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves a lot of the goals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves a lot of the goals of this
+integration statistic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration statistic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration statistic which is
+worrying about uniform sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about uniform sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about uniform sampling
+spatially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially or
+alternatively by weighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively by weighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively by weighting the
+importance of each of your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of each of your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of each of your measurement
+points by the amount of area that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by the amount of area that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by the amount of area that it's
+representing so that's the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing so that's the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing so that's the core of the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+what davis does is looks at first off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what davis does is looks at first off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what davis does is looks at first off a
+sort of a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a smaller
+radial kind of picture compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial kind of picture compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial kind of picture compared to the
+one i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i showed
+it's only got 13 data points here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only got 13 data points here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only got 13 data points here's the
+13 data points with just linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 data points with just linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 data points with just linear
+interpolation between them so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation between them so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation between them so that's the
+surface example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface example
+that he's using and if you just purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's using and if you just purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's using and if you just purely
+linearly interpolate between them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly interpolate between them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly interpolate between them you
+can see that's a pretty coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that's a pretty coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that's a pretty coarse
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+to that surface one can easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that surface one can easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that surface one can easily be
+worried that you might get bias or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that you might get bias or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that you might get bias or
+variance errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance errors
+in in trying to calculate with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in trying to calculate with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in trying to calculate with just
+those those data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those data points
+what they're proposing is using thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're proposing is using thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're proposing is using thin
+plate splines these tps methods which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate splines these tps methods which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate splines these tps methods which
+are conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conceptually
+basically fitting localized polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fitting localized polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fitting localized polynomials
+such that you have minimum curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have minimum curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you have minimum curvature
+over the data points or nots in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the data points or nots in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the data points or nots in the data
+all right i'm sure there are statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm sure there are statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm sure there are statistical
+packages and others that can help fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and others that can help fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and others that can help fit
+those thin plate splines i found when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thin plate splines i found when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thin plate splines i found when
+i've tried this it's very tricky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried this it's very tricky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried this it's very tricky because
+what localized means can be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what localized means can be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what localized means can be a little bit
+tricky you've got other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you've got other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky you've got other kind of
+human intervention going on in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human intervention going on in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human intervention going on in trying to
+fit these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit these things
+so so it can be a little bit tricky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be a little bit tricky but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it can be a little bit tricky but
+essentially what they're after is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they're after is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they're after is trying
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+a model for the whole surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model for the whole surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model for the whole surface
+then once they have the whole surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once they have the whole surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once they have the whole surface
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+an overall metric as if i had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall metric as if i had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall metric as if i had an
+infinite number of measurement points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of measurement points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of measurement points
+representing the whole surface so i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the whole surface so i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the whole surface so i want
+an integrated measure an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated measure an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated measure an integrated
+statistic i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic i
+that captures the total deviation from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures the total deviation from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures the total deviation from a
+target or total deviation from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target or total deviation from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target or total deviation from some
+nominal value and so what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal value and so what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal value and so what they're doing
+here is calculating a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is calculating a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is calculating a normalized
+integral of deviation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of deviation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of deviation of this
+interpolated surface gr is their thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated surface gr is their thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated surface gr is their thin
+plate spline from some target value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate spline from some target value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate spline from some target value and
+then just integrating that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just integrating that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just integrating that over the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+total deviation from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total deviation from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total deviation from some
+some target presumably the target would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some target presumably the target would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some target presumably the target would
+be just one value i guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one value i guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just one value i guess you could
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+to whatever target spatial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever target spatial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever target spatial distribution
+you wanted and then they're normalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted and then they're normalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted and then they're normalizing
+it by the total volume of of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the total volume of of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the total volume of of the surface
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of like a
+standard deviation over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation over mu
+except what it is is total deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except what it is is total deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except what it is is total deviation
+over total volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over total volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over total volume
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this is just total deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just total deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is just total deviation
+and if i was just summing up deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i was just summing up deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i was just summing up deviations
+as a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a measure of
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+just in some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in some you know
+randomly sample data set not having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sample data set not having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sample data set not having to
+do a space you might be worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a space you might be worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a space you might be worried about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+why would you be worried about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you be worried about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you be worried about just
+summing up total deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up total deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up total deviations
+positive deviations negative deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviations negative deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive deviations negative deviations
+they'd cancel out so you know if i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd cancel out so you know if i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd cancel out so you know if i was
+plus and minus huge amounts but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus huge amounts but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus huge amounts but about
+the same amount plus and minus i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount plus and minus i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount plus and minus i might
+fool myself and think you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool myself and think you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool myself and think you know they
+might cancel out and come to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cancel out and come to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might cancel out and come to zero and
+say oh everything's great and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh everything's great and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh everything's great and they're
+really completely different and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really completely different and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really completely different and that's
+why we often use things like squares or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we often use things like squares or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we often use things like squares or
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to
+account for or penalize for both plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for or penalize for both plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for or penalize for both plus
+and minus deviations and so one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus deviations and so one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus deviations and so one in the
+davis paper one can go in and apply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis paper one can go in and apply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis paper one can go in and apply some
+other generalized loss transformation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generalized loss transformation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other generalized loss transformation to
+that deviation so you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deviation so you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deviation so you can do a
+sum of squared deviations that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared deviations that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared deviations that looks a
+lot more like a standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more like a standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more like a standard deviation
+okay but again the idea here is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again the idea here is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again the idea here is they
+want to integrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate that
+over the whole surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole surface
+represent all of the surface not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all of the surface not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent all of the surface not just
+the few data points that you had but do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few data points that you had but do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the few data points that you had but do
+that using the interpolated function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the interpolated function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the interpolated function
+now there's an approximation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an approximation to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's an approximation to this
+integral that they mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that they mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that they mention
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if i have my loss transformation i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have my loss transformation i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have my loss transformation i have
+my actual data points so these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual data points so these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual data points so these are my
+measured data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured data points
+and i have the deviation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have the deviation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have the deviation of that
+measured point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured point
+and then my h might be you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my h might be you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my h might be you know the
+square or the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or the absolute value
+if i simply sum those for my data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i simply sum those for my data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i simply sum those for my data points
+i get something close again to standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get something close again to standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get something close again to standard
+deviation a sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation a sum of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation a sum of squares
+but there's one big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one big difference
+and that's right here the c sub j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right here the c sub j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right here the c sub j
+and essentially the c sub j is a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the c sub j is a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially the c sub j is a weight
+that corresponds to if i was doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to if i was doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to if i was doing the
+spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+i would have be integrating over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have be integrating over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have be integrating over these
+thin little patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin little patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin little patches
+around each of my measurement points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each of my measurement points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each of my measurement points
+right it wouldn't be just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it wouldn't be just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it wouldn't be just that
+measurement point it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement point it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement point it would be
+representing the surface near that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the surface near that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the surface near that
+measurement point and the c sub j is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement point and the c sub j is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement point and the c sub j is a
+weight that says how much area on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that says how much area on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that says how much area on my
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+does that measurement point represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that measurement point represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that measurement point represent
+how much vote does that one point have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much vote does that one point have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much vote does that one point have
+and that can be very different in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be very different in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be very different in these
+two sampling plans so what's neat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sampling plans so what's neat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sampling plans so what's neat is
+that if you wait appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wait appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wait appropriately
+for area that the point represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for area that the point represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for area that the point represents
+you actually get fairly close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get fairly close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get fairly close to
+something like the integration coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the integration coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the integration coming
+from a thin plate spline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a thin plate spline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a thin plate spline
+okay so there's a couple of plots in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple of plots in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple of plots in in
+davis's paper where they're taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis's paper where they're taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis's paper where they're taking that
+typical radial sampling pattern here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical radial sampling pattern here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical radial sampling pattern here's a
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circularly symmetric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly symmetric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly symmetric uh
+pattern 15 percent systematic variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern 15 percent systematic variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern 15 percent systematic variation
+two percent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent random
+superimposed on it and then what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on it and then what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed on it and then what they're
+doing is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is looking at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+an snr this is basically just sigma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an snr this is basically just sigma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an snr this is basically just sigma over
+mu of just the data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of just the data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of just the data points
+and they're showing what estimates over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing what estimates over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're showing what estimates over
+300 different runs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 different runs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 different runs of
+this model with different amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model with different amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model with different amounts of
+noise each time you know just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise each time you know just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise each time you know just different
+instantiations of the of the random two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiations of the of the random two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiations of the of the random two
+percent noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent noise
+what what do they calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do they calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do they calculate
+for sigma over mu so each time they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sigma over mu so each time they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sigma over mu so each time they do
+300 runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 runs
+out here they do it taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here they do it taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here they do it taking
+73 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 different
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+around the wafer with a typical radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the wafer with a typical radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the wafer with a typical radial
+spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial
+spatial pattern this is the problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial pattern this is the problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial pattern this is the problematic
+one we saw earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we saw earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we saw earlier
+and notice there is a spread as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice there is a spread as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice there is a spread as you
+would expect because the noise is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect because the noise is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect because the noise is in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but look what happens as you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happens as you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look what happens as you go to
+smaller numbers of measurements first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller numbers of measurements first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller numbers of measurements first
+off the spread or the variance in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the spread or the variance in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the spread or the variance in your
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+of sigma over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma over mu
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+that makes sense right i have less data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right i have less data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense right i have less data
+i'm going to have more variance in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have more variance in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have more variance in how
+i'm estimating standard deviation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm estimating standard deviation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm estimating standard deviation we
+already know that estimating standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that estimating standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that estimating standard
+deviation in general requires a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in general requires a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation in general requires a lot of
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+right it's really a tough thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really a tough thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really a tough thing so it's
+getting worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting worse
+but even worse than that especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even worse than that especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even worse than that especially for
+say five measurements or even 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five measurements or even 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five measurements or even 13
+measurements a little bit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements a little bit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements a little bit there
+is the average value coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average value coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average value coming
+from repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from repeated
+evaluations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations
+is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+the true underlying average in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true underlying average in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true underlying average in other
+words there's bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's bias
+the estimator of sigma over mu is biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator of sigma over mu is biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator of sigma over mu is biased
+it's not a very good estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very good estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very good estimator
+and as you have smaller numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you have smaller numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you have smaller numbers of
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+that unequal weighting of the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unequal weighting of the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unequal weighting of the surface is
+biasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasing
+or fooling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fooling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fooling you
+even on average you're going to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on average you're going to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on average you're going to on
+average be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average be wrong
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what they're showing is if they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're showing is if they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're showing is if they actually
+do their whole thin plate spline istat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their whole thin plate spline istat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their whole thin plate spline istat
+statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic
+they argue both the variance is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue both the variance is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue both the variance is smaller
+but more importantly is it's unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly is it's unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly is it's unbiased
+even when you get down to small numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you get down to small numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you get down to small numbers
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+measurements you're at least on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you're at least on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you're at least on average
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's just these two plots then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just these two plots then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just these two plots then are
+simply boiled down into this comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply boiled down into this comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply boiled down into this comparison
+that shows as a function of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows as a function of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows as a function of the number
+of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements
+um how good the statistic is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how good the statistic is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how good the statistic is so the
+spread of the statistic over the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the statistic over the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the statistic over the mean of
+the statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic
+and showing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that the
+the variance of the statistic itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the statistic itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the statistic itself is
+getting smaller with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller with the
+uh integration statistic so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integration statistic so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integration statistic so you're
+you're basically doing a better job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically doing a better job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically doing a better job of
+estimating with their proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating with their proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating with their proposed
+integration statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not perfect
+and in fact you know conceptually if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know conceptually if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know conceptually if i
+only have a small number of sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a small number of sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a small number of sampling
+points i can still be prone to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i can still be prone to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i can still be prone to where
+those sampling points happen to lie if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sampling points happen to lie if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sampling points happen to lie if i
+have a complex surface and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex surface and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex surface and so they're
+also showing an asymmetr asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showing an asymmetr asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showing an asymmetr asymmetric
+underlying non-uniformity this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying non-uniformity this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying non-uniformity this crazy
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+down here in the lower left and imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in the lower left and imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here in the lower left and imagine
+i'm only sampling with five data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only sampling with five data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only sampling with five data points
+well if those five data points land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if those five data points land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if those five data points land in
+one one orientation or if they land then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one orientation or if they land then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one orientation or if they land then
+slightly offset in angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i am spatially sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i am spatially sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i am spatially sampling
+different parts of that surface so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of that surface so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of that surface so what
+happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens then
+and what they basically show is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically show is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically show is yes
+their istat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their istat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their istat
+does have some sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some sensitivity
+but because you're trying to interpolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you're trying to interpolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you're trying to interpolate
+the rest of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the surface
+you do a better job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a better job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a better job
+right you're not completely dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not completely dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not completely dependent
+just on that local measurement point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on that local measurement point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on that local measurement point
+both approaches are still highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both approaches are still highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both approaches are still highly
+sensitive to angle but the pure sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to angle but the pure sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to angle but the pure sigma
+over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mu
+is is much more sensitive you get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much more sensitive you get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much more sensitive you get about
+20 percent smaller variation with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent smaller variation with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent smaller variation with their
+istat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what are the key lessons out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the key lessons out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the key lessons out of this
+part of the case so far that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the case so far that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the case so far that's this
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+i think the key lessons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the key lessons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the key lessons are
+watch out for your sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for your sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for your sampling plan
+and especially if any of you who go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if any of you who go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially if any of you who go into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+semiconductor industry or i guess any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry or i guess any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor industry or i guess any
+industry dealing with round substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry dealing with round substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry dealing with round substrates
+be careful because you will run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because you will run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because you will run into
+this circular sampling plan again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circular sampling plan again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circular sampling plan again and
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+and if you're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're calculating
+some metric that is equally weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metric that is equally weighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some metric that is equally weighting
+each of these points where each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points where each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points where each of these
+points is in fact you know the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is in fact you know the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is in fact you know the points
+off on the on the edge of the wafer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the on the edge of the wafer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on the on the edge of the wafer are
+representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+a bigger area but they're equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger area but they're equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bigger area but they're equally
+weighted with smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted with smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted with smaller
+sampling points near the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling points near the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling points near the center of the
+wafer and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and this is a
+problem that i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that i've seen
+come up again and again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again and again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up again and again and again
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people i think are not as aware of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i think are not as aware of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people i think are not as aware of as
+they ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ought to be
+in the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the industry
+it's easy to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to fix
+it's easy to fix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to fix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to fix one
+fix that i recommend i think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that i recommend i think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that i recommend i think is the
+cleanest is simply do a more uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest is simply do a more uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest is simply do a more uniform
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+that rectangular sampling has a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangular sampling has a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rectangular sampling has a great
+benefit right how much area does each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right how much area does each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right how much area does each
+point represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point represent
+an equal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal area
+right it's not dependent on an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not dependent on an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not dependent on an r
+r theta kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta kind of
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+second is if you do have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is if you do have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is if you do have some
+non-uniform spatially sample sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform spatially sample sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform spatially sample sampling
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+you can kind of fix it by doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of fix it by doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of fix it by doing a
+weighted metric or a weighted regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling plan like that for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan like that for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan like that for let's say
+ring oscillators but it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring oscillators but it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring oscillators but it could be the
+four edges of the chip instead of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four edges of the chip instead of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four edges of the chip instead of four
+edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the
+wafer and it would be replicated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and it would be replicated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and it would be replicated you
+know hundreds of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hundreds of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hundreds of times
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor
+so in in that case the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in that case the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in that case the start
+factor then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor then because
+so unleashes point is often say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unleashes point is often say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unleashes point is often say if
+you're sampling within each chip so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling within each chip so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sampling within each chip so so
+here's our big wafer with lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our big wafer with lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our big wafer with lots and lots
+of these chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chips
+you might sample spatially the same ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sample spatially the same ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sample spatially the same ring
+oscillator in different corners of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in different corners of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator in different corners of the
+chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+multiple chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple chips
+i think again you you've got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think again you you've got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think again you you've got to be a
+little bit alert to what it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit alert to what it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit alert to what it is you're
+doing with that data and how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with that data and how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with that data and how you're
+calculating it but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating it but that
+by chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chip
+kind of sampling plan has the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sampling plan has the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sampling plan has the advantage
+that chips are generally rectangular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chips are generally rectangular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chips are generally rectangular and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+maybe by accident or by free you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by accident or by free you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by accident or by free you're
+usually getting a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equally representative sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally representative sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally representative sampling plan
+that lets you fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you fit
+or calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or calculate
+metrics a little bit more fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but a lot of times you have more more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of times you have more more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of times you have more more of
+a sensitivity to pattern dependence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity to pattern dependence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity to pattern dependence so
+let's say sram is nearby or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say sram is nearby or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say sram is nearby or you know
+lightly populated logic is nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly populated logic is nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly populated logic is nearby
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah so so there's this this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so there's this this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so there's this this is kind of
+good for wafer level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for wafer level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for wafer level
+uh modeling uh kneeling is also pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modeling uh kneeling is also pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modeling uh kneeling is also pointing
+out you know in many cases maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know in many cases maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know in many cases maybe this is
+an sram and this is logic over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sram and this is logic over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an sram and this is logic over here
+and you're sensitive to other what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sensitive to other what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sensitive to other what i
+would call finer grained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call finer grained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call finer grained
+systematic sources of variation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sources of variation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic sources of variation like
+layout pattern density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout pattern density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout pattern density
+proximity to other structures other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to other structures other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to other structures other
+perturbing effects and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing effects and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing effects and those are
+extremely interesting and fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interesting and fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely interesting and fascinating
+to look at and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at and i think
+the basic strategy is if you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic strategy is if you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic strategy is if you know what
+those are as factors and can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are as factors and can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are as factors and can represent
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+as factors you can actually do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as factors you can actually do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as factors you can actually do some of
+the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of
+anova and model fitting with those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anova and model fitting with those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anova and model fitting with those as
+factors in addition to or separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in addition to or separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in addition to or separating
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+spatial xy dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial xy dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial xy dependencies
+so it's it's usually better if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's usually better if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's usually better if you know
+what those factors are not just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those factors are not just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those factors are not just trying
+to let x and y be the stand in for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let x and y be the stand in for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let x and y be the stand in for them
+but actually explicitly include include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually explicitly include include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually explicitly include include
+those things so you know what causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so you know what causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so you know what causes
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+and that's a whole a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole a very interesting
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+okay any any other questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any other questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any any other questions on this
+spatial sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial sampling
+i think it's uh kind of cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's uh kind of cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's uh kind of cool but
+relatively intuitive once once you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively intuitive once once you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively intuitive once once you think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+so the next thing i want to do is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing i want to do is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing i want to do is to say
+okay now i know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i know how to
+be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful
+in building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building a
+spatial response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial response surface model
+but what if i'm worried about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if i'm worried about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if i'm worried about how that
+surface changes as a function of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface changes as a function of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface changes as a function of process
+conditions what i'd like to do is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what i'd like to do is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what i'd like to do is have
+both process and spatial dependencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both process and spatial dependencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both process and spatial dependencies in
+it i'm going to show first off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i'm going to show first off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i'm going to show first off an
+approach that basically builds a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that basically builds a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that basically builds a two
+layered response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered response surface model
+this is the mosem dur and lowenstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mosem dur and lowenstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mosem dur and lowenstein
+paper and then i'll come back to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and then i'll come back to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and then i'll come back to it and
+flip it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip it around
+that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+in the first case the first approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case the first approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case the first approach is
+basically to build the model of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to build the model of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to build the model of space
+and then take each of the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take each of the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take each of the coefficients
+in your spatial model you know your a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spatial model you know your a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your spatial model you know your a3
+times the xy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the xy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the xy term
+and now model that a3 term as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now model that a3 term as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now model that a3 term as a function
+of your process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your process conditions
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+the second approach does the opposite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second approach does the opposite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second approach does the opposite it
+says i'm going to build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says i'm going to build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says i'm going to build a model
+of this particular site location as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular site location as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular site location as a
+function of process conditions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of process conditions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of process conditions and then
+i can fit a spatial model once i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can fit a spatial model once i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can fit a spatial model once i have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so it's two completely separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's two completely separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's two completely separate
+orthogonal ways of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal ways of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal ways of looking at the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so the first one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one here is
+model for semiconductor process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for semiconductor process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for semiconductor process
+optimization using functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization using functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization using functional
+representations of spatial variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of spatial variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of spatial variations in
+selectivity and they make some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and they make some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and they make some of the
+same kinds of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of observations
+that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've talked about
+but what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're
+doing is basically trying to say okay i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is basically trying to say okay i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is basically trying to say okay i
+have to be careful in how i calculate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful in how i calculate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful in how i calculate my
+non-uniformity metric but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity metric but i want to
+calculate that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that and then
+understand how that changes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that changes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that changes as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+different process conditions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions and in
+particular they're looking at a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they're looking at a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they're looking at a silicon
+nitride wet etch looking or silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride wet etch looking or silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride wet etch looking or silicon
+nitride plasma edge excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride plasma edge excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride plasma edge excuse me
+and looking at things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at things like
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etch rates of the silicon nitride etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rates of the silicon nitride etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rates of the silicon nitride etch
+rates of the silicon dioxide as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the silicon dioxide as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the silicon dioxide as a
+function of things like gas flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of things like gas flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of things like gas flows
+process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process conditions
+now they're actually worried about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're actually worried about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're actually worried about two
+key parameters or three key parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key parameters or three key parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key parameters or three key parameters
+one is the etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the etch rate
+faster rates are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster rates are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster rates are better
+uniformity is better but they also worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is better but they also worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is better but they also worry
+about the relative etch rate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relative etch rate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relative etch rate between
+nitride and oxide they want high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride and oxide they want high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride and oxide they want high
+selectivity they want to be able to etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity they want to be able to etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity they want to be able to etch
+through the oxide but stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide but stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide but stop on
+the underlying nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying nitride
+or vice versa i guess this is a nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa i guess this is a nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa i guess this is a nitride
+etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch
+okay so what they do here they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they do here they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they do here they take a
+typical spatial map 19 measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical spatial map 19 measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical spatial map 19 measurements
+the paper says two concentric hexagons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper says two concentric hexagons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper says two concentric hexagons
+but if i look at it they look like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at it they look like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i look at it they look like two
+concentric octagons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric octagons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric octagons
+because it's eight points so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eight points so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's eight points so i don't
+know where that came from but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where that came from but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where that came from but it's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+these uh these octagons plus a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these octagons plus a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh these octagons plus a plus a
+center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point
+uh there may have been replicates to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may have been replicates to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there may have been replicates to get
+to the 19 measurements not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 19 measurements not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 19 measurements not entirely
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+but then their process conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then their process conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then their process conditions are
+temperature microwave power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature microwave power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature microwave power
+pressure in the in the chamber as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the in the chamber as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the in the chamber as well
+as nitrogen and hydrogen flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nitrogen and hydrogen flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as nitrogen and hydrogen flows
+okay so it's sort of a five factor doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's sort of a five factor doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's sort of a five factor doe
+that they're going to be exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be exploring
+and what they note is that the removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they note is that the removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they note is that the removal
+rates do have a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates do have a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates do have a spatial
+dependence as a function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence as a function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence as a function of these
+conditions things like gas flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions things like gas flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions things like gas flow rate
+means more of the gas is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means more of the gas is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means more of the gas is coming in
+contact with the center or the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the center or the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the center or the edge of
+the wafer at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer at different
+different perhaps at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perhaps at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perhaps at different
+temperatures different process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures different process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures different process
+conditions so they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so they do have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+an etch rate that varies spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an etch rate that varies spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an etch rate that varies spatially
+across the wafer and they would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer and they would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the wafer and they would like to
+model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that
+now what they're going to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they're going to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they're going to do is say
+if i know my rate spatially across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i know my rate spatially across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i know my rate spatially across the
+wafer i am going to then calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer i am going to then calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer i am going to then calculate
+non-uniformity as a derived parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity as a derived parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity as a derived parameter
+i'm not just going to sum up my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not just going to sum up my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not just going to sum up my data
+points i am actually going to try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i am actually going to try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i am actually going to try to use
+kind of the model and do a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the model and do a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the model and do a ratio of
+standard deviation to mean but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation to mean but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation to mean but it is
+derived from from from the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from from from the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from from from the model
+and so their basic idea is to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so their basic idea is to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so their basic idea is to do this
+model or two layered model of the etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or two layered model of the etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or two layered model of the etch
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+so what they're going to do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they're going to do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they're going to do is say
+the etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate
+is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function
+of both spatial terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both spatial terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both spatial terms
+sort of the same thing we saw before x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same thing we saw before x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same thing we saw before x y
+x y x squared y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y x squared y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y x squared y squared
+but also of process terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also of process terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also of process terms
+so what they would like to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they would like to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they would like to be able to do
+is plug in and say okay if i know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plug in and say okay if i know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plug in and say okay if i know my
+hydrogen flow rate and i want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen flow rate and i want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen flow rate and i want to look at
+some particular xy location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular xy location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular xy location
+i would like to know at this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to know at this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would like to know at this process
+condition and at this spatial location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and at this spatial location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and at this spatial location
+what is my etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my etch rate
+okay so what they have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they have to do is
+basically fit this two-layered model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fit this two-layered model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fit this two-layered model
+that has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has both
+dependencies on the spatial terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies on the spatial terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies on the spatial terms
+and on the pro the process terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the pro the process terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the pro the process terms
+in it okay and another way of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay and another way of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay and another way of looking at
+this is essentially what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially what they're doing
+is as i as i mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as i as i mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as i as i mentioned earlier
+they're building a spatial model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building a spatial model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're building a spatial model where
+each coefficient sort of an a1 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient sort of an a1 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each coefficient sort of an a1 is also
+then a function of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a function of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a function of the process
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's an example of a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of a regression
+surface that comes out this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that comes out this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that comes out this is the
+spatial regression again as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial regression again as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial regression again as a function
+of x y and so on for the removal rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y and so on for the removal rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x y and so on for the removal rate or
+etch rate of silicon nitride and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of silicon nitride and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of silicon nitride and then
+these coefficients themselves they go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients themselves they go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients themselves they go in
+and they build a model of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they build a model of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they build a model of those
+coefficients as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as a function of the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and when you do that you can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you can get some
+pretty good fits look at these these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good fits look at these these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good fits look at these these are
+r squareds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squareds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squareds
+of you know in the range 0.93 0.90 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know in the range 0.93 0.90 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know in the range 0.93 0.90 is
+the sort of the worst 0.99 for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the worst 0.99 for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the worst 0.99 for for
+each of the significance for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the significance for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the significance for sort of
+each of the each of those terms in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the each of those terms in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the each of those terms in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+this is the spatial model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spatial model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the spatial model
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+that for that c sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that c sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that c sub
+2 n whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n whatever
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+c sub 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c sub 2
+i guess c sub 2 y y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess c sub 2 y y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess c sub 2 y y n
+but the goodness of fit then of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goodness of fit then of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goodness of fit then of doing
+that spatial coordinate model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial coordinate model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial coordinate model as a
+function of the process is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process is a pretty good
+fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+and then what they do is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is say okay
+i'm going to do polynomial regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do polynomial regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do polynomial regression
+as we saw before they actually find kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw before they actually find kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw before they actually find kind
+of a nasty thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nasty thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nasty thing
+to get good fits they had to go to cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good fits they had to go to cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good fits they had to go to cubic
+fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that may be
+uh just a couple of other points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a couple of other points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a couple of other points of
+interest here they use the latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here they use the latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here they use the latin
+hypercube sampling rather than a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercube sampling rather than a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypercube sampling rather than a central
+composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+this is a really cute sampling plan did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really cute sampling plan did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really cute sampling plan did
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+describe this latin hypercube sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this latin hypercube sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this latin hypercube sampling
+plan before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan before
+i think i did but basically this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i did but basically this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i did but basically this was
+saying okay if i have a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if i have a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if i have a space
+some x1 parameter and some x2 parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x1 parameter and some x2 parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x1 parameter and some x2 parameter
+and i only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i only have
+five data points i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points i'm going to
+allow myself to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself to sample
+what you do is you basically divide both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you basically divide both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you basically divide both
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+coordinates or dimensions up into five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or dimensions up into five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates or dimensions up into five
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+five equal spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take
+a sample point and make sure that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample point and make sure that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample point and make sure that every
+one of your five sample points uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your five sample points uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your five sample points uniquely
+falls in one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in one row
+and one column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one column
+so you might get something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might get something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might get something like this
+what am i missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i missing
+maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that
+and what's cool there is if you project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's cool there is if you project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's cool there is if you project
+down onto either x1 coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto either x1 coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto either x1 coordinate
+now i've got sort of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got sort of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got sort of five
+five data points spread throughout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points spread throughout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points spread throughout that
+space or if i project down onto the x2 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if i project down onto the x2 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or if i project down onto the x2 i
+similarly have five coordinates spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly have five coordinates spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly have five coordinates spread
+throughout that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that space
+you have to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little bit careful
+because that algorithm could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that algorithm could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that algorithm could have
+accidentally given you spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally given you spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally given you spatial
+correlation in your sampling so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in your sampling so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in your sampling so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+those points follow my rule of one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points follow my rule of one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points follow my rule of one row
+and column but that has an unintentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column but that has an unintentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column but that has an unintentional
+correlation in it so there's a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in it so there's a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in it so there's a part of
+the latin hypocute sampling algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latin hypocute sampling algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latin hypocute sampling algorithm
+that swaps rows and columns to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that swaps rows and columns to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that swaps rows and columns to avoid
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but that so that's what they do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that so that's what they do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that so that's what they do there
+actually it's good that you're aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good that you're aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good that you're aware of
+latin hypercube sampling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin hypercube sampling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin hypercube sampling because
+especially for constrained cases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for constrained cases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for constrained cases uh
+where you know how many data points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know how many data points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know how many data points you
+can sample it is actually quite quite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sample it is actually quite quite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sample it is actually quite quite an
+interesting approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then what they go in and do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what they go in and do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what they go in and do is
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+out of these fundamental rate functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these fundamental rate functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these fundamental rate functions
+that they fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fit
+they build derived functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build derived functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build derived functions
+these are derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says if i know the removal rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if i know the removal rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if i know the removal rate or
+etch rate at different locations now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate at different locations now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate at different locations now i
+can fold that together to calculate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fold that together to calculate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fold that together to calculate an
+aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate
+uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+kind of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using
+you know some of these ideas we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of these ideas we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of these ideas we were
+talking about before i'm not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before i'm not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before i'm not simply
+calculating from my raw data a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating from my raw data a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating from my raw data a
+uniformity number and then building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity number and then building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity number and then building a
+separate model a separate response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate model a separate response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate model a separate response
+surface model a separate polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model a separate polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model a separate polynomial
+model of uniformity instead i'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of uniformity instead i'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of uniformity instead i'm getting
+close to the physics as i can and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the physics as i can and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the physics as i can and build
+this rate model and then recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate model and then recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate model and then recognize that
+uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+is simply a calculated function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a calculated function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a calculated function
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+that underlying rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying rate
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and they happen to be using something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they happen to be using something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they happen to be using something
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma divided by a rate mean so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma divided by a rate mean so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma divided by a rate mean so they're
+integrating that over over over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that over over over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating that over over over their
+space by the way this little n simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space by the way this little n simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space by the way this little n simply
+indicates that they're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that they're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that they're calculating
+separately or building models separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately or building models separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately or building models separately
+for the oxide rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oxide rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oxide rate
+and the nitride at rate they both vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nitride at rate they both vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nitride at rate they both vary
+spatially so they've built these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially so they've built these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially so they've built these two
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+they do the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the same thing for the
+selectivity again this is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity again this is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity again this is the ratio of
+etch rate of nitride to silicon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of nitride to silicon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of nitride to silicon dioxide
+and that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also
+is a derived model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now notice that there's something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that there's something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that there's something really
+important about these derived models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about these derived models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about these derived models and
+why they help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they help
+may be less less obvious although we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be less less obvious although we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be less less obvious although we've
+already talked about it here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about it here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about it here with the
+uniformity metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity metric
+maybe they'll focus first here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll focus first here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll focus first here on the
+selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity
+is selectivity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selectivity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is selectivity a
+linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function
+no it's kind of nasty it's a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's kind of nasty it's a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's kind of nasty it's a ratio of
+two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+why would that necessarily be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that necessarily be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that necessarily be linear
+this is kind of a complicated functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a complicated functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a complicated functional
+form that if you were trying to directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that if you were trying to directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that if you were trying to directly
+model selectivity it might be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selectivity it might be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model selectivity it might be very
+difficult to capture by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to capture by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to capture by chance
+that complicated functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated functional form
+and even worse think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even worse think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even worse think about the
+computations that go in the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations that go in the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations that go in the calculation
+of standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard deviation
+remember standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember standard deviation
+right it's the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the square root
+of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum
+of some x sub i minus the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some x sub i minus the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some x sub i minus the mean
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by you know one over n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by you know one over n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by you know one over n minus one
+so you got squaring you got square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got squaring you got square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got squaring you got square root
+in there that's a very nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that's a very nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that's a very nonlinear
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+why would a linear model be very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a linear model be very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a linear model be very good at
+capturing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+in fact if you tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you tried
+to do it directly you might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it directly you might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it directly you might get a
+non-uniformity that was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity that was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity that was was
+needed not only cubic terms but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed not only cubic terms but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed not only cubic terms but who
+knows fourth order terms fifth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows fourth order terms fifth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows fourth order terms fifth order
+terms it could be quite complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it could be quite complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it could be quite complicated to
+actually fit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit it
+and what they're showing in the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're showing in the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they're showing in the paper is
+an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where
+a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+rate function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate function
+they're doing it here also as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it here also as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it here also as a function
+of say theta and r not not not just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say theta and r not not not just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say theta and r not not not just say
+x y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y but
+that transformation is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformation is pretty simple
+if you then feed that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then feed that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then feed that into the
+uniformity calculation the expansions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity calculation the expansions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity calculation the expansions of
+squares and square roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and square roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and square roots
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+kind of almost if you will for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional form
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+quite complicated in capturing the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complicated in capturing the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite complicated in capturing the true
+functional dependencies of uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependencies of uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependencies of uniformity
+that's the important idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important idea here
+is you have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a simple
+direct underlying model of rate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct underlying model of rate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct underlying model of rate and then
+if you've got a complicated functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a complicated functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a complicated functional
+dependence like non-uniformity metric on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence like non-uniformity metric on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence like non-uniformity metric on
+that you calculate that from the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you calculate that from the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you calculate that from the simpler
+underlying model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying model
+i like that i think that's that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that i think that's that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that i think that's that's nice
+that's a key idea in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a key idea in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a key idea in this paper
+then they go on and do once they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go on and do once they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go on and do once they've got
+these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+they do multiple objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do multiple objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do multiple objective
+optimization trying to minimize select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization trying to minimize select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization trying to minimize select
+or maximize selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximize selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximize selectivity
+minimize their non-uniformity value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize their non-uniformity value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize their non-uniformity value
+maximize the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the rate
+they've got some constraints they go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some constraints they go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got some constraints they go in
+and kind of do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of do a
+a multiple uh objective come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple uh objective come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple uh objective come up with
+some optimum values and show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimum values and show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some optimum values and show how
+how much improvement they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much improvement they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much improvement they get
+but the key idea i think was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea i think was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea i think was that
+contribution of this this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this this notion
+that you you want to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you want to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you want to start with
+something that's simpler model then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's simpler model then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's simpler model then if
+you've got a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a complicated
+optimization objective use the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization objective use the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization objective use the simple
+model build the complicated objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model build the complicated objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model build the complicated objective
+and uh or complicated derived function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh or complicated derived function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh or complicated derived function
+and then use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+any questions on that does that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that does that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that does that seem
+pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show
+next is the last piece of this puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is the last piece of this puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is the last piece of this puzzle
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+yes before i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you compare rectangle to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compare rectangle to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you compare rectangle to a
+circle so the circle has the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so the circle has the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so the circle has the minimum
+area to parameter ratio while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to parameter ratio while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to parameter ratio while
+the rectangle has the maximum so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle has the maximum so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle has the maximum so it's
+most likely when we have a rectangle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely when we have a rectangle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely when we have a rectangle and
+we most likely have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we most likely have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we most likely have to
+to have a uniformed uh sampling is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a uniformed uh sampling is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a uniformed uh sampling is it
+correct to look at it in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't think i don't see a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i don't see a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i don't see a relationship
+between the perimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the perimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the perimeter
+two area for even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason i'm not sure that that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i'm not sure that that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i'm not sure that that works
+is if i have here's my wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the rectangular case it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rectangular case it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rectangular case it's easy to
+sort of tessellate the the space and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tessellate the the space and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tessellate the the space and and
+cover the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the space
+uh with non-overlapping regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with non-overlapping regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with non-overlapping regions that
+each data point represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point represents
+in order to do that with the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that with the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that with the circular
+sampling plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling plan
+each one of these is not a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the way you have to sort of do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way you have to sort of do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way you have to sort of do it
+is each one of these is this arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each one of these is this arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each one of these is this arc
+to cover the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with non-overlapping now who knows if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-overlapping now who knows if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-overlapping now who knows if
+you had to allow yourself sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to allow yourself sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to allow yourself sort of
+overlapping coverage maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping coverage maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping coverage maybe
+what you're talking about makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about makes sense
+but i don't think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think it's really
+a perimeter that each area it's i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perimeter that each area it's i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perimeter that each area it's i think
+it really is area just purely area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is area just purely area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is area just purely area that
+it's representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's representing
+but i haven't thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i haven't thought about the
+perimeter issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeter issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeter issue
+it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting
+and by the way this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this is the kind of
+calculation you would do back in spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you would do back in spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you would do back in spatial
+modeling to figure out as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to figure out as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to figure out as a function of
+your x y coordinate for your measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your x y coordinate for your measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your x y coordinate for your measurement
+point how much area that ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how much area that ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how much area that ought to
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+you know you're basically dividing it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're basically dividing it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're basically dividing it up
+and you have to kind of do those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to kind of do those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to kind of do those those
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the last thing i want to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing i want to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last thing i want to show is
+this paper by glowing sacks and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by glowing sacks and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by glowing sacks and again
+remind you ellie sacks is a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you ellie sacks is a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you ellie sacks is a professor
+here in mechanical engineering who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in mechanical engineering who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in mechanical engineering who
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+two lives ago did a lot of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lives ago did a lot of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lives ago did a lot of work in
+semiconductor process control um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process control um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor process control um
+his previous life or his life after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his previous life or his life after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his previous life or his life after that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+was 3d printing and his current life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 3d printing and his current life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 3d printing and his current life is
+is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now
+solar energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy so
+he's made some wonderful contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's made some wonderful contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's made some wonderful contributions
+and some big moves and i actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some big moves and i actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some big moves and i actually like
+this paper quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper quite a lot
+the basic idea in this is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea in this is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea in this is looking at
+this issue again of spatial uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue again of spatial uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue again of spatial uniformity
+how one does modeling and then uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one does modeling and then uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one does modeling and then uses that
+for optimization and control uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for optimization and control uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for optimization and control uh of
+uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity
+and basically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically here
+he builds on i think he builds on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he builds on i think he builds on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he builds on i think he builds on this
+notion that you we learned from the lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you we learned from the lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you we learned from the lean
+lowenstein all right or mozinder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein all right or mozinder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein all right or mozinder and
+lowenstein paper which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein paper which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein paper which is
+build simple underlying models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build simple underlying models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build simple underlying models
+and then combine them and use them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine them and use them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine them and use them to
+solve the larger problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the larger problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the larger problems
+but keep it as simple as you possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep it as simple as you possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep it as simple as you possibly
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+and he suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he suggests
+together with andy guo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with andy guo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with andy guo
+he suggests that we should flip around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggests that we should flip around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he suggests that we should flip around
+what lowenstein and mozamber did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lowenstein and mozamber did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lowenstein and mozamber did
+and actually build models for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually build models for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually build models for each
+spatial location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial location
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+don't fit the spatial model first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fit the spatial model first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fit the spatial model first and
+then take that coefficient and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take that coefficient and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take that coefficient and try to
+build a model of that coefficient as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model of that coefficient as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model of that coefficient as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+process instead just look at that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process instead just look at that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process instead just look at that one
+spatial location and build a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial location and build a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial location and build a model of
+that spatial locations response as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial locations response as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spatial locations response as a
+function of the process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process conditions
+and now i can combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can combine that
+to other spatial derived things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other spatial derived things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other spatial derived things like
+fitting a spatial model or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a spatial model or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting a spatial model or
+not necessarily even fitting a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even fitting a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even fitting a spatial
+model but now i can basically use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but now i can basically use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but now i can basically use
+spatial information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information
+not lose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lose it
+i still know the left side or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still know the left side or the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still know the left side or the right
+side is higher or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is higher or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is higher or lower
+what happens when you calculate standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you calculate standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you calculate standard
+deviation over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation over mu
+you lose information of left side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose information of left side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose information of left side or
+right side was higher or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side was higher or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side was higher or lower
+you just boiled it down to they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just boiled it down to they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just boiled it down to they were
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+he says keep the sites keep the sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says keep the sites keep the sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says keep the sites keep the sites
+use that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information
+to drive towards an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keep the simple model build those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the simple model build those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the simple model build those and
+then you can combine them so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can combine them so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can combine them so let's look
+and see how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how that works
+here's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic idea
+we would take let's say i was measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would take let's say i was measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would take let's say i was measuring
+three different locations uh on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different locations uh on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different locations uh on on the
+wafer y one y two y three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer y one y two y three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer y one y two y three
+and i have two equipment settings so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have two equipment settings so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have two equipment settings so two
+different process parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process parameters
+what you're gonna do here is build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're gonna do here is build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're gonna do here is build a
+response surface model and a doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model and a doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model and a doe
+and there's two different approaches one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two different approaches one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two different approaches one
+can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+one can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can take
+what we'll call the single response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call the single response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll call the single response
+surface the classical approach that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the classical approach that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the classical approach that says
+i'm looking at different combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at different combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at different combinations of
+my input parameters i measure my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input parameters i measure my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my input parameters i measure my three
+points i've got three data points i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i've got three data points i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points i've got three data points i can
+then calculate for that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate for that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then calculate for that process
+condition that run number one i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that run number one i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that run number one i can
+calculate the standard deviation across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the standard deviation across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the standard deviation across
+those three data points divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three data points divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three data points divide by the
+mean of those three data points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of those three data points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of those three data points that
+gives me what the uniformity spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me what the uniformity spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me what the uniformity spatially
+was for that run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for that run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for that run
+i can then repeat that for all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can then repeat that for all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can then repeat that for all of my
+different process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions
+and then i can build a response a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can build a response a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can build a response a single
+response surface at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface at the end
+srs single response surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srs single response surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srs single response surface
+that is the response surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the response surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the response surface of
+the response of non-uniformity as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of non-uniformity as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of non-uniformity as a
+function of my process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of my process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of my process conditions
+that's a class classic approach and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a class classic approach and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a class classic approach and you
+will still run into that in many papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still run into that in many papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still run into that in many papers
+we didn't see it in the low end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't see it in the low end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't see it in the low end
+lowenstein paper you know they used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein paper you know they used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowenstein paper you know they used a
+slightly different approach but but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different approach but but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different approach but but this
+is a classic approach and what he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic approach and what he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic approach and what he says
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+no don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no don't do that
+do not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not do that
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+use the same design of experiments same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same design of experiments same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same design of experiments same
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+but do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do something
+that i think is a little bit smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think is a little bit smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i think is a little bit smarter
+which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says
+take your different site this is site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your different site this is site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your different site this is site
+site one i'm always measuring the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site one i'm always measuring the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site one i'm always measuring the left
+side maybe this is the center this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side maybe this is the center this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side maybe this is the center this is
+the right side of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the wafer
+and build a response surface for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a response surface for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a response surface for that
+site response maybe it's the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site response maybe it's the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site response maybe it's the thickness
+or the etch rate or whatever as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the etch rate or whatever as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the etch rate or whatever as a
+function of the process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the same for all all of the sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same for all all of the sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same for all all of the sites
+that you've got build separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got build separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got build separate
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+response surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surfaces
+and now you know how each site responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know how each site responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know how each site responds
+for whatever process conditions you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever process conditions you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever process conditions you want
+and now you can combine them if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can combine them if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you can combine them if you want
+a uniformity metric to see which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniformity metric to see which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniformity metric to see which is
+better but you can also do smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but you can also do smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but you can also do smarter
+things like try to balance them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like try to balance them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like try to balance them
+get the left side back up to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the left side back up to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the left side back up to match the
+right side do other sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side do other sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side do other sorts of things
+okay let's see how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see how that works
+this basic point here is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic point here is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic point here is very similar to
+the mosinder and lowenstein which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the single response surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single response surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single response surface
+is a very tough job to directly model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very tough job to directly model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very tough job to directly model in
+one response surface this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one response surface this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one response surface this highly
+non-linear sigma over mu and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear sigma over mu and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear sigma over mu and in fact if
+i try to build a second order model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i try to build a second order model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i try to build a second order model
+you often need a second order model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often need a second order model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often need a second order model as a
+function of the process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the process conditions
+which means lots of sampling in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means lots of sampling in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means lots of sampling in your
+multiple levels in your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels in your process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels in your process
+conditions at least three maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at least three maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at least three maybe more
+and you get a very complicated model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a very complicated model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a very complicated model
+what he also shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he also shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he also shows
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+very often with the multiple response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often with the multiple response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often with the multiple response
+surface model you can have much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model you can have much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface model you can have much simpler
+lower order models for each site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order models for each site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order models for each site
+and in fact what he will do is show if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact what he will do is show if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact what he will do is show if i
+just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just build
+a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model
+for each site as a function of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each site as a function of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each site as a function of my
+process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process conditions
+meaning i actually need fewer levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i actually need fewer levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i actually need fewer levels in
+my doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my doe
+i can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can actually get
+simple linear models for my individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear models for my individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple linear models for my individual
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+and then when i functionally calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i functionally calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i functionally calculate
+the mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mu
+the mean of those three that's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of those three that's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of those three that's a simple
+formula and standard deviation over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and standard deviation over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and standard deviation over mu
+is a simple formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple formula
+but embedded in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but embedded in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but embedded in it
+is the right non-linear functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right non-linear functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right non-linear functional form
+for sigma over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sigma over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sigma over mu
+and so you get this non-linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this non-linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this non-linearity
+out of very simple linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of very simple linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of very simple linear models
+and that's this that's the key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this that's the key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this that's the key idea
+similar to mosindur and lowenstein right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to mosindur and lowenstein right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to mosindur and lowenstein right
+build the simple model and then use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the simple model and then use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the simple model and then use it
+and combine it in whatever complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine it in whatever complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine it in whatever complicated
+functional form you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form you have
+so he argues that you can actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he argues that you can actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he argues that you can actually get a
+smaller number of data not just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of data not just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number of data not just use the
+same data in a smarter way but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data in a smarter way but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data in a smarter way but actually
+sample less in your process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample less in your process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample less in your process conditions
+in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases
+okay so you get a savings in the doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you get a savings in the doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you get a savings in the doe
+another very nice advantage that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very nice advantage that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very nice advantage that's
+articulated in the paper i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the paper i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in the paper i'm not going
+to go into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into here
+is that each of those models of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each of those models of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each of those models of the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+is a nice simple linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can use simple linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use simple linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use simple linear models
+with the cycle to cycle run by run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cycle to cycle run by run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cycle to cycle run by run
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+that dave hart talked about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dave hart talked about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dave hart talked about a couple of
+lectures ago you can basically take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago you can basically take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago you can basically take that
+as a model adapt that model rapidly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model adapt that model rapidly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model adapt that model rapidly to
+changing process drifts or conditions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing process drifts or conditions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing process drifts or conditions in
+your equipment use that updated model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equipment use that updated model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equipment use that updated model in
+sort of a pi or pid kind of fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a pi or pid kind of fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a pi or pid kind of fashion
+and use that to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to improve
+the selection or pick the selection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection or pick the selection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection or pick the selection of
+the right process condition for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right process condition for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right process condition for the next
+wafer run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer run
+it's a lot easier to use this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to use this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier to use this kind of a
+model for cycle to cycle control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for cycle to cycle control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for cycle to cycle control
+he also has some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also has some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also has some other
+very nice point he does a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point he does a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice point he does a bit of
+analysis in the paper saying which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the paper saying which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the paper saying which one
+is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less
+susceptible to noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to noise
+it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out
+that the sight models kind of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sight models kind of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sight models kind of average
+out noise a little bit better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out noise a little bit better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out noise a little bit better than
+putting everything into signal to noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting everything into signal to noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting everything into signal to noise
+and then the last point is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last point is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last point is a really
+important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if you get this really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get this really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get this really complicated
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubic model that tells you how new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic model that tells you how new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic model that tells you how new
+non-uniformity changes as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity changes as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity changes as a function of
+your process conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your process conditions
+do you as the process engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you as the process engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you as the process engineer
+have any idea really intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea really intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea really intuitively
+what will happen if you change a knob or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if you change a knob or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if you change a knob or
+what's happening spatially across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening spatially across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening spatially across your
+wafer his argument is you've lost a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer his argument is you've lost a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer his argument is you've lost a lot
+of that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information
+if you actually have your site models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually have your site models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually have your site models
+you can build that full spatial map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build that full spatial map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build that full spatial map
+see how each site is changing as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how each site is changing as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how each site is changing as you
+change your process conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your process conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your process conditions and
+actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see
+build some process knowledge see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some process knowledge see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some process knowledge see what's
+going on much closer to the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on much closer to the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on much closer to the process
+so here's a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a couple of examples
+this relates to again the point that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates to again the point that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates to again the point that the
+complexity of the uniformity metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the uniformity metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the uniformity metric
+has a lot in it and you actually lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot in it and you actually lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot in it and you actually lose
+information so here's the point where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so here's the point where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so here's the point where if
+i measure the thickness at the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i measure the thickness at the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i measure the thickness at the left side
+thickness at the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is i'll make red is my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is i'll make red is my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is i'll make red is my left
+and blue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue here
+are my right measurement points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my right measurement points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my right measurement points
+let's say i have simple linear responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i have simple linear responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i have simple linear responses
+for for how the those two sites change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for how the those two sites change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for how the those two sites change
+as a function of the input parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the input parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the input parameter
+they really do change linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really do change linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really do change linearly
+notice what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happens
+in one case the left side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case the left side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case the left side is
+much thicker than the right and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thicker than the right and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thicker than the right and in the
+other process condition the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process condition the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process condition the right side
+is much thicker than the left if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much thicker than the left if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much thicker than the left if you
+actually just directly do a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just directly do a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just directly do a single
+response surface kind of idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface kind of idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface kind of idea or
+do our calculation of sigma over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our calculation of sigma over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our calculation of sigma over mu
+you can easily get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily get a little bit
+a little bit fooled here right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit fooled here right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit fooled here right they're
+both equal in terms of a uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equal in terms of a uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equal in terms of a uniformity
+value but you've lost track just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you've lost track just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you've lost track just looking
+at these values by themselves you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these values by themselves you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these values by themselves you don't
+know what's going on on the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on on the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on on the wafer
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so looking back here you can see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking back here you can see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking back here you can see what's
+going on on the wafer the second point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the wafer the second point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on on the wafer the second point
+is if one wants to actually go in and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if one wants to actually go in and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if one wants to actually go in and do
+a medium input and interpolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium input and interpolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium input and interpolate
+if i have these site models i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have these site models i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have these site models i could
+actually project and guess and say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually project and guess and say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually project and guess and say i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that if i were to run at the middle i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i were to run at the middle i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i were to run at the middle i
+would have very good uniformity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have very good uniformity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have very good uniformity the
+thickness would be the same in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness would be the same in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness would be the same in both
+cases and if i calculate a value based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and if i calculate a value based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and if i calculate a value based
+on these underlying models i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these underlying models i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these underlying models i can
+actually project what happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually project what happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually project what happens at
+intermediate values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values
+this would suggest for a control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would suggest for a control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would suggest for a control problem
+or an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an optimization
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+the center point whereas if all i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center point whereas if all i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center point whereas if all i had
+were these two data points i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these two data points i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these two data points i would say
+they're the same i can't really improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same i can't really improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same i can't really improve
+things much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that can be in any direction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be in any direction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be in any direction with
+respect to the naught so any equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the naught so any equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the naught so any equation
+that you get you would never be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get you would never be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get you would never be sure
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for different chips how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different chips how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different chips how
+i guess yeah i'm not projecting down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess yeah i'm not projecting down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess yeah i'm not projecting down to
+chip level i'm thinking here wafer level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip level i'm thinking here wafer level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip level i'm thinking here wafer level
+um and i think you always know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i think you always know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i think you always know you can
+always refer to something with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refer to something with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always refer to something with you know
+the wafer notch or the wafer flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer notch or the wafer flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer notch or the wafer flat
+so so i think i think that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think i think that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think i think that's you know
+right and left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left
+these are conceptual here but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are conceptual here but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are conceptual here but i think
+they can be very well defined if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be very well defined if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be very well defined if you are
+also worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also worried about
+repeated chip scale things coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated chip scale things coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated chip scale things coming from
+lithography fields that's an extra layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography fields that's an extra layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography fields that's an extra layer
+of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spatial
+concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+okay and then this is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this is essentially the
+implications for control are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for control are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for control are pretty much
+what i was was just just describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was was just just describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was was just just describing
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+you know just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just use
+sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the
+the high end the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high end the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high end the low
+and this is your intended input you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is your intended input you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is your intended input you can
+now predict what what a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now predict what what a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now predict what what a little bit
+better what your actual output would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what your actual output would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what your actual output would be
+with these simplified cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these simplified cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these simplified cases
+so in the paper uh they do some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the paper uh they do some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the paper uh they do some examples
+actually using some experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using some experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using some experimental data
+that they generated this is for the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they generated this is for the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they generated this is for the low
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+chemical vapor deposition of polysilicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition of polysilicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical vapor deposition of polysilicon
+and it has spatial uniformity in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has spatial uniformity in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has spatial uniformity in it
+not just on the wafer actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just on the wafer actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just on the wafer actually what
+they're doing here is spatial uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is spatial uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing here is spatial uniformity
+across the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the tube
+so as a function of wafer position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of wafer position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a function of wafer position
+these are big multi-wafer tubes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big multi-wafer tubes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big multi-wafer tubes that
+might actually process you know 24 or 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually process you know 24 or 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually process you know 24 or 48
+or 96 wafers all at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 96 wafers all at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 96 wafers all at once
+and there's a gas flow there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gas flow there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gas flow there's an
+injector for the gas and the gas flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injector for the gas and the gas flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injector for the gas and the gas flows
+you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a
+center injector source injector the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center injector source injector the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center injector source injector the gas
+flows are somewhat non-uniform and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are somewhat non-uniform and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are somewhat non-uniform and you
+may in fact have systematic spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in fact have systematic spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in fact have systematic spatial
+dependencies as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies as a function of
+temperatures gas flows and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures gas flows and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures gas flows and so on
+and what they basically went in and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically went in and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically went in and did
+is compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compared
+single response surface models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface models to
+multiple response surface models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple response surface models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple response surface models
+pictured here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured here
+is basically showing this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically showing this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically showing this complicated
+dependence of signal to noise ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of signal to noise ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of signal to noise ratio
+the single single response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single single response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single single response surface model
+but the simple dependence of deposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the simple dependence of deposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the simple dependence of deposition
+rate rates on these two two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate rates on these two two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate rates on these two two parameters
+so down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so down here
+this is basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically saying
+my site my site here is wafer number 26.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my site my site here is wafer number 26.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my site my site here is wafer number 26.
+i want to know what the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know what the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to know what the average
+thickness on wafer 26 is as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness on wafer 26 is as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness on wafer 26 is as a function
+of these two flow rates and it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two flow rates and it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two flow rates and it's a nice
+simple dependence on the flow rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dependence on the flow rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple dependence on the flow rates
+if i look at a different site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at a different site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at a different site
+a little bit further down the tube but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit further down the tube but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit further down the tube but
+wait for number 124 i also get a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for number 124 i also get a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for number 124 i also get a simple
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+but if i now combine these into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i now combine these into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i now combine these into a
+sigma over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma over mu
+it has a very complicated shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+built out of these simple dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of these simple dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out of these simple dependencies
+simple responses spatially they combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple responses spatially they combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple responses spatially they combine
+to a very complicated non-uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very complicated non-uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very complicated non-uniformity
+signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature
+then what they did is say okay i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they did is say okay i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they did is say okay i'm going
+to compare srs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare srs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare srs
+to mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mrs
+and i'm furthermore going to tie one arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm furthermore going to tie one arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm furthermore going to tie one arm
+behind my back when i do mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my back when i do mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind my back when i do mrs
+the arm i'm going to tie behind my back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm i'm going to tie behind my back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm i'm going to tie behind my back
+is i'm going to let srs do three level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to let srs do three level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to let srs do three level
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+two parameters flow rate one and flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters flow rate one and flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parameters flow rate one and flow
+rate two but i i'm doing a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate two but i i'm doing a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate two but i i'm doing a full
+factorial three level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial three level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial three level
+i do nine different process experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do nine different process experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do nine different process experiments
+and i fit the model for non-uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i fit the model for non-uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i fit the model for non-uniformity
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+for mrs i'm just gonna let myself pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mrs i'm just gonna let myself pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mrs i'm just gonna let myself pick
+the high and the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high and the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high and the low
+i'm just gonna do i'm going to do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna do i'm going to do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna do i'm going to do less
+than half the number of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half the number of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half the number of experiments
+and build my site models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build my site models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build my site models
+and then see what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what kind of
+predicted signal to noise ratio i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted signal to noise ratio i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted signal to noise ratio i will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+and i'm going to look now at also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to look now at also how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to look now at also how
+noise factors into this and see do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise factors into this and see do i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise factors into this and see do i do
+better with srs or do i do better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with srs or do i do better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with srs or do i do better with
+mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs
+and this is a picture that shows hey in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a picture that shows hey in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a picture that shows hey in
+these two cases they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two cases they're kind of
+suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+non-uniformity signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity signatures
+but what happens now if i repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens now if i repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens now if i repeat that
+with different amounts of injected noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different amounts of injected noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different amounts of injected noise
+and it's basically showing that the mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically showing that the mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically showing that the mrs
+in in you know four repeats of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in you know four repeats of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in you know four repeats of this kind
+of experiment with with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment with with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment with with different
+amounts of injected noise pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of injected noise pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of injected noise pretty much
+gives the same surface each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the same surface each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the same surface each time
+look what happens over here in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens over here in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens over here in the in
+the srs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the srs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the srs
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+three three out of the four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three out of the four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three out of the four times
+they're kind of the same bowl shaped but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of the same bowl shaped but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of the same bowl shaped but
+one case you actually get this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you actually get this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you actually get this weird
+hyperbolic surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic surface
+it's more susceptible this is just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more susceptible this is just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more susceptible this is just kind
+of an example not proving anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an example not proving anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an example not proving anything but
+just showing in an example that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing in an example that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing in an example that actually
+the models you get with the srs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models you get with the srs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models you get with the srs can
+actually vary and be much more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vary and be much more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vary and be much more sensitive
+to noise even though you got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise even though you got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to noise even though you got more
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+more spatial or more more levels of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spatial or more more levels of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spatial or more more levels of your
+doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe
+and then they went in and did a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they went in and did a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they went in and did a sort of
+a more thorough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more thorough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more thorough
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+building lots of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building lots of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building lots of models
+and then using that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using that model
+to drive or select what an optimum point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive or select what an optimum point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive or select what an optimum point
+is so maybe you're trying to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so maybe you're trying to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so maybe you're trying to maximize
+you know the removal rate find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the removal rate find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the removal rate find the
+optimum point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum point
+in each of those cases and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those cases and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of those cases and see what the
+spread is with the srs and mrs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is with the srs and mrs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread is with the srs and mrs in the
+predicted optimal points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted optimal points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted optimal points
+and you can see over here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see over here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see over here on the right
+the basic conclusion that they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic conclusion that they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic conclusion that they come to
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+single response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface model
+and the multiple response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiple response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multiple response surface model
+they're spread in the two in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're spread in the two in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're spread in the two in terms of
+the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum
+but the single response service model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the single response service model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the single response service model is
+basically biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically biased
+it drives you to an optimum point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drives you to an optimum point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drives you to an optimum point that
+is actually not close to the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not close to the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not close to the measured
+optimum point on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum point on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum point on average
+they basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically say
+single response surface modeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface modeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single response surface modeling is
+dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous
+not only is it inefficient but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it inefficient but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it inefficient but it can
+drive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive you
+to make errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make errors
+so that's a very interesting observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very interesting observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very interesting observation
+so i think i'm going to wrap it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'm going to wrap it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i'm going to wrap it up here
+so we have a little bit of time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a little bit of time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a little bit of time to talk
+about some of the projects especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the projects especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the projects especially
+with singapore people where we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with singapore people where we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with singapore people where we've got
+the video but i think these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but i think these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but i think these are really
+neat papers really neat ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat papers really neat ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat papers really neat ideas
+basically first idea is spatial sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically first idea is spatial sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically first idea is spatial sampling
+how you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you sample
+and what area each of those sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what area each of those sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what area each of those sampling
+points represents matters so you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points represents matters so you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points represents matters so you can be
+smart about that using either weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about that using either weighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about that using either weighting
+or uniform sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uniform sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uniform sampling
+and then there's some neat ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some neat ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some neat ideas about
+combined process and spatial modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined process and spatial modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined process and spatial modeling
+i basically really like the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i basically really like the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i basically really like the multiple
+response surface modeling approach i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling approach i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling approach i
+think the mosindur and lowenstein was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the mosindur and lowenstein was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the mosindur and lowenstein was a
+nice stepping stone on the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stepping stone on the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice stepping stone on the way to
+recognize that you'd like to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that you'd like to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that you'd like to build
+simple models and then derive on them i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and then derive on them i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and then derive on them i
+like the glow and sax because it carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the glow and sax because it carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the glow and sax because it carries
+it one step further it says build simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one step further it says build simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one step further it says build simple
+models of your response at each of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your response at each of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of your response at each of your
+spatial locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial locations
+and then combine those or use those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine those or use those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine those or use those as
+you see fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see fit
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+either boil down come up with an overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either boil down come up with an overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either boil down come up with an overall
+uniformity or make other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity or make other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity or make other kinds of
+control or optimization decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or optimization decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control or optimization decisions
+so any questions on that before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on that before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on that before we
+switch over to talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to talking about some
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think about it maybe some of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it maybe some of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it maybe some of your data
+is actually spatially sampled for one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually spatially sampled for one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually spatially sampled for one of
+your projects it'd be cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects it'd be cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects it'd be cool
+cool to add some spatial modeling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to add some spatial modeling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to add some spatial modeling in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how finely refined can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how finely refined can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how finely refined can you
+probe that monkey brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's it um i i know some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it um i i know some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it um i i know some of the
+folks here uh here here in cambridge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks here uh here here in cambridge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks here uh here here in cambridge um
+i've met with like one group i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've met with like one group i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've met with like one group i think
+dave has talked to matt and you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave has talked to matt and you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave has talked to matt and you guys are
+thinking uh i talked also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh i talked also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh i talked also
+we'll want to try to set up a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want to try to set up a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll want to try to set up a meeting
+i think i've said send email pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i've said send email pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i've said send email pretty much
+to everybody saying i think the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody saying i think the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody saying i think the projects
+look good here's some ideas you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good here's some ideas you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good here's some ideas you might
+think about the purpose of the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the purpose of the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the purpose of the meeting
+is not to get approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to get approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to get approval
+consider this now you're approved go run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this now you're approved go run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this now you're approved go run
+you've only got a week less than a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got a week less than a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got a week less than a week
+go full bore the purpose of the meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go full bore the purpose of the meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go full bore the purpose of the meeting
+is to answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to answer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to answer questions
+help out if you've got additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out if you've got additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out if you've got additional
+inquiries feel free to contact me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiries feel free to contact me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiries feel free to contact me
+dave hart hayden at any time but i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave hart hayden at any time but i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dave hart hayden at any time but i would
+like if we haven't had a chance to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we haven't had a chance to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we haven't had a chance to talk
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+just just try to uh to set something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+one and a half hours less than one week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half hours less than one week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half hours less than one week
+from today will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today will be the
+so so the first what i will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first what i will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first what i will also be
+doing is making assignments for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is making assignments for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is making assignments for what
+groups will present on tuesday of next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will present on tuesday of next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will present on tuesday of next
+week and what groups will present on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and what groups will present on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and what groups will present on
+thursday of next week okay so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday of next week okay so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday of next week okay so it'll be
+kind of random luck of the draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random luck of the draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random luck of the draw
+but i'll let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll let you know
+by by the end of this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the end of this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the end of this week
+when your time will be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your time will be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your time will be and then
+everybody's reports are due on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's reports are due on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's reports are due on friday
+of next week the end of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next week the end of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next week the end of class
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i didn't mean to panic you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't mean to panic you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't mean to panic you it's
+you've got almost at least a full week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got almost at least a full week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got almost at least a full week
+for for the presentation and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the presentation and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the presentation and then in
+fact one idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one idea is
+you know if you get some some quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you get some some quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you get some some quick
+questions or feedback from the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or feedback from the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or feedback from the class
+from us during the presentation it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us during the presentation it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us during the presentation it gives
+you a quick chance to maybe add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick chance to maybe add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick chance to maybe add a little
+bit or do a quick additional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or do a quick additional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or do a quick additional analysis
+before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the
+report is due so i actually do recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is due so i actually do recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is due so i actually do recommend
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+take that opportunity to fold in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that opportunity to fold in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that opportunity to fold in some
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+from the from the presentation do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the presentation do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the presentation do not
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+you're locked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're locked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're locked in
+completely at the presentation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely at the presentation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely at the presentation that's
+most of the way there but it does give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the way there but it does give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the way there but it does give a
+chance for for a little bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for for a little bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance for for a little bit of uh
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+additional work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work
+in the last couple of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last couple of days
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+so let's see singapore folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+first i think i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i think i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i think i have
+let me get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody sent me slides let me talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sent me slides let me talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody sent me slides let me talk with
+that group first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so david stephen jenny these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so david stephen jenny these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so david stephen jenny these were
+the slides you guys sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so somebody wanna i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody wanna i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody wanna i i
+somebody talk me through these i can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody talk me through these i can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody talk me through these i can i
+can push buttons if you want or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can push buttons if you want or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can push buttons if you want or you can
+come up uh it's probably easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up uh it's probably easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up uh it's probably easier to do
+this than right try to switch control to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than right try to switch control to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than right try to switch control to
+singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh our project try to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh our project try to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh our project try to apply the
+spc method to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc method to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc method to a
+supply chain case study so we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain case study so we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain case study so we can uh
+click to next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click to next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click to next slide
+next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide
+i think we can skip this so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can skip this so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can skip this so this will be
+the basic of the model we'll comply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic of the model we'll comply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic of the model we'll comply the
+uh consider the supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the supplier
+and uh company x and consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh company x and consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh company x and consider the
+customers so following are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so following are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so following are the
+parameters that we will consider alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we will consider alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that we will consider alpha
+is a surface level that your supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a surface level that your supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a surface level that your supplier
+promised to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to you
+and be the buffer size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be the buffer size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be the buffer size uh
+in the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the company
+between the machines and i'm ddif mdtr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the machines and i'm ddif mdtr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the machines and i'm ddif mdtr
+and p the production rate of the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p the production rate of the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p the production rate of the flow
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+lt is a transportation lead time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lt is a transportation lead time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lt is a transportation lead time from
+company to customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to customer
+lc is uh the lead time that the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lc is uh the lead time that the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lc is uh the lead time that the company
+promised to the customer and mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to the customer and mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to the customer and mu and
+sigma are for the demand so quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma are for the demand so quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma are for the demand so quick
+question are all of these sort of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are all of these sort of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are all of these sort of input
+parameters or some of these output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or some of these output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or some of these output
+output parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the input parameters okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the input parameters okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the input parameters okay but
+not of all of these parameters are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of all of these parameters are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of all of these parameters are the
+doe parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe parameters
+okay so some will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some will be uh
+sort of set that defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set that defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set that defined the
+essentially defined the setup and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially defined the setup and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially defined the setup and some
+some will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be
+some will be doe that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be doe that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be doe that's what you're
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+yeah okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay okay
+and next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+for the company sometimes uh the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company sometimes uh the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company sometimes uh the service
+level will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level will uh
+out of the range and also using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the range and also using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the range and also using the the
+data for the service level is uh unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for the service level is uh unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for the service level is uh unlike
+other parameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameters is
+the data is quite less so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is quite less so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is quite less so you need to
+detect the shift as soon as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the shift as soon as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect the shift as soon as possible
+and after that you may want to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that you may want to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that you may want to improve
+some parameters to uh to improve the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters to uh to improve the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters to uh to improve the uh
+service level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service level
+okay so the objective yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the objective yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the objective yeah
+so you've got sort of two two branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got sort of two two branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got sort of two two branches
+here as part one is essentially spc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as part one is essentially spc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as part one is essentially spc
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that's where you're saying yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where you're saying yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where you're saying yes and
+the and the other is optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the other is optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the other is optimization
+yeah that's right okay got it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right okay got it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right okay got it okay and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you click again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click again
+that's objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's objective
+to find uh the first step it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh the first step it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh the first step it's a
+file as pc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file as pc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file as pc
+and uh you find out what are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you find out what are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you find out what are the main
+effects and the second stage that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the second stage that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and the second stage that you
+apply the rsm to do optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the rsm to do optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the rsm to do optimization
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+advice for the company that how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for the company that how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice for the company that how can you
+distribute the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute the budget
+to adjust some of the parameters to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust some of the parameters to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adjust some of the parameters to get
+the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+uh best result for improving the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh best result for improving the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh best result for improving the service
+level okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay
+so so one thought here just going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one thought here just going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one thought here just going back
+uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see
+back to to this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to to this slide
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+some of these parameters might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these parameters might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these parameters might be
+discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+which is interesting i think right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting i think right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting i think right so
+so it looks like buffer size is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like buffer size is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like buffer size is probably
+discrete is that is that the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete is that is that the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete is that is that the plan
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+is that the only discrete parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no i think that's some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think that's some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i think that's some level
+because that might be interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that might be interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that might be interesting in
+terms of the doe does the discreteness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the doe does the discreteness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the doe does the discreteness
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+you're you know you have only choice abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you have only choice abc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you have only choice abc
+and it might be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be hard
+here it's it might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it might still be
+monotonic meaning there there really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic meaning there there really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic meaning there there really is
+a progression so you could have discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression so you could have discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression so you could have discrete
+levels and they might have three levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they might have three levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they might have three levels
+that are ordered in some meaningful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ordered in some meaningful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ordered in some meaningful way
+so that'll be an interesting that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be an interesting that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll be an interesting that might
+be an interesting twist both on the doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting twist both on the doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting twist both on the doe
+but more interestingly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more interestingly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more interestingly for
+response surface modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling and
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+because what do you do if you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what do you do if you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what do you do if you know your
+optimization says pick a buffer size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization says pick a buffer size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization says pick a buffer size of
+1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see
+so i think that's an interesting twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's an interesting twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's an interesting twist
+you'll have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to deal with
+okay so you might actually have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might actually have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might actually have to sort
+of come up with some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come up with some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come up with some uh
+on that point you know some strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point you know some strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point you know some strategies
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+rounding off and maybe assessing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding off and maybe assessing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding off and maybe assessing both
+the high and low round off points to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high and low round off points to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high and low round off points to see
+you know which one's actually better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one's actually better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which one's actually better
+that might be an example of strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an example of strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an example of strategy
+okay keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep going
+okay that's uh the three stages that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's uh the three stages that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's uh the three stages that we
+summarize first stage into the alongside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize first stage into the alongside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize first stage into the alongside
+pc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc
+the second stage the doe and uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second stage the doe and uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second stage the doe and uh the last
+stage is a response service model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is a response service model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is a response service model
+what why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why are they
+when you say stage does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say stage does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say stage does it
+does it have to be in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think yeah yeah first because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think yeah yeah first because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think yeah yeah first because you
+you try to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to plot the
+uh the control chart for the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the control chart for the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the control chart for the service
+level then you you find the problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you you find the problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then you you find the problem then
+you start to focus on the effects that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to focus on the effects that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to focus on the effects that's
+a stage two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage two
+and after that you do the optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what we think should be in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we think should be in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we think should be in order
+because one one thought maybe to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one one thought maybe to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one one thought maybe to think
+about is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is whether
+switching that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching that order
+might make sense i mean in one scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense i mean in one scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make sense i mean in one scenario
+i think you're right in one one actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're right in one one actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're right in one one actual
+sort of real life scenario you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real life scenario you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of real life scenario you may have
+spc charts already up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc charts already up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc charts already up
+and then you go out of control or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go out of control or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go out of control or you
+see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you're
+out of spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of spec
+somewhere and then if i understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and then if i understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and then if i understand your
+approach here you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach here you're saying
+to figure out what the problem was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the problem was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the problem was you
+want to do a doe and solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that might be an interesting scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an interesting scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an interesting scenario
+but often the other way around is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often the other way around is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often the other way around is
+do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a doe up front so you actually know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doe up front so you actually know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a doe up front so you actually know what
+you should be monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be monitoring
+you actually understand larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually understand larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually understand larger
+the basic relationships what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic relationships what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic relationships what's
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+what you should be monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should be monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should be monitoring
+where there's a likely you know actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a likely you know actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a likely you know actual
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+help use the doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help use the doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help use the doe
+to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up
+the the uh the spc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe maybe the sequence maybe what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe maybe the sequence maybe what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe maybe the sequence maybe what i
+would do maybe it goes the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do maybe it goes the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do maybe it goes the other way
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+stage four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage four
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+revise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise
+spc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spc
+yeah maybe that's maybe that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe that's maybe that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe that's maybe that would be a
+good good compromise because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good compromise because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good compromise because i think
+once you've built a doe now you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've built a doe now you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've built a doe now you've got a
+lot more information about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information about what the
+uh you've got a more solid model a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got a more solid model a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got a more solid model a more
+functional model and you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional model and you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional model and you can use that to
+to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perhaps
+set better limits on spc and decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set better limits on spc and decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set better limits on spc and decide what
+parameters are most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are most important
+so i like that that's right we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i like that that's right we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i like that that's right we can't
+okay yeah revise the the control chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah revise the the control chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah revise the the control chart
+parameters yeah that's right okay and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters yeah that's right okay and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters yeah that's right okay and i
+think uh yeah we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh yeah we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh yeah we'll use the
+cell sim an excel based simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell sim an excel based simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell sim an excel based simulation
+software to build the model supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to build the model supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to build the model supply chain
+model and use the mini tablet to for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and use the mini tablet to for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and use the mini tablet to for the
+data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+great so this is all going to be are do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this is all going to be are do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so this is all going to be are do
+at do you actually have some company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at do you actually have some company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at do you actually have some company
+data or are you going to pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or are you going to pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or are you going to pretty much
+mostly use the the cell sim model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next flight you can change the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next flight you can change the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next flight you can change the next line
+ah good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah good yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so for the service service level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the service service level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the service service level uh
+i think we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we will
+get from the simulation but the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the simulation but the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the simulation but the input is
+from the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company
+because we we can't get the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we can't get the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we can't get the service
+level data from the company okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data from the company okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level data from the company okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so if i understand what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i understand what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i understand what you're saying
+is you might actually try to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you might actually try to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you might actually try to model
+kind of a real line with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real line with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real line with some of the
+parameters that tell you how that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that tell you how that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that tell you how that line
+is structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is structured
+and then use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that
+to do simulations and generate service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do simulations and generate service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do simulations and generate service
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+i see so so input is from company yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so so input is from company yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so so input is from company yeah
+okay but you have no output data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you have no output data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you have no output data
+from the company it's all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company it's all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the company it's all going to be
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+yeah that's right okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right okay okay
+uh that certainly gives the advantage i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that certainly gives the advantage i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that certainly gives the advantage i
+talked about today of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today of uh you know
+synthetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic data
+i mean it it's it's nice that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it it's it's nice that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it it's it's nice that you've got
+a realistic scenario based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic scenario based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic scenario based on
+a company scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company scenario
+for setting up your simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for setting up your simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for setting up your simulation
+but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have
+lots of latitude in your synthetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of latitude in your synthetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of latitude in your synthetic data
+to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+i would encourage you to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would encourage you to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would encourage you to consider
+exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intentional perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional perturbations
+you know you can introduce different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can introduce different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can introduce different
+faults into your line and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults into your line and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults into your line and see what
+happens both in the spc and in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens both in the spc and in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens both in the spc and in the model
+you've got a lot of flexibility because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a lot of flexibility because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a lot of flexibility because
+you're doing the simulation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the simulation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the simulation and you can
+play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with
+and say you know what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you know what happens if you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+this piece of equipment goes down or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of equipment goes down or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of equipment goes down or uh
+you know the mean time to failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean time to failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the mean time to failure
+triples and i don't quite you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and i don't quite you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and i don't quite you know i
+don't i didn't know that how does things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i didn't know that how does things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i didn't know that how does things
+improve or you know mean time to failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve or you know mean time to failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve or you know mean time to failure
+it becomes one-tenth what it was i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes one-tenth what it was i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes one-tenth what it was i'm
+failing much more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing much more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing much more often
+so i think you can construct very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you can construct very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you can construct very nicely
+a lot of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different uh
+different scenarios based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios based on
+you know your knowledge from sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your knowledge from sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your knowledge from sort of uh
+factory modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory modeling
+that that might be relevant ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be relevant ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be relevant ones to
+study with it with a doe approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study with it with a doe approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study with it with a doe approach
+so i think that's that's rich that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's that's rich that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's that's rich that that
+gives you a lot of opportunity so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a lot of opportunity so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a lot of opportunity so that's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay i think that's the end of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think that's the end of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think that's the end of the slide
+yeah hayden do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hayden do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hayden do you have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're just we're just thinking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just we're just thinking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just we're just thinking more
+about additional things you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about additional things you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about additional things you might
+explore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore so
+let me just make sure i i understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure i i understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make sure i i understand how
+how the excel model works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the excel model works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the excel model works
+um i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean
+it sounds like you you actually have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you you actually have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like you you actually have a a
+function that determines y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that determines y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that determines y
+as a function of all these input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of all these input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of all these input
+variables and you know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you know what that
+function is well it's very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well it's very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well it's very complicated
+but but you but you know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you but you know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you but you know what it is
+so if you're doing d you're doing doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're doing d you're doing doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're doing d you're doing doe
+you're trying to build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to build a model
+but you already have the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you already have the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you already have the model
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have the
+the exact model yeah the service level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact model yeah the service level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact model yeah the service level
+uh released to all of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh released to all of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh released to all of all of the
+parameters but you cannot derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but you cannot derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but you cannot derive
+a model you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model you do that
+so so what how how is this external is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what how how is this external is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what how how is this external is
+it a lookup table or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lookup table or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lookup table or something
+we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will uh
+simulate the supply chain and we are run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the supply chain and we are run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the supply chain and we are run
+the simulation to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation to get a
+a uh production lead time a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh production lead time a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh production lead time a production
+cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time
+that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+influenced by the buffer size by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the buffer size by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the buffer size by the
+mttf mdtr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mttf mdtr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mttf mdtr
+and then we will check for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will check for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will check for the
+production lead time plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production lead time plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production lead time plus the
+transportation lead time if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation lead time if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation lead time if this is a
+less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the lead time that you promised to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead time that you promised to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead time that you promised to a
+customer then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer then that means
+you satisfy the customer and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you satisfy the customer and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you satisfy the customer and if the
+if the production lead time plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the production lead time plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the production lead time plus the
+transportation time larger than lc now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation time larger than lc now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation time larger than lc now
+account for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for one
+stockholm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockholm
+that's what we generate the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we generate the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we generate the service
+level okay i see see right so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay i see see right so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay i see see right so you want
+some approximate way of of predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximate way of of predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximate way of of predicting
+what that's going to be right okay fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be right okay fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be right okay fair
+enough very yeah i i think hayden's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough very yeah i i think hayden's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough very yeah i i think hayden's
+point is is if you have in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is if you have in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is is if you have in general
+very often you have very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you have very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you have very complicated
+models that may take a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that may take a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that may take a long time to
+actually run any one point and so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run any one point and so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run any one point and so i
+think that's lurking in your mind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's lurking in your mind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's lurking in your mind what
+you would like to do is build simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to do is build simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to do is build simplified
+approximate derived models off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate derived models off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate derived models off of a
+complicated long simulation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated long simulation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated long simulation time
+sophisticated sell sim model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated sell sim model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated sell sim model
+is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay great i mean even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay great i mean even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay great i mean even though
+celsium may actually be fairly fast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsium may actually be fairly fast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsium may actually be fairly fast in
+what i've seen in many of these factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've seen in many of these factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've seen in many of these factory
+simulations is you know running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations is you know running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations is you know running the
+factory simulation itself may take hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory simulation itself may take hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory simulation itself may take hours
+or days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or days
+and that's where you might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you might actually be
+building a simplified approximate model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh do you have one question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh do you have one question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh do you have one question here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i'm not very sure about the demand data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not very sure about the demand data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not very sure about the demand data
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+seems like the cell sim can only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the cell sim can only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the cell sim can only have a
+normal distribution exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution exponential
+distribution input so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution input so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution input so if
+the normal distribution is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution is not very
+appropriate for the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the demand
+so what what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good question i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question i think
+you if it can at least do two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it can at least do two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it can at least do two different
+distributions one one interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions one one interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions one one interesting thing
+would be to see how sensitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to see how sensitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to see how sensitive the
+simulation is to whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is to whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is to whether it's
+you said a normal distribution the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said a normal distribution the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said a normal distribution the other
+was a poisson or what was the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a poisson or what was the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a poisson or what was the other one
+it's exponential exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential exponential
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think usually an exponential is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think usually an exponential is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think usually an exponential is is is
+what's often assumed for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's often assumed for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's often assumed for these kinds of
+arrival processes but but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival processes but but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival processes but but it would be
+interesting actually to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually to see how
+how much uh that might end up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much uh that might end up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much uh that might end up being a
+nice question that for you to ask uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice question that for you to ask uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice question that for you to ask uh and
+try with your data and your simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try with your data and your simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try with your data and your simulation
+how do things differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do things differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do things differ
+as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+not just the parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the parameters of the
+distribution but the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the type of
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it might not matter at all it might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not matter at all it might that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not matter at all it might that
+might be crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be crucial
+that might be the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the most important thing
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any other questions on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no oh well fine great go for it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh well fine great go for it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh well fine great go for it this
+sounds sounds interesting i like i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds sounds interesting i like i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds sounds interesting i like i like
+how this integrates uh your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this integrates uh your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this integrates uh your other
+classes and your other learning too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and your other learning too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and your other learning too
+that's that's uh inspiration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh inspiration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh inspiration from
+another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's see i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see i
+had talked with is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who wants to go next i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to go next i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to go next i know
+other people have not sent slides but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have not sent slides but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have not sent slides but uh
+let's see who else have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see who else have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see who else have
+i sent email to i think everybody kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sent email to i think everybody kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sent email to i think everybody kind
+of late last night or early morning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of late last night or early morning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of late last night or early morning for
+you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're all mixing together who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mixing together who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all mixing together who wants to
+talk about one of their projects next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about one of their projects next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about one of their projects next
+because we have still have about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have still have about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have still have about 20
+minutes on the video time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just talk me through your your written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk me through your your written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk me through your your written
+thing and some of the comments i sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about how about the
+let's see i'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i'm looking at the
+the one for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one for the uh
+the iron sole plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron sole plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron sole plate
+who's kind of a lead person on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's kind of a lead person on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's kind of a lead person on that
+by the way i liked this one because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i liked this one because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i liked this one because you
+know i got to go and tour the phillips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i got to go and tour the phillips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i got to go and tour the phillips
+factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+when we were there and see some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were there and see some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were there and see some of these
+things being made so i'm like oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being made so i'm like oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being made so i'm like oh this is
+cool this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well uh so uh
+actually what we have sent to you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have sent to you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have sent to you uh the
+other time we have in mind is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time we have in mind is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time we have in mind is that the
+company is going to run like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is going to run like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is going to run like some
+intermediate points but then it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate points but then it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate points but then it doesn't
+it turns out to be otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to be otherwise
+so then uh so what we have is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then uh so what we have is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then uh so what we have is that it's
+a five parameter so they are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five parameter so they are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five parameter so they are trying to
+be a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a prototype
+and then uh they're trying to find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh they're trying to find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh they're trying to find what
+is the uh the output so that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the output so that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh the output so that's uh the
+less water like that actually flow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less water like that actually flow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less water like that actually flow out
+and dig out something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dig out something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dig out something like this
+and then uh yeah so what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh yeah so what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh yeah so what we have is
+actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh
+they actually run a full doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually run a full doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually run a full doe
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+uh yeah so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so long
+that's what we have is that data already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have is that data already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have is that data already
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+uh yes it is so then uh what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes it is so then uh what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes it is so then uh what we have is
+a full dle so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full dle so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full dle so that's a
+2 to power 5 so that's 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to power 5 so that's 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to power 5 so that's 32
+32 runs yes and then each run there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 runs yes and then each run there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 runs yes and then each run there is
+three rabbit gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rabbit gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rabbit gates
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+are all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of them
+are all of those parameters basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of those parameters basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of those parameters basically
+continuous parameters i know on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameters i know on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous parameters i know on the
+diagram you mentioned different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you mentioned different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you mentioned different
+diameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters
+and heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heights
+are are are all of those continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are are all of those continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are are all of those continuous
+parameters are any of them sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are any of them sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are any of them sort of
+discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+discrete choices i know they only did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete choices i know they only did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete choices i know they only did
+two levels of each so in some sense they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of each so in some sense they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels of each so in some sense they
+are discrete but if you were building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are discrete but if you were building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are discrete but if you were building a
+response surface model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface model
+would you be able to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to actually
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+them be all of them be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be all of them be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be all of them be continuous
+parameters or would there be a mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or would there be a mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters or would there be a mix
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know like some arrangement of holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like some arrangement of holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like some arrangement of holes
+and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+diameter that was continuously varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's continuous parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's continuous parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's continuous parameters
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+i think maybe some of the inputs are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think maybe some of the inputs are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think maybe some of the inputs are not
+so measurable so maybe we plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measurable so maybe we plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measurable so maybe we plan to
+see some of the inputs work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of the inputs work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of the inputs work at the
+voice input and then we may use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice input and then we may use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice input and then we may use the
+takuchi imagine to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takuchi imagine to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takuchi imagine to do the
+robust design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design
+and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+maybe maybe it is a potential uh idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it is a potential uh idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe it is a potential uh idea
+because right now we still meet some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we still meet some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right now we still meet some
+problem with the data collection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the data collection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the data collection and
+then we are trying to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are trying to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we are trying to figure out the
+problem uh all those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh all those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh all those days
+so actually the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the um
+the four area has not been exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four area has not been exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four area has not been exactly
+designed yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed yet
+so that is uh one of our problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh one of our problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is uh one of our problem yeah
+okay but you think you you'll have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you think you you'll have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you think you you'll have data
+yeah we have uh we have several datas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have uh we have several datas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have uh we have several datas
+but that we reduced uh anova and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we reduced uh anova and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we reduced uh anova and then we
+we found out that the our venue is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that the our venue is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that the our venue is not
+exactly so high it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so high it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so high it's just like
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+larger than 0.5 so i think maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 0.5 so i think maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 0.5 so i think maybe the
+data is not complicated so maybe we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not complicated so maybe we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is not complicated so maybe we need
+more data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and
+yeah okay well you know if you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay well you know if you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay well you know if you get more
+data that's great but it it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's great but it it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's great but it it's not just
+the r squared but i assume your anova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r squared but i assume your anova
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r squared but i assume your anova
+does show some significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show some significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show some significance
+to a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a model
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good good then i think you've got got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good then i think you've got got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good then i think you've got got
+stuff to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to work with
+um now now in the email professor yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now in the email professor yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now in the email professor yes
+uh i actually think that uh it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i actually think that uh it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i actually think that uh it may not
+be very significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very significant
+like uh from from the model uh yeah i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh from from the model uh yeah i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh from from the model uh yeah i do
+think that it's not that significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's not that significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's not that significant
+yeah and actually actually actually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and actually actually actually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and actually actually actually talk
+to the company to see whether uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the company to see whether uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the company to see whether uh why
+they are not trying to find more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not trying to find more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not trying to find more points
+since uh they are not really able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh they are not really able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh they are not really able to
+find a good feed but uh the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good feed but uh the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a good feed but uh the response
+that i got uh from them is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i got uh from them is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i got uh from them is that uh
+they uh to run the experiment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh to run the experiment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh to run the experiment they
+actually need to build a prototype which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to build a prototype which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to build a prototype which
+is very expensive right and uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very expensive right and uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very expensive right and uh as a
+result that uh they are they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh they are they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh they are they are not
+planning to run that actually uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to run that actually uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to run that actually uh i
+i thought that it's a good idea to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that it's a good idea to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thought that it's a good idea to maybe
+to run a middle point yes like so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a middle point yes like so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run a middle point yes like so uh
+yeah i i was not able to convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i was not able to convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i was not able to convince the
+the company for doing that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company for doing that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company for doing that yeah
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+yeah so uh yeah so so that's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh yeah so so that's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh yeah so so that's the problem
+they are facing that is uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are facing that is uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are facing that is uh there's a
+lack of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data
+for this set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this set of uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+for for this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this study
+so uh at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh at the same time
+we have also collected like uh exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also collected like uh exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also collected like uh exploring
+some other like uh alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other like uh alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other like uh alternative
+so uh the other alternative that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the other alternative that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the other alternative that we got
+is uh actually uh so so in the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh actually uh so so in the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh actually uh so so in the prior
+case it's a pro product product design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a pro product product design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a pro product product design
+optimization so then the next one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so then the next one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so then the next one that
+we're looking into is a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into is a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into is a process
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+so uh in the process optimization is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the process optimization is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the process optimization is uh
+basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a
+it's a process line where there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process line where there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process line where there is
+actually a different sole plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a different sole plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a different sole plates
+that are actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh they are produced in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are produced in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are produced in a different
+period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+and then uh they also measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh they also measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh they also measured
+differently so there's also like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so there's also like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so there's also like the
+spatial type of like influence like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial type of like influence like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial type of like influence like for
+example uh we're also trying to see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we're also trying to see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we're also trying to see uh
+for example whether we can see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whether we can see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example whether we can see there's a
+any correlation between the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+yeah uh the defects yeah the defects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the defects yeah the defects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the defects yeah the defects are
+like something like round bubbles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like round bubbles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like round bubbles or
+things like this so we're trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so we're trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this so we're trying to see
+whether we can find correlation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can find correlation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can find correlation uh
+we eat uh between our different layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eat uh between our different layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eat uh between our different layers
+or even like partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even like partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even like partially
+uh say like uh because it's arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say like uh because it's arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say like uh because it's arranged in
+terms of rows and columns i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rows and columns i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rows and columns i think that's
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+five rows and seven columns so in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five rows and seven columns so in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five rows and seven columns so in each
+carrier there's a 35 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier there's a 35 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier there's a 35 units
+and then uh so and for so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so and for so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh so and for so then we
+thought that probably we can do a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that probably we can do a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that probably we can do a tough
+like a nested variance yeah analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nested variance yeah analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nested variance yeah analysis
+on that uh so uh one one aspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh so uh one one aspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh so uh one one aspect that
+we're looking into is uh because we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into is uh because we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking into is uh because we also
+have the data for the different stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data for the different stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data for the different stations
+so uh one thing that we can look into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing that we can look into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing that we can look into is
+that which station is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which station is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which station is the main
+contributor uh so there's one so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor uh so there's one so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor uh so there's one so uh
+secondly is between the shift uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly is between the shift uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly is between the shift uh the
+timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+so like for example uh every hour so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for example uh every hour so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for example uh every hour so uh
+hour and uh maybe like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh maybe like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh maybe like uh
+the the different shift like maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different shift like maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different shift like maybe one
+should take out eight hour things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take out eight hour things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take out eight hour things like
+this so then we can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so then we can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so then we can also do a
+nested variance uh based on the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested variance uh based on the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested variance uh based on the shift
+the timing right this sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing right this sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing right this sounds very
+interesting i don't think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i don't think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting i don't think we have
+anybody else doing a nested variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else doing a nested variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else doing a nested variance
+kind of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis
+we have several does so in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have several does so in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have several does so in the overall
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+this would be very interesting to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be very interesting to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be very interesting to have
+this this different project you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this different project you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this different project you're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+and now for that one you've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for that one you've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for that one you've already got
+the data it sounds like it's good they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data it sounds like it's good they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data it sounds like it's good they
+have lots of manufacturing data in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of manufacturing data in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of manufacturing data in that
+case is that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that correct
+uh yeah there are quite a lot of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah there are quite a lot of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah there are quite a lot of data
+but then the person who runs the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the person who runs the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the person who runs the data
+they're actually not so careful to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not so careful to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not so careful to take
+note of like every parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of like every parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of like every parameter
+uh so then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then uh
+initially i actually talked to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially i actually talked to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially i actually talked to the the
+company uh like the person i asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh like the person i asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh like the person i asked
+whether we can get all the data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can get all the data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can get all the data and then
+we can combine all the data together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can combine all the data together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can combine all the data together and
+then we'll be able to get a very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be able to get a very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be able to get a very rich
+set of data we can do all the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data we can do all the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data we can do all the analysis
+but it seems that uh the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that uh the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems that uh the data that we
+get is missing in pieces uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is missing in pieces uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is missing in pieces uh for example
+uh they are doing like hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are doing like hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are doing like hypothesis
+testing type thing like uh so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing type thing like uh so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing type thing like uh so basically
+they are doing like a p test so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing like a p test so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing like a p test so it's
+basically a hypothesis testing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a hypothesis testing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a hypothesis testing where
+they actually check each parameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually check each parameter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually check each parameter to
+see whether it's significant or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it's significant or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it's significant or not
+significant and so while they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and so while they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and so while they are doing
+that they do not consider any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not consider any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not consider any other
+parameters so although the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so although the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so although the process is
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+yeah it's controlled by many inputs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's controlled by many inputs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's controlled by many inputs but
+at any single one time they only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any single one time they only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any single one time they only care
+about a particular like a set of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular like a set of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular like a set of like a
+parameter so as a result we are not able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so as a result we are not able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so as a result we are not able
+to combine all the data together as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine all the data together as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to combine all the data together as one
+big set of data and do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big set of data and do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big set of data and do uh
+as much analysis as we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much analysis as we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much analysis as we would like to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+yeah but uh we thought that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh we thought that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh we thought that that would
+be a uh interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh interesting uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+project to go about and uh at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to go about and uh at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to go about and uh at the same
+time my team also think that uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my team also think that uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my team also think that uh we are
+trying to uh to continue to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to continue to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to continue to explore
+producting and the process thing so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producting and the process thing so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producting and the process thing so as
+to uh yeah to get a comparison of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh yeah to get a comparison of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh yeah to get a comparison of like
+uh because uh we thought that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh we thought that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because uh we thought that this is a
+real life situation we also like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life situation we also like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life situation we also like to see
+like uh in a point of view like for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh in a point of view like for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh in a point of view like for a
+product doe and a process doe how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product doe and a process doe how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product doe and a process doe how is it
+different like also uh yeah because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like also uh yeah because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like also uh yeah because we
+understand that uh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that uh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that uh there's some
+limitations for the product doe because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for the product doe because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for the product doe because
+it's pretty difficult for the company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty difficult for the company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty difficult for the company to
+run uh uh to make a new prototype each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh uh to make a new prototype each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh uh to make a new prototype each
+time right compared to a process deal e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right compared to a process deal e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right compared to a process deal e
+where they can change the setting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can change the setting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can change the setting uh
+rather like uh easily yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i i think this sounds like a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think this sounds like a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think this sounds like a very good
+plan because i wanted to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan because i wanted to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan because i wanted to come back to
+the the product doe because i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product doe because i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product doe because i think
+so first off i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off i think
+with your team you've got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your team you've got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your team you've got you know
+a good team of four people so being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good team of four people so being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good team of four people so being able
+to look at both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at both of these
+problems is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is great
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes
+a case study i mean a case study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study i mean a case study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study i mean a case study and
+examples of real life limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of real life limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of real life limitations
+that that are there in both situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are there in both situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are there in both situations
+and recommendations you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recommendations you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recommendations you could make
+in both cases to the company that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases to the company that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases to the company that might
+help them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them uh
+uh you know get more value out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know get more value out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know get more value out of the
+activities that they've got to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that they've got to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that they've got to be able
+to make better decisions in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make better decisions in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make better decisions in the future
+so going back to the product one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the product one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the product one with
+the doe the two to the fifth doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doe the two to the fifth doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doe the two to the fifth doe
+i think it would be very interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it would be very interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it would be very interesting to
+somehow include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow include
+maybe you just make it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just make it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just make it up
+but include what more you could do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but include what more you could do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but include what more you could do if
+you had a center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a center point
+right and show if the center point looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and show if the center point looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and show if the center point looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+look how how different your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how how different your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how how different your decision
+would be in in design optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in in design optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in in design optimization
+versus if your center point looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus if your center point looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus if your center point looks like
+this then the model looks completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then the model looks completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then the model looks completely
+different and this is what you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this is what you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and this is what you should do
+in other words show how important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words show how important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words show how important that
+center point might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point might be
+to their thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their thinking
+could could be a nice part of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could be a nice part of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could be a nice part of this that
+actually might help make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might help make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might help make the case
+persuasively to to the company that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively to to the company that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively to to the company that uh
+in the in their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in their future
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it might be very valuable and worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be very valuable and worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be very valuable and worth the
+expense of building just one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of building just one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of building just one more
+prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype
+if they're already building 32 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're already building 32 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're already building 32 different
+prototypes with some missing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes with some missing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes with some missing data
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+one more would tell them so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more would tell them so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more would tell them so much more
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so i think that could be could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think that could be could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i think that could be could be
+very interesting and i'm glad i like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and i'm glad i like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and i'm glad i like the
+plan of trying to do some of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of trying to do some of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of trying to do some of both
+do i have that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i have that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i have that right
+uh yeah so i i actually think that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so i i actually think that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so i i actually think that uh
+when they make the prototype maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make the prototype maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they make the prototype maybe they
+choose the high and low because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the high and low because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the high and low because uh
+it's easier for them to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for them to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for them to make the
+prototype you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype you know
+rather than making uh the center point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than making uh the center point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than making uh the center point
+right so uh although uh i do understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh although uh i do understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh although uh i do understand
+that the center point has the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the center point has the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the center point has the advantage
+of being able to fit a model and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to fit a model and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to fit a model and things
+like but in the technical aspect maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but in the technical aspect maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but in the technical aspect maybe
+uh they are limited by a machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are limited by a machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are limited by a machine so
+things like this or maybe they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this or maybe they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this or maybe they have a
+template where using a template they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template where using a template they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template where using a template they are
+able to get a plus or the minus but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a plus or the minus but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a plus or the minus but they
+are not able to get a middle point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not able to get a middle point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not able to get a middle point so
+i'm not sure uh sure perhaps uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure uh sure perhaps uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure uh sure perhaps uh is it
+possible that we discuss like points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that we discuss like points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that we discuss like points
+like this yes absolutely those are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yes absolutely those are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yes absolutely those are very
+realistic limitations you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic limitations you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic limitations you might find
+that a couple of parameters can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a couple of parameters can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a couple of parameters can have
+center points other ones can't and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center points other ones can't and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center points other ones can't and so
+it's a mixed center point and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mixed center point and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mixed center point and so that's
+a good issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good issue
+absolutely all of these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all of these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all of these kind of
+realistic constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic constraints that
+drive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+that help limit or or drive them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help limit or or drive them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help limit or or drive them to the
+decisions that they made and but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that they made and but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that they made and but also
+exploring is there some room to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring is there some room to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring is there some room to do some
+more so yes that's a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so yes that's a very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so yes that's a very good point
+okay thank you good well this sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you good well this sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you good well this sounds
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+get get the data as quickly as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get the data as quickly as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get the data as quickly as you can
+as even with all of its uh ugliness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as even with all of its uh ugliness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as even with all of its uh ugliness
+and and and get going on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and get going on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and get going on that
+and then you know if issues come up send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if issues come up send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if issues come up send
+uh send us email and we can see what see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh send us email and we can see what see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh send us email and we can see what see
+what we can do to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do to help
+so i think i just have a short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i just have a short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i just have a short period of
+time now but maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now but maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now but maybe uh
+let's see uh i saw you in the back well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh i saw you in the back well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh i saw you in the back well
+well the camera was focused there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the camera was focused there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the camera was focused there
+priyanka i saw you in the back there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priyanka i saw you in the back there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priyanka i saw you in the back there so
+your you guys project uh and guardian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you guys project uh and guardian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you guys project uh and guardian
+stanley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanley
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+thoughts on your your project first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on your your project first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts on your your project first off
+i really like the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really like the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really like the uh
+the ecm aspect because i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecm aspect because i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ecm aspect because i've got a
+student working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student working on
+uh electro polishing or electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electro polishing or electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electro polishing or electrochemical
+mechanical polishing for semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical polishing for semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical polishing for semiconductor
+stuff so they the student has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they the student has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so they the student has been
+learning a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit about
+electrochemistry so i saw this and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry so i saw this and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry so i saw this and i
+thought it was really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the story is sad but true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the story is sad but true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the story is sad but true
+it actually happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually happened
+in my undergrad university and i and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my undergrad university and i and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my undergrad university and i and i
+got rescued on a boat and we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rescued on a boat and we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rescued on a boat and we went to
+rescue the machine and it was bolted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue the machine and it was bolted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue the machine and it was bolted on
+a concrete slab and it was under 10 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete slab and it was under 10 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete slab and it was under 10 feet
+of water do you have pictures yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water do you have pictures yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water do you have pictures yes
+yeah i do you're good excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now in terms of i i think i sent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now in terms of i i think i sent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now in terms of i i think i sent a
+little bit of information back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of information back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of information back in the
+email because it looked like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email because it looked like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email because it looked like uh
+if i'm remembering you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm remembering you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm remembering you wanted to
+do a couple of things to see was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a couple of things to see was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a couple of things to see was the
+equipment restored and operating back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment restored and operating back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment restored and operating back to
+its original state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original state
+and i understood that's correct yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i understood that's correct yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i understood that's correct yeah i
+understood that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that part
+and then the other interesting piece was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other interesting piece was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other interesting piece was
+building an analytic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an analytic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an analytic model
+and using that it sounded like well tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that it sounded like well tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using that it sounded like well tell
+me what what you what you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what what you what you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what what you what you would like to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+with the analytic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the analytic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the analytic model
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+initially the experiment was uh done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the experiment was uh done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the experiment was uh done to
+get data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data to
+substantiate an analytical model so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiate an analytical model so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantiate an analytical model so the
+model was based on the faraday's laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was based on the faraday's laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was based on the faraday's laws of
+electrolysis yes uh but that related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis yes uh but that related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolysis yes uh but that related
+only a few of the parameters so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few of the parameters so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few of the parameters so we were
+basically trying to incorporate the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to incorporate the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to incorporate the flow
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+uh term into that equation uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term into that equation uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh term into that equation uh but the
+focus kind of got shifted because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus kind of got shifted because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus kind of got shifted because the
+machine stopped running midway and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine stopped running midway and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine stopped running midway and we
+spent a very long time trying to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a very long time trying to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a very long time trying to get it
+back on its feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on its feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on its feet
+and the readings that we took after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the readings that we took after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the readings that we took after that
+so i can sort the readings on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can sort the readings on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can sort the readings on the basis
+of dates we were four four students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dates we were four four students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dates we were four four students
+working on that project and we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that project and we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that project and we took a
+large set of readings so i can sort it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large set of readings so i can sort it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large set of readings so i can sort it
+by date and find out what's before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by date and find out what's before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by date and find out what's before the
+flood and what's after the flood and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood and what's after the flood and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood and what's after the flood and to
+find out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if
+really a shift had occurred right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a shift had occurred right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a shift had occurred right right
+after that but when we were using it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that but when we were using it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that but when we were using it we
+never treated it as a separate set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never treated it as a separate set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never treated it as a separate set of
+data we combined and indiscriminately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we combined and indiscriminately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we combined and indiscriminately
+averaged out the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged out the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged out the whole thing
+so that's something that in hindsight we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something that in hindsight we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something that in hindsight we
+probably should have looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have looked at
+okay i think i think that that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think i think that that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think i think that that's sort of
+the core of the idea for your group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of the idea for your group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of the idea for your group and
+i like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that
+uh what i'm thinking about is is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i'm thinking about is is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i'm thinking about is is if
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+one or two additional ideas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two additional ideas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two additional ideas that you
+might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to
+explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+given the fact that you've also got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that you've also got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the fact that you've also got this
+analytic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic model
+so it's going back a little bit to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going back a little bit to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going back a little bit to this
+idea of synthetic data or looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of synthetic data or looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of synthetic data or looking at
+your analytic model and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytic model and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analytic model and and
+you know you maybe even doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you maybe even doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you maybe even doing things
+like a sensitivity analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sensitivity analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sensitivity analysis on
+the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+based on the model these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the model these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the model these are the
+parameters i think we would be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters i think we would be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters i think we would be most
+sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to
+in a doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a doe
+some of those kinds of things i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those kinds of things i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those kinds of things i think it
+might be neat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be neat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be neat to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just brainstorm or think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brainstorm or think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brainstorm or think about things
+you might actually use the analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually use the analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually use the analytic
+model since you've got that also even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model since you've got that also even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model since you've got that also even
+though you only know some constants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you only know some constants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you only know some constants from
+physics and some you were trying to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and some you were trying to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and some you were trying to fit
+to your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your data
+that whole that whole piece sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole that whole piece sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole that whole piece sounds very
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the data we have uh basically consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we have uh basically consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data we have uh basically consists
+of varying three input parameters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying three input parameters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying three input parameters okay
+feed rate flow rate and voltage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed rate flow rate and voltage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed rate flow rate and voltage and the
+output is the mrr so the way we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the mrr so the way we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the mrr so the way we measure
+mrr was we took the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrr was we took the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrr was we took the difference in the
+weight of the slab yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the slab yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of the slab yes
+that sounds good and and the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good and and the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good and and the time for
+the machining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machining
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay and so we have the mrr for about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we have the mrr for about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we have the mrr for about we
+have about 50 to 60 readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 50 to 60 readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 50 to 60 readings
+that we're taking good yeah that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're taking good yeah that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're taking good yeah that was my
+other question in the email was how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question in the email was how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question in the email was how much
+data you had because it sounded like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you had because it sounded like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you had because it sounded like
+each run is pretty long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each run is pretty long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each run is pretty long
+but yeah so you've got lots of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so you've got lots of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so you've got lots of students
+working on this for a long time so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this for a long time so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this for a long time so yeah
+we have four students working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four students working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four students working on it
+almost around the clock so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost around the clock so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost around the clock so okay
+well quite a lot of readings okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well quite a lot of readings okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well quite a lot of readings okay that
+sounds that sounds very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that sounds very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that sounds very interesting and
+it'll be an interesting story to hear as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be an interesting story to hear as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be an interesting story to hear as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so with heather i'll try to put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with heather i'll try to put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with heather i'll try to put in some
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+so if other questions come up let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if other questions come up let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if other questions come up let me
+know especially as you think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially as you think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially as you think a little
+bit about the way your group thinks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the way your group thinks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the way your group thinks of
+ways to use the analytic model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use the analytic model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to use the analytic model uh
+okay uh a problem with the data is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a problem with the data is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a problem with the data is that
+the flow rate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow rate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow rate uh
+we couldn't vary the flow rate uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't vary the flow rate uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't vary the flow rate uh on
+digital control so there's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital control so there's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital control so there's this whole
+set of six valves that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of six valves that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of six valves that we had to
+manipulate to set a flow yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate to set a flow yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate to set a flow yes and
+uh so the um so all the other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the um so all the other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the um so all the other factors
+are set at fixed levels yes but the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set at fixed levels yes but the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are set at fixed levels yes but the flow
+rate is kind of an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is kind of an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is kind of an average
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+that it kind of oscillated about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it kind of oscillated about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it kind of oscillated about okay so
+yeah that's not sure how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's not sure how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's not sure how to deal
+yeah well first off that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well first off that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well first off that's an
+interesting question we haven't talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question we haven't talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question we haven't talked a
+lot about in class so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about in class so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about in class so it'll be
+interesting to raise that and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to raise that and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to raise that and talk about
+it that basically there's a spread on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that basically there's a spread on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that basically there's a spread on
+your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your input
+right there's variation on your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's variation on your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's variation on your input
+and some of the methods we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the methods we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the methods we've talked
+about might include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about might include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about might include
+you know just recognizing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just recognizing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just recognizing that and
+recognizing that that might propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that that might propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that that might propagate
+through the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data
+because often we pretend in all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often we pretend in all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often we pretend in all of our
+does that when i pick the input it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that when i pick the input it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that when i pick the input it's
+rock solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock solid
+and it's never rock solid usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's never rock solid usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's never rock solid usually it's
+very well tightly controlled but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well tightly controlled but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well tightly controlled but often
+there there is variation in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is variation in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is variation in that
+um and and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the basic
+the the basic approach might that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic approach might that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic approach might that might
+be a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place where
+looking at your analytic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your analytic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your analytic model
+might actually give you a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually give you a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually give you a sense of how
+big a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variations on the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the input
+might produce in the output so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce in the output so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce in the output so you could
+actually get an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know roughly
+how important it is to control or or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it is to control or or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it is to control or or you
+know more accurately each of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more accurately each of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more accurately each of the inputs
+things like that so i think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so i think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so i think that's a
+very interesting real life problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting real life problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting real life problem
+uh and that's just one system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's just one system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's just one system that's
+another issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue
+yeah the flow rate was again the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the flow rate was again the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the flow rate was again the flow
+rate was the cause of volar troubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was the cause of volar troubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was the cause of volar troubles
+throughout because we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout because we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout because we couldn't
+find a proper correlation analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a proper correlation analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a proper correlation analytically
+for the flow rate okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flow rate okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flow rate okay because the
+voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and
+the other parameters could be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parameters could be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parameters could be easily
+incorporated into the analytic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the analytic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into the analytic models
+just using like an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using like an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using like an extension of
+faraday's laws but the flow rate was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faraday's laws but the flow rate was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faraday's laws but the flow rate was a
+little difficult to capture so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to capture so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little difficult to capture so it's not
+in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model
+it's it's not really in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not really in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not really in the model
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+and and the way we calculated flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the way we calculated flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the way we calculated flow rate
+the way we've measured our flow rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've measured our flow rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've measured our flow rate is
+we've got a maximum value a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a maximum value a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a maximum value a minimum
+value and the most common central value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the most common central value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the most common central value
+okay that's that's the way we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the way we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the way we've
+measured the flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the flow rate
+so yeah i think i think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i think i think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i think i think it'll be
+interesting to see how you how you dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see how you how you dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see how you how you dealt
+with that or recommendations on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that or recommendations on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that or recommendations on how to
+deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that
+that's good i think these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good i think these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good i think these real
+these real life challenges are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these real life challenges are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these real life challenges are a good
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so okay thanks i think that one sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay thanks i think that one sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay thanks i think that one sounds
+that one sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sounds good
+now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to see have i have we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see have i have we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see have i have we have we
+covered all the projects or i've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the projects or i've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered all the projects or i've left
+somebody out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out right
+now hi pro yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hi pro yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hi pro yeah
+um i'm i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm i actually
+yeah i'm i actually have to run right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm i actually have to run right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm i actually have to run right
+now okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay um
+let me see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see which
+which one is our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is our team
+we got a team working on the injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a team working on the injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a team working on the injection
+molding data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding data
+ah yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes okay
+oh broadcasting sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're working on die casting process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on die casting process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on die casting process and
+we got our data from the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got our data from the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got our data from the people
+ah yes so we had some good email on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes so we had some good email on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes so we had some good email on that
+right right right yeah i think you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right yeah i think you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right yeah i think you guys
+are in very good shape there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in very good shape there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in very good shape there was some
+suggestions from hayden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from hayden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from hayden
+and i sent an email also that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sent an email also that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sent an email also that's right so
+did you have did you have follow-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have did you have follow-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have did you have follow-on
+questions i think you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i think you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i think you guys
+that's good data and you can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good data and you can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good data and you can do a lot
+more with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more with it so
+so any any additional thoughts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any any additional thoughts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any any additional thoughts or
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so we have questions because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have questions because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have questions because the
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+there are three inputs two of them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three inputs two of them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three inputs two of them they
+have three levels and the other one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three levels and the other one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three levels and the other one has
+only two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two levels
+does it matter like when you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter like when you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter like when you do uh
+you know and do the anova ism all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and do the anova ism all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and do the anova ism all these
+uh analysis because the levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh analysis because the levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh analysis because the levels are
+different for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for for
+inputs uh the the quick answer is no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh the the quick answer is no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh the the quick answer is no but
+it should be interesting for you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be interesting for you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be interesting for you to uh
+show why that still is good and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why that still is good and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show why that still is good and that's
+no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem
+okay just think about it i mean if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just think about it i mean if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just think about it i mean if in
+terms of some some model dependencies if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some some model dependencies if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of some some model dependencies if
+you have three levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three levels
+you might be able to do quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to do quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to do quadratic in
+that model parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model parameter
+but if you only have two levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you only have two levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you only have two levels in
+others you only have linear terms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you only have linear terms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you only have linear terms for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so that's fine that's okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine that's okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fine that's okay okay
+okay so if questions come up as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if questions come up as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if questions come up as you're
+working on that one send us more email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that one send us more email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that one send us more email
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+hayden had lots of ideas there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hayden had lots of ideas there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hayden had lots of ideas there may be
+more than you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you can
+you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+but but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but i think
+there are some very interesting ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very interesting ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very interesting ideas
+because there's replicate data variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's replicate data variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's replicate data variants
+might be interesting to model several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interesting to model several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interesting to model several
+several neat things you can do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several neat things you can do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several neat things you can do with that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay we'll follow y'all with emails okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll follow y'all with emails okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll follow y'all with emails okay
+good and and we can also again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and and we can also again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and and we can also again on
+thursday if there's more questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday if there's more questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday if there's more questions that
+come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+after class we can talk talk briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class we can talk talk briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class we can talk talk briefly
+because by then you should hopefully be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by then you should hopefully be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by then you should hopefully be
+well into the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well into the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well into the project
+thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you
+see you see you guys later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r4fGG_7NQr8.txt b/r4fGG_7NQr8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbc3a1d744d7cfebae240cc9c579b19cc1a04df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r4fGG_7NQr8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1799 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR NELSON: All right,
+well last time we finished our
+
+sort of introduction to entropy
+which is a difficult
+
+topic, but I hope we got to the
+point where we have some
+
+working understanding of
+physically what it's
+
+representing for us, and
+also an ability to
+
+just calculate it.
+
+So we went through at the end
+of the last lecture, a few
+
+examples where we just
+calculated changes in entropy
+
+for simple processes like
+heating and cooling something
+
+or going through a phase
+transition where that process,
+
+that sort of process is
+relatively simple because
+
+there's no temperature change.
+
+While the ice is melting, for
+example, you're putting heat
+
+into it, but the temperature
+is staying
+
+at zero degree Celsius.
+
+And we saw, how to do these
+calculations, we need define
+
+reversible paths.
+
+So it was extremely
+straightforward to calculate
+
+the entropy of say ice melting
+at zero degrees Celsius,
+
+because there the process is
+reversible, because that's the
+
+melting temperature.
+
+But if we wanted to calculate
+the change in entropy of ice
+
+melting, you know at, once it
+had already been cooled to ten
+
+degrees above the melting point,
+to ten degrees Celsius,
+
+then in order to find a
+reversible path, we had to
+
+say, OK, let's first cool it
+down to zero degrees Celsius.
+
+Then let's have it melt, and
+then let's warm the liquid
+
+back up to ten degrees Celsius
+so we could construct the
+
+sequence of reversible steps
+that would get from the same
+
+starting point to the same end
+point, and we could calculate
+
+the change in entropy through
+that sort of sequence.
+
+So now that we've got at least
+some experience doing
+
+calculations of delta S and
+we're just thinking a little
+
+bit about entropy, what I'd like
+to do is to try to relate
+
+the state variables together
+in a useful way.
+
+And and the immediate problem
+that I'd like to address is
+
+the fact that right now we
+have kind of a cumbersome
+
+expression for energy.
+
+So you know we have u, we look
+at du, right it's dq plus dw,
+
+and you know, I don't
+like those.
+
+They're path specific, and it
+would be nice to be able to do
+
+a calculation of changes
+in energy that
+
+didn't depend on path.
+
+You know it's a state
+function.
+
+So in principle it seems like it
+sure ought to be possible,
+
+and yet so far when we've
+actually gone through
+
+calculations of du, we've had
+to go and consider the path
+
+and get the heat and get
+the work and so forth.
+
+And then we found special cases,
+you know an ideal gas
+
+where the temperature, where the
+change is only a function
+
+of temperature and so forth,
+where we could write this as a
+
+function of state variables,
+but nothing general that
+
+really allows us to do the
+calculation under all
+
+circumstances.
+
+So let's think about how
+to make this better.
+
+So, and what I mean by that is
+you've seen examples like, you
+
+know, some special examples
+you saw awhile back.
+
+The case where du was Cv dT
+minus Cv and this Joule
+
+coefficient d v. But you know
+you still need to find those
+
+coefficients for each system.
+
+This isn't a general equation
+that tells us how energy
+
+changes in terms of only
+functions of state.
+
+Because of things like this and
+this -- what I'd really
+
+like is to be able to you know
+write du equals something.
+
+And that something, you know,
+it can have T and p and
+
+whatever else I need.
+
+It can have S, H, and of course
+differentials of any of
+
+those quantities. dT or dp or
+dS, dH, you name it, but all
+
+state variables.
+
+That's what I'd much
+rather have.
+
+And then, you know, if I want
+to, if I've got something like
+
+that and I want to find out how
+the energy changes as a
+
+function of volume, so I'll
+calculate du/dV With respect
+
+to some selected variable hold
+constant, I can do it.
+
+Right now, in a general sense,
+that's cumbersome.
+
+I've got to figure out how to
+do that for each particular
+
+case that I want to treat.
+
+So, let's see how we could
+construct such a thing.
+
+Let's consider just a reversible
+process, at
+
+constant pressure.
+
+So, OK, I've got one and I'm
+going to in some path wind up
+
+at state two and I'll write du
+is dq, it's reversible in this
+
+case, minus p dV.
+
+And from the second law, we
+know that we can write dq
+
+reversible as T dS.
+
+dq over T is dS or entropy.
+
+So, we can write du is
+T dS minus p dV.
+
+That's so important, we'll
+circle it with colored chalk.
+
+That's how important it is.
+
+You know it's a dramatic
+moment.
+
+So let's look at what
+we have here.
+
+Here's du and over on this side
+we have T, we have S, we
+
+have p and we have V. Suddenly
+and simply, it's only
+
+functions of state.
+
+Well that was pretty easy.
+
+So, what that's telling us is
+that we can write u this way,
+
+and you know, this is
+generally true.
+
+We got to this by considering
+a reversible
+
+constant pressure process.
+
+But we know u is a state
+variable right.
+
+So this result is going to
+be generally applicable.
+
+And it tells us a couple
+of things too.
+
+It tells us that in some sense,
+the natural variables
+
+for u are these, right, it's a
+function of S and V. Those are
+
+natural variables in the sense
+that then it written as
+
+functions of those variables, we
+only have state quantities
+
+on the right-hand side.
+
+Very, very valuable
+expression.
+
+And of course coming out of
+that then, we can take
+
+derivatives and at least for
+those particular variables, we
+
+can see that du/dS at constant
+V is minus p.
+
+And du/dV at constant
+S is T. All right,
+
+those fall right out.
+
+Now we can have a similar set
+of steps for H, for the
+
+enthalpy, so let's just
+look at that.
+
+So H, of course, it's u plus
+pV, so dH is just du plus
+
+d(pV), and now there's our
+expression for du.
+
+We're going to use
+it this way.
+
+So it's T dS minus p dV
+plus p dV plus V dp.
+
+And of course these are
+going to cancel.
+
+So we can write dH is
+T dS plus V dp.
+
+Also important enough
+that we'll
+
+highlight it a little bit.
+
+So again let's look at what
+we've got on the right-hand
+
+side here, T, S, V, p, only
+quantities that are
+
+functions of state.
+
+And of course, we can take the
+corresponding derivative, so
+
+let's also be explicit here,
+that means that were writing H
+
+as a function of the
+variables S and p.
+
+And dH/dS at constant p is T,
+and dH/dp at constant S is V.
+
+So now we've got a couple of
+really surprisingly simple
+
+expressions that we can use to
+describe u and H in terms of
+
+only state variables.
+
+All right?
+
+We also can go from these
+expressions, using the chain
+
+rule, to expressions for
+particularly useful
+
+expressions for the entropy as
+a function of temperature.
+
+So, you know, from du
+is T dS minus p dV.
+
+We can rewrite this as
+dS is one over T du
+
+plus p over T dV.
+
+And now we can go back, you
+know, if we can go back to our
+
+writing of u in terms of, as a
+function of T and V, right.
+
+So we can write here du as a
+function of T and V, Cv dT
+
+plus du/dV at constant T dV.
+
+The reason we're doing that is
+now we can rewrite dS is one
+
+over T times Cv dT, and that's
+the only temperature
+
+dependence we're
+going to have.
+
+The other part is going to
+be a function of volume.
+
+So it's, we've got p over T plus
+du/dV at constant T dV,
+
+and what this says then is that
+dS/dT at constant V is
+
+just Cv over T. Very useful, not
+surprising because of the
+
+relation between heat at
+constant volume and Cv, right.
+
+And of course dS is just dq
+reversible over T, but this is
+
+telling us, in general, how
+the entropy changes with
+
+temperature at constant
+volume.
+
+We can go through the exact same
+procedure with the H to
+
+look at how entropy varies with
+temperature at constant
+
+pressure, and we'll get exactly
+an analogous set of
+
+steps that will be
+Cp over T, right.
+
+So also dS/dT at constant
+pressure is Cp over T. OK?
+
+Now I want to carry our
+discussion a little bit
+
+further and look at entropy a
+little more carefully and in
+
+particular, how it varies
+with temperature.
+
+And here's what I really
+want to look at.
+
+You know, we've talked about
+when we look at changes in u
+
+and changes in H, and we've
+done this under lots of
+
+circumstances at this point.
+
+And at various times I've
+emphasized, and I'm sure
+
+Professor Bawendi did too, that
+when we look at these
+
+quantities we can only define
+changes in them.
+
+There's not an absolute scales
+for energy or for enthalpy.
+
+We can set the zero in
+a particular problem,
+
+arbitrarily.
+
+And so, for example, when we
+talked about thermochemistry,
+
+we defined heats of formation,
+and then we said, well, the
+
+heat of formation of an element
+in its natural state
+
+at room temperature and pressure
+we'll call zero.
+
+We called it zero.
+
+If we wanted to put some number
+on it, and put energy
+
+in it, we could have
+done that.
+
+We defined the zero.
+
+So far, that's, well not just so
+far, that's always the way
+
+it will be for quantities like
+energy and enthalpy.
+
+Entropy is different.
+
+So let's just see
+how that works.
+
+So, let's consider the entropy,
+we'll consider as a
+
+function of temperature
+and pressure.
+
+First let's just see how it
+varies with pressure.
+
+We're going to see -- what
+we'll do is consider its
+
+variation to both pressure and
+temperature, and the objective
+
+is to say all right, if I've
+got some substance at any
+
+arbitrary temperature and
+pressure, can I define and
+
+calculate an absolute number
+for the entropy?
+
+Not just a change in entropy,
+unlike the cases with delta u
+
+and delta H, but an absolute
+number that says in absolute
+
+terms the entropy of this
+substance at room temperature
+
+and pressure or whatever
+temperature and pressure is
+
+this amount.
+
+Something that I can do by
+choice of a zero for energy or
+
+for u or H, but here,
+I want to look
+
+for an absolute answer.
+
+All right, so let's start by
+looking at the pressure
+
+dependence.
+
+So we're going to start with du
+is T dS minus p dV, so dS
+
+is du plus p dV over T.
+
+Now let's look, T
+being constant.
+
+OK, and now let's specify
+a little bit.
+
+I want to make it something
+as tractable as possible.
+
+Let's go to an ideal gas.
+
+So then at constant temperature,
+that says du is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+So dS at constant temperature
+is just p over T dV.
+
+And in the case of an ideal
+gas, that's nR dV over V.
+
+And at constant temperature,
+that means that d(nRT), which
+
+is the same as d(pV) is equal
+to zero, but this
+
+is p dV plus V dp.
+
+So this says that dV over V,
+that I've got there, is the
+
+same thing as negative
+dp over p.
+
+Right, so I can write that dS
+as constant temperature is
+
+minus nR dp over p.
+
+So that's great.
+
+That says now if I know the
+entropy at some particular
+
+pressure, I can calculate how
+it changes as a function of
+
+pressure, right.
+
+If I know S at some standard
+pressure that we can define,
+
+then S at some arbitrary
+pressure, is just S of p
+
+naught and T minus the integral
+from p naught to p of
+
+nR dp over p.
+
+All right, which is to say it's
+S of p naught T minus nR
+
+log of p over p naught.
+
+Right, now normally we'll
+define p naught as
+
+equal to one bar.
+
+And often you'll see this simply
+written as nR log p.
+
+I don't particularly like to
+do that because of course,
+
+then, formally speaking were
+looking at something that's
+
+written that has units inside
+as the argument of a log.
+
+Of course it's understood when
+you see that, and you're
+
+likely to see it in various
+places, it's understood when
+
+you see that the quantity p is
+always supposed to be divided
+
+by one bar, and the units
+then are taken care of.
+
+For one mole, we can write the
+molar quantities S of p and T,
+
+is S, S naught of T minus
+R log p over p naught.
+
+All right, so that's our
+pressure dependence.
+
+What about that?
+
+We still don't really have a
+formulation for calculating
+
+this, or you know, defining it
+or whatever we're going to do
+
+to allow us to know it.
+
+Well, let's just consider the
+entropy as a function of
+
+temperature, starting all the
+way down at zero degrees
+
+Kelvin, and going up to whatever
+temperature we want
+
+to consider.
+
+Now, we certainly do know how
+to calculate delta S for all
+
+that because we've seen how to
+calculate delta S if you just
+
+heat something up, and we've
+seen how to calculate delta S
+
+when something under goes a
+phase transition, right.
+
+Presumably, if we're starting at
+zero Kelvin, we're starting
+
+in a solid state.
+
+As we heat it up, depending on
+the material, it may melt at
+
+some temperature.
+
+If we keep keep heating it
+up, it'll boil at some
+
+temperature, but we know how to
+treat all of that, right.
+
+So let's just consider something
+that undergoes that
+
+set of changes.
+
+So, we've got some substance
+A, solid, zero
+
+degrees Kelvin, one bar.
+
+Here's process one.
+
+It goes to A, it's a solid
+at the melting
+
+temperature and one bar.
+
+Process two is it turns into
+a liquid at the melting
+
+temperature and one bar.
+
+Process three is we heat it up
+some more, up to the boiling
+
+temperature at one bar.
+
+Process four is it evaporates,
+so now it's a gas at the
+
+boiling temperature
+and one bar.
+
+Finally, we heat it up some
+more, so now it's a gas at
+
+temperature T and one bar.
+
+And if we wanted to,
+we can go further.
+
+We can make it a gas at
+temperature and whatever
+
+pressure we want.
+
+That part we already know how
+to take care of, right.
+
+Well, let's look at what happens
+to S, all right.
+
+S, a molar enthalpy at T and
+p, where we're going to
+
+finally end up, is, well it's s
+zero at zero Kelvin and one
+
+bar or one bar is implied by
+the superscripts here.
+
+And then we have delta S for
+step one, and delta S for step
+
+two and so on.
+
+So all right, let's, we can
+label this six so we to all
+
+the way to delta
+S for step six.
+
+Well, so we can do that.
+
+It's S of the material at T
+and p is S naught at zero
+
+Kelvin, plus, here's
+for process one.
+
+We heat it up from zero Kelvin
+up to the melting point.
+
+Cp of the solid more heat
+capacity, divided by T dT.
+
+We can calculate delta S for
+heating something up, right.
+
+Plus, now we've got the heat of
+fusion to melt the stuff,
+
+so it's just delta H naught of
+fusion, divided by Tm right.
+
+We saw that last time.
+
+In other words, remember,
+we're just looking at q
+
+reversible over T to get delta
+S, and it's just given by the
+
+heat of fusion.
+
+All right, then let's go from
+the melting point to the
+
+boiling point.
+
+So it's Cp now it's the heat
+capacity, the molar heat
+
+capacity of the liquid,
+divided by T dT.
+
+We're heating up the liquid.
+
+And then there's vaporization.
+
+Delta H of vaporization over
+T at the boiling point.
+
+Then we can go from the boiling
+point to our final
+
+temperature T. Now it's the
+molar heat capacity of the gas
+
+over T dT minus R log
+p over p naught.
+
+OK, so that's everything, and
+these are all things that we
+
+know how to do.
+
+Just about.
+
+OK, this one we're going to have
+to think about, but all
+
+the changes we know how
+to calculate, right.
+
+So if we plot this, S, and
+let's just do this as a
+
+function of temperature.
+
+I don't have pressure
+in here explicitly.
+
+Well, it's going to change as
+I warm up the solid, soon
+
+we're really starting
+at zero Kelvin.
+
+This stuff is all positive,
+right, so the change in
+
+entropy is going
+to be positive.
+
+Entropy is going to increase
+as this happens, and then
+
+there's a change right at some
+fixed temperature as the
+
+material melts.
+
+So here is step one.
+
+Here is step two, right, this
+must be the melting
+
+temperature.
+
+And then there's another
+heating step.
+
+Well, strictly speaking, I'm
+going to run out of space here
+
+if I'm not careful, so I'm
+going to be a little more
+
+careful here.
+
+One, two, three.
+
+I'm heating it up
+a little more.
+
+Entropy is still increasing,
+right.
+
+So I've done this.
+
+I've done this.
+
+Now I've heated up the liquid.
+
+Now, I'm going to boil the
+liquid, so it's going to have
+
+some change in entropy.
+
+This must be my boiling point,
+and now there's some further
+
+change in the gas, and that gets
+me to whatever my final
+
+temperature is, right, that
+I'm going to reach.
+
+Four and five, great.
+
+So there is monotonic increase
+in the entropy.
+
+OK, so we're there, except
+for this value.
+
+That one stinking
+little number --
+
+S naught at zero Kelvin.
+
+That's the only thing we
+don't know so far.
+
+So, for this we need some
+additional input.
+
+We got some input of the
+sort that we need
+
+in 1905 from Nernst.
+
+Nernst deduced that as you go
+down from zero Kelvin for any
+
+process, the change in entropy
+gets smaller and smaller.
+
+It approaches zero.
+
+Now, that actually was certainly
+an important
+
+advance, but it was superseded
+by such an important advance
+
+that I'm not even going to
+reward it by placing it on the
+
+blackboard.
+
+Forget highlight, color,
+forget it.
+
+Because Planck, six years later,
+in 1911, deduced a
+
+stronger statement which
+is extremely useful,
+
+and it's the following.
+
+What he showed is that as
+temperature approaches zero
+
+Kelvin, for a pure
+substance in it's
+
+crystalline state, S is zero.
+
+A much stronger statement,
+right.
+
+A stronger statement than the
+idea that changes in S get
+
+very small as you approach
+zero Kelvin.
+
+No, he's saying we can make a
+statement about that absolute
+
+number S goes to zero as
+temperature goes to zero.
+
+For a pure substance in it's
+crystalline state.
+
+So that is monumentally
+important.
+
+So as T goes to zero Kelvin, S
+goes to zero, for every pure
+
+substance in its, and I'll
+sort of interject here,
+
+perfect crystalline state.
+
+That's really an
+amazing result.
+
+So what it's saying is I'm
+down at zero Kelvin.
+
+Minimally, I've somehow cooled
+it as much as I possibly
+
+could, and I've got my perfect
+crystal lattice.
+
+It could be an atomic crystal
+like this, or, you know, it
+
+could be molecules.
+
+But they're all exactly where
+they belong in their locations
+
+in the crystal, and the absolute
+entropy is something
+
+I can define and it's zero.
+
+So S equals zero.
+
+Perfect, pure crystal,
+all right.
+
+OK, well this came out of a
+microscopic description of
+
+entropy that I briefly alluded
+to last lecture, and again
+
+we'll go into in more detail
+in a few lectures hence.
+
+But the result that I mentioned,
+the general result,
+
+was that S was R over Na
+Avogadro's number, times the
+
+log of this omega number of
+microscopic states available
+
+to the system that
+I'm considering.
+
+Now normally for a macroscopic
+system, I've got just an
+
+astronomical number of
+microscopic states.
+
+You know, that could mean in
+a liquid, different little
+
+configurations of the molecules
+around each other.
+
+They're all different states.
+
+Huge amounts of possible states,
+and the gas even more.
+
+But if I go to zero Kelvin,
+and I've got a perfect
+
+crystal, every atom,
+every molecule is
+
+exactly in its place.
+
+How many possible different
+states is that?
+
+It's one.
+
+There aren't any more
+possible states.
+
+I've localized every identical
+lateral molecule in its
+
+particular place,
+and it's done.
+
+And you know, if I start
+worrying about the various
+
+things that would matter under
+ordinary conditions, right,
+
+you know, maybe at higher
+temperature, I'd have some
+
+molecules in excited
+vibration levels or
+
+maybe electronic levels.
+
+Maybe if it's hydrogen,
+maybe everything isn't
+
+in the ground state.
+
+It's not all in the 1s orbital
+but in higher levels.
+
+Then there's be lots of states
+available, right, even of only
+
+one atom in the whole crystal
+is excited, well there's one
+
+state that would have
+it be this atom.
+
+A different one would have it
+be this atom, and so forth.
+
+Already, there'd be an enormous
+number of states, but
+
+at zero Kelvin, there's no
+thermal lexitation of any of
+
+that stuff.
+
+Things are in the lowest states,
+and they're in their
+
+proper positions.
+
+There's only one state for the
+whole system, so that's why
+
+the entropy is zero in
+a perfect crystal.
+
+At zero degrees Kelvin.
+
+Now, there are things that may
+appear to violate that.
+
+Now of course you can make
+measurements of entropy,
+
+right, so it can be verified
+that this is the case.
+
+There are some things
+that would appear to
+
+violate that result.
+
+You know, you can make
+measurements of entropies, and
+
+for example let's take carbon
+monoxide crystal, CO.
+
+So let's say this is
+a crystal lattice,
+
+it's diatomic molecules.
+
+It's carbon oxygen carbon
+oxygen carbon oxygen.
+
+All there in perfect place
+in the crystal lattice.
+
+Well it turns out when you form
+the crystal every now and
+
+then -- you know, let's
+put it in color.
+
+Let's put it in the color that
+we'll use to signify something
+
+in some way evil.
+
+No insult to people who
+like that color.
+
+I kind of like it in fact.
+
+OK, so you know, you're making
+the crystal, cooling it,
+
+started out maybe in the gas
+phase, start cooling it,
+
+starts crystallizing.
+
+Gets colder and colder, but you
+know, carbon monoxide is
+
+pretty easy for those things
+to flip sides.
+
+And even in the crystalline
+state, even though it's a
+
+crystal, so the molecules center
+of mass are all where
+
+they belong, still at ordinary
+temperatures they will be able
+
+to rotate a bit.
+
+So even in the crystalline
+state, when it's originally
+
+formed, not at zero Kelvin,
+there's thermal energy around.
+
+These things can to get knocked
+around, and the
+
+orientations can change.
+
+Now you start cooling it, and
+you know, by and large they'll
+
+all go into the proper
+orientation.
+
+Right, that's the lowest energy
+state, but you know,
+
+there are all sorts of kinetic
+things involved.
+
+There it takes time for the
+flipping, depending on how
+
+long, how slowly it was
+cooled, and so forth.
+
+May never happen, and then it's
+cooled, and then anything
+
+that's left in the
+other orientation
+
+is frozen in there.
+
+There's no thermal
+energy anymore.
+
+It can't find a way
+to reorient.
+
+That's it.
+
+All right, let's say we're down
+to zero Kelvin, and out
+
+of the whole crystal, we've
+got a mole of molecules.
+
+One of them is in the
+wrong orientation.
+
+Now how many states do
+we have like that
+
+that would be possible?
+
+We'd have a mole of
+states, right.
+
+It could be this one.
+
+It could be that one, right.
+
+Or in general, of course
+really there's a whole
+
+distribution of them, and they
+could be anywhere, and pairs
+
+of them could be, and it doesn't
+take long to get to
+
+really large numbers.
+
+So the entropy won't be zero.
+
+Entropy of a perfect
+crystal would mean
+
+it's perfectly ordered.
+
+So that's zero.
+
+But things like that not
+withstanding, and of course
+
+it's the same if you have
+a mixed crystal.
+
+In a sense I've described a
+mixed crystal where the
+
+mixture is a mixture of carbon
+monoxide pointing this way,
+
+and carbon monoxide
+pointing this way.
+
+But a real mixed crystal with
+two different constituents,
+
+well of course, then you
+have all the possible
+
+configurations where, you know,
+they could be here and
+
+here and here, and then you
+could move one of them around
+
+and so forth, there
+are zillions
+
+and zillions of states.
+
+But for a pure crystal, in
+perfect form, you really have
+
+only one configuration,
+and your entropy
+
+is therefore zero.
+
+OK, so now, we can go back
+and we can do this.
+
+And at least in principle, even
+for things that don't
+
+form perfect crystals, we could
+calculate the change in
+
+entropy going from the perfect
+ordered crystal to something
+
+else with some degree of
+disorder and keep going and
+
+change the temperature and
+do all these things.
+
+So the real point is that this
+is extremely powerful because
+
+given this, we really can
+calculate absolute numbers for
+
+the entropies of substances, at
+ordinary, not just at zero
+
+Kelvin, but using this which,
+you know, this is a really
+
+very straightforward
+procedure.
+
+And in fact these things are
+really quite easy to measure.
+
+You know, you do calorimetry,
+you can measure those delta H
+
+of fusions, right, delta
+H of vaporization.
+
+You can measure the heat
+capacities, the things in the
+
+calorimeter.
+
+You'll see how much heat
+is needed to raise the
+
+temperature a degree.
+
+That give you your heat capacity
+for the gas or the
+
+liquid or the solid.
+
+So in fact, it's extremely
+practical to make all those
+
+measurements, and you can easily
+find those values of
+
+the heat capacities and the
+delta H's tabulated for a huge
+
+number of substances.
+
+So this is, in fact, the
+practical procedure then of
+
+protocol for calculating
+absolute entropies of all
+
+sorts of materials at ordinary
+temperatures and pressures.
+
+Very important.
+
+Now, one of those corollaries
+to this law is that in fact
+
+it's impossible to reduce the
+temperature of any substance,
+
+any system, all the way
+to absolute, exact, no
+
+approximations, zero Kelvin.
+
+Because you can't quite get
+down to zero Kelvin.
+
+And there are various ways that
+you can see that this
+
+must be the case.
+
+But here's one way to
+think about it.
+
+So, let's just write
+that first.
+
+All right, can't get quite
+down to zero Kelvin.
+
+All right, let's consider
+a mole of an ideal gas.
+
+So p is RT over V. And let's
+start at T1 and V1, and now
+
+let's bring it down to some
+lower temperature, T2 in some
+
+spontaneous process.
+
+We'll make it adiabatic
+so it's like an
+
+irreversible expansion.
+
+I just want to calculate what
+delta S would be there in
+
+terms of T and V.
+
+So, well, du is T
+dS minus p dV.
+
+dS is du over T plus
+p over T dV.
+
+But we can also write du is
+Cv dT in this case, right?
+
+So that says that p over T,
+that's R over V, and we can
+
+write, dS is Cv dT over T plus
+R dV over V. It's Cv, I'll
+
+write it as d(log T) plus R
+d(log V), and so delta S, Cv
+
+log of T2 minus log of T1, if
+T2 is my final temperature,
+
+plus R log of V2 minus
+log of V1, okay.
+
+Or Cv log of T2 over T1 plus
+R log of V2 over V1.
+
+Well, what does it mean
+when T2 is zero?
+
+Well, I don't know
+what it means.
+
+This turns into negative
+infinity.
+
+So we're going to write it again
+as our either evil or at
+
+least unattainable color.
+
+What's going to happen?
+
+I mean you could say, well, we
+can counteract it by having
+
+this go to plus infinity,
+right.
+
+Make the volume infinite.
+
+In other words, have the
+expansion be in through an
+
+infinite volume.
+
+Of course that's impossible.
+
+That would be the only
+way to counteract the
+
+divergence of this term.
+
+In practice, you really cannot
+get to absolute zero, but it
+
+is possible to get
+extremely close.
+
+That's doable experimentally.
+
+It's possible to get down to
+some micro or nano Kelvin
+
+temperatures, right.
+
+In fact, our MIT physicist,
+Wolfgang Ketterle, by bringing
+
+atoms and molecules down to
+extremely low temperatures,
+
+was able to see them all reach
+the very lowest possible
+
+quantum state available
+to them.
+
+All sorts of unusual properties
+emerge in that kind
+
+of state, where the atoms and
+molecules behave coherently.
+
+You can make matter waves,
+right, and see interferences
+
+among them because of the fact
+that they're all in this
+
+lowest quantum state.
+
+So it is possible to get
+extremely low temperatures,
+
+but never absolute zero.
+
+Here's another way to
+think about it.
+
+You could consider what happens
+to the absolute
+
+entropy, starting at T
+equals zero, right.
+
+So we already saw that, you
+know, that we can go, the
+
+first step will go from zero to
+some temperature of Cp over
+
+T for the solid dT if we start
+at zero Kelvin and warm up.
+
+Now, already we've
+got a problem.
+
+If this initial temperature
+really is zero, what happens?
+
+This diverge, right.
+
+Well, in fact, what that
+suggests is as you approach
+
+zero Kelvin, the heat capacity
+also approaches zero.
+
+So, does this go to infinity as
+T approaches zero Kelvin?
+
+Well, not if Cp of the solid
+approaches zero as T
+
+approaches zero Kelvin.
+
+And in fact, we can measure Cp,
+heat capacities at very
+
+low temperatures, and what
+we find is, they do.
+
+They do go to zero as you
+approach zero Kelvin.
+
+So in fact, Cp of T approaches
+zero as T
+
+approaches zero Kelvin.
+
+Good!
+
+But one thing that this says is,
+remember, that dT is dq at
+
+the heat in divided by Cp.
+
+And this is getting really,
+really small.
+
+It's going to zero
+as temperature
+
+goes to zero, right.
+
+Which means that this
+is enormous.
+
+What it says is even the tiniest
+amount the heat input
+
+leads to a significant change
+increase in the temperature.
+
+So, this is another way of
+understanding why it just
+
+becomes impossible to lower the
+temperature of a system to
+
+absolute zero, because any kind
+of contact, and I mean
+
+any kind, like let's
+say you've got the
+
+system in some cryostat.
+
+Of course the walls of the
+cryostat aren't at zero
+
+Kelvin, but somewhere in here
+it's at zero Kelvin.
+
+You can say, okay I won't
+won't make it in
+
+contact with the walls.
+
+You can try, but actually light,
+photons that emit from
+
+the walls go into the sample.
+
+You wouldn't think that heats
+something up very much, and it
+
+doesn't heat it up very
+much, but we're not
+
+talking about very much.
+
+It does heat it up by enough
+that you can't get the
+
+absolute zero.
+
+In other words, somehow it will
+be in contact with stuff
+
+around that is not at absolute
+zero Kelvin.
+
+And even that kind of radiative
+contact is enough,
+
+in fact, to make it not
+reach absolute zero.
+
+So the point is, one way or
+another, you can easily see
+
+that it becomes impossible to
+keep pulling heat out of
+
+something and keep it down at
+the temperature that's right
+
+there at zero, but again it's
+possible to get very close.
+
+All right, what we're going to
+be able to do next time is
+
+take what we've seen so far, and
+develop the conditions for
+
+reaching equilibrium.
+
+So in a general sense, we'll be
+able to tell which way the
+
+processes go left unto
+themselves to move toward
+
+equilibrium.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rMsu4v-UlkA.txt b/rMsu4v-UlkA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96b3e0800fda908ff3e28dfdc45685043175ab3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rMsu4v-UlkA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11200 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what I want to talk about is option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I want to talk about is option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what I want to talk about is option
+pricing. But given that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. But given that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. But given that uh you know
+there's the midterm coming up, what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the midterm coming up, what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the midterm coming up, what I'd
+like to do is to actually skip the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to actually skip the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to actually skip the more
+technical part today. Uh today what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical part today. Uh today what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical part today. Uh today what I
+was going to do was to describe uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to do was to describe uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to do was to describe uh a
+method for pricing options uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for pricing options uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for pricing options uh a
+particular option pricing formula. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular option pricing formula. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular option pricing formula. Now
+we have a course 15437 on options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a course 15437 on options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a course 15437 on options and
+futures and uh that's really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures and uh that's really what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures and uh that's really what I
+would recommend for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend for those of you who are
+interested in derivatives. Uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in derivatives. Uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in derivatives. Uh but we
+really can't let you leave MIT without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't let you leave MIT without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't let you leave MIT without
+understanding a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little bit about the
+basics of option pricing. And it's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of option pricing. And it's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of option pricing. And it's such
+a beautiful argument that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful argument that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful argument that uh it's
+important I think for all of you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think for all of you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think for all of you to see
+it at least once. Um but since I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least once. Um but since I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least once. Um but since I'd like
+you to focus on it and really absorb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to focus on it and really absorb it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to focus on it and really absorb it
+and I suspect that you know most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suspect that you know most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suspect that you know most of you
+are thinking about the midterm uh I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about the midterm uh I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about the midterm uh I'd
+rather postpone that till Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather postpone that till Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather postpone that till Monday and
+then talk today about the very basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk today about the very basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk today about the very basics of
+option payoff diagrams which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option payoff diagrams which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option payoff diagrams which is
+relatively straightforward I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively straightforward I think uh
+and then give you a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give you a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give you a little bit of a
+history of option pricing and tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of option pricing and tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of option pricing and tell you a
+bit about how it came about uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how it came about uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how it came about uh and uh
+ultimately uh where the literature fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh where the literature fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh where the literature fits
+uh within the grand scheme of things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within the grand scheme of things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within the grand scheme of things. So
+uh last time if you recall we uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time if you recall we uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last time if you recall we uh talked
+about options uh as uh insurance and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about options uh as uh insurance and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about options uh as uh insurance and uh
+we went through a very simple uh uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a very simple uh uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a very simple uh uh set
+of uh examples where uh I described a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh examples where uh I described a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh examples where uh I described a
+put option as really being parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option as really being parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option as really being parallel to
+insurance in all of these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance in all of these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance in all of these various
+different terms. But the differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms. But the differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms. But the differences are
+that a put option uh first of all can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a put option uh first of all can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a put option uh first of all can be
+used early. So you don't have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used early. So you don't have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used early. So you don't have to wait
+until you have an accident or wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have an accident or wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have an accident or wait until
+it expires. You can decide at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expires. You can decide at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expires. You can decide at any point
+in time that you want to exercise it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that you want to exercise it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that you want to exercise it.
+Also, uh unlike insurance contracts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, uh unlike insurance contracts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, uh unlike insurance contracts,
+options can be bought and sold in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options can be bought and sold in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options can be bought and sold in an
+organized exchanges. So, you can buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized exchanges. So, you can buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized exchanges. So, you can buy a
+put option, you can sell a put option.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option, you can sell a put option.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option, you can sell a put option.
+Uh and then finally, uh dividends are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then finally, uh dividends are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then finally, uh dividends are uh
+have an impact on options and so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on options and so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an impact on options and so most
+options have dividend protection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options have dividend protection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options have dividend protection in the
+sense that if there's a dividend paid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if there's a dividend paid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if there's a dividend paid,
+then the strike price will be adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the strike price will be adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the strike price will be adjusted
+uh accordingly. Now, it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accordingly. Now, it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accordingly. Now, it's important to
+understand the differences between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the differences between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the differences between an
+option and an underlying because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and an underlying because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option and an underlying because they
+really have some very very uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have some very very uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have some very very uh important
+distinctions in terms of their payoffs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions in terms of their payoffs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions in terms of their payoffs.
+So, the way that we try to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the way that we try to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the way that we try to emphasize
+that is by looking at a diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by looking at a diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by looking at a diagram that
+graphs the option value as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs the option value as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs the option value as a function of
+the underlying parameters that influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying parameters that influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying parameters that influence
+the option. And the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option. And the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option. And the most important
+parameter is of course the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is of course the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is of course the underlying
+price of the stock or asset on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock or asset on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock or asset on which the
+option uh is written. So this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh is written. So this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh is written. So this is an
+example of a payoff diagram that plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a payoff diagram that plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a payoff diagram that plots
+the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+option at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option at
+maturity for a call option on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity for a call option on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity for a call option on an
+underlying stock. And the x- axis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stock. And the x- axis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stock. And the x- axis is the
+price of the stock and the y-axis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock and the y-axis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock and the y-axis is the
+value or price of the option on the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or price of the option on the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or price of the option on the date
+of uh maturity or or exercise. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh maturity or or exercise. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh maturity or or exercise. All
+right. So, uh let's suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh let's suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, uh let's suppose that the
+option uh has a strike price of $20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh has a strike price of $20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh has a strike price of $20.
+That gives the holder of the option the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gives the holder of the option the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gives the holder of the option the
+right to purchase the stock for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to purchase the stock for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to purchase the stock for
+$20 at the uh maturity date. Okay? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 at the uh maturity date. Okay? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 at the uh maturity date. Okay? So,
+it's a call option, meaning gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a call option, meaning gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a call option, meaning gives you
+the right to call away or buy the stock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to call away or buy the stock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to call away or buy the stock,
+and the strike price is set at $20. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strike price is set at $20. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strike price is set at $20. Now,
+if the actual price of the stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the actual price of the stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the actual price of the stock is
+below $20, you're never going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below $20, you're never going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below $20, you're never going to want to
+call the option, or rather, you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the option, or rather, you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the option, or rather, you never
+want to call the stock. You're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call the stock. You're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call the stock. You're never
+going to want to exercise the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to exercise the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to exercise the call
+option, right? Because if you did, you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? Because if you did, you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? Because if you did, you'd
+be buying something for $20 uh or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be buying something for $20 uh or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be buying something for $20 uh or that
+would be worth less than $20. So, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worth less than $20. So, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worth less than $20. So, if the
+true stock price is anything less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true stock price is anything less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true stock price is anything less than
+$20, this option at expiration is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20, this option at expiration is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20, this option at expiration is worth
+nothing to you, right? You would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to you, right? You would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to you, right? You would never
+use it. Now, it's critical to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. Now, it's critical to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. Now, it's critical to understand
+that this payoff diagram is the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this payoff diagram is the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this payoff diagram is the value at
+maturity. Prior to maturity, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity. Prior to maturity, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity. Prior to maturity, if the
+value of the underlying stock is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the underlying stock is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the underlying stock is less
+than $20, the option could still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $20, the option could still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $20, the option could still have
+value. Typically, it will have value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. Typically, it will have value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. Typically, it will have value
+because there's always a chance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a chance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's always a chance that the
+stock price goes above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price goes above
+$20 at the the maturity date, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 at the the maturity date, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 at the the maturity date, right? So,
+let's be clear that this is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be clear that this is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's be clear that this is the value of
+the call option at maturity date. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option at maturity date. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option at maturity date. And if
+it turns out that the stock price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the stock price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the stock price is
+greater than $20, then the option has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than $20, then the option has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than $20, then the option has
+value, right? And the value increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? And the value increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, right? And the value increases
+dollar for dollar with the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for dollar with the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar for dollar with the stock
+price above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price above
+$20. So the slope of this line is 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20. So the slope of this line is 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20. So the slope of this line is 45
+degrees. It literally goes up in lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees. It literally goes up in lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees. It literally goes up in lock
+step with the underlying stock price. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step with the underlying stock price. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step with the underlying stock price. To
+be clear, if the stock price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear, if the stock price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear, if the stock price is
+$25 and you get to buy it for 20, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 and you get to buy it for 20, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 and you get to buy it for 20, the
+option, that right to buy for 20 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, that right to buy for 20 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, that right to buy for 20 is
+worth $5, right? Because the stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $5, right? Because the stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth $5, right? Because the stock is
+really worth 25. So, the way you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth 25. So, the way you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth 25. So, the way you can see
+that is you can buy the stock for $20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you can buy the stock for $20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you can buy the stock for $20
+with this piece of paper that you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this piece of paper that you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this piece of paper that you own
+and then you can turn around and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can turn around and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can turn around and sell
+that stock on the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock on the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stock on the open
+market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for
+25. So, you've made that $5 profit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. So, you've made that $5 profit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. So, you've made that $5 profit.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+The important thing about this diagram,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The important thing about this diagram,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The important thing about this diagram,
+the blue line is that the upside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is that the upside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line is that the upside is
+unlimited but the downside is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited but the downside is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited but the downside is very much
+limited at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited at zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited at zero.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so this is an example of a security that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a security that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a security that
+has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an
+asymmetric payoff. Asymmetric, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric payoff. Asymmetric, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric payoff. Asymmetric, the
+upside is not the same as the downside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is not the same as the downside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is not the same as the downside.
+Remember the payoff of a stock or of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the payoff of a stock or of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the payoff of a stock or of a
+futures contract. It's symmetric. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. It's symmetric. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract. It's symmetric. It's
+that straight line right here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that straight line right here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that straight line right here. This is
+not a straight line. It's kinkedked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a straight line. It's kinkedked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a straight line. It's kinkedked at
+the strike price K. That's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strike price K. That's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strike price K. That's a very
+important feature. Now, it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature. Now, it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature. Now, it looks like
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+diagram, this uh this call option is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, this uh this call option is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, this uh this call option is one
+of these propositions that you hear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these propositions that you hear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these propositions that you hear on
+late night TV. You know, make million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late night TV. You know, make million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late night TV. You know, make million
+dollars with no money down. Like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars with no money down. Like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars with no money down. Like there's
+no way to lose. How could that possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to lose. How could that possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to lose. How could that possibly
+be? How could we have come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? How could we have come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? How could we have come up with a
+security that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downside? Wouldn't everybody want one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside? Wouldn't everybody want one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside? Wouldn't everybody want one?
+Yeah. Well, it has value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, it has value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, it has value.
+Exactly. Yeah. There's no free lunch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Yeah. There's no free lunch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Yeah. There's no free lunch.
+So, of course, everybody wants it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, of course, everybody wants it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, of course, everybody wants it if
+it's free, but of course it's not free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free, but of course it's not free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free, but of course it's not free.
+So, you have to pay for it. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you have to pay for it. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you have to pay for it. You have to
+pay something today in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay something today in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay something today in order to get
+access to this asymmetric payoff. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this asymmetric payoff. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to this asymmetric payoff. And so
+the net payoff that is if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net payoff that is if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net payoff that is if you were
+buying the call option and paying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the call option and paying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the call option and paying a
+certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of
+money then the net payoff to you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the net payoff to you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the net payoff to you would
+be given by the dotted line which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by the dotted line which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by the dotted line which is the
+blue line but you subtract from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line but you subtract from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue line but you subtract from it
+the value of the premium that you paid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the premium that you paid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the premium that you paid.
+It's called an option premium, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called an option premium, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called an option premium, but it's
+just the price of the option whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the price of the option whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the price of the option whenever
+you bought it. And then if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought it. And then if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought it. And then if you want to
+take into account the time value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the time value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the time value of
+money, you should take the future value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money, you should take the future value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money, you should take the future value
+of that price that you paid when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that price that you paid when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that price that you paid when you
+bought the option. So if you bought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the option. So if you bought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought the option. So if you bought the
+option in uh the beginning of the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in uh the beginning of the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option in uh the beginning of the month
+and it expires at the end of the month,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it expires at the end of the month,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it expires at the end of the month,
+you've paid something at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've paid something at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've paid something at the beginning
+of the month. If you want to find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month. If you want to find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month. If you want to find your
+net payoff, you can either at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net payoff, you can either at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net payoff, you can either at the at the
+maturity date subtract from the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity date subtract from the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity date subtract from the blue
+line the value of what you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the value of what you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the value of what you paid
+multiplied by the one month interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the one month interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the one month interest
+rate factor so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate factor so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate factor so that you
+subtract time t dollars from time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract time t dollars from time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract time t dollars from time t
+dollars, right? Or you can do a present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, right? Or you can do a present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars, right? Or you can do a present
+value where you take the payoff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where you take the payoff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where you take the payoff and you
+move it back to the beginning of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it back to the beginning of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it back to the beginning of time.
+Typically what we do is we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically what we do is we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically what we do is we actually
+ignore the time value of money just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the time value of money just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the time value of money just
+because it's a month's worth of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a month's worth of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a month's worth of interest
+and people don't really worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people don't really worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people don't really worry about that
+too much. Yeah. Can you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much. Yeah. Can you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much. Yeah. Can you do some
+inferences about the future price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the future price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the future price of the
+stock by looking at the the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock by looking at the the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock by looking at the the price of the
+option? Yes, absolutely you can. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option? Yes, absolutely you can. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option? Yes, absolutely you can. And
+we're going to show you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show you how to do that
+when I give you the asset pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give you the asset pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I give you the asset pricing
+formula for it. But you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it. But you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it. But you're you're
+absolutely right. By looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right. By looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right. By looking at the
+option that gives you information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gives you information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that gives you information about
+what's going on just like when I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on just like when I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on just like when I tell
+you you know for crisis management if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know for crisis management if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know for crisis management if
+you look at T bills today you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at T bills today you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at T bills today you get a
+sense of how much uh demand there is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how much uh demand there is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how much uh demand there is for
+cash putting money in your mattress by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash putting money in your mattress by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash putting money in your mattress by
+looking at options you actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at options you actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at options you actually get a
+sense of where markets are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of where markets are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of where markets are going to be
+going. So, after I give you a pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So, after I give you a pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So, after I give you a pricing
+formula, next time I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, next time I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, next time I'm going to show you
+the prices of options. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of options. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of options. In particular,
+we're going to look at the price of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the price of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the price of a a
+put option on the S&P 500 uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option on the S&P 500 uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option on the S&P 500 uh for the
+next month and for the next two months.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month and for the next two months.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month and for the next two months.
+And you're going to find a very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you're going to find a very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you're going to find a very very big
+difference in those two. That's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two. That's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two. That's telling
+you something about where the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about where the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about where the market
+thinks volatility is going uh in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks volatility is going uh in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks volatility is going uh in the uh
+in the S&P 500 over the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S&P 500 over the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S&P 500 over the next couple of
+months. So yes, there'll be all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. So yes, there'll be all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months. So yes, there'll be all sorts of
+wonderful things you'll be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things you'll be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things you'll be able to tell
+by looking at the prices. But in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the prices. But in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the prices. But in order
+to do that, we do have to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we do have to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that, we do have to understand how
+these payoffs uh work. So getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payoffs uh work. So getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payoffs uh work. So getting back
+to this diagram, I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagram, I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this diagram, I want to make sure
+everybody is with me. Now, this dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is with me. Now, this dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is with me. Now, this dotted
+line shows you your net payoff and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shows you your net payoff and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line shows you your net payoff and uh
+net of the price you paid for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net of the price you paid for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net of the price you paid for this
+particular call option. And the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular call option. And the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular call option. And the neat
+thing about this net payoff is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this net payoff is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this net payoff is that it
+then describes to you the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describes to you the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describes to you the fact that this
+is not a a surefire way to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a a surefire way to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a a surefire way to make money
+and not lose any. You might lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not lose any. You might lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not lose any. You might lose money
+because you paid something upfront for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you paid something upfront for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you paid something upfront for
+the call option. And so the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option. And so the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option. And so the only way
+you're going to come out ahead is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come out ahead is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come out ahead is if the
+stock price actually exceeds not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price actually exceeds not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price actually exceeds not this
+point, but actually something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but actually something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but actually something like this
+point. Right? So, the stock price has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So, the stock price has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? So, the stock price has to
+go up by a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by a little bit more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by a little bit more than
+$20 in order for you to make money net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 in order for you to make money net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 in order for you to make money net
+of what it cost you to buy that option.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it cost you to buy that option.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it cost you to buy that option.
+Now, I want you to go back and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I want you to go back and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I want you to go back and think
+about the difference between an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between an option
+and a futures contract. Remember, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a futures contract. Remember, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a futures contract. Remember, a
+futures contract we said was no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract we said was no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures contract we said was no money
+down, zero NPV when you get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, zero NPV when you get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, zero NPV when you get into the
+futures. That's not true with a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures. That's not true with a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futures. That's not true with a call
+option. A call option is actually worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. A call option is actually worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. A call option is actually worth
+a positive amount of money on day one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive amount of money on day one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive amount of money on day one.
+So if you want a call option, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a call option, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want a call option, you've
+actually got to pay for it. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to pay for it. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to pay for it. And then
+there's an issue about whether you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue about whether you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an issue about whether you'll
+make money because it depends on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money because it depends on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money because it depends on whether
+the stock price exceeds this point. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price exceeds this point. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price exceeds this point. It's
+got to exceed not only the strike price,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to exceed not only the strike price,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to exceed not only the strike price,
+but the amount that you paid for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount that you paid for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount that you paid for that
+option. Any questions about that or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Any questions about that or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Any questions about that or is
+that is that pretty clear? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that pretty clear? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that pretty clear? So this is
+important. So ask now if you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So ask now if you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. So ask now if you don't quite
+get it because if you don't get this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it because if you don't get this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it because if you don't get this,
+you're going to get confused by what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get confused by what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get confused by what I'm
+going to say in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say in a few
+minutes. Let me give you another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Let me give you another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Let me give you another example
+just to really fix ideas. Let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to really fix ideas. Let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to really fix ideas. Let's do the
+put option case. Okay. Now the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option case. Okay. Now the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option case. Okay. Now the put
+option allows me to sell the stock for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option allows me to sell the stock for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option allows me to sell the stock for
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+$20 on or before the exercise date. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 on or before the exercise date. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 on or before the exercise date. So
+with a put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a put
+option, am I going to hope if I if I buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, am I going to hope if I if I buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, am I going to hope if I if I buy
+a put? So, I buy the right to sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put? So, I buy the right to sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put? So, I buy the right to sell the
+stock at $20. That's a little bit hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock at $20. That's a little bit hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock at $20. That's a little bit hard
+to uh keep track of, right? I'm buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh keep track of, right? I'm buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh keep track of, right? I'm buying a
+piece of paper that gives me the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that gives me the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that gives me the right
+to sell the stock for $20. If I own that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the stock for $20. If I own that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the stock for $20. If I own that
+piece of paper, that's put option. Do am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper, that's put option. Do am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper, that's put option. Do am
+I going to wish that the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to wish that the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to wish that the stock price
+goes up or down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down?
+Down. I'm only going to get paid on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Down. I'm only going to get paid on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Down. I'm only going to get paid on the
+put option if the stock price goes below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option if the stock price goes below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option if the stock price goes below
+$20 because then I have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 because then I have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20 because then I have something
+valuable, right? If it goes below $20, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable, right? If it goes below $20, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable, right? If it goes below $20, I
+get to sell the stock for $20. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to sell the stock for $20. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to sell the stock for $20. So, I
+make the difference between what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the difference between what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the difference between what it's
+worth and $20. If the stock price is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and $20. If the stock price is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and $20. If the stock price is at
+20 or above, then my put option expires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or above, then my put option expires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or above, then my put option expires
+worthless. I'm not going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless. I'm not going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless. I'm not going to use it
+because it would be foolish for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be foolish for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be foolish for me to
+sell something for 20 when I can sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell something for 20 when I can sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell something for 20 when I can sell it
+on the open market for 25. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the open market for 25. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the open market for 25. So, the
+payoff diagram is exactly the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff diagram is exactly the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff diagram is exactly the opposite
+of this. In fact, it looks like this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. In fact, it looks like this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. In fact, it looks like this. So
+now the blue line is the uh uh payoff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the blue line is the uh uh payoff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the blue line is the uh uh payoff of
+the option itself, the gross payoff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option itself, the gross payoff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option itself, the gross payoff,
+right? $20 and above, it's worthless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? $20 and above, it's worthless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? $20 and above, it's worthless.
+But $20 and below, this is the 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But $20 and below, this is the 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But $20 and below, this is the 45 degree
+line. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. But
+unlike the call option, my upside for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the call option, my upside for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the call option, my upside for
+the put option is limited. Is limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the put option is limited. Is limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the put option is limited. Is limited to
+what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what?
+Right. well or zero or whatever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. well or zero or whatever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. well or zero or whatever that is
+$10 in this case. It if the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 in this case. It if the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 in this case. It if the stock price
+goes to zero, then my put option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero, then my put option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero, then my put option is
+worth a maximum of $10, right? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a maximum of $10, right? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a maximum of $10, right? So the
+upside is bounded by that $10 limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is bounded by that $10 limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is bounded by that $10 limit and
+that's the gross upside. If I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the gross upside. If I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the gross upside. If I look at
+the net, I subtract how much I pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net, I subtract how much I pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net, I subtract how much I pay and
+then I get the dotted line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, any questions about the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any questions about the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any questions about the put
+options payoff?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options payoff?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options payoff?
+Now, just to fix ideas, let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, just to fix ideas, let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, just to fix ideas, let me go back
+to the call option and show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the call option and show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the call option and show the
+difference between the stock return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the stock return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the stock return
+versus the call option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the call option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the call option
+return. If you take a look at the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. If you take a look at the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. If you take a look at the call
+option, you know, again, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, you know, again, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, you know, again, it's going to
+look like this when you subtract from at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this when you subtract from at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this when you subtract from at
+the price. But the stock is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price. But the stock is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price. But the stock is going to
+look like that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that line
+there. Meaning that the stock return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Meaning that the stock return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Meaning that the stock return is
+linear, but the option return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear, but the option return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear, but the option return is
+nonlinear. And this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. And this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear. And this is one of the most
+important and subtle ideas with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and subtle ideas with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and subtle ideas with this
+instrument. Up until now, all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. Up until now, all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. Up until now, all of the
+instruments that we've looked at,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that we've looked at,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that we've looked at,
+stocks, bonds, futures, and forwards,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks, bonds, futures, and forwards,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks, bonds, futures, and forwards,
+their payoffs have been relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their payoffs have been relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their payoffs have been relatively
+simple in the sense that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in the sense that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple in the sense that they're
+straight lines. If you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines. If you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines. If you plot the
+underlying price uh and uh and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying price uh and uh and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying price uh and uh and their
+payoffs, this is the first time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs, this is the first time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs, this is the first time we have
+analyzed a security that has a bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed a security that has a bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed a security that has a bizarre
+structure like this. And you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like this. And you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like this. And you might think
+it's straightforward because well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's straightforward because well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's straightforward because well, you
+know, you understand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you understand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you understand that the
+contractual terms of an option, but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual terms of an option, but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractual terms of an option, but from
+a risk and return perspective, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk and return perspective, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk and return perspective, it's
+actually quite a bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite a bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite a bit more complicated
+than most people would appreciate. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most people would appreciate. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most people would appreciate. One
+of the reasons that we are in a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that we are in a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that we are in a current
+financial crisis today is because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis today is because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis today is because of the
+complexity of the securities that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the securities that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the securities that have
+been created and the complexities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created and the complexities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created and the complexities are
+really along the lines of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really along the lines of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really along the lines of these
+nonlinearities. As I mentioned to you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities. As I mentioned to you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities. As I mentioned to you,
+insurance is a put option. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is a put option. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is a put option. So you can
+actually use the theory of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the theory of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the theory of option
+pricing to value insurance contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing to value insurance contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing to value insurance contracts
+like credit default swaps. In fact, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit default swaps. In fact, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like credit default swaps. In fact, the
+payoff of a credit default swap is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff of a credit default swap is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff of a credit default swap is not
+that different from something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different from something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different from something that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this. And what that means is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And what that means is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And what that means is that a
+portfolio of credit default swaps does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of credit default swaps does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of credit default swaps does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+behave like a portfolio of stocks or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like a portfolio of stocks or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like a portfolio of stocks or a
+portfolio of bonds. They have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of bonds. They have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of bonds. They have very
+important differences both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences both in terms of
+their risk and in terms of their return.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risk and in terms of their return.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risk and in terms of their return.
+In this case, you can see the risk of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, you can see the risk of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, you can see the risk of a
+put option is bounded above. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option is bounded above. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put option is bounded above. The the
+upside is bounded above. The downside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is bounded above. The downside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is bounded above. The downside is
+bounded, but the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded, but the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded, but the call
+option is unbounded above in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is unbounded above in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is unbounded above in terms of
+its upside, bounded below in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its upside, bounded below in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its upside, bounded below in terms of
+its risk. What if now you decided you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its risk. What if now you decided you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its risk. What if now you decided you
+were going to sell somebody a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to sell somebody a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to sell somebody a call
+option or you're going to short a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or you're going to short a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option or you're going to short a call
+option? Can anybody guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option? Can anybody guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option? Can anybody guess what the
+payoff would look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff would look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff would look like?
+Yeah. Sell a callum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. As long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you scale that number. So what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you scale that number. So what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you scale that number. So what is it
+going to look like in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like in terms of the
+diagram? How would I have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram? How would I have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram? How would I have to change
+this? uh it would be flat, say like $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? uh it would be flat, say like $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? uh it would be flat, say like $2
+and then it would go down. That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go down. That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would go down. That's right.
+It would be sort of a mirror image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be sort of a mirror image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be sort of a mirror image of
+the blue line where you reflect it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line where you reflect it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line where you reflect it along
+the uh x-axis. It would go this way. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh x-axis. It would go this way. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh x-axis. It would go this way. And
+what that means is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that your
+downside is unlimited, but your upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is unlimited, but your upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is unlimited, but your upside
+is very limited. Now, why would anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very limited. Now, why would anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very limited. Now, why would anybody
+want to do that? That seems like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that? That seems like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that? That seems like a a
+terrible deal. Well, the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible deal. Well, the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible deal. Well, the difference is
+that you are now getting paid to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are now getting paid to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are now getting paid to do
+that. In other words, if you flip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In other words, if you flip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In other words, if you flip this
+image, let me uh draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. If you now have a uh a a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If you now have a uh a a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If you now have a uh a a call
+option that you've shorted, you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that you've shorted, you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option that you've shorted, you go down
+here, this is $20. You will get paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, this is $20. You will get paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, this is $20. You will get paid for
+doing this. Meaning, if you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this. Meaning, if you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this. Meaning, if you look at your
+net return, it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net return, it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net return, it's going to look like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that means that as long as the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that as long as the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that as long as the stock
+price stays below uh this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stays below uh this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stays below uh this a little bit
+extra than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra than
+$20, you will actually get to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20, you will actually get to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$20, you will actually get to keep that
+premium. But if the stock price goes up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium. But if the stock price goes up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium. But if the stock price goes up,
+your losses are unbounded. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your losses are unbounded. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your losses are unbounded. That's
+different. That's a different payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. That's a different payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. That's a different payoff
+structure than what we're used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure than what we're used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure than what we're used to uh
+with traditional instruments. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with traditional instruments. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with traditional instruments. And so you
+can do all sorts of uh all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all sorts of uh all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all sorts of uh all sorts of
+calculations. Long a call looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Long a call looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. Long a call looks like
+that. Long a put looks like that. Short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Long a put looks like that. Short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Long a put looks like that. Short
+a call looks like this. And shorting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call looks like this. And shorting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call looks like this. And shorting a
+put looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put looks like
+that. And once you take all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And once you take all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And once you take all of these
+things and put them together, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and put them together, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and put them together, you can
+mix and match and get some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match and get some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match and get some really
+interesting payoff types of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting payoff types of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting payoff types of uh of
+structures. So let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. So let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures. So let me give you an
+example and this is just a payoff tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this is just a payoff tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this is just a payoff tables
+that will show you when you get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show you when you get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show you when you get paid
+what. So this is a very helpful exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what. So this is a very helpful exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what. So this is a very helpful exercise
+for you to go through just to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to go through just to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to go through just to verify
+that these graphs are in fact what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these graphs are in fact what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these graphs are in fact what they
+should be. Okay. So I would ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Okay. So I would ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Okay. So I would ask you to
+go through this on your own and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this on your own and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this on your own and there
+are trade-off there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trade-off there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trade-off there are all sorts of
+trade-offs that you can uh implement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that you can uh implement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that you can uh implement uh
+by looking at these various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at these various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at these various different
+payoffs uh and putting them together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs uh and putting them together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs uh and putting them together.
+For example, you can buy a stock and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, you can buy a stock and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, you can buy a stock and a
+put, or buying a call with one strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put, or buying a call with one strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put, or buying a call with one strike
+and selling a call with another, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling a call with another, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling a call with another, or
+buying a call and a put with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a call and a put with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a call and a put with the same
+strike. Each of these portfolios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike. Each of these portfolios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike. Each of these portfolios of
+options gives you a different kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options gives you a different kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options gives you a different kind of a
+payoff diagram, and as a result, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff diagram, and as a result, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff diagram, and as a result, it
+allows you to make bets on market events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to make bets on market events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to make bets on market events
+that you otherwise wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you otherwise wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you otherwise wouldn't be able to
+make a bet on. So, let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bet on. So, let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bet on. So, let me give you an
+example of this. Uh, let's see. Um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this. Uh, let's see. Um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this. Uh, let's see. Um let's
+do uh something like uh oh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh something like uh oh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh something like uh oh I don't know
+yeah how about a call and a put. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how about a call and a put. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how about a call and a put. Okay
+suppose you decide to buy a call and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you decide to buy a call and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you decide to buy a call and you
+buy a put with the exact same strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a put with the exact same strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a put with the exact same strike
+price. So buying a call at a strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price. So buying a call at a strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price. So buying a call at a strike
+price of 50 will give you that left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 50 will give you that left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of 50 will give you that left
+diagram and then buying a put with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then buying a put with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and then buying a put with a
+strike price of 50 will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price of 50 will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price of 50 will give you the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+diagram and your payoff for those two at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and your payoff for those two at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and your payoff for those two at
+maturity is going to look like a V. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity is going to look like a V. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity is going to look like a V. Now
+in fact you have to subtract how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you have to subtract how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you have to subtract how much
+you paid in order to do this. So your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you paid in order to do this. So your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you paid in order to do this. So your
+net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net
+payoff will be this V shifted down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff will be this V shifted down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff will be this V shifted down.
+Okay. So let me uh sorry I didn't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me uh sorry I didn't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me uh sorry I didn't do the
+inter interactive graphics here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interactive graphics here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interactive graphics here but it's
+going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+this where what I've done is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where what I've done is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where what I've done is I've
+subtracted the amount of money it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted the amount of money it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted the amount of money it cost
+you to buy the put and the call. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy the put and the call. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to buy the put and the call. Okay.
+Yeah. Question. In this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. In this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Question. In this particular
+example, really all you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, really all you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, really all you're saying is
+except for a short range in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a short range in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a short range in the stock
+price around the strike price, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price around the strike price, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price around the strike price, you will
+always make money. That's right. So, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make money. That's right. So, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make money. That's right. So, is
+there a reason why you wouldn't do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why you wouldn't do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why you wouldn't do a lot
+of this if you know that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you know that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if you know that there's some
+movement that's going to happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that's going to happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that's going to happen in the
+stock? Well, so the question is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock? Well, so the question is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock? Well, so the question is how much
+does it cost you to do that? Right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost you to do that? Right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost you to do that? Right? It's
+when you say small, it's all relative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say small, it's all relative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say small, it's all relative,
+right? You've got to find out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You've got to find out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You've got to find out exactly
+what that is. the the smaller the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is. the the smaller the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is. the the smaller the range
+is, uh, the more expensive it'll be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, uh, the more expensive it'll be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, uh, the more expensive it'll be for
+you to actually buy it. So, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually buy it. So, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually buy it. So, there's a
+trade-off. All right? It's it's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off. All right? It's it's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off. All right? It's it's all a
+matter of how much you pay for it. But,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of how much you pay for it. But,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of how much you pay for it. But,
+but let me before I go there, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me before I go there, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me before I go there, let me
+just make sure everybody understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure everybody understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure everybody understands
+what this payoff is accomplishing. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this payoff is accomplishing. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this payoff is accomplishing. What
+are you doing when you are buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing when you are buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing when you are buying a
+portfolio with a payoff diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio with a payoff diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio with a payoff diagram that
+looks like this? What you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this? What you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this? What you're doing is
+saying that you're going to make lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're going to make lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're going to make lots of
+money if the stock price goes way up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the stock price goes way up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if the stock price goes way up or
+way down. The only way you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. The only way you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down. The only way you're not going
+to make money if the stock is not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money if the stock is not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money if the stock is not doing
+a whole lot, right? If it's staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot, right? If it's staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot, right? If it's staying
+around here. Okay? So, this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here. Okay? So, this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here. Okay? So, this is an
+example where you are making a bet not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you are making a bet not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where you are making a bet not
+that markets are going to go up, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that markets are going to go up, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that markets are going to go up, not
+that market's going to go down, but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market's going to go down, but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market's going to go down, but that
+markets are going to be wild. that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are going to be wild. that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are going to be wild. that is
+you're making a bet on volatility. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a bet on volatility. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a bet on volatility. Okay,
+which may seem like a pretty good bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem like a pretty good bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem like a pretty good bet
+nowadays. But but the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays. But but the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays. But but the problem is that
+there's a difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between this
+diagram and this diagram. And what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this diagram. And what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this diagram. And what what
+is the difference? What determines how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference? What determines how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference? What determines how
+big or small this little tiny area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or small this little tiny area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or small this little tiny area is
+where you don't make any money? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't make any money? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't make any money? What
+determines that is how much you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that is how much you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that is how much you have to
+subtract and how far this V gets shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and how far this V gets shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and how far this V gets shifted
+down. And you know what? Right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And you know what? Right now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And you know what? Right now it's
+shifted down a lot. In other words, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted down a lot. In other words, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted down a lot. In other words, it
+costs a lot to buy a put and a call. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs a lot to buy a put and a call. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs a lot to buy a put and a call. Why
+does it cost a lot? Because volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost a lot? Because volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it cost a lot? Because volatility
+is very high. And when you buy a put,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high. And when you buy a put,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high. And when you buy a put,
+you're buying insurance. It's very, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying insurance. It's very, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying insurance. It's very, very
+expensive now to buy insurance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive now to buy insurance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive now to buy insurance because
+we're in the middle of a hurricane. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the middle of a hurricane. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the middle of a hurricane. And
+that's probably the worst time for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the worst time for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the worst time for you
+to buy hurricane insurance is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy hurricane insurance is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy hurricane insurance is when
+you're actually in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually in the middle of a
+hurricane. Okay? So, what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane. Okay? So, what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane. Okay? So, what that means is
+that this thing shifted down a lot. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing shifted down a lot. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing shifted down a lot. So
+that means that you have to have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you have to have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you have to have really
+really volatile markets in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really volatile markets in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really volatile markets in order to make
+money. So it's shifted down enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. So it's shifted down enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. So it's shifted down enough so
+that supply equals demand as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supply equals demand as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supply equals demand as you would
+expect. So there's no free lunch going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect. So there's no free lunch going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect. So there's no free lunch going
+on out there. It's priced fairly. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on out there. It's priced fairly. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on out there. It's priced fairly. Now
+even though it's priced fairly, if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's priced fairly, if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's priced fairly, if it
+turns out that you're the kind of person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you're the kind of person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you're the kind of person
+that really doesn't like a lot of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really doesn't like a lot of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really doesn't like a lot of risk
+and you believe there's going to be tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you believe there's going to be tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you believe there's going to be tons
+more volatility coming, then for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more volatility coming, then for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more volatility coming, then for you
+it's worth it to do it. For somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it to do it. For somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth it to do it. For somebody
+else who doesn't believe that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who doesn't believe that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who doesn't believe that there's
+going to be a lot more volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot more volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot more volatility
+coming, it's worth it to be on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming, it's worth it to be on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming, it's worth it to be on the other
+side of that trade. By the way, if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of that trade. By the way, if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of that trade. By the way, if I'm
+on the other side of the trade, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the trade, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the trade, what
+does my payoff diagram look like then?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does my payoff diagram look like then?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does my payoff diagram look like then?
+If I'm selling a put in a call, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm selling a put in a call, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm selling a put in a call, what
+will it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it look
+like? Yeah, exactly the opposite. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Yeah, exactly the opposite. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Yeah, exactly the opposite. We're
+going to flip it flip this thing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip it flip this thing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to flip it flip this thing against
+the x-axis. So, it'll be a upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis. So, it'll be a upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis. So, it'll be a upside down
+V. But because we're shorting puts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. But because we're shorting puts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. But because we're shorting puts and
+calls, we get money up front. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls, we get money up front. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls, we get money up front. So the
+little V, the upside down V, is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little V, the upside down V, is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little V, the upside down V, is going to
+be pushed up over the X- axis. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pushed up over the X- axis. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pushed up over the X- axis. So it's
+going to look like the mirror image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the mirror image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like the mirror image of
+this. And as long as stock prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And as long as stock prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And as long as stock prices are
+not more volatile than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more volatile than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more volatile than this
+range, we will make money. But our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range, we will make money. But our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range, we will make money. But our
+downside is unlimited in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is unlimited in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is unlimited in both
+directions. So you got to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So you got to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So you got to be really
+confident that you know that markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you know that markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you know that markets
+aren't going to be any more volatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be any more volatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to be any more volatile
+than they are now. Now if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are now. Now if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are now. Now if you were
+Warren Buffett and you bought Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett and you bought Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett and you bought Goldman
+Sachs three, four weeks ago and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs three, four weeks ago and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs three, four weeks ago and you
+thought it was a great deal then. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a great deal then. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a great deal then. Well,
+you would have lost money by now. Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have lost money by now. Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have lost money by now. Warren
+Buffett has lost money. Uh on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett has lost money. Uh on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett has lost money. Uh on the other
+hand, as you all know, Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, as you all know, Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, as you all know, Warren Buffett
+doesn't make investments for the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make investments for the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make investments for the short
+term. He's thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. He's thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. He's thinking about this
+investment as a 10 20 year kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as a 10 20 year kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as a 10 20 year kind of an
+investment. And over 10 or 20 years, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. And over 10 or 20 years, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. And over 10 or 20 years, I
+suspect it will be a very good deal. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect it will be a very good deal. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect it will be a very good deal. But
+if you're looking at what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at what's going on
+over the next few weeks, the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few weeks, the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few weeks, the question
+is, do you believe that markets will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, do you believe that markets will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, do you believe that markets will be
+less volatile or more volatile? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less volatile or more volatile? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less volatile or more volatile? If you
+do, you're going to be on one side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, you're going to be on one side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, you're going to be on one side or
+the other of that trade. The point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of that trade. The point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of that trade. The point is
+that this now allows us to make bets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this now allows us to make bets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this now allows us to make bets on
+volatility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility.
+Whereas before with a futures or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before with a futures or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas before with a futures or a
+forward or a stock or a bond, you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or a stock or a bond, you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or a stock or a bond, you only
+could bet on it going up or going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bet on it going up or going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bet on it going up or going down
+or mispricings because of certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mispricings because of certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mispricings because of certain kinds
+of arbitrage relationships that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrage relationships that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrage relationships that get
+violated. This is the first time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated. This is the first time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated. This is the first time that
+we've been able to make a bet on wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to make a bet on wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been able to make a bet on wild
+swings and that's a really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings and that's a really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings and that's a really amazing
+thing. It's it's a it's an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's it's a it's an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's it's a it's an extraordinary
+innovation to be able to do that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to be able to do that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation to be able to do that. It
+allows individuals to engage in in kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows individuals to engage in in kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows individuals to engage in in kinds
+of side bets that they otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side bets that they otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side bets that they otherwise
+wouldn't be able to. And more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to. And more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to. And more
+importantly, it allows other individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, it allows other individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, it allows other individuals
+to ensure against certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure against certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure against certain kinds of
+eventualities that they'd never be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventualities that they'd never be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventualities that they'd never be able
+to do. Now, you can buy insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Now, you can buy insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Now, you can buy insurance
+against volatility, which is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against volatility, which is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against volatility, which is a pretty
+remarkable thing to be able to do. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing to be able to do. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing to be able to do. Okay.
+So, that's just one example of an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's just one example of an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's just one example of an option
+strategy. Very simple one. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. Very simple one. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. Very simple one. There are
+other examples uh I that I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples uh I that I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples uh I that I've given you
+here. Uh, for example, this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh, for example, this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh, for example, this is kind of a
+fun one. This is a call, two calls, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one. This is a call, two calls, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun one. This is a call, two calls, a
+call, that should be a minus sign,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call, that should be a minus sign,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call, that should be a minus sign,
+sorry. Call one minus call two. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Call one minus call two. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Call one minus call two. So, you
+basically buy a call option and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically buy a call option and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically buy a call option and you
+short another one at different strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short another one at different strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short another one at different strike
+prices. And so, what this allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices. And so, what this allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices. And so, what this allows you to
+do, this is really kind of interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, this is really kind of interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, this is really kind of interesting.
+This gives you upside from 50 up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you upside from 50 up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you upside from 50 up until
+60. So, you buy a call at 50, you short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60. So, you buy a call at 50, you short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60. So, you buy a call at 50, you short
+a call at 60. Okay, so that means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call at 60. Okay, so that means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call at 60. Okay, so that means you're
+going to get upside between 50 and 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get upside between 50 and 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get upside between 50 and 60
+and then nothing after that and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then nothing after that and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then nothing after that and nothing
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+that. Now, this seems like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Now, this seems like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Now, this seems like a really
+ridiculous strategy to engage in. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous strategy to engage in. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous strategy to engage in. Why
+would you want to cut off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to cut off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to cut off your
+upside? Because with a call, if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside? Because with a call, if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside? Because with a call, if you just
+bought a call, you'd basically get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a call, you'd basically get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a call, you'd basically get all
+of the upside, right? Why would you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the upside, right? Why would you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the upside, right? Why would you ever
+want to do this? Anybody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this? Anybody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this? Anybody tell me what
+the logic for that is? Yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic for that is? Yeah, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic for that is? Yeah, it's
+cheaper. Exactly. It's cheaper. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper. Exactly. It's cheaper. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper. Exactly. It's cheaper. It's
+cheaper because when you short the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper because when you short the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper because when you short the call
+at 60, you're getting money today. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60, you're getting money today. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60, you're getting money today. So
+that helps you finance the call at 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps you finance the call at 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps you finance the call at 50.
+It's cheaper, but it's not a free lunch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cheaper, but it's not a free lunch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cheaper, but it's not a free lunch.
+What you're getting in exchange for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you're getting in exchange for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you're getting in exchange for that
+extra premium is you're giving up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra premium is you're giving up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra premium is you're giving up any
+profits above and beyond the stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits above and beyond the stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits above and beyond the stock price
+going above 60. So you're giving up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going above 60. So you're giving up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going above 60. So you're giving up the
+unbounded upside and you're bounding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded upside and you're bounding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded upside and you're bounding it
+at 60. But the benefit of giving up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60. But the benefit of giving up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 60. But the benefit of giving up that
+upside is that you now have some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is that you now have some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside is that you now have some money
+to reduce the cost of getting that call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the cost of getting that call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the cost of getting that call
+at 50. Okay? And so you might use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50. Okay? And so you might use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50. Okay? And so you might use this
+if you think well you know I I I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think well you know I I I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think well you know I I I suspect
+that the stock has got some room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock has got some room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the stock has got some room to
+grow. I think it'll uh you know bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow. I think it'll uh you know bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow. I think it'll uh you know bounce
+around between 50 and 60 but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around between 50 and 60 but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around between 50 and 60 but I can't
+possibly see the stock ever being worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly see the stock ever being worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly see the stock ever being worth
+more than 60. So, I'm happy to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 60. So, I'm happy to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 60. So, I'm happy to give up
+that upside to other people who are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upside to other people who are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upside to other people who are more
+optimistic than me and get some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than me and get some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic than me and get some money
+for it and help me to finance my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and help me to finance my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and help me to finance my
+purchase of the stock uh at 50. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase of the stock uh at 50. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase of the stock uh at 50. So, you
+know, it's cheaper. That's the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's cheaper. That's the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's cheaper. That's the bottom
+line. Another way of looking at it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Another way of looking at it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Another way of looking at it is
+you you have to move this whole diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to move this whole diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have to move this whole diagram
+down by how much it costs. It turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by how much it costs. It turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by how much it costs. It turns out
+you move it down by less than if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it down by less than if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it down by less than if it were
+just a pure call option by itself. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pure call option by itself. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a pure call option by itself. So
+the way you can think of it is you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can think of it is you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you can think of it is you buy
+the call option, you move it down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option, you move it down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call option, you move it down by
+that much and then you sell the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and then you sell the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and then you sell the other
+call and you move it up by the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and you move it up by the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and you move it up by the amount of
+that 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 60
+call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call.
+Okay? So you can do this. You can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So you can do this. You can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So you can do this. You can do
+this in reverse. You can bet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in reverse. You can bet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in reverse. You can bet on the
+downside. In that way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside. In that way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside. In that way you can do
+something that's called a butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's called a butterfly
+spread where basically it it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread where basically it it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread where basically it it looks like
+uh it looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+payoff if it if it stays within a range,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff if it if it stays within a range,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff if it if it stays within a range,
+you get paid, but if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get paid, but if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get paid, but if it's really
+volatile, then you don't get paid. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, then you don't get paid. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, then you don't get paid. Okay?
+So you're willing to give up the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're willing to give up the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're willing to give up the upside
+on both ends because you think the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends because you think the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends because you think the stock
+is going to be self-contained. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be self-contained. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be self-contained. You're
+betting against volatility increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting against volatility increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting against volatility increasing
+and you're using the ability to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using the ability to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using the ability to get rid
+of those unbounded gains to finance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those unbounded gains to finance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those unbounded gains to finance the
+positions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions.
+And it turns out that with these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that with these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that with these kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+payoffs, you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs, you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs, you can prove
+mathematically that it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that it's possible to
+generate any other payoff in the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any other payoff in the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any other payoff in the world.
+There's a mathematical result that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a mathematical result that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a mathematical result that's
+actually related to um you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to um you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to um you know this
+Taylor approximation and fur expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor approximation and fur expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor approximation and fur expansion
+that says that any possible security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that any possible security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that any possible security
+that you can come up with can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can come up with can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can come up with can be
+approximated by a sequence of calls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by a sequence of calls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by a sequence of calls and
+puts. That's a really powerful idea. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts. That's a really powerful idea. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts. That's a really powerful idea. But
+in fact, from a practical purpose, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, from a practical purpose, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, from a practical purpose, you
+don't even need to use anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to use anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to use anything that
+fancy. If you have just a a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy. If you have just a a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy. If you have just a a very small
+number of calls and puts, you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls and puts, you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of calls and puts, you can put
+together extraordinarily complex payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together extraordinarily complex payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together extraordinarily complex payoff
+diagrams that will get you whatever kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that will get you whatever kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that will get you whatever kind
+of uh risk profile you're looking for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh risk profile you're looking for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh risk profile you're looking for.
+That that's the power of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's the power of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that's the power of option
+pricing. Okay, any questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. Okay, any questions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. Okay, any questions about about
+these payoff diagrams? I I would urge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payoff diagrams? I I would urge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these payoff diagrams? I I would urge
+you to work through a few examples just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work through a few examples just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work through a few examples just
+to make sure you really understand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you really understand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you really understand them
+because uh it's a it's an easy thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's a it's an easy thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's a it's an easy thing to
+uh think that you understand but unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think that you understand but unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think that you understand but unless
+you're forced to go through the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to go through the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to go through the exercise
+and draw these diagrams you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw these diagrams you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw these diagrams you won't have
+an appreciation uh for uh how to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appreciation uh for uh how to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appreciation uh for uh how to do them
+and how important they are. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how important they are. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how important they are. Yeah.
+question curious for a while. Is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question curious for a while. Is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question curious for a while. Is there
+any sort of implicit volatility? Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of implicit volatility? Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of implicit volatility? Well, I
+mean implicit in the price of an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean implicit in the price of an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean implicit in the price of an option
+and a put or calling a put I'm sorry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a put or calling a put I'm sorry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a put or calling a put I'm sorry is
+expected volatility of the market but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected volatility of the market but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected volatility of the market but
+how much inside that price is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much inside that price is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much inside that price is actually
+generating volatility itself. You see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating volatility itself. You see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating volatility itself. You see
+what I'm saying? Like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying? Like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying? Like the
+price can also be a motor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price can also be a motor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price can also be a motor of the
+volatility. Yes, that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. Yes, that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. Yes, that's a great
+question. Let me repeat it. Um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Let me repeat it. Um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Let me repeat it. Um in fact
+that question uh was asked shortly after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question uh was asked shortly after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question uh was asked shortly after
+Black and Scholes came up with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black and Scholes came up with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black and Scholes came up with their
+formula and they uh it uh it created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and they uh it uh it created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and they uh it uh it created a
+whole literature um which uh was started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole literature um which uh was started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole literature um which uh was started
+by our very own former dean Dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our very own former dean Dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our very own former dean Dick
+Schmalins uh he wrote a paper with uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmalins uh he wrote a paper with uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmalins uh he wrote a paper with uh a
+fellow named uh uh I think it's Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow named uh uh I think it's Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow named uh uh I think it's Robert
+Trippy uh Schmalins and Trippy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trippy uh Schmalins and Trippy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trippy uh Schmalins and Trippy they
+wrote a paper on implied volatilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper on implied volatilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper on implied volatilities of
+options. So the idea is that options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. So the idea is that options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. So the idea is that options are
+actually uh dependent on volatility. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh dependent on volatility. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh dependent on volatility. Uh
+and I I'll show you that not this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll show you that not this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll show you that not this time
+but next time. I'm going to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time. I'm going to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time. I'm going to go through a
+pricing model and you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model and you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model and you're going to see
+how volatility actually plays a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how volatility actually plays a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how volatility actually plays a very
+concrete role. So they they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete role. So they they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete role. So they they came up with
+a brilliant idea. Let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant idea. Let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant idea. Let's take a look at
+an option price and we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option price and we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option price and we know what the
+stock price is. We know what the strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price is. We know what the strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price is. We know what the strike
+price is. We know what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is. We know what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is. We know what the other
+parameters are. Let's ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are. Let's ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are. Let's ask the question
+given the price of an option. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the price of an option. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the price of an option. What is
+the volatility that is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility that is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility that is consistent with
+that market price? Because allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market price? Because allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market price? Because allowing you
+to invert the market price for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert the market price for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invert the market price for the
+volatility gives you information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility gives you information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility gives you information about
+what's going on. It's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. It's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. It's exactly the
+question you asked about information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you asked about information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you asked about information
+implicit in this market price. It turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in this market price. It turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in this market price. It turns
+out that that's done all the time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that's done all the time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that's done all the time. And
+not only is it done all the time, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it done all the time, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it done all the time, but
+there's now an index that's been created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now an index that's been created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now an index that's been created
+by the Chicago Board Options Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Chicago Board Options Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Chicago Board Options Exchange
+called the VIX, which stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the VIX, which stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the VIX, which stands for the
+volatility implied index. What they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility implied index. What they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility implied index. What they do
+is they look at options on the S&P 500,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they look at options on the S&P 500,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they look at options on the S&P 500,
+and they ask the question, what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask the question, what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask the question, what is the
+volatility that is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility that is consistent with the
+option price on the S&P for an at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option price on the S&P for an at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option price on the S&P for an at the
+money option? at the money means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option? at the money means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money option? at the money means the
+strike price is equal to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price is equal to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price is equal to the current
+price of the stock or the index in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock or the index in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the stock or the index in this
+case. And that's an incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And that's an incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And that's an incredibly important
+concept because that tells you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because that tells you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because that tells you something
+about where the market sees volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the market sees volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the market sees volatility
+going forward. Not just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward. Not just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward. Not just looking
+backwards, but today, right now, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards, but today, right now, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards, but today, right now, what
+does the market think volatility should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the market think volatility should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the market think volatility should
+be? And if you look at the VIX over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? And if you look at the VIX over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? And if you look at the VIX over the
+last few weeks, you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks, you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few weeks, you're going to be
+shocked. Uh, you know, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked. Uh, you know, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked. Uh, you know, we're going to
+take a look at it next time, next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it next time, next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it next time, next
+Monday. I I'm going to do this in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. I I'm going to do this in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. I I'm going to do this in class
+where I'll show you what that volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'll show you what that volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'll show you what that volatility
+looks like. Historically, the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. Historically, the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. Historically, the S&P 500
+has had a volatility level of what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had a volatility level of what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had a volatility level of what does
+anybody know what's the typical stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's the typical stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what's the typical stock
+market volatility?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market volatility?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market volatility?
+15 to 20%. Yeah, it's bounced around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 20%. Yeah, it's bounced around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 20%. Yeah, it's bounced around
+there on an annualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on an annualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on an annualized
+basis. Last week on an intraday basis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Last week on an intraday basis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Last week on an intraday basis,
+the VIX index, which is the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VIX index, which is the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VIX index, which is the implied
+volatility, reached an intraday high of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, reached an intraday high of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, reached an intraday high of
+89 89% volatility for the stock. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89 89% volatility for the stock. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89 89% volatility for the stock. And
+right now, I don't know what it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, I don't know what it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, I don't know what it is I
+haven't checked today, but my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't checked today, but my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't checked today, but my guess is
+it's probably 60 or 70. Uh, is it what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably 60 or 70. Uh, is it what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably 60 or 70. Uh, is it what?
+71. 71. Okay. 71% annual volatility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71. 71. Okay. 71% annual volatility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71. 71. Okay. 71% annual volatility.
+Now, that's the forward-looking implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, that's the forward-looking implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, that's the forward-looking implied
+volatility for S&P options. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility for S&P options. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility for S&P options. And what
+that tells you is that we're in for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you is that we're in for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you is that we're in for some
+turbulent times ahead. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent times ahead. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent times ahead. If you look at
+the implied volatility for the one-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility for the one-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility for the one-year
+contract, it's going to be much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract, it's going to be much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract, it's going to be much lower
+because people are going to expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are going to expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are going to expect that
+the volatility of the S&P going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility of the S&P going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volatility of the S&P going forward
+in time is going to decline between now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is going to decline between now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time is going to decline between now
+and a year from now. At least we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year from now. At least we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a year from now. At least we hope
+so. Otherwise, a lot of people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Otherwise, a lot of people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. Otherwise, a lot of people are going
+to be needing uh uh Zan Zen uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be needing uh uh Zan Zen uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be needing uh uh Zan Zen uh what is
+Zantac and uh other kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zantac and uh other kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zantac and uh other kinds of uh
+pharmaceuticals. All right. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals. All right. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals. All right. Okay. So
+those are option diagrams and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are option diagrams and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are option diagrams and I want to
+mention one last thing uh before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one last thing uh before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one last thing uh before we go
+to the history of uh option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the history of uh option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the history of uh option pricing
+theory. I want to mention that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. I want to mention that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. I want to mention that one of
+the reasons option pricing theory uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons option pricing theory uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons option pricing theory uh has
+been so important in finance is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so important in finance is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so important in finance is because
+soon after the papers by Black & Scholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the papers by Black & Scholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the papers by Black & Scholes
+and Merin were published. It became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Merin were published. It became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Merin were published. It became
+clear that everywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that everywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that everywhere you
+looked there were options to be found.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked there were options to be found.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked there were options to be found.
+that is all other kinds of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all other kinds of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all other kinds of financial
+securities when you looked more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities when you looked more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities when you looked more
+closely they were actually options as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they were actually options as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely they were actually options as
+well. So let me give you an example. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So let me give you an example. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So let me give you an example. I
+said before that stock prices were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that stock prices were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that stock prices were not
+like options. Well as an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like options. Well as an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like options. Well as an approximation
+that's true but in reality if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but in reality if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but in reality if you look
+carefully at what a stock is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at what a stock is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at what a stock is in fact a
+stock is an option. So let let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is an option. So let let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is an option. So let let me see
+how that is. Okay. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is. Okay. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is. Okay. Well,
+equity the equity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity the equity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity the equity of a
+corporation is a claim on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation is a claim on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation is a claim on the
+corporation's assets. But if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation's assets. But if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation's assets. But if that
+corporation has any kind of debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation has any kind of debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation has any kind of debt
+financing, then actually the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing, then actually the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing, then actually the equity
+holders are second in line, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders are second in line, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders are second in line, right? The
+bond holders are first in line. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond holders are first in line. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond holders are first in line. So the
+equity only gets paid after the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity only gets paid after the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity only gets paid after the bond
+holders get paid off. So in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders get paid off. So in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders get paid off. So in particular
+if you think about the maturity date of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the maturity date of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the maturity date of
+the bonds then on that maturity date the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds then on that maturity date the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds then on that maturity date the
+value of the equity is the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the equity is the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the equity is the maximum of
+either zero or the value of the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or the value of the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or the value of the firm's
+assets minus the face value of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets minus the face value of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets minus the face value of the bond
+or what the bond has to be paid off at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the bond has to be paid off at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what the bond has to be paid off at.
+Right? Because if the bond holders don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because if the bond holders don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because if the bond holders don't
+get paid then the equity holders get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid then the equity holders get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid then the equity holders get
+nothing. Then the bond holders get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Then the bond holders get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Then the bond holders get the
+firm. All of the assets of the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm. All of the assets of the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm. All of the assets of the firm
+transferred to the bond holders through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the bond holders through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the bond holders through
+bankruptcy proceedings. At least that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy proceedings. At least that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy proceedings. At least that's
+the theory. So the value of the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory. So the value of the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory. So the value of the equity
+on the maturity date for the bonds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the maturity date for the bonds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the maturity date for the bonds is
+actually the maximum of 0 comma v minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the maximum of 0 comma v minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the maximum of 0 comma v minus
+b. Now that should look very familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Now that should look very familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Now that should look very familiar to
+you. That should look like the payoff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. That should look like the payoff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. That should look like the payoff of
+a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a call
+option, right? where the strike price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? where the strike price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? where the strike price is
+B and the value of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the value of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the value of the underlying
+security is V, the value of the firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is V, the value of the firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security is V, the value of the firm's
+assets. So what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. So what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. So what that means is that
+equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity
+holders can be viewed as owning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders can be viewed as owning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holders can be viewed as owning an
+option on the firm's assets with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on the firm's assets with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option on the firm's assets with a
+strike price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike price of
+B. Okay? And the bond holders look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. Okay? And the bond holders look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. Okay? And the bond holders look like
+they have a put option. They've shorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a put option. They've shorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a put option. They've shorted
+a put on the firm, but that's leveraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put on the firm, but that's leveraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a put on the firm, but that's leveraged
+with a certain amount of debt. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of debt. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain amount of debt. It's a
+protected levered put is the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected levered put is the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected levered put is the way that
+people usually put it. So the debt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually put it. So the debt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually put it. So the debt is
+the minimum of V or B. You either get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of V or B. You either get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of V or B. You either get
+the assets or you get what you owed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets or you get what you owed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets or you get what you owed,
+whichever is smaller. And you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is smaller. And you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is smaller. And you can show
+that that's equivalent to B minus max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's equivalent to B minus max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's equivalent to B minus max of
+zero B minus V. That looks like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero B minus V. That looks like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero B minus V. That looks like a a
+short put position mixed in with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short put position mixed in with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short put position mixed in with some
+borrowing. And when you add the two, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing. And when you add the two, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing. And when you add the two, you
+see that the value of the firm is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the value of the firm is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the value of the firm is equal
+to the value of the debt and the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value of the debt and the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value of the debt and the value
+of the equity. The point of this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equity. The point of this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equity. The point of this example
+is that option pricing can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that option pricing can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that option pricing can be used to
+value the capital structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the capital structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the capital structure of a
+corporation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation as
+well. And within the last few years, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And within the last few years, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And within the last few years, a
+very active part of the hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active part of the hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active part of the hedge fund
+industry has been devoted to engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has been devoted to engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has been devoted to engaging in
+something called capital structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called capital structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called capital structure
+arbitrage. Capital structure arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage. Capital structure arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage. Capital structure arbitrage
+says that this equation has to hold. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this equation has to hold. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this equation has to hold. But
+in practice, there is a discrepancy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice, there is a discrepancy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice, there is a discrepancy with
+what the market value for D is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value for D is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value for D is and the
+market value for E. And using option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value for E. And using option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value for E. And using option
+pricing theory and models for credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory and models for credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing theory and models for credit
+risk, hedge funds have been able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk, hedge funds have been able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk, hedge funds have been able to make
+a play by either buying a company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play by either buying a company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a play by either buying a company's
+equity and shorting their debt or buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and shorting their debt or buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and shorting their debt or buying
+the debt and shorting the equity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt and shorting the equity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt and shorting the equity,
+whichever is cheaper or more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is cheaper or more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever is cheaper or more expensive
+and engaging in what seems like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaging in what seems like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaging in what seems like an
+arbitrage transaction. Now, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage transaction. Now, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage transaction. Now, that
+presupposes that you've got the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes that you've got the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes that you've got the credit
+calculations done correctly. So in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations done correctly. So in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations done correctly. So in order
+to engage in those kind of trades, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in those kind of trades, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in those kind of trades, you
+have to have superior credit modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have superior credit modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have superior credit modeling
+capabilities. Certainly better than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities. Certainly better than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities. Certainly better than what
+uh rating agencies were doing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rating agencies were doing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rating agencies were doing. And
+actually there were cases where hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there were cases where hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there were cases where hedge
+funds were actively betting against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds were actively betting against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds were actively betting against
+rating agency models because they felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating agency models because they felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating agency models because they felt
+that rating agencies had mispriced some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rating agencies had mispriced some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rating agencies had mispriced some
+of their uh ratings based upon uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their uh ratings based upon uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their uh ratings based upon uh the
+models that they'd created versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that they'd created versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that they'd created versus the
+ones the rating agencies were using.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the rating agencies were using.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the rating agencies were using.
+Okay. Now it turns out that uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now it turns out that uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now it turns out that uh when you
+look more carefully at other securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more carefully at other securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more carefully at other securities
+and even other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even other kinds of
+opportunities, options are there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities, options are there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities, options are there as
+well. For example, uh when I um when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. For example, uh when I um when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. For example, uh when I um when I
+uh started here at MIT 20 years ago, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started here at MIT 20 years ago, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh started here at MIT 20 years ago, I
+remember distinctly uh some of my senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember distinctly uh some of my senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember distinctly uh some of my senior
+colleagues referring to assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues referring to assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues referring to assistant
+professors as options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors as options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors as options.
+Now this uh let me explain uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this uh let me explain uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this uh let me explain uh you know
+that in academia when you start out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in academia when you start out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in academia when you start out as a
+assistant professor uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor uh there's no
+guarantee for employment. You know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee for employment. You know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee for employment. You know you
+have a typically a a three-year contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a typically a a three-year contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a typically a a three-year contract
+and at the end of the three years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the three years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of the three years you
+either get renewed or you get fired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get renewed or you get fired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get renewed or you get fired and
+at the end of the next three years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the next three years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the next three years you
+come up for what's called a tenure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up for what's called a tenure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up for what's called a tenure uh
+review. Tenure review means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. Tenure review means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. Tenure review means that they
+send letters to, you know, 15 of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send letters to, you know, 15 of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send letters to, you know, 15 of the top
+people in your field across the country,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your field across the country,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your field across the country,
+across the world actually, and they base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world actually, and they base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world actually, and they base
+their decision on whether to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decision on whether to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their decision on whether to give you
+life lifetime guaranteed employment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lifetime guaranteed employment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life lifetime guaranteed employment as
+to whether or not, you know, these 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether or not, you know, these 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether or not, you know, these 15
+people uh say that you're, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh say that you're, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh say that you're, you know, the
+greatest thing since uh you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest thing since uh you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest thing since uh you know,
+whatever. Um and if you don't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Um and if you don't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Um and if you don't get that
+kind of of uh review, then uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of uh review, then uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of uh review, then uh you're
+asked to leave. I mean, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to leave. I mean, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to leave. I mean, you have to
+leave. there's no choice for continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave. there's no choice for continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave. there's no choice for continued
+employment. So the idea uh behind hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment. So the idea uh behind hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment. So the idea uh behind hiring
+assistant professors were that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professors were that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professors were that uh the
+each one of them was viewed as uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them was viewed as uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them was viewed as uh an
+option meaning that you could benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option meaning that you could benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option meaning that you could benefit
+from them uh for a while but if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them uh for a while but if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them uh for a while but if they
+didn't work out you could always get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out you could always get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out you could always get rid
+of them. Uh and once you got tenure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Uh and once you got tenure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. Uh and once you got tenure that
+was it was no longer an option. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was no longer an option. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was no longer an option. So what
+that suggested from a hiring perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested from a hiring perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested from a hiring perspective
+is what kind of what kind of assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of what kind of assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of what kind of assistant
+professor should you hire if you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor should you hire if you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor should you hire if you believe
+in option pricing as applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in option pricing as applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in option pricing as applied to the
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+market? Can you can you characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market? Can you can you characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market? Can you can you characterize the
+type of Yeah. What was that? Take risks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Yeah. What was that? Take risks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Yeah. What was that? Take risks.
+Take risks. You want to hire faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take risks. You want to hire faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take risks. You want to hire faculty
+that are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are extremely
+volatile. Uh not not emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile. Uh not not emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile. Uh not not emotionally
+hopefully but uh but intellectually. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but uh but intellectually. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but uh but intellectually. In
+other words, you want because you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, you want because you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, you want because you get
+the the upside. you get all the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upside. you get all the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the upside. you get all the upside
+but you don't get any downside. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't get any downside. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't get any downside. So what
+you want to do is you want to take risk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you want to take risk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you want to take risk.
+You want to take chances on faculty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to take chances on faculty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to take chances on faculty that
+may or may not work out and and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not work out and and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not work out and and that in
+fact has been the approach that we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact has been the approach that we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact has been the approach that we and
+others have used in hiring uh based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have used in hiring uh based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have used in hiring uh based upon
+this kind of option pricing analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of option pricing analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of option pricing analysis and
+and it applies to all sorts of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it applies to all sorts of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it applies to all sorts of things.
+You know when you think about getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know when you think about getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know when you think about getting an
+education you can argue that getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you can argue that getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you can argue that getting an
+education is an option right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is an option right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is an option right you don't
+have to use your degree you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use your degree you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use your degree you don't have
+to use your education but you have it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use your education but you have it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use your education but you have it.
+it's an option and uh so thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an option and uh so thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an option and uh so thinking about
+valuing education you could actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing education you could actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuing education you could actually use
+this framework try to compute the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework try to compute the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this framework try to compute the uh the
+flexibility it gives you in order to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility it gives you in order to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility it gives you in order to uh
+take advantage of career opportunities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of career opportunities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of career opportunities.
+Okay. So there are lots of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are lots of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are lots of things that
+look like option. Yeah. Megan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like option. Yeah. Megan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like option. Yeah. Megan,
+sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, a distressed debt manager, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a distressed debt manager, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a distressed debt manager, if
+they're holding distressed debt of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're holding distressed debt of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're holding distressed debt of a
+company, they would actually be holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, they would actually be holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company, they would actually be holding
+a shortput position, right? They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortput position, right? They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortput position, right? They're
+holding the debt. So they have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the debt. So they have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the debt. So they have a short
+put position. So if they wanted to hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put position. So if they wanted to hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put position. So if they wanted to hedge
+it, they can either buy a put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, they can either buy a put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, they can either buy a put on the
+assets uh which would then help them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets uh which would then help them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets uh which would then help them to
+hedge it out. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. Okay. Um and uh you know as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. Um and uh you know as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Okay. Um and uh you know as I was
+saying there are all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there are all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there are all sorts of other
+examples of options and derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of options and derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of options and derivative
+securities. It's just the field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. It's just the field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. It's just the field has
+exploded. There are literally uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded. There are literally uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded. There are literally uh many
+many trillions of dollars of notional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many trillions of dollars of notional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many trillions of dollars of notional
+amounts. Uh now again notional amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Uh now again notional amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts. Uh now again notional amounts
+can be a little bit misleading because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little bit misleading because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little bit misleading because
+you know that for every option seller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that for every option seller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that for every option seller
+there's an option buyer. Options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an option buyer. Options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an option buyer. Options are
+zero net investment kind of side bets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero net investment kind of side bets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero net investment kind of side bets uh
+unlike equities where companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike equities where companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike equities where companies that
+have real assets behind them issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real assets behind them issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real assets behind them issue
+pieces of paper called equity. Options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper called equity. Options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper called equity. Options
+are issued by the options clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are issued by the options clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are issued by the options clearing
+corporation uh for the Chicago Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation uh for the Chicago Board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation uh for the Chicago Board
+Options Exchange. The Merkantile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Options Exchange. The Merkantile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Options Exchange. The Merkantile
+Exchange also has options. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange also has options. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange also has options. There's
+options traded everywhere. In fact, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options traded everywhere. In fact, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options traded everywhere. In fact, one
+of the largest exchanges is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest exchanges is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the largest exchanges is the
+International Securities Exchange was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Securities Exchange was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Securities Exchange was
+started up by Bill Porter, the fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up by Bill Porter, the fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up by Bill Porter, the fellow
+who started Erade. And it is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who started Erade. And it is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who started Erade. And it is the most
+active options exchange uh in the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active options exchange uh in the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active options exchange uh in the world.
+Uh it's all done electronically. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's all done electronically. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's all done electronically. And
+these options are pure side bets. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these options are pure side bets. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these options are pure side bets. Uh but
+they're not just, you know, for purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just, you know, for purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just, you know, for purposes
+of gambling, you know, they for purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gambling, you know, they for purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gambling, you know, they for purposes
+of hedging uh and engaging in insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hedging uh and engaging in insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hedging uh and engaging in insurance
+of the kind that we talked about before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that we talked about before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kind that we talked about before.
+So this has really exploded and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has really exploded and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this has really exploded and that's
+why we have an entire course 15437
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have an entire course 15437
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have an entire course 15437
+devoted to just the pricing of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to just the pricing of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to just the pricing of options
+uh and uh and futures. So we we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and futures. So we we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and futures. So we we can't
+obviously cover uh all of it uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cover uh all of it uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously cover uh all of it uh in this
+course but I want to just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I want to just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I want to just give you a
+flavor of it. Let me skip now uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of it. Let me skip now uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of it. Let me skip now uh this uh
+next section on valuation of options uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section on valuation of options uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section on valuation of options uh
+because as I said this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said this is a little bit
+more technical. I want to spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical. I want to spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical. I want to spend some
+more time on it. make sure you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time on it. make sure you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time on it. make sure you all
+understand it. Uh and then um I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Uh and then um I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Uh and then um I will uh
+come back to this on Monday. What I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this on Monday. What I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this on Monday. What I want
+to do now is just to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is just to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is just to give you a little
+bit of a history of option pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a history of option pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a history of option pricing
+because it's kind of fun. First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of fun. First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of fun. First of all,
+in order to to figure out how to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to figure out how to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to figure out how to price
+options, we have to begin with figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options, we have to begin with figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options, we have to begin with figuring
+out what a particular model would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a particular model would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a particular model would be for
+the underlying stock. In order to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying stock. In order to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying stock. In order to price
+an option, you actually have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option, you actually have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option, you actually have to say
+something about how the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how the underlying
+security behaves. All right? So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security behaves. All right? So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security behaves. All right? So we have
+to start with that and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with that and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with that and we're going to
+start uh in the very early 16th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh in the very early 16th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh in the very early 16th century
+with probably the first known model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably the first known model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably the first known model for
+asset prices that ever existed in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset prices that ever existed in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset prices that ever existed in uh in
+the world and that was developed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and that was developed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and that was developed by a
+Italian mathematician by the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian mathematician by the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian mathematician by the name of
+Jeralamo Cardano. Now those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeralamo Cardano. Now those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeralamo Cardano. Now those of you who
+are on high school math team I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on high school math team I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on high school math team I suspect
+you've heard of Cardano. Anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of Cardano. Anybody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of Cardano. Anybody tell me
+who Cardano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Cardano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Cardano
+was? No. Uh, no math team geeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was? No. Uh, no math team geeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was? No. Uh, no math team geeks
+here. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right.
+Cardano was, it turns out, the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cardano was, it turns out, the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cardano was, it turns out, the second
+person to have come up with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to have come up with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to have come up with a solution
+for the cubic equation. You all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cubic equation. You all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cubic equation. You all know
+what the quadratic equation is, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quadratic equation is, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quadratic equation is, right?
+You know, x^2 + ax^2 + bx plus c= 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, x^2 + ax^2 + bx plus c= 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, x^2 + ax^2 + bx plus c= 0.
+That's a quadratic equation. Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a quadratic equation. Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a quadratic equation. Anybody
+know what the solution of that is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the solution of that is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the solution of that is?
+Yeah. What is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great. All right. You You get the pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. All right. You You get the pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. All right. You You get the pocket
+protector award.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protector award.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protector award.
+Very good. It turns out that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. It turns out that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. It turns out that there is
+exactly the same kind of solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same kind of solution for
+the cubic equation. Of course, nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic equation. Of course, nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic equation. Of course, nobody
+remembers that. I won't ask you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers that. I won't ask you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers that. I won't ask you whether
+you know that. You you might, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that. You you might, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that. You you might, but but
+there's a formula for the cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a formula for the cubic
+equation. It turns out that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It turns out that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It turns out that there are no
+more formulas beyond the cubic. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formulas beyond the cubic. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formulas beyond the cubic. So,
+there's something very special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something very special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something very special about the
+cubic equation. And this Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic equation. And this Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic equation. And this Italian
+mathematician Cardano was the first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Cardano was the first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician Cardano was the first to
+publish it. The reason I say that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it. The reason I say that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish it. The reason I say that he's
+the second person to come up with it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second person to come up with it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second person to come up with it is
+that it turns out he stole the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns out he stole the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns out he stole the formula
+from a colleague. And a colleague who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a colleague. And a colleague who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a colleague. And a colleague who
+had actually come up with the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had actually come up with the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had actually come up with the solution
+and Cardano had heard about it and said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cardano had heard about it and said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cardano had heard about it and said,
+"Well, please tell me what it is." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, please tell me what it is." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, please tell me what it is." And
+the other person said, "I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person said, "I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person said, "I'm not going to
+tell you what it is because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is because you're going
+to just write it up and claim credit."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write it up and claim credit."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write it up and claim credit."
+And Cardano says, "No, no, I promise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Cardano says, "No, no, I promise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Cardano says, "No, no, I promise I
+won't." And then the guy says, "All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't." And then the guy says, "All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't." And then the guy says, "All
+right, here here it is." He told him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, here here it is." He told him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, here here it is." He told him.
+And then Cardano, in fact, did rip him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Cardano, in fact, did rip him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then Cardano, in fact, did rip him
+off. And uh so it's known as Cardano's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. And uh so it's known as Cardano's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. And uh so it's known as Cardano's
+formula, but it really shouldn't. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, but it really shouldn't. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula, but it really shouldn't. And
+I'm embarrassed to say I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm embarrassed to say I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm embarrassed to say I don't remember
+the guy who actually invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who actually invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who actually invented
+it. So uh but but Cardano in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So uh but but Cardano in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So uh but but Cardano in addition to
+having come up with this solution uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having come up with this solution uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having come up with this solution uh or
+stolen this solution uh Cardano also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen this solution uh Cardano also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen this solution uh Cardano also
+wrote a book on gambling and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book on gambling and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book on gambling and uh this
+book which is titled Liber Dudo Ala the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which is titled Liber Dudo Ala the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book which is titled Liber Dudo Ala the
+laws of gambling he he developed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of gambling he he developed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of gambling he he developed what
+was the precursor to the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the precursor to the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the precursor to the modern
+mathematical description of stock prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of stock prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical description of stock prices
+and it was described in this way. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was described in this way. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was described in this way. The
+most fundamental principle of all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental principle of all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental principle of all in
+gambling is simply equal conditions, eg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling is simply equal conditions, eg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling is simply equal conditions, eg
+of opponents, of bystanders, of money,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opponents, of bystanders, of money,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opponents, of bystanders, of money,
+of situation, of the dice box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation, of the dice box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation, of the dice box and the
+die itself. To the extent to which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die itself. To the extent to which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die itself. To the extent to which you
+depart from that equality, if it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from that equality, if it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from that equality, if it is in
+your opponent's favor, you are a fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's favor, you are a fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's favor, you are a fool
+and if in your own, you are unjust. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if in your own, you are unjust. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if in your own, you are unjust. It
+turns out that what he was describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what he was describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what he was describing
+was essentially a 50/50 bet or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially a 50/50 bet or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially a 50/50 bet or what we
+call a fair game or what is now known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a fair game or what is now known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a fair game or what is now known as
+a martingale. A martingale simply says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martingale. A martingale simply says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martingale. A martingale simply says
+that you expected winnings and losses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expected winnings and losses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you expected winnings and losses uh
+is equal to zero or rather your expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero or rather your expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero or rather your expected
+wealth next period is equal to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth next period is equal to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth next period is equal to whatever
+your wealth is today if you have a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth is today if you have a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth is today if you have a fair
+game uh that you're betting uh on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh that you're betting uh on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh that you're betting uh on,
+right? It turns out that that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It turns out that that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It turns out that that simple
+model developed into what we now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model developed into what we now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model developed into what we now think
+of as the random walk hypothesis. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the random walk hypothesis. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as the random walk hypothesis. And
+the random walk was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random walk was really the
+fundamental driver behind the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driver behind the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driver behind the option
+pricing model that Blacken Scholes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model that Blacken Scholes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing model that Blacken Scholes and
+Merin developed. Now the reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merin developed. Now the reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merin developed. Now the reason the
+random walk holds a very special place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk holds a very special place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk holds a very special place
+in the hearts of financial economists is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hearts of financial economists is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hearts of financial economists is
+because most economists suffer from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most economists suffer from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most economists suffer from a
+psychological disorder that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological disorder that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological disorder that we call
+physics envy. You know, we all wish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics envy. You know, we all wish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics envy. You know, we all wish that
+we had these three laws that explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these three laws that explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these three laws that explains
+99% of all behavior. In fact, economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of all behavior. In fact, economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of all behavior. In fact, economists
+have 99 laws that explain maybe 3% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 99 laws that explain maybe 3% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 99 laws that explain maybe 3% of
+economic behavior. But there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic behavior. But there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic behavior. But there's one
+example, only one in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, only one in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, only one in the history of
+finance where an economist actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance where an economist actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance where an economist actually came
+up with an idea before a physicist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an idea before a physicist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an idea before a physicist and
+that was later adopted by a physicist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was later adopted by a physicist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was later adopted by a physicist.
+And the idea I'm talking about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea I'm talking about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea I'm talking about is the
+random walk hypothesis or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk hypothesis or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk hypothesis or in the
+continuous time realm brownie in motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time realm brownie in motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time realm brownie in motion.
+In 1900 a student by the name of Louisie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1900 a student by the name of Louisie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1900 a student by the name of Louisie
+Bashelier was writing a dissertation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashelier was writing a dissertation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashelier was writing a dissertation uh
+in Paris uh working with a uh he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris uh working with a uh he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris uh working with a uh he was a
+mathematics PhD student but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics PhD student but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics PhD student but he was
+writing about pricing warrants that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about pricing warrants that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about pricing warrants that were
+trading on the Paris Boris. So it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading on the Paris Boris. So it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading on the Paris Boris. So it was a
+finance thesis and uh in order to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance thesis and uh in order to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance thesis and uh in order to to
+solve the problem he had to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem he had to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem he had to come up with
+a mathematical description for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical description for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical description for the
+underlying price and he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying price and he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying price and he came up with
+this notion of what we now call brownie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of what we now call brownie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of what we now call brownie
+in motion or random walk and he did it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion or random walk and he did it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in motion or random walk and he did it a
+full three years before a well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full three years before a well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full three years before a well-known
+physicist published a paper on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist published a paper on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist published a paper on that.
+Anybody know who that physicist was? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody know who that physicist was? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody know who that physicist was? No.
+No Brown was many years before. He was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Brown was many years before. He was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Brown was many years before. He was a
+biologist. Yeah, that's right. Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist. Yeah, that's right. Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist. Yeah, that's right. Albert
+Einstein in 1903 actually published a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein in 1903 actually published a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein in 1903 actually published a
+paper on the photoelectric effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on the photoelectric effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on the photoelectric effect and
+brownie in motion and uh if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie in motion and uh if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie in motion and uh if you take a
+look at uh what Boschier did he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh what Boschier did he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh what Boschier did he was
+working with the French mathematician by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the French mathematician by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the French mathematician by
+the name of Enri Plankare. Plankare was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Enri Plankare. Plankare was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Enri Plankare. Plankare was
+a very well-known mathematician who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very well-known mathematician who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very well-known mathematician who uh
+was the adviser to Bashelier and uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the adviser to Bashelier and uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the adviser to Bashelier and uh who
+is renowned now for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is renowned now for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is renowned now for a variety of
+different contributions including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contributions including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contributions including the
+theory of dynamical systems. Boso wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of dynamical systems. Boso wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of dynamical systems. Boso wrote
+this thesis and developed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thesis and developed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thesis and developed the
+mathematics of Brownie in motion. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of Brownie in motion. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of Brownie in motion. Uh and
+when he was looking for a job, Pankor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was looking for a job, Pankor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was looking for a job, Pankor
+wrote a letter of recommendation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter of recommendation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter of recommendation. And
+this is what Pankory wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what Pankory wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what Pankory wrote about
+Bashelier. He said that uh the manner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashelier. He said that uh the manner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bashelier. He said that uh the manner in
+which the candidate obtains the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the candidate obtains the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the candidate obtains the law of
+Gaus is most original and all the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaus is most original and all the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaus is most original and all the more
+interesting as the same reasoning might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as the same reasoning might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as the same reasoning might
+with a few changes be extended to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few changes be extended to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few changes be extended to the
+theory of errors. He develops this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of errors. He develops this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of errors. He develops this in a
+chapter which might at first seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which might at first seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which might at first seem
+strange for he titles it radiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange for he titles it radiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange for he titles it radiation of
+probability in effect the author resorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in effect the author resorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in effect the author resorts
+to a comparison with the analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a comparison with the analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a comparison with the analytical
+theory of the propagation of heat. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the propagation of heat. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the propagation of heat. Now
+remember this was a thesis on pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a thesis on pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a thesis on pricing
+warrants on the Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants on the Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrants on the Paris
+Boris. Forier's reasoning is applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris. Forier's reasoning is applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boris. Forier's reasoning is applicable
+almost without change to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost without change to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost without change to this problem
+which is so different from that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so different from that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so different from that for
+which it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it had been
+created. And of course his adviser at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. And of course his adviser at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. And of course his adviser at
+the end always has to complain a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end always has to complain a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end always has to complain a little
+bit about his student as we all do. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his student as we all do. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about his student as we all do. So
+he said uh it is regrettable that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said uh it is regrettable that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said uh it is regrettable that the
+author did not develop this part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author did not develop this part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author did not develop this part of his
+thesis further.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis further.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis further.
+what what forier oh what what pankory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what forier oh what what pankory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what forier oh what what pankory
+was mentioning with regard to forier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning with regard to forier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning with regard to forier was
+the theory of heat conduction in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of heat conduction in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of heat conduction in physics
+uh there's a very standard model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a very standard model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a very standard model that
+everybody that goes into advanced uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that goes into advanced uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that goes into advanced uh uh
+physics will cover and that is uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics will cover and that is uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics will cover and that is uh how
+does heat get conducted through a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does heat get conducted through a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does heat get conducted through a solid
+medium and in deriving the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and in deriving the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and in deriving the equation that
+ultimately is known as the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is known as the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is known as the heat equation
+you actually use the same theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use the same theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use the same theory that
+Boschelier applied to pricing warrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boschelier applied to pricing warrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boschelier applied to pricing warrants
+on the Paris Boris, he gets what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Paris Boris, he gets what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Paris Boris, he gets what's known
+as a partial differential equation. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a partial differential equation. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a partial differential equation. Uh,
+and that's it right there. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it right there. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it right there. That's the
+equation that he used in his thesis. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that he used in his thesis. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that he used in his thesis. If
+you look at his thesis, you'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at his thesis, you'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at his thesis, you'll see it
+there. That's the heat equation. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's the heat equation. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. That's the heat equation. It's
+the same equation that explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation that explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation that explains the
+conduction of heat in a solid medium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction of heat in a solid medium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction of heat in a solid medium,
+but he deres it for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he deres it for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he deres it for the purpose of
+pricing this financial security. Now, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing this financial security. Now, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing this financial security. Now, it
+turns out that there was one slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there was one slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there was one slight
+mistake that Boschier made in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that Boschier made in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that Boschier made in his
+thesis. It was a mathematical error that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis. It was a mathematical error that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis. It was a mathematical error that
+uh ultimately didn't really affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ultimately didn't really affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ultimately didn't really affect the
+results, but it became known and when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results, but it became known and when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results, but it became known and when he
+came up for tenure, they wrote to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up for tenure, they wrote to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up for tenure, they wrote to all
+the various different big names and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various different big names and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various different big names and he
+was ultimately turned down for tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ultimately turned down for tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ultimately turned down for tenure
+because they found this mistake and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they found this mistake and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they found this mistake and uh
+he was uh black ballalled. So, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was uh black ballalled. So, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was uh black ballalled. So, he
+couldn't get a job except for uh a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a job except for uh a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get a job except for uh a small
+teaching college, a women's teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching college, a women's teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching college, a women's teaching
+college in the south of France, which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college in the south of France, which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college in the south of France, which uh
+frankly sounds pretty good to me. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly sounds pretty good to me. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly sounds pretty good to me. So uh
+but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+uh you know for him it was not it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for him it was not it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for him it was not it was
+not uh it was not the way he would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it was not the way he would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh it was not the way he would not
+want to end his career but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end his career but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end his career but at the end of
+his career it was discovered that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career it was discovered that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career it was discovered that this
+mistake was not as serious and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake was not as serious and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake was not as serious and people
+wrote him a letter saying gee you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote him a letter saying gee you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote him a letter saying gee you know
+you're a great guy anyway and uh so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a great guy anyway and uh so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a great guy anyway and uh so he
+uh Paul Samson actually was the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paul Samson actually was the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paul Samson actually was the person
+who discovered Bos's thesis when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered Bos's thesis when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who discovered Bos's thesis when he was
+uh you know in in Paris at the Sorbun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in in Paris at the Sorbun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in in Paris at the Sorbun
+reading through various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading through various different
+archives. So Paul Samuelson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives. So Paul Samuelson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives. So Paul Samuelson's
+responsible for resurrecting uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for resurrecting uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for resurrecting uh the um
+uh the the reputation and the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the reputation and the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the reputation and the work of
+Louis Basho. You can see his thesis now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis Basho. You can see his thesis now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louis Basho. You can see his thesis now
+it's been republished uh and reprinted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been republished uh and reprinted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been republished uh and reprinted.
+But the point of the thesis is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the point of the thesis is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the point of the thesis is that by
+assuming that the underlying stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the underlying stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the underlying stock price
+was a random walk and by developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a random walk and by developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a random walk and by developing the
+mathematics of the random walk he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of the random walk he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of the random walk he was
+then able to figure out what the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then able to figure out what the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then able to figure out what the price
+of an option was on that stock. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an option was on that stock. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an option was on that stock. And it
+turns out that the pricing of the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the pricing of the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the pricing of the option
+on the stock reduces to solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stock reduces to solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stock reduces to solving this
+heat equation. And that explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation. And that explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation. And that explains why
+there nowadays so many physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nowadays so many physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nowadays so many physicists and
+mathematicians that are in finance. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians that are in finance. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians that are in finance. It's
+because the whole body of knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole body of knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the whole body of knowledge that
+comes along with the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along with the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along with the physical
+interpretation for the heat equation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for the heat equation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for the heat equation can
+be applied virtually identically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied virtually identically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be applied virtually identically and
+verbatim to the pricing of options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim to the pricing of options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim to the pricing of options and
+other derivative securities. And so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other derivative securities. And so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other derivative securities. And so very
+quickly we can see that uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we can see that uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we can see that uh the the
+information that's contained uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's contained uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's contained uh in these
+market prices can be understood within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices can be understood within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market prices can be understood within a
+mathematical framework that we know. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical framework that we know. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical framework that we know. So
+now going back to the history, it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back to the history, it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back to the history, it turns
+out that this was not known in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this was not known in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this was not known in the
+1970s. It wasn't rediscovered by Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. It wasn't rediscovered by Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. It wasn't rediscovered by Paul
+Samuelson until uh later on. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson until uh later on. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samuelson until uh later on. The the
+folks that actually worked on option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that actually worked on option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that actually worked on option
+pricing that tried to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that tried to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing that tried to figure out the
+mathematical prices of options uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical prices of options uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical prices of options uh were
+quite a few uh Crozinga who was an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few uh Crozinga who was an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few uh Crozinga who was an MIT
+PhD student in the 1950s. Oh, question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student in the 1950s. Oh, question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student in the 1950s. Oh, question.
+No. Okay. In the 1950s, there was an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. In the 1950s, there was an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. In the 1950s, there was an MIT
+PhD student of Paul Samsons who tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student of Paul Samsons who tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student of Paul Samsons who tried to
+work on this problem and he actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this problem and he actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this problem and he actually has
+a thesis titled put and call options of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thesis titled put and call options of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thesis titled put and call options of
+theoretical and market analysis. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical and market analysis. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical and market analysis. It's
+actually in the MIT archives if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the MIT archives if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the MIT archives if you want
+to go take a look at it. But he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go take a look at it. But he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go take a look at it. But he didn't
+quite get it. He didn't get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get it. He didn't get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get it. He didn't get the right
+solution because he didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because he didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because he didn't have the
+mathematical machinery to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical machinery to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical machinery to be able to
+work out the final elements of it. K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the final elements of it. K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the final elements of it. K.
+Sprinkle uh a student at Yale in 1961
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprinkle uh a student at Yale in 1961
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprinkle uh a student at Yale in 1961
+wrote a thesis under Jim Tobin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a thesis under Jim Tobin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a thesis under Jim Tobin and
+Arthur Oaken uh titled warrant prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Oaken uh titled warrant prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Oaken uh titled warrant prices as
+indicators of expectations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators of expectations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators of expectations and
+preferences and tried to price it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and tried to price it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and tried to price it as
+well, but he wasn't able to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, but he wasn't able to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, but he wasn't able to come up with
+a a pricing formula either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pricing formula either.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pricing formula either.
+And there were a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there were a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there were a number of other
+attempts to try to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to try to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to try to come up with the
+appropriate pricing formula including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate pricing formula including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate pricing formula including
+attempts by Samuelson in ' 65 where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts by Samuelson in ' 65 where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts by Samuelson in ' 65 where he
+had to make assumptions on individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make assumptions on individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make assumptions on individual
+preferences in order to get a price. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in order to get a price. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences in order to get a price. Uh
+that didn't work out. And then Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work out. And then Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work out. And then Samuelson
+and Merin in ' 69 they tried to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Merin in ' 69 they tried to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Merin in ' 69 they tried to come up
+with a pricing formula that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pricing formula that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pricing formula that was
+preference free and they still couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference free and they still couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference free and they still couldn't
+do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it.
+Along came Black and Scholes Fischer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along came Black and Scholes Fischer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along came Black and Scholes Fischer
+Black who was at at that time was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black who was at at that time was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black who was at at that time was a
+consultant working at Arthur Dittle. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant working at Arthur Dittle. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant working at Arthur Dittle. He
+wasn't even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even an
+academic. Fischer Black actually the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic. Fischer Black actually the ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic. Fischer Black actually the ad
+the Arthur D. Little building that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arthur D. Little building that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arthur D. Little building that's the
+building that uh is right over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that uh is right over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that uh is right over there.
+The one that they won't let us tear down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one that they won't let us tear down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The one that they won't let us tear down
+because it's supposed to be a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be a uh an
+architectural gem of sorts. That was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural gem of sorts. That was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural gem of sorts. That was the
+Arthur Ditter building. Fischer had his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Ditter building. Fischer had his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Ditter building. Fischer had his
+office there. Myin had his office in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office there. Myin had his office in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office there. Myin had his office in the
+next building over Myron Scholes. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next building over Myron Scholes. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next building over Myron Scholes. and
+they started talking about option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started talking about option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started talking about option
+pricing and Fiser uh came up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing and Fiser uh came up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing and Fiser uh came up with an
+analysis that was very much along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that was very much along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that was very much along the
+lines of Boscher. He basically got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of Boscher. He basically got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of Boscher. He basically got this
+formula but he couldn't solve it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but he couldn't solve it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but he couldn't solve it because
+he had never heard of the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had never heard of the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had never heard of the heat equation
+because his background fisher Black's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his background fisher Black's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his background fisher Black's
+background was in computer science not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was in computer science not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was in computer science not
+in mathematics. It was ironic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics. It was ironic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics. It was ironic because
+Fisher Black actually had a PhD not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher Black actually had a PhD not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher Black actually had a PhD not in
+economics or finance but in applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or finance but in applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics or finance but in applied math
+but he had never taken physics. So he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had never taken physics. So he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had never taken physics. So he
+was was he was doing discrete math. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was he was doing discrete math. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was he was doing discrete math. So
+he started talking to Myron Scholes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started talking to Myron Scholes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started talking to Myron Scholes and
+as legend would have it, Myron took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legend would have it, Myron took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legend would have it, Myron took that
+heat equation, went over to the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation, went over to the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat equation, went over to the math
+department here and asked one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here and asked one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here and asked one of the
+mathematics professors, have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics professors, have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics professors, have you ever
+seen this thing? And the math person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this thing? And the math person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this thing? And the math person
+looked at it and said, "Oh yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it and said, "Oh yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it and said, "Oh yeah, that's
+just heat equation. Yeah, you solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heat equation. Yeah, you solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just heat equation. Yeah, you solve it
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this."
+And and so Myron apparently took it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so Myron apparently took it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so Myron apparently took it back
+to Fisher Black and Fisher said, "hm,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fisher Black and Fisher said, "hm,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fisher Black and Fisher said, "hm,
+this is interesting. uh we can now write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting. uh we can now write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting. uh we can now write
+a paper and they wrote a paper on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper and they wrote a paper on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper and they wrote a paper on this
+at the same time Bob Mertin was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time Bob Mertin was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time Bob Mertin was working
+on another direction that was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another direction that was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another direction that was trying to
+come up with a solution ultimately came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a solution ultimately came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a solution ultimately came
+up with the same solution they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the same solution they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the same solution they didn't
+know it because they had actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it because they had actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it because they had actually not
+communicated to each other uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated to each other uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated to each other uh but
+ultimately and you know my and Fischer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately and you know my and Fischer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately and you know my and Fischer
+they sent their paper to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sent their paper to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sent their paper to something like
+five economics journals every single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five economics journals every single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five economics journals every single one
+of them rejected the paper saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them rejected the paper saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them rejected the paper saying this
+is too specialized it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too specialized it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too specialized it's not really
+economics it's not finance We don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's not finance We don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics it's not finance We don't know
+what it is, but go away. And it was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but go away. And it was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but go away. And it was only
+until they were able to change the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they were able to change the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they were able to change the title
+of the paper from option pricing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper from option pricing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper from option pricing to the
+pricing of options and corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing of options and corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing of options and corporate
+liabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities
+uh that they finally so it was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they finally so it was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they finally so it was exactly
+this uh well I'll show you next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh well I'll show you next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh well I'll show you next time.
+They they changed it to to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they changed it to to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They they changed it to to start
+focusing more on a corporate finance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more on a corporate finance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more on a corporate finance.
+They ultimately got their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They ultimately got their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They ultimately got their paper
+published. It turns out that Mertton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. It turns out that Mertton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. It turns out that Mertton
+used a very different approach but got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a very different approach but got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a very different approach but got
+to the same point and so Black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same point and so Black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same point and so Black and
+Scholes uh got their paper ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholes uh got their paper ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholes uh got their paper ultimately
+accepted in the JPE. Merin got his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in the JPE. Merin got his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in the JPE. Merin got his paper
+accepted in the Bell Journal both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in the Bell Journal both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted in the Bell Journal both in the
+same year. In fact, Merin got his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year. In fact, Merin got his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year. In fact, Merin got his paper
+published first, but he argued that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published first, but he argued that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published first, but he argued that the
+paper should be delayed uh because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper should be delayed uh because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper should be delayed uh because he
+wanted Fischer Black and Marin Scholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Fischer Black and Marin Scholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted Fischer Black and Marin Scholes
+to have their paper come out in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their paper come out in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have their paper come out in the same
+year. He felt that he derived so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. He felt that he derived so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. He felt that he derived so much
+intuition for what black and Scholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for what black and Scholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for what black and Scholes
+were doing that he didn't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing that he didn't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing that he didn't want to get
+there first because it was not fair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there first because it was not fair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there first because it was not fair to
+them. It was one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It was one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It was one of the most
+extraordinary uh acts of uh professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary uh acts of uh professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary uh acts of uh professional
+ethics uh in the profession because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics uh in the profession because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics uh in the profession because it
+was pretty clear to both of them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty clear to both of them what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty clear to both of them what
+was at stake. This was a a huge problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at stake. This was a a huge problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at stake. This was a a huge problem
+that took an enormous amount of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took an enormous amount of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took an enormous amount of time to
+solve and of course the rest is history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and of course the rest is history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and of course the rest is history.
+Uh they were awarded the Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh they were awarded the Nobel Prize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh they were awarded the Nobel Prize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Myin and Bob. Unfortunately,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Myin and Bob. Unfortunately,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Myin and Bob. Unfortunately,
+Fischer Black had died of cancer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fischer Black had died of cancer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fischer Black had died of cancer the
+year before, but it was very clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before, but it was very clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year before, but it was very clear in
+the Nobel address uh both on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel address uh both on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel address uh both on the
+participants part as well as the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants part as well as the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants part as well as the Nobel
+committee that Black uh should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that Black uh should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that Black uh should have
+received it as well. So, that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received it as well. So, that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received it as well. So, that's the uh
+the history and the heritage of option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history and the heritage of option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history and the heritage of option
+pricing. You can see why uh MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. You can see why uh MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing. You can see why uh MIT is
+rightly proud of it. And uh given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly proud of it. And uh given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly proud of it. And uh given that
+we're out of time, let me stop here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're out of time, let me stop here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're out of time, let me stop here and
+then next time what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next time what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next time what we're going to do is
+to take up where we left off and focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take up where we left off and focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take up where we left off and focus
+on the actual pricing formula. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual pricing formula. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual pricing formula. I'm going
+to derive it for you. Not the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive it for you. Not the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive it for you. Not the black
+shows formula, but a simpler version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows formula, but a simpler version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows formula, but a simpler version and
+you'll see it uh and you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it uh and you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it uh and you'll be able to
+take a look at it and play with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it and play with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at it and play with it.
+We'll we'll go on from there. Okay. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll we'll go on from there. Okay. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll we'll go on from there. Okay. I'll
+see you on Wednesday for the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on Wednesday for the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on Wednesday for the midterm
+exam.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rTIzwUEqI8k.txt b/rTIzwUEqI8k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f78507d1d4f911ab9b2d04bcb389dc530f114716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rTIzwUEqI8k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in conclusion of our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion of our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conclusion of our first
+topic today cellular chemistry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today cellular chemistry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today cellular chemistry you
+should now be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now be familiar
+with condensation and hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with condensation and hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with condensation and hydrolysis
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+you should know what free energy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what free energy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know what free energy means
+and be able to predict whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to predict whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to predict whether a
+reaction will proceed spontaneously or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will proceed spontaneously or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will proceed spontaneously or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and you should know something about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know something about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know something about how
+biological pathways are put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us move on then to our next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us move on then to our next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us move on then to our next topic
+which is organization of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we talked about the cell as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about the cell as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about the cell as
+the building block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building block of
+life a little package of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a little package of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life a little package of
+chemical reactions and macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and macromolecules
+that can be used kind of like a brick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used kind of like a brick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be used kind of like a brick to
+build a living organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let us consider this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us consider this further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us consider this further
+in topic two cellular organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in topic two cellular organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in topic two cellular organization
+and let us talk about the cell as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us talk about the cell as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us talk about the cell as some
+kind of building block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of building block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of building block
+if you like you can add of life next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like you can add of life next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like you can add of life next to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so how do you get a building block you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get a building block you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get a building block you
+know when you think about anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you think about anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you think about anything that
+is some kind of brick or some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of brick or some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of brick or some kind of
+package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package
+it has some kind of surrounding material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some kind of surrounding material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has some kind of surrounding material
+and for the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the cell
+this is the cell membrane so the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cell membrane so the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cell membrane so the cell is
+surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded
+by an important structure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an important structure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an important structure called
+the cell or plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell or plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell or plasma
+membrane you can also call it the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you can also call it the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane you can also call it the cell
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+that is fine and in fact as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fine and in fact as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fine and in fact as well
+discussed there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed there are all sorts of
+membranes even inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes even inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes even inside the cell
+i want you to think back to the lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think back to the lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think back to the lipid
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+from our previous discussion where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our previous discussion where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our previous discussion where we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+amphipathic lipids and the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphipathic lipids and the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphipathic lipids and the plasma
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+is made of amphipathic lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of amphipathic lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of amphipathic lipids
+that have got both polar and non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have got both polar and non-polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have got both polar and non-polar
+character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+and they form a bilayer as i'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form a bilayer as i'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form a bilayer as i'll show you
+on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some
+slides in a moment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in a moment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in a moment now
+one of the things about the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about the plasma
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+is that it is hydrophobic it is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is hydrophobic it is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is hydrophobic it is largely
+hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic
+and so the cell this package of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cell this package of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the cell this package of chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+and products that are being made is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products that are being made is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products that are being made is
+effectively sealed in a plastic bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sealed in a plastic bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sealed in a plastic bag
+in order to get things into the cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get things into the cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get things into the cell or
+out of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cell
+you therefore have to make some holes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore have to make some holes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore have to make some holes in
+this hydrophobic cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrophobic cell membrane
+to allow things in and out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow things in and out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow things in and out and so
+various structures called channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various structures called channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various structures called channels
+or pores allow molecules through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pores allow molecules through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pores allow molecules through
+the cell membrane let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell membrane let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell membrane let's take a look
+at a couple of things here let's firstly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of things here let's firstly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of things here let's firstly
+talk a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about
+cells there are lots of different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there are lots of different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there are lots of different kinds
+of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells
+i've shown you three different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you three different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you three different kinds
+here red blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here red blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here red blood cells
+spermatozoa and neurons each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spermatozoa and neurons each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spermatozoa and neurons each of which
+carry different infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry different infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry different infant
+each of which carry different functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which carry different functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which carry different functions
+red blood cells carry oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells carry oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells carry oxygen
+neurons are the information transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are the information transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are the information transfer
+system of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the body
+and spermatozoa carry the hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spermatozoa carry the hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spermatozoa carry the hereditary
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+of males each of these is surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of males each of these is surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of males each of these is surrounded
+by the lipid bilayer that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+and let me throw out something cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me throw out something cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me throw out something cool
+while we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're thinking about
+cells as building blocks you really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as building blocks you really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as building blocks you really can
+build with cells they are sturdy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with cells they are sturdy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build with cells they are sturdy enough
+to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so
+your whole body is made of microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole body is made of microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole body is made of microscopic
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+10 microns a micron is a millionth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns a micron is a millionth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns a micron is a millionth of a
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+in diameter all stuck together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter all stuck together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter all stuck together and
+that's what makes our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes our bodies
+and you can build with them in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can build with them in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can build with them in really
+cool current ways here for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool current ways here for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool current ways here for example
+a 3d printer is making an organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3d printer is making an organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3d printer is making an organ
+you're making it mixing a polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it mixing a polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making it mixing a polymer and
+various cells together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cells together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cells together
+and printing out a body part that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and printing out a body part that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and printing out a body part that can
+then be used in transplants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used in transplants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used in transplants
+okay so these cells are held together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these cells are held together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these cells are held together by
+the lipid bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lipid bilayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lipid bilayer
+and can be used as building blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be used as building blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be used as building blocks and
+let us take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us take
+a little look at what the lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little look at what the lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little look at what the lipids
+look like that surround the cell these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that surround the cell these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like that surround the cell these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+phospholipids they have got a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids they have got a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids they have got a positive
+charge on one side of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on one side of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on one side of the molecule
+that makes them interact with water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them interact with water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them interact with water and
+then they've got a really hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they've got a really hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they've got a really hydrophobic
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+that makes them not interact with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them not interact with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them not interact with water
+that makes them hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them hydrophobic
+these lipids spontaneously join together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipids spontaneously join together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipids spontaneously join together
+so that their hydrophobic ends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their hydrophobic ends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their hydrophobic ends are
+touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching
+and their hydrophilic ends are facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their hydrophilic ends are facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their hydrophilic ends are facing
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+so they make for themselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they make for themselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they make for themselves a
+hydrophobic internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic internal
+core and then on either side they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then on either side they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then on either side they are
+facing the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the water
+which they like to interact with through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they like to interact with through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they like to interact with through
+their hydrophilic heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hydrophilic heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hydrophilic heads
+and you can see here the bilayer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here the bilayer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here the bilayer this is
+one layer of lipid molecules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer of lipid molecules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer of lipid molecules and the
+top is another layer of lipid molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is another layer of lipid molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top is another layer of lipid molecules
+that have come together in this lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come together in this lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come together in this lipid
+bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then as i mentioned one has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as i mentioned one has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as i mentioned one has to get
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+through this hydrophobic lipid bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this hydrophobic lipid bilayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this hydrophobic lipid bilayer
+and they're really two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're really two ways
+hydrophobic molecules can generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic molecules can generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic molecules can generally
+diffuse across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse across
+the plasma membrane or other membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane or other membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma membrane or other membranes
+but hydrophilic molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hydrophilic molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hydrophilic molecules
+need to go through special openings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through special openings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go through special openings in
+the membrane and we've shown you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and we've shown you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and we've shown you here
+a channel or a pore that really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel or a pore that really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel or a pore that really is a
+hole in the membrane it may have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the membrane it may have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in the membrane it may have a way
+of opening and closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opening and closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opening and closing
+but it will allow particular molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will allow particular molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will allow particular molecules
+into and out of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can schematize cells as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can schematize cells as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can schematize cells as
+shown in the slide and i've written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the slide and i've written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the slide and i've written here
+that cells are replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells are replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cells are replicating
+membrane-bound factories that's my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound factories that's my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound factories that's my way
+of thinking about what these building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about what these building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about what these building
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+actually are so we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are so we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are so we've talked about the
+membrane-bound part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound part
+what about the insides of the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the insides of the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the insides of the factory
+what is inside the cell that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is inside the cell that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is inside the cell that makes it
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and what is inside the cell are a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is inside the cell are a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is inside the cell are a set
+of subcellular structures called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subcellular structures called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subcellular structures called
+organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles
+these are subcellular structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are subcellular structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are subcellular structures
+and they have specific function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have specific function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have specific function
+they may be surrounded themselves by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be surrounded themselves by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be surrounded themselves by a
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+so they may be membrane bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they may be membrane bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they may be membrane bound
+and there are lots of them and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of them and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of them and what
+we're going to do in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in a moment
+is to list some of these so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to list some of these so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to list some of these so that you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+what's inside a cell all right on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside a cell all right on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside a cell all right on this
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+you can see again a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see again a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see again a whole bunch of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematics depicted inside the schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematics depicted inside the schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematics depicted inside the schematic
+of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cell
+gives you a kind of a sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a kind of a sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a kind of a sense that the
+cell is packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is packed
+with various subcellular structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various subcellular structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various subcellular structures
+each of which carry out specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which carry out specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which carry out specific
+functions and are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and are really
+really both absolutely essential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really both absolutely essential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really both absolutely essential and
+really fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating
+so let's make a listing that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make a listing that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make a listing that has
+the particular organelles and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular organelles and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular organelles and then the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of that organelle in the cell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that organelle in the cell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that organelle in the cell and the
+first one we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we'll start with
+is the nucleus and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nucleus and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nucleus and this is the
+part of the cell that carries the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cell that carries the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cell that carries the genes
+it's where they have most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where they have most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where they have most of the
+hereditary material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary material
+is kept now on the slide you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept now on the slide you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept now on the slide you will see
+that there is both a prokaryote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is both a prokaryote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is both a prokaryote
+like a bacterium that actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bacterium that actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bacterium that actually doesn't
+have a nucleus and in fact doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleus and in fact doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nucleus and in fact doesn't have
+a lot of these same structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these same structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these same structures
+that i'm listing for you on this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm listing for you on this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm listing for you on this board
+and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the
+on the other side is a eukaryote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side is a eukaryote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side is a eukaryote
+cells like human cells like our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells like human cells like our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells like human cells like our own
+cells so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so we're going to talk
+pretty much about organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much about organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much about organelles
+that are in eukaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in eukaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in eukaryotes
+eg human the rest of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eg human the rest of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eg human the rest of the cell
+other than the nucleus is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the nucleus is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the nucleus is called the
+cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm
+everything that's non-nuclear and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's non-nuclear and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's non-nuclear and the
+cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm
+contains the various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the various other
+organelles the mitochondrion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles the mitochondrion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles the mitochondrion
+has a number of functions but the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of functions but the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a number of functions but the one
+that is best understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is best understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is best understood
+is its role in energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its role in energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is its role in energy conversion
+it's where the ready energy the dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the ready energy the dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the ready energy the dollars
+and cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cents
+of being able to actually carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to actually carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to actually carry out
+chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+it's where the ready energy is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the ready energy is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the ready energy is produced
+in plants there is something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plants there is something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plants there is something called a
+chloroplast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+that again is involved in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again is involved in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again is involved in energy
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+there is a set of organelles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of organelles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set of organelles that are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+involved in synthesizing proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in synthesizing proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in synthesizing proteins that
+we discussed previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed previously
+these are the endoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the endoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the endoplasmic
+reticulum which always sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum which always sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum which always sounds like
+something from a horror movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a horror movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a horror movie
+this is involved in protein synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is involved in protein synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is involved in protein synthesis
+the ribosomes and the golgi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosomes and the golgi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosomes and the golgi
+apparatus and all of these are somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and all of these are somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and all of these are somehow
+involved in protein synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in protein synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in protein synthesis and
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and figuring out what proteins are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out what proteins are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out what proteins are going
+to go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go where
+there is the lysosome which is involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the lysosome which is involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the lysosome which is involved
+in breaking down cellular components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in breaking down cellular components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in breaking down cellular components
+that are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are no longer
+needed and then there is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and then there is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and then there is a set of
+structural components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural components
+that gives the cell its shape and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the cell its shape and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the cell its shape and its
+integrity so it stays together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity so it stays together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity so it stays together
+and also may allow the cell to move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also may allow the cell to move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also may allow the cell to move so
+we're going to list these all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to list these all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to list these all here
+as the cytoskeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the cytoskeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the cytoskeleton
+cilia and flagella and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cilia and flagella and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cilia and flagella and all of these
+have got something to do with movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got something to do with movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got something to do with movement
+and in some cases with shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases with shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some cases with shape and
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+of the cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell okay
+that is a real quick flyby of a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a real quick flyby of a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a real quick flyby of a huge
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+of information but i want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information but i want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information but i want you to have
+heard of all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of all of these things
+here is a listing of the organelles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a listing of the organelles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a listing of the organelles and
+the things that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let us take a moment for you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us take a moment for you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us take a moment for you to go
+and do a review question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a review question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a review question and
+really understand a bit about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand a bit about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand a bit about what is
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rUl9X6CROTA.txt b/rUl9X6CROTA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9faab6101c6134be5194ccbe17d34664ae51e3cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rUl9X6CROTA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we started class 12 last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we started class 12 last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we started class 12 last time and
+we're going to go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back over
+what we covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we covered
+at the end of the last hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking at spinal cord structure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at spinal cord structure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at spinal cord structure in a
+little more detail and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail and then the
+autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also read
+quite a bit about these things in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about these things in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about these things in your
+textbook my way of presenting it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook my way of presenting it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook my way of presenting it is a
+little bit different from the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from the textbook
+i'll point out just a few differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the topics for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll look again at the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look again at the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll look again at the formation of
+the neural tube from the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube from the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube from the embryonic
+ectoderm the surface layer the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectoderm the surface layer the embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectoderm the surface layer the embryo
+define what we mean by aileron basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what we mean by aileron basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what we mean by aileron basal
+plates also the roof plate in the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates also the roof plate in the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates also the roof plate in the floor
+plate of the developing neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate of the developing neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate of the developing neural tube
+and then we'll talk about neural crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about neural crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about neural crest
+cells as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we just take a section a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just take a section a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we just take a section a
+cross section through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section through the
+the back of the developing embryo okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the developing embryo okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the developing embryo okay
+this would be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of the chordates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chordates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the chordates
+but the surface ectoderm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the surface ectoderm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the surface ectoderm
+above a structure called the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a structure called the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a structure called the notochord
+which is just cartilage at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begins to thicken and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to thicken and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to thicken and those are the
+cells that will become the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that will become the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that will become the central
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+the thickening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickening
+of the ectoderm is called the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ectoderm is called the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ectoderm is called the neural
+plate this is the neural plate stage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this is the neural plate stage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this is the neural plate stage the
+beginning of neurolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of neurolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of neurolation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then neurolation continues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then neurolation continues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then neurolation continues with
+an invagination of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invagination of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invagination of that
+neural plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that continues until the tube forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continues until the tube forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continues until the tube forms
+leaving out some cells that become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving out some cells that become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving out some cells that become
+peripheral nervous system those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system those the
+neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells
+and these are sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sections
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+depicting the human embryo at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting the human embryo at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting the human embryo at a couple
+of specified stages you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specified stages you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specified stages you should be able
+to relate these pictures during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate these pictures during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate these pictures during your
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+to the pictures i'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see that this is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this is happening
+pretty early in development now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in development now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in development now that
+exactly when it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when it happens
+in various animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various animals
+will vary a lot and the syrian hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary a lot and the syrian hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary a lot and the syrian hamster
+that i use for my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i use for my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i use for my research
+the neural tube is closing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube is closing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube is closing in
+when they're only eight eight days after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're only eight eight days after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're only eight eight days after
+conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception
+but then again they're born at 16 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again they're born at 16 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again they're born at 16 days
+after conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to look again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to look again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to look again at
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at here
+looks like look what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like look what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like look what happens to the
+cells this is the section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is the section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is the section
+right through the neural plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay see here's begins to invaginate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see here's begins to invaginate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see here's begins to invaginate
+there's the notochord and now already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the notochord and now already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the notochord and now already
+before the neural tube is closing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the neural tube is closing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the neural tube is closing you
+see neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see neural crest cells
+are outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside the
+developing neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing neural tube
+and they're beginning to migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're beginning to migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're beginning to migrate
+they're migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're migrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're migrating
+dorsally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally
+into the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the skin
+and ventrally where they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ventrally where they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ventrally where they're going to
+form the ganglia of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the ganglia of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the ganglia of the
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+these are the somites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're going to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to form
+the bone of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone of the
+there the you see the formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the you see the formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the you see the formation of the
+vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are bone and muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bone and muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bone and muscle
+and now you see the neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see the neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see the neural crest cells
+that migrate eventually or in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that migrate eventually or in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that migrate eventually or in a couple
+of groups here these will form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of groups here these will form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of groups here these will form the
+dorsal root ganglion ganglia and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglion ganglia and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglion ganglia and these
+will form the pair of vertebral ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form the pair of vertebral ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form the pair of vertebral ganglia
+others continued further forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others continued further forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others continued further forward
+or further down ventrally to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or further down ventrally to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or further down ventrally to form
+pre-vertebral ganglia of the synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-vertebral ganglia of the synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-vertebral ganglia of the synthetic
+nervous system we'll look at that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system we'll look at that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system we'll look at that again
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we might as well look at this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we might as well look at this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we might as well look at this again
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the closure of the neural tube here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the neural tube here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closure of the neural tube here
+happens very rapidly so i just note when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very rapidly so i just note when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very rapidly so i just note when
+it's open and when it closes it zips up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open and when it closes it zips up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open and when it closes it zips up
+very quickly in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can look at a different one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at a different one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look at a different one like
+this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+a good picture of the closure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good picture of the closure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good picture of the closure of the
+neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+at the rostral line it closes first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rostral line it closes first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rostral line it closes first the
+rostral end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end
+and then it closes at the cloth in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it closes at the cloth in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it closes at the cloth in in
+some cases there are defects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases there are defects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases there are defects in the
+cellular mechanisms controlling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular mechanisms controlling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular mechanisms controlling these
+things or there might be trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or there might be trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or there might be trauma
+in the womb to disturb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the womb to disturb it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the womb to disturb it
+and if the neural tube failure fails to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the neural tube failure fails to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the neural tube failure fails to
+close at the rostral end you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close at the rostral end you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close at the rostral end you get a
+condition called anencephaly because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition called anencephaly because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition called anencephaly because the
+cns is exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns is exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns is exposed
+it doesn't develop properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a child will be born with basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a child will be born with basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a child will be born with basically
+little brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little brain
+and won't live very long we'll live very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and won't live very long we'll live very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and won't live very long we'll live very
+briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+showing some reflex actions and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some reflex actions and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some reflex actions and that's
+all if it fails to close at the caudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if it fails to close at the caudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if it fails to close at the caudal
+end you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinabit bifida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinabit bifida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinabit bifida
+and that is correctable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is correctable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is correctable
+it's a defect that varies a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a defect that varies a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a defect that varies a little bit
+in degree but it's generally correctable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree but it's generally correctable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in degree but it's generally correctable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+surgically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this
+i took off the web as i mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took off the web as i mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took off the web as i mentioned last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+carol moran in the uk has a website she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol moran in the uk has a website she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carol moran in the uk has a website she
+does research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does research on
+neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells
+she summarized what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she summarized what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she summarized what happens to the
+neural crest cells at various levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells at various levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells at various levels
+she points out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she points out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she points out that
+in the most cold region longo sacral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most cold region longo sacral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most cold region longo sacral
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+cells migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+the enteric nervous system now you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enteric nervous system now you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enteric nervous system now you don't
+know what that is yet but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is yet but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is yet but these are
+basically cells all along our gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cells all along our gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cells all along our gut
+they sort of form a nervous system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of form a nervous system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of form a nervous system of
+their own because they interconnect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own because they interconnect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own because they interconnect with
+each other and they will function even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they will function even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they will function even
+without connections with the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without connections with the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without connections with the cns
+so we'll define that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll define that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll define that also
+in the trunk region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trunk region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trunk region
+they form melanocytes in the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form melanocytes in the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form melanocytes in the skin
+and they form the sensory synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form the sensory synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they form the sensory synthetic
+ganglia as we already pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia as we already pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia as we already pointed out
+they're also forming the schwann cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also forming the schwann cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also forming the schwann cells
+the cells that make myelin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that make myelin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that make myelin and
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+they form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form the
+cells of the adrenal gland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the adrenal gland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the adrenal gland
+particularly the adrenal medulla the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the adrenal medulla the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the adrenal medulla the
+cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that
+of the endocrine system that secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the endocrine system that secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the endocrine system that secrete
+epinephrine or adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more rostrally here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rostrally here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rostrally here
+the hindbrain region neural crest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain region neural crest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain region neural crest you
+get migration of cells all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get migration of cells all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get migration of cells all the way down
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+thorax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorax and
+abdomen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdomen
+it's part of the enteric nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the enteric nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the enteric nervous system
+whereas those in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those in the head
+form the equivalent of the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the equivalent of the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the equivalent of the dorsal root
+ganglia in the head region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia in the head region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia in the head region
+sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
+they also form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also form
+the autonomic ganglia of the head region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic ganglia of the head region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic ganglia of the head region
+like the ciliary ganglion controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ciliary ganglion controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ciliary ganglion controls the
+iris behind the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris behind the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris behind the eye
+and they also contributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also contributed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also contributed to the
+formation of connective tissue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of connective tissue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of connective tissue and
+skeletal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now just coming just focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now just coming just focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now just coming just focusing on the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+what we're most interested in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're most interested in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're most interested in this class
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+how the axons form and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the axons form and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the axons form and what kind of
+connections they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections they form
+so after after that migration has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after after that migration has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after after that migration has
+occurred and i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and i've
+i placed the ganglion perhaps a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i placed the ganglion perhaps a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i placed the ganglion perhaps a little
+too far dorsally here it's probably down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far dorsally here it's probably down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far dorsally here it's probably down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but the cells become bipolar and axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cells become bipolar and axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cells become bipolar and axons
+appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+on either side and these grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side and these grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side and these grow
+and extend little growth cones at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extend little growth cones at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extend little growth cones at the
+tip you'll see picture the pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip you'll see picture the pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip you'll see picture the pictures of
+those a little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a little later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a little later
+i'll show you some video clips of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you some video clips of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you some video clips of growth
+cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones
+these are the cells that will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the cells that will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the cells that will become
+pseudo unipolar later but when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo unipolar later but when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo unipolar later but when they
+first develop they're sending an accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first develop they're sending an accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first develop they're sending an accent
+out in either direction and meanwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in either direction and meanwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in either direction and meanwhile
+within the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cord
+in the lower part here which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower part here which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower part here which we call the
+basal plate region there are neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal plate region there are neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal plate region there are neurons
+that are sending axons out very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sending axons out very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sending axons out very early
+and so we know that those are the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that those are the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that those are the motor
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at the adult card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the adult card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the adult card
+a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+and talk about look at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about look at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about look at the different
+levels talk about the sensory channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels talk about the sensory channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels talk about the sensory channels
+of just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a few
+descending pathways that will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways that will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways that will come up
+again in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the class
+and we'll define this term propriospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what is what kind of stain is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what kind of stain is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is what kind of stain is this
+what are we staining there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white matter we're staining it black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter we're staining it black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white matter we're staining it black
+what actually is being stained you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is being stained you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is being stained you know
+the myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myelin
+this there are other axon stains but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are other axon stains but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are other axon stains but
+this one is for myelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is for myelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is for myelin
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you see that most of the axons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that most of the axons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that most of the axons are
+outside this central butterfly shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this central butterfly shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this central butterfly shape
+region which is the gray matter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is the gray matter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is the gray matter where
+most of the cells are of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cells are of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cells are of course there
+are bundles of axons in the gray matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bundles of axons in the gray matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bundles of axons in the gray matter
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+that little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little tiny
+spot in the center there is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the center there is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the center there is what's
+happened to the ventricle the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the ventricle the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the ventricle the central
+canal of the neural tube so the walls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal of the neural tube so the walls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal of the neural tube so the walls of
+the neural tube have become very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube have become very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube have become very very
+thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the embryonic neural tube so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryonic neural tube so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryonic neural tube so what's
+happened now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened now
+it's gotten thicker and thicker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten thicker and thicker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten thicker and thicker and
+thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can imagine it progressively getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it progressively getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it progressively getting
+thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker
+but in fact it doesn't thicken up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it doesn't thicken up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it doesn't thicken up so
+much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the
+the floor plate and roof plate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically if that's the ventricle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if that's the ventricle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if that's the ventricle the
+roof plate and the floor plate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate and the floor plate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate and the floor plate it's
+becoming it's going like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming it's going like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming it's going like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+basically ballooning out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now who remembers what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now who remembers what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now who remembers what's happening
+here why is the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is the white matter
+so much thicker here than it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much thicker here than it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much thicker here than it is here
+two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasons
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you said the nerves we don't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said the nerves we don't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you said the nerves we don't call
+them nerves in the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nerves in the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nerves in the cns
+axonal tracts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axonal tracts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axonal tracts okay
+the exons are that are coming down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exons are that are coming down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exons are that are coming down the
+corridor go leaving those bundles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor go leaving those bundles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor go leaving those bundles and
+they're going into the gray matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going into the gray matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going into the gray matter and
+terminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminating
+whereas the ones going up more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the ones going up more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the ones going up more and more
+are being added as we go up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being added as we go up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being added as we go up okay
+so for example the dorsal column here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the dorsal column here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the dorsal column here is
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+down on the sacral cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the sacral cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the sacral cord
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+as you pass each spinal nerve axons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you pass each spinal nerve axons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you pass each spinal nerve axons or
+entering primary sensory accents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering primary sensory accents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering primary sensory accents are
+joining the dorsal column actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the dorsal column actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the dorsal column actually
+branches of those axons another branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of those axons another branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of those axons another branch
+that goes into the gray matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the gray matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into the gray matter
+and so that becomes thicker and thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that becomes thicker and thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that becomes thicker and thicker
+and this would be the cervical level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be the cervical level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be the cervical level
+here would this is it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would this is it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would this is it uh
+c2 at the very top the spinal cord this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 at the very top the spinal cord this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 at the very top the spinal cord this
+would be just caudal to the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just caudal to the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just caudal to the dorsal root
+ganglions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglions uh
+the nuclei that are the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei that are the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei that are the dorsal root
+ganglia sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia sorry
+the dorsal column nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column nucleus
+and two of them there nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of them there nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of them there nucleus
+gracilis gets the more medial part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracilis gets the more medial part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gracilis gets the more medial part here
+from the legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the legs
+nucleus cuneiatus gets the axons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus cuneiatus gets the axons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus cuneiatus gets the axons from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lateral part here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral part here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral part here from the
+upper part of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the other thing is to note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other thing is to note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other thing is to note that
+the spinal cord is thicker here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord is thicker here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord is thicker here
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+lower cervical region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cervical region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cervical region
+and in the lumbar region because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the lumbar region because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the lumbar region because of the
+innervation of the limbs you'll note how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the limbs you'll note how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the limbs you'll note how
+much wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much wider
+the eventual horn is because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eventual horn is because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eventual horn is because there are
+many more motor neurons there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more motor neurons there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more motor neurons there because
+there are many more muscles to innervate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more muscles to innervate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more muscles to innervate
+not only there are more muscles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only there are more muscles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only there are more muscles to
+innervate but there's a greater amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate but there's a greater amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate but there's a greater amount
+of innervation of the muscles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innervation of the muscles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innervation of the muscles of the
+where we have greater dexterity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have greater dexterity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have greater dexterity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and similarly there's more sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly there's more sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly there's more sensory
+fibers coming in where we have greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming in where we have greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming in where we have greater
+acuity which would be especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuity which would be especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuity which would be especially in the
+in our fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the only thing he i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only thing he i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the only thing he i just
+talked about all these things except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about all these things except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about all these things except the
+last one the presence the lateral horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one the presence the lateral horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one the presence the lateral horn
+and the thoracic and upper lumbar cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thoracic and upper lumbar cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thoracic and upper lumbar cord
+that's that little lateral protularance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that little lateral protularance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that little lateral protularance
+so we talk about if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about if you look at this
+level first here a dorsal horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level first here a dorsal horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level first here a dorsal horn
+and a ventral horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ventral horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ventral horn
+okay the upper lower wing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the upper lower wing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the upper lower wing of the
+butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then in the thoracic region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the thoracic region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the thoracic region and
+upper lumbar there's an extra little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lumbar there's an extra little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lumbar there's an extra little
+horn there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn there
+lateral protuberance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral protuberance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral protuberance okay
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+those are part of the synthetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are part of the synthetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are part of the synthetic nervous
+system and we'll define that in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we'll define that in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we'll define that in a few
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's look at those sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at those sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at those sensory
+channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+in a cross-section of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cross-section of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cross-section of the cord
+local reflex cerebellar channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+luminiscal channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the cross-section of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the cross-section of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the cross-section of the cord
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+sort of lower lumbar region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do i know it's lower lumbar and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know it's lower lumbar and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know it's lower lumbar and not
+sacral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacral
+just by looking at the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the lateral horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral horn
+is only present in thoracic and upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only present in thoracic and upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only present in thoracic and upper
+lumbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumbar
+and so we have dorsal root fibers coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have dorsal root fibers coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have dorsal root fibers coming
+in from the spinal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the spinal nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the spinal nerve
+the spinal nerve would be way out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal nerve would be way out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal nerve would be way out here
+and it contains fibers of the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains fibers of the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contains fibers of the ventral
+roots like this axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots like this axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots like this axon
+and fibers the dorsal roots like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fibers the dorsal roots like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fibers the dorsal roots like all
+these accents i'm depicting here and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents i'm depicting here and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents i'm depicting here and i
+just depict them of varying sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of them but not all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them but not all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them but not all of them have
+branches into the dorsal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches into the dorsal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches into the dorsal column
+so that's the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the origin
+of the dorsal column medial in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal column medial in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal column medial in this
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+that we traced out in the previous class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others are terminating directly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are terminating directly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are terminating directly in the
+dorsal horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that includes
+some cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells
+that give rise to the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give rise to the spinal thalamic
+tract which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract which
+is made up of axons that are decastating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of axons that are decastating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of axons that are decastating
+right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away
+entering a position about here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a position about here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a position about here the
+intralateral cord and the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intralateral cord and the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intralateral cord and the lateral
+columns and then they ascend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i show a reflex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm showing it being made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing it being made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing it being made by
+its input is from an axon it also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input is from an axon it also goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input is from an axon it also goes
+from the spinophilamic tract but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinophilamic tract but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinophilamic tract but it
+connects the interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the interneurons
+in the intermediate layers of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intermediate layers of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intermediate layers of the cord
+here and then it connects to motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it connects to motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it connects to motor
+neurons by way of that interneuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons by way of that interneuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons by way of that interneuron and
+goes out so that would be a local reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out so that would be a local reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out so that would be a local reflex
+that's the local reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the local reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the local reflex
+channel of conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel of conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel of conduction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about the cerebellar pathways well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the cerebellar pathways well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the cerebellar pathways well
+i don't show them here there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't show them here there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't show them here there is a
+crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed
+spinal cerebellar pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cerebellar pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cerebellar pathway
+the dorsal spot spinosaur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal spot spinosaur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal spot spinosaur the
+ventral spinous cerebellar tract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral spinous cerebellar tract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral spinous cerebellar tract that
+looks very much like the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the spinal thalamic
+tract there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's another one
+that terminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminates
+in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a ventral part of the medial dorsal horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ventral part of the medial dorsal horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ventral part of the medial dorsal horn
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and those fibers descend on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those fibers descend on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those fibers descend on the same
+side so the dorsal spine is still about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the dorsal spine is still about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the dorsal spine is still about
+the sides are about a track okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides are about a track okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides are about a track okay
+i'm not asking you to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to memorize
+so many details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many details
+i know this is going to seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this is going to seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this is going to seem like
+too many too many details to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many too many details to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many too many details to you
+and i've put a lot of these things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've put a lot of these things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've put a lot of these things into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+text file now of that program you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text file now of that program you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text file now of that program you have
+the flash cube program and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flash cube program and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flash cube program and i'm going to
+post that on the web and if you want i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that on the web and if you want i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that on the web and if you want i
+can also send it as an attached file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also send it as an attached file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also send it as an attached file
+by email as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by email as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by email as well
+i'll try to do that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to do that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try to do that today
+and it's all divided up into separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all divided up into separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all divided up into separate
+lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there will be a few things in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a few things in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a few things in there that
+might seem too much detail to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem too much detail to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might seem too much detail to you but
+they're all things that i've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all things that i've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all things that i've mentioned
+in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far i'm making it up completely from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far i'm making it up completely from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far i'm making it up completely from
+the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's not talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not talk about
+some of these descending pathways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these descending pathways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these descending pathways the
+major ones just a few of them there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major ones just a few of them there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major ones just a few of them there's a
+huge number of them of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of them of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of them of course but
+these are major ones which we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major ones which we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major ones which we talk about
+later in the class the corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class the corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class the corticospinal
+accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+they're out here in the lateral columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one reason the lateral column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason the lateral column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason the lateral column is
+thick in humans is because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick in humans is because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick in humans is because we have a
+very large corticospinal pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large corticospinal pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large corticospinal pathway
+now other there are some mammals where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now other there are some mammals where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now other there are some mammals where
+that pathway is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pathway is not
+in the lateral column at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lateral column at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lateral column at all
+in some species it's right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some species it's right here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some species it's right here in the
+ventral part of the dorsal columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral part of the dorsal columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral part of the dorsal columns
+that's where the paranormal tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the paranormal tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the paranormal tracked
+axons or corticospinal tract axons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons or corticospinal tract axons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons or corticospinal tract axons are
+in rodents for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we have them in the lateral columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have them in the lateral columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have them in the lateral columns
+it was once a big controversy about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was once a big controversy about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was once a big controversy about the
+trishul people said it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trishul people said it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trishul people said it's the most
+primitive of the primates and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive of the primates and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive of the primates and everybody
+wanted to study this little animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to study this little animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to study this little animal
+because they it seemed to be very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they it seemed to be very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they it seemed to be very much
+like the ancestral animals that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ancestral animals that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ancestral animals that led to
+primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates
+the beginning of the primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the primates
+i actually studied them for a while here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually studied them for a while here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually studied them for a while here
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+i found out that they were very stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found out that they were very stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found out that they were very stupid
+so they fit the role of an ancestral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they fit the role of an ancestral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they fit the role of an ancestral
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+people began looking at the anatomy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began looking at the anatomy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began looking at the anatomy and
+they discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered
+okay that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the
+the pyramidal tract ended up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramidal tract ended up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramidal tract ended up the
+corticospinal axons ended up here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal axons ended up here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal axons ended up here just
+like in a rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a rodent
+it ended up being and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ended up being and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ended up being and then people
+thought it might be an insectivore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it might be an insectivore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it might be an insectivore but
+it didn't have all the characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have all the characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have all the characteristics
+of insectivores so it ended up in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insectivores so it ended up in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insectivores so it ended up in its
+own order just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well because of many characteristics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of many characteristics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of many characteristics but
+the clincher that it wasn't a primate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clincher that it wasn't a primate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clincher that it wasn't a primate
+was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the
+all the primates have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the primates have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the primates have a
+corticospinal axons out here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal axons out here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal axons out here in the
+lateral columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral columns
+okay now rubrospinal that's a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now rubrospinal that's a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now rubrospinal that's a pathway
+coming from the nucleus rubric of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the nucleus rubric of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the nucleus rubric of the
+mid-range we've not shown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range we've not shown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range we've not shown the
+cross-sections the midbrain yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections the midbrain yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections the midbrain yet but
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+it's a major pathway controlling limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major pathway controlling limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major pathway controlling limbs
+and before there's a cortical spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before there's a cortical spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before there's a cortical spinal
+tract or if we're missing corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract or if we're missing corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract or if we're missing corticospinal
+tract then that pathway is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract then that pathway is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract then that pathway is very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+its function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its function is
+totally overwritten in higher primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally overwritten in higher primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally overwritten in higher primates
+by the corticospinal connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the corticospinal connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the corticospinal connections
+all those axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those axons
+at various levels connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various levels connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various levels connect
+into the gray matter in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gray matter in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gray matter in the case of the
+rubral spinal is mainly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubral spinal is mainly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubral spinal is mainly at the
+enlargements because they're concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements because they're concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements because they're concerned
+with limb movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limb movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limb movements
+corticospinal also because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal also because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal also because it has
+so much innervation of distal muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much innervation of distal muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much innervation of distal muscle
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+it will also give rise to many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also give rise to many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will also give rise to many more
+accents in the enlargements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents in the enlargements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents in the enlargements
+but corticospinal goes to all parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but corticospinal goes to all parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but corticospinal goes to all parts of
+the gray matter of the cord and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray matter of the cord and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gray matter of the cord and then
+here in the ventral columns i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the ventral columns i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the ventral columns i'm showing
+well there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a little bit of
+corticospinal there that accents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal there that accents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal there that accents that
+never crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never crossed
+that varies a lot in different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies a lot in different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies a lot in different people
+it's probably a function of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a function of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a function of your
+genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics
+how many of those you have there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those you have there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those you have there are
+some people that don't have it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people that don't have it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people that don't have it at all
+but these are pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are pathways
+we'll be talking about their function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about their function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about their function
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+they there's quite a they come from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's quite a they come from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's quite a they come from many
+different places they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places they're always
+concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with
+coordination of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posture they come from reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture they come from reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture they come from reticular
+formation they come from the distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation they come from the distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation they come from the distributor
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+they come from the cerebellum that funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from the cerebellum that funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from the cerebellum that funny
+name is the geospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is the geospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is the geospinal
+totally foreign to you at the moment i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally foreign to you at the moment i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally foreign to you at the moment i
+suppose it's because one nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's because one nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's because one nucleus the
+cerebellum that gives rise to output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum that gives rise to output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum that gives rise to output of
+the cerebellum is called nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum is called nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum is called nucleus
+vestigius okay it's the most medial one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestigius okay it's the most medial one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestigius okay it's the most medial one
+so that's really a cerebellospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really a cerebellospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really a cerebellospinal
+also the optic techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the optic techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the optic techn
+has a pathway it only goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pathway it only goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a pathway it only goes to the
+cervical cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cord
+is consoled because it's concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consoled because it's concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consoled because it's concerned with
+orienting movements of the head and eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements of the head and eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements of the head and eyes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's other pathways there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other pathways there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other pathways there too
+that i'm not naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't expect you just to memorize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect you just to memorize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't expect you just to memorize a
+figure like this but you'll keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure like this but you'll keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure like this but you'll keep
+encountering these things and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering these things and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering these things and if you
+read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it
+try to understand what it's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what it's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what it's talking
+about if some of it will grow on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it might not seem that way right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autonomic nervous system let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system let's talk
+first about the functions the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about the functions the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about the functions the autonomic
+nervous system and then i'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and then i'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and then i'll give you a
+schematic overview of the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic overview of the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic overview of the structure of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for
+controlling the stability of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the stability of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the stability of our
+internal environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to look at this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at this table
+enlarged in a minute and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged in a minute and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged in a minute and we're going to
+look at this cross section and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this cross section and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this cross section and look at
+this dorsal view of the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dorsal view of the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dorsal view of the embryonic
+nervous system which in which i depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system which in which i depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system which in which i depict
+the chain of ganglion of the sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain of ganglion of the sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain of ganglion of the sympathetic
+nervous system those are those ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system those are those ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system those are those ones that
+ended up in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in front
+when we saw the migrating neural crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we saw the migrating neural crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we saw the migrating neural crest
+cells they're actually on both sides i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're actually on both sides i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're actually on both sides i'm
+showing them only on one side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing them only on one side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing them only on one side here
+and these this ganglion here is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these this ganglion here is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these this ganglion here is really
+in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sympathetic preganglionic fibers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic preganglionic fibers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic preganglionic fibers all
+come from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the center of the
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels here
+the ones coming from the head here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones coming from the head here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones coming from the head here
+behind brain and midbrain and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain and midbrain and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain and midbrain and from the
+sacral cord we call parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacral cord we call parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacral cord we call parasympathetic
+those are the two divisions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two divisions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two divisions and they
+have a different pattern of innervation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different pattern of innervation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different pattern of innervation
+and different kinds of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different kinds of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different kinds of functions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have this kind of thing in your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of thing in your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of thing in your book
+too this will be a little hard for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this will be a little hard for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this will be a little hard for you
+to read here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of this you know let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this you know let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this you know let's just take a
+few organs like the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few organs like the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few organs like the iris
+what does the iris do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the iris do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the iris do
+in your eye if the sympathetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your eye if the sympathetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your eye if the sympathetic nervous
+system is activated now to remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is activated now to remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is activated now to remember this
+think of sympathetic nervous system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sympathetic nervous system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of sympathetic nervous system as
+the system that gets activated for fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that gets activated for fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that gets activated for fight
+or flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flight
+that's the way it's usually summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it's usually summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it's usually summarized
+it's pretty accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty accurate
+fight or flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight or flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight or flight
+that will include when you're angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will include when you're angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will include when you're angry
+when you're very scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're very scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're very scared
+okay when your heart is pounding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when your heart is pounding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when your heart is pounding okay
+your heart accelerates in blood volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart accelerates in blood volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart accelerates in blood volume
+and rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rate
+okay now what does that do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what does that do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what does that do to
+it's due to two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due to two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due to two things
+secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal
+medulla but before that it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla but before that it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla but before that it comes from
+direct innervation of the sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innervation of the sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innervation of the sympathetic
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+okay and secretion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and secretion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and secretion of
+the neurotransmitter for that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter for that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitter for that system
+nor adrenaline or norepinephrine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor adrenaline or norepinephrine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor adrenaline or norepinephrine okay
+but let's take the iris here what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take the iris here what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take the iris here what are
+the what do the eyes do when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what do the eyes do when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what do the eyes do when you're
+angry or when you're frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get big
+the iris delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris delays
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+dilates the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilates the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilates the pupil
+parasympathetic does the opposite if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic does the opposite if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic does the opposite if you
+shine a light in the eye or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a light in the eye or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a light in the eye or it's
+brighter outside your pupils get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter outside your pupils get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter outside your pupils get very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's due to parasympathetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to parasympathetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to parasympathetic nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the sympathetic nervous system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic nervous system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic nervous system is
+causing dilation of the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing dilation of the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing dilation of the pupil
+the sympathetic nervous system is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic nervous system is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic nervous system is doing
+things to the rest of your body too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to the rest of your body too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to the rest of your body too
+almost all of these things are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of these things are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of these things are happening
+that's a general difference in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a general difference in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a general difference in these two
+systems sympathetic tends the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems sympathetic tends the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems sympathetic tends the whole
+thing tends to be activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tends to be activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tends to be activated
+that chain of ganglia tends to has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of ganglia tends to has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of ganglia tends to has many
+interconnections up and down so part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections up and down so part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections up and down so part of
+it gets activated the whole thing tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets activated the whole thing tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets activated the whole thing tends
+to get activated so not only is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get activated so not only is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get activated so not only is your
+heart speeding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart speeding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart speeding up
+but you will have all these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will have all these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will have all these other things
+happening too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening too
+so for example the bronchi of the lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the bronchi of the lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the bronchi of the lungs
+the lumen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lumen
+the lungs delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs delays
+take in more oxygen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in more oxygen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in more oxygen okay
+they'll be constricted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be constricted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be constricted by the
+parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+salivary glands to reduce sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivary glands to reduce sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivary glands to reduce sympathetic
+it causes secret the parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes secret the parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes secret the parasympathetic
+causes secretion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+urinary bladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary bladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary bladder
+well if you want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to run
+or you're angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're angry
+you don't want to take a leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to take a leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to take a leak
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in fact it constricts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact it constricts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact it constricts
+the sphincters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphincters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphincters
+it's the parasympathetic that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parasympathetic that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parasympathetic that allows
+your bladder to empty and relaxes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bladder to empty and relaxes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bladder to empty and relaxes those
+fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers
+there are exceptions to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exceptions to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exceptions to that
+if we're very very frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're very very frightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're very very frightened
+a fixed action pattern can override
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed action pattern can override
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed action pattern can override
+that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+of adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adrenaline
+and you can violently defecate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can violently defecate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can violently defecate which is
+something that can save a woman's skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can save a woman's skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can save a woman's skin
+if she's being raped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's being raped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she's being raped
+you see it in monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in monkeys
+they're very frightened if you frighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very frightened if you frighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very frightened if you frighten
+them come in the room and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in the room and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come in the room and their
+monkeys just come and he doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys just come and he doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys just come and he doesn't know
+you and he gets very frightened of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and he gets very frightened of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and he gets very frightened of you
+that he will sometimes defecate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he will sometimes defecate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he will sometimes defecate it's
+very well known in rats in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well known in rats in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well known in rats in the
+laboratory rats in fact they cut they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory rats in fact they cut they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory rats in fact they cut they
+count fecal boluses as an index a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count fecal boluses as an index a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count fecal boluses as an index a
+quantitative index of how frightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative index of how frightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative index of how frightened
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the case of sex organs it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of sex organs it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of sex organs it's much more
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+because both systems are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both systems are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because both systems are involved
+the vasodilation that occurs in sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vasodilation that occurs in sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vasodilation that occurs in sexual
+arousal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arousal is
+parasympathetic but there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic but there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic but there are also
+sympathetic actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic actions
+particularly in look at muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in look at muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in look at muscle
+contractions of orgasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions of orgasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions of orgasm
+okay so you can study these and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can study these and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can study these and they're
+also in your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in your book
+let's talk about how this thing develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how this thing develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how this thing develops
+which we just introduced with that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just introduced with that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just introduced with that film
+here's my pictures again and i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my pictures again and i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my pictures again and i'm showing
+in red here the neural press what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red here the neural press what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red here the neural press what's
+happened to the neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the neural crest cells
+okay they become the dorsal root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they become the dorsal root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they become the dorsal root
+ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion
+they become the paravertable ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become the paravertable ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become the paravertable ganglia
+which are a chain of ganglia next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a chain of ganglia next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a chain of ganglia next to the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+okay and the pre-vertebral ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the pre-vertebral ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the pre-vertebral ganglia
+there's a few of those also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of those also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few of those also
+where the cells come together and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cells come together and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cells come together and form
+single ganglia out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ganglia out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ganglia out in front
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+of the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cns
+i'm showing the notochord here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing the notochord here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing the notochord here because
+i'm showing a very embryonic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing a very embryonic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing a very embryonic nervous
+system but remember that as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but remember that as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but remember that as this
+develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops
+that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes
+buried in the vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the vertebrae
+the spinal vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal vertebrae
+so these ganglia are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ganglia are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these ganglia are
+just outside the vertebrae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outside the vertebrae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outside the vertebrae
+in front and lateral to the bones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front and lateral to the bones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front and lateral to the bones or
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the spine i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at
+what happens to those axons the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to those axons the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to those axons the system
+is called thoracic lumbar because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thoracic lumbar because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called thoracic lumbar because it's
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic and upper lumbar levels as i
+pointed out those neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out those neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out those neurons are
+neurons that innervate those ganglia are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that innervate those ganglia are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that innervate those ganglia are
+here in the lateral horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look here in the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call these
+preganglionic motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor neurons
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre
+ganglionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes i'm writing here then i'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i'm writing here then i'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes i'm writing here then i'll see
+that i already have it written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i already have it written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i already have it written down
+preganglionic motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're motor neurons because they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're motor neurons because they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're motor neurons because they go
+they send an axon out of the cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send an axon out of the cord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send an axon out of the cord and
+all the cells that do that we call motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells that do that we call motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells that do that we call motor
+neurons okay but they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay but they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay but they don't actually
+innervate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+muscle or gland cells themselves instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or gland cells themselves instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or gland cells themselves instead
+they connect with cells that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect with cells that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect with cells that do
+they connect with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect with one of these
+cells that migrated from the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that migrated from the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that migrated from the neural
+crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest
+forming a paravertable or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a paravertable or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a paravertable or a
+pre-vertebral ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-vertebral ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-vertebral ganglion
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if they're in the paraverbal gang in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're in the paraverbal gang in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're in the paraverbal gang in
+here the post-ganglionic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the post-ganglionic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the post-ganglionic cell
+the actual motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual motor neuron
+of the sympathetic nervous system its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sympathetic nervous system its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sympathetic nervous system its
+axon rejoins the ventral root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon rejoins the ventral root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon rejoins the ventral root
+and goes out the spinal nerve to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out the spinal nerve to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out the spinal nerve to the
+periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it would innovate for example smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would innovate for example smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would innovate for example smooth
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+heart muscle also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart muscle also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart muscle also
+could iterate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate the
+muscles of the that caused the erection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles of the that caused the erection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles of the that caused the erection
+of the hairs and our skin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hairs and our skin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hairs and our skin for
+temperature regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation
+doesn't help us very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us very much for
+temperature regulation but it does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation but it does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation but it does for
+many animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many animals
+also innervates the sweat glands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also innervates the sweat glands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also innervates the sweat glands
+the pre-verbal ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-verbal ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-verbal ganglia
+have a very similar pattern their axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar pattern their axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very similar pattern their axons
+go out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out to the
+smooth muscle of the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle of the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle of the gut
+okay the ciliary ganglion is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the ciliary ganglion is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the ciliary ganglion is a
+particularly large one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly large one
+it's in a plexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a plexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a plexus
+out in front of the cord we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of the cord we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front of the cord we call that
+the solar plexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar plexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar plexus
+you know how you feel if you get hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you feel if you get hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how you feel if you get hit
+very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+in the belly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the belly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the belly
+because it can just like touching your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can just like touching your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can just like touching your
+elbow can activate the accents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow can activate the accents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elbow can activate the accents of the
+arm so you can activate the those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm so you can activate the those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm so you can activate the those cells
+and cause the gut to be somewhat upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you get hit hard that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get hit hard that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get hit hard that way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if we deal with the heart i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we deal with the heart i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we deal with the heart i'm showing
+i'm showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells in that lateral horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that lateral horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that lateral horn
+that are leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are leaving
+the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns
+and they innervate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they innervate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they innervate this
+a number of the ones innovating that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of the ones innovating that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of the ones innovating that are
+going to affect the heart innervate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the heart innervate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the heart innervate a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+of ganglion not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ganglion not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ganglion not just one
+so some of those axons have to go up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those axons have to go up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those axons have to go up a
+ways up the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways up the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways up the chain
+and then the postganglionic cell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the postganglionic cell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the postganglionic cell the
+synthetic motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic motor neuron
+goes to the heart muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it releases norepinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it releases norepinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it releases norepinephrine
+abbreviated any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated any
+or nor adrenaline is often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noradrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline
+is actually a trade name but it's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a trade name but it's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a trade name but it's based
+on these scientific names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the heart is also innervated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the heart is also innervated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the heart is also innervated by
+the parasympathetic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasympathetic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasympathetic system
+and that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+so here's a neuron up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a neuron up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a neuron up here the
+parasympathetic that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic that's gonna
+reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+reach the heart and here i show an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the heart and here i show an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the heart and here i show an axon
+of what we call the vagus nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the vagus nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the vagus nerve
+and there are some of those axons go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some of those axons go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some of those axons go
+right to the wall of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the wall of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the wall of the heart
+they don't innervate the heart muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't innervate the heart muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't innervate the heart muscle
+they terminate on cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they terminate on cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they terminate on cells
+of the cardiac ganglion which is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cardiac ganglion which is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cardiac ganglion which is right
+next to the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the heart
+and the axons of the cardiac ganglia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the axons of the cardiac ganglia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the axons of the cardiac ganglia and
+then innervate the heart muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then innervate the heart muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then innervate the heart muscle
+and release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release
+acetylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine
+the vagus stuff remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a characteristic difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a characteristic difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a characteristic difference
+between the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way the
+sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
+innervate their targets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate their targets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervate their targets the
+parasympathetic is long axons that leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic is long axons that leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic is long axons that leave
+either the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the brain
+and i'm showing their locations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing their locations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing their locations here
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and number of them in the hindbrain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of them in the hindbrain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of them in the hindbrain or
+in the sacral cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sacral cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sacral cord
+and they innervate ganglia that are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they innervate ganglia that are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they innervate ganglia that are near
+the organ being innervated whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ being innervated whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organ being innervated whereas the
+sympathetic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic system
+those preganglionic cells are not near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those preganglionic cells are not near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those preganglionic cells are not near
+not always near the organ they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always near the organ they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always near the organ they're in
+that chain of ganglia or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of ganglia or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of ganglia or in the
+preganglionic groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is
+from your text and it just in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your text and it just in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your text and it just in a single
+diagram it tries to summarize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it tries to summarize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it tries to summarize the
+anatomy it doesn't really show the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy it doesn't really show the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy it doesn't really show the chain
+that these are a chain of ganglia here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are a chain of ganglia here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are a chain of ganglia here
+so that can be a little confusing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be a little confusing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be a little confusing but it
+does show the various functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show the various functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does show the various functions
+of the sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the one i was showing here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one i was showing here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one i was showing here with
+the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green
+and this would be an axon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be an axon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be an axon of the
+so-called vagus nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called vagus nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called vagus nerve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which goes innervates the gut innervates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes innervates the gut innervates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes innervates the gut innervates
+the heart innervates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart innervates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart innervates
+the various organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various organs
+of the abdominal cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abdominal cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abdominal cavity
+and chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chest
+okay vagus nerve is very important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vagus nerve is very important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay vagus nerve is very important part
+of the parasympathetic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic nervous system
+but there are other parts too there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other parts too there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other parts too there are
+neurons just like it here in the sacral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons just like it here in the sacral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons just like it here in the sacral
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+that innervate ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innervate ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innervate ganglia
+in the pelvic region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pelvic region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pelvic region
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and innervate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and innervate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and innervate the
+various organs of the pelvic region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various organs of the pelvic region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various organs of the pelvic region
+whereas those up in the cranium what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those up in the cranium what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those up in the cranium what
+other things would it be doing besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things would it be doing besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things would it be doing besides
+affecting the guts and heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the guts and heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the guts and heart
+well the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the iris
+and i show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that
+originating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+third nerve nucleus the ocular motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third nerve nucleus the ocular motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third nerve nucleus the ocular motor
+nerve and axons go out to the ciliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and axons go out to the ciliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and axons go out to the ciliary
+ganglion this is the ciliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the postganglionic cell then goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the postganglionic cell then goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the postganglionic cell then goes to
+the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris
+whereas the sympathetic fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sympathetic fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the sympathetic fibers
+from the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the iris
+come from the uppermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the uppermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the uppermost
+or superior cervical ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or superior cervical ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or superior cervical ganglion
+so there would be the preganglionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there would be the preganglionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there would be the preganglionic
+here's the postganglionic axon goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the postganglionic axon goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the postganglionic axon goes
+right through the ganglion without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the ganglion without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the ganglion without
+stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+and goes all the way to the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes all the way to the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes all the way to the iris
+so just about every organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gland tissue and smooth muscle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland tissue and smooth muscle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gland tissue and smooth muscle is
+innervated in this dual fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervated in this dual fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervated in this dual fashion
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the textbook picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the textbook picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the textbook picture
+of the parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic
+i don't like it too much because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't like it too much because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't like it too much because it
+it gives you the idea that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the idea that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the idea that these
+ganglia are placed similarly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia are placed similarly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia are placed similarly to
+sympathetic which isn't true the gang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic which isn't true the gang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic which isn't true the gang
+they are very close to the organs being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very close to the organs being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are very close to the organs being
+innovated these cells innervate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated these cells innervate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovated these cells innervate the
+stomach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach and
+intestinal tract are actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal tract are actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal tract are actually found
+right along the wall of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the wall of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right along the wall of the
+intestinal tract and they form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal tract and they form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestinal tract and they form the
+enteric nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to remind you
+of outer lowly's discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outer lowly's discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outer lowly's discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just summarizes the enteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just summarizes the enteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just summarizes the enteric
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initially we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we thought
+the guts were innervated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts were innervated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guts were innervated by the
+sympathetic and parasympathetic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic in the
+way i described and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i described and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i described and they are
+but what's been discovered more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's been discovered more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's been discovered more recently
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+there's actually a network of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a network of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a network of neurons
+that are interconnected with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interconnected with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interconnected with each other
+and they even have their own reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they even have their own reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they even have their own reflexes
+they control things like peristalsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they control things like peristalsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they control things like peristalsis
+okay without help from the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without help from the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without help from the cns
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those neurons we divide into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those neurons we divide into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those neurons we divide into these
+different a plexus is usually a tangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a plexus is usually a tangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a plexus is usually a tangle
+of fibers okay but in this case it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibers okay but in this case it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibers okay but in this case it also
+contains neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains neurons
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+divided into these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into these regions
+it is innervated by the vagus nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sensory input from the gut reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory input from the gut reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory input from the gut reaches
+those neurons also it doesn't all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons also it doesn't all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neurons also it doesn't all go
+into the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cns
+although much of it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example we can feel pain from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can feel pain from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we can feel pain from the
+gut and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut and that's
+due to it activation of small fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to it activation of small fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to it activation of small fibers
+that sensory fibers of the that go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory fibers of the that go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensory fibers of the that go in
+through the dorsal roots and into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dorsal roots and into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dorsal roots and into the
+spinal cord okay coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay coming from
+sensory organs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory organs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory organs that
+detect changes especially stretch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect changes especially stretch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect changes especially stretch of the
+abdominal viscera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal viscera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal viscera
+but they also connect directly to cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also connect directly to cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also connect directly to cells
+in these plexuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these plexuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these plexuses
+and those cells some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cells some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cells some of them
+are motor neurons and innervate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are motor neurons and innervate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are motor neurons and innervate the
+the smooth muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smooth muscle
+similarly the cardiac ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the cardiac ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the cardiac ganglion
+functions as a kind of little brain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a kind of little brain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as a kind of little brain in
+the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's under major control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's under major control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's under major control
+of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both the
+mainly the parasympathetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the parasympathetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly the parasympathetic nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+the sympathetic has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic has
+the sympathetic nervous system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+innervation but not through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation but not through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation but not through those
+neurons in the heart not through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the heart not through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the heart not through the
+cardiac ganglion it connects directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac ganglion it connects directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac ganglion it connects directly
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the cardiac muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we've got five minutes left you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got five minutes left you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got five minutes left you can
+either ask me questions or i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ask me questions or i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either ask me questions or i'll
+introduce the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation
+that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was called reticular formation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called reticular formation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called reticular formation by
+anatomists because when they divided up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists because when they divided up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists because when they divided up
+the brain into different cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain into different cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain into different cell groups
+using cell stains and fiber stains okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cell stains and fiber stains okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cell stains and fiber stains okay
+when they had named every cell group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had named every cell group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had named every cell group
+they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could
+clearly outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly outline
+everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else
+just look like a mixture of cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like a mixture of cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like a mixture of cells and
+fibers and they call it reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers and they call it reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers and they call it reticular
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+there's a lot of it in the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of it in the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of it in the core of the
+hindbrain and in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and in the midbrain
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can be divided somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be divided somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be divided somewhat
+we talk about the medial magnus cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the medial magnus cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the medial magnus cellular
+reticular formation behind brain we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation behind brain we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation behind brain we know
+it is major control of whole body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is major control of whole body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is major control of whole body
+movements and axial muscles when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and axial muscles when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and axial muscles when we talk
+about motor control we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motor control we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motor control we'll
+we'll see some studies of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some studies of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see some studies of that
+okay and then there's a lateral part too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's a lateral part too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's a lateral part too
+that we know less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know less about
+and then the reticular formation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reticular formation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reticular formation in the
+midbrain we know also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain we know also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain we know also has
+diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse
+connections even to the forebrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections even to the forebrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections even to the forebrain okay
+that plays a role it's sometimes been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays a role it's sometimes been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays a role it's sometimes been
+called the reticular activating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reticular activating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reticular activating system
+because it seems to wake up the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to wake up the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to wake up the brain
+that was discovered when they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was discovered when they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was discovered when they had
+animals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that were
+sleeping because of our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping because of our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping because of our brain
+okay and they put electrodes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they put electrodes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they put electrodes in the
+midbrain reticular formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation and
+stimulated and the animal would wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated and the animal would wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated and the animal would wake up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it became known as the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it became known as the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it became known as the particular
+activating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating system
+but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+incredibly important neurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important neurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important neurons that are
+primitive in function they contain a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive in function they contain a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive in function they contain a lot
+of our inherited circuitry they control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our inherited circuitry they control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our inherited circuitry they control
+fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+the level of behind brain and midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry to give such a long answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to give such a long answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to give such a long answer you
+wanted a much simpler definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a much simpler definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted a much simpler definition a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a mixture of fibers and cells that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of fibers and cells that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of fibers and cells that it
+were as hard to draw clear borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were as hard to draw clear borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were as hard to draw clear borders
+although anatomists every year draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although anatomists every year draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although anatomists every year draw
+borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borders
+that they couldn't draw before because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couldn't draw before because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couldn't draw before because
+now we have better methods we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have better methods we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have better methods we can define
+the chemical transmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical transmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical transmitters
+we find that they do differ and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that they do differ and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that they do differ and they
+allow us to subdivide their ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to subdivide their ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to subdivide their ticket
+formation a little better than we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation a little better than we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation a little better than we used
+to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just introduce this there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just introduce this there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just introduce this there are
+difficult lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult lectures
+for people that have trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that have trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that have trouble with
+spatial things and their anatomy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial things and their anatomy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial things and their anatomy but
+believe me no matter how good you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me no matter how good you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me no matter how good you are at
+spatial things when you first encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial things when you first encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial things when you first encounter
+a lot of these things it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these things it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these things it's going to be
+a little hard there's a lot of words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard there's a lot of words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard there's a lot of words and
+so forth and i've simplified it vastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and i've simplified it vastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and i've simplified it vastly
+believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me
+we're going to go through hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through hindbrain
+midbrain and forebrain all these major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and forebrain all these major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and forebrain all these major
+divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions
+i want you to know the english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to know the english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to know the english
+and the greek names there's a few latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the greek names there's a few latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the greek names there's a few latin
+names i've also put in the program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names i've also put in the program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names i've also put in the program and
+the reason i did that is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i did that is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i did that is because you
+encounter them in textbooks all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them in textbooks all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter them in textbooks all the time
+okay so for example the hind brain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example the hind brain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example the hind brain we
+call the rhombencephalon because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the rhombencephalon because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the rhombencephalon because of the
+rhombic shape of the ventricle when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhombic shape of the ventricle when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhombic shape of the ventricle when we
+look at it from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it from the top
+but many of you hear medulla oblongata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many of you hear medulla oblongata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many of you hear medulla oblongata
+well what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that mean
+well medulla or medulla is a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well medulla or medulla is a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well medulla or medulla is a term that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+the merrell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merrell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merrell
+like the bone marrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bone marrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the bone marrow
+it's the marrow of the spinal cord you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the marrow of the spinal cord you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the marrow of the spinal cord you
+see it's the soft stuff in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's the soft stuff in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's the soft stuff in the middle
+before they knew what it did that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they knew what it did that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they knew what it did that's what
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+because it happens to be the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens to be the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it happens to be the spinal cord
+okay so that was originally called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was originally called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was originally called the
+in latin the medulla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in latin the medulla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in latin the medulla
+spinalis okay we usually don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinalis okay we usually don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinalis okay we usually don't use that
+term anymore but we do use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term anymore but we do use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term anymore but we do use the
+continuation the oblongation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation the oblongation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation the oblongation the
+elongation of the medulla in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation of the medulla in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation of the medulla in the brain
+that's the medulla oblongata that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the medulla oblongata that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the medulla oblongata that's the
+caudal part of the hind brain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+i told you this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you this was a
+unlike the schwa brain is more realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the schwa brain is more realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the schwa brain is more realistic
+view of a top view of the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a top view of the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of a top view of the developing
+nervous system central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system central nervous system
+and i've shown you cross sections here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've shown you cross sections here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've shown you cross sections here
+this is a cross-section of the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section of the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-section of the spinal
+cord here's a cross-section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord here's a cross-section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord here's a cross-section of the
+hindbrain and you'll note that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and you'll note that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain and you'll note that they're
+pretty similar except the roof plate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar except the roof plate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar except the roof plate is
+stretched out in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched out in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched out in the hindbrain
+okay and in fact it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact it's basically
+organized like a fancy spinal cord also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like a fancy spinal cord also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like a fancy spinal cord also
+i call it a glamorized spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it a glamorized spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it a glamorized spinal cord
+we'll go through the basic functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through the basic functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through the basic functions
+cell grouping sensory channels and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell grouping sensory channels and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell grouping sensory channels and how
+it gets distorted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets distorted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets distorted but
+the basic organization is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic organization is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic organization is the same
+this will be the last slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the last slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the last slide
+today here's the spinal cord if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today here's the spinal cord if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today here's the spinal cord if we
+divide here the embryonic cord has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide here the embryonic cord has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide here the embryonic cord has a
+ventricle in the middle and the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle in the middle and the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle in the middle and the walls
+are just starting to thicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just starting to thicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just starting to thicken
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+the top part is ailer plate the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part is ailer plate the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top part is ailer plate the ventral
+part is basal plate and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is basal plate and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is basal plate and these are the
+cells of the floor plate and roof plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the floor plate and roof plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the floor plate and roof plate
+the hindbrain is very similar except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is very similar except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is very similar except the
+roof plate gets stretched out and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate gets stretched out and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate gets stretched out and we
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ailerin basal plates are still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerin basal plates are still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerin basal plates are still there
+where you get the secondary sensory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the secondary sensory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the secondary sensory and
+motor neurons for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons for me
+okay that's enough for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rsDEuRpOHqs.txt b/rsDEuRpOHqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3b8cb1eac2c0c1901b7c0d6ae0688786bed4f7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rsDEuRpOHqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I am super excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I am super excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I am super excited about
+today because this is in my opinion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because this is in my opinion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because this is in my opinion the
+highest point of the apex of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest point of the apex of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest point of the apex of the course
+well we're gonna put together everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're gonna put together everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're gonna put together everything
+you've done so far and start to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done so far and start to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done so far and start to explain
+things like bremsstrahlung radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like bremsstrahlung radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like bremsstrahlung radiation
+damage x-ray spectra that you get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage x-ray spectra that you get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage x-ray spectra that you get in a
+scanning electron microscope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope and
+actually find a way where cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a way where cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a way where cross-sections
+are areas where remember before I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas where remember before I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are areas where remember before I told
+you guys cross-sections measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys cross-sections measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys cross-sections measured in
+barns in centimeters squared think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barns in centimeters squared think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barns in centimeters squared think of it
+kind of like an area I'll actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like an area I'll actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like an area I'll actually be
+able to show mathematically that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show mathematically that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show mathematically that some of
+them do derive from actual areas so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do derive from actual areas so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do derive from actual areas so it
+will make a lot more sense it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a lot more sense it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a lot more sense it's not just
+an abstract concept what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract concept what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abstract concept what I want to do is
+a quick review of the ionization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of the ionization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick review of the ionization and
+excitation collisions that we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation collisions that we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation collisions that we did last
+time remember we had this imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time remember we had this imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time remember we had this imaginary
+hollow cylinder where we've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder where we've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow cylinder where we've said that
+there's some ion traveling in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some ion traveling in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some ion traveling in this
+direction with charge let's say Z times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with charge let's say Z times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with charge let's say Z times
+the electron charge and it's colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron charge and it's colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron charge and it's colliding
+kind of with an electron somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of with an electron somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of with an electron somewhere else
+separated by some impact parameter V B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some impact parameter V B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some impact parameter V B
+and let's say this hollow cylinder had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this hollow cylinder had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this hollow cylinder had a
+shell of thickness DB and we started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of thickness DB and we started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of thickness DB and we started off
+with this situation where we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this situation where we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this situation where we wanted to
+say we can find the Y momentum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can find the Y momentum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we can find the Y momentum is the
+integral of the Y force we did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Y force we did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Y force we did something
+and one of the intermediate steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the intermediate steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the intermediate steps we
+came up with was that our energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was that our energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was that our energy and
+part of the electron is P squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the electron is P squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the electron is P squared over
+two times mass of the electron which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times mass of the electron which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times mass of the electron which
+came out to 2z squared e to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out to 2z squared e to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out to 2z squared e to the fourth
+over mass the electron impact parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mass the electron impact parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mass the electron impact parameter
+squared velocity squared then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared velocity squared then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared velocity squared then we
+multiplied by the electron density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the electron density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the electron density and
+the material which was the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material which was the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material which was the number
+density of atoms times Z the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms times Z the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms times Z the number of
+electrons per atom times the area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons per atom times the area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons per atom times the area the
+cross-sectional area of this hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of this hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area of this hollow
+cylindrical shell which came out to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell which came out to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell which came out to two
+pi B which is the circumference of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi B which is the circumference of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi B which is the circumference of that
+circle right there times DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX I'm just gonna leave that there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX I'm just gonna leave that there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX I'm just gonna leave that there for
+now and we'll come back to it in a sec I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll come back to it in a sec I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll come back to it in a sec I
+will mention though that at the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention though that at the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention though that at the end we
+came up with our stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with our stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with our stopping power
+expression let's call this ionizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression let's call this ionizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression let's call this ionizations
+that came out to 4pi this constant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out to 4pi this constant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out to 4pi this constant K
+naught squared which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared which comes from the
+Coulomb force law little Z squared big z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb force law little Z squared big z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb force law little Z squared big z
+e to the fourth over mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the fourth over mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the fourth over mass of the
+electron velocity squared writing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron velocity squared writing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron velocity squared writing out of
+rhythm times log of mass the electron V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm times log of mass the electron V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm times log of mass the electron V
+squared over this mean this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over this mean this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over this mean this mean
+excitation energy which comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy which comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy which comes out to
+around let's say 10 to 19 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's say 10 to 19 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's say 10 to 19 electron volts
+times Z and what this meant was that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z and what this meant was that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Z and what this meant was that if
+we graph stopping power as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graph stopping power as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we graph stopping power as a function of
+energy there's a couple components to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's a couple components to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's a couple components to it
+one of them is this roughly 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is this roughly 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is this roughly 1 over
+energy component so let's say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy component so let's say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy component so let's say there's a
+component of it yes I love when I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of it yes I love when I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of it yes I love when I can do
+that that actually that follows kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually that follows kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually that follows kind of
+1 over e and there's this logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over e and there's this logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over e and there's this logarithmic
+component that kind of goes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that kind of goes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that kind of goes like that
+way and if we sum them together we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if we sum them together we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and if we sum them together we ended
+up with a much higher stopping power low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a much higher stopping power low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a much higher stopping power low
+energies but around this local minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but around this local minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but around this local minimum
+of about 3 times mass of the electrons C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 times mass of the electrons C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 3 times mass of the electrons C
+squared it starts to increase again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it starts to increase again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it starts to increase again and
+that's due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's due to this
+how many excitation can you make as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many excitation can you make as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many excitation can you make as a
+function of energy so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of energy so if you think about
+it this is kind of like a an energy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is kind of like a an energy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is kind of like a an energy term
+how much energy do you have divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy do you have divided by
+how many ionizations can you make so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ionizations can you make so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ionizations can you make so
+it's kind of an intuitive result in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an intuitive result in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of an intuitive result in that
+it's how much energy you've got versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how much energy you've got versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how much energy you've got versus
+how much energy it takes for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy it takes for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy it takes for a single
+unit process and that's all mediated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process and that's all mediated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit process and that's all mediated by
+this 1 over e term the last thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 over e term the last thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 over e term the last thing that
+we said is that this curves back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is that this curves back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is that this curves back down
+here and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's because
+and around 500 times this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around 500 times this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around 500 times this mean
+excitation energy which as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy which as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energy which as you can see
+is around you know 1 ke V times e it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around you know 1 ke V times e it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around you know 1 ke V times e it's
+not a very high energy you start to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very high energy you start to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very high energy you start to get
+charged neutralization the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged neutralization the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged neutralization the reason for
+that is that for an order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that for an order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that for an order for this
+formula to work we have to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to work we have to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to work we have to assume that
+the deflection is really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection is really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deflection is really really really
+small infant estimate Li small if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small infant estimate Li small if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small infant estimate Li small if it's
+not and if the ion manages to catch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and if the ion manages to catch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and if the ion manages to catch that
+electron it's not going to it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's not going to it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's not going to it's not
+going to lose energy by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose energy by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose energy by you know
+undergoing a Coulomb interaction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a Coulomb interaction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a Coulomb interaction it's
+going to lose energy by absorbing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose energy by absorbing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose energy by absorbing that
+electron and neutralizing and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and neutralizing and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and neutralizing and so for
+really low energy the ions are moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low energy the ions are moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low energy the ions are moving so
+slowly that they can capture some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly that they can capture some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly that they can capture some of
+those electrons and it gets less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons and it gets less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons and it gets less and
+less effective at stopping the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at stopping the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at stopping the material
+and this led to let's see this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this led to let's see this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this led to let's see this word
+distance and this were DT DX times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this were DT DX times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this were DT DX times the
+energy required to make an ion pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy required to make an ion pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy required to make an ion pair
+which we'll just call this I we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll just call this I we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll just call this I we ended up
+with a curve that looked something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a curve that looked something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a curve that looked something like
+this where this right here we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where this right here we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where this right here we call the
+range it just gave that the symbol R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it just gave that the symbol R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it just gave that the symbol R so
+that's the review of last time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the review of last time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the review of last time but I
+left some extra space for some reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left some extra space for some reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left some extra space for some reasons
+which will become clear in about half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will become clear in about half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will become clear in about half an
+hour right now I want to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour right now I want to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour right now I want to take you
+through a little bit of a whirlwind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit of a whirlwind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a little bit of a whirlwind in
+terms of bremsstrahlung I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of bremsstrahlung I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of bremsstrahlung I'm not going to
+derive anything about it we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive anything about it we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive anything about it we're just
+going to go over what the cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over what the cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over what the cross-sections
+and stopping powers look like why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stopping powers look like why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stopping powers look like why they
+take that form intuitively but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that form intuitively but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that form intuitively but we're not
+going to go through a rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a rigorous
+derivation because well simply don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because well simply don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation because well simply don't
+have time but I do want you to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time but I do want you to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time but I do want you to know what
+sort of things exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things exist
+so for bremsstrahlung better known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for bremsstrahlung better known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for bremsstrahlung better known as
+braking radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who's actually heard of this before does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's actually heard of this before does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's actually heard of this before does
+anyone know roughly let's say if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know roughly let's say if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know roughly let's say if we were
+to say some cross section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some cross section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say some cross section for
+bremsstrahlung let's call it cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung let's call it cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung let's call it cross
+section radiative because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section radiative because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section radiative because in this case
+we're actually talking about the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about the charged
+particle radiating away photon so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle radiating away photon so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle radiating away photon so let's
+say we had some nucleus of charge big Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had some nucleus of charge big Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had some nucleus of charge big Z
+and we had some ion we'll give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had some ion we'll give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had some ion we'll give it a
+different color some ion of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color some ion of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color some ion of charge
+little Z moving towards it it'll either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z moving towards it it'll either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z moving towards it it'll either
+be attracted or repelled depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted or repelled depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attracted or repelled depending on
+what the sign looks like and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign looks like and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign looks like and sometimes
+you might get radiation of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get radiation of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get radiation of a photon
+let's call it of energy e equals HC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it of energy e equals HC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it of energy e equals HC over
+lambda that'll become important in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that'll become important in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that'll become important in a sec
+so this radiative cross section I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this radiative cross section I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this radiative cross section I don't
+care about particularly care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about particularly care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about particularly care about the
+exact form but what is it proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact form but what is it proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact form but what is it proportional
+to what sort of factors do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what sort of factors do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what sort of factors do you think
+would make the emission of that photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make the emission of that photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make the emission of that photon
+more or less likely yeah sure the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less likely yeah sure the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less likely yeah sure the energy
+of the charged particle so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charged particle so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charged particle so you can
+there's there's one expression I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one expression I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's one expression I like
+you can only take my money until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only take my money until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only take my money until you
+take it all well the same thing goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it all well the same thing goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it all well the same thing goes for
+the energy of a photon you can't can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a photon you can't can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a photon you can't can't
+radiate any more than the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate any more than the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate any more than the energy of the
+particle coming in so there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in so there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in so there's going to
+be some maximum energy which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some maximum energy which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some maximum energy which is going to
+correspond to some minimum wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some minimum wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some minimum wavelength
+which is let's say if we just put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say if we just put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's say if we just put our
+initial energy in here that gives us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy in here that gives us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy in here that gives us our
+minimum wavelength right there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wavelength right there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wavelength right there that's
+true and it can radiate at any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it can radiate at any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it can radiate at any energy
+smaller than that or any wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that or any wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that or any wavelength
+larger than that I'm basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that I'm basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than that I'm basically saying
+the same thing because if this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing because if this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing because if this particle
+started off further away and felt less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off further away and felt less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off further away and felt less
+of a deflection it could still emit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deflection it could still emit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a deflection it could still emit a
+photon but of a longer wavelength don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon but of a longer wavelength don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon but of a longer wavelength don't
+have room to draw enough wavelengths but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room to draw enough wavelengths but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room to draw enough wavelengths but
+I want to make sure that's physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that's physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that's physically
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+so it's actually going to be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually going to be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually going to be also
+proportional to Z of the large nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Z of the large nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Z of the large nucleus
+the stronger the pull the more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger the pull the more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger the pull the more of that
+breaking radiation you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation you're going to see
+it's actually proportional to Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually proportional to Z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually proportional to Z squared
+what this says is that heavier Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that heavier Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that heavier Z
+materials produce a lot more of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials produce a lot more of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials produce a lot more of this
+breaking radiation and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation and it's also
+proportional to the inverse of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the inverse of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the inverse of the mass
+squared and what this says intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and what this says intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and what this says intuitively
+is a heavier particle deflects less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heavier particle deflects less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heavier particle deflects less and
+emits less of this breaking radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits less of this breaking radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits less of this breaking radiation
+hopefully this makes a lot of sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this makes a lot of sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this makes a lot of sense to
+you guys that the stronger the pull of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that the stronger the pull of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that the stronger the pull of
+the nucleus the more deflection you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus the more deflection you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus the more deflection you're
+going to get and the more bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get and the more bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get and the more bremsstrahlung
+you'll get the larger the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the larger the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the larger the mass of the
+incoming ion let's say that's mass M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming ion let's say that's mass M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming ion let's say that's mass M the
+less deflection you'll get because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less deflection you'll get because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less deflection you'll get because the
+less what is it the less momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less what is it the less momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less what is it the less momentum
+transfer you can apply with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you can apply with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you can apply with the same
+force if you've got a lot happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force if you've got a lot happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force if you've got a lot happier
+particle this makes sense to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle this makes sense to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle this makes sense to everybody
+so what this says is it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is it's really
+important for high Z materials and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for high Z materials and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for high Z materials and we'll
+see a little bit why if I actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit why if I actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit why if I actually write
+the full expression for stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full expression for stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full expression for stopping power
+and I promised you I'm not gonna derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I promised you I'm not gonna derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I promised you I'm not gonna derive
+it so we don't really have the time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we don't really have the time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we don't really have the time for
+that it's proportional to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's proportional to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's proportional to the number
+density you should always think there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you should always think there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you should always think there'll
+be a number density in stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number density in stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a number density in stopping power
+because the more atoms there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more atoms there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more atoms there are the
+more they stop things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they stop things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they stop things
+it's just directly proportional times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just directly proportional times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just directly proportional times
+that kinetic energy plus M EC squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinetic energy plus M EC squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinetic energy plus M EC squared
+and again this is not something I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is not something I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is not something I want
+you to memorize but it is something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to memorize but it is something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to memorize but it is something I
+want you to be able to decompose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to decompose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to decompose and
+explain why the parts are there let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the parts are there let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why the parts are there let's
+see times some radiative cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see times some radiative cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see times some radiative cross-section
+where this sigma radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is some constant cross-section this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some constant cross-section this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some constant cross-section this ends
+up being about 1 over 500 barns times Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being about 1 over 500 barns times Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being about 1 over 500 barns times Z
+squared times this parameter B which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times this parameter B which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times this parameter B which if
+you see in the reading is actually given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the reading is actually given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the reading is actually given
+just this B scales roughly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this B scales roughly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this B scales roughly with the
+atomic with I'm sorry with yeah with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic with I'm sorry with yeah with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic with I'm sorry with yeah with the
+proton number of the material so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number of the material so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton number of the material so you can
+see that in here in the stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in here in the stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in here in the stopping power
+is actually directly the cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually directly the cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually directly the cross section
+so the components of a stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the components of a stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the components of a stopping power
+there's going to be some probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some probability of
+interaction and there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and there's going to be some
+energy transfer part this is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer part this is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer part this is a kind of
+interesting result to show this is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result to show this is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting result to show this is why I
+wanted to just write the bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just write the bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just write the bremsstrahlung
+stopping power because in here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power because in here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power because in here actually
+is the croc session time some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the croc session time some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the croc session time some other
+stuff pretty neat result and so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff pretty neat result and so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff pretty neat result and so now I
+want to show you how our cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how our cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you how our cross section
+is actually contained in the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually contained in the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually contained in the ionization
+stopping power so let's bring this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power so let's bring this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power so let's bring this back
+down for a second you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a second you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a second you can think of the
+likelihood that the ion comes off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that the ion comes off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that the ion comes off with
+any particular energy to be directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular energy to be directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular energy to be directly
+related to this impact parameter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this impact parameter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this impact parameter because
+as we saw the final expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw the final expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw the final expression for
+stopping power is directly related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is directly related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is directly related to
+this parameter B we ended up integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter B we ended up integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter B we ended up integrating
+over all possible B to get the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible B to get the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible B to get the total
+stopping power in the material but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power in the material but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power in the material but if we
+didn't do that integral if we stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that integral if we stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that integral if we stopped
+let's say at this stage in the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at this stage in the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at this stage in the game and
+we said all right we'll the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said all right we'll the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said all right we'll the stopping
+power at some fixed B actually depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at some fixed B actually depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at some fixed B actually depends
+on the probability that that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the probability that that particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the probability that that particle
+enters into this cross sectional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into this cross sectional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into this cross sectional area
+right here this 2 pi B DB that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this 2 pi B DB that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this 2 pi B DB that right
+there is the cross section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the cross section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the cross section for
+scattering as a function of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering as a function of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering as a function of the incoming
+energy and the outgoing energy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the outgoing energy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the outgoing energy this is
+one of the coolest parts I think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coolest parts I think is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coolest parts I think is that
+there's an actual area right here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual area right here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual area right here it's
+the area of a hollow circle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a hollow circle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a hollow circle is the
+actual cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cross
+action for scattering with a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for scattering with a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action for scattering with a given
+ingoing and outgoing outcoming energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingoing and outgoing outcoming energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingoing and outgoing outcoming energy
+and then the rest of this stuff if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of this stuff if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of this stuff if you
+pull all this together if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull all this together if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull all this together if you take a
+microscopic cross-section times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross-section times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic cross-section times the
+number of particles that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles that are there
+because this is your atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is your atomic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is your atomic number
+density and these two together are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and these two together are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and these two together are your
+electron number density like we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron number density like we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron number density like we talked
+about before with reaction rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before with reaction rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before with reaction rates and
+cross-sections this thing right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections this thing right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections this thing right here is
+your macroscopic cross-section for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your macroscopic cross-section for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your macroscopic cross-section for an
+incoming and an outgoing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and an outgoing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and an outgoing energy
+contained directly in the stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained directly in the stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained directly in the stopping power
+formula because then we integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because then we integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because then we integrated over
+all possible cross-sections which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible cross-sections which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible cross-sections which means
+all possible outgoing energies for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outgoing energies for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outgoing energies for a
+given incoming energy and so the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given incoming energy and so the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given incoming energy and so the last
+bit the way to link these two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the way to link these two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the way to link these two together
+which is why I left a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I left a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I left a little bit of
+space right here we know right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right here we know right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right here we know right now
+because I wrote it up there that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wrote it up there that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wrote it up there that the
+scattering cross-section is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross-section is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering cross-section is a function
+of the ingoing and outgoing energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ingoing and outgoing energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ingoing and outgoing energy per
+unit energy is just the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy is just the area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit energy is just the area of that
+hollow circle so let's divide everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circle so let's divide everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circle so let's divide everything
+by DT we end up with the total formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT we end up with the total formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DT we end up with the total formula
+for cross for the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cross for the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cross for the scattering
+cross-section we don't know what this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section we don't know what this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section we don't know what this B
+DB DT is like what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB DT is like what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB DT is like what's the what's the
+differential probability between impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential probability between impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential probability between impact
+parameter and outgoing energy we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and outgoing energy we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and outgoing energy we don't
+quite know but we can express this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know but we can express this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite know but we can express this as a
+change of variables that we do know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables that we do know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables that we do know we
+do know if you we have a certain impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know if you we have a certain impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know if you we have a certain impact
+parameter we know what the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we know what the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we know what the scattering
+angle is going to be there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is going to be there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is going to be there's a
+well-known relation for that and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known relation for that and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known relation for that and there's
+a derivation in the book and in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation in the book and in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivation in the book and in another
+book that I want to point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I want to point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that I want to point out to you
+guys by Gary wasp called fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys by Gary wasp called fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys by Gary wasp called fundamentals of
+radiation material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on page 32 if anyone wants to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 32 if anyone wants to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 32 if anyone wants to see the
+derivation from which this result was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation from which this result was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation from which this result was
+came this came from you can head right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came this came from you can head right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came this came from you can head right
+there and it's free on MIT libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's free on MIT libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's free on MIT libraries
+meanwhile we do know a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile we do know a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile we do know a relation between
+this impact parameter and the angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impact parameter and the angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impact parameter and the angle and
+we do know a relation between this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know a relation between this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know a relation between this angle
+and the outgoing energy and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outgoing energy and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outgoing energy and this is
+where some of the hard sphere collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of the hard sphere collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of the hard sphere collision
+stuff comes in what's the maximum amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in what's the maximum amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff comes in what's the maximum amount
+of energy that a particle can impart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that a particle can impart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that a particle can impart to
+another particle in some sort of a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another particle in some sort of a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another particle in some sort of a hard
+sphere like collision let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere like collision let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere like collision let's take the
+easy example if the two particles have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy example if the two particles have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy example if the two particles have
+equal mass how much energy can one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal mass how much energy can one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal mass how much energy can one
+particle in part to another all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in part to another all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in part to another all of it
+right can impart a maximum of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can impart a maximum of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can impart a maximum of let's say
+this incoming energy E I as those mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incoming energy E I as those mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incoming energy E I as those mass
+ratios change you can impart a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios change you can impart a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios change you can impart a maximum
+let's say your maximum becomes what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your maximum becomes what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your maximum becomes what's
+called gamma e I where this gamma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gamma e I where this gamma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gamma e I where this gamma right
+here is four times those two masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is four times those two masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is four times those two masses
+multiplied over the sum squared the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied over the sum squared the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied over the sum squared the full
+expression I'm going to use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm going to use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I'm going to use a different
+color because I'm running out of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color because I'm running out of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color because I'm running out of space
+here the full expression for T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the full expression for T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the full expression for T is
+actually gamma e I over 2 times 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gamma e I over 2 times 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gamma e I over 2 times 1 minus
+cosine theta the two intuitive limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta the two intuitive limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta the two intuitive limits
+from this is if theta equals PI then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is if theta equals PI then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is if theta equals PI then
+this here equals 2 and T is our T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here equals 2 and T is our T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here equals 2 and T is our T
+maximum just gamma times e aí if theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum just gamma times e aí if theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum just gamma times e aí if theta
+equals zero that whole thing equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that whole thing equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that whole thing equals zero
+and in our case of forward scattering no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case of forward scattering no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case of forward scattering no
+interaction occurs and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction occurs and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction occurs and the energy
+imparted is zero but the important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted is zero but the important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted is zero but the important part
+here is we have a direct relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have a direct relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have a direct relation
+between T and theta and the angle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T and theta and the angle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T and theta and the angle which
+we can put in here and we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put in here and we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put in here and we actually have
+a direct relation between B and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct relation between B and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct relation between B and theta
+which I wrote down so I wouldn't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we actually have our impact parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have our impact parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have our impact parameter
+is classical radius of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classical radius of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classical radius of the electron
+times cosine of angle over two you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine of angle over two you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cosine of angle over two you don't
+have to know where these came from but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know where these came from but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know where these came from but
+the point is we have a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we have a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is we have a relation between
+B and the angle we have a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the angle we have a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the angle we have a relation
+between angle and energy so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angle and energy so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between angle and energy so we can just
+do a change of variables to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a change of variables to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a change of variables to get our
+final cross-section and it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final cross-section and it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final cross-section and it ends up being
+think pi times radius of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think pi times radius of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think pi times radius of the electrons
+squared over gamma e I so in this way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over gamma e I so in this way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over gamma e I so in this way we
+can go from known relations between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from known relations between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from known relations between each
+of the variables and an actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables and an actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables and an actual physical
+cross-section that has units of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that has units of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section that has units of real
+area down to an energy dependent form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area down to an energy dependent form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area down to an energy dependent form
+for this cross-section which i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this cross-section which i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this cross-section which i think is
+pretty cool and then this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and then this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and then this is the one
+that you would see tabulated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would see tabulated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would see tabulated in the
+janice tables like the energy dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janice tables like the energy dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janice tables like the energy dependent
+cross section for the s reaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section for the s reaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section for the s reaction or
+scattering so this is one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so this is one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so this is one of my favorite
+parts of this course because you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this course because you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this course because you can see
+how cross-sections really do follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cross-sections really do follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cross-sections really do follow
+directly from areas so now for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from areas so now for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from areas so now for the other
+part now that we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now that we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now that we've got this
+bremsstrahlung stopping power and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung stopping power and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung stopping power and we've
+got our ionization stopping power it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our ionization stopping power it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our ionization stopping power it's
+useful to find out which one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to find out which one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to find out which one is more
+important when to do that we just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when to do that we just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when to do that we just look
+at their ratios so if we look at the DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their ratios so if we look at the DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their ratios so if we look at the DT
+DX from ionizations over the DT DX from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX from ionizations over the DT DX from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX from ionizations over the DT DX from
+radiative energy transfer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative energy transfer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative energy transfer or
+bremsstrahlung I want to make sure I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung I want to make sure I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung I want to make sure I get
+this one right it's proportional to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right it's proportional to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right it's proportional to Z
+times mass of the electron over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mass of the electron over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mass of the electron over m
+squared times T over 14-hundred rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times T over 14-hundred rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times T over 14-hundred rest
+mass of the electron so what this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so what this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron so what this tells
+you here is that I'm sorry I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here is that I'm sorry I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here is that I'm sorry I think I
+have those backwards because radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those backwards because radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those backwards because radiative
+should get more important at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get more important at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get more important at higher
+energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this tells you is for hires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells you is for hires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this tells you is for hires
+e-materials bremsstrahlung becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-materials bremsstrahlung becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-materials bremsstrahlung becomes more
+dominant and for higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and for higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and for higher energies
+bremsstrahlung becomes more dominant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung becomes more dominant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung becomes more dominant so
+if we want to generalize our stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to generalize our stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to generalize our stopping
+power curve from just ionization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power curve from just ionization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power curve from just ionization to
+everything that's why I know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's why I know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's why I know I had
+another color no I ran out of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color no I ran out of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color no I ran out of colors
+I need a fourth one there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a fourth one there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a fourth one there's gonna be
+some bremsstrahlung component that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bremsstrahlung component that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bremsstrahlung component that
+starts to get more and more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get more and more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get more and more important
+with increasing energy and so then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with increasing energy and so then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with increasing energy and so then if
+you extend this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend this curve
+you're gonna radiate more and more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna radiate more and more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna radiate more and more and
+more power the higher energy you go not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power the higher energy you go not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power the higher energy you go not
+from this component or that component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this component or that component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this component or that component of
+ionization but from radiation or Bream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization but from radiation or Bream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization but from radiation or Bream
+strollin so this has some pretty serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strollin so this has some pretty serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strollin so this has some pretty serious
+implications to answer questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications to answer questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications to answer questions like
+how do you shield beta rays anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you shield beta rays anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you shield beta rays anyone have
+any idea based on this formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea based on this formula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea based on this formula right
+here what would you use to shield beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what would you use to shield beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what would you use to shield beta
+particles and not radiate the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and not radiate the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and not radiate the person
+standing behind the shield well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing behind the shield well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing behind the shield well let's
+ask the question everyone knows what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question everyone knows what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question everyone knows what are
+you used to shield photons really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to shield photons really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to shield photons really well
+LED tungsten something with high Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED tungsten something with high Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED tungsten something with high Z
+because as we saw from before I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we saw from before I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we saw from before I'm gonna
+steal a little bit of the radiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal a little bit of the radiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal a little bit of the radiate the
+Rutherford stuff if you graph the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford stuff if you graph the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford stuff if you graph the energy
+versus the mass attenuation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the mass attenuation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the mass attenuation coefficient
+you get a curve that looks like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a curve that looks like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a curve that looks like this but
+everything increases with increasing Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything increases with increasing Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything increases with increasing Z
+you get more mass attenuation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more mass attenuation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more mass attenuation with
+increasing Z and also denser materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Z and also denser materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Z and also denser materials
+tend to be higher Z is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be higher Z is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be higher Z is that what you
+want to do for beta particles you say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do for beta particles you say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do for beta particles you say so
+Monica you say no how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right well you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right well you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right well you don't necessarily
+want something with a low cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with a low cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with a low cross-section
+or else it might not shield it all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else it might not shield it all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else it might not shield it all but
+you are on the right track you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the right track you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the right track you can
+actually look at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the difference between
+these stopping powers and cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stopping powers and cross-sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stopping powers and cross-sections
+are embedded in there so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in there so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in there so I think that
+answer is pretty much correct but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is pretty much correct but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is pretty much correct but also
+you're going to get more bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more bremsstrahlung
+or more breaking radiation in higher Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more breaking radiation in higher Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more breaking radiation in higher Z
+materials so if we actually look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so if we actually look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so if we actually look at at
+what thresholds does this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what thresholds does this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what thresholds does this become
+important in lead this ratio is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in lead this ratio is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in lead this ratio is about
+one at around 10 MeV which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at around 10 MeV which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at around 10 MeV which means that
+you lose an equal amount of energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose an equal amount of energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose an equal amount of energy to
+bremsstrahlung as ionization at 10 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung as ionization at 10 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung as ionization at 10 MeV
+for electrons in water this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons in water this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons in water this ratio is
+about one at a hundred MeV so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one at a hundred MeV so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one at a hundred MeV so what this
+says is if you want to shield electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if you want to shield electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if you want to shield electrons
+or beta particles safely you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta particles safely you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta particles safely you actually
+have to use lower Z materials because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use lower Z materials because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use lower Z materials because
+they won't make much bremsstrahlung but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't make much bremsstrahlung but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't make much bremsstrahlung but
+because like Monica said then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like Monica said then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like Monica said then the
+cross-section is lower you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is lower you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section is lower you actually have
+to use more so you don't have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use more so you don't have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use more so you don't have a choice
+you can't just use less high Z material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just use less high Z material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just use less high Z material
+because while you will stop more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while you will stop more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while you will stop more of the
+electrons they will create more x rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they will create more x rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they will create more x rays
+in the process and those x rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process and those x rays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process and those x rays are
+highly penetrating as we know from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly penetrating as we know from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly penetrating as we know from these
+mass attenuation curves once you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation curves once you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass attenuation curves once you get to
+high energy this is all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy this is all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy this is all these are
+logarithmic scale so let me correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale so let me correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale so let me correct
+those and say these are log of e and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and say these are log of e and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and say these are log of e and log
+of mu over p it gets millions of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu over p it gets millions of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu over p it gets millions of times
+less effective at shielding high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at shielding high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less effective at shielding high energy
+photons so that's one of those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so that's one of those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so that's one of those really
+important things to note is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to note is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to note is if you're
+designing shielding for something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing shielding for something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing shielding for something and
+there are electrons involved that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are electrons involved that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are electrons involved that are
+even around 1 MeV or so you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even around 1 MeV or so you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even around 1 MeV or so you can't just
+use high Z materials to shield them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use high Z materials to shield them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use high Z materials to shield them or
+you will create more problems than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will create more problems than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will create more problems than you
+solve that's a pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that's a pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that's a pretty important
+implication it's quite important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication it's quite important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication it's quite important for
+what's called beta voltaic devices it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called beta voltaic devices it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called beta voltaic devices it's
+kind of a sidetrack so I'm gonna stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sidetrack so I'm gonna stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sidetrack so I'm gonna stick
+it on a board that'll be hidden soon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a board that'll be hidden soon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a board that'll be hidden soon so
+anyone heard of a beta voltaic device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a beta battery all it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a beta battery all it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a beta battery all it is is
+let's say some pieces of silicon some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some pieces of silicon some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some pieces of silicon some
+circuit that grabs the power and a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that grabs the power and a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that grabs the power and a beta
+emitter and these beta particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter and these beta particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter and these beta particles
+directly hit the silicon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly hit the silicon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly hit the silicon and the
+movement of those betas constitutes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of those betas constitutes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of those betas constitutes a
+charge and it's direct Korea it's direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it's direct Korea it's direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and it's direct Korea it's direct
+conversion of radiation to electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of radiation to electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of radiation to electrical
+energy they're not very high power but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they're not very high power but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they're not very high power but
+they last for a very long time how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they last for a very long time how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they last for a very long time how long
+around a few half-lives of that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a few half-lives of that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a few half-lives of that beta
+decay so for most of these beta emitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so for most of these beta emitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so for most of these beta emitters
+that have half-lives in the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have half-lives in the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have half-lives in the realm of
+like 10 to a thousand years you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 to a thousand years you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 to a thousand years you can make
+a microwatt battery that could last for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microwatt battery that could last for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a microwatt battery that could last for
+millennia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia
+this could be pretty useful let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be pretty useful let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be pretty useful let's say if
+you wanted to have some secret sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to have some secret sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to have some secret sensors
+in a naughty country like North Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a naughty country like North Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a naughty country like North Korea
+you could drop these tiny little beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could drop these tiny little beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could drop these tiny little beta
+particles that would just bethe voltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that would just bethe voltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that would just bethe voltaic
+s--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s--
+that would just trickle charge a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just trickle charge a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just trickle charge a battery
+make a measurement of I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement of I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement of I don't know
+radiation level or weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation level or weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation level or weight of the
+dictator or whatever you happen to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator or whatever you happen to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator or whatever you happen to want
+to measure and send that off once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure and send that off once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure and send that off once a
+month or once a year with no need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or once a year with no need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or once a year with no need for
+external monitoring or let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external monitoring or let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external monitoring or let's say you're
+designing a comet a mission to land on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a comet a mission to land on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a comet a mission to land on a
+comet like the Rosetta feel a lander and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comet like the Rosetta feel a lander and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comet like the Rosetta feel a lander and
+your radio thermal isotope generator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radio thermal isotope generator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radio thermal isotope generator is
+going to burn out and let's say 10 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to burn out and let's say 10 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to burn out and let's say 10 or 20
+years you might not need that much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you might not need that much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you might not need that much power
+just to measure temperature or light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to measure temperature or light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to measure temperature or light
+levels or something else or a gas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or something else or a gas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or something else or a gas that
+you might want to know what's there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to know what's there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to know what's there but
+you have to choose your beta isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to choose your beta isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to choose your beta isotope
+wisely if you want to make these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely if you want to make these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisely if you want to make these things
+in a little chip and they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little chip and they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little chip and they actually have
+been commercialized in a chip that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been commercialized in a chip that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been commercialized in a chip that's
+about that actual size using about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that actual size using about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that actual size using about two
+Curie's of tritium anyone have any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's of tritium anyone have any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's of tritium anyone have any idea
+why one would choose tritium yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why one would choose tritium yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why one would choose tritium yep
+it's got us yep it's got a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got us yep it's got a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got us yep it's got a short
+half-life so you can get a lot of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life so you can get a lot of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life so you can get a lot of power
+out of it that's that's one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that's that's one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that's that's one of the two
+correct reasons and what is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct reasons and what is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct reasons and what is the other
+one that lets see who's memorized their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that lets see who's memorized their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that lets see who's memorized their
+Kyrie table of nuclides what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyrie table of nuclides what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyrie table of nuclides what do you
+think it's beta decay energy would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's beta decay energy would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's beta decay energy would have
+to be for this not to blast anyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for this not to blast anyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for this not to blast anyone in
+the vicinity very low why do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity very low why do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity very low why do you say
+that that's true their range is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true their range is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's true their range is much
+smaller but the range of all betas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but the range of all betas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but the range of all betas is
+pretty low in materials but the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low in materials but the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low in materials but the answer
+lies right here less bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies right here less bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies right here less bremsstrahlung
+lower energy betas give most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy betas give most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy betas give most of their
+energy off in ionization rather than by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy off in ionization rather than by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy off in ionization rather than by
+radiating bremsstrahlung so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating bremsstrahlung so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiating bremsstrahlung so you can have
+a device with two Curie's of tritium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device with two Curie's of tritium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device with two Curie's of tritium
+which if that's released to the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if that's released to the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if that's released to the outside
+world that's bad news that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's bad news that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's bad news that's something
+that you might have to report but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have to report but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have to report but as
+long as it stays contained in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it stays contained in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it stays contained in this
+device it does not have enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it does not have enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it does not have enough energy to
+produce many x-rays from bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce many x-rays from bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce many x-rays from bremsstrahlung
+and therefore it does not require an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it does not require an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it does not require an
+enormous amount of shielding so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of shielding so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of shielding so you
+can't just pick a one MeV beta emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just pick a one MeV beta emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just pick a one MeV beta emitter
+which you might get a lot of power out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might get a lot of power out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might get a lot of power out
+of because it's also going to be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because it's also going to be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because it's also going to be a big
+crazy x-ray source that you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy x-ray source that you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy x-ray source that you wouldn't
+want in a cellphone or a sensor or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in a cellphone or a sensor or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in a cellphone or a sensor or some
+other device you might put in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other device you might put in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other device you might put in your
+pocket or even like 20 feet from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or even like 20 feet from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket or even like 20 feet from you
+cool so that's the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's the idea behind
+bremsstrahlung there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung there's a little bit more
+I want to tell you about it and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about it and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about it and I'll
+save that for the side track board we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save that for the side track board we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save that for the side track board we
+use bremsstrahlung in a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bremsstrahlung in a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bremsstrahlung in a lot of really
+interesting applications including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting applications including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting applications including
+cyclotron one of which we just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclotron one of which we just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclotron one of which we just took
+delivery of here at MIT or a synchrotron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll just briefly explain how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just briefly explain how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just briefly explain how these
+work in a cyclotron you've got two djp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a cyclotron you've got two djp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a cyclotron you've got two djp
+magnets they actually call them DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets they actually call them DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets they actually call them DS
+because we're so creative in naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're so creative in naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're so creative in naming
+these things you inject some source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you inject some source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you inject some source of
+charged particles and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles and there's some
+electric field lines across these 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field lines across these 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field lines across these 2d
+magnets and what this says is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets and what this says is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets and what this says is that in
+between the magnets the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the magnets the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the magnets the particle
+accelerates and inside each magnet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates and inside each magnet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates and inside each magnet the
+path curves and accelerates some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path curves and accelerates some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path curves and accelerates some more
+and it's moving even faster so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving even faster so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving even faster so it takes
+longer to curve then it moves even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to curve then it moves even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to curve then it moves even
+faster and it takes longer to curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and it takes longer to curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and it takes longer to curve and
+so on and so on until it finally shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so on until it finally shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so on until it finally shoots
+out the side and so this is one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the side and so this is one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the side and so this is one way that
+you can have an extremely compact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an extremely compact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have an extremely compact and
+I'm talking like garbage cans sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking like garbage cans sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking like garbage cans sized
+accelerator that brings things up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator that brings things up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator that brings things up to
+about 13 MeV that's the one that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13 MeV that's the one that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 13 MeV that's the one that we've
+got in the basement of Northwest 13 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the basement of Northwest 13 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the basement of Northwest 13 the
+problem is every time these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is every time these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is every time these particles
+Bend they send off photons what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend they send off photons what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend they send off photons what's known
+as cyclotron radiation and the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclotron radiation and the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cyclotron radiation and the more the
+higher energy that is the more intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy that is the more intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy that is the more intense
+that cyclotron radiation gets so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyclotron radiation gets so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyclotron radiation gets so you've
+got this garbage can sized device with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this garbage can sized device with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this garbage can sized device with a
+little hole right here and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole right here and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hole right here and it's just
+blasting out photons in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting out photons in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasting out photons in all directions
+in this one plane let's just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one plane let's just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one plane let's just call it the
+plane of death what you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of death what you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of death what you don't want to be
+in which is why this thing is behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is why this thing is behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is why this thing is behind
+four feet of concrete shielding and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four feet of concrete shielding and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four feet of concrete shielding and in
+the middle of a room to help you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a room to help you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a room to help you know
+that one over R squared keeps your dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one over R squared keeps your dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one over R squared keeps your dose
+down but we actually use this plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but we actually use this plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but we actually use this plane of
+death in a synchrotron what it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death in a synchrotron what it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death in a synchrotron what it is is
+it's a circular accelerator it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circular accelerator it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a circular accelerator it's not
+quite circular so let me correct my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite circular so let me correct my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite circular so let me correct my
+drawing a little bit there are straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a little bit there are straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a little bit there are straight
+segments and there are slightly curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and there are slightly curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and there are slightly curved
+segments but it pretty much looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments but it pretty much looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments but it pretty much looks like a
+circle if you look at it from high up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle if you look at it from high up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle if you look at it from high up
+enough in each of these curved segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in each of these curved segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in each of these curved segments
+there is a bending magnet it's my best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bending magnet it's my best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bending magnet it's my best
+drawing for a magnet and what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing for a magnet and what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing for a magnet and what this does
+is it continuously changes the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it continuously changes the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it continuously changes the path of
+these charged particles going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charged particles going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these charged particles going through
+usually electrons and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually electrons and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually electrons and you end up with
+intense beams we use a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense beams we use a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense beams we use a different color
+you end up with intense beams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with intense beams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with intense beams
+perpendicular to the original path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the original path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the original path
+before it went in that bending magnet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it went in that bending magnet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it went in that bending magnet of
+synchrotron radiation so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron radiation so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron radiation so it's kind of
+like a Giga electron volts spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Giga electron volts spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Giga electron volts spinning
+ninja star of death except at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninja star of death except at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninja star of death except at the end of
+every one of these stations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these stations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these stations you have
+what's called a beam line because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a beam line because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a beam line because
+there's 60 or 80 odd of these beam lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 60 or 80 odd of these beam lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 60 or 80 odd of these beam lines
+coming off with let's say 80 kV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off with let's say 80 kV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off with let's say 80 kV and
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+brem stellar x-rays you can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brem stellar x-rays you can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brem stellar x-rays you can use those
+for a whole lot of different analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole lot of different analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a whole lot of different analysis
+techniques you can simply irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you can simply irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you can simply irradiated
+end those x-rays through a monochromator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end those x-rays through a monochromator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end those x-rays through a monochromator
+to select only one wavelength and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select only one wavelength and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select only one wavelength and then
+use that wavelength to probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that wavelength to probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that wavelength to probe the
+structure of matter down to the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of matter down to the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of matter down to the atomic
+level there's actually one of these just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's actually one of these just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's actually one of these just
+down in Long Island about a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Long Island about a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in Long Island about a two and a
+half hour drive from here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hour drive from here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half hour drive from here there's
+Brookhaven National Lab and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookhaven National Lab and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookhaven National Lab and they just
+opened up the National synchrotron light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up the National synchrotron light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up the National synchrotron light
+source or NSLs version to where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source or NSLs version to where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source or NSLs version to where they can
+actually measure distances with sub nan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure distances with sub nan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure distances with sub nan
+at single nanometre precision so inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at single nanometre precision so inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at single nanometre precision so inside
+this beam line is a bigger room which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam line is a bigger room which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam line is a bigger room which is
+encased in another room which is encased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased in another room which is encased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased in another room which is encased
+in another room and the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another room and the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another room and the whole point of
+that is for vibration and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for vibration and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for vibration and temperature
+isolation so they maintain this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so they maintain this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so they maintain this entire
+room to within a spec of 0.1 Celsius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to within a spec of 0.1 Celsius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to within a spec of 0.1 Celsius and
+it's like the least vibrating place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the least vibrating place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the least vibrating place
+probably in the u.s. I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the u.s. I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in the u.s. I don't know about
+on the planet but it's got basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet but it's got basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet but it's got basically no
+vibration so the atoms are effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so the atoms are effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration so the atoms are effectively
+standing still except for their normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still except for their normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still except for their normal
+vibrations in the material but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations in the material but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations in the material but there's
+no source of external vibration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no source of external vibration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no source of external vibration and the
+cooling has to come in through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling has to come in through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling has to come in through these
+convoluted channels so as not to blow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted channels so as not to blow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted channels so as not to blow on
+the sample so it's not to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample so it's not to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample so it's not to make any
+convection currents or temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection currents or temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection currents or temperature
+changes and they can actually probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and they can actually probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and they can actually probe the
+structure of matter with single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of matter with single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of matter with single
+nanometre precision using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometre precision using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometre precision using these
+synchrotron x-rays all produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron x-rays all produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotron x-rays all produced by
+bremsstrahlung so it's not all bad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung so it's not all bad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung so it's not all bad you
+can use bremsstrahlung for good then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use bremsstrahlung for good then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use bremsstrahlung for good then
+there's a little bit I have to hijack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit I have to hijack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit I have to hijack a
+little more area from Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more area from Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more area from Rutherford
+scattering you might think about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you might think about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you might think about well
+what is the actual spectrum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual spectrum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the actual spectrum of this
+bremsstrahlung well you can look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung well you can look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung well you can look to see
+what's the probability that an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that an atom
+enters into any of these concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into any of these concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into any of these concentric
+hollow circles it looks to be less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles it looks to be less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollow circles it looks to be less and
+less likely that you're going to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely that you're going to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely that you're going to enter
+through one of the center rings more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of the center rings more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of the center rings more and
+more likely that you're going to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that you're going to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that you're going to enter
+through one of the outer rings if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of the outer rings if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of the outer rings if you
+start farther away there's less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start farther away there's less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start farther away there's less of a
+pull to change the path of that ion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull to change the path of that ion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull to change the path of that ion or
+electron and the bremsstrahlung is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the bremsstrahlung is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the bremsstrahlung is going
+to be lower in energy this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower in energy this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lower in energy this is actually
+described by what's called Kramer's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says that the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that the intensity of the
+bremsstrahlung is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung is a function of
+wavelength scales with some constant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength scales with some constant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength scales with some constant K
+and that constants scales with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constants scales with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constants scales with
+surprise-surprise the atomic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise-surprise the atomic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise-surprise the atomic number of
+the material times some lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material times some lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material times some lambda over
+lambda minimum minus 1 times 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minimum minus 1 times 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minimum minus 1 times 1 over
+lambda squared and what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared and what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared and what this says is
+that there's some minimum lambda or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some minimum lambda or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some minimum lambda or some
+maximum energy that you can impart to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum energy that you can impart to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum energy that you can impart to
+this bremsstrahlung which again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bremsstrahlung which again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bremsstrahlung which again you can
+only take some energy before you take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take some energy before you take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take some energy before you take it
+all and there's going to be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and there's going to be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and there's going to be some sort of
+a fixed minimum lambda if we draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed minimum lambda if we draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed minimum lambda if we draw this
+intensity and I graph this on desmos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and I graph this on desmos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and I graph this on desmos
+just before coming here so I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before coming here so I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before coming here so I know it
+looks something like this where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this where that
+right there is lambda minimum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is lambda minimum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is lambda minimum it's
+taking more area if you then change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking more area if you then change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking more area if you then change
+variables from lambda to the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from lambda to the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables from lambda to the angular
+frequency where if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency where if you remember the
+energy of the photon is just h-bar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is just h-bar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon is just h-bar times
+that frequency so it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency so it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency so it's kind of like
+converting into energy with just a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting into energy with just a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting into energy with just a tiny
+little constant in front and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little constant in front and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little constant in front and I mean
+really really tiny little constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tiny little constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really tiny little constant you
+end up with an energy relation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an energy relation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an energy relation that
+looks like some maximum angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some maximum angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some maximum angular
+frequency or some maximum energy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or some maximum energy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or some maximum energy this is
+kind of simple linear ish look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of simple linear ish look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of simple linear ish look in
+relation this one over energy relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation this one over energy relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation this one over energy relation
+minus 1 so if we graph energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so if we graph energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so if we graph energy
+is the intensity of the bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intensity of the bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intensity of the bremsstrahlung
+you end up with a curve something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a curve something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a curve something like
+this where your max energy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where your max energy is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where your max energy is the same
+as your incoming particle energy now who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your incoming particle energy now who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your incoming particle energy now who
+here has done any sort of x-ray or SEM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has done any sort of x-ray or SEM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has done any sort of x-ray or SEM
+analysis before you have so can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis before you have so can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis before you have so can you tell
+me is this the bremsstrahlung spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is this the bremsstrahlung spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is this the bremsstrahlung spectrum
+that you tend to see okay have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to see okay have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tend to see okay have you ever
+gotten a regular old x-ray spectrum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a regular old x-ray spectrum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a regular old x-ray spectrum to
+see what elements are there can you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what elements are there can you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what elements are there can you draw
+what one looks like I'm gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one looks like I'm gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one looks like I'm gonna try
+they're all the same so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all the same so if you remember
+any particular one you're correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep there's some Peaks and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep there's some Peaks and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep there's some Peaks and then what
+does this background stuff look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's some noise and junk on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some noise and junk on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's some noise and junk on the
+back of it right so I'm that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of it right so I'm that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of it right so I'm that this is
+actually correct thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correct thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually correct thank you
+and what you actually see here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you actually see here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you actually see here is a
+bunch of characteristic Peaks these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of characteristic Peaks these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of characteristic Peaks these will
+maybe be like the L lines and the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe be like the L lines and the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe be like the L lines and the K
+lines for one element or the other these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for one element or the other these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for one element or the other these
+characteristic x-ray Peaks on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-ray Peaks on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-ray Peaks on top of the
+bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung
+the breaking radiation which constitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking radiation which constitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking radiation which constitutes
+the background here and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background here and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background here and what you
+actually see I'm just gonna draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see I'm just gonna draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see I'm just gonna draw the
+background curve under julia's curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background curve under julia's curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background curve under julia's curve
+here look something like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look something like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look something like this what
+happened to the real spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the real spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the real spectrum
+why don't we observe what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we observe what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we observe what actually
+exists there are a couple of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists there are a couple of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists there are a couple of reasons
+does anybody have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why let's take this to the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why let's take this to the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why let's take this to the extreme
+why don't you think you would observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you think you would observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you think you would observe
+physically and this is when we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and this is when we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically and this is when we actually
+get into the real world any x-rays with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the real world any x-rays with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the real world any x-rays with
+energy in the let's say the evey range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you were to try and observe any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to try and observe any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to try and observe any
+x-rays at all this is where we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays at all this is where we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays at all this is where we actually
+get into what do these detectors look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into what do these detectors look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into what do these detectors look
+like so there'll be some active piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there'll be some active piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there'll be some active piece of
+your material if this is your detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material if this is your detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material if this is your detector
+this is most definitely not Rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is most definitely not Rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is most definitely not Rutherford
+scattering anymore and there's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering anymore and there's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering anymore and there's got to be
+some window we can make it as thin as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some window we can make it as thin as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some window we can make it as thin as we
+possibly can and they make it out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can and they make it out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can and they make it out of the
+most x-ray transparent structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most x-ray transparent structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most x-ray transparent structural
+material that they can which tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they can which tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that they can which tends to be
+beryllium so beryllium it's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium so beryllium it's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium so beryllium it's got an
+atomic number four it's the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number four it's the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic number four it's the first and
+lightest element that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest element that you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest element that you can make
+structural anything's out of so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural anything's out of so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural anything's out of so if you
+want to protect your detector from let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to protect your detector from let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to protect your detector from let's
+say air or something that if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say air or something that if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say air or something that if this were
+full of air it would absorb the x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of air it would absorb the x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of air it would absorb the x-rays
+so you want there to be pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want there to be pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want there to be pretty much
+nothing you can put a very thin like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can put a very thin like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can put a very thin like
+seven micron beryllium window in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven micron beryllium window in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven micron beryllium window in front
+but the problem is we've already got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is we've already got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is we've already got one
+of these mass attenuation curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these mass attenuation curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these mass attenuation curves and
+when you get down to these energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to these energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get down to these energy levels
+you attenuate everything so the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attenuate everything so the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attenuate everything so the lower
+energy your bremsstrahlung is the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy your bremsstrahlung is the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy your bremsstrahlung is the less
+likely you're going to see it so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you're going to see it so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you're going to see it so even
+though this is the actual bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the actual bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this is the actual bremsstrahlung
+spectrum right this is what we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right this is what we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right this is what we observe
+and I haven't finished grading the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't finished grading the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't finished grading the test
+yet but like I promised for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but like I promised for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but like I promised for the two
+folks who do the best I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who do the best I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who do the best I'm going to ask
+you to bring something in for elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bring something in for elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bring something in for elemental
+analysis this is precisely what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this is precisely what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis this is precisely what we're
+going to see you're going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see you're going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see you're going to see this
+bremsstrahlung which is not the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung which is not the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung which is not the actual
+spectrum coming out but this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum coming out but this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum coming out but this has to do
+with the absorption of x-rays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the absorption of x-rays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the absorption of x-rays in the
+detector window as well as some self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector window as well as some self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector window as well as some self
+shielding if we're using a scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding if we're using a scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding if we're using a scanning
+electron microscope which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscope which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron microscope which is
+nothing more than an electron gun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than an electron gun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than an electron gun and
+you're firing electrons to some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're firing electrons to some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're firing electrons to some distance
+in the material where they'll then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material where they'll then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material where they'll then
+interact and send off x-rays you've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and send off x-rays you've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and send off x-rays you've also
+got this part of the material to contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this part of the material to contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this part of the material to contend
+with some shell self shielding so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some shell self shielding so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some shell self shielding so not
+only did the x-rays all have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did the x-rays all have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did the x-rays all have to get
+through the detector window to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the detector window to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the detector window to be
+counted so the high-energy ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted so the high-energy ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted so the high-energy ones which
+we'll have with small wavelength get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have with small wavelength get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have with small wavelength get
+through but the low energy or long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but the low energy or long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but the low energy or long
+wavelength ones might get stopped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength ones might get stopped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength ones might get stopped you
+also have to get out of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to get out of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to get out of the material
+itself the electrons don't just produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the electrons don't just produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the electrons don't just produce
+x-rays in the outer atoms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays in the outer atoms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays in the outer atoms of the
+material they go down a micron or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they go down a micron or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they go down a micron or two
+and then the x-rays that are produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the x-rays that are produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the x-rays that are produced in
+those interactions have to get back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interactions have to get back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interactions have to get back out
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so it's interesting it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting it's kind of like
+the inverse photoelectric effect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse photoelectric effect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse photoelectric effect right
+and the photoelectric effect photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photoelectric effect photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photoelectric effect photon
+comes in electrons come out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in electrons come out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in electrons come out in a
+scanning electron microscope electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope electrons
+come in photons come out many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in photons come out many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in photons come out many of them
+are these characteristic x-rays because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these characteristic x-rays because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these characteristic x-rays because
+now if you start to review what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you start to review what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you start to review what sort of
+interactions are possible when we fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are possible when we fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are possible when we fire
+electrons into material we've just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into material we've just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into material we've just gone
+over bremsstrahlung and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over bremsstrahlung and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over bremsstrahlung and we know that
+with higher and higher energy electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher and higher energy electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher and higher energy electrons
+you're gonna get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get more and more
+bremsstrahlung but you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung but you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bremsstrahlung but you're not going to
+see the actual x-rays produced at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual x-rays produced at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the actual x-rays produced at low
+energies no matter what because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies no matter what because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies no matter what because this
+isn't just a system on paper it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a system on paper it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a system on paper it's real
+life and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and you're going to get
+characteristic x-rays that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic x-rays that come from
+energy transitions so if you fire in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transitions so if you fire in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transitions so if you fire in an
+electron and you happen to undergo one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you happen to undergo one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you happen to undergo one
+of these ionization collisions you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ionization collisions you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ionization collisions you might
+just knock an electron out so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knock an electron out so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just knock an electron out so let's say
+an electron comes in knocks an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron comes in knocks an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron comes in knocks an electron
+out then another electron fills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then another electron fills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then another electron fills that
+shell giving off in this case it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell giving off in this case it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell giving off in this case it would
+be a K alpha or a shell 2 - a shell 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a K alpha or a shell 2 - a shell 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a K alpha or a shell 2 - a shell 1
+x-ray the way I've drawn it which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray the way I've drawn it which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray the way I've drawn it which is why
+Julia's got everything right on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia's got everything right on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia's got everything right on this
+spectrum here there's the bremsstrahlung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here there's the bremsstrahlung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here there's the bremsstrahlung
+and then there's these characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these characteristic
+Peaks the background is due to radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks the background is due to radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks the background is due to radiative
+stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power
+and these characteristic Peaks give away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these characteristic Peaks give away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these characteristic Peaks give away
+some of the ionization stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ionization stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ionization stopping power
+and so all in one spectrum you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all in one spectrum you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all in one spectrum you can see
+just about everything going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about everything going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about everything going on in this
+material the last thing that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the last thing that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material the last thing that you can't
+see but I would be remiss if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but I would be remiss if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but I would be remiss if I didn't
+talk about it as a radiation material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it as a radiation material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it as a radiation material
+scientist is radiation material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist is radiation material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist is radiation material science
+which really is concerned with mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is concerned with mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really is concerned with mostly
+Rutherford scattering Rutherford or hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford scattering Rutherford or hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford scattering Rutherford or hard
+sphere scattering this is the last of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere scattering this is the last of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere scattering this is the last of
+the major interactions between charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major interactions between charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major interactions between charged
+particles and matter that concern us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and matter that concern us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and matter that concern us
+it's not really in your reading except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really in your reading except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really in your reading except
+for I think being mentioned once because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I think being mentioned once because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I think being mentioned once because
+they didn't seem to think it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't seem to think it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't seem to think it's important
+but I happen to think it's extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I happen to think it's extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I happen to think it's extremely
+important because this is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this is the basis
+behind radiation damage in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind radiation damage in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind radiation damage in all of these
+collisions right here you have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions right here you have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions right here you have some sort
+of displacement of electrons and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of displacement of electrons and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of displacement of electrons and those
+electrons can get ionized and other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can get ionized and other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can get ionized and other ones
+will fill them back in the holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill them back in the holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fill them back in the holes and
+whatever they'll do but at no point were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they'll do but at no point were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they'll do but at no point were
+nuclei displaced you can transfer a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei displaced you can transfer a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei displaced you can transfer a lot
+of energy without moving any atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy without moving any atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy without moving any atoms
+around but when your energy starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but when your energy starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around but when your energy starts to
+get lower you end up with a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lower you end up with a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lower you end up with a new kind of
+stopping power let's call it nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power let's call it nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power let's call it nuclear
+which scales with as always a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scales with as always a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which scales with as always a number
+density times pi let's see little Z big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times pi let's see little Z big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times pi let's see little Z big
+z e to the fourth everything looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z e to the fourth everything looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z e to the fourth everything looks
+pretty similar so far except for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar so far except for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar so far except for now
+we've got the energy of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the energy of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the energy of the incoming
+material and now we have a mass ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and now we have a mass ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and now we have a mass ratio
+because in this case you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case you're actually
+undergoing some sort of a hard sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing some sort of a hard sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing some sort of a hard sphere
+collision between one atom and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision between one atom and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision between one atom and the other
+times the natural log this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural log this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural log this is going to
+look awfully familiar it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look awfully familiar it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look awfully familiar it ends up being
+some energy term over actually let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy term over actually let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy term over actually let's
+just go with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go with yeah
+gamma II I over some new energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma II I over some new energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma II I over some new energy this
+thing right here is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here is called the
+displacement threshold energy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement threshold energy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement threshold energy and it
+ranges from about 25 to 90 evey but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges from about 25 to 90 evey but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges from about 25 to 90 evey but it's
+usually 40 evey and what that is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 40 evey and what that is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually 40 evey and what that is it's
+it's the max the minimum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the max the minimum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the max the minimum amount of
+energy that has to be imparted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that has to be imparted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that has to be imparted to a
+nucleus smack head on in order for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus smack head on in order for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus smack head on in order for it to
+move from its original atomic position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from its original atomic position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from its original atomic position
+and that's what's known as a hard sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's known as a hard sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's known as a hard sphere
+type collision or in this case it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type collision or in this case it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type collision or in this case it's just
+like all the other Q equation looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the other Q equation looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the other Q equation looking
+scenarios that we looked at before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we looked at before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios that we looked at before right
+so let's say the little nucleus goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say the little nucleus goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say the little nucleus goes off
+and the big nucleus goes off this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big nucleus goes off this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big nucleus goes off this should
+look familiar by now because I've harped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look familiar by now because I've harped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look familiar by now because I've harped
+on it probably too much now what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably too much now what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it probably too much now what I want
+you to consider is this big nucleus had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to consider is this big nucleus had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to consider is this big nucleus had
+a position it liked where it was and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position it liked where it was and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a position it liked where it was and now
+it's been knocked away what's left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been knocked away what's left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been knocked away what's left over
+is an atomic vacancy which is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an atomic vacancy which is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an atomic vacancy which is the most
+basic building block of radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic building block of radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic building block of radiation damage
+so sometimes it's neat to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes it's neat to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes it's neat to look at the
+ratio of C make sure I get this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of C make sure I get this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of C make sure I get this ratio
+right ionization on top to look and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ionization on top to look and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ionization on top to look and see
+when is ionization versus radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is ionization versus radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is ionization versus radiation
+damage actually important and the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage actually important and the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage actually important and the ratio
+scales with two times the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with two times the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with two times the mass of the
+nucleus over m easy times their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus over m easy times their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus over m easy times their
+respective natural log threshold things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the ionization potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the ionization potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the ionization potential and
+log gamma AI over IDI so what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log gamma AI over IDI so what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log gamma AI over IDI so what this says
+is that for higher energies ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for higher energies ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for higher energies ionization
+is more important and for lower energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important and for lower energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important and for lower energies
+nuclear stopping power of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear stopping power of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear stopping power of radiation
+damage is more important if we graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is more important if we graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is more important if we graph
+these two let's say on a log e ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two let's say on a log e ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two let's say on a log e ground
+and let's say we have our nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we have our nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say we have our nuclear
+stopping power in blue and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power in blue and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power in blue and our
+ionization stopping power in green we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization stopping power in green we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization stopping power in green we
+end up with curves that look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with curves that look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with curves that look something
+like this that's our nuclear that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's our nuclear that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's our nuclear that's our
+electronic or ionic so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic or ionic so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic or ionic so what this
+actually says is if you fire high-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says is if you fire high-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually says is if you fire high-energy
+neutrons or high-energy protons into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons or high-energy protons into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons or high-energy protons into a
+material its ionization that does most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material its ionization that does most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material its ionization that does most
+of the damage at high energies until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage at high energies until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the damage at high energies until you
+slow down to around like the ten to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down to around like the ten to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down to around like the ten to a
+hundred ke V level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ke V level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ke V level
+curiously very similar to this 500 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiously very similar to this 500 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiously very similar to this 500 times
+I bar the mean ionization potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bar the mean ionization potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I bar the mean ionization potential at
+which point Rutherford scattering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point Rutherford scattering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point Rutherford scattering or
+hard sphere scattering becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sphere scattering becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard sphere scattering becomes the
+dominant mechanism and so what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mechanism and so what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mechanism and so what this says
+is if we want to draw a picture of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we want to draw a picture of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we want to draw a picture of what
+radiation damage looks like let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage looks like let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage looks like let's say we
+had a proton that we're firing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a proton that we're firing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a proton that we're firing into a
+material and it hits some atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it hits some atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it hits some atom that
+we're gonna call the pKa or primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call the pKa or primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call the pKa or primary
+knock on atom that PKA then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on atom that PKA then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on atom that PKA then becomes
+let's say it was nickel it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was nickel it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was nickel it's like a
+nickel plus 26 iron because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel plus 26 iron because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel plus 26 iron because you've
+knocked the nucleus out of its electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked the nucleus out of its electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocked the nucleus out of its electron
+cloud effectively and it's now flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud effectively and it's now flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud effectively and it's now flying
+out through the material that proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the material that proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the material that proton
+might go off to do more damage somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go off to do more damage somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go off to do more damage somewhere
+else but it's not actually the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but it's not actually the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but it's not actually the protons
+of the incoming particles that do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming particles that do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming particles that do the
+bulk of the final radiation damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of the final radiation damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of the final radiation damage
+radiation damage is mostly self ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is mostly self ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage is mostly self ion
+irradiation even though it all starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation even though it all starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiation even though it all starts
+with the incoming particle nothing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the incoming particle nothing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the incoming particle nothing would
+happen if the incoming particle didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if the incoming particle didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if the incoming particle didn't
+show up most of the final results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up most of the final results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up most of the final results of the
+damage are from these heavy ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage are from these heavy ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage are from these heavy ion
+collisions and so we actually talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and so we actually talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and so we actually talked a
+little a bit about I think we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a bit about I think we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a bit about I think we talked
+about when this ionization starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when this ionization starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when this ionization starts to
+pick up for electrons versus heavy ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up for electrons versus heavy ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up for electrons versus heavy ions
+if you think about when electrons start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about when electrons start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about when electrons start
+to radiate away most of their energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate away most of their energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate away most of their energy
+taking it away from radiation it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it away from radiation it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it away from radiation it's like
+10 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100
+mev what would be the case for a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mev what would be the case for a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mev what would be the case for a heavy
+ion like even a proton well what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion like even a proton well what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion like even a proton well what's the
+only thing that changed that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that changed that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that changed that changes
+when you change from an electron to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change from an electron to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change from an electron to a
+proton here let's James will say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton here let's James will say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton here let's James will say oh yeah
+the charge is an opposite sign but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge is an opposite sign but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge is an opposite sign but of
+equal strength but what else in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal strength but what else in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal strength but what else in this
+formula that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's right
+so for heavy ions for even things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for heavy ions for even things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for heavy ions for even things like
+protons you need to go at approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons you need to go at approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons you need to go at approximately
+1837 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1837 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1837 squared
+more energy than the electron so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than the electron so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy than the electron so we're
+talking in like the Giga electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in like the Giga electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in like the Giga electron volt
+to tera electron volt range for ions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tera electron volt range for ions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tera electron volt range for ions so
+this is why bremsstrahlung is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why bremsstrahlung is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why bremsstrahlung is not
+important for any sort of ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for any sort of ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for any sort of ion
+interactions unless you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions unless you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions unless you are a
+high-energy physicist and you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy physicist and you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy physicist and you're working
+in the GeV or Giga electron volt and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the GeV or Giga electron volt and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the GeV or Giga electron volt and up
+range so we like to say in the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so we like to say in the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so we like to say in the radiation
+damage field if you want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage field if you want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage field if you want to know the
+total stopping power from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total stopping power from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total stopping power from all
+interactions you have to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions you have to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions you have to take into
+account the ionizations I'll just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the ionizations I'll just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the ionizations I'll just make
+that a minus sign for the symbols the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus sign for the symbols the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus sign for the symbols the
+nuclear and the radiative for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and the radiative for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and the radiative for most
+radiation damage processes except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage processes except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage processes except for
+high-energy electron radiation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy electron radiation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-energy electron radiation we
+neglect that the reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect that the reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect that the reason is that the
+radiative to ionization stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative to ionization stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative to ionization stopping power
+is pretty close to zero it's like even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty close to zero it's like even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty close to zero it's like even
+at 10 MeV it's like 1 over 2000 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 MeV it's like 1 over 2000 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 MeV it's like 1 over 2000 squared
+or 1 over I guess 4 million doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 over I guess 4 million doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 over I guess 4 million doesn't
+matter at all with heavier ions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter at all with heavier ions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter at all with heavier ions it
+becomes even less of an issue because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes even less of an issue because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes even less of an issue because
+you can deflect a heavier ion less with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deflect a heavier ion less with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deflect a heavier ion less with
+the same Coulomb force and so what ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Coulomb force and so what ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Coulomb force and so what ends
+up only mattering is the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up only mattering is the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up only mattering is the ionization
+stopping power and the nuclear stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power and the nuclear stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power and the nuclear stopping
+power it's this nuclear stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's this nuclear stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's this nuclear stopping power
+that leads to collisions and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to collisions and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to collisions and it's like
+two of five of so I want to stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of five of so I want to stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of five of so I want to stop here
+and answer any questions and I'll hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer any questions and I'll hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer any questions and I'll hijack
+a bit of the neutron discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of the neutron discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of the neutron discussion on
+Thursday with some review of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday with some review of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday with some review of this and
+filling in the last gaps of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the last gaps of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the last gaps of radiation
+damage so anyone have any questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage so anyone have any questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage so anyone have any questions from
+today yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah yep
+the radiation term goes away because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation term goes away because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation term goes away because of
+that yep if if you're working with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yep if if you're working with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yep if if you're working with an
+electron then it actually does matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then it actually does matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then it actually does matter
+like if you're firing 10 MeV electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're firing 10 MeV electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're firing 10 MeV electrons
+into something you must account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something you must account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something you must account for the
+radiative stopping power because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative stopping power because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative stopping power because there's
+a lot of it at 10 MeV there's as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it at 10 MeV there's as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it at 10 MeV there's as much
+radiative as ionizing and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative as ionizing and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative as ionizing and there's
+basically no nuclear yet but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no nuclear yet but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no nuclear yet but for
+anything heavier even muons which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything heavier even muons which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything heavier even muons which are
+like approximately 237 times heavier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approximately 237 times heavier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approximately 237 times heavier or
+protons which are approximately 1837
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which are approximately 1837
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which are approximately 1837
+times heavier it totally doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times heavier it totally doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times heavier it totally doesn't matter
+because it scales with the mass ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it scales with the mass ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it scales with the mass ratio
+squared might be 267 for muons I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared might be 267 for muons I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared might be 267 for muons I forget
+that middle number but still 267 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle number but still 267 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle number but still 267 squared
+is a pretty big number was there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty big number was there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty big number was there another
+question here thought I had seen a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here thought I had seen a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here thought I had seen a hand
+so I remember you guys had said you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I remember you guys had said you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I remember you guys had said you want
+to see some radiation material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some radiation material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some radiation material science
+of radiation damage this is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage this is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation damage this is where it
+comes from this is why I love teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this is why I love teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this is why I love teaching
+graduate radiation damage and 2201 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate radiation damage and 2201 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate radiation damage and 2201 at
+the same time because they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time because they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time because they're the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+except you guys get the derivations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you guys get the derivations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you guys get the derivations and
+in the grad class I say I assume they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grad class I say I assume they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grad class I say I assume they
+know it and then in the homework I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it and then in the homework I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it and then in the homework I find
+out they don't but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they don't but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they don't but it doesn't matter
+because they're supposed to at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're supposed to at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're supposed to at least you
+guys will so you've got the power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will so you've got the power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will so you've got the power and
+knowledge brings fears I like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge brings fears I like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge brings fears I like to say
+okay I'll see you guys on Thursday when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll see you guys on Thursday when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll see you guys on Thursday when
+we'll wrap up a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll wrap up a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll wrap up a little bit more
+radiation damage because I can't resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage because I can't resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation damage because I can't resist
+and then we'll start moving into Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start moving into Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start moving into Neutron
+interactions which is kind of taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions which is kind of taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions which is kind of taking a
+step down from here because there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down from here because there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down from here because there aren't
+really any electronic interactions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any electronic interactions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any electronic interactions but
+because we can deal with enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can deal with enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can deal with enormous
+populations of neutrons things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of neutrons things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of neutrons things are going
+to get messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get messy
+seeing the equations shirts that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the equations shirts that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the equations shirts that we have
+here the neutron transport equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the neutron transport equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the neutron transport equation
+shirts yeah we're gonna derive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirts yeah we're gonna derive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirts yeah we're gonna derive that
+Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s2QJtkcA1Uk.txt b/s2QJtkcA1Uk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..581b2ccc63dc05e12b504aae96994f8a5bbf1758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s2QJtkcA1Uk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to do goodie bag 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do goodie bag 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do goodie bag 4
+vesper our objective is to visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesper our objective is to visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesper our objective is to visualize the
+3-dimensional structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-dimensional structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-dimensional structure
+of some simple chemical compounds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some simple chemical compounds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some simple chemical compounds the
+only thing you'll need is a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you'll need is a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you'll need is a molecular
+modeling kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling kit
+a conceptual question you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conceptual question you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conceptual question you should think
+about today is what factors determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is what factors determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is what factors determine
+how bonds rotate in a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bonds rotate in a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bonds rotate in a molecule
+so the first thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we're going to do is
+draw the lewis structure for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the lewis structure for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the lewis structure for this
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+so we know that s i s and c n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that s i s and c n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that s i s and c n
+since they have between three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they have between three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they have between three and five
+valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons
+make up the backbone of this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the backbone of this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the backbone of this molecule
+and then we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to add
+all of the atoms around each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the atoms around each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the atoms around each of these
+backbone atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then counting valence electrons we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then counting valence electrons we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then counting valence electrons we're
+going to make sure that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that we have the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+number of non-bonding pairs and bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of non-bonding pairs and bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of non-bonding pairs and bonds
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and this will allow us to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will allow us to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will allow us to identify the
+geometry at each atom in the backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry at each atom in the backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry at each atom in the backbone
+so this silicon bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has four bonding domains and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four bonding domains and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four bonding domains and all of them
+are bonded to another atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded to another atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded to another atom
+so we know that this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that this is going to be a
+tetragonal geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this bond here centered around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond here centered around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond here centered around the
+sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur
+has five body domains and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five body domains and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has five body domains and one of them
+is a non-bonding pair we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-bonding pair we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-bonding pair we know that this
+will be a seesaw geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a seesaw geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a seesaw geometry
+and then finally this carbon has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally this carbon has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally this carbon has two
+body domains with atoms in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body domains with atoms in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body domains with atoms in each of those
+domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains
+so this will be a linear geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a linear geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a linear geometry and
+now we're ready to build our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first we're going to draw the lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to draw the lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to draw the lewis
+structure for this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for this molecule
+as with before we're going to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with before we're going to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with before we're going to identify
+the backbone atoms in this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone atoms in this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backbone atoms in this molecule
+so in this case the backbone atoms are c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the backbone atoms are c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the backbone atoms are c
+b and o and now we're going to attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and o and now we're going to attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and o and now we're going to attach
+the other atoms to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we're going to check and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to check and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to check and make
+sure that they're the proper number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're the proper number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're the proper number of
+valence electrons around each atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we're going to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're going to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we're going to identify the
+geometry at each of the backbone atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry at each of the backbone atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry at each of the backbone atoms
+so the first geometry centered around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first geometry centered around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first geometry centered around
+this carbon atom here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon atom here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon atom here has
+four bonding domains all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonding domains all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four bonding domains all of which
+contain bonds to other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain bonds to other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain bonds to other atoms
+so that's going to be tetragon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be tetragon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be tetragon the
+second geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second geometry
+has three bonding domains all of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three bonding domains all of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three bonding domains all of which
+are bonded to other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded to other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded to other atoms
+so this is going to be a trigonal planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a trigonal planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be a trigonal planar
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+and finally the geometry around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the geometry around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the geometry around this
+oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atom
+has four bonding domains two of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four bonding domains two of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four bonding domains two of which
+are bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonded
+two atoms and two of which are occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms and two of which are occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atoms and two of which are occupied
+by lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by lone pairs
+so that's going to be a bent geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be a bent geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be a bent geometry
+and now we're ready to construct our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goody bag 4 worksheet asks us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goody bag 4 worksheet asks us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goody bag 4 worksheet asks us
+whether some different bonds can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some different bonds can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some different bonds can be in
+the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane
+so first it asks whether this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first it asks whether this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first it asks whether this h
+s i s i s and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i s i s and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i s i s and c
+n bond can be in the same plane remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond can be in the same plane remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond can be in the same plane remember
+that the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the c
+n bond cannot rotate because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond cannot rotate because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond cannot rotate because it's a
+triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple bond
+but we can rotate around this s-s-i bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can rotate around this s-s-i bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can rotate around this s-s-i bond
+and get all three of the bonds to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all three of the bonds to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get all three of the bonds to be in
+the same plane the plane shown with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane the plane shown with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same plane the plane shown with my
+hand here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here
+so here is our first bond here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is our first bond here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is our first bond here is our
+second bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second bond
+and here is our third bond all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is our third bond all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is our third bond all in the
+same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plane
+next it asks if we can have this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it asks if we can have this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it asks if we can have this h
+s i s f and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i s f and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i s f and c
+n bond in the same plane and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond in the same plane and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bond in the same plane and so we can
+try to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to rotate
+to achieve this but we notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve this but we notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve this but we notice that this
+isn't possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't possible because
+these two bonds are always in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two bonds are always in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two bonds are always in the same
+plane and we can't get any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we can't get any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we can't get any of these
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+into that plane because of the c saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that plane because of the c saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that plane because of the c saw
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for our second molecule here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our second molecule here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our second molecule here the
+goody bag worksheet asks a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag worksheet asks a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goody bag worksheet asks a different
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+we notice that this central cb bond can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that this central cb bond can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that this central cb bond can
+rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate
+and the goodie bag asks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goodie bag asks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goodie bag asks which
+configuration is the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is the lowest energy
+so remember that the entire vesper model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that the entire vesper model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that the entire vesper model
+is centered around the idea that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered around the idea that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered around the idea that we want
+to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize
+repulsion between electron clouds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between electron clouds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between electron clouds by
+maximizing the distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the distance between them
+so we're going to rotate this so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to rotate this so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to rotate this so that
+the repulsion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repulsion between
+these groups in the molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups in the molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups in the molecules are
+minimized so as we rotate this we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized so as we rotate this we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized so as we rotate this we notice
+that there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two different
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+remember that these green atoms are cl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these green atoms are cl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that these green atoms are cl
+and this yellow atom is oxygen these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this yellow atom is oxygen these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this yellow atom is oxygen these are
+the largest atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest atoms
+in our model and also the ones that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model and also the ones that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model and also the ones that have
+the most repulsive electron clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most repulsive electron clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most repulsive electron clouds
+so we're going to want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to want to maximize the
+distance between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them
+so one way that this can be achieved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that this can be achieved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way that this can be achieved is
+by rotating the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rotating the model
+so that the oxygen is aligned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the oxygen is aligned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the oxygen is aligned with the
+hydrogen which has a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which has a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen which has a very small
+electron cloud and thus is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud and thus is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud and thus is capable of
+only very slight repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very slight repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only very slight repulsion
+so this configuration is low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this configuration is low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this configuration is low energy
+because the very repulsive chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the very repulsive chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the very repulsive chlorine
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+are far from the repulsive oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far from the repulsive oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far from the repulsive oxygen atom
+however there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's also
+a different possibility if we rotate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different possibility if we rotate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different possibility if we rotate we
+can put the oxygen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put the oxygen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put the oxygen atom
+in a plane in between the two chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plane in between the two chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a plane in between the two chlorine
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+so that the oxygen is not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the oxygen is not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the oxygen is not directly
+facing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing an
+atom however this configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom however this configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom however this configuration
+puts the oxygen atom spatially closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the oxygen atom spatially closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the oxygen atom spatially closer
+to a chlorine atom as shown here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a chlorine atom as shown here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a chlorine atom as shown here and
+this hydrogen atom is very close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen atom is very close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen atom is very close to this
+chlorine atom so the first configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom so the first configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom so the first configuration
+is lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we used our molecular modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we used our molecular modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we used our molecular modeling
+kits to visualize the 3d structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits to visualize the 3d structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits to visualize the 3d structure of
+some simple molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple molecules
+using the vesper model by playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the vesper model by playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the vesper model by playing with
+these bonds and rotating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bonds and rotating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bonds and rotating them
+we were able to understand how repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to understand how repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to understand how repulsion
+between atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms
+gives rise to low the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to low the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to low the lowest energy
+configurations of these molecules
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s8At7cnDelQ.txt b/s8At7cnDelQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66d101a5ff2170545ce4d3d32b86a22bd5aea280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s8At7cnDelQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu. Um so today in class, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Um so today in class, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Um so today in class, we've
+got a guest lecture. Um Scott Ostto from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a guest lecture. Um Scott Ostto from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a guest lecture. Um Scott Ostto from
+the MIT Education Arcade and MIT Game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Education Arcade and MIT Game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Education Arcade and MIT Game
+Lab is going to be talking to us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab is going to be talking to us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lab is going to be talking to us about
+um learning and play and games um to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning and play and games um to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning and play and games um to put
+us in the mindset of for those games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the mindset of for those games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the mindset of for those games
+that that for the games that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that for the games that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that for the games that you're
+making that feel like they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that feel like they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that feel like they might be
+educational or more about awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational or more about awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational or more about awareness
+um to to take some ideas from him on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to take some ideas from him on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to take some ideas from him on
+that. Um then after that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um then after that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um then after that we're going to
+do a play test. So, this is your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a play test. So, this is your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a play test. So, this is your first
+opportunity to get staff um and clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get staff um and clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get staff um and clients
+if our clients show up um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our clients show up um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our clients show up um the uh
+experience of playing your games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of playing your games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of playing your games and
+giving you some feedback on on the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you some feedback on on the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you some feedback on on the game
+on the the low fidelity prototypes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the low fidelity prototypes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the low fidelity prototypes that
+you have right now. And again, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have right now. And again, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have right now. And again, they
+could be digital or non-digital. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be digital or non-digital. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be digital or non-digital. Um
+that's going to be pretty quick today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pretty quick today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pretty quick today.
+Um we don't need everybody to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we don't need everybody to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we don't need everybody to play
+everybody else's games if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else's games if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else's games if you don't
+like. So, what we're going to do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, what we're going to do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, what we're going to do have
+you do is um set up your games. We I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is um set up your games. We I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is um set up your games. We I
+expect if they're paper, you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if they're paper, you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if they're paper, you probably
+only have one copy of a game running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one copy of a game running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one copy of a game running at
+any one time. So, just make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time. So, just make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one time. So, just make sure that
+everyone who's on the team who is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's on the team who is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's on the team who is not
+playing is observing and and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing is observing and and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing is observing and and taking
+notes. Um, if you do have digital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. Um, if you do have digital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. Um, if you do have digital and
+would like to set up multiple stations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to set up multiple stations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to set up multiple stations,
+please do. Um, it's always helpful. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do. Um, it's always helpful. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do. Um, it's always helpful. Um,
+our next play test is November 5th. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next play test is November 5th. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next play test is November 5th. Um,
+we're having uh the class from 2132, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having uh the class from 2132, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having uh the class from 2132, the
+introduction to digital media class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to digital media class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to digital media class
+taught by Ed Barrett. Um, they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Ed Barrett. Um, they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Ed Barrett. Um, they'll be
+coming in at the end of the day at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the end of the day at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the end of the day at about
+3 p.m. uh to test your digital games. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p.m. uh to test your digital games. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p.m. uh to test your digital games. So
+on November 5th, it's a good opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on November 5th, it's a good opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on November 5th, it's a good opportunity
+for um a first um playable version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a first um playable version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a first um playable version of
+your digital game to get tested um by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your digital game to get tested um by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your digital game to get tested um by by
+people who are not in the class. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not in the class. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not in the class. Um and
+then after play test today, um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after play test today, um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after play test today, um we'll
+take a quick break and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick break and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick break and then we'll do
+presentations where each team will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations where each team will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations where each team will come
+up here and you've basically got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and you've basically got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and you've basically got the
+floor for two minutes. Uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for two minutes. Uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor for two minutes. Uh we want to
+hear um what is the state of your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear um what is the state of your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear um what is the state of your game
+right now? Um basically referring back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now? Um basically referring back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now? Um basically referring back
+to your product backlog, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your product backlog, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your product backlog, what are the
+features that are that are planned? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are that are planned? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are that are planned? What
+did you what did you test today? um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you what did you test today? um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you what did you test today? um what
+does your build look like today? Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your build look like today? Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your build look like today? Your
+low fidelity prototype look like today?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low fidelity prototype look like today?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low fidelity prototype look like today?
+Um and just let us know how it's going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and just let us know how it's going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and just let us know how it's going.
+We're going to ask for a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to ask for a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to ask for a number of these
+short two-minute presentations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short two-minute presentations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short two-minute presentations um
+throughout the um the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the um the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the um the rest of the
+semester. And those dates are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. And those dates are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. And those dates are in the
+um the handout for project 4. And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the handout for project 4. And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the handout for project 4. And I'll
+be making mention of them as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making mention of them as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making mention of them as we go
+along. And then the remainder of class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. And then the remainder of class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. And then the remainder of class,
+you've got about hour to an hour and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got about hour to an hour and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got about hour to an hour and a
+half at the end of class to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half at the end of class to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half at the end of class to work in
+class. Um, I'm going to let you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, I'm going to let you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, I'm going to let you know how
+much time you've got work. You're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time you've got work. You're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time you've got work. You're going
+to be working in you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working in you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working in you're going to have
+time for working in class um for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for working in class um for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for working in class um for future
+days. This Wednesday, you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. This Wednesday, you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days. This Wednesday, you'll probably
+have about two full hours in class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about two full hours in class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about two full hours in class to
+work. Um, looking at what this what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Um, looking at what this what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Um, looking at what this what our
+our lecture schedule looks like. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture schedule looks like. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture schedule looks like. So,
+that's that. Any questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that. Any questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that. Any questions about what
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+today? Any questions about project 4?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Any questions about project 4?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Any questions about project 4?
+Okay, I'm going to hand it off to Scott.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thanks. Does this seem to be switched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. Does this seem to be switched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. Does this seem to be switched on
+or off? Uh, yep. I'm switching it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off? Uh, yep. I'm switching it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or off? Uh, yep. I'm switching it over
+right now. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. Okay.
+Okay. So, well, it's nice to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, well, it's nice to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, well, it's nice to see you
+all. I see at least two faces from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I see at least two faces from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I see at least two faces from three
+from classes I taught. So, forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from classes I taught. So, forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from classes I taught. So, forgive me
+for those of you who may have heard some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who may have heard some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who may have heard some
+of this before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this before.
+Um, so this was sort of teed up as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this was sort of teed up as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this was sort of teed up as if
+I'm going to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk to you about
+education, but I'm actually not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, but I'm actually not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, but I'm actually not going to
+talk to you about education. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about education. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about education. I'm going
+to talk to you about something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you about something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you about something else
+entirely. Uh maybe we'll get around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely. Uh maybe we'll get around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely. Uh maybe we'll get around to
+education by the time we're done. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education by the time we're done. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education by the time we're done. Um but
+what I want you to do right now, hang on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do right now, hang on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do right now, hang on
+one second, is uh quickly play it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second, is uh quickly play it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second, is uh quickly play it. Uh
+turn to the person next to you. Play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the person next to you. Play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the person next to you. Play
+quick rounds of tic-tac-toe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick rounds of tic-tac-toe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick rounds of tic-tac-toe.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I do like doing this even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I do like doing this even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I do like doing this even though it's
+hard to get people to stop, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get people to stop, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get people to stop, which is
+actually kind of interesting to me. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting to me. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting to me. Um,
+when I've done done this with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've done done this with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I've done done this with an
+audience of about 300 people, it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of about 300 people, it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of about 300 people, it takes a
+long time to corral everybody back. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to corral everybody back. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to corral everybody back. Um,
+which is really remarkable. And I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really remarkable. And I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really remarkable. And I don't
+know how many of if you weren't playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of if you weren't playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of if you weren't playing
+a game, I hope you were at least looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game, I hope you were at least looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game, I hope you were at least looking
+around and noticing that the room got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and noticing that the room got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and noticing that the room got
+kind of loud and there was a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loud and there was a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loud and there was a fair amount
+of laughter and noise and animation. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laughter and noise and animation. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laughter and noise and animation. Um,
+which is really remarkable when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really remarkable when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really remarkable when you
+consider the fact that tic-tac-toe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the fact that tic-tac-toe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the fact that tic-tac-toe is a
+stupid game. Um, that by age eight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid game. Um, that by age eight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid game. Um, that by age eight you
+had figured out that there was no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had figured out that there was no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had figured out that there was no point
+in playing tic-tac-toe because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in playing tic-tac-toe because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in playing tic-tac-toe because you
+almost always played to a draw. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always played to a draw. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always played to a draw. And so
+I'm always I'm ne I'm always amazed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always I'm ne I'm always amazed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always I'm ne I'm always amazed when
+I ask a bunch of adults to play which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask a bunch of adults to play which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask a bunch of adults to play which
+you are to play tic-tac-toe um how into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to play tic-tac-toe um how into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are to play tic-tac-toe um how into
+it they get um and and because and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they get um and and because and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they get um and and because and I
+think in the end it's the thing I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the end it's the thing I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the end it's the thing I really
+want to talk about which is play. I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which is play. I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about which is play. I know
+you guys have been in a class studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been in a class studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been in a class studying
+games. I don't know have you talked much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. I don't know have you talked much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. I don't know have you talked much
+about the word play? Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the word play? Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the word play? Good.
+Um, play is uh we we are all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, play is uh we we are all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, play is uh we we are all in the
+business of making games and yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of making games and yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of making games and yet we
+don't stop much to think about play but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop much to think about play but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stop much to think about play but
+play is not something that was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is not something that was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is not something that was invented
+with the Atari. Um, people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Atari. Um, people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Atari. Um, people have been
+playing games for a long time. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games for a long time. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing games for a long time. The
+oldest known game implements are older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest known game implements are older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest known game implements are older
+than the own oldest known writing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the own oldest known writing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the own oldest known writing.
+Um, and in the this is I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in the this is I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in the this is I don't know how
+many of you know art history, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know art history, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you know art history, but this
+is the late 16th century in uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the late 16th century in uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the late 16th century in uh what's
+now Belgian Low Flanders in those days.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Belgian Low Flanders in those days.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Belgian Low Flanders in those days.
+Um, a painter the great genre painter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a painter the great genre painter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a painter the great genre painter
+Peter Bruhul who did a painting called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Bruhul who did a painting called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Bruhul who did a painting called
+children's games in which he documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's games in which he documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's games in which he documented
+over a hundred games that scholars have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a hundred games that scholars have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a hundred games that scholars have
+been able to identify as real games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to identify as real games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to identify as real games that
+were played at that time. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were played at that time. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were played at that time. And if you
+think about it in that at that point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in that at that point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in that at that point uh
+there wasn't really much of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't really much of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't really much of a thing
+called childhood that by the age of 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called childhood that by the age of 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called childhood that by the age of 11
+or 12 you were probably working in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 you were probably working in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 you were probably working in the
+family business whatever it was. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family business whatever it was. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family business whatever it was. You
+were sort of a you you were expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of a you you were expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of a you you were expected to
+be in a to take on adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a to take on adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a to take on adult
+responsibilities and yet clearly play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and yet clearly play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and yet clearly play
+was still a huge part of their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still a huge part of their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still a huge part of their lives
+worth. Now this is a fanciful painting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth. Now this is a fanciful painting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth. Now this is a fanciful painting.
+He's not trying to be realistic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's not trying to be realistic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's not trying to be realistic here
+that uh he's just but the point was play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh he's just but the point was play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh he's just but the point was play
+was a huge part of their lives then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge part of their lives then.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge part of their lives then.
+Um so we know that they we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we know that they we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we know that they we know that
+they were playing back in the 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were playing back in the 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were playing back in the 16th
+century. We know they were playing 6,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. We know they were playing 6,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century. We know they were playing 6,000
+years ago. We actually know that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. We actually know that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago. We actually know that our
+ancestors played too that are that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors played too that are that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors played too that are that our
+that other vertebrates play. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other vertebrates play. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other vertebrates play. In fact,
+Edwin Wilson has sort of argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Wilson has sort of argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwin Wilson has sort of argued that
+ants play too, but let's just stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants play too, but let's just stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants play too, but let's just stick to
+vertebrates for a minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates for a minute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates for a minute.
+Um, with mountain goats play, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, with mountain goats play, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, with mountain goats play, there's a
+alpine mountain goat. They play by cha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpine mountain goat. They play by cha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpine mountain goat. They play by cha.
+And by the way, let me just say quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, let me just say quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, let me just say quickly
+for my definition, play is the stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my definition, play is the stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my definition, play is the stuff you
+do when you don't have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you don't have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you don't have to do something
+else. You don't have to get food. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. You don't have to get food. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. You don't have to get food. You
+don't have to evade capture or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to evade capture or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to evade capture or uh
+protect your young or procreate or find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect your young or procreate or find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect your young or procreate or find
+shelter. When you don't have to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter. When you don't have to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter. When you don't have to do all
+that stuff, some of which you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff, some of which you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff, some of which you do
+playfully, by the way, but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfully, by the way, but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfully, by the way, but when you
+don't have to do that stuff, you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that stuff, you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do that stuff, you and
+you're on your own, you play. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your own, you play. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your own, you play. Um, and so
+mountain goats play by actually chasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain goats play by actually chasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain goats play by actually chasing
+each other around the mountains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other around the mountains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other around the mountains and
+jumping from cliff to cliff, ledge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from cliff to cliff, ledge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from cliff to cliff, ledge to
+ledge. And they do it in spite of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledge. And they do it in spite of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledge. And they do it in spite of the
+fact that mountain goats will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that mountain goats will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that mountain goats will
+occasionally fall to their death. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally fall to their death. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally fall to their death. Um,
+and if we know anything about evolution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we know anything about evolution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we know anything about evolution,
+we know that behaviors that lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that behaviors that lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that behaviors that lead to the
+deaths of individuals are behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths of individuals are behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths of individuals are behaviors that
+are more likely to die out unless there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to die out unless there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more likely to die out unless there
+is some uh advantage to the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some uh advantage to the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some uh advantage to the behavior
+that outweighs the risk. Um, and it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outweighs the risk. Um, and it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that outweighs the risk. Um, and it' be
+easy to assume from this that mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assume from this that mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assume from this that mountain
+goats are learning how to do the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats are learning how to do the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats are learning how to do the things
+they need to do like jump and and land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do like jump and and land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do like jump and and land
+on precarious ledges that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on precarious ledges that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on precarious ledges that that that's
+what they're learning through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're learning through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're learning through their
+play. We might extend that thinking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. We might extend that thinking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. We might extend that thinking uh
+when we look at an image like this. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at an image like this. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at an image like this. Um,
+by the way, you can find images like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way, you can find images like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way, you can find images like
+this on the internet. Um, anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the internet. Um, anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the internet. Um, anyway,
+uh, so we've all seen images of cats or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so we've all seen images of cats or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so we've all seen images of cats or
+puppies fighting, playing at games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies fighting, playing at games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppies fighting, playing at games that
+look like fighting or hunting. And,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like fighting or hunting. And,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like fighting or hunting. And,
+um, and and if we take that that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and and if we take that that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and and if we take that that example
+and the example of the mountain goats,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example of the mountain goats,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the example of the mountain goats,
+it's easy to conclude that play is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to conclude that play is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to conclude that play is about
+sort of wrote memory. It's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote memory. It's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote memory. It's about
+learning to do things that um through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to do things that um through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to do things that um through
+repetition. Um but they've done a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Um but they've done a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Um but they've done a study
+where they pre prevented kittens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they pre prevented kittens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they pre prevented kittens from
+the opportunity to play while they grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to play while they grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to play while they grow
+up to play with other cats. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to play with other cats. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to play with other cats. And they
+turns out they learn how to hunt just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out they learn how to hunt just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out they learn how to hunt just
+fine. What they don't know how to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. What they don't know how to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. What they don't know how to do is
+how to interact with other cats or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interact with other cats or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interact with other cats or make
+other more complex decisions. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more complex decisions. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more complex decisions. And so
+play is really not about I mean what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is really not about I mean what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is really not about I mean what I'm
+going to argue is play is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue is play is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue is play is about
+something far far more involved than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something far far more involved than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something far far more involved than
+just sort of wrote memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of wrote memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of wrote memory and
+repetition. Um last animal example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Um last animal example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition. Um last animal example uh
+they did a study where they gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a study where they gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a study where they gave an
+otter a fish every time it swam through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter a fish every time it swam through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otter a fish every time it swam through
+a hoop. Now if you know think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hoop. Now if you know think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hoop. Now if you know think about what
+an otter's needs are that otter was rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an otter's needs are that otter was rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an otter's needs are that otter was rich
+beyond its wildest dreams. Everything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond its wildest dreams. Everything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond its wildest dreams. Everything it
+needed was right there just by swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed was right there just by swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed was right there just by swimming
+through the hoop. So, did the otter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hoop. So, did the otter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hoop. So, did the otter
+retire as we might do if all our needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire as we might do if all our needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retire as we might do if all our needs
+were taken care of? No. It started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taken care of? No. It started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taken care of? No. It started
+swimming through the hoop upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming through the hoop upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming through the hoop upside down
+backwards. Play playing with a hoop was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Play playing with a hoop was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. Play playing with a hoop was
+its way of exploring how the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way of exploring how the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way of exploring how the world
+worked. He it the otter knew the otter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. He it the otter knew the otter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked. He it the otter knew the otter I
+assume there's more than one. The otter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's more than one. The otter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there's more than one. The otter
+knew that uh that swimming through hoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that uh that swimming through hoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that uh that swimming through hoop
+got fish. They wanted to find out else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got fish. They wanted to find out else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got fish. They wanted to find out else
+what else it could do. And so uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else it could do. And so uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else it could do. And so uh play
+and and again this is this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again this is this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and again this is this is when
+survival was no longer an issue. So play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival was no longer an issue. So play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival was no longer an issue. So play
+is really the way in which we explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the way in which we explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the way in which we explore
+the world. Just looking at these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Just looking at these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Just looking at these images
+of children, there are four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children, there are four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children, there are four different
+continents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continents
+here. Um, four very different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, four very different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, four very different kinds of
+games, but I'd argue the affect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, but I'd argue the affect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, but I'd argue the affect is the
+same in all of them. And that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in all of them. And that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in all of them. And that what's
+going on in all of them is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in all of them is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in all of them is the same
+thing. That the the kids in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. That the the kids in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. That the the kids in this in the
+in these pictures are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these pictures are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these pictures are really
+constructing their understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing their understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing their understanding of the
+world through play. Um what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through play. Um what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through play. Um what I want to
+argue is that through play we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue is that through play we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue is that through play we uh we
+begin to build the kinds of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to build the kinds of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to build the kinds of conceptual
+structures that we are going to then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we are going to then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that we are going to then um
+engage with more formally in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with more formally in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage with more formally in other
+spheres of life. And I could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres of life. And I could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres of life. And I could argue that
+it's only for children but but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only for children but but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only for children but but I'm going
+to argue further that it's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue further that it's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue further that it's that that
+doesn't stop in childhood. But sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop in childhood. But sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stop in childhood. But sticking
+with childhood for just a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with childhood for just a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with childhood for just a moment and
+using my own personal example um I loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my own personal example um I loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my own personal example um I loved
+playing with blocks when I was a kid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with blocks when I was a kid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with blocks when I was a kid.
+Um, and this is all pre kindergarten. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is all pre kindergarten. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is all pre kindergarten. I
+can remember the pleasure of discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember the pleasure of discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember the pleasure of discovering
+that two square blocks were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two square blocks were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two square blocks were the same
+size as one rectangular block and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as one rectangular block and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size as one rectangular block and two
+rectangular blocks were the same size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular blocks were the same size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular blocks were the same size as
+one big block. The kicker was that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big block. The kicker was that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big block. The kicker was that that
+was equal to four of the little square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to four of the little square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to four of the little square
+blocks and that those relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and that those relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and that those relationships
+could then be replicated elsewhere. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then be replicated elsewhere. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then be replicated elsewhere. That
+that was a pattern that I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a pattern that I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a pattern that I could find
+elsewhere in the world. And so pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the world. And so pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the world. And so pre
+kindergarten now what I am really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten now what I am really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten now what I am really doing
+is con is developing a primitive but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is con is developing a primitive but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is con is developing a primitive but I
+would say robust sense that math is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say robust sense that math is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say robust sense that math is the
+way we actually model the world that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we actually model the world that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we actually model the world that we
+can actually m model the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually m model the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually m model the world
+mathematically. Now obviously as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. Now obviously as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically. Now obviously as
+four-year-old me couldn't have said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me couldn't have said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me couldn't have said that
+four-year-old me couldn't even say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me couldn't even say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me couldn't even say
+necessarily answer 2 plus 2 equals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily answer 2 plus 2 equals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily answer 2 plus 2 equals but
+four-year-old me knew something far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me knew something far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old me knew something far more
+robust. I was starting to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. I was starting to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. I was starting to really
+understand that that the world could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that the world could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that the world could be
+described mathematically and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described mathematically and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described mathematically and that that
+was why I was primed to be a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why I was primed to be a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was why I was primed to be a relatively
+good math student.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good math student.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good math student.
+Um the um the challenge though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the um the challenge though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the um the challenge though is that
+that I just played with blocks the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just played with blocks the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just played with blocks the way I
+chose to play with them. No one made me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to play with them. No one made me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to play with them. No one made me.
+In fact, if you'd sat me down and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, if you'd sat me down and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, if you'd sat me down and say
+play with blocks and discover what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with blocks and discover what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with blocks and discover what you
+can about numbers, I might have refused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can about numbers, I might have refused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can about numbers, I might have refused
+at age four. Um players motivations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age four. Um players motivations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at age four. Um players motivations are
+entirely intrinsic and personal in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely intrinsic and personal in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely intrinsic and personal in all
+play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play.
+you cannot make somebody play. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make somebody play. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make somebody play. Um, I
+think it's helpful to think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's helpful to think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's helpful to think about it as
+if there were four freedoms present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were four freedoms present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were four freedoms present in
+play. Um, freedom to experiment. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um, freedom to experiment. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um, freedom to experiment. I
+actually I should have I thought I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have I thought I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have I thought I had
+revised these slides. I I've really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised these slides. I I've really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised these slides. I I've really sort
+of revised that. I think it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revised that. I think it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revised that. I think it's better to
+say freedom to explore is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say freedom to explore is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say freedom to explore is the is the
+better word. Um, but what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better word. Um, but what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better word. Um, but what I was doing
+with those blocks was figure seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those blocks was figure seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those blocks was figure seeing
+things about the blocks that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the blocks that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the blocks that were not
+the package showed pictures of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package showed pictures of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package showed pictures of things
+you could build with the blocks, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build with the blocks, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build with the blocks, but
+that's not what I was doing. I was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I was doing. I was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I was doing. I was sort
+of exploring properties in the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring properties in the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exploring properties in the blocks
+that no one was telling me to look for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one was telling me to look for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one was telling me to look for.
+Um, freedom to fail. Um, if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, freedom to fail. Um, if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, freedom to fail. Um, if you if you
+played with blocks, you probably built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with blocks, you probably built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with blocks, you probably built a
+tower that eventually fell down. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower that eventually fell down. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower that eventually fell down. And you
+probably learned a lot from the tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably learned a lot from the tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably learned a lot from the tower
+falling down. You probably, in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down. You probably, in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling down. You probably, in fact,
+persisted at trying to get the tower to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisted at trying to get the tower to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persisted at trying to get the tower to
+stand up. And along the way, you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up. And along the way, you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up. And along the way, you were
+learning all sorts of stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all sorts of stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all sorts of stuff about
+mechanics and physics. Um, freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and physics. Um, freedom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and physics. Um, freedom of
+identity. Uh if you think about doll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. Uh if you think about doll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. Uh if you think about doll
+play for a minute, two a kid act in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for a minute, two a kid act in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for a minute, two a kid act in the
+floor of the room acting out uh conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of the room acting out uh conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor of the room acting out uh conflict
+between two dolls or or stuffed animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two dolls or or stuffed animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two dolls or or stuffed animals
+or action figures is really exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or action figures is really exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or action figures is really exploring
+all the roles in their own family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the roles in their own family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the roles in their own family and
+their in their world. A kid who plays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their world. A kid who plays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their in their world. A kid who plays at
+Luke Skywalker versus Darth Vader is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke Skywalker versus Darth Vader is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke Skywalker versus Darth Vader is
+really figuring out what part of him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figuring out what part of him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figuring out what part of him or
+herself is Luke Skywalker and what part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is Luke Skywalker and what part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself is Luke Skywalker and what part
+is Darth Vader because we think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Darth Vader because we think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Darth Vader because we think we have
+both of them in us. Um, and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them in us. Um, and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them in us. Um, and that's what
+we explore through play. I in less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explore through play. I in less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explore through play. I in less than
+a week on Friday, you a fair number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week on Friday, you a fair number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week on Friday, you a fair number of
+you are going to engage in identity play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to engage in identity play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to engage in identity play
+at a fairly large scale. So, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fairly large scale. So, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fairly large scale. So, it's not
+just a childhood thing. Um, I mean, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a childhood thing. Um, I mean, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a childhood thing. Um, I mean, I'm
+talking about Halloween obviously. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Halloween obviously. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Halloween obviously. Um,
+so I and anyone who's ever played World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I and anyone who's ever played World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I and anyone who's ever played World
+of Warcraft or uh any number of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warcraft or uh any number of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warcraft or uh any number of games
+knows that in fact through games we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that in fact through games we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that in fact through games we play
+with our identity all the time. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our identity all the time. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our identity all the time. Um
+finally, freedom of effort is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, freedom of effort is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, freedom of effort is the
+freedom to really play hard or play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to really play hard or play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to really play hard or play
+relaxed. Um you cannot make somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed. Um you cannot make somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed. Um you cannot make somebody
+play hard. That if you watch the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play hard. That if you watch the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play hard. That if you watch the pattern
+of play, you will people will play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play, you will people will play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play, you will people will play
+intensely. They will play they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely. They will play they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensely. They will play they will
+suddenly ease up. Again, stick to World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly ease up. Again, stick to World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly ease up. Again, stick to World
+of Warcraft for a minute. Sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warcraft for a minute. Sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warcraft for a minute. Sometimes you
+want to grind. You just want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grind. You just want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grind. You just want to do the
+you want to do the mindless stuff for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do the mindless stuff for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do the mindless stuff for a
+while. And sometimes you want to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. And sometimes you want to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. And sometimes you want to enter
+into an intense battle. Um they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an intense battle. Um they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an intense battle. Um they both
+happen. So here's the challenge for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. So here's the challenge for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. So here's the challenge for us.
+the players's motivations are entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players's motivations are entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players's motivations are entirely
+intrinsic and personal as I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and personal as I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and personal as I've already
+said. Um, and I'm also arguing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. Um, and I'm also arguing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. Um, and I'm also arguing that
+obviously learning is happening through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously learning is happening through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously learning is happening through
+play, but how do we channel play into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, but how do we channel play into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, but how do we channel play into
+learning while still allowing for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning while still allowing for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning while still allowing for its
+fundamentally open-ended nature? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally open-ended nature? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally open-ended nature? Um,
+some of you, as Rick said, are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you, as Rick said, are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you, as Rick said, are going to
+be making games in which you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making games in which you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be making games in which you want
+to Well, um, I hope you you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Well, um, I hope you you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Well, um, I hope you you're thinking
+about real learning rather than just,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real learning rather than just,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real learning rather than just,
+um, conveying information. And I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, conveying information. And I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, conveying information. And I'll get
+to that in a minute. But whe whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a minute. But whe whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a minute. But whe whatever it
+is you're doing, you want theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're doing, you want theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're doing, you want theoretically
+you want to make a good game, they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a good game, they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a good game, they've
+got to still be they still have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to still be they still have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to still be they still have to have
+the freedom to play. Um you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom to play. Um you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freedom to play. Um you you don't
+have a game without play. You can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a game without play. You can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a game without play. You can have
+something that has the structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has the structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has the structure of a
+game without play, but it won't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game without play, but it won't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game without play, but it won't really
+be a game if they're not playing. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game if they're not playing. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game if they're not playing. But
+anyway, so that's where games come in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so that's where games come in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so that's where games come in.
+Um that's how we can channel uh learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's how we can channel uh learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's how we can channel uh learning
+um sometimes while still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes while still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes while still being
+open-ended. And just to use the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended. And just to use the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended. And just to use the most
+absurd example, think about golf. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd example, think about golf. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd example, think about golf. Um it
+was Bernard Suits who originally used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bernard Suits who originally used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Bernard Suits who originally used
+this example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example.
+Um but in golf you're hitting a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but in golf you're hitting a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but in golf you're hitting a very
+small ball with a very long stick. Um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ball with a very long stick. Um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ball with a very long stick. Um if
+you've ever anyone golf here? Yeah. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever anyone golf here? Yeah. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever anyone golf here? Yeah. It's
+about that's about the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's about the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's about the normal
+percentages uh in a in a class. But it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages uh in a in a class. But it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages uh in a in a class. But it's
+a hard it's hard, right? The first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard it's hard, right? The first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard it's hard, right? The first time
+you swung the golf club, you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swung the golf club, you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swung the golf club, you might have
+missed the ball entirely, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the ball entirely, right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the ball entirely, right? Yeah.
+Um sometimes even when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um sometimes even when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um sometimes even when you start
+connecting with a ball, it goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with a ball, it goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with a ball, it goes the
+wrong direction. Goes 10 feet, 20 feet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction. Goes 10 feet, 20 feet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction. Goes 10 feet, 20 feet.
+When you can finally hit it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you can finally hit it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you can finally hit it some
+distance, it goes into the water. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance, it goes into the water. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance, it goes into the water. It
+goes into the woods. It costs $2.50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the woods. It costs $2.50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the woods. It costs $2.50
+every time you lose a ball. Um, if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you lose a ball. Um, if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you lose a ball. Um, if your
+goal your goal after all is to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal your goal after all is to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal your goal after all is to get the
+ball in the hole, why not just pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the hole, why not just pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the hole, why not just pick it
+up and walk to the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and walk to the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and walk to the other end of the
+course and drop it in? Um, the golf game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and drop it in? Um, the golf game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and drop it in? Um, the golf game
+would go much quicker. You'd never lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go much quicker. You'd never lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go much quicker. You'd never lose
+a ball. You'd have a lot more success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ball. You'd have a lot more success.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ball. You'd have a lot more success.
+Um, but nobody play no one chooses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but nobody play no one chooses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but nobody play no one chooses to
+play golf that way. If you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play golf that way. If you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play golf that way. If you think about
+it, people choose to play golf by moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, people choose to play golf by moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, people choose to play golf by moving
+the ball to the hole in the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball to the hole in the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball to the hole in the single
+stupidest way possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest way possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest way possible.
+Um, and as Bernard Suits said in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and as Bernard Suits said in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and as Bernard Suits said in this
+context, games are really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context, games are really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context, games are really about
+overcoming unnecessary obstacles. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming unnecessary obstacles. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming unnecessary obstacles. And
+unnecessary is critical here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary is critical here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary is critical here because
+every every game is by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every game is by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every game is by definition
+unnecessary. If you're really playing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary. If you're really playing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary. If you're really playing,
+it's voluntary. It's not required. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's voluntary. It's not required. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's voluntary. It's not required. Your
+survival does not depend on it. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival does not depend on it. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival does not depend on it. So by
+definition, every game is unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition, every game is unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition, every game is unnecessary
+and therefore the obstacles in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the obstacles in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the obstacles in every
+game are unnecessary. And a game is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are unnecessary. And a game is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are unnecessary. And a game is the
+is the voluntary overcoming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voluntary overcoming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the voluntary overcoming of
+unnecessary obstacles. So, why do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary obstacles. So, why do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary obstacles. So, why do we do
+it? Why would we do all that in game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Why would we do all that in game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Why would we do all that in game?
+Well, in games, we willingly submit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in games, we willingly submit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in games, we willingly submit to
+arbitrary rules and structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary rules and structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary rules and structures in
+pursuit of mastery because that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of mastery because that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of mastery because that's what's
+going on in golf. Even in golf, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in golf. Even in golf, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in golf. Even in golf, you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+um you think it's hard and yet even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think it's hard and yet even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think it's hard and yet even
+though you missed the golf ball the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you missed the golf ball the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you missed the golf ball the
+first time, you think, I think I can hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time, you think, I think I can hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time, you think, I think I can hit
+it. And then eventually you do hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then eventually you do hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then eventually you do hit it
+and you say, I think I can hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say, I think I can hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say, I think I can hit it
+further and I think I can hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and I think I can hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and I think I can hit it
+straighter. And in fact, the game gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighter. And in fact, the game gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straighter. And in fact, the game gives
+you feedback. The game is continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback. The game is continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feedback. The game is continually
+giving you feedback as to how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you feedback as to how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you feedback as to how you're
+doing. And your sense that no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. And your sense that no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. And your sense that no matter how
+no matter how ridiculously hard golf is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how ridiculously hard golf is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how ridiculously hard golf is,
+you have the sense that you can set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the sense that you can set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the sense that you can set for
+you you set for yourself proximal goals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you set for yourself proximal goals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you set for yourself proximal goals.
+I'm going to hit a little straighter, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hit a little straighter, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hit a little straighter, a
+little further. And the game lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further. And the game lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further. And the game lets you do
+that. No one runs out to the golf course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. No one runs out to the golf course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. No one runs out to the golf course
+and says, "Stop. You didn't hit the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says, "Stop. You didn't hit the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says, "Stop. You didn't hit the ball
+far enough." Right? Or or yells at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough." Right? Or or yells at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough." Right? Or or yells at you
+and says, "Hit it further. Further,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says, "Hit it further. Further,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says, "Hit it further. Further,
+right? They let you they let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They let you they let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They let you they let you
+playfully explore what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfully explore what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfully explore what you can do with
+that golf ball and you keep saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that golf ball and you keep saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that golf ball and you keep saying I'm
+getting better and so you keep playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and so you keep playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and so you keep playing
+golf and that's true with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf and that's true with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf and that's true with every
+game. Uh and I'll talk about a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Uh and I'll talk about a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Uh and I'll talk about a couple
+other examples going forward about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples going forward about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples going forward about that.
+But so games give you proximal goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so games give you proximal goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so games give you proximal goals
+which seem worth achieving but only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem worth achieving but only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem worth achieving but only if
+you can continue to be playful. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue to be playful. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue to be playful. And
+that's the thing I think the thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I think the thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing I think the thing we
+sometimes lose sight of when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes lose sight of when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes lose sight of when we're
+making games is the playfulness. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games is the playfulness. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making games is the playfulness. We
+sometimes we remember the goal. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we remember the goal. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we remember the goal. We
+remember that there's an outcome that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there's an outcome that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that there's an outcome that we
+want and we remember that we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and we remember that we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and we remember that we want the
+player to get to that outcome, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to get to that outcome, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to get to that outcome, but we
+forget about playfulness, which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about playfulness, which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about playfulness, which means we
+either make a game that's too easy, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make a game that's too easy, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either make a game that's too easy, we
+lead them right to the outcome. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead them right to the outcome. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead them right to the outcome. Um,
+that's like picking up the ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like picking up the ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like picking up the ball and
+walking the other end and dropping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking the other end and dropping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking the other end and dropping in
+the hole. And a lot of games do that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole. And a lot of games do that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole. And a lot of games do that or
+we don't we just figure I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we just figure I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we just figure I'm going to
+make it really hard. I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really hard. I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it really hard. I don't care
+whether they enjoy themselves. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they enjoy themselves. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they enjoy themselves. They're
+going to they're going to get there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to they're going to get there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to they're going to get there. And
+of course, they don't. They quit. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, they don't. They quit. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course, they don't. They quit. So the
+real the the art of games of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real the the art of games of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real the the art of games of making
+games is really the art of making giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is really the art of making giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is really the art of making giving
+the ch it's one thing to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ch it's one thing to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ch it's one thing to define a
+challenge that's important the real art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that's important the real art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that's important the real art
+in it is defining a proximal challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it is defining a proximal challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it is defining a proximal challenge
+one that people can reach and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that people can reach and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that people can reach and I would
+argue that if you're talking about games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if you're talking about games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if you're talking about games
+in which you want to convey information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you want to convey information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you want to convey information
+or you want people to learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you want people to learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you want people to learn something
+that's all of that has to hold true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of that has to hold true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of that has to hold true and
+in fact the other thing I'm arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the other thing I'm arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the other thing I'm arguing
+obviously is that in every game people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is that in every game people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is that in every game people
+are learning that the reason you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning that the reason you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning that the reason you like
+playing golf is because you're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing golf is because you're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing golf is because you're learning
+And uh Raph Kers sets this out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh Raph Kers sets this out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh Raph Kers sets this out really
+well in the theory of fun, the book a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the theory of fun, the book a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the theory of fun, the book a
+theory of fun, but that basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of fun, but that basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of fun, but that basically the
+fundamental pleasure of gameplay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pleasure of gameplay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental pleasure of gameplay is
+learning. Is learning to master the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Is learning to master the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Is learning to master the
+game. Which means in a sense if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Which means in a sense if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Which means in a sense if you do a
+if you're doing a game and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a game and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a game and you've got
+some goal for some learning to happen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some goal for some learning to happen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some goal for some learning to happen,
+all you've got to do is make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've got to do is make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you've got to do is make that
+learning interesting and worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning interesting and worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning interesting and worth
+achieving. Um right, and giving by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving. Um right, and giving by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving. Um right, and giving by
+giving people the right of set of goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people the right of set of goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people the right of set of goals
+uh to work toward it. So, um, so I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to work toward it. So, um, so I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to work toward it. So, um, so I keep
+talking kind of interchangeably between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking kind of interchangeably between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking kind of interchangeably between
+play and learning. And yet, um, the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and learning. And yet, um, the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and learning. And yet, um, the four
+freedoms of play, which I'm arguing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedoms of play, which I'm arguing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedoms of play, which I'm arguing are
+the four freedoms of learning, are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four freedoms of learning, are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four freedoms of learning, are not
+the four freedoms of school. As if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four freedoms of school. As if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four freedoms of school. As if you
+think about school, and I'm not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about school, and I'm not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about school, and I'm not talking
+about MIT right now. You think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT right now. You think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MIT right now. You think about
+your own high school experience or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own high school experience or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own high school experience or
+particular high school is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular high school is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular high school is particularly
+bad. Um, what kind of freedom is there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. Um, what kind of freedom is there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. Um, what kind of freedom is there?
+Freedom to fail, not so much. freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom to fail, not so much. freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom to fail, not so much. freedom to
+explore. Well, I mean, even in a even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore. Well, I mean, even in a even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore. Well, I mean, even in a even a
+high school science lab, you're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school science lab, you're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school science lab, you're usually
+doing a list of everyone is expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a list of everyone is expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a list of everyone is expected to
+get the same results by following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same results by following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same results by following the
+exact same procedure, right? Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same procedure, right? Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same procedure, right? Um, and
+that's the most experimental you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most experimental you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most experimental you ever
+get in school. Um, certainly no freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in school. Um, certainly no freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in school. Um, certainly no freedom
+of effort or freedom of identity. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort or freedom of identity. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effort or freedom of identity. You're
+sitting your same seat every day and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting your same seat every day and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting your same seat every day and you
+expected to behave the exact same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to behave the exact same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to behave the exact same way
+and you're expected um and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're expected um and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're expected um and you're
+expected to work equally hard. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to work equally hard. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to work equally hard. You can't
+come in and say, "I don't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and say, "I don't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and say, "I don't feel like
+working today."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working today."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working today."
+Um, so, uh, so there's no very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, uh, so there's no very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, uh, so there's no very little
+play in school, at least as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in school, at least as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in school, at least as it's
+currently embodied. And this is why I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently embodied. And this is why I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently embodied. And this is why I I
+mentioned school here, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned school here, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned school here, is
+because I think one of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think one of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think one of the challenges
+with if you're an MIT student is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're an MIT student is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're an MIT student is that
+you were probably pretty good at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were probably pretty good at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were probably pretty good at the
+game of school. You probably did what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of school. You probably did what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of school. You probably did what
+was required of you. You probably didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was required of you. You probably didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was required of you. You probably didn't
+necessarily recognize that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily recognize that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily recognize that that that
+doing the things that school required of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the things that school required of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the things that school required of
+you was not when you were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was not when you were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was not when you were actually
+learning, that that was just playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, that that was just playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, that that was just playing the
+game. that the learning was stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. that the learning was stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. that the learning was stuff you
+did was more self-motivated and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was more self-motivated and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was more self-motivated and more
+self-directed. And so frequently people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-directed. And so frequently people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-directed. And so frequently people
+when they turn around and try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they turn around and try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they turn around and try to make
+anything to do with learning, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with learning, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with learning, whether
+it's a game or write a book or create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game or write a book or create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game or write a book or create a
+curriculum, they replicate everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, they replicate everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum, they replicate everything
+that's bad about school. And a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad about school. And a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad about school. And a lot of
+and uh the reason I sort of don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reason I sort of don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reason I sort of don't like
+to say I make educational games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I make educational games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I make educational games is
+because when you think of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you think of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you think of educational
+games, you think of all the bad games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, you think of all the bad games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, you think of all the bad games
+that have replicated what's bad about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have replicated what's bad about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have replicated what's bad about
+school. games that have largely taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. games that have largely taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. games that have largely taken
+the dead carcass of a game and stuffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dead carcass of a game and stuffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dead carcass of a game and stuffed
+it full of academic content. Right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it full of academic content. Right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it full of academic content. Right? So,
+we're gonna play, you know, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna play, you know, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna play, you know, you're going
+to shoot at aliens and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot at aliens and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot at aliens and then you're going
+to me and you're going to memorize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and you're going to memorize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and you're going to memorize your
+times table. Um, now what aliens have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times table. Um, now what aliens have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times table. Um, now what aliens have to
+do with times tables, I don't know. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with times tables, I don't know. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with times tables, I don't know. Um,
+and I'd even argue that memorizing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd even argue that memorizing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd even argue that memorizing your
+times table is of questionable value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times table is of questionable value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times table is of questionable value.
+There may be a place for it, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There may be a place for it, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There may be a place for it, but it's
+certainly not it's certainly not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not it's certainly not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not it's certainly not what
+being good at math is about um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being good at math is about um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being good at math is about um,
+fundamentally. Um, and too often ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally. Um, and too often ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally. Um, and too often ga
+games for learning are end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for learning are end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for learning are end up being
+about simply I'm going to feed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about simply I'm going to feed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about simply I'm going to feed you
+content. Feed you content that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. Feed you content that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content. Feed you content that would be
+boring in a lecture or boring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring in a lecture or boring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring in a lecture or boring in a
+textbook. And guess what? It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. And guess what? It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. And guess what? It's going to
+be just as boring in a game. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just as boring in a game. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just as boring in a game. The only
+difference is we're going to surround it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is we're going to surround it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is we're going to surround it
+with things that we think you think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that we think you think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things that we think you think are
+fun, like shooting at aliens. So, um, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, like shooting at aliens. So, um, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, like shooting at aliens. So, um, it
+sort of translates into, uh, people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translates into, uh, people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translates into, uh, people
+thinking that what the world needs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that what the world needs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that what the world needs is
+something like, um, Grand Theft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like, um, Grand Theft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like, um, Grand Theft
+calculus. Um but in fact uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. Um but in fact uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. Um but in fact uh without
+playfulness a game is just going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfulness a game is just going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playfulness a game is just going through
+the motions. It's just gym class. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motions. It's just gym class. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motions. It's just gym class. You
+know volleyball in gym is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know volleyball in gym is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know volleyball in gym is not the same
+as volleyball at the beach. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as volleyball at the beach. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as volleyball at the beach. And there's
+a reason for that. And too many too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason for that. And too many too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reason for that. And too many too many
+even even smart MIT kids making games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even smart MIT kids making games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even smart MIT kids making games
+when they think there's learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they think there's learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they think there's learning
+involved end up reverting to volley gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved end up reverting to volley gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved end up reverting to volley gym
+class to just I'm going to make you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to just I'm going to make you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to just I'm going to make you play
+this game to learn the stuff you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game to learn the stuff you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game to learn the stuff you don't
+want to learn. Um, just to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn. Um, just to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn. Um, just to talk about
+the difference between a good learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a good learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a good learning
+game and a bad learning game, let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and a bad learning game, let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and a bad learning game, let's talk
+about the difference between a spelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between a spelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between a spelling
+bee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bee and
+scrabble. In a spelling bee, um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrabble. In a spelling bee, um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrabble. In a spelling bee, um, you
+are, uh, most of us when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, uh, most of us when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, uh, most of us when we do a
+spelling bee are nervous. Our palms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling bee are nervous. Our palms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling bee are nervous. Our palms are
+sweating. We think we're going to fail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating. We think we're going to fail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweating. We think we're going to fail.
+We're there's usually the mo eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're there's usually the mo eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're there's usually the mo eventually
+the moment comes where they say, "No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment comes where they say, "No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment comes where they say, "No,
+you're wrong. Sit down. You're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong. Sit down. You're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong. Sit down. You're probably
+relieved." There certainly when they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved." There certainly when they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved." There certainly when they say
+you're wrong, sit down. Nobody says to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong, sit down. Nobody says to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wrong, sit down. Nobody says to
+you, "Well, that was interesting. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, "Well, that was interesting. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, "Well, that was interesting. You
+spelled it that way." Or, "I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled it that way." Or, "I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled it that way." Or, "I can
+understand why you might have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you might have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why you might have chosen to
+spell it that way because it rhymes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it that way because it rhymes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it that way because it rhymes with
+no." They just say, "You're wrong. Sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no." They just say, "You're wrong. Sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no." They just say, "You're wrong. Sit
+down." Right? And that's the end of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down." Right? And that's the end of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down." Right? And that's the end of it.
+The end of a spelling bee, one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The end of a spelling bee, one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The end of a spelling bee, one person
+feels good, the winner. Maybe the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels good, the winner. Maybe the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels good, the winner. Maybe the kid
+who comes in second feels okay. Everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in second feels okay. Everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes in second feels okay. Everyone
+else is relieved because they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is relieved because they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is relieved because they don't have
+to do spelling anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spelling anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spelling anymore.
+Um, and uh, I used I first coined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, I used I first coined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh, I used I first coined this
+analogy thinking about bad games, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy thinking about bad games, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy thinking about bad games, but I
+later came to realize that it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later came to realize that it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later came to realize that it it's
+bigger than that. Because if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that. Because if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that. Because if you think
+about less, so I don't know how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about less, so I don't know how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about less, so I don't know how many of
+you know this, but 7% of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this, but 7% of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this, but 7% of the population
+in the US graduates high school saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US graduates high school saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US graduates high school saying
+they're good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good at
+math. Which means we take an hour a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Which means we take an hour a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Which means we take an hour a day
+for 12 years teaching 93% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years teaching 93% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 12 years teaching 93% of the
+population that they're not good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that they're not good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that they're not good at
+math. Um, we would be doing them all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um, we would be doing them all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. Um, we would be doing them all a
+big favor by in kindergarten saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big favor by in kindergarten saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big favor by in kindergarten saying
+you're not going to do math and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do math and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do math and just
+leave it at that. Um or better yet, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that. Um or better yet, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it at that. Um or better yet, we
+could figure out ways that teaching math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out ways that teaching math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out ways that teaching math
+that actually were meaningful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually were meaningful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually were meaningful and
+relevant to people rather than making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to people rather than making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to people rather than making
+them feel like they're not good at math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feel like they're not good at math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them feel like they're not good at math.
+Um so, uh so that's so that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, uh so that's so that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, uh so that's so that's a bad
+game. And so what I'm really arguing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. And so what I'm really arguing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. And so what I'm really arguing is
+that school is a bad game. School is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that school is a bad game. School is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that school is a bad game. School is a
+game in which uh we reward people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in which uh we reward people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in which uh we reward people for
+learning how to play at school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to play at school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to play at school.
+Sometimes they're smart at some things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes they're smart at some things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes they're smart at some things.
+I'm not saying that there aren't people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that there aren't people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that there aren't people,
+but but largely our goal is to weed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but largely our goal is to weed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but largely our goal is to weed
+people out. And we, you know, we filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out. And we, you know, we filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out. And we, you know, we filter
+some people into some fields because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people into some fields because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people into some fields because
+they seem good at it. For everyone else,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem good at it. For everyone else,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem good at it. For everyone else,
+we're sort of convincing them that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of convincing them that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of convincing them that they
+that I don't have to study anymore. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to study anymore. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't have to study anymore. I'm
+done with school. I never have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with school. I never have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with school. I never have to learn
+anything again. That's the way most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything again. That's the way most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything again. That's the way most
+people end up leaving school. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people end up leaving school. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people end up leaving school. Um,
+Scrabble, you sit down, you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble, you sit down, you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble, you sit down, you got your
+board, you got your tiles, you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, you got your tiles, you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, you got your tiles, you're moving
+them around all the time. You're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around all the time. You're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around all the time. You're being
+creative, even in the downtime, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative, even in the downtime, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative, even in the downtime, just
+thinking about all the words, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the words, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the words, you know.
+If you never win a game of Scrabble, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you never win a game of Scrabble, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you never win a game of Scrabble, you
+have all sorts of other proximal goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of other proximal goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of other proximal goals
+like getting a 50point word or getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting a 50point word or getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting a 50point word or getting a
+triple word score or getting the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple word score or getting the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple word score or getting the highest
+score you ever got. Just like golf, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score you ever got. Just like golf, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score you ever got. Just like golf, it
+gives you lots of feedback and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you lots of feedback and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you lots of feedback and you can
+in effect and just like, by the way, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect and just like, by the way, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect and just like, by the way, you
+know, most people play golf, they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, most people play golf, they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, most people play golf, they're not
+in a tournament. They're not playing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tournament. They're not playing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tournament. They're not playing to
+win a game. They've set their they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a game. They've set their they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a game. They've set their they've
+made their own game. Maybe I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their own game. Maybe I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made their own game. Maybe I'm going to
+get a lower score than I got last time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower score than I got last time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lower score than I got last time,
+or maybe I'm going to get a lower score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I'm going to get a lower score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I'm going to get a lower score
+than the person I'm playing with. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the person I'm playing with. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the person I'm playing with. Well,
+Scrabble, it's the same thing. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble, it's the same thing. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble, it's the same thing. So you're
+continually setting your own goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually setting your own goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually setting your own goals
+within the game. The game has goals. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the game. The game has goals. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the game. The game has goals. It
+it it it has something called victory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it has something called victory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it has something called victory.
+And we all may aspire to that victory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we all may aspire to that victory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we all may aspire to that victory,
+but we have lots of other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have lots of other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have lots of other ways of
+measuring ourselves that are not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring ourselves that are not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring ourselves that are not about
+victory. And every player makes up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory. And every player makes up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory. And every player makes up their
+own game within Scrabble and golf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game within Scrabble and golf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game within Scrabble and golf and
+any good game. We actually all play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good game. We actually all play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good game. We actually all play a
+different game when we play a game. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game when we play a game. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game when we play a game. And
+that's not a fault of the game. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a fault of the game. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a fault of the game. So um
+one last thing I sort of want to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing I sort of want to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last thing I sort of want to bring
+into that to uh to the conversation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that to uh to the conversation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that to uh to the conversation in
+as we think about this is um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we think about this is um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we think about this is um an
+expression that comes around the it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that comes around the it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that comes around the it's it
+dates back to around the same time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates back to around the same time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates back to around the same time as
+the bugal painting but in English we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugal painting but in English we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bugal painting but in English we
+first see the words all we first see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see the words all we first see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see the words all we first see the
+expression all work in no play makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression all work in no play makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression all work in no play makes
+Jack a dull boy and at first your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack a dull boy and at first your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack a dull boy and at first your first
+response is that's a good thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is that's a good thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is that's a good thing right
+yes no no one should have you know play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no no one should have you know play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no no one should have you know play
+is important so it seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important so it seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important so it seems to be a
+statement in support of what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in support of what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in support of what I've been
+saying the only trouble with it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the only trouble with it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the only trouble with it is that
+It also sort of suggests that there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also sort of suggests that there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also sort of suggests that there that
+we there's this dichconomy. There's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's this dichconomy. There's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's this dichconomy. There's work
+and there's play. And I may have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's play. And I may have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's play. And I may have sort of
+suggested it by saying it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it by saying it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested it by saying it's the thing
+you do when you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do when you don't have to do
+anything else. But what I'm really sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else. But what I'm really sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else. But what I'm really sort
+of but then I I did modify that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but then I I did modify that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but then I I did modify that by
+saying that you do some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you do some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you do some of these other
+things playfully as well. And in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things playfully as well. And in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things playfully as well. And in fact,
+when we go into school, we sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go into school, we sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go into school, we sort of think
+that there's learning and there's play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's learning and there's play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's learning and there's play
+and that they're different. Um, but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're different. Um, but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're different. Um, but in
+fact, I'm going to go quickly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I'm going to go quickly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I'm going to go quickly through
+those slides and just go up to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those slides and just go up to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those slides and just go up to here and
+just say I think we really need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I think we really need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I think we really need to think
+of it more like this. And we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it more like this. And we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it more like this. And we need to
+think about situating things here. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about situating things here. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about situating things here. Um,
+there may be some kind of learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some kind of learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some kind of learning that
+has no and fun, by the way, let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no and fun, by the way, let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no and fun, by the way, let me just
+be clear about fun. Fun is not giggles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear about fun. Fun is not giggles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear about fun. Fun is not giggles.
+It fun doesn't even necessarily require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It fun doesn't even necessarily require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It fun doesn't even necessarily require
+a smile on the face. If you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smile on the face. If you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smile on the face. If you think about
+yourself playing a video game at age 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself playing a video game at age 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself playing a video game at age 11
+or 12, you were probably moments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12, you were probably moments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12, you were probably moments where
+you were tongue was sticking out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were tongue was sticking out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were tongue was sticking out and you
+were crosseyed and you're yelling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crosseyed and you're yelling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were crosseyed and you're yelling at the
+screen, that's not fair, and you threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen, that's not fair, and you threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen, that's not fair, and you threw
+your controller and then you beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your controller and then you beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your controller and then you beat the
+game and said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and said that was
+fun. And um Seymour Papard, a retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. And um Seymour Papard, a retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. And um Seymour Papard, a retired
+professor from the media lab, is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor from the media lab, is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor from the media lab, is the one
+who coined the term hard fun. And hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who coined the term hard fun. And hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who coined the term hard fun. And hard
+fun is not a special category. I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is not a special category. I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is not a special category. I would
+argue that it's most lots of fun is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's most lots of fun is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's most lots of fun is hard
+fun. may be most fun. Certainly, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. may be most fun. Certainly, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. may be most fun. Certainly, most
+games are hard fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are hard fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are hard fun.
+Um, and that most learning is hard, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that most learning is hard, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that most learning is hard, good
+learning is hard fun. Um, the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is hard fun. Um, the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is hard fun. Um, the things you
+learn that aren't fun. Yes, you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that aren't fun. Yes, you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that aren't fun. Yes, you may
+maybe you do need there maybe some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do need there maybe some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you do need there maybe some value
+to memorizing your times tables, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorizing your times tables, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorizing your times tables, but it
+doesn't make you a mathematician. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make you a mathematician. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make you a mathematician. That's
+not where the real learning happened.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where the real learning happened.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where the real learning happened.
+Um, maybe there are a handful of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, maybe there are a handful of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, maybe there are a handful of things
+you have to me maybe you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to me maybe you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to me maybe you do have to
+memorize. There's things you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize. There's things you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize. There's things you have to
+memorize. Although I mean I um I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize. Although I mean I um I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize. Although I mean I um I heard
+somewhere that in a 10th grade biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that in a 10th grade biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that in a 10th grade biology
+student has to memorize more words than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has to memorize more words than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student has to memorize more words than
+a 10th grade French student. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10th grade French student. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10th grade French student. And if you
+think about it, how many of us other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, how many of us other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, how many of us other
+than those of us go to biology ever use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of us go to biology ever use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of us go to biology ever use
+all those words that we memorized in bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those words that we memorized in bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those words that we memorized in bi
+none of it. So I mean I think me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it. So I mean I think me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of it. So I mean I think me you
+know too much of learning too much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too much of learning too much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too much of learning too much of
+our vision of learning is still based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vision of learning is still based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our vision of learning is still based on
+dr being memorizing stuff that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr being memorizing stuff that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr being memorizing stuff that you then
+get tested on rather than building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested on rather than building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tested on rather than building up
+cognitive structures that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive structures that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive structures that you can then
+work with through the rest of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with through the rest of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with through the rest of your life
+which is what we really want people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we really want people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we really want people to
+do. And I think that's my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And I think that's my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And I think that's my point is that
+because I know some you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know some you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know some you're doing this
+work with a Red Cross, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a Red Cross, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a Red Cross, you have
+information you want to convey. Um I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want to convey. Um I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want to convey. Um I'm I
+want to argue that if the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that if the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that if the information
+you want to convey fits on a 3x5 card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to convey fits on a 3x5 card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to convey fits on a 3x5 card
+and people can carry it around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can carry it around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can carry it around with
+them, um then there's no point making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, um then there's no point making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, um then there's no point making a
+game of it. But the truth is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of it. But the truth is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of it. But the truth is that we
+know that many of those things that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that many of those things that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that many of those things that I've
+done games. So, just to do a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done games. So, just to do a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done games. So, just to do a parallel
+example, I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, I've done
+games for people um for uh the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for people um for uh the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for people um for uh the working
+poor, games that are where the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor, games that are where the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor, games that are where the goal is
+to explain to them that they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to them that they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to them that they shouldn't
+take out payday loans or take get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out payday loans or take get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out payday loans or take get on
+take on credit card debt. Well, in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on credit card debt. Well, in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on credit card debt. Well, in fact,
+you could write that on a 3x5 card. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write that on a 3x5 card. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write that on a 3x5 card. If I
+handed it to most people and said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed it to most people and said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed it to most people and said,
+"Don't take out a payday loan. Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Don't take out a payday loan. Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Don't take out a payday loan. Don't
+take out credit card debt." They would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out credit card debt." They would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out credit card debt." They would
+nod and smile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nod and smile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nod and smile and
+agree and then they would go and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and then they would go and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and then they would go and do it
+when when they were an extremist anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when they were an extremist anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when they were an extremist anyway.
+um they don't do it lively but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't do it lively but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they don't do it lively but they do
+it but my point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but my point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but my point is that the
+understanding that you really need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you really need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you really need is
+more subtle and more complicated. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and more complicated. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle and more complicated. You
+want you really want to give people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you really want to give people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you really want to give people some
+functional understanding of something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional understanding of something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional understanding of something.
+So when we did that game what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we did that game what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we did that game what we really
+tried to do is give people put people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is give people put people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do is give people put people in
+the situations in which they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations in which they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations in which they might
+otherwise get loans and help them see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get loans and help them see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get loans and help them see
+what the alternatives were that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the alternatives were that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the alternatives were that that was
+the important learning not the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important learning not the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important learning not the and
+helping them recognize those moments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them recognize those moments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping them recognize those moments.
+the learning was sort of helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning was sort of helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning was sort of helping them
+and and helping them feel empowered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and helping them feel empowered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and helping them feel empowered to
+be able to make decisions. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make decisions. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make decisions. So, we're
+doing lots of stuff beyond conveying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lots of stuff beyond conveying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing lots of stuff beyond conveying the
+information. Don't take out a a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Don't take out a a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Don't take out a a you
+know, credit card debt. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, credit card debt. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, credit card debt. And so,
+similarly, I think you're doing games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly, I think you're doing games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly, I think you're doing games
+where you probably think you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you probably think you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you probably think you want to
+convey information, but that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey information, but that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey information, but that's all
+information that could fit on a pamphlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that could fit on a pamphlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that could fit on a pamphlet
+in a pamphlet or on a 3x5 card. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pamphlet or on a 3x5 card. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a pamphlet or on a 3x5 card. And you
+probably really don't want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really don't want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably really don't want to make a
+game about that. probably really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about that. probably really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about that. probably really want to
+make a game that's going to be about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game that's going to be about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game that's going to be about uh
+helping people through some experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people through some experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people through some experience
+master something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master something
+um and through their sense of mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and through their sense of mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and through their sense of mastery
+cha change them. So that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cha change them. So that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cha change them. So that's I think
+that's it in a nutshell uh what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it in a nutshell uh what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it in a nutshell uh what I want
+to say and just allow use the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and just allow use the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and just allow use the rest of
+the time for questions um and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for questions um and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time for questions um and then I
+you're to see your paper project with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're to see your paper project with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're to see your paper project with
+everybody else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. So, a lot of your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, a lot of your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, a lot of your initial
+description actually sounded like grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description actually sounded like grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description actually sounded like grad
+school. Yeah. So, I feel like grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Yeah. So, I feel like grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. Yeah. So, I feel like grad
+school is quite the opposite of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is quite the opposite of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is quite the opposite of what
+you're saying. School is Yeah. Say say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying. School is Yeah. Say say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying. School is Yeah. Say say a
+little more because not everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more because not everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more because not everyone knows
+like so freedom to explore and fail. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so freedom to explore and fail. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so freedom to explore and fail. I
+think that's like fundamentally why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like fundamentally why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like fundamentally why you
+go to grad school is Yeah. Yeah. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to grad school is Yeah. Yeah. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to grad school is Yeah. Yeah. You can
+exp you do a project and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exp you do a project and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exp you do a project and it doesn't
+work. Yeah. Then nobody's really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Yeah. Then nobody's really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Yeah. Then nobody's really going
+to get mad at you. You just do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get mad at you. You just do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get mad at you. You just do the next
+paper, right? Effort. You can try as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, right? Effort. You can try as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, right? Effort. You can try as
+hard as you want and you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as you want and you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as you want and you know there are
+days when you don't you don't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when you don't you don't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when you don't you don't feel like
+coming into work too much. Yeah. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into work too much. Yeah. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into work too much. Yeah. I'm not
+sure about identity, right? Well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about identity, right? Well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about identity, right? Well, you
+probably a lot of people under grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of people under grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of people under grad
+school think they're going to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school think they're going to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school think they're going to do one
+thing and end up leaving doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and end up leaving doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and end up leaving doing something
+else. They they've had that freedom to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. They they've had that freedom to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. They they've had that freedom to I
+mean actually that's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean actually that's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean actually that's true of
+undergraduate too. I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate too. I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate too. I would say
+undergraduate and certainly at MIT it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and certainly at MIT it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate and certainly at MIT it
+seems to be slightly more play. Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be slightly more play. Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be slightly more play. Well, I
+don't know. I'm not familiar. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I'm not familiar. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I'm not familiar. I don't
+know what it's like the f freshman year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's like the f freshman year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's like the f freshman year
+when you're doing all those pet sets. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing all those pet sets. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing all those pet sets. I
+don't know what that's like. I I was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that's like. I I was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that's like. I I was not
+I was a theater major at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a theater major at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a theater major at a different
+school. So I don't know what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. So I don't know what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. So I don't know what that's
+like, but I do see in in particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, but I do see in in particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, but I do see in in particularly in
+upper classman a fair amount of play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper classman a fair amount of play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper classman a fair amount of play in
+in your work. Um so I don't No, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your work. Um so I don't No, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your work. Um so I don't No, but I
+think it is true. Um really what to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is true. Um really what to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is true. Um really what to get
+what I'm really arguing at core is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really arguing at core is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really arguing at core is that
+what real education is about is learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what real education is about is learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what real education is about is learning
+how to learn is learning all the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to learn is learning all the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to learn is learning all the kinds
+of things you need to do to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you need to do to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you need to do to know how to
+learn and helping and help and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and helping and help and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and helping and help and some of
+it means just having your your natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means just having your your natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means just having your your natural
+curiosity re positively reinforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity re positively reinforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity re positively reinforced
+instead of negatively reinforced. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of negatively reinforced. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of negatively reinforced. Um
+kids are naturally curious. They don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are naturally curious. They don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are naturally curious. They don't
+have any trouble asking questions. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble asking questions. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble asking questions. It's
+we slowly start we slowly start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slowly start we slowly start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we slowly start we slowly start doing
+things that make people stop asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make people stop asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make people stop asking
+questions. we kill we kill the curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. we kill we kill the curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. we kill we kill the curiosity
+in most people and so I I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most people and so I I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most people and so I I'm really
+arguing that education should be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that education should be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that education should be about
+uh maximizing your curiosity um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maximizing your curiosity um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maximizing your curiosity um so that
+you can continue to ask interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue to ask interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can continue to ask interesting
+questions for the rest of your life so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the rest of your life so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for the rest of your life so
+like from so so my example of math I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from so so my example of math I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from so so my example of math I
+want I don't see why there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I don't see why there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I don't see why there's no reason
+why everyone who graduates high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why everyone who graduates high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why everyone who graduates high school
+couldn't when they then hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't when they then hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't when they then hear a
+politician quote a statistic say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician quote a statistic say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician quote a statistic say how
+does he know that where did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he know that where did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he know that where did that
+statistic come from and maybe even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic come from and maybe even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic come from and maybe even uh
+interrogate you know and when you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate you know and when you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogate you know and when you read a
+survey say that question doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey say that question doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey say that question doesn't seem
+like a good survey or that or that's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good survey or that or that's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good survey or that or that's or
+um that's correlation not causation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's correlation not causation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's correlation not causation.
+Those are all things we could learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are all things we could learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are all things we could learn in
+high school math um for example. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school math um for example. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school math um for example. So it's
+much more about learning how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more about learning how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more about learning how to think
+than it is about I mean I and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is about I mean I and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is about I mean I and for
+statistics it's far more important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics it's far more important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics it's far more important to
+know how to ask those questions than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to ask those questions than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to ask those questions than it
+is for everybody to know what um the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for everybody to know what um the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for everybody to know what um the R
+value is of something. I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is of something. I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is of something. I think that's a
+that's a term in statistics, isn't it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a term in statistics, isn't it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a term in statistics, isn't it?
+Yeah. I I've you know I I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I I've you know I I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I I've you know I I have to take
+statistics. So but yes so I so I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics. So but yes so I so I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics. So but yes so I so I I'm I'm
+sort of and the reason I'm going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and the reason I'm going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and the reason I'm going back to
+sort of trying to talk to you about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to talk to you about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to talk to you about what
+education's should be about is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education's should be about is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education's should be about is because
+if you go do games for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go do games for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go do games for learning
+particularly because they're games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because they're games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because they're games.
+They've got to get you've got to shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They've got to get you've got to shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They've got to get you've got to shake
+the the the false model of what learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the false model of what learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the false model of what learning
+is and sort of go for the for the truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and sort of go for the for the truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and sort of go for the for the truly
+playful model. um because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful model. um because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful model. um because otherwise
+it'll be the same kind of boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same kind of boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same kind of boring
+educational game that probably made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game that probably made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational game that probably made you
+look a scance at having to listen to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a scance at having to listen to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a scance at having to listen to me
+at all um in the first place because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um in the first place because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um in the first place because
+that's what you thought I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you thought I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you thought I was going to
+be talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other comments. Yes. Um, what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments. Yes. Um, what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments. Yes. Um, what's your
+opinion on games that like by structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on games that like by structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on games that like by structure
+makes it easy or hard for the player to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy or hard for the player to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easy or hard for the player to
+like play with a lot of effort like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play with a lot of effort like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play with a lot of effort like
+hardcore or play without a lot of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore or play without a lot of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcore or play without a lot of effort
+like um so we all so one way in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um so we all so one way in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um so we all so one way in which I
+mean you could you could do a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you could do a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you could do a game
+that's all requires nothing but 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all requires nothing but 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all requires nothing but 100%
+effort and in a sense the play is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and in a sense the play is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and in a sense the play is who
+decides to play that game. the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to play that game. the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to play that game. the people
+who are willing to put themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to put themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are willing to put themselves
+through 100% effort all the time, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 100% effort all the time, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 100% effort all the time, they
+voluntarily do that and so you've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily do that and so you've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily do that and so you've found
+your audience. I'm not saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience. I'm not saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience. I'm not saying you
+couldn't do a game like that. I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do a game like that. I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do a game like that. I'm saying
+that it's likely that in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's likely that in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's likely that in the course of
+most people's game play, they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people's game play, they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people's game play, they're going
+to have this need to like a game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this need to like a game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this need to like a game where
+you get on the rails and the clock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on the rails and the clock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on the rails and the clock is
+going and you know you got to keep shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and you know you got to keep shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and you know you got to keep shoot
+there's usually that's why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually that's why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually that's why there's
+usually plateaus of some kind or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually plateaus of some kind or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually plateaus of some kind or
+another. there's an acknowledgement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. there's an acknowledgement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. there's an acknowledgement that
+people need to stop and take a breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to stop and take a breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to stop and take a breath
+even if it's just a plateau a save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's just a plateau a save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's just a plateau a save
+point. Um there's some acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um there's some acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um there's some acknowledgement
+of that. I think games where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. I think games where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. I think games where there's
+actually some combination of of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some combination of of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some combination of of really
+intense play and more relaxed play can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense play and more relaxed play can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense play and more relaxed play can
+sometimes be more satisfying. But I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be more satisfying. But I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be more satisfying. But I so
+I'm not saying that a game can't be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that a game can't be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that a game can't be all
+hard all or the other side of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard all or the other side of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard all or the other side of it.
+Farmville clearly was very popular with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmville clearly was very popular with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farmville clearly was very popular with
+lots of people who really wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who really wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who really wanted to do
+kind of mindless stuff. I guess we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mindless stuff. I guess we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mindless stuff. I guess we all
+have a need sometimes for non-t taxing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need sometimes for non-t taxing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need sometimes for non-t taxing.
+So there's nothing wrong with a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's nothing wrong with a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's nothing wrong with a game
+which requires almost all effort all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires almost all effort all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which requires almost all effort all in
+or very little in. It's just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very little in. It's just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very little in. It's just that the
+reality is we're going to the player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is we're going to the player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is we're going to the player is
+going to move fluidly from one state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move fluidly from one state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move fluidly from one state to
+the other. And if your game can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. And if your game can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. And if your game can
+accommodate that so much the better. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that so much the better. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate that so much the better. You
+know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something that I want to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that I want to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that I want to comment
+on that uh it is totally possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh it is totally possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh it is totally possible to
+play Farmville extremely um in in hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Farmville extremely um in in hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play Farmville extremely um in in hard
+basically uh I I had a uh intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh I I had a uh intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh I I had a uh intensity
+monoculture sweating form uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoculture sweating form uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoculture sweating form uh that that
+required very very precise timing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required very very precise timing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required very very precise timing every
+single thing. So yeah and so and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing. So yeah and so and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single thing. So yeah and so and that's
+and the point is that that that Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that that that Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that that that Philip
+chose to make it that kind of game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to make it that kind of game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to make it that kind of game and
+everybody will choose to make it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will choose to make it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will choose to make it that
+kind of game. Too many games sort of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game. Too many games sort of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of game. Too many games sort of we
+I think we frequently make the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we frequently make the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we frequently make the mistake
+of imagining a certain path for a player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagining a certain path for a player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagining a certain path for a player
+on the win state and we design the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the win state and we design the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the win state and we design the game
+around that player following the path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that player following the path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that player following the path to
+the win state and we forget to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the win state and we forget to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the win state and we forget to think
+about all of the time that players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the time that players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the time that players are
+likely to spend either trying to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to spend either trying to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to spend either trying to break
+the game or play in different modes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game or play in different modes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game or play in different modes or
+or in fail state. I mean, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fail state. I mean, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fail state. I mean, one of the
+things I encourage students to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I encourage students to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I encourage students to do is
+make sure that the failure is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the failure is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the failure is the most
+interesting part of your game because ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of your game because ch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of your game because ch
+if your game is at all challenging,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your game is at all challenging,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your game is at all challenging,
+people are going to be spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to be spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to be spending a lot of
+time in failure mode. You might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in failure mode. You might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in failure mode. You might as well
+a you want to reward them and say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want to reward them and say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want to reward them and say that's
+okay. We we're happy to see you here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. We we're happy to see you here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. We we're happy to see you here. Um
+and and B, you want to make sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and B, you want to make sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and B, you want to make sure that it
+remains entertaining while they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains entertaining while they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains entertaining while they're in
+failure mode so they don't quit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure mode so they don't quit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure mode so they don't quit.
+So, I like I said, I think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I like I said, I think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I like I said, I think that that's
+it's an easy mistake to sort of fixate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easy mistake to sort of fixate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an easy mistake to sort of fixate
+on what's the path to success look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's the path to success look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's the path to success look like
+and not think about what the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not think about what the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not think about what the whole
+gameplay experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay experience is
+like. And that and it gets worse when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. And that and it gets worse when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. And that and it gets worse when
+when people have an agenda like um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people have an agenda like um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people have an agenda like um like
+like a game for the Red Cross. We really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a game for the Red Cross. We really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a game for the Red Cross. We really
+fall into that trap. And that's why so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into that trap. And that's why so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into that trap. And that's why so
+many uh serious games seem so serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh serious games seem so serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh serious games seem so serious
+and earnest and humorless because all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earnest and humorless because all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and earnest and humorless because all we
+thought about was the play we who all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about was the play we who all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about was the play we who all
+the designer thought about was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designer thought about was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the designer thought about was the
+players player earnestly achieving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players player earnestly achieving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players player earnestly achieving the
+goals that the the designer set out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that the the designer set out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that the the designer set out for
+the player rather than thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player rather than thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player rather than thinking about
+the player playing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes, um I guess going back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, um I guess going back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, um I guess going back to your
+example about golf and play and uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about golf and play and uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example about golf and play and uh not
+having somebody yell at you for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having somebody yell at you for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having somebody yell at you for not
+hitting the ball straight. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the ball straight. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the ball straight. How do you
+think that kind of goes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that kind of goes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that kind of goes with the
+existence of golf teachers who you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of golf teachers who you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of golf teachers who you pay
+to essentially tell you you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially tell you you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to essentially tell you you're doing it
+wrong?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong?
+I guess I'm thinking of my own dad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm thinking of my own dad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm thinking of my own dad.
+Yeah. and in conjunction with my sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. and in conjunction with my sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. and in conjunction with my sister
+who have very different opinions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have very different opinions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have very different opinions about
+the golf coach telling them to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf coach telling them to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golf coach telling them to do it
+right. So the relevant thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the relevant thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the relevant thing there is
+that they elected to have a golf coach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they elected to have a golf coach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they elected to have a golf coach
+tell them to do that at a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to do that at a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to do that at a certain point
+in their if you started somebody with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their if you started somebody with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their if you started somebody with a
+golf coach yelling at them now it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf coach yelling at them now it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf coach yelling at them now it could
+be a very gentle loving helpful person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very gentle loving helpful person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very gentle loving helpful person
+in which case it might go fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case it might go fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case it might go fine but
+chances are the reason if you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the reason if you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are the reason if you started
+somebody with someone standing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with someone standing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody with someone standing over
+their shoulder telling them what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their shoulder telling them what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their shoulder telling them what to do
+every moment they probably would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every moment they probably would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every moment they probably would never
+develop an a real interest in it. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an a real interest in it. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an a real interest in it. So the
+point at which you electively you elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which you electively you elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which you electively you elect
+to have somebody there, you can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody there, you can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody there, you can still be
+you have your reasons now. You have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your reasons now. You have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your reasons now. You have your
+motivation and so it's a different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and so it's a different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and so it's a different it's
+a different experience at that point. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different experience at that point. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different experience at that point. Um
+I think there are lots of kids who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are lots of kids who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are lots of kids who get
+turned off to musical instruments or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off to musical instruments or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off to musical instruments or um
+sports because too early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports because too early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports because too early in the
+experience they're forced into sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they're forced into sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience they're forced into sort of
+just just reproduce the results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just reproduce the results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just reproduce the results that
+some adult wants you to reproduce rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adult wants you to reproduce rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adult wants you to reproduce rather
+than explore this and figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than explore this and figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than explore this and figure out where
+your motivation is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, well, thanks. I think that's but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, well, thanks. I think that's but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, well, thanks. I think that's but I'm
+I'm sticking around, so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sticking around, so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sticking around, so if you have any
+other questions, I'm happy to take them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions, I'm happy to take them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions, I'm happy to take them.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, another reason I I wanted to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, another reason I I wanted to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, another reason I I wanted to ask you
+to come and talk to class. Um, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come and talk to class. Um, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come and talk to class. Um, so we
+mentioned a couple of the other game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a couple of the other game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a couple of the other game
+classes we have at MIT that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we have at MIT that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we have at MIT that we're
+teaching and you teach uh 615, the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and you teach uh 615, the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and you teach uh 615, the games
+for social change. Games for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social change. Games for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social change. Games for social
+change. Yep. Can you say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Yep. Can you say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Yep. Can you say a little bit
+about what that's next fall, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that's next fall, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that's next fall, right?
+Yeah, that'll be next fall. Can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that'll be next fall. Can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that'll be next fall. Can you tell
+say a little bit about what that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about what that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about what that class
+entails? Yep. And uh Sabrina took it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails? Yep. And uh Sabrina took it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails? Yep. And uh Sabrina took it.
+Um it's a it's a it's sort of getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a it's a it's sort of getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a it's a it's sort of getting at
+this taking the same pre principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking the same pre principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taking the same pre principles that
+I was talking about um and using them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about um and using them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about um and using them to
+think about if we really if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if we really if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if we really if you're
+interested in social change and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in social change and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in social change and you want
+how you could use games for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could use games for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you could use games for that
+understanding that you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that you can't you can't
+make people change. And so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people change. And so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people change. And so the question
+is how can you use play to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how can you use play to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how can you use play to actually
+encourage you know change? And so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you know change? And so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you know change? And so part
+of part partly we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part partly we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part partly we're looking at
+critically at how society works. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically at how society works. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically at how society works. And the
+task we're trying this year for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task we're trying this year for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task we're trying this year for the
+first time um do well doing two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time um do well doing two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time um do well doing two big
+projects this year. We're doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this year. We're doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects this year. We're doing um
+uh we're we're just now finishing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're just now finishing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're just now finishing a
+project on the theme of walls in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the theme of walls in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the theme of walls in in
+uh to go in conjunction with the 25th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go in conjunction with the 25th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go in conjunction with the 25th
+anniversary of the Berlin Wall coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary of the Berlin Wall coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anniversary of the Berlin Wall coming
+down. Um, and that's going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um, and that's going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um, and that's going to be on
+display at the Gerta Institute, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display at the Gerta Institute, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display at the Gerta Institute, which is
+sort of a a place in in Boston, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a place in in Boston, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a place in in Boston, and it
+may also be on display in Munich at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also be on display in Munich at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also be on display in Munich at the
+same time, the games. Um, and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, the games. Um, and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, the games. Um, and then we're
+going to do a project where we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a project where we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a project where we try to
+actually look at some uh some system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at some uh some system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at some uh some system in
+society like school, which is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society like school, which is a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society like school, which is a bad
+game, and try to redesign it as a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and try to redesign it as a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and try to redesign it as a good
+game. Not make a game about school, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Not make a game about school, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Not make a game about school, but
+rather redesign school itself as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather redesign school itself as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather redesign school itself as if it
+were a game. So, that's every year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a game. So, that's every year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a game. So, that's every year we
+try different stuff. The one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different stuff. The one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different stuff. The one thing I
+like to try to do is come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to try to do is come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to try to do is come up with
+projects that actually have for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that actually have for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that actually have for which
+you're doing it with somebody besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it with somebody besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it with somebody besides
+just me. I don't I don't just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me. I don't I don't just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me. I don't I don't just want
+students doing stuff for me. I want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students doing stuff for me. I want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students doing stuff for me. I want them
+doing it for some bigger audience. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for some bigger audience. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it for some bigger audience. So we
+try to do that with every game we every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that with every game we every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that with every game we every
+semester. So anyway that's cool. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. So anyway that's cool. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. So anyway that's cool. Yeah.
+So if you really like what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you really like what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you really like what you're doing
+right now with um the Red Cross Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with um the Red Cross Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now with um the Red Cross Red
+Crescent project and you want to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent project and you want to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent project and you want to do more
+of this kind of stuff um take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of stuff um take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of stuff um take a look at
+that in the fall. And if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the fall. And if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the fall. And if you're looking
+for some help or insight about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some help or insight about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some help or insight about the
+design of your project um this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of your project um this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of your project um this semester
+um the games for social change materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the games for social change materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the games for social change materials
+are on the open courseware website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the open courseware website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the open courseware website and
+we'll post uh those readings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll post uh those readings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll post uh those readings and
+materials there so you can take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there so you can take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials there so you can take a look
+at that. We're um it's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. We're um it's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that. We're um it's a bit of a
+seminar so I think uh there no lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar so I think uh there no lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar so I think uh there no lectures
+and so I think there's a lot readings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think there's a lot readings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think there's a lot readings.
+Yeah. And they're not always explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And they're not always explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And they're not always explicitly
+about what we talk end up talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we talk end up talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we talk end up talking about
+in class. So you know I don't promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class. So you know I don't promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class. So you know I don't promise
+that they'll always be helpful but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll always be helpful but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll always be helpful but uh
+but anyway they're more like thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway they're more like thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway they're more like thought
+starters than but yeah. All right, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters than but yeah. All right, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters than but yeah. All right, so
+it's 1:48. Take a really quick break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1:48. Take a really quick break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 1:48. Take a really quick break and
+then set yourself up into your five uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then set yourself up into your five uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then set yourself up into your five uh
+groups and set up your play test. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and set up your play test. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and set up your play test. Um
+we'd like to start doing play test at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to start doing play test at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to start doing play test at
+two, so 12 minutes from now if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, so 12 minutes from now if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, so 12 minutes from now if that's
+possible. You think that's enough time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. You think that's enough time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. You think that's enough time?
+Okay, so we're about to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're about to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're about to get
+started. How many stations do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. How many stations do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. How many stations do you have
+for for testers? Many laptops. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for testers? Many laptops. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for testers? Many laptops. How many
+are you going to have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to have?
+Three. All right. three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. If you're not using your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. If you're not using your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. If you're not using your your
+computer to run a game, then close it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to run a game, then close it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to run a game, then close it or
+set it aside so people know. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it aside so people know. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it aside so people know. All right.
+How many stations are you going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many stations are you going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many stations are you going to have
+over here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here?
+Two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two.
+And group behind you. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And group behind you. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And group behind you. How many
+workstations? Four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many workstations are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many workstations are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many workstations are you gonna
+going to have? Two. And in the back, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have? Two. And in the back, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have? Two. And in the back, how
+many? One.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. One, two, three, four, five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. One, two, three, four, five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. One, two, three, four, five,
+nine, 12. Okay. So, basically, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine, 12. Okay. So, basically, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine, 12. Okay. So, basically, if you
+have there's one, two, three, four, five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's one, two, three, four, five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's one, two, three, four, five
+testers plus, let's say each team send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers plus, let's say each team send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers plus, let's say each team send
+out two two people to test other games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two two people to test other games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out two two people to test other games.
+Um, remember remember to rotate. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, remember remember to rotate. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, remember remember to rotate. We're
+going to do this for about 20 minutes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this for about 20 minutes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this for about 20 minutes,
+as long as it takes, and then see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it takes, and then see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it takes, and then see where
+we are and do it again um to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and do it again um to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are and do it again um to get some
+just quick testing and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quick testing and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quick testing and make sure that
+the five of us get to play um a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five of us get to play um a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five of us get to play um a good
+number of your games and give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of your games and give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of your games and give you some
+some feedback on that. So, remember, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback on that. So, remember, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback on that. So, remember, if
+you're using digital, if you're not if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using digital, if you're not if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using digital, if you're not if a
+computer is not being used for testing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is not being used for testing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is not being used for testing,
+close it or make it look like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it or make it look like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it or make it look like it's not
+being used for testing by typing on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for testing by typing on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for testing by typing on it.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+all right. Let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, can I get everyone's attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, can I get everyone's attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, can I get everyone's attention
+really quick?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick?
+Can I just get a a really brief report?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just get a a really brief report?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I just get a a really brief report?
+How many teams, how many tests did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many teams, how many tests did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many teams, how many tests did you
+guys get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, you feel like you did a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you feel like you did a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you feel like you did a a good
+amount of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of testing
+um for the team close up here. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the team close up here. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the team close up here. How many
+rounds did you get? How many how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds did you get? How many how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds did you get? How many how much
+testing did you get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many tests did you get? Like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many tests did you get? Like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many tests did you get? Like how
+many people played the game? A good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people played the game? A good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people played the game? A good
+number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So, I just want I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, I just want I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, I just want I'm just
+trying to get a sense. You guys feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense. You guys feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense. You guys feel
+like you got a good sense of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you got a good sense of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you got a good sense of number of
+people? Did you guys get four or five?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? Did you guys get four or five?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? Did you guys get four or five?
+Okay. And in the back, how many players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in the back, how many players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in the back, how many players
+did you get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get?
+Has it been useful? Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has it been useful? Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has it been useful? Okay. All
+right. So, let's um close off testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's um close off testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, let's um close off testing
+for now. If you'd like to test um later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. If you'd like to test um later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. If you'd like to test um later
+today, later during the class period,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, later during the class period,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, later during the class period,
+you can um go ahead and finish off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um go ahead and finish off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um go ahead and finish off
+whatever testing you're do you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever testing you're do you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever testing you're do you're doing
+right now. And at 250,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. And at 250,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. And at 250,
+um, we're going to come down and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we're going to come down and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we're going to come down and each
+team's going to give a brief twominute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team's going to give a brief twominute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team's going to give a brief twominute
+description about the state of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description about the state of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description about the state of their
+game and your product backlog. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and your product backlog. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and your product backlog. Um, and
+those are actually going to get recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually going to get recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are actually going to get recorded
+so that we can send them to um, Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can send them to um, Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can send them to um, Pablo
+and and the rest of his team so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the rest of his team so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the rest of his team so they can
+see what you've been working on and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you've been working on and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you've been working on and give
+you give us some feedback about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us some feedback about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us some feedback about it.
+Okay, so 250,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so 250,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so 250,
+everyone set?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, uh, Snap, come on up. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, Snap, come on up. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, Snap, come on up. And
+again, two minutes. Um, talk about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, two minutes. Um, talk about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, two minutes. Um, talk about your
+features, talk about what you've what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features, talk about what you've what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features, talk about what you've what's
+put in there, what's in your game now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there, what's in your game now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in there, what's in your game now,
+what will be in your game. Also, give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be in your game. Also, give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be in your game. Also, give a
+really brief description of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really brief description of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really brief description of the the the
+topic your game's about. So, that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic your game's about. So, that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic your game's about. So, that this
+is for um our clients to know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for um our clients to know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for um our clients to know what we
+decided to do for all of our topics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do for all of our topics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do for all of our topics.
+All right. So, we're Snap. So, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we're Snap. So, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we're Snap. So, we've
+decided to turn Snap into a multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to turn Snap into a multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to turn Snap into a multiplayer
+game. So, it'll be all to all everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, it'll be all to all everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, it'll be all to all everybody
+playing at the same time. Uh, we right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at the same time. Uh, we right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at the same time. Uh, we right
+now we have a game that looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a game that looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a game that looks pretty
+similar to what we played in class where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we played in class where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we played in class where
+you can enter words and you can snap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enter words and you can snap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enter words and you can snap
+with anybody else who has um played the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anybody else who has um played the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anybody else who has um played the
+game. Um, right now we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Um, right now we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Um, right now we don't have any
+fiction and we don't have any indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and we don't have any indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction and we don't have any indication
+of score other than just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of score other than just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of score other than just the number of
+times you've snapped. We're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you've snapped. We're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you've snapped. We're hoping to
+change that. We got a lot of really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that. We got a lot of really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that. We got a lot of really good
+feedback today. Uh, and we've thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback today. Uh, and we've thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback today. Uh, and we've thought of
+new ideas for how to convey feedback to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas for how to convey feedback to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas for how to convey feedback to
+the player and um some improvements to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player and um some improvements to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player and um some improvements to
+the UI because right now we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UI because right now we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UI because right now we don't really
+express much to the player.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express much to the player.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express much to the player.
+That's about it. Um, any challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's about it. Um, any challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's about it. Um, any challenges that
+you that you that led you up to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you that led you up to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you that led you up to where
+you are now? Like is there any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now? Like is there any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now? Like is there any anything
+big questions you have? Any big risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big questions you have? Any big risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big questions you have? Any big risk
+risks that you have right now? Uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that you have right now? Uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that you have right now? Uh, so
+the networking is still a risk as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking is still a risk as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networking is still a risk as we
+just saw. Like it's a lot more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw. Like it's a lot more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw. Like it's a lot more confusing
+when something doesn't work, why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something doesn't work, why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when something doesn't work, why it's
+not working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working.
+Um, we also do want to confirm that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we also do want to confirm that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we also do want to confirm that the
+game that we build is similar enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that we build is similar enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that we build is similar enough to
+Snap in terms of satisfying the client's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap in terms of satisfying the client's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap in terms of satisfying the client's
+goals. So, we don't want to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals. So, we don't want to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals. So, we don't want to change the
+game, even if it's more fun, we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, even if it's more fun, we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, even if it's more fun, we want to
+make sure that the game still satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the game still satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the game still satisfies
+the client's requirements and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client's requirements and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client's requirements and that
+they'll still be able to use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be able to use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be able to use it and
+gather the information they want to. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the information they want to. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the information they want to. Um,
+and that will sort of require some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will sort of require some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will sort of require some
+careful testing to see what people end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful testing to see what people end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful testing to see what people end
+up doing with Snap. And what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing with Snap. And what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing with Snap. And what did you
+decide on? Like, have you decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on? Like, have you decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on? Like, have you decided on
+tech yet or are you still trying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech yet or are you still trying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech yet or are you still trying out
+multiple? Yeah. So I think we still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple? Yeah. So I think we still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple? Yeah. So I think we still we
+have a tech um so we have a server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tech um so we have a server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tech um so we have a server
+running on node and we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on node and we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on node and we're going to use
+phaser for the front end so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser for the front end so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser for the front end so that we can
+make a more expressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a more expressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a more expressive
+game. For now we're not using phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. For now we're not using phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. For now we're not using phaser
+though the the current prototype doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the the current prototype doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the the current prototype doesn't
+use phaser at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use phaser at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use phaser at all.
+Um one thing you asked earlier was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um one thing you asked earlier was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um one thing you asked earlier was about
+connecting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting up
+to does that basically mean that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to does that basically mean that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to does that basically mean that you
+have to run two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run two different
+Yeah. Yeah. So the idea would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So the idea would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So the idea would be to
+experiment with what sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with what sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with what sorts
+of you know entire group visualizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know entire group visualizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know entire group visualizations
+would be interesting to put up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to put up for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to put up for the
+entire room. Um and the backend team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire room. Um and the backend team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire room. Um and the backend team
+might work on what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work on what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work on what sort of
+visualizations we want to show separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations we want to show separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations we want to show separate
+from what we want to export at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we want to export at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we want to export at the end
+of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Thanks. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tell me how car is awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So the current state of our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the current state of our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the current state of our game
+uh we spend a lot of time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we spend a lot of time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we spend a lot of time thinking about
+design and how exactly we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and how exactly we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and how exactly we want to do
+things. Uh so we're currently making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh so we're currently making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh so we're currently making
+like sort of a game where you control or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of a game where you control or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of a game where you control or
+don't control you take care of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control you take care of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control you take care of a bunch
+of villages. So you see like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of villages. So you see like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of villages. So you see like different
+villages how infected they are, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages how infected they are, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages how infected they are, how many
+people are dying sort of thing. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are dying sort of thing. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are dying sort of thing. And then
+you implement measures to prevent color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement measures to prevent color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement measures to prevent color
+spreading. So like you give people soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading. So like you give people soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading. So like you give people soap
+to wash their hands or set up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash their hands or set up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash their hands or set up like
+bathroom facil restroom facilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom facil restroom facilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom facil restroom facilities or
+use vaccination that sort of thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vaccination that sort of thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vaccination that sort of thing. And
+uh so a lot of the feedback that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a lot of the feedback that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so a lot of the feedback that we got
+and a lot of questions that we're facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of questions that we're facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of questions that we're facing
+is basically sort of revolves around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically sort of revolves around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically sort of revolves around the
+issue of making this game realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of making this game realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of making this game realistic
+versus making this game more fun sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus making this game more fun sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus making this game more fun sort of
+thing. So you can make a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So you can make a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So you can make a really
+unrealistic game that can be tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic game that can be tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic game that can be tons of
+fun, but we also want to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, but we also want to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, but we also want to stick to
+reality because at the end of the day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because at the end of the day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because at the end of the day,
+we do want to teach the people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want to teach the people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want to teach the people that are
+playing how to prevent color from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing how to prevent color from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing how to prevent color from
+spreading. So there's sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading. So there's sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading. So there's sort of this
+trade-off that we have to make. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that we have to make. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that we have to make. And we
+the second trade-off is sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trade-off is sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second trade-off is sort of like you
+can make a blatantly educational game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a blatantly educational game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a blatantly educational game
+that just throws facts at you that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just throws facts at you that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just throws facts at you that can
+sort of be fun for the first time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be fun for the first time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be fun for the first time you
+play it, but doesn't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it, but doesn't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it, but doesn't have a lot of
+replay value. And it's sort of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay value. And it's sort of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay value. And it's sort of hard to
+make a great educational game that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a great educational game that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a great educational game that also
+has a lot of replay value. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of replay value. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of replay value. So we're
+thinking like maybe consider maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like maybe consider maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like maybe consider maybe we
+don't want that much replay value. May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that much replay value. May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want that much replay value. May
+maybe this is a game that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is a game that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is a game that you know these
+people will play once or twice, learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will play once or twice, learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will play once or twice, learn
+what they need to learn and then never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to learn and then never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to learn and then never
+play it again. So it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again. So it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it again. So it's sort of like
+trade-offs that we need to think about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that we need to think about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that we need to think about.
+So you're still right now in prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're still right now in prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're still right now in prototype.
+Okay, cool. Thanks. We're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Thanks. We're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Thanks. We're starting to
+build up like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up like using
+to cool. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool. Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh forecast based funding, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, we're forecastbased funding. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, we're forecastbased funding. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, we're forecastbased funding. The
+general idea behind our concept is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea behind our concept is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea behind our concept is that
+planning ahead for disasters is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for disasters is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning ahead for disasters is much
+better than trying to react to them. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than trying to react to them. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than trying to react to them. So,
+if you can have operating procedures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have operating procedures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have operating procedures or
+ways of planning for them and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of planning for them and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of planning for them and money
+allocated for that, you can reduce loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated for that, you can reduce loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated for that, you can reduce loss
+of lives in the event of disasters. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lives in the event of disasters. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lives in the event of disasters. We
+are actually between two prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually between two prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually between two prototypes
+right now that we're testing to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that we're testing to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that we're testing to try and
+get at the ideas. The first one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the ideas. The first one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the ideas. The first one is a
+sort of higher level city-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher level city-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher level city-based
+simulation of a cities at risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of a cities at risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of a cities at risk of
+disaster which you then have to fortify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster which you then have to fortify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster which you then have to fortify
+by training volunteers or preparing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training volunteers or preparing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by training volunteers or preparing for
+upcoming disasters uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming disasters uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming disasters uh in order to
+prevent too much damage from happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent too much damage from happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent too much damage from happening
+to them. Uh, one of the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Uh, one of the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Uh, one of the problems that
+we're seeing with the game is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing with the game is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing with the game is that's
+kind of abstract and not as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstract and not as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of abstract and not as uh
+interactive for players to connect with,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive for players to connect with,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive for players to connect with,
+but they are getting a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are getting a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are getting a good
+understanding of the idea of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the idea of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the idea of planning
+ahead. Yeah. And so to try and address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Yeah. And so to try and address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Yeah. And so to try and address
+those issues, we have a second prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues, we have a second prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those issues, we have a second prototype
+right now which is about um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which is about um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now which is about um trying to
+actually like rescue volunteers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like rescue volunteers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like rescue volunteers in a
+flooding I uh rescue people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding I uh rescue people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding I uh rescue people in a
+flooding city. And so that hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding city. And so that hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding city. And so that hits the
+other end of the scale where the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the scale where the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the scale where the player
+is told ahead of time this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is told ahead of time this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is told ahead of time this um this
+disaster was planned for versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster was planned for versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster was planned for versus this
+disaster was not planned for and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster was not planned for and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster was not planned for and the
+like the uh appropriate effects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the uh appropriate effects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the uh appropriate effects for
+each. And then they have to rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each. And then they have to rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each. And then they have to rescue
+people under those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people under those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people under those two different
+conditions and then they get to directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then they get to directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then they get to directly
+compare like what the experience of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare like what the experience of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare like what the experience of is
+for like um acting in one circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like um acting in one circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like um acting in one circumstance
+versus the other. Over the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other. Over the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other. Over the next couple
+days, we'll be looking at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days, we'll be looking at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days, we'll be looking at what we
+learned from both of them and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from both of them and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from both of them and trying to
+either combine them or pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either combine them or pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either combine them or pull out the
+parts that we thought were really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we thought were really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we thought were really useful
+to make it compelling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it compelling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it compelling.
+Um, Ty, your target audience. This was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Ty, your target audience. This was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Ty, your target audience. This was a
+hard one. Yeah, I think we assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one. Yeah, I think we assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard one. Yeah, I think we assign
+audience for this. Uh it was I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience for this. Uh it was I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience for this. Uh it was I think it
+was stated a couple times that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stated a couple times that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stated a couple times that we should
+be looking at people like policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at people like policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at people like policy makers
+or donors in the sense of sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or donors in the sense of sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or donors in the sense of sort of people
+who would be allocating funds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be allocating funds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be allocating funds from
+governments or nonprofits things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments or nonprofits things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments or nonprofits things like
+that. Uh basically to make it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh basically to make it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh basically to make it clear that
+this type of planning ahead is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of planning ahead is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of planning ahead is a good
+idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+Um oh and what have you decided on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh and what have you decided on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh and what have you decided on a
+technology yet? Are you still not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology yet? Are you still not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology yet? Are you still not there
+yet? Uh, we're probably using Paser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Hi. So, as you guys have all heard,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. So, as you guys have all heard,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. So, as you guys have all heard,
+HeatWave is going to be a game that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HeatWave is going to be a game that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HeatWave is going to be a game that will
+hopefully be used to help Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully be used to help Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully be used to help Red Cross
+volunteers help people in areas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers help people in areas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers help people in areas that are
+either suffering from or about to suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either suffering from or about to suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either suffering from or about to suffer
+from a heatwave. So what we did was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a heatwave. So what we did was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a heatwave. So what we did was we
+decided we wanted to test out a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we wanted to test out a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we wanted to test out a very
+simple digital prototype, not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple digital prototype, not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple digital prototype, not with the
+same type of actions as our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of actions as our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of actions as our final
+prototype, but not in Unity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, but not in Unity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, but not in Unity because
+having a working game in Unity at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a working game in Unity at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a working game in Unity at this
+point we didn't think was a viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we didn't think was a viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we didn't think was a viable
+option. So we made a Python textbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. So we made a Python textbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. So we made a Python textbased
+game and people were able to choose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and people were able to choose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and people were able to choose what
+they were going to do based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to do based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to do based on the
+scenario and the people they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and the people they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and the people they were
+interacting with. And what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with. And what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with. And what we really
+wanted to test it was how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test it was how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to test it was how does this
+work? Is playing a good way to learn?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Is playing a good way to learn?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Is playing a good way to learn?
+And if so, how can we make more learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if so, how can we make more learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if so, how can we make more learning
+come out of the fact that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the fact that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of the fact that they're
+playing a game and they're making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a game and they're making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a game and they're making these
+choices? So, what we did was we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices? So, what we did was we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices? So, what we did was we showed
+people and a lot of times they people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and a lot of times they people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and a lot of times they people
+noticed right away, well, I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed right away, well, I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed right away, well, I don't want
+to sit there and do nothing, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and do nothing, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and do nothing, which is
+what we wanted them to notice. And oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted them to notice. And oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted them to notice. And oh,
+this person passed out even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person passed out even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person passed out even though they
+were only outside for 3 hours. Why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only outside for 3 hours. Why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only outside for 3 hours. Why was
+that? So, we did see a lot of that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? So, we did see a lot of that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? So, we did see a lot of that, but
+something we didn't see was people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we didn't see was people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we didn't see was people
+sometimes got stuck in a pattern. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes got stuck in a pattern. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes got stuck in a pattern. It's
+just like, well, I'm always going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like, well, I'm always going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like, well, I'm always going to do
+the same thing and then they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and then they don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and then they don't get
+different results and they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results and they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results and they don't really
+learn anything. So, we want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything. So, we want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything. So, we want to give
+people more interesting options and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more interesting options and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more interesting options and more
+options in our actual game so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in our actual game so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options in our actual game so that they
+try more things and they learn more. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try more things and they learn more. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try more things and they learn more. So,
+that's what we're going to do. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. So, you
+are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+Any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you village.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everybody. We're saving an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everybody. We're saving an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everybody. We're saving an animal
+village. Our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village. Our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village. Our goal is to
+empower around 8 to 13 year olds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empower around 8 to 13 year olds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empower around 8 to 13 year olds to
+um sort of reach into their community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of reach into their community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of reach into their community
+and learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn more
+about what cholera is, what its symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what cholera is, what its symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what cholera is, what its symptoms
+are, and how to convince people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, and how to convince people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, and how to convince people that
+cholera is actually happening. Our play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera is actually happening. Our play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera is actually happening. Our play
+tests were focused on bringing as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests were focused on bringing as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests were focused on bringing as many
+um mini games as possible into testing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mini games as possible into testing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mini games as possible into testing.
+So in this case, we had four mini games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, we had four mini games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, we had four mini games.
+The main feedback we got on those games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The main feedback we got on those games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The main feedback we got on those games
+was that they were far too easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they were far too easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that they were far too easy and
+simplistic. And we agree. It turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic. And we agree. It turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic. And we agree. It turns out
+um our goals moving forwards are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our goals moving forwards are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our goals moving forwards are to
+essentially improve our game beyond just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially improve our game beyond just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially improve our game beyond just
+reading anformational pamphlet and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading anformational pamphlet and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading anformational pamphlet and to do
+things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it requires actual abstract thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it requires actual abstract thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it requires actual abstract thoughts
+and in general more effort from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general more effort from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general more effort from the
+player to think of the behaviors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to think of the behaviors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to think of the behaviors and
+actions they need to potentially change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions they need to potentially change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions they need to potentially change
+or encourage in their community. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encourage in their community. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or encourage in their community. We
+found a lot of success with this in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a lot of success with this in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a lot of success with this in our
+game already present in the um mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game already present in the um mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game already present in the um mayor
+dialogue and we hope to ramp that up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and we hope to ramp that up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and we hope to ramp that up as
+um moving forward we begin to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving forward we begin to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving forward we begin to implement
+our game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phaser. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions? Um I'm wondering what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Um I'm wondering what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? Um I'm wondering what's the
+uh the upside of having medium versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upside of having medium versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the upside of having medium versus
+one one. So, our goal behind mini games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one. So, our goal behind mini games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one. So, our goal behind mini games
+is to be able to um kind of drill down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to um kind of drill down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to um kind of drill down
+and be very specific about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be very specific about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be very specific about which
+behavior we want people to show. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we want people to show. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior we want people to show. There
+are approximately three to four like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximately three to four like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximately three to four like
+core behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core behaviors
+that are very necessary to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very necessary to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very necessary to prevent
+calora and having one miniame devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calora and having one miniame devoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calora and having one miniame devoted to
+each of them in theory will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them in theory will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them in theory will allow us to
+focus more and teach more as a result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus more and teach more as a result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus more and teach more as a result.
+So, so, and that's a that's a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so, and that's a that's a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so, and that's a that's a a good
+statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement.
+Um, just riffing off something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, just riffing off something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, just riffing off something else that
+you said, I haven't looked that closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said, I haven't looked that closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said, I haven't looked that closely
+at the Colora documentation. I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Colora documentation. I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Colora documentation. I'm not so
+sure if convincing people that cholera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if convincing people that cholera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if convincing people that cholera
+is a problem is necessarily the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem is necessarily the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem is necessarily the thing
+you need to do, but convincing people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do, but convincing people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do, but convincing people to
+change their behavior. M so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their behavior. M so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their behavior. M so not
+convincing people colera is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing people colera is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing people colera is a problem
+because like obviously it's convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like obviously it's convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like obviously it's convincing
+people to report colera as it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to report colera as it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to report colera as it happens
+instead of waiting to see if that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting to see if that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting to see if that one
+isolated case of diarrhea is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated case of diarrhea is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated case of diarrhea is actually a
+symptom of an outbreak or just someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom of an outbreak or just someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom of an outbreak or just someone
+eating something bad. Right. So one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating something bad. Right. So one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating something bad. Right. So one of
+the things is like this early alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things is like this early alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things is like this early alert
+thing that you want. Okay. Cool. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you want. Okay. Cool. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you want. Okay. Cool. Thank
+you. Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/shHvE6yV4IM.txt b/shHvE6yV4IM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb04b672e394a87b61e4a7addf41692cfa39b07b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shHvE6yV4IM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to dive into the
+flight environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the first part is flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the first part is flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the first part is flying
+actually let me just pause there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me just pause there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me just pause there were
+there any other questions about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other questions about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other questions about about
+the charts and the airspace okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charts and the airspace okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charts and the airspace okay good
+they're kind of related to the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of related to the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of related to the flight
+environment so feel free to jump in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so feel free to jump in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so feel free to jump in here
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so flying so there's a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flying so there's a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flying so there's a fair amount of
+work that a pilot is supposed to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that a pilot is supposed to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that a pilot is supposed to do is
+actually required to do before they fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually required to do before they fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually required to do before they fly
+so you're supposed to become familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're supposed to become familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're supposed to become familiar
+with information that pertains to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that pertains to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that pertains to your
+flight and in fact it's a very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and in fact it's a very good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and in fact it's a very good idea
+to do so that's exactly how you become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so that's exactly how you become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so that's exactly how you become a
+safe pilot so it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe pilot so it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe pilot so it's important to
+understand information related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand information related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand information related to your
+flight so you know there's not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so you know there's not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight so you know there's not only the
+airport that you're taking off from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that you're taking off from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that you're taking off from and
+when Phillip talks about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Phillip talks about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Phillip talks about performance
+you'll talk about the length of runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about the length of runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about the length of runway
+that's required but you also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required but you also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required but you also want to
+know about alternate airports along your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about alternate airports along your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about alternate airports along your
+route so you know if I'm flying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so you know if I'm flying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so you know if I'm flying from
+from here to Maine for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Maine for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Maine for example you know
+there's a lot of airports around along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of airports around along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of airports around along
+the route I'd want to identify a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route I'd want to identify a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route I'd want to identify a couple
+along the way understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way understand what the
+weather forecast is for those airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forecast is for those airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forecast is for those airports
+whether or not they have fuel those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they have fuel those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they have fuel those
+types of things are very relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things are very relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things are very relevant to
+know you're also supposed to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're also supposed to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're also supposed to understand
+you know how much so we talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much so we talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much so we talked about so
+when you talk about aircraft performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about aircraft performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about aircraft performance
+you'll understand what length of require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what length of require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand what length of require
+unweight you require in order to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweight you require in order to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweight you require in order to land
+and then you want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to make sure that the
+airports that you've identified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports that you've identified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports that you've identified as
+alternate airports along the way have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate airports along the way have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate airports along the way have
+long enough runways for you to land so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough runways for you to land so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough runways for you to land so
+let's talk about some of the paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of the paperwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some of the paperwork
+so there's this acronym arrow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this acronym arrow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this acronym arrow that's
+supposed to help you remember the types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to help you remember the types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to help you remember the types
+of things that you're required to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you're required to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you're required to have
+inside the airplane so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the airplane so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the airplane so there's an
+airworthiness certificate registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airworthiness certificate registration
+if you're going on an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going on an international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going on an international
+flight you need a radio license it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you need a radio license it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you need a radio license it's
+actually pretty easy to get so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to get so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to get so if you
+wanted to fly from here to Canada you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fly from here to Canada you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fly from here to Canada you
+only have to pay $60 you get your radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to pay $60 you get your radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to pay $60 you get your radio
+license and you can go fly to Canada so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and you can go fly to Canada so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and you can go fly to Canada so
+it's great and also the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great and also the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great and also the international
+language of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of a
+his English so even if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his English so even if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his English so even if you go to
+Montreal you don't have to learn French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal you don't have to learn French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montreal you don't have to learn French
+you can speak in English and land there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speak in English and land there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speak in English and land there
+so it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's great
+so oh is the operating limitations those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh is the operating limitations those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh is the operating limitations those
+are displayed in various ways such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displayed in various ways such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displayed in various ways such as
+your your flight manual and placards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your flight manual and placards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your flight manual and placards and
+we'll give you some pictures of placards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you some pictures of placards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you some pictures of placards
+so you see what those are and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what those are and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what those are and then
+weight and balance information and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance information and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance information and we
+have a whole talk just about calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole talk just about calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole talk just about calculating
+weight and balance when I think tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance when I think tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and balance when I think tomorrow
+so operating limitations so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operating limitations so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operating limitations so these are
+real restrictions on the aircraft in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real restrictions on the aircraft in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real restrictions on the aircraft in
+terms of what it's a maximum feed speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what it's a maximum feed speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what it's a maximum feed speed
+you can fly with and without your flaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly with and without your flaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly with and without your flaps
+extended and which kind of procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and which kind of procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended and which kind of procedures
+can you do and we talked about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do and we talked about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do and we talked about certain
+aircraft that you're allowed to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that you're allowed to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that you're allowed to do these
+fancy aerobatic procedures in an other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy aerobatic procedures in an other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy aerobatic procedures in an other
+aircraft where that's not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft where that's not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft where that's not a good idea
+because if you really push your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you really push your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you really push your aircraft
+to enter a spin it may be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter a spin it may be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter a spin it may be very difficult
+to recover from it and so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from it and so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from it and so there are
+different things so one is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so one is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things so one is called the
+the poh or the pilots operating handbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poh or the pilots operating handbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poh or the pilots operating handbook
+and I have a poh over here and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a poh over here and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a poh over here and it has a
+lot of great information in it so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of great information in it so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of great information in it so pretty
+much everything Phillip taught you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything Phillip taught you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everything Phillip taught you about
+aircraft systems is is in this book as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft systems is is in this book as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft systems is is in this book as
+well it tells you about everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells you about everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells you about everything about
+your your airplanes systems its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your airplanes systems its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your airplanes systems its
+requirements its restrictions and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements its restrictions and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements its restrictions and how
+you calculate the runway length that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate the runway length that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate the runway length that you
+need to land and your weight and balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to land and your weight and balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to land and your weight and balance
+all that information is inside these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information is inside these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information is inside these
+books so this is an example of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books so this is an example of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books so this is an example of some of
+those limitations for an SR 20 as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limitations for an SR 20 as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limitations for an SR 20 as an
+example we're talking about serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're talking about serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're talking about serious
+aircraft and so you can see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and so you can see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and so you can see the same
+types of numbers that Philip was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of numbers that Philip was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of numbers that Philip was
+pointing out before the different V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out before the different V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out before the different V
+speeds and you can also talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds and you can also talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds and you can also talk about these
+manoeuvrability limits as well minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manoeuvrability limits as well minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manoeuvrability limits as well minimum
+flight crew for a lot of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight crew for a lot of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight crew for a lot of these small
+airplanes is usually one but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes is usually one but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes is usually one but some of the
+very big complex airplanes and and jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big complex airplanes and and jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big complex airplanes and and jet
+aircraft require the co-pilot as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft require the co-pilot as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft require the co-pilot as well
+and some airplanes even require another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some airplanes even require another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some airplanes even require another
+crew member as well so there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew member as well so there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew member as well so there's certain
+aircraft instruments that you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft instruments that you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft instruments that you require
+when you fly so they call they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fly so they call they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fly so they call they're called
+Inc equipment requirements so a VFR de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inc equipment requirements so a VFR de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inc equipment requirements so a VFR de
+which is visual flight rules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is visual flight rules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is visual flight rules so
+a nice sunny day no clouds so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice sunny day no clouds so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice sunny day no clouds so you'll be
+doing VFR your entire time getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing VFR your entire time getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing VFR your entire time getting your
+your private pilot's license except if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your private pilot's license except if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your private pilot's license except if
+you do a couple days of instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a couple days of instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a couple days of instrument
+training but vast majority of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but vast majority of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but vast majority of time
+you're talking about a VFR flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a VFR flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a VFR flight so
+what do you need you need some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need you need some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need you need some of those
+key instruments we were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key instruments we were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key instruments we were just talking
+about your airspeed indicator your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your airspeed indicator your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your airspeed indicator your
+altimeter a compass and then a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter a compass and then a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter a compass and then a couple
+things related to the engine so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to the engine so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things related to the engine so you
+understand about the engine its oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the engine its oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the engine its oil
+pressure temperature and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure temperature and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure temperature and you need to
+know things about your fuel and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things about your fuel and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things about your fuel and a lot of
+them have alternates you could measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have alternates you could measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have alternates you could measure
+your fuel from different ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fuel from different ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fuel from different ways but
+somehow you must have a fuel gauge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you must have a fuel gauge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you must have a fuel gauge to
+know how much fuel you have you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much fuel you have you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much fuel you have you also
+need to have anti-collision strobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have anti-collision strobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have anti-collision strobe
+lights that kind of go off and seatbelts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that kind of go off and seatbelts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that kind of go off and seatbelts
+who knows what an ELT is yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what an ELT is yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what an ELT is yes that's
+right and so that that Emoji emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that that Emoji emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that that Emoji emergency
+it's an emergency device that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an emergency device that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an emergency device that basically
+activates when your aircraft if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates when your aircraft if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates when your aircraft if your
+aircraft is under duress and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is under duress and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft is under duress and as a
+descending very rapidly it goes off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending very rapidly it goes off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending very rapidly it goes off and
+admits your location out so that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admits your location out so that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admits your location out so that people
+can come and find your aircraft very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come and find your aircraft very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come and find your aircraft very
+quickly there are also some in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there are also some in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there are also some in these
+numbers by the way at the top in case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by the way at the top in case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers by the way at the top in case it
+wasn't clear our regulation so their FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear our regulation so their FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear our regulation so their FAA
+regulations so ninety one point 105 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations so ninety one point 105 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations so ninety one point 105 is a
+regulation about pilots you know sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation about pilots you know sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation about pilots you know sitting
+in their seat when you're flying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their seat when you're flying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their seat when you're flying the
+airplane so for all practical purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so for all practical purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so for all practical purposes
+when you guys are flying you have to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys are flying you have to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you guys are flying you have to sit
+down and feed the pilot and fly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and feed the pilot and fly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and feed the pilot and fly the
+airplane this isn't like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane this isn't like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane this isn't like a big
+commercial jet where you're gonna get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jet where you're gonna get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jet where you're gonna get up
+and start walking around so you need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start walking around so you need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start walking around so you need you
+need to basically sit down seatbelts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to basically sit down seatbelts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to basically sit down seatbelts I
+as a pilot and command you you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot and command you you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pilot and command you you also get
+to make the rules for your flight so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the rules for your flight so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the rules for your flight so if
+you think you have some kind of rowdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have some kind of rowdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you have some kind of rowdy
+passengers you just tell them the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you just tell them the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers you just tell them the the
+rule is you must wear your seatbelt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is you must wear your seatbelt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is you must wear your seatbelt at
+all times you know the the actuality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times you know the the actuality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times you know the the actuality is
+that there are certain times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are certain times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are certain times and
+restrictions where it's required so taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions where it's required so taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions where it's required so taxi
+takeoff landing is required to wear your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff landing is required to wear your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeoff landing is required to wear your
+seatbelt but you can extend that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatbelt but you can extend that rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatbelt but you can extend that rule
+and say at all times you must always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say at all times you must always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say at all times you must always
+wear your seatbelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear your seatbelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear your seatbelt
+there's also an interesting regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an interesting regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also an interesting regulation
+that says that passengers can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that passengers can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that passengers can't
+interfere with the crew members but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the crew members but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the crew members but I
+will point out that depending on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point out that depending on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will point out that depending on who
+your passengers are they may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers are they may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passengers are they may or may not
+comply with that regulation we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with that regulation we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply with that regulation we already
+talked about the different altimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the different altimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the different altimeter
+settings so kind of it can be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings so kind of it can be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings so kind of it can be the case
+that you instead of being the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instead of being the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you instead of being the the
+perfect condition of 29.92 it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect condition of 29.92 it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect condition of 29.92 it might be
+the case that you need to adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you need to adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you need to adjust your
+altimeter to that local setting so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter to that local setting so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter to that local setting so you
+can we talked about ADA swear you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we talked about ADA swear you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we talked about ADA swear you can
+dial in the frequencies of the ATIS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in the frequencies of the ATIS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in the frequencies of the ATIS and
+it announces the the weather information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it announces the the weather information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it announces the the weather information
+for a particular area they will provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular area they will provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular area they will provide
+the setting that you need to set in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that you need to set in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that you need to set in that
+window so they'll say you know twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so they'll say you know twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so they'll say you know twenty
+nine point nine eight or whatever is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point nine eight or whatever is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point nine eight or whatever is the
+altimeter setting also if you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting also if you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting also if you're flying
+over a bunch of places and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bunch of places and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bunch of places and you're
+talking to air traffic control they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to air traffic control they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to air traffic control they will
+update you you know they hand you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update you you know they hand you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update you you know they hand you from
+one air traffic controller to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one air traffic controller to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one air traffic controller to another
+air traffic controller one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controller one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controller one of the first
+things they'll tell you is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they'll tell you is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they'll tell you is what is the
+altimeter setting for that area so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting for that area so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter setting for that area so that
+everybody has adjusted it everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has adjusted it everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has adjusted it everybody
+knows what altitude they're at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what altitude they're at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what altitude they're at so
+there's a little knob on your dial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little knob on your dial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little knob on your dial and
+you turn it until that window on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it until that window on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it until that window on the
+right says the right number now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right says the right number now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right says the right number now if
+that's not available you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not available you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not available you already have
+some information which is Airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information which is Airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information which is Airport
+elevation so also on those things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation so also on those things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation so also on those things being
+passed around for a given airport it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around for a given airport it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around for a given airport it
+tells you what the elevation is so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the elevation is so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what the elevation is so for
+example if you're if you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're if you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're if you know that the
+airport is at a you know 100 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is at a you know 100 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is at a you know 100 feet
+elevation you can just and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation you can just and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation you can just and you're
+sitting on the ground in your air in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the ground in your air in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the ground in your air in
+your aircraft getting your airplane set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your aircraft getting your airplane set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your aircraft getting your airplane set
+up before you take off then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before you take off then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before you take off then you know
+that you're at that you know hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're at that you know hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're at that you know hundred
+feet so you can just keep turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet so you can just keep turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet so you can just keep turning the
+dial until it says 100 feet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial until it says 100 feet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial until it says 100 feet and then
+that'll actually give you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll actually give you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll actually give you the the
+setting in the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know there's some restrictions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's some restrictions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's some restrictions yes
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that happens a lot so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that happens a lot so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that happens a lot so you can
+basically look at the the nearest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at the the nearest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at the the nearest the
+nearest airport is probably the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest airport is probably the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest airport is probably the best way
+and those are the times that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the times that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the times that you really
+want to keep in mind what Philip was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep in mind what Philip was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep in mind what Philip was
+talking about that if you are going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that if you are going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that if you are going from
+a hot place to a cold place you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot place to a cold place you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot place to a cold place you want to
+keep in mind that hey I might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that hey I might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that hey I might actually
+be descending even though my altimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be descending even though my altimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be descending even though my altimeter
+says I'm not but in general if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm not but in general if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm not but in general if you have
+a local setting that's nearby you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local setting that's nearby you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local setting that's nearby you're
+pretty much good they don't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much good they don't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much good they don't they don't
+vary dramatically unless the weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary dramatically unless the weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary dramatically unless the weather is
+changing a lot in which case you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a lot in which case you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a lot in which case you really
+shouldn't be flying because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be flying because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be flying because it means
+there's a huge front coming in so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge front coming in so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge front coming in so here's
+an airport diagram a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport diagram a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport diagram a lot of information
+here but one thing so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but one thing so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but one thing so this is actually
+bedford and so you can see a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedford and so you can see a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedford and so you can see a couple
+things you wouldn't see at other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you wouldn't see at other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you wouldn't see at other places
+such as the US Air Force ramp that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the US Air Force ramp that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the US Air Force ramp that's not
+going to be at other places but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at other places but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at other places but you
+basically see these two intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see these two intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically see these two intersecting
+black lines so those are the the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines so those are the the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines so those are the the main
+runways and each runway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways and each runway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways and each runway is
+bi-directional so on on one side so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directional so on on one side so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directional so on on one side so it
+says the numbers very small right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the numbers very small right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the numbers very small right here
+next to the mouth say 11 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the mouth say 11 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the mouth say 11 so that's
+runway 11 and then on the other side it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway 11 and then on the other side it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway 11 and then on the other side it
+says 2 9 so basically if you land in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 2 9 so basically if you land in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 2 9 so basically if you land in one
+direction it's one number if you land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's one number if you land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it's one number if you land in
+the other direction it's another number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction it's another number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction it's another number
+and that number is corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is corresponding to the
+heading of that runway and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of that runway and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of that runway and then you see
+a bunch of lighter grey lines so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of lighter grey lines so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of lighter grey lines so those
+are the different taxiways and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different taxiways and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different taxiways and there's
+all kinds of stuff here I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff here I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff here I won't go
+through everything but one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through everything but one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through everything but one thing that's
+really relevant is this acronym here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relevant is this acronym here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relevant is this acronym here and
+it kind of looks like lasso but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks like lasso but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of looks like lasso but it's
+what it's saying is the land and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is the land and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's saying is the land and hold
+short so if you're given an instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so if you're given an instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so if you're given an instruction
+so when you have two intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have two intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have two intersecting
+runways they might want to keep up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways they might want to keep up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways they might want to keep up the
+efficiency they might want to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency they might want to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency they might want to have you
+land while they have another airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land while they have another airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land while they have another airplane
+taking off on the other on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off on the other on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking off on the other on the other
+runway and so there is a line that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and so there is a line that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and so there is a line that says
+that if you are given a land and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are given a land and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are given a land and hold
+short instruction that you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short instruction that you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short instruction that you're supposed
+to land but you're supposed to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land but you're supposed to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land but you're supposed to hold
+short you're not supposed to cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short you're not supposed to cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short you're not supposed to cross the
+intersecting runway because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting runway because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting runway because there's
+traffic on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on that
+way things did everyone get the the iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things did everyone get the the iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things did everyone get the the iPad
+to look at the sectional okay great yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the sectional okay great yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the sectional okay great yes
+on sectionals I was looking at the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sectionals I was looking at the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sectionals I was looking at the hands
+to area and I could not see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to area and I could not see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to area and I could not see anything
+indicating the airforce base is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the airforce base is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating the airforce base is getting
+special symbol are there special symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol are there special symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol are there special symbols
+for military sites that do have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for military sites that do have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for military sites that do have their
+branding yes so that's restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding yes so that's restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding yes so that's restricted
+airports for example so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports for example so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports for example so they have a
+different color and different symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color and different symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color and different symbol
+around them that would indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that would indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them that would indicate that
+they're a restricted Airport one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a restricted Airport one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a restricted Airport one thing
+that's kind of interesting is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting is that even
+though hands comes at an Air Force Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though hands comes at an Air Force Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though hands comes at an Air Force Base
+does it have any particular restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have any particular restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have any particular restrictions
+so you just get a nice private airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just get a nice private airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just get a nice private airport
+that you can land at that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can land at that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can land at that has
+ginormously long runways so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormously long runways so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormously long runways so it's just a
+great training Airport so Phillip I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great training Airport so Phillip I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great training Airport so Phillip I just
+went ahead into the flight environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went ahead into the flight environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went ahead into the flight environment
+so taxiing in the wind so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taxiing in the wind so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taxiing in the wind so this is what
+do I mean by taxiing so you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by taxiing so you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by taxiing so you must have
+heard of this on commercial aircraft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this on commercial aircraft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this on commercial aircraft so
+this is when you get from you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you get from you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you get from you know in
+that case the jet bridge out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the jet bridge out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the jet bridge out to the
+runway but basically as you're as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but basically as you're as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but basically as you're as you're
+driving along the different roads at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving along the different roads at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving along the different roads at the
+airport that are not the runway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that are not the runway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that are not the runway the
+taxiways as you're doing that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiways as you're doing that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiways as you're doing that there
+could be wind in general as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wind in general as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wind in general as we talked
+about with with regard to lift earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with regard to lift earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with regard to lift earlier
+in the day you know you like having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day you know you like having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day you know you like having the
+wind coming at you and we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind coming at you and we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind coming at you and we'll get into
+performance and why it's really bad if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and why it's really bad if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and why it's really bad if
+the winds coming from behind you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds coming from behind you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds coming from behind you but
+usually the run the wind will be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the run the wind will be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the run the wind will be coming
+down the active runway they decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the active runway they decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the active runway they decide which
+runway is active usually by the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is active usually by the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway is active usually by the wind
+direction so there's a lot of wind going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so there's a lot of wind going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so there's a lot of wind going
+on and you're when you're taxiing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you're when you're taxiing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you're when you're taxiing to the
+runway you're probably going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway you're probably going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway you're probably going in
+different directions with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions with respect to the
+wind so one thing that's important is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind so one thing that's important is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind so one thing that's important is to
+think about while you're taxing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about while you're taxing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about while you're taxing you have
+to make certain corrections to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make certain corrections to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make certain corrections to your
+aircraft's controls so to the the rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft's controls so to the the rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft's controls so to the the rudder
+and to the ailerons and the elevator at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the ailerons and the elevator at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the ailerons and the elevator at
+the back and so when you're taxing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and so when you're taxing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back and so when you're taxing on
+the ground your rudder is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground your rudder is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground your rudder is used to
+actually make turns on the ground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make turns on the ground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make turns on the ground the
+ailerons and the elevator need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons and the elevator need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons and the elevator need to be
+turned in such a direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in such a direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in such a direction that
+basically results in your airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically results in your airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically results in your airplane
+staying on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the ground
+inadvertently being lifted up by a gust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently being lifted up by a gust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertently being lifted up by a gust
+of air so in a true this this airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air so in a true this this airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air so in a true this this airplane
+is what we call a tail wheel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a tail wheel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a tail wheel because
+there's a wheel back here at the tail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wheel back here at the tail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wheel back here at the tail so
+it has two wheels up front and a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two wheels up front and a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two wheels up front and a tail
+wheel in the back a tricycle-gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel in the back a tricycle-gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel in the back a tricycle-gear
+airplane would have one big wheel up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane would have one big wheel up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane would have one big wheel up at
+the front and then and then two wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and then and then two wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and then and then two wheels
+so three wheels total but the instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three wheels total but the instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three wheels total but the instead of
+a tail wheel it has one wheel up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail wheel it has one wheel up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail wheel it has one wheel up front
+so in this case a tricycle wheel so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case a tricycle wheel so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case a tricycle wheel so not
+like this but with a wheel up front what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but with a wheel up front what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but with a wheel up front what
+you want to do is if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is if there's a
+quartering tailwind so when wind coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartering tailwind so when wind coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartering tailwind so when wind coming
+from behind you from the back you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind you from the back you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind you from the back you want
+to dive away so you want to turn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive away so you want to turn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive away so you want to turn your
+ailerons away and you want to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons away and you want to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ailerons away and you want to push
+forward to dive away from the wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to dive away from the wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to dive away from the wind and
+if the wind is coming from the front a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wind is coming from the front a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wind is coming from the front a
+headwind you want to actually kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind you want to actually kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind you want to actually kind of go
+into the into the wind with your aileron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the wind with your aileron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the wind with your aileron
+and you want your elevator to be neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want your elevator to be neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want your elevator to be neutral
+so instead of pushing in or pulling back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of pushing in or pulling back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of pushing in or pulling back
+you just want it to be neutral it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want it to be neutral it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want it to be neutral it
+doesn't matter as much for heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as much for heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as much for heavy
+airplanes but for literal airplanes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes but for literal airplanes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes but for literal airplanes you
+can get bounced around and so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get bounced around and so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get bounced around and so it's it's
+slightly different for a tail wheel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different for a tail wheel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different for a tail wheel so
+it's good to figure out which type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to figure out which type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to figure out which type of
+airplane you're training on and get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you're training on and get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you're training on and get used
+to how you would make those Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you would make those Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you would make those Corrections
+as you're taxi there are a lot of runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're taxi there are a lot of runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're taxi there are a lot of runway
+markings and taxiway markings well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and taxiway markings well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and taxiway markings well the
+thing I would really encourage you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would really encourage you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I would really encourage you to do
+is that the next time you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the next time you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the next time you're on a
+commercial flight get a window seat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial flight get a window seat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial flight get a window seat and
+look out the window and you can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the window and you can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the window and you can see all
+these all these markings as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these markings as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these markings as you as you
+go along you might be able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along you might be able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along you might be able to identify
+which runway you're taking off on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which runway you're taking off on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which runway you're taking off on and so
+I won't go through each of these the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go through each of these the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go through each of these the the
+actual runway is this red number so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual runway is this red number so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual runway is this red number so why
+are there two numbers why does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there two numbers why does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there two numbers why does it have
+15 and 33 that's right because runways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and 33 that's right because runways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and 33 that's right because runways
+are bi-directional so depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bi-directional so depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bi-directional so depending on which
+way you're taking off on it or which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're taking off on it or which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're taking off on it or which way
+you're landing on it it could be runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're landing on it it could be runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're landing on it it could be runway
+one-five or runway one three the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-five or runway one three the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-five or runway one three the the
+yellow ones are talking about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow ones are talking about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow ones are talking about you know
+there's a difference between whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between whether
+you're on the runway or on the taxiway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the runway or on the taxiway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the runway or on the taxiway
+versus it's an arrow pointing to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus it's an arrow pointing to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus it's an arrow pointing to it
+somewhere else so you know this sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else so you know this sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else so you know this sign is
+on the one that you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one that you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one that you're on
+and this one is saying so your if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is saying so your if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is saying so your if you
+see this a like this it means you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this a like this it means you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this a like this it means you're on
+taxiway alpha if you see it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiway alpha if you see it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiway alpha if you see it like this
+with an arrow it says you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow it says you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow it says you know that that
+way to taxiway Bravo it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to taxiway Bravo it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to taxiway Bravo it's very important
+that you do visual scanning so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do visual scanning so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do visual scanning so you
+really look around for other airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look around for other airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look around for other airplanes
+so when we talk about visual flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about visual flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about visual flight
+rules VFR which is the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules VFR which is the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules VFR which is the vast majority of
+your time on your pilot private pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time on your pilot private pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time on your pilot private pilot
+you need to be looking outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be looking outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be looking outside the
+airplane to look for other airplanes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to look for other airplanes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to look for other airplanes to
+avoid and it's unfortunate but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid and it's unfortunate but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid and it's unfortunate but actually
+most midair collisions occur in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most midair collisions occur in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most midair collisions occur in your
+airports and good weather so if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and good weather so if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports and good weather so if they had
+been looking out they could have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking out they could have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been looking out they could have seen
+the other airplanes so when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other airplanes so when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other airplanes so when we were
+talking about the pros and cons of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the pros and cons of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the pros and cons of low
+wing and high wing I was very focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing and high wing I was very focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing and high wing I was very focused on
+your visibility so where you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visibility so where you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visibility so where you're looking
+in terms of you want to clear before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you want to clear before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you want to clear before you
+make any turn you want to look before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any turn you want to look before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any turn you want to look before
+you go in fact mark Nathanson the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in fact mark Nathanson the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in fact mark Nathanson the FAA
+examiner who's coming tomorrow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner who's coming tomorrow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner who's coming tomorrow that's
+the probably the easiest way to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probably the easiest way to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probably the easiest way to fail
+your FAA exam he'll tell you to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your FAA exam he'll tell you to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your FAA exam he'll tell you to do a
+maneuver and you just start doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver and you just start doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver and you just start doing it
+fail you have to first clear the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you have to first clear the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail you have to first clear the area
+you might even do a clearing turn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even do a clearing turn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even do a clearing turn so
+turn in one direction and turn the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in one direction and turn the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in one direction and turn the other
+way because you know your wings are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because you know your wings are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because you know your wings are kind
+of obscuring you so that you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obscuring you so that you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obscuring you so that you can look
+all the way around make sure there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around make sure there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around make sure there no
+aircraft in the vicinity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft in the vicinity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft in the vicinity and then
+perform your maneuvers but of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform your maneuvers but of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform your maneuvers but of course you
+can also talk to air traffic control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also talk to air traffic control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also talk to air traffic control and
+other folks to get traffic advisories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks to get traffic advisories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks to get traffic advisories
+will tell you hey there's an you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you hey there's an you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you hey there's an you know an
+aircraft at your 3 o'clock and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft at your 3 o'clock and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft at your 3 o'clock and you know
+5 miles ahead of you those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 miles ahead of you those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 miles ahead of you those types of
+things are very helpful they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very helpful they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very helpful they're not
+always required but they're recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always required but they're recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always required but they're recommended
+so before we talk about right-of-way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we talk about right-of-way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we talk about right-of-way I
+thought I would just challenge you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would just challenge you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I would just challenge you with
+a question who do you think has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question who do you think has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question who do you think has the
+right-of-way a blimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way a blimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way a blimp
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+or a glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're just gonna we're gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just gonna we're gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're just gonna we're gonna do a
+poll so how many people for blimp we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll so how many people for blimp we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll so how many people for blimp we've
+got about 20 people for blimp okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about 20 people for blimp okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about 20 people for blimp okay how
+many people for aircraft refueling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people for aircraft refueling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people for aircraft refueling
+another aircraft I was almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aircraft I was almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aircraft I was almost the same
+number 20 people on an aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 people on an aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 20 people on an aircraft
+refilling another aircraft how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refilling another aircraft how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refilling another aircraft how many
+people for glider ok glider has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for glider ok glider has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for glider ok glider has the
+majority of the the classroom here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the the classroom here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the the classroom here so
+the the majority of the classroom wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the majority of the classroom wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the majority of the classroom wins
+it's the glider and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the glider and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the glider and this is a very
+complicated question obviously you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question obviously you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question obviously you would
+never be in a situation where a blimp on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be in a situation where a blimp on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be in a situation where a blimp on
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft refueling another aircraft
+and a glider all coming together head-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a glider all coming together head-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a glider all coming together head-on
+but the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the yeah
+so the the glider wins because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the glider wins because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the glider wins because it is
+unpowered and and so unpowered aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered and and so unpowered aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered and and so unpowered aircraft
+have a priority over all powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priority over all powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priority over all powered
+aircraft however if you're in a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft however if you're in a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft however if you're in a if
+you're in a glider and you see a blimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a glider and you see a blimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a glider and you see a blimp
+you know those things are slow i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those things are slow i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those things are slow i really
+suggest avoiding it anyway so they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest avoiding it anyway so they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest avoiding it anyway so they're a
+bunch of right-of-way rules they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of right-of-way rules they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of right-of-way rules they're all
+described in pharr 91 113 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in pharr 91 113 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in pharr 91 113 and so
+basically talks about the the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically talks about the the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically talks about the the order of
+operations and kind of the big things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and kind of the big things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and kind of the big things to
+know is that if if anybody is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that if if anybody is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that if if anybody is in
+distress or has an emergency they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress or has an emergency they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress or has an emergency they
+usually just get priority over everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just get priority over everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just get priority over everybody
+else balloons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else balloons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else balloons
+can't really move that much they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really move that much they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really move that much they can't
+decide where they're going so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where they're going so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where they're going so even if
+you wanted to assert right-of-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to assert right-of-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to assert right-of-way
+they're not going to be able to move but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be able to move but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be able to move but
+then it really is aircraft that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it really is aircraft that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it really is aircraft that are
+unpowered get to get the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered get to get the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpowered get to get the priority
+there's also you know if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also you know if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also you know if you have
+multiple aircrafts that are of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple aircrafts that are of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple aircrafts that are of the same
+class so two airplanes two powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so two airplanes two powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so two airplanes two powered
+airplanes coming at each other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes coming at each other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes coming at each other you know
+how do you decide who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you decide who has the
+right-of-way so there there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way so there there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way so there there are some
+situations which is basically that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations which is basically that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations which is basically that two
+aircrafts that are converging that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircrafts that are converging that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircrafts that are converging that are
+of the same category the aircraft on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same category the aircraft on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same category the aircraft on the
+right has the right-of-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are a couple of figures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a couple of figures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a couple of figures that
+describe that so basically if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that so basically if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that so basically if two
+aircraft er are looking head-on then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft er are looking head-on then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft er are looking head-on then you
+both you both move to the right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you both move to the right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you both move to the right it's
+good to have that rule of thumb yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have that rule of thumb yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have that rule of thumb yes the
+blimp is a powered aircraft yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp is a powered aircraft yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp is a powered aircraft yeah it's
+very slowly powered but it is powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly powered but it is powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly powered but it is powered
+and so it is a powered aircraft if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is a powered aircraft if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is a powered aircraft if I
+said balloon instead of blimp then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said balloon instead of blimp then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said balloon instead of blimp then the
+balloon would have won the the balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon would have won the the balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon would have won the the balloon
+sorry the blimp is is also frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the blimp is is also frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the blimp is is also frequently
+called an airship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an airship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an airship
+so the FAA question might refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA question might refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA question might refer to the
+blimp as an airship okay so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp as an airship okay so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp as an airship okay so this was the
+the right of way and then the yes so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of way and then the yes so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of way and then the yes so one
+thing that that alters it is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that alters it is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that alters it is if you have
+an aircraft that's landing and it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft that's landing and it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aircraft that's landing and it's on
+final approach to landing then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach to landing then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach to landing then it has
+the right of way really to to land so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of way really to to land so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of way really to to land so
+this is where we talked about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we talked about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we talked about the the
+balloon has priority over all the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon has priority over all the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon has priority over all the others
+the glider has priority over all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider has priority over all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider has priority over all over
+powered aircraft the airship where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered aircraft the airship where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered aircraft the airship where the
+blimp has the priority over all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp has the priority over all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blimp has the priority over all other
+powered aircraft and then if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered aircraft and then if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered aircraft and then if you're
+towing or refueling then you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towing or refueling then you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towing or refueling then you have that
+priority as well so this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority as well so this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority as well so this is a little
+diagram that shows you that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows you that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that shows you that it's very
+unlikely that you will encounter an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that you will encounter an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that you will encounter an
+aircraft refueling another aircraft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft refueling another aircraft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft refueling another aircraft so
+one thing to know is also just minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to know is also just minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to know is also just minimum
+safe altitudes so in general the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe altitudes so in general the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe altitudes so in general the real
+you know you're the pilot in command you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're the pilot in command you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're the pilot in command you
+need to ensure the safety of yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure the safety of yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure the safety of yourself
+and your plane and your passengers so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your plane and your passengers so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your plane and your passengers so in
+order to do that the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that the biggest
+consideration is that you're flying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration is that you're flying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration is that you're flying at
+an altitude that's safe enough that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an altitude that's safe enough that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an altitude that's safe enough that if
+something went wrong in your airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong in your airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong in your airplane
+you would be able to land safely so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to land safely so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be able to land safely so it's
+always good regardless of where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good regardless of where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good regardless of where you're
+flying to keep an eye out on where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to keep an eye out on where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to keep an eye out on where's the
+closest airport or where's the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest airport or where's the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest airport or where's the closest
+you know flat clear fields that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flat clear fields that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know flat clear fields that you
+could land in and you want to be at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could land in and you want to be at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could land in and you want to be at an
+altitude such that if you had an engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude such that if you had an engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude such that if you had an engine
+failure you could make it safely to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure you could make it safely to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure you could make it safely to that
+place and land safely so that's why even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and land safely so that's why even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and land safely so that's why even
+though technically in some of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though technically in some of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though technically in some of this class
+golf airspace you could be flying at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf airspace you could be flying at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf airspace you could be flying at you
+know 100 feet above the ground unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 feet above the ground unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 100 feet above the ground unless
+it's a very very flat desert where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very flat desert where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very flat desert where you
+could land anywhere it's not a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could land anywhere it's not a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could land anywhere it's not a good idea
+if you can't safely land over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't safely land over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't safely land over a
+congested area which we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested area which we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested area which we talked about
+it's kind of that yellow area on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of that yellow area on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of that yellow area on the
+sectional you want you have to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional you want you have to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional you want you have to be higher
+so the idea is just not to be a nuisance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is just not to be a nuisance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is just not to be a nuisance
+when when it's very congested and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it's very congested and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when it's very congested and then
+do you want to talk to helicopters at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to talk to helicopters at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to talk to helicopters at
+all helicopters can do whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all helicopters can do whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all helicopters can do whatever they
+want is the ultimate rule of thumb yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the ultimate rule of thumb yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is the ultimate rule of thumb yeah
+actually your sorry your mic is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your sorry your mic is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your sorry your mic is over
+here Mike Mike so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Mike Mike so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Mike Mike so basically the
+helicopter just lives in the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter just lives in the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter just lives in the airplane
+it's okay to lose the machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to lose the machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to lose the machine and
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+so you can fly over downtown Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can fly over downtown Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can fly over downtown Boston
+quite low as long as you can always end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite low as long as you can always end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite low as long as you can always end
+up in the Charles River for example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the Charles River for example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the Charles River for example but
+you can't go below these there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go below these there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go below these there are no
+arbitrary numbers you just say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary numbers you just say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary numbers you just say well I
+could have Auto Club rotated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have Auto Club rotated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have Auto Club rotated to the
+street or I could have Auto rotated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street or I could have Auto rotated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street or I could have Auto rotated into
+the river and I wouldn't have destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and I wouldn't have destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and I wouldn't have destroyed
+somebody else's build in your car so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's build in your car so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's build in your car so
+that's that's what we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what we look for
+helicopters don't fly super low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters don't fly super low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters don't fly super low and
+there's an FAA safety inspector actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an FAA safety inspector actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an FAA safety inspector actually
+in your helicopter with another thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your helicopter with another thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your helicopter with another thing is
+that it's very important that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very important that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very important that you just
+you know you don't be careless or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't be careless or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't be careless or
+reckless so you're not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckless so you're not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckless so you're not supposed to
+endanger people's lives or property we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endanger people's lives or property we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endanger people's lives or property we
+talked a little bit about placards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about placards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about placards and
+how they can have restrictions on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can have restrictions on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can have restrictions on them
+so this is what we mean by a placard so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we mean by a placard so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we mean by a placard so
+they're just you know things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just you know things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just you know things that are
+affixed to your airplane and it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affixed to your airplane and it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affixed to your airplane and it has some
+instructions you know whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you know whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you know whatever it's
+talking about these in particular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these in particular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these in particular for
+example some of the never exceed speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some of the never exceed speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some of the never exceed speeds
+are listed when you need to turn on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed when you need to turn on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed when you need to turn on a
+strobe light is restrict is indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe light is restrict is indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobe light is restrict is indicated
+for example so I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so I think it's really
+interesting about dropping objects there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about dropping objects there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about dropping objects there
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+there isn't a rule that says you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a rule that says you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a rule that says you can't
+throw stuff out of your airplane it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw stuff out of your airplane it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw stuff out of your airplane it just
+says that you have to know what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you have to know what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you have to know what where
+what you're throwing will land such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're throwing will land such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're throwing will land such that
+it doesn't damage any property so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't damage any property so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't damage any property so
+there's some interesting pumpkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting pumpkin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting pumpkin
+festivals around here that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals around here that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivals around here that in the
+October time frame they'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October time frame they'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October time frame they'll give you
+pumpkins and you can even throw pumpkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkins and you can even throw pumpkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumpkins and you can even throw pumpkins
+outside your airplane and try to hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside your airplane and try to hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside your airplane and try to hit a
+giant X in the middle of a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant X in the middle of a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant X in the middle of a field and
+there's no rule against it as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule against it as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no rule against it as long as
+you know you don't damage any property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't damage any property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't damage any property
+so it's kind of interesting formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of interesting formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of interesting formation
+flight is kind of cool too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is kind of cool too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is kind of cool too
+obviously you can't do anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can't do anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can't do anything that
+would be hazardous but if you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hazardous but if you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hazardous but if you are in
+communication with another pilot you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with another pilot you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with another pilot you've
+decided in advance that you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in advance that you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in advance that you wanted to do
+it you can do this so I actually had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do this so I actually had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do this so I actually had one
+MIT flying club flight three airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT flying club flight three airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT flying club flight three airplanes
+decided that that were part of the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that that were part of the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that that were part of the fly
+out decided they wanted to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out decided they wanted to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out decided they wanted to do this
+including myself and so we had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself and so we had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including myself and so we had three
+three airplanes and we were nowhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three airplanes and we were nowhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three airplanes and we were nowhere near
+as close as these planes are to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as these planes are to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as these planes are to each
+other but we were in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but we were in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but we were in constant
+communication with each other and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with each other and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with each other and we
+were watching each other and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were watching each other and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were watching each other and it was
+really cool to kind of fly together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to kind of fly together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to kind of fly together and
+we actually landed as a flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually landed as a flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually landed as a flight so
+instead of each having our own tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of each having our own tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of each having our own tail
+number identified to an airport when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number identified to an airport when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number identified to an airport when we
+were landing we picked an airport with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were landing we picked an airport with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were landing we picked an airport with
+an extremely long runway I went our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely long runway I went our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely long runway I went our
+controller and we said you know we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and we said you know we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and we said you know we want
+to land as a flight of three and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land as a flight of three and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land as a flight of three and so they
+gave us clearance and basically a Cessna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us clearance and basically a Cessna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us clearance and basically a Cessna
+doesn't require that much space to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require that much space to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require that much space to land
+you like to have 3,000 feet but 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have 3,000 feet but 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have 3,000 feet but 2,000
+feet is pretty good and so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is pretty good and so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is pretty good and so this was a
+runway that was over 8,000 feet long so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that was over 8,000 feet long so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway that was over 8,000 feet long so
+we had one person kind of landing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one person kind of landing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one person kind of landing at the
+front one person at the back and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front one person at the back and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front one person at the back and the the
+last person touched down before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last person touched down before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last person touched down before the
+first person left so it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person left so it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person left so it's kind of a
+formation flight only do this if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation flight only do this if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation flight only do this if you're
+really comfortable with doing it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comfortable with doing it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comfortable with doing it you
+could always decline and say no and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always decline and say no and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always decline and say no and make
+sure that you are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are definitely
+communication very good weather and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication very good weather and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication very good weather and you
+only do this if it if it is a safe thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do this if it if it is a safe thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do this if it if it is a safe thing
+to do you're in charge is the pilot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you're in charge is the pilot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you're in charge is the pilot of
+command pilot and command P I see of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command pilot and command P I see of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command pilot and command P I see of
+deciding whether it's a safe thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether it's a safe thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding whether it's a safe thing to do
+or not there are also restrictions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there are also restrictions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there are also restrictions about
+aircraft speed and the joke here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft speed and the joke here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft speed and the joke here is that
+if you're flying an sr-71 you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying an sr-71 you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying an sr-71 you would
+actually stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stall
+even at 250 knots so you can fly as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at 250 knots so you can fly as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at 250 knots so you can fly as fast
+as you want pretty much okay so landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want pretty much okay so landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want pretty much okay so landing
+at an airport we discussed a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an airport we discussed a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an airport we discussed a little bit
+about the runways and the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runways and the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runways and the runway
+headings and so you know I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings and so you know I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings and so you know I think it's
+just in terms of how did they number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of how did they number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of how did they number
+that runway so what is runway 3 six mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runway so what is runway 3 six mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runway so what is runway 3 six mean
+well it's really referring to three six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really referring to three six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really referring to three six
+zero or pointing north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or pointing north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or pointing north
+but it's rounded so in here like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rounded so in here like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's rounded so in here like you
+know it was actually three five eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was actually three five eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was actually three five eight
+but they rounded it up to runway three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they rounded it up to runway three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they rounded it up to runway three
+six and every now and again they update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and every now and again they update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and every now and again they update
+these so you might see an airport change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you might see an airport change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so you might see an airport change
+its heading number because it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its heading number because it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its heading number because it's at
+magnetic heading if there are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic heading if there are more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic heading if there are more than
+one runways that are parallel then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one runways that are parallel then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one runways that are parallel then they
+they can say left so runway two one left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say left so runway two one left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say left so runway two one left
+your runway two one right or C four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your runway two one right or C four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your runway two one right or C four
+Center or if they have four runways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center or if they have four runways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center or if they have four runways
+they'll usually just pretend that one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll usually just pretend that one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll usually just pretend that one's
+at a slightly different degree than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slightly different degree than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a slightly different degree than the
+other ones so that you know one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so that you know one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so that you know one side
+will be runway six left and six right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be runway six left and six right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be runway six left and six right
+and then seven left and seven right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then seven left and seven right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then seven left and seven right even
+though they're all basically parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're all basically parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're all basically parallel so
+there are a lot of different runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different runway
+markings these kind of arrows here talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings these kind of arrows here talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings these kind of arrows here talk
+about a displaced threshold so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a displaced threshold so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a displaced threshold so what are
+the restrictions there so you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictions there so you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictions there so you can feel
+free to taxi and take off on that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to taxi and take off on that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to taxi and take off on that space
+but you're not supposed to land so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not supposed to land so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not supposed to land so
+you're supposed to cross across that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to cross across that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to cross across that big
+solid white line before you land right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid white line before you land right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid white line before you land right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are ton of different runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ton of different runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ton of different runway
+markings again I encourage you even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings again I encourage you even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings again I encourage you even when
+you're on a commercial flight to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a commercial flight to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a commercial flight to keep
+your head out the window looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head out the window looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head out the window looking at all
+the different lines that you see so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different lines that you see so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different lines that you see so you
+can see the runway threshold you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the runway threshold you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the runway threshold you can see
+the number of the runway that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the runway that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the runway that's that's
+written there and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there and then there are
+different stripes that indicate how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stripes that indicate how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stripes that indicate how far
+down you are you know a thousand feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you are you know a thousand feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you are you know a thousand feet
+every 500 feet for example we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 500 feet for example we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 500 feet for example we talked
+about the X what does X mean closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the X what does X mean closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the X what does X mean closed
+don't land there the runways closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all of these are kind of defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are kind of defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these are kind of defined in
+the in the pee hack the pilots handbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the pee hack the pilots handbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the pee hack the pilots handbook
+of aeronautical knowledge so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aeronautical knowledge so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aeronautical knowledge so I would
+kind of refresh them some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of refresh them some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of refresh them some of them are
+not very common one thing here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very common one thing here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very common one thing here is that
+wind socks when socks are great there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind socks when socks are great there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind socks when socks are great there
+are different kinds of wind socks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different kinds of wind socks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different kinds of wind socks it
+basically tells you which direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells you which direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells you which direction the
+wind is blowing in when it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is blowing in when it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is blowing in when it's a very
+windy day or gusty day it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windy day or gusty day it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windy day or gusty day it's very
+important to look at a wind sock because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to look at a wind sock because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to look at a wind sock because
+even though it'll tell you you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it'll tell you you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it'll tell you you know for
+example if you hear on the ATIS that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you hear on the ATIS that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you hear on the ATIS that the
+the winds are ten gusting 25 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds are ten gusting 25 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds are ten gusting 25 that means
+that the winds are 10 knots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the winds are 10 knots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the winds are 10 knots but
+sometimes they gust up to 25 knots and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they gust up to 25 knots and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they gust up to 25 knots and a
+gust can kind of change direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gust can kind of change direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gust can kind of change direction so
+it's very important to know this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to know this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to know this and so
+you might want to be looking at a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to be looking at a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to be looking at a wind
+sock as you're as you're coming in or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock as you're as you're coming in or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sock as you're as you're coming in or as
+you're a being the runway and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a being the runway and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a being the runway and you want
+to know which direction the winds going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know which direction the winds going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know which direction the winds going
+in how much is it changing moving about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much is it changing moving about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how much is it changing moving about
+so that when you come in you're prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you come in you're prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when you come in you're prepared
+for that as you land there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as you land there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as you land there are other
+types of wind indicators that are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of wind indicators that are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of wind indicators that are pretty
+uncommon I doubt that you'll encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon I doubt that you'll encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon I doubt that you'll encounter
+them but we've shown them here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we've shown them here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we've shown them here there's
+also so the best way to fly is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the best way to fly is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the best way to fly is really
+looking out the window and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out the window and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out the window and looking at
+what the runway looks like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the runway looks like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the runway looks like it's a
+picture of the runway so look at look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the runway so look at look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the runway so look at look at
+it see what it looks like and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see what it looks like and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it see what it looks like and that's the
+best way but there's some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way but there's some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way but there's some things that
+might trip you up like if runways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might trip you up like if runways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might trip you up like if runways are
+wider or narrower than you're used to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider or narrower than you're used to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider or narrower than you're used to or
+longer or shorter than you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer or shorter than you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer or shorter than you're used to
+that it might appear to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might appear to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might appear to be a different
+place than it is so it's always good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place than it is so it's always good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place than it is so it's always good to
+have an indicator as a backup so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an indicator as a backup so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an indicator as a backup so there
+are different glide slope indicators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different glide slope indicators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different glide slope indicators so
+vazhi is one where there are these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vazhi is one where there are these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vazhi is one where there are these four
+little lights you basically see them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lights you basically see them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lights you basically see them as
+four lights and if you're too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights and if you're too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lights and if you're too low
+they're red and if you're too high there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're red and if you're too high there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're red and if you're too high there
+they're all white but if you're right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all white but if you're right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all white but if you're right on
+then about a thousand feet down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about a thousand feet down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about a thousand feet down the
+runway so you basically use these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so you basically use these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so you basically use these as
+you're coming in but once you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in but once you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in but once you can really
+see the runway out the window yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the runway out the window yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the runway out the window yourself
+you look out the window not at and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look out the window not at and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look out the window not at and you
+look at the runway not at the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the runway not at the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the runway not at the these
+glide slope indicators as you get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide slope indicators as you get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide slope indicators as you get close
+so another variation is a poppy so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another variation is a poppy so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another variation is a poppy so I
+like to think again with these memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think again with these memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think again with these memory
+things vazhi I think vertical so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things vazhi I think vertical so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things vazhi I think vertical so that's
+why there's some on top and some at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's some on top and some at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's some on top and some at the
+bottom a poppy is the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom a poppy is the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom a poppy is the same thing but
+it's horizontal they're also apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's horizontal they're also apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's horizontal they're also apparently
+exists a tricolor visual approach slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a tricolor visual approach slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a tricolor visual approach slope
+indicator almost no one uses this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator almost no one uses this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator almost no one uses this you
+probably will never see it same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will never see it same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will never see it same with
+this one but they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but they exist
+supposedly okay so we'll focus on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly okay so we'll focus on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly okay so we'll focus on things
+you might actually hear so land and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually hear so land and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually hear so land and hold
+short so we just talked about this who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so we just talked about this who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so we just talked about this who
+remembers what land and hold short means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what land and hold short means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers what land and hold short means
+yes absolutely so you can land but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so you can land but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so you can land but don't
+cross the intersecting runway unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the intersecting runway unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the intersecting runway unless
+you're given permission so a land in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given permission so a land in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given permission so a land in the
+hold short is something that the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold short is something that the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold short is something that the air
+traffic controller might ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controller might ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic controller might ask you to do
+and they might be really assertive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might be really assertive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might be really assertive about
+it and they might tell you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they might tell you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they might tell you know we have
+a lot of traffic here I need you to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of traffic here I need you to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of traffic here I need you to land
+and hold short regardless of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold short regardless of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold short regardless of how
+assertively they tell you that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertively they tell you that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertively they tell you that you're
+the pilot in command and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot in command and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot in command and you can just
+you can just say no and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say no and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say no and they have to
+deal with it so especially if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it so especially if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it so especially if you're a
+new pilot you're actually not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pilot you're actually not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pilot you're actually not allowed to
+accept a land and hold short instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a land and hold short instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a land and hold short instruction
+as a student pilot so if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student pilot so if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a student pilot so if you're a
+student pilot they tell you to land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student pilot they tell you to land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student pilot they tell you to land and
+hold short you have to say no and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold short you have to say no and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold short you have to say no and the
+reason is that you may not be very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you may not be very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that you may not be very good
+at it and you might take more runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and you might take more runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and you might take more runway
+than you thought you were gonna take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you thought you were gonna take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you thought you were gonna take in
+order to land do you have a question no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to land do you have a question no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to land do you have a question no
+okay and yet so you also have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yet so you also have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and yet so you also have to have
+proper visibility in order to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper visibility in order to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper visibility in order to accept
+this type of restriction as well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's okay to accept but you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to accept but you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to accept but you have to go
+around you just have to you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you just have to you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you just have to you you do
+what's safe for you first for your plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's safe for you first for your plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's safe for you first for your plane
+and then you communicate that as quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you communicate that as quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you communicate that as quickly
+as possible to the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible to the air traffic
+controller if you as soon as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller if you as soon as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller if you as soon as you know
+that you might have to go around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have to go around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have to go around you
+need to communicate that so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to communicate that so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to communicate that so that they
+can try to make sure that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to make sure that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to make sure that there's no
+incident with the other aircraft but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident with the other aircraft but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident with the other aircraft but
+generally you don't want to accept a LAN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you don't want to accept a LAN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you don't want to accept a LAN
+and hold short unless you're you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold short unless you're you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold short unless you're you're very
+comfortable with the environment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the environment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the environment you
+know it's a good weather condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good weather condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good weather condition you
+have a good handle of your aircraft your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good handle of your aircraft your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good handle of your aircraft your
+air speeds doing what you want it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air speeds doing what you want it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air speeds doing what you want it to do
+and and you feel comfortable that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you feel comfortable that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you feel comfortable that you
+can actually follow that that guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow that that guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually follow that that guidance
+but of course at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course at the end of the day
+you're the pilot in command and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the pilot in command and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the pilot in command and if it's
+going to be unsafe to you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unsafe to you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unsafe to you and your
+aircraft to make a landing and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to make a landing and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft to make a landing and you have
+to do it go around you have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it go around you have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it go around you have to do that
+and you just need to communicate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just need to communicate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just need to communicate as
+quickly as possible to the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as possible to the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as possible to the air traffic
+controller so there's some there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so there's some there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so there's some there are
+some light signals again no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light signals again no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light signals again no one's
+probably ever encountered this in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ever encountered this in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ever encountered this in real
+life but supposedly if your radio dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but supposedly if your radio dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but supposedly if your radio dies
+and you need to communicate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to communicate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to communicate with the
+tower they have this light gun and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower they have this light gun and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower they have this light gun and they
+can communicate a bunch of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can communicate a bunch of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can communicate a bunch of information
+to you via these signals there are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you via these signals there are great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you via these signals there are great
+candidates for FAA questions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for FAA questions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates for FAA questions you're
+unlikely to be used in reality and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be used in reality and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be used in reality and a lot
+of people have their their checklist has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have their their checklist has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have their their checklist has
+like a page in the back that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a page in the back that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a page in the back that has this
+because it's so rare people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so rare people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so rare people don't
+usually commit this to memory so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually commit this to memory so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually commit this to memory so here's
+some more resources for you to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more resources for you to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more resources for you to refer to
+all right are there any questions use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there any questions use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there any questions use in
+conjunction with a coffee break all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with a coffee break all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with a coffee break all
+right so it's about nice and I figured I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's about nice and I figured I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's about nice and I figured I
+already saw people sleeping through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw people sleeping through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw people sleeping through my
+last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one
+get two boxes of coffee all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two boxes of coffee all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two boxes of coffee all right it's
+2:15 so we'll start up again at 2:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t5_ymNZGsCI.txt b/t5_ymNZGsCI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cc608061f7dd7e55063e565af7dd76e294d10a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t5_ymNZGsCI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a short story of maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a short story of maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a short story of maybe the
+quickest turnaround I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickest turnaround I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickest turnaround I've ever
+experienced ever hear you're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced ever hear you're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced ever hear you're seeing a
+very fine image made by the researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine image made by the researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine image made by the researcher
+at stanford i'm not going to muck up her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stanford i'm not going to muck up her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at stanford i'm not going to muck up her
+name and i apologize please do see her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and i apologize please do see her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and i apologize please do see her
+credit this is a solar voltaic device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit this is a solar voltaic device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit this is a solar voltaic device
+that we decided to try to quickly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we decided to try to quickly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we decided to try to quickly get
+attention for which was very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for which was very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for which was very exciting
+research so they sent me a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so they sent me a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research so they sent me a few of these
+cells and I literally had just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and I literally had just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and I literally had just a few
+hours to try to attempt an MIT home page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to try to attempt an MIT home page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to try to attempt an MIT home page
+so i made an image of just one device i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i made an image of just one device i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i made an image of just one device i
+actually used a stereomicroscope to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a stereomicroscope to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used a stereomicroscope to make
+the image but i could absolutely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but i could absolutely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but i could absolutely have
+done the same with a camera and a 105
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same with a camera and a 105
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the same with a camera and a 105
+lens i just thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens i just thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens i just thought it would be
+interesting for you to see this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for you to see this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for you to see this little
+story even though i did not use a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story even though i did not use a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story even though i did not use a camera
+and then I placed it in photoshop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I placed it in photoshop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I placed it in photoshop and
+just duplicated a few of the layers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just duplicated a few of the layers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just duplicated a few of the layers just
+to sort of get a feel for what I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get a feel for what I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of get a feel for what I might
+want to do and I wound up developing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and I wound up developing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and I wound up developing an
+image with layers of the cells and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with layers of the cells and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with layers of the cells and move
+them around I was in the mood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around I was in the mood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around I was in the mood for
+lavender so but sure enough the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavender so but sure enough the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavender so but sure enough the MIT
+office did use it on line but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office did use it on line but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office did use it on line but eventually
+I was looking for the home page and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking for the home page and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was looking for the home page and
+wanted to suggest something solar alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to suggest something solar alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to suggest something solar alike
+so I used a gradient in the background I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used a gradient in the background I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used a gradient in the background I
+really didn't like that and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like that and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't like that and then I
+remembered from my thousands of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered from my thousands of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered from my thousands of slides
+of images of the landscape that I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the landscape that I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images of the landscape that I did in
+fact have a sunset from California that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have a sunset from California that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact have a sunset from California that
+I took many years ago on film and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took many years ago on film and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took many years ago on film and so I
+used that for the background overlaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that for the background overlaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that for the background overlaid
+the various layers that I previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various layers that I previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various layers that I previously
+made of the solar cell cropped it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of the solar cell cropped it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of the solar cell cropped it a
+little bit and eventually they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and eventually they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and eventually they did in
+fact use it for the MIT homepage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact use it for the MIT homepage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact use it for the MIT homepage this
+all of I am not kidding three hours from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of I am not kidding three hours from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of I am not kidding three hours from
+start to finish very unusual see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to finish very unusual see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to finish very unusual see if you
+could do it I challenge you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tL7Lcl90Sc0.txt b/tL7Lcl90Sc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc381527ddd940e5a3656558f1bf1fcaa24d8427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tL7Lcl90Sc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14808 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What I want to do today is to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I want to do today is to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I want to do today is to continue
+where we left off last time in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time in talking
+about uh the empirical properties of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the empirical properties of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the empirical properties of uh
+stocks and bonds. I I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and bonds. I I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and bonds. I I want you to
+develop an intuition for how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an intuition for how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an intuition for how to think
+about markets. We've already done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about markets. We've already done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about markets. We've already done that
+over the course of the last uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the last uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the last uh the last
+few lectures by looking at market prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures by looking at market prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures by looking at market prices
+and uh understanding how to price them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh understanding how to price them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh understanding how to price them.
+But I'd like you to get some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'd like you to get some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'd like you to get some kind of a
+historical perspective now on specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical perspective now on specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical perspective now on specific
+asset classes because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset classes because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset classes because we're going to be
+relying on market prices to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on market prices to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on market prices to make
+inferences about other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about other kinds of
+securities and other decisions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and other decisions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and other decisions you're
+going to make. As I told you at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make. As I told you at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make. As I told you at the very
+beginning of the course, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the course, we're going to
+rely on markets for information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on markets for information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on markets for information because
+it's the wisdom of crowds that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the wisdom of crowds that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the wisdom of crowds that really
+gets us the information we need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us the information we need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us the information we need in order
+to make good financial decisions. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good financial decisions. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good financial decisions. So, I
+want to begin that process of now giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin that process of now giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin that process of now giving
+you the intuition about the wisdom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the intuition about the wisdom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the intuition about the wisdom of
+crowds by looking at the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds by looking at the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowds by looking at the historical
+performance of stocks and bonds. and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of stocks and bonds. and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of stocks and bonds. and uh
+and then we're going to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about how
+to quantify risk uh more uh analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify risk uh more uh analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantify risk uh more uh analytically
+and uh put it all together in the ve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh put it all together in the ve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh put it all together in the ve the
+very basics of modern portfolio theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basics of modern portfolio theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basics of modern portfolio theory.
+So I want to start by asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to start by asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to start by asking the
+question first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first of all what
+characterizes US equity returns. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes US equity returns. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes US equity returns. You
+know how do we get our arms around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do we get our arms around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do we get our arms around the
+behavior of that asset class? And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of that asset class? And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of that asset class? And the
+way I'm going to do that is to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to do that is to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to do that is to give you
+some uh performance statistics about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh performance statistics about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh performance statistics about the
+volatility, about the average return,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, about the average return,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, about the average return,
+about how predictable they are, uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how predictable they are, uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how predictable they are, uh and
+also patterns of returns across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also patterns of returns across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also patterns of returns across
+different kinds of stocks. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of stocks. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of stocks. So, we're
+going to look at some empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at some empirical
+anomalies uh before actually turning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies uh before actually turning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies uh before actually turning to
+the analytical work of trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analytical work of trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analytical work of trying to figure
+out how to make sense of this from a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to make sense of this from a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to make sense of this from a uh
+a more formal uh mathematical framework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more formal uh mathematical framework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more formal uh mathematical framework.
+Before I do that, let me ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I do that, let me ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before I do that, let me ask you to
+think about the following question,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the following question,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the following question,
+which is if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you were
+designing a market for stocks, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a market for stocks, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a market for stocks, what
+properties would you want that market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties would you want that market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties would you want that market to
+have? And I'm going to argue that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? And I'm going to argue that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? And I'm going to argue that there
+are a few properties that all of us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few properties that all of us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few properties that all of us I
+think can recognize as being good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think can recognize as being good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think can recognize as being good
+properties for stock prices. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for stock prices. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for stock prices. So the
+first is that stock market prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that stock market prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that stock market prices are
+random and unpredictable. Now that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and unpredictable. Now that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and unpredictable. Now that might
+seem like a little counterintuitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a little counterintuitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a little counterintuitive and
+certainly I think you would acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I think you would acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I think you would acknowledge
+that over the last several weeks markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the last several weeks markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over the last several weeks markets
+have been supremely unpredictable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been supremely unpredictable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been supremely unpredictable and
+that doesn't feel so good. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel so good. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel so good. It doesn't
+seem like that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like that's a good
+thing. But in a minute, I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. But in a minute, I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. But in a minute, I'm going to try
+to make that a little bit more clear by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that a little bit more clear by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that a little bit more clear by
+looking at the alternative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the alternative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the alternative of
+predictable. Okay? Uh or unpredictable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable. Okay? Uh or unpredictable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable. Okay? Uh or unpredictable,
+which is predictable. So, let me come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is predictable. So, let me come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is predictable. So, let me come
+back to that point. The second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that point. The second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that point. The second uh
+property that I think you'll agree is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that I think you'll agree is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that I think you'll agree is a
+reasonable one for us to expect is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one for us to expect is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable one for us to expect is that
+prices should react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices should react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices should react
+quickly to new information. it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to new information. it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to new information. it should
+adjust to new information uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to new information uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to new information uh really
+without any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of
+delay. And finally, we'd like to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. And finally, we'd like to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. And finally, we'd like to see
+that investors shouldn't be able to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investors shouldn't be able to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that investors shouldn't be able to earn
+abnormal returns after you adjust for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal returns after you adjust for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal returns after you adjust for
+risk. So in other words, once risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. So in other words, once risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. So in other words, once risk
+adjustment is taken into account, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment is taken into account, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment is taken into account, there
+shouldn't be any additional return left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any additional return left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any additional return left
+over. That's what we think of as a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. That's what we think of as a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. That's what we think of as a well
+functioning market. Another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning market. Another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning market. Another way of
+putting it is that a market is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it is that a market is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it is that a market is highly
+competitive. It's hard to make money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive. It's hard to make money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive. It's hard to make money uh
+in those markets. Okay? Now, they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those markets. Okay? Now, they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those markets. Okay? Now, they may
+not be markets that you would enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be markets that you would enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be markets that you would enjoy
+trading in, but that's not the question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in, but that's not the question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in, but that's not the question.
+The question is what would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is what would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question is what would be a good
+market, an efficient market? So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market, an efficient market? So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market, an efficient market? So, let me
+talk about predictability for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about predictability for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about predictability for a minute
+because I said that it seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said that it seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said that it seems a little
+counterintuitive that a good market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that a good market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive that a good market is
+one that's not predictable. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's not predictable. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's not predictable. So, let's
+pretend that this is the stock market.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that this is the stock market.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that this is the stock market.
+Okay? Okay, this is the S&P 500. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Okay, this is the S&P 500. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Okay, this is the S&P 500. That
+looks nice, right? It's nice regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nice, right? It's nice regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nice, right? It's nice regular
+curve. Anybody come up with a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Anybody come up with a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Anybody come up with a prediction
+for this? How would you go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this? How would you go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this? How would you go about
+predicting the behavior of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the behavior of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the behavior of this kind of
+a stock market?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock market?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock market?
+What's that? Cyclical. What What kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's that? Cyclical. What What kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's that? Cyclical. What What kind of
+curve would you fit to this? Yeah, sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would you fit to this? Yeah, sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would you fit to this? Yeah, sine
+wave. In fact, that's how I generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. In fact, that's how I generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. In fact, that's how I generated
+this. I used a sine wave and then I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I used a sine wave and then I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I used a sine wave and then I add
+a little noise. Okay. Now, why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little noise. Okay. Now, why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little noise. Okay. Now, why might
+this not be a good model for a market?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not be a good model for a market?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this not be a good model for a market?
+If this were the stock market, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this were the stock market, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this were the stock market, what
+would you do? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly. You know, after after, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. You know, after after, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. You know, after after, you
+know, a few of these cycles, you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a few of these cycles, you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a few of these cycles, you sort of
+get the idea, right? And if you're down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea, right? And if you're down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea, right? And if you're down
+here, you're going to think, well, gee,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you're going to think, well, gee,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you're going to think, well, gee,
+I think it's likely to go back up, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's likely to go back up, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's likely to go back up, so
+I'm going to buy a ton over here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to buy a ton over here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to buy a ton over here. And
+when you get right up there, you'll say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get right up there, you'll say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get right up there, you'll say,
+"Gee, you know, I think it's time for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Gee, you know, I think it's time for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Gee, you know, I think it's time for me
+to sell a ton." And you you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell a ton." And you you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell a ton." And you you don't have
+to go through too many of these before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through too many of these before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through too many of these before
+you get richer than your wildest dreams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get richer than your wildest dreams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get richer than your wildest dreams.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly.
+That's that's exactly right. So as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's exactly right. So as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's exactly right. So as soon
+as you start doing this, as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start doing this, as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start doing this, as soon as you
+try to do this, what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this, what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do this, what happens to the
+pattern? The pattern disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern? The pattern disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern? The pattern disappears.
+Exactly. You see, this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. You see, this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. You see, this is one of the
+reasons why finance is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why finance is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why finance is a lot more
+challenging than physics. In physics, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than physics. In physics, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than physics. In physics, if
+you try to drop a ball in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to drop a ball in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to drop a ball in a
+gravitational field, it won't change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field, it won't change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field, it won't change its
+mind and say, "Gee, now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and say, "Gee, now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and say, "Gee, now I'm going to
+change the gravitational constant on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gravitational constant on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gravitational constant on you
+just because you're testing me."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're testing me."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're testing me."
+But in financial markets, the moment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in financial markets, the moment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in financial markets, the moment you
+try to take advantage of this pattern,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take advantage of this pattern,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take advantage of this pattern,
+the pattern changes. In fact, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern changes. In fact, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern changes. In fact, the more
+you try to take advantage of it, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to take advantage of it, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to take advantage of it, the
+more quickly the pattern changes. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly the pattern changes. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly the pattern changes. In
+fact, if you do this a lot, if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, if you do this a lot, if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, if you do this a lot, if there are
+a lot of people trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people trying to predict
+patterns, then you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns, then you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns, then you know what you
+get? You get no pattern. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? You get no pattern. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? You get no pattern. You get
+randomness. That's the idea behind an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. That's the idea behind an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness. That's the idea behind an
+efficient market being random. If it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient market being random. If it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient market being random. If it
+were not random, then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not random, then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not random, then that means that
+there aren't enough people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't enough people who are
+bothering to try to forecast the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to try to forecast the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to try to forecast the price
+and incorporate information into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incorporate information into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incorporate information into the
+price. Now, I've said two things that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price. Now, I've said two things that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price. Now, I've said two things that at
+first seem different, but in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first seem different, but in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first seem different, but in fact,
+they're opposite sides of the same coin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're opposite sides of the same coin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're opposite sides of the same coin.
+When you are forecasting market prices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you are forecasting market prices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you are forecasting market prices,
+you know what you're doing? You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're doing? You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you're doing? You're
+actually helping markets become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping markets become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping markets become more
+efficient by incorporating information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient by incorporating information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient by incorporating information
+into that price. How do you do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that price. How do you do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that price. How do you do that?
+Well, if for example, you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if for example, you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if for example, you think that
+having a presidential election will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a presidential election will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a presidential election will
+cause volatility to decline, then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause volatility to decline, then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause volatility to decline, then if you
+know that there's a presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a presidential
+election coming up, you will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election coming up, you will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election coming up, you will start
+trading in a way that will ultimately be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in a way that will ultimately be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in a way that will ultimately be
+betting on volatility declining. As you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on volatility declining. As you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on volatility declining. As you
+start that trading, you force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start that trading, you force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start that trading, you force that
+volatility index to go down. So the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility index to go down. So the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility index to go down. So the fact
+that you've got information and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got information and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got information and you
+think you can forecast prices when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can forecast prices when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can forecast prices when you
+use it when you use the information what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it when you use the information what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it when you use the information what
+does it mean to use the information when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to use the information when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to use the information when
+you buy or sell securities on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy or sell securities on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy or sell securities on the basis
+of that information then the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information then the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information then the price of
+the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security
+ultimately reflects the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reflects the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately reflects the information
+right so an efficient market is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so an efficient market is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so an efficient market is one
+where you don't have this you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have this you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have this you don't have
+a very strong predictability if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very strong predictability if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very strong predictability if it is
+strongly predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predictable
+then most likely either the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then most likely either the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then most likely either the market is
+rigged or there aren't enough people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigged or there aren't enough people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigged or there aren't enough people
+that are trading in order to make prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are trading in order to make prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are trading in order to make prices
+fully reflective of all available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflective of all available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflective of all available
+information. Now, this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Now, this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Now, this is the way
+markets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets really
+look. These are random walks with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. These are random walks with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. These are random walks with with
+drift. drift, meaning there's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift. drift, meaning there's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift. drift, meaning there's a positive
+trend or in some cases a negative trend,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend or in some cases a negative trend,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend or in some cases a negative trend,
+but otherwise it's random around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it's random around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it's random around that
+trend. So, you can't really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend. So, you can't really easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend. So, you can't really easily
+forecast it. And you can see that prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast it. And you can see that prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast it. And you can see that prices
+go up, they go down. There are long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up, they go down. There are long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up, they go down. There are long
+periods where they go up, but there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where they go up, but there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where they go up, but there also
+for other stocks, long periods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other stocks, long periods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other stocks, long periods where
+they go down, and you don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down, and you don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down, and you don't know what's
+going to happen next. This is a sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen next. This is a sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen next. This is a sign of
+a very efficient market.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient market.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient market.
+A while ago, uh there was a uh academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A while ago, uh there was a uh academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A while ago, uh there was a uh academic
+study that was done to try to test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was done to try to test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that was done to try to test for
+efficiency. And one of the tests was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. And one of the tests was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. And one of the tests was
+that if the uh underlying price series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the uh underlying price series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the uh underlying price series
+was uh not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh not very
+volatile, that was considered an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, that was considered an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, that was considered an
+efficient market. But it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient market. But it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient market. But it turned out that
+was roundly criticized because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was roundly criticized because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was roundly criticized because of the
+point that just because a market is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that just because a market is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that just because a market is not
+volatile, it doesn't mean that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, it doesn't mean that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile, it doesn't mean that it's
+working well. And an example was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well. And an example was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well. And an example was at the
+time, this is like 20 or 30 years ago,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, this is like 20 or 30 years ago,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, this is like 20 or 30 years ago,
+the Chinese stock market, uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese stock market, uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chinese stock market, uh the
+Shanghai Stock Exchange, it it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai Stock Exchange, it it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shanghai Stock Exchange, it it was a
+relatively young market. And at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively young market. And at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively young market. And at that
+time, there were only two stocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, there were only two stocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, there were only two stocks that
+traded on it. It was the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded on it. It was the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded on it. It was the National
+Railroad Company and the Bank of China.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad Company and the Bank of China.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad Company and the Bank of China.
+And uh at that time, which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh at that time, which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh at that time, which is again
+about 15 or 20 years ago, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 or 20 years ago, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 or 20 years ago, it was
+considered uh unpatriotic to sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh unpatriotic to sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered uh unpatriotic to sell the
+security if you had bought it. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security if you had bought it. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security if you had bought it. So you
+could buy it, but you weren't allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy it, but you weren't allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy it, but you weren't allowed to
+sell it. And so the price went way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it. And so the price went way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it. And so the price went way up
+and up and up and and that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up and up and and that's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and up and up and and that's not an
+example of an efficient market. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an efficient market. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an efficient market. It was
+not at all volatile. Uh but as a result,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all volatile. Uh but as a result,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all volatile. Uh but as a result,
+there was no real information uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no real information uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no real information uh
+reflected in that price. Yeah. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that price. Yeah. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that price. Yeah. So if you
+look at the Indian stock market now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Indian stock market now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Indian stock market now,
+yeah, it looks like somebody is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it looks like somebody is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it looks like somebody is doing
+one of those roller coaster rides. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those roller coaster rides. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those roller coaster rides. It
+goes up and down and up and down. So is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and down and up and down. So is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and down and up and down. So is
+volatility a sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility a sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility a sign of
+Well, it's not volatility per se, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not volatility per se, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's not volatility per se, but
+rather the combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the combination of the
+predictability per unit volatility.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability per unit volatility.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability per unit volatility.
+That's really what you want to focus on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really what you want to focus on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's really what you want to focus on.
+We're going to come back to that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to come back to that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to come back to that when we
+talk about portfolio theory and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about portfolio theory and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about portfolio theory and look at
+this trade-off between risk and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trade-off between risk and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trade-off between risk and expected
+return. But no, I wouldn't say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. But no, I wouldn't say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. But no, I wouldn't say that the
+Indian market is inefficient. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian market is inefficient. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian market is inefficient. It's
+undergoing some pretty significant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing some pretty significant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing some pretty significant uh
+changes as is the US and as is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as is the US and as is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as is the US and as is the world
+but that's because the global economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because the global economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because the global economy is
+contracting as we know because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting as we know because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracting as we know because of this
+financial crisis. So I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis. So I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis. So I wouldn't
+characterize it as inefficient uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it as inefficient uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it as inefficient uh at
+this point but you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but you know that that
+remains to be seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains to be seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains to be seen.
+Yeah how big should the market be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah how big should the market be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah how big should the market be in
+order to be in order for it to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be in order for it to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be in order for it to get there
+isn't any uh uh hard and fast rule. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any uh uh hard and fast rule. No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any uh uh hard and fast rule. No,
+but uh if you take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you take a look at the
+trade-off of risk to reward, in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off of risk to reward, in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off of risk to reward, in other
+words, that ratio of expected return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, that ratio of expected return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, that ratio of expected return to
+volatility, you can come up with rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, you can come up with rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility, you can come up with rules
+of thumb that will give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb that will give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb that will give you a sense of
+whether or not a market is efficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a market is efficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a market is efficient or
+inefficient. So, we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient. So, we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient. So, we're going to come
+back to that. In fact, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that. In fact, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that. In fact, we're going to
+get to that in just a minute. Let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in just a minute. Let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in just a minute. Let me let
+me actually turn to some data now, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually turn to some data now, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually turn to some data now, and
+then we're going to see exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to see exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to see exactly what
+those trade-offs look like. Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trade-offs look like. Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trade-offs look like. Okay. Now
+what's going to be interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be interesting about
+this part of the talk is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the talk is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the talk is that when I
+tell you about these numbers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about these numbers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about these numbers these
+numbers are based upon data from uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are based upon data from uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are based upon data from uh I
+think it was a 1946 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a 1946 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a 1946 to
+2001 in fact uh a lot of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 in fact uh a lot of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 in fact uh a lot of the data that
+has been collected over the last year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been collected over the last year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been collected over the last year is
+very very different from this so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different from this so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different from this so uh you
+know we'll be interesting to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll be interesting to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll be interesting to sort of
+compare the two all right so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the two all right so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the two all right so there are
+four empirical facts that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four empirical facts that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four empirical facts that I want you to
+take with you about the US stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with you about the US stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with you about the US stock market
+the First is that uh interest rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First is that uh interest rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First is that uh interest rates in
+general have been slightly positive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general have been slightly positive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general have been slightly positive on
+average but not by much. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but not by much. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but not by much. In other words,
+the real interest rate the the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate the the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate the the nominal
+interest rate minus the inflation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate minus the inflation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate minus the inflation rate
+is been pretty low uh over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is been pretty low uh over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is been pretty low uh over the course of
+uh history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh history.
+Um so the first fact is that real rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the first fact is that real rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the first fact is that real rates
+have been slightly positive. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slightly positive. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been slightly positive. So you
+could see for example the average rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see for example the average rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see for example the average rate
+of return for the uh one-year T bill is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for the uh one-year T bill is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for the uh one-year T bill is
+about 38 basis points on a monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38 basis points on a monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 38 basis points on a monthly
+basis. Uh this is monthly. I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Uh this is monthly. I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Uh this is monthly. I haven't
+annualized it. Uh but inflation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized it. Uh but inflation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized it. Uh but inflation over
+that same period is about 32 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same period is about 32 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same period is about 32 basis
+points. So when you subtract the two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So when you subtract the two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So when you subtract the two,
+you're going to get six basis points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get six basis points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get six basis points on
+a monthly basis as the real rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly basis as the real rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly basis as the real rate of
+interest. Okay. On the other hand, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. Okay. On the other hand, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest. Okay. On the other hand, if
+you take a look at uh the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at uh the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at uh the stock market
+which is represented by VW stock index,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented by VW stock index,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented by VW stock index,
+the VW doesn't mean Volkswagen. Uh V VW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VW doesn't mean Volkswagen. Uh V VW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VW doesn't mean Volkswagen. Uh V VW
+stands for the value weighted index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the value weighted index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the value weighted index.
+It's an index of all the stocks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an index of all the stocks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an index of all the stocks on the
+NYSE, MX and NASDAQ weighted according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NYSE, MX and NASDAQ weighted according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NYSE, MX and NASDAQ weighted according
+to their uh outstanding uh market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their uh outstanding uh market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their uh outstanding uh market
+capitalization. And you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization. And you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization. And you can see that the
+uh valu weighted stock market over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh valu weighted stock market over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh valu weighted stock market over this
+period is about 1% per month. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is about 1% per month. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is about 1% per month. Um the
+equal weighted stock market EW uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weighted stock market EW uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weighted stock market EW uh is a
+little bit higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher
+1.18 and uh Motorola over this period uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.18 and uh Motorola over this period uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.18 and uh Motorola over this period uh
+had a uh expected rate of return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh expected rate of return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh expected rate of return of
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+1.66% per month. So the return uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.66% per month. So the return uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.66% per month. So the return uh has
+been higher for these indexes. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been higher for these indexes. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been higher for these indexes. And if
+you want to get a sense of why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a sense of why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get a sense of why that
+might be, take a look at the next column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be, take a look at the next column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be, take a look at the next column
+which is the standard deviation. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard deviation. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard deviation. This
+remember is a measure of the riskiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is a measure of the riskiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is a measure of the riskiness
+of the security right it's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security right it's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the security right it's a measure of
+the fluctuations and if you take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations and if you take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluctuations and if you take a look
+at the equal weighted uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equal weighted uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equal weighted uh and the
+valuated the volatility is both they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuated the volatility is both they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuated the volatility is both they're
+both a lot higher than for T- bills. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a lot higher than for T- bills. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a lot higher than for T- bills. So
+this is one of the reasons we we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons we we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the reasons we we got the
+idea in finance that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in finance that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in finance that there's a
+riskreward trade-off. The more risky the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskreward trade-off. The more risky the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskreward trade-off. The more risky the
+higher the expected rate of return. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the expected rate of return. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the expected rate of return. And
+if you look at Motorola, the riskiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at Motorola, the riskiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at Motorola, the riskiness
+of Motorola is much larger than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Motorola is much larger than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Motorola is much larger than that of
+any of the stock indexes. Instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the stock indexes. Instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the stock indexes. Instead of a
+5% monthly standard deviation, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% monthly standard deviation, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% monthly standard deviation, you're
+looking at double or 10% the monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at double or 10% the monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at double or 10% the monthly
+standard deviation. But look at the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. But look at the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. But look at the rate
+of return. The rate of return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return. The rate of return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return. The rate of return is
+commensurately higher. Yeah. Remy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, because it fluctuates from month to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, because it fluctuates from month to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, because it fluctuates from month to
+month. So the idea is if you're buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month. So the idea is if you're buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month. So the idea is if you're buying a
+T- bill and you're holding it, it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T- bill and you're holding it, it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T- bill and you're holding it, it still
+has price fluctuation, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has price fluctuation, right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has price fluctuation, right? Yeah.
+Okay. The other thing that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The other thing that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The other thing that I want you to
+see is uh something uh uh uh along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is uh something uh uh uh along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is uh something uh uh uh along the
+lines of the minimum and the maximum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the minimum and the maximum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of the minimum and the maximum.
+This is another way of representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another way of representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is another way of representing the
+riskiness uh of the security. So uh T-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness uh of the security. So uh T-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness uh of the security. So uh T-
+bills are bounded between 003 and 1.34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills are bounded between 003 and 1.34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills are bounded between 003 and 1.34
+in terms of their return. very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their return. very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their return. very narrow
+band uh treasury notes which are 10-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh treasury notes which are 10-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band uh treasury notes which are 10-year
+instruments obviously are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments obviously are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments obviously are going to be
+swinging around much more much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around much more much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging around much more much more than
+a one-year T- bill right so the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year T- bill right so the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year T- bill right so the longer
+the the longer the maturity the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the longer the maturity the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the longer the maturity the longer
+the duration the riskier is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration the riskier is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duration the riskier is the
+instrument right but if you take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right but if you take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right but if you take a look
+at the value weighted return and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the value weighted return and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the value weighted return and the
+equal weighted return and then Motorola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weighted return and then Motorola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weighted return and then Motorola
+you can see progressively more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see progressively more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see progressively more and more
+uh risk involved in these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh risk involved in these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh risk involved in these kinds of
+securities. Okay. Now, if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. Okay. Now, if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. Okay. Now, if you look at
+their compound growth rates, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their compound growth rates, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their compound growth rates, you get
+what you pay for, right? In the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pay for, right? In the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pay for, right? In the sense
+that uh you're looking at T bills down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you're looking at T bills down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you're looking at T bills down
+here. So, a dollar invested in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, a dollar invested in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, a dollar invested in one of
+these guys will give you maybe uh $10 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys will give you maybe uh $10 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys will give you maybe uh $10 uh
+at the end of 2001, but you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of 2001, but you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of 2001, but you're looking
+at a much much larger return for either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much much larger return for either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much much larger return for either
+the value weighted or equal weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value weighted or equal weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value weighted or equal weighted
+indexes, right? More risk, more expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes, right? More risk, more expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes, right? More risk, more expected
+return. That's the message that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. That's the message that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. That's the message that you get
+from looking at the basic data here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the basic data here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the basic data here.
+Now, just to give you a sense of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, just to give you a sense of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, just to give you a sense of where
+interest rates have been, I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates have been, I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates have been, I think we
+discussed this when we did fixed income.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this when we did fixed income.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this when we did fixed income.
+Interest rates have really been all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest rates have really been all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest rates have really been all over
+the map. There was a point in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map. There was a point in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map. There was a point in our
+history, not that long ago, where uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, not that long ago, where uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, not that long ago, where uh the
+short-term interest rate, the one-year T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term interest rate, the one-year T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term interest rate, the one-year T
+bill was uh, you know, something like 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was uh, you know, something like 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was uh, you know, something like 16
+to 17% per year. That's one year T bill,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 17% per year. That's one year T bill,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 17% per year. That's one year T bill,
+right? It's a astonishing, but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a astonishing, but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a astonishing, but that was
+a period where there was a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period where there was a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period where there was a large amount
+of inflation in the United States. Uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation in the United States. Uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inflation in the United States. Uh on
+the other hand, if you take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, if you take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand, if you take a look at
+the more recent period, interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more recent period, interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more recent period, interest rates
+have been extremely low. And that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extremely low. And that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extremely low. And that's part
+of the reason we're in a credit crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason we're in a credit crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason we're in a credit crisis
+is because credit is very cheap. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because credit is very cheap. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because credit is very cheap. Uh so
+you you can get yourself into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can get yourself into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can get yourself into a lot of
+trouble when uh it's relatively easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble when uh it's relatively easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble when uh it's relatively easy for
+you to borrow and it doesn't cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to borrow and it doesn't cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to borrow and it doesn't cost you
+that much in terms of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in terms of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in terms of the uh the
+payments. Now, let me show you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments. Now, let me show you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments. Now, let me show you what the
+total returns look like for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total returns look like for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total returns look like for these
+different asset classes. By total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset classes. By total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset classes. By total
+returns I mean if you bought one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns I mean if you bought one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns I mean if you bought one of
+these instruments and you held it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments and you held it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments and you held it a
+month at a time and you computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month at a time and you computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month at a time and you computed the
+return for holding that instrument. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for holding that instrument. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for holding that instrument. So
+for a bond it includes whatever coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bond it includes whatever coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bond it includes whatever coupons
+get paid plus the uh the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid plus the uh the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid plus the uh the price
+fluctuations. It's the total return. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. It's the total return. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. It's the total return. For
+stocks it'll include the dividends that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks it'll include the dividends that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks it'll include the dividends that
+got paid as well as the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got paid as well as the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got paid as well as the price
+fluctuations. And I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. And I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. And I'm going to do this
+on the exact same scale from minus 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exact same scale from minus 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the exact same scale from minus 25%
+to 25%. Okay. So these are uh monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25%. Okay. So these are uh monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25%. Okay. So these are uh monthly
+returns now that I'm plotting from 1946
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns now that I'm plotting from 1946
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns now that I'm plotting from 1946
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+2001. And so you can see that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001. And so you can see that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001. And so you can see that that the
+total return for the US 10-year bond uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total return for the US 10-year bond uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total return for the US 10-year bond uh
+actually has different periods where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has different periods where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has different periods where in
+some cases it's not very risky. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it's not very risky. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it's not very risky. Uh but
+in other cases it bounces around a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases it bounces around a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other cases it bounces around a great
+deal. When there's a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. When there's a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. When there's a fair amount of
+interest rate uncertainty, you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate uncertainty, you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate uncertainty, you get a lot
+of volatility. But when markets are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volatility. But when markets are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volatility. But when markets are not
+moving around that much uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around that much uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around that much uh on the
+interest rate side, you get periods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate side, you get periods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate side, you get periods that
+are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively
+calm. Okay. Yes. Question in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm. Okay. Yes. Question in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm. Okay. Yes. Question in the
+previous slide is that that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide is that that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide is that that interest
+rates are yield to maturities, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are yield to maturities, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are yield to maturities, right?
+Yeah, that's right. That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's right. That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's right. That's right.
+Correct. Yeah. These are yields to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Yeah. These are yields to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Yeah. These are yields to
+maturity. Okay. These are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity. Okay. These are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity. Okay. These are these are
+total returns though. These are what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total returns though. These are what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total returns though. These are what you
+get as an investor. This is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as an investor. This is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as an investor. This is what you get
+if you hold a particular security to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hold a particular security to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hold a particular security to
+maturity on basically uh on a given on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity on basically uh on a given on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturity on basically uh on a given on a
+given day you will get these spot rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day you will get these spot rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day you will get these spot rates.
+Okay. So your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So your question
+back so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so in
+812 you could buy a 10ear bond paid 16%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+812 you could buy a 10ear bond paid 16%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+812 you could buy a 10ear bond paid 16%
+year. Yeah. So were people think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Yeah. So were people think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. Yeah. So were people think that
+that incorporates future expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates future expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates future expectations
+interest rates right well and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates right well and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates right well and also
+inflation inflation people thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation inflation people thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation inflation people thinking that
+inflation was going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was going to be you
+know% a year 10 years out either that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know% a year 10 years out either that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know% a year 10 years out either that or
+they felt that you know that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that you know that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that you know that plus
+whatever interest rate expectations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever interest rate expectations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever interest rate expectations was
+going to be was going to be what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be was going to be what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be was going to be what you're
+going to get over a 10-year period. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get over a 10-year period. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get over a 10-year period. Yep.
+That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+And then so do people think that stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then so do people think that stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then so do people think that stock
+return on that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on that.
+Uh apparently I mean and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh apparently I mean and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh apparently I mean and there was a
+time in fact when the stock market did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact when the stock market did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact when the stock market did
+yield that for quite a bit of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield that for quite a bit of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield that for quite a bit of time.
+Right. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Absolutely.
+On the other hand, let me turn it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, let me turn it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, let me turn it around
+and ask you now that interest rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask you now that interest rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask you now that interest rates are
+at uh I don't know the the 10-year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh I don't know the the 10-year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh I don't know the the 10-year I
+think is at uh or the 30-year is at 417
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is at uh or the 30-year is at 417
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is at uh or the 30-year is at 417
+this morning. Do you think for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning. Do you think for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning. Do you think for the next
+40 years or 30 years that Treasury bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years or 30 years that Treasury bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 years or 30 years that Treasury bills
+are only going to return 4% a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only going to return 4% a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only going to return 4% a
+year? Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year? Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year? Is that
+realistic? I mean, it's not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic? I mean, it's not so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic? I mean, it's not so easy to
+say, is it? When you're in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, is it? When you're in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, is it? When you're in the midst of
+it, it's not so easy to say based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it's not so easy to say based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it's not so easy to say based upon
+the historical evidence. It seems crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical evidence. It seems crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical evidence. It seems crazy
+to think that we could possibly be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that we could possibly be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that we could possibly be in
+such a low interest rate environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a low interest rate environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a low interest rate environment
+over the next 30 years, especially given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30 years, especially given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 30 years, especially given
+that, you know, we're printing money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, we're printing money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, we're printing money
+like it's going out of style now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going out of style now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going out of style now and
+we're going to be doing that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing that over the
+next couple of years. as we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of years. as we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next couple of years. as we got to
+because somebody's got to pay for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody's got to pay for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody's got to pay for all of
+these uh uh you know rescue packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh you know rescue packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh you know rescue packages and
+and uh so we basically have to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we basically have to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we basically have to uh you
+know engage in some kind of inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know engage in some kind of inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know engage in some kind of inflationary
+monetary and fiscal policy but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary and fiscal policy but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary and fiscal policy but it's
+still saying 4.17 as of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still saying 4.17 as of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still saying 4.17 as of this
+morning. So the market does the best it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. So the market does the best it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning. So the market does the best it
+can given the data, but it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given the data, but it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given the data, but it's hard to
+forecast. And we just said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast. And we just said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast. And we just said at the
+beginning of this class that it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class that it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class that it better
+be hard to forecast because if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to forecast because if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to forecast because if it's not
+hard to forecast, then something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to forecast, then something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to forecast, then something's
+wrong, right? Then it means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, right? Then it means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, right? Then it means that it's
+not reflecting all available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reflecting all available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reflecting all available
+information. Yeah. when you showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Yeah. when you showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Yeah. when you showed that
+graph I think the previous slide of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I think the previous slide of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I think the previous slide of of
+the stocks going way up. I'm wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks going way up. I'm wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stocks going way up. I'm wondering
+how much of that is due to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that is due to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of that is due to the fact that
+this was just a really good period for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a really good period for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a really good period for
+the United States and you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and you know if you
+compare other countries in other times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare other countries in other times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare other countries in other times.
+Yeah, that that that's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that that that's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that that that's definitely a
+factor. So I'm not trying to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. So I'm not trying to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. So I'm not trying to explain the
+numbers uh and I'm not trying to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh and I'm not trying to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh and I'm not trying to justify
+them. You're absolutely right. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. You're absolutely right. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. You're absolutely right. This is a
+very special country in a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special country in a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special country in a very special
+time. So you can either thank your good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So you can either thank your good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So you can either thank your good
+fortune that you're here or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune that you're here or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune that you're here or you can
+argue that well it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that well it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that well it's not going to
+persist and you know time to move to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist and you know time to move to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist and you know time to move to uh
+you know wherever um but I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wherever um but I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wherever um but I don't know I
+I don't know which that is right but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which that is right but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which that is right but but
+it is a very unusual if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very unusual if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very unusual if you look at
+other countries there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries there are other
+countries that are having difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are having difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are having difficulties
+during this time period but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this time period but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this time period but there are
+other countries that are growing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries that are growing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries that are growing you
+know even faster right if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even faster right if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even faster right if you look at
+China over the last 10 years the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China over the last 10 years the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China over the last 10 years the the
+growth rate of the Chinese economy uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of the Chinese economy uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of the Chinese economy uh is
+double to triple what the US economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double to triple what the US economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double to triple what the US economy is
+now. It was a smaller economy but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It was a smaller economy but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. It was a smaller economy but still
+over an extended period of time it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an extended period of time it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an extended period of time it's got
+tremendous growth rate. Okay. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous growth rate. Okay. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous growth rate. Okay. So that
+really is the challenge is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the challenge is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the challenge is to try to
+understand what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the
+context of you know where where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of you know where where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of you know where where we're
+living and how we're living. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and how we're living. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and how we're living. So let me
+go through and show you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and show you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through and show you some more
+numbers and then we can talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then we can talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then we can talk about some
+of the interpretations. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interpretations. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interpretations. So this is the
+total return for the US 10 year. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total return for the US 10 year. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total return for the US 10 year. You get
+a sense of the scale right minus 25 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the scale right minus 25 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the scale right minus 25 to
+25. Now this is the return of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. Now this is the return of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25. Now this is the return of the US
+stock market during that same period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market during that same period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market during that same period
+using that same scale, right? More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that same scale, right? More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that same scale, right? More
+risky. So you could see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky. So you could see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky. So you could see the difference
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+fluctuations. And if this weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. And if this weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations. And if this weren't
+exciting enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting enough for
+you, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, this is
+Motorola. And there are many stocks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola. And there are many stocks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola. And there are many stocks like
+Motorola.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola.
+So when you invest in an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you invest in an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you invest in an individual
+stock, you're getting not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock, you're getting not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock, you're getting not just the
+fluctuations of the economy, but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the economy, but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations of the economy, but you're
+getting the fluctuations that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the fluctuations that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the fluctuations that affect
+that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific
+company. So you should expect if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. So you should expect if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. So you should expect if you're
+taking on more risk that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on more risk that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on more risk that you're going to
+be getting a reward for these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting a reward for these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting a reward for these kinds of
+incredible bouncing around. And in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible bouncing around. And in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible bouncing around. And in fact,
+you do. The average return of Motorola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. The average return of Motorola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. The average return of Motorola
+is uh quite a bit higher than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh quite a bit higher than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh quite a bit higher than that of
+the of the market. Now, let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the market. Now, let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the market. Now, let me show you
+um a little bit about predictability. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit about predictability. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit about predictability. We
+talked about a market that's random as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a market that's random as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a market that's random as
+one that is is a a good or efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is is a a good or efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is is a a good or efficient
+market. This plots the return today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. This plots the return today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. This plots the return today
+versus tomorrow or yesterday versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow or yesterday versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow or yesterday versus
+today if you want to think about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you want to think about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you want to think about that.
+Pairs of returns for the aggregate stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs of returns for the aggregate stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs of returns for the aggregate stock
+market and this is done uh on a daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and this is done uh on a daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and this is done uh on a daily
+basis. Uh now if you look at it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Uh now if you look at it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Uh now if you look at it on
+a monthly basis for the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly basis for the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monthly basis for the S&P
+500 from 1926 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 from 1926 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 from 1926 to
+1997, you get something that also looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997, you get something that also looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997, you get something that also looks
+kind of random, right? So not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random, right? So not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of random, right? So not much
+predictability here, not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability here, not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability here, not much
+predictability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability
+there. But suppose we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But suppose we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But suppose we were to
+graph the return of General Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the return of General Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the return of General Motors
+against the S&P 500. Well, now all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the S&P 500. Well, now all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the S&P 500. Well, now all of a
+sudden it looks like there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it looks like there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it looks like there's a little
+bit of a pattern, right? It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a pattern, right? It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a pattern, right? It's not
+totally random. Sort of looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random. Sort of looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally random. Sort of looks like
+there's a kind of a line that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of a line that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of a line that goes
+through that uh that scatter of points,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that uh that scatter of points,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that uh that scatter of points,
+right? There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? There's a
+relationship on a given day between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship on a given day between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship on a given day between
+General Motors and the broad market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors and the broad market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors and the broad market
+index, but o over the course of two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index, but o over the course of two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index, but o over the course of two days
+or two months, there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two months, there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two months, there's very little
+predictability. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability. Okay.
+Now, let me talk about volatility. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me talk about volatility. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me talk about volatility. Oh,
+your question. So, but on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question. So, but on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question. So, but on the last
+graph, GM is included in in there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, GM is included in in there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, GM is included in in there,
+right? That's right. GM is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. GM is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. GM is one of the
+stocks in the S&P 500. So, what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in the S&P 500. So, what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in the S&P 500. So, what would
+you still see that relationship if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still see that relationship if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still see that relationship if you
+if it was everything but GMP?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was everything but GMP?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was everything but GMP?
+Oh, absolutely. In other words, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, absolutely. In other words, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, absolutely. In other words, it's not
+any one stock that gives this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one stock that gives this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one stock that gives this random
+scatter of points. In other words, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter of points. In other words, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter of points. In other words, this
+random scatter of points is really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random scatter of points is really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random scatter of points is really all
+500 stocks put into a portfolio. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stocks put into a portfolio. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stocks put into a portfolio. But
+remember, we're asking a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, we're asking a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, we're asking a different
+question. This is a question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. This is a question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. This is a question about the
+relationship between the S&P 500 last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the S&P 500 last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the S&P 500 last
+month versus this month. There's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month versus this month. There's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month versus this month. There's no real
+relationship. This, on the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. This, on the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. This, on the other hand,
+is a question between a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question between a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a question between a question about
+the relationship between S&P this month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between S&P this month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between S&P this month
+and GM this month, the same month. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GM this month, the same month. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GM this month, the same month. Okay.
+Now, you're right that S&P has GM as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you're right that S&P has GM as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you're right that S&P has GM as one
+of the components, but it's only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components, but it's only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the components, but it's only one of
+them. If it weren't in there, you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. If it weren't in there, you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. If it weren't in there, you would
+actually still see this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still see this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still see this kind of a
+relationship. Yep. On slide 16, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Yep. On slide 16, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Yep. On slide 16, you
+showed us the interest rate, the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us the interest rate, the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed us the interest rate, the one
+year and 10 year interest rate. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and 10 year interest rate. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and 10 year interest rate. What
+does it mean when the two figures cross?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean when the two figures cross?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean when the two figures cross?
+Uh there's no particular significance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's no particular significance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's no particular significance.
+It just means that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just means that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It just means that you know that
+one-year rate happens to be identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year rate happens to be identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year rate happens to be identical to
+the 10-year rate. So people are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10-year rate. So people are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10-year rate. So people are just
+assuming that that rate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that that rate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that that rate is going to
+continue over a period of time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue over a period of time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue over a period of time. So
+there's no particular economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no particular economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no particular economic
+significance to when they cross. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to when they cross. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance to when they cross. These
+are all annualized, remember? Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all annualized, remember? Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all annualized, remember? Right? So
+you're asking the question over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking the question over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking the question over a
+10-year period, what is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year period, what is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year period, what is the average
+interest rate you're going to get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you're going to get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you're going to get paid
+by the US government versus over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the US government versus over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the US government versus over a
+one-year period, what is the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year period, what is the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year period, what is the interest
+rate you're going to get paid by the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're going to get paid by the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're going to get paid by the US
+government? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government? That's
+all. Okay, now let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Okay, now let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. Okay, now let me talk about
+volatility. These are monthly estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. These are monthly estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility. These are monthly estimates
+of US stock market daily volatility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US stock market daily volatility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US stock market daily volatility from
+1926 to 1997. So every month I've got 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 to 1997. So every month I've got 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 to 1997. So every month I've got 20
+days or 21 days. I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days or 21 days. I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days or 21 days. I'm going to take the
+month the daily returns and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month the daily returns and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month the daily returns and calculate
+the standard deviation for those daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation for those daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation for those daily
+returns and I plot it and it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and I plot it and it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and I plot it and it looks like
+this. Now these are monthly. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Now these are monthly. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Now these are monthly. So if you
+want to annualize it, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to annualize it, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to annualize it, you have to
+multiply it by the square<unk> of 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the square<unk> of 12 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the square<unk> of 12 to
+get the annualized volatility. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the annualized volatility. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the annualized volatility. But the
+point of this is that there are periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is that there are periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is that there are periods
+of time where the market is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time where the market is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time where the market is extremely
+volatile and there are periods of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and there are periods of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile and there are periods of time
+where it's relatively quiet. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's relatively quiet. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's relatively quiet. And if I
+were to have extended this to the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to have extended this to the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to have extended this to the most
+recent period, you would see that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent period, you would see that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent period, you would see that within
+the last several weeks, we had a spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last several weeks, we had a spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last several weeks, we had a spike
+that was about as big as this spike over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about as big as this spike over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about as big as this spike over
+here. Anybody know what this spike is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Anybody know what this spike is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Anybody know what this spike is?
+you can sort of guess. Yeah. October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of guess. Yeah. October
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of guess. Yeah. October
+1987, right? That was the big stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987, right? That was the big stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987, right? That was the big stock
+market crash uh that occurred uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market crash uh that occurred uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market crash uh that occurred uh during
+that uh that month. Volatility shot way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that month. Volatility shot way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that month. Volatility shot way
+up during that month. Lots of risk. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up during that month. Lots of risk. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up during that month. Lots of risk. And
+right now, we're in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, we're in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, we're in a situation where
+there is lots of risk uh as well. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is lots of risk uh as well. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is lots of risk uh as well. Okay.
+Now, I'm going to just conclude my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'm going to just conclude my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'm going to just conclude my
+overview with a few interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview with a few interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview with a few interesting
+anomalies that I want to tease you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies that I want to tease you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies that I want to tease you with
+to get you to think a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you to think a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you to think a little bit more
+carefully about stock markets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about stock markets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about stock markets.
+What I'm going to show you are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm going to show you are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm going to show you are just a
+bunch of factoids. Factoids meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of factoids. Factoids meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of factoids. Factoids meaning that
+they are empirical facts in the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are empirical facts in the data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are empirical facts in the data.
+But if you change some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you change some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you change some of the
+assumptions or the sample uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions or the sample uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions or the sample uh that you
+use, these facts could change. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use, these facts could change. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use, these facts could change. All
+right? So these are not universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So these are not universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So these are not universal
+constants that uh for some theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that uh for some theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants that uh for some theoretical
+reason has to be true. This is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason has to be true. This is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason has to be true. This is just
+properties of the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the data.
+What I've done here is to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I've done here is to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I've done here is to take all the
+stocks in the NYSE, MX, and NASDAQ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in the NYSE, MX, and NASDAQ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks in the NYSE, MX, and NASDAQ from
+1964 to 2004, and on a monthly basis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 to 2004, and on a monthly basis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 to 2004, and on a monthly basis,
+I'm going to rank them by market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rank them by market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rank them by market
+capitalization, break them up into 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization, break them up into 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization, break them up into 10
+equal numbers of securities, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers of securities, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal numbers of securities, and then
+average the returns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the returns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the returns in
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+deciles and then compute it over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciles and then compute it over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciles and then compute it over time
+and then average those decile returns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then average those decile returns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then average those decile returns.
+Okay, that's a little little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a little little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a little little complicated
+but uh pretty straightforward. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh pretty straightforward. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh pretty straightforward. Let me
+tell you for example what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you for example what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you for example what this means
+here. This uh particular bin over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This uh particular bin over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This uh particular bin over here
+is the bin of all stocks that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bin of all stocks that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bin of all stocks that have the
+largest market capitalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest market capitalizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest market capitalizations
+uh you know among all of the stocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know among all of the stocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know among all of the stocks in
+my sample. I've divided it up into 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample. I've divided it up into 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sample. I've divided it up into 10
+equal groups. This is the largest tenth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal groups. This is the largest tenth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal groups. This is the largest tenth.
+And I'm going to compute the returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to compute the returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to compute the returns
+monthly for that bin and then average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly for that bin and then average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly for that bin and then average
+that across my entire sample. and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across my entire sample. and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across my entire sample. and I get
+an annual return of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annual return of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annual return of close to
+10%. This is annualized. Now, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%. This is annualized. Now, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%. This is annualized. Now, this is
+not monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not monthly
+annualized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annualized.
+Okay. If I now compute that same rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I now compute that same rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I now compute that same rate of
+return for the smallest stocks, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for the smallest stocks, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for the smallest stocks, the
+stocks that are the smallest part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are the smallest part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are the smallest part of my
+sample, that's down here, I get a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample, that's down here, I get a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample, that's down here, I get a return
+of something like 15% per year.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+15% versus 10%. That's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% versus 10%. That's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% versus 10%. That's a huge
+difference. That's like a six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. That's like a six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. That's like a six six
+percentage point difference, right? No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point difference, right? No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point difference, right? No,
+it's more like 9% versus 15 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like 9% versus 15 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like 9% versus 15 plus
+something. Five percentage points, 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Five percentage points, 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Five percentage points, 500
+basis points a year. That's the the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points a year. That's the the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points a year. That's the the gap
+between small stocks and large stocks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between small stocks and large stocks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between small stocks and large stocks.
+Okay. This is known as the uh size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is known as the uh size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is known as the uh size
+effect or the size premium. small stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or the size premium. small stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or the size premium. small stocks
+seem to do better than large stocks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to do better than large stocks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to do better than large stocks.
+Now, there are lots of stories you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there are lots of stories you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there are lots of stories you could
+tell about why. I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about why. I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about why. I'm not going to tell
+those stories, but I just want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories, but I just want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those stories, but I just want you to
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+data. Now, you want to know what's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Now, you want to know what's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Now, you want to know what's weird
+about this what's weird about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what's weird about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this what's weird about this
+picture is that I'm going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that I'm going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that I'm going to change the
+sample ever so slightly. What I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample ever so slightly. What I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample ever so slightly. What I'm going
+to do is I'm going to compute this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to compute this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to compute this graph
+only for the month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for the month of
+January and then for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and then for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and then for all the other
+months outside of January.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months outside of January.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months outside of January.
+Okay? And let me show you what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The yellow
+bars, those are the January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars, those are the January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars, those are the January
+returns and the blue bars are all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and the blue bars are all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and the blue bars are all of the
+non January returns. So I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non January returns. So I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non January returns. So I don't really
+think there's that much of a size effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's that much of a size effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's that much of a size effect
+once you delete the Januaries. You get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you delete the Januaries. You get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you delete the Januaries. You get a
+little bit of a difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a difference between the
+biggest and the smallest, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and the smallest, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and the smallest, but the
+difference that we're talking about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that we're talking about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that we're talking about now
+is very small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small.
+But look at the January effect. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But look at the January effect. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But look at the January effect. That's
+big. And uh it turns out that this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. And uh it turns out that this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. And uh it turns out that this seems
+to be a phenomenon that has uh become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a phenomenon that has uh become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a phenomenon that has uh become a
+little bit less pronounced recently, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less pronounced recently, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less pronounced recently, but
+for many years it was quite strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years it was quite strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years it was quite strong and
+reliable. And people actually traded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable. And people actually traded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable. And people actually traded on
+this particular pattern. Buying stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pattern. Buying stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular pattern. Buying stocks
+uh in uh in January, holding them uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh in January, holding them uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh in January, holding them uh in
+December and holding them till January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and holding them till January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and holding them till January
+or doing a spread where you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing a spread where you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing a spread where you basically
+try to go long small stocks in December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go long small stocks in December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go long small stocks in December
+uh and uh short stocks large stocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh short stocks large stocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh short stocks large stocks in
+December and hold that spread and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and hold that spread and let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December and hold that spread and let it
+widen. So this is a a really puzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen. So this is a a really puzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen. So this is a a really puzzling
+anomaly. Again, you can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly. Again, you can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomaly. Again, you can come up with
+explanations for this. I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for this. I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for this. I'm not going to
+tell you what they are. You can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what they are. You can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what they are. You can think
+about them and uh possibly even trade on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and uh possibly even trade on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and uh possibly even trade on
+them uh over the next month or so. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh over the next month or so. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh over the next month or so. So,
+all right. Now, the second anomaly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Now, the second anomaly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Now, the second anomaly that
+I want you to be aware of, and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be aware of, and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be aware of, and this
+depending on who you speak to, may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you speak to, may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you speak to, may not
+be considered an anomaly. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered an anomaly. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered an anomaly. For example,
+Warren Buffett would call this uh genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett would call this uh genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett would call this uh genius
+and uh and fact. This is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and fact. This is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and fact. This is the value
+premium. What this suggests is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium. What this suggests is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium. What this suggests is that
+there are certain stocks that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain stocks that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain stocks that for
+whatever reason uh are just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason uh are just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason uh are just simply
+undervalued systematically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued systematically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued systematically or
+alternatively other stocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively other stocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively other stocks that are
+systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+overvalued. The value premium is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued. The value premium is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued. The value premium is where
+you take the same universe of stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the same universe of stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the same universe of stocks
+that I showed you before, but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before, but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before, but instead of
+sorting according to market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting according to market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting according to market
+capitalization, you sort it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization, you sort it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization, you sort it according to
+another characteristic. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another characteristic. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another characteristic. And the
+characteristic is the price equity ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is the price equity ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is the price equity ratio
+or the reverse of that is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reverse of that is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reverse of that is what you
+usually hear about booktomarket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually hear about booktomarket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually hear about booktomarket right
+book value divided by market value. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book value divided by market value. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book value divided by market value. Now
+you all know what that difference is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what that difference is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what that difference is by
+now right book value is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right book value is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right book value is the value of the
+company uh as it was initially formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh as it was initially formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh as it was initially formed
+and as it acrus uh either cash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it acrus uh either cash or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it acrus uh either cash or
+profitability but based upon its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability but based upon its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability but based upon its
+accounting book value. Whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting book value. Whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting book value. Whereas the
+market value is what the market thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value is what the market thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market value is what the market thinks
+the company is worth. And in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company is worth. And in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company is worth. And in many cases
+with technology stocks and other growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology stocks and other growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology stocks and other growth
+stocks, the price gets way way way ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks, the price gets way way way ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks, the price gets way way way ahead
+of the book value of the company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book value of the company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book value of the company's
+assets. And so those are situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. And so those are situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. And so those are situations
+where you've got a very large price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a very large price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a very large price to
+book ratio. If you have a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book ratio. If you have a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book ratio. If you have a very large
+price to book ratio, that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to book ratio, that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to book ratio, that means that
+you're going to be on the right hand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be on the right hand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be on the right hand of
+this spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrum.
+And that says according to this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that says according to this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that says according to this chart
+that the expected rate of return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected rate of return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected rate of return is
+generally pretty low. On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally pretty low. On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally pretty low. On the other hand,
+low booktom market or high book to price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low booktom market or high book to price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low booktom market or high book to price
+uh oh sorry the other way around uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry the other way around uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry the other way around uh high
+booktomarket low price to book is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booktomarket low price to book is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booktomarket low price to book is on the
+left hand side. These are what Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side. These are what Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side. These are what Warren
+Buffett and Graham and Dodd would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett and Graham and Dodd would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett and Graham and Dodd would call
+value stocks. Right? These are stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stocks. Right? These are stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value stocks. Right? These are stocks
+where you've got lots of good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got lots of good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got lots of good book
+value. uh but somehow the market doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. uh but somehow the market doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. uh but somehow the market doesn't
+really appreciate it and so the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate it and so the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate it and so the price is
+low relative to the book value. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low relative to the book value. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low relative to the book value. In other
+words, the price to book ratio is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the price to book ratio is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, the price to book ratio is low
+and look at the returns there. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the returns there. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the returns there. The the
+the value premium is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value premium is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value premium is the difference
+between the high uh price to book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the high uh price to book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the high uh price to book and
+the low price to book and you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low price to book and you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low price to book and you're looking
+at a premium of about six to 700 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a premium of about six to 700 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a premium of about six to 700 basis
+points on an annualized basis. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on an annualized basis. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on an annualized basis. That's a
+big difference. Uh because in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference. Uh because in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference. Uh because in both of
+these bins, it turns out the risks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bins, it turns out the risks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bins, it turns out the risks are
+actually roughly comparable. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually roughly comparable. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually roughly comparable. So it's not
+as if you know the stocks on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you know the stocks on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you know the stocks on the left
+are way more risky than the stocks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are way more risky than the stocks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are way more risky than the stocks on
+the right. That actually is true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. That actually is true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. That actually is true of the
+market capitalization effect. Small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market capitalization effect. Small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market capitalization effect. Small
+stocks actually have higher volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks actually have higher volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks actually have higher volatility
+than large stocks, but that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than large stocks, but that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than large stocks, but that's not true
+of value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and
+growth. So that's another puzzle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. So that's another puzzle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth. So that's another puzzle or
+depending on who you talk to. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you talk to. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you talk to. This is a
+way to invest. Okay. Momentum. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest. Okay. Momentum. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to invest. Okay. Momentum. This is
+something that uh academics discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh academics discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh academics discovered
+maybe 10 or 15 years ago which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 or 15 years ago which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 10 or 15 years ago which is also
+really anomalous. By momentum we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anomalous. By momentum we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anomalous. By momentum we mean
+simply last month's return or last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply last month's return or last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply last month's return or last
+year's return. If that's positive, does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's return. If that's positive, does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's return. If that's positive, does
+it tend to persist over the next 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tend to persist over the next 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tend to persist over the next 12
+months? So the stocks with low momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months? So the stocks with low momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months? So the stocks with low momentum
+uh on the left hand side seem to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left hand side seem to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left hand side seem to do
+worse than the stocks that have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the stocks that have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than the stocks that have high
+momentum. So the momentum effect seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. So the momentum effect seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. So the momentum effect seems
+to be really strong. And again look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really strong. And again look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really strong. And again look at
+that difference. That difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference. That difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference. That difference is
+something on the order of a 15% spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of a 15% spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of a 15% spread
+if not more. It's a very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not more. It's a very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not more. It's a very very big
+spread. So this might lead you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread. So this might lead you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread. So this might lead you to try to
+construct a trading strategy based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a trading strategy based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a trading strategy based upon
+this. And there are a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And there are a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And there are a bunch of other
+anomalies that have been reported in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies that have been reported in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies that have been reported in the
+academic literature. In fact, for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic literature. In fact, for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic literature. In fact, for a
+while, certain academic journals were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while, certain academic journals were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while, certain academic journals were
+accused of never meeting an anomaly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused of never meeting an anomaly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accused of never meeting an anomaly that
+they didn't love because they just kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't love because they just kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't love because they just kept
+publishing one after another. And in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing one after another. And in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing one after another. And in a
+way, you know, you have to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you know, you have to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you know, you have to be a bit
+skeptical about this, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about this, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about this, right? Because
+there are so many different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many different ways of
+looking at stocks, so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at stocks, so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at stocks, so many
+characteristics. And you know that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. And you know that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. And you know that in a
+sample of a 100 uh 100 random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of a 100 uh 100 random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of a 100 uh 100 random variables
+5% of them are going to be statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of them are going to be statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of them are going to be statistically
+significant right so even if none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant right so even if none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant right so even if none of
+them are you know in in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are you know in in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are you know in in terms of being
+significantly different from zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different from zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different from zero. So
+you got to take these anomalies with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to take these anomalies with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to take these anomalies with a
+grain of salt. But what I've presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt. But what I've presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt. But what I've presented
+to you are the ones that seem to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you are the ones that seem to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you are the ones that seem to be the
+most persistent the ones that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most persistent the ones that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most persistent the ones that people
+spin stories about the ones that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin stories about the ones that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin stories about the ones that people
+construct mutual funds around. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct mutual funds around. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct mutual funds around. And so
+you'll have to think a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to think a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to think a little bit about
+whether or not you believe any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you believe any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you believe any of these
+anomalies. Uh but I wanted to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies. Uh but I wanted to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies. Uh but I wanted to make you
+aware that they're there. And uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that they're there. And uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that they're there. And uh you
+know, if you take 15 433 investments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you take 15 433 investments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you take 15 433 investments,
+you'd actually end up spending a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd actually end up spending a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd actually end up spending a fair
+bit of time digging through each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time digging through each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time digging through each one of
+these to see whether or not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to see whether or not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to see whether or not there's
+something in there that you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there that you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in there that you could use
+for investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investment
+purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+Um the uh the last thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh the last thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh the last thing I'm going to
+mention with this introductory lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention with this introductory lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention with this introductory lecture
+is mutual funds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mutual funds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mutual funds.
+These anomalies uh were obviously very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These anomalies uh were obviously very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These anomalies uh were obviously very
+very exciting from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting from the perspective of
+active portfolio management because once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active portfolio management because once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active portfolio management because once
+you identify one of these anomalies, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify one of these anomalies, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify one of these anomalies, you
+could argue I'm going to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue I'm going to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue I'm going to take advantage
+of it. Of course, then the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Of course, then the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Of course, then the argument that
+was raised earlier comes into play. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised earlier comes into play. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised earlier comes into play. If
+you're going to take advantage of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take advantage of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take advantage of it,
+isn't that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that going to
+disappear? And the answer is in general,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear? And the answer is in general,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear? And the answer is in general,
+yes, it will, but it may take a while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, it will, but it may take a while.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes, it will, but it may take a while.
+And along the way, you'll do quite well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And along the way, you'll do quite well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And along the way, you'll do quite well.
+So the question was asked, well, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question was asked, well, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question was asked, well, if
+that's the case, if there all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, if there all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, if there all these
+anomalies and if you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies and if you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies and if you could take
+advantage of them, well then mutual fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them, well then mutual fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of them, well then mutual fund
+managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers
+ought to be able to outperform simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to outperform simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to outperform simple
+buy and hold strategies, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and hold strategies, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and hold strategies, right? Because
+they can take advantage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take advantage of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take advantage of these
+anomalies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalies.
+If you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do a
+histogram of mutual fund returns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of mutual fund returns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of mutual fund returns that
+are in excess of their risks. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in excess of their risks. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in excess of their risks. So you
+make some kind of a simple risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of a simple risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of a simple risk
+adjustment and you look at the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment and you look at the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment and you look at the mutual
+funds additional value added above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds additional value added above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds additional value added above and
+beyond those risk risk adjustments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those risk risk adjustments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond those risk risk adjustments.
+Those excess returns are given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those excess returns are given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those excess returns are given by this
+histogram uh from data from 1972 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram uh from data from 1972 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram uh from data from 1972 to
+1991. The histogram of excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991. The histogram of excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991. The histogram of excess
+returns has basically this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns has basically this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns has basically this kind of a
+distribution. You've got some positives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. You've got some positives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. You've got some positives,
+you've got some negatives, you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some negatives, you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some negatives, you've got
+more negatives than positives, and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negatives than positives, and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negatives than positives, and on
+average it's actually less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's actually less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's actually less than
+zero. Uh mutual funds net of fees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh mutual funds net of fees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh mutual funds net of fees are
+actually losing money for you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually losing money for you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually losing money for you on
+average. That was the conclusion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. That was the conclusion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. That was the conclusion by
+these academics uh as of a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these academics uh as of a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these academics uh as of a few years
+ago. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Isn't part of part of the purpose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't part of part of the purpose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isn't part of part of the purpose to
+lower your your risk of your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your your risk of your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower your your risk of your portfolio
+to lower volatility? Yeah. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower volatility? Yeah. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower volatility? Yeah. For example,
+you you might be able to get, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might be able to get, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you might be able to get, you know,
+the return plus zero, but then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return plus zero, but then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return plus zero, but then the next
+year you might be able to get the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you might be able to get the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you might be able to get the return
+minus five. Well, that well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five. Well, that well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus five. Well, that well I think
+mutual fund managers aim to get you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual fund managers aim to get you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual fund managers aim to get you a
+steady uh a steady return whether it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady uh a steady return whether it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady uh a steady return whether it be
+exactly uh exactly return plus zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh exactly return plus zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh exactly return plus zero or
+well so first of all that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all that's not
+necessarily the objective of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the objective of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the objective of every
+mutual fund right there are mutual funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual fund right there are mutual funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual fund right there are mutual funds
+that are not trying to give you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not trying to give you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not trying to give you lower
+volatility but rather they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility but rather they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility but rather they're trying to
+give you access to broader investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you access to broader investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you access to broader investment
+vehicles and and instruments so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and and instruments so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and and instruments so the
+original index fund that was set up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original index fund that was set up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original index fund that was set up by
+Wells Fargo in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells Fargo in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells Fargo in the 1970s
+The purpose was to allow a an investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The purpose was to allow a an investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The purpose was to allow a an investor
+to get access to a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get access to a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get access to a 100
+securities without having to actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities without having to actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities without having to actually go
+out and buy 100 securities by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and buy 100 securities by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and buy 100 securities by
+diversifying. Right. By diversifying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifying. Right. By diversifying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifying. Right. By diversifying,
+right? So, but it it doesn't lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, but it it doesn't lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, but it it doesn't lower the
+volatility except through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility except through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility except through
+diversification. All right. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification. All right. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification. All right. So, you're
+right. Diversification will lower it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Diversification will lower it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Diversification will lower it
+versus buying Motorola. But the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus buying Motorola. But the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus buying Motorola. But the question
+is how does this do versus just buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does this do versus just buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does this do versus just buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks or rather buying a mutual fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks or rather buying a mutual fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks or rather buying a mutual fund
+like Vanguard where the Vanguard 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Vanguard where the Vanguard 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Vanguard where the Vanguard 500
+index trust where you're not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index trust where you're not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index trust where you're not trying to
+outperform the market you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the market you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the market you're trying to
+match the market. Okay. And the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the market. Okay. And the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the market. Okay. And the argument
+is that the mutual funds that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the mutual funds that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the mutual funds that have been
+trying to to beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to beat the
+market on average they don't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market on average they don't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market on average they don't they don't
+they don't beat the market. Some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't beat the market. Some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't beat the market. Some of them
+do, some of them don't, but as a group,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, some of them don't, but as a group,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, some of them don't, but as a group,
+they don't add any extra value. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't add any extra value. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't add any extra value. That's
+the argument that that was made. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that that was made. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that that was made. Now,
+that's not to say that there aren't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that there aren't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that there aren't good
+mutual funds and there aren't bad mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds and there aren't bad mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds and there aren't bad mutual
+funds. There there may be. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds. There there may be. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds. There there may be. So, you know,
+somewhere in here is Peter Lynch's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here is Peter Lynch's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in here is Peter Lynch's
+Mellin fund. Terrific fund, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mellin fund. Terrific fund, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mellin fund. Terrific fund, very
+talented portfolio manager. But on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented portfolio manager. But on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented portfolio manager. But on the
+other hand, if you can't tell in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, if you can't tell in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, if you can't tell in advance
+who is going to be the next Peter Lynch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to be the next Peter Lynch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to be the next Peter Lynch
+and who's going to be the next I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's going to be the next I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's going to be the next I don't
+know who. I won't cast any aspersions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who. I won't cast any aspersions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who. I won't cast any aspersions,
+but if you can't tell in advance who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can't tell in advance who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can't tell in advance who's
+good and who's bad, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and who's bad, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and who's bad, then you're
+essentially throwing a dart at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially throwing a dart at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially throwing a dart at this
+histogram, right? You may be lucky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram, right? You may be lucky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram, right? You may be lucky and
+you'll get the right side or you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the right side or you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the right side or you may be
+unlucky, you get the left side, but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky, you get the left side, but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky, you get the left side, but on
+average you should do better by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you should do better by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average you should do better by putting
+your money in a passive index fund. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money in a passive index fund. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money in a passive index fund. Now,
+that's the argument of Vanguard and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument of Vanguard and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the argument of Vanguard and all
+of the uh you know passive investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh you know passive investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh you know passive investment
+vehicles. I I'm not going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles. I I'm not going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles. I I'm not going to take a
+stand on that because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on that because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on that because we're going to
+come back and talk a bit about that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and talk a bit about that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and talk a bit about that at
+the end of the course. And then as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the course. And then as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the course. And then as part
+of investments, you're going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investments, you're going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investments, you're going to really
+look into that. I just want you to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that. I just want you to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into that. I just want you to get a
+feeling for the data that's out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for the data that's out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for the data that's out there.
+And the data that's out there says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the data that's out there says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the data that's out there says that
+it's very hard to tell whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to tell whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to tell whether or not
+mutual funds as an aggregate are adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds as an aggregate are adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds as an aggregate are adding
+any value. By the way, you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value. By the way, you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value. By the way, you realize that
+there are actually more mutual funds out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually more mutual funds out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually more mutual funds out
+there than there are stocks, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than there are stocks, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than there are stocks, right? You
+know that? Yeah. There are about 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that? Yeah. There are about 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that? Yeah. There are about 10,000
+mutual funds. There are about 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds. There are about 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds. There are about 8,000
+stocks out there, including, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks out there, including, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks out there, including, you know,
+the penny stocks and pink sheet stocks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penny stocks and pink sheet stocks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penny stocks and pink sheet stocks.
+There are probably only four or 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are probably only four or 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are probably only four or 5,000
+stocks that you would actually ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that you would actually ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that you would actually ever
+invest in as a uh as a as a retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in as a uh as a as a retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in as a uh as a as a retail
+investor yourself. And so, the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor yourself. And so, the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor yourself. And so, the number of
+mutual funds far exceeds the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds far exceeds the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual funds far exceeds the number of
+stocks. The way that mutual fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. The way that mutual fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. The way that mutual fund
+managers justify that is by saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers justify that is by saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers justify that is by saying,
+look, you know, there are 31 flavors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, you know, there are 31 flavors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, you know, there are 31 flavors at
+BaskinRobins. And so we want to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BaskinRobins. And so we want to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BaskinRobins. And so we want to provide
+investors with lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors with lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors with lots of different
+possibilities, right? Not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities, right? Not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities, right? Not everybody
+wants the S&P 500. Some people want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants the S&P 500. Some people want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants the S&P 500. Some people want the
+S&P 100. Some people want the S&P 250.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 100. Some people want the S&P 250.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P 100. Some people want the S&P 250.
+Some people want the S&P 385. And so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some people want the S&P 385. And so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some people want the S&P 385. And so I'm
+going to construct a fund for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct a fund for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct a fund for every
+clientele that's out there. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele that's out there. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele that's out there. That's
+that's a legitimate argument as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a legitimate argument as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a legitimate argument as long as
+investors understand that when you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors understand that when you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors understand that when you buy
+into a mutual fund, you're buying, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a mutual fund, you're buying, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a mutual fund, you're buying, you
+know, something that may cost you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, something that may cost you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, something that may cost you more
+than if you tried to uh to do this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you tried to uh to do this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you tried to uh to do this on
+your own. Okay. So, the key points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own. Okay. So, the key points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own. Okay. So, the key points that
+I want you to take away is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to take away is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to take away is that the
+average return on US stocks from 1926 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average return on US stocks from 1926 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average return on US stocks from 1926 to
+2004 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 was
+11.2%. Now, that's considered the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.2%. Now, that's considered the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.2%. Now, that's considered the good
+old days, so no more. The average risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days, so no more. The average risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days, so no more. The average risk
+premium was about 8%. Again, the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium was about 8%. Again, the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium was about 8%. Again, the good
+old days. That's probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days. That's probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days. That's probably not going to
+happen for a while. Stocks are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a while. Stocks are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a while. Stocks are quite
+risky. Uh standard deviation of returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky. Uh standard deviation of returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky. Uh standard deviation of returns
+for the market is about 16% annually. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the market is about 16% annually. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the market is about 16% annually. Uh
+that that isn't risky anymore, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that isn't risky anymore, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that isn't risky anymore, right?
+That again is the good old days. The uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That again is the good old days. The uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That again is the good old days. The uh
+the market today using the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market today using the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market today using the implied
+volatility of the uh VIX index, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the uh VIX index, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the uh VIX index, right?
+the implied volatility of S&P at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility of S&P at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implied volatility of S&P at the
+money options was about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money options was about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money options was about uh
+49%. So the annual forward-looking S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49%. So the annual forward-looking S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49%. So the annual forward-looking S&P
+500 stock market volatility right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stock market volatility right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 stock market volatility right now is
+about 49% which by the way is down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 49% which by the way is down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 49% which by the way is down from
+80% uh couple weeks ago. So as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% uh couple weeks ago. So as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% uh couple weeks ago. So as I
+predicted volatility was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted volatility was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted volatility was going to
+decline once the election was clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline once the election was clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline once the election was clear.
+That eliminated a piece of uncertainty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That eliminated a piece of uncertainty,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That eliminated a piece of uncertainty,
+but there's still a remaining piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still a remaining piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still a remaining piece
+which is what's going to happen to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what's going to happen to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what's going to happen to our
+economy. That's why the volatility is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. That's why the volatility is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. That's why the volatility is at
+49% versus a historical average of 16 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49% versus a historical average of 16 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49% versus a historical average of 16 to
+20%. Um, stocks on an individual basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20%. Um, stocks on an individual basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20%. Um, stocks on an individual basis
+are clearly much more risky than as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly much more risky than as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly much more risky than as a
+group. So, you're absolutely right, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So, you're absolutely right, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. So, you're absolutely right, uh,
+Remy, that when you put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remy, that when you put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remy, that when you put it into a
+portfolio, you reduce the risk. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio, you reduce the risk. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio, you reduce the risk. Uh and
+uh so the S&P 500 is a lot less risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the S&P 500 is a lot less risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the S&P 500 is a lot less risky
+than Motorola. Um also stocks tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Motorola. Um also stocks tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Motorola. Um also stocks tend to
+move together over time. Over time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together over time. Over time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together over time. Over time from
+one day to the next there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day to the next there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day to the next there's very little
+relationship but on a given day stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but on a given day stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but on a given day stocks
+tend to move together in groups. General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to move together in groups. General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to move together in groups. General
+Motors seemingly to be correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors seemingly to be correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors seemingly to be correlated with
+the S&P uh as well as other stocks. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P uh as well as other stocks. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S&P uh as well as other stocks. And
+obviously market volatility changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously market volatility changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously market volatility changes over
+time and financial ratios that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and financial ratios that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and financial ratios that can be
+used to create these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to create these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to create these different kinds of
+bins for sorting stocks and constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins for sorting stocks and constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins for sorting stocks and constructing
+these anomalies. Uh they actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anomalies. Uh they actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anomalies. Uh they actually do
+seem to have some kind of predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have some kind of predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have some kind of predictive
+value. Why? We don't know in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. Why? We don't know in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. Why? We don't know in many cases
+but the anomalies are there and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the anomalies are there and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the anomalies are there and uh so
+that's something to be aware of. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to be aware of. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something to be aware of. Okay,
+other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other
+questions. All right. Now that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. All right. Now that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. All right. Now that you have
+a feel for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feel for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feel for the
+data, I want to take a step back and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, I want to take a step back and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, I want to take a step back and ask
+the question, how do we make use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, how do we make use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, how do we make use of this
+information in a way that can help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a way that can help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a way that can help the
+typical investor? Okay. And also help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical investor? Okay. And also help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical investor? Okay. And also help
+the individual trying to decide on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual trying to decide on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual trying to decide on a
+corporate financial decision. How do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate financial decision. How do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate financial decision. How do we
+use this these kinds of empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this these kinds of empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this these kinds of empirical
+insights uh in our theory? So to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights uh in our theory? So to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights uh in our theory? So to do
+that, I'm going to turn now to lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I'm going to turn now to lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I'm going to turn now to lectures
+13 and 14. and focus um on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and 14. and focus um on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and 14. and focus um on how to
+measure risk and return uh in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure risk and return uh in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure risk and return uh in a more
+systematic way and then incorporate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and then incorporate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way and then incorporate that
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+portfolios. So we're going to talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios. So we're going to talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios. So we're going to talk a bit
+about motivating the idea behind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motivating the idea behind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motivating the idea behind uh
+portfolio analysis and then use some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio analysis and then use some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio analysis and then use some of
+the theoretical uh concepts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical uh concepts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical uh concepts that we
+introduced last time like mean variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time like mean variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time like mean variance
+and covariances and use it to piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covariances and use it to piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covariances and use it to piece
+together uh a good portfolio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh a good portfolio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh a good portfolio.
+So the motivation uh for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the motivation uh for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the motivation uh for what we're
+trying to do now is to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do now is to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do now is to figure out how to
+combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine
+securities into a group that will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities into a group that will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities into a group that will have
+attractive properties. If you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive properties. If you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive properties. If you're an
+investor or a corporate financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or a corporate financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor or a corporate financial
+manager, this is a decision that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager, this is a decision that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager, this is a decision that you've
+got to do, you know, almost every day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do, you know, almost every day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do, you know, almost every day.
+For example, all of you have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, all of you have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, all of you have already
+made that decision today whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that decision today whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that decision today whether you
+know it or not. Because if you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it or not. Because if you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it or not. Because if you didn't do
+anything between yesterday and today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything between yesterday and today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything between yesterday and today to
+rebalance your portfolio, you've made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance your portfolio, you've made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalance your portfolio, you've made an
+affirmative decision to let the bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative decision to let the bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmative decision to let the bet
+ride, right? Let let it ride. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride, right? Let let it ride. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride, right? Let let it ride. You're
+going to be taking another roll of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be taking another roll of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be taking another roll of the
+dice at at 4:00 today and let's hope it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice at at 4:00 today and let's hope it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice at at 4:00 today and let's hope it
+turns out well for you. But you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out well for you. But you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out well for you. But you've made
+a decision. Every day you don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision. Every day you don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision. Every day you don't do
+anything with your portfolio, you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with your portfolio, you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with your portfolio, you are
+making a decision. So what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision. So what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision. So what we want to do
+is to see if we can think about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to see if we can think about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to see if we can think about making
+that decision a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision a little bit more
+systematically. To do that, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. To do that, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. To do that, I want to
+define what I mean by a portfolio. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what I mean by a portfolio. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what I mean by a portfolio. So
+the definition in very simple terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition in very simple terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition in very simple terms is
+just a a specific waiting or combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a specific waiting or combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a specific waiting or combination
+of securities such that the weights add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of securities such that the weights add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of securities such that the weights add
+up to one, right? It's just a a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one, right? It's just a a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to one, right? It's just a a way to
+divide up the pie. If you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up the pie. If you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up the pie. If you've got a
+certain amount of wealth, you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of wealth, you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of wealth, you're going
+to allocate it among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate it among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allocate it among different
+securities into a portfolio. A portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities into a portfolio. A portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities into a portfolio. A portfolio
+is defined as a set of weights of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as a set of weights of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as a set of weights of those
+securities where the weights add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities where the weights add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities where the weights add up to
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Now this is sort of the framework that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is sort of the framework that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is sort of the framework that
+uh we use in terms of the notation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we use in terms of the notation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we use in terms of the notation. So
+omega the Greek letter omega uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega the Greek letter omega uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega the Greek letter omega uh when we
+write it as a vector it denotes the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a vector it denotes the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a vector it denotes the set
+of weights for your portfolio. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights for your portfolio. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights for your portfolio. So if
+you've got n securities then this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got n securities then this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got n securities then this vector
+omega which is equal to omega 1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega which is equal to omega 1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega which is equal to omega 1 comma
+omega 2 dot dot dot omega n that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 dot dot dot omega n that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega 2 dot dot dot omega n that is a
+portfolio. And if you want to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And if you want to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And if you want to be clear
+about how to define it, it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to define it, it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to define it, it's simply the
+number of shares of security I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shares of security I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of shares of security I
+multiplied by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that
+price divided by the sum of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price divided by the sum of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price divided by the sum of all of the
+values of your securities uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of your securities uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of your securities uh in your
+entire collection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire collection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire collection.
+Right? Any questions about this? Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Any questions about this? Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Any questions about this? Very
+basic stuff, but it's important to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff, but it's important to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff, but it's important to get
+it right up front. Okay? Now, by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right up front. Okay? Now, by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right up front. Okay? Now, by the
+way, the number of shares,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, the number of shares,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, the number of shares,
+Ni, I'm going to let that be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni, I'm going to let that be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni, I'm going to let that be a real
+number. Meaning, it could be zero, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Meaning, it could be zero, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Meaning, it could be zero, it
+could be five, it could be 500, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be five, it could be 500, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be five, it could be 500, it could
+be minus 200. Minus 200 means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus 200. Minus 200 means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus 200. Minus 200 means that you
+have short sold 200 shares of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have short sold 200 shares of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have short sold 200 shares of that
+security. So, these weights, they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. So, these weights, they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. So, these weights, they all
+sum to one, but they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one, but they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to one, but they don't have to be
+all non- negative. Some of these weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non- negative. Some of these weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non- negative. Some of these weights
+could be zero. Some of these weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero. Some of these weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be zero. Some of these weights
+could be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be negative.
+Okay. If some of these weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If some of these weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If some of these weights are
+negative, then what do you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative, then what do you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative, then what do you know about
+some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights? Well, yes, they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights? Well, yes, they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights? Well, yes, they have to be
+positive because they have to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because they have to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because they have to add to
+one. But you know something more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But you know something more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. But you know something more about
+the weights?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights?
+Greater than one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater than one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greater than one, right?
+Because in order for it to add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because in order for it to add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because in order for it to add up to
+one, if some of these things are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if some of these things are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if some of these things are less
+than zero, then some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, then some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero, then some of these other
+things are greater than one. What does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are greater than one. What does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are greater than one. What does
+it mean for a security to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean for a security to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean for a security to be greater
+than one? A weight to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one? A weight to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one? A weight to be greater than
+one. Could that that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense? What's the interpretation? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? What's the interpretation? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? What's the interpretation? Yeah,
+Lucas. Leveraged. It means that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas. Leveraged. It means that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucas. Leveraged. It means that you're
+leveraged. That's right. leveraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged. That's right. leveraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged. That's right. leveraged
+meaning that you're buying more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you're buying more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you're buying more than you
+have money. Where you're getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money. Where you're getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have money. Where you're getting that
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+from? You're you're you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? You're you're you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? You're you're you're basically
+getting a loan, right? But who's loaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a loan, right? But who's loaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a loan, right? But who's loaning
+you the money,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Andy? Well, the stocks that you sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy? Well, the stocks that you sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy? Well, the stocks that you sold
+short gave you extra cash that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short gave you extra cash that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short gave you extra cash that you can
+buy the long stock. That's right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the long stock. That's right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the long stock. That's right. So,
+nobody loaned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody loaned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody loaned you
+money, but somebody loaned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money, but somebody loaned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money, but somebody loaned you
+something. they loaned you a stock. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. they loaned you a stock. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. they loaned you a stock. So,
+this simple little framework already has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple little framework already has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple little framework already has
+given us one interesting insight, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us one interesting insight, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given us one interesting insight, which
+is that when we short sell a stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we short sell a stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we short sell a stock and
+buy another one, we're actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy another one, we're actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy another one, we're actually getting
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+loan from somebody who's lending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan from somebody who's lending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan from somebody who's lending the
+stock to us that we've sold. We've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to us that we've sold. We've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock to us that we've sold. We've taken
+that cash, we're putting it into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cash, we're putting it into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cash, we're putting it into another
+stock. So, we're getting a loan of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock. So, we're getting a loan of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock. So, we're getting a loan of one
+security and turning around and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and turning around and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and turning around and using
+those funds to buy another security.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those funds to buy another security.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those funds to buy another security.
+Okay, that's a new transaction as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a new transaction as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's a new transaction as far as
+we're concerned, but it's one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned, but it's one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned, but it's one that's
+going to be very important in how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very important in how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very important in how we
+think about portfolio construction. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about portfolio construction. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about portfolio construction. All
+right, if you didn't understand that, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, if you didn't understand that, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, if you didn't understand that, go
+back and take a look at these notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and take a look at these notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and take a look at these notes and
+try to work out a numerical example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work out a numerical example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work out a numerical example for
+yourself. And uh if you still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. And uh if you still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. And uh if you still don't
+understand it, ask again next time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it, ask again next time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it, ask again next time or
+ask the TA during recitation. Okay, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the TA during recitation. Okay, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the TA during recitation. Okay, very
+it's a very important point. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point. All right.
+Now, there's a case that I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a case that I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's a case that I'm not going
+to talk about in this class where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about in this class where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about in this class where the
+weights can actually sum to zero. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights can actually sum to zero. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights can actually sum to zero. Uh I
+don't want to talk about that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk about that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk about that because
+that's a uh a much more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a uh a much more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a uh a much more complex
+situation where basically you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where basically you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where basically you have a
+portfolio with no money down. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio with no money down. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio with no money down. This is
+sort of like the arbitrage portfolios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the arbitrage portfolios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the arbitrage portfolios
+that I described to you uh in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I described to you uh in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I described to you uh in earlier
+settings. We're not going to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. We're not going to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. We're not going to analyze
+that in the context of stocks, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of stocks, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of stocks, but there
+are a very large number of hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a very large number of hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a very large number of hedge fund
+strategies that are based upon just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are based upon just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are based upon just
+these portfolios. And so this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these portfolios. And so this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these portfolios. And so this will be a
+very important concept that you'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept that you'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept that you'll cover
+in 433. Uh but uh we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 433. Uh but uh we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 433. Uh but uh we're not going to
+talk about it now. I just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it now. I just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it now. I just want to make
+you aware of that that you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aware of that that you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aware of that that you can have the
+weights summing not to one but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights summing not to one but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights summing not to one but but
+actually to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to zero.
+Okay. Now, the assumption that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the assumption that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the assumption that I'm
+making implicitly is that the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making implicitly is that the portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making implicitly is that the portfolio
+weights are summarizing everything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are summarizing everything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are summarizing everything there
+is to know about your investment. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know about your investment. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to know about your investment. Okay.
+So, once you know the portfolio weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, once you know the portfolio weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, once you know the portfolio weights
+and you know the stocks, then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the stocks, then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the stocks, then you know
+what your portfolio is about. Okay? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your portfolio is about. Okay? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your portfolio is about. Okay? So,
+as an example, uh you have an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example, uh you have an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example, uh you have an investment
+account uh with $100,000 and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh with $100,000 and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account uh with $100,000 and you've got
+three stocks in there. 200 shares of A,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stocks in there. 200 shares of A,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three stocks in there. 200 shares of A,
+a,000 shares of B, 750 shares of C. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,000 shares of B, 750 shares of C. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a,000 shares of B, 750 shares of C. So
+that your portfolio is summarized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your portfolio is summarized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your portfolio is summarized by the
+weights 10, 60, and 30%. Okay? So from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights 10, 60, and 30%. Okay? So from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights 10, 60, and 30%. Okay? So from
+now on, we're not going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on, we're not going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on, we're not going to worry about
+prices and shares anymore. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and shares anymore. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and shares anymore. We're going
+to focus just on portfolio weights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus just on portfolio weights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus just on portfolio weights and
+the returns of your securities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns of your securities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns of your securities uh
+multiplied by those weights. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by those weights. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by those weights. All right.
+It's just simplification. Yeah, Megan,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just simplification. Yeah, Megan,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just simplification. Yeah, Megan,
+I'm just wondering how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering how you
+think 30 portfolio in context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 30 portfolio in context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 30 portfolio in context of the
+last slide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide.
+Yeah, sure. So, you're already asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, sure. So, you're already asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, sure. So, you're already asking a
+question that's uh quite a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's uh quite a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's uh quite a bit more
+advanced than what we're going to cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced than what we're going to cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced than what we're going to cover.
+What's a 1330 portfolio? Can can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a 1330 portfolio? Can can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a 1330 portfolio? Can can you
+explain that or have you just heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that or have you just heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that or have you just heard that
+in the news? You know, I understand I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news? You know, I understand I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the news? You know, I understand I
+guess the basic concept which is 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the basic concept which is 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the basic concept which is 30%
+long and are 30% short. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and are 30% short. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and are 30% short. So, you're
+headed back to net exposure of zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed back to net exposure of zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed back to net exposure of zero,
+right? That's right. Exactly. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. Exactly. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. Exactly. So, let me
+describe a product that's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a product that's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a product that's out there
+that's been developed just over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been developed just over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been developed just over the last
+uh few years. It's called a 13030 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few years. It's called a 13030 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few years. It's called a 13030 uh
+portfolio. And what 1330 stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And what 1330 stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. And what 1330 stands for
+is 130% long and 30% short. Okay? Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 130% long and 30% short. Okay? Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 130% long and 30% short. Okay? Now,
+you can have a 12020 portfolio or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a 12020 portfolio or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a 12020 portfolio or a
+18080 portfolio. Uh but the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18080 portfolio. Uh but the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18080 portfolio. Uh but the idea is that
+you have weights that add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have weights that add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have weights that add up to
+100%. But the long positions are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%. But the long positions are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%. But the long positions are no
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+130% and the short positions are no less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+130% and the short positions are no less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+130% and the short positions are no less
+than minus 30%. Now the reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus 30%. Now the reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than minus 30%. Now the reason that this
+is an interesting product is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting product is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an interesting product is that I have
+to give you a little bit of history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of history.
+This is getting a little uh out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is getting a little uh out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is getting a little uh out of the
+uh uh our our area but I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh our our area but I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh our our area but I'll give you a
+preview of of investments 433.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview of of investments 433.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview of of investments 433.
+Typically, when institutional investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically, when institutional investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically, when institutional investors
+like pension funds or mutual funds, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pension funds or mutual funds, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pension funds or mutual funds, when
+they invest, they're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invest, they're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invest, they're not allowed to
+short sell. This has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell. This has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell. This has nothing to do with
+the SEC. It's nothing to do with law. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC. It's nothing to do with law. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC. It's nothing to do with law. It
+has to do with the particular entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the particular entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the particular entities
+that are investing because shortselling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are investing because shortselling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are investing because shortselling
+was viewed way back as being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was viewed way back as being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was viewed way back as being a very
+risky endeavor because you could lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky endeavor because you could lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky endeavor because you could lose
+everything and more. Uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and more. Uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and more. Uh there's
+unlimited amounts that you could lose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited amounts that you could lose,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited amounts that you could lose,
+right? because you're short selling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because you're short selling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because you're short selling a
+stock can go way up and you could lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can go way up and you could lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can go way up and you could lose
+uh tremendous amounts. So mutual funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tremendous amounts. So mutual funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tremendous amounts. So mutual funds
+were originally not allowed to short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were originally not allowed to short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were originally not allowed to short
+sell at all. So for a mutual fund the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell at all. So for a mutual fund the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell at all. So for a mutual fund the
+portfolio weights were restricted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights were restricted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights were restricted to be
+non- negative and certain pension funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative and certain pension funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative and certain pension funds
+were not allowed to short sell. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to short sell. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to short sell. So if
+you were a pension plan for a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a pension plan for a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a pension plan for a state
+university and you gave your money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and you gave your money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and you gave your money to
+investment manager XYZ, that investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment manager XYZ, that investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment manager XYZ, that investment
+manager would be required not to short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager would be required not to short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager would be required not to short
+sell for your portfolio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for your portfolio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell for your portfolio.
+Okay. It was discovered over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It was discovered over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. It was discovered over the last
+several years that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years that this kind of
+constraint artificially uh dampened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint artificially uh dampened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint artificially uh dampened the
+return of a portfolio. Not surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a portfolio. Not surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a portfolio. Not surprisingly
+because when the market goes down, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the market goes down, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the market goes down, if
+you're long only, you're going down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're long only, you're going down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're long only, you're going down with
+it, right? But if you have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? But if you have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? But if you have a short
+position, then at least the shorts would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, then at least the shorts would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, then at least the shorts would
+be able to buffer some of the losses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to buffer some of the losses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to buffer some of the losses on
+the long side. So institutions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long side. So institutions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long side. So institutions have
+started getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting more and more
+sophisticated thanks to hedge funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thanks to hedge funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thanks to hedge funds
+pushing them into this area because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing them into this area because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing them into this area because of
+course hedge funds can do anything,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course hedge funds can do anything,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course hedge funds can do anything,
+right? They can short, they can long,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They can short, they can long,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They can short, they can long,
+they can go sideways, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go sideways, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go sideways, whatever.
+So hedge funds led the pack by saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hedge funds led the pack by saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hedge funds led the pack by saying,
+you know, we're going to actually short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we're going to actually short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we're going to actually short
+sell some of your long only portfolio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell some of your long only portfolio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell some of your long only portfolio to
+help you get a little bit of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get a little bit of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get a little bit of extra
+return on the downside. And so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the downside. And so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the downside. And so pretty
+soon, uh, institutional investors said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon, uh, institutional investors said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon, uh, institutional investors said,
+well, you know what? I actually like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know what? I actually like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know what? I actually like the
+idea of you short selling a little bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of you short selling a little bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of you short selling a little bit,
+but I don't want you to do it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want you to do it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want you to do it too much
+because I don't really know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't really know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't really know what the
+risks are. I'm new to this. I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are. I'm new to this. I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are. I'm new to this. I don't want
+to get the risks out of control. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the risks out of control. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the risks out of control. So I'm
+going to limit how much you can short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to limit how much you can short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to limit how much you can short
+sell. The limit of how much you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. The limit of how much you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell. The limit of how much you can
+short sell imposes a limit on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell imposes a limit on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short sell imposes a limit on how much
+more long you can go than 100%. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more long you can go than 100%. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more long you can go than 100%. Just
+like we said, if something's negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we said, if something's negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we said, if something's negative,
+then some of the weights have got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the weights have got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the weights have got to be
+greater than one, right? Or they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one, right? Or they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one, right? Or they got to
+add up to greater than one. So when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to greater than one. So when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to greater than one. So when you
+have that situation where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that situation where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that situation where you have a
+limit on the total negative positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on the total negative positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on the total negative positions
+you can have that limit puts a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that limit puts a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have that limit puts a symmetric
+upper bound beyond the number one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound beyond the number one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound beyond the number one of
+what you can go long. And so for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can go long. And so for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can go long. And so for reasons
+that are probably a little bit too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probably a little bit too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are probably a little bit too uh
+far a field to get into here 1330 seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far a field to get into here 1330 seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far a field to get into here 1330 seems
+to be a bit of a sweet spot for managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit of a sweet spot for managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit of a sweet spot for managers
+out there. So they say, "We will limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. So they say, "We will limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. So they say, "We will limit
+our short positions to no more than 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our short positions to no more than 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our short positions to no more than 30%
+of the capital. So you give us $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capital. So you give us $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capital. So you give us $100
+million to manage, we will take no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to manage, we will take no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to manage, we will take no more
+than $30 million of shorts, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $30 million of shorts, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than $30 million of shorts, and
+therefore we will take no more than $130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we will take no more than $130
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we will take no more than $130
+million of longs, but when you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of longs, but when you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of longs, but when you add them
+up, you still get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you still get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you still get back to
+100%." So that's 1330. It's very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%." So that's 1330. It's very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100%." So that's 1330. It's very popular
+and it's something that uh is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that uh is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that uh is likely to
+grow particularly given this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow particularly given this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow particularly given this current
+market environment because 1330 have has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market environment because 1330 have has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market environment because 1330 have has
+done better than the S&P not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better than the S&P not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done better than the S&P not
+surprisingly because of that 30% short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly because of that 30% short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly because of that 30% short
+position. Okay, so here's the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay, so here's the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay, so here's the example of
+your own portfolio and how you get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own portfolio and how you get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own portfolio and how you get those
+weights. That's pretty straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights. That's pretty straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights. That's pretty straightforward.
+Um here's another example where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um here's another example where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um here's another example where you've
+now got some short positions here. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got some short positions here. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got some short positions here. Uh,
+and the short positions are not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the short positions are not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the short positions are not from
+short selling, but the short positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short selling, but the short positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short selling, but the short positions
+are in riskless bonds. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in riskless bonds. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in riskless bonds. In other words,
+now instead of shorting a stock, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of shorting a stock, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of shorting a stock, you're
+shorting a bond or selling a bond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting a bond or selling a bond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting a bond or selling a bond or
+borrowing money from a broker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing money from a broker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing money from a broker and
+getting leverage. So, this is leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting leverage. So, this is leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting leverage. So, this is leverage
+where the security that you're levering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the security that you're levering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the security that you're levering
+up is using bonds and you're levering up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is using bonds and you're levering up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is using bonds and you're levering up
+the equity positions. So, your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity positions. So, your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity positions. So, your portfolio
+weights look like this. your equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights look like this. your equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights look like this. your equity
+positions, when you add up the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions, when you add up the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions, when you add up the equity
+positions, those portfolio weights, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions, those portfolio weights, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions, those portfolio weights, you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+200%. But your riskless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200%. But your riskless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200%. But your riskless
+bonds, you shorted $50,000. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, you shorted $50,000. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, you shorted $50,000. You're
+borrowing $50,000 from the broker. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing $50,000 from the broker. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing $50,000 from the broker. So,
+you've got minus 100%. When you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minus 100%. When you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minus 100%. When you add
+those two, you get back 100% or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two, you get back 100% or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two, you get back 100% or in this
+case $50,000. So, you start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case $50,000. So, you start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case $50,000. So, you start out with
+$50,000 cash and then you buy $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 cash and then you buy $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 cash and then you buy $100,000
+worth of stocks by borrowing an extra 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of stocks by borrowing an extra 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of stocks by borrowing an extra 50
+from your broker. Okay. Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your broker. Okay. Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your broker. Okay. Yeah. I
+understand that you create a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you create a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you create a portfolio
+to have varying returns, but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have varying returns, but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have varying returns, but I thought
+fundamentally it's to have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it's to have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally it's to have different
+risks and manage that. Yes. So, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and manage that. Yes. So, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks and manage that. Yes. So, when
+you're actually structuring portfolios,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually structuring portfolios,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually structuring portfolios,
+you have these risk free ones because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these risk free ones because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these risk free ones because I
+mean I would just be willing to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would just be willing to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would just be willing to do them
+separately. There's no reason for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. There's no reason for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. There's no reason for me to
+have them as well. The reason that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them as well. The reason that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them as well. The reason that I
+have them here is I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them here is I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them here is I want to show you
+exactly how you would compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you would compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you would compute the
+portfolio weights of your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights of your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights of your entire
+portfolio. So basically what this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. So basically what this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. So basically what this is is
+your equity portfolio but in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equity portfolio but in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equity portfolio but in addition
+your fixed income positions added in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fixed income positions added in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fixed income positions added in.
+Right? I mean your your portfolio could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I mean your your portfolio could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? I mean your your portfolio could
+be anything. It could be stocks, bonds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything. It could be stocks, bonds,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything. It could be stocks, bonds,
+options, currencies, real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options, currencies, real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options, currencies, real
+estate. So I'm just including all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate. So I'm just including all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate. So I'm just including all of
+this in the portfolio itself. creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the portfolio itself. creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the portfolio itself. creative
+labor is to try to handle different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is to try to handle different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is to try to handle different
+risk. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. I mean
+different stocks or bonds or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks or bonds or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks or bonds or whatever
+that have various risks. Yes. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have various risks. Yes. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have various risks. Yes. Yes.
+Absolutely. And you and you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. And you and you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. And you and you're doing
+that. Stocks A, B, and C have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Stocks A, B, and C have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Stocks A, B, and C have different
+risks as does the bond. And so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks as does the bond. And so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks as does the bond. And so you're
+mixing and matching and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and matching and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing and matching and putting them
+together into what hopefully will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into what hopefully will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into what hopefully will be an
+attractive portfolio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive portfolio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive portfolio.
+Okay. Now, we mentioned before that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, we mentioned before that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, we mentioned before that when
+you get a mortgage, that's leverage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a mortgage, that's leverage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a mortgage, that's leverage,
+too. So, this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So, this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So, this is an example of a
+situation where you buy a home for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you buy a home for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you buy a home for
+$500,000, but you only have a $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000, but you only have a $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000, but you only have a $100,000
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+payment, right? Your equity in the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment, right? Your equity in the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment, right? Your equity in the home
+is only $100,000. The bank has loaned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only $100,000. The bank has loaned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only $100,000. The bank has loaned
+you $400,000. Your leverage ratio is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $400,000. Your leverage ratio is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you $400,000. Your leverage ratio is 5
+to1. So, if you were to look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1. So, if you were to look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1. So, if you were to look at your
+portfolio weights, it would be 500%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights, it would be 500%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio weights, it would be 500%
+house minus 400% bank, right? or bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house minus 400% bank, right? or bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house minus 400% bank, right? or bonds
+or mortgage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mortgage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mortgage,
+right? That's very high leverage. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's very high leverage. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's very high leverage. And in
+that case, when you're leveraged five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, when you're leveraged five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, when you're leveraged five to
+one, if the house price goes down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if the house price goes down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, if the house price goes down by
+something like, I don't know, 2%, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like, I don't know, 2%, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like, I don't know, 2%, you've
+lost 10% of your the value of your home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 10% of your the value of your home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost 10% of your the value of your home.
+Okay? So, or the value of your equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, or the value of your equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, or the value of your equity
+rather. If the house price declines by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. If the house price declines by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather. If the house price declines by
+15%, you know, that's really bad news.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15%, you know, that's really bad news.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15%, you know, that's really bad news.
+Okay. So, leverage is a two-edged sword.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, leverage is a two-edged sword.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, leverage is a two-edged sword.
+When things are working well, it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When things are working well, it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When things are working well, it gives
+you a boost. When things are not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a boost. When things are not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a boost. When things are not working
+well, it can uh hurt you on the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it can uh hurt you on the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it can uh hurt you on the downside
+as well. Okay, here's another example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Okay, here's another example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Okay, here's another example uh
+where you've got a zero net investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a zero net investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got a zero net investment
+strategy. Uh you can work that out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. Uh you can work that out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy. Uh you can work that out for
+yourself. This is a little bit trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. This is a little bit trickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. This is a little bit trickier
+because the portfolio weights now add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the portfolio weights now add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the portfolio weights now add up
+to zero. You got to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. You got to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. You got to think a little bit
+about what it means to have portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means to have portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means to have portfolio
+weights at all. So I'll leave that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights at all. So I'll leave that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights at all. So I'll leave that for
+you to look at. That's something that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at. That's something that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at. That's something that as
+I said we won't cover in this course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we won't cover in this course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said we won't cover in this course in
+great detail. Okay. So now motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail. Okay. So now motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great detail. Okay. So now motivation
+what we're trying to do now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do now that you
+know the basic language of portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the basic language of portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the basic language of portfolio
+weights and how to manipulate them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and how to manipulate them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and how to manipulate them to
+some degree. I want to ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree. I want to ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree. I want to ask the question
+why why bother with a portfolio? We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why bother with a portfolio? We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why bother with a portfolio? We've
+already gotten a couple of comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gotten a couple of comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gotten a couple of comments
+about why you want a portfolio. You want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why you want a portfolio. You want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why you want a portfolio. You want
+to have stocks with different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have stocks with different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have stocks with different kinds of
+risks so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks so you have
+diversification. But there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification. But there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification. But there's another
+approach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach.
+And the other approach is uh championed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other approach is uh championed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other approach is uh championed
+by Warren Buffett, right? Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Warren Buffett, right? Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Warren Buffett, right? Warren Buffett
+has criticized this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has criticized this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has criticized this idea of
+diversification, not putting all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification, not putting all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification, not putting all your
+eggs in one basket by saying you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs in one basket by saying you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs in one basket by saying you should
+put all your eggs in one basket and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all your eggs in one basket and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all your eggs in one basket and then
+simply just watch that basket really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just watch that basket really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just watch that basket really
+carefully. Isn't that better? Well, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. Isn't that better? Well, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. Isn't that better? Well, that
+sounds good. But you know what? What if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good. But you know what? What if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good. But you know what? What if
+it's the case that you don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that you don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that you don't really know
+how to pick the right basket and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to pick the right basket and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to pick the right basket and uh and
+therefore whatever basket you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore whatever basket you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore whatever basket you're
+watching may not be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching may not be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching may not be particularly
+attractive because you picked the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive because you picked the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive because you picked the wrong
+basket. So that's really the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket. So that's really the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket. So that's really the idea behind
+portfolio theory. It's that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory. It's that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio theory. It's that we're not
+all of us are Warren Buffets and not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are Warren Buffets and not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are Warren Buffets and not all
+of us want to become Warren Buffetts. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us want to become Warren Buffetts. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us want to become Warren Buffetts. We
+want to have a relatively systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a relatively systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a relatively systematic
+approach to making a good investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to making a good investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to making a good investment
+decision. We don't want to try to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. We don't want to try to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision. We don't want to try to beat
+the market. We want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. We want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market. We want to figure out
+whether we can come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can come up with a
+responsible and attractive way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and attractive way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible and attractive way of
+investing that uh has some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing that uh has some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing that uh has some kind of
+economic logic to it. So the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic logic to it. So the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic logic to it. So the point is
+that we don't know which stock is best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know which stock is best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know which stock is best
+and so we don't want to pick just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't want to pick just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't want to pick just one
+stock like Motorola because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock like Motorola because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock like Motorola because there are
+periods where Motorola looks fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where Motorola looks fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods where Motorola looks fantastic
+and periods where Motorola looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and periods where Motorola looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and periods where Motorola looks
+horrible. So we want to be able to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible. So we want to be able to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible. So we want to be able to pick
+a portfolio that's got good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio that's got good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio that's got good
+characteristics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics.
+So diversification is one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So diversification is one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So diversification is one way to do
+that. It's to basically spread your risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's to basically spread your risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's to basically spread your risk
+across a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a number of
+securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities
+and portfolios can do that but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and portfolios can do that but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and portfolios can do that but at the
+same time they can also create focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they can also create focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they can also create focused
+bets. So it's not just the case that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets. So it's not just the case that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets. So it's not just the case that you
+have to buy every possible stock there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy every possible stock there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy every possible stock there
+is out there in order to diversify. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out there in order to diversify. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out there in order to diversify. For
+example, you may have information or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you may have information or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, you may have information or you
+may have conviction that uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have conviction that uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have conviction that uh information
+technology is going to do really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is going to do really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is going to do really well
+over the next couple of years because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of years because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of years because
+somebody's got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's got to figure out how to
+process all of these bad loans and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all of these bad loans and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all of these bad loans and uh
+problem banks and it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem banks and it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem banks and it is going to
+ultimately be the solution. Well, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately be the solution. Well, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately be the solution. Well, if
+that's the case, you can make a bet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, you can make a bet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case, you can make a bet on
+it without having to make a bet on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without having to make a bet on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without having to make a bet on any
+one firm or one stock. The way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one firm or one stock. The way you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one firm or one stock. The way you do
+that is to form a portfolio of stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to form a portfolio of stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to form a portfolio of stocks
+that are all in the IT sector and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all in the IT sector and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all in the IT sector and so you
+get diversification but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diversification but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diversification but at the same time
+you're able to make a bet in an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to make a bet in an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to make a bet in an area
+where you think you have particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think you have particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think you have particular
+expertise. Okay. And finally, portfolios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. Okay. And finally, portfolios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise. Okay. And finally, portfolios
+can customize and manage your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can customize and manage your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can customize and manage your own
+personal riskreward trade-offs. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal riskreward trade-offs. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal riskreward trade-offs. So for
+some of you, you want a lot of risk. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you, you want a lot of risk. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you, you want a lot of risk. You
+want it concentrated in a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it concentrated in a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it concentrated in a small number
+of industries and you want to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industries and you want to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of industries and you want to do it uh
+with relatively small price stocks. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively small price stocks. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with relatively small price stocks. You
+can do that. Somebody else might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that. Somebody else might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that. Somebody else might have a
+very different set of preferences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different set of preferences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different set of preferences.
+Portfolios allow you to tailor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portfolios allow you to tailor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portfolios allow you to tailor the
+riskreward uh trade-offs to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskreward uh trade-offs to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskreward uh trade-offs to your
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+preferences. Okay. So now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences. Okay. So now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences. Okay. So now we have a
+motivation for portfolios. Then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for portfolios. Then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for portfolios. Then the next
+question is that sounds great. Now tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that sounds great. Now tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that sounds great. Now tell
+me how do I construct one of these good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how do I construct one of these good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how do I construct one of these good
+portfolios? And in order to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios? And in order to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios? And in order to answer that
+question, I've got to tell you what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, I've got to tell you what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, I've got to tell you what good
+means or you got to tell me what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or you got to tell me what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or you got to tell me what good
+means. So typically what we say about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. So typically what we say about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. So typically what we say about a
+good portfolio is it's a portfolio that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good portfolio is it's a portfolio that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good portfolio is it's a portfolio that
+has high mean and low risk. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has high mean and low risk. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has high mean and low risk. Right?
+That's what good means. There are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what good means. There are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what good means. There are two
+characteristics that we tend to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we tend to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that we tend to focus on
+for purely statistical reasons. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purely statistical reasons. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purely statistical reasons. It's
+because those are easy to compute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are easy to compute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are easy to compute and
+they are the first two statistics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the first two statistics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the first two statistics that
+one would look at when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would look at when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would look at when you're looking at
+an investment. The mean and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment. The mean and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment. The mean and the standard
+deviation. Uh so you might think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Uh so you might think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Uh so you might think that
+naturally it would make sense to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it would make sense to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally it would make sense to pick a
+portfolio that's got high mean and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that's got high mean and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that's got high mean and low
+standard deviation. Okay, that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. Okay, that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation. Okay, that's an
+assumption. In other words, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. In other words, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. In other words, we're
+assuming that we're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we're going to measure
+risk by standard deviation and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk by standard deviation and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk by standard deviation and we're
+assuming that we're measuring return by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we're measuring return by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we're measuring return by
+the actual expected rate of return. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual expected rate of return. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual expected rate of return. For
+certain investors, those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain investors, those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain investors, those are not
+appropriate. For example, there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate. For example, there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate. For example, there are some
+investors that have uh that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that have uh that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors that have uh that that are
+really keen on social socially aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keen on social socially aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really keen on social socially aware
+investing. So, they don't want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing. So, they don't want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing. So, they don't want to invest
+in companies that pollute the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies that pollute the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies that pollute the uh
+environment. They don't want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. They don't want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. They don't want to invest
+in companies that uh engage in um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies that uh engage in um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in companies that uh engage in um uh you
+know non-UN workers or they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-UN workers or they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know non-UN workers or they don't want
+to invest in companies that uh happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in companies that uh happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in companies that uh happen to
+be uh exploiting labor uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh exploiting labor uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh exploiting labor uh in uh
+unregulated markets. Those are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated markets. Those are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unregulated markets. Those are examples
+of non-puniary characteristics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-puniary characteristics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-puniary characteristics that
+figure into this choice of stocks. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure into this choice of stocks. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure into this choice of stocks. We're
+going to abstract from that. So for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abstract from that. So for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abstract from that. So for our
+purposes, the characteristics that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes, the characteristics that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes, the characteristics that we're
+going to look at for a good portfolio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at for a good portfolio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at for a good portfolio is
+does it have a high return? Does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have a high return? Does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have a high return? Does it have
+low risk? And the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low risk? And the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low risk? And the way we're going to
+measure risk is in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure risk is in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure risk is in terms of the
+volatility or standard deviation. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility or standard deviation. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility or standard deviation. Now
+here again there's lots of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again there's lots of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again there's lots of ways of
+measuring uh risk. We can measure uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh risk. We can measure uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh risk. We can measure uh by
+the upper cortile the 5% loss or spread.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper cortile the 5% loss or spread.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper cortile the 5% loss or spread.
+But in fact what we're going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact what we're going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact what we're going to use is
+this standard deviation measure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard deviation measure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this standard deviation measure for
+symmetric distributions like the normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric distributions like the normal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric distributions like the normal.
+It turns out that that's not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out that that's not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out that that's not a bad
+measure, but some people have argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure, but some people have argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure, but some people have argued
+that by looking at spread, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at spread, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at spread, you're
+confusing the upside with the downside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the upside with the downside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the upside with the downside,
+right? Nobody has any problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Nobody has any problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Nobody has any problem with
+upside risk or upside uh you know, kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside risk or upside uh you know, kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside risk or upside uh you know, kind
+of uh distribution. Uh I haven't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh distribution. Uh I haven't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh distribution. Uh I haven't run
+across anybody that said, "Gee, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across anybody that said, "Gee, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across anybody that said, "Gee, you
+know, this year I've I'm really making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this year I've I'm really making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this year I've I'm really making
+too much money, and that's just not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much money, and that's just not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much money, and that's just not a
+good thing." If you meet anybody like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing." If you meet anybody like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing." If you meet anybody like
+that, you know, in introduce me. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, in introduce me. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, in introduce me. I'll
+I'll I'll help them out with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll help them out with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll help them out with their
+problem. But um the point is that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But um the point is that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. But um the point is that for a
+symmetric distribution, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric distribution, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric distribution, it doesn't
+matter. And uh you know, in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. And uh you know, in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. And uh you know, in more
+advanced uh uh approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh uh approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced uh uh approaches to
+investments, people have used one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments, people have used one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments, people have used one-sided
+measures, but we're not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures, but we're not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures, but we're not going to do that
+in this course. So, we're going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. So, we're going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. So, we're going to focus
+on variance or standard deviation as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on variance or standard deviation as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on variance or standard deviation as the
+measure of risk. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of risk. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of risk. Okay?
+And the assumptions that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the assumptions that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the assumptions that I'm going to
+make for the remainder of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for the remainder of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make for the remainder of the course is
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+investors like higher mean and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors like higher mean and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors like higher mean and all
+investors dislike higher variance. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors dislike higher variance. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors dislike higher variance. Okay,
+now that's a really reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a really reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a really reasonable
+assumption, but you could challenge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption, but you could challenge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption, but you could challenge it
+uh if you wanted to argue that investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you wanted to argue that investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you wanted to argue that investors
+care about other things. Uh so just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about other things. Uh so just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about other things. Uh so just be
+aware that I'm making an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that I'm making an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that I'm making an approximation
+and the approximation is exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the approximation is exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the approximation is exactly that
+that mean and variance are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean and variance are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean and variance are the only
+things that our prototypical investor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that our prototypical investor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that our prototypical investor is
+going to care about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about.
+Okay. So now we actually are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we actually are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we actually are pretty
+close to being able to come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being able to come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being able to come up with an
+answer to the question, what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the question, what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the question, what's a good
+portfolio and how do we pick stocks? Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and how do we pick stocks? Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and how do we pick stocks? Uh,
+one of the things that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we're going to
+answer over the course of the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over the course of the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer over the course of the next few
+slides is how much does a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is how much does a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is how much does a stock
+contribute to the risk and the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the risk and the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the risk and the expected
+return of a portfolio. So, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a portfolio. So, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of a portfolio. So, if you're
+thinking about investing in a new stock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about investing in a new stock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about investing in a new stock,
+it's like, you know, inviting somebody,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like, you know, inviting somebody,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like, you know, inviting somebody,
+you know, into your uh, you know, into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, into your uh, you know, into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, into your uh, you know, into
+your club. You want to ask, well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your club. You want to ask, well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your club. You want to ask, well, what
+are you going to contribute to my club?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to contribute to my club?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to contribute to my club?
+What are you going to contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you going to contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you going to contribute to the
+portfolio? What will you add to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio? What will you add to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio? What will you add to what I
+already have? are you going to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have? are you going to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have? are you going to help me
+with my expected return? Are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my expected return? Are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my expected return? Are you going
+to help me lower my risk? And if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me lower my risk? And if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help me lower my risk? And if the
+answer is no to both of them, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no to both of them, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no to both of them, then I
+don't want you. You're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you. You're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you. You're not going to do
+anything for me. Why should you be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for me. Why should you be in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for me. Why should you be in my
+portfolio? So, that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio? So, that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio? So, that's the kind of
+argument we're going to make to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we're going to make to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument we're going to make to be able
+to construct a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a good
+portfolio. So, let's get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. So, let's get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio. So, let's get a little bit
+more specific about that. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about that. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific about that. Here's a
+graph, and you're going to see this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, and you're going to see this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, and you're going to see this a
+lot. Um, this graph is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Um, this graph is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Um, this graph is going to be one
+that we use for all of portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for all of portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for all of portfolio
+analysis. It's where we plot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. It's where we plot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. It's where we plot on
+two-dimensional space the average return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space the average return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space the average return
+of the stock as well as its risk where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock as well as its risk where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock as well as its risk where
+risk is now being measured by standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is now being measured by standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is now being measured by standard
+deviation. Okay, so I've got five assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Okay, so I've got five assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Okay, so I've got five assets
+plotted here. Merc is one and General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here. Merc is one and General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here. Merc is one and General
+Motors is another one. Motorola is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors is another one. Motorola is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors is another one. Motorola is a
+third, McDonald's a fourth, and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third, McDonald's a fourth, and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third, McDonald's a fourth, and I've got
+T bills uh down there on the lower left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bills uh down there on the lower left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T bills uh down there on the lower left.
+This gives you a sense of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you a sense of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you a sense of the different
+tradeoffs there are. Right? Clearly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs there are. Right? Clearly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs there are. Right? Clearly,
+General Motors is lower risk than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors is lower risk than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Motors is lower risk than
+Motorola, but it's also lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola, but it's also lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola, but it's also lower
+return. And McDonald's is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. And McDonald's is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return. And McDonald's is definitely
+going to be higher risk than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher risk than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher risk than
+Merc, but notice that McDonald's is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc, but notice that McDonald's is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc, but notice that McDonald's is also
+lower return than Merc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return than Merc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return than Merc.
+So, at least in this setting, nobody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at least in this setting, nobody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at least in this setting, nobody in
+their right mind, by that I mean no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right mind, by that I mean no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their right mind, by that I mean no
+rational investor would ever want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational investor would ever want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational investor would ever want to
+hold McDonald's over Merc,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold McDonald's over Merc,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold McDonald's over Merc,
+right? By our assumption, we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By our assumption, we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? By our assumption, we we are
+assuming we're assuming that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we're assuming that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming we're assuming that uh
+investors like expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors like expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors like expected
+return and they don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and they don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and they don't like
+risk. Now, question. Yeah. Is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Now, question. Yeah. Is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Now, question. Yeah. Is this
+measure or anything with perform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or anything with perform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or anything with perform.
+Exactly. That's right. So, I was waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. That's right. So, I was waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. That's right. So, I was waiting
+for somebody to say that. Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody to say that. Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody to say that. Warren Buffett
+would say that's the stupidest thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's the stupidest thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's the stupidest thing you
+ever heard because all you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard because all you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever heard because all you're doing is
+plotting history on this chart. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting history on this chart. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting history on this chart. And this
+tells you nothing about what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you nothing about what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you nothing about what might
+happen over the next 12 24 months. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next 12 24 months. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over the next 12 24 months. You
+know, it could be that, you know, health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it could be that, you know, health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it could be that, you know, health
+care is going to just become a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is going to just become a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care is going to just become a real
+problem. pharmaceutical companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. pharmaceutical companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. pharmaceutical companies are
+going to get battered because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get battered because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get battered because of the
+Democratic administration that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic administration that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic administration that's going
+to force them to reduce the prices. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force them to reduce the prices. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force them to reduce the prices. And
+so over the next six to 12 months, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the next six to 12 months, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over the next six to 12 months, the
+only thing that people will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that people will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that people will be able to
+do is to, you know, go to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to, you know, go to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to, you know, go to their
+neighborhood McDonald's and just enjoy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood McDonald's and just enjoy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood McDonald's and just enjoy a
+nice hamburger and, you know, complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice hamburger and, you know, complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice hamburger and, you know, complain
+about what's been going on with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's been going on with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's been going on with the uh
+pharmaceutical industry. In that case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry. In that case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry. In that case,
+McDonald's is a great bet and Merc is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's is a great bet and Merc is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's is a great bet and Merc is a
+terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible
+investment. We're going to abstract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. We're going to abstract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment. We're going to abstract from
+all of that. We are not in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that. We are not in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that. We are not in the business
+of forecasting stock returns. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forecasting stock returns. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forecasting stock returns. Why?
+Because I just showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I just showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I just showed you in the
+previous set of slides that it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides that it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides that it's hard to
+forecast. In fact, you told me that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast. In fact, you told me that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast. In fact, you told me that in
+an efficient market, it's actually hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient market, it's actually hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient market, it's actually hard
+to tell what's going to happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what's going to happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell what's going to happen with
+these stocks. And if you could tell,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stocks. And if you could tell,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stocks. And if you could tell,
+then people are going to start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people are going to start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people are going to start using
+that information and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information and then the
+information is worthless because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is worthless because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is worthless because it'll
+have already been taken into account.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been taken into account.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been taken into account.
+So you see you know this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see you know this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see you know this is a very
+important philosophical difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important philosophical difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important philosophical difference
+between Warren Buffett and academics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Warren Buffett and academics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Warren Buffett and academics.
+Warren Buffett believes that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett believes that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett believes that there are
+systematic mispricings out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic mispricings out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic mispricings out there that
+can be found and taken advantage of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found and taken advantage of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found and taken advantage of.
+Academic finance as of the 1960s and 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academic finance as of the 1960s and 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academic finance as of the 1960s and 70s
+when this theory was developed started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this theory was developed started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this theory was developed started
+from the point that that you just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point that that you just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point that that you just came
+to very quickly which is that you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very quickly which is that you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very quickly which is that you there
+are no patterns in the data. If there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no patterns in the data. If there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no patterns in the data. If there
+were, someone would have already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were, someone would have already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were, someone would have already done
+it. Which, by the way, Warren Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Which, by the way, Warren Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Which, by the way, Warren Buffett
+would answer by saying, "You know what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer by saying, "You know what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer by saying, "You know what?
+That sounds like the joke about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds like the joke about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sounds like the joke about the
+economist walking down the road, sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist walking down the road, sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist walking down the road, sees a
+$100 bill, and walks right by it." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 bill, and walks right by it." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 bill, and walks right by it." And
+when somebody says, "Why didn't you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody says, "Why didn't you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody says, "Why didn't you pick
+up the $100 bill?" They said, "Well, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the $100 bill?" They said, "Well, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the $100 bill?" They said, "Well, if
+it were real, someone would have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were real, someone would have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were real, someone would have already
+picked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it
+up." Right? I mean, that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up." Right? I mean, that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up." Right? I mean, that that's the
+argument that we made together. We made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we made together. We made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that we made together. We made
+that argument that if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument that if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument that if there was a
+pattern, somebody would take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern, somebody would take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern, somebody would take advantage
+of it and then the pattern can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and then the pattern can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and then the pattern can't be
+there. So, you know, and then again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So, you know, and then again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So, you know, and then again,
+Warren Buff would say, "That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buff would say, "That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buff would say, "That's the
+stupidest thing I ever heard because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest thing I ever heard because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidest thing I ever heard because in
+fact, I've done it. I saw the patterns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I've done it. I saw the patterns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I've done it. I saw the patterns.
+I took advantage of it, and I have a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took advantage of it, and I have a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took advantage of it, and I have a bit
+more money than you do." So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than you do." So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money than you do." So,
+there who do you believe? Well, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who do you believe? Well, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who do you believe? Well, you
+know, it's kind of hard to argue with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's kind of hard to argue with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's kind of hard to argue with a
+40some billionaire, right? Uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40some billionaire, right? Uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40some billionaire, right? Uh I think
+that's his wealth. 40 billion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his wealth. 40 billion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his wealth. 40 billion.
+Um but that's not the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but that's not the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but that's not the perspective of
+this analysis, Mike. Let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis, Mike. Let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis, Mike. Let's say the
+expected return was you had perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return was you had perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return was you had perfect
+information. And that's what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And that's what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And that's what was going
+to be perfect crystal ball. It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect crystal ball. It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perfect crystal ball. It would
+still be irrational to buy McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be irrational to buy McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be irrational to buy McDonald's
+versus Merc. So you long you short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Merc. So you long you short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Merc. So you long you short
+McDonald's. Yeah, that's right. Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's. Yeah, that's right. Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's. Yeah, that's right. Long
+Merc until the returns became equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc until the returns became equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc until the returns became equal.
+Exactly. So I'm not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So I'm not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So I'm not going to talk about
+that for a little while, but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a little while, but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a little while, but you're
+right. So if you could short, then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you could short, then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So if you could short, then what
+you'd want to do is exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to do is exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to do is exactly what you
+said. You want to basically uh long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. You want to basically uh long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. You want to basically uh long the
+low-risk high yield asset, short the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk high yield asset, short the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-risk high yield asset, short the
+high-risisk, low yield asset. make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risisk, low yield asset. make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risisk, low yield asset. make that
+spread and make it as riskless as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and make it as riskless as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and make it as riskless as you
+can by including other securities. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by including other securities. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by including other securities. Yes.
+Collapse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collapse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collapse and
+then the relationship would be and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the relationship would be and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the relationship would be and and
+then it should That's right. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should That's right. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should That's right. So the
+argument that economists would make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that economists would make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that economists would make is
+that this picture is the equilibrium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this picture is the equilibrium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this picture is the equilibrium of
+where these returns should be given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these returns should be given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these returns should be given what
+the market determines their fair rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market determines their fair rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market determines their fair rates
+of return are relative to their risks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return are relative to their risks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return are relative to their risks.
+So that's a very again a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a very again a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a very again a very big
+philosophical difference. An economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical difference. An economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical difference. An economist
+would say all of these securities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say all of these securities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say all of these securities are
+exactly where they should be and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where they should be and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where they should be and they
+may change over time but at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change over time but at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change over time but at every point
+in time they are where they should be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time they are where they should be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time they are where they should be.
+Supply equals demand. Market's clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply equals demand. Market's clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply equals demand. Market's clear.
+Everything is equilibrium. And our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is equilibrium. And our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything is equilibrium. And our
+decision is simply to figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is simply to figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is simply to figure out what to
+make of the portfolio of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the portfolio of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the portfolio of these
+securities. what is the best portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. what is the best portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities. what is the best portfolio
+of these securities? So, I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these securities? So, I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these securities? So, I'm just
+warning you this is a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning you this is a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning you this is a philosophical
+departure from what you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from what you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from what you're used to
+thinking and reading in the newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and reading in the newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and reading in the newspapers
+because the newspapers would say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the newspapers would say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the newspapers would say, well,
+let's take a look at the earnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the earnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the earnings of
+McDonald's. Like, let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's. Like, let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's. Like, let's take a look at
+Merc. Let's talk to the macroeconomists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc. Let's talk to the macroeconomists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc. Let's talk to the macroeconomists
+and see what's going to happen over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what's going to happen over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what's going to happen over the
+next 12 months. Let's talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 months. Let's talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 months. Let's talk to the
+earnings analysts and see whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings analysts and see whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings analysts and see whether they
+forecast higher earnings, lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast higher earnings, lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast higher earnings, lower
+earnings. The whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings. The whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings. The whole point of the
+academic infrastructure that we set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic infrastructure that we set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic infrastructure that we set up
+is that you can't predict these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't predict these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can't predict these things.
+And if you believe that, then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you believe that, then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you believe that, then basically
+Warren Buffett is just one really lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett is just one really lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett is just one really lucky
+guy. Okay? So, I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Okay? So, I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Okay? So, I'm going to have to
+justify this academic position to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify this academic position to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify this academic position to you.
+Uh, and I won't do that till the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I won't do that till the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I won't do that till the end of
+the semester because first of all, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester because first of all, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester because first of all, I
+have a lot of material to cover and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of material to cover and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of material to cover and I
+want to cover all of the material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover all of the material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cover all of the material in the
+basic form and then at the end I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic form and then at the end I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic form and then at the end I'm going
+to give you a sense of where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of where things
+really stand. It's a fiction. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stand. It's a fiction. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stand. It's a fiction. It's a
+fiction that you can't forecast stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction that you can't forecast stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction that you can't forecast stock
+prices, but it's a fiction that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices, but it's a fiction that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices, but it's a fiction that actually
+is pretty close to reality for 99% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty close to reality for 99% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty close to reality for 99% of
+the public. Now, you guys are not 99% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public. Now, you guys are not 99% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public. Now, you guys are not 99% of
+the public, but for the people that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public, but for the people that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public, but for the people that will
+someday be your clients or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday be your clients or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday be your clients or your
+investors, they will it will be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors, they will it will be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors, they will it will be true
+that the typical individual has no hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the typical individual has no hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the typical individual has no hope
+of being able to out forecast Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to out forecast Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being able to out forecast Warren
+Buffett. And if you can't out forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett. And if you can't out forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett. And if you can't out forecast
+somebody, then you may as well assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody, then you may as well assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody, then you may as well assume
+that they're random. and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're random. and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're random. and they're
+perfectly priced and then you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly priced and then you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly priced and then you still have
+the problem. Okay, if you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. Okay, if you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. Okay, if you assume that
+then what do you do? That's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you do? That's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you do? That's what we're
+going to try to figure out. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to figure out. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to figure out. I'm going to
+tell you what you do with portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you do with portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you do with portfolio
+theory. Okay. Now, since we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Okay. Now, since we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Okay. Now, since we're almost
+out of time, uh I want to just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time, uh I want to just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time, uh I want to just tell you
+where we're going. What we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going. What we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going. What we're going to
+do is look at this graph and ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at this graph and ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at this graph and ask the
+question, what do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what do people
+want? They want higher return. They want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want? They want higher return. They want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want? They want higher return. They want
+to go north. and they want lower risk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go north. and they want lower risk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go north. and they want lower risk.
+They want to go west. So, the northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They want to go west. So, the northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They want to go west. So, the northwest
+is where we're going to be heading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going to be heading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going to be heading in
+this graph. And the question is, how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph. And the question is, how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph. And the question is, how can
+we get there? How can we get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there? How can we get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get there? How can we get as
+northwest as possible uh using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest as possible uh using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest as possible uh using these
+securities? And the answer will shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities? And the answer will shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities? And the answer will shock
+you, I think, because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I think, because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I think, because you're going to
+see that by doing a very simple little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by doing a very simple little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that by doing a very simple little
+bit of high school algebra, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of high school algebra, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of high school algebra, we can
+actually create a portfolio that beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a portfolio that beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create a portfolio that beats
+all of these things. That is, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things. That is, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things. That is, if you
+didn't know anything about portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything about portfolio
+theory, you would be severely worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, you would be severely worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, you would be severely worse off
+because you'd be stuck having to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd be stuck having to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd be stuck having to be on
+one of these five points. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these five points. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these five points. And if you
+knew a little bit of high school algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a little bit of high school algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew a little bit of high school algebra
+and some finance, you can actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some finance, you can actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some finance, you can actually do a
+lot lot better. So, we we'll see that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lot better. So, we we'll see that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot lot better. So, we we'll see that on
+Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tkAgpKg-tPs.txt b/tkAgpKg-tPs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdf8b35fb726a6d861892f58d1c9557de27b51dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tkAgpKg-tPs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+integrals of vector fields. And I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields. And I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields. And I have a
+couple of problems here. Well, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems here. Well, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of problems here. Well, one
+problem here that requires you to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here that requires you to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here that requires you to do two
+integrals of vector fields, line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields, line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields, line
+integrals of vector fields. Um, on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields. Um, on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields. Um, on that
+subject. So, okay. So um in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. So, okay. So um in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. So, okay. So um in both
+problems f is going to be the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems f is going to be the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems f is going to be the vector
+field whose coordinates are xy and x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field whose coordinates are xy and x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field whose coordinates are xy and x^2 +
+y^2 and c is going to be the arc of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and c is going to be the arc of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and c is going to be the arc of the
+parabola y = x^2 that starts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola y = x^2 that starts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola y = x^2 that starts at the
+point 1 and ends at the point 24. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 and ends at the point 24. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 and ends at the point 24. All
+right. So what I'd like you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what I'd like you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what I'd like you to do is to
+compute the integral over this curve c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integral over this curve c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integral over this curve c
+of fd dr in two different ways. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fd dr in two different ways. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fd dr in two different ways. So the
+first time I'd like you to use sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I'd like you to use sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I'd like you to use sort of
+the natural parameterization x= t y= t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural parameterization x= t y= t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural parameterization x= t y= t
+^2. So that for me at least that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So that for me at least that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So that for me at least that's the
+first parameterization that I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameterization that I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameterization that I think of
+when when I think about this curve. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when I think about this curve. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when I think about this curve. But
+I'd also like you to do it again using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd also like you to do it again using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd also like you to do it again using a
+different parameterization using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterization using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterization using the
+parameterization x= e t y = e 2t. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization x= e t y = e 2t. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization x= e t y = e 2t. So
+this still parameterizes the curve uh y=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still parameterizes the curve uh y=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still parameterizes the curve uh y=
+x^2 since e t^2= e 2t. Um so yes so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 since e t^2= e 2t. Um so yes so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 since e t^2= e 2t. Um so yes so uh
+why don't you pause the video have a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video have a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video have a go
+at at computing this integral both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at computing this integral both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at computing this integral both of
+both of using these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of using these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of using these two different
+parameterizations come back and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations come back and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations come back and we can
+work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together. So let's get started. We want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So let's get started. We want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So let's get started. We want
+to compute a line integral of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a line integral of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a line integral of a of a
+vector field f. Um so we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field f. Um so we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field f. Um so we know that the
+integral over a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve
+C of fd dr well usually we write f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of fd dr well usually we write f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of fd dr well usually we write f
+equals mn. The the two components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mn. The the two components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mn. The the two components are
+are m and n. So in this case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are m and n. So in this case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are m and n. So in this case this is
+going to be equal to the integral over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the integral over c
+of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+dx +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx +
+n dy. Now in our case we know what f is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n dy. Now in our case we know what f is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n dy. Now in our case we know what f is.
+We know that f is the vector field xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know that f is the vector field xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know that f is the vector field xy
+x^2 + y^2. So this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2. So this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2. So this is equal to the
+integral over c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c of
+xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy
+dx + x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx + x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx + x^2 +
+y^2 d y. And now we just need to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 d y. And now we just need to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 d y. And now we just need to plug in
+in our two different cases into our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our two different cases into our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our two different cases into our our
+parameterizations and this will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations and this will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizations and this will turn
+into an integral that we can evaluate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an integral that we can evaluate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an integral that we can evaluate.
+So let's let's have a look see. Um so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's have a look see. Um so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's have a look see. Um so on
+our first parameterization over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first parameterization over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first parameterization over here we
+want to have x going from uh sorry x= t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have x going from uh sorry x= t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have x going from uh sorry x= t
+and y = t ^2 and we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y = t ^2 and we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y = t ^2 and we want this
+parameterization to go from the points 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization to go from the points 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization to go from the points 1
+one to the point 24. So that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the point 24. So that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the point 24. So that means that
+txt is going from 1 to 2. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txt is going from 1 to 2. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txt is going from 1 to 2. Okay. So
+um so in this case all right so in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case all right so in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this case all right so in part
+well the first part um so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first part um so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first part um so this is equal
+in so I'm going to just write equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'm going to just write equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I'm going to just write equals and
+continue on um so in this first part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on um so in this first part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on um so in this first part so
+t is our parameter and it's going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is our parameter and it's going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is our parameter and it's going from
+one to two so xy is going to be t * t^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two so xy is going to be t * t^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two so xy is going to be t * t^2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+dx is dt and then plus okay so x^2 + y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx is dt and then plus okay so x^2 + y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx is dt and then plus okay so x^2 + y^2
+is t ^2 + t 4th and d y is * 2t dt since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t ^2 + t 4th and d y is * 2t dt since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t ^2 + t 4th and d y is * 2t dt since
+y is t ^2 all right so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is t ^2 all right so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is t ^2 all right so this is our
+integral and now it's straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now it's straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now it's straightforward to
+compute this it's you know a line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this it's you know a line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this it's you know a line uh
+sorry a single variable integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a single variable integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a single variable integral of a
+polomial so okay so we might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial so okay so we might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial so okay so we might have some
+fraction arithmetic in our future but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction arithmetic in our future but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction arithmetic in our future but
+but not nothing horrible so let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nothing horrible so let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not nothing horrible so let's um
+let's collect our dts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's collect our dts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's collect our dts
+So this is the integral from 1 to 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the integral from 1 to 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the integral from 1 to 2. So
+here I've got 2 t cub + 2 t 5th and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got 2 t cub + 2 t 5th and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got 2 t cub + 2 t 5th and here
+I have t cubed. So that's 3 t cubed + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have t cubed. So that's 3 t cubed + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have t cubed. So that's 3 t cubed + 2
+t to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to
+5th dt. Okay. And so now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th dt. Okay. And so now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5th dt. Okay. And so now we have to
+evaluate. So this is equal to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. So this is equal to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate. So this is equal to let me
+just continue it. So 3 t cubed that's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue it. So 3 t cubed that's oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continue it. So 3 t cubed that's oh
+so it becomes t 4 over 4. So it's 3 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes t 4 over 4. So it's 3 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it becomes t 4 over 4. So it's 3 t
+4th over 4 + 2 t 5th becomes t 6 / 6 2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th over 4 + 2 t 5th becomes t 6 / 6 2 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th over 4 + 2 t 5th becomes t 6 / 6 2 t
+6 over 6. So that's plus t 6 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 over 6. So that's plus t 6 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 over 6. So that's plus t 6 over 3
+between t = 1 and 2 and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between t = 1 and 2 and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between t = 1 and 2 and let me just
+bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that
+computation up here. So that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation up here. So that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation up here. So that's equal to
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+so 3 * 16 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 * 16 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 * 16 over 4
++ 64 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3us minus what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+34s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34s +
+1/3 okay and now we got to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 okay and now we got to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 okay and now we got to work this out
+so this is maybe 12 and the third give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is maybe 12 and the third give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is maybe 12 and the third give
+me 21 so that's 33 - 3/4 so That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 21 so that's 33 - 3/4 so That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me 21 so that's 33 - 3/4 so That's
+32 and 1/4 or you know 129 over 4 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and 1/4 or you know 129 over 4 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and 1/4 or you know 129 over 4 if you
+prefer. Okay. So that's that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer. Okay. So that's that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer. Okay. So that's that's going to
+be our our answer there. Um so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our our answer there. Um so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our our answer there. Um so now let's
+go back and do it again using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do it again using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and do it again using this
+alternate parameterization. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate parameterization. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate parameterization. So in this
+alternate parameterization we had x= e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate parameterization we had x= e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate parameterization we had x= e
+the t and y= e 2t. So in that case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t and y= e 2t. So in that case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t and y= e 2t. So in that case that
+means that dx well so x is e to the t y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that dx well so x is e to the t y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that dx well so x is e to the t y
+is equal 2t. So our integral that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal 2t. So our integral that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal 2t. So our integral that we
+want let me rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let me rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let me rewrite
+it. Well actually let me not rewrite it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well actually let me not rewrite it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well actually let me not rewrite it.
+Let me just go back here and take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just go back here and take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me just go back here and take a look
+at it. So we want the integral of fd dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it. So we want the integral of fd dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it. So we want the integral of fd dr
+and we know that that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that's equal to the
+integral over c of xy dx + x^2 + y^2 dy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c of xy dx + x^2 + y^2 dy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c of xy dx + x^2 + y^2 dy.
+So x is e t y is e 2t. So that means dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x is e t y is e 2t. So that means dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x is e t y is e 2t. So that means dx
+is going to be e to the tdt and dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be e to the tdt and dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be e to the tdt and dy is
+going to be 2 e to the 2t dt. So okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 e to the 2t dt. So okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 e to the 2t dt. So okay.
+So we'll just have to plug these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll just have to plug these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll just have to plug these things
+in. So our integral maybe I'll give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So our integral maybe I'll give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So our integral maybe I'll give it a
+name. What we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. What we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. What we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+we want www. What we want is equal to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want www. What we want is equal to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want www. What we want is equal to so
+it's the integral of well we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral of well we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the integral of well we start
+plugging in. So xyd dx is e t * e 2t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in. So xyd dx is e t * e 2t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in. So xyd dx is e t * e 2t *
+we said dx is e t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said dx is e t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said dx is e t
+dt plus now x^2 + y^2. So that's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus now x^2 + y^2. So that's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt plus now x^2 + y^2. So that's e
+2t. That's x^2 + e 4t. That's y^2 * 2 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t. That's x^2 + e 4t. That's y^2 * 2 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t. That's x^2 + e 4t. That's y^2 * 2 e
+2t dt. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t dt. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2t dt. That's
+dy. Okay. Um, but this integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. Okay. Um, but this integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. Okay. Um, but this integral is
+missing something, right? Because it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing something, right? Because it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing something, right? Because it it
+needs to be a a definite integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a a definite integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a a definite integral.
+Right? Now, I've written down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, I've written down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now, I've written down an
+indefinite integral. So, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite integral. So, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite integral. So, that's a
+problem. So, we need to think, okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So, we need to think, okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So, we need to think, okay, so
+what are the bounds on this on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the bounds on this on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the bounds on this on this
+curve? What what are we integrating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve? What what are we integrating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve? What what are we integrating from
+and to? So, let's go all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to? So, let's go all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to? So, let's go all the way back
+and look at the problem over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the problem over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the problem over
+here. So, this is the parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, this is the parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, this is the parameterization
+of the curve. And we need it to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve. And we need it to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve. And we need it to connect
+the points 1 one and 24. So we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points 1 one and 24. So we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points 1 one and 24. So we need to
+know which value of t puts this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which value of t puts this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which value of t puts this this
+parameterization at the point 1 one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization at the point 1 one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization at the point 1 one and
+which value of t puts it at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which value of t puts it at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which value of t puts it at the point
+24. Well, I think the easiest way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. Well, I think the easiest way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. Well, I think the easiest way to do
+that is to solve this and we have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to solve this and we have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to solve this and we have t
+equals natural log of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals natural log of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals natural log of x.
+So natural log of 1 is 0 and natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So natural log of 1 is 0 and natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So natural log of 1 is 0 and natural log
+of two is natural log of two. So, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two is natural log of two. So, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two is natural log of two. So, okay.
+So, we want t to go from 0 to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want t to go from 0 to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we want t to go from 0 to natural
+log of two to go from this point to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of two to go from this point to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of two to go from this point to that
+one. Okay. So, 0 to natural log of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So, 0 to natural log of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay. So, 0 to natural log of two.
+Let's remember that and come back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's remember that and come back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's remember that and come back over
+here and put that in. So, what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put that in. So, what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put that in. So, what we want
+this integral that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral that we're trying to
+compute um using this alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute um using this alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute um using this alternate
+parameterization is all right, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is all right, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization is all right, we've
+already written down what the integrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written down what the integrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already written down what the integrant
+is, but it's going to be the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but it's going to be the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, but it's going to be the integral
+from we just said from zero to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we just said from zero to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we just said from zero to the
+natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of
+two. Okay, great. So now let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, great. So now let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Okay, great. So now let's take this
+integral and let's start simplifying it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's start simplifying it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's start simplifying it.
+Um so let's see this is an e t * e 2t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let's see this is an e t * e 2t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let's see this is an e t * e 2t *
+e t. So that's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e t. So that's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e t. So that's e
+4t dt. And here we have well that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t dt. And here we have well that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t dt. And here we have well that looks
+like a 2 e 4t + 2 e 6t dt. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 2 e 4t + 2 e 6t dt. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 2 e 4t + 2 e 6t dt. So if we
+combine like terms we get the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine like terms we get the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine like terms we get the integral
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+0 to natural log of 2. So we had an e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to natural log of 2. So we had an e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to natural log of 2. So we had an e to
+the 14 and a 2 e to the 4t. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 and a 2 e to the 4t. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 and a 2 e to the 4t. So that's a
+3 e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 e to the
+4t plus a 2 e to the 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t plus a 2 e to the 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t plus a 2 e to the 6
+t dt. Okay. 3 e 4t + 2 e to 6t. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t dt. Okay. 3 e 4t + 2 e to 6t. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t dt. Okay. 3 e 4t + 2 e to 6t. Okay.
+And this is also, you know, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is also, you know, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is also, you know, it's a
+different looking integral than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking integral than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looking integral than the one
+we had before, but it's not a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before, but it's not a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before, but it's not a difficult
+one to evaluate because we're just, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to evaluate because we're just, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to evaluate because we're just, you
+know, it's just e to a constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's just e to a constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's just e to a constant time
+tdt. Pretty straightforward stuff, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt. Pretty straightforward stuff, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tdt. Pretty straightforward stuff, I
+think. Um so what does it actually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Um so what does it actually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think. Um so what does it actually give
+us? Let me come up here and write it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? Let me come up here and write it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? Let me come up here and write it up
+here. So this is equal to all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this is equal to all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this is equal to all right
+integrate e 4t and you get e 4t over 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate e 4t and you get e 4t over 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate e 4t and you get e 4t over 4.
+So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+3/4 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 e
+4t plus 26. So that's +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t plus 26. So that's +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t plus 26. So that's +
+1/3 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 e
+6t and we're evaluating that between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6t and we're evaluating that between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6t and we're evaluating that between
+zero and ln2. And I will leave it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and ln2. And I will leave it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and ln2. And I will leave it to you
+to confirm that what you get when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm that what you get when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm that what you get when you do
+this is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you get
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+129 over4 when you plug in these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 over4 when you plug in these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 over4 when you plug in these values
+and take the difference. So one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the difference. So one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the difference. So one thing to
+notice here is that in this doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that in this doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that in this doing it
+with the second parameterization we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second parameterization we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second parameterization we got
+129 over4. Now if you look back just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 over4. Now if you look back just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+129 over4. Now if you look back just
+right here you see that when we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you see that when we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you see that when we did it
+with the first parameterization we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first parameterization we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first parameterization we also
+got 129 over4. Now this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 129 over4. Now this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 129 over4. Now this is a general
+phenomenon, right? The parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon, right? The parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon, right? The parameterization
+doesn't change the value of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the value of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the value of the line
+integral. So when you have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So when you have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So when you have a line
+integral of a vector field, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a vector field, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a vector field, you can
+parameterize the curve that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve that you're
+integrating over in a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over in a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over in a bunch of different
+ways. I mean, in fact, infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. I mean, in fact, infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. I mean, in fact, infinitely many
+different ways. There are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. There are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. There are all sorts of
+different choices and they all give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices and they all give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices and they all give the
+same answer. They have to. So no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. They have to. So no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer. They have to. So no matter
+what parameterization you choose, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parameterization you choose, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what parameterization you choose, you
+get the same number out for the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same number out for the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same number out for the line
+integral over the same curve of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the same curve of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the same curve of the same
+vector field. All right? So what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. All right? So what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. All right? So what that
+means for you is that when you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for you is that when you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for you is that when you're given
+just a curve and a vector field and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a curve and a vector field and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a curve and a vector field and you
+get to choose your parameterization, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose your parameterization, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose your parameterization, you
+should always just choose whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always just choose whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always just choose whatever the
+nicest one is because it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest one is because it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest one is because it doesn't matter
+which one you choose and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you choose and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you choose and there's no
+reason ever to choose anything harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason ever to choose anything harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason ever to choose anything harder
+than necessary. All right, so now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than necessary. All right, so now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than necessary. All right, so now just
+uh I want to quickly recap what we did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to quickly recap what we did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to quickly recap what we did.
+So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we
+had a curve. We were given a curve and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a curve. We were given a curve and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a curve. We were given a curve and a
+vector field f and we are asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field f and we are asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field f and we are asked to
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+the line integral of fd dr. And we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral of fd dr. And we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral of fd dr. And we did
+it two different ways. So in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two different ways. So in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two different ways. So in both cases
+we used the fact that fd dr is m dx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the fact that fd dr is m dx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the fact that fd dr is m dx plus
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+dy. We wrote that out using the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. We wrote that out using the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy. We wrote that out using the known
+values of m and n using the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of m and n using the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of m and n using the known
+components of f. Um and we and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of f. Um and we and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of f. Um and we and then we
+plugged in in both cases. In this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in in both cases. In this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in in both cases. In this case
+we we used that first parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we used that first parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we used that first parameterization
+and then over to my left we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over to my left we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over to my left we used the
+this second parameterization that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second parameterization that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second parameterization that I gave
+you and in both cases we that reduced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and in both cases we that reduced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and in both cases we that reduced it
+to a to a integral in terms of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a to a integral in terms of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a to a integral in terms of a single
+variable t that was the parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t that was the parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t that was the parameter that
+we could compute and and the answer came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could compute and and the answer came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could compute and and the answer came
+out the same both times as it had to. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the same both times as it had to. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the same both times as it had to. Um
+so you can also one thing you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also one thing you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also one thing you can notice
+is if you compare this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you compare this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you compare this with the
+preceding lecture video you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding lecture video you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding lecture video you'll see that
+this curve and vector field it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and vector field it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and vector field it they
+connect the same points and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the same points and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the same points and it's the
+same vector field and these answers both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vector field and these answers both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vector field and these answers both
+differ from both of the answers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from both of the answers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ from both of the answers in the
+preceding uh recitation video. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding uh recitation video. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding uh recitation video. Um so
+this is further illustration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is further illustration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is further illustration that
+different curves can give you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves can give you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves can give you different
+values but if you take the same curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but if you take the same curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but if you take the same curve
+different parameterizations always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterizations always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameterizations always have
+to give you same values for that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you same values for that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you same values for that for
+that line integral of the same vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line integral of the same vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line integral of the same vector
+field. I'll end there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tp4_UXaVyx8.txt b/tp4_UXaVyx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f57e62186bb149e018910f9f3623e3dba950cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tp4_UXaVyx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2617 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today's
+our last lecture
+
+on dynamic programming,
+the grand finale.
+
+And we have a bunch of fun
+examples today on piano,
+
+guitar, Tetris and
+Super Mario Brothers.
+
+What could be better?
+
+We are, again, going to
+follow this five-step plan
+
+to dynamic programming, define
+sub-problems, guess something
+
+in order to solve a sub-problem,
+write a recurrence that
+
+uses that guessing to relate
+different sub-problems,
+
+then build your dynamic
+programming either
+
+by just implementing as
+a recursive algorithm
+
+and memorizing or
+building it bottom up.
+
+For the first, you need to check
+with the recurrence is acyclic.
+
+For the second, you need an
+actual topological order.
+
+These are, of course,
+equivalent constraints.
+
+Personally, I like to write
+down on topological order
+
+because that proves to
+me that it is acyclic,
+
+if I think about it.
+
+But either way is fine.
+
+Then we get that the
+total running time
+
+is number of sub-problems
+times time per sub-problems,
+
+and then we need to solve
+our original problem.
+
+Usually it's just one
+of the sub-problems,
+
+but sometimes we have to
+look at a few of them.
+
+So that's what
+we're going to do.
+
+And we have one
+new concept today
+
+that all these examples
+will illustrate,
+
+which is a kind of
+second kind of guessing.
+
+We've talked about
+guessing in part two
+
+here in which we saw
+the obvious thing.
+
+In the recurrence, we
+usually take the min
+
+of a bunch of options or the
+max of a bunch of options.
+
+And those options correspond
+to a guessed feature.
+
+We don't know whether
+the go left or go right,
+
+so we try them both.
+
+That's guessing.
+
+But there's another
+way to guess.
+
+So two kinds of guessing.
+
+So you can do it in step two.
+
+Let's see what I have
+to say about these.
+
+In step two and three,
+you are guessing usually
+
+which sub-problems
+to use in order
+
+to solve your
+bigger sub-problem.
+
+So that's what we've seen
+many, many times by now.
+
+Every DP that we've covered
+except for Fibonacci numbers
+
+has used this kind of guessing.
+
+And it's sort of the most
+common, I guess you might say.
+
+But there's a higher
+level of guessing
+
+that you can use, which
+we've sort of seen
+
+in the knapsack dynamic
+programming, dynamic program,
+
+which is when you define your
+sub-problems, you can add more.
+
+Add more sub-problems to
+guess or you can think of it
+
+as remembering more
+features of the solution.
+
+And we just leave it at that.
+
+Essentially what this does--
+so remember with knapsack,
+
+we had a sequence of items.
+
+They had values and sizes.
+
+And we had some target
+knapsack, some capacity.
+
+We wanted to pack those
+items into that knapsack.
+
+And the obvious sub-problems
+were suffixes of the items.
+
+Because we always know
+suffixes, prefixes, substrings,
+
+those are the obvious
+things to try.
+
+But suffixes wasn't
+quite enough.
+
+Because if we
+looked at a suffix,
+
+we didn't know of
+the prefix that we've
+
+skipped over how
+many of those items
+
+were in-- and in particular,
+how much of the capacity
+
+we'd used up.
+
+And so we needed to
+add more sub-problems
+
+to remember how much capacity
+had we used up in the prefix.
+
+We did that by multiplying
+every sub-problem
+
+by s different choices, which is
+how many units of the knapsack
+
+still remain.
+
+So in some sense,
+we're remembering more
+
+about the prefix.
+
+You can also think of it as--
+in the more forward direction,
+
+we have the suffix problem.
+
+I'm going to solve
+it s different times,
+
+or s plus 1 different times.
+
+I'm going to solve it.
+
+What if I had a big knapsack?
+
+What if I had a
+smaller knapsack?
+
+What if I had a
+zero-size knapsack?
+
+All of those different
+versions of the problem.
+
+In some sense, you were
+solving more sub-problems.
+
+You're, in some, sense
+finding more solutions
+
+to that sub-problem.
+
+You're looking at a suffix.
+
+And I want to know all these
+different solutions that
+
+use different amounts
+of the knapsack.
+
+So in that sense, you're just
+adding more sub-problems.
+
+But from a guessing
+perspective, you're
+
+remembering more about the past.
+
+We're going to see a bunch of
+examples of this type today.
+
+We'll always use
+this type, but we'll
+
+see more of this where the
+obvious sub-problems don't work
+
+and we need to add more.
+
+So the first example is
+piano and guitar fingering.
+
+This is a practical problem for
+any musicians in the audience.
+
+How many people here play
+piano, or have played piano?
+
+OK, about a quarter.
+
+How many people
+have played guitar?
+
+A few, all right.
+
+I brought my guitar.
+
+I've been learning
+this semester.
+
+I'm not very good yet,
+but we'll fool around
+
+with it a little bit.
+
+So the general idea is you're
+given some musical piece
+
+that you want to play.
+
+And on a piano, there's
+a bunch of keys.
+
+You have all these
+keyboards, so you
+
+know what a piano looks
+like, more or less.
+
+It's just like a
+keyboard, but only row.
+
+It's crazy.
+
+Each key that you
+press makes a note,
+
+and every key has
+a different note.
+
+So it's very simple from
+a computer scientist's
+
+perspective.
+
+You want to play a
+note, you push the key.
+
+But you could push it with
+any one of these fingers.
+
+Humans have 10 fingers.
+
+Most humans.
+
+I guess a few have more.
+
+But you want to know,
+which finger should I
+
+use to play each note?
+
+It may not seem like a big deal.
+
+And if you're only playing
+one note, it's not a big deal.
+
+But if you're going to play
+a long sequence of notes,
+
+some transitions are
+easier than others.
+
+So let's say we're given
+a sequence of n notes
+
+we want to play.
+
+And we want to find a
+fingering for each note.
+
+So fingering, so let's
+say there are-- I'm
+
+going to label the fingers
+on your hand, 1 up to f.
+
+For humans, f is
+5 or 10, depending
+
+on if you're doing one
+hand or two hand stuff.
+
+I think to keep it simple, let's
+think about piano, right hand
+
+only, and just you're playing
+one note at the time, OK?
+
+We're going to make it
+more complicated later.
+
+But let's just think of a
+note as being a single note.
+
+OK, or you can think of
+guitar, single note, left hand
+
+is playing things.
+
+You want to assign one of
+these fingers to each node.
+
+And then you have a
+difficulty measure, d.
+
+And this you need to
+think about for awhile
+
+musically, or anatomically,
+how to define.
+
+If we have some note p
+and we're on finger f
+
+and we want to transition
+to note q using figure g,
+
+how hard is that?
+
+So this is-- the p and
+q are notes to play.
+
+I guess p stands for pitch.
+
+And f and g are fingers.
+
+So this is how hard is it
+to transition from f on p
+
+to g on q.
+
+There's a huge
+literature on for piano.
+
+There are a lot of
+rules like, well,
+
+if p is much smaller than
+q, unless they're stretched,
+
+then that becomes hard.
+
+And if you want to
+stretch, you probably
+
+need to use fingers that are
+far away from each other.
+
+If your playing legato-- so you
+have to smoothly go from one
+
+note the other-- you can't use
+the same finger on both keys.
+
+So if f equals g and
+you're playing legato,
+
+then p better be the
+same as q sort of thing.
+
+There's a weak finger rule.
+
+You tend to avoid fingers
+four and five, these two.
+
+Apparently going from-- I'm
+not much of a pianist-- so
+
+going from between
+three and four,
+
+which I can barely hold them
+up, it's kind of difficult,
+
+is "annoying."
+
+That's what I wrote down.
+
+So between three and four
+transitions you try and avoid.
+
+And so you can encode
+into this function.
+
+It's a giant table.
+
+You can just put
+in whatever values
+
+you want that you're
+most comfortable with.
+
+And music theorists
+work a lot on trying
+
+to define these function so.
+
+So you can do that.
+
+And for guitar, maybe I
+should do a little example.
+
+Get this out.
+
+I can't play much,
+so bear with me.
+
+Bet you didn't think
+this would happen in 006.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+So let's see.
+
+So let's say you're trying
+to play your favorite song.
+
+[STRUMS "SUPER MARIO BROTHERS"
+ THEME]
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+OK.
+
+So when I'm playing that, I have
+to think about the fingering.
+
+Which finger is going to
+go where to play each note?
+
+OK, so the first notes
+are actually open,
+
+so it's really easy.
+
+And then I go up to holding the
+first fret on the fifth string.
+
+OK, and I'm using my index
+finger because everyone
+
+loves to use their index finger.
+
+And in particular because
+the very next note
+
+I'm going to play-- well,
+actually it's down here.
+
+Then the next note is
+going to be this one.
+
+So I'm holding on the third
+fret of the bottom string.
+
+And then I've got to
+transition over here.
+
+And actually, usually I do
+it with my middle finger.
+
+I don't know quite why I
+find that easier, but I do.
+
+OK, and so I've actually
+played that opening a zillion
+
+times with lots of
+different things.
+
+This is the one I found to
+be the most comfortable.
+
+And there's this issue, right?
+
+If your pinky is here, where
+can I reach with this finger?
+
+Where can I reach
+with this finger?
+
+It gets difficult.
+
+And in particular,
+it's very hard for me
+
+to reach down here
+when my pink is there.
+
+And so you can encode
+that in this d function
+
+however you want.
+
+You get the idea.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+Thanks.
+
+I'll skip to our lessons.
+[? We're ?] [? worth ?]
+
+[? it. ?] So let's solve this
+with dynamic programming, OK?
+
+That's the cool thing.
+
+So we can do it.
+
+And we follow our
+five step procedure.
+
+So the first thing is
+to define sub-problems.
+
+What are the sub-problems
+for a set-up like this?
+
+What are the three
+obvious candidates?
+
+Do you remember last lecture?
+
+How many people know the answer?
+
+Just checking.
+
+One person.
+
+Go for it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Prefixes,
+suffixes, and substrings.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Prefixes, suffixes,
+and substrings.
+
+We have a sequence of notes.
+
+We're not going to worry
+about the sequence of fingers.
+
+I don't think that's
+too big a deal.
+
+That's what we're finding.
+
+What we're given is
+a sequence of notes,
+
+so we should try suffixes,
+prefixes, or substrings.
+
+I'll just tell you,
+suffixes are fine.
+
+Kind of.
+
+So a sub-problem
+will be suffixes,
+
+so how to play notes
+from i onwards.
+
+Intuitively, we
+want to figure out,
+
+how should we play
+the first note?
+
+And then we go on to the
+second note and so on.
+
+So we're applying
+them one by one
+
+from left to right
+from the prefix side.
+
+And so we'll always
+be left with a suffix.
+
+OK, then we need
+to guess something.
+
+What's the obvious
+thing to guess,
+
+given I need to
+play notes i onward?
+
+Think little harder.
+
+This one you shouldn't
+have to think.
+
+That's what I tell you.
+
+Try suffixes, try
+prefixes, try substrings.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe which
+finger to just put around i?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, which we're
+going to use for note i.
+
+Our whole point is
+to assign fingering.
+
+The first note here is i.
+
+So let's think about i,
+what could you do for i?
+
+We'll try all the possibilities.
+
+Which finger to use for note i?
+
+OK, now the really hard part--
+because it's impossible--
+
+is to write a recurrence.
+
+This is wrong, by the way, but
+it's the first thing to try.
+
+So this is what
+I want to ask you
+
+to do because it's not possible.
+
+But intuitively, what
+we might try to do
+
+is we're trying
+to solve DP for i.
+
+And we want to find--
+this is difficulty,
+
+so you want to
+minimize difficulty.
+
+So we'll take a min
+over all of our guesses
+
+of what it would take to
+solve the rest of the notes,
+
+to play the rest of the
+notes, plus somehow the cost
+
+of playing the first note.
+
+So what's the cost of
+playing the first note?
+
+And then is going to be
+a for loop over fingers.
+
+OK, that's going to be the min.
+
+We want to try all possible
+fingers for note i.
+
+Then we have to play
+all the remaining notes.
+
+And then there's
+this transition cost
+
+where you're going from
+note i to i plus 1.
+
+So it's going to
+be something like d
+
+of if-- we know that we use
+finger f to play i-- then
+
+we have to go to note i plus 1.
+
+But then the problem is we have
+no idea what to write here,
+
+because we don't know
+what finger we're
+
+going to guess
+for note i plus 1.
+
+So this cannot be known.
+
+OK, but it's the
+first thing you should
+
+try, because often this works.
+
+For simple DPs, that's
+enough for sub-problems.
+
+But we need to know
+more information
+
+about what we're
+going to do next.
+
+And this seems very
+worrisome, maybe
+
+now we have to guess two things.
+
+Do we have to guess
+more than two things?
+
+Turns out two things is enough.
+
+But we cannot use
+this type of guessing.
+
+We need to use-- we need
+to add more sub-problems.
+
+More sub-problem, more power.
+
+So any guesses what we
+could do for sub-problem?
+
+A couple of right answers here.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe like all
+the suffixes [INAUDIBLE]
+
+like the i, for all written i's,
+like all the possible fingers
+
+for i?
+
+PROFESSOR: All the
+possible fingers
+
+for i in the sub-problem.
+
+Yeah, good.
+
+How to play-- it's still
+about the suffixes.
+
+We're still going to use that.
+
+But we're going to
+suppose we already
+
+know what finger to use
+for the first note, note i.
+
+OK, this is a little weird,
+because we were guessing that
+
+before.
+
+Now we're just
+supposing someone tells
+
+us, use finger f for that note.
+
+This will work.
+
+That's the one I had in mind.
+
+But the question becomes,
+what should we guess?
+
+Anyone else?
+
+You clearly get
+[? a pillow. ?] I
+
+don't know how many
+you have by now.
+
+Have another one.
+
+That's tough.
+
+This is not easy to figure out.
+
+Now, given that that's
+our sub-problem, what
+
+is the next thing to guess?
+
+Do you have an idea?
+
+AUDIENCE: I got an
+idea to define it.
+
+Like either the next or
+previous finger for the--
+
+PROFESSOR: The next
+or previous finger.
+
+Well, I'm looking at suffixes.
+
+So I only care
+about the next one.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I see what you mean
+by next or previous.
+
+But what we mean
+is note i plus 1,
+
+that's the next thing
+we don't know about.
+
+So we're going to
+guess finger-- we'll
+
+call it g-- for note i plus 1.
+
+And now magically,
+this recurrence
+
+becomes easy to write.
+
+So it's almost the same thing.
+
+I wish I could just copy and
+paste this over, but I can't.
+
+It's not a digital blackboard.
+
+Are there digital blackboards?
+
+That would be cool.
+
+Someone should make that.
+
+I don't know why switched from
+open parens to square brackets,
+
+but I did.
+
+Then we have-- I think it's just
+the obvious thing, if i plus 1
+
+g.
+
+Ahh, this is a
+slightly wrong, though.
+
+It's a copy paste error.
+
+This should really
+be DP of i comma
+
+f, because now sub-problem
+consists of two things-- which
+
+suffix am I in, and what's
+my finger for note I?
+
+And so when I call DP, I also
+have to provide two arguments.
+
+It's going to be DP
+of i plus 1 comma g.
+
+And then I'm looping over g.
+
+I'm trying all
+possibilities for g.
+
+That's the recurrence.
+
+So if I want starting
+with finger f on note i,
+
+how do I solve
+the suffix from i?
+
+Well, I guess what
+finger am I going
+
+to use for the very next note.
+
+Then I have to pay this
+transition cost for f on i
+
+to g on i plus 1.
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+So slightly, I'm cheating
+the notation here.
+
+This probably should be
+the note, what is note i,
+
+and this thing should be
+what is note i plus 1.
+
+If you think of this d
+function just being given
+
+notes, pitches that
+you need to play,
+
+instead of indices
+into the array.
+
+It doesn't really matter, but
+that's how I defined it before.
+
+OK, so I have to pay
+this transition cost.
+
+What does it take to make that
+transition from i to i plus 1?
+
+And then what does it take to
+do the rest of the notes, given
+
+that now my finger is-- or now
+finger g is playing the note
+
+i plus 1?
+
+So we transition from
+f to g, and that's now
+
+kept track of in
+the sub-problem.
+
+This is the magic of
+defining more sub-problem.
+
+We needed to know where
+our finger used to be.
+
+And now we're telling it,
+oh, your finger right now
+
+is finger f.
+
+Finger f is the one that's
+currently playing the note.
+
+And then afterwards, g is
+the finger that's currently
+
+playing the note, and we
+can keep track of that.
+
+You could also define
+this to say, oh,
+
+f was the finger that was
+used for the previous note,
+
+note i minus 1.
+
+But it's just a shifting
+of the indices here.
+
+You can do i minus 1 to i
+instead of i to i plus 1.
+
+But this is, I think,
+slightly cleaner.
+
+OK, and then we
+have a DP, right?
+
+We've just memoized
+that recurrence.
+
+We get a recursive DP, or
+you could build it bottom up.
+
+If you were building
+it bottom up,
+
+you'd want to know
+a topological order.
+
+And this requires a
+little bit of care
+
+because there's two parameters.
+
+And so it's going
+to be a for loop
+
+over those two
+parameters in some order.
+
+And I believe the
+right order is for i
+
+has to go from right to left
+because this is suffixes.
+
+So I would write reversed range
+n python if there are n notes.
+
+And then within that loop, I
+would do a for loop over f.
+
+If you reverse the order
+of these for loops,
+
+it would not be in the right
+order, I'm pretty sure.
+
+But this one will work.
+
+You can check it.
+
+And then to solve our
+original problem, here
+
+we require a little
+more work because none
+
+of these sub-problems
+are what we
+
+want to solve because we don't
+know what the first finger is.
+
+We know what the first note is.
+
+That's note 0.
+
+But what finger goes there?
+
+I don't know.
+
+And DP of 0 requires
+us to give it a finger.
+
+Give it the finger, ha.
+
+Give it the finger for
+whatever is the first note.
+
+So this is pretty easy though.
+
+We just take a min
+over those choices.
+
+Which finger should we give it?
+
+That should do it.
+
+So we don't know what
+finger to start with.
+
+Just try them all, take the min.
+
+This is just like the
+guessing that we did here,
+
+just a slightly simpler version.
+
+There's no transition cost
+because there's no transition.
+
+We weren't anywhere before.
+
+Just what finger
+do you start with?
+
+I don't care what
+finger I start with.
+
+It's how I transition from one
+note to the next that's hard.
+
+OK, done.
+
+That's the DP.
+
+Now, if this is not
+obvious or not clear,
+
+I think it's easier to think
+about it in the DAG form.
+
+So let's draw all
+the sub problems.
+
+We have here a two dimensional
+matrix of sub-problems.
+
+We have the different
+suffixes on the one hand.
+
+So this is it, it stats
+a 9, goes to n minus 1.
+
+And then in the
+other dimension, we
+
+have what finger
+to use from 1 to f.
+
+And so in each of these
+positions, there a note.
+
+There's a sub-problem.
+
+Race.
+
+I wanted to get five rows
+because there are five fingers.
+
+And then our
+transitions basically
+
+look-- if we're at
+finger one on this note,
+
+we can go to finger
+one on the next note.
+
+Or we can go, if
+we're not legato,
+
+or we can go to finger
+two on the next note,
+
+or finger three or finger
+four or finger five.
+
+And then if we're
+starting with finger two,
+
+we could go to any one of these.
+
+So you get a complete
+bipartite graph,
+
+which you usually
+draw like this.
+
+That is how graph theorists
+draw complete bipartite graphs.
+
+OK, but I tried to draw a
+little more explicitly here.
+
+It's just any
+possible transition.
+
+And for each of
+these, the point is
+
+you can compute the
+D cost, because you
+
+know what figure you were at.
+
+You know what finger
+you are going to
+
+and what note
+you're starting from
+
+and what note you're going to.
+
+Those are the four
+arguments you need for D.
+
+So you put those
+weights on, and then
+
+you solve shortest
+paths on this DAG.
+
+And that is exactly what
+this DP is doing, OK?
+
+Except there's no
+single source here,
+
+which is kind of annoying.
+
+And so you need to take
+this min over what's
+
+the shortest path from
+here, what's the shortest
+
+path from here, from here,
+from here, from here.
+
+Of course, you
+don't actually need
+
+to do that by running single
+source shortest paths f times.
+
+If you're a clever
+shortest paths person,
+
+you would add an extra
+source note, connect
+
+that with 0 weight to
+all of these sources.
+
+So put 0s on there.
+
+And then do single
+shortest paths from here.
+
+And you will find the best way.
+
+You don't really care
+where you started,
+
+so this is trying
+all the options.
+
+That's exactly what
+we're doing here.
+
+But here I'm doing it with
+the shortest paths trick,
+
+here I'm doing it with guessing
+and taking a min like DP style.
+
+OK, so that's how to do
+piano figuring and guitar
+
+fingering for single
+hand, one note at time.
+
+Questions?
+
+And this even worse
+for aliens if you
+
+have arbitrarily many
+fingers on your hand.
+
+I guess we should figure
+out what's the running time.
+
+So we have sub-problems.
+
+We see how many
+sub-problems there are here.
+
+There's n times f sub-problems.
+
+How much time, or how
+many choices are there
+
+for our guess?
+
+Well there's f different
+choices for what finger we use.
+
+And when we do this min,
+we spend theta F time.
+
+Because there's a
+for loop over F,
+
+we're doing constant
+work assuming
+
+D lookups take constant time.
+
+This is theta F time.
+
+So we multiply those
+two things together,
+
+and we get the total time, the
+number of sub-problems which
+
+is n times F, and
+we multiply them
+
+by theta F for each sub-problem.
+
+So this is nF squared.
+
+And given F is usually pretty
+small, it's almost linear time.
+
+So that's a pretty
+good algorithm.
+
+But in reality, you tend
+to play multiple notes
+
+at the same time.
+
+In music, typically
+you're playing a chord.
+
+With piano, you're
+playing several notes
+
+with one hand, maybe several
+notes with another hand.
+
+Two handed piano, it's crazy.
+
+You could do four handed piano,
+make it a little more exciting.
+
+With the guitar, play-- I
+don't know very many chords,
+
+but I know at least one.
+
+You play, I don't know.
+
+This looks like something.
+
+That's a G chord.
+
+Do I know any others?
+
+And that's an E chord.
+
+All right, you get the idea.
+
+I mean, for each
+of these chords,
+
+different people use
+different fingers,
+
+even for a single cord.
+
+So it's sort of a
+personal taste how
+
+you're going to define
+your difficulty measure.
+
+But I could play an E like
+this, or I could-- I don't know,
+
+play it like this.
+
+Or I could play like this.
+
+And there's lots of crazy
+ways to put your finger here
+
+and your finger here
+and your finger here.
+
+And for each of them, you
+could define some difficulty.
+
+And then, of course,
+is a transition
+
+from one chord to another.
+
+And because there's different
+ways to play different chords,
+
+that wasn't a very good
+example because they all
+
+look pretty bad.
+
+Well, this one for example,
+this is the G again.
+
+I could use my-- one, two,
+three, four-- fourth finger
+
+here, or I could
+use my fifth finger.
+
+My instructor says we should
+use our pinky because people
+
+tend not to use their pinky.
+
+But it makes a
+difference what I'm
+
+going to transition to next.
+
+Maybe my pinky really
+needs to go over here next
+
+and I should free
+it up for later,
+
+or maybe it's better if this
+one's freed because then I
+
+can move it somewhere else.
+
+So that's what we'd
+like to capture
+
+in a generalized form
+or this dynamic program,
+
+and we can do it.
+
+So I'll try to do
+it quickly so we
+
+can get on to the
+other examples.
+
+All right, other fun stuff.
+
+Actually, there's
+another fun thing
+
+with guitar, which
+is that there's
+
+more than one way
+to play each note.
+
+There are six strings here.
+
+And you could play like this
+note for the Super Mario
+
+Brothers.
+
+I could also play that
+doing the fifth thing here.
+
+It's slightly out of tune, but
+those sound almost the same.
+
+Or I could play on the 10th
+fret on the third string.
+
+That's the same as bottom one.
+
+So a lot of options, so you
+also like to capture that.
+
+This is actually not too hard.
+
+You just need to generalize
+the notion of finger
+
+to what finger you're using
+and what string you're using.
+
+So there are f different choices
+for what finger you're using.
+
+If you use a generalized
+guitar, there's
+
+s choices for what
+string you're playing.
+
+There's a lot of different
+guitars with various numbers
+
+of strings, so we can
+just generalize that.
+
+And now it's not only, which
+finger am I going to use,
+
+but what sting
+will I play it on?
+
+And then you can still
+define a difficulty measure
+
+like this for this
+set up, depending
+
+both on the finger
+and the string.
+
+And then the running
+time grows slightly.
+
+It's now n times F
+squared S squared,
+
+because now I have to take
+the product of F and S. OK,
+
+so that's first thing.
+
+But then if I wanted
+to do multiple notes,
+
+well, you can imagine it's
+a similar type of deal.
+
+It's going to get harder though.
+
+First thing we need to
+generalize is the input.
+
+Before the input was
+a sequence of notes.
+
+Now it's going to be a
+sequence of multi-notes.
+
+So notes of i is now
+going to be, let's say,
+
+a list of notes that all
+need to be played at once.
+
+And conveniently, it's probably
+going to be, at most, F notes,
+
+because you really can only
+play one note with each finger
+
+pretty much.
+
+I guess you could try to
+play two notes at once
+
+on a piano with
+a finger, but eh.
+
+It sounds difficult.
+
+For a guitar, it's
+at most s notes.
+
+You can only play one note
+per string, more or less.
+
+So that's our input.
+
+And now we need to adjust
+the dynamic program.
+
+And I think I'll tell
+you how to do this.
+
+Basically, now you need to know
+where all your fingers are.
+
+So you go from one
+pose to another pose,
+
+from one chord to another.
+
+Different ways to finger that.
+
+Which fingers are
+and which strings
+
+and which frets on the
+guitar, which fingers
+
+are on which keys
+on the keyboard.
+
+But you just need
+to know all that.
+
+And all your fingers
+might be doing something,
+
+and you've got to know for
+each finger what note is it on,
+
+or is it not being used at all.
+
+So how many different ways to
+do such a mapping are there?
+
+I mean, this is just a function.
+
+So it's the number of
+targets of the function.
+
+So how many of these are there.
+
+Gosh, well, I guess we said
+there are, at most, f notes.
+
+So f plus 1 is the maximum
+number of possible things
+
+each finger can do.
+
+And we raise that to the power
+of the number of fingers.
+
+That's the possible mappings
+of what all of my fingers
+
+could be doing.
+
+It's exponential
+in f, not so great.
+
+But if f is 5, it's all right.
+
+And then-- well, then you
+just generalize the rest.
+
+I don't think I'll
+write it down in detail.
+
+But our sub-problems
+now are going
+
+to be-- let me
+switch boards here.
+
+How do we play these
+multi-notes from i onwards,
+
+given that we're going to
+use that pose-- or I called
+
+it the state of all my fingers--
+for the first notes of i
+
+is now a whole bunch of notes.
+
+So given I'm now going
+to play those notes
+
+with this particular
+finger assignment,
+
+how do I play the rest?
+
+And then what we'll guess is
+the entire finger assignment
+
+for the next set of
+notes, i plus 1--
+
+the next chord, if you will.
+
+And that guessing involves
+now F plus 1 to the F time.
+
+And then we just write the
+recurrence in the same way.
+
+So we're basically generalizing
+here we call the finger,
+
+now it's an entire
+pose for your hand.
+
+Instead of F, you might write
+H for hand or something.
+
+And so the running
+time in this situation
+
+is going to go up to something
+like n times F of plus
+
+1 to the F. Did I miss anything?
+
+Probably have to square that.
+
+2F.
+
+Before it was F
+squared, now it's
+
+just F plus 1 to the F squared.
+
+So if F is small,
+this is all right.
+
+Otherwise, not so great.
+
+This is the best algorithm
+I know for chord fingering.
+
+Questions?
+
+Just trying to
+make it practical,
+
+solve the real life problem.
+
+I would love, I
+think-- I don't know
+
+if this has been
+implemented, but someone
+
+should implement this
+in some-- I don't know,
+
+score program,
+musical score program.
+
+I would love as
+learning guitar, it'd
+
+be great for someone to just
+tell me how to finger things.
+
+Then I can
+retroactively figure out
+
+why using the dynamic program.
+
+All right, let's
+move on to Tetris.
+
+All these problems are going
+to have the same flavor.
+
+You can solve them
+with basically
+
+the same dynamic program.
+
+It's all about figuring out
+what should the sub-problems be.
+
+So let me-- does anyone
+here not know Tetris?
+
+OK, good.
+
+No one's willing to admit it.
+
+So you've got these
+blocks falling.
+
+But I'm going to make several
+artificial constraints.
+
+First of all, I tell
+you the entire sequence
+
+of pieces that
+are going to come.
+
+This is more like
+a Tetris puzzle.
+
+OK, we're given sequence
+of n pieces that will fall.
+
+For each of them, we must
+drop the piece from the top.
+
+OK, and if you're a
+fancy Tetris player,
+
+you can let a piece fall and
+then rotate it at very end
+
+to do some clever, clever thing.
+
+I disallow that.
+
+You always have to
+push the drop button.
+
+So the piece starts here, it
+goes instantly to the ground.
+
+This will be necessary.
+
+I don't know how to
+solve the problem
+
+without this constraint.
+
+OK, and then the
+other weird thing--
+
+this is very weird for Tetris--
+full rows normally clear,
+
+but now they don't clear.
+
+This is like hardcore Tetris.
+
+You're guaranteed
+to die eventually.
+
+The question is, can you
+survive these n pieces?
+
+That's the question.
+
+Can you survive?
+
+Oh, I've got one
+other constraint.
+
+This is actually
+kind of natural.
+
+The width of the board is
+small, relatively small,
+
+because we're going to
+be exponential in w.
+
+In real life it's 12, I think?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ten.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ten, sorry.
+
+It's been a while since
+I wrote my Tetris paper.
+
+So all right, these are all
+kind of weird constraints.
+
+If you don't make all of
+these constraints-- oh,
+
+also the board is
+initially empty.
+
+That's like level one of Tetris.
+
+If all of these things
+are not the case, which
+
+is regular Tetris, if you
+just have the first thing
+
+then this problem is
+called NP-complete.
+
+We'll be defining
+that next class.
+
+So it's computationally
+intractable.
+
+But if you make all
+of these assumptions,
+
+the problem becomes
+easy, and you
+
+can do it by
+dynamic programming.
+
+So how do we do it?
+
+We define sub-problems
+just like before.
+
+The obvious thing
+to try is suffixes.
+
+How do we play a suffix
+of pieces i onwards?
+
+How to play those guys.
+
+And just like fingering, this is
+not enough information, right?
+
+Because if we're going to play
+from pieces i onward, what
+
+we need to now is what the
+board currently looks like.
+
+I said here the board
+is initially empty.
+
+That's not going to
+be the case after you
+
+place the very first piece.
+
+So in general, after we've
+placed the first i pieces,
+
+we need to know what
+the board looks like.
+
+And here's where I'm going to
+use all of these assumptions.
+
+If you always drop things from
+the top and rows don't clear,
+
+then all you really care about
+is how high each column is.
+
+This is what you might call
+the skyline of the board.
+
+OK, now in reality,
+there might be holes here
+
+because you drop
+things in silly ways.
+
+Maybe you drop a
+piece like this.
+
+And then I claim, because
+I'm dropping things
+
+from infinity from
+the sky, I really
+
+don't care about that
+there's a whole here.
+
+I can just fill that in and
+say, OK, that's my new skyline.
+
+Because if you can't do
+these last minute twists
+
+and if lines never clear,
+that's going to be gone.
+
+That material is wasted.
+
+OK, so all I need to remember
+is how high is each column.
+
+So I should say given
+the board skyline.
+
+Now, how many choices
+are there for that?
+
+It's quite similar to this
+function, the fingering.
+
+Let's see.
+
+There's the height of the
+board, different choices.
+
+It's going to be h.
+
+For each column it could be
+anywhere between 0 and h,
+
+so I guess h plus 1 if
+you want to get technical.
+
+And then we raise
+it to the power w,
+
+because there's w different
+columns and each of them
+
+is independent choice.
+
+So this is going to n times
+that different sub-problems.
+
+And here's what I
+need the is small
+
+because this is
+exponential in w.
+
+So it's reasonable in
+h, but exponential in w.
+
+OK, then what do I guess?
+
+Any suggestions what to guess?
+
+AUDIENCE: So where the new
+piece falls, as in [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+What should I do with piece i?
+
+There's not that many choices.
+
+I can rotate it zero,
+one, two, or three times.
+
+I can choose
+someplace to drop it,
+
+but those are my only choices.
+
+So it's just how
+to play piece i.
+
+And given that guess,
+you can figure out
+
+how the skyline updates,
+like I did here.
+
+If I drop that piece like
+that, then I fill in this part
+
+and recompute my new skyline.
+
+So it's going to
+be something like 4
+
+times w different choices,
+roughly-- 4 for the rotation,
+
+w for the x-coordinate.
+
+And so the running
+time is just going
+
+to be the product of these.
+
+n times w times h
+plus 1 to the w.
+
+Open problem, if I drop any
+one of these assumptions,
+
+can you get a dynamic
+program that's reasonable?
+
+Could you do it if w is large?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Could you do if rows do clear?
+
+That's the least
+natural constraint here.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Puzzle for you to think about.
+
+I'd love to know the answer.
+
+You can obviously do the
+rest of the steps, right?
+
+You can write down
+the recurrence.
+
+It's the same thing.
+
+You take the min
+over all guesses.
+
+What are we minimizing?
+
+Hmm.
+
+I guess here the
+question is survival.
+
+Can you survive?
+
+So this is one of the first
+examples where the answer is
+
+a Boolean value, true or false.
+
+But if you think of true
+or false as 0 and 1,
+
+then it's still a
+maximization problem.
+
+You want to maximize.
+
+You want 1 if possible.
+
+Otherwise, you'll get
+0 when you maximize.
+
+So you can write the
+recurrence using max.
+
+And in the base case, you have
+truth values, true or false.
+
+And you'll see, did I survive?
+
+Did I die?
+
+That sort of thing.
+
+I want to go on to
+Super Mario Brothers,
+
+because everyone loves
+Super Mario Brothers.
+
+has?
+
+Anyone not played NES
+Super Mario Brothers 1?
+
+Aww, you got to play it, man.
+
+You're the only one.
+
+You can play it on an emulator.
+
+Maybe not legally, but you
+can play it on an emulator
+
+and just see how it is.
+
+So what I'm going
+to talk about next,
+
+in theory, works for many
+different platform games,
+
+side-scrolling platform games.
+
+But Super Mario Brothers
+1 has some nice features.
+
+In particular, a nice feature
+is that whenever anything
+
+moves off of the screen, it
+disappears from the world.
+
+So the monster moves
+off, it's gone.
+
+You can think of there's
+a static level there.
+
+When the level comes into
+screen, when a monster comes
+
+on screen, then
+it starts acting.
+
+But as soon as you move the
+screen-- you can't actually
+
+move backwards in Super
+Mario 1, but as soon
+
+as you move forwards and
+that character is offscreen,
+
+it's gone.
+
+So in a sense, that
+part of the level
+
+reset to its initial state.
+
+Now, as long as your screen is
+not too big-- and thankfully,
+
+on NES screens
+were not very big.
+
+It's 320p, or whatever.
+
+This will work.
+
+If you are given
+the entire level--
+
+so let's say there's n
+bits of information there--
+
+and you have a small screen,
+w by h screen, w and h
+
+are not too big.
+
+Then I claim we can
+solve Super Mario
+
+Brothers by dynamic programming.
+
+So let's say we want
+to maximize our score.
+
+Want to run through the level
+and maximize your score,
+
+or you want to minimize
+the amount of time you use.
+
+You're doing level runs.
+
+Pick your favorite measure,
+all of those can be solved.
+
+And the way to do it, this
+sort of general approach
+
+to all these DPs is
+we need to write down
+
+what do I need to know
+about the game state.
+
+I'll call that a configuration.
+
+What can we care about
+for Super Mario Brothers?
+
+Well, I guess
+everything on screen.
+
+This is a bit tricky, but
+there's stuff on screen.
+
+There are monsters and objects.
+
+For the monsters, I need to
+know their current position.
+
+For the objects, I
+need to know-- like,
+
+is there a question mark box?
+
+Did I hit it already?
+
+Did I already get the coin or
+did I already get the mushroom?
+
+So for each of those
+things, there's
+
+some amount of information
+you need to store.
+
+How much information?
+
+I think something like constant
+to the w times h should do.
+
+That's saying for every
+pixel on the screen
+
+or for every square
+on the screen,
+
+however you-- whatever you
+define the resolution here
+
+to be.
+
+Let's say for every little
+unit square in Mario land,
+
+is it a brick?
+
+Is it a hard brick, or has
+it been a destroyed brick?
+
+Is a monster there right now?
+
+Is Mario there right now?
+
+All these kinds of information.
+
+OK, so there's a cost number
+of choices for each pixel.
+
+You can write them all down.
+
+You might also want
+Mario's velocity.
+
+I had to play it
+again just to check
+
+that there is indeed velocity.
+
+Turning around is slower
+than going forward.
+
+You do accelerate a little bit.
+
+So you've got to remember that.
+
+There's probably only
+a constant number
+
+of choices for what
+your velocity is.
+
+What else?
+
+Ah, I want to
+remember the score.
+
+You want to maximize score.
+
+And let's say you also--
+how much time is left.
+
+There's a time counter.
+
+If it hits zero, you die.
+
+Now, these are kind of annoying,
+because they're integers.
+
+They could be kind of large.
+
+So I'm going to say the
+score could be capital S big,
+
+and time could be capital T big.
+
+So this'll be a
+pseudopolynomial algorithm.
+
+The number of
+configurations in total
+
+here is the product
+of these things.
+
+It's exponential in w and h.
+
+And then multiply by
+S and T. So that's
+
+the number of configurations.
+
+And that's also going
+to be our sub-problem.
+
+I guess we should
+also write down
+
+where is the screen
+relative to the level.
+
+OK, how far to the
+right have you gone?
+
+That's another w.
+
+That's not a big deal.
+
+OK, given this information,
+you know everything
+
+you need to know about
+playing from here on.
+
+And the time counter's
+always going to keep ticking.
+
+So you can draw a graph
+of all configurations,
+
+just enumerate all
+of these things.
+
+It's this many of them.
+
+And then draw, for
+every configuration,
+
+what are the possible
+things I can do?
+
+I could push this button.
+
+I can push the A button, I
+can release the A button.
+
+I can push the B button, I
+can release the B button.
+
+I can push the up arrow.
+
+Those are all the
+things you could do.
+
+It's a constant
+number of choices.
+
+So each vertex will have
+constant out degree.
+
+If you did this, what
+configuration would I reach?
+
+Just draw that whole graph.
+
+Do shortest paths.
+
+Or dynamic programming,
+these are your sub-problems.
+
+There are no suffixes here.
+
+These are your sub-problem.
+
+And then you take
+a max, if you're
+
+trying to maximize score or max
+if you're trying to maximize
+
+time, minimize the time you use.
+
+This is time remaining.
+
+And you can relate
+each sub-problem
+
+to a constant number
+of other sub-problems.
+
+So your running
+time will be this,
+
+because you only pay constant
+time per sub-problem.
+
+And now you can solve Super
+Mario Brothers optimally,
+
+as long as your screen is
+not too big and as long
+
+as your scores and times
+don't get too big either,
+
+because we're only
+pseudopolynomial with respect
+
+to S and T.
+
+Questions?
+
+All right.
+
+That's-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So are we
+going to be trying
+
+to memoize all of these
+possible configurations?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you do
+the recursive version,
+
+you will end up memoizing all
+of these configuration values.
+
+Well, anyone that's reachable
+from the initial state.
+
+Some configurations
+might not be reachable,
+
+but the ones that
+are reachable you're
+
+going to start doing them.
+
+When you finish doing them,
+you will memoize the result.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tpfRoPZZrjI.txt b/tpfRoPZZrjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..903f4a6d27484d72bd70e831552833037bdc28a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tpfRoPZZrjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
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+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a Creative Commons license your support
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+
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+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
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+additional materials from hundreds of
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+additional materials from hundreds of
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+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
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+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think what's what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's what's interesting
+about light is that it's used in so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light is that it's used in so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light is that it's used in so many
+interesting ways whether it's program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways whether it's program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways whether it's program
+whether it's not program how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's not program how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's not program how it
+interacts with the world or the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the world or the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the world or the direct
+bonds multiple bosses different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds multiple bosses different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds multiple bosses different
+wavelengths modulation time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths modulation time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths modulation time and space
+it's a lot of fun like for example do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of fun like for example do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of fun like for example do
+you know how a TV remote control works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the LED of the of the remote is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the LED of the of the remote is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the LED of the of the remote is
+sending a code Optical core basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a code Optical core basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a code Optical core basically
+thanks uh over time to the photosensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh over time to the photosensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks uh over time to the photosensor
+on the TV uh now why does it work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the TV uh now why does it work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the TV uh now why does it work in
+broad daylight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a different background that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different background that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different background that's not
+that's one benefit oh that's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one benefit oh that's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one benefit oh that's not enough
+looking at differences between Hawaii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at differences between Hawaii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at differences between Hawaii
+like Peaks because it's correct actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Peaks because it's correct actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Peaks because it's correct actual
+actually you can shine on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can shine on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can shine on the on the
+ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is actually running at 40 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually running at 40 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually running at 40 kilohertz
+so when it's one you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's one you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's one you're sending
+something 40 kilohertz and zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something 40 kilohertz and zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something 40 kilohertz and zero that's
+not sending anything and so the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sending anything and so the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sending anything and so the AC
+component which is the carrier is is 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the carrier is is 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the carrier is is 40
+kilohertz and then the signal is one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and then the signal is one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and then the signal is one or
+zero so it can decode in presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it can decode in presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it can decode in presence of
+ambient light because ambient light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient light because ambient light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient light because ambient light is
+mostly DC but in here so yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly DC but in here so yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly DC but in here so yesterday
+I was talking to me and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to me and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking to me and all of a sudden
+my remote from the cable box stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remote from the cable box stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my remote from the cable box stopped
+working and I thought it was like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and I thought it was like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and I thought it was like one of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+but nothing works and then I noticed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing works and then I noticed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing works and then I noticed the
+TV light is blinking and I was sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV light is blinking and I was sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV light is blinking and I was sitting
+on the other at the TV remote and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other at the TV remote and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other at the TV remote and it was
+just blasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just blasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just blasting
+the cable box it was just like ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable box it was just like ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable box it was just like ignore it
+like it couldn't figure out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it couldn't figure out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it couldn't figure out because
+you're present too many Plus without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're present too many Plus without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're present too many Plus without
+holding one button right on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding one button right on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding one button right on the other
+remote right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so it's just a simple principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's just a simple principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so it's just a simple principle
+that we always associate with the TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always associate with the TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we always associate with the TV
+remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+but can that also be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can that also be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can that also be used for
+photography or imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the single fixed the the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single fixed the the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single fixed the the photo
+detector on the TV is decoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector on the TV is decoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector on the TV is decoding the
+signal but that's basically a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but that's basically a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but that's basically a single
+Pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine if every pixel in the camera was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if every pixel in the camera was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if every pixel in the camera was
+made out of that photo detector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of that photo detector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of that photo detector that's
+decoding the 40 kilohertz signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about like
+but in your ears you have cares if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in your ears you have cares if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in your ears you have cares if I
+collaborated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so if you get a pixels that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you get a pixels that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you get a pixels that were
+listening for Whitehead I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for Whitehead I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for Whitehead I had a
+particular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular right
+so imagine yourself in the camera so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine yourself in the camera so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine yourself in the camera so
+right now I have exactly one pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I have exactly one pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I have exactly one pixel
+okay which takes a signal that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which takes a signal that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which takes a signal that comes in
+at 40 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+uh we have a carrier and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a carrier and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a carrier and we have a
+signal around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero we have 40 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have 40 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we have 40 kilohertz
+like Universal amplitude modulation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Universal amplitude modulation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Universal amplitude modulation I
+will be some signal around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some signal around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some signal around that
+that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+and if there's so remote control this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's so remote control this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's so remote control this in
+particular there is nothing important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there is nothing important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there is nothing important as
+simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as
+very simple now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple now
+and on your so you have your activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on your so you have your activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on your so you have your activity
+you want you know the previously saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you know the previously saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you know the previously saving
+it on foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's all
+right now imagine if I can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now imagine if I can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now imagine if I can build a
+camera so that David mixer has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so that David mixer has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so that David mixer has that
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+all right so I'm going to do the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the data itself here can decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data itself here can decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data itself here can decode
+particulars and just pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars and just pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars and just pick up
+what is illuminated particular earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is illuminated particular earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is illuminated particular earth and
+ignore what's in the room so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore what's in the room so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore what's in the room so in a
+typical room like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical room like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical room like this
+closer you know that this is sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then all the photo detector does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the photo detector does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all the photo detector does is
+it just clamps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just clamps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just clamps it
+you know Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now can I create a camera where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I create a camera where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I create a camera where every
+pixel becomes the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel becomes the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel becomes the same as that
+and now I can Shine the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can Shine the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can Shine the room
+with my remote so that the whole scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my remote so that the whole scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my remote so that the whole scene
+is being flirted by 40 fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being flirted by 40 fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being flirted by 40 fluids
+and in bright daylight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Flashing LED and nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Flashing LED and nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Flashing LED and nothing else
+okay is that here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now imagine
+somebody gives me a flashlight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives me a flashlight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gives me a flashlight that
+actually runs activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one runs at 48.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one runs at 48.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one runs at 48.
+okay and this particular pixel actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this particular pixel actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this particular pixel actually
+capture the signal across 1450.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the signal across 1450.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the signal across 1450.
+and software you can decide what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and software you can decide what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and software you can decide what's the
+computer is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did you just do here comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you just do here comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you just do here comparative
+assignment number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment number
+we have two flashlights on at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two flashlights on at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two flashlights on at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and I want to know about the screen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know about the screen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know about the screen was
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is ASAP and the image I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is ASAP and the image I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is ASAP and the image I'm
+getting is a plus b but in software I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is a plus b but in software I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is a plus b but in software I
+can decompose and say which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose and say which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose and say which are the
+machine which intensity came because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which intensity came because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which intensity came because of
+a and which intensity chemical View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and which intensity chemical View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and which intensity chemical View
+so software I can tune between dislike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so software I can tune between dislike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so software I can tune between dislike
+source and black access just like I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and black access just like I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and black access just like I can
+on your on your card ring you can tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your card ring you can tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your card ring you can tune
+between 99 megahertz station and the 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 99 megahertz station and the 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 99 megahertz station and the 88
+Magnum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnum
+so we will kill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will kill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will kill that
+on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera
+and once you have that imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have that imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have that imagine
+cinematography you put all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography you put all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematography you put all kinds of
+Lights through the movie and then go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights through the movie and then go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lights through the movie and then go in
+Photoshop and change any like any color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop and change any like any color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop and change any like any color
+any intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a lot to come so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot to come so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot to come so every time
+you think about how life interacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how life interacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about how life interacts with
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+say how can you use that for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and create images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position color
+space modulation time modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space modulation time modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space modulation time modulation
+paralysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were the first one to use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first one to use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first one to use the term
+computational photography although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography although they
+used it in a very specific context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in a very specific context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in a very specific context for
+higher limited information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher limited information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher limited information
+okay and then later on uh very limited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then later on uh very limited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then later on uh very limited a
+very important people Pioneers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important people Pioneers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important people Pioneers in the
+streets such as SRI Nair and martial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets such as SRI Nair and martial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets such as SRI Nair and martial
+lawyer and so on there were two work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and so on there were two work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and so on there were two work in
+this area even before the term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area even before the term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area even before the term was
+around okay actually when when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay actually when when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay actually when when you look
+at all these papers and presentations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all these papers and presentations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all these papers and presentations I
+would say about half of them are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say about half of them are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say about half of them are just
+because those two guys foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're talking about is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is is
+communication Concepts yeah it's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication Concepts yeah it's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication Concepts yeah it's 100
+years old so a lot of Concepts cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old so a lot of Concepts cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old so a lot of Concepts cannot
+get involved and when you're still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get involved and when you're still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get involved and when you're still you
+couldn't think of decoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't think of decoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't think of decoding the
+particular signal yes right and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular signal yes right and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular signal yes right and we have
+moved to digital only one years ago so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to digital only one years ago so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to digital only one years ago so I
+know suddenly all at math and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly all at math and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly all at math and all those
+techniques that are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that are used in
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same time when you are in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time when you are in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time when you are in in the
+communication world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication world
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so usually it's not very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually it's not very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually it's not very high
+dimensional and even if the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and even if the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and even if the high
+dimension there are multi-scale so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension there are multi-scale so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension there are multi-scale so if
+I'm standing 500 channels on a fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing 500 channels on a fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm standing 500 channels on a fiber
+that's just 500 separate signals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just 500 separate signals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just 500 separate signals they
+are not intermixed like we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not intermixed like we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not intermixed like we have here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+although the math similar the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the math similar the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the math similar the problems
+in imaging are more complex they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in imaging are more complex they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in imaging are more complex they're very
+high dimensional they have you know lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional they have you know lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional they have you know lots
+of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but research is all about Fusion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but research is all about Fusion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but research is all about Fusion of a
+similar so if you can learn ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so if you can learn ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so if you can learn ideas from
+communication and Optics and Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and Optics and Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and Optics and Quantum
+Computing and Signal processing you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and Signal processing you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing and Signal processing you put
+all that together in the mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that together in the mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that together in the mix
+jobs you can create Magic and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you can create Magic and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs you can create Magic and almost
+every project we see has some element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every project we see has some element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every project we see has some element of
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+right and and that's what makes it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and that's what makes it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and that's what makes it very
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+so 40 kilometers seems quite fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 40 kilometers seems quite fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 40 kilometers seems quite fast
+without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so I'm just trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I'm just trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I'm just trying to think
+what would the you know how slow could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the you know how slow could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the you know how slow could
+you go and still basically eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and still basically eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and still basically eliminate the
+DC component I mean it's hard with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC component I mean it's hard with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC component I mean it's hard with the
+rest of life that you know our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of life that you know our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of life that you know our in
+troverts or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remove the sticker uh but yeah you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the sticker uh but yeah you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the sticker uh but yeah you could
+use I mean if the camera is 60 hertz you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I mean if the camera is 60 hertz you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I mean if the camera is 60 hertz you
+could just use a 60hz probe and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just use a 60hz probe and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just use a 60hz probe and turn it
+on in one frame and off on every order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in one frame and off on every order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in one frame and off on every order
+frame and even off and everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and even off and everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and even off and everything and
+that alone will allow you to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone will allow you to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alone will allow you to do this
+subtraction the only problem is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction the only problem is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction the only problem is that if
+you do a pure subtraction you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a pure subtraction you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a pure subtraction you're going
+to subtract very two large particles two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract very two large particles two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract very two large particles two
+large numbers so in the first image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers so in the first image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers so in the first image you
+have Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Sun
+plus your flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus your flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus your flash
+and the second image is just the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second image is just the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second image is just the Sun
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+subtracting two large numbers and expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting two large numbers and expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting two large numbers and expect
+it to recover the contribution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to recover the contribution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to recover the contribution because
+of the Flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+philosophy lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy lights
+I just wanted to think very broad I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to think very broad I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to think very broad I know
+many of you here have very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you here have very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you here have very interesting
+backgrounds on communication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds on communication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds on communication and
+chemistry and interaction and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and interaction and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and interaction and so on so
+try to try to make the best of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so temporal modulation actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so temporal modulation actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so temporal modulation actually is
+not used that effectively right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used that effectively right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used that effectively right now in
+dimension the server projects I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension the server projects I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension the server projects I'm not
+going to go into detail uh but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into detail uh but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into detail uh but they're
+on that Wiki that I thank you so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Wiki that I thank you so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that Wiki that I thank you so please
+add more information there add your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more information there add your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more information there add your own
+experiences some of the things you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences some of the things you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences some of the things you are
+mentioning some of the projects you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning some of the projects you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning some of the projects you're
+mentioning please go and add all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning please go and add all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning please go and add all these
+things to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sometimes you cannot control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you cannot control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you cannot control the
+elimination but you can just exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but you can just exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but you can just exploit
+natural illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural illumination
+okay so here's a project from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a project from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a project from uh
+Washington University Saint Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington University Saint Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington University Saint Louis
+and what they did was they took webcam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was they took webcam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was they took webcam
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+all day long at a given time of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long at a given time of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all day long at a given time of the day
+so on the on the x-axis you have time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the on the x-axis you have time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the on the x-axis you have time of
+day so it's dark in the night Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so it's dark in the night Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so it's dark in the night Then
+daytime and again dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime and again dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daytime and again dark
+and on the y-axis you have day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis you have day after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the y-axis you have day after
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+those are how many yeah I guess just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are how many yeah I guess just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are how many yeah I guess just
+daily I don't know how many after how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily I don't know how many after how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily I don't know how many after how
+many days each course calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days each course calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many days each course calculated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if the top is first of January and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the top is first of January and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the top is first of January and
+bottom is 31st of December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is 31st of December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is 31st of December
+what can you say from this uh from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say from this uh from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say from this uh from this
+data set to enter a shorter days winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set to enter a shorter days winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set to enter a shorter days winter
+has shorter days which means where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shorter days which means where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shorter days which means where is
+this camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera
+it's in the Northern Hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Northern Hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Northern Hemisphere
+and you can probably say more about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably say more about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can probably say more about if
+you're interested in the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in the ratio of the
+smallest state to the largest longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest state to the largest longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest state to the largest longest
+day I will tell you the latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I will tell you the latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I will tell you the latitude
+and because we know the Equator the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we know the Equator the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we know the Equator the the
+longest and shortest days have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest and shortest days have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest and shortest days have equal
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+but as you go away from that so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go away from that so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go away from that so you know
+there are already a lot of data embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already a lot of data embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already a lot of data embedded
+in this natural illumination so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this natural illumination so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this natural illumination so this
+this project is really good isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project is really good isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project is really good isn't that
+like all kinds of interesting things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all kinds of interesting things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all kinds of interesting things so
+they they have hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have hundreds of thousands of
+static cameras uh variation over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static cameras uh variation over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static cameras uh variation over the
+year over a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year over a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year over a day
+they put all that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh they can do really interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can do really interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can do really interesting things
+uh so it turns out in a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it turns out in a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it turns out in a traditional
+lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a in a typical scenario light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a typical scenario light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a typical scenario light is
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean
+it means that if I have a scene lighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that if I have a scene lighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that if I have a scene lighted
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+particular brightness a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brightness a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brightness a particular
+intensity of light I get certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of light I get certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of light I get certain
+brightness if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness if I
+make my light twice as bright everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my light twice as bright everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my light twice as bright everything
+will become twice as bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become twice as bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become twice as bright
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as simple as that this is not true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that this is not true at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that this is not true at
+all the intensities of light when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intensities of light when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the intensities of light when you go
+really really bright like it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bright like it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really bright like it's not true
+the world starts behaving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world starts behaving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world starts behaving in a
+non-linear fashion if you're if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear fashion if you're if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear fashion if you're if you have
+your speaker on your on your synthesizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speaker on your on your synthesizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speaker on your on your synthesizer
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+if you pump twice the power to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pump twice the power to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pump twice the power to your
+speaker you always get twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker you always get twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker you always get twice the
+loudness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't increase
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industry right and eventually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right and eventually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right and eventually you know
+you run into non-linear Behavior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into non-linear Behavior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into non-linear Behavior and the
+same thing is true for light as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true for light as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true for light as well but
+as far as sunlight is concerned and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as sunlight is concerned and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as sunlight is concerned and the
+type of work you are involved everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work you are involved everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work you are involved everything
+is linear so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear so we don't have to worry
+about it and because everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and because everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and because everything is
+linear mathematically it can all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mathematically it can all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear mathematically it can all be
+expressed as just linear transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as just linear transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as just linear transforms and
+linear algebra and so on that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and so on that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and so on that's why
+linear diagram is in algebra is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear diagram is in algebra is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear diagram is in algebra is very
+useful when you're doing any animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful when you're doing any animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful when you're doing any animation
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+so they did some very simple things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did some very simple things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did some very simple things like
+they took all these images just did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took all these images just did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took all these images just did a
+PCA uh just component analysis and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCA uh just component analysis and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCA uh just component analysis and that
+immediately allows them to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately allows them to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately allows them to figure out
+um the haze and cloud and orientation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the haze and cloud and orientation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the haze and cloud and orientation of
+the surfaces so this is Central Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces so this is Central Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces so this is Central Lewis
+and I believe they can figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe they can figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe they can figure out that
+this building is facing One Way versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is facing One Way versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is facing One Way versus
+this building and so on just without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building and so on just without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building and so on just without
+even analyzing any doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even analyzing any doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even analyzing any doing any
+substitutical computation just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutical computation just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutical computation just from the
+sequence of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of images
+uh and then they can segment the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then they can segment the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then they can segment the scene
+you know this is something close and mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is something close and mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is something close and mid
+distance very far away they can encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance very far away they can encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance very far away they can encode
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+webcam is it's latitude and longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webcam is it's latitude and longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webcam is it's latitude and longitude
+uh and um Robert Place told me that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um Robert Place told me that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um Robert Place told me that they
+can do just based on the sunrise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do just based on the sunrise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do just based on the sunrise and
+sunset data set that we saw earlier they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunset data set that we saw earlier they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunset data set that we saw earlier they
+can localize with 50 mile accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh as you have some seed cameras where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you have some seed cameras where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you have some seed cameras where
+you where you know the locations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you know the locations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you know the locations then
+you can interpolate and go down to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpolate and go down to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can interpolate and go down to about
+25 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 minutes
+and in addition if you have satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition if you have satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition if you have satellite
+imagery so you know how the intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery so you know how the intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery so you know how the intensity is
+changing then you can vote on 15 miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing then you can vote on 15 miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing then you can vote on 15 miles
+and then the people at CMU such as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the people at CMU such as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the people at CMU such as uh
+srinivas Nursery one and alosha froze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srinivas Nursery one and alosha froze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srinivas Nursery one and alosha froze
+they recently did a paper where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recently did a paper where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recently did a paper where they can
+just look at a patch in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at a patch in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at a patch in the sky
+and if you look at a patch in the sky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at a patch in the sky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at a patch in the sky in
+in broad daylight it always has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in broad daylight it always has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in broad daylight it always has a
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+and depending on where the sun is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on where the sun is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on where the sun is the
+gradient has a particular orientation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has a particular orientation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has a particular orientation in
+X or Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or Y
+the intensity wrap and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity wrap and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity wrap and that actually
+localizes the direction of the Sun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizes the direction of the Sun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizes the direction of the Sun so
+now they can look at webcam images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can look at webcam images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can look at webcam images
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+click on the part that you know has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on the part that you know has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on the part that you know has to
+show the sky and they can localize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the sky and they can localize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the sky and they can localize the
+cameras down to again a few tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras down to again a few tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras down to again a few tens of
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+I forget exactly what the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget exactly what the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget exactly what the numbers are
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're not even using polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not even using polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not even using polarization
+fuse polarization you can get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse polarization you can get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse polarization you can get even
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+because the sky is highly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sky is highly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sky is highly polarized
+question about it actually do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it actually do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about it actually do you want
+digital camera sensors or film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera sensors or film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera sensors or film or
+anything do they have any polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything do they have any polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything do they have any polarization
+depends at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends at all
+uh an ordinary sensor doesn't but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ordinary sensor doesn't but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an ordinary sensor doesn't but you
+can always put it Forward yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even the human eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the human eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the human eye
+um does not have very strong sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does not have very strong sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does not have very strong sensitivity
+polarization but there are some results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization but there are some results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization but there are some results
+and if you talk to Matt Hirsch he claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you talk to Matt Hirsch he claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you talk to Matt Hirsch he claims
+he knows he can he can see polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows he can he can see polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows he can he can see polarization
+he even has experiments where if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he even has experiments where if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he even has experiments where if you see
+one way you see one color you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you see one color you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you see one color you see the
+other way you see a different color he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way you see a different color he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way you see a different color he
+showed it to me dozens of times but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to me dozens of times but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to me dozens of times but I
+never see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see the difference
+but he's been able to recruit a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's been able to recruit a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's been able to recruit a lot of
+people to say yes they see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say yes they see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say yes they see it
+so and there are very few actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there are very few actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there are very few actually
+animal eyes can sense polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal eyes can sense polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal eyes can sense polarization
+there's some underwater creatures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some underwater creatures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some underwater creatures that
+can deliver each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again they can do the encoding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again they can do the encoding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again they can do the encoding of
+depth how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation surfaces so here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation surfaces so here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation surfaces so here you can see
+that orientation this is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orientation this is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orientation this is different from
+orientation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of that
+how would you figure that out by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you figure that out by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you figure that out by the way
+Shadows shadows and sunlight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows shadows and sunlight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows shadows and sunlight because
+some faces will be lit rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some faces will be lit rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some faces will be lit rather than
+others depending up on time of day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others depending up on time of day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others depending up on time of day so
+you don't know how to process it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how to process it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how to process it in an
+individual manner you just throw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual manner you just throw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual manner you just throw it in
+the big Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big Matrix
+PCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me we saw this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me we saw this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me we saw this example
+last time so I'll skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so I'll skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so I'll skip that
+if we switch to light fields and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we switch to light fields and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we switch to light fields and talk
+about our assignment foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept we're going to learn in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to learn in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to learn in this
+class and again realizing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and again realizing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and again realizing that the
+appearance of the world is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of the world is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of the world is higher
+dimensional uh not two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh not two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional uh not two-dimensional
+you have a 3D World you project it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 3D World you project it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 3D World you project it on a
+2D image clearly a lot of information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D image clearly a lot of information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D image clearly a lot of information is
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now if you if you build a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you build a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you if you build a so-called
+planoptic function which is what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planoptic function which is what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planoptic function which is what is that
+of all things we can ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all things we can ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all things we can ever see
+uh it was a name actually given but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a name actually given but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was a name actually given but also
+a professor here in early 90s then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here in early 90s then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here in early 90s then it
+turns out it's a very high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's a very high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it's a very high dimensional
+vote right if I stay in one place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right if I stay in one place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote right if I stay in one place and
+think about the bubble around me I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the bubble around me I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the bubble around me I have
+to have the Azimuth and elevation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the Azimuth and elevation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the Azimuth and elevation of
+every direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every direction
+just the bubble you know the on Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the bubble you know the on Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the bubble you know the on Google
+street map you have a problem for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street map you have a problem for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street map you have a problem for every
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's over time and over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different colors and over time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and over time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and over time so that's
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+now I can put this bubbles in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can put this bubbles in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can put this bubbles in different
+places and every bubble can be placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and every bubble can be placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and every bubble can be placed in
+XYZ so the three addition because of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ so the three addition because of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ so the three addition because of it
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+if you can capture all that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can capture all that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can capture all that information
+then you can recreate a movie from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can recreate a movie from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can recreate a movie from any
+Viewpoint at any time at any wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint at any time at any wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint at any time at any wavelength
+right so it's extremely high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's extremely high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's extremely high dimensional
+this is seven dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the world is actually seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the world is actually seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the world is actually seven
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+and if somebody built this magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody built this magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if somebody built this magical
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+uh you know this is how it will have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this is how it will have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this is how it will have if
+you make a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a connection
+now we're going to simplify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to simplify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to simplify that
+and we'll say okay for all these bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say okay for all these bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll say okay for all these bubbles
+shown in the blue all the rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the blue all the rays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the blue all the rays are
+emanating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating
+um and if I if you think of any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if I if you think of any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if I if you think of any point in
+the world and for now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and for now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and for now we're going to
+ignore time and wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore time and wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore time and wavelength
+okay it becomes five dimensional from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it becomes five dimensional from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it becomes five dimensional from
+seven to five because they ignore time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to five because they ignore time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to five because they ignore time I
+can take a point in 3D and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a point in 3D and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a point in 3D and from that
+point in 3D I can think of a Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the direction is only 2D not 3D was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction is only 2D not 3D was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the direction is only 2D not 3D was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XYZ for position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ for position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ for position
+but only 30 for angle why is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 30 for angle why is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 30 for angle why is it not
+pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would you use the third dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you use the third dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you use the third dimension
+for because the role along the ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because the role along the ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because the role along the ray
+doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter
+all right so if you have your pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you have your pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you have your pitch
+control but the role can be ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the role can be ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the role can be ignored
+because the intense frame is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the intense frame is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the intense frame is the same
+even if you have problems so it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have problems so it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have problems so it's only
+five dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dimensional
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+the if you have an occluder here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have an occluder here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you have an occluder here
+then the intensity of this Ray is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intensity of this Ray is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intensity of this Ray is
+different from intensity of this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from intensity of this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from intensity of this way
+but if you are no occluder then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are no occluder then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are no occluder then the
+range is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is the same
+so now actually you can go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now actually you can go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now actually you can go down to
+just float images rather than five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just float images rather than five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just float images rather than five
+okay so this piece of all lines in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this piece of all lines in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this piece of all lines in 3D
+is actually for the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually for the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually for the mission
+if you want to express all the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to express all the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to express all the Rays
+then it's just automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just automation
+okay ax plus b y plus C is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ax plus b y plus C is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ax plus b y plus C is equal to
+it's four of the months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can simplify that further for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can simplify that further for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can simplify that further for
+the camera world where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera world where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera world where we're going to
+assign the plane of a sensor and a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the plane of a sensor and a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the plane of a sensor and a plane
+of the lens and so on so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens and so on so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens and so on so that's what
+we'll see very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see very briefly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's say there is a light field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say there is a light field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say there is a light field in
+this room there is a traveling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room there is a traveling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room there is a traveling from
+light sources bouncing around everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources bouncing around everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources bouncing around everywhere
+if I just cut a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just cut a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just cut a plane
+in mid-air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mid-air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mid-air
+I can parameterize that plane as X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can parameterize that plane as X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can parameterize that plane as X and Y
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+and for every point on the plane I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every point on the plane I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every point on the plane I have
+again the three times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the three times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the three times V
+so it just becomes four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just becomes four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just becomes four dimensional
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's what we're showing here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're showing here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're showing here the
+position is s and the direction is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is s and the direction is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is s and the direction is Theta
+so often we will think about Flatland so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we will think about Flatland so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we will think about Flatland so
+we'll just think about the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just think about the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just think about the plane of the
+screen as opposed to the 3D World so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen as opposed to the 3D World so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen as opposed to the 3D World so in
+the 3D World we have x y and Theta Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D World we have x y and Theta Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D World we have x y and Theta Phi
+but in the flat land we have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the flat land we have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the flat land we have just the
+position and angle this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and angle this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and angle this is two
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called a
+so that was one plane parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one plane parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one plane parameterization
+where you had positioned an angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had positioned an angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had positioned an angle and
+another common way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another common way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another common way to think about that
+is another converter parameter is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another converter parameter is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another converter parameter is the
+light field is uh two plane parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field is uh two plane parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field is uh two plane parameters
+where you have one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have one plane
+that has position and the second plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has position and the second plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has position and the second plane
+that again has position and a ray that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again has position and a ray that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again has position and a ray that
+connects those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects those two
+again represents the right space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the coordinates for that representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates for that representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates for that representation
+so this got so this is so called two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this got so this is so called two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this got so this is so called two
+plane current transaction and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane current transaction and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane current transaction and this is
+why we're very commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're very commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're very commonly used in
+computational camera and photographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me jump at a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me jump at a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me jump at a little bit because
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+time left and explain how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time left and explain how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time left and explain how we're going to
+do it for our assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we go remember we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go remember we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go remember we're going to create
+an effect where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect where
+um we'll put a whole bunch of cameras or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll put a whole bunch of cameras or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll put a whole bunch of cameras or
+take an area of cameras like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an area of cameras like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an area of cameras like this
+um and be able to see through upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and be able to see through upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and be able to see through upwards
+and the effect is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effect is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effect is relatively
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we go to the so-called synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to the so-called synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we go to the so-called synthetic
+aperture photography we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture photography we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture photography we're going to
+create an artificial aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an artificial aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an artificial aperture
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be able to see through computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a point if you have Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a point if you have Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a point if you have Focus
+versus a point that's out of focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a point that's out of focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a point that's out of focus the
+Green Point will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Point will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Point will
+create a very bright spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very bright spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a very bright spot
+the red point will create a blood spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red point will create a blood spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red point will create a blood spot
+that means it's intensity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's intensity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's intensity will be
+correspondingly reduced for itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you stopped on the aperture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you stopped on the aperture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you stopped on the aperture what
+will happen is that the the Green Spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is that the the Green Spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is that the the Green Spot
+will become slightly dimmer because less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become slightly dimmer because less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become slightly dimmer because less
+light is switching the sensor but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is switching the sensor but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is switching the sensor but the
+red spot will also Focus also blur in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red spot will also Focus also blur in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red spot will also Focus also blur in a
+smaller region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller region
+if you go in the opposite direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go in the opposite direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go in the opposite direction and
+have a really really large aperture then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really really large aperture then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really really large aperture then
+the Green Spot will be very bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Spot will be very bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Spot will be very bright
+because it's captured a lot of light has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's captured a lot of light has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's captured a lot of light has
+been captured and that'll be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been captured and that'll be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been captured and that'll be over here
+but the red spot will be highly blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the red spot will be highly blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the red spot will be highly blurred
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now building such a large aperture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now building such a large aperture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now building such a large aperture is
+very challenging so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging so what we're going to
+do is create that using an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is create that using an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is create that using an array of
+cameras like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras like this
+okay and it's the same as synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's the same as synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's the same as synthetic
+aperture radar where they use an area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture radar where they use an area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture radar where they use an area of
+Cam area of antennas to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cam area of antennas to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cam area of antennas to create
+effectively a much larger atom again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a much larger atom again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a much larger atom again
+analogies with communication and RF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies with communication and RF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies with communication and RF and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+so again we have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we have a point
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so again we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're going to we're going to
+subdivide this lens into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide this lens into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivide this lens into multiple
+apertures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures
+as opposed to one large average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to one large average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to one large average
+and that will be effectively created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be effectively created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be effectively created
+with set of camera because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with set of camera because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with set of camera because
+and then if you sum the images from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you sum the images from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you sum the images from each
+of those apertures that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those apertures that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those apertures that's the same as
+creating an image that is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an image that is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an image that is very large
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for a different point in 3D will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a different point in 3D will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a different point in 3D will
+horizontally create a different image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+okay so how does this work how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does this work how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does this work how are we
+going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create
+a effect where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a effect where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a effect where
+something that's out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's out of focus
+effectively is going to be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is going to be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is going to be completely
+blocked and we saw that if I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked and we saw that if I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked and we saw that if I you know
+even with the aperture of my eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the aperture of my eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with the aperture of my eye
+which is only about six millimeters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only about six millimeters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is only about six millimeters or
+so if I put an object really close then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put an object really close then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put an object really close then
+I can see the world through this eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see the world through this eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see the world through this eye
+uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that
+this basically doesn't doesn't impact me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically doesn't doesn't impact me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically doesn't doesn't impact me
+if I if I put a needle in front of me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I put a needle in front of me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I put a needle in front of me it
+gets completely cleared and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets completely cleared and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets completely cleared and that's the
+same effect we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same effect we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same effect we're going to see
+so you take an array of cameras or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take an array of cameras or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take an array of cameras or
+camera at different positions take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at different positions take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera at different positions take
+collect say 24 photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect say 24 photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect say 24 photos
+if you simply take those 25 photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply take those 25 photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you simply take those 25 photos
+and sum them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum them up
+what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I just take a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plugins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins
+okay so if I just take these funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I just take these funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I just take these funny
+photos and add them out from them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos and add them out from them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos and add them out from them up
+are basically get the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically get the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically get the same example
+because I've seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've seen them
+uh on the other hand something is nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the other hand something is nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the other hand something is nearby
+it's foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I have some this five images up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have some this five images up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have some this five images up
+two point is a completely blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point is a completely blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point is a completely blurred
+because the coordinates each of the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coordinates each of the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coordinates each of the five
+which is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is already
+Infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+and that's exactly what's happening from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what's happening from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what's happening from
+the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus
+you're facilitating an image from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facilitating an image from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facilitating an image from every
+part of the lens and summing it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lens and summing it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lens and summing it up here
+we are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing it
+but of course mathematically we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course mathematically we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course mathematically we are not
+going to sum it up as it is we can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum it up as it is we can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum it up as it is we can shift
+each image inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image inside
+so if I wanted to focus here what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I wanted to focus here what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I wanted to focus here what I
+would do is I'll take a picture keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is I'll take a picture keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is I'll take a picture keep it
+as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's
+I take this picture and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this picture and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this picture and I know that
+from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here
+this one should be method of five pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should be method of five pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should be method of five pieces
+I'll shift this whole image of a fighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll shift this whole image of a fighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll shift this whole image of a fighter
+source and then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and then add
+I'll take the next one I know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take the next one I know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take the next one I know that's
+going to be about 10 pixels down I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about 10 pixels down I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about 10 pixels down I'll
+shift the four unit by 10 pixels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the four unit by 10 pixels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the four unit by 10 pixels and
+then add it and the bottom one I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add it and the bottom one I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add it and the bottom one I have to
+shoot for 20 pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot for 20 pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot for 20 pieces
+to do that then this point will reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then this point will reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that then this point will reach
+our focus and the point will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focus and the point will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focus and the point will be
+definitely will be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely will be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely will be completely
+and using this very simple shift and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this very simple shift and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using this very simple shift and add
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+we're able to focus very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a good question about this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a good question about this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a good question about this yeah
+this is uh said some minimum Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh said some minimum Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh said some minimum Focus
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is it the field of view is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the field of view is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the field of view is going to get
+really close then these animals can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close then these animals can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close then these animals can see
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+so so is that the only thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can even focus Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is all we are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what will end up happening in your case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will end up happening in your case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will end up happening in your case
+is you'll realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll realize that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you put these cameras and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put these cameras and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put these cameras and take the
+pictures and figure out what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and figure out what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and figure out what his
+distance should be uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance should be uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance should be uh what the
+projection of these points are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of these points are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of these points are going to
+be and if you don't use if you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and if you don't use if you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and if you don't use if you don't use
+kind of some meaningful numbers you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some meaningful numbers you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some meaningful numbers you'll
+never be able to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to focus
+because either your Parallax which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either your Parallax which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either your Parallax which is
+the distance the change your coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance the change your coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance the change your coordinate
+as you switch from one due to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you switch from one due to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you switch from one due to the other
+two large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's really easy to do by just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really easy to do by just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really easy to do by just kind
+of eyeball it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eyeball it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eyeball it
+and by eyeballing it on the camera with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by eyeballing it on the camera with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by eyeballing it on the camera with
+your own eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own eyes
+so you can just stand up one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just stand up one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just stand up one place
+and see if you move by 10 centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you move by 10 centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you move by 10 centimeters
+do you eventually see the point behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you eventually see the point behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you eventually see the point behind
+right and in the case of the Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the case of the Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the case of the Stanford
+project that took a really challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that took a really challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that took a really challenging
+example of a set of trees and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a set of trees and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a set of trees and people
+behind them you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them you don't want to do
+something that complicated you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that complicated you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that complicated you can
+choose you know some set of objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose you know some set of objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose you know some set of objects in
+the front and then some painting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and then some painting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front and then some painting in the
+back okay you want to start off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay you want to start off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay you want to start off the
+scene and you're going to put some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and you're going to put some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and you're going to put some uh
+the best food will just put a pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best food will just put a pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best food will just put a pencil
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+these offenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these offenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these offenses
+your offense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then from any single camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then from any single camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then from any single camera
+this painting is uploaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this painting is uploaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this painting is uploaded
+but by taking multiple photos you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by taking multiple photos you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by taking multiple photos you can
+see I could do it on a table uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I could do it on a table uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I could do it on a table uh you can
+do it you know Outdoors for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know Outdoors for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know Outdoors for example you
+know there's some trees here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some trees here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some trees here you can see
+through it then choose your choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it then choose your choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it then choose your choose your
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism
+so you want to you want to be as close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to you want to be as close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to you want to be as close
+to parallel as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parallel as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parallel as possible
+but we are not going to discuss it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are not going to discuss it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are not going to discuss it here
+but as you know that even if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know that even if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you know that even if you have
+for example if you miss align this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you miss align this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you miss align this
+camera people that's your ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera people that's your ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera people that's your ticket
+territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+then you know that this image to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that this image to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that this image to this
+image is secure one model of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is secure one model of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is secure one model of your
+physical Direction so you could just fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Direction so you could just fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Direction so you could just fix
+that if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you wanted
+so but you should support that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you should support that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you should support that for this
+clarification parallel just put it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification parallel just put it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification parallel just put it on a
+Google slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and again there's more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again there's more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again there's more more
+information on the on the on the website
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u6GbFCWIH_0.txt b/u6GbFCWIH_0.txt
new file mode 100644
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+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+OK, good morning.
+
+So I'd like to pick up from
+where we left off last time.
+
+So we were discussing
+the various properties
+
+of the Fourier
+transform and what
+
+they mean in terms of the
+Fraunhofer diffraction
+
+patterns.
+
+So what we're doing last
+time when we ran out of time
+
+was we were proving the
+convolution theorem.
+
+So this is the proof here.
+
+And just to remind
+you very briefly,
+
+we start with an expression
+that looks like a convolution.
+
+We have an output
+function equals an input
+
+function times a kernel.
+
+Then what we did is we wrote
+each one of those, the input
+
+as well as the kernel, we wrote
+those as Fourier transforms.
+
+Here they are respectively.
+
+Then we rearranged the integrals
+and the order of integration.
+
+And we noticed that this
+expression here is also
+
+known as a delta function.
+
+The integral of an exponential,
+of a complex exponential
+
+from minus infinity to
+infinity is a delta function.
+
+Oh, too bright.
+
+OK, I think that's
+a little bit better.
+
+I can rewrite this.
+
+Let me do it one step at a time.
+
+So I can rewrite now
+this big integral.
+
+Unfortunately, the black
+marker has run out of steam,
+
+so I'll switch color.
+
+So since we have a double
+integral with respect
+
+to the two frequency variables
+and a delta function inside,
+
+the delta function will knock
+out one of the integrals.
+
+And we simply replace the--
+
+well, let's pick--
+we can pick whichever
+
+variable we want to
+integrate, so let's pick u1.
+
+So we'll simply get du1 times
+G sub in of u1 H of u1 one
+
+e to the i 2 pi u1 x prime.
+
+And now we realize and
+remember what this is.
+
+If you go back to the
+beginning of the derivation,
+
+this is the outcome
+of the convolution.
+
+So this is actually-- let
+me write it out again.
+
+This is G sub out of x prime.
+
+What we've got now is
+a Fourier transform.
+
+Because, you see, here is
+the Fourier transform kernel.
+
+Actually-- I'm
+sorry-- what we've got
+
+is a Fourier integral.
+
+We've got to write the
+outcome of the convolution
+
+as a Fourier
+integral, where this
+
+is the Fourier integral
+kernel or the inverse Fourier
+
+transform kernel.
+
+The two terms mean
+the same thing.
+
+And this is the actual
+inverse Fourier transform.
+
+So, therefore, this result
+is equivalent to G sub
+
+out of u equals G sub
+in of u times H of u.
+
+So this is, then, the proof of
+the convolution theorem, which
+
+says that if two
+functions are related
+
+as a convolution
+with a kernel, then
+
+the equivalent relationship
+in the Fourier domain
+
+is actually a product of the
+Fourier transform of the input
+
+function times the Fourier
+transform of the kernel.
+
+So this mathematical-- this
+analytical result is what
+
+you've seen in the simulations
+that I have on this screen
+
+here, where the two--
+
+I will do this in one dimension.
+
+The simulations
+are obviously 2D,
+
+but it's a little bit easier
+to do everything in 1D here
+
+so we don't spend too
+much time writing.
+
+So the two functions that
+we have here are actually--
+
+one of them is a sinusoid.
+
+So if I have a sinusoid--
+
+I keep using the blue
+marker, [INAUDIBLE]..
+
+So the sinusoid is--
+
+let me just write it
+with full contrast
+
+to save some writing here.
+
+This is a sinusoid.
+
+Then it's Fourier
+transform will actually--
+
+as we have said
+several times, it
+
+will consist of three
+delta functions.
+
+Then we have another function
+which looks like a rectangle.
+
+That's on the right-hand
+side, top right.
+
+And we've already seen this one.
+
+So the rectangle is a
+rectangular function.
+
+If it has a width, let's say,
+a, then the Fourier transform
+
+will look like this.
+
+And we call this
+the sinc function.
+
+So the height of this
+function is a by virtue
+
+of the scaling theorem.
+
+And then the nulls, they go
+like 1/a, 2/a, and so on.
+
+And then, symmetrically,
+on the negative side,
+
+minus 1/a, minus 2/a,
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So these are two Fourier
+transform relationships.
+
+Now, what we see
+on the bottom side
+
+is basically a grating
+which is truncated.
+
+So I take my infinite grating.
+
+It continues on and on.
+
+And then I truncate it.
+
+That is, I multiply--
+
+I multiply it by a rectangular
+function which sets the side--
+
+which sets the aperture
+of the truncation.
+
+So the way I've written it,
+the width of this boxcar
+
+would be a, and the period
+of the grating itself
+
+would be uppercase lambda.
+
+So, of course, we can
+go ahead and compute
+
+this Fourier transform
+analytically,
+
+but that would be quite painful.
+
+We'd have to do a lot of
+changes of variable and so on.
+
+However, by virtue of
+the convolution theorem,
+
+because this is a product,
+this Fourier transform
+
+will be a convolution.
+
+So, basically, what we
+have to do in order--
+
+when we multiply these two
+results in this domain,
+
+in this domain we
+have to convolve them.
+
+So what is now-- so
+the assumption here
+
+is that the size of the
+boxcar is actually bigger
+
+by the size of the period.
+
+It does not have
+to be much bigger,
+
+but it's nice if it
+is bigger for what I'm
+
+about to draw to be correct.
+
+So what we get if we can
+convolve this pattern
+
+with the three delta
+functions, each delta
+
+will produce a replica
+of this function centered
+
+at the location of
+the delta function.
+
+So, therefore, we'll
+get three replicas
+
+of this sinc pattern centered
+at the corresponding locations.
+
+So let me draw this a
+little bit carefully here.
+
+So I'll try to be as
+accurate as I can.
+
+OK.
+
+So here are the two--
+
+well, there's three
+delta functions.
+
+One is at the origin.
+
+One is at minus 1 up on
+lambda, and the other
+
+is at plus 1 up on lambda.
+
+And then, on each
+one of those, I'm
+
+going to center one
+of the sinc functions.
+
+So here is one sinc
+function, and here
+
+is another sinc function,
+and another one.
+
+So I tried to do it carefully.
+
+Why is this taller?
+
+Because, if you
+recall, the delta
+
+function that was at
+the origin is actually
+
+twice the size of the
+other two delta functions.
+
+So the size of this one
+would be a/2 actually,
+
+because, if you
+recall, we're also
+
+picking up one factor of
+a from the sinc itself.
+
+Then the size of this would
+be a/4, and the size of this
+
+would also be a/4.
+
+When I say the size,
+I mean the height.
+
+And then where are
+the nulls located?
+
+Well, these nulls are simple.
+
+They're still at 1/a, minus 1/a.
+
+Where is this null?
+
+For example, this null would
+be at 1 over lambda plus 1/a.
+
+And then I have another
+null over here at 1
+
+over lambda minus 1/a,
+and so on and so forth.
+
+And then I have more nulls
+at 1 over lambda minus 2/a,
+
+minus 3/a, and so
+on and so forth.
+
+And now my assumption
+that I have
+
+several periods of the
+grating with the boxcar,
+
+you can see it is quite
+convenient because I can draw
+
+these sinc functions and
+I can kind of ignore what
+
+happens in between over here.
+
+As you can imagine,
+something complicated
+
+will happen over here because
+the sincs are actually
+
+adding coherently, so
+something funky will happen.
+
+But if they're
+pretty far apart, you
+
+can see that the envelope
+of the sinc function
+
+actually decays quite fast.
+
+So I can more or less ignore
+what is happening over here,
+
+and I can simply draw
+the sinc function.
+
+Of course, this is because
+I'm doing it by hand.
+
+If I use a computational tool,
+such as MATLAB or Mathematical,
+
+it will do it for me.
+
+So this is the
+one-dimensional calculation,
+
+that is easier to do by hand.
+
+As a bonus, I think you
+guys have already computed--
+
+or, if you haven't
+already, you will
+
+compute some time
+between Tuesday midnight
+
+and Wednesday at 8:00 AM.
+
+Some time you will compute
+the same convolution
+
+for the two-dimensional case.
+
+And you can see the result here.
+
+So, in effect, this
+saves you from--
+
+well, at least you know if your
+result is correct or wrong.
+
+If you derive something
+that looks like this,
+
+then you know you've
+done correctly.
+
+So you see what's happened.
+
+If you had the infinite
+grating, the infinite grating
+
+gives you three
+delta functions whose
+
+axis is kind of perpendicular
+to the fringes of the grating,
+
+and the one that the
+origin is stronger.
+
+Of course, the
+rectangular function
+
+produces a sinc pattern.
+
+And then when you
+convolve them, when
+
+you have a tilted grating now
+and multiply it by a rect,
+
+then you see that you get
+three sinc patterns oriented
+
+along the same axis, which is
+perpendicular to the fringes
+
+of the grating.
+
+But the sinc pattern
+itself is actually
+
+perpendicular to the
+rectangular aperture.
+
+So this is what the
+convolution theorem says.
+
+And, of course, you
+can turn it around.
+
+You can actually turn
+the grating around
+
+and rotate the aperture.
+
+In this case now, again, you
+will see the sincs oriented
+
+parallel to the fringes again,
+but now the rectangular pattern
+
+itself is rotated, and therefore
+the sinc patterns themselves
+
+are rotated.
+
+So the reason we use these
+properties is because--
+
+again, as you can
+imagine, if you
+
+were to write this as
+an explicit integral,
+
+it can be done and
+you would-- of course
+
+you would still get
+the correct result,
+
+but it would be quite
+painful to compute.
+
+So now that we have
+all these results,
+
+we can actually apply them.
+
+So far, these were
+mathematically results.
+
+I could pretend
+I'm teaching 18085,
+
+or whatever it is that
+you learn those things.
+
+But this is also-- of course,
+they actually become Fraunhofer
+
+diffraction patterns if you
+simply perform a scale--
+
+a coordinate change.
+
+So the Fourier transforms,
+we compute them with respect
+
+to the frequency variables,
+u and v we call them.
+
+Goodman calls them
+F sub x, F sub y,
+
+but it is actually
+the same variable.
+
+Well, if you substitute
+a special variable
+
+and you multiply by the
+scaling factor lambda z,
+
+that we saw the derivation
+in the previous lecture--
+
+I'm not going to do it again--
+
+then you actually get the
+Fraunhofer diffraction pattern.
+
+So it's a simple
+scaling argument.
+
+And you can tell that--
+
+well, at least it is
+plausibly correct.
+
+Here, the units are
+correct, because u and v
+
+are frequency variables.
+
+So, therefore, their
+units are inverse meters.
+
+And then multiply
+it by meter squared.
+
+The wavelength is meter,
+the distance is meter.
+
+So, therefore, I get meters.
+
+So the units are correct.
+
+And this is one
+example that we did.
+
+Then here's another
+one where I shrink
+
+the rectangular aperture.
+
+And, of course, the Fraunhofer
+diffraction pattern will grow.
+
+We call this a similarity
+or scaling theorem.
+
+Then I can, for example,
+use the shift theorem
+
+to calculate the
+Fraunhofer diffraction
+
+pattern from three rectangles.
+
+As we discussed
+the last time, this
+
+will give rise to a sinusoidal
+modulation in the Fraunhofer
+
+domain.
+
+And you can also do
+the convolution theorem
+
+in this case with a
+truncated aperture,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So this basically concludes the
+discussion of the Fraunhofer
+
+diffraction pattern.
+
+But since we've been
+discussing Fourier transforms,
+
+there's another very
+basic property of Fourier
+
+transforms that I would
+like to introduce here,
+
+and then we will see it in
+full glory for the next two
+
+lectures, and that
+is spatial filtering.
+
+So spatial filtering is
+basically the following.
+
+It says if you go
+to this Fraunhofer
+
+domain, or, in general,
+in the transform domain--
+
+which, we will see
+a little bit later,
+
+that we don't need to have
+to go very far actually.
+
+By using a lens, we can produce
+a Fraunhofer diffraction
+
+pattern at the back
+focal plane of the lens.
+
+That's very convenient.
+
+But if I go here and I
+do some modification,
+
+and then take another Fourier
+transform, then, of course,
+
+the signal I reconstruct
+is not identical
+
+to my original
+signal, but it will
+
+have changed because I've
+modified the frequency
+
+spectrum.
+
+So this is called
+spatial filtering.
+
+So here's an example
+that I have constructed.
+
+So in this case, I've
+contacted the signal
+
+in the space domain that
+looks like three sinusoids.
+
+Now, you cannot tell very
+clearly from this pattern that
+
+you have three sinusoids, but if
+you take the Fourier transform,
+
+then you see three
+spots here, three dots.
+
+Actually, you see six.
+
+But you recall that each
+sinusoid corresponds
+
+to two dots.
+
+So the conjugate dots here,
+this one and this one,
+
+they are one sinusoid.
+
+This and this one,
+another sinusoid.
+
+This and this one are
+yet another sinusoid.
+
+So spatial filtering, a
+very simple occurrence
+
+of spatial filtering is what
+happens if, for example, you
+
+go in with some black
+marker or some opaque screen
+
+in the case of optics and
+you remove one of these dots.
+
+If you do that in the transform
+domain, then you will see it.
+
+Now, watch as I
+transition the slide.
+
+You will see that the
+spatial pattern also changes.
+
+OK.
+
+So now it becomes
+kind of horizontal,
+
+and it is horizontal because
+the two dominant-- the two
+
+dominant sinusoids are actually
+along the horizontal axis.
+
+So, therefore,
+your grooves are--
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Your grooves are vertical
+because the two dots here
+
+are on the horizontal axis.
+
+But there's also
+a weaker sinusoid
+
+that gives rise to
+these weak diagonal
+
+fringes that you see over here.
+
+But, basically, you
+can see that one
+
+of the three spatial
+frequencies has vanished here.
+
+So this is the simplest
+case of spatial filtering.
+
+And, of course, you
+can generalize it.
+
+Here's again the Red Sox--
+
+or I should say the GO SOX
+pattern on the Boston high rise
+
+that I showed last time.
+
+And this is the spatial
+frequency representation
+
+or the Fourier transform
+of this pattern.
+
+And then we can apply
+various filters.
+
+For example, if I
+go with a filter
+
+and I block all the
+high frequencies,
+
+then you can see that my
+pattern appears blurred.
+
+In fact, it is
+more than blurred.
+
+The windows have kind of
+disappeared of the building.
+
+And that is because the
+windows, if I go back,
+
+you will see that the--
+
+hi, Colin.
+
+You're back.
+
+COLIN: Yes.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Welcome.
+
+COLIN: Sorry I'm late.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Oh, no problem.
+
+I thought you were
+still in Poland.
+
+COLIN: No, I got back.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Oh.
+
+Oh, OK, welcome back.
+
+And so the windows,
+if you recall,
+
+the windows are kind of
+periodic in this high rise here.
+
+So they correspond to these
+dots in the frequency domain,
+
+kind of like delta functions.
+
+And because, in this case,
+I have blocked the dots,
+
+you see that the windows
+disappear from the high rise.
+
+And, of course, you can do
+other funky kind of filters.
+
+This is called a
+band pass filter.
+
+And, in this case,
+the windows reappear
+
+because now I center this
+doughnut, this annulus.
+
+I centered it so that some of
+these dots in the frequency
+
+domain, they survive.
+
+And you can see that,
+of course, the--
+
+well, it is not
+fully reconstructed,
+
+the original
+building, of course,
+
+because there's still
+spatial frequencies missing.
+
+But you can see that the pattern
+of windows of the high rise
+
+has kind of reappeared.
+
+Now, what happened
+to the sign GO SOX?
+
+It vanished, and it vanished
+because, in this case,
+
+I have blocked the
+lower frequencies.
+
+The GO SOX sign, it has
+survived the low pass filter
+
+because this is a relatively
+slow-varying signal, right?
+
+So its frequency content, you
+expect it to be centered--
+
+I'm sorry-- to be concentrated
+near the center of the Fourier
+
+domain where the
+frequencies are low.
+
+When we do the band pass
+filter, the GO SOX vanishes.
+
+And that is because I blocked
+the low frequencies where
+
+this signal was represented.
+
+So you can see that you can do
+quite interesting manipulations
+
+on images using this concept
+of spatial frequency.
+
+And, actually, the GO SOX
+signal has not quite vanished.
+
+If you look carefully, there is
+a little bit of evidence of it
+
+here, but it's
+quite hard to see.
+
+And, of course, there's
+a little bit of evidence
+
+because there is a little bit
+of the frequency content leaking
+
+into the intermediate
+frequencies.
+
+So, therefore, some
+of it has survived,
+
+but mostly it is gone.
+
+So that is the--
+
+so it is not a perfect filter,
+but it works quite well.
+
+Of course, the other thing
+that vanished is the average.
+
+You can see that
+the sky, that used
+
+to be kind of an average
+gray, it is gone also.
+
+Because the average--
+of course, the average
+
+is presented at the zero spatial
+frequency, and I blocked it.
+
+So, therefore, the
+average is gone.
+
+So this is called
+a spatial filter.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're still one
+lecture behind.
+
+So this is what I was supposed
+to have done last Wednesday.
+
+And if you look ahead, there is
+some discussion of the transfer
+
+function of a
+Fresnel propagation,
+
+and then something
+called the Talbot effect.
+
+So I will not do this right now.
+
+I will postpone it, if
+I may, for next week.
+
+What I would like
+to do is I would
+
+like to switch to the lecture
+that I posted today online,
+
+and that is Lecture 10A.
+
+The reason I'm doing that--
+
+I will go back and talk
+about the Talbot effect.
+
+Don't worry.
+
+But the reason
+I'm doing that now
+
+is because I would
+like to press on
+
+with the concept of
+spatial frequencies
+
+and spatial filtering.
+
+Because it is quite an important
+one, and I think the sooner
+
+you learn it, the better.
+
+Talbot effect, well
+you can learn later.
+
+But this business of spatial
+filtering, in my experience,
+
+it takes quite a bit
+of time to digest,
+
+so I would like to do it
+sooner rather than later.
+
+So I already alluded to that.
+
+I said that this Fraunhofer
+diffraction pattern
+
+is a Fourier
+transform, but we don't
+
+have to go to infinity to watch
+the Fraunhofer diffraction
+
+pattern if we want to generate
+a Fourier transform optically.
+
+We can also do it
+by using a lens.
+
+So this is what I will do today.
+
+For the rest of the
+lecture, I will show you
+
+how a lens can produce a
+spatial Fourier transform,
+
+and what can we do with it.
+
+So, very briefly, to remind
+you, from geometrical optics,
+
+this is--
+
+we did this some time ago,
+maybe about a month ago.
+
+So, to remind you,
+a lens is a device
+
+that looks like a, well, at
+least one curved glass surface,
+
+typically more than one.
+
+And it is a device
+that we can use
+
+to focus or collimate light.
+
+So, for example, if you
+illuminate a lens with a plane
+
+wave, then the lens will
+focus that plane wave
+
+at one focal distance
+to the right.
+
+On the other hand, if
+you place a point source
+
+at one focal
+distance to the left,
+
+the lens will collimate
+it, will produce
+
+a plane wave,
+which we also refer
+
+to as an image at infinity.
+
+And, of course, what
+I am discussing here
+
+is for the case of a
+positive spherical lens.
+
+There's other
+lenses that we saw,
+
+negative lenses that would do
+something slightly different.
+
+But I don't want to do a
+full review of lenses here,
+
+just to remind you what is
+relevant to our discussion
+
+here.
+
+And, of course, the other
+thing that lenses do
+
+is they can produce images
+as finite conjugates.
+
+If you place an object
+at some distance s sub o,
+
+then the lens will form
+an image at a distance
+
+s sub i, which is related
+to s sub o by the lens law.
+
+So we did the stuff to that
+when we did geometrical optics,
+
+so I don't want to produce
+recurrent nightmares to you
+
+by repeating it here.
+
+So what I will do now is
+I will describe the lens
+
+in the context of wave optics.
+
+So, of course, in the
+context of wave optics,
+
+we have to describe the lens
+as some kind of a transparency,
+
+as some kind of a
+phase function that is
+
+applied to the optical field.
+
+So I don't want to go into
+the details of this one.
+
+Is there a question, or--
+
+someone has a
+microphone on, so I can
+
+hear you shifting on your seat.
+
+Anyway, it doesn't
+matter, though.
+
+If you have a question,
+please interrupt me.
+
+Of course, this applies always.
+
+So what is this now?
+
+So we will do a very
+crude approximation here.
+
+We will actually neglect
+the thickness of the lens.
+
+We did this again when we
+did geometrical optics.
+
+And that is, of course, because
+it is not, strictly speaking,
+
+correct, but the results
+that we get are pretty good,
+
+and it makes our
+mathematics pretty simple.
+
+So the combination of the
+two is a good justification
+
+to make an approximation.
+
+If you have one of
+the two reasons,
+
+it is not good to
+make an approximation.
+
+For example, if it
+makes your math simple
+
+but the answer is wrong, then
+you don't do the approximation.
+
+If you get the correct answer
+but the math is not simplified,
+
+again we don't make
+the approximation.
+
+You might as well go with
+the accurate calculation.
+
+But, in this case,
+we get two bonuses.
+
+And if we have both bonuses,
+then we do the approximation.
+
+So what is happening here,
+if you take a field--
+
+imagine like Huygens
+wavelets impinging
+
+on the lens from the left.
+
+The wavelet that
+impinges in the center
+
+will actually see the
+thickest part of the lens,
+
+so it will sustain the
+longer phase delay because it
+
+propagates through glass.
+
+If you take a Huygens wavelet
+that actually impinges away
+
+from the axis, it will see a
+thinner portion of the lens.
+
+Therefore, it will
+have less phase delay
+
+because it propagates a
+shorter distance in glass.
+
+It will still propagate
+some distance in air
+
+on the left and the
+right of the lens.
+
+So if you compute that
+now, the difference is,
+
+of course, it is given by
+the spherical calculation.
+
+I don't want to go through this.
+
+You can go back and
+do it yourselves.
+
+It's a very simple
+geometrical calculation,
+
+with the addition of the
+paraxial approximation.
+
+So even if you glance at
+this here, you see that--
+
+actually, this I
+copied from Goodman,
+
+so the equations are
+verbatim from Goodman's book.
+
+It's a scan, actually.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+It is not a scan.
+
+It is a scan from my own
+notes from last year.
+
+But, anyway, it is verbatim
+copied from Goodman.
+
+And you can see that I replaced
+the square root with a Taylor
+
+expansion.
+
+So it is a paraxial
+approximation.
+
+And the result
+that you get, which
+
+is what I really
+wanted to do, is
+
+something that looks like this.
+
+OK.
+
+This is what we get.
+
+So we'll get the complex
+amplitude transmittance
+
+of the lens if you
+express it in wave optics.
+
+It is actually a
+quadratic phase delay.
+
+That's if.
+
+And in this quadratic
+phase delay,
+
+a magical distance happens.
+
+A magical distance
+appears, which we recognize
+
+to be the focal length.
+
+This, if we recall from
+geometrical optics,
+
+we used to call this
+the lensmaker's formula.
+
+So, basically, we
+recover the expression
+
+for the focal length of the
+lens, but now we have a wave--
+
+I don't want to
+say wave function.
+
+That sounds like
+quantum mechanics.
+
+But now we have actually--
+we have a complex amplitude
+
+transmittance.
+
+That's what we have
+associated with that one.
+
+So now let's see why this is the
+same result as we had before.
+
+So the trick here is that
+we replace the lens--
+
+when we have a
+situation like this one,
+
+we replace the lens
+with its amplitude--
+
+complex amplitude transmittance.
+
+So forget about the curvature.
+
+Forget about the glass
+and everything else.
+
+We just replace it with
+a thin transparency.
+
+And then we illuminate
+it with something.
+
+Let's start by choosing this
+something to be a plane wave.
+
+So here's the wave vector
+of this plane wave.
+
+And because it is propagating at
+an angle, we write it as g sub
+
+in.
+
+Actually, we write
+it g sub t sub minus,
+
+because it is the
+field immediately
+
+to the left of the
+transparency, of x comma y.
+
+It is a plane wave.
+
+Let's call this angle theta--
+
+what did they call it?
+
+Theta 0.
+
+So since it is a plane wave,
+the proper expression for it
+
+is e to i 2 pi sine theta 0 up
+on lambda x plus cosine theta
+
+0 up on lambda z.
+
+And I'm going to
+do two things here.
+
+First of all, I'm going to place
+the transparency at z equal 0.
+
+So that knocks out this
+factor, because equal 0.
+
+And then I'm going to make
+the paraxial approximation,
+
+so that knocks out the sine.
+
+So, basically,
+the field incident
+
+upon the transparency,
+upon the lens, that this,
+
+is simply e to the i 2 pi
+theta 0 x up on lambda.
+
+So what I would
+like to do now is
+
+to compute the field after the
+transparency, g sub t plus.
+
+So the rule that we described
+when we did thin transparencies
+
+is that we multiply.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I'm using a slightly different
+notation on the whiteboard
+
+than in the notes.
+
+You don't have a
+minus and a plus,
+
+but it's basically
+the same thing.
+
+So g sub t plus multiplied
+by the transparency itself.
+
+So the plus stands for after,
+the minus stands for before,
+
+and the nothing stands for
+the transparency itself.
+
+Oh, and another thing that I
+did in the notes is I defined--
+
+I defined this quantity u0
+equals theta 0 up on lambda.
+
+And this now we recognize
+as a spatial frequency
+
+because it has units
+of inverse meters.
+
+So what do we get now?
+
+What do we do is a
+little bit of algebra,
+
+but it actually results
+in an physically
+
+intuitive, physically
+meaningful result.
+
+So that justifies the
+algebra, I suppose.
+
+So let me write it out.
+
+Let me write out this
+product over here.
+
+OK, that's it.
+
+So now I have to
+do something that--
+
+let me leave it
+here so you can see.
+
+We have to do something that
+you may remember from horror,
+
+from your high school
+or elementary school.
+
+I don't know where you
+learned these things.
+
+It's called to
+complete the square.
+
+What is the square that
+I want to complete?
+
+If you look at
+the exponents, you
+
+have an expression
+that looks like this.
+
+I'll knock out the minus sign.
+
+x square over lambda
+f minus 2 u0 x.
+
+Can you see that?
+
+I've neglected the y's
+and everything else,
+
+and the pi's, and so on.
+
+If I can do that, then I
+can take care of the rest.
+
+So how can I complete the sign?
+
+Well, I tend to get
+confused with this,
+
+so let me knock out the
+1 over lambda f also.
+
+Now it looks better.
+
+Now I can do it.
+
+Basically, to
+complete the sign, I
+
+have to add and subtract the
+square of this business here.
+
+And now I can write it as--
+
+OK, now I can go
+back and substitute
+
+into my original expression.
+
+I'm done with
+manipulating the exponent.
+
+And my original
+expression was this one.
+
+So I can rewrite out now, g sub
+t plus of x comma y equals--
+
+first of all, I have
+this constant term.
+
+That is constant.
+
+It means it does not depend
+on x, the spatial variable.
+
+So I'll just take it out.
+
+I should not forget my pi's.
+
+So there's a pi over here.
+
+So-- no, I don't like
+the way this came out.
+
+I was expecting to divide,
+but I had multiplied.
+
+OK, that looks better.
+
+So I'm doing OK here,
+because what are the units?
+
+No units.
+
+I have a spatial
+frequency squared times
+
+distance squared, so no units.
+
+And what I have
+left is something
+
+that looks like this now.
+
+OK.
+
+So the first part, I don't
+have to worry too much about.
+
+This is just a constant
+factor, as I said.
+
+But this one, now I recognize
+that's a spherical wave.
+
+It is a spherical wave because
+it contains quadratic phases
+
+in the exponent.
+
+It is a converging spherical
+wave because of the minus sign
+
+here.
+
+And it's not quite its
+origin but its sink.
+
+The location where the
+spherical wave becomes a point
+
+is actually shifted by
+this factor over here.
+
+This is displacement.
+
+OK.
+
+So, basically, this
+is what I've got.
+
+I've got a spherical
+wave which converges.
+
+Oh, and where does it converge?
+
+Well, the distance that a
+spherical wave converges
+
+is what multiplies the
+wavelength in the denominator.
+
+So this is where it converges.
+
+So this is basically
+what you see here.
+
+The spherical wave
+after the lens
+
+converges to a
+distance u0 lambda f.
+
+If you substitute the definition
+for u0, it is theta 0 times
+
+f away from the axis.
+
+And the distance between
+the lens and the focus
+
+is one focal distance.
+
+So this is not news.
+
+We knew this from
+geometrical optics.
+
+We just rederived it using
+the thin transparency.
+
+So this, I guess,
+gives us conviction
+
+that our approach is correct,
+because we rederived something
+
+from geometrical optics.
+
+I will not do the next one.
+
+The next one, I'll let
+you do by yourselves.
+
+You can repeat a similar
+procedure of completing squares
+
+in order to see what
+happens to a diverging
+
+spherical wave placed
+at one focal distance
+
+to the left of the lens.
+
+And you can convince
+yourselves easily
+
+that this becomes a
+plane wave propagating
+
+at an angle equal to the
+ratio of the displacement
+
+over the focal length.
+
+So this is again something that
+we saw in geometrical optics.
+
+It is not new.
+
+OK.
+
+The real result that I
+want to derive here--
+
+and I will try to do it
+carefully in the time that we
+
+have left--
+
+is the Fourier
+transform property which
+
+I will do for a special case.
+
+Actually, I will not do
+it for a special case.
+
+I'm going to--
+
+I take it back.
+
+I will do it for the
+general case of a lens--
+
+I'm sorry-- of a
+thin transparency
+
+placed at a distance z
+to the left of the lens.
+
+Goodman does three cases.
+
+First, he does the
+case z equals 0.
+
+Then he does the case z equals
+f, and then another case.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+We'll just do it for the
+general case, and we're covered.
+
+So what-- first
+of all, let me do
+
+the derivation in one variable.
+
+So don't write too much.
+
+So we'll basically skip y.
+
+All of the derivations
+will be just with x.
+
+So I have a thin
+transparency g of x.
+
+And then what I will
+do is I will propagate
+
+it distance z to the lens.
+
+Now, on the lens, my
+coordinate is x prime.
+
+And since I'm
+propagating a field--
+
+also, I forgot to
+say-- that's quite
+
+important-- the
+implicit assumption here
+
+is that the illumination is
+an on-axis plane wave coming
+
+from the left.
+
+So that, if you recall,
+we said a couple
+
+of times, that is simply--
+
+its complex amplitude is 1,
+because I can choose that--
+
+a constant phase.
+
+And there's no x
+variations with this one.
+
+So the Fresnel propagation
+kernel, if I go from z--
+
+So g is-- let me maintain
+my notation consistent here.
+
+So to the left of the
+lens, L minus of x prime--
+
+so that is the field to
+the left of the lens--
+
+is going to be given by a
+Fresnel diffraction integral.
+
+And, actually, in my derivation,
+I skipped the constant.
+
+And what is the
+constant that I skipped?
+
+It is this one.
+
+And this constant
+should be there,
+
+but it is not doing
+anything significant for us
+
+in this case, so that's
+why I skipped it.
+
+To save writing, basically.
+
+So from now on, we will
+basically neglect this.
+
+Even though it is there,
+we will simply neglect.
+
+Now, the field after the
+lens equals the field
+
+before the lens times
+the lens itself.
+
+And the lens itself is
+something of the form
+
+e to the minus i pi x
+squared up on lambda f.
+
+And, finally, I have this field,
+and I have to propagate it.
+
+How long?
+
+Now I have to do
+this part, which
+
+means I have to propagate
+by distance f until I
+
+reach the back focal plane.
+
+And that is another
+Fresnel integral.
+
+I will call it g sub f, I guess.
+
+Again, there is a factor
+here which I will neglect.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's put
+everything together.
+
+I have two Fresnel
+convolution integrals--
+
+one with respect to
+the input coordinates,
+
+one with respect to
+the lens coordinates.
+
+And what is left inside, I will
+simply substitute all the rest.
+
+I have the input itself.
+
+Then I have the
+propagation kernel
+
+from the input to the lens.
+
+Then I have the lens.
+
+And then I have the
+propagation kernel
+
+from the lens to the
+back focal plane.
+
+OK.
+
+That's what it is.
+
+This looks a little
+scary, but part
+
+of the purpose of this
+class is to teach you
+
+how to not be scared by
+this kind of integrals.
+
+So the way you know
+this, you don't
+
+get scared by this
+sort of integral
+
+is you manipulate
+the exponents here.
+
+And you try to--
+the first thing you
+
+do when you reach an
+integral of this kind
+
+is you try to collect terms.
+
+So I'll write the
+exponents here.
+
+I will expand the exponents
+and collect terms then.
+
+So if I expand the exponents,
+I will get x prime squared
+
+plus x squared minus 2x
+x prime over lambda z.
+
+This came from this
+term over here.
+
+Then I have minus x
+square over lambda f.
+
+And then I have plus--
+
+and I think I
+missed a prime here.
+
+That should have been x prime.
+
+Yes, correct.
+
+The lens should also
+be with an x prime.
+
+Thank you.
+
+It is very fortunate
+that you corrected me,
+
+because if you hadn't I
+would be kind of stuck here.
+
+OK.
+
+So the thing that
+you notice first
+
+is that some of these
+exponents get knocked out.
+
+This one kills this one.
+
+That's very pleasant.
+
+Now what do I have to do?
+
+I still need to make an
+integration with respect
+
+to x prime.
+
+So x prime appears
+here and here.
+
+And I have to make an
+integration with respect to x.
+
+Well, here is x.
+
+Here is x.
+
+OK.
+
+So what-- any ideas?
+
+Anybody want to speculate
+on what I should do here?
+
+Let me write the integral.
+
+That's a little bit
+confusing the way it is.
+
+Let me rewrite it so you can see
+what the integral looks like.
+
+Let me do it carefully.
+
+So I have e to the minus i
+2 pi x prime up on lambda.
+
+That's common in
+the two exponents.
+
+Inside, I have x up on z
+plus x double prime up on f.
+
+So what should I do next?
+
+Is there any glaring sort of
+integral that popped up here?
+
+What is-- here, we
+have an integral
+
+of another exponential, right?
+
+And they-- let me
+rewrite it like this.
+
+OK.
+
+So the glaring integral
+that I was referring
+
+to before is this one.
+
+That's a Fourier transform.
+
+Whose Fourier transform?
+
+The Fourier
+transform of whomever
+
+appears in this
+location over here.
+
+And where is the Fourier
+transform computed?
+
+Well, it is computed in this
+spatial frequency, right?
+
+It is computed in whatever
+spatial frequency multiplies
+
+the dummy variable
+in the exponent.
+
+Now, what is this
+Fourier transform?
+
+We don't know, but we have
+our notes, or we have Goodman,
+
+or we have the
+tables of formulas.
+
+So switching to Lecture 9B.
+
+This is our Fourier
+transform pairs.
+
+I recognize this
+integral, recognize
+
+this Fourier transform.
+
+It is the second
+row from the bottom.
+
+If you look at this expression
+and the expression over here,
+
+it is actually the
+same Fourier transform.
+
+It is the Fourier
+trans-- what you
+
+see here is the
+Fourier transform
+
+of the quadratic phase
+in the exponential.
+
+So we have the answer.
+
+The answer is right here.
+
+Again, I will neglect--
+
+actually, this constant
+is quite important,
+
+but I will be neglect
+it nevertheless.
+
+So, basically, the way to get
+a one-to-one correspondence is
+
+to simply substitute
+what would--
+
+what in the table is denoted
+as a square is actually
+
+identical to 1 over
+lambda z in our case.
+
+So I can write out
+now the answer.
+
+This thing equals-- first of
+all, before I do any further,
+
+we recognize that this does
+not play in the integration.
+
+This has the output
+plane coordinate,
+
+so I will simply
+take it outside.
+
+And then I will write out the--
+
+in one shot, I will
+write out the outcome
+
+of this Fourier transform.
+
+So that a square that I have
+in the original function,
+
+it will go inverse
+in the other one.
+
+So we'll get, then,
+e to the what?
+
+I will get an extra minus sign.
+
+If I have plus j here,
+I have minus j here.
+
+So this will then
+become e to the minus--
+
+we'll have all the pi's and
+so on-- minus i pi lambda z.
+
+And then I will get the square
+of the spatial frequency.
+
+So it will be 1 over lambda
+square x up on z plus x double
+
+prime up on f squared.
+
+OK, that's it.
+
+So now I can manipulate
+it a little bit further.
+
+And now let me write
+out all these exponents
+
+that come out of this square.
+
+So I will get--
+
+the first one will be x
+square up on z square.
+
+So one z will be killed.
+
+One lambda has
+already been killed.
+
+So I will get e to
+the minus i pi x
+
+square over lambda z, right?
+
+Then I will get this term.
+
+That will be e to
+the minus i pi--
+
+this is tricky-- z x double
+prime square over lambda
+
+f square.
+
+This came out of the
+square of this one.
+
+And I will also
+get the cross term.
+
+So that will be
+e to the minus i.
+
+And then we'll do it carefully.
+
+I will get 2 pi.
+
+And what is left here--
+
+one z will cancel.
+
+I will get x x double
+prime up on lambda f.
+
+And now, happily, we see that
+this additional quadratic that
+
+was very annoying over
+here, this one, it got
+
+killed by this one.
+
+This one is not playing
+in the integration either,
+
+so I can actually
+take it out of here.
+
+And this is the result
+that I was after.
+
+You see that I actually got
+another Fourier transform.
+
+This is well recognizable as
+a Fourier transform kernel.
+
+So what I have in
+this part over here,
+
+it is actually the
+Fourier transform
+
+of the transparency calculated
+at these coordinates, that is
+
+the argument of the integral.
+
+Now, something
+funny happened here,
+
+and this doesn't look
+quite right to me.
+
+That should be f, right?
+
+OK.
+
+I don't know how this became z.
+
+Oh, yes, yes, yes.
+
+OK, I know now, yes.
+
+That should be f, yes.
+
+Somewhere in my
+notes I converted
+
+this to f, but, thankfully,
+not the physics.
+
+So this should not be z.
+
+This should be f.
+
+OK, so now it looks right.
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uOEXP2WEo3M.txt b/uOEXP2WEo3M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da401f6925659f04f411c5c23e5d6cd54008ae83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uOEXP2WEo3M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to start with a sort of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to start with a sort of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to start with a sort of big
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+right so we're going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to kind of
+introduce energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce energy storage
+and then we'll talk about sort of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about sort of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about sort of why
+you know electrical storage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know electrical storage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know electrical storage is
+is kind of a thing and important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a thing and important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a thing and important and
+then we'll kind of go into batteries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll kind of go into batteries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll kind of go into batteries and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+talk about the chemistry of batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the chemistry of batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the chemistry of batteries
+and throw in a couple of why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw in a couple of why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throw in a couple of why this
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+so if you think about this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about this on a
+planetary scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary scale
+um actually the planet is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually the planet is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually the planet is kind of a
+storage device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage device
+it's an energy storage device for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an energy storage device for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an energy storage device for that
+thing over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over there
+right and so so like if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so like if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so like if you think about
+like all the energy flows that go on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the energy flows that go on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the energy flows that go on on
+planet earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet earth
+um well then you know you've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well then you know you've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well then you know you've got you
+know there's a picture i like it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a picture i like it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a picture i like it so
+it kind of shows you the the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of shows you the the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of shows you the the different
+energy flows are you got the sun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flows are you got the sun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flows are you got the sun so
+you've got like solar radiation you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like solar radiation you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like solar radiation you've
+got tides there's a moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got tides there's a moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got tides there's a moon
+you know you've got wind you've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got wind you've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've got wind you've got all
+these kinds of energy happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of energy happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of energy happening on the
+planet all the way down to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet all the way down to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet all the way down to life
+right happening uh rock formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right happening uh rock formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right happening uh rock formation
+right and then and then sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then sometimes you
+know those things your rocks can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those things your rocks can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those things your rocks can
+you know you form ally alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you form ally alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you form ally alloys
+over millions and millions of years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over millions and millions of years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over millions and millions of years and
+the thing is if you think about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you think about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you think about this um
+where you draw the line is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you draw the line is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you draw the line is somewhat
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+right in a sense right it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a sense right it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a sense right it sort of
+depends on our use i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on our use i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on our use i mean
+if you think about it fossil fuels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it fossil fuels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it fossil fuels are
+actually a renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a renewable
+source of energy right on geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy right on geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of energy right on geological
+scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales
+um the the the problem is it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the problem is it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the problem is it so it's
+like you know 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know 10
+20 30 million year old sunlight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 million year old sunlight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 million year old sunlight right
+and it'll happen again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll happen again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll happen again
+uh but the the question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the the question is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the the question is how do we
+store energy on time skills that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy on time skills that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy on time skills that matter
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+us and so you can draw this line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so you can draw this line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so you can draw this line and
+then think about what that means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what that means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what that means and
+and typically you know so most most sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically you know so most most sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically you know so most most sort
+of energy storage needs are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy storage needs are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy storage needs are going to be
+around a year or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a year or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a year or less
+all right okay now um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay now um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay now um okay
+so now why electricity why electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why electricity why electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why electricity why electricity
+right so so the thing is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the thing is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the thing is um uh
+electricity is more and more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is more and more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is more and more important
+in our lives and if you look at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lives and if you look at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our lives and if you look at just
+sort of like the major sectors right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the major sectors right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the major sectors right so
+you have like the power generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like the power generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like the power generation
+you have transportation you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have transportation you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have transportation you have
+industry of buildings and this is a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry of buildings and this is a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry of buildings and this is a plot
+of these sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sectors
+and the co2 emissions you can plot all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the co2 emissions you can plot all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the co2 emissions you can plot all
+sorts of things about these sectors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things about these sectors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things about these sectors this
+is co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co2
+um versus time these are kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versus time these are kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um versus time these are kind of the
+major contributors but see the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major contributors but see the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major contributors but see the thing is
+electricity because of of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity because of of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity because of of things that
+are happening as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening as well
+the opportunity either the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity either the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity either the use of
+electricity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity now
+right like power to your home or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like power to your home or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like power to your home or the
+opportunity to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to use it
+a lot more later like transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more later like transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more later like transportation
+that means that electricity has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that electricity has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that electricity has sort of
+about a 70 percent role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 percent role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 percent role
+about a 70 opportunity of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 opportunity of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 70 opportunity of all of this
+right that's how much electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how much electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how much electricity
+matters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters here
+well but the thing is that electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the thing is that electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the thing is that electricity
+as you know in an electric car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know in an electric car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know in an electric car
+it's not going to be useful if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be useful if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be useful if you have
+to have it plugged in all the time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it plugged in all the time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it plugged in all the time right
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+most of this 70 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this 70 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this 70 percent
+most of this 70 i want to emphasize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this 70 i want to emphasize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this 70 i want to emphasize is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+currently it's the potential for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently it's the potential for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently it's the potential for for the
+electrification of our world that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification of our world that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrification of our world that is
+happening that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that's how much
+electricity will play a role um and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity will play a role um and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity will play a role um and but
+most of it is useless unless you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is useless unless you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is useless unless you can
+store it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it right
+um so storage of electricity is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so storage of electricity is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so storage of electricity is clearly
+really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really
+important um and so we get to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and so we get to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and so we get to sort of
+how do you think about storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about storage
+technologies and again i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and again i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and again i just want to
+kind of gently introduce us to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gently introduce us to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gently introduce us to energy
+storage and then we'll go into batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and then we'll go into batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and then we'll go into batteries
+um now um the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now um the so the
+the kind of plot that i'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of plot that i'm showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of plot that i'm showing you
+here we're already talking about ashby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're already talking about ashby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're already talking about ashby
+plots right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots right
+but this is actually a different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is actually a different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is actually a different kind
+it's a special kind because it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special kind because it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a special kind because it has to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh energy uh storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy uh storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy uh storage and
+and there's a guy who in the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a guy who in the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a guy who in the 1960s
+david rigoni um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david rigoni um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david rigoni um
+he first and and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he first and and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he first and and it's actually
+fascinating he wrote a paper in 1968
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating he wrote a paper in 1968
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating he wrote a paper in 1968
+a review of batteries for electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of batteries for electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of batteries for electric
+vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles
+in 1968 right and he either how do i how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1968 right and he either how do i how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1968 right and he either how do i how
+do i put you know there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i put you know there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i put you know there's all these
+possibilities we want to electrify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we want to electrify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities we want to electrify our
+transportation fleet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation fleet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation fleet
+but which batteries make the most sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which batteries make the most sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which batteries make the most sense
+and so he he decided to plot them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he he decided to plot them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he he decided to plot them
+on these two axes energy stored versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two axes energy stored versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these two axes energy stored versus
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+and that's a very common way these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very common way these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very common way these are
+called regoni plots now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called regoni plots now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called regoni plots now
+so it's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus power and this is how you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus power and this is how you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus power and this is how you'll see
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+of discussions if you look online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussions if you look online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussions if you look online and
+you're interested in energy storage as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in energy storage as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in energy storage as a
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+um you'll see a lot of plots like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see a lot of plots like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you'll see a lot of plots like this
+right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where
+you got uh oh but okay so energy is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got uh oh but okay so energy is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got uh oh but okay so energy is like
+watt hours right for example this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt hours right for example this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt hours right for example this would
+be like watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like watts
+times hours and this would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times hours and this would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times hours and this would be like the
+watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts
+right so so one of the nice things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so one of the nice things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so one of the nice things about
+plots like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots like this
+and and you know mostly it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know mostly it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know mostly it's almost
+always on a log scale so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on a log scale so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on a log scale so you can get
+stretch out and see all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch out and see all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch out and see all the different
+technologies on one plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies on one plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies on one plot
+right and one of the nice things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the nice things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the nice things about
+apology is that this is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology is that this is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology is that this is energy
+this is energy and this is energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy and this is energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy and this is energy per
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right and so right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so right that's
+that's energy per time times time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's energy per time times time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's energy per time times time okay
+so we can we can have lots of fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we can have lots of fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can we can have lots of fun with
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+but so what that means if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what that means if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what that means if you think
+about a little bit is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit is that
+you know if you plot energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you plot energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you plot energy storage
+technologies on plots like this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies on plots like this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies on plots like this then
+these diagonal lines are how much these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagonal lines are how much these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagonal lines are how much these
+ag lines are one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag lines are one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ag lines are one number
+of time right it's like if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time right it's like if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time right it's like if you had a
+given density and a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given density and a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given density and a given
+and you're using it at a given rate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using it at a given rate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using it at a given rate a
+given power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given power
+right then that's how long it would last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then that's how long it would last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then that's how long it would last
+so these plots are really convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these plots are really convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these plots are really convenient
+they're really convenient ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really convenient ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really convenient ways to
+compare energy technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare energy technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare energy technologies
+okay so those that would be like i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those that would be like i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those that would be like i've
+got energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got energy storage
+uh technology and it's you know it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology and it's you know it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technology and it's you know it's got
+this much density this much power well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much density this much power well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much density this much power well
+then it's gonna last if i use it at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's gonna last if i use it at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's gonna last if i use it at that
+power for 41 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for 41 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for 41 days
+right and so forth now you see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so forth now you see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so forth now you see there's
+lots of lots of stuff on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of stuff on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of lots of stuff on here
+why don't i just want high and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i just want high and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i just want high and high
+that sounds like a good thing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a good thing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a good thing right so
+shouldn't we be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't we be putting
+pumping water up hills like all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping water up hills like all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping water up hills like all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+well obviously if you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously if you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously if you think about like
+you know you don't do that in your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't do that in your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't do that in your phone
+you don't even do that in your backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even do that in your backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even do that in your backyard
+you don't even do that in a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even do that in a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even do that in a town
+why because pumped hydro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because pumped hydro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because pumped hydro is
+extraordinarily limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily limited
+you have to do it at very large scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do it at very large scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do it at very large scales
+it's very low energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very low energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very low energy density
+right it's geographically highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's geographically highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's geographically highly
+constrained um it is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained um it is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained um it is one of the
+oldest ways we have of storing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest ways we have of storing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest ways we have of storing energy
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i'll just think of the water wheel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just think of the water wheel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just think of the water wheel but
+um but it's it's very constrained so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's it's very constrained so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's it's very constrained so we
+can't use this in most applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this in most applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this in most applications
+pumped hydro but okay so and then oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped hydro but okay so and then oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped hydro but okay so and then oh
+this is compressed air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compressed air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compressed air
+compressed air caes that sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air caes that sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed air caes that sounds good
+that's got a whole lot of limitations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a whole lot of limitations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a whole lot of limitations as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we've got uh this just to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh this just to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh this just to give you the
+abbreviations super conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations super conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations super conducting
+magnetic coils superconductors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic coils superconductors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic coils superconductors right
+just keep it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it going
+and then you draw the and it just keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you draw the and it just keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you draw the and it just keeps
+going forever it's a great battery right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forever it's a great battery right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forever it's a great battery right
+except for all the problems that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for all the problems that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for all the problems that it has
+and how much it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it costs
+and how much it costs but it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it costs but it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much it costs but it's a really
+cool concept and it's here right all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool concept and it's here right all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool concept and it's here right all of
+these things exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things exist
+all these things exist they all exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things exist they all exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things exist they all exist
+and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all
+very interesting and important energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and important energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and important energy
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+devices they're interesting important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices they're interesting important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices they're interesting important
+electrical energy storage devices right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy storage devices right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy storage devices right
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+that's that's the main point so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the main point so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the main point so like
+here you know super caps you build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know super caps you build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know super caps you build up a
+lot of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charge
+right in a solid here you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a solid here you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a solid here you've got
+flywheels well i'm just rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flywheels well i'm just rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flywheels well i'm just rotating
+something heavy really really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something heavy really really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something heavy really really fast
+i get worried about that i want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get worried about that i want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get worried about that i want to be in
+that in that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that building
+but they do build flywheel energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do build flywheel energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do build flywheel energy
+storage devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage devices
+you know you you slow it down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you slow it down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you slow it down and then
+you generate electricity from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate electricity from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate electricity from that
+right and so so these kinds of plots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so these kinds of plots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so these kinds of plots are
+really really really helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really really helpful for
+comparing one energy technology with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing one energy technology with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing one energy technology with
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+now um the thing is as i said there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the thing is as i said there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the thing is as i said there's a
+there's a whole list of these and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole list of these and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole list of these and it
+goes on and on but they've also all got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and on but they've also all got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and on but they've also all got
+oh that's really hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's really hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's really hard to see
+they've all got a lot of limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all got a lot of limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've all got a lot of limitations
+right and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you have
+you know capacitors have a low density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know capacitors have a low density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know capacitors have a low density
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you can convert energy into some fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert energy into some fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert energy into some fuel
+and store it and then combust it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it and then combust it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it and then combust it that's
+got low round trip efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got low round trip efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got low round trip efficiency
+um this is what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is what we're going to talk
+about today electrochemical there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today electrochemical there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today electrochemical there are
+challenges there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges there too
+um kinetic pump hydra there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kinetic pump hydra there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kinetic pump hydra there's so many
+different ways of storing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of storing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of storing energy
+yep um the thing is there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um the thing is there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um the thing is there is an
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+that i want to mention about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to mention about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to mention about using
+electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+there is an advantage about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an advantage about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an advantage about using
+electrochemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and
+and um what what is electro i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what what is electro i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what what is electro i just said
+the word electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word electrochemistry
+i should tell you what that is right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should tell you what that is right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should tell you what that is right and
+it's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relationship between
+because in tight between electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight between electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight between electricity
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i love saving time ruxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love saving time ruxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i love saving time ruxins
+that's equal to electrochemistry electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to electrochemistry electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to electrochemistry electro
+this is in it now electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in it now electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in it now electrochemistry
+okay and so what you'll see is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what you'll see is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what you'll see is like
+things like electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like electrochemical
+energy storage right and they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage right and they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage right and they're there
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this isn't just this isn't just one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just this isn't just one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just this isn't just one type
+of thing it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing it's not just
+one type of battery it's not even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of battery it's not even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of battery it's not even just
+batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+it's this broader definition um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this broader definition um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this broader definition um
+but but we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we're going to talk about
+batteries today now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries today now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries today now there's
+there's a little there so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little there so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little there so there's
+something else that's really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's really useful
+so i mentioned you know we're getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mentioned you know we're getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mentioned you know we're getting to
+that point where we're electrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point where we're electrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point where we're electrifying
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+there's we need electricity almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we need electricity almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we need electricity almost
+everywhere even in your combustion car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere even in your combustion car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere even in your combustion car
+you need electricity a lot more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need electricity a lot more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need electricity a lot more than you
+used to than 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to than 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to than 20 years ago
+right and and so as we electrify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so as we electrify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so as we electrify our
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+you said he started thinking and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said he started thinking and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said he started thinking and then i
+said i gotta store that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i gotta store that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i gotta store that energy
+he starts to think about what carnot did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts to think about what carnot did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he starts to think about what carnot did
+now i'm paraphrasing here but this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm paraphrasing here but this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm paraphrasing here but this is uh
+basically what he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what he said
+if you think about how it applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how it applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how it applies to
+this conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversion
+and which is that the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is that the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is that the second law of
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+makes you pay a penalty of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you pay a penalty of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you pay a penalty of energy
+if you convert it into heat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you convert it into heat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you convert it into heat and then
+back into electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into electricity
+well even if you just have heat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even if you just have heat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even if you just have heat in the
+first place and now you want to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place and now you want to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place and now you want to generate
+electricity from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from that
+you're limited so it's we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited so it's we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited so it's we talked about
+this before right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before right like the
+the energy density of gasoline it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density of gasoline it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density of gasoline it's so
+it's so high and it's such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so high and it's such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so high and it's such an
+amazing energy storage material because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing energy storage material because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing energy storage material because
+you can transport it safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can transport it safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can transport it safely
+right yeah but the thing is then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but the thing is then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but the thing is then you put
+it i just made the i just gave you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i just made the i just gave you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i just made the i just gave you the
+example of the car you put in your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the car you put in your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the car you put in your car
+does anybody know how efficient how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how efficient how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how efficient how much
+of that energy your car actually uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that energy your car actually uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that energy your car actually uses to
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+percentage-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a guess yeah it's 20 maybe 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guess yeah it's 20 maybe 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guess yeah it's 20 maybe 10 to
+20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.
+depends on the car my car probably five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the car my car probably five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the car my car probably five
+that's an old car but you know it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an old car but you know it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an old car but you know it's so
+most of that gasoline's energy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that gasoline's energy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that gasoline's energy is going
+into waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into waste
+why carnot now this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why carnot now this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why carnot now this is not a
+thermodynamics class but this comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics class but this comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics class but this comes in
+to this so i wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so i wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so i wanted to mention
+carnot and the fact that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnot and the fact that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnot and the fact that there is
+another way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it
+so you could do chemical reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do chemical reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could do chemical reaction to
+heat that's how we power most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that's how we power most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that's how we power most of our
+world today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world today
+right a power plant gets up to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a power plant gets up to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a power plant gets up to higher
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+so the penalty is less but still most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the penalty is less but still most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the penalty is less but still most
+power plants you lose about 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants you lose about 50 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants you lose about 50 percent
+right most power plants at best are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most power plants at best are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most power plants at best are
+around 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 50
+efficient in terms of converting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in terms of converting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in terms of converting the
+thermal energy into electrical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy into electrical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy into electrical energy
+yeah but i could convert i can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i could convert i can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i could convert i can use a
+different way and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way and that's
+electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+and it's one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one of the reasons why
+electrochemical energy storage is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage is so
+appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing
+is because you don't really pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you don't really pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because you don't really pay a
+penalty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty right
+you don't really pay a penalty i can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really pay a penalty i can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really pay a penalty i can go
+back and forth without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth without
+the second law hurting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law hurting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law hurting me
+so um i want to mention something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i want to mention something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i want to mention something about
+about carnot about the second law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carnot about the second law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carnot about the second law and
+again this is not a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is not a class
+on thermal but but the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermal but but the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermal but but the second law
+involves entropy so i had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves entropy so i had to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves entropy so i had to say
+something especially because um it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something especially because um it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something especially because um it's in
+april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april
+right and that that's your textbook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that that's your textbook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that that's your textbook that
+you're all diligently reading every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all diligently reading every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all diligently reading every day
+and um and there it is by the way april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and there it is by the way april
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and there it is by the way april
+has a beautiful chapter on batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a beautiful chapter on batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a beautiful chapter on batteries
+chapter 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19
+i'm sure you know it's really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you know it's really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you know it's really well
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+like this is what he says about entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what he says about entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is what he says about entropy
+though and for now we can state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and for now we can state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and for now we can state that
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+is a thermodynamic property of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thermodynamic property of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thermodynamic property of all
+substances that is proportional to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that is proportional to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances that is proportional to their
+degree of disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of disorder
+april such a good book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april such a good book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april such a good book
+but look let me ask you guys a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look let me ask you guys a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look let me ask you guys a question
+what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it
+there's this real so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this real so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this real so so
+people think about entropy as disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about entropy as disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about entropy as disorder
+and they think about entropy as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think about entropy as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think about entropy as sort of
+you know more disorder let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more disorder let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more disorder let me ask you
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+which one of these has a higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these has a higher entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these has a higher entropy
+the one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the left
+or the one on the right so i these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the one on the right so i these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the one on the right so i these are
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+this is about right so how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about right so how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about right so how many of you
+think the one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the one on the left
+has a higher entropy how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher entropy how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher entropy how many of you
+think it's the one on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's the one on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's the one on the right
+i kind of so so the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of so so the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of so so the thing is
+it's the one on the left yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one on the left yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one on the left yeah
+right i love that you guys are blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i love that you guys are blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i love that you guys are blown
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+why because entropy is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because entropy is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because entropy is not about
+smoothness and it's not about disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness and it's not about disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness and it's not about disorder
+that is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is wrong
+entropy is about accessibility to states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is about accessibility to states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is about accessibility to states
+it's about how many states you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about how many states you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about how many states you have to
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+now that can appear to be like disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that can appear to be like disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that can appear to be like disorder
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um but a messier room does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a messier room does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but a messier room does not have
+higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy
+and in this case it's just simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's just simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's just simply the
+rules of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the algorithm
+i have rules here about the dots being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have rules here about the dots being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have rules here about the dots being
+able to touch each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to touch each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to touch each other
+they're randomly selected but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're randomly selected but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're randomly selected but with the
+constraint that they cannot touch each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that they cannot touch each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that they cannot touch each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+that means that those dots had fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that those dots had fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that those dots had fewer
+possibilities they had fewer states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities they had fewer states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities they had fewer states
+that they could be in this system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could be in this system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could be in this system has
+much higher entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher entropy
+it's about the number of states i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the number of states i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the number of states i just
+want to make that you know this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make that you know this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make that you know this again
+is not the topic of this class but i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the topic of this class but i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the topic of this class but i got
+to make my my case about entropy when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my my case about entropy when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make my my case about entropy when i
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+and i brought up carnal so there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought up carnal so there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought up carnal so there you go
+all right entropy is not just disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right entropy is not just disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right entropy is not just disorder
+now okay so we're back to batteries now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so we're back to batteries now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay so we're back to batteries now
+so electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrochemistry
+you know there's a lot of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of reasons why
+electrochemical storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical storage
+is is one you know here's the here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one you know here's the here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one you know here's the here's the
+chart again right it's this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart again right it's this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart again right it's this one here
+you see that electrochemical batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that electrochemical batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that electrochemical batteries
+all right that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that we're going to talk about
+there's a lot of reasons why this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons why this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons why this is so
+appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing
+no penalty on the second law is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no penalty on the second law is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no penalty on the second law is one of
+them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um
+you can have transport easily right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have transport easily right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have transport easily right and
+drive electric cars you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive electric cars you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive electric cars you can see that
+no pollution at the point of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pollution at the point of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pollution at the point of use
+pollution is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution is can be
+focused at the point of production it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused at the point of production it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused at the point of production it
+could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be
+you know batteries can be charged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know batteries can be charged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know batteries can be charged by
+renewable technologies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable technologies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable technologies like
+solar and wind and they're very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind and they're very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind and they're very highly
+efficient electric cars for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient electric cars for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient electric cars for example
+have a very high efficiency depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high efficiency depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very high efficiency depending on
+the car but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car but you know
+upwards of 90 in terms of converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards of 90 in terms of converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards of 90 in terms of converting
+that electrical energy back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrical energy back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrical energy back and forth
+the metrics that matter i wrote a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metrics that matter i wrote a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metrics that matter i wrote a couple
+of them here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them here right
+watts watt hours these are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts watt hours these are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts watt hours these are the things
+that matter in batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter in batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter in batteries
+but but so many other things matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so many other things matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so many other things matter and
+this is why this is a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why this is a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why this is a complicated
+problem and it's also why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's also why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's also why
+batteries are not not in any way a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are not not in any way a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries are not not in any way a one
+size fits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size fits all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size fits all
+i mean you know that from like double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know that from like double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know that from like double
+a's and and and triple a's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's and and and triple a's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a's and and and triple a's and
+and nine volt but it's so much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine volt but it's so much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine volt but it's so much more than
+that because it's about the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's about the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's about the application
+uh uh change not going from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh change not going from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh change not going from your
+computer to your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to your phone
+you know uh but but going from like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh but but going from like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh but but going from like uh
+your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car
+right uh to your phone to a house to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh to your phone to a house to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh to your phone to a house to a
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+and so the needs are all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the needs are all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the needs are all going to be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+and and then which ones of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then which ones of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then which ones of these things
+you care about is going to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is going to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about is going to depend on
+what chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chemistry
+you think about it all comes down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it all comes down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it all comes down to the
+chemistry as we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry as we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry as we're going to see
+it's all about the chemistry and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the chemistry and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the chemistry and and
+just to put a few numbers down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put a few numbers down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to put a few numbers down
+cell phone is a few watts of power light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone is a few watts of power light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone is a few watts of power light
+bulb is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb is 10 to
+10 to 100 aaa battery has 1.5 watt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 aaa battery has 1.5 watt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 100 aaa battery has 1.5 watt hours
+of storage right so that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage right so that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storage right so that's how much
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+inside of a aaa battery uh needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a aaa battery uh needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a aaa battery uh needed to
+drive a car 200 miles 100 kilowatt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a car 200 miles 100 kilowatt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a car 200 miles 100 kilowatt hours
+it's just fun to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just fun to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just fun to think about these
+things right powering your house 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right powering your house 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right powering your house 40
+kilowatts max depending on how many ac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts max depending on how many ac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts max depending on how many ac
+units you're running uh the world is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you're running uh the world is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units you're running uh the world is uh
+is this many watts as of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this many watts as of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this many watts as of a few
+years ago so if you had um i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so if you had um i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so if you had um i think it's
+something like 20 000 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 000 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 000 billion
+aaa batteries you could run the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaa batteries you could run the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaa batteries you could run the world
+for an hour ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an hour ish
+something like that these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that these numbers are
+just fun to play with so i want to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fun to play with so i want to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fun to play with so i want to put a
+few examples down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples down
+so where did it all begin it all began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where did it all begin it all began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where did it all begin it all began
+with an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an argument
+it all began with this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all began with this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all began with this beautiful
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+that i have to tell you because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to tell you because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have to tell you because it's
+it's really a cool piece of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a cool piece of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a cool piece of history
+and and it and it took place in italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it and it took place in italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it and it took place in italy
+and it was galvani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was galvani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was galvani
+who was a physiologist and he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a physiologist and he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a physiologist and he really
+loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved
+the the topic of why animals move right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the topic of why animals move right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the topic of why animals move right
+now so why what is motion how is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so why what is motion how is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so why what is motion how is it that
+that that animals are moving uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that animals are moving uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that animals are moving uh you know
+how am i moving my muscles how is how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am i moving my muscles how is how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am i moving my muscles how is how is
+anything well there had been theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well there had been theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything well there had been theories
+about this going all the way back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this going all the way back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this going all the way back you
+remember like socrates and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like socrates and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like socrates and you know
+plato you know the the elements right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato you know the the elements right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato you know the the elements right
+and ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ether
+there were similar theories for motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were similar theories for motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were similar theories for motion
+of the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human body
+in fact the word pneuma was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the word pneuma was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the word pneuma was used
+uh to describe the essence that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to describe the essence that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to describe the essence that goes
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+all living things that allows them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all living things that allows them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all living things that allows them to
+move well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move well so
+galdoni didn't like that he wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galdoni didn't like that he wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galdoni didn't like that he wanted
+something more concrete and so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more concrete and so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more concrete and so he was
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+trying to make a connection especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a connection especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a connection especially
+between things that move and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things that move and electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things that move and electricity
+and electricity now there was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity now there was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electricity now there was it was
+difficult there wasn't like a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult there wasn't like a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult there wasn't like a constant
+source so you had electric generators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so you had electric generators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so you had electric generators in
+your in your lab at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your lab at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your lab at the time
+um but galdoni wanted to go big so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but galdoni wanted to go big so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but galdoni wanted to go big so he
+hooked up his lightning rod to a frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up his lightning rod to a frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up his lightning rod to a frog
+the frog was not alive well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog was not alive well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog was not alive well
+they're probably not alive but seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not alive but seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not alive but seriously
+but because then you'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because then you'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because then you'll see why
+at least i don't think so i really hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least i don't think so i really hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least i don't think so i really hope
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+now i'm thinking about i'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm thinking about i'm getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm thinking about i'm getting a
+little bumped honestly but i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bumped honestly but i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bumped honestly but i don't think
+they were alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were alive
+it doesn't look alive so he hooked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look alive so he hooked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look alive so he hooked him
+up to lightning rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to lightning rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to lightning rods
+and he watched and he waited as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he watched and he waited as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he watched and he waited as the
+storms come in and he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms come in and he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms come in and he's like
+the the lightning rod hits and and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lightning rod hits and and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lightning rod hits and and he
+hooked him up to some metals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked him up to some metals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked him up to some metals and
+the frog went crazy it's like aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog went crazy it's like aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog went crazy it's like aha
+motion electricity he'd been jolting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion electricity he'd been jolting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion electricity he'd been jolting
+them in his lab with his own electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in his lab with his own electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in his lab with his own electric
+generator and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and see
+but he wanted to go big and he also they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he wanted to go big and he also they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he wanted to go big and he also they
+didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+they didn't know at the time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know at the time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know at the time what
+electricity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was
+right so so they didn't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so they didn't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so they didn't know if the
+electricity that he generated in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that he generated in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that he generated in his own
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+was the same as the electricity came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same as the electricity came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same as the electricity came
+from the sky and he saw that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sky and he saw that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sky and he saw that you get the
+same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result
+the frog still moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog still moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog still moved
+so galvani said that the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galvani said that the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so galvani said that the motion
+of of a frog leg in all motion of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a frog leg in all motion of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a frog leg in all motion of all
+living creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living creatures
+generates electricity that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates electricity that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates electricity that's what he
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+he deduced that the motion itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he deduced that the motion itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he deduced that the motion itself is
+uh is something that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is something that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is something that generates
+electricity this is a really cool little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity this is a really cool little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity this is a really cool little
+article about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this
+debate because in in galvani's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate because in in galvani's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate because in in galvani's case
+if you have two metal wires hooked up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two metal wires hooked up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two metal wires hooked up to
+a frog leg we say if you close the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frog leg we say if you close the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frog leg we say if you close the loop
+then what he said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what he said is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what he said is that
+the charge that was already in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge that was already in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge that was already in there
+moves around the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around the loop
+and back and makes the leg move you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and makes the leg move you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and makes the leg move you see
+volta got really interested in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volta got really interested in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volta got really interested in this and
+he said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know
+let me study this he he's he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me study this he he's he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me study this he he's he was a
+physicist at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at the time
+um and and and he he said you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and he he said you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and he he said you know this
+looks fascinating let me study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks fascinating let me study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks fascinating let me study it
+but he said you know um why do you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he said you know um why do you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he said you know um why do you keep
+using two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using two different
+why metals why can't you know if so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why metals why can't you know if so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why metals why can't you know if so i
+think this is about the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is about the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is about the metals
+not the frog and they had a big huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the frog and they had a big huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the frog and they had a big huge
+argument right so this is volta's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right so this is volta's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument right so this is volta's
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+is that it's when you connect two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's when you connect two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's when you connect two
+different metals that you get a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals that you get a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals that you get a charge
+flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing
+through the flock to the frog volta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the flock to the frog volta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the flock to the frog volta
+i think as many of you know went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as many of you know went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think as many of you know went on to
+win that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that argument
+uh and and we have the volt named in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and we have the volt named in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and we have the volt named in
+after him and he also created the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him and he also created the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him and he also created the first
+uh stable battery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stable battery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stable battery the
+voltaic pile um galvani on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltaic pile um galvani on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltaic pile um galvani on the other
+hand really opened the doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand really opened the doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand really opened the doors
+to to the idea that we have electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the idea that we have electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the idea that we have electricity
+in our bodies which is pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our bodies which is pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our bodies which is pretty cool
+he also is a reason why the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also is a reason why the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also is a reason why the story of
+frankenstein was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankenstein was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankenstein was written
+because you know it it's actually true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it it's actually true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it it's actually true
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they they went around and and took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they went around and and took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they went around and and took
+all sorts of things and and electrocuted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and and electrocuted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and and electrocuted
+them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+showed that they moved and and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they moved and and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they moved and and often
+they weren't alive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't alive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't alive and so
+mary shelley i think saw that he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary shelley i think saw that he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary shelley i think saw that he went
+around like the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like the countryside
+shocking people and i actually meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking people and i actually meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking people and i actually meant
+that as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as like
+not literally but just shocking them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally but just shocking them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally but just shocking them by
+what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's
+doing um and i don't think they ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and i don't think they ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and i don't think they ever
+used humans but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used humans but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used humans but still
+people's imaginations you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's imaginations you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's imaginations you know and so
+forth and it was quite a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it was quite a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it was quite a thing
+okay very interesting story now why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very interesting story now why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very interesting story now why does
+this matter i've got two why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter i've got two why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter i've got two why this
+matters today my first one is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters today my first one is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters today my first one is on this
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a personal scale smaller scale and
+then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one is on a grid scale so so
+this is called a little sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a little sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a little sun
+there's over a billion people who can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's over a billion people who can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's over a billion people who can't
+read at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at night
+uh because there's no access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there's no access to
+electricity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course a lot of the studying
+that you could do would be at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do would be at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do would be at night
+right so this is a really cool program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a really cool program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a really cool program
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this work this is a solar cell
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this wouldn't work unless you could
+store the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the electricity
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i wanted to make you guys aware
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little sun i'll pass it around you
+just press this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just press this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just press this
+and you can read at night right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read at night right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read at night right this is
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+making a big difference in millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big difference in millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a big difference in millions of
+people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen unless you've got
+electrochemical energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical energy storage
+right and there's some some stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's some some stats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's some some stats
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh 25 billion liters of kerosene
+are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet the basic lighting needs in a
+lot of these places uh that releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these places uh that releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these places uh that releases
+tremendous amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amounts
+of um of toxic fumes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of toxic fumes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of toxic fumes um and
+and you can you can you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can you know you can
+make a huge difference but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a huge difference but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a huge difference but you can't
+you know serve the same as cooking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know serve the same as cooking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know serve the same as cooking right
+so so so wood fire cooking is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so wood fire cooking is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so wood fire cooking is a huge
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh the but so the challenge is but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the but so the challenge is but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the but so the challenge is but you
+you don't cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't cook
+if you have a solar cooker that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a solar cooker that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a solar cooker that's great
+except that most people don't cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that most people don't cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that most people don't cook
+during the day they cook at night or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day they cook at night or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day they cook at night or in
+the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning
+right um and so how do you so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so how do you so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so how do you so you've got
+to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+energy to make these things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make these things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make these things actually
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+right and and i really like this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and i really like this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and i really like this program
+so i wanted to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to make that
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my why this matters and we'll go
+big on the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big on the next one
+but let's get to the chemistry so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get to the chemistry so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's get to the chemistry so what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+in a battery the best way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a battery the best way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a battery the best way to understand
+this is with a classic example of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with a classic example of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with a classic example of two
+different metals it's volta's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals it's volta's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals it's volta's two
+different metals it could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals it could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals it could be any
+voltage did lots of metals that's we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage did lots of metals that's we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage did lots of metals that's we did
+and he showed that the fro yeah so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he showed that the fro yeah so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he showed that the fro yeah so but
+the frog moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog moved
+with most of them so it was the metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most of them so it was the metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most of them so it was the metals
+so let's take these two classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take these two classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take these two classic
+uh metals uh and show what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metals uh and show what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh metals uh and show what happens
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+copper and you've got um zinc now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and you've got um zinc now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and you've got um zinc now in
+this case i'm just gonna have a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case i'm just gonna have a zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case i'm just gonna have a zinc
+this is the zinc piece of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the zinc piece of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the zinc piece of metal
+this is a piece of zinc and i put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of zinc and i put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of zinc and i put it in
+a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution
+of copper ions right and so so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper ions right and so so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper ions right and so so in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh what do we have let's write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we have let's write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we have let's write this down
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+i've got uh zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's see zinc solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see zinc solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see zinc solid
+that is well let me before i write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is well let me before i write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is well let me before i write this
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+let's write down what the what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down what the what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down what the what's in the
+solution the solution is copper sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution is copper sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the solution is copper sulfate
+and this goes to everything that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to everything that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes to everything that we've
+been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about
+so i've got a solution a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got a solution a beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got a solution a beaker
+that is copper ions in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is copper ions in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is copper ions in it
+how much i don't know look up the ksp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much i don't know look up the ksp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much i don't know look up the ksp
+right now we know how to do that so4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we know how to do that so4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we know how to do that so4
+uh two minus in solution so you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two minus in solution so you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two minus in solution so you put
+you put some of this copper sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some of this copper sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put some of this copper sulfate
+powder in that beaker turns blue and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder in that beaker turns blue and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder in that beaker turns blue and it
+gives you these ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you these ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you these ions
+that are dissolved in solution and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dissolved in solution and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are dissolved in solution and then
+you put a piece of zinc in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a piece of zinc in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a piece of zinc in there
+and then you put a piece of zinc in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put a piece of zinc in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you put a piece of zinc in
+there now so so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now so so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now so so what happens
+what happens is is there's a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is is there's a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is is there's a transfer
+of electrons right now now we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons right now now we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons right now now we we've
+talked a lot about electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about electrons
+we talked about transverse electron i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about transverse electron i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about transverse electron i
+mean just think about it right we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just think about it right we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just think about it right we went
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+h all right like this look at that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h all right like this look at that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h all right like this look at that right
+the bonding and then we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding and then we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonding and then we did this
+okay here we go it's a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go it's a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go it's a little bit less
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+but still right and then we did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still right and then we did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still right and then we did you know
+we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this
+right we did this where it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we did this where it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we did this where it's like okay
+there's almost nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost nothing there
+it all went there this is where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all went there this is where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all went there this is where my
+electrons are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are right
+well then we put this in water and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we put this in water and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we put this in water and we
+got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this
+okay right and we got them sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and we got them sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and we got them sort of
+separated and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and and they
+and this one just just broke off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one just just broke off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one just just broke off with
+its electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electron
+leaving a positive charge behind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a positive charge behind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a positive charge behind so
+we've done all this we know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done all this we know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done all this we know this
+right yeah but so what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but so what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but so what's happening here
+is special because what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is special because what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is special because what's happening here
+is a trading of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trading of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trading of electrons
+you see in all the bonding that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in all the bonding that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in all the bonding that we've
+done we've talked about how electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we've talked about how electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we've talked about how electrons
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+in bonds and then these things break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonds and then these things break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bonds and then these things break
+apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart
+but now i'm going to do reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to do reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to do reactions that
+trade them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them
+that's electrochemistry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's electrochemistry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's electrochemistry that's
+electrochemistry and what happens when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and what happens when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry and what happens when i
+put that zinc strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that zinc strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that zinc strip
+into that solution is this the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that solution is this the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that solution is this the zinc
+goes into solution it's two plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into solution it's two plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into solution it's two plus and
+two electrons and the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and the copper
+in the solution plates onto the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution plates onto the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the solution plates onto the zinc
+plus those two electrons goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus those two electrons goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus those two electrons goes to
+copper like that and if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper like that and if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper like that and if you if you look
+at the full reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the full reaction
+the full reaction would be then zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full reaction would be then zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full reaction would be then zinc
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+plus copper two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus copper two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus copper two plus
+in solution goes to zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution goes to zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution goes to zinc
+two plus in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus in solution
+plus copper solid that's the trading now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus copper solid that's the trading now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus copper solid that's the trading now
+i like writing it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like writing it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like writing it like this
+because you really see explicitly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really see explicitly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really see explicitly the
+gain the gaining and losing of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the gaining and losing of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the gaining and losing of electrons
+oh those have words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those have words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh those have words
+associated with them gaining and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them gaining and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them gaining and losing
+of electrons yeah but this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons yeah but this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons yeah but this is the this
+is the reaction that we're kind of used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reaction that we're kind of used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reaction that we're kind of used
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+right so this is just the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just the same thing
+it's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what happens
+right it's what happens it's a trade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's what happens it's a trade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's what happens it's a trade of
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+now it turns out that when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that when when
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+loses electrons like that we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses electrons like that we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses electrons like that we call that
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when something gains electrons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when something gains electrons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when something gains electrons we
+call this reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so when
+when two different materials in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two different materials in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two different materials in this
+case these two metals trade electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these two metals trade electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case these two metals trade electrons
+and one of them is oxidized and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is oxidized and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is oxidized and one of
+them is reduced that's also got a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is reduced that's also got a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is reduced that's also got a name
+it's called a redox couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a redox couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a redox couple
+those are a redox couple redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a redox couple redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a redox couple redox
+redux right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are a redox couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what they're called when you trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they're called when you trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they're called when you trade
+electrons like this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons like this now
+okay so what's happening well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's happening well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's happening well what's
+happening is at the cir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is at the cir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is at the cir
+i mean you know at the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know at the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know at the surface of the
+zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+i see these copper ions in solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see these copper ions in solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see these copper ions in solution and
+it's like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well
+if i you know if i gave you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i you know if i gave you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i you know if i gave you two
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+then you'd be you'd be able to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be you'd be able to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be you'd be able to become a
+copper solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper solid
+right and so so if i get if i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so if i get if i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so if i get if i give you
+two electrons you're a copper solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons you're a copper solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons you're a copper solid
+and and if i but now if i lose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if i but now if i lose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if i but now if i lose two
+electrons as a zinc atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as a zinc atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as a zinc atom
+i'm a zinc 2 plus that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a zinc 2 plus that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a zinc 2 plus that's this
+that's just this right i said why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this right i said why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just this right i said why does
+that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+well we'll get to that right but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll get to that right but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll get to that right but that's
+what's happening so a zinc atom at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening so a zinc atom at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening so a zinc atom at this
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+right a zinc atom at the surface sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a zinc atom at the surface sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a zinc atom at the surface sees a
+copper two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper two plus
+and it says here have two electrons oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says here have two electrons oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says here have two electrons oh
+and then it's like wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like wait a second
+i gave two electrons away i gotta go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave two electrons away i gotta go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave two electrons away i gotta go
+into solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution
+and that's exactly what you see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what you see over
+here right the copper is plating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the copper is plating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the copper is plating
+the zinc and the and the zinc is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc and the and the zinc is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc and the and the zinc is coming
+off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the
+off of the strip they're doing this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the strip they're doing this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the strip they're doing this all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+why is that happening you put that strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that happening you put that strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that happening you put that strip
+in there and the thing just heats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and the thing just heats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and the thing just heats up
+this is exothermic that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exothermic that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exothermic that means that this
+reaction will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will go
+this is spontaneous this is spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is spontaneous this is spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is spontaneous this is spontaneous
+where can i write that nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can i write that nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can i write that nowhere
+spontaneous spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it didn't have to be as we'll see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have to be as we'll see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have to be as we'll see but
+this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+that but all that's happening is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but all that's happening is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but all that's happening is you're
+so you're you're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you're giving
+you're you're going down in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going down in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're going down in energy
+you're giving energy away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving energy away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving energy away
+and you're heating up the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're heating up the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're heating up the environment
+now the question is how can i not let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is how can i not let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is how can i not let
+that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen
+how can i stop the heating from happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i stop the heating from happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i stop the heating from happen
+and instead take advantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead take advantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead take advantage of this
+electron trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron trading
+to do work that's what a battery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work that's what a battery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work that's what a battery is
+that's what a battery is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a battery is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a battery is
+it's it's taking advantage of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's taking advantage of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's taking advantage of this and
+really what it comes down to is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it comes down to is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it comes down to is just
+a different construction of the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different construction of the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different construction of the device
+it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this
+the fundamentals of a battery is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals of a battery is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals of a battery is it's
+this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing
+but now instead of allowing this plating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now instead of allowing this plating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now instead of allowing this plating
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+i'm going to separate that and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to separate that and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to separate that and i'm going
+to construct it in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct it in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct it in such a way
+that those electrons get traded through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those electrons get traded through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those electrons get traded through
+some wire that i can do work with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wire that i can do work with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wire that i can do work with okay
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+um where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where is it
+okay maybe not for example maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe not for example maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe not for example maybe for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+maybe i need to turn this on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i need to turn this on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i need to turn this on and off
+um there we go this is the picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there we go this is the picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there we go this is the picture that
+april gives for the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april gives for the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+april gives for the battery
+so what you saw wasn't a battery because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you saw wasn't a battery because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you saw wasn't a battery because
+i wasn't stopping the electron flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wasn't stopping the electron flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wasn't stopping the electron flow and
+doing anything but if you construct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything but if you construct it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything but if you construct it
+like this this is called a galvanic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is called a galvanic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this is called a galvanic cell
+right if you construct it like this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you construct it like this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you construct it like this now
+i can do work with that electron trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do work with that electron trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do work with that electron trade
+right i can do work with the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can do work with the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can do work with the electron
+trade that's the difference so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade that's the difference so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade that's the difference so let's go
+through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+so on the left so what did i do well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left so what did i do well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the left so what did i do well i
+got my zinc strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my zinc strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my zinc strip
+but now i've got a copper strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just trying to see okay i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see okay i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see okay i've got a
+copper strip over here i've got a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper strip over here i've got a zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper strip over here i've got a zinc
+strip over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip over here
+right but i'm putting the zinc not into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i'm putting the zinc not into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i'm putting the zinc not into
+the copper directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper directly
+where i just short it and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i just short it and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i just short it and the whole
+thing just heats up instead i'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just heats up instead i'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just heats up instead i'm putting
+the zinc into a solution of zinc ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc into a solution of zinc ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zinc into a solution of zinc ions
+look at that zinc has zinc ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that zinc has zinc ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that zinc has zinc ions
+in solution right a copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution right a copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution right a copper
+copper is in a solution of copper ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is in a solution of copper ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is in a solution of copper ions
+so these are now the two beakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now the two beakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now the two beakers
+on the left i've got you know zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left i've got you know zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left i've got you know zinc
+nitrate in this case it's a nitrate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate in this case it's a nitrate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate in this case it's a nitrate not
+a sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sulfate
+it doesn't matter the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the whole point of the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+is that i get these ions in a beaker i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i get these ions in a beaker i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i get these ions in a beaker i
+get these ions in a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these ions in a beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these ions in a beaker
+so um you know so so you got the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know so so you got the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know so so you got the copper
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+in a beaker on the right with the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a beaker on the right with the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a beaker on the right with the copper
+solid and you got the zinc ions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you got the zinc ions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and you got the zinc ions there
+let's look at what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what's happening
+at blow up of those those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at blow up of those those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at blow up of those those different
+sides right so at the anode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so at the anode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right so at the anode
+it's called the anode because it's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the anode because it's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the anode because it's where
+the charge comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge comes from
+it's called the anode what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the anode what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the anode what's happening
+well what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's happening is
+what i just showed you the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just showed you the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just showed you the zinc
+is leaving the solid the zinc is leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is leaving the solid the zinc is leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is leaving the solid the zinc is leaving
+the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid
+and it's becoming two plus it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's becoming two plus it's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's becoming two plus it's becoming
+two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus
+right but you know so if it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know so if it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know so if it but the
+the thing is that it now you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that it now you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that it now you got to be
+careful here so the zinc is becoming two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here so the zinc is becoming two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here so the zinc is becoming two
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+um it's where what about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's where what about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's where what about those two
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+where do they go a zinc atom leaves its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they go a zinc atom leaves its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they go a zinc atom leaves its
+metal strip and goes into that beaker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal strip and goes into that beaker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal strip and goes into that beaker of
+zinc ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc ions
+right but but now you've got two charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but now you've got two charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but but now you've got two charges
+two electrons on the strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons on the strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons on the strip
+because it left a zinc two plus nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it left a zinc two plus nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it left a zinc two plus nothing
+more will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more will happen
+nothing more will happen unless those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more will happen unless those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more will happen unless those
+two electrons go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons go away
+that's the whole point what's so cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point what's so cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point what's so cool
+about batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about batteries
+is that it's all about neutrality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's all about neutrality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's all about neutrality you
+can't have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have you know
+you think about batteries as current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about batteries as current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about batteries as current
+flowing batteries is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing batteries is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing batteries is all about
+neutrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality
+it's all about keeping these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about keeping these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about keeping these things
+neutral because if i just build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral because if i just build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral because if i just build this
+charge up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up here
+i can't have another zinc atom go in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't have another zinc atom go in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't have another zinc atom go in so
+the charge has to go somewhere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge has to go somewhere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge has to go somewhere but
+that's what that wire is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that wire is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that wire is for
+that's what this wire is for right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this wire is for right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this wire is for right this
+wire allows the charge to go over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire allows the charge to go over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire allows the charge to go over to the
+other place the cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place the cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place the cathode
+where the copper is sitting there saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the copper is sitting there saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the copper is sitting there saying
+you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what
+you know if i had two electrons if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i had two electrons if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i had two electrons if i had
+two electrons on the copper strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons on the copper strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons on the copper strip
+then i could use those as a way to lure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could use those as a way to lure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i could use those as a way to lure
+in a copper two plus ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a copper two plus ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a copper two plus ion
+right i could use those as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could use those as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i could use those as a way to
+learn and if i did that then i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and if i did that then i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and if i did that then i'm doing
+what this did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this did
+right here right it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right it's the same
+thing that we just did with the plating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we just did with the plating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we just did with the plating
+except now those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now those electrons
+are going through this wire up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through this wire up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going through this wire up here the
+zinc is trading electrons with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is trading electrons with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is trading electrons with the
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+that's keeping this neutral so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's keeping this neutral so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's keeping this neutral so now the
+the electrons go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons go away
+and now another zinc can go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now another zinc can go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now another zinc can go into
+solution then the copper grabs them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then the copper grabs them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then the copper grabs them
+plates a piece of copper and then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates a piece of copper and then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates a piece of copper and then more
+electrons can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can come
+right it's the same thing it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same thing it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the same thing it's the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+this is what this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is what it looks like
+if you take those electrodes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take those electrodes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take those electrodes out of the
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+after running this for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after running this for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after running this for you know
+five ten minutes look at what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten minutes look at what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten minutes look at what happened
+the copper plated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper plated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper plated
+you got copper ions from solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got copper ions from solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got copper ions from solution
+plating that and zinc ions from solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plating that and zinc ions from solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plating that and zinc ions from solution
+leaving that leaving that and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that leaving that and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that leaving that and so those
+are the reactions that are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reactions that are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reactions that are happening
+one's happening on the zinc side one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's happening on the zinc side one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's happening on the zinc side one's
+happening on the other side but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the other side but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the other side but there's
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+there's something else because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else because you
+wouldn't have there's this one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have there's this one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have there's this one other
+piece of it that you got to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it that you got to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of it that you got to understand
+to understand how a battery works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how a battery works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how a battery works and
+it's this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing here
+right so up here the elect this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so up here the elect this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so up here the elect this is my
+conduit for electrons to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduit for electrons to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduit for electrons to go
+each time it goes i can plate i can lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time it goes i can plate i can lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time it goes i can plate i can lose
+more goes right but see but but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more goes right but see but but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more goes right but see but but notice
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+lose two plus if i lose two so i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose two plus if i lose two so i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose two plus if i lose two so i've got
+these two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two plus
+what how did i it's not charged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how did i it's not charged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how did i it's not charged the
+solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is
+you know this look at this copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this look at this copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this look at this copper
+sulfate in that case is copper nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate in that case is copper nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate in that case is copper nitrate
+copper sulfate goes into solution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfate goes into solution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfate goes into solution it's
+not a charged solution these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a charged solution these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a charged solution these things
+are balanced right two plus two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balanced right two plus two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balanced right two plus two minus
+so now i'm taking only a two plus out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm taking only a two plus out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm taking only a two plus out of
+solution no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution no way
+it's the same thing you gotta make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing you gotta make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing you gotta make it
+neutral again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral again
+right it won't work otherwise you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it won't work otherwise you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it won't work otherwise you can't
+start building up charge in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building up charge in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building up charge in the solution
+so that's what this thing is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this thing is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this thing is about
+that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is
+this is called the salt bridge and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the salt bridge and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the salt bridge and that
+completes the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the circuit
+see this lets the electrons flow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this lets the electrons flow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this lets the electrons flow this
+gives ions it doesn't matter what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives ions it doesn't matter what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives ions it doesn't matter what it is
+right that's the electrolyte it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the electrolyte it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the electrolyte it's just a
+source of ions here it's nacl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ions here it's nacl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ions here it's nacl
+it's nacl so now for every copper two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nacl so now for every copper two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nacl so now for every copper two
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+that plates onto the copper electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plates onto the copper electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plates onto the copper electrode
+two n a plus atoms go into this beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n a plus atoms go into this beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n a plus atoms go into this beaker
+from the bridge because here i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bridge because here i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bridge because here i've got
+dissolved salt dissolve salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved salt dissolve salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved salt dissolve salt
+sodium chloride is in water so i got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is in water so i got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is in water so i got all
+these sodium ions i got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sodium ions i got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sodium ions i got all these
+chlorine ions all right and and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine ions all right and and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine ions all right and and when
+when uh when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when a
+a charge imbalance happens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge imbalance happens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge imbalance happens because
+something plates here i can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plates here i can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plates here i can draw
+sodium atoms out of the salt bridge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium atoms out of the salt bridge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium atoms out of the salt bridge and
+i can draw chlorine atoms out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw chlorine atoms out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw chlorine atoms out of that
+side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right
+that completes your circuit that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes your circuit that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes your circuit that's an
+ion neutralizer the salt bridge and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion neutralizer the salt bridge and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion neutralizer the salt bridge and this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+allowing the electrons to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the electrons to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the electrons to keep
+everything neutral and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything neutral and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything neutral and that's how you
+get the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the current
+right it's pretty cool it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's pretty cool it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's pretty cool it's pretty cool
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+now the thing is um you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is um you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is um you can do this
+yourself that's what i brought these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's what i brought these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that's what i brought these
+for is that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is that you know you can
+so you know somebody says the potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know somebody says the potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know somebody says the potato
+battery i like the human battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery i like the human battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery i like the human battery
+um these are just volt meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are just volt meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are just volt meters
+and these are um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are um uh uh
+set to the right thing yep and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to the right thing yep and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to the right thing yep and what
+you'll find you know you can you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find you know you can you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find you know you can you can uh
+you can see what happens right like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what happens right like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what happens right like if
+you when you touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you touch
+when you touch the two electrodes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you touch the two electrodes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you touch the two electrodes yeah
+and you sometimes you got to squeeze oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sometimes you got to squeeze oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sometimes you got to squeeze oh
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+current you you have electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you you have electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you you have electro
+you are providing you're the salt bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are providing you're the salt bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are providing you're the salt bridge
+you are the bridge so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the bridge so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the bridge so what that means is
+you are actually plating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually plating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually plating
+and taking metals off of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking metals off of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking metals off of these two
+electrodes right now your hands are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes right now your hands are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes right now your hands are
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+and you're trading electrons you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trading electrons you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trading electrons you're a
+conduit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduit
+for that to happen right you're the salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to happen right you're the salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to happen right you're the salt
+bridge it's pretty cool and you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge it's pretty cool and you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge it's pretty cool and you can play
+with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+they're really this is like i you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really this is like i you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really this is like i you know
+you have volt meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have volt meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have volt meters
+you have lots of items on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of items on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of items on the table
+tomorrow maybe at a dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow maybe at a dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow maybe at a dinner
+and i'm just suggesting that you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just suggesting that you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just suggesting that you play
+around with this idea because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with this idea because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with this idea because
+look this is what volta did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is what volta did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is what volta did
+this is literally what the name of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally what the name of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally what the name of that
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+the guy that that's named after this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that that's named after this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy that that's named after this is
+what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did
+he hooked up two different metals i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hooked up two different metals i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hooked up two different metals i just
+put some paper clips in there it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some paper clips in there it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some paper clips in there it works
+it can be almost not almost but lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be almost not almost but lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be almost not almost but lots of
+different metals will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals will work
+why we'll get to that in a sec here i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we'll get to that in a sec here i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we'll get to that in a sec here i've
+got another paper clip and a copper wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another paper clip and a copper wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another paper clip and a copper wire
+right two different metals the power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two different metals the power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two different metals the power the
+power isn't coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power isn't coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power isn't coming
+from you as galvani thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you as galvani thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you as galvani thought
+no the power is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the power is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the power is coming from the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+in potentials of those metals wanting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in potentials of those metals wanting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in potentials of those metals wanting or
+not wanting electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting electrons
+everybody wants electrons let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants electrons let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody wants electrons let's be
+honest but who wants them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest but who wants them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest but who wants them more
+it all comes back to the same stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the same stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes back to the same stuff we
+talked about it's just that now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it's just that now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it's just that now we're
+talking about the metals and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the metals and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the metals and whether
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+they're more interested than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more interested than the other
+metal in having those two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in having those two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal in having those two electrons
+that's what a potential is that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a potential is that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a potential is that's what a
+potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+oh so you know so the ques so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you know so the ques so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you know so the ques so those are
+that's a now so okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a now so okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a now so okay here we go
+uh there's the vol so what determines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the vol so what determines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the vol so what determines it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what determines the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the potential
+what determines the potential well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the potential well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the potential well it's
+it's what i just said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what i just said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what i just said you know
+intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+it's it's the difference in these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the difference in these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the difference in these things
+wanting let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting let's say
+well okay i got copper and zinc how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay i got copper and zinc how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay i got copper and zinc how you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+how do i know well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i know well you know
+if you look at zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at zinc
+let's see where do i have it here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where do i have it here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where do i have it here we go
+zinc i want to make sure i get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc i want to make sure i get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc i want to make sure i get this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so zinc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zinc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zinc is
+argon and 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon and 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon and 3d
+10 and 4s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 4s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and 4s2
+all right okay copper oh we got numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay copper oh we got numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay copper oh we got numbers
+30 and 29 copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and 29 copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and 29 copper
+is uh is the same thing in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is the same thing in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is the same thing in terms of its
+core argon core 3d 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core argon core 3d 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core argon core 3d 10
+4s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one of those wants to give up two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of those wants to give up two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of those wants to give up two
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+or take two electrons more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take two electrons more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or take two electrons more than the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+that's what determines the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what determines the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what determines the potential
+that's what the and you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the and you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the and you know when you
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+you might say and this is from april so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say and this is from april so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say and this is from april so
+he actually is missing the f's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually is missing the f's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually is missing the f's
+because this is just taken right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just taken right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just taken right from
+the textbook but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook but anyway
+um so so you know you say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so you know you say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so you know you say that's the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+look at this this is like an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this this is like an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this this is like an energy
+diagram but these aren't electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but these aren't electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but these aren't electronic
+states these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states these are just
+potentials but the potential is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but the potential is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials but the potential is related
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+which one wants the two electrons more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one wants the two electrons more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one wants the two electrons more
+it's two plus the oxidation state is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two plus the oxidation state is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two plus the oxidation state is two
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+so you know you look at this you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you look at this you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you look at this you say
+well i don't know which one might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know which one might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know which one might give
+up electrons more i mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up electrons more i mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up electrons more i mean this
+you know it turns out it's the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it turns out it's the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it turns out it's the zinc
+and you might say well but wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say well but wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might say well but wait a second
+this has this is if i just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this is if i just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this is if i just take an
+electron out of here won't it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out of here won't it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out of here won't it be
+harder than one out of here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than one out of here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than one out of here because this
+only has 4s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has 4s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has 4s1
+right the answer is yes but i'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the answer is yes but i'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the answer is yes but i'm taking
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+i'm not taking one i'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not taking one i'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not taking one i'm talking about the
+oxidation state of two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to be harder here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be harder here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be harder here it's
+harder to take a 4s1 and a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to take a 4s1 and a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to take a 4s1 and a 3d
+from that beautifully filled 3d shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that beautifully filled 3d shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that beautifully filled 3d shell
+than it is to take these two s electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to take these two s electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to take these two s electrons
+that's why that's higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's higher
+that's why that's higher right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's higher right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's higher right so
+you know so you could what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you could what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you could what you can see
+is that the potential difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the potential difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the potential difference
+the potential difference is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential difference is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential difference is all about
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+right the v the delta v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the v the delta v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the v the delta v
+is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about
+the chemistry the you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry the you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry the you know it's the
+chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist
+it's all about all the things that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about all the things that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about all the things that we've
+learned it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it's it's
+more than that because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that because of these
+solutions so it's more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so it's more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so it's more complicated than
+that but at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at the core
+of all of this is the all the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is the all the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is the all the topics
+that we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned
+right how strongly are electrons bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how strongly are electrons bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how strongly are electrons bound
+to an atom to into a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an atom to into a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an atom to into a metal
+right um and and so you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and so you know so
+you know you said well if i took if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you said well if i took if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you said well if i took if i
+took cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took cobalt
+what would happen right if i took cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen right if i took cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen right if i took cobalt
+instead of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of copper
+the voltage here would be half and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage here would be half and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage here would be half and and
+you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can
+you can sort of look at the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of look at the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of look at the periodic
+table and think about why that is cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and think about why that is cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and think about why that is cobalt
+has a 4s2 but it's got less d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 4s2 but it's got less d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 4s2 but it's got less d
+electrons and so which of you know so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so which of you know so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so which of you know so is
+it going to be easier or harder to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be easier or harder to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be easier or harder to pull
+them out well it's going to be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out well it's going to be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out well it's going to be easier
+than copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than copper
+but harder than zinc so it goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but harder than zinc so it goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but harder than zinc so it goes in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+right and so the potential difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the potential difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the potential difference is
+less for cobalt and zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for cobalt and zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less for cobalt and zinc
+but you still get a potential right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still get a potential right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still get a potential right and
+so that's what volta did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what volta did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what volta did
+and he did all sorts of different metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did all sorts of different metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did all sorts of different metals
+and you know it's why you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's why you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's why you can understand
+why copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why copper
+and why zinc and copper does this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why zinc and copper does this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why zinc and copper does this but
+copper and zinc doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and zinc doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and zinc doesn't
+that's copper in a zinc solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's copper in a zinc solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's copper in a zinc solution that's
+zinc in a copper solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc in a copper solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc in a copper solution
+nothing happens the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens the reason
+is the potential it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential it's just this
+it's it's just literally the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just literally the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just literally the the
+potential difference that we just drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference that we just drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference that we just drew
+this is this is going to be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is going to be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is going to be easier to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+so i'm not going to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm not going to go the other way
+right i'm not going to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm not going to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm not going to go the other way
+so nothing happens when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing happens when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing happens when you do that
+and then finally the last kind of piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the last kind of piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally the last kind of piece
+of this is that we need a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that we need a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that we need a reference
+because you can only get the changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can only get the changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can only get the changes and
+potentials it's like enthalpy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials it's like enthalpy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials it's like enthalpy you can
+only get the changes not the absolutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get the changes not the absolutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get the changes not the absolutes
+so you got to have a standardization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to have a standardization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to have a standardization
+and the standardization in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standardization in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standardization in the world of
+batteries is hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries is hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries is hydrogen
+so so there's so what you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's so what you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's so what you do when you
+think about battery potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about battery potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about battery potentials
+is you write down all of these reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you write down all of these reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you write down all of these reduction
+reduction is gaining electrons right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is gaining electrons right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is gaining electrons right you
+write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down all
+it doesn't matter you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter you can write
+reduction you can write oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you can write oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you can write oxidation
+they're just to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just to flip
+flip the sign right it's just a flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the sign right it's just a flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the sign right it's just a flip
+sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the
+of the potential but but you write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential but but you write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential but but you write these
+down with respect to a common electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with respect to a common electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with respect to a common electrode
+and and it's the standard it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's the standard it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's the standard it's called
+the standard hydrogen electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard hydrogen electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard hydrogen electrode
+so sometimes you'll see it as the she in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you'll see it as the she in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you'll see it as the she in
+the battery world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery world
+and what it is is is just a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it is is is just a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it is is is just a very nice
+platinum electrode that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum electrode that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum electrode that doesn't change
+so it doesn't plate or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't plate or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't plate or lose
+atoms and and it's a reaction that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and and it's a reaction that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and and it's a reaction that on
+that electrode happens with hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrode happens with hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrode happens with hydrogen
+hydrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+and so what you do is you hook this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is you hook this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you do is you hook this up
+on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side
+you hook that up on one side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook that up on one side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook that up on one side and then
+you put all the metals against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all the metals against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all the metals against that
+and you measure their potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you measure their potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you measure their potential
+what's so powerful about the she is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so powerful about the she is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so powerful about the she is that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i've got all these with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got all these with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got all these with respect to the
+same reference right so now when i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reference right so now when i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reference right so now when i look
+at my zinc copper battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my zinc copper battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my zinc copper battery
+well it's just the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the difference between
+those that's the potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's the potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that's the potential of the
+battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery
+so hydrogen electrodes gives you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen electrodes gives you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen electrodes gives you that
+that ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability
+to standardize it and create huge tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to standardize it and create huge tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to standardize it and create huge tables
+and if you look up potentials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look up potentials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look up potentials of
+reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+you're gonna they're all related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna they're all related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna they're all related to
+hydrogen you get thousands of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you get thousands of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you get thousands of them
+how much does somebody want to lose how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does somebody want to lose how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does somebody want to lose how
+many electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electrons
+that's going to be in these tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be in these tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be in these tables and
+it's it's by a setup that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's by a setup that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's by a setup that
+is very similar to the one i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the one i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the one i showed you
+that is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is related to
+hydrogen okay you can go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen okay you can go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen okay you can go the other way
+so if i had if i had zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had if i had zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had if i had zinc
+i just showed you zinc right copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you zinc right copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just showed you zinc right copper and
+zinc doesn't happen because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc doesn't happen because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc doesn't happen because it's the
+wrong sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sign
+but then what if i put copper instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what if i put copper instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what if i put copper instead of
+in zinc i put copper and silver so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zinc i put copper and silver so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zinc i put copper and silver so
+there's copper and zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's copper and zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's copper and zinc
+copper and silver it works right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and silver it works right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and silver it works right because
+now silver is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now silver is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now silver is down here
+how did i know that because i hooked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that because i hooked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did i know that because i hooked it
+up to hydrogen and i compared it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to hydrogen and i compared it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to hydrogen and i compared it
+to copper right and so that's how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copper right and so that's how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copper right and so that's how that's
+how you do battery chemistry is you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do battery chemistry is you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do battery chemistry is you look
+things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up
+you look up these potentials in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up these potentials in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up these potentials in uh
+tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables
+and you think about which voltage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about which voltage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about which voltage you
+need and that gets us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and that gets us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and that gets us to
+um this nobel prize i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this nobel prize i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this nobel prize i
+say well why are lithium why did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why are lithium why did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why are lithium why did the
+lithium why did the nobel prize go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium why did the nobel prize go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium why did the nobel prize go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the the uh not discovery but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh not discovery but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh not discovery but you know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the the the development of lithium-ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the development of lithium-ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the development of lithium-ion
+as a storage technology and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a storage technology and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a storage technology and the reason
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this it's all but did you you saw it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all but did you you saw it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's all but did you you saw it was
+the highest one on the list too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest one on the list too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest one on the list too
+look at that so now i don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so now i don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so now i don't know what
+the potential of a lithium-something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential of a lithium-something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential of a lithium-something
+battery is going to be but i'm starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is going to be but i'm starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery is going to be but i'm starting
+out with a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a pretty
+uh a pretty negative voltage respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pretty negative voltage respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pretty negative voltage respect to
+hydrogen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen that
+makes you think you might get high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you think you might get high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you think you might get high
+voltages and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages and you do
+yeah but you have another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you have another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you have another thing that's
+really cool about lithium is how light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool about lithium is how light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool about lithium is how light
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+and those things combine make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things combine make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things combine make it a
+beautiful battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful battery
+technology and that's why the nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that's why the nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that's why the nobel
+prize was given because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize was given because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize was given because if you look at
+it on a plot like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a plot like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a plot like this
+it's all the way up here if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the way up here if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the way up here if you look at
+energy density versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density versus
+volume and a lithium battery works much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and a lithium battery works much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and a lithium battery works much
+the same way in the sense that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way in the sense that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way in the sense that you have
+the separator here that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separator here that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separator here that's the
+electrolyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte
+but now it's rechargeable and i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's rechargeable and i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's rechargeable and i didn't
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+i don't have time to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have time to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have time to go into
+rechargeable batteries versus what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rechargeable batteries versus what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rechargeable batteries versus what are
+called primary batteries which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called primary batteries which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called primary batteries which is the
+one i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i showed you
+um but all the chemistry is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all the chemistry is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all the chemistry is the same
+you're shuttling ions back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shuttling ions back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shuttling ions back and forth
+you've got that external circuit um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that external circuit um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that external circuit um and
+what i wanted to and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i wanted to and there's a whole
+bunch of chemistry so what has exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of chemistry so what has exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of chemistry so what has exploded
+in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+well that's a bad word for batteries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a bad word for batteries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a bad word for batteries um
+because that is a danger with lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is a danger with lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is a danger with lithium
+batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries
+but but what has really made the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what has really made the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what has really made the field
+take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off
+is you know the word we're in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the word we're in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know the word we're in the class
+it's chemistry because the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemistry because the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemistry because the flexibility
+of of where you can put that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of where you can put that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of where you can put that other
+electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode
+and what properties it has gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what properties it has gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what properties it has gives you
+enormous room that's why lithium-ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous room that's why lithium-ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous room that's why lithium-ion
+batteries can go in everything now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries can go in everything now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries can go in everything now
+all the way up to the grid and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the grid and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the grid and that's
+how that was my my last why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was my my last why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that was my my last why this matters
+in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last
+two and a half minutes this is the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half minutes this is the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half minutes this is the grid
+now so we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we went from
+from small to very big right the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small to very big right the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small to very big right the growth
+in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar
+and wind has been incredible over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wind has been incredible over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wind has been incredible over the
+last uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh 10
+20 years um the the problem as i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years um the the problem as i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years um the the problem as i think
+i've shown you is the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you is the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you is the variability
+and so this is like you know if you zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like you know if you zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like you know if you zoom
+in here that's the load the black line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that's the load the black line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that's the load the black line
+and this is like what these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like what these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like what these two
+resources give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources give you
+and you can see that it doesn't match if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it doesn't match if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it doesn't match if
+you zoom in on a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in on a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zoom in on a day
+then you really can see it right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really can see it right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you really can see it right there's
+the load and there's what you'd get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and there's what you'd get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and there's what you'd get from
+solar and wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind
+and so here's the question he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the question he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the question he said well
+okay how do you how do you fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you how do you fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do you how do you fix this
+you got to store it there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to store it there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to store it there's no way
+to use renewables at large scales unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use renewables at large scales unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use renewables at large scales unless
+you store it in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store it in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store it in fact
+we're really at essentially the tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really at essentially the tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really at essentially the tipping
+point because if i look at the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because if i look at the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because if i look at the countries
+in the world and what there's pv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and what there's pv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and what there's pv
+penetration is and this is a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration is and this is a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration is and this is a couple
+years old but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old but it's still
+pretty much the same germany greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same germany greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same germany greece
+italy at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy at the top
+uh uh sa frowny face here for the us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sa frowny face here for the us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sa frowny face here for the us of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um but but you know germany is at 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but you know germany is at 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but you know germany is at 7.1
+percent as a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent as a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent as a few years ago
+that's a huge penetration of pv well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge penetration of pv well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge penetration of pv well
+here's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem
+if you if you look at this is germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you look at this is germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you look at this is germany
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+huge penetration these are these six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge penetration these are these six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge penetration these are these six
+years right seven years of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right seven years of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right seven years of adding
+pv this is how much they had they're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv this is how much they had they're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pv this is how much they had they're now
+at seven percent 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at seven percent 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at seven percent 2016
+this is how much the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how much the price of
+electricity was in germany when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was in germany when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity was in germany when they
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+so notice that here's the sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that here's the sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that here's the sunlight
+electricity during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity during the day
+they can sell it for a lot of money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell it for a lot of money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell it for a lot of money but
+as they add more and more of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they add more and more of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they add more and more of this
+renewable to the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable to the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable to the grid
+its price goes down when it's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price goes down when it's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its price goes down when it's available
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+it's now not economical for them to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now not economical for them to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now not economical for them to add
+more pv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pv
+unless they can add it with storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they can add it with storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they can add it with storage
+because actually the price has gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually the price has gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually the price has gone down
+so much and it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much and it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much and it's gone
+up here when they're not generating any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here when they're not generating any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here when they're not generating any
+pb electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pb electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pb electricity
+so you can come up with and they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can come up with and they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can come up with and they did in
+this paper um this sort of value factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper um this sort of value factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper um this sort of value factor
+which when it goes below one means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when it goes below one means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when it goes below one means
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+economic outcome that's positive here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic outcome that's positive here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic outcome that's positive here
+right you can't make money anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't make money anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't make money anymore
+and that look at where that happens it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that look at where that happens it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that look at where that happens it's
+right around where they are it's at five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around where they are it's at five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around where they are it's at five
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+you can't solve renewables at the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve renewables at the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't solve renewables at the scale
+of the grid without storage and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grid without storage and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grid without storage and no
+option exists today it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option exists today it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option exists today it might be
+batteries it might be batteries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries it might be batteries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries it might be batteries but
+there's nothing that actually does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that actually does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing that actually does it
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+at the scales that we need so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scales that we need so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scales that we need so that's a
+real challenge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenge for
+chemistry and i hope you guys um have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and i hope you guys um have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and i hope you guys um have a
+great thanksgiving and maybe hook up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanksgiving and maybe hook up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanksgiving and maybe hook up
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+different medals um and i'll see you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different medals um and i'll see you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different medals um and i'll see you all
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v4YcejwdQC0.txt b/v4YcejwdQC0.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/v4YcejwdQC0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. So today I'd
+like to look at a problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at a problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at a problem on
+manipulating 4A series. Specifically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating 4A series. Specifically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating 4A series. Specifically,
+we're asked to find the 4A series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked to find the 4A series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asked to find the 4A series of
+cosine t or 2t minus p<unk> /4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine t or 2t minus p<unk> /4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine t or 2t minus p<unk> /4.
+And then the second problem is given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second problem is given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second problem is given a
+square wave function which takes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function which takes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function which takes on the
+value of minus1 and 1 and it's per uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of minus1 and 1 and it's per uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of minus1 and 1 and it's per uh 2
+pi periodic. We're also told that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi periodic. We're also told that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi periodic. We're also told that the
+square wave function has the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function has the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function has the forier
+series 4 over pi 1 / n sin nt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series 4 over pi 1 / n sin nt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series 4 over pi 1 / n sin nt
+and the question is to find the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is to find the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is to find the forier
+series of three related functions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three related functions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of three related functions. So
+the first function takes on the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first function takes on the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first function takes on the value of
+0 and 4 on the intervals minus p<unk> to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 4 on the intervals minus p<unk> to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 4 on the intervals minus p<unk> to
+0 and 0 to pi. Note that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 0 to pi. Note that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 0 to pi. Note that this function
+is also 2 pi periodic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also 2 pi periodic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also 2 pi periodic.
+The second pro uh problem is to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second pro uh problem is to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second pro uh problem is to find the
+4year series of a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4year series of a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4year series of a function which is
+minus1 from minus1 to 0 and one from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 from minus1 to 0 and one from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 from minus1 to 0 and one from 0
+to 1. So this is the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1. So this is the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1. So this is the square wave
+function but now has period 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but now has period 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but now has period 2.
+And then lastly we're asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly we're asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lastly we're asked to find the
+for series of a function f of t which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for series of a function f of t which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for series of a function f of t which is
+absolute t and it's defined as absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute t and it's defined as absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute t and it's defined as absolute
+t on the interval from minus pi to pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t on the interval from minus pi to pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t on the interval from minus pi to pi.
+However, this function f is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, this function f is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, this function f is going to be
+extended on the entire domain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended on the entire domain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended on the entire domain with
+period 2 pi. Okay, so I'll let you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2 pi. Okay, so I'll let you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2 pi. Okay, so I'll let you think
+about this problem and I'll be back in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem and I'll be back in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem and I'll be back in a
+moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, welcome back. Okay, so
+let's take a look at the first problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the first problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the first problem.
+Finding the 4A series of cosine 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finding the 4A series of cosine 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finding the 4A series of cosine 2t
+minus p<unk> /4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in this class when we say find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this class when we say find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this class when we say find the
+for series what we're really looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for series what we're really looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for series what we're really looking for
+are coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coefficients
+a 0 a n and bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for example we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for example we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for example we can write
+our function out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function out
+as a sum of s and cosiness with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of s and cosiness with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of s and cosiness with these
+values a n and bn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values a n and bn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values a n and bn.
+Now what we could do is we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what we could do is we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what we could do is we could take
+this function, plug it into the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function, plug it into the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function, plug it into the integral
+formulas and compute using the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and compute using the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and compute using the integrals
+the uh value a 0 a n and bn. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh value a 0 a n and bn. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh value a 0 a n and bn. However,
+there's a bit of a trick and that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a trick and that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of a trick and that's to
+realize that this function cosine 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this function cosine 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this function cosine 2t
+minus p<unk> /4 is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p<unk> /4 is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus p<unk> /4 is really just a
+syosoidal function with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syosoidal function with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syosoidal function with a single
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+and it's currently in an amplitude phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's currently in an amplitude phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's currently in an amplitude phase
+form. And we can always convert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. And we can always convert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. And we can always convert an
+amplitude phase form of a syosoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude phase form of a syosoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude phase form of a syosoidal
+function into some amplitude times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into some amplitude times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function into some amplitude times a
+sign and some amplitude uh times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and some amplitude uh times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and some amplitude uh times a
+cosine and add the two up. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and add the two up. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and add the two up. So
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+this can be done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be done by
+recalling uh the cosine identity cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling uh the cosine identity cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling uh the cosine identity cosine
+a minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is cosine a * cosine b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine a * cosine b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine a * cosine b plus
+sin of a sin of b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we identify a with 2t and b with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we identify a with 2t and b with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we identify a with 2t and b with
+pi over4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we obtain that f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is cosine 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine 2t
+cosine p<unk> / 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine p<unk> / 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine p<unk> / 4
+plus sin 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sin of pi / 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now sine of t uh p<unk> /4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now sine of t uh p<unk> /4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now sine of t uh p<unk> /4 and
+cosine p<unk> /4 are both 1 over <unk>2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So f of 2 f of t becomes 1 over<unk> t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f of 2 f of t becomes 1 over<unk> t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f of 2 f of t becomes 1 over<unk> t
+cosine 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 1 over <unk>2 sin 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it.
+So when we take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we take a look at this
+expression for f of t we see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for f of t we see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for f of t we see that this
+is actually in exactly the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in exactly the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually in exactly the same form
+that we started or that we were seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started or that we were seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started or that we were seeking
+in the beginning the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning the forier series
+representation for f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for f.
+So this is this is the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this is the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is this is the end of the
+problem. We don't have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We don't have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We don't have to actually
+compute any integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute any integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute any integrals.
+Okay. So now let's take a look at part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's take a look at part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's take a look at part
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+So for part two we're asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for part two we're asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for part two we're asked to find the
+forier series of several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series of several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series of several different
+functions. And I'll just take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And I'll just take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And I'll just take a look at
+part one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case
+f of t takes on the value of 0 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t takes on the value of 0 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t takes on the value of 0 from
+minus pi to 0 and the value of four from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to 0 and the value of four from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to 0 and the value of four from
+0 to pi. And if I were to quickly sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to pi. And if I were to quickly sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to pi. And if I were to quickly sketch
+this function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would look like a square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 pi minus pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pi minus pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pi minus pi.
+This is f of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we see that it's actually related. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see that it's actually related. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we see that it's actually related. I
+can draw in dashes just to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in dashes just to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw in dashes just to be clear
+what the original square wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original square wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original square wave function
+might look like. So this is square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like. So this is square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like. So this is square wave
+of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We see that if we were to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see that if we were to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We see that if we were to take the
+square wave function and shift it up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function and shift it up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function and shift it up,
+the square wave takes on values of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave takes on values of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave takes on values of plus
+one and minus one. But if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one. But if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one. But if we take the
+square wave function and shift it up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function and shift it up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function and shift it up one
+unit and then rescale it, we'll then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then rescale it, we'll then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and then rescale it, we'll then get
+the function we're looking for f of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function we're looking for f of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function we're looking for f of t.
+So specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically
+we can write f of t in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write f of t in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write f of t in terms of the
+square wave as well we have to shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave as well we have to shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave as well we have to shift the
+square wave function up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have to amplify it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to amplify it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to amplify it by a
+factor of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two.
+So then when we seek the 4year series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then when we seek the 4year series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then when we seek the 4year series
+for f all we have to do is substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f all we have to do is substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f all we have to do is substitute
+the 4year series for the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4year series for the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4year series for the square wave
+function in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so let's do this. So we have 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's do this. So we have 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's do this. So we have 1 +
+4 over pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 over pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 over pi.
+So I'm writing here this 4 a series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm writing here this 4 a series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm writing here this 4 a series for
+the square wave function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function.
+n odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n odd
+1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+sin nt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So by manipulating the 4A series for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by manipulating the 4A series for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So by manipulating the 4A series for uh
+the square wave function we can arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function we can arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function we can arrive
+at a 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a 4A series
+for f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and odd 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd 1 / n
+sin nt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so this is the first function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The second function f t I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second function f t I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second function f t I'll just
+rewrite it again. f of t takes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it again. f of t takes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it again. f of t takes on the
+value of uh negative 1 from 0 to t sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of uh negative 1 from 0 to t sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of uh negative 1 from 0 to t sorry
+from negative1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to zero and takes on the value of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and takes on the value of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and takes on the value of plus
+one from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's it's somewhat useful to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's somewhat useful to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's it's somewhat useful to draw
+just to quickly sketch this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll draw in my axis here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is f of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is f of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is f of t.
+This is t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is t.
+And it transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it makes its jumps at uh the integers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes its jumps at uh the integers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes its jumps at uh the integers.
+So for example uh it jumps from plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh it jumps from plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh it jumps from plus one
+to minus one at one and from plus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one at one and from plus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one at one and from plus one to
+minus1 at minus one as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 at minus one as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 at minus one as well.
+And if I were to just quickly sketch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I were to just quickly sketch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I were to just quickly sketch the
+square wave function over top of it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function over top of it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave function over top of it or
+sorry underneath of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the square wave function makes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function makes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function makes its
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at minus pi and pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus pi and pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minus pi and pi.
+So this is the square wave function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the square wave function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the square wave function.
+This is t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we see that we can take uh the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see that we can take uh the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we see that we can take uh the square
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+squeeze it to obtain this function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it to obtain this function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it to obtain this function f of
+t. And the question now is what factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And the question now is what factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. And the question now is what factor
+do we have to squeeze the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to squeeze the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to squeeze the square wave
+function by to get uh f of t?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by to get uh f of t?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by to get uh f of t?
+Well, usually what I like to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, usually what I like to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, usually what I like to do is take
+one characteristic point in the sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one characteristic point in the sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one characteristic point in the sketch
+for uh in this case the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh in this case the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh in this case the square wave
+function. So a nice characteristic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So a nice characteristic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So a nice characteristic point
+is uh when the square wave function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when the square wave function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when the square wave function has
+a a zero. So when it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a zero. So when it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a zero. So when it goes through the
+origin and compare it to the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and compare it to the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and compare it to the same point
+on this function f of t. So we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this function f of t. So we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this function f of t. So we see that
+the point pi has to get stretched to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point pi has to get stretched to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point pi has to get stretched to the
+point one. So we we basically need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one. So we we basically need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one. So we we basically need to
+take the time axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time axis
+uh in the square wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the square wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the square wave function and
+squeeze it by a factor of pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what this means is that f of t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is that f of t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this means is that f of t is
+going to be the square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the square wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the square wave.
+And when we do what mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we do what mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when we do what mathematicians
+sometimes call a dilitation, a a stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call a dilitation, a a stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call a dilitation, a a stretch
+or a squeeze, if we're squeezing by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a squeeze, if we're squeezing by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a squeeze, if we're squeezing by some
+factor, that factor always appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, that factor always appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, that factor always appears
+uh in the argument of uh the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the argument of uh the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the argument of uh the function
+we're squeezing. If it's a stretch, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're squeezing. If it's a stretch, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're squeezing. If it's a stretch, then
+it would be t over the stretch factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be t over the stretch factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be t over the stretch factor.
+And we can quickly check here that if t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can quickly check here that if t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can quickly check here that if t
+uh equals 1. So as t goes from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals 1. So as t goes from 0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals 1. So as t goes from 0 to 1.
+So when t is 1, the square wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when t is 1, the square wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when t is 1, the square wave function
+is being evaluated at pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'll I'll now write out the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll I'll now write out the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll I'll now write out the forier
+series. So this is going to be 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So this is going to be 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. So this is going to be 4 pi
+sum of n odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+sin of n pi t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin of n pi t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin of n pi t.
+And there's another quick check we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's another quick check we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's another quick check we can
+do. That's uh this function f we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. That's uh this function f we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. That's uh this function f we were
+told is 2 pi or sorry is per uh periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told is 2 pi or sorry is per uh periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told is 2 pi or sorry is per uh periodic
+with period 2. And if we just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with period 2. And if we just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with period 2. And if we just take a
+look at this function here, the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this function here, the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this function here, the forier
+series representation of it, we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation of it, we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation of it, we see that
+each sin n pi t is in fact periodic with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sin n pi t is in fact periodic with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sin n pi t is in fact periodic with
+period 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period 2.
+So that's just another quick uh back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just another quick uh back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just another quick uh back of
+the envelope check that we've done our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope check that we've done our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope check that we've done our
+uh we've done our uh calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've done our uh calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've done our uh calculation
+correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly.
+Okay, so this concludes part two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this concludes part two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this concludes part two.
+And then for lastly for part three, f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then for lastly for part three, f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then for lastly for part three, f of
+t is the absolute value of t from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is the absolute value of t from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is the absolute value of t from minus
+pi to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to pi
+and it's uh extended beyond minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh extended beyond minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's uh extended beyond minus pi to
+pi uh to make it 2 pi periodic. And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi uh to make it 2 pi periodic. And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi uh to make it 2 pi periodic. And at
+first it might look like this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it might look like this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it might look like this function f
+of t is not related to the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t is not related to the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t is not related to the square wave
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+But if we look at it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we look at it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we look at it a little more
+carefully and say analyze the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and say analyze the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and say analyze the derivative
+of f of t, we see that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of t, we see that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of t, we see that this function
+takes on the value of + one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the value of + one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on the value of + one on the
+interval 0 to pi and takes on the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to pi and takes on the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to pi and takes on the value
+of minus1 on the interval of minus pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 on the interval of minus pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 on the interval of minus pi to
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is exactly
+the square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave.
+So what we can do is we can write f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we can do is we can write f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we can do is we can write f of
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+It's going to be an integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be an integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be an integral of the
+square wave function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So specifically we have the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically we have the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So specifically we have the integral of
+square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave
+which is going to be the integral of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the integral of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the integral of 4
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / n
+sin n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and odd.
+And I'm going to leave this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to leave this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to leave this as an
+indefinite integral. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite integral. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite integral. So when we
+integrate, we have a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate, we have a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate, we have a constant of
+integration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration.
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+plus 4 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 pi
+sum of 1 over now n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 1 over now n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of 1 over now n^2.
+And we have negative cosine nt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is n odd again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is n odd again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is n odd again.
+Okay. And now we have one last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we have one last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we have one last uh
+question to answer. What is the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to answer. What is the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to answer. What is the constant
+of integration?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration?
+Well, notice how the constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, notice how the constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, notice how the constant of
+integration can be identified with the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be identified with the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be identified with the a
+z term of a 4a series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z term of a 4a series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z term of a 4a series.
+So if we want the constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want the constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want the constant of
+integration, we can just calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, we can just calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, we can just calculate it
+directly by the integral formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by the integral formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by the integral formula for the
+a z uh of this function. So what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z uh of this function. So what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z uh of this function. So what this
+means is c is going to be 1 over 2 pi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is c is going to be 1 over 2 pi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is c is going to be 1 over 2 pi.
+Essentially it's just the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially it's just the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially it's just the average of the
+function but it's pi to pi the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's pi to pi the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's pi to pi the absolute
+value of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is 1 over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over pi
+pi^2 over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi^2 over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi^2 over two.
+So we get pi / 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So just to quickly recap in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So just to quickly recap in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So just to quickly recap in this
+problem we were given several functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we were given several functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we were given several functions
+which were related to the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were related to the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were related to the square wave
+function and we started off knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we started off knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we started off knowing what
+the 4year series for the square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4year series for the square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4year series for the square wave
+function was and by manipulating uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was and by manipulating uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was and by manipulating uh or
+rewriting these functions in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting these functions in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting these functions in terms of
+the square wave function we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square wave function we were able to
+compute their 4A series and we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their 4A series and we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their 4A series and we were able
+to do this essentially without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this essentially without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this essentially without having to
+evaluate any integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate any integrals.
+Okay so I hope you enjoyed this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so I hope you enjoyed this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so I hope you enjoyed this problem
+and I'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w6nuXg0BISo.txt b/w6nuXg0BISo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0408f513afea84a9c79c3b3de134be8e9290ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w6nuXg0BISo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3124 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're going
+to do rolling caches then,
+
+we're going to go a little
+bit over amortized analysis
+
+and if we have a
+lot of time left,
+
+we're going to talk about
+good and bad hash functions.
+
+So can someone remind me what's
+the point of rolling hashes?
+
+What's the problem?
+
+What are we trying
+to solve in lectures?
+
+Be brave.
+
+AUDIENCE: Gets faster,
+I think, because like--
+
+PROFESSOR: So what are
+we trying to solve?
+
+You don't need to
+go ahead, tell me
+
+what's the big problem
+that we're trying to solve.
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't remember/
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+let's go over that.
+
+So we have a big document,
+AKA a long string,
+
+and we're trying to find a
+smaller string inside it.
+
+And we're trying to
+do that efficiently.
+
+So say the big document is--
+you might have seen this before.
+
+And we're trying to
+look for the here.
+
+How do I do that
+with rolling hashes?
+
+So the slow, nice
+solution is I get this the
+
+and then I overlap with the
+beginning of the document,
+
+I do a string comparison.
+
+If it matches, I say
+that it's a match.
+
+It's not, I overlap it here.
+
+String match, I overlap it here.
+
+String match, so
+on and so forth.
+
+The problem is this does a lot
+of string matching operations,
+
+and the string matching
+operation is how expensive?
+
+What's the running time?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Order n, where n
+is the size of the string.
+
+So if we have a string,
+say this is the key
+
+that we're looking for and
+n is the document size then
+
+this is going to
+be order n times k.
+
+We want to get to
+something better.
+
+So how do I do this
+with rolling hashes?
+
+AUDIENCE: We take
+the strings up,
+
+and you come up with
+a hash code for it.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so we're
+going to hash this.
+
+And let's say this
+is the key hash.
+
+OK, very good.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then once
+you know that, then you'll
+
+need to compute the
+next letter hash,
+
+or just add it on
+to that pairing.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+next letter for--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So you compute the hash of the
+entire string, n, capital n--
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's not do that.
+
+Let's compute the hash of
+the first key characters
+
+in the string.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are we separating
+them by space [? inside? ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so this
+is going to be a character.
+
+AUDIENCE: The space will?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: The space
+will be a character?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So let's take the
+first three characters
+
+and compute the hash of that.
+
+And let's call this
+the our sliding window.
+
+So we're going to say
+that window has the
+
+and then we're going to compute
+the hash of the characters
+
+in the window, and
+we're going to see
+
+that this matches
+the hash of the key.
+
+And then we'll figure
+out what to do.
+
+That aside, we're going
+to slide the window
+
+to the right by one
+character so take out
+
+key and put in the space.
+
+And now the window
+has HE space, we're
+
+going to compute the
+hash of the window,
+
+see that it's not the same
+as this hash of the key.
+
+What do we know in this case?
+
+Different hashes means--
+
+AUDIENCE: Not the same string.
+
+PROFESSOR: For sure
+not the same string.
+
+So this is not the.
+
+OK, now suppose I'm
+sliding my window
+
+so after this I will
+slide my window again,
+
+and I would have e space f.
+
+Right, so on and so forth.
+
+Suppose I'm happy sliding my
+window and then I get here
+
+and I have my window be IN
+space, and the hash the window
+
+happens to match
+the hash of the key.
+
+So we're in the same
+situation as here.
+
+Now what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good.
+
+We have to check if the
+string inside the window
+
+is the same as the
+string inside the key.
+
+And if it is, we found a match.
+
+If it isn't, we keep working.
+
+All right?
+
+And we have to do
+the same thing here.
+
+So this is our string
+matching algorithm.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we somehow
+make sure that we make a hash
+
+function such that it
+will never [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent question.
+
+Thank you, I like that.
+
+Can we make a hash
+function so that we
+
+don't have any false
+positives, right?
+
+Let's see.
+
+How do hash functions work?
+
+What's the argument
+to a hash function
+
+and what's the return value?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+argument is something
+
+that you want to hash.
+
+PROFESSOR: So in this case we're
+working with three character
+
+strings.
+
+But let's say we're
+looking for a one megabyte
+
+string inside the
+one gigabyte string.
+
+Say we're a music
+company and we're
+
+looking for our mp3 file
+inside the big files
+
+off a pirate server
+or something.
+
+So this is 1 million
+character strings,
+
+because that's the window size.
+
+And it's going to return what?
+
+What do hash functions
+return for them to be useful?
+
+Integers.
+
+Nice small integers, right?
+
+Ideally, the integer would
+fit in a word size, where
+
+the word is the register
+size on our computer.
+
+What are popular word sizes?
+
+Does anyone know?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Excellent.
+
+32-bits, 64-bits integers.
+
+OK, so what's the universe
+size for this function?
+
+How many one million
+character strings are there?
+
+AUDIENCE: How many
+characters are there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+Let's say we're old school
+and we're doing [? SG ?].
+
+We don't care about
+the rest of the world.
+
+AUDIENCE: 256 characters?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: To the
+one millionth power.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cool.
+
+Let's say we're working
+on an old school computer,
+
+since we're old school and
+we have a 32-bit word size.
+
+How many possible values
+for the hash function?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2 to the 32.
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+[? other ?] is bigger.
+
+You're messing with me, right?
+
+OK so this is 2 to the 8th.
+
+AUDIENCE: 2 to the
+8 million, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So this is a lot
+bigger than this.
+
+So if we want to make a
+hash function that gives us
+
+no false positives,
+then we'd have
+
+to be able to-- if we have the
+universe of possible inputs
+
+and the universe of
+possible outputs,
+
+draw a line from every
+input to a different output.
+
+But if we have-- 2 to the 32 by
+the way is about four billion.
+
+If we have four billion
+outputs and a lot of inputs
+
+as we draw our lines,
+we're eventually
+
+going to run out of
+outputs and we're
+
+going to have to use the
+same output again and again.
+
+So for a hash function,
+pretty much always
+
+the universe size is bigger
+than the output size.
+
+So hash functions will
+always have collisions.
+
+So a collision for
+a hash function
+
+is two inputs, x1, x2, so
+that's x1 is not x2, but h of x1
+
+equals h of x2.
+
+So this will always happen.
+
+There's no way around it.
+
+What we're hoping for
+is that the collisions
+
+aren't something dumb.
+
+So we're hoping that
+the hash function acts
+
+in a reasonably randomly and
+we talked about ideal hash
+
+functions that would pretty
+much look like they would get
+
+a random output for every input.
+
+And we're not going to
+worry too much about that.
+
+What matters is that as long as
+the hash function is reasonably
+
+good, we're not going to have
+too many false positives.
+
+So say the output set is
+O, so O is 2 to the 32.
+
+Then we're hoping to have
+false positives about one
+
+every O times.
+
+So 1 out of 2 to the
+32 false positives.
+
+So what's the running time
+for when you slide the window
+
+and we're doing this logic here.
+
+What's the running time if
+the hashes aren't the same?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the running
+time of the hash function--
+
+PROFESSOR: Of the whole
+matching algorithm.
+
+AUDIENCE: No, no no, of
+the hash function itself.
+
+Can we make any
+assumptions about that?
+
+Very good.
+
+What's the running time
+of the hash function?
+
+So we're going to
+have to implement--
+
+if we implement the
+hash function naively,
+
+then the running time for
+hashing a key character string
+
+is order key.
+
+But we're going to come up
+with magic way of doing it
+
+in order one time.
+
+So assume hashing is order 1.
+
+What's the running time
+for everything else?
+
+So if the hashes don't match,
+we know it's not a candidate.
+
+So we're going to keep going.
+
+So this is order 1.
+
+What if the hashes do match?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+characters.
+
+PROFESSOR: Order--
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, but it
+depends on how many ones match,
+
+but it will be--
+
+PROFESSOR: So for
+one match, what's
+
+the running time for one match?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order k--
+
+PROFESSOR: Order k.
+
+Excellent.
+
+So the total running time is
+the number of matches times
+
+order k plus the number of
+non matches times order 1.
+
+So as long as the number
+of false positives
+
+here is really tiny,
+the math is going
+
+to come out to be roughly
+order 1 per character.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the whole
+thing is order in.
+
+PROFESSOR: Everything
+should be order n, yeah,
+
+that's what we're hoping for.
+
+OK so let's talk about the
+magic because you asked me
+
+what's the running time
+for the hash function
+
+and this is the
+interesting part.
+
+How do I get to
+compute these hashes
+
+and order 1 instead of order k?
+
+We have this data structure
+called rolling hash.
+
+So rolling hash--
+does anyone remember
+
+from lecture what it is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't that what
+we're doing right now?
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+is a sliding window.
+
+And the data structure
+will compute fast hashes
+
+for the strings inside
+the sliding window.
+
+So how does it work?
+
+I mean not how does it
+work functionally, what
+
+are the operations for a
+rolling hash, let's try that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+we have two updates.
+
+One of them is pop.
+
+For some reason, our
+notes call it skip,
+
+but I like pop
+better, so I'm going
+
+to write skip and think pop.
+
+And the other one is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Always [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: A pen with
+a new character, OK?
+
+Cool.
+
+So these are the updates.
+
+Now what's the point
+of those updates?
+
+What's the query
+for a rolling hash?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You just grab the
+next character,
+
+append that, and then
+skip [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so this is
+how I update the rolling hash
+
+to contain to reflect the
+contents of my sliding window.
+
+And what I do after that?
+
+What's the reason for that?
+
+AUDIENCE: You skip
+your [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So don't
+think too hard, it's
+
+a really easy question.
+
+I moved a sliding window here.
+
+What do I want to get?
+
+AUDIENCE: You want to get
+the hash of those characters.
+
+PROFESSOR: The hash of
+those characters, very good.
+
+So this is the query.
+
+So a rolling hash has a sequence
+of characters in it, right?
+
+Say t, h, e.
+
+And it allows us to append the
+character and pop a character.
+
+Append a character,
+pop a character.
+
+And then it promises
+that it's going
+
+to compute the hash
+of whatever's inside
+
+the rolling hash really fast.
+
+Append goes here,
+skip goes here.
+
+How fast do these
+operations need
+
+to be for my algorithm
+to work correctly?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: I promised
+you that computing
+
+hash there is order 1, right?
+
+So I have to-- OK.
+
+Let's see how we're going
+to make this happen.
+
+So these are letters.
+
+These make sense
+when we're trying
+
+to understand string matching.
+
+But now we're going to switch
+the numbers, because after all,
+
+strings are sequences
+of characters,
+
+and characters are numbers.
+
+And because I know how
+to do math on numbers,
+
+I don't know how to
+do math on characters.
+
+So let's use this list.
+
+Let's say that instead of
+having numbers in base 256
+
+which is [INAUDIBLE],
+we're going
+
+to have numbers in base 100,
+because it's really easy to do
+
+operations in base 100 on paper.
+
+So 3, 14, 15, 92,
+55, 35, 89, 79, 31.
+
+So these are all
+base 100 numbers.
+
+And say my rolling
+window is size 5.
+
+One, two, three, four, five.
+
+So I want to come up with a way
+so that I have the hash of this
+
+and then when I slide my window,
+I will get the hash of this.
+
+What hashing method do we
+use for rolling hashes?
+
+Does anyone remember?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Mod, you said--
+I heard mod something.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+that's what I said.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so?
+
+So?
+
+So the hash is?
+
+The hash of a key is?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's k mod m or m k.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I'm going to say
+k mod something,
+
+and I'm going to
+say that something
+
+has to be a prime number
+and we'll see why in a bit.
+
+Let's say our
+prime number is 23.
+
+So let's compute the value of
+the hash for the sliding window
+
+of the first sliding
+window and then we'll
+
+compute the hash for the
+second sliding window.
+
+Oh, there is some at
+the computer, sweet.
+
+314159265 modulo 23 is how much?
+
+OK, while you're doing
+that, can someone
+
+tell me what
+computation will he need
+
+to do for the second
+sliding window?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1519265359.
+
+PROFESSOR: 159265359.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's a third sign.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's
+a 1-4 before that.
+
+AUDIENCE: The first one is 11.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And what's the second one?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] adding--
+
+PROFESSOR: 1415926335 modulo 23.
+
+AUDIENCE: 5.
+
+PROFESSOR: I heard a 5 and a 7.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hold on, hold on.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll take
+the average of those two
+
+and we can move on, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Three
+five, and arguably 6.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+so let's implement
+
+an operation called slide.
+
+And slide will take the new
+number that I'm sliding in.
+
+And the old number
+that I'm sliding out,
+
+making my life really easy.
+
+So in this case, the
+numbers would be--
+
+AUDIENCE: The new one is 35.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the old one?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+And I want to have an internal
+state called hash that has 11
+
+and I want to get 6 after
+I'm done running slide.
+
+This is still too hard for me,
+so before we figure out hash,
+
+let's say that we have an
+internal state called n.
+
+And n is this big number here.
+
+So I want to get from this
+big number to this big number.
+
+What am I going to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mod 3,000 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you want
+to take the big number 159265
+
+and mod it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I mod
+it to by a big number,
+
+that's going to be too slow.
+
+So I can't mod it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can't
+you just divide it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Division
+is also slow,
+
+I don't like the division.
+
+I like subtraction,
+someone said subtraction.
+
+So what I want to do is I want
+to get from here to a number
+
+that-- to this number, right?
+
+So I want to get
+rid of the 3 and I
+
+want to add 35 at the end.
+
+To get rid of the 3,
+what do I subtract?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3 with a bunch of 0s.
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 with a bunch of 0s.
+
+Excellent.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+How many of them are there?
+
+AUDIENCE: 8.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, how many
+digits conveys 100?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, 2 right?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: 4.
+
+So base 100, so two numbers--
+
+AUDIENCE: One base 100
+number is two digits.
+
+Yep.
+
+PROFESSOR: So 8.
+
+yeah, OK, 4.
+
+Cool.
+
+So let's try to write this
+in a more abstract way.
+
+So n is the old n
+minus old, right,
+
+so that 3 is old times what
+do I have to multiply it by
+
+to get all those zeros?
+
+k minus 1?
+
+[INAUDIBLE] to
+that base whatever.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so-- base
+to the size to something.
+
+K minus 1.
+
+So K is 5 in this case, right?
+
+My window is 5.
+
+And I see a 4 there, so I'm
+going to add the minus 1
+
+just because that's
+what I need to do.
+
+OK, so then I get 14159265.
+
+What do I do to tack
+on a 35 at the end?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 35.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, times
+the base, so that's
+
+going to give me the zeroes.
+
+And then this is a minus here.
+
+And then I'm going to add 35.
+
+Right?
+
+1415926535.
+
+Look, it's right.
+
+So what do I write here?
+
+AUDIENCE: The base first.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good point.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me play with this a little
+bit before we go further.
+
+I'm going to distribute
+the base here.
+
+So this is n times
+base minus old times
+
+base to the k plus mu.
+
+And let's rename base to size
+to be the size of the window,
+
+I don't like k.
+
+And I'm renaming it
+because later on we're
+
+going to break our slide
+into appends and skip
+
+and the size won't
+be constant anymore.
+
+OK so does this make sense?
+
+It's all math.
+
+So this math here becomes
+abstract math here.
+
+But nothing else changes.
+
+OK, so now I want
+to get hash-- I
+
+want to get hash out
+of n, how do I do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mod 23.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mod 23, very good.
+
+So in a general way,
+I would say mod p.
+
+OK so hash is n times
+base minus old times
+
+base to the size plus new mod p.
+
+Now let's distribute this.
+
+I know I can distribute
+modulo across addition
+
+and subtraction, so I have n
+mod p times base minus old times
+
+base to the size mod p plus new.
+
+And everything still
+has to be a mod p.
+
+So can someone tell me
+where did I add the mod p?
+
+Why did I put it here and here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+the original?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, nmodp
+is hash, let's do that.
+
+So what's true about both
+n and base to the size?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Constant?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like can
+you please repeat it?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could [INAUDIBLE]
+base to the size but you
+
+can't [INAUDIBLE] hash,
+I mean [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+PROFESSOR: Hm.
+
+OK, so keep this in mind
+that we can compute this,
+
+because we're going to
+want to do that later.
+
+But what I had in mind is
+the opposite of constant,
+
+because n is huge.
+
+Right?
+
+And base to the size
+is also huge, right?
+
+N is this number.
+
+Base to the size is
+this number here.
+
+1 followed by this many zeros,
+so these numbers are big.
+
+All the other numbers are small.
+
+Base is small, old is small,
+new is small, p is small.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I want to
+get rid of the big numbers,
+
+because math with
+big numbers is slow.
+
+So unless I get rid
+of the big numbers,
+
+I'm not going to get
+to order 1 operation.
+
+So we already got rid of
+this one because it's hash
+
+and how do I get
+rid of this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: There's
+some 6042 algorithm
+
+that does that quickly.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, we definitely
+just went over this in class
+
+today.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which is why you
+needed the prime number, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not quite.
+
+There is an algorithm
+that does it quickly.
+
+That algorithm is
+called repeated squaring
+
+and the quickest-- wait, I'm not
+done, I promise I'm not done.
+
+So the quickest
+that this guy can
+
+run if you do everything right
+is order of [? log ?] size.
+
+If the window size
+is 1 megabyte,
+
+10 megabytes, if the
+window size keeps growing,
+
+if the window size is
+part of the input size,
+
+is this constant?
+
+Nope.
+
+So I can't do that.
+
+Someone else gave me
+the right answer before.
+
+What did you say before?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pre-compute it?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It's a constant, so why
+don't we pre-compute it?
+
+Take it out of here,
+compute it once,
+
+and after that, we can
+use it all the time.
+
+And unless someone has
+a better name for it,
+
+I'm going to call this magic.
+
+The name has to be
+short, by the way,
+
+because I'll be writing
+this a few times.
+
+OK, so now we have hash
+equals hash times base
+
+minus old times magic
+plus new modulo p.
+
+Doesn't look too bad, right?
+
+Pretty constant time.
+
+Now let's write the pseudo
+code for the rolling hash,
+
+and let's break this
+out into an append
+
+and a skip at the same time.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if hash is
+bigger than your word size?
+
+PROFESSOR: So hash is always
+going to be something modulo p.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh that's true, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So as
+long as p is decent,
+
+it's not going to get too big.
+
+AUDIENCE: All right.
+
+What if old and
+new [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+PROFESSOR: So old and new--
+
+AUDIENCE: P is a big number .
+
+314159269 is possibly bigger
+than your word size, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Definitely.
+
+So that's why we're
+getting rid of it.
+
+AUDIENCE: That is
+true. [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is
+k digits in base b.
+
+Too much.
+
+Not going to deal with it.
+
+Hash is one digit in base p,
+because we're doing it mod p.
+
+Old and new are
+one digit base b.
+
+So hopefully small numbers.
+
+OK, I haven't seen a
+constructor in CLRS,
+
+so I'm going to say that
+when you write pseudocode,
+
+the method name
+for a constructor
+
+is in it because we've
+seen this before.
+
+And let's say our constructor
+for a rolling cache
+
+starts with the base
+that we're going to use.
+
+And it builds an
+empty rolling hash,
+
+so first there's nothing in it.
+
+And then you append and you
+skip and you can get the hash.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about p?
+
+Shouldn't you also do p?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+Do that.
+
+So let's say base and p are set,
+so somethings sets base and p.
+
+And we need to compute
+the initial values
+
+for hash and magic.
+
+What's hash?
+
+Zero.
+
+There's nothing in there, right?
+
+The number is 0.
+
+What's magic?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Well, I mean, you can
+calculate it, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: So magic is
+based to the size mod p.
+
+What size?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 0.
+
+Just one mod p.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So when I start, I have
+an empty sliding window.
+
+Nothing in there, size
+is 0, base to the size
+
+is 1, whatever the size is.
+
+Very good.
+
+Let's write append.
+
+Hash is?
+
+So here, we're doing both
+an append and the skip.
+
+We have to figure out
+which operation belongs
+
+to the append, which
+operations belong to the skip.
+
+So someone help me out.
+
+AUDIENCE: We know subtraction
+would [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+AUDIENCE: Multiply
+mod base [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So this is the append, right?
+
+And this is the skip.
+
+So hash equals hash.
+
+Times base plus new mod p.
+
+Very good.
+
+This is important.
+
+If you don't put
+this in, Python knows
+
+how to deal with big numbers.
+
+So it will take your
+code and it'll run it,
+
+and you'll get the
+correct output.
+
+But hash will keep growing
+and growing and growing
+
+because you're computing
+n instead of hash.
+
+And you'll wonder why
+the code is so slow.
+
+So don't forget this.
+
+What else do I need to update?
+
+OK, I don't have a
+constant for that,
+
+but I have a constant
+I for something else.
+
+Magic.
+
+So magic is base
+to the size mod p.
+
+So what happened
+to the window size?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+Times base [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+The window size grows
+by 1, therefore,
+
+I have to multiply this by base.
+
+Magic times base mod p.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does p always have
+to be less then the base,
+
+or can it be anything?
+
+PROFESSOR: It can be
+bigger than the base.
+
+So if I want to not have
+a lot of false positives,
+
+then suppose my base
+is 256, because that's
+
+an extra character.
+
+I was arguing earlier that
+the number of false positives
+
+that I have is 1/P basically.
+
+So I want p to be as close
+to the word size as possible.
+
+So p will be around
+2 to the 4 billion.
+
+So definitely bigger.
+
+It can work either way.
+
+It's better if it's
+bigger for the algorithm
+
+that we're using there.
+
+All right, good
+question, thank you.
+
+Skip.
+
+Let's implement skip.
+
+Hash is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Hash minus old
+[INAUDIBLE] then comes magic
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, can I
+write this in Python?
+
+What happens if I write this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+magic is, [INAUDIBLE] We
+
+won't be able to find it.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK so--
+sorry, not in Python.
+
+So assume all these are instance
+variables done the right way,
+
+but what happens if old times
+magic is bigger than hash?
+
+I get a negative number.
+
+And in math, people
+assume that if you
+
+do something like minus 3 modulo
+23, you're going to get 20.
+
+So modulo is always positive
+in modular arithmetic,
+
+but in a programming language,
+if you do minus 3 modulo 20,
+
+I'm pretty sure you're
+going to get minus 3.
+
+And things will go back.
+
+So we want to get
+to a positive number
+
+here so that the
+arithmetic modulo
+
+p will work just like in math.
+
+So we want to add something to
+make this whole thing positive.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's something
+times [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so if
+we're working modulo p
+
+then we can add anything to
+our number, any multiple of p,
+
+and the result modulo
+p doesn't change.
+
+For example, here to get from
+minus 3 to 20, I added 23.
+
+Right?
+
+OK, so I want to
+add a correction
+
+factor of p times something.
+
+So what should that be?
+
+I want to make sure that
+this whole thing is positive.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's see.
+
+How big are these
+guys, by the way?
+
+Magic is something mod p, right?
+
+So it's definitely
+smaller or equal to p.
+
+How about old?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So smaller or equal than?
+
+AUDIENCE: Base.
+
+PROFESSOR: Base.
+
+Very good.
+
+So this whole
+thing is definitely
+
+going to be smaller
+than [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So this is definitely going to
+be smaller than base time p,
+
+right?
+
+So let's put that in here.
+
+You can get fancy and say
+hey, this is smaller than p,
+
+and this is old, so you can put
+old here instead, same thing.
+
+OK so we have hash.
+
+Now what do we do to magic?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] divide
+it by the base and mod p.
+
+It seems base [? and p ?]
+don't share factors.
+
+You're allowed to do that?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so skip part two.
+
+Magic equals-- So what if
+my magic is something like 5
+
+and my base is 100?
+
+How is this going to work?
+
+This is where we use fancy math.
+
+And I call it fancy
+math because I
+
+didn't learn it in high school.
+
+So I'm assuming at least some of
+you do not know how this works.
+
+So if we're working
+modulo p, you
+
+can think 23 if you prefer
+concrete numbers instead.
+
+For any number between
+1 and p minus 1,
+
+there's something called
+the multiplicative inverse,
+
+a to the minus 1,
+that also happens
+
+to be an integer
+between 1 and p minus 1.
+
+And if you multiply, say, a
+times b, that's another number.
+
+And then you multiply
+this by a minus 1,
+
+you're going to
+get to b modulo p.
+
+So a minus 1 cancels
+a in a multiplication.
+
+Now let's see if you guys
+are paying attention.
+
+What's a times a to
+the minus 1 modulo p?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Sweet.
+
+So suppose I want to find the
+multiplicative inverse of 6.
+
+What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the mod 23?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Can someone think of
+what it should be?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: 4, wow, fast.
+
+So 6 times 4 equals 24,
+which is 1 modulo 23.
+
+Now let's see if this magic
+really works, this math magic.
+
+So 6 times 7 equals?
+
+AUDIENCE: 42.
+
+PROFESSOR: Which is what mod 23?
+
+Computer guys.
+
+AUDIENCE: Negative 4, so 5.
+
+Ah, just kidding.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK now
+let's multiply 19 by 4.
+
+What is this?
+
+AUDIENCE: 76.
+
+PROFESSOR: All
+right, 76 modulo 23?
+
+AUDIENCE: 7 maybe.
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you kidding?
+
+Did you compute it,
+or did you use--
+
+AUDIENCE: 69 [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Started with 7, ended with 7.
+
+So this works.
+
+So as long we're working
+modulo a prime number,
+
+we can always compute
+multiplicative inverses.
+
+And Python has a
+function for that,
+
+so I'll let you Google
+its standard library
+
+to find out what it is.
+
+But it can be done,
+that's what matters
+
+as far as we're concerned.
+
+So we're going to say that magic
+is magic times base minus 1 mod
+
+p, which is the multiplicative
+inverse everything mod p.
+
+Now suppose this base
+minus 1 modulo p,
+
+this multiplicative inverse
+algorithm is really slow.
+
+What do we do to stay order 1?
+
+Pre compute it.
+
+Base is not going to change.
+
+Very good.
+
+So the inverse of base, I
+base, is base minus 1 mod p.
+
+So here I replace
+this with I base.
+
+OK so skip part one is
+there, skip part two is here.
+
+Does this make sense so far?
+
+I see some confusion.
+
+AUDIENCE: A lot.
+
+PROFESSOR: A lot
+to take in at once?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So remember this concept.
+
+So this is where
+we started from.
+
+Then we computed
+n, then after n, we
+
+worked modulo p
+to gets to hashes.
+
+So by working module p,
+we're able to get rid
+
+of all the big
+numbers and we only
+
+have small numbers
+in our rolling hash.
+
+And there's that
+curveball there, there
+
+is that inverse,
+multiplicative inverse,
+
+but Python computes
+it for you, so
+
+as long as it's in
+the initializer,
+
+here you don't need
+to worry about it,
+
+because it's not part of
+the rolling hash operations.
+
+By the way, what's the cost of
+the rolling hash operations?
+
+What's the cost of new?
+
+Sorry, what's the
+cost of append?
+
+Not thinking here.
+
+Constant.
+
+All these are small
+numbers, so the arithmetic
+
+is constant, right?
+
+What's the cost of skip?
+
+Skip part 1 here,
+skip part two there.
+
+What's the cost of skip?
+
+Constant. .
+
+All the numbers are small.
+
+We went through a lot
+of effort to get that,
+
+so skip is order 1.
+
+We're missing hash.
+
+How would we implement
+the hash operation?
+
+A hash query.
+
+It's easy.
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+lookup [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So a rolling hash
+has append, skip, and hash.
+
+I want to implement
+that hash function.
+
+Hash.
+
+We're computing
+hash all the time.
+
+Return.
+
+Sorry, I didn't understand
+what you meant by lookup.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's
+one of our states.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So the hash function
+returns hash, right?
+
+What's the cost of that?
+
+Constant.
+
+So append is constant time, yes?
+
+Skip is constant time.
+
+Hash is constant time.
+
+We're done.
+
+This works.
+
+Any questions on rolling
+hashes before you
+
+have to implement
+one of your own?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+wouldn't it
+
+be easier to use
+a shift function?
+
+Then you don't have to
+think about plus and minus.
+
+PROFESSOR: A shift function.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well I mean like,
+you can shift bit-wise, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you
+can just use shift
+
+instead of thinking
+about where to add this,
+
+where to subtract this.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well so
+I do bit operations
+
+if I'm willing to work
+with these big numbers.
+
+AUDIENCE: But then
+you have to compute
+
+the mod of some
+big number, right?
+
+Like just like that.
+
+For this one, you don't
+have to, because you
+
+have the original
+hash [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, you
+mean the big number
+
+being the actual word
+you're looking at?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: So doing shift
+is equivalent to maintaining
+
+a list and pushing and
+popping things into the list.
+
+And then you have
+to do a hash, it's
+
+equivalent to looking
+over the entire list
+
+and computing the hash function.
+
+Because you'd have a big
+number and you have to take
+
+it modulo 23.
+
+And that's order of the
+size of the big number.
+
+But we're not
+allowed to do that.
+
+Hash has to be constant time,
+otherwise this thing is slow.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do we
+compute magic numbers then?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why do
+we compute magic?
+
+We compute magic because
+somewhere here, we
+
+had this base to the size
+mod p and this could get big.
+
+So I can't afford to keep
+it around and do math
+
+with it all the time.
+
+So I can't compute
+base to the size
+
+every time I want to do append.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would it be worth
+it if you're computing 100
+
+different values for
+matching and [INAUDIBLE],
+
+so all you'd have to do
+is, when reassigning magic,
+
+just look up--
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you
+do that, then you
+
+have to compute values
+for all the sizes, right?
+
+For all the window sizes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So if we assume that window
+sizes will be less than 100,
+
+it doesn't take very long.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well what if the
+window size is 1 million?
+
+What if I'm looking
+for a 1 million
+
+character in a 1
+gigabyte string?
+
+AUDIENCE: But wouldn't after
+all, wouldn't the size just
+
+be around the string, like plus
+or minus the size of the base?
+
+So--
+
+AUDIENCE: Only if [INAUDIBLE]
+
+So why would the
+size change again?
+
+Why wouldn't it
+just be-- I mean,
+
+if you're looking
+at one character.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I have a
+sliding window like this,
+
+then it doesn't change.
+
+But if I want to
+implement a rolling hash,
+
+that's a bit more general and
+that supports append and skip.
+
+Whenever I append,
+the size increases.
+
+Whenever I skip,
+the size decreases.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, you're not doing
+those at every time step.
+
+You're doing them as needed.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm
+trying to implement
+
+that, that can do
+them in any sequence.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I thought we were just
+doing sliding window.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if we're just
+doing sliding window, you can--
+
+AUDIENCE: This is really
+more caterpillar hash instead
+
+of rolling hash, like
+it's more general.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's a bit more general.
+
+So let's look at rolling
+hash for the window.
+
+And what you're saying
+is, hey, the window size
+
+is constant, so--
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do we
+repeat magic [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, if the
+window size is constant,
+
+then we wouldn't re compute it.
+
+It wouldn't change.
+
+But with this thing, it's not.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: But I guess it
+doesn't really matter,
+
+but even if you call
+these in the same order,
+
+then isn't that wasting
+a lot of computing cycles
+
+because just shrinking and then
+growing every single operation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, well it turns out
+that a lot of computing cycles
+
+is still order one, right?
+
+Everything is order one.
+
+So as algorithms
+people, we don't care.
+
+If you're doing it in a
+system and you actually
+
+care about that, then OK.
+
+But you're still going
+to have to compute
+
+the initial value at some point.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you know
+window's staying the same,
+
+you don't need to that
+computation every time?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you-- sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you
+know you're actually
+
+just doing a window
+rolling hash--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So then you would
+initialize magic here
+
+to be whatever you
+want it to be, right?
+
+But then when you add the first
+few characters to the window,
+
+you have to figure
+out how to add them.
+
+So the code gets more messy.
+
+It turns out that
+this is actually
+
+simpler than doing it that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+magic I guess
+
+I'm just confused because it
+seems like we're still working
+
+with the large numbers
+every time [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Mod p, mod p.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not-- so even
+though you're still multiplying
+
+magic times base,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+PROFESSOR: After I'm going
+that, I'm reducing it modulo p.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then
+because we're only
+
+working with the smaller values.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So everything here stays
+between 0 and base or 0 and p.
+
+Actually hash is between 0 and
+p and magic is between 0 and p.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: How big
+does p usually get?
+
+PROFESSOR: How big
+does p usually get.
+
+So And let me get back to this.
+
+So I was arguing that the
+number of false positives
+
+here is one over O, right?
+
+is the number of values that
+the hash function can output.
+
+How many hash functions can we
+output using a rolling hash?
+
+AUDIENCE: P.
+
+PROFESSOR: P. OK.
+
+So the number of
+false positives is
+
+1/P. So what do we want for p?
+
+AUDIENCE: We want p to be the
+word size, because but if p's
+
+the word size, then--
+
+PROFESSOR: So p can't
+be the word size,
+
+because it has to
+be prime, right?
+
+But we want it to be big,
+because as p becomes bigger,
+
+1/P becomes smaller.
+
+So there are two constraints.
+
+We want p to be big
+so that we don't
+
+have a lot of false positives.
+
+And we want p to be
+small so that operations
+
+don't take a lot of time.
+
+So in engineering, this
+is how things work.
+
+We call it a tradeoff
+because there
+
+are forces pushing in
+opposite directions,
+
+and it turns out that a
+reasonable answer to the trade
+
+off is you make p fit in a word
+so that all those operations
+
+are still implementable
+by one CPU instruction.
+
+You can't have it
+be the word size.
+
+So if we're working
+on a 32-bit computer,
+
+I can't have this
+be 2 to the 32.
+
+But I can have a prime number
+that's just a little bit
+
+smaller than 2 to the 32.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, why can't
+it be the word size?
+
+Or why can't it be 2 to the 32?
+
+PROFESSOR: So if p would
+be this instead of a prime,
+
+then I can't do this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, right right
+right, yeah I knew that.
+
+PROFESSOR: There are a
+lot of moving parts here
+
+and they're all interconnected.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could do that
+for any prime number, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So this works for
+prime numbers, but it
+
+doesn't work for
+non prime numbers.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could find
+the multiplicative inverse
+
+for any prime number in base 32.
+
+Is that true?
+
+I mean any odd number is
+what I'm trying to say.
+
+No, that's not true.
+
+PROFESSOR: I refuse to
+answer hard math questions.
+
+AUDIENCE: They need to
+be relatively prime.
+
+They need to share no factors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+it might be true.
+
+AUDIENCE: So an odd will
+not share a factor with 2
+
+to the 32?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're forcing
+me to remember hard math.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I totally
+just thought about this
+
+as [INAUDIBLE] number.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, no, it
+turns out that there's
+
+no-- if you're working modulo
+and non prime base, then
+
+there's no
+multiplicity inverses.
+
+So some numbers have no
+multiplicative inverses,
+
+and other numbers have more
+than one multiplicative inverse.
+
+And then the whole
+thing doesn't work.
+
+So let me see if I
+can make this work
+
+without having an
+example by hand.
+
+Let's say we're
+working mod 8, right?
+
+Mod 8.
+
+So 2 to the minus 1 mod 8 is
+not going to exist, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, but 3 will.
+
+PROFESSOR: 3.
+
+Let's see what do we use?
+
+3 times 3 is 9, right?
+
+So this is 1.
+
+How about 3 times 5?
+
+15 mod 8 is 7.
+
+So 3 and 5, and then--
+
+AUDIENCE: 11.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So 3 times 7 would be 21, 5.
+
+OK so 3 and-- 3 is the
+multiplicative inverse
+
+of itself, and 5
+and 7 are-- yeah.
+
+I have to build a more
+complicated example,
+
+but this breaks
+down in some cases.
+
+I'll have to get back to you.
+
+I will look at my notes
+for modular arithmetic
+
+and I'll get back to
+you guys over email
+
+for why and how that breaks.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, can
+you tell me again
+
+why we did the part 2 in skip?
+
+Like why did we do that?
+
+I'm not really sure [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So we
+started with magic 1
+
+and then we-- in order
+for this to work,
+
+we agree that magic will be
+base to the size modulo p
+
+all the time.
+
+So this has to be [INAUDIBLE]
+invariant for my rolling hash.
+
+When I do an append,
+the size increases by 1.
+
+And then I multiply
+by base to modulo p.
+
+When I do a skip, the
+size decreases by 1.
+
+So I have to change magic,
+because magic is always
+
+base times size, so
+I have to update it.
+
+So this is why this happened.
+
+Because initially,
+I wanted to update
+
+by dividing it by base, right?
+
+Magic divided by base.
+
+But if magic is 5
+and base is 100,
+
+we're not going
+to get an integer.
+
+And we want to stay
+within integers,
+
+so that's when I pulled
+out fancy math and-- OK.
+
+OK.
+
+So how are we doing
+with rolling hashes?
+
+Good?
+
+AUDIENCE: All this math
+will be in the notes, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Everything.
+
+Oh, yeah, everything else
+will be in the notes.
+
+Before we close out, I want
+to show you one cute thing.
+
+Who remembers
+amortized analysis?
+
+I know there's one person
+that said they understood.
+
+All
+
+PROFESSOR: The growing,
+shrinking thing
+
+is what we did in lecture.
+
+I want to show something else.
+
+I want to show
+you a binary tree.
+
+A binary search tree, because
+you've seen this on the PSAT
+
+and you already hate it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why'd they
+call it amortization?
+
+Because I looked it up
+online, it means to kill,
+
+and so I'm like, why not say
+like, attrition or something
+
+else that's a little bit less--
+
+PROFESSOR: Amortization is
+also used in accounting to mean
+
+you're--
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's use the
+growing hash example,
+
+because that's good for
+why this is the case.
+
+So when you're growing your
+table, you're inserting.
+
+If you still have
+space, that's order one.
+
+If not, you have to grow
+your table to insert.
+
+And that is more expensive.
+
+That's order n where n is how
+many elements you had before.
+
+So if you graph this
+costs, if you start off
+
+with a table of size one, you
+can insert the first element
+
+for a cost of one.
+
+For the second element, you
+have to resize the table,
+
+so it's a cost of two.
+
+Now when you're trying to
+insert the third element,
+
+you have to resize the
+table again to a size of 4.
+
+But when you insert the
+fourth element, it's free.
+
+Well, cost of one.
+
+When you insert
+the fifth element,
+
+you have to resize a table
+to the size of eight, right?
+
+So The table size is one, two,
+four, four, and now it's eight.
+
+But because they
+resized this to eight,
+
+the next three assertions
+are going to be order one.
+
+And then the one after that is
+going to make the table be 16.
+
+So I can do seven
+insertions for free
+
+and then I'm going
+to have to pay
+
+a lot more for the next one.
+
+Someone said dampening.
+
+I like dampening because
+the idea behind amortization
+
+is that you can take--
+you have these big costs
+
+and they don't occur very often.
+
+So you can think of it
+as taking these big costs
+
+and chopping them up.
+
+For example, I'm going
+to chop this up into four
+
+and I'm going to take this
+piece and put it here.
+
+This piece and put it here.
+
+This piece and put it here.
+
+And then I'm going to
+chop this guy into two,
+
+and then take this
+piece and put it here.
+
+And the beginning's
+a little bit weird,
+
+let's not worry about
+that but this guy,
+
+if I chop this guy up into
+eight, it's going to happen,
+
+is it?
+
+Well we can put-- so this guy
+grows exponentially, right?
+
+Every time it's multiplied by 2.
+
+But the gap size here
+also is multiplied by 2.
+
+So when I chop this up and
+I re distribute the pieces,
+
+it turns out that the
+pieces are the same size.
+
+So if I apply a dampening
+function that does this,
+
+then the costs are going
+to look-- they're not
+
+going to be on
+one, they there are
+
+going to be three or something.
+
+And they look like this.
+
+Now, my CPU time is going
+to look like this, right?
+
+That's not going to
+change, because that's
+
+what's really happening.
+
+But what I can argue
+for is that if I
+
+look for a bunch of operations,
+say if I look at the first 16
+
+insertions, the cost of those
+is the sum of these guys.
+
+So it's not been
+squared, which is
+
+what you would get if you
+look at the worst cases here,
+
+but it's order n.
+
+So this is what's
+being dampened,
+
+the amount of time
+an operation takes.
+
+Does this make some sense?
+
+All right, I want to show you a
+cute example for amortization.
+
+And I'll try to make it quick.
+
+So how do you list the keys in
+a binary search tree in order?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: In order
+traversal, right?
+
+OK, there's another
+way of doing it
+
+that makes perfect
+intuitive sense.
+
+Get the minimum key, right?
+
+And then output the
+minimum key, then
+
+while you can get the
+next largest, which
+
+is the successor--
+so while this is not,
+
+now output that key, right?
+
+If you do the thing
+within order traversal,
+
+you get order end running time.
+
+What's the running
+time for this?
+
+AUDIENCE: For n.
+
+You're going through
+all the keys, too.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+but next largest--
+
+what's the running
+time for next largest?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log n.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this
+guy's log in, right?
+
+So I have n keys, so this
+whole thing is O of n logn.
+
+So it's definitely not
+bigger than n logn.
+
+But now, let's look at what
+happens using the tree.
+
+When I call min, I
+go down on each edge.
+
+And then I call successor
+and it outputs this guy.
+
+Then I call successor
+and it goes here.
+
+Than I call successor and
+it goes up here and here
+
+and outputs this guy.
+
+Successor goes here.
+
+Successor goes here.
+
+Successor goes all the way down
+here, successor goes up here,
+
+successor goes here,
+and then successor
+
+goes all the way up to
+the roots and gives up.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So how many times
+do I traverse each edge?
+
+Exactly twice, right?
+
+How many edges in the tree?
+
+If I have n nodes, how many
+lines do I use to connect them?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+So 1 node, zero lines.
+
+2 nodes, one line.
+
+Three nodes, two lines.
+
+So n nodes, n minus one.
+
+N asymptotically, good.
+
+Good answer.
+
+Order, n, edges.
+
+Right, each edge gets
+traversed exactly twice.
+
+So amortized cost for n next
+largest operations is order n.
+
+So you can do this instead.
+
+This code makes a lot more
+sense than in order traversal.
+
+OK, and the last part
+is remember that list
+
+query that was on the PSAT?
+
+Turns out you can do a
+find for the lowest element
+
+and then call successor
+until you see the highest
+
+element for the same argument.
+
+Well, I couldn't tell
+you this for the PSAT
+
+because we hadn't learned
+amortized analysis,
+
+so you wouldn't be able to
+prove that your code is fast.
+
+But now if you
+get the intuition,
+
+you can write it that way.
+
+And your code will
+still be fast.
+
+Same running time.
+
+So the intuition for that
+is a bit more complicated.
+
+The proof is more complicated.
+
+But the intuition is that
+say this is l and this is h.
+
+Then I'm going to go
+in this tree here.
+
+So the same edge magic
+is going to happen,
+
+except there will be logn
+edges that are unmatched here
+
+and logn edges that
+aren't unmatched here.
+
+Because once I find the
+node that's next to h,
+
+I'll stop, right?
+
+So some edges will
+not be matched.
+
+So then I'll say that the total
+running time is logn plus a.
+
+AUDIENCE: i being the number of
+elements you pull out, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup.
+
+So this is amortized analysis.
+
+The list is hard.
+
+The traversal is easy.
+
+Remember the traversal.
+
+That's easy to reason
+about, so that's good.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions on
+amortized analysis?
+
+So the idea is that you
+look at all the operations,
+
+you don't look at one
+operation at a time.
+
+And you're trying to see
+if I look at everything,
+
+is it the case that I have
+some really fast operations
+
+and the slow
+operations don't happen
+
+too much, because
+if that's the case,
+
+then I can make an argument
+for the average cost, which
+
+is better than the argument
+that says this is the worst
+
+case of an operation,
+I'm doing an operation,
+
+the total cost is n
+times the worst cost.
+
+Make some sense?
+
+OK.
+
+Cool.
+
+All right.
+
+Have fun at the next p set.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wF8vLZ9ceb0.txt b/wF8vLZ9ceb0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1759e4bce815074342fc9462d40983b90e4ed20e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wF8vLZ9ceb0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2419 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So welcome back.
+
+And today, we will
+solve one type
+
+of problem, a very
+important problem,
+
+basically, the following.
+
+Suppose all that you have is a
+single charge, but it can move.
+
+Here is the origin
+of coordinates.
+
+This is the charge,
+Q. Its position is
+
+given by some vector, z of t.
+
+And the charge can move.
+
+It can have a velocity.
+
+It can have an
+acceleration, et cetera.
+
+And the problem is,
+somewhere in space,
+
+at a point, p, what
+is the electric field?
+
+What is the magnetic
+field at all times?
+
+That's the problem.
+
+Now the differences between
+different particular problems
+
+will be where we are and what
+the charge is moving et cetera.
+
+In particular, we
+will consider problems
+
+where this charge is oscillating
+in a simple harmonic motion.
+
+It's along a line.
+
+And then, in another
+problem, we'll
+
+consider it's rotating
+with uniform velocity.
+
+But in principle, we
+could be doing anything.
+
+So how do you calculate
+the electric field?
+
+How do you find out what the
+magnetic field is everywhere?
+
+Also, if there is an
+electric and magnetic field,
+
+there will be flow of energy and
+energy flux or pointing vector.
+
+What will that be
+at that location?
+
+And finally, if a charge does
+accelerate here and it does
+
+radiate energy, and
+the question is,
+
+what is the average total power
+radiated by such a charge?
+
+Now this kind of problem
+is extremely important.
+
+It's important
+just from the point
+
+of view of understanding
+how the world works.
+
+There are charges
+all over the place.
+
+And they are moving.
+
+And they do produce
+electric magnetic fields.
+
+A problem like this
+gives you insight
+
+how the phenomena takes place.
+
+But let me tell you
+immediately, in general,
+
+this is a horrendous problem.
+
+You know that, if you
+have charges in space,
+
+and you have electric
+and magnetic fields,
+
+the charges, the currents, the
+electric and magnetic fields
+
+have to satisfy Maxwell's
+equations, those
+
+four Maxwell's equations.
+
+So you can imagine
+how complicated
+
+it must be to find electric and
+magnetic fields, in general,
+
+for some arbitrary
+motion like this.
+
+And the answer is, you would
+never be asked to do that.
+
+And you would never have to do
+that, in general, analytically.
+
+If you really had a problem
+like this that you had to solve,
+
+in general, you would
+do it on a computer.
+
+All right?
+
+But let me continue.
+
+But it turns out that,
+under certain conditions,
+
+this problem is not so hard.
+
+And yet, it contains
+all the physics
+
+and gives you all the
+insights you need.
+
+And that is the
+following situation.
+
+If you have the charge moving
+in a confined region, which
+
+is much smaller,
+whose dimensions
+
+are much smaller than the
+distance at which you are
+
+interested to calculate the
+electric magnetic fields,
+
+suddenly, this problem does
+not become hard, or in fact,
+
+not hard at all,
+relatively speaking.
+
+So in some sense-- and this
+often happens in physics
+
+when you are given
+the problem-- you
+
+have to have an understanding
+of the situation
+
+in order to understand what the
+person is asking you to solve.
+
+So in a situation like
+this, the buzz words,
+
+or what you would find
+is, for example, say,
+
+there is a charge.
+
+It's accelerating.
+
+Calculate the electric field at
+a distance far from the charge,
+
+or the far field,
+as it's called,
+
+rather than the near field.
+
+And the reason for
+it is the following,
+
+in this case, that
+the hard part of this
+
+is calculating the field
+relatively near the charge,
+
+because there, you
+have a superposition
+
+of this static field, for
+example, the Coulomb field.
+
+If a charge is moving,
+it's like a little current.
+
+And so it produces
+the magnetic fields
+
+through the Biot-Savart
+Law, et cetera.
+
+But these fields drop off,
+like 1/r, from the charge.
+
+And so, if you are
+far away, then,
+
+in general, in most
+situations where you're
+
+interested in understanding
+what's going on,
+
+you can ignore those fields,
+because the further you
+
+are away, the smaller they are.
+
+And they become negligible.
+
+There is another
+contribution to the field,
+
+to the electromagnetic field,
+a very important contribution.
+
+And that is-- and
+in fact, you know
+
+that, in vacuum, without
+any charges there,
+
+you can have electric and
+magnetic fields present
+
+that come from propagating
+electromagnetic waves.
+
+And it turns out that, if
+you have a charge which
+
+is accelerating,
+that does produce
+
+an electromagnetic wave.
+
+And that does not drop
+off as 1 over r squared,
+
+but as 1/r, much more slowly.
+
+So if you are far
+away, you are dominated
+
+by the propagating
+electromagnetic wave.
+
+Now it's not that
+this is trivial,
+
+but certainly, the propagating
+electromagnetic wave
+
+is much easier to calculate
+without the presence
+
+of these other fields.
+
+Now Professor Walter Lewin
+has done that in his classes.
+
+He has shown how, if you
+have somewhere a charge which
+
+is accelerating, how it
+generates an electric field far
+
+away from that charge
+and a magnetic field.
+
+I won't derive it
+for you, but I'll
+
+summarize what you have learned.
+
+Now for a second, I'll
+just want to point out
+
+why the problem of
+electromagnetic waves
+
+is more difficult than,
+say, that of a string.
+
+The analogous problem we
+want to recount for a string
+
+is the following.
+
+Suppose you have a string,
+you hold it at one end.
+
+Right?
+
+And suppose I move this
+one end sinusoidally?
+
+You know that a string
+like this is a line.
+
+And in there are
+oscillators, infinitely
+
+close to each other,
+infinite number of them.
+
+All right?
+
+Each one moves along a single
+line, say, up and down.
+
+So for each one,
+it's a single number
+
+tells you what the
+displacement is.
+
+You know that the string
+satisfies the wave equation.
+
+If you put a
+boundary at one end,
+
+the oscillator, the first one,
+is somehow externally driven.
+
+That excites the
+next one, et cetera.
+
+And you know that
+the wave propagates.
+
+Now in the case of
+electromagnetism
+
+of this kind of a problem,
+the situation is very similar,
+
+but you have this
+extra complication.
+
+In the string, each oscillator
+was on the straight line
+
+and only moved up and
+down in one direction.
+
+For a charge, every point
+in space you could imagine,
+
+there is an oscillator.
+
+The excitation of
+that oscillator
+
+is the electric and
+the magnetic field.
+
+That's the analogous
+to the displacement.
+
+But notice, already,
+two quantities,
+
+electric and magnetic.
+
+Here, for the string,
+you had the displacement,
+
+a single number
+in one direction.
+
+Here, the electric and
+the magnetic fields
+
+are vector quantities.
+
+So not only do you have them
+spread in three dimensions,
+
+instead of along the
+string, the displacement
+
+is a vector quantity.
+
+So is the directions in
+three-dimensional space,
+
+et cetera.
+
+So that, in principle,
+is the same,
+
+but it is much more complicated.
+
+But coming back
+now, fortunately,
+
+if you analyze what happens,
+if you take a charge,
+
+if it's stationary,
+it does not radiate.
+
+It has the Coulomb field,
+which, as I told you,
+
+drops off like 1 over r squared.
+
+If it's moving with
+uniform velocity,
+
+for example, it does
+generate magnetic fields.
+
+But again, they drop off.
+
+It doesn't radiate.
+
+But if it accelerates, then
+it does produce, far away,
+
+an electron, a field
+which propagates.
+
+And as Professor Walter Lewin
+has showed in his lectures,
+
+you find the following.
+
+That if I have a charge
+which accelerates,
+
+at the time when
+it's accelerating,
+
+it produces an
+electric field, which
+
+I can summarize
+with this formula.
+
+So it's the following.
+
+Suppose, at the origin,
+somewhere I have a charge.
+
+And it accelerates, say,
+in some direction, up.
+
+And I am interested what
+is the electric field that
+
+propagates outwards
+in some direction, r.
+
+What one can show
+is that this charge
+
+will propagate in all
+directions, including
+
+this direction.
+
+But there's only one
+component of the acceleration
+
+of the charge which gives
+rise to the production
+
+of the field which propagates.
+
+And that is the
+component which is
+
+perpendicular to the
+direction in which I'm
+
+interested to calculate
+the electric field.
+
+So if the charge, for example,
+is accelerating upwards,
+
+like this, then it's
+only the component
+
+of this acceleration which is
+perpendicular to this line that
+
+gives rise to the
+electric field.
+
+And one can calculate it.
+
+And its formula is
+rather straightforward.
+
+You find the electric
+field at some distance, r,
+
+from the charge.
+
+At time t, is
+related to, as I say,
+
+this acceleration of the charge,
+but only the component, which
+
+I call aperp, the component
+of a perpendicular
+
+to this line, that's
+this quantity.
+
+And what is interesting is the
+field here that is produced
+
+is proportional to this
+perpendicular component
+
+of the acceleration.
+
+But there is a difference
+in time because,
+
+as this charge
+accelerates-- it's
+
+analogous to take the string.
+
+When I took the
+end of the string
+
+and I moved it, at
+that instant, the kink
+
+got produced which
+propagated along this string.
+
+Same happens here.
+
+If I have a charge
+which accelerates,
+
+it produces an electric
+field which propagates.
+
+And it propagates with
+the velocity of light, c.
+
+So the field over here is
+given by the acceleration
+
+of the charge at a time,
+t prime, which is earlier.
+
+If you're interested in
+the field here at time t,
+
+then you have to know what was
+the acceleration of the charge
+
+here at the earlier
+time, t prime,
+
+which is equal to
+t minus r/c, which
+
+is the time the electric field
+took to get to that point.
+
+That's the tricky part.
+
+This is the only tricky
+part of this equation.
+
+So the electric field at
+the position r at time t
+
+is related to the
+acceleration of the charge,
+
+the perpendicular
+component of it,
+
+at an earlier time times
+some constants, the charge
+
+and a constant.
+
+And it drops off like 1/r.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is the crucial equation.
+
+It tells us that, as I
+say-- I'm repeating this,
+
+because it's so important.
+
+Whenever I have a charge
+which is accelerating,
+
+it, at that instant,
+produces an electric field
+
+which is moving outwards
+at the speed of light.
+
+Its amplitude is dropping
+like 1/r, all right?
+
+And goes on forever.
+
+Now you know from
+Maxwell's equations,
+
+if you have an electric field
+which is propagating like that,
+
+associated, there will
+be a magnetic field.
+
+This is now just the
+same as you've always
+
+seen for electromagnetic waves.
+
+I like sort of visualizing.
+
+If an electromagnetic wave
+moves in that direction,
+
+and the electric field is this
+direction, at that instant,
+
+there will be a magnetic
+field perpendicular to it.
+
+And the B is proportional
+to E. And they both
+
+move forward like that.
+
+OK?
+
+So if this is E, then
+you can get from a B.
+
+They are proportional
+to each other.
+
+There's just that constant,
+C, because the units.
+
+And they are perpendicular
+to each other.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you understand
+this formula,
+
+all the problems that you
+would be normally asked
+
+can extremely
+easily be done, OK?
+
+Once you know E
+and B, of course,
+
+you can calculate
+at every location.
+
+The Poynting vector is just a
+cross product between those.
+
+And I just summarize them on
+the formula we may need later.
+
+So I'm now going to
+start from scratch
+
+by taking a concrete example.
+
+All right?
+
+So if this refresher didn't
+help, maybe the problem
+
+itself will.
+
+So now let's take
+a concrete example.
+
+I'll take a single
+charge, Q. OK?
+
+So I have a coordinate system.
+
+Here is my origin
+of coordinates.
+
+And I'll take a charge
+here, charge of magnitude,
+
+Q, moving up and down,
+up and down sinusoidally.
+
+So it's given by
+the amplitude z0.
+
+It's moving along the
+z-axis, cosine omega t.
+
+This is the motion.
+
+Of course, something
+must be moving it.
+
+But the assumption here
+is it doesn't in any way
+
+affect the electrical
+and magnetic fields.
+
+So that's the only
+thing that we have
+
+to consider in the universe.
+
+And the question are,
+at different places
+
+in space, what is the
+electric and magnetic field?
+
+So for example, one place is a
+distance, R, along the z-axis
+
+up.
+
+So it's not along the axis.
+
+So the position where we
+are interested, where p is,
+
+has coordinates 0,
+0, R. In other words,
+
+it's a distance, R,
+along the z-axis.
+
+And we are all
+asked, at this time,
+
+R divided by C, what is the
+electric and magnetic field
+
+at that location?
+
+OK?
+
+That's the first
+part of the question.
+
+Well, that, I hope you've
+already done in your head.
+
+If the charge is moving up
+and down like this-- oh,
+
+and by the way, I
+have to emphasize,
+
+this problem, in general--
+except this one part--
+
+you are able to do only if
+we satisfy what I said here,
+
+that the region within which
+the charge is moving or located
+
+is small, compared to the
+distance where I'm asking what
+
+the electric and
+magnetic fields are.
+
+So here, it says for R
+very much greater than Z0.
+
+So whatever I say
+from now on, I'm
+
+making the assumption
+I'm very far away.
+
+I only have the radiated field.
+
+I can ignore the complicated
+fields like Coulomb's field
+
+and Biot-Savart, et cetera.
+
+OK.
+
+So the first part,
+even without this,
+
+I can do because
+imagine we are asking
+
+what is the electric
+field along the z-axis.
+
+And so suppose I am
+at that location,
+
+and I'm looking
+down at the charge.
+
+What do I see?
+
+I see the charge going
+towards me and away from me,
+
+and towards me and away from me.
+
+So it does have
+velocity at some stage
+
+and suddenly has acceleration.
+
+But the acceleration is
+towards me and away from me.
+
+So what is the
+perpendicular component
+
+of the acceleration
+in my direction?
+
+0.
+
+At no time do I see the
+charge accelerating sideways.
+
+I only see it going
+towards and away from me.
+
+So the aperp is 0.
+
+And then I go back
+to my equation here.
+
+If aperp is 0, it doesn't
+matter what you do with it,
+
+E will be 0.
+
+If E is 0, B is 0, because they
+are proportional to each other.
+
+So at all times
+this will be 0, OK?
+
+The next part of the question.
+
+And let we quickly tell you, in
+the next part of the question
+
+it says, now let's have this
+charge not move up and down,
+
+but along the y-- sorry.
+
+No.
+
+No.
+
+I misspoke.
+
+Let's leave this
+moving that way.
+
+But instead of looking
+along the z-axis,
+
+let's look at the
+point along the y-axis.
+
+So at the point 0,R,0,
+or in other words,
+
+at distance R from the origin
+along the y-axis, again,
+
+at this time.
+
+And then the third one, it asks
+let's look at it at 30 degrees.
+
+So now, in this case, we
+look at in the direction
+
+where it's in the y,
+z plane, but at 30
+
+degrees to the z-axis,
+so in some direction
+
+there where the
+coordinate is this.
+
+OK?
+
+And the whole purpose
+is to just get
+
+you a feel how accelerated
+charges radiate
+
+in different directions.
+
+So the first one I've
+already done for you.
+
+OK?
+
+But here, let me just
+repeat myself or point out.
+
+In each part of
+this question, we
+
+are a distance, R,
+from the charge.
+
+Now you can say,
+well, the charge
+
+is moving a small amount.
+
+But the whole essence of
+making this a doable problem
+
+and getting a situation
+which you can solve
+
+is where all the
+motion of the charges
+
+over distances
+which is very much
+
+smaller than where you are.
+
+So because R is very
+much greater than z0,
+
+from the distance of
+the accelerated charge,
+
+from where you want to
+calculate the electric field,
+
+you can assume is
+constant in distance R.
+
+So in all parts of
+this problem, you
+
+are the same distance away,
+but at a different angle.
+
+And in all cases, we are
+asked to find the field
+
+at some time, t, when
+this is oscillating.
+
+Let's go to the second part.
+
+How about in a direction
+which is along the y-axis?
+
+All right?
+
+So in the y direction,
+if something
+
+is accelerating in
+the z direction,
+
+that is perpendicular
+to the y-axis.
+
+And so for the second
+part, the acceleration
+
+of the charge at
+time t prime, is
+
+simply I have to take this
+and differentiate it twice,
+
+all right?
+
+And so we've done it.
+
+This is this.
+
+And this acceleration, that has
+a component in the z direction
+
+which is perpendicular
+to the y direction.
+
+So in our formula,
+this is Eperp.
+
+And so we can plug
+it into that formula.
+
+And we get that
+the electric field
+
+at position R along the
+y-axis is given by this.
+
+And I just took that formula--
+let me just remind you--
+
+I have just taken this formula
+and plugged in the aperp.
+
+And I end up with this equation.
+
+And so I see that, if a charge
+is oscillating up and down
+
+like that, it does radiate
+perpendicular to it.
+
+This is the nearest analogy
+to that string case.
+
+If the string is
+moving like that,
+
+it propagates a wave
+along the string.
+
+And here, if a charge is
+accelerating like this,
+
+it does radiate
+along that direction.
+
+This is the magnitude.
+
+And as a function,
+that's what it is.
+
+The actual problem
+was not in general
+
+what it is, what will
+it be at the time R/C?
+
+Well, at t R/C, this is
+R/C minus R/C. This is 0.
+
+So this is cosine
+of 0, so this is 1.
+
+And so we get, finally,
+that at that time,
+
+the electric field
+is equal to this.
+
+It's just that times 1.
+
+This is the electric field.
+
+What is the magnetic field?
+
+Well, as I told you, if you
+know the electric field,
+
+B is perpendicular to
+it, proportional to it.
+
+And there's just a 1/C. So
+they here have it C cubed.
+
+And the magnetic field
+will be in the x direction.
+
+The electric field
+is always parallel
+
+to the accelerated charge.
+
+The magnetic field is in
+the perpendicular direction.
+
+Also, it is important to
+remember the minus sign.
+
+I come back to this formula.
+
+This minus sign
+is very important.
+
+What it's saying
+is, at the instant
+
+when the charge is
+accelerating in that direction,
+
+the electric field it produces
+is in the opposite direction.
+
+So when this is accelerating,
+at the instant this accelerates,
+
+it produces an electric field
+which goes in this direction.
+
+And that field
+propagates like that.
+
+OK?
+
+And the magnetic field
+is perpendicular to it.
+
+And so that is the Part 2.
+
+And now we come to doing the
+third one-- it's actually
+
+the same problem--
+where we are considering
+
+the radiation at the slightly
+more complicated angle.
+
+So far, we've looked at the
+charge is moving up and down.
+
+We said there's no
+electromagnetic field radiated
+
+upwards, or downwards,
+for that matter.
+
+Along the y-axis it is.
+
+And of course, if we
+took any other location
+
+in the plane of our x, y,
+in the horizontal plane,
+
+in all directions,
+it will radiate
+
+in a similar manner
+as along the y-axis.
+
+And finally, just
+for completion,
+
+let's take one more direction.
+
+And what the problem said, let's
+consider going at 30 degrees
+
+to the z-axis.
+
+That's an angle like that.
+
+What is the electric
+field that is
+
+generating in that direction?
+
+Again, this is just
+to give us practice
+
+at calculating vectors,
+components, et cetera.
+
+So I will do that now over here.
+
+So this is the
+solving the Part 3.
+
+So what we're
+interested in, we have
+
+this charge moving up and down.
+
+And we're interested in the
+radiation a long way away,
+
+a distance R away
+from this charge,
+
+but at some angle like
+that, with just 30 degrees
+
+to the z-axis.
+
+So in order to
+use that formula--
+
+it's all the time
+the same thing,
+
+I'm just using
+the same formula--
+
+I need to calculate the
+component of the acceleration
+
+of the charge which
+is perpendicular
+
+to that direction, OK?
+
+Now there are many ways.
+
+You can do it in
+your head, if you
+
+are good at
+manipulating vectors.
+
+Here, I wrote it, in case you
+wanted a complete formula.
+
+Here is how the
+perpendicular component
+
+is related to the
+acceleration, a.
+
+And at the beginning there,
+I summarized it for you.
+
+But you can do it
+any way you want.
+
+I did it this way.
+
+And so I am taking this charge
+and calculating, at some time,
+
+t prime, what is the
+component of the acceleration
+
+of the charge in a direction
+perpendicular to the direction
+
+in which I am considering
+the radiation.
+
+And this is what it comes out.
+
+If you remember, I know what
+is the motion of the charge.
+
+You've seen it over there.
+
+So I know what z is,
+a function of time.
+
+Therefore, I can calculate this.
+
+And that's what it
+comes out as, alright?
+
+Here, I formally
+use this equation.
+
+So it's as before.
+
+We will be interested in the
+electric field at the position,
+
+R, so at a time which is later.
+
+In other words, t
+minus R/C is the time
+
+at which the prime time,
+t prime, at which I'm
+
+interested in this acceleration.
+
+And that's what
+it looks like, OK?
+
+Now, I can simplify it.
+
+I'm not going to
+waste your time.
+
+You can go through this algebra.
+
+Simplify it here.
+
+And then I take
+this acceleration
+
+and plug it into that
+equation, which tells me,
+
+if I know the perpendicular
+component of acceleration
+
+at this earlier time, I
+know what the electric field
+
+is at the time t.
+
+And this is what
+it comes out at.
+
+So the electric field
+in a direction 30
+
+degrees to the z-axis,
+or in other words,
+
+at a distance, capital
+R, from the origin.
+
+Or in other words,
+at the coordinates 0,
+
+R/2, R root 3 over-- and this is
+the y-coordinate, x-coordinate,
+
+y, and z-- at this time, I
+plug this into that equation.
+
+And I get this
+and the direction.
+
+If you do it formally, you
+immediately get the direction.
+
+It's not very hard.
+
+It'll be, in fact, it's
+60 degrees to the z-axis.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's what the
+electric field will be.
+
+Then, knowing the
+electric field,
+
+again, I know that E and B are
+perpendicular to each other.
+
+They are proportional to each
+other, except for the 1/C.
+
+All right?
+
+And so, at the same
+location, I can calculate B.
+
+And I get this.
+
+The magnitude here
+and here are the same,
+
+except for one power
+of C here, C cubed.
+
+The direction is different.
+
+B will be the x direction.
+
+And that, you could
+do in your head.
+
+If the charge is oscillating
+like this, at all angles,
+
+you'll still have
+the magnetic field,
+
+which will perpendicular
+in that direction.
+
+All right?
+
+And you can check for yourself.
+
+This half is simply
+the sine of 30 degrees.
+
+OK.
+
+So I've gone very
+slowly, intentionally,
+
+and taken the simple
+situation where
+
+a single charge is
+oscillating up and down
+
+and I've calculated for
+you the electric field,
+
+the radiated electric
+field, up and down, at 0.
+
+In a horizontal plane, I've done
+it effectively, all locations.
+
+And I've done it
+at an angle, theta,
+
+where theta was 30 degrees.
+
+I could repeat this for every
+angle, theta, every location.
+
+So in fact, just taking
+more and more cases,
+
+we have calculated the
+electric and propagating
+
+electric and magnetic field
+in all directions, all right?
+
+And we calculated the magnitude
+at a distance from the origin.
+
+OK?
+
+It drops off like 1/R we saw.
+
+And like the other field, we
+drop off like 1 over r squared.
+
+And so this charge, which
+is oscillating up and down,
+
+radiates in all directions,
+but with different magnitudes,
+
+biggest in the
+plane perpendicular
+
+to the vector describing
+the acceleration.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the next thing that I
+will do now is the following.
+
+Let's take the same
+situation and try
+
+to calculate the total power
+radiated by the charge.
+
+So I've taken this same problem.
+
+There is the charge
+oscillating up and down
+
+with amplitude z0
+cosine omega t prime.
+
+And what we see-- well, we
+know that it radiates energy.
+
+If it radiates energy,
+of course, normally,
+
+it would have to finally stop.
+
+But I'm assuming there is
+some mechanism which uniformly
+
+maintains the motion of these
+charges in a certain motion.
+
+Energy will be radiated.
+
+And I want to calculate what
+is the total energy radiated
+
+per second by this charge.
+
+And the way we are going to
+do this-- so the question now
+
+is, for this particular charge,
+oscillating like we discussed,
+
+what is the total energy
+per second-- in other words,
+
+power-- radiated at
+the time t prime?
+
+Clearly, if it's
+radiating energy outwards,
+
+by conservation of
+energy, the amount
+
+of energy coming
+out of this will
+
+be the same as the
+amount of energy crossing
+
+a sphere of radius,
+R, at a later time.
+
+So if I calculate the energy
+crossing a sphere at the time
+
+t, where t is this
+t prime plus R/C,
+
+at a later time, that
+will be the total energy
+
+per second radiated by this
+charge at the time, t prime.
+
+So I will now
+calculate the energy
+
+per second which is crossing
+the surface of this sphere
+
+at the time, t.
+
+Well, how much energy
+is crossing the surface?
+
+We know that, at the
+surface of this sphere,
+
+there is, at every location,
+an electric field which
+
+is parallel to the
+surface, because this
+
+is perpendicular to R.
+The electric field is
+
+perpendicular to this.
+
+So at this location, for
+example, the electric field
+
+will be like this,
+crossing it, part
+
+of the surface of this sphere.
+
+There will be a magnetic
+field perpendicular to it.
+
+And so, at this
+location, there will
+
+be a energy flux, the
+so-called Poynting vector,
+
+the energy per second
+crossing a unit [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And that's this vector,
+s, the Poynting vector,
+
+which, as you know
+from Professor Walter
+
+Lewin's lectures, is E cross
+B. I forgot my vector sign
+
+on top of the B. These are
+vectors, of course, E cross B.
+
+Now we know, for an
+electromagnetic wave in vacuum,
+
+that the E and B are
+perpendicular and proportional
+
+to each other, just the
+fact the C. So this will
+
+be the magnitude of E squared
+divided by this mu 0 times
+
+C, because B is E/C.
+
+This is a scalar quant--
+these were vectors.
+
+This is a scalar.
+
+So this is the energy flowing
+per unit area, per unit time
+
+at the surface of this.
+
+And the E will depend on
+the location on this sphere.
+
+So what is the
+total energy that's
+
+leaving the charge
+at time t prime?
+
+It will be the sum
+of all the energies
+
+that are coming
+out per unit area
+
+along this surface at time t.
+
+So it's going to be
+the integral of SdA.
+
+What I'm doing, basically,
+calculating at every location
+
+S multiplied by the area
+there-- so that gives me
+
+how much energy goes
+through that area--
+
+and adding them
+across the surface
+
+everywhere around
+the complete sphere.
+
+That will be the total
+energy leaving here.
+
+So imagine this is
+oscillating up and down,
+
+radiating these
+spherical waves outwards.
+
+And they cross this surface.
+
+And at every place, there is
+energy flowing, the Poynting
+
+vector.
+
+And here, I'm adding them all.
+
+This will be the
+total power radiated
+
+by this charge at that
+earlier time, t prime.
+
+OK.
+
+So I now have to just log
+through and calculate this.
+
+S, I have to
+calculate from this.
+
+And then I have to
+calculate the piece of area.
+
+Well, let me tell
+you what I will do.
+
+From what we've learned
+from the earlier part,
+
+the magnitude of E only
+depended on this angle, theta,
+
+and this distance.
+
+So imagine, along the
+surface, I take a slice
+
+this surface, like this, where
+every point along this surface
+
+is at an angle, theta,
+to the z-axis, OK?
+
+And it's a thin slice.
+
+So what will be this distance?
+
+I'll take this to be d theta.
+
+This distance is R, so that
+distance is already Rd theta.
+
+If I multiply that
+by 2 pi r sine theta,
+
+r sine theta is the
+radius of this circle.
+
+So this total area going all
+the way around this sphere
+
+is 2 pi r sine theta
+multiplied by Rd theta.
+
+OK?
+
+So now along this,
+everywhere, S is the same.
+
+So if S is at that
+angle, theta, and I've
+
+multiplied by 2 pi R
+sine theta Rd theta,
+
+this is the piece of area,
+if I multiply by that,
+
+this gives me the total
+energy flux or power
+
+that is leaving the sphere
+along this part, all
+
+the way behind there,
+all the way around.
+
+OK?
+
+Now what is the total
+energy per second leaving
+
+this complete sphere
+is the addition
+
+of pieces like that for
+the complete sphere.
+
+So it would be the
+integral of this
+
+for theta going from 0 to pi.
+
+And then I've covered
+the compete sphere.
+
+So that will be
+this integral, which
+
+is the power radiated
+by the charge.
+
+OK, if you've understood
+that, then it's
+
+just pure algebra now.
+
+S, I can calculate,
+because I know
+
+it's the magnitude of
+E squared over C mu 0.
+
+But that, we've already done.
+
+We did it for 30 degrees.
+
+And now do it for theta.
+
+So here, instead of having
+sine 30, which was 1/2,
+
+I have sine theta there.
+
+So that squared gives me
+this divided by C mu 0 that.
+
+And of course, it depends--
+so this is what E is.
+
+But it's oscillating as
+cosine omega times this.
+
+And we have to square it,
+because this is E squared.
+
+So this is what the
+Poynting vector is at,
+
+the angle theta, distance
+R away at time t, OK?
+
+And therefore,
+the total power is
+
+this multiplied by that
+integrated from 0 to pi.
+
+I've just rewritten
+it, this quantity,
+
+plugging that into here.
+
+I end up with this.
+
+Everything does not
+depend on theta,
+
+except sine theta, which
+you have a squared from here
+
+and another sign from there.
+
+So I get sine cubed
+theta d theta.
+
+OK, we're home.
+
+So that's the answer.
+
+Because this you can do,
+I won't waste your time.
+
+The way to do it is you can
+take sine theta d theta to be
+
+d cosine theta, and
+then integrating sine
+
+squared theta d cosine theta.
+
+And if you do that, you get 4/3.
+
+So I plug 4/3 in
+for that integral.
+
+This is the answer, OK?
+
+So what we see
+now, through any--
+
+and it's independent of R, which
+I hope did not surprise you.
+
+It's a statement of
+conservation of energy,
+
+because you have this
+charge oscillating
+
+up and down, radiating.
+
+Through every sphere of radius
+R, the same amount of energy
+
+has to go through,
+or otherwise, you'
+
+d be gaining or losing energy.
+
+So that's a check.
+
+You can check.
+
+If R came into this formula,
+you would have made a mistake.
+
+And the only place
+where it does,
+
+is only-- it oscillates,
+so at any position, R,
+
+the energy going through
+oscillates, because it's
+
+a wave going out, OK?
+
+So this changes the phase,
+but not the magnitude.
+
+In the actual question,
+it asked for what
+
+is the time average
+that's radiated outwards.
+
+So we want to know the
+time average of this.
+
+And that's the time
+average of that is here.
+
+You know that the time average
+of cosine some function of t
+
+is 1/2.
+
+If you take cosine--
+sorry, cosine squared,
+
+which was in here, cosine.
+
+So the time average of
+cosine squared is 1/2.
+
+So finally, we get that
+the average, time average,
+
+power leaving this
+oscillating charge
+
+is given by this formula.
+
+It's actually a famous formula.
+
+It's called
+[? Lambor ?] formula.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the total
+energy radiated.
+
+Fine.
+
+We have a few minutes
+left, and so I'll
+
+do one more quick problem.
+
+OK, just for variety--
+so far, we've
+
+considered a charge which
+is accelerating up and down.
+
+And be considered all
+permutations and combinations
+
+about what happens to the
+electromagnetic field going
+
+outwards.
+
+Now let's consider
+something else,
+
+a charge which is
+going in a circle.
+
+Let's consider that a charge,
+Q, which is rotating in the z,
+
+y plane with a
+uniform velocity, v,
+
+given by omega z0 where omega
+is the angular velocity of this.
+
+So we have a charge going
+like this, uniform velocity.
+
+What is the radiated field?
+
+What radiated electric and
+magnetic fields are produced?
+
+Well, go back to
+where I started.
+
+The charge is moving
+with uniform velocity.
+
+Static charges don't radiate,
+but accelerated charges do.
+
+Does this charge accelerate?
+
+It's moving with a
+uniform speed in a circle,
+
+but does it radiate?
+
+Well, you know that,
+if an object is
+
+going with a uniform
+speed, V, around a circle,
+
+it's all the time
+accelerating, right?
+
+It's accelerating
+inwards all the time.
+
+And so this charge is
+accelerating inwards.
+
+So at every instant
+of time, it's
+
+accelerating like this,
+so as this moves more.
+
+So all the time, it has
+a constant magnitude
+
+of acceleration, but the
+direction changes all the time.
+
+So this charge, at every
+instant of time, will radiate.
+
+And it will radiate in all
+directions, like before.
+
+For simplicity, so we don't get
+overburdened by mathematics,
+
+let me just think for a
+second what a-- let's just
+
+talk qualitatively.
+
+I can describe the motion of
+a charge going like this by,
+
+at any instant of time,
+it has a position.
+
+This is Z0 vector
+is the position
+
+of this charge at time t prime.
+
+I could write it as Z0 cosine
+theta y plus Z0 sine theta Z,
+
+all right?
+
+That's the y-coordinate.
+
+That's the z-coordinate.
+
+If that is the position, I
+can rewrite this like this,
+
+because theta, of course,
+is given by omega t prime.
+
+It's rotating, right?
+
+What is the acceleration?
+
+I differentiate this twice.
+
+So here is the acceleration.
+
+So if we consider
+the two components,
+
+what I see is that this charge
+has a component in the y
+
+direction and in the z
+direction, like this.
+
+And so it will, at every
+instant of time, radiate.
+
+I can decompose the
+radiation, using this formula,
+
+into the two components.
+
+And what we see is that the
+two components are out of phase
+
+from each other by 90 degrees.
+
+So for example, if I am
+straight ahead looking at it,
+
+I will see a charge which
+is accelerating up and down,
+
+like that, and out
+of phase, like this.
+
+So it will radiate
+straightforward a component
+
+like this, oscillating, and
+out of phase by 90, like that.
+
+And what is that?
+
+You know.
+
+That's called circularly
+polarized light.
+
+There are many
+ways to look at it.
+
+You can either look
+at the components,
+
+or you could look
+at the rotation
+
+of the electric vector.
+
+At the moment, I
+am looking at this
+
+from the point of
+view of components.
+
+So if I look at this, straight
+at it, what I will see,
+
+an electromagnetic wave
+with the electric vector
+
+polarized vertically,
+and another one
+
+polarized horizontally,
+out of phase by 90 degrees.
+
+And so, at any
+location in space,
+
+I'll see an electric vector
+which is rotating like this.
+
+Of course, there's a magnetic
+vector perpendicular to it.
+
+And that we call,
+circularly polarized light.
+
+So this will radiate in that
+direction circularly polarized
+
+light.
+
+If I look from
+above, what do I see?
+
+The charge is going
+like this, so I just
+
+see this component
+from above-- you
+
+can look at the two
+components-- like that.
+
+So straight up, I'll see
+linearly polarized light.
+
+If I look from the side, I
+see it's going up and down.
+
+I will see also
+linearly polarized,
+
+but in a different direction.
+
+So a charge like
+this, as before,
+
+will radiate in all directions.
+
+But the extra complication now
+is, in different directions,
+
+it'll be different polarization.
+
+For example, if I'm
+looking at this from here,
+
+this crazy angle,
+what I will see
+
+is I will see a component from
+the acceleration like this,
+
+and from that, but they
+have different amplitude.
+
+And so I'll get the
+two polarizations which
+
+are different
+amplitudes, corresponds
+
+to elliptically polarized light.
+
+So in this direction, I'll
+see an elliptically polarized
+
+light.
+
+And using this formula
+any place in space,
+
+you can calculate the
+electric and magnetic field,
+
+just doing the same as
+we did before, but take
+
+the full vector description
+of the perpendicular
+
+component of the
+acceleration of the charge.
+
+So let me stop there and
+just sort of summarize.
+
+In principle, we've
+done just very little.
+
+What we showed today
+is, in general,
+
+if I have a charge which
+moving with some velocity,
+
+some acceleration,
+et cetera, it'll
+
+be surrounded by a
+very complicated field.
+
+There will be the Coulomb
+field, the Biot-Savart field,
+
+the radiated field, et cetera.
+
+If you need to solve the
+complete thing properly,
+
+you will need a computer.
+
+You can't do it.
+
+But if you are only interested
+in the radiated field which
+
+is far away from the
+accelerated charge,
+
+it turns out the situation
+is sufficiently simple,
+
+you can do it almost on
+the back of an envelope.
+
+All you need to know, if you
+are interested in the field
+
+in any location, is
+you ask yourself,
+
+at an earlier time, what
+was the charge doing?
+
+And by earlier, I mean
+at time that light
+
+had time to come from
+the charge to me.
+
+So I take that distance, R/C,
+and at that earlier time,
+
+I need to know what
+the charge was doing.
+
+I ask myself, in which
+direction it was accelerating?
+
+I take the magnitude
+of acceleration,
+
+which is perpendicular to the
+direction in which I'm looking,
+
+and I calculate that and
+multiply by some constants
+
+that we've done
+over and over again,
+
+and that will tell me what
+the electric field is.
+
+From that, I can get
+the magnetic field,
+
+and I get the full radiation.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wYcMru4gYF4.txt b/wYcMru4gYF4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca48ece3cb675d5d643b9d7103b8046e81ce5464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wYcMru4gYF4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we'll examine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll examine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll examine how
+analytics can model an expert in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics can model an expert in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics can model an expert in this
+case a physician in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a physician in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a physician in the context of
+assessing the quality of health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the quality of health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing the quality of health care
+patients receive and introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receive and introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receive and introduce a
+technique called logistic regression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called logistic regression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called logistic regression to
+achieve this objective from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this objective from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this objective from the from the
+early 2000s I was a member of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s I was a member of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 2000s I was a member of the board
+of a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company called
+D to Hawkeye a medical data mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to Hawkeye a medical data mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D to Hawkeye a medical data mining
+company the company received claims data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the company received claims data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the company received claims data
+these are data that have generated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data that have generated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data that have generated when
+an insuit patient goes to a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insuit patient goes to a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insuit patient goes to a medical
+provider to receive a diagnosis or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to receive a diagnosis or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider to receive a diagnosis or to
+have a procedure for example an x-ray or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a procedure for example an x-ray or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a procedure for example an x-ray or
+to obtain drugs the medical providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain drugs the medical providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain drugs the medical providers
+need to get compensated so the claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get compensated so the claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get compensated so the claims
+data provide the means for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data provide the means for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data provide the means for them to be
+paid an important question is whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid an important question is whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid an important question is whether we
+can assess the quality of health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assess the quality of health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assess the quality of health care
+given these claims data but let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these claims data but let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these claims data but let's first
+ask why assessing quality of health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why assessing quality of health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why assessing quality of health care
+an important objective if one identifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important objective if one identifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important objective if one identifies
+patients that have low quality care one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that have low quality care one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that have low quality care one
+can intervene and improve outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intervene and improve outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intervene and improve outcomes for
+these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients
+moreover assessing quality correctly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover assessing quality correctly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover assessing quality correctly can
+control costs better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control costs better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control costs better
+however defining quality is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however defining quality is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however defining quality is a complex
+not well-defined task for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well-defined task for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well-defined task for example
+consider what is involved when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what is involved when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what is involved when we talk
+about the quality of a book it is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of a book it is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of a book it is not a
+well-defined algorithmically understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined algorithmically understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined algorithmically understood
+task of defining such a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of defining such a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task of defining such a quality
+currently assessing quality is done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently assessing quality is done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently assessing quality is done by
+physicians who are experts in the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians who are experts in the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians who are experts in the health
+care space using their knowledge their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care space using their knowledge their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care space using their knowledge their
+expertise and their intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do physicians assess quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do physicians assess quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do physicians assess quality
+physicians are of course humans who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians are of course humans who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians are of course humans who are
+limited by memory and time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by memory and time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by memory and time they
+typically evaluate quality by examining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically evaluate quality by examining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically evaluate quality by examining
+a patient's records at a time consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient's records at a time consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient's records at a time consuming
+an inefficient process clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient process clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inefficient process clearly
+physicians cannot assess quality for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians cannot assess quality for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians cannot assess quality for
+millions of patients and the to Hawkeye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of patients and the to Hawkeye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of patients and the to Hawkeye
+had indeed millions of patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had indeed millions of patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had indeed millions of patients who
+receive claims data on a monthly basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive claims data on a monthly basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive claims data on a monthly basis
+that need to be the quality of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be the quality of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be the quality of them
+needs to be assessed so the key question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be assessed so the key question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be assessed so the key question
+is as follows can we develop analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows can we develop analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows can we develop analytics
+tools that replicate expert assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that replicate expert assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that replicate expert assessment
+on a large scale the goal is to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a large scale the goal is to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a large scale the goal is to learn
+from expert human judgment by developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from expert human judgment by developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from expert human judgment by developing
+a model interpret the results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model interpret the results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model interpret the results of the
+model and further adjust the model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and further adjust the model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and further adjust the model to
+improve flexibility the objective is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve flexibility the objective is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve flexibility the objective is to
+make predictions and evaluations on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions and evaluations on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions and evaluations on a
+large-scale basis to be able to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale basis to be able to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale basis to be able to process
+millions of assessing the health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of assessing the health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of assessing the health care
+quality for millions of people so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for millions of people so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality for millions of people so the
+lecture is a story of using analytics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is a story of using analytics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is a story of using analytics in
+identifying poor quality care using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying poor quality care using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying poor quality care using
+claims later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wuPEmfon9lg.txt b/wuPEmfon9lg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15171378ee770abdd55298fd8cc832ba3c86e163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wuPEmfon9lg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3936 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I think it's time
+for us to start.
+
+Last time we talked about the
+Doppler shift and a little bit
+
+of special relativity.
+
+Today we'll be going on to talk
+more about cosmological topics.
+
+We'll be talking
+about kinematically
+
+how one describes a
+homogeneously-expanding
+
+universe like the
+one that we think
+
+we're living to a very
+good approximation.
+
+In that case, let's get started.
+
+What I want to do today
+is talk about some
+
+of the basic descriptive
+properties of the universe
+
+as we will describe it.
+
+The universe is, of course,
+a very complicated place.
+
+It includes you and
+me, for example,
+
+and we're pretty
+complicated structures.
+
+But cosmology is not really
+the study of all that.
+
+Cosmology is the study of
+the universe in the large,
+
+and we'll begin by discussing
+the universe on its largest
+
+scales in which you view
+approximated by a very
+
+simple model, which
+we'll be learning about.
+
+So in particular on
+very large scales,
+
+the universe is pretty well
+described by threes properties,
+
+which we will talk
+about one by one.
+
+The first is isotropy,
+and that just
+
+comes from some
+Greek root, which
+
+means the same in
+all directions.
+
+Now, of course, as we look
+around say the room here,
+
+the room doesn't look the
+same in all directions.
+
+The front of the room looks
+different from the back
+
+of the room.
+
+And looking towards
+Mass Ave looks
+
+different from looking
+towards the river,
+
+and looking further
+out into space,
+
+looking towards the
+Virgo cluster, which
+
+is the center of our
+local super cluster,
+
+looks rather
+different from looking
+
+in the opposite direction.
+
+But when one gets out
+to looking at things
+
+on the very large scale
+where in this case very large
+
+means on the scale of a few
+hundred million light years,
+
+things begin to
+look very isotropic.
+
+That is no matter what
+direction you look,
+
+as long as you're averaging
+over these very large scales,
+
+you find that you see
+pretty much the same thing.
+
+This becomes most
+emphatic when one looks
+
+at the cosmic background
+radiation, which is really
+
+the furthest object
+that we can look at.
+
+It's radiation that was admitted
+shortly after the Big Bang.
+
+The history of the cosmic
+background radiation
+
+in a nutshell is worth
+keeping in mind here.
+
+I'll refer to it as the CMB for
+cosmic microwave background.
+
+And in a nutshell, the
+things to keep in mind
+
+in thinking about
+this history is
+
+that until about 400,000
+years after the beginning,
+
+the universe was a
+plasma, or maybe I
+
+should say more accurately
+that the universe was
+
+filled with plasma.
+
+And within a plasma, photons
+essentially go nowhere.
+
+They're constantly moving
+at the speed of light,
+
+but they have a very large
+cross section for scattering off
+
+of the free electrons
+that fill the plasma.
+
+And that means that the
+photons are constantly
+
+changing directions and the net
+progress in any one direction
+
+is negligible.
+
+So the photons are
+frozen with the matter,
+
+I'll say frozen inside
+the matter, which
+
+means that the net velocity
+relative to this plasma
+
+is essentially zero.
+
+But according to
+our calculations,
+
+and we'll learn later how
+to do these calculations,
+
+at about 400,000 years
+after the Big Bang,
+
+the universe cooled enough
+so that it neutralized
+
+and then it became a neutral
+gas like the air in this room.
+
+And the air in
+this room you know
+
+this is very
+transparent to photons,
+
+and that means that light
+travels from my face
+
+to your eyes on straight
+lines and allows
+
+you to see an image of what my
+face looks like and vice versa,
+
+by the way.
+
+And it's a little dicey
+to extrapolate something
+
+from the room to the universe.
+
+The orders of magnitude
+are very different.
+
+But in this case,
+the physics actually
+
+ends up being exactly the same.
+
+Once the universe becomes
+filled with a neutral gas,
+
+it really does become
+transparent to the photons
+
+of the cosmic
+microwave background.
+
+So these photons have for
+the most part been travelling
+
+on perfectly-straight lines
+since 400,000 years after
+
+the Big Bang.
+
+And that means that
+when we see them today,
+
+we are essentially
+seeing an image of what
+
+the universe looks like at
+400,000 years after the Big
+
+Bang.
+
+So at 400,000 years,
+gas neutralized
+
+and became transparent.
+
+This by the way has a
+name, which is universally
+
+what is called in
+cosmology, nobody actually
+
+understands why it's
+called this, by the way,
+
+but the name is recombination.
+
+And the mystery is what
+the re is doing there
+
+because as far as we
+know, the gas is combining
+
+for the first time in
+the history of universe,
+
+but that's otherwise
+what everybody calls it.
+
+I did actually once
+ask Jim Peebles who
+
+might be the person who first
+called it this why it was
+
+called this, and he
+told me that this
+
+is what the plasma
+physicists called it,
+
+so it was natural to just
+pick up the same word
+
+when he was doing
+cosmology, so maybe
+
+that's how the word originated.
+
+But coming from the
+point of cosmology,
+
+it is a misnomer in
+that for the theory
+
+that we're discussing
+the prefix re here
+
+has absolutely no
+business being there.
+
+So what do we see when we
+look at the cosmic microwave
+
+background?
+
+We see that it is
+unbelievably isotropic.
+
+What we find is that
+there are deviations
+
+in the temperature
+of the radiation.
+
+The intensity is measured
+as an effective temperature.
+
+There are deviations in the
+temperature of the radiation
+
+of a fractional amount of
+about 10 to the minus 3,
+
+which is a very small
+number, but it's
+
+even stronger than that.
+
+This deviation of one
+part in 10 to the 3
+
+has a particular
+angular pattern,
+
+and it's not the
+angular pattern that you
+
+would expect if the
+source system were moving
+
+through the cosmic
+microwave background,
+
+and that's how we interpret
+this 10 to the minus 3 effect.
+
+Motion of solar system
+through the CMB.
+
+And after removing the
+effect of the motion.
+
+Now actually when
+we move it, it's
+
+not like we have an independent
+way of measuring it.
+
+We don't really, not
+to enough accuracy.
+
+So we're really just fitting
+it to the data and removing it.
+
+But when we do the
+split to the data,
+
+it's a three-parameter
+fit, that is,
+
+we have three components
+of a velocity to fit.
+
+We have a whole angular
+pattern on the sky,
+
+and we only have three
+numbers to play with.
+
+So it's strongly constrained
+even though we're
+
+using the data
+itself to determine
+
+what we think our
+velocity is relative
+
+to the cosmic
+microwave background.
+
+And after removing
+it, then what we find
+
+is that the residual
+deviations, delta t over t,
+
+are only at the level of
+about 10 to the minus 5,
+
+1 part in 100,000, which
+is really unbelievably
+
+isotropic, unbelievably uniform.
+
+One time I decided
+to think about how
+
+round that is, how much
+the same in all directions
+
+it is by asking
+myself the question,
+
+is it possible to
+grind a marble that
+
+would be spherical to an
+accuracy of 10 to the minus 5.
+
+And you can think
+about that yourself.
+
+The answer I came up with was
+that yes it is, but it really
+
+strains the limits
+of our technology.
+
+It correspond to sort
+of the best technology
+
+we have for building
+highly-precise lenses
+
+basically fractions of
+a wavelength of light.
+
+So to round to 1
+part in 10 to the 5
+
+is really being unbelievable
+round, unbelievably isotropic.
+
+And that's the way
+the universe looks.
+
+Next item in our description
+of the universe is homogeneity.
+
+Homogeneity is harder
+to test with precision
+
+because it means
+looking out into space
+
+and trying to see, for example,
+if the density of galaxies
+
+is uniform as a
+function of distance.
+
+We always talked about as
+a function of angle, that's
+
+isotropy, and it's
+very uniform where
+
+one could make very
+precise statements
+
+about the cosmic
+microwave background.
+
+But to talk about
+homogeneity, one
+
+has to be able to talk about how
+the galaxy distribution varies
+
+with distance, and
+distances are very
+
+hard to measure cosmologically.
+
+So as far as we could
+tell, the universe
+
+is perfectly compatible with
+being homogeneous, again,
+
+on length scales of a few
+hundred million light years,
+
+but it's hard to make any
+very precise statement.
+
+There is, of course,
+relationships
+
+between isotropy
+and homogeneity.
+
+Homogeneity, by the way
+I didn't define that.
+
+I assumed you know
+what it meant,
+
+but I should
+definitely define it.
+
+Isotropy means the
+same in all directions.
+
+Homogeneity means the
+same at all places.
+
+So sometimes these are just put
+together and called uniformity
+
+because they are very
+similar concepts.
+
+They are, however, distinct
+concepts logically,
+
+and it is worth spending a
+little time understanding
+
+how they connect to each
+other, in particular
+
+how you can have one without
+the other is the best way
+
+to understand what
+they individually mean.
+
+So suppose, for example,
+we had a universe
+
+that was homogeneous
+but not isotropic.
+
+Is that possible,
+and if so, what
+
+would be an example
+of a feature that
+
+would be described that way?
+
+Let me throw it out to you.
+
+We want to be homogeneous,
+but not isotropic.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It would be parallel
+universes like a cylinder
+
+pointing in a z
+direction, and I mean,
+
+matter is all homogeneous
+with a cylinder
+
+but there is preferred
+directions for isotropic.
+
+PROFESSOR: A preferred
+direction fixed
+
+by the direction
+of the periodicity?
+
+That is an example.
+
+That's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+Let me ask if there are other
+examples people could think of.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: There are
+galaxies everywhere
+
+with constant density,
+but they're all
+
+aligned in a
+particular direction.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+Galaxies have a
+shape, in particular
+
+they have an angular momentum.
+
+The angular momentum
+could be a line,
+
+and that would be an
+example of a universe that
+
+would be homogeneous
+but not isotropic.
+
+Very good.
+
+Very good.
+
+Another example that I'll just
+throw out, which I think maybe
+
+is simple to think about
+is the universe is filled
+
+with this cosmic microwave
+background radiation.
+
+suppose all the photons
+going in the z direction
+
+were more energetic
+than the ones
+
+going in the x and y direction.
+
+That would be a
+possible situation
+
+that could be
+completely homogeneous,
+
+but would be an example of
+something that would not
+
+be isotropic.
+
+So there are many examples
+you can come up with.
+
+I'm very glad you came
+up with the ones you did.
+
+That's great.
+
+Going the other way it's harder.
+
+Suppose we try to think
+of the universe that's
+
+isotropic but not homogeneous.
+
+Isotropic, by the way, does
+depend on the observer, so
+
+let's first talk about
+isotropic relative to us.
+
+I was just going to say
+imagining a universe that
+
+would be isotropic
+relevant to us,
+
+but would not be homogeneous.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could it be like
+if we lived in some shell.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+A shell structure.
+
+AUDIENCE: In all direction,
+the shell would be there.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+I think I'll even draw
+that on the blackboard.
+
+Example of isotropy
+without homogeneity.
+
+So we would be
+here, and the matter
+
+could be distributed in a
+perfectly spherically-symmetric
+
+distribution with
+us at the center.
+
+And that would be an
+example of something
+
+that would be isotopic to
+us but not homogeneous.
+
+Now, things like
+that, of course,
+
+are considered weird because
+we don't think of ourselves
+
+as living in any special
+place in the universe,
+
+and that's basically what
+the Copernican Revolution was
+
+all about.
+
+And the Copernican Revolution
+is sunken very deeply
+
+into the psychology
+of scientists.
+
+So I think scientists would
+be very loathed to imagine
+
+the universe that
+look like this,
+
+but it does help to understand
+what these words mean.
+
+If a universe is going to be
+isotropic to all observers,
+
+then it does have
+to be homogeneous,
+
+and that's part
+of the reason why
+
+we're pretty confident that
+our universe is basically
+
+homogeneous, because we just
+decided that's isotropic to us,
+
+and we decide we're
+not special then it
+
+has to be isotropic to
+everybody and then it
+
+has to be homogeneous.
+
+If the universe is
+isotropic to all observers,
+
+it is homogeneous
+
+Now, a thought
+which I will leave
+
+for you to think about between
+now and the next lecture
+
+is whether or not really
+knowing that a universe is
+
+isotropic with respect
+to two observers
+
+is enough to prove
+that it's homogeneous.
+
+That turned out to be
+a more subtle question
+
+than it might sound.
+
+I don't know if it
+sounds subtle or not.
+
+I should maybe just tell you
+basically what the answer is
+
+and then you can try to think if
+you can understand the answer.
+
+In the Euclidean space, isotropy
+about two distinct observers
+
+is enough to make
+it homogeneous,
+
+which is kind of
+what you visualize.
+
+But if you can allow
+yourself to think
+
+about non-Euclidean
+spaces, and I
+
+know we haven't talked
+about non-Euclidean spaces
+
+yet so you might not have in the
+way of tools to think about it.
+
+But think, for example, about
+surfaces in three dimensions.
+
+Surfaces are very
+good examples of
+
+non-Euclidean
+two-dimensional geometries.
+
+And see if you can invent a
+two-dimensional geometry that
+
+would be isotropic
+about two points,
+
+but would not be homogeneous.
+
+So that's your thought
+assignment for next time,
+
+not to be handed in just to
+be talked about in the lecture
+
+next time.
+
+So isotropy and homogeneity are
+two of the key properties that
+
+define the simplicity of our
+universe on very large scales.
+
+The next thing I
+want to talk about
+
+is the expansion of the
+universe, which is basically
+
+characterized by Hubble's law.
+
+Last time I think
+I said I was going
+
+to call it the
+Lemaitre-Hubble law.
+
+I decided I'll probably
+call it Hubble's law.
+
+Now, Hubble, I
+think, really does
+
+deserve credit for
+demonstrating observations
+
+that the law is true,
+and that's really
+
+what he is getting credit
+for and that was not
+
+believed until he discovered it.
+
+So it really did have
+a tremendous effect
+
+on the course of cosmology.
+
+So Hubble's law says that
+on average all galaxies
+
+are receding from us
+with a velocity which
+
+is equal to a constant, H,
+called the Hubble constant--
+
+Hubble called it K,
+by the way, capital
+
+K-- times the distance
+to the Galaxy, r.
+
+And so it's not true
+exactly for our universe,
+
+but it's true in
+some average sense,
+
+just as isotropy
+and homogeneity are,
+
+we're only true on
+an average sense.
+
+I want to tell you about the
+units in which it's measured
+
+and that leads me to the parsec.
+
+Let me write this on the board.
+
+But astronomers always
+measure the Hubble constant
+
+or I will sometimes call
+it the Hubble expansion
+
+rate in kilometers per
+second per megaparsec.
+
+And it's a relationship between
+a velocity and distance,
+
+so kilometers per
+second is velocity
+
+and velocity per
+megaparsec is the velocity
+
+per distance, which
+is what it should be.
+
+Notice, however,
+that I wrote that.
+
+A kilometer and a megaparsec
+are both units of distance.
+
+So they actually just
+have some fixed ratio.
+
+So in the end, this
+Hubble constant really
+
+is just an inverse
+time, and obviously,
+
+if you multiply an inverse
+time times the distance
+
+you get a distance per
+time, which is the velocity,
+
+so that works.
+
+But it's very seldom quoted
+as simply an inverse time,
+
+instead it's quoted by the units
+that astronomers like to use.
+
+They measure velocities
+as a normal person would
+
+in kilometers per
+second, but they
+
+measure distances
+in megaparsecs,
+
+where a megaparsec
+is a million parsecs,
+
+and a parsec is defined
+by that diagram.
+
+The base of this triangle
+is one astronomical unit,
+
+the mean distance between
+the Earth the sun.
+
+And the distance at
+which the angles attended
+
+by one astronomical unit
+is one second of arc
+
+is what's called a parsec
+and abbreviated pc.
+
+And a parsec is about
+three light years.
+
+I'll write these
+things on the board.
+
+One parsec equals
+3.2616 light years,
+
+and a megaparsec is
+a million of those.
+
+Another useful number to
+keep in mind for converting,
+
+if you want to think
+of H as inverse years,
+
+then the useful equality is
+that 1 over 10 to the 10 years
+
+is equal to 97.8, and it's
+suitable to remember this
+
+as being 100-- you can look up
+the exact number when you need
+
+it-- and these funny things
+kilometers per second
+
+per megaparsec.
+
+So what is the value
+of Hubble's constant?
+
+It actually has a
+very interesting and
+
+historically-significant
+history.
+
+It was first measured in
+this paper by George Lemaitre
+
+and in 1927, published
+only in French
+
+and ignored by the rest of
+world, at the time at least.
+
+It got discovered later.
+
+And Lemaitre was
+not an astronomer.
+
+He was a theoretical
+cosmologist.
+
+I mentioned a few times I
+think he had a PhD from MIT
+
+in theoretical cosmology
+in physics, in principle.
+
+And the value that he got based
+on looking at other people's
+
+data, in 1927, had the
+value of-- I guess actually,
+
+I'll give you the range.
+
+He gave two different
+methods of calculating it.
+
+We've got two slightly
+different answers.
+
+So we had 575 to 625 of these
+[INAUDIBLE] units kilometers
+
+per second per megaparsec.
+
+And two years later
+in his famous paper
+
+"Hubble," got the
+value of 500 kilometers
+
+per second per megaparsec.
+
+I have a picture of Hubble too.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: That last in
+the board right there
+
+where you have 1 over 10 to
+the 10 amperes, is that H?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's just
+an equality of units.
+
+AUDIENCE: Quality of units.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's just
+the unit equality.
+
+It's relevant to H, because
+H is measured in those units.
+
+But it really is just
+an equality of units.
+
+1 over 10 to the 10th years
+has units of inverse time,
+
+and kilometers per
+second per megaparsec
+
+has units of inverse time
+also because kilometers
+
+is distance and megaparsec
+is inverse distance.
+
+So both sides have the same
+units and the same dimensions,
+
+I should say, and it's
+just two different ways
+
+of measuring the same
+thing, inverse times.
+
+So in 1929, Hubble
+published his famous paper
+
+which he got the value
+of 500, and there's
+
+an important difference really
+between the papers by Lemaitre
+
+and Hubble.
+
+First of all, Hubble was
+using largely his own data.
+
+Lemaitre was using other
+people's data mostly
+
+Hubble's actually.
+
+And furthermore,
+Hubble made the claim
+
+that the data justified
+the relationship
+
+that v is equal to
+a constant times r.
+
+Lemaitre knew that
+relation theoretically
+
+for a uniformly-expanding
+universe,
+
+which we'll be
+talking about shortly.
+
+But he did not claim to be
+able to get it from the data.
+
+The data he had he decided
+was not strong enough
+
+to reach that
+conclusion, but he was
+
+still able to get a value for H
+by taking the average velocity
+
+dividing it by the average
+distance and got a number.
+
+I think I have
+Hubble's data next.
+
+Yeah, here's Hubble's data.
+
+The data obviously
+was not very good.
+
+It only goes up to about 1,000.
+
+One curiosity of this
+graph that you might notice
+
+is that the vertical axis
+is a velocity meaning
+
+it should be measured in
+kilometers per second,
+
+but nonetheless Hubble
+wrote it as kilometers.
+
+Not getting his units right,
+so minus 10 or something
+
+like that on the graded sheet.
+
+But somehow it did
+not stop the paper
+
+from getting published in the
+proceedings of the National
+
+Academy of Sciences
+and had become,
+
+of course, a
+monumentally-famous paper.
+
+But you can see that
+the data is scattered,
+
+and it has those nice
+lines drawn through which
+
+guide your eye, but if you
+imagine taking away the lines,
+
+it's not that clear
+on the data itself
+
+that it really is a
+linear relationship.
+
+But it's suggested,
+at least, and Hubble
+
+thought it was pretty
+convincing and later Hubble
+
+gathered more data
+for this project,
+
+and it did become quite
+convincing that there
+
+is a linear relationship,
+and today there's
+
+no doubt that there is a linear
+relationship between velocity
+
+and distance.
+
+At very large distances
+there's deviations,
+
+which we can
+understand and we'll
+
+be talking about later,
+but basically, at least
+
+for moderate distances, one
+has this linear relationship.
+
+I should mention that the
+velocity of the solar system
+
+through the CMB is also the
+velocity of the solar system
+
+through this pattern
+of Hubble expansion,
+
+and both Hubble and Lemaitre
+had to make estimates
+
+of the velocity of
+the solar system
+
+relative to these galaxies
+and subtract that out
+
+to get things that
+resemble a straight line.
+
+Lemaitre estimated the
+velocity of our solar system
+
+as 300 kilometers per second,
+and Hubble estimated it
+
+as 280 kilometers per second.
+
+So it was a relevant
+feature because remember,
+
+the maximum velocity there
+is only 1,000 kilometers
+
+per second, so the correction
+that he's putting in
+
+is about a third of the
+maximum velocity seen.
+
+So it's a very important and not
+that it was easy to determine.
+
+AUDIENCE: What were
+they using to determine
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] CMB?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+they were just
+
+looking for what
+they could assume
+
+that would make the
+average expansion
+
+in all directions
+about the same.
+
+To be honest, I'm
+not sure about that.
+
+But that's the only thing I
+can see that they would have,
+
+so I think that must be
+what they were using.
+
+Now since these
+ancient times, there
+
+have been many measurements
+of the Hubble expansion rate,
+
+and they changed a great deal.
+
+So in the '40s
+through '60s, there
+
+was a whole series of
+measurements dominated
+
+by people like Walter
+Baade and Allan Sandage.
+
+And generally
+speaking, the values
+
+came down steadily
+from the high values
+
+that were measured by
+Hubble and Lemaitre
+
+in the very early days.
+
+When I was a graduate
+student, if you asked anybody
+
+what the Hubble constant was,
+you always got the same answer.
+
+It was somewhere
+between 50 and 100,
+
+still uncertain
+by a factor of 2,
+
+but much lower by a factor
+of 5 or 10 from the values
+
+that Hubble was talk
+about, and was still
+
+a major source of uncertainty
+in talking about cosmology.
+
+Values started to become
+more precise around 2001.
+
+So in 2001, there was
+the Hubble Key Project
+
+that released these results.
+
+The word Hubble here refers
+to the Hubble satellite,
+
+which was named after
+Hubble-- Hubble, Edwin.
+
+And they were able to use
+the Hubble telescope to see
+
+Cepheid variables and galaxies,
+that was significantly further
+
+than Cepheid variables
+can ever be seen before
+
+and thereby make a much better
+calibration of the distance
+
+scale.
+
+As you'll learn about
+when you do your reading,
+
+Cepheid variables are
+crucial to determining
+
+the cosmological distance scale.
+
+So the value that they
+got was much more precise
+
+than anything previous, 72 plus
+or minus 8 of these [? quad ?]
+
+units kilometers per
+second per megaparsec.
+
+Meanwhile things were
+still controversial.
+
+I should have added that when
+people said it was 50 to 100
+
+when I was a graduate student,
+it wasn't that people really
+
+understood the error
+bars to be that large.
+
+The real situation is that there
+were a group of astronomers
+
+that claimed
+adamantly it was 50,
+
+and there were other
+groups of astronomers that
+
+claimed adamantly
+that it was 100.
+
+Anyway On person is shouting
+in your ear saying it's 100,
+
+another person is
+shouting in your ear
+
+saying it's 50 the conclusion
+is that it's 50 to 100,
+
+and that's the situation when
+I was a graduate student.
+
+So this was a somewhat high
+value relative to the argument.
+
+The people who are
+arguing on the low side
+
+were still in business at this
+time and still in fact also
+
+using Hubble telescope data.
+
+So Tammann and
+Sandage, the same year
+
+using the same instrument--
+let me put the year here,
+
+and it's 2001-- Tammann
+and Sandage were estimating
+
+60 plus or minus they
+said less than 10%.
+
+so these didn't quite mesh.
+
+Coming to more modern
+times, in 2003, WMAP,
+
+the satellite called the
+Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
+
+Probe, a satellite
+dedicate to measuring
+
+these minute variations of the
+cosmic microwave background
+
+at the level of 1
+part in 100,000,
+
+it turns out that
+those measurements
+
+are estimated at the
+Hubble expansion rate
+
+by fitting the data to
+a theoretical model.
+
+And their initial number
+was 72 plus or minus 5.
+
+And that was based
+on one year of data.
+
+And in 2011, the same
+WMAP satellite team
+
+was based on seven
+years of data,
+
+came up with a number
+of 70.2 plus or minus
+
+1.4, so to very precise.
+
+And the most recent number
+comes from a similar satellite
+
+to WMAP but more recent
+and more powerful
+
+satellite called
+Planck, which just
+
+released its data last March.
+
+And it came up with a somewhat
+surprisingly low number 67.3
+
+plus or minus 1.2.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The other
+measurements there
+
+are kind of inconsistent
+with one another
+
+and then with one measurement
+sort of 20th century
+
+make this big jump
+down suggesting
+
+those early guys were making
+the same kind of mistake.
+
+What was it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good question.
+
+The early guys were
+making a big mistake
+
+in estimating the
+distance scale,
+
+and I'm not sure I understand
+the details of that,
+
+but I think it had something to
+do with misidentifying Cepheid
+
+variables, equating two
+different types that should not
+
+have been compared
+with each other.
+
+But I'm not altogether
+sure of the details,
+
+but it was definitely the
+distance scale they had wrong.
+
+The velocities are pretty
+easy to measure accurately,
+
+and they were very wrong.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: There's two
+types of Cepheids,
+
+one has a certain period
+of velocity relation
+
+that would give it, and it's
+like a completely different
+
+type of star, and
+so we got mixed up,
+
+and we got completely different
+absolute magnitudes, which
+
+will give you two completely
+different distance estimates.
+
+So I don't know how
+far, but measuring
+
+Cepheids and Andromeda was
+way off the distance scale
+
+because we thought
+they were Type 1,
+
+but they were actually Type 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think the
+difference between Type 1
+
+and Type 2 are a factor of
+4, so that would make sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+It's like two completely
+different linear relations.
+
+PROFESSOR: An
+intensity goes like 1
+
+over the distance squared,
+so I think that, I mean,
+
+a factor of 4 in intensity I
+think would mean a factor of 16
+
+in distance estimates.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm following
+so much that these
+
+are like, they both
+have error bars,
+
+but they're not within
+error of each other.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, this
+is like current data.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's going on?
+
+Nobody knows for sure.
+
+One thing I should
+mention though
+
+is that these are what
+are called 1 sigma error
+
+bars, which means
+that you don't expect
+
+them to necessarily agree.
+
+You expect the right answer to
+be within one sigma error bar
+
+2/3 of the, time
+but 1/3 of the time
+
+it should be outside
+the error bar.
+
+The questions is, the
+error bar is on both.
+
+But the comparison
+of this, and this
+
+is usually viewed
+as something like 2
+
+and 1/2 sigma effect,
+which naively, I think,
+
+means the probability
+of something
+
+on the order of 1% or
+something like that
+
+of getting errors
+that large at random.
+
+And it's debated whether or
+not it's significant or not.
+
+It's the abstract of
+the Planck paper use
+
+words something like there's
+a tension between their value
+
+and other recent values.
+
+When somebody does
+see things like that
+
+happen more frequently than
+the probabilities indicate,
+
+which I think it
+proves a theorem
+
+that experimenters always
+underestimate their error bars.
+
+But there's no absolute
+proof of that theorem.
+
+So these thing were
+early debatable.
+
+People don't know-- there
+are many things that turn up
+
+in experimental
+physics and especially
+
+in cosmology that turn up
+regularly where people have
+
+different opinions about
+whether or not it's pointing
+
+to something very
+important or something
+
+that's going to go away.
+
+So very often they go
+away, that's a fact.
+
+But you never know
+in any one case,
+
+whether it's something
+important that
+
+will become more definite as
+for the measurements are made
+
+or whether it's just
+a spurious effect that
+
+will disappear in a few years.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I
+imagine in the 1940s
+
+when people started
+saying yes, that Hubble,
+
+for whom the constant is named,
+was off by a factor of 10.
+
+That's very controversial.
+
+Was there any kind
+of sloping trend
+
+where people may have changed
+their data to make it seem,
+
+oh, we're not that far
+off the Hubble standards.
+
+Has this happened a
+couple of times before?
+
+PROFESSOR: Question is did
+people perhaps try to fudge
+
+their data during a period in
+the middle to make it look more
+
+like Hubble's.
+
+I think, I don't
+know, and there were,
+
+as I said, pretty much through
+the middle of the 20th century
+
+two groups, one of which
+was getting a high value,
+
+and one of which was
+getting a low value.
+
+The high value is where, in
+fact, disciples of Hubble,
+
+rather directly-- wait a minute.
+
+That's not right.
+
+The most direct disciple of
+Hubble was Allan Sandage,
+
+and he was, in fact,
+abdicating the low value.
+
+So the sociological
+trends are not that clear.
+
+What is clear is that
+they were way off.
+
+I was going to add
+concerning the way offness,
+
+that it really does have or did
+have a very significant effect
+
+on the history of cosmology
+because when one looks at a Big
+
+Bang model and tries to use that
+model to estimate when it all
+
+started, what you're doing is
+you're trying to extrapolate
+
+backwards, ask when
+was everything on top
+
+of each other given that things
+are moving at the speed now.
+
+There is more that goes
+into the calculation
+
+then just H. It depends on your
+model, the matter, and things
+
+like that.
+
+But nonetheless H is obviously
+a crucial ingredient there.
+
+The faster things are
+moving now outward
+
+when you extrapolate
+backwards, the faster they're
+
+moving inward and the
+younger the universe is.
+
+And to a very good
+degree of reliability,
+
+any age estimate-- and we'll
+make age calculations later--
+
+but any age estimate
+is proportional to 1
+
+over the Hubble parameter, 1
+over the Hubble expansion rate.
+
+So if you're off by now
+we would say a factor of 7
+
+between Hubble's value and the
+current value, 70 versus 500,
+
+if you're off by
+a factor of 7, you
+
+get ages for the universe,
+which are factors of 7
+
+smaller than what you
+should be getting.
+
+And this was noticed early on.
+
+People were calculating ages
+of the universe and Big Bang
+
+models and getting numbers
+like 2 billion years
+
+instead of 14 billion
+years, a factor of 7.
+
+And even back in
+the '20s and '30s,
+
+there was significant
+geological evidence
+
+that the Earth was much
+older than 2 billion years,
+
+and people understood something
+about the evolution of stars,
+
+and it would seem pretty clear
+that the stars were older
+
+than 2 billion years,
+so you couldn't tolerate
+
+a universe that was only
+2 billion years old.
+
+And it led to very
+significant problems
+
+with the development
+of the Big Bang theory,
+
+and in particular, it
+certainly gave extra credence
+
+to what was called the
+steady state theory, which
+
+you may have heard of, which
+held that the universe was
+
+infinitely old and
+as it expanded,
+
+more matter was created
+in the steady state theory
+
+to fill in the gaps so
+the density of matter
+
+would be constant.
+
+And Lemaitre himself
+in his 1927 paper,
+
+built a very complicated,
+from my standards,
+
+theory in order to get
+the age to be compatible.
+
+Instead of having
+a Big Bang model,
+
+his 1927 model was
+not a Big Bang model.
+
+His 1927 model started out
+in a static equilibrium
+
+where he had a positive
+cosmological constant which
+
+produces a repulsive
+gravity, like what
+
+we talked about in
+my opening lecture,
+
+balancing against the
+normal attractive gravity
+
+of ordinary matter,
+producing what was almost
+
+a static universe
+of exactly the type
+
+that Einstein had
+been advocating.
+
+But Lemaitre's universe started
+out with just a slightly less
+
+mass density than
+Einstein would have had,
+
+so it gradually started
+to get bigger and bigger.
+
+The force of ordinary
+gravity wasn't quite enough
+
+to hold it together,
+but when it did
+
+that, it starts to get
+bigger and bigger very slowly
+
+initially and then
+picks up speed
+
+and allows you to
+have universities
+
+that are much older
+than what you would get
+
+in a straightforward
+Big Bang model.
+
+Let's go on.
+
+What I want to talk about next
+is what this Hubble expansion
+
+is telling us
+about the universe,
+
+and I want to go through
+this a little bit
+
+carefully because it's a
+very important point even
+
+though it's possible you've
+already figured it out
+
+from the reading.
+
+I don't know for sure.
+
+Naively, Hubble's
+law makes it sound
+
+like we're saying that we are
+the center of the universe
+
+after all.
+
+Copernicus was really wrong.
+
+Everything is moving away from
+us, so we must be the center.
+
+But that's actually
+not the case.
+
+It turns out that when you
+look at things a little bit
+
+carefully, and that's what
+we'll do in this diagram,
+
+if Hubble's law looks like
+it holds to one observer, it
+
+in fact, also looks like it
+holds to any other observer
+
+as long as you recognize
+that there's no way
+
+to measure absolute velocity.
+
+So we think that we're
+at rest, but that's
+
+really just our definition
+of the rest frame.
+
+If we lived on
+some other galaxy,
+
+we would equally well
+attribute the state
+
+of being at rest to
+that other galaxy.
+
+And that's what's being shown
+in this picture, which I Xeroxed
+
+from Steve Weinberg's book so
+this might seem familiar to you
+
+if you've read that chapter yet.
+
+It shows just expansion
+in one direction,
+
+but that's enough to
+illustrate the point.
+
+And the top diagram
+we imagine that we
+
+are living on the
+galaxy labeled A.
+
+The other galaxies
+are moving away
+
+from us with velocities
+proportional to the distance,
+
+and we've spaced these galaxies
+from the diagram evenly,
+
+so the other galaxies
+are moving away at v,
+
+and then the next one
+is moving away at 2v.
+
+And if we continue, it
+would be 3v, 4v, et cetera,
+
+all the way out to infinity.
+
+And what we want to do
+in going from A to B
+
+is to ask suppose we were
+living in exactly this universe
+
+as described on line A.
+But suppose we were living
+
+in galaxy B and considered
+galaxy B to be at rest.
+
+So we'd describe everything
+from the rest frame of galaxy B.
+
+Then galaxy B would
+have no velocity,
+
+because that would
+defined the rest frame.
+
+When you change
+frames, this was all
+
+done in the context of
+Galilean transformations.
+
+We'll build more
+relativistic models later.
+
+Then the context of the
+Galilean transformation,
+
+if you go from one
+frame to a frame moving
+
+at a constant velocity,
+the only thing you have
+
+to do to transform velocity
+is you add to each velocity
+
+a fixed velocity, that
+velocity difference
+
+between the two frames.
+
+So to go from the top to
+the bottom picture, what
+
+we do in all cases is just
+add a velocity, v, to the left
+
+to each velocity, and that
+takes the velocity of v
+
+here when we move it
+with v to the right.
+
+When we add a v to
+the left, we get 0.
+
+It does the right
+thing there, which
+
+is what defines the
+transformation we're
+
+trying to make.
+
+We're trying to make
+the transformation that
+
+brings B to rest.
+
+And that means
+that when we add v
+
+to the left to
+the velocity of z,
+
+where we already had a v to the
+left, we get 2v to the left.
+
+When we add v to the left to
+y, which had 2v to the left,
+
+we get 3v to the left.
+
+Going the other
+direction, when we add v
+
+to the left to c, which had
+a velocity 2v to the right,
+
+we're left with the
+velocity of 1v to the right,
+
+and that gives us what we
+have on the second row.
+
+And if we look
+from the second row
+
+from the point of
+view of v, the galaxy
+
+is one way or each moving
+away from us with a velocity,
+
+v. The velocity is two
+way and moving away
+
+from us with velocities
+2v, et cetera.
+
+That's exactly the same.
+
+So even though the
+Hubble expansion pattern
+
+is phrased in a way that makes
+it look like you're talking
+
+about yourself as the center
+of the universe, in fact,
+
+it does describe a completely
+homogeneous picture.
+
+And it's a picture
+that, in fact,
+
+has a very simple description.
+
+It's a picture of just
+uniform expansion,
+
+and I think I have my favorite,
+at least the best picture I've
+
+every drawn of uniform expansion
+on the next slide here.
+
+The idea is that if you look
+at some region of the universe,
+
+the claim-- and
+the claim is just
+
+called homogeneous
+expansion-- is
+
+that each picture at successive
+times would look identical,
+
+but it would look like
+a photographic blowup.
+
+Each picture would
+just be a bigger image
+
+of the same picture with
+one important exception,
+
+and I did try to
+draw this correctly,
+
+the positions of the
+galaxies-- this little
+
+lob there is supposed
+to be a galaxy,
+
+by the way, in case you
+can't tell my great artistry.
+
+The positions of each galaxy
+is just expand uniformly,
+
+the pattern of positions,
+but each individual galaxy
+
+does not expand.
+
+The individual of the
+galaxies maintain their size
+
+as the universe undergoes
+this public expansion.
+
+Now if we're talking about
+the very early universe
+
+before there were any galaxies,
+you would just have basically
+
+a uniform distribution
+of matter of gas,
+
+and that would just uniformly
+expand every molecule
+
+and move away from every
+other molecule on average.
+
+So this is the picture
+of Hubble expansion.
+
+And now what I'd like to
+do is provide a description
+
+of how we're going to
+treat this mathematically.
+
+If we have this
+uniformly-- I'm sorry.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm still
+getting confused
+
+whether like the expansion
+is the galaxies expanding
+
+into the universe or if the
+universe itself is expanding.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The question in case you
+didn't hear it was there's
+
+some confusion here about
+whether we should think
+
+of the galaxies as
+moving through space
+
+or whether we should think
+of space itself as expanding.
+
+And the answer really is
+that both points of view
+
+should be right.
+
+If space were like
+water, then you
+
+could imagine
+putting little dust
+
+in the water, little
+grains of salt or something
+
+you can see and see if they are
+carried by the water or apart.
+
+But there's no
+way to mark space.
+
+It's intrinsic to the
+principle of relativity
+
+that you can't tell if you're
+moving relative to space
+
+or not.
+
+There's no meaning to
+moving relative to space.
+
+And there's no meaning for
+you to move relative to space.
+
+There is also no meaning for
+space to move relative to you.
+
+they do the same thing.
+
+So you can't really tell,
+and both points of view
+
+should be correct.
+
+There are cases where
+you can tell, however,
+
+which is not locally
+but if, for example, you
+
+had a closed universe, which
+we'll talk about later how that
+
+works exactly,
+then you could ask
+
+does the volume of a closed
+universe get bigger with time
+
+as this Hubble
+expansion takes place.
+
+And the answer there is yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: That
+would mean actually,
+
+the universe is expanding.
+
+PROFESSOR: The actual
+universe is expanding.
+
+So we will normally think
+of it, globally at least,
+
+as the actual
+universe expanding.
+
+That is how we will
+think about it.
+
+But locally, there's not really
+any distinction between that
+
+and saying that these galaxies
+are just moving through space.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So given that
+the galaxies are actually
+
+two points, why
+can it be claimed
+
+that the galaxies themselves
+are not expanding?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+How do we understand the fact
+that the galaxies themselves
+
+are not expanding is
+what you're asking.
+
+And I'll give you
+a nutshell answer,
+
+and we might be talking
+about it more later.
+
+One should imagine that
+this starts out shortly
+
+after the Big Bang as an almost
+perfectly uniform gas, which
+
+is just uniformly expanding,
+everything moving away
+
+from everything else.
+
+But the gas is not
+completely uniform.
+
+It has tiny ripples in
+the matter density, which
+
+are the same ripples that we
+see in the cosmic microwave
+
+background radiation today or
+at least the cosmic ripples
+
+that we see in the cosmic
+background radiation are caused
+
+by the ripples in the mass
+density of the early universe.
+
+These ripples
+eventually form galaxies
+
+because they're
+gravitationally unstable.
+
+Wherever there's a
+slight excess of mass,
+
+that will create a slightly
+stronger gravitational field
+
+in that region pulling
+in more mass creating
+
+a still stronger gravitational
+field pulling in more mass,
+
+and eventually instead of having
+this nice uniform distribution
+
+with just ripples at
+1 part in 100,000,
+
+you eventually have huge clumps
+of matter which are galaxies.
+
+And as you go from this
+transition of things
+
+being almost completely
+uniform and uniformly expanding
+
+to these lumps
+that form galaxies,
+
+the ones that are being formed
+by extra gravity pulling
+
+in the matter.
+
+And what happens is
+that extra gravity
+
+that forms the galaxy
+overcomes the Hubble expansion.
+
+The matter that
+makes up the galaxy
+
+had been expanding
+in the early days,
+
+but the gravitational
+pull of the matter that
+
+forms the galaxy
+pulls it back in.
+
+So the galaxy actually reaches a
+maximum size and then, in fact,
+
+starts to get smaller
+and then reaches
+
+equilibrium, an
+equilibrium where
+
+the rotational motion
+keeps a finite size.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the
+diagrams that you're
+
+applying up here that all the
+distance relations have been
+
+galaxies that are
+being preserved.
+
+Is that a potential or is
+it exactly [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, yeah.
+
+It's supposed to be
+just a photographic blow
+
+up as far as where the
+relocations of dots are.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I mean is that
+what you're asking?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well,
+like will there be
+
+equal distance between galaxies
+as a sub [INAUDIBLE] member?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I think the picture
+shows that, doesn't it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, the
+notches basically
+
+are spaces between [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+I haven't talked
+about the notches yet.
+
+The diagrams are supposed to
+show actual physical distances.
+
+So the physical distance between
+this galaxy and this galaxy
+
+is a little bit there
+and much more there.
+
+So that's how you're supposed
+to interpret that picture.
+
+But what I was about to
+get to and you've got there
+
+so I'll continue,
+is that the best
+
+way to describe this
+uniformly-expanding system
+
+is to introduce a coordinate
+system that expands with it,
+
+and that's what
+these notches are.
+
+The notches are artificial
+things that we create,
+
+and we could think of them as
+just being labels on a map.
+
+Once we know that the
+expansion is uniform this way,
+
+we could take any
+one of these pictures
+
+and think of it as a map of
+our region of the universe.
+
+And we can then get to any
+other picture on the slide
+
+simply by converting units on
+a map to physical distances
+
+with a different scale factor.
+
+So if Massachusetts was forever
+getting bigger and bigger
+
+and we had a map
+of Massachusetts,
+
+we would not have to throw
+away that map every day
+
+and buy a new map.
+
+We could handle the expansion
+of Massachusetts keeping
+
+the same map just crossing
+out the place in the corner
+
+of the map where it says
+1 inch equals 7 miles,
+
+and the next day 1
+inch equals 8 miles,
+
+and 1 inch equals 9 miles, and
+1 inch equals 10 and 1/2 miles.
+
+So by changing the scale
+factor on the map and the use
+
+of the word scale factor here is
+exactly the same meaning as it
+
+would have for a
+map, you can allow
+
+yourself to describe
+an expanding system
+
+without ever throwing
+away the original map.
+
+And that's the kind
+of coordinate system
+
+that we will be
+using, and these are
+
+called comoving coordinates.
+
+And the idea here
+is that galaxies
+
+are at-- I'm
+sticking in the word
+
+approximately here because
+none of this is exact,
+
+but we'll be thinking in a
+toy model as it was exact.
+
+So galaxies are at
+approximately constant values
+
+of the coordinates, and
+the scale factor, which
+
+means the physical distance per
+coordinate distance increases
+
+with time.
+
+So that describes this
+all-important comoving
+
+coordinate system
+that we'll be using
+
+for the rest of the course
+to describe the expanding
+
+universe.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we have to do
+anything funny to the Lorentz
+
+transform to come to the
+fact that coordinates are now
+
+not moving at the same velocity
+relative to each other?
+
+PROFESSOR: It depends on
+what questions you ask.
+
+There are questions where you
+do have to think carefully,
+
+and we'll have one of
+those shortly as probably
+
+an extra credit problem.
+
+But for most things, it actually
+makes things very simple,
+
+and you can ignore most
+of the complications
+
+of special relativity.
+
+And we'll try to think as we
+go along where we need to worry
+
+about special relativity and
+where we don't, and usually we
+
+don't.
+
+So the key relationship is
+that the physical distance
+
+between any two points on the
+map, by physical distance,
+
+I mean what it is
+in the real world,
+
+miles if we're talking
+about Massachusetts,
+
+and this is miles between
+the real physical points,
+
+is equal to a
+time-dependent scale
+
+factor times the
+coordinate distance.
+
+Now, here I'm going
+to use conventions
+
+for defining things that are
+slightly different from what
+
+are often used.
+
+A common procedure where I think
+it's done in most of the books,
+
+is to think of both
+the coordinate distance
+
+and the physical distances being
+measured in normal distance
+
+units, meters, and then the
+scale factor is dimensionless,
+
+and it just tells
+you how much you
+
+have to blow up the
+map to be able to make
+
+it the physical map.
+
+I find it significantly
+easier to know
+
+what you're doing
+as things go along
+
+to label the map in units that
+are not centimeters, but are
+
+what shown on the
+picture as notches.
+
+One advantage of
+that logically is it
+
+means that if you have
+different copies of the map
+
+that you've made
+on a Xerox machine
+
+with different scalings, you
+have a big copy of the map
+
+and a little copy of
+the map, that they're
+
+marked off with notches.
+
+The notches grow with the
+physical size of the page,
+
+the scale factor is
+the same no matter
+
+which copy of the
+map you're using.
+
+But most importantly, it
+allows you to, I think,
+
+do dimensional tests.
+
+The size of the map
+is clearly something
+
+that's unrelated to the
+actual length of a meter,
+
+it's just how many units
+you put on your map.
+
+So there's a clear
+and logical separation
+
+between what is meant by
+a certain number of units
+
+and distance here and a
+real meter by any standards.
+
+So you can keep that
+straight by just imagining
+
+that your map is calibrated in
+some new arbitrary unit which
+
+is just special to the map, and
+I'm going to call that a notch.
+
+So notches are just
+arbitrary units
+
+that you use to
+mark off your map.
+
+And then the physical
+distance is, of course,
+
+measured in meters or any other
+standard unit of distance.
+
+And then the scale
+factor is measured
+
+in units of meters per notch
+instead of being dimensionless.
+
+And the basic advantage of this
+is that when you're all done,
+
+nothing had better
+have any notches in it
+
+as you're calculating something
+physical, that is physical
+
+why you should not depend
+on the size of your map.
+
+So you have a nice
+dimensional check
+
+to make sure that
+the notches drop out
+
+of any physical calculation
+that you try to do.
+
+What I want to do
+next is to show you
+
+that this relationship
+leads me to Hubble's law
+
+and furthermore will allow us
+to figure out what this Hubble
+
+expansion rate is in terms of
+what the scale factor is doing.
+
+So it's an easy
+enough calculation
+
+if we're looking at
+some object out there
+
+and it's physical distance l
+sub p is given by that formula,
+
+and we want to know
+what its velocity is.
+
+It's velocity is
+by definition, just
+
+a time derivative
+of that quantity.
+
+So the velocity of some object,
+some distance out in space,
+
+is just equal to d
+dt of l sub p of t,
+
+and that will be da
+dt times l sub c,
+
+because l sub c is constant.
+
+On average, all our
+galaxies are at rest
+
+in this coordinate system,
+in this expanding coordinate
+
+system.
+
+Now this could be written
+in a way that ends up
+
+being more useful by dividing
+and multiplying by a.
+
+So I could write it
+as 1 over a times
+
+da dt times a of t times lc.
+
+And the advantage of multiplying
+and dividing by a this way
+
+is that this quantity
+is again just l
+
+sub p, the physical distance.
+
+So now we say that the
+velocity of any distant object
+
+is equal to 1 over a da dt times
+the distance to that object.
+
+And that is Hubble's
+law, and it tells us
+
+that the Hubble expansion
+rate, which is itself
+
+going to be a
+function of time, is
+
+equal to 1 over a times da dt.
+
+And this allows us to
+illustrate the unit check
+
+that I talked about
+for the first time.
+
+Notice that a is measured
+in meters per notch,
+
+so the meters per notch here
+cancels the meters per notch
+
+here, and you just
+get inverse time,
+
+and the really
+important thing is
+
+that the notches have gone away.
+
+And again, notches
+have to go away
+
+in any calculation
+of any physical,
+
+and that makes a nice check.
+
+And once you know how
+a of t is behaving,
+
+you know exactly how the
+Hubble expansion rate behaves.
+
+It's determined by a of t.
+
+You might mention
+one notational item.
+
+Nowadays almost everybody calls
+this scale factor little a.
+
+In the early days,
+it was very first
+
+introduced by Alexander
+Friedmann who first invented
+
+the equation describing
+expanding universe
+
+in the early 1920s.
+
+He used the letter R,
+capital R. Lemaitre also
+
+used the letter capital R,
+and I guess Einstein probably
+
+used the capital
+R. I'm not sure.
+
+And going into
+more modern times,
+
+Steve Weinberg wrote a book
+on gravitation and cosmology
+
+which still used the
+letter capital R,
+
+but that was sort of
+the last major work that
+
+used the capital R
+for the scale factor.
+
+The disadvantage of
+it is at the same time
+
+this capital R means something
+else in general relativity.
+
+It's the standard
+symbol for what's
+
+called the scalar curvature
+in general relativity.
+
+So to avoid confusion between
+those two quantities, nowadays
+
+almost everybody calls
+the scale factor little a.
+
+If you look at old
+A286 notes, I used
+
+to follow Steve Weinberg's
+textbook on gravitation
+
+and cosmology and
+call it capital R,
+
+but now it's hopefully
+all switched to little a.
+
+OK.
+
+Next item.
+
+If we're going to
+understand what
+
+it would look like to live
+in a universe like this,
+
+we're going to need
+to know how to trace
+
+light rays through our
+expanding universe.
+
+And that turned out to be easy.
+
+If I let x be equal
+to a coordinate, that
+
+means it's measured in
+notches, and if I imagine
+
+I have a light ray moving
+in the x direction,
+
+I can describe how that
+light ray is going to move.
+
+If I can write down a
+formula for the dx dt.
+
+Tells me how fast in
+the coordinate system
+
+the light ray travels.
+
+Well the basic principle
+that we're going to use
+
+here is that light,
+in fact, always
+
+travels at the speed of
+light at some fixed value c,
+
+but c is the physical velocity
+of light, the velocity measured
+
+in meters per second.
+
+But dx dt is the velocity
+measured in notches per second
+
+because our coordinate
+system is marked off
+
+not in meters, but in notches.
+
+And that really
+is very important
+
+because meters are going to
+be constantly changing lengths
+
+relative to our
+notches, and we want
+
+to keep track of
+things in notches
+
+so we have a nice picture within
+our coordinate description
+
+of the universe that
+we can think about.
+
+So we're going to want
+to know what dx dt is,
+
+but it's just a unit
+conversion problem.
+
+dx dt is the speed of light
+in notches per second.
+
+We know the speed of light
+in meters per second, c.
+
+So to convert is just a matter
+of multiplying by the scale
+
+factor to convert the
+units of meters to notches.
+
+And here again it helps to
+have this meters versus notches
+
+because it guarantees that
+you can't get it wrong
+
+if you just check your units.
+
+So this is not really
+a question mark.
+
+It is just c divided by
+a of t, the scale factor.
+
+And we can make sure we got it
+right by checking our units.
+
+I'm going to use brackets
+to indicate units of.
+
+So we're going to work
+out what the units are
+
+of c over a of t, trivial
+problem, of course,
+
+but we'll make sure we
+got the right answer.
+
+The units of c are, of
+course, meters per second.
+
+a of t we said is
+meters per notch.
+
+So the meters cancel, and
+we get notches per second.
+
+Now, I told you that you
+should never get notches
+
+in the physical answer because
+this is not a physical answer.
+
+This is a coordinate
+velocity of light,
+
+so it does depend
+on our coordinates
+
+depending on what
+coordinates we've chosen.
+
+So it should certainly
+be notches per second
+
+because x is measured in notches
+and t is measured in seconds.
+
+So we put in the a of
+t in the right place.
+
+It does belong in
+the denominator
+
+and not the numerator.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why aren't we
+worrying about the fact
+
+that as the universe
+expands, there's
+
+also a velocity component with
+a light rate from its position
+
+moving according the
+Hubble expansion?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The reason we don't
+worry about that
+
+is that special
+relativity tells us
+
+that all inertial
+observers are equivalent
+
+and that the speed of light
+does not depend on the cannon
+
+that the light beam
+was shot out of.
+
+So if I'm at rest in this
+expanding coordinate system,
+
+I'm not really an
+inertial observer
+
+because there is gravity
+in this whole system,
+
+but we're going to ignore that.
+
+If we're really
+being rigorous here,
+
+we have to do the full
+general relatively thing.
+
+But I think the intuitive
+explanation is pretty obviously
+
+valid.
+
+It is, in fact,
+rigorously valid.
+
+If I'm standing still in this
+expanding coordinate system,
+
+I am an inertial observer.
+
+And if a light
+beam comes by me, I
+
+should measure it's B and C,
+no matter where it started,
+
+no matter what's
+happened in the past.
+
+So the conversion between
+my units of distance
+
+and physical units of distance,
+my coordinate distances
+
+and physical distances,
+is just a of t.
+
+So that's the only
+factor that appears
+
+and this is completely rigorous.
+
+One can drive this in
+a more general context
+
+in general relativity.
+
+Here we're starting
+out with a premise
+
+that the light pulse
+travels at speed
+
+say if one had the full
+theory of general relativity
+
+coupled to Maxwell's
+equations we
+
+could really derive the
+fact of exactly how rays
+
+travel and would give us this.
+
+So we have a very
+simple equation
+
+for how light rays travel.
+
+Now I want to spend a little
+bit of time, and this, I guess,
+
+will be the last topic I'll
+talk about today discussing
+
+the synchronization of
+clocks in this world system,
+
+in this cosmological
+coordinate system.
+
+In special relativity,
+you know that it's
+
+hard to talk about synchronizing
+clocks at large distances.
+
+The synchronization
+of clocks depends
+
+on the velocity of the observer.
+
+That was one of the
+principles we learned
+
+about when I wrote
+down those three
+
+kinematic properties
+of special relativity.
+
+So in general, in the context
+of special relativity,
+
+there is no universal way
+of synchronize the clocks.
+
+You could synchronize clocks
+with respect to one observer
+
+but then they would not be
+synchronized with respect
+
+to another observer moving
+with respect to that observer.
+
+In this case, we have perhaps
+even a further complication
+
+although in the end
+everything is simple,
+
+but we have the further
+complication that the different
+
+clocks that we're talking
+about, which are clocks carried
+
+by these observers that are
+stationary in our comoving
+
+coordinate system-- clocks
+carried essentially by galaxies
+
+that are uniformly
+expanding-- all these clocks
+
+are moving relative
+to each other.
+
+because the Hubble
+expansion tells us that.
+
+So the notion of trying
+to synchronize clocks
+
+seems a bit formidable.
+
+Turns out however that
+we can synchronize clocks
+
+and one can develop a notion of
+what we call cosmic time, which
+
+is the time that would be
+right on all these clocks
+
+where all these clocks,
+I mean all the clocks
+
+that are stationary with
+respect to the local matter,
+
+in other words stationary
+with respect to this comoving
+
+but expanding coordinate system.
+
+So why can't we
+synchronize clocks?
+
+What we're using as our
+core assumption, which
+
+is what makes
+everything simple, is
+
+that the model universe that
+we're building this homogeneous
+
+and that means that what I
+would see if I was living
+
+in this universe would
+not depend on where I was.
+
+So if I were living
+on galaxy number one
+
+and took out my
+stopwatch and timed
+
+how long it took before say
+the Hubble parameter changed
+
+from Hubble's value
+to the current value
+
+say, as an example,
+any two numbers,
+
+if I were living any place
+else and timed the same thing,
+
+how long it took for the
+Hubble expansion rate
+
+to change from A to B, I
+would have to get exactly
+
+the same time
+interval, otherwise, it
+
+would not be homogeneous.
+
+Homogeneous means everybody
+sees exactly the same thing.
+
+So we all have,
+no matter where we
+
+live in this universe,
+a common history,
+
+and that means that the
+only thing we don't know
+
+is how to synchronize our
+clocks what time on my watch
+
+might correspond to
+what time on your watch.
+
+But if we imagine that
+we could send signals
+
+or that we're some
+global observer watching
+
+the whole thing, then we could
+just tell each other let's
+
+all set our clocks to noon
+when the Hubble expansion
+
+rate is 500 kilometers
+per second per megaparsec.
+
+And then we would have a
+well-defined synchronization.
+
+And once we synchronized
+our watch that way,
+
+if we each looked at how the
+Hubble expansion rate changed
+
+with time, we would get exactly
+the same function of time
+
+by this principle
+of homogeneity.
+
+None of us could see
+anything different
+
+as long as we're
+measuring time intervals,
+
+and we've fixed it so now
+we're measuring nothing
+
+but time intervals because
+we've arranged to all
+
+set our clocks to the same
+time at some particular value
+
+to the Hubble parameter.
+
+So to synchronize, we can
+ask what are the options.
+
+I mentioned the
+Hubble parameter.
+
+That's certainly
+one parameter that
+
+can be used in principle
+to synchronize clocks
+
+throughout our model universe.
+
+You might wonder if we
+can use the scale factor
+
+itself to synchronize times.
+
+And the answer
+there I would say is
+
+no because of this
+ambiguity of the notch.
+
+I have no way of comparing
+my notch to your notch.
+
+We can compare
+physical distances
+
+because they're related
+to physical properties
+
+as the size of a hydrogen atom
+is a certain physical size,
+
+no matter where it
+is in this universe.
+
+So we could use hydrogen
+atoms to measure meters,
+
+and we would all be talking
+about the same meters.
+
+And we could use those
+meters to define seconds
+
+by how long it takes light
+to travel through a meter,
+
+and so on.
+
+So meters and
+seconds, we can all
+
+agree on because they're
+related to physical phenomena
+
+that we can all
+see and that will
+
+be the same everywhere in our
+homogeneous model universe.
+
+But notches, not so, everybody
+gets to make up his own notch.
+
+It's just the size of the
+map he happens to draw.
+
+So we cannot compare
+scale factors and say,
+
+we'll set our clocks to
+a certain time when both
+
+of our scale factors
+have a certain value.
+
+We would get different
+synchronizations
+
+depending on what
+choices we've made
+
+about having to find a notch.
+
+So the scale factor does not
+work as a synchronization
+
+mechanism, Hubble
+expansion rates does.
+
+Also we haven't really talked
+about an ideal cosmic microwave
+
+background, but we
+certainly talked about it,
+
+the cosmic microwave background
+has a temperature which
+
+is falling as the
+universe expands,
+
+so that could be used to
+synchronize clocks as well.
+
+Might mention in
+the last 30 seconds
+
+one interesting phenomenon.
+
+For our universe, the
+Hubble expansion rate
+
+is changing with
+time, the temperature
+
+is changing with time.
+
+There's no problem talking
+about this synchronization.
+
+But if you're talking
+about different kinds
+
+of mathematical models
+of the universes,
+
+you can imagine a universe
+where the Hubble expansion
+
+rate is just
+constant, and in fact
+
+that is a space that
+was studied very
+
+early in the history
+of general relativity.
+
+It's called de Sitter space.
+
+And it's approximately what
+happens during inflation,
+
+so we'll even be talking
+about de Sitter space
+
+later in the course.
+
+In de Sitter space,
+the Hubble constant
+
+is absolutely constant,
+so at least one
+
+of the mechanisms I mentioned
+to synchronize the clocks
+
+goes away.
+
+There's also, in fact, no cosmic
+microwave background radiation
+
+in pure de Sitter space,
+so that goes away.
+
+You could ask, is
+there anything else,
+
+it turns out there
+is not, so you really
+
+can construct a well-defined
+model of the universe,
+
+the so-called de Sitter
+space, where there really
+
+is no way of
+synthesizing clocks.
+
+And you could really show that
+you could make transformations
+
+so that if you synchronize
+the clocks one way,
+
+you could make a symmetry
+transformation if we take
+
+all those clocks out
+of synchronization
+
+and otherwise the
+space would be just as
+
+good as what you started with.
+
+So the synchronization
+is subtle,
+
+and it depends on having
+something which actually
+
+changes with time,
+but that will be
+
+the case where our real
+universe and for the model
+
+universes that we'll
+be talking about.
+
+So I'll stop there.
+
+See you folks on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xQFgk-nEihg.txt b/xQFgk-nEihg.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/xQFgk-nEihg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11216 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm Hong so uh you can just call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm Hong so uh you can just call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm Hong so uh you can just call me
+Hong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong
+um I I'm a theoretical physicist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I'm a theoretical physicist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I'm a theoretical physicist I
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+a high energy Theory including screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy Theory including screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy Theory including screen
+Siri quantum gravity line equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri quantum gravity line equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Siri quantum gravity line equivalent
+statistical physics Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical physics Etc
+many different topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different topics
+so now let me say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me say a few words
+regarding the qft at the quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the qft at the quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the qft at the quantum field
+Theory itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory itself
+so the goal of this Quantum field class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal of this Quantum field class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal of this Quantum field class
+is to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop
+concepts for momentum anti-clicks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for momentum anti-clicks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for momentum anti-clicks for
+Quantum Dynamics or fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Dynamics or fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Dynamics or fields
+say I'm sure all of you have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm sure all of you have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm sure all of you have studied
+Maxwell equations okay the Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equations okay the Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell equations okay the Maxwell
+equations describe fully classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations describe fully classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations describe fully classical
+Dynamics say of electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics say of electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics say of electric and magnetic
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+but we ID but we live in the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we ID but we live in the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we ID but we live in the quantum
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+and uh so we should also treat electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we should also treat electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we should also treat electric
+a nitrogen and magnetic fields using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen and magnetic fields using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen and magnetic fields using uh
+using Quantum language okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Quantum language okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Quantum language okay
+and they and then you find that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and then you find that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and then you find that once you
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+and then and then the the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then the the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then the the concept of the
+photon uh once you treat the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon uh once you treat the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon uh once you treat the electric
+field and the magnetic field Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the magnetic field Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the magnetic field Quantum
+mechanically and then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically and then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically and then you get the
+concept of the photon uh under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the photon uh under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the photon uh under the
+photon now is the fundamental particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now is the fundamental particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now is the fundamental particle
+which mediates say electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mediates say electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mediates say electromagnetic
+interactions okay so you you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so you you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so you you actually
+get a completely different physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a completely different physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a completely different physical
+picture from what you get classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from what you get classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from what you get classically
+and yeah so the quantum uh uh so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so the quantum uh uh so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so the quantum uh uh so one
+goal of the class is for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the class is for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the class is for you to
+appreciate say uh to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate say uh to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate say uh to understand the
+quantum electrodynamics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics okay
+and and that's actually where we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's actually where we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's actually where we will
+end this class and this we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this class and this we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this class and this we will discuss
+uh the the quantum naked Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the quantum naked Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the quantum naked Dynamics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Quantum field series is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series is also very
+important for many other for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for many other for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for many other for other
+interactions in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature
+so among the four fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the four fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so among the four fundamental
+interactions in nature three of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature three of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature three of them are
+described by Quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by Quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by Quantum field Theory
+completely okay and you can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay and you can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay and you can also use
+quantum field Theory to describe gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Theory to describe gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Theory to describe gravity
+to describe quantum gravity but but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe quantum gravity but but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe quantum gravity but but at
+the moment the quantum field does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment the quantum field does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment the quantum field does not
+offer a complete description of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a complete description of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a complete description of a
+quantum gravity but still you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity but still you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity but still you can use
+the quantum field Theory techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field Theory techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum field Theory techniques for
+for understanding certain questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding certain questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding certain questions of
+quantum gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+um Quantum philosophy over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Quantum philosophy over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Quantum philosophy over the years
+even though it's initially developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's initially developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's initially developed for
+particle physics but over the years has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics but over the years has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics but over the years has
+been also found many applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been also found many applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been also found many applications in
+many many other branches of physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other branches of physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other branches of physics in
+condensed matter statistical physics Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed matter statistical physics Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed matter statistical physics Etc
+and it's fair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fair to say
+nowadays Quantum field 3 has become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays Quantum field 3 has become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays Quantum field 3 has become a
+universal language okay for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal language okay for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal language okay for uh for
+theoretical physics essentially many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics essentially many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical physics essentially many in
+all different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different fields
+and so if you are serious certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you are serious certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you are serious certainly you
+lead to master this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to master this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to master this language
+and even if you are only interested say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you are only interested say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you are only interested say
+in atomic physics or or statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic physics or or statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in atomic physics or or statistical
+physics and the field Theory concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the field Theory concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the field Theory concept
+will be very important and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very important and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very important and for
+experimentalists to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists to know
+basic concept of quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concept of quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concept of quantum field Theory
+and to have some basic understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have some basic understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have some basic understanding of
+it should also go a long way help you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should also go a long way help you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should also go a long way help you to
+appreciate say the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate say the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate say the most recent
+theoretical development and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical development and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical development and also for
+help you to communicate with series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to communicate with series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to communicate with series
+and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah
+and the so so this class is the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so so this class is the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so so this class is the first of
+a series Master sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series Master sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series Master sequence
+and so so this semester we mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so this semester we mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so this semester we mostly
+developed the fundamental concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the fundamental concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the fundamental concept
+and the quantum field Theory two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quantum field Theory two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quantum field Theory two and
+three will be more about technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will be more about technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three will be more about technical
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+and say if you're experimentalist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if you're experimentalist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say if you're experimentalist and
+then you can view this uh Quantum fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can view this uh Quantum fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can view this uh Quantum fields
+that we want as a standalone class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want as a standalone class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want as a standalone class and
+which yeah just enough for you to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yeah just enough for you to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which yeah just enough for you to to get
+the basic idea of quantum Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea of quantum Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea of quantum Fields
+Quantum serial fields which you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum serial fields which you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum serial fields which you don't
+yeah you may not depend on your leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you may not depend on your leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you may not depend on your leads
+and uh and whether you have two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and whether you have two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and whether you have two or three
+or not uh yeah may depend on your leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh yeah may depend on your leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uh yeah may depend on your leads
+okay so under the main topics I plan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so under the main topics I plan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so under the main topics I plan to
+cover are listed in the outline this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover are listed in the outline this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover are listed in the outline this
+document of the outline which is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document of the outline which is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document of the outline which is already
+on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website
+and uh um so so I should emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um so so I should emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um so so I should emphasize that
+outline is a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline is a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline is a rough
+it's only a rough road map I may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a rough road map I may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a rough road map I may change
+it depends on the pace I may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the pace I may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the pace I may change
+things along the way and uh sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things along the way and uh sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things along the way and uh sometimes I
+change Minds say halves through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Minds say halves through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Minds say halves through the
+course somehow I feel uh uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course somehow I feel uh uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course somehow I feel uh uh um yeah
+anyway uh so so don't treat it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so so don't treat it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh so so don't treat it too
+literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+and any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this subject or Quantum field Series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject or Quantum field Series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject or Quantum field Series so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+and also let me say a few words that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also let me say a few words that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also let me say a few words that the
+quantum field three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field three
+has a reputation of being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reputation of being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a reputation of being a very
+difficult subject okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult subject okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult subject okay
+actually indeed myself have suffered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually indeed myself have suffered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually indeed myself have suffered a
+lot when I learned it myself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when I learned it myself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot when I learned it myself okay
+but but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but with
+20th 2020 hindsights and from also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th 2020 hindsights and from also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th 2020 hindsights and from also from
+interacting with 90 Lombard students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with 90 Lombard students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with 90 Lombard students
+through teaching various level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through teaching various level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through teaching various level of
+quantum field Theory classes along uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Theory classes along uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field Theory classes along uh
+yeah in many years I can assure you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in many years I can assure you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in many years I can assure you now
+that actually quite a few Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually quite a few Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually quite a few Theory
+is actually not difficult at all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not difficult at all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not difficult at all okay
+if you landed the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you landed the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you landed the right way
+and of course the lending things yeah of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the lending things yeah of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the lending things yeah of
+course anything is not difficult if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course anything is not difficult if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course anything is not difficult if you
+lend it in the right way and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it in the right way and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it in the right way and so in the
+sense this is an empty words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is an empty words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is an empty words
+but uh but but keep it in mind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but keep it in mind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but keep it in mind uh
+whenever you find this you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you find this you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you find this you think it's
+too hot and there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot and there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hot and there might be
+the reason might not be the reason might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason might not be the reason might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason might not be the reason might
+be the you have to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the you have to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the you have to change your
+perspective okay you have to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay you have to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective okay you have to change your
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+and uh so so quantity one thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so quantity one thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so quantity one thing people
+complain about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain about
+is that the controversity often involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the controversity often involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the controversity often involve
+a lot of calculations and that's true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of calculations and that's true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of calculations and that's true uh
+that's just the fact of life you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the fact of life you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the fact of life you cannot
+avoid it but that's not what it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it but that's not what it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it but that's not what it makes it
+difficult okay a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult okay a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult okay a complicated
+calculations you can just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you can just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you can just go through
+them from one line to the left line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from one line to the left line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from one line to the left line to
+the left line if you're careful enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left line if you're careful enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left line if you're careful enough
+patience enough you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience enough you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patience enough you can go through
+so so the difficulty I think for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the difficulty I think for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the difficulty I think for most
+people of quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of quantum field Theory
+is more at the conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more at the conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more at the conceptual level
+it's it's because the this subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's because the this subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's because the this subject is
+not a very intuitive subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very intuitive subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very intuitive subject
+it's not something you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you can just
+understand just by thinking okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand just by thinking okay uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand just by thinking okay uh so
+that's where I emphasize earlier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I emphasize earlier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I emphasize earlier the
+exercise and the really working through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and the really working through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and the really working through
+it is very important it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very important it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very important it's a little bit
+like quantum mechanics in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum mechanics in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum mechanics in quantum
+mechanics your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics your intuition
+was developed through examples by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed through examples by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed through examples by
+walking through many examples you slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through many examples you slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through many examples you slowly
+develop intuition about the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop intuition about the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop intuition about the quantum
+mechanics and and if you learn all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and and if you learn all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and and if you learn all the
+lessons and then you uh you get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons and then you uh you get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons and then you uh you get good
+feeling about quantum mechanics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about quantum mechanics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about quantum mechanics and the
+quantum field series is the same thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field series is the same thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field series is the same thing I
+said you have to uh it's like some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to uh it's like some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to uh it's like some kind
+of intuition is has to be developed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition is has to be developed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intuition is has to be developed okay
+it's not something you can easily uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you can easily uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you can easily uh uh
+yeah just like mechanics which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just like mechanics which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just like mechanics which you can
+uh in some other subject maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some other subject maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some other subject maybe if you
+have very good intuition you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good intuition you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good intuition you can just
+you can just imagine it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so to help you develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so to help you develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so to help you develop
+good intuition about Quantum Fields you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good intuition about Quantum Fields you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good intuition about Quantum Fields you
+I can offer you three pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can offer you three pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can offer you three pieces of the
+devices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices okay
+so so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so first
+yeah so the first piece of a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first piece of a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first piece of a device
+is that the quantum field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the quantum field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the quantum field Theory
+is essentially quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially quantum mechanics
+but dealing with infinite number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but dealing with infinite number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but dealing with infinite number of the
+good Freedom okay so so in your quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Freedom okay so so in your quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Freedom okay so so in your quantum
+mechanics class you always treat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class you always treat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics class you always treat this
+final number because freedom but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final number because freedom but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final number because freedom but the
+quantum philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum philosophy
+the difference for Quantum field is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference for Quantum field is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference for Quantum field is now
+you treat the infinite number to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat the infinite number to good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat the infinite number to good
+feeder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeder
+it turns out that this treating infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this treating infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this treating infinite
+numbers Freedom makes a difference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Freedom makes a difference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers Freedom makes a difference okay
+so more is different and uh and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more is different and uh and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so more is different and uh and actually
+sometimes make conceptual differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes make conceptual differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes make conceptual differences
+and so that's why sometimes uh uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why sometimes uh uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why sometimes uh uh uh the
+uh the uh the quantum Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the quantum Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh the quantum Quantum field
+theory is unintuitive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is unintuitive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is unintuitive okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found
+for many people including myself when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many people including myself when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many people including myself when I
+learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned it
+many difficulties you encounter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many difficulties you encounter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many difficulties you encounter in
+learning Quantum philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Quantum philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Quantum philosophy
+is not due to the difficulty in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not due to the difficulty in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not due to the difficulty in Quantum
+filter itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter itself
+is actually due to your Gap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually due to your Gap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually due to your Gap in
+understanding of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of quantum mechanics
+so so whenever you encounter something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so whenever you encounter something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so whenever you encounter something
+you don't quite understand in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite understand in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite understand in quantum
+philosory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosory
+try to step it back to say can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to step it back to say can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to step it back to say can I
+formulate this difficulty in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this difficulty in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this difficulty in terms of
+quantum mechanics with only finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with only finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with only finite
+numbers equals freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers equals freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers equals freedom
+and often you find actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you find actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you find actually your
+difficulty can already be formulated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty can already be formulated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty can already be formulated in
+quantum mechanics and then that way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and then that way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and then that way then
+you should be able to just settle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to just settle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to just settle it
+yourself okay because we are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay because we are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay because we are supposed
+already to be a master of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to be a master of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already to be a master of quantum
+mechanics okay and certainly uh uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay and certainly uh uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay and certainly uh uh uh a
+Long Island Quantum philosophy I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Island Quantum philosophy I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Island Quantum philosophy I was
+stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck
+at a certain points for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain points for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain points for a long time and
+then later I realized just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later I realized just because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later I realized just because I
+didn't understand certain Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand certain Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand certain Heisenberg
+fiction of quantum mechanics very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of quantum mechanics very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of quantum mechanics very well
+okay when you understood somehow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you understood somehow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you understood somehow I
+realized when I understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized when I understood the
+Heisenberg picture of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture of quantum
+Mechanicsville and those difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanicsville and those difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanicsville and those difficulties
+just went away and I have nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went away and I have nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went away and I have nothing to do
+with Quantum filter itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Quantum filter itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Quantum filter itself
+so that's why in your first preset you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in your first preset you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in your first preset you
+will get familiar with Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get familiar with Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get familiar with Heisenberg
+picture of quantum mechanics okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of quantum mechanics okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of quantum mechanics okay yeah
+that came from my own experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from my own experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from my own experience
+and also the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the second
+point is that Quantum philosophy deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that Quantum philosophy deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that Quantum philosophy deal
+with formalisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with formalisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with formalisms
+and sometimes this subject will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes this subject will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes this subject will look
+seems very formal okay you uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very formal okay you uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very formal okay you uh you have
+lots of formalisms okay but just keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of formalisms okay but just keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of formalisms okay but just keep in
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+any formalism in physics no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formalism in physics no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formalism in physics no matter how
+abstract it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it is
+it was always designed to solve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always designed to solve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always designed to solve some
+concrete physical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete physical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete physical problems
+and physical questions very concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical questions very concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical questions very concrete
+physical questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical questions
+and if you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you understand
+what kind of concrete physical questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of concrete physical questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of concrete physical questions
+Quantum filtering was designed to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum filtering was designed to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum filtering was designed to solve
+then that can give you very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that can give you very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that can give you very good
+perspective on those formalism and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on those formalism and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on those formalism and why
+people do this why people do that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this why people do that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this why people do that why
+people do districts where people do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do districts where people do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do districts where people do that
+trick and because they were invented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and because they were invented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and because they were invented to
+solve certain concrete problems okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve certain concrete problems okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve certain concrete problems okay and
+once you understand the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you understand the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you understand the questions
+understand the problems then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the problems then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the problems then the
+formalism become much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism become much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism become much easier to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the third thing is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third thing is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third thing is already
+already said is that the in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said is that the in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said is that the in Quantum
+field Theory as in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory as in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory as in quantum mechanics
+intuition was built through experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition was built through experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition was built through experiences
+okay through examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay through examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay through examples
+so so when you do your PSAT when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you do your PSAT when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you do your PSAT when you
+look at the examples in the class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the examples in the class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the examples in the class you
+should always ask yourself afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always ask yourself afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always ask yourself afterwards
+say say after you have done your PSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say after you have done your PSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say after you have done your PSAT
+problems always look back at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems always look back at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems always look back at that
+program say what did I learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program say what did I learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program say what did I learn from this
+problem okay and just think through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and just think through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay and just think through it
+again think through uh think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think through uh think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again think through uh think through
+what you learned from their problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned from their problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you learned from their problem
+again and that is a very good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that is a very good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that is a very good way to
+help you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to learn
+from your experiences and to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your experiences and to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your experiences and to help you
+develop intuitions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop intuitions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop intuitions okay
+and uh so yeah so so also very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so yeah so so also very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so yeah so so also very important
+thing you should keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should keep in mind
+he said in The Graduate course like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said in The Graduate course like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said in The Graduate course like this
+and most of the things should be learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the things should be learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of the things should be learned
+outside the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the class
+so inside the class the purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside the class the purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside the class the purpose is to
+give you a guide okay is to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a guide okay is to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a guide okay is to emphasize
+the conceptual picture and the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual picture and the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptual picture and the physical
+intuition Etc and so sometimes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition Etc and so sometimes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition Etc and so sometimes I will
+leave some details for you to finish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some details for you to finish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some details for you to finish in
+the preset and sometimes the PSAT will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preset and sometimes the PSAT will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preset and sometimes the PSAT will
+involve problems which I did not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve problems which I did not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve problems which I did not say
+fully discussed in lecture but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully discussed in lecture but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully discussed in lecture but I want
+you to work out yourself okay and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work out yourself okay and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to work out yourself okay and uh so
+so P said this important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P said this important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P said this important part of the
+lending even new things okay not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending even new things okay not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending even new things okay not just to
+practice something but but but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice something but but but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice something but but but it's also
+a very important part for for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important part for for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important part for for learning
+new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+good also finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good also finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good also finally
+I would like to make an apology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to make an apology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to make an apology
+so you will soon find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will soon find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will soon find
+that the rotations are used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotations are used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rotations are used in the
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+are different from the rotations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from the rotations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from the rotations in the
+recommended reading books okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading books okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading books okay
+so I recommended reading passing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I recommended reading passing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I recommended reading passing and
+Weinberg and you will find that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinberg and you will find that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinberg and you will find that my
+notations are can be different from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations are can be different from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations are can be different from them
+also the order of presentations are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order of presentations are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order of presentations are also
+different from them okay I know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from them okay I know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from them okay I know this is
+very annoying but but they just know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very annoying but but they just know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very annoying but but they just know no
+proof no perfect textbooks and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof no perfect textbooks and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof no perfect textbooks and there's
+no perfect set of rotations everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no perfect set of rotations everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no perfect set of rotations everybody
+use and we all use the notations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and we all use the notations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and we all use the notations which
+we find the most convenient to use okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the most convenient to use okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the most convenient to use okay
+and uh so so even though I realized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so even though I realized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so even though I realized this
+problem but I don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I don't have a good
+resolution okay so so just keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution okay so so just keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution okay so so just keep in mind
+the rotations in my lecture can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotations in my lecture can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotations in my lecture can be
+different from the rotations in those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the rotations in those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the rotations in those uh
+uh textbooks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh textbooks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh textbooks okay
+good so so do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so do you have any
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay
+so if you don't have any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't have any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't have any other questions
+so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so the chapter one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be about y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be about y
+we can see the quantum Field Strip okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talk a little bit about the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk a little bit about the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk a little bit about the classical
+field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field series
+to stand the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Quantum field service okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first
+important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+is called the principle of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+remember from your say high school days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from your say high school days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from your say high school days
+Newtonian mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so internet mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so internet mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so internet mechanics
+you have action as a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+for example if you look at gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you look at gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you look at gravity
+and gravity is exerted by the sound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gravity is exerted by the sound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gravity is exerted by the sound on
+the earth which but they are very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth which but they are very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth which but they are very far
+away okay and uh uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay and uh uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay and uh uh yeah
+and the same thing with the coolant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with the coolant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing with the coolant uh
+interactions between the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between the charged
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+in the 19th century they came from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 19th century they came from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 19th century they came from this
+Prince of locality and that's formulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince of locality and that's formulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince of locality and that's formulated
+by variety Faraday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1830 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830 okay
+so so the principle of a locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the principle of a locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the principle of a locality
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points
+you actually don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually don't have
+action at the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action at the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action at the distance
+is at all points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at all points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at all points
+in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the physical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the effect
+s so if you have interactions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you have interactions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you have interactions okay so
+you facts propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh so in this principle of a locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so in this principle of a locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so in this principle of a locality
+you don't have action at the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have action at the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have action at the distance
+so acting at the distance the always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acting at the distance the always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so acting at the distance the always
+conveyed the action is always conveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed the action is always conveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed the action is always conveyed
+from one point to another Point through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one point to another Point through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one point to another Point through
+the propagating in the space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the complex the concept of the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex the concept of the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex the concept of the fields
+is the mathematical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the principle
+of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is at work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is essentially the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is essentially the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is essentially the uh the the
+device we need to use to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we need to use to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device we need to use to realize that
+this principle of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of locality
+and uh so um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um so the
+so the main idea of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main idea of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main idea of the field
+is that we associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point
+with each point in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or dynamical variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+or dynamical variables okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dynamical variables okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dynamical variables okay
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at
+say if you have electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so your Nitric field is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all space
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so at each point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point x
+we can introduce a a electric field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can introduce a a electric field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can introduce a a electric field okay
+and then and then this uh electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then this uh electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then this uh electric field
+can also depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also depend on time
+and uh uh uh uh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh uh uh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh uh uh um yeah
+so of course normally we write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course normally we write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course normally we write it this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+e is x t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason I write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I write it this way
+is to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to emphasize
+that in the definition of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the definition of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the definition of the electric
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+the space and time actually play very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and time actually play very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and time actually play very
+different role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different role
+the space plays a role of a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space plays a role of a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space plays a role of a label
+okay so at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at each point
+we have electric field okay at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electric field okay at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electric field okay at each
+point of X we have electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of X we have electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of X we have electric field
+and and so X here is just a label okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so X here is just a label okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so X here is just a label okay
+and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T
+is used to divide to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to divide to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to divide to describe the
+evolution of the change of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the change of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the change of the electric
+field okay so the x and t plays a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so the x and t plays a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so the x and t plays a very
+different role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different role
+and similarly you can do it for magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can do it for magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can do it for magnetic
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here you should always View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you should always View
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you should always View
+acts as labels okay so the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as labels okay so the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as labels okay so the spatial
+points which you develop this Vector X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which you develop this Vector X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which you develop this Vector X
+is the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know that the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that the uh the the the
+evolution of electrical in my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of electrical in my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of electrical in my left
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+I describe by Maxwell equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write them down to remind you so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down to remind you so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down to remind you so we have
+dot b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is so-called differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so-called differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so-called differential form
+of the Maxwell equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason I'm taking trouble to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I'm taking trouble to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason I'm taking trouble to
+write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to emphasize in the following point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to emphasize in the following point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to emphasize in the following point
+so this set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exemplifies perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies perfectly
+the principle of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of locality
+it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because
+you see those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those equations
+only involve the value of electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involve the value of electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only involve the value of electric
+fields and the magnetic field at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the magnetic field at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the magnetic field at the
+single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point
+okay so if here is at X point so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if here is at X point so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if here is at X point so here is
+also at X points you never say say level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at X points you never say say level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at X points you never say say level
+say x here and here is some other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x here and here is some other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x here and here is some other point
+why okay and so this is refracted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay and so this is refracted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay and so this is refracted the
+principle locality that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle locality that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle locality that the uh
+everything so so the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so so the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so so the effect
+is propagating from point to point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is propagating from point to point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is propagating from point to point okay
+you just have the derivative of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the derivative of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the derivative of the same
+points okay it's never uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay it's never uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay it's never uh you don't
+involve separated points okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are local equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are local equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are local equations
+so these are we called the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are we called the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are we called the local
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+e and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also the charge density and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the charge density and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the charge density and the
+current density at the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density at the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density at the same point
+responding number derivatives okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the ones to help you to propagate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones to help you to propagate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones to help you to propagate to
+propagate okay because it relates the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate okay because it relates the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate okay because it relates the uh
+the point to the labeling Point okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point to the labeling Point okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point to the labeling Point okay and
+so so that's how it propagates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how it propagates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how it propagates it
+through the derivatives okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivatives okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivatives okay so the
+derivatives are key okay the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are key okay the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are key okay the derivatives
+are key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example
+with examples locality which I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with examples locality which I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with examples locality which I will not
+go into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into here
+which some of you may know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of you may know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some of you may know is the
+instant gravity so Einstein's general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant gravity so Einstein's general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant gravity so Einstein's general
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in ice and gravity the dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ice and gravity the dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ice and gravity the dynamical
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+also called space-time metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called space-time metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called space-time metric
+so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are
+the object with two indices two space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object with two indices two space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object with two indices two space
+time indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time indices
+okay and and then the Einstein equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and then the Einstein equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and then the Einstein equations
+are equations for this kind of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equations for this kind of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equations for this kind of object
+and again the equation is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the equation is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the equation is a local
+equations in the sense that they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the sense that they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the sense that they only
+depend on uh the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on uh the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on uh the G
+evaluated at the same point with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the same point with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the same point with five
+line number of derivatives okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line number of derivatives okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line number of derivatives okay so so
+United sense gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United sense gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United sense gravity
+you no longer have action at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer have action at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer have action at the
+distance okay so so the so the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so so the so the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay so so the so the fact of
+the gravity is propagated okay through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity is propagated okay through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity is propagated okay through
+the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space time
+through space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we are say these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are say these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are say these two examples
+exemplifies the principle of locality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies the principle of locality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplifies the principle of locality in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+the principle of locality played a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of locality played a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle of locality played a very
+important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role
+in formulating those equations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formulating those equations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formulating those equations okay
+because because as we will very soon see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because as we will very soon see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because as we will very soon see
+when you have principle of locality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have principle of locality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have principle of locality you
+can significantly constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly constrain
+uh the CV you can write down okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the CV you can write down okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the CV you can write down okay so
+that's a very very powerful principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very powerful principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very powerful principle
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you can have one local equations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one local equations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one local equations but the
+front but it's believed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but it's believed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but it's believed that the
+fundamental equations in nature they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equations in nature they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equations in nature they're
+all local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all local
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and uh uh so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh uh so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh uh so far
+the equation is common or fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is common or fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is common or fundamental
+interactions or four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions or four different
+interactions in nature the equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature the equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in nature the equations are
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and t why did you pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t why did you pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t why did you pick it up
+particular time component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time component
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+say it again I I don't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again I I don't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again I I don't quite understand
+the question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question yeah
+kind of treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no no no
+um here I'm just one emphasize again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I'm just one emphasize again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I'm just one emphasize again
+that the of course in Einstein's theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the of course in Einstein's theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the of course in Einstein's theory
+this these two are treated the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two are treated the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two are treated the same way
+but but if you think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you think in terms of the
+fields and they actually have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and they actually have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and they actually have very
+different physical interpretation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physical interpretation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different physical interpretation yeah
+yeah so that's why I read this way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's why I read this way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's why I read this way yeah
+yeah it's in the same uh same way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's in the same uh same way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's in the same uh same way I
+write it like here yeah yeah same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like here yeah yeah same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it like here yeah yeah same reason
+just here to emphasize for this uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here to emphasize for this uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here to emphasize for this uh uh uh
+uh uh to emphasize the different role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to emphasize the different role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to emphasize the different role
+played by x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by x and t
+yeah but then but I think you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then but I think you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then but I think you're asking
+a very good question so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question so I'm going to
+mention later uh uh uh in the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention later uh uh uh in the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention later uh uh uh in the writing
+Mystic series then of course then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mystic series then of course then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mystic series then of course then these
+two become the same yeah become a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two become the same yeah become a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two become the same yeah become a play
+the very equal drop yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very equal drop yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very equal drop yeah
+does that answer your question yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that answer your question yeah okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+good also yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me also very quickly mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also very quickly mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also very quickly mention the
+different types of fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can have What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can have What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can have What's called the
+scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+so these are quantities which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are quantities which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are quantities which are
+given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given point there's only one value okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point there's only one value okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point there's only one value okay
+say for example the temperature so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example the temperature so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example the temperature so it's
+just something just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something just
+it's just a single quality single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a single quality single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a single quality single
+quantity defined as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity defined as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity defined as the uh
+at the point for example the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point for example the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point for example the temperature
+okay and exactly maybe other quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and exactly maybe other quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and exactly maybe other quantities
+and then you also have a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and E and B the examples of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E and B the examples of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E and B the examples of a vector
+field because at each point you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because at each point you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because at each point you have a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I'm using the
+three-dimensional notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional notations
+but in the rativistic series you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the rativistic series you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the rativistic series you can
+also use the four Vector rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the four Vector rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use the four Vector rotations
+say for example the vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example the vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example the vector potential
+we have the following form say a mu will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following form say a mu will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following form say a mu will
+be a four factor and then the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a four factor and then the space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a four factor and then the space time
+I combine them together into a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine them together into a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine them together into a four
+Vector okay and so so aside each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay and so so aside each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay and so so aside each point
+and then you have a four Vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a four Vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a four Vector okay
+and so um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um yeah
+and also you have tensor field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you have tensor field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you have tensor field
+so this Matrix is an example of a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Matrix is an example of a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this Matrix is an example of a tensor
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+here you have two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have two components
+you have two indices okay so so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two indices okay so so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two indices okay so so you have
+many many different components now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different components now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different components now
+depending on the uh so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the uh so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the uh so again this is
+relativistic notation because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic notation because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic notation because I can
+write it as a right basic notation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a right basic notation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a right basic notation okay
+so at each point and now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point and now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at each point and now you have a
+now you have some object with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have some object with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have some object with two
+indices okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay
+and you can also have later we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also have later we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also have later we will see
+you you also have something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you also have something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you also have something called
+spinner fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha and this Alpha is some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and this Alpha is some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and this Alpha is some other
+indices which we will Define later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so you can also have so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you can also have so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you can also have so-called
+Spindler and Alpha some other indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spindler and Alpha some other indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spindler and Alpha some other indices
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's our convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that mu is always from 0 to 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that mu is always from 0 to 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that mu is always from 0 to 3.
+okay then when I sometimes I just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then when I sometimes I just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then when I sometimes I just write
+X when I write X just means a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X when I write X just means a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X when I write X just means a four
+Vector means X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector means X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector means X mu
+you can do c t and X so X always denotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do c t and X so X always denotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do c t and X so X always denotes
+X Vector always below the spatial vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Vector always below the spatial vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Vector always below the spatial vector
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um yeah and then this is the same I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and then this is the same I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and then this is the same I see
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+x i okay so the spatial in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i okay so the spatial in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i okay so the spatial in this is
+always denoted by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always denoted by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always denoted by I
+and yeah and uh so um so partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah and uh so um so partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah and uh so um so partial mu
+will be the same as 1 over C partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same as 1 over C partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the same as 1 over C partial T
+and then the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the derivative
+on the gradient on the on spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradient on the on spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gradient on the on spatial
+directions and say if you have a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and say if you have a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and say if you have a four
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+then again you we have the convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you we have the convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you we have the convention
+that a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a0
+then the a vector is the same also as a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the a vector is the same also as a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the a vector is the same also as a0
+and a I I use the I to get out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a I I use the I to get out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a I I use the I to get out the
+spatial components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial components
+and and this is the last time I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the last time I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the last time I will
+write speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write speed of light
+so the C will always take to be 1 and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the C will always take to be 1 and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the C will always take to be 1 and H
+bar will take into the Y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's for rotational convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+so this this preparation then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this preparation then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this preparation then we can
+talk about action principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for classical fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first we call in in your classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we call in in your classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we call in in your classical
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we introduce the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduce the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduce the action
+which is the integral of lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the integral of lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the integral of lagrangian
+and lagranging is a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lagranging is a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lagranging is a function of x
+is your variable and x dot and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your variable and x dot and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your variable and x dot and the time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this is a one-dimensional yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a one-dimensional yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a one-dimensional yeah
+this is 801 one dimensional particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 801 one dimensional particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 801 one dimensional particle
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+and you can also introduce a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also introduce a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also introduce a momentum
+canonical momentum which is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum which is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical momentum which is defined by
+partial L partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial L partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial L partial X
+Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot
+and then you can also Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also Define a
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+and Tommy Tony is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tommy Tony is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tommy Tony is related to the
+lagrangian by p x dots minus L okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian by p x dots minus L okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian by p x dots minus L okay from
+a legendary transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legendary transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legendary transform
+and the equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is obtained by extremise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so s is considered to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s is considered to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s is considered to be a
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+of your trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your trajectory
+so whatever check you have and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever check you have and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever check you have and you
+optimize this s and then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this s and then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this s and then you get the
+equation motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion okay
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+so now we can generalize to field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can generalize to field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can generalize to field Theory
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now from principle of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Fields TV from Principal locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the form of the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the lagrangian
+so the form of the lagranging L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the lagranging L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the form of the lagranging L
+okay so so again we're here for field we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again we're here for field we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so again we're here for field we
+can again Define s as a Time integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again Define s as a Time integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again Define s as a Time integral
+over lagranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the L and the formal L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the L and the formal L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the L and the formal L is
+significantly a constraint okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to have the phone in form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the phone in form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the phone in form
+so you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you must
+so you must have the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+equal to a spatial integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a spatial integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a spatial integral
+so this is integration of all spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is integration of all spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is integration of all spatial
+directions okay so d3x and the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay so d3x and the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay so d3x and the sum
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+so an image I will first write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an image I will first write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an image I will first write down the
+notation and then I will explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and then I will explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and then I will explain the
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah maybe just write partial eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe just write partial eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe just write partial eye
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+so let me not just explain notation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not just explain notation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not just explain notation a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here I use a shorthand notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here I use a shorthand notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here I use a shorthand notation to
+download the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the fields
+so so file a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so file a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so file a
+so it would be a function of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a function of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a function of spatial
+Direction on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction on the time
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+General fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+label different fields okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this index a labels different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for example a can label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example a can label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example a can label
+different scalar field if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scalar field if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scalar field if you have
+multiple scalar Fields then can they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple scalar Fields then can they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple scalar Fields then can they can
+enable them and they can also refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable them and they can also refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable them and they can also refers to
+indices a space-time indices like a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices a space-time indices like a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices a space-time indices like a mu
+and also yeah uh Etc okay so a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also yeah uh Etc okay so a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also yeah uh Etc okay so a just
+label whatever field you have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said this l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said this l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said this l
+the script l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the emphasize here is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay of Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and and these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and these derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in other words the L so this is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the L so this is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the L so this is a key
+Point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay
+so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is
+L only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L only
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and its derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay say say x and then you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say say x and then you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say say x and then you integrate
+over Ox okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so AO is called the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so AO is called the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so AO is called the lagrangian
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again
+yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I will mention that yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I will mention that yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I will mention that yeah I
+will mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will mention that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here just here I just uh explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here just here I just uh explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here just here I just uh explained
+the rotation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let me just make some remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me just make some remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let me just make some remarks
+on why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the actual the LaGrange must have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual the LaGrange must have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual the LaGrange must have this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the principle of locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies here must only involve a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies here must only involve a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies here must only involve a single
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because
+the locality that's not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not allow a term like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's not the dial term like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not the dial term like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not the dial term like this
+which involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involving
+the uh the file at a different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the file at a different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the file at a different points
+okay why it's because if you have terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why it's because if you have terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why it's because if you have terms
+like this in your LaGrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in your LaGrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in your LaGrange
+okay so so later you will oh sorry l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so later you will oh sorry l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so later you will oh sorry l
+air script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air script
+so if you look around you have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look around you have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look around you have this kind
+of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+so as we will describe the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we will describe the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we will describe the equation
+motion later I you will see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion later I you will see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion later I you will see from the
+equation motion then your equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion then your equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion then your equation
+notion will not be local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion will not be local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion will not be local
+okay so equation notion will involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so equation notion will involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so equation notion will involve the
+behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+uh your field at one point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your field at one point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your field at one point and then
+influence by point at some point far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence by point at some point far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence by point at some point far
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+okay and then and then you will not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then and then you will not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then and then you will not have
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+so the locality significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the locality significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the locality significantly
+constrained because if you could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because if you could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained because if you could give
+away locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away locality
+and in principle your logonian can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in principle your logonian can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in principle your logonian can be
+arbitrarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily complicated
+it has many integrals as you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many integrals as you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many integrals as you want okay
+but because of locality you only allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of locality you only allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of locality you only allowed
+to have such a simple integral a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have such a simple integral a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have such a simple integral a y
+integral of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function
+okay so this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so that's not allow so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's not allow so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's not allow so here is
+key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point
+so so the second point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the second point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the second point is that
+we only allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+derivative in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we only allow first derivative in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only allow first derivative in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only allow first derivative in time
+we don't allow the second derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't allow the second derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't allow the second derivative in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason is that
+again as you will see equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you will see equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you will see equation motion
+if you involve the second derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you involve the second derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you involve the second derivative in
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+in your in your action or in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your action or in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your action or in your
+lagrangian and then when you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian and then when you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian and then when you get the
+equation motion you will get equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion you will get equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion you will get equation
+motions involving more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions involving more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions involving more than two
+derivatives in time okay so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in time okay so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives in time okay so this will
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+so this implies the equation motion only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies the equation motion only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies the equation motion only
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+two derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives
+two times the reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this constraints come from so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this constraints come from so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this constraints come from so you can
+stream come from our experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream come from our experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream come from our experiences
+it's the same reason here we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same reason here we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same reason here we only
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+uh the first derivative in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first derivative in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first derivative in time
+okay it's because the uh in in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's because the uh in in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's because the uh in in real life
+all the experiment is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the experiment is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the experiment is determined by the
+initial condition the initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition the initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition the initial condition
+you only needs to specify the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only needs to specify the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only needs to specify the location
+and velocity okay you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity okay you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and velocity okay you don't need to
+specify more if you increase in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify more if you increase in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify more if you increase in motion
+involving more than two derivatives then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving more than two derivatives then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving more than two derivatives then
+you need to specify a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to specify a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to specify a more General
+initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions
+and so yeah so here is the same thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so here is the same thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yeah so here is the same thing uh
+we only allow the first Duty with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only allow the first Duty with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only allow the first Duty with time
+but you can in principle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can in principle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can in principle now
+or or arbitrary Rumble derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or arbitrary Rumble derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or arbitrary Rumble derivative in
+spatial Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial Direction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but
+for Simplicity for the most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity for the most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity for the most of the time
+as we will see we will restrict to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see we will restrict to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see we will restrict to
+Quantum field Theory in special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory in special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory in special
+relativity okay means that there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity okay means that there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity okay means that there will be
+a relativistic invariant maybe lorenzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic invariant maybe lorenzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic invariant maybe lorenzing
+warrant and you know renting wire in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant and you know renting wire in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant and you know renting wire in the
+series space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series space and time
+they can transform to each other play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can transform to each other play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can transform to each other play
+equal role so if you only have single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal role so if you only have single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal role so if you only have single
+derivative in time you only have single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time you only have single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time you only have single
+time in in spatial derivatives so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in in spatial derivatives so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in in spatial derivatives so the
+example we will see are they will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will see are they will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will see are they will all
+have only single derivative in spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only single derivative in spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only single derivative in spatial
+directions okay but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay but certainly
+non-relativistic systems you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic systems you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-relativistic systems you can have a
+higher a number of spatial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher a number of spatial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher a number of spatial derivatives
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+so as in classical mechanics allowing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in classical mechanics allowing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in classical mechanics allowing we
+can introduce the canonical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can introduce the canonical momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can introduce the canonical momentum
+chromatonin Etc okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatonin Etc okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatonin Etc okay
+so so here we can so so here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we can so so here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we can so so here we can
+introduce so-called the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce so-called the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce so-called the canonical
+momentum density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason we call it densities will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we call it densities will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we call it densities will be
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+so so we can so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can so remember
+for this Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Phi
+so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X
+is just a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a label
+okay so you can just view this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can just view this Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can just view this Theory
+essentially has infinite number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has infinite number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially has infinite number of the
+such kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind
+yeah it's an unfortunate rotation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's an unfortunate rotation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's an unfortunate rotation here
+we use x at the dynamical variable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use x at the dynamical variable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use x at the dynamical variable okay
+but here the x is only a label okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the x is only a label okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the x is only a label okay here
+x is a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is a label
+so here you can just imagine you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can just imagine you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can just imagine you have
+infinite number of degrees Freedom just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of degrees Freedom just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of degrees Freedom just
+each one is labeled by X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is labeled by X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is labeled by X okay
+so now just imagine here you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now just imagine here you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now just imagine here you have many
+many X just uh you have some labels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many X just uh you have some labels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many X just uh you have some labels for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and so so for each such one we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so for each such one we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so for each such one we can
+deduce this momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce this momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce this momentum
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so each Phi a we can introduce is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each Phi a we can introduce is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each Phi a we can introduce is
+canonical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if I a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I a DOT
+derivative okay oh yeah yeah maybe let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay oh yeah yeah maybe let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay oh yeah yeah maybe let
+me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+so so defined as the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so defined as the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so defined as the derivative of the
+Argonian density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argonian density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argonian density
+divided by time derivative of Phi a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by time derivative of Phi a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by time derivative of Phi a okay
+so so this is just the direct generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is just the direct generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is just the direct generation
+of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here
+so remember so this is evaluated at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember so this is evaluated at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember so this is evaluated at each
+point okay in spatial Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay in spatial Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay in spatial Direction
+and uh each yeah so this thing will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh each yeah so this thing will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh each yeah so this thing will also
+depend on x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on x and t
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh this is just the capital pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is just the capital pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is just the capital pi
+yeah Capital pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this five a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this five a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this five a DOT
+just a Time derivative of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Time derivative of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Time derivative of I
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and remember X are the labels okay so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember X are the labels okay so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember X are the labels okay so X
+does not do anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not do anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not do anything here
+so the reason we call this lagonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we call this lagonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason we call this lagonian
+density is because the momentum density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is because the momentum density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is because the momentum density
+is because L is an LaGrange density okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because L is an LaGrange density okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because L is an LaGrange density okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+and then the we can also Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the we can also Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the we can also Define the
+hamiltonian density the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+to find the script h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the script h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the script h
+which is defined by Phi a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined by Phi a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined by Phi a DOT
+Pi a again this is all defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi a again this is all defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi a again this is all defined on the
+same spatial point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spatial point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spatial point
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+okay so this is the quantity density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the quantity density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the quantity density and
+then the then the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it just uh you just integrate over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uh you just integrate over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uh you just integrate over all
+space essentially sum over all the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space essentially sum over all the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space essentially sum over all the good
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give him
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Udacity yeah yeah you just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity yeah yeah you just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Udacity yeah yeah you just like you
+sound so if you treat the uh uh uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so if you treat the uh uh uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so if you treat the uh uh uh yeah
+so yeah yeah yeah yeah so so the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah yeah yeah so so the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah yeah yeah yeah so so the a is
+summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed
+so I will always yeah I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will always yeah I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will always yeah I forgot to
+mention good this is a great question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention good this is a great question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention good this is a great question so
+so I always assuming this Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always assuming this Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I always assuming this Einstein
+convention in the sense that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention in the sense that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention in the sense that all the
+repeated indices are assume to be summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated indices are assume to be summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated indices are assume to be summed
+so so no matter how many components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so no matter how many components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so no matter how many components are
+there you just sum over a okay so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you just sum over a okay so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you just sum over a okay so a is
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we can talk about equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just
+it's the same thing as classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing as classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing as classical
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so classical filter is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so classical filter is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so classical filter is just like
+classical mechanics you generalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you generalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you generalize to
+infinite language freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite language freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite language freedom
+so now with each point in space your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with each point in space your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now with each point in space your you
+associate with some degree freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so now let's look at equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's look at equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's look at equation
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you just
+do the vibration of the action you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vibration of the action you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the vibration of the action you
+extremise of the action to be zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremise of the action to be zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremise of the action to be zero okay
+so the action is again just defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the action is again just defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the action is again just defined by
+the DT over lagrangian uh the lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DT over lagrangian uh the lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DT over lagrangian uh the lagrangian
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the s
+is the dtl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dtl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dtl
+and then can be written as the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then can be written as the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then can be written as the four
+integral DT and DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DT and DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral DT and DX
+of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me now just write it in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now just write it in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now just write it in the more
+writer basic notation just assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer basic notation just assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer basic notation just assuming
+there's one derivative once time and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one derivative once time and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one derivative once time and one
+spatial derivatives okay so the mule run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial derivatives okay so the mule run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial derivatives okay so the mule run
+now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah
+combine the space and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the space and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the space and the time
+derivative together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can straightforwardly generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can straightforwardly generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can straightforwardly generalize
+to say moving more spatial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say moving more spatial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say moving more spatial derivatives
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here
+so uh so let's just do the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so let's just do the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so let's just do the variation
+so the so we want zero equal to Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so we want zero equal to Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so we want zero equal to Delta s
+so you want the variation of this s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want the variation of this s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want the variation of this s to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+so now let's just worry s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have d4x now just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have d4x now just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have d4x now just remember
+this nagonian density is just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nagonian density is just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nagonian density is just ordinary
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+because of the locality just ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the locality just ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the locality just ordinary
+function of Phi a and its derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Phi a and its derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Phi a and its derivatives
+okay and we can just do the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can just do the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can just do the um
+we can just do the variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just do the variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just do the variation in the
+straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way
+you can just write a partial l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just write a partial l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just write a partial l
+partial file a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial file a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial file a
+in Delta Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta Phi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta Phi a
+plus partial l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus partial l
+partial partial mu Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Delta function mu Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta function mu Phi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta function mu Phi a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this case yeah when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case yeah when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case yeah when you
+so the Delta is a variation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta is a variation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Delta is a variation and the
+partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial mu
+so these two operations are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two operations are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two operations are independent
+on each other so you can exchange them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other so you can exchange them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other so you can exchange them
+okay so you can put extra Delta inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can put extra Delta inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can put extra Delta inside
+so this is the same as partial Mu Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as partial Mu Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as partial Mu Delta
+Phi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you can integration by part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can integration by part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can integration by part of
+this second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term
+okay now now you can do because here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now you can do because here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now you can do because here is
+a little bit awkward because you move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit awkward because you move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit awkward because you move in
+the partial mu data Phi a so again here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial mu data Phi a so again here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial mu data Phi a so again here
+the the repeated indices they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the repeated indices they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the repeated indices they're all
+summed okay so you should sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed okay so you should sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed okay so you should sum them
+so now we can do integration by part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do integration by part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do integration by part
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+then you get the 4X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the 4X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the 4X
+you get partial l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get partial l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get partial l
+525 A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+525 A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+525 A minus
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+plus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l
+I should passion mu by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should passion mu by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should passion mu by a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then then the whole scene data Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then pass boundary terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the boundary terms come from U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the boundary terms come from U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the boundary terms come from U2
+integration by part here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're doing integration by parts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing integration by parts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing integration by parts here
+so so the boundary return will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the boundary return will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the boundary return will be
+proportional to to Delta 5A okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus I just started to evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus I just started to evaluation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus I just started to evaluation
+yeah just arbitrary variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so the boundary so we always assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the boundary so we always assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the boundary so we always assume
+we have the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the boundary conditions
+okay and so that the boundary return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that the boundary return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that the boundary return
+vanishes okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes okay so so
+here we are not going to detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are not going to detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are not going to detail
+so we always choose 35a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that boundary terms vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that boundary terms vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that boundary terms vanishes
+okay the term come from integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the term come from integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the term come from integration by
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the second uh just remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second uh just remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second uh just remember the
+heated indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this has and then then we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has and then then we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has and then then we don't have
+to worry about boundary terms so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about boundary terms so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about boundary terms so the
+boundary term vanishes then now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term vanishes then now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term vanishes then now we just
+have this has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this has to be zero
+but this has to be zero for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this has to be zero for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this has to be zero for any
+variation so so this Delta x view is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so so this Delta x view is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so so this Delta x view is can
+be any function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any function of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can be any function of s the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any function of s the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be any function of s the only way
+this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen
+is that this pre-factor must vanish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this pre-factor must vanish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this pre-factor must vanish okay
+so this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the E Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the E Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the E Delta X
+partial Phi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Phi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Phi a
+minus partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial mu
+pressure l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure l
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the general equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the general equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the general equation
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+for for classical Fields okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+so from now on we will make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on we will make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from now on we will make two
+restrictions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity
+also they are the most uh uh uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they are the most uh uh uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they are the most uh uh uh will
+make two restriction just for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two restriction just for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two restriction just for Simplicity
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+yeah most of our discussion can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of our discussion can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of our discussion can be
+generalized uh Beyond those situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized uh Beyond those situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized uh Beyond those situations
+uh um yeah so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um yeah so the first
+you said we restrict to Phil C which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said we restrict to Phil C which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said we restrict to Phil C which are
+translationally in warrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that there's no special point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's no special point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's no special point
+there's no special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no special
+means there's no special or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no special or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no special or or
+space-time point in this series okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time point in this series okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time point in this series okay if
+you do experiment here in in Boston it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiment here in in Boston it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do experiment here in in Boston it's
+the same as you do experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as you do experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as you do experiment in
+Washington DC Etc okay and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC Etc okay and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC Etc okay and if your
+theory it's not translating warrant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's not translating warrant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory it's not translating warrant and
+then when you do experiment in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do experiment in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you do experiment in Boston
+then we'll be different from you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be different from you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be different from you do it
+in say in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say in New York
+and the second is that we assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is that we assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is that we assume it's
+low renting warrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in some condensed meta applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some condensed meta applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some condensed meta applications
+which you don't have fluorine Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't have fluorine Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't have fluorine Symmetry
+and uh then you don't have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then you don't have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then you don't have uh
+uh Lawrence symmetry but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lawrence symmetry but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lawrence symmetry but uh
+um yeah but but similar techniques we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah but but similar techniques we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah but but similar techniques we
+are going to talk about can be uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about can be uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about can be uh can be
+applied yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied yeah
+and we will also elaborate a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will also elaborate a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will also elaborate a little bit
+more on both of these aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let me give you some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me give you some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me give you some simple
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+of the classical field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classical field series
+okay which satisfy these two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so the first one is
+the Maxwell Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for markzware series the dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for markzware series the dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for markzware series the dynamical
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these four Vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these four Vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these four Vector potential
+a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mu
+okay so now I'm using the four vax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm using the four vax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm using the four vax
+rotation so that will often suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so that will often suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so that will often suppress
+this uh the the index on X that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the the index on X that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the the index on X that means
+this is a four Vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a four Vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a four Vector okay
+and then from the AMU you can Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the AMU you can Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the AMU you can Define the
+field strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the E and B then can be obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the E and B then can be obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the E and B then can be obtained
+from this F me mu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this F me mu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this F me mu okay
+yeah and we can be a painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we can be a painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we can be a painful
+and then they uh then the action for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they uh then the action for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they uh then the action for the
+year and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then can be obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's these okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's these okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's these okay
+so this is the uh just the action for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh just the action for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh just the action for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+for the back for the uh e and the M we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the back for the uh e and the M we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the back for the uh e and the M we
+not charged matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not charged matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not charged matter okay
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+do the variation here okay to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the variation here okay to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the variation here okay to get the
+equation motion then you get the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion then you get the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation motion then you get the maximum
+equations with that without sources okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with that without sources okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with that without sources okay
+you get the vacuum maximum equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the vacuum maximum equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the vacuum maximum equations
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so so you see that this action have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you see that this action have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you see that this action have
+the form we mentioned here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form we mentioned here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form we mentioned here is
+corresponding to a local Theory okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a local Theory okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a local Theory okay a
+single integral of space time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second example
+is Einstein gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot of classical field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of classical field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of classical field Theory
+okay so so let me just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me just write down the
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+so this is written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is written as
+G Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so G is the metric yeah anyway if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G is the metric yeah anyway if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G is the metric yeah anyway if you
+don't know the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Einstein
+series okay okay so R is a rich scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay okay so R is a rich scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay okay so R is a rich scalar
+and uh if you don't know the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you don't know the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you don't know the Einstein
+series okay and just write it down just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay and just write it down just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay and just write it down just
+to show that this is a local Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this is a local Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that this is a local Theory
+involving only a single space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving only a single space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving only a single space-time
+integral of some quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same place
+Quantum field Theory called the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory called the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field Theory called the scalar
+field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I think I erased it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I erased it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I erased it
+because this involving the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this involving the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this involving the vector field
+okay so this is a vector field people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a vector field people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a vector field people
+that each space time Point there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each space time Point there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each space time Point there's a
+vector here here the Einstein Gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here here the Einstein Gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here here the Einstein Gravity
+the dynamic variable is a tensor so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic variable is a tensor so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic variable is a tensor so it's
+even something more complicated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something more complicated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something more complicated so the
+simplest case is a scalar which at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case is a scalar which at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case is a scalar which at each
+space time point you just have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time point you just have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time point you just have a single
+value quantity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value quantity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value quantity okay
+and so so let's just consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so let's just consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so let's just consider the
+simplest case just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar field Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so this is just take a real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is just take a real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is just take a real value
+you can also can see the complex value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also can see the complex value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also can see the complex value
+okay so so but the simply is just a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but the simply is just a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but the simply is just a real
+value so each space time point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so each space time point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so each space time point you have
+a single value okay and so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single value okay and so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single value okay and so that's the
+dynamical variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in real life
+there are many examples of scalar fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many examples of scalar fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many examples of scalar fields
+so for example the Hicks okay the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the Hicks okay the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the Hicks okay the the
+Higgs field which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higgs field which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higgs field which is uh
+celebrated Higgs field which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated Higgs field which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated Higgs field which was
+discovered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh
+a number of years ago was a is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years ago was a is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of years ago was a is a real
+scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+and also pions okay the pyram particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also pions okay the pyram particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also pions okay the pyram particle
+can be considered as excitations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered as excitations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered as excitations of a
+scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simplest
+family of a scalar field action is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of a scalar field action is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of a scalar field action is a
+following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so here I just write this action down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but essentially you can argue this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially you can argue this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially you can argue this is
+the most General action you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most General action you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most General action you can write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+which are compatible with locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are compatible with locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are compatible with locality
+okay with locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with locality
+and with translation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with translation symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with translation symmetry
+and the Lorent symmetry okay so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lorent symmetry okay so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lorent symmetry okay so so here
+you see the Lorent indices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Lorent indices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the Lorent indices are
+contracted in the Lowrance indices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted in the Lowrance indices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted in the Lowrance indices in
+the derivative or contracted so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative or contracted so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative or contracted so that
+guarantees this series laurentine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees this series laurentine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees this series laurentine
+warrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant
+and V just some function of Phi okay B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V just some function of Phi okay B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V just some function of Phi okay B
+here is just some some functional side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just some some functional side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just some some functional side
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+this is the uh essentially the theory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh essentially the theory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh essentially the theory uh
+uh yeah the simply see you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the simply see you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the simply see you can write
+down based on localities okay so say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down based on localities okay so say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down based on localities okay so say we
+can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take
+V5 in general we can take it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 in general we can take it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 in general we can take it to be
+polynomial yeah just some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial yeah just some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial yeah just some function of
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you have a translation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that in this series if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in this series if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in this series if you do
+experiment it's the same everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that V Phi so here there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V Phi so here there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V Phi so here there's nothing
+there's no parameter here V5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no parameter here V5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no parameter here V5
+can must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can must
+yeah just yeah sorry all parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in V5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V5
+must be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be constant
+okay they cannot depend on space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay must be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have some parameter depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have some parameter depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have some parameter depending
+on the space time then then of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the space time then then of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the space time then then of course a
+different space and a different space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different space and a different space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different space and a different space
+time point will behave differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point will behave differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point will behave differently and
+it will not be translation environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be translation environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be translation environment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so let's work out let's try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's work out let's try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's work out let's try to work
+out a work out this area a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a work out this area a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a work out this area a little bit in
+more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's find this like one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find this like one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find this like one in this
+let's try to find its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+and hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's momentum density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's momentum density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's momentum density
+here there's only single Fields so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's only single Fields so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's only single Fields so so
+there's no in the index so pi x would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no in the index so pi x would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no in the index so pi x would be
+take derivative of this so this is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative of this so this is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative of this so this is l
+okay so this thing inside the bracket is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing inside the bracket is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing inside the bracket is
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+partial five dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial five dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial five dots
+okay time derivative of Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time derivative of Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay time derivative of Phi
+and so if you look at here here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at here here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at here here the
+attack at the time derivative just Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack at the time derivative just Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack at the time derivative just Five
+Dot Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot Square
+okay using these four Vector notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using these four Vector notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using these four Vector notation
+and if you expand it and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you expand it and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you expand it and then and then
+the time the momentum density Justified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the momentum density Justified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the momentum density Justified
+dot X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot X
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh
+because partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partial mu
+by partial view file is equal to Minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial view file is equal to Minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by partial view file is equal to Minus 5
+dot square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then and then you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then you can find the
+hamiltonian density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot minus l
+and then you find that this is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find that this is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find that this is given by
+being expressed in terms of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply here
+plus uh if you apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh if you apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh if you apply here
+then you find given by partial squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find given by partial squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find given by partial squared
+equal to partial V partial Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to partial V partial Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to partial V partial Phi
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay and then again here I'm using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then again here I'm using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then again here I'm using a
+shorthand notation partial Square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation partial Square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation partial Square is
+defined to be partial mu partial mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be partial mu partial mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be partial mu partial mu
+okay so this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the same as
+minus Pi t squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here let me also give you some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let me also give you some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let me also give you some simple
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the simplest case
+is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take V just of course to be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V just of course to be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V just of course to be a constant
+but the content does not do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the content does not do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the content does not do anything
+because the uh yeah so the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh yeah so the simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh yeah so the simplest case
+is just V5 equal to linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sometimes translation symmetry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes translation symmetry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes translation symmetry this
+F has to be a constant okay it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F has to be a constant okay it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F has to be a constant okay it cannot be
+dependent on space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on space time
+if it is depend on space time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is depend on space time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is depend on space time and then
+you will violate the space translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will violate the space translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will violate the space translation
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so when you have this
+then your equation motion given by pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your equation motion given by pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your equation motion given by pi
+Square equal to 5 to F okay f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square equal to 5 to F okay f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square equal to 5 to F okay f is a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+so essentially you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you have some kind of
+scene which some kind of constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene which some kind of constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene which some kind of constant which
+source this file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source this file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source this file
+so in this case we say this system have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we say this system have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we say this system have
+external Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we call this F external Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we call this F external Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we call this F external Force
+because because the this if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the this if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the this if f is
+non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero
+then Phi cannot be zero okay if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Phi cannot be zero okay if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Phi cannot be zero okay if it has
+to belong zero and so so in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to belong zero and so so in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to belong zero and so so in the sense
+the five will be always be excited uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five will be always be excited uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five will be always be excited uh it
+will always be uh be generate a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be uh be generate a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be uh be generate a long
+triple five we always be generated if s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple five we always be generated if s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple five we always be generated if s
+is non-zero okay so here we we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero okay so here we we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-zero okay so here we we call it
+external Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Force
+and so so normally we don't normally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so normally we don't normally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so normally we don't normally we
+like to consider five and only we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consider five and only we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consider five and only we will
+consider yeah normally in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yeah normally in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yeah normally in the situation
+uh of your increase in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of your increase in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of your increase in the situation
+there's no external Force okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external Force okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no external Force okay the
+system develops on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system develops on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system develops on its own
+so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case
+so if we forget about external Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we forget about external Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we forget about external Force
+then the simplest situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the simplest situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the simplest situation
+will be V5 equal to quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some polynomial a a five square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some polynomial a a five square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some polynomial a a five square
+okay so that's this is the next simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this is the next simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this is the next simplest
+function of Phi and M square has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Phi and M square has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Phi and M square has to be a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay again from the translation symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again from the translation symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again from the translation symmetry
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+then you have equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have equation motion
+partial Square Phi equal to M Square Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Square Phi equal to M Square Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Square Phi equal to M Square Phi
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+or M Square Phi equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a very famous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very famous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very famous equation
+so this is called the client golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the client golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the client golden
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the next time we will uh yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time we will uh yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time we will uh yeah you
+will uh see very quickly why why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh see very quickly why why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh see very quickly why why this is
+a famous equation okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous equation okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous equation okay and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um yeah yeah so this would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so this would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah so this would correspond to
+the simplest field Theory we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest field Theory we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest field Theory we can
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+and then you can consider more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can consider more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can consider more
+communicative field series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative field series with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative field series with
+V5 to be some higher polynomial or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 to be some higher polynomial or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 to be some higher polynomial or more
+complicated functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated functions
+but but keep in mind that this square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but keep in mind that this square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but keep in mind that this square is
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+we go in square this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go in square this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go in square this is a linear
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+but whenever you have a something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you have a something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you have a something which
+is not linear or quadratic and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear or quadratic and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear or quadratic and you will
+get done in the equation and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done in the equation and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done in the equation and then the
+story becomes complicated okay not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story becomes complicated okay not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story becomes complicated okay not in
+the equations are always complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are always complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are always complicated and
+anyway so uh so uh so uh so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh so uh so uh so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh so uh so uh so this will be
+the simple series we will consider okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple series we will consider okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple series we will consider okay
+and uh okay so let's stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xZ8mnJPu95Q.txt b/xZ8mnJPu95Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38ed7b79c0db63116080f6d00774896fb4b470ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xZ8mnJPu95Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's start back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start back up
+um uh today let's see we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh today let's see we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh today let's see we are
+transitioning from uh morphology into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from uh morphology into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning from uh morphology into
+phonetics so I hope you enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetics so I hope you enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetics so I hope you enjoyed
+morphology it's not as if you won't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology it's not as if you won't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology it's not as if you won't ever
+do any morphology again but that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any morphology again but that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any morphology again but that's it
+for lessons on morphology lectures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lessons on morphology lectures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lessons on morphology lectures I
+guess uh today is phonetics which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh today is phonetics which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh today is phonetics which means
+that today we begin making funny sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today we begin making funny sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today we begin making funny sounds
+at each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other
+um so uh everybody limber up your vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh everybody limber up your vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh everybody limber up your vocal
+tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see I'm trying to remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm trying to remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I'm trying to remember if
+there's anything that I ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything that I ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything that I ought to
+announce uh you remember maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce uh you remember maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce uh you remember maybe that
+problem set one which confusingly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one which confusingly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set one which confusingly is
+your second problem Set uh is due on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second problem Set uh is due on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second problem Set uh is due on
+Thursday normally it would be due on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday normally it would be due on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday normally it would be due on
+Tuesday but because I am technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday but because I am technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday but because I am technologically
+challenged uh uh it's due on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged uh uh it's due on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged uh uh it's due on Thursday
+uh speaking of being technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speaking of being technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speaking of being technologically
+challenged I just figured out how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged I just figured out how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged I just figured out how to get
+the projector to project over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector to project over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projector to project over there
+instead of in the middle so that I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in the middle so that I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in the middle so that I won't
+have to write everything twice running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write everything twice running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write everything twice running
+back and forth across the room so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth across the room so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth across the room so thank
+you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to mention this when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to mention this when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to mention this when I go
+up for you know my chair is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you know my chair is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you know my chair is trying to
+decide whether to give me a raise I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to give me a raise I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to give me a raise I'll
+be like big academic achievements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like big academic achievements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like big academic achievements of the
+Year figuring figuring out the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year figuring figuring out the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Year figuring figuring out the technique
+uh so if anybody misses the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if anybody misses the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if anybody misses the old days
+like you were amused watching me run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you were amused watching me run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you were amused watching me run
+back and forth or or uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth or or uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth or or uh you know this
+turns out to be too small or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be too small or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be too small or something
+like that you know uh let me know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know uh let me know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know uh let me know and
+we'll we'll go back to the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+um when we speak if we're speaking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we speak if we're speaking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we speak if we're speaking an
+oral language if we're not signing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral language if we're not signing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral language if we're not signing uh
+what we are typically doing is producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are typically doing is producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are typically doing is producing
+a flow of air which typically comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flow of air which typically comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flow of air which typically comes out
+of your lungs but not necessarily we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your lungs but not necessarily we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your lungs but not necessarily we'll
+talk about that uh and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that uh and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that uh and it gets
+obstructed in various ways uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed in various ways uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed in various ways uh in the
+vocal tract and so one standard way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract and so one standard way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract and so one standard way of
+talking about different kinds of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about different kinds of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about different kinds of speech
+sounds is to talk about uh where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds is to talk about uh where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds is to talk about uh where in the
+vocal tract things the flow of air can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract things the flow of air can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract things the flow of air can
+get obstructed and how and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get obstructed and how and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get obstructed and how and that's what
+we're going to kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of do
+so first we'll talk about where so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll talk about where so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll talk about where so one
+way of categorizing the various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of categorizing the various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of categorizing the various things
+that your vocal tract does to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your vocal tract does to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your vocal tract does to the
+airflow is by what's called place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow is by what's called place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow is by what's called place of
+articulation that is where in your vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation that is where in your vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation that is where in your vocal
+tract is the flow there getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract is the flow there getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract is the flow there getting
+obstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed
+so for example there are what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example there are what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example there are what are called
+bilabial sounds these are sounds which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial sounds these are sounds which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial sounds these are sounds which
+are made with both lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made with both lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made with both lips
+um this picture over here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this picture over here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this picture over here on the right
+is What's called the sagittal section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is What's called the sagittal section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is What's called the sagittal section
+that is it's a picture of someone's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's a picture of someone's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's a picture of someone's head
+cut in half yeah so so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in half yeah so so that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in half yeah so so that you can see
+the stuff that's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that's inside
+um uh and the those arrows are meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and the those arrows are meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and the those arrows are meant to
+get you to imagine that this person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to imagine that this person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to imagine that this person is
+making a sound by putting their two lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a sound by putting their two lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a sound by putting their two lips
+together so that's what you do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's what you do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's what you do for the
+sounds that are at the beginnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are at the beginnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds that are at the beginnings of
+words like paint and bath and mouth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like paint and bath and mouth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like paint and bath and mouth and
+well wipe where your lips don't touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wipe where your lips don't touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wipe where your lips don't touch
+but they both move yeah everybody feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they both move yeah everybody feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they both move yeah everybody feel
+free to confirm to yourselves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to confirm to yourselves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to confirm to yourselves in the
+privacy of your own mask that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy of your own mask that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy of your own mask that that is
+what you're doing when you make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing when you make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing when you make these
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+now um next to the sounds you know so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um next to the sounds you know so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um next to the sounds you know so I
+have these words paint bath math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these words paint bath math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these words paint bath math and
+wipe and then next to them I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe and then next to them I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe and then next to them I have these
+uh symbols in Brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symbols in Brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symbols in Brackets
+um and they may not look at it but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they may not look at it but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they may not look at it but these
+are extremely technical symbols these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely technical symbols these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely technical symbols these
+are symbols of the International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symbols of the International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are symbols of the International
+Phonetic alphabets so linguists have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phonetic alphabets so linguists have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phonetic alphabets so linguists have a
+system for writing sounds down so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for writing sounds down so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for writing sounds down so that
+we'll all know what kind of sound we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all know what kind of sound we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all know what kind of sound we're
+talking about when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when we're talking about
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+um and uh bless you a lot of the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh bless you a lot of the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh bless you a lot of the symbols
+of the International Phonetic Alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the International Phonetic Alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the International Phonetic Alphabet
+resemble letters of the English alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble letters of the English alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble letters of the English alphabet
+so we have started here with symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have started here with symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have started here with symbols
+that should all look kind of familiar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should all look kind of familiar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should all look kind of familiar so
+the the symbol for the sound at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the symbol for the sound at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the symbol for the sound at the
+beginning of paint is the letter P yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of paint is the letter P yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of paint is the letter P yeah
+and so that's that's a symbol of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's a symbol of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's that's a symbol of the
+International Phonetic Alphabet as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet as we go
+along we will be seeing weirder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along we will be seeing weirder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along we will be seeing weirder and
+weirder symbols from the International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder symbols from the International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder symbols from the International
+Phonetic Alphabet so please enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phonetic Alphabet so please enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phonetic Alphabet so please enjoy it
+while it's easy yes so far so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's easy yes so far so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's easy yes so far so far so
+good yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are also what are called labio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also what are called labio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also what are called labio
+Dental sounds labioental sounds involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental sounds labioental sounds involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental sounds labioental sounds involve
+your top teeth and your lower lip if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top teeth and your lower lip if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top teeth and your lower lip if you
+think about what you're doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what you're doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what you're doing at the
+beginning of a sound like face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a sound like face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a sound like face
+or vase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vase
+what you're doing at least if you're me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing at least if you're me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing at least if you're me
+is bringing your lower lip pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bringing your lower lip pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bringing your lower lip pretty close
+to your upper teeth and obstructing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your upper teeth and obstructing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your upper teeth and obstructing the
+flow of air there so that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of air there so that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of air there so that there's some
+turbulence yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence yeah
+Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair
+are I believe no languages in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I believe no languages in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I believe no languages in which
+labio dentals are made with your bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labio dentals are made with your bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labio dentals are made with your bottom
+teeth and your upper lip it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth and your upper lip it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth and your upper lip it's a little
+hard to do face face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do face face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do face face
+we'll talk about other kinds of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about other kinds of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about other kinds of places
+of articulation that English doesn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation that English doesn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation that English doesn't use
+but I think that one just doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that one just doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that one just doesn't exist
+and again two symbols of the IPA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again two symbols of the IPA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again two symbols of the IPA which
+again are not going to be too hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are not going to be too hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are not going to be too hard for
+you to learn yeah so uh the symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn yeah so uh the symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to learn yeah so uh the symbol for
+the sound at the beginning of face is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of face is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of face is an
+F symbol for the sound of the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F symbol for the sound of the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F symbol for the sound of the beginning
+of vase is a is a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vase is a is a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vase is a is a v
+here we get our first two IPA symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get our first two IPA symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get our first two IPA symbols
+that are not uh letters of the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not uh letters of the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not uh letters of the English
+alphabet these are interdental sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet these are interdental sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet these are interdental sounds
+interdental sounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdental sounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdental sounds are
+cross-linguistically not hugely common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically not hugely common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically not hugely common
+they we have them in English uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we have them in English uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we have them in English uh they're
+various dialects of Arabic that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various dialects of Arabic that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various dialects of Arabic that have
+them um some of the Berber languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um some of the Berber languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um some of the Berber languages
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+um but they're not you know uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not you know uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not you know uh they're
+not all that common these are the sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that common these are the sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that common these are the sounds
+at the beginnings of words like Thistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginnings of words like Thistle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginnings of words like Thistle
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+where you're sticking your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're sticking your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're sticking your tongue
+between your front teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your front teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your front teeth
+and making air flow out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um English doesn't spell these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English doesn't spell these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English doesn't spell these
+differently at least not reliably right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently at least not reliably right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently at least not reliably right
+so we spell both of these with a th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we spell both of these with a th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we spell both of these with a th
+that's one of the reasons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons the
+International Phonetic Alphabet is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet is there
+it's so that we can unambiguously talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that we can unambiguously talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that we can unambiguously talk
+about what we're talking about yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're talking about yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're talking about yeah so
+the the sound at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sound at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sound at the beginning of
+Thistle and the sound at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thistle and the sound at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thistle and the sound at the beginning
+of this they're not the same sound we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this they're not the same sound we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this they're not the same sound we'll
+talk about the difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the difference between them
+shortly but at this point maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but at this point maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly but at this point maybe it's
+just clear they're not the same sound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clear they're not the same sound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clear they're not the same sound so
+there are two different IPA symbols for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different IPA symbols for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different IPA symbols for
+them the Greek letter Theta is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the Greek letter Theta is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the Greek letter Theta is used for
+the sound at the beginning of thistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of thistle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of thistle
+and that second letter is an Old English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that second letter is an Old English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that second letter is an Old English
+letter uh it's still used in Icelandic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh it's still used in Icelandic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh it's still used in Icelandic
+it's sometimes called EV uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes called EV uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes called EV uh and it
+stands for the sound at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the sound at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for the sound at the beginning of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then there are what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there are what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there are what are called
+alveolar sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar sounds
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you put your tongue sorry let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put your tongue sorry let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put your tongue sorry let me just
+talk first if you put your tongue at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first if you put your tongue at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first if you put your tongue at the
+top of your mouth and kind of drag it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your mouth and kind of drag it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your mouth and kind of drag it so
+put it first against your front teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it first against your front teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it first against your front teeth
+and then kind of drag it backwards along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of drag it backwards along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of drag it backwards along
+the top of your mouth if you're like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of your mouth if you're like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of your mouth if you're like me
+uh you're you've got your teeth and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're you've got your teeth and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're you've got your teeth and then
+there's this kind of flat-ish space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of flat-ish space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this kind of flat-ish space and
+then it kind of goes up yeah so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of goes up yeah so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of goes up yeah so from
+your teeth you go back or there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teeth you go back or there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teeth you go back or there's a
+little Plateau there this little Plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Plateau there this little Plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Plateau there this little Plateau
+there right behind your teeth this gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right behind your teeth this gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right behind your teeth this gum
+Ridge and then your mouth begins to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge and then your mouth begins to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge and then your mouth begins to go
+up higher now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher now
+that Ridge is called the alveolar Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ridge is called the alveolar Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ridge is called the alveolar Ridge
+um and uh if you put your tongue there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh if you put your tongue there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh if you put your tongue there
+then you are all set to make sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are all set to make sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are all set to make sounds like
+the sound at the beginning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound at the beginning of the word
+teeth or duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth or duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth or duck
+um or nail and for sounds like sail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or nail and for sounds like sail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or nail and for sounds like sail and
+zoom again you're not actually touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom again you're not actually touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom again you're not actually touching
+that position we'll talk more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position we'll talk more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position we'll talk more about the
+difference between s and t in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between s and t in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between s and t in just a
+second but they're both alveolar sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but they're both alveolar sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but they're both alveolar sounds
+your tongue is pointing in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is pointing in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is pointing in the general
+direction of your alveolar Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of your alveolar Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of your alveolar Ridge
+everybody have that sensation you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have that sensation you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have that sensation you should
+all be exploring the insides of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be exploring the insides of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be exploring the insides of your own
+heads right now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads right now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads right now yeah
+Square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a type of sound that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a type of sound that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a type of sound that has been
+called alveo palatal it's also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called alveo palatal it's also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called alveo palatal it's also called
+post alveolar I'll call it post alveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post alveolar I'll call it post alveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post alveolar I'll call it post alveolar
+if you think first about an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think first about an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think first about an s
+and then you think about a shh the sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think about a shh the sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you think about a shh the sh
+beginning of ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of ship
+if you go back and forth between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you make a very soothing sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a very soothing sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a very soothing sound
+yeah and maybe what you can feel is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and maybe what you can feel is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and maybe what you can feel is that
+your tongue is kind of rocking back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is kind of rocking back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is kind of rocking back and
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+at least that's what my tummy is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that's what my tummy is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least that's what my tummy is doing
+for S it's kind of pointing at the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S it's kind of pointing at the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S it's kind of pointing at the front
+at my alveolar Ridge and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my alveolar Ridge and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my alveolar Ridge and then for
+shh the middle of my tongue kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shh the middle of my tongue kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shh the middle of my tongue kind of
+curls up a little bit goes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curls up a little bit goes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curls up a little bit goes a little
+further back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further back
+so the feeling people are having is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the feeling people are having is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the feeling people are having is
+they're going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going back and forth between
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another new symbol that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another new symbol that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another new symbol that's the
+symbol for the sound at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for the sound at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol for the sound at the beginning of
+ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+and another new symbol that's the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another new symbol that's the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another new symbol that's the sound
+uh in the middle of azure the z sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the middle of azure the z sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the middle of azure the z sound
+both of those are post alveolar sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are post alveolar sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are post alveolar sounds
+you'll sometimes see them called alveol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see them called alveol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sometimes see them called alveol
+sounds I'll try to remember to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds I'll try to remember to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds I'll try to remember to always
+call them post alveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them post alveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them post alveolar
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little further back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further back
+there are what are called talental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are what are called talental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are what are called talental
+sounds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh
+these are either even further behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are either even further behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are either even further behind the
+alveolar Ridge sort of back where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar Ridge sort of back where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar Ridge sort of back where the
+roof of your mouth gets as high as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof of your mouth gets as high as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof of your mouth gets as high as it's
+going to get and uh the one powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get and uh the one powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get and uh the one powerful
+sound that we have in English is the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that we have in English is the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that we have in English is the Y
+sound at the beginning of the year yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of the year yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of the year yeah
+and here's the first IPA symbol that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the first IPA symbol that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the first IPA symbol that is
+deliberately designed to confuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately designed to confuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately designed to confuse you
+the the IPA symbol for that sound the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the IPA symbol for that sound the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the IPA symbol for that sound the Y
+at the beginning of year is a j yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of year is a j yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of year is a j yeah
+this is because the IPA was not invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because the IPA was not invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because the IPA was not invented
+exclusively by speakers of English right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively by speakers of English right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively by speakers of English right
+so it was invented also by speakers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was invented also by speakers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was invented also by speakers of
+languages like German in which they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like German in which they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like German in which they use
+this letter for this sound yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter for this sound yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter for this sound yeah
+yeah for example the German word for yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example the German word for yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example the German word for yes
+spelled j a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the letter y is used for something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter y is used for something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter y is used for something else
+we'll get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to it
+okay and then sort of continuing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then sort of continuing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then sort of continuing our
+tour of the mouth so we're working our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of the mouth so we're working our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour of the mouth so we're working our
+way backwards through the mouth there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way backwards through the mouth there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way backwards through the mouth there
+are what are called Velar sounds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called Velar sounds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called Velar sounds in the
+Mueller sound the body of your tongue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mueller sound the body of your tongue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mueller sound the body of your tongue is
+up against What's called the velum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against What's called the velum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up against What's called the velum which
+is the soft tissue at the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the soft tissue at the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the soft tissue at the back of your
+mouth that we're going to be hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that we're going to be hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that we're going to be hearing
+more about in a second it's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about in a second it's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about in a second it's responsible
+for partitioning your mouth from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for partitioning your mouth from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for partitioning your mouth from your
+nose from your oral cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose from your oral cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose from your oral cavity
+um so uh that's the place that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh that's the place that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh that's the place that your
+tongue is touching when you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue is touching when you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue is touching when you say the
+sounds at the beginnings of words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds at the beginnings of words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds at the beginnings of words like
+kernel and caught and gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and caught and gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and caught and gone
+and when you make the nasal sound at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make the nasal sound at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make the nasal sound at the
+end of a word like sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a word like sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a word like sing
+so if you think about where your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about where your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about where your tongue
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it's up in the back there does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up in the back there does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up in the back there does that
+sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then going even further down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then going even further down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then going even further down
+uh further down in your throat you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further down in your throat you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further down in your throat you've
+got the vocal cords the glottis this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the vocal cords the glottis this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the vocal cords the glottis this uh
+space that's down there in your throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's down there in your throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's down there in your throat
+or under larynx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or under larynx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or under larynx
+um and your vocal cords or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your vocal cords or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your vocal cords or they're
+sometimes called your vocal folds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called your vocal folds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called your vocal folds uh
+this process that you've got back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that you've got back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that you've got back here
+in your throat for closing off the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your throat for closing off the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your throat for closing off the air
+can be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be closed
+to make what's some what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what's some what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make what's some what's called a
+glottal stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glottal stop
+um English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English
+doesn't make huge a huge amount of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make huge a huge amount of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make huge a huge amount of use
+of the glottal stop but it's what shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glottal stop but it's what shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glottal stop but it's what shows
+up at the beginnings of words like ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the beginnings of words like ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the beginnings of words like ah
+that catch that you're getting in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catch that you're getting in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catch that you're getting in your
+throat meaning no right or uh-oh meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat meaning no right or uh-oh meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat meaning no right or uh-oh meaning
+oh dear yeah that catch that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh dear yeah that catch that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh dear yeah that catch that you're
+getting in your throat that's a glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in your throat that's a glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in your throat that's a glottal
+stop yeah there are languages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop yeah there are languages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop yeah there are languages that are
+into glottal stops that have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glottal stops that have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glottal stops that have lots of
+them English is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them English is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them English is not
+and then so that's what in the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's what in the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so that's what in the way you
+make that is by basically slamming your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that is by basically slamming your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that is by basically slamming your
+vocal folds together to close off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds together to close off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds together to close off the
+flow of air you can also hold them kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of air you can also hold them kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of air you can also hold them kind
+of close together and let the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close together and let the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close together and let the air
+whistle past that's how you make an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle past that's how you make an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle past that's how you make an H
+right it has in what's my word of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has in what's my word of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it has in what's my word of their
+help yeah so you're just slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah so you're just slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah so you're just slightly
+abriding the flow there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yeah are there questions about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah are there questions about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah are there questions about any
+of that so that was just a quick tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so that was just a quick tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so that was just a quick tour
+through the vocal tract yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we haven't gotten to Cha yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't gotten to Cha yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we haven't gotten to Cha yeah but
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+um we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound at the beginning of a word like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of a word like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of a word like
+church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church
+also at the end of a word like church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a kind of dynamic sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of dynamic sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of dynamic sound right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I think your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think your tongue
+is in motion as you are making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in motion as you are making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in motion as you are making that
+sound yeah so it makes ones or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound yeah so it makes ones or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound yeah so it makes ones or it
+completely stops the flow there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stops the flow there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stops the flow there and then
+it gradually peels back and allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gradually peels back and allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gradually peels back and allows the
+air to flow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air to flow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air to flow out
+you could think of that first thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of that first thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of that first thing it's
+doing as I'm on completely the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as I'm on completely the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as I'm on completely the wrong
+slide as being like an alveolar stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as being like an alveolar stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as being like an alveolar stop
+right so it's a it's like a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a it's like a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a it's like a t
+and then as it peels back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you end up with something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with something like a
+like a post alveolar so it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a post alveolar so it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a post alveolar so it's a pretty
+complicated sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated sound
+um uh and we'll talk about it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we'll talk about it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and we'll talk about it yeah
+that's a really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question
+other questions somebody had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions somebody had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions somebody had a question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an ending consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending consonant
+what what kind of ending consonant did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what kind of ending consonant did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what kind of ending consonant did
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+oh oh oh yeah so that's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh oh yeah so that's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh oh yeah so that's a really good
+point okay so a glottal stop take take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so a glottal stop take take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so a glottal stop take take a
+word like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like
+um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you say put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say put
+your tongue at least my tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue at least my tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue at least my tongue
+touches the alveolar Ridge it goes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the alveolar Ridge it goes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the alveolar Ridge it goes where
+I said it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it would
+but you're right you also make a glottal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right you also make a glottal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right you also make a glottal
+stop at least the way I just said it put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you could contrast that if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could contrast that if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could contrast that if you didn't
+make the closure at the alveolar Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the closure at the alveolar Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the closure at the alveolar Ridge
+it would sound like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sound like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would sound like put
+put right which is not an English word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put right which is not an English word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put right which is not an English word
+for me you can there are dialects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you can there are dialects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me you can there are dialects of
+English in which you would say in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in which you would say in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in which you would say in which
+that's something you would say right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you would say right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you would say right uh
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are places in English where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in English where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in English where uh
+things that we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we write
+as other kinds of sounds actually are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other kinds of sounds actually are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as other kinds of sounds actually are in
+fact level stops at least in my English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact level stops at least in my English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact level stops at least in my English
+so the difference but for me between can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference but for me between can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference but for me between can
+and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my wife who is Japanese is Driven Crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife who is Japanese is Driven Crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife who is Japanese is Driven Crazy
+by the difference between can and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference between can and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference between can and can
+because they're virtually the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're virtually the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're virtually the same right
+uh it's very hard for her to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very hard for her to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very hard for her to figure out
+often whether I'm saying can or can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often whether I'm saying can or can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often whether I'm saying can or can't
+because the difference between them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference between them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference between them is
+really mostly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mostly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mostly just
+it can't is really just can plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't is really just can plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't is really just can plus a
+global stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stop
+I'm not saying can't usually unless I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying can't usually unless I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying can't usually unless I'm
+being very emphatic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very emphatic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very emphatic yeah
+yeah good question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there are things like that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there are things like that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there are things like that do you
+have something in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in mind
+oh okay so we haven't gotten yet to R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so we haven't gotten yet to R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so we haven't gotten yet to R uh
+we'll get to R eventually but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to R eventually but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to R eventually but actually
+people discovered at a certain point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people discovered at a certain point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people discovered at a certain point so
+people investigate this kind of thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people investigate this kind of thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people investigate this kind of thing in
+all kinds of ways one is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of ways one is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of ways one is the kind of
+thing we're all doing where we just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're all doing where we just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're all doing where we just sort
+of sit and say what is my mouth doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit and say what is my mouth doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit and say what is my mouth doing
+um there there's other kinds of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's other kinds of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there's other kinds of work
+where people uh classically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people uh classically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people uh classically you know
+paint the roof of your mouth with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the roof of your mouth with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the roof of your mouth with uh
+stuff that will come off and then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that will come off and then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that will come off and then uh you
+have people produce a sound and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people produce a sound and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people produce a sound and then you
+stick a camera in their mouth and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a camera in their mouth and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a camera in their mouth and take
+pictures and see which parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and see which parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and see which parts of the
+paint came off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint came off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint came off you know
+um there you stick tubes down people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you stick tubes down people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you stick tubes down people's
+nose to measure airflow you do all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose to measure airflow you do all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose to measure airflow you do all kinds
+of horrible invasive things uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horrible invasive things uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of horrible invasive things uh these
+days people do a lot of MRIs I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days people do a lot of MRIs I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days people do a lot of MRIs I'm gonna
+put on the website a um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the website a um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the website a um uh a
+um a couple of websites that have charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of websites that have charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of websites that have charts
+of all of the sounds that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the sounds that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of the sounds that we're going to
+talk about plus many more together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about plus many more together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about plus many more together with
+MRIs of the people's insides of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs of the people's insides of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs of the people's insides of people's
+mouths making these sounds so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths making these sounds so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths making these sounds so that you
+can sort of see the anatomy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see the anatomy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see the anatomy that's
+involved you won't just have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you won't just have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved you won't just have to think
+about it one of the things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it one of the things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it one of the things people
+discovered is they're doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is they're doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is they're doing this kind of
+work is that people just have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that people just have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is that people just have different
+ways of producing R uh that they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of producing R uh that they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of producing R uh that they're just
+different kinds of things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things you can do
+with your Anatomy to make an R sound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your Anatomy to make an R sound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your Anatomy to make an R sound uh
+and that's probably related to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably related to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably related to the fact
+that R is one of the kinds of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is one of the kinds of sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R is one of the kinds of sounds
+that people classically have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people classically have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people classically have trouble
+with like if you've been around small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like if you've been around small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like if you've been around small
+children for example it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for example it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for example it's kind of
+standard for them to not quite get R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for them to not quite get R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for them to not quite get R
+right and and to say something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and to say something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and to say something that
+sounds more like a w okay at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds more like a w okay at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds more like a w okay at a certain
+stage uh so so I'm sorry the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh so so I'm sorry the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage uh so so I'm sorry the short
+answer to your question is yes and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to your question is yes and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to your question is yes and R
+might be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good questions any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good questions any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good questions any other
+things people want to talk about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people want to talk about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things people want to talk about okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+we went through that okay so uh now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through that okay so uh now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through that okay so uh now I
+already sort of alluded to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of alluded to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of alluded to the fact that
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+I I had these slides that had various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I had these slides that had various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I had these slides that had various
+places of articulation on them but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of articulation on them but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places of articulation on them but of
+course they they each slide had multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they they each slide had multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they they each slide had multiple
+sounds on it uh and so a place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds on it uh and so a place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds on it uh and so a place of
+articulation is obviously not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation is obviously not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation is obviously not the whole
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+here's another part of the story it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another part of the story it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another part of the story it's
+what called what's called voicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what called what's called voicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what called what's called voicing
+so if you think about an S and a z those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about an S and a z those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about an S and a z those
+are both alveolar sounds your tongue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both alveolar sounds your tongue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both alveolar sounds your tongue is
+reaching toward the alveolar Ridge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching toward the alveolar Ridge yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching toward the alveolar Ridge yeah
+um but they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not the same
+what's the difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between them
+um if you think about if you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think about if you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you think about if you go back and
+forth between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel
+a buzzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buzzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buzzing
+and if you put your hand right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put your hand right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put your hand right here
+sorry you put your hand right here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you put your hand right here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you put your hand right here yeah
+um right here on your on your throat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right here on your on your throat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right here on your on your throat on
+your throat then when you make the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your throat then when you make the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your throat then when you make the z
+sound you can sort of find the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you can sort of find the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you can sort of find the source of
+that buzzing it's right there in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buzzing it's right there in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buzzing it's right there in your in
+your larynx yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your larynx yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your larynx yeah
+what's happening when you make a z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you make a z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you make a z is
+that you're holding your your vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding your your vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're holding your your vocal
+folds across the flow there in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds across the flow there in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds across the flow there in such a
+way that they will flap in the breeze as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they will flap in the breeze as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they will flap in the breeze as
+the air goes by they'll vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air goes by they'll vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air goes by they'll vibrate
+that's like whistling with a blade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like whistling with a blade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like whistling with a blade of
+grass right or uh playing a reed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass right or uh playing a reed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass right or uh playing a reed
+instrument right it's uh you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right it's uh you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right it's uh you're getting
+something to vibrate really fast uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to vibrate really fast uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to vibrate really fast uh and
+that's what you're what you're hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're what you're hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're what you're hearing
+that's that buzzing sound that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that buzzing sound that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that buzzing sound that you're
+hearing and feeling if you put your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and feeling if you put your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and feeling if you put your hand
+right here yeah uh when you're doing a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here yeah uh when you're doing a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here yeah uh when you're doing a z
+um we say that Z is voiced and that s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say that Z is voiced and that s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say that Z is voiced and that s is
+voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+this is a distinction in voicing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the difference between cats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the difference between cats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the difference between cats and
+dogs yeah uh so exactly we were I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs yeah uh so exactly we were I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs yeah uh so exactly we were I was
+going to get to that later but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that later but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that later but yes
+that's exactly it so uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly it so uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly it so uh what's the
+difference between a cat and a dog well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a cat and a dog well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a cat and a dog well
+as far as a phenologist is concerned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as a phenologist is concerned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as a phenologist is concerned the
+difference is that cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that cat
+and dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dog
+uh end in sounds that differ in voicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end in sounds that differ in voicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end in sounds that differ in voicing
+yeah is tea voiced or voiceless the T at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is tea voiced or voiceless the T at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is tea voiced or voiceless the T at
+the end of cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of cat
+voiceless yeah and the g at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless yeah and the g at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless yeah and the g at the end of
+dog is voiced right and you're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is voiced right and you're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog is voiced right and you're choosing
+s or Z you're putting the sound that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or Z you're putting the sound that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or Z you're putting the sound that is
+agrees in voicing with the consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees in voicing with the consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees in voicing with the consonant
+that's at the end that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at the end that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at the end that's exactly right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this is a really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a really good question
+um which I was hoping not to get asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I was hoping not to get asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which I was hoping not to get asked
+quite so soon but uh no that's good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so soon but uh no that's good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so soon but uh no that's good uh
+okay so she just asked uh what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so she just asked uh what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so she just asked uh what are you
+doing when you're whispering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when you're whispering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when you're whispering
+so if you think about what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about what you're doing
+when you're Whispering first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your vocal cords are not vibrating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are not vibrating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are not vibrating at
+all at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at any point
+so that should mean that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should mean that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that should mean that you're not
+making the distinction between s and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the distinction between s and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the distinction between s and z
+or between F and V or what's my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between F and V or what's my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between F and V or what's my other
+example here the right so the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the right so the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the right so the difference
+between bath and bathe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bath and bathe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bath and bathe is
+voiced is voiceless yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced is voiceless yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced is voiceless yeah
+but that doesn't seem to be true right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be true right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't seem to be true right I
+mean if you whisper safe and Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have the feeling that you can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the feeling that you can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the feeling that you can hear
+the difference between them yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between them yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between them yeah I think
+if you were to whisper one of these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to whisper one of these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to whisper one of these so
+do a controlled experiment go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a controlled experiment go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a controlled experiment go back to
+your dorm whisper to your door mate safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dorm whisper to your door mate safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dorm whisper to your door mate safe
+and then find out what they think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then find out what they think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then find out what they think you
+said maybe warn them in advance you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said maybe warn them in advance you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said maybe warn them in advance you know
+what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do
+I really really uh boy the complaints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really really uh boy the complaints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really really uh boy the complaints
+um uh yes so there's got to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yes so there's got to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yes so there's got to be something
+else going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else going on right
+let's do this experiment again though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this experiment again though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this experiment again though so
+think it's easiest for you actually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's easiest for you actually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's easiest for you actually with
+f and V so let's do this thing again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and V so let's do this thing again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and V so let's do this thing again if
+we go back and forth between F and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and forth between F and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back and forth between F and V
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of them is voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of them is voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of them is voiced
+the V right the V is voiced okay now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V right the V is voiced okay now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V right the V is voiced okay now do
+it again but whisper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody feel a difference between F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody feel a difference between F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody feel a difference between F
+and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean not here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there might be a difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there might be a difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there might be a difference in the
+aperture of your mouth I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of your mouth I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of your mouth I think you're
+right and I I think you're right too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I think you're right too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I think you're right too
+that there's a difference in how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a difference in how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a difference in how fast
+the air is Flowing for me I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is Flowing for me I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is Flowing for me I actually
+have the opposite of your feeling for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite of your feeling for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite of your feeling for me
+for me there's more air when there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me there's more air when there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me there's more air when there's an
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+and less air when there's a v yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less air when there's a v yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less air when there's a v yeah
+because when I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I see
+when I see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah your my jaw is moving as I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your my jaw is moving as I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your my jaw is moving as I do that
+and and I think that is affecting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that is affecting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that is affecting what
+my lips are doing they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lips are doing they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lips are doing they're coming
+together more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together more
+so I think what's happening maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's happening maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's happening maybe maybe
+is an attempt to answer your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attempt to answer your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attempt to answer your question is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so I just said sounds can be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just said sounds can be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just said sounds can be either
+voiced or voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced or voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced or voiceless
+if they're voiced what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're voiced what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're voiced what it means is that
+your vocal cords are vibrating and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are vibrating and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords are vibrating and I
+made it sound like the way you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it sound like the way you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it sound like the way you do that
+is well you stick your vocal cords into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you stick your vocal cords into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you stick your vocal cords into
+the flow of error right and you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of error right and you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of error right and you make
+them vibrate but I think maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vibrate but I think maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vibrate but I think maybe what
+we're learning is that you do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning is that you do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning is that you do some other
+things too to optimize the flow of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too to optimize the flow of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too to optimize the flow of error
+so that you will get a Good Vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you will get a Good Vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you will get a Good Vibration
+going right that maybe if the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right that maybe if the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right that maybe if the flow of
+air is too fast and maybe we're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is too fast and maybe we're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is too fast and maybe we're learning
+things about the aperture of your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the aperture of your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the aperture of your mouth
+right as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as well
+there's there's a way of making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a way of making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a way of making sure
+that the pressure that you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pressure that you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pressure that you're getting
+the sort of rush of air that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of rush of air that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of rush of air that you're
+getting on your vocal cords will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on your vocal cords will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on your vocal cords will make
+them vibrate in just the right way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vibrate in just the right way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them vibrate in just the right way and
+you're manipulating all of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating all of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating all of that stuff
+without thinking about it and that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about it and that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about it and that's you
+can still hear it when you whisper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still hear it when you whisper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still hear it when you whisper so
+when you whisper you're not engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you whisper you're not engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you whisper you're not engaging
+your vocal cords but you're doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords but you're doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocal cords but you're doing all
+the other stuff and that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff and that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff and that's what you're
+using to hear the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to hear the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to hear the difference
+um there's experimental work on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's experimental work on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's experimental work on this is
+the kind of thing people try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing people try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thing people try to figure
+out yeah yeah really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah yeah really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah yeah really good question
+okay okay so your vocal cords can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so your vocal cords can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so your vocal cords can either
+be vibrating or they cannot be vibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vibrating or they cannot be vibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be vibrating or they cannot be vibrating
+so uh you are you have voiced sounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you are you have voiced sounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you are you have voiced sounds and
+you have voiceless sounds so s and z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have voiceless sounds so s and z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have voiceless sounds so s and z and
+T and D are all alveolar but s and t are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and D are all alveolar but s and t are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and D are all alveolar but s and t are
+voiceless and z and d are voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless and z and d are voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless and z and d are voiced
+does that all sound right is anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that all sound right is anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that all sound right is anyone
+upset by any of that Disturbed alarmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset by any of that Disturbed alarmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset by any of that Disturbed alarmed
+hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry
+yeah anything okay good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to the Polish plurals so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Polish plurals so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Polish plurals so we saw
+before uh we convinced ourselves or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh we convinced ourselves or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh we convinced ourselves or I
+convinced myself and I I tried to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced myself and I I tried to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced myself and I I tried to take
+the rest of you with me kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you with me kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you with me kind of as
+collateral damage that um polish has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral damage that um polish has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral damage that um polish has
+words that end in K and words that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that end in K and words that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that end in K and words that end
+in g underlyingly but it also has a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g underlyingly but it also has a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g underlyingly but it also has a rule
+that changes G to K at the ends of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes G to K at the ends of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes G to K at the ends of words
+that was polish right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was polish right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was polish right
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+okay but it's not just G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's not just G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's not just G
+so we can see some other pairs of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see some other pairs of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see some other pairs of words
+I don't have any more minimal pairs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any more minimal pairs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have any more minimal pairs for
+you but you can see there's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you can see there's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but you can see there's the same
+general tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general tendency
+that if we look at singulars in Polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at singulars in Polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at singulars in Polish
+that they can end in sounds like K or P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can end in sounds like K or P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can end in sounds like K or P
+or t or S right that's what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t or S right that's what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t or S right that's what we're seeing
+in these pairs and that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these pairs and that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these pairs and that when you
+pluralize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralize them
+some nouns that end in p still end in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nouns that end in p still end in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nouns that end in p still end in p
+when you add the the E the suffix like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add the the E the suffix like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add the the E the suffix like
+corpse but some change the P to a b yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpse but some change the P to a b yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpse but some change the P to a b yeah
+and the same deal for these other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same deal for these other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same deal for these other ones
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what we're learning is uh it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're learning is uh it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're learning is uh it isn't
+just that g becomes k at the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that g becomes k at the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that g becomes k at the end of a
+word in Polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in Polish
+there's this more General thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this more General thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this more General thing
+what's the more General thing what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the more General thing what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the more General thing what's
+going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here
+what's the difference between G and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between G and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between G and K
+so they're both Velar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah which one is voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which one is voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which one is voiced
+the G yeah so what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G yeah so what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G yeah so what's happening is that
+the G which was voiced is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G which was voiced is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G which was voiced is becoming
+voiceless at the ends of words in Polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless at the ends of words in Polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless at the ends of words in Polish
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+what's happening with B and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Joseph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph
+yeah the voiced me becomes the voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the voiced me becomes the voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the voiced me becomes the voiceless
+version which is p yeah those are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is p yeah those are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is p yeah those are both
+bilabial sounds they involve both your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial sounds they involve both your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial sounds they involve both your
+lips yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+how is D voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is D voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is D voiced
+oh b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh b b
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're raising a good point there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising a good point there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're raising a good point there's a
+reason that I started with sounds like s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I started with sounds like s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I started with sounds like s
+and z and F and V because you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and F and V because you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and F and V because you can go
+for as long as you have Breath Right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as you have Breath Right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for as long as you have Breath Right
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+there's a limit to how long you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to how long you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to how long you can be
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we just said the way voicing works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said the way voicing works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said the way voicing works is
+that you've got air flowing across your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got air flowing across your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got air flowing across your
+vocal folds and making them vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds and making them vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds and making them vibrate
+right and for a z you can see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for a z you can see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for a z you can see how that
+would work you know so the air just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work you know so the air just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work you know so the air just
+flows for a b well the air only has so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows for a b well the air only has so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows for a b well the air only has so
+far to go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far to go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far to go yeah
+that's one reason you can't keep a bee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason you can't keep a bee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason you can't keep a bee
+going for very long all that error has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for very long all that error has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for very long all that error has
+to get in it has to flow past your vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in it has to flow past your vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in it has to flow past your vocal
+folds to get them to vibrate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to get them to vibrate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to get them to vibrate a little
+bit and then it gets to your mouth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then it gets to your mouth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then it gets to your mouth and
+then it has to stop so you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to stop so you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to stop so you know there
+are other departments that are better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other departments that are better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other departments that are better at
+this than I am but you know the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than I am but you know the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than I am but you know the air
+pressure in your mouth is going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in your mouth is going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in your mouth is going to build
+up past a certain point you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up past a certain point you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up past a certain point you won't be
+able to keep doing that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep doing that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep doing that yeah
+um but you do it for as long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you do it for as long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you do it for as long as you can
+that's the sense of which it's voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense of which it's voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sense of which it's voiced
+yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so yeah what's happening in Polish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah what's happening in Polish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah what's happening in Polish is
+not just G becomes K it's a voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just G becomes K it's a voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just G becomes K it's a voiced
+sounds are becoming voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds are becoming voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds are becoming voiceless
+so Z becomes s d becomes t b becomes p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z becomes s d becomes t b becomes p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Z becomes s d becomes t b becomes p
+and g becomes K yeah so it was sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g becomes K yeah so it was sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g becomes K yeah so it was sometimes
+called final devoicing and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called final devoicing and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called final devoicing and it's a
+cross-linguistically quite common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically quite common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linguistically quite common
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we talked about place of articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about place of articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about place of articulation
+and we've talked about voicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about voicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about voicing
+now we need to talk about another sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to talk about another sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to talk about another sort
+of dimension for categorizing sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dimension for categorizing sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dimension for categorizing sounds
+which is called manner of articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called manner of articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called manner of articulation
+so think about s and t they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about s and t they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about s and t they're both
+alveolar and they're both voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar and they're both voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar and they're both voiceless
+but they're different from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're different from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're different from each other
+and the way we distinguish them is via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we distinguish them is via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we distinguish them is via
+what we call manner of articulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call manner of articulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call manner of articulation so
+they're both voiceless alveolar sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both voiceless alveolar sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both voiceless alveolar sounds
+but T is a stop and S is what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but T is a stop and S is what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but T is a stop and S is what's called a
+fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative
+so stops are also called plosives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stops are also called plosives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stops are also called plosives
+um I promise never ever to call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I promise never ever to call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I promise never ever to call them
+plosives I will always call them stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plosives I will always call them stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plosives I will always call them stops
+because that's what I grew up calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what I grew up calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what I grew up calling
+them but you will sometimes see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you will sometimes see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you will sometimes see things
+written which they're called plosives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written which they're called plosives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written which they're called plosives
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+in homeworks if you ever need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homeworks if you ever need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homeworks if you ever need to write
+about them feel free to call them either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them feel free to call them either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them feel free to call them either
+one doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't matter
+I like calling them stops because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like calling them stops because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like calling them stops because
+they're named after the fact that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named after the fact that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named after the fact that well
+they stop the flow of air right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop the flow of air right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stop the flow of air right that's
+what they do that's what a stop is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do that's what a stop is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do that's what a stop is so
+the air is coming out of your lungs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is coming out of your lungs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air is coming out of your lungs and
+it gets stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets stopped
+um fricatives like s are sounds in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fricatives like s are sounds in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fricatives like s are sounds in which
+you don't stop the flow there but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't stop the flow there but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't stop the flow there but you
+narrow some aperture enough to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow some aperture enough to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow some aperture enough to create
+turbulent airflow which you hear as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent airflow which you hear as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent airflow which you hear as a as
+a kind of hissing sound so sounds like s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of hissing sound so sounds like s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of hissing sound so sounds like s
+and Sh and F these are all fricatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sh and F these are all fricatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sh and F these are all fricatives
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for T and D the airflow is stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for T and D the airflow is stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for T and D the airflow is stopped
+for S and Z the airflow is restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S and Z the airflow is restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for S and Z the airflow is restricted
+but is not stopped so you kind of hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is not stopped so you kind of hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is not stopped so you kind of hold
+your tongue close to the alveolar Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue close to the alveolar Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue close to the alveolar Ridge
+but you allow air to keep flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you allow air to keep flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you allow air to keep flowing
+through yeah that's what that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through yeah that's what that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through yeah that's what that's why it's
+just the conversation we just had that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the conversation we just had that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the conversation we just had that's
+why an S you can keep going for as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why an S you can keep going for as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why an S you can keep going for as long
+as you have breath in your lungs whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have breath in your lungs whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have breath in your lungs whereas
+a t you can't keep executing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um now we have these three ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we have these three ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we have these three ways of
+categorizing these kinds of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing these kinds of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing these kinds of speech
+sounds uh place and Manner and voicing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh place and Manner and voicing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh place and Manner and voicing a
+place of articulation manner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of articulation manner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of articulation manner of
+articulation and voicing uh so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation and voicing uh so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation and voicing uh so there are
+a bunch of places of articulation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of places of articulation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of places of articulation over
+there on the left uh and the sounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left uh and the sounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the left uh and the sounds that
+we have mainly talked about have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mainly talked about have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mainly talked about have been
+either stops or fricatives and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either stops or fricatives and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either stops or fricatives and then uh
+these each of these places on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these each of these places on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these each of these places on the table
+there's a pair of sounds uh and I hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pair of sounds uh and I hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pair of sounds uh and I hope I
+managed to do this right yes it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to do this right yes it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to do this right yes it looks
+like I did uh in all of these pairs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I did uh in all of these pairs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I did uh in all of these pairs uh
+you've got both a voiced and a voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got both a voiced and a voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got both a voiced and a voiceless
+sound which one is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound which one is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound which one is first
+the voiced sound yeah so in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voiced sound yeah so in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voiced sound yeah so in all those
+there's a pair uh so you've got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pair uh so you've got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pair uh so you've got for
+example the post alveolarificatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the post alveolarificatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the post alveolarificatives and
+the is the voiced one and the sh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the voiced one and the sh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the voiced one and the sh is the
+voiceless one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless one yeah
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now new class of sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now new class of sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now new class of sounds
+this is a new manner of articulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new manner of articulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a new manner of articulation so
+we've got D which is a voiced alveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got D which is a voiced alveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got D which is a voiced alveolar
+stop and Z which is voiced alveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and Z which is voiced alveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and Z which is voiced alveolar
+fricative and now we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative and now we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative and now we need to think about
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+is voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is voiced
+and it's a stop in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a stop in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a stop in the sense that you
+are stopping the air from flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stopping the air from flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stopping the air from flowing
+through your mouth if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your mouth if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your mouth if you think about
+what's happening inside your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening inside your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening inside your mouth
+during an end your tongue is jammed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an end your tongue is jammed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an end your tongue is jammed
+against your alveolar Ridge just as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your alveolar Ridge just as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your alveolar Ridge just as it
+would be for a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for a t
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I love the sound of phonetics in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the sound of phonetics in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the sound of phonetics in the
+morning it's great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning it's great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning it's great uh
+so um when you're doing an you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you're doing an you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um when you're doing an you've
+stopped the flow of air in your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the flow of air in your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped the flow of air in your mouth
+and so n is technically a stop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so n is technically a stop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so n is technically a stop right
+it's called a stop because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a stop because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a stop because there's no
+air coming out of your mouth if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air coming out of your mouth if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air coming out of your mouth if there's
+air coming out somewhere right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air coming out somewhere right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air coming out somewhere right it's
+coming out of your nose yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of your nose yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of your nose yeah
+yeah uh and you can tell uh because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh and you can tell uh because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh and you can tell uh because if
+you hold your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold your nose
+you will not be able to make it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not be able to make it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not be able to make it in
+so the reason that an end that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason that an end that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason that an end that you can
+keep an end going again for as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an end going again for as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an end going again for as long as
+you have breath is uh well the air has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have breath is uh well the air has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have breath is uh well the air has
+some place to go it's going out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place to go it's going out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place to go it's going out your
+nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose
+uh what's happening when you make an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening when you make an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's happening when you make an N
+is that you are lowering the velum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are lowering the velum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you are lowering the velum
+uh which is this doohickey in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is this doohickey in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is this doohickey in the back
+of your mouth that partitions your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth that partitions your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth that partitions your nose
+from your mouth by lowering it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your mouth by lowering it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your mouth by lowering it you're
+allowing air to flow through your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing air to flow through your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing air to flow through your nose
+so for T and d uh the airflow is stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for T and d uh the airflow is stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for T and d uh the airflow is stopped
+at the alveolar Ridge for n the airflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the alveolar Ridge for n the airflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the alveolar Ridge for n the airflow
+is also stopped at the alveolar Ridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also stopped at the alveolar Ridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also stopped at the alveolar Ridge
+doesn't can't go through the mouth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't can't go through the mouth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't can't go through the mouth it
+stopped right there but it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped right there but it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped right there but it goes through
+your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose
+a nasal stop uh voiced alveolar nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nasal stop uh voiced alveolar nasal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nasal stop uh voiced alveolar nasal
+people often just call them nasals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often just call them nasals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often just call them nasals
+because nasal fricatives are messy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nasal fricatives are messy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nasal fricatives are messy yeah
+actually not possible possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not possible possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not possible possibly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me go back in is an alveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go back in is an alveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go back in is an alveolar
+nasal what would a bilabial nasal sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal what would a bilabial nasal sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal what would a bilabial nasal sound
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's an M close close your lips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an M close close your lips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an M close close your lips and
+allow the air to flow through your nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the air to flow through your nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the air to flow through your nose
+and a Velar nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm remember that uh Velar means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm remember that uh Velar means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm remember that uh Velar means the
+place of articulation for a k or a g so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of articulation for a k or a g so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of articulation for a k or a g so
+you make a k or a g sound and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a k or a g sound and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a k or a g sound and then just
+let air flow through your nose hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let air flow through your nose hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let air flow through your nose hmm
+that's the sound at the end of a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sound at the end of a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sound at the end of a word
+like song right or King we're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like song right or King we're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like song right or King we're making a
+dealer nasal yeah English doesn't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer nasal yeah English doesn't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer nasal yeah English doesn't allow
+words to begin with Velar nasals uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to begin with Velar nasals uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to begin with Velar nasals uh but
+there are languages that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages that do
+um so Tagalog for example the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Tagalog for example the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Tagalog for example the word for
+now right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right now is
+so it starts with the other nasal one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts with the other nasal one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts with the other nasal one of
+the entertaining things about learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entertaining things about learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entertaining things about learning
+Tagalog is learning how to make sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog is learning how to make sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog is learning how to make sounds
+that start with feeler nasals if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with feeler nasals if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with feeler nasals if you're
+an English speaker you're not used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an English speaker you're not used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an English speaker you're not used to it
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh okay so there there's the table again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so there there's the table again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so there there's the table again
+so we've got stops and fricatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got stops and fricatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got stops and fricatives and
+nasals nasal stops uh things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals nasal stops uh things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals nasal stops uh things can be
+voiced or voiceless and uh we've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced or voiceless and uh we've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced or voiceless and uh we've got all
+those places of articulation over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places of articulation over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places of articulation over there
+on the left are there question about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left are there question about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left are there question about any
+of this is anybody looking at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is anybody looking at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is anybody looking at this and
+saying whoa this table has grown out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whoa this table has grown out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying whoa this table has grown out of
+my ability to keep yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability to keep yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability to keep yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+English doesn't allow words to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't allow words to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't allow words to begin
+with Velar nasals we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Velar nasals we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Velar nasals we don't have any
+words that start with the sound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that start with the sound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that start with the sound that's
+at the end of words like song we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of words like song we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of words like song we don't
+have words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English doesn't have words like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have words like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have words like that
+there are plenty of languages that do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages that do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of languages that do uh
+Tagalog is one Cantonese is one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog is one Cantonese is one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog is one Cantonese is one uh
+they're a bunch of others but English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of others but English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of others but English
+English doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have that
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+I I don't actually know where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't actually know where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't actually know where uh
+yeah so uh we haven't yet gotten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh we haven't yet gotten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh we haven't yet gotten to the
+kind of sound that that Jay the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sound that that Jay the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sound that that Jay the the
+sound at the beginning of the year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of the year uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound at the beginning of the year uh
+you're absolutely right there's a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right there's a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right there's a gap
+there and I put the power of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I put the power of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I put the power of the line
+there uh partly to get you to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh partly to get you to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh partly to get you to ask
+exactly that kind of question so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that kind of question so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that kind of question so one of
+the points of this uh table it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points of this uh table it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points of this uh table it's kind of
+like when the periodic table was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when the periodic table was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when the periodic table was first
+invented I guess so we have the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented I guess so we have the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented I guess so we have the system
+for categorizing sounds and now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for categorizing sounds and now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for categorizing sounds and now we get
+to look at it and say well wait why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it and say well wait why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it and say well wait why
+isn't there anything there or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there anything there or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there anything there or there
+right and what would it be like if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what would it be like if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what would it be like if if it
+were there we'll do a little bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there we'll do a little bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there we'll do a little bit of that
+in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+but uh but yeah you're right uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but yeah you're right uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but yeah you're right uh so we
+don't we haven't yet uh talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we haven't yet uh talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we haven't yet uh talked about the
+kind of sound that the the IPA symbol J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sound that the the IPA symbol J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sound that the the IPA symbol J
+the the sound we usually write with Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sound we usually write with Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sound we usually write with Y in
+English the sound at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the sound at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the sound at the beginning of
+the year we haven't put that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year we haven't put that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year we haven't put that on the
+table yet you're right it's not a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yet you're right it's not a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table yet you're right it's not a stop
+right it's also not a fricative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's also not a fricative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's also not a fricative because
+you're not making any turbulence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making any turbulence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making any turbulence in the
+airflow and it's not nasal so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow and it's not nasal so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow and it's not nasal so it's
+another kind of thing we'll get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing we'll get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of thing we'll get to it
+good question other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question other questions
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so oh yeah okay so this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yeah okay so this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yeah okay so this way of
+classifying The Sounds leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying The Sounds leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying The Sounds leads us to
+wonder about gaps this is yes thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about gaps this is yes thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about gaps this is yes thanks
+Norman yeah you set that up nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman yeah you set that up nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman yeah you set that up nicely
+um uh what so let's think about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what so let's think about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what so let's think about some of
+these gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gaps
+so English for example has bilabial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so English for example has bilabial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so English for example has bilabial
+stops p and B and it has a bilabial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops p and B and it has a bilabial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops p and B and it has a bilabial
+nasal and M but it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal and M but it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal and M but it doesn't have a
+bilabial fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial fricative
+what would a bilabial fricative sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a bilabial fricative sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a bilabial fricative sounds
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would sound kind of like blowing out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound kind of like blowing out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sound kind of like blowing out a
+candle right you open your lips just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle right you open your lips just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle right you open your lips just
+enough to let some air come out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to let some air come out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to let some air come out and then
+blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow
+Ah that's a bilabial Trill we will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's a bilabial Trill we will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's a bilabial Trill we will get
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh either that or you were just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either that or you were just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either that or you were just having
+fun I'm not sure uh but that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I'm not sure uh but that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun I'm not sure uh but that is there
+are languages that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages that have that
+okay so but bilibrium forget if English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but bilibrium forget if English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but bilibrium forget if English
+doesn't have a bilabiophoricative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a bilabiophoricative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a bilabiophoricative but
+there are languages that do Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages that do Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages that do Japanese
+does for example so in Japanese the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example so in Japanese the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example so in Japanese the
+sound that when people were writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that when people were writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that when people were writing
+Japanese in the Roman alphabet when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese in the Roman alphabet when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese in the Roman alphabet when they
+write an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an F
+when they write the name of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they write the name of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they write the name of this
+mountain they'll write it with an F but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain they'll write it with an F but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain they'll write it with an F but
+in Japanese that's not an F it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japanese that's not an F it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japanese that's not an F it's a
+bilabial fricative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial fricative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilabial fricative it's
+if you learn Japanese you must learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn Japanese you must learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn Japanese you must learn to
+pronounce the F bilabially rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the F bilabially rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce the F bilabially rather than
+labia dentally so in English we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labia dentally so in English we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labia dentally so in English we have a
+labiodental f with our our lower lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labiodental f with our our lower lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labiodental f with our our lower lip
+against our teeth in Japanese if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against our teeth in Japanese if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against our teeth in Japanese if your
+teeth are not involved it is only your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth are not involved it is only your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth are not involved it is only your
+lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would up yeah what would a bilabial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would up yeah what would a bilabial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would up yeah what would a bilabial
+fricative sound like is this a voyster a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative sound like is this a voyster a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative sound like is this a voyster a
+voiceless bilibial fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless bilibial fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless bilibial fricative
+voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+what would you sound like if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you sound like if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you sound like if it were
+voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that exists too uh their dialects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that exists too uh their dialects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that exists too uh their dialects of
+Spanish for example that have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish for example that have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish for example that have that
+between vowels in if you have the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vowels in if you have the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vowels in if you have the letter
+B between vowels in words like Abuela uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B between vowels in words like Abuela uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B between vowels in words like Abuela uh
+uh the that B has has that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that B has has that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that B has has that sound
+voiced by labial fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced by labial fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced by labial fricative
+um moving across the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving across the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving across the chart
+I've got a nasal stopped there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a nasal stopped there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a nasal stopped there is that
+nasal voiced or voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voiced hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced hmm
+what would it sound like if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it sound like if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it sound like if it were
+voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+I shouldn't step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have that
+but there are languages out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are languages out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are languages out there that
+do uh languages like Hmong for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh languages like Hmong for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh languages like Hmong for example
+which is a minority language spoken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a minority language spoken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a minority language spoken in
+um actually it's quite a large minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually it's quite a large minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually it's quite a large minority
+language spoken in uh Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has that kind of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that kind of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that kind of sound
+Tibetan has that kind of sound too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tibetan has that kind of sound too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tibetan has that kind of sound too
+uh okay let's Skip palatal and do Velar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay let's Skip palatal and do Velar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay let's Skip palatal and do Velar
+we've got velor stops in English K and G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got velor stops in English K and G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got velor stops in English K and G
+and we've got Velar nasals what would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got Velar nasals what would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got Velar nasals what would a
+v-ler fricative sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-ler fricative sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v-ler fricative sound like
+yes she's alerting me that she's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes she's alerting me that she's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes she's alerting me that she's not
+just hissing at me she's making a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hissing at me she's making a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hissing at me she's making a video
+fricative yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative yes
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's is that a voice or a voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's is that a voice or a voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's is that a voice or a voiceless
+feeling fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling fricative
+voiceless yeah yeah English doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless yeah yeah English doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless yeah yeah English doesn't have
+that but there are languages that do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there are languages that do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there are languages that do uh
+languages like German say that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like German say that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like German say that's the one
+of the sounds that they write with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sounds that they write with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sounds that they write with the
+letters C and H at the end of composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters C and H at the end of composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters C and H at the end of composers
+names like Bach right uh Johannes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like Bach right uh Johannes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like Bach right uh Johannes
+his name ends with a violificative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name ends with a violificative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name ends with a violificative uh
+Russian has this sound yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian has this sound yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian has this sound yeah
+um shows up in the names of uh authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shows up in the names of uh authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shows up in the names of uh authors
+like jehov that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jehov that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jehov that sound
+um what would a Wheeler fricative sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would a Wheeler fricative sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what would a Wheeler fricative sound
+like if it were voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh English doesn't have that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh English doesn't have that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh English doesn't have that either
+but uh they're languages that do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they're languages that do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they're languages that do again
+they're dialects are Spanish where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dialects are Spanish where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dialects are Spanish where if
+you have a g between vowels it'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a g between vowels it'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a g between vowels it'll it'll
+get this kind of sound in words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this kind of sound in words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this kind of sound in words like
+agua yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agua yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agua yeah
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so we've talked about various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've talked about various kinds of
+nasals nasal stops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals nasal stops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals nasal stops so
+um an m is a bilabial nasal right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an m is a bilabial nasal right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an m is a bilabial nasal right uh
+where you close the flow there at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you close the flow there at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you close the flow there at your
+lips and allow the air to flow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and allow the air to flow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and allow the air to flow through
+your nasal cavity by lowering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nasal cavity by lowering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nasal cavity by lowering your
+velums you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velums you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velums you get
+or you can stop the flow of air in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can stop the flow of air in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can stop the flow of air in other
+places you can have an alveolar nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can have an alveolar nasal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can have an alveolar nasal
+right you can have a Velar nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have a Velar nasal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have a Velar nasal
+what would a glottal nasal sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick question you would need surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question you would need surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question you would need surgery
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so the Way nasal stops work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Way nasal stops work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Way nasal stops work
+is you're stopping the flow of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're stopping the flow of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're stopping the flow of air
+somewhere in your vocal tract but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your vocal tract but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your vocal tract but you're
+allowing the air to flow through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the air to flow through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the air to flow through your
+nasal cavity right that's what uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal cavity right that's what uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal cavity right that's what uh that's
+what a nasal stop is here let's get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a nasal stop is here let's get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a nasal stop is here let's get back
+to one of these agile sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of these agile sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of these agile sections
+um so that end there right what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that end there right what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that end there right what you're
+doing is you're stopping the flow of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're stopping the flow of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're stopping the flow of air
+there at the alveolar Ridge right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the alveolar Ridge right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the alveolar Ridge right but
+you're lowering the Beulah to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lowering the Beulah to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lowering the Beulah to let the
+air flow through or an M you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air flow through or an M you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air flow through or an M you'd be
+closing the flow there at your lips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the flow there at your lips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing the flow there at your lips and
+lowering your velum to let the air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering your velum to let the air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering your velum to let the air flow
+through or a viewer nasal like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or a viewer nasal like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or a viewer nasal like at the
+end of King yeah you're making a closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of King yeah you're making a closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of King yeah you're making a closure
+at the velum but you're also lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the velum but you're also lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the velum but you're also lowering
+the lemon letting the air flow through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemon letting the air flow through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemon letting the air flow through a
+global nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global nasal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global nasal
+you'd have to stop the flow of air down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to stop the flow of air down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to stop the flow of air down
+there at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the at the
+at the vocal Folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the vocal Folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the vocal Folds
+and let the air go through your velum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the air go through your velum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the air go through your velum
+but if you're stopping it down there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're stopping it down there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're stopping it down there it
+can't be going through your vehicle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be going through your vehicle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be going through your vehicle so
+you would need again as I say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need again as I say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need again as I say they're
+probably there are unethical surgeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there are unethical surgeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there are unethical surgeons
+who would modify you so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would modify you so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would modify you so that you could
+make glottal nasals you'd need extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glottal nasals you'd need extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make glottal nasals you'd need extra
+ways to get air to flow through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get air to flow through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to get air to flow through your
+through your nasal cavity I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your nasal cavity I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your nasal cavity I'm not
+recommending this by the way no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending this by the way no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending this by the way no okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are some of the gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the gaps
+um oh and I flagged a gap that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and I flagged a gap that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and I flagged a gap that I didn't
+talk about sorry a couple gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sorry a couple gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sorry a couple gaps
+um so English has uh interdental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so English has uh interdental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so English has uh interdental
+fricatives the and the and as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricatives the and the and as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricatives the and the and as I said
+those are cross-linguistically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are cross-linguistically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are cross-linguistically you know
+kind of rare which is why uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rare which is why uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rare which is why uh if you're
+trying to do an accent from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do an accent from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do an accent from various
+kinds of places for example in Europe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places for example in Europe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places for example in Europe uh
+one of the things you do is replace your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you do is replace your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you do is replace your
+th sounds with other kinds of sounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th sounds with other kinds of sounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th sounds with other kinds of sounds so
+you know if you're doing a French accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're doing a French accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're doing a French accent
+you replace your th sounds with Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace your th sounds with Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace your th sounds with Z's
+right uh or if you're doing a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or if you're doing a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or if you're doing a German
+accent you replace your th sounds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent you replace your th sounds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent you replace your th sounds with
+T's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's yeah
+um English has interidental fricatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English has interidental fricatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English has interidental fricatives
+and it has alveolar stops T and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has alveolar stops T and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has alveolar stops T and D
+there are languages out there that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages out there that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are languages out there that have
+what are called Dental stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called Dental stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called Dental stops
+so a dental stop so the alveolar stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dental stop so the alveolar stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dental stop so the alveolar stop
+again involves your tongue touching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again involves your tongue touching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again involves your tongue touching the
+alveolar Ridge and stopping the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar Ridge and stopping the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar Ridge and stopping the flow of
+air there for a dental stop your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there for a dental stop your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there for a dental stop your tongue
+is touching your teeth so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is touching your teeth so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is touching your teeth so you're not
+saying Atta you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+English does not have those but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English does not have those but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English does not have those but there
+are languages out there that do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages out there that do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages out there that do if
+you're studying another language this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying another language this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying another language this is
+a kind of thing to think about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of thing to think about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of thing to think about because
+sometimes your teacher will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your teacher will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes your teacher will not be
+thinking about this but you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this but you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this but you should be
+asking yourself is this sound this sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself is this sound this sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself is this sound this sound
+that sounds sort of like a t is it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds sort of like a t is it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds sort of like a t is it an
+alveolar t or is it a dentality part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar t or is it a dentality part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar t or is it a dentality part of
+your job if you're learning Tagalog for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job if you're learning Tagalog for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job if you're learning Tagalog for
+example is to learn to make dental teas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to learn to make dental teas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to learn to make dental teas
+instead of alveolar teeth because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of alveolar teeth because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of alveolar teeth because that's
+what they've got yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've got yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've got yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have teeth yes yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well would it be like a youngster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would it be like a youngster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well would it be like a youngster
+I think I I believe that is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I believe that is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I believe that is what people
+do yeah so you you make you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so you you make you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so you you make you make a
+closure or you make we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure or you make we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure or you make we can talk about
+interdental fricatives right so somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdental fricatives right so somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdental fricatives right so somebody
+who doesn't have teeth and wants to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have teeth and wants to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't have teeth and wants to do a
+f what do they do I think their job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f what do they do I think their job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f what do they do I think their job is
+to create uh turbulent airflow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create uh turbulent airflow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create uh turbulent airflow with
+their tongue between where their teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tongue between where their teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tongue between where their teeth
+would be if they only had teeth right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if they only had teeth right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if they only had teeth right uh
+and I think there's something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think there's something similar
+going on with dental stops but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with dental stops but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with dental stops but this is
+exactly the kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of thing that
+experimental phoneticists do is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental phoneticists do is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental phoneticists do is to try
+to figure out one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out one of the things that
+they do many things some of them kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do many things some of them kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do many things some of them kind of
+creepy to try to figure out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy to try to figure out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creepy to try to figure out what's going
+on in your vocal tract exactly as you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your vocal tract exactly as you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your vocal tract exactly as you as
+you do this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this stuff
+um there's all this work on what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's all this work on what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's all this work on what people
+do to compensate for various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to compensate for various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to compensate for various kinds of
+obstructions in the vocal tract so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructions in the vocal tract so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructions in the vocal tract so you
+have people bite on a block and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people bite on a block and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people bite on a block and then you
+know like you put something solid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like you put something solid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like you put something solid in
+their mouth and then you're like okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mouth and then you're like okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mouth and then you're like okay so
+now what will you do you know with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what will you do you know with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what will you do you know with your
+with your time to to uh to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your time to to uh to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your time to to uh to make the
+sounds as best you can all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds as best you can all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds as best you can all kinds of
+weird stuff people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff people do
+cool stuff yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where was I with all that okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where was I with all that okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where was I with all that okay yeah
+so uh okay so yeah there that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay so yeah there that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh okay so yeah there that's another
+set of IPA symbols these are your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of IPA symbols these are your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of IPA symbols these are your first
+IPA diacritics I guess those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA diacritics I guess those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPA diacritics I guess those little
+square doohickeys under the T and the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square doohickeys under the T and the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square doohickeys under the T and the D
+there uh those indicate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh those indicate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh those indicate that that
+particular T and D those are dental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular T and D those are dental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular T and D those are dental
+there are even languages out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even languages out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even languages out there that
+have both Dental teas and alveolar T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both Dental teas and alveolar T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both Dental teas and alveolar T's
+uh so the the dravidian languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the dravidian languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the dravidian languages of
+India are famous for having those and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India are famous for having those and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India are famous for having those and a
+lot of the Aboriginal languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the Aboriginal languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the Aboriginal languages of
+Australia are really rich in places of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia are really rich in places of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia are really rich in places of
+articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation
+um uh so is Dinka come to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so is Dinka come to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so is Dinka come to think about
+this nylonic language that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nylonic language that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nylonic language that I mentioned
+briefly that has uh tone as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly that has uh tone as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly that has uh tone as a way of
+marking case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking case
+these are all languages that have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all languages that have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all languages that have lots
+and lots of places of articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of places of articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of places of articulation
+including both dental and alveolar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including both dental and alveolar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including both dental and alveolar uh
+but that often don't make the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that often don't make the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that often don't make the the
+languages of Australia at least often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of Australia at least often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of Australia at least often
+don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make
+um voicing distinctions so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um voicing distinctions so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um voicing distinctions so they have
+stops but they don't distinguish voiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops but they don't distinguish voiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops but they don't distinguish voiced
+from from voiceless so they have places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from voiceless so they have places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from voiceless so they have places
+of articulation and uh lots of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation and uh lots of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articulation and uh lots of them and
+nasals in all those places as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals in all those places as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasals in all those places as well but
+no distinction between voiced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distinction between voiced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no distinction between voiced and
+voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless
+yeah okay any other questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay any other questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay any other questions about this
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+Zoom past it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom past it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom past it
+okay like I say I'm gonna on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like I say I'm gonna on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like I say I'm gonna on the website
+there will be a link to uh charts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a link to uh charts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a link to uh charts that
+will look hopefully sort of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look hopefully sort of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look hopefully sort of like this
+um more official charts by the IPA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more official charts by the IPA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more official charts by the IPA which
+will have uh sound files so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have uh sound files so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have uh sound files so that you can
+listen to trained phonologists making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to trained phonologists making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to trained phonologists making
+the sounds and also uh at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds and also uh at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds and also uh at least one
+website which I hope is still up has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website which I hope is still up has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website which I hope is still up has
+MRIs so that you can watch the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs so that you can watch the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs so that you can watch the inside of
+a person's vocal tract as they as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's vocal tract as they as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's vocal tract as they as they
+make the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um we have been talking about parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have been talking about parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have been talking about parts of
+the vocal track that English uses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal track that English uses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal track that English uses uh
+sometimes it doesn't use them for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't use them for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't use them for the
+same things other languages do so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things other languages do so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things other languages do so we
+have teeth we use our teeth for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have teeth we use our teeth for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have teeth we use our teeth for
+intradentals but we don't make dental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intradentals but we don't make dental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intradentals but we don't make dental
+stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops
+um but there are places in the vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are places in the vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there are places in the vocal
+tract that English just does not use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract that English just does not use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract that English just does not use and
+yet if other languages do uh here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet if other languages do uh here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet if other languages do uh here are a
+couple there are what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple there are what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple there are what are called
+retroflex sounds these are sounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroflex sounds these are sounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroflex sounds these are sounds in
+which the tip of your tongue is on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the tip of your tongue is on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the tip of your tongue is on your
+palate so instead of a t you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palate so instead of a t you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palate so instead of a t you're making a
+so your tongue is curled back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your tongue is curled back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your tongue is curled back a little
+bit further than it would be for a t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further than it would be for a t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further than it would be for a t and
+it's making a closure if you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making a closure if you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making a closure if you're making a
+stop right there so there you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right there so there you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop right there so there you can make
+stops there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops there
+you can make fricatives there like Asha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make fricatives there like Asha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make fricatives there like Asha
+or Aja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Aja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Aja
+and you can make nasals there like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make nasals there like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make nasals there like yeah
+retroflex sounds are very popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroflex sounds are very popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroflex sounds are very popular in
+India and Australia uh uh and Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Australia uh uh and Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and Australia uh uh and Indonesia
+they're they're all over the place yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we'll get to laterals but yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll get to laterals but yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll get to laterals but yes yes
+there is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um okay retroflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay retroflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay retroflexes
+uvulars uvulars are kind of like K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uvulars uvulars are kind of like K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uvulars uvulars are kind of like K
+except more so so you know for a k your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except more so so you know for a k your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except more so so you know for a k your
+back of your tongue is hitting the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your tongue is hitting the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your tongue is hitting the back
+of your mouth uh it's touching your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth uh it's touching your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your mouth uh it's touching your
+velum that's a k sound for a uvular your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velum that's a k sound for a uvular your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velum that's a k sound for a uvular your
+tongue goes further back and it gets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue goes further back and it gets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue goes further back and it gets at
+or near your uvula which is the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near your uvula which is the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or near your uvula which is the little
+doohickey that hangs down there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doohickey that hangs down there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doohickey that hangs down there at the
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+um uh that's your uvula so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's your uvula so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's your uvula so this is a
+sound like akka akka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like akka akka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like akka akka
+or Aga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Aga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Aga
+or aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know these are all uvular sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all uvular sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all uvular sounds
+um we do not have these in English at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do not have these in English at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we do not have these in English at
+least when we're feeling well but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when we're feeling well but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when we're feeling well but uh
+they're they're languages out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're languages out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're languages out there that
+do you're working on a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you're working on a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you're working on a um
+on a uh problem set that involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a uh problem set that involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a uh problem set that involves the
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+and that letter K is a symbol for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that letter K is a symbol for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that letter K is a symbol for a
+uvular stop uh in yubiak has a uvular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uvular stop uh in yubiak has a uvular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uvular stop uh in yubiak has a uvular
+shop it has one at the end of the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop it has one at the end of the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop it has one at the end of the name
+uh the emu at the beginning means people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the emu at the beginning means people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the emu at the beginning means people
+and piak is a suffix meaning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and piak is a suffix meaning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and piak is a suffix meaning something
+like uh real or normal or regular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh real or normal or regular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh real or normal or regular right
+so the inyupyakarta are the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inyupyakarta are the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inyupyakarta are the normal
+people the rest of us are abnormal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the rest of us are abnormal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the rest of us are abnormal yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so yeah uvulars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah uvulars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah uvulars
+um uh reasonably popular they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh reasonably popular they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh reasonably popular they're all
+over let's see they're all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over let's see they're all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over let's see they're all over the
+indigenous languages of Americas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous languages of Americas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous languages of Americas the
+Americas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americas
+um they have them in Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have them in Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have them in Arabic
+um they're yeah they're not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're yeah they're not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're yeah they're not they're not
+exactly rare but English does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly rare but English does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly rare but English does not have
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um the uvular voiced fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uvular voiced fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uvular voiced fricative
+um so the the voice of the restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the voice of the restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the voice of the restrictive
+is you know uh found but uh not hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know uh found but uh not hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know uh found but uh not hugely
+common in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in Europe
+is one of the the voiced uvular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the voiced uvular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the voiced uvular
+fricative is one of the ways to Pro to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative is one of the ways to Pro to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative is one of the ways to Pro to
+pronounce an r in languages like French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce an r in languages like French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce an r in languages like French
+and German right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and German right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and German right so if you're
+pronouncing the French word for red uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing the French word for red uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing the French word for red uh
+one of the ways to do it is with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to do it is with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways to do it is with this
+fricative to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative to say
+that sound is a voiced uvular fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound is a voiced uvular fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound is a voiced uvular fricative
+there are other ways you can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways you can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other ways you can also do a
+uvular trill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you get your uvula to uh flap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get your uvula to uh flap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get your uvula to uh flap in
+the breeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breeze
+but not everybody does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not everybody does that
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then
+there are also pharyngeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also pharyngeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also pharyngeals
+fringeals involve constriction near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringeals involve constriction near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringeals involve constriction near the
+pharyngeal wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharyngeal wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharyngeal wall
+um Arabic has these uh the Berber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Arabic has these uh the Berber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Arabic has these uh the Berber
+languages have these these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're getting the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're getting the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're getting the back of your
+tongue to get against the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue to get against the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue to get against the back of your
+vocal tract does anybody here speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract does anybody here speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract does anybody here speak
+Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic
+okay so if you know anyone who speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you know anyone who speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you know anyone who speaks
+Arabic get them to speak to you for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic get them to speak to you for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic get them to speak to you for a
+while and you'll get to hear them hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and you'll get to hear them hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and you'll get to hear them hear
+them saying this as I say there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them saying this as I say there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them saying this as I say there will be
+sound files where you'll get to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound files where you'll get to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound files where you'll get to hear
+people making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making these
+so English doesn't have these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so English doesn't have these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so English doesn't have these but
+they're languages that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're languages that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're languages that do
+uh there are pharyngeal fricatives yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are pharyngeal fricatives yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are pharyngeal fricatives yeah
+those are both pharyngeal frictives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both pharyngeal frictives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both pharyngeal frictives
+okay so slightly larger chart uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slightly larger chart uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slightly larger chart uh with
+more symbols on it including some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbols on it including some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more symbols on it including some of the
+ones we've talked about pharyngeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we've talked about pharyngeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we've talked about pharyngeal
+tubulars retroflexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulars retroflexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulars retroflexis
+uh and for some reason the dental stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for some reason the dental stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for some reason the dental stops
+are still red I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still red I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still red I don't know why
+to fix that yep this is a chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that yep this is a chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that yep this is a chart
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+um people keep asking me about sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people keep asking me about sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people keep asking me about sounds
+that I've been carefully avoiding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been carefully avoiding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been carefully avoiding so
+let's talk about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about them
+um there are what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are what are called
+approximants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximants are not stops and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximants are not stops and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximants are not stops and they're
+not fricatives and they're not nasals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fricatives and they're not nasals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fricatives and they're not nasals
+they involve your articulators kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve your articulators kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve your articulators kind of
+vaguely gesturing towards each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely gesturing towards each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely gesturing towards each other in
+some part of your vocal tract not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of your vocal tract not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of your vocal tract not enough
+to make you know definitely not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you know definitely not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you know definitely not making
+contact and not enough to cause any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and not enough to cause any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and not enough to cause any
+turbulence in the airflow so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence in the airflow so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence in the airflow so if you
+think about a w let's say uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a w let's say uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a w let's say uh in the
+middle of a word like away yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a word like away yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a word like away yeah that's
+not a stop and it's not a fricative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a stop and it's not a fricative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a stop and it's not a fricative and
+it's not nasal it's bilabial you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nasal it's bilabial you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not nasal it's bilabial you can
+feel your lips engaging as you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your lips engaging as you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your lips engaging as you make the
+W in the middle of away it's a bilabial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W in the middle of away it's a bilabial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W in the middle of away it's a bilabial
+sound but it's not a bilabial stop or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound but it's not a bilabial stop or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound but it's not a bilabial stop or a
+fricative it is a bilabial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative it is a bilabial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative it is a bilabial or
+approximate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate yeah
+all right so similarly for the Y sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so similarly for the Y sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so similarly for the Y sound
+at the beginning of the year or yard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the year or yard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the year or yard
+and the L and the r uh at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the L and the r uh at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the L and the r uh at the beginning
+and end of I don't know Lair yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of I don't know Lair yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of I don't know Lair yeah uh
+rail yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail yeah
+yeah those are all approximants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are all approximants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are all approximants
+they are sometimes divided into Glides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sometimes divided into Glides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sometimes divided into Glides
+and liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquids
+and I'm hoping that nobody will ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping that nobody will ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm hoping that nobody will ask me
+how you know whether something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know whether something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know whether something is a
+Glide or a liquid are you about to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide or a liquid are you about to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide or a liquid are you about to ask
+me how you know whether something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how you know whether something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how you know whether something is a
+Glide or a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide or a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide or a liquid
+go ahead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead is
+yes okay all right fine so so a Glide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay all right fine so so a Glide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay all right fine so so a Glide I
+mean sometimes it's as though a Glide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sometimes it's as though a Glide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sometimes it's as though a Glide is
+an approximate that if you were to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate that if you were to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximate that if you were to hold
+it longer it would be a vowel so a w if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it longer it would be a vowel so a w if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it longer it would be a vowel so a w if
+you just freeze yourself in w space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just freeze yourself in w space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just freeze yourself in w space
+you're making an ooh right A W is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making an ooh right A W is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making an ooh right A W is like a
+ooh sped up we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh sped up we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh sped up we're going to talk about
+vowels later but if you think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels later but if you think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels later but if you think about what
+an ooh is it's a it's a held version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ooh is it's a it's a held version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ooh is it's a it's a held version of
+a w and similarly a y sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w and similarly a y sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w and similarly a y sound
+is a sped up version of an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sped up version of an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sped up version of an e
+as opposed to an r or an L which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to an r or an L which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to an r or an L which are
+just something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something else
+because I have not given you a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have not given you a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have not given you a good way
+of distinguishing Glides from liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinguishing Glides from liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinguishing Glides from liquids
+you can trust me that I will never ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trust me that I will never ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can trust me that I will never ask
+you to distinguish them in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish them in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to distinguish them in a way that
+will make a difference for like grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a difference for like grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make a difference for like grades
+or anything like that you'll you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that you'll you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that you'll you will
+never see me saying no you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see me saying no you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see me saying no you're wrong
+that's not a Glide it's a liquid I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a Glide it's a liquid I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a Glide it's a liquid I mean
+I may say that but there won't be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may say that but there won't be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may say that but there won't be minus
+five next to it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five next to it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five next to it yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are both just like shorts and vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both just like shorts and vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both just like shorts and vowel
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+why is it necessary to have these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it necessary to have these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it necessary to have these a
+separate symbol yeah just like the CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate symbol yeah just like the CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate symbol yeah just like the CH
+having two letters you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two letters you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two letters you know that's a
+really good question so why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question so why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question so why don't we
+just use the letter ooh uh for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the letter ooh uh for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the letter ooh uh for the for
+the bilabial Glide for the for the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilabial Glide for the for the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilabial Glide for the for the W
+um and let me see if I can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me see if I can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let me see if I can come up with
+a good answer to that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer to that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good answer to that there are
+eventually we're going to get to so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're going to get to so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're going to get to so far
+all we're doing is talking about sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is talking about sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is talking about sounds
+individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually
+and eventually we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually we're going to start
+talking about sequences of sounds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sequences of sounds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sequences of sounds right
+and it's going to we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to we're going to want to
+be able to talk about restrictions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk about restrictions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk about restrictions on
+the ways in which sounds get to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which sounds get to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which sounds get to interact
+with each other and so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and so it's going to be
+useful at that point to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at that point to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at that point to be able to
+distinguish for example consonants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish for example consonants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish for example consonants from
+vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels
+um and and once we do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and once we do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and once we do that and you
+should feel free to call me on this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to call me on this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to call me on this if
+it doesn't come up later I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't come up later I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't come up later I'll try to
+make sure it does it'll turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it does it'll turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it does it'll turn out to be
+useful to be able to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to be able to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to be able to think of the
+consonant version of this sound the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant version of this sound the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant version of this sound the W
+and also the vowel version of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the vowel version of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the vowel version of the sound
+the ooh but you're right that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ooh but you're right that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ooh but you're right that there are
+plenty of like sound changes where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of like sound changes where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of like sound changes where you
+see them converting in back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them converting in back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them converting in back and forth
+between each other that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each other that's the kind of
+thing that happens yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens yeah so uh
+um yeah but that's that's the Prima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah but that's that's the Prima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah but that's that's the Prima
+facial reason for distinguishing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial reason for distinguishing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial reason for distinguishing them
+because there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there there are
+rules for the distribution of sounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for the distribution of sounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for the distribution of sounds for
+which it's useful to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's useful to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's useful to have that
+distinction yeah it's like like anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction yeah it's like like anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction yeah it's like like anything
+else I guess we make that distinction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I guess we make that distinction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I guess we make that distinction as
+long as it's uh it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's uh it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's uh it turns out to be
+useful for explaining stuff yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for explaining stuff yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for explaining stuff yeah
+good good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+uh okay so those are Glides and liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so those are Glides and liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so those are Glides and liquids
+okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+this was Raquel was asking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Raquel was asking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Raquel was asking about this
+before uh sounds like cha and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh sounds like cha and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh sounds like cha and J
+I think I said you could think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I said you could think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I said you could think of as
+like a stop a t followed by a fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stop a t followed by a fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stop a t followed by a fricative
+um or J you know the J at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or J you know the J at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or J you know the J at the beginning
+and end of a word like judge yeah as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of a word like judge yeah as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of a word like judge yeah as
+being a stop a D sound followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a stop a D sound followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a stop a D sound followed by a
+fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a little bit of a debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a little bit of a debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a little bit of a debate
+about whether what I just said is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether what I just said is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether what I just said is the
+right way to think about this or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to think about this or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to think about this or not I
+think the standard way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the standard way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the standard way to think about it
+is not exactly that what people do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly that what people do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly that what people do is
+say yeah there's this package deal an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah there's this package deal an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah there's this package deal an
+affricate so there's a name for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affricate so there's a name for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affricate so there's a name for this
+kind of thing and Africa is this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and Africa is this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and Africa is this kind of
+sequence uh something like a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh something like a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh something like a stop
+followed by a fricative and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a fricative and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a fricative and the
+arguments about whether or not to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about whether or not to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about whether or not to make
+this move about whether to say no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move about whether to say no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this move about whether to say no that's
+a single sound with a complex motion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single sound with a complex motion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single sound with a complex motion as
+opposed to saying no there's two sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to saying no there's two sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to saying no there's two sounds
+right next to each other has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other has to do with
+the kinds of considerations I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of considerations I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of considerations I was just
+talking about when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when you're trying to
+figure out what's the best theory of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best theory of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best theory of for
+example what sequences of sounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what sequences of sounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what sequences of sounds are
+allowed in a syllable in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in a syllable in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed in a syllable in a given
+language sometimes it's useful to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language sometimes it's useful to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language sometimes it's useful to be
+able to say this is a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this is a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this is a language that
+doesn't ever ever allow say a syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ever ever allow say a syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ever ever allow say a syllable
+to end with a stop followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with a stop followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with a stop followed by a
+fricative oh but it's okay for it to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative oh but it's okay for it to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fricative oh but it's okay for it to end
+with cha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cha
+so we'll just treat that as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just treat that as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just treat that as a single
+package right we won't treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package right we won't treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package right we won't treat it as a
+stop followed by fricative that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop followed by fricative that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop followed by fricative that's the
+kind of move people make yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move people make yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move people make yeah
+yeah so terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so I've made the table lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've made the table lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've made the table lighter
+uh there are Glides like woof and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are Glides like woof and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are Glides like woof and yeah
+there are some other Glides there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other Glides there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other Glides there uh
+which I can try to read to you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can try to read to you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can try to read to you what
+would a labiodental Glide sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a labial Dental fricative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a labial Dental fricative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a labial Dental fricative a
+voiced labiodontal fricative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced labiodontal fricative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced labiodontal fricative
+right like a V sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a V sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a V sound
+so can you try to make a labia gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you try to make a labia gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you try to make a labia gentle
+Glide maybe between vowels it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide maybe between vowels it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glide maybe between vowels it's going to
+be something like Allah Allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like Allah Allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like Allah Allah
+Allah uh English doesn't have those I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah uh English doesn't have those I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah uh English doesn't have those I
+believe Hindi does so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe Hindi does so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe Hindi does so there are
+languages out there that have labia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there that have labia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there that have labia
+Dental Glides similarly there are Velar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental Glides similarly there are Velar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dental Glides similarly there are Velar
+Glides Allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glides Allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glides Allah
+uh where your tongue is just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where your tongue is just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where your tongue is just kind of
+vaguely gener gesturing in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely gener gesturing in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely gener gesturing in the direction
+of your velum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your velum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your velum
+I kind of like the IPA symbol for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like the IPA symbol for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like the IPA symbol for the
+Velar Glide it looks like something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velar Glide it looks like something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velar Glide it looks like something out
+of Tolkien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tolkien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tolkien
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we've done consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done consonants
+have not done all the consonants so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not done all the consonants so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not done all the consonants so uh
+what I'm going to do is show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is show you some
+vowels and then we'll Circle back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and then we'll Circle back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and then we'll Circle back and
+look at some particularly exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some particularly exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some particularly exotic
+consonants probably next time probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants probably next time probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants probably next time probably
+not today so I want to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not today so I want to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not today so I want to start talking
+about vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vowels
+so let's go through the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through the vowels
+systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+compare the vowel in the middle of bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the vowel in the middle of bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the vowel in the middle of bead
+and the vowel in the middle of bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vowel in the middle of bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vowel in the middle of bad and
+here let me just warn you that the IPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me just warn you that the IPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me just warn you that the IPA
+becomes particularly forbidding when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes particularly forbidding when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes particularly forbidding when we
+get to vowels in English and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to vowels in English and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to vowels in English and it's not
+the fault of the IPA it's the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault of the IPA it's the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault of the IPA it's the fact that
+English has a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has a very large number of
+vowels and uh not very good system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and uh not very good system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels and uh not very good system for
+writing them this is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing them this is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing them this is one of the things
+that makes English spelling so difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes English spelling so difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes English spelling so difficult
+that we we can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we can actually have
+competitions where you watch people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions where you watch people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions where you watch people
+spell you know this is a kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell you know this is a kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell you know this is a kind of thing
+that in many languages would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many languages would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many languages would be
+impossible if you tried to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible if you tried to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible if you tried to do that in
+Finnish right the spelling bee would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnish right the spelling bee would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnish right the spelling bee would
+just never end because every word you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never end because every word you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never end because every word you
+know is pronounced exactly the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is pronounced exactly the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is pronounced exactly the way it's
+spelled uh we don't do that in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled uh we don't do that in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled uh we don't do that in English
+so here are two vowels and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are two vowels and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are two vowels and those are
+their IPA symbols uh the vowel and bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their IPA symbols uh the vowel and bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their IPA symbols uh the vowel and bead
+and the vowel in bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vowel in bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vowel in bad
+and now if you so everybody joined me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you so everybody joined me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you so everybody joined me in
+sort of transitioning from one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transitioning from one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transitioning from one of those
+vowels to the other go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you guys sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys sound good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys sound good
+um what are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what are you doing
+I mean you're doing what I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're doing what I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you're doing what I asked you to
+but what's uh what's happening in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's uh what's happening in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's uh what's happening in your
+mouth yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the second vowel is more open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the second vowel is more open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the second vowel is more open
+you're opening your mouth a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're opening your mouth a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're opening your mouth a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+what are you doing with your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's lowering it's going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's lowering it's going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's lowering it's going from the
+top to the bottom yeah I think you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to the bottom yeah I think you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to the bottom yeah I think you guys
+are both right so for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both right so for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both right so for e
+your tongue is sort of tense and it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is sort of tense and it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tongue is sort of tense and it's up
+there at the top of your mouth and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top of your mouth and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top of your mouth and then
+for ah your tongue drops right in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ah your tongue drops right in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ah your tongue drops right in fact
+drops so far that it drags your jaw down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so far that it drags your jaw down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so far that it drags your jaw down
+with it right or maybe there's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it right or maybe there's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it right or maybe there's a more
+reasonable way to say that you lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to say that you lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to say that you lower
+your jaw so that your tongue can go even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your jaw so that your tongue can go even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your jaw so that your tongue can go even
+further down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh one way of classifying vowels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one way of classifying vowels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one way of classifying vowels is
+in terms of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of height
+um so we talk about the high vowel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we talk about the high vowel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we talk about the high vowel like
+Heat and the low vowel like hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat and the low vowel like hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat and the low vowel like hat and
+there are vowels in between like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are vowels in between like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are vowels in between like the
+violian hate that vowel was called mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violian hate that vowel was called mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violian hate that vowel was called mid
+yeah so we have high vowels and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have high vowels and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have high vowels and we have
+mid vowels and then we have low vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now uh let's do another comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's do another comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's do another comparison
+think about the vowel in he and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the vowel in he and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the vowel in he and the
+vowel in whoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in whoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in whoo
+so everybody go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what's going on in your vocal track does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in your vocal track does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in your vocal track does
+you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference between e and ooh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between e and ooh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between e and ooh
+your lips your lips are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips your lips are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips your lips are definitely
+involved yes so for for a Cliffs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved yes so for for a Cliffs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved yes so for for a Cliffs right
+your lips surrounded for the ooh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips surrounded for the ooh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lips surrounded for the ooh that's
+absolutely right yep and then for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yep and then for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right yep and then for heat
+they're not yeah in fact that's why when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not yeah in fact that's why when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not yeah in fact that's why when
+you take photographs of people you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take photographs of people you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take photographs of people you have
+them say something with with an E vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say something with with an E vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say something with with an E vowel
+and like cheese right just to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like cheese right just to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like cheese right just to get them
+to not round their lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not round their lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not round their lips
+um but you're doing something with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're doing something with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're doing something with your
+tongue too as you go from ye to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue too as you go from ye to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue too as you go from ye to oh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what are you doing with your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing with your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing with your tongue
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow so uh so for let's start with E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow so uh so for let's start with E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow so uh so for let's start with E
+where it's where is your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's where is your tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's where is your tongue
+I mean it's in your mouth but where's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's in your mouth but where's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's in your mouth but where's it
+where is it pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it pointing
+it's kind of high right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of high right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of high right
+and then for oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for oh
+where does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it moves right so you aren't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves right so you aren't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves right so you aren't just
+rounding your lips and leaving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding your lips and leaving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding your lips and leaving your
+tongue where it was yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's yeah I see what you mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's yeah I see what you mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's yeah I see what you mean yeah
+I don't know about you guys for me for E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about you guys for me for E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know about you guys for me for E
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah for me for e it's at the front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for me for e it's at the front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for me for e it's at the front and
+it's high and then for oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high and then for oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high and then for oh
+my tongue kind of curls backward and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tongue kind of curls backward and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tongue kind of curls backward and it
+avoids my molarship absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids my molarship absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids my molarship absolutely right
+um and curls backwards so that's hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and curls backwards so that's hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and curls backwards so that's hiding
+back in the back of my mouth I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the back of my mouth I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the back of my mouth I think
+that's the kind of thing you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing you were saying
+just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now
+yeah is that the experience people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that the experience people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is that the experience people are
+having everybody do some more you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having everybody do some more you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having everybody do some more you you
+feel your tongue moving back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your tongue moving back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel your tongue moving back and forth
+ignore your lips right and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore your lips right and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore your lips right and think about
+your tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have front mid and we have a high mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have front mid and we have a high mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have front mid and we have a high mid
+and low valves but we also have front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low valves but we also have front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and low valves but we also have front
+and back Felts so the back vowels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back Felts so the back vowels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back Felts so the back vowels are
+vowels like the vowel and who and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels like the vowel and who and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels like the vowel and who and the
+vowel in ho and the vowel in hot ah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in ho and the vowel in hot ah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in ho and the vowel in hot ah so
+ooh and O and ah those are all back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh and O and ah those are all back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ooh and O and ah those are all back
+vowels your tongue is sort of pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels your tongue is sort of pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels your tongue is sort of pulling
+back toward the back of your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the back of your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the back of your mouth
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay and and this is the other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and this is the other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and this is the other point
+that you guys made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys made
+some of these vowels are rounded so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these vowels are rounded so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these vowels are rounded so in
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+the back non-low vowels the back high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back non-low vowels the back high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back non-low vowels the back high
+and the back mid valves are rounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back mid valves are rounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back mid valves are rounded in
+who and who your lips have to round to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and who your lips have to round to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and who your lips have to round to
+make those vowels but for hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those vowels but for hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those vowels but for hot
+your lip stone round yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lip stone round yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lip stone round yeah
+and you know a bunch more symbols some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a bunch more symbols some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a bunch more symbols some
+of them aren't so bad you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them aren't so bad you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them aren't so bad you know the
+letter U for ooh that's pretty good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter U for ooh that's pretty good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter U for ooh that's pretty good and
+the letter O for o yeah uh and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter O for o yeah uh and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter O for o yeah uh and then you
+know we have that Ash symbol there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have that Ash symbol there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have that Ash symbol there which
+is from Old English for ah and had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Old English for ah and had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Old English for ah and had and
+then E and A and ah stuck with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then E and A and ah stuck with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then E and A and ah stuck with those
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+have sort of standard issue European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of standard issue European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of standard issue European
+values for some of those symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for some of those symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for some of those symbols
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+chart I've only got six vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I've only got six vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart I've only got six vowels
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you may have been taught how many vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have been taught how many vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have been taught how many vowels
+were you taught English had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you taught English had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you taught English had
+if you went to school in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you went to school in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you went to school in English
+yeah five supposed to have five right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah five supposed to have five right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah five supposed to have five right it
+does not have five it has like 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have five it has like 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have five it has like 14.
+um uh and you know why why are we taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you know why why are we taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you know why why are we taught
+that it only has five why do why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only has five why do why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only has five why do why do we
+only have five letters for vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who gave us this alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave us this alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave us this alphabet
+the Romans right yeah and in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romans right yeah and in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romans right yeah and in Latin
+they're in fact are five vowels which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in fact are five vowels which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in fact are five vowels which
+can be either long or short so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either long or short so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either long or short so this is a
+perfect alphabet for Latin yeah but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect alphabet for Latin yeah but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect alphabet for Latin yeah but then
+we got hold of it and so uh We've Ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got hold of it and so uh We've Ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got hold of it and so uh We've Ended
+up with you know 12 14 vowels different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you know 12 14 vowels different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you know 12 14 vowels different
+dialects of English are different uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of English are different uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of English are different uh and
+we have five letters to spell them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five letters to spell them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five letters to spell them with
+and this is why we have spelling bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why we have spelling bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why we have spelling bees
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um one of the reasons uh okay so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons uh okay so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons uh okay so I've
+I've written six of our of our five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written six of our of our five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written six of our of our five
+vowels uh here on this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels uh here on this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels uh here on this chart
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+um but well we have more so uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but well we have more so uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but well we have more so uh think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+right in hood and Hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in hood and Hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in hood and Hood
+or e and e and heed and hid or a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or e and e and heed and hid or a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or e and e and heed and hid or a and a
+in raid and red or o and all like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in raid and red or o and all like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in raid and red or o and all like in
+coat and caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and caught
+um there are various ways of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various ways of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are various ways of talking
+about this distinction but uh one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this distinction but uh one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this distinction but uh one way is
+like this we say that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we say that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we say that there's a
+distinction between what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between what are called
+tense vowels and what are called lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense vowels and what are called lacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense vowels and what are called lacks
+vowels uh so uh ooh is a high back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels uh so uh ooh is a high back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels uh so uh ooh is a high back
+rounded tense vowel and if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded tense vowel and if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded tense vowel and if you go back
+and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the idea is basically what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is basically what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is basically what you're doing
+is relaxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relaxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relaxing
+so your tongue is not quite as rigidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your tongue is not quite as rigidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your tongue is not quite as rigidly
+high and back as it would be for an ooh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and back as it would be for an ooh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and back as it would be for an ooh
+when it makes an ooh and your lips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it makes an ooh and your lips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it makes an ooh and your lips are
+probably not quite as tensely rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not quite as tensely rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not quite as tensely rounded
+either your whole body relaxes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your whole body relaxes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either your whole body relaxes yeah
+um same deal with all these other pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same deal with all these other pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um same deal with all these other pairs
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's a fact about English lacks vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about English lacks vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fact about English lacks vowels
+that there's a restriction uh on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a restriction uh on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a restriction uh on their
+distribution English monosyllables don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution English monosyllables don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution English monosyllables don't
+end in LAX vowels that are either front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in LAX vowels that are either front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in LAX vowels that are either front
+or high so we have words like flea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high so we have words like flea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high so we have words like flea and
+flu and Flay those are all words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu and Flay those are all words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu and Flay those are all words in
+English yeah Flay means to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah Flay means to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah Flay means to you know
+remove the skin from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the skin from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the skin from
+uh but we don't have those three words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't have those three words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't have those three words
+at the end there I've given them stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there I've given them stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there I've given them stars
+to remind us that those are not uh words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us that those are not uh words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us that those are not uh words
+that we could have in English anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have in English anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have in English anybody
+want an attempt to pronounce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh sorry you were gonna ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry you were gonna ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry you were gonna ask a question
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+we haven't gotten to schwa yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't gotten to schwa yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't gotten to schwa yeah yeah
+there are more vowels yeah so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more vowels yeah so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more vowels yeah so uh uh
+those last three if they were English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last three if they were English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last three if they were English
+words they would be fle and fla right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they would be fle and fla right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they would be fle and fla right
+well we don't have words like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't have words like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't have words like that yeah
+English doesn't have words that end in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have words that end in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have words that end in e
+or uh or e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or e
+with the possible exception of meh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the possible exception of meh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the possible exception of meh
+if we don't count that as a word then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't count that as a word then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't count that as a word then
+English doesn't have monosyllables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have monosyllables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't have monosyllables that
+end in these vowels yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in these vowels yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in these vowels yeah
+yeah okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you wanted to know about schwa those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know about schwa those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know about schwa those are
+sometimes called Central vowels so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called Central vowels so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called Central vowels so the
+the the the the the sorry the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the sorry the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the sorry the first
+developing machine is a schwa it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing machine is a schwa it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing machine is a schwa it's not
+higher back it's not front it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher back it's not front it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher back it's not front it's not
+it's not uh it's not high or low it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not high or low it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh it's not high or low it's
+kind of mid and Central and then Dove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mid and Central and then Dove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mid and Central and then Dove is
+pretty similar to schwa and is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to schwa and is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to schwa and is sometimes
+represented with that wedge shape there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented with that wedge shape there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented with that wedge shape there
+in fact it's called a wedge not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's called a wedge not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's called a wedge not all
+speakers of English distinguish schwa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English distinguish schwa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of English distinguish schwa
+from wedge I do so for me the vowels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wedge I do so for me the vowels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wedge I do so for me the vowels in
+above are two different vowels above but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above are two different vowels above but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above are two different vowels above but
+there are you know speakers of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you know speakers of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you know speakers of English
+for whom they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whom they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whom they're the same
+yeah similar similarly let me go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah similar similarly let me go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah similar similarly let me go back to
+an earlier slide not every dialect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier slide not every dialect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier slide not every dialect of
+English has all of these vowels or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has all of these vowels or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has all of these vowels or has
+them all in the same places so I speak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in the same places so I speak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in the same places so I speak a
+dialect of English in which caught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English in which caught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect of English in which caught and
+caught are different have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught are different have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught are different have different
+vowels in them does anybody pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in them does anybody pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in them does anybody pronounce
+those words the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah
+um that's so what what did I say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's so what what did I say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's so what what did I say they
+can't end in lacks vowels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't end in lacks vowels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't end in lacks vowels that are
+either front or high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either front or high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either front or high
+um so uh yeah we you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yeah we you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh yeah we you're absolutely right
+there are ones ending in awe like law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ones ending in awe like law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ones ending in awe like law
+yeah absolutely or flaw yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely or flaw yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely or flaw yeah
+um there are people who pronounce caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are people who pronounce caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are people who pronounce caught
+and caught the same uh for me those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caught the same uh for me those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caught the same uh for me those are
+those are two different vowels yeah can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different vowels yeah can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two different vowels yeah can
+you pronounce them for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce them for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pronounce them for us
+okay cool did you say them in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool did you say them in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool did you say them in the same
+order or a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order or a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order or a different order
+it doesn't matter okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I pronounce those three words Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I pronounce those three words Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I pronounce those three words Mary
+Mary and Mary I pronounce them the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and Mary I pronounce them the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary and Mary I pronounce them the same
+they're a dialects of English that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a dialects of English that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a dialects of English that have
+different pronunciations for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pronunciations for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pronunciations for some of
+them does anybody pronounce these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them does anybody pronounce these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them does anybody pronounce these words
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+yeah Mary Mary and Mary Mary yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mary Mary and Mary Mary yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Mary Mary and Mary Mary yeah so
+there are people for whom the the vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people for whom the the vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people for whom the the vowel
+in the last one is more of an ash it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last one is more of an ash it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last one is more of an ash it's
+like a marry uh I I associate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a marry uh I I associate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a marry uh I I associate that with
+like New Jersey uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like New Jersey uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like New Jersey uh
+yeah uh yeah yes I'll pay you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yeah yes I'll pay you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh yeah yes I'll pay you later
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay yeah uh so okay we've uh We've Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah uh so okay we've uh We've Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah uh so okay we've uh We've Now
+sort of rocketed through a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rocketed through a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rocketed through a bunch of
+consonants and vowels uh we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants and vowels uh we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants and vowels uh we're just
+about out of time let me just give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about out of time let me just give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about out of time let me just give this
+to you as an exercise and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as an exercise and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you as an exercise and then we'll
+stop anybody want to try to pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop anybody want to try to pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop anybody want to try to pronounce
+the first of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she sells seashells yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sells seashells yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sells seashells yeah
+tell you what we'll do this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what we'll do this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what we'll do this exercise
+next time so next time uh we'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so next time uh we'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so next time uh we'll do this
+as the first slide yeah and I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first slide yeah and I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the first slide yeah and I'll leave
+it on the slides you can work on it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the slides you can work on it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the slides you can work on it at
+home and do some fooling with it and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and do some fooling with it and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and do some fooling with it and try
+to get to where you can read it as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to where you can read it as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to where you can read it as we go
+along I'm going to be asking you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I'm going to be asking you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I'm going to be asking you to read
+things in IPA so I'll start putting IPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in IPA so I'll start putting IPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in IPA so I'll start putting IPA
+on the slides more and more so start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides more and more so start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides more and more so start
+trying to familiarize yourself with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to familiarize yourself with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to familiarize yourself with it
+and get to where you're familiar with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to where you're familiar with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to where you're familiar with at
+least the symbols for sounds that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the symbols for sounds that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the symbols for sounds that we use
+in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English
+do you want me to read the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to read the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want me to read the rest of them
+I'll do some more IPA okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do some more IPA okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do some more IPA okay so what's the
+second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sue says he's a bad egg yeah you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sue says he's a bad egg yeah you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sue says he's a bad egg yeah you guys
+are good fast Learners and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good fast Learners and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good fast Learners and what's the
+third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent then what's the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah top Chopstick shops stock top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah top Chopstick shops stock top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah top Chopstick shops stock top
+chopsticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopsticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopsticks
+got that from a book of tongue twisters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that from a book of tongue twisters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that from a book of tongue twisters
+okay good so let's leave it there and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so let's leave it there and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so let's leave it there and uh
+we'll we'll come back to this next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xrf39mMxPZg.txt b/xrf39mMxPZg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d79ce005a416974d3459665ced3c1ba9a78a75b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xrf39mMxPZg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+monday after thanksgiving i hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday after thanksgiving i hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday after thanksgiving i hope you
+guys had a good break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had a good break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had a good break
+um uh we are are back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we are are back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we are are back
+in action here on uh acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action here on uh acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action here on uh acids and bases
+second lecture on acid bases um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture on acid bases um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture on acid bases um uh
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+we get into that there's a celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into that there's a celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into that there's a celebration
+happening on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on friday
+you know that's why we're all feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why we're all feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why we're all feeling
+like a little extra goodness right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little extra goodness right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little extra goodness right now
+because we know there's a third midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know there's a third midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know there's a third midterm
+coming up friday in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up friday in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up friday in this class
+right and that's nothing but excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's nothing but excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's nothing but excitement
+here's a concept map that i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a concept map that i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a concept map that i made
+for exam three this helps you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exam three this helps you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exam three this helps you sort of
+see the kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the kinds of problems
+right that you can get the topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can get the topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can get the topics that
+we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered
+and how it's all flowed and connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it's all flowed and connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it's all flowed and connected
+together right so here are the quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so here are the quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so here are the quizzes
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+optional one oh you could still do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional one oh you could still do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional one oh you could still do it
+so please if you want to do the 8.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please if you want to do the 8.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please if you want to do the 8.5 and
+and get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get that
+graded and then if it's higher than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded and then if it's higher than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded and then if it's higher than your
+lowest quiz we'll swap it in for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest quiz we'll swap it in for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest quiz we'll swap it in for that
+and you still get to drop one please do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get to drop one please do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still get to drop one please do
+that and hand it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and hand it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and hand it in
+by tomorrow's recitation there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tomorrow's recitation there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tomorrow's recitation there's that
+one there's quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's quiz
+uh there's the other two quizzes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the other two quizzes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the other two quizzes and
+here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the
+uh p sets and the goodie bags all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p sets and the goodie bags all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p sets and the goodie bags all this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+the kinds of problems this has the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of problems this has the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of problems this has the the
+the practice problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice problems
+um and the topics that we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the topics that we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the topics that we want you to
+know about for friday oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about for friday oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about for friday oh
+and also on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also on wednesday
+instead of introducing a new topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of introducing a new topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of introducing a new topic that
+you won't be tested on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be tested on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be tested on
+i'd prefer just to kind of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd prefer just to kind of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd prefer just to kind of talk about
+these topics so that's what i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics so that's what i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics so that's what i'm going to
+do on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on wednesday
+and we'll do some additional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do some additional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do some additional problems
+and kind of review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of review
+okay but we still got to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still got to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still got to get through
+the rest of acids and bases now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of acids and bases now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of acids and bases now
+this is where we left off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we left off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we left off this
+way of thinking about acids and bases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about acids and bases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about acids and bases is
+where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off
+on wednesday and and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday and and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday and and this is the
+arrhenius oh cevante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius oh cevante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius oh cevante
+oh sfonte he was the first remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sfonte he was the first remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sfonte he was the first remember
+for thousands this is bitter put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands this is bitter put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands this is bitter put it in
+that category this is sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that category this is sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that category this is sour
+right acid base acid and there were ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acid base acid and there were ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right acid base acid and there were ways
+that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people
+categorized acids and bases for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized acids and bases for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized acids and bases for a long
+time but nobody really started to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but nobody really started to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but nobody really started to try to
+understand them at the atomic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them at the atomic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them at the atomic scale
+until cevante came along and said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until cevante came along and said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until cevante came along and said look
+it's all about the h plus and the o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the h plus and the o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the h plus and the o h
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+right so so acids and and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so acids and and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so acids and and this is what
+we talked about on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about on wednesday
+acids are donating h plus ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are donating h plus ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are donating h plus ions
+protons into solution into water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons into solution into water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons into solution into water and
+bases are donating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are donating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are donating
+o h minus adding more of those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h minus adding more of those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h minus adding more of those types of
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+into the water and that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water and that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water and that's what makes
+them have the properties they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have the properties they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have the properties they have
+okay now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um
+so so if you have so let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you have so let's see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you have so let's see so
+h uh i'm going to just write this one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh i'm going to just write this one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h uh i'm going to just write this one on
+the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board
+because we're going to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to talk about these
+two reactions plus h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions plus h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions plus h2o
+and remember um the water is just a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember um the water is just a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember um the water is just a kind
+of spectator there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectator there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectator there
+um it's a liquid it's everywhere it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a liquid it's everywhere it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a liquid it's everywhere it's
+the thing you're dissolving in it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're dissolving in it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're dissolving in it's the
+solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent
+that's the water now so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the water now so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the water now so you don't
+include it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it
+you know in in these if it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in these if it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in these if it's just a
+liquid that's a solvent that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's a solvent that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's a solvent that you're
+dissolving something it's not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving something it's not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving something it's not what you
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+in things like uh equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like uh equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like uh equilibrium constant
+expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions
+um okay so that's gonna be oh but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's gonna be oh but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's gonna be oh but these
+guys these are dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these are dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these are dissolved
+in the liquid right these are the ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid right these are the ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid right these are the ions
+plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+l minus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in this particular case
+you can write the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the equilibrium constant
+right and that's the acid it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the acid it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the acid it's also
+something that the acid dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the acid dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the acid dissociation
+constant remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant remember
+we have the solubility product constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the solubility product constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the solubility product constant
+we also can write the ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also can write the ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also can write the ka
+right so ka for this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so ka for this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so ka for this would be
+following our normal k equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following our normal k equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following our normal k equilibrium
+constant procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant procedure
+it would look something like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look something like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look something like this right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+here's the thing for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing for this particular
+reaction of um for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of um for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of um for this particular
+dissociation of hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of hcl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of hcl
+of this acid remember it's an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this acid remember it's an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this acid remember it's an acid
+because it's giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's giving us
+h plus oh h plus doesn't stage plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus oh h plus doesn't stage plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus oh h plus doesn't stage plus
+remember that's also we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's also we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's also we talked about
+wednesday h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday h plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday h plus
+is actually h3o plus but the h plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually h3o plus but the h plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually h3o plus but the h plus is
+not stable in pure water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable in pure water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable in pure water
+but sometimes actually very often you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes actually very often you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes actually very often you'll
+see it in textbooks as well you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in textbooks as well you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in textbooks as well you'll see
+it just written as h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just written as h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just written as h
+plus but we know that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus but we know that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus but we know that it's the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+h3o if it's in water it's h3o plus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o if it's in water it's h3o plus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o if it's in water it's h3o plus right
+okay so don't let but this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so don't let but this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so don't let but this is something
+like 10 to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 to the sixth
+that's huge that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's huge that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's huge that equilibrium
+is so far over that equilibrium is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so far over that equilibrium is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so far over that equilibrium is so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+over given this enormous equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over given this enormous equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over given this enormous equilibrium
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+that we we often will say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we often will say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we often will say that this
+reaction has gone to completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has gone to completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction has gone to completion
+now we know that it's not infinite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that it's not infinite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that it's not infinite right
+so it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it hasn't
+technically there's still a little arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically there's still a little arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically there's still a little arrow
+going that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that way
+right right so but but uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so but but uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so but but uh and so
+but since it's so much almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's so much almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's so much almost
+to completion you'll often also see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion you'll often also see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completion you'll often also see it
+written with just one arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written with just one arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written with just one arrow
+all right so i want to make that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i want to make that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i want to make that clear
+but we know that it's an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that it's an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that it's an equilibrium
+this is found in equilibrium so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is found in equilibrium so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is found in equilibrium so there's
+still a little bit happening the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little bit happening the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little bit happening the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+but just so little all right so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just so little all right so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just so little all right so you'll
+often see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see that
+going to completion okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to completion okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to completion okay good
+getting us back into the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us back into the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us back into the mood
+now for the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the base
+we could have n a o h let's do that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have n a o h let's do that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have n a o h let's do that one
+plus h 2 o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h 2 o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h 2 o
+goes to n a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to n a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to n a plus
+in solution plus o h minus and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution plus o h minus and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution plus o h minus and this is
+the arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrhenius
+acid base definition goes in tight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid base definition goes in tight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid base definition goes in tight and
+you could write a similar expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write a similar expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could write a similar expression for
+the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base
+uh and a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a plus
+o h minus and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h minus and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h minus and that's going to
+go over naoh now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over naoh now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over naoh now this is
+also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very
+large so this hot now these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so this hot now these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so this hot now these are both
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+and we're going to come back to this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this at
+the end of the lecture i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture i want to talk
+about what makes an acid or base strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes an acid or base strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what makes an acid or base strong
+or weak these are both strong and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weak these are both strong and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weak these are both strong and and
+just as a little preview to where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a little preview to where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a little preview to where we're
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+that's because they dissociate so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they dissociate so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because they dissociate so much
+so this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also
+has a very high kb kb because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very high kb kb because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very high kb kb because we're
+talking about a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a base
+k b k a k b right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b k a k b right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k b k a k b right
+oh some people don't like these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh some people don't like these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh some people don't like these large
+exponents these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents these
+large are small 10 to the minus fifth 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large are small 10 to the minus fifth 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large are small 10 to the minus fifth 10
+to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the positive
+fifth and so we take the log well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and so we take the log well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and so we take the log well you
+can take the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the log of
+of these and then you'll get like a pkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and then you'll get like a pkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and then you'll get like a pkb
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+or pkb which is the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pkb which is the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pkb which is the power
+of that so log of kb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so log of kb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so log of kb
+would be low right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be low right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be low right
+would be low if this is going to be high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be low if this is going to be high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be low if this is going to be high
+then minus the log of the power that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus the log of the power that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus the log of the power that is
+going to be low so you can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be low so you can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be low so you can talk about
+pkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pkb
+kb ka pka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kb ka pka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kb ka pka
+it's all just thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all just thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all just thinking about these
+equilibrium constants and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants and we'll come
+back to this in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i had a question for you if i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a question for you if i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a question for you if i said
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how would you use this if i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use this if i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use this if i said
+that i've got a point i'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've got a point i'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've got a point i'm going to give
+you a problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a problem now
+0.05 moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 moles per liter
+of naoh and i and i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naoh and i and i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naoh and i and i asked you
+what's the ph well you can do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ph well you can do it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the ph well you can do it now
+all right why because i've just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why because i've just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why because i've just told you
+it's just it's it's an almost fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's it's an almost fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's it's an almost fully
+dissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+base so the the equilibrium constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so the the equilibrium constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so the the equilibrium constant for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+dissociation of that base is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of that base is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of that base is very very
+high means it lies very far over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high means it lies very far over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high means it lies very far over to the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so basically what does that mean if i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what does that mean if i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what does that mean if i've
+got .05 moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got .05 moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got .05 moles per liter
+starting out it's mostly to sodium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out it's mostly to sodium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out it's mostly to sodium state
+it's in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in tight
+so so i've got 0.05 moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i've got 0.05 moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i've got 0.05 moles per liter
+of n a plus and o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n a plus and o h minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n a plus and o h minus
+all right okay but the o h minus is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay but the o h minus is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay but the o h minus is what
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+so full dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so full dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so full dissociation
+oh we're going to do this because i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're going to do this because i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're going to do this because i want
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+precise here put that in quotes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise here put that in quotes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise here put that in quotes it's
+almost full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost full
+means that i have 0.05 moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that i have 0.05 moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that i have 0.05 moles per liter
+of o h minus by the way and in a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o h minus by the way and in a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of o h minus by the way and in a plus
+but any plus is a spectator in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any plus is a spectator in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any plus is a spectator in terms of
+the ph it's not going to change the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph it's not going to change the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph it's not going to change the ph
+right the n8 plus is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the n8 plus is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the n8 plus is sitting
+over the o-h will all right and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the o-h will all right and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the o-h will all right and and so
+now we go back to these these k's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go back to these these k's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we go back to these these k's we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+right we know that the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we know that the equilibrium
+constant of pure water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of pure water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of pure water
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the concentration of h plus in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of h plus in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of h plus in solution
+which is h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is h3o plus
+times o h minus and that that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o h minus and that that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o h minus and that that's equal to
+10 to the minus 14.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 14.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 14.
+right that's another thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another thing that we
+talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about on
+wednesday so so if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday so so if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday so so if that's true
+if the which it is at 25c the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the which it is at 25c the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the which it is at 25c the
+equilibrium constant for water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for water which is
+the remember water can be either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remember water can be either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remember water can be either one
+it's this times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this times this
+and we know what this is now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this is now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this is now you know
+what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is
+right and if you know it h plus if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you know it h plus if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you know it h plus if the
+concentration of h plus is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of h plus is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of h plus is known
+then the ph power of the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ph power of the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ph power of the p
+is the minus log the ph of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minus log the ph of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minus log the ph of that
+is something you can calculate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can calculate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can calculate and so
+the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ph
+winds up here being 12.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's the kind of thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the kind of thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the kind of thing that you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+have fun with you dissolve some nao some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with you dissolve some nao some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with you dissolve some nao some
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+and you can measure a ph or a poh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can measure a ph or a poh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can measure a ph or a poh if you
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+all stuff we talked about last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff we talked about last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff we talked about last week
+okay but now we move on and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now we move on and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now we move on and and now
+we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna
+introduce the next definition of acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the next definition of acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the next definition of acids
+and bases by first talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bases by first talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bases by first talking about
+what happens when you mix them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you mix them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you mix them together
+right these are not mixing together yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are not mixing together yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are not mixing together yet
+they're just you know a base dissolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just you know a base dissolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just you know a base dissolves
+in water and acid dissolves in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and acid dissolves in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and acid dissolves in water
+but what if i had an acid and a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if i had an acid and a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if i had an acid and a base
+and i mix them together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mix them together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mix them together okay
+well so if i did that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if i did that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if i did that then
+i would have hcl plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have hcl plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have hcl plus
+n-a-o-h now i'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-a-o-h now i'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-a-o-h now i'm just gonna
+i'm not i'm not gonna include the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not gonna include the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not gonna include the water
+it's there on the left and it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there on the left and it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there on the left and it's gonna be
+there on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the right
+i'm just gonna write all these ions down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna write all these ions down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna write all these ions down
+that happen right so you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen right so you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen right so you're going to get
+oh you're going to get h plus oh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're going to get h plus oh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're going to get h plus oh we know
+it's h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's h3o plus
+plus uh cl minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh cl minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh cl minus
+plus uh na plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh na plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh na plus
+okay these are all dissolved in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are all dissolved in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are all dissolved in water
+i'm emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm emphasizing that
+with the little aqueous subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the little aqueous subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the little aqueous subscripts
+and you can see what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's going to happen
+now right so if i have these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so if i have these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so if i have these there
+but look at this the n a plus and the cl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at this the n a plus and the cl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at this the n a plus and the cl
+minus boy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus boy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus boy do
+but they see each other like well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they see each other like well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they see each other like well maybe
+we could form some salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could form some salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could form some salt
+maybe we can form some salt and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can form some salt and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can form some salt and then the
+o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o h
+and the h and those form water and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the h and those form water and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the h and those form water and so
+you can get h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get h2o
+plus nacl and so what happens is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nacl and so what happens is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nacl and so what happens is what's
+written there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there
+is that when you when you mix an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you when you mix an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you when you mix an acid
+with a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a base
+you will get water and some salt now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get water and some salt now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get water and some salt now
+remember salt is a general term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember salt is a general term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember salt is a general term
+right for uh these these cations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for uh these these cations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for uh these these cations and
+anions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anions
+right coming together in a solid so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming together in a solid so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming together in a solid so uh
+okay now here's the thing though all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the thing though all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the thing though all
+right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this was
+the acid and i'm writing this explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and i'm writing this explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid and i'm writing this explicitly
+because you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll see
+and this was the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because what is neutralization well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what is neutralization well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because what is neutralization well
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you can think you think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think you think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think you think about it in
+terms of ph i i had something with maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ph i i had something with maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ph i i had something with maybe
+a low ph or maybe a high ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low ph or maybe a high ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low ph or maybe a high ph
+and i want it to become neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want it to become neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want it to become neutral
+neutral would be if i'm in pure water kw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral would be if i'm in pure water kw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral would be if i'm in pure water kw
+is 10 minus 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 minus 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 minus 14
+neutral would be it's the same acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral would be it's the same acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral would be it's the same acid and
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ratio so these are each 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so these are each 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so these are each 10 to the minus
+seventh ph seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh ph seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh ph seven
+neutral right there's no excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral right there's no excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral right there's no excess of
+protons or oh minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or oh minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons or oh minuses
+right so so if there's no excess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if there's no excess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if there's no excess it's
+neutral so neutralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so neutralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so neutralization
+is basically the act of making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the act of making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the act of making it
+neutral so i had something that gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so i had something that gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral so i had something that gave a
+lot of h pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of h pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of h pluses
+and i got something that gave me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got something that gave me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got something that gave me it
+gives me a lot of o h minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a lot of o h minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a lot of o h minuses
+if i have the same amount of them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have the same amount of them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have the same amount of them right
+then so they're equivalent then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so they're equivalent then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so they're equivalent then you can
+you can make it neutral that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it neutral that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it neutral that's
+neutralization okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization okay
+but see the thing is i can take hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see the thing is i can take hcl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see the thing is i can take hcl
+and i can mix windex or ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can mix windex or ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can mix windex or ammonia
+with it and neutralize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and back then they're like but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back then they're like but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back then they're like but that
+doesn't make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense
+but first of all because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all because we don't have
+windex yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windex yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windex yet
+but second of all because windex doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but second of all because windex doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but second of all because windex doesn't
+have any o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any o h minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any o h minus
+goes in tight man so that got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in tight man so that got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in tight man so that got them
+really thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking
+right so if i take so let's take nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so if i take nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if i take nh3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if i take nh3
+if i take nh3 and i go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take nh3 and i go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take nh3 and i go like this
+and h3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h3 plus
+hcl now this is not i'm not writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcl now this is not i'm not writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcl now this is not i'm not writing the
+liquid dissociation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid dissociation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid dissociation of
+the thing i'm mixing it acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm mixing it acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing i'm mixing it acid
+and something else that i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else that i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else that i know
+neutralizes it and in fact what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizes it and in fact what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizes it and in fact what ends up
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+is you get gazunty you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get gazunty you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get gazunty you get
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we know
+is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is
+neutralizing it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing it's taking
+what's happening in this reaction what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in this reaction what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in this reaction what's
+actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening
+what did the what did that base do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the what did that base do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did the what did that base do
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+to neutralize hcl what it did is it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutralize hcl what it did is it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neutralize hcl what it did is it took
+h plus from the solution that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus from the solution that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus from the solution that's what it
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+right so nh3 in this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nh3 in this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so nh3 in this reaction
+nh3 takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it takes h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did that's exactly hcl was like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did that's exactly hcl was like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did that's exactly hcl was like i
+want to make it acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it acidic
+h plus h plus h plus and nh3 is like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus h plus h plus and nh3 is like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus h plus h plus and nh3 is like no
+give me the h pluses you cannot make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the h pluses you cannot make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the h pluses you cannot make
+this i'm neutralizing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm neutralizing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm neutralizing you
+i'm taking your h pluses back if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking your h pluses back if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking your h pluses back if it
+takes that then that's neutralizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that then that's neutralizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that then that's neutralizing
+that's going to neutralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hcl as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hcl as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hcl as well
+but see we have a problem because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see we have a problem because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see we have a problem because this
+is not an oh donating molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an oh donating molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an oh donating molecule
+but it still neutralizes and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still neutralizes and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still neutralizes and so we need
+a broader definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broader definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a broader definition
+and that came from bronstead and lowry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came from bronstead and lowry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came from bronstead and lowry
+and so this is another way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another way of thinking
+a more general way of thinking of acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general way of thinking of acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more general way of thinking of acids
+and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more general more correct because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general more correct because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general more correct because the
+the the arrhenius definition does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the arrhenius definition does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the arrhenius definition does not
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+classes of of molecules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of of molecules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of of molecules that are
+that could be a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so in this way in the bronsted-lowry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this way in the bronsted-lowry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this way in the bronsted-lowry
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+in the bronsted-lowry definition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bronsted-lowry definition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bronsted-lowry definition it's
+all about the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the proton
+so let me write that down here so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write that down here so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write that down here so in
+bronstead and lowry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acid
+and he did it by looking at acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did it by looking at acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he did it by looking at acid
+base neutralization reactions like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base neutralization reactions like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base neutralization reactions like i
+just described actual base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described actual base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described actual base
+neutralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i'm not going to write it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to write it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to write it because
+there's no room reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is all about the proton transfer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about the proton transfer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about the proton transfer these
+are proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proton
+transfer reactions this is how they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions this is how they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer reactions this is how they saw
+acids and bases as exchanging a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases as exchanging a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases as exchanging a proton
+taking it or giving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it or giving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it or giving it
+that's what it's about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's about right
+and so in our sort of general uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in our sort of general uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in our sort of general uh uh you
+know in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the general
+h a kind of lingo that we introduced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a kind of lingo that we introduced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a kind of lingo that we introduced you
+would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+h a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h a plus b
+and that's gonna go to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna go to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna go to b
+h plus plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus plus a
+minus that's an acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that's an acid base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that's an acid base
+reaction and so you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so you can see that these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+this is a proton donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proton donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proton donor
+this is a proton donor and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proton donor and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a proton donor and this is
+an acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a donor h plus donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a donor h plus donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a donor h plus donor
+h plus acceptor that defines them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus acceptor that defines them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus acceptor that defines them
+according to bronson and larry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson and larry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson and larry as
+acids and bases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases okay
+okay well we can also okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we can also okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we can also okay so now let's
+see let's now go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's now go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see let's now go back
+so that's that's a broader definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a broader definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a broader definition
+let's now go back to the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now go back to the ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now go back to the ammonia
+okay and what i want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i want to do now is
+instead of mixing it with an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of mixing it with an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of mixing it with an acid
+to think about whether it trades a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about whether it trades a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about whether it trades a
+proton i want to just dissolve it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton i want to just dissolve it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton i want to just dissolve it in
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+so now we know it's a base okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we know it's a base okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we know it's a base okay
+so what happens so if i dissolve nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens so if i dissolve nh3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens so if i dissolve nh3
+in h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in h2o
+i want to point something out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point something out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point something out here that
+if i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this
+and i get nh 4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get nh 4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get nh 4 plus
+plus o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o h minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus o h minus
+that's the now i'm taking a base right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the now i'm taking a base right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the now i'm taking a base right
+so there we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we had
+there's the acid here's the base that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the acid here's the base that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the acid here's the base that's
+the iranian space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iranian space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iranian space
+and now i'm taking a bronsted-lowry base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm taking a bronsted-lowry base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm taking a bronsted-lowry base
+right it took an h plus well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it took an h plus well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it took an h plus well
+that means that this is a base but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this is a base but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this is a base but look
+this okay this gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this gave
+a proton so this must be an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton so this must be an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton so this must be an acid
+according to bronson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson
+according to bronson lowry and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson lowry and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to bronson lowry and and
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+over here we know that this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we know that this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we know that this is going to
+give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one
+and i'm going to write that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to write that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to write that in a second
+and this would love to accept one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would love to accept one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would love to accept one
+so that's a base right and remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a base right and remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a base right and remember we
+have a name for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name for this
+in the same reaction we have a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same reaction we have a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same reaction we have a name for
+this this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would be
+the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are conjugates that's why i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are conjugates that's why i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are conjugates that's why i'm
+writing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the there's a conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the there's a conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the there's a conjugate base
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+conjugate acid base now we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid base now we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid base now we have a a
+bronsted-lowry understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronsted-lowry understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronsted-lowry understanding of what
+conjugate acid base means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid base means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate acid base means
+it's just a proton transfer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a proton transfer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a proton transfer right
+it's just a proton transfer now notice i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a proton transfer now notice i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a proton transfer now notice i
+could take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this
+so i've taken this base and i've i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've taken this base and i've i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've taken this base and i've i've
+i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+put it into a solution of water but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a solution of water but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a solution of water but i
+could take this acid and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this acid and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take this acid and do the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so if i do that i've got nh4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do that i've got nh4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i do that i've got nh4 plus
+and i'm going to put that in water now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put that in water now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put that in water now
+okay so i've taken this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've taken this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've taken this out
+and now i'm putting that acid into water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm putting that acid into water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm putting that acid into water
+and if i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i do that
+look what happens i get nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h3o plus
+notice what happened well i've switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happened well i've switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happened well i've switched
+acid that's my acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that's my acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid that's my acid
+but this took the proton so it must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this took the proton so it must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this took the proton so it must be a
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+right and over here i've got the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and over here i've got the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and over here i've got the base
+and this must be an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this must be an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this must be an acid
+proton transfer that's what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer that's what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer that's what's happening
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+conjugates now i took the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates now i took the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugates now i took the base
+and i got an acid but so this this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got an acid but so this this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got an acid but so this this tells
+us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that
+water and it tells us what we said on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it tells us what we said on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it tells us what we said on
+wednesday water can be both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday water can be both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday water can be both
+notice water is an acid in the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice water is an acid in the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice water is an acid in the one hand
+and a base on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a base on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a base on the other
+that makes it amphoteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so h2o can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2o can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2o can
+be both it can take or give protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both it can take or give protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both it can take or give protons
+and so it is amphoteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just for fun if you were if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun if you were if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun if you were if you take the
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+you know if you take any acid-base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take any acid-base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take any acid-base pair
+and they're conjugates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're conjugates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're conjugates
+you can also write out the kas and kb's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write out the kas and kb's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write out the kas and kb's
+right and so if i take a conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid and base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and base
+well you know that you could write ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that you could write ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that you could write ka
+right okay so let's write the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's write the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's write the acid
+dissociation so so for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation so so for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation so so for that one
+here it is ka is nh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is ka is nh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is ka is nh
+is uh h3o plus okay i'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh h3o plus okay i'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh h3o plus okay i'm going to take
+the bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom one
+h3l plus times nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3l plus times nh3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3l plus times nh3
+right concentrations divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right concentrations divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right concentrations divided by
+nh4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nh4 plus
+but if i took the base dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i took the base dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i took the base dissociation
+constant from the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant from the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant from the conjugate
+i'm taking the conjugates now right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking the conjugates now right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm taking the conjugates now right then
+i would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get
+that it's uh okay it's o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and nh4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nh4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nh4 plus
+divided by uh nh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and like i'm saying just for fun you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i'm saying just for fun you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like i'm saying just for fun you can
+now look at this you go ka times kb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this you go ka times kb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this you go ka times kb
+ka times kb that's reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka times kb that's reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka times kb that's reassuring
+that k a times kb is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus
+times o h minus and i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o h minus and i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times o h minus and i mean
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+which is kw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kw
+that is fun for the bronsted-lowry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fun for the bronsted-lowry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fun for the bronsted-lowry
+acid-base conjugate nh4 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base conjugate nh4 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base conjugate nh4 plus
+and h3 right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h3 right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h3 right okay
+okay that's bronsted-lowry acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's bronsted-lowry acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's bronsted-lowry acids and
+bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+here's a little recap here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little recap here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little recap here's a little
+recap i'm not going to like read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap i'm not going to like read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap i'm not going to like read through
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+in detail but i just wanted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but i just wanted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail but i just wanted to give you
+okay what have we done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what have we done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what have we done so far
+we've talked about amphoteric we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about amphoteric we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about amphoteric we've
+talked about conjugate acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about conjugate acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about conjugate acids and bases
+these are now written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are now written
+in the bronsted-lowry form right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bronsted-lowry form right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bronsted-lowry form right they
+accept or give a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or give a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or give a proton
+uh we've talked about the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've talked about the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've talked about the conjugate
+acid-base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid-base pair
+what i just drew an example of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just drew an example of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just drew an example of right
+there uh neutralization reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh neutralization reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh neutralization reactions and
+salt okay good these are some concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt okay good these are some concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt okay good these are some concepts
+that we have covered that i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have covered that i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have covered that i would like
+you to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know about
+now but there's a few more concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but there's a few more concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but there's a few more concepts that
+we have to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to come back to
+a few more concepts that we have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more concepts that we have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more concepts that we have to come
+back to and it has to do with what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and it has to do with what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to and it has to do with what i
+started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with
+in the beginning i said let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning i said let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning i said let you know
+these p these k's are huge so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these p these k's are huge so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these p these k's are huge so the
+equilibrium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if
+an equilibrium constant lies is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium constant lies is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equilibrium constant lies is very
+large then you know you're mostly making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then you know you're mostly making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then you know you're mostly making
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+right and so it's it's essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's it's essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's it's essentially to
+completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+and and i also mentioned that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i also mentioned that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i also mentioned that those are
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+strong acids strong bases strong acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids strong bases strong acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids strong bases strong acids
+strong bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong bases
+why is an acid or base strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is an acid or base strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is an acid or base strong
+or weak that's what i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weak that's what i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weak that's what i want to talk about
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+right and actually there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and actually there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and actually there are
+what you know there really aren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know there really aren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know there really aren't that
+many strong acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many strong acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many strong acids
+or strong bases in fact they're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong bases in fact they're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong bases in fact they're mostly
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+these are really pretty much most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really pretty much most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really pretty much most of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+minor exceptions i don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor exceptions i don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor exceptions i don't want to go into
+but these are really if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are really if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are really if you think about
+those your general category strong acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those your general category strong acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those your general category strong acid
+strong bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong bases
+this is it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it why
+why is that well it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well it has to do
+with what we've been talking about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we've been talking about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we've been talking about right
+so those are strong acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are strong acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are strong acids
+those are strong bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has to do with dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with dissociation
+it has to do with dissociation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with dissociation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with dissociation so
+if i take hcl and i put it in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take hcl and i put it in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take hcl and i put it in water
+it it almost completely dissociates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it almost completely dissociates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it almost completely dissociates
+that's why it's a strong acid now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a strong acid now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a strong acid now
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+there's confusion around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's confusion around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's confusion around this
+and i want to make that i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to make that i want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to make that i want to make
+it very clear there's a big distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clear there's a big distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clear there's a big distinction
+i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make
+because if something is is a weak acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if something is is a weak acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if something is is a weak acid
+meaning it's not one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not one of these
+what that means is it doesn't dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is it doesn't dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is it doesn't dissociate
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+that's what it means it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means it doesn't have
+anything to do with concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with concentration
+right so so let's take a weak acid let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's take a weak acid let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's take a weak acid let's
+take vinegar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vinegar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vinegar
+right so if i take a weak acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see vinegar as ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see vinegar as ch3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see vinegar as ch3
+cooh what's nice about writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooh what's nice about writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooh what's nice about writing them
+out this i said why didn't you put the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this i said why didn't you put the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this i said why didn't you put the h
+in there and make it ch4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and make it ch4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and make it ch4
+and co2 or put the two two c's together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co2 or put the two two c's together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and co2 or put the two two c's together
+oftentimes you'll see molecules written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes you'll see molecules written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes you'll see molecules written
+out this way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way because
+this tells us a little bit of a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us a little bit of a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us a little bit of a hint
+about connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about connectivity
+and for acids and bases it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for acids and bases it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for acids and bases it's actually
+useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because
+you see the h there that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the h there that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the h there that's the one
+that's going to trade that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to trade that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to trade that's the
+bronsted-lowry transfer h right so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronsted-lowry transfer h right so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronsted-lowry transfer h right so often
+for acids and bases you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acids and bases you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acids and bases you'll see that
+written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out
+in in this way makes it easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this way makes it easier to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this way makes it easier to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+and if i if i mix this into water then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i if i mix this into water then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i if i mix this into water then
+what do i get well i'm going to get h3o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i get well i'm going to get h3o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i get well i'm going to get h3o
+i'm going to write this down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write this down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write this down here
+h3o plus that's an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus that's an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus that's an acid
+right plus uh ch3coo minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus uh ch3coo minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus uh ch3coo minus
+there's the h that came off proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the h that came off proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the h that came off proton
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+so why is it weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it weak
+well it's weak because here the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's weak because here the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's weak because here the acid
+equilibrium constant is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant is something like
+10 to the minus fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so even if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if i have
+you know a lot even if i had like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot even if i had like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot even if i had like one
+mole per liter of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole per liter of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole per liter of this stuff
+in solution it wouldn't most of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution it wouldn't most of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution it wouldn't most of it
+wouldn't dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't dissolve
+in fact much less than a percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact much less than a percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact much less than a percent of
+vinegar actually gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar actually gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinegar actually gives me
+h3o plus all right amazing dog just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus all right amazing dog just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus all right amazing dog just
+add more vinegar no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more vinegar no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more vinegar no no
+because we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're talking about
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations
+right it's the concentration in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the concentration in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the concentration in that
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+that's i'm locked into that by this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i'm locked into that by this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i'm locked into that by this this
+is an equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equilibrium constant
+and it's talking about the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's talking about the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's talking about the concentration
+that i get in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm stuck i can't be that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm stuck i can't be that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm stuck i can't be that that's how
+much you dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you dissociate
+right that's how much you dissociate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how much you dissociate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how much you dissociate as
+a concentration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration so
+it's more acidic than water for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more acidic than water for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more acidic than water for sure
+right it's a hundred times more acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a hundred times more acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a hundred times more acidic
+than water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than water
+right 10 to the minus fifth but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the minus fifth but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 to the minus fifth but but it's
+never going to be a strong acid because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be a strong acid because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be a strong acid because
+i don't give very much of the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't give very much of the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't give very much of the protons
+that's what so this is the key that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what so this is the key that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what so this is the key that i
+want to make clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make clear
+this is the key okay now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key okay now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key okay now it's
+very important it gets its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it gets its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it gets its own
+board the strength of an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the strength of an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the strength of an acid
+okay so acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so acid
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to
+acid strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more and more and more vinegar no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more vinegar no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more vinegar no
+it doesn't it doesn't matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't matter because
+it's about dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about dissociation
+see this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is about
+this is a function of the solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function of the solubility
+so how much can i get in there we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much can i get in there we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much can i get in there we talked
+about all that a lot already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all that a lot already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all that a lot already
+that's a different thing solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different thing solubility
+the ksp how much of this can i dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ksp how much of this can i dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ksp how much of this can i dissolve
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+i can dissolve a lot of vinegar in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can dissolve a lot of vinegar in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can dissolve a lot of vinegar in water
+and it doesn't crash out right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't crash out right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't crash out right that's
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+doesn't make it a strong acid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it a strong acid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it a strong acid this
+is about dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so if you think about
+what makes an acid a strong acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or for that or or a weak acid or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that or or a weak acid or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for that or or a weak acid or what
+the relative strengths of acids are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative strengths of acids are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative strengths of acids are and
+the same holds for bases just the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same holds for bases just the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same holds for bases just the other
+way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+it has to do with how easy it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with how easy it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with how easy it is
+to take that h off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that h off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that h off
+or add it on right that's what it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add it on right that's what it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add it on right that's what it has to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+and so if you look at for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at for example if you
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+just a little series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if you look at a series there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at a series there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at a series there
+even that the strong acids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that the strong acids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that the strong acids have
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+they're all strong they go mostly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all strong they go mostly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all strong they go mostly to
+completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion
+but if you think about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it in terms of
+what we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just talked about
+it's the acid strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to go roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go roughly
+often opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often opposite
+trend as bond strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend as bond strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend as bond strength
+that's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the proton transfer of the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton transfer of the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton transfer of the h
+right there's an h hcl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's an h hcl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's an h hcl
+hbr hi which will be the strongest acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbr hi which will be the strongest acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbr hi which will be the strongest acid
+of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those three
+right well we now know this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we now know this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we now know this must be
+the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest
+right opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right opposite
+because this is going to be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to be easier to
+get the hydrogens off in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can think about the weak acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about the weak acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about the weak acids
+in the same exact way these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same exact way these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same exact way these are the
+strong acids this this holds for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids this this holds for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acids this this holds for all
+you know it's a proton transfer it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a proton transfer it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a proton transfer it's all
+about the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the strength
+of the proton right neutralization is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton right neutralization is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton right neutralization is a
+proton transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton transfer
+the uh whether you make an acid strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh whether you make an acid strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh whether you make an acid strong
+or how strong it depends on how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how strong it depends on how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how strong it depends on how many of
+those protons go into solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons go into solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons go into solution
+and uh and so you can look up charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so you can look up charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so you can look up charts
+like this and i love looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and i love looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and i love looking at this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+because it makes you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes you think about the
+chemistry right so here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right so here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry right so here you go
+you've got okay uh acid different acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got okay uh acid different acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got okay uh acid different acids
+molecular formula all right structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular formula all right structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular formula all right structural
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+kanji notice they're putting that h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji notice they're putting that h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji notice they're putting that h
+there in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue
+oh that's so helpful and you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's so helpful and you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's so helpful and you just look
+at the blue h and you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blue h and you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blue h and you think about it
+as dissociating just like bronsten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dissociating just like bronsten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dissociating just like bronsten and
+larry did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larry did
+you think about that as coming off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that as coming off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about that as coming off and
+then you think about the conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think about the conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think about the conjugate base
+right that's formed on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's formed on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's formed on the other side
+and then you go over here and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go over here and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go over here and you think
+oh this tells me how much it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this tells me how much it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this tells me how much it's
+it's coming up how often this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming up how often this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming up how often this tells me
+the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+of putting this into solution but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this into solution but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this into solution but say
+this is which one of these is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is which one of these is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is which one of these is going to
+be weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be weaker
+or stronger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stronger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stronger right
+well and what does that mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and what does that mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and what does that mean about the
+bond strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond strength
+itself what does that mean about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what does that mean about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what does that mean about how
+easy it is to dissociate we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to dissociate we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it is to dissociate we now know
+and we can think about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about that and
+understand that these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that these are not
+these may look similar these h's attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may look similar these h's attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these may look similar these h's attach
+to carbon or oxygen what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon or oxygen what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carbon or oxygen what's the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+big difference when you put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference when you put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference when you put them in
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+a lot more or a lot less might come off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more or a lot less might come off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more or a lot less might come off
+changing the acid strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the acid strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the acid strength
+the more that comes off the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that comes off the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that comes off the more the
+dissociation is to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation is to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation is to the right
+right and and the high oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the high oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the high oh
+and and the and the lower right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and the lower right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and the lower right the the
+higher this number because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher this number because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher this number because the
+equilibrium moves over to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium moves over to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium moves over to the right
+right and the less that comes off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the less that comes off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the less that comes off the
+lower this equilibrium constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this equilibrium constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this equilibrium constant is
+ka right the lower it is the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka right the lower it is the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka right the lower it is the higher the
+pka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka
+we don't like these these small tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like these these small tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like these these small tiny
+numbers you take a minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you take a minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you take a minus log
+and you talk about pks that's fine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you talk about pks that's fine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you talk about pks that's fine right
+okay good this is the this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good this is the this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good this is the this is the kind
+of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental
+understanding of acids and bases that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of acids and bases that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of acids and bases that i
+i want you guys to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you guys to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you guys to have
+and and so you know if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know if we go back to
+neutralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization
+now you say well okay this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you say well okay this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you say well okay this is kind of
+this makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense right
+we had a strong acid and strong base if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a strong acid and strong base if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a strong acid and strong base if
+you had them equivalent you'd get a ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had them equivalent you'd get a ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had them equivalent you'd get a ph
+of seven now you know if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven now you know if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven now you know if you had a
+strong acid weak base weak acid strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid weak base weak acid strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong acid weak base weak acid strong
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+it's gonna this is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna this is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna this is fairly
+self-explanatory less than seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory less than seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory less than seven or
+greater than seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than seven
+and now you know also if it's a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know also if it's a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you know also if it's a weak
+acid and a weak base and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and a weak base and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and a weak base and you're
+neutralizing these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralizing these together
+it would depend on the ka and kb because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would depend on the ka and kb because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would depend on the ka and kb because
+it depends on how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on how many
+of those ions you put in solution or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ions you put in solution or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ions you put in solution or can
+take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out
+and that's given by the ka and kb okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's given by the ka and kb okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's given by the ka and kb okay
+good good so we can answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so we can answer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good so we can answer questions
+we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now
+armed to answer questions and like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed to answer questions and like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed to answer questions and like i
+said i want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i want to answer
+we're going to do some problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do some problems on
+wednesday we'll talk about the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday we'll talk about the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday we'll talk about the topics
+that are going to be on exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be on exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be on exam
+okay um but we can answer questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but we can answer questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but we can answer questions like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+here we are talking about acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are talking about acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are talking about acids and
+bases what if i mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases what if i mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases what if i mix
+a bunch of them together and they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them together and they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of them together and they've got
+different ka so you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ka so you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ka so you think about this
+what if i mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i mix
+all of these together can i get my ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these together can i get my ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these together can i get my ph
+right so here's a question you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a question you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a question you have uh
+one mole per liter of hcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole per liter of hcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole per liter of hcn
+with that acid dissociation constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that acid dissociation constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that acid dissociation constant and
+five moles per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five moles per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five moles per liter
+of hno2 with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hno2 with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hno2 with that one
+okay you write the dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you write the dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you write the dissociation
+reactions and calculate the ph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and calculate the ph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and calculate the ph of the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question right so let's
+see now how would i answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now how would i answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now how would i answer it
+well oh bronsted-lowry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh bronsted-lowry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well oh bronsted-lowry
+i don't want to erase you but i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to erase you but i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to erase you but i have to
+i have no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's answer that question i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's answer that question i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's answer that question i see
+the way that we think about this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we think about this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we think about this it's
+telling us what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us what to do
+write the dissociation reactions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the dissociation reactions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the dissociation reactions for
+each species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each species
+okay so i'm going to write it down so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to write it down so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to write it down so i
+have hcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hcn
+hcn right is going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcn right is going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcn right is going to go to
+h plus plus c n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus plus c n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus plus c n minus
+now ka for this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ka for this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ka for this is equal to
+h plus oh boy did i drop my subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus oh boy did i drop my subscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus oh boy did i drop my subscripts
+times c n minus divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c n minus divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c n minus divided by
+hcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations but we're back to soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations but we're back to soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations but we're back to soluble
+solubility product days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility product days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility product days
+right this is an equilibrium and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an equilibrium and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an equilibrium and so
+it's going both ways but you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going both ways but you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going both ways but you know from
+the coefficients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients here
+right you know from those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know from those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know from those coefficients
+that if i dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i dissociate
+you know x amount of this then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x amount of this then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know x amount of this then that's
+how much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of this
+and this that i make right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this that i make right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this that i make right so
+so this so now i know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so now i know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so now i know right
+that uh well okay ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well okay ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well okay ka
+times if i just bring this over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if i just bring this over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times if i just bring this over there
+hcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcn
+is equal to x squared where x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x squared where x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to x squared where x
+let's let x equal concentration of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let x equal concentration of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let x equal concentration of h
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+which equals the concentration of c n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals the concentration of c n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals the concentration of c n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+been there done that right from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there done that right from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there done that right from the
+solubility product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility product
+uh problems that we've done and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems that we've done and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems that we've done and so you
+can get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from this
+that the concentration of h plus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concentration of h plus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concentration of h plus which
+is also h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also h3o plus
+is equal to 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 2.5
+times 10 to the minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 5
+moles per liter good okay but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter good okay but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter good okay but you can
+keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not gonna do all the math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna do all the math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna do all the math but
+you could go through the same exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go through the same exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go through the same exercise
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+hno2 so for hno2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hno2 so for hno2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hno2 so for hno2
+you get uh that the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh that the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh that the concentration of
+these ions that you get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions that you get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ions that you get from that
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+is around 2 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 2 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around 2 times 10
+to the minus 3 moles per liter and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 3 moles per liter and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 3 moles per liter and by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+maybe uh i got less than 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh i got less than 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh i got less than 10 to the minus
+7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th
+out of these things maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these things maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these things maybe
+but if i did then if i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i did then if i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i did then if i did
+then i'd also need to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'd also need to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'd also need to take into account
+pure water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water
+right so from pure water we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from pure water we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from pure water we know
+if you just had water by itself then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had water by itself then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had water by itself then
+you'd have the concentration here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the concentration here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the concentration here is
+10 to the minus seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus seventh
+moles per liter now but now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter now but now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter now but now you just
+look at this you say okay i got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you say okay i got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you say okay i got my
+answer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because
+i everything's a lot lower than this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i everything's a lot lower than this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i everything's a lot lower than this one
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so this is going to dominate i mix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to dominate i mix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to dominate i mix it
+all together but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together but you see
+it doesn't matter the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter the other things
+aren't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't able
+to dissociate nearly as many h plus ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissociate nearly as many h plus ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissociate nearly as many h plus ions
+they're just not able to as hno2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not able to as hno2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not able to as hno2
+so this dominates and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this dominates and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this dominates and you can just
+calculate the ph from this you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ph from this you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ph from this you're going
+to get like two three digits down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get like two three digits down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get like two three digits down
+some effect but it's okay right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effect but it's okay right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some effect but it's okay right from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you can get the ph and the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the ph and the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the ph and the ph
+is equal to 1.35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it the the the total contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it the the the total contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it the the the total contribution
+of h plus ions in that solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h plus ions in that solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of h plus ions in that solution is
+roughly given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly given
+by this contribution here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this contribution here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this contribution here okay
+might not have been but it was in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have been but it was in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have been but it was in that
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+okay how about this one so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about this one so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about this one so here's
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+okay so so we could take another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we could take another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we could take another example
+let's uh stay over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh stay over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh stay over here
+okay so in this example i'm not i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example i'm not i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example i'm not i'm
+barely giving you anything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely giving you anything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely giving you anything here
+it seems like but i give you enough i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like but i give you enough i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like but i give you enough i've
+got a 0.2 moles per liter solution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a 0.2 moles per liter solution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a 0.2 moles per liter solution of a
+weak acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak acid
+and it's 9.4 percent dissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 9.4 percent dissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 9.4 percent dissociated
+that's the key that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the key that's the key
+because remember this is now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember this is now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember this is now we've
+learned the bronsted-lowry definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the bronsted-lowry definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned the bronsted-lowry definition
+it's all about h plus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about h plus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about h plus in
+or coming out that's what there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or coming out that's what there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or coming out that's what there it is
+now i erase it though it's all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i erase it though it's all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i erase it though it's all about the
+h plus so if i know 9.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus so if i know 9.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus so if i know 9.4
+dissociated i know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated i know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated i know something about
+what kind of acid that is right so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of acid that is right so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of acid that is right so if i
+have now h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now h a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now h a
+plus h2o and that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h2o and that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h2o and that goes
+to h3o plus i've switched back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to h3o plus i've switched back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to h3o plus i've switched back
+plus a minus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much dissociated well 0.0.2 moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much dissociated well 0.0.2 moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much dissociated well 0.0.2 moles
+per liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liter
+times 0.094 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0.094 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0.094 right so
+point zero point zero nine four that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero point zero nine four that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero point zero nine four that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the percent is that right yes nine point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent is that right yes nine point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent is that right yes nine point
+four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four percent
+times zero point two moles per liter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point two moles per liter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero point two moles per liter and
+that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equals
+zero 0.019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0.019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0.019
+ish right that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish right that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish right that's how much
+h a h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated
+what if i know that and i know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i know that and i know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i know that and i know my
+reaction and i got the stoichiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and i got the stoichiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and i got the stoichiometric
+coefficients from the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients from the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients from the reaction
+then i also know how much h3o plus and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i also know how much h3o plus and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i also know how much h3o plus and a
+minus formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus formed
+was it if that much dissociated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it if that much dissociated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it if that much dissociated then
+that much formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much formed
+right it could because they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could because they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could because they're right
+that's the reaction those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reaction those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reaction those are the
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+and so i can get it all and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i can get it all and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i can get it all and i can
+calculate ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ka
+which equals 2 times ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 times ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 times ten
+to the minus third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus third
+and you get the ph all i gave you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the ph all i gave you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the ph all i gave you was
+how much of it dissociated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it dissociated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it dissociated
+i didn't even tell you what acid it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even tell you what acid it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even tell you what acid it was
+but that's okay because we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay because we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay because we now know
+that this is what counts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what counts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what counts this
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+how many of these h's per liter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these h's per liter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these h's per liter how many
+of those go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those go
+into solution is what matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution is what matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into solution is what matters okay
+now there's another thing that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another thing that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's another thing that i want to
+talk about and we'll do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and we'll do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and we'll do some more
+you know a little bit more uh like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little bit more uh like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a little bit more uh like i
+said problems on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said problems on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said problems on wednesday
+but there's one more thing i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one more thing i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one more thing i want you to
+know about related to acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about related to acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about related to acids and bases
+and that is um that you can have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is um that you can have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is um that you can have more
+than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+all these examples if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these examples if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these examples if you go back to
+this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list
+those all had one hydrogen that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all had one hydrogen that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all had one hydrogen that was
+ever gonna leave let's say i mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gonna leave let's say i mean okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever gonna leave let's say i mean okay
+ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever
+maybe if you went up to the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you went up to the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you went up to the middle of
+the sun or something you get those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun or something you get those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun or something you get those but
+this is you know in normal conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know in normal conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know in normal conditions
+these are the ones that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that are going to
+leave and no more but you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and no more but you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and no more but you can have
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+like phosphoric acid where look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phosphoric acid where look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phosphoric acid where look at all
+those protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those protons
+so here's acetic acid that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's acetic acid that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's acetic acid that's the one
+that's willing to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's willing to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's willing to leave
+those are not they're on the carbon way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not they're on the carbon way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not they're on the carbon way
+too hard to get them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to get them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to get them off
+this one okay in solution sure to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one okay in solution sure to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one okay in solution sure to a
+certain extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent
+in in phosphoric acid i've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in phosphoric acid i've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in phosphoric acid i've got three
+hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens
+and so that's called a multiprotic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's called a multiprotic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's called a multiprotic acid
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+because protic proton how many protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because protic proton how many protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because protic proton how many protons
+right it could be monoprotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be monoprotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be monoprotic
+like the ones we've talked about or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones we've talked about or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ones we've talked about or it
+could be multiprotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be multiprotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be multiprotic
+like phosphoric acid and so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phosphoric acid and so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like phosphoric acid and so you know if
+you think about this the way we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this the way we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this the way we now
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+acids and bases we think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases we think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and bases we think about an
+acid as a dissociation right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as a dissociation right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as a dissociation right with
+some dissociation equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dissociation equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dissociation equilibrium constant
+and so huh and so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so huh and so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so huh and so if you think about
+phosphoric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoric acid
+h3po4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3po4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3po4
+uh let's put the water in h2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's put the water in h2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's put the water in h2o
+liquid and that goes to h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and that goes to h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and that goes to h2
+po4 minus plus h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po4 minus plus h3o plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po4 minus plus h3o plus
+well the ka for this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ka for this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the ka for this one is
+so if i put the kas in here this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i put the kas in here this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i put the kas in here this one is
+uh 7.5 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7.5 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 7.5 times
+10 to the minus 3. but see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 3. but see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 3. but see what happens
+is now this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now this one
+has two more hydrogens that could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two more hydrogens that could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two more hydrogens that could come
+off so you could write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so you could write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so you could write those
+dissociation reactions as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation reactions as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation reactions as well
+so h2 po4 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2 po4 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h2 po4 minus
+if you put that in solution which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put that in solution which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put that in solution which it is
+then that could give you hpo4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could give you hpo4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that could give you hpo4
+two minus all right h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus all right h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus all right h2
+h it's a proton transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h it's a proton transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h it's a proton transfer
+minus 2 minus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus right
+uh plus h3o plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's one more plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one more plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one more plus one
+more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this
+dissociation constant is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constant is much much
+smaller 6.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 6.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 6.2
+times 10 to the minus eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus eight
+and the third one is 4.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is 4.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is 4.2
+times 10 to the minus 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 13th
+so they're smaller but they happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're smaller but they happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're smaller but they happen and
+that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important
+and it can be very important it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be very important it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can be very important it depends
+on the molecule but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the molecule but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the molecule but in this case
+it's not just the parent you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the parent you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the parent you know that
+acid there that's losing a proton but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid there that's losing a proton but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid there that's losing a proton but
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this one can also lose a proton it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can also lose a proton it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one can also lose a proton it can
+also be an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an acid
+it just has an equilibrium that's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has an equilibrium that's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just has an equilibrium that's not as
+far over so it's not going to give as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far over so it's not going to give as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far over so it's not going to give as
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+uh h pluses into solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h pluses into solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h pluses into solution okay
+it's important to know about and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know about and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to know about and finally
+the last thing i want you to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing i want you to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing i want you to know you
+will not be uh tested on this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be uh tested on this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be uh tested on this but it's
+important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because
+here's where we are here's where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we are here's where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we are here's where we are
+arrhenius said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrhenius said
+right before thanksgiving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before thanksgiving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before thanksgiving it's
+all about the h plus and the o h minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the h plus and the o h minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the h plus and the o h minus
+that got us really far got us through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got us really far got us through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got us really far got us through
+thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanksgiving
+but then today we're like no it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then today we're like no it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then today we're like no it's got to
+be more general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more general it's
+just proton transfer no don't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proton transfer no don't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proton transfer no don't tell me
+about oh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh minus
+it's just proton transfer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just proton transfer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just proton transfer and so
+then comes lewis oh we know lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes lewis oh we know lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes lewis oh we know lewis
+we've already talked a lot about lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked a lot about lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked a lot about lewis
+lewis said why are you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis said why are you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis said why are you guys
+all obsessed about protons and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all obsessed about protons and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all obsessed about protons and he said
+it in just that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an acid is much more general even than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acid is much more general even than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acid is much more general even than
+that and acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and acid is
+any species anything that accepts a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any species anything that accepts a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any species anything that accepts a pair
+of electrons remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons remember
+lewis was all about those electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis was all about those electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis was all about those electrons in
+the octets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octets
+and the base is any species that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base is any species that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base is any species that can
+donate a pair of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate a pair of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate a pair of electrons
+so lewis correctly took a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lewis correctly took a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lewis correctly took a much more
+general view and said no acids and bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general view and said no acids and bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general view and said no acids and bases
+are not even about proton transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even about proton transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not even about proton transfer
+they're about electron transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about electron transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about electron transfer
+and again you're i'm not going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you're i'm not going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you're i'm not going to test
+you on lewis acids and bases but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on lewis acids and bases but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on lewis acids and bases but i
+wanted you to have that kind of full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to have that kind of full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to have that kind of full
+picture that means by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that means by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that means by the way
+aluminum three plus take an aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum three plus take an aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum three plus take an aluminum
+atom make it a three plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom make it a three plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom make it a three plus
+it wants electrons it's an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants electrons it's an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants electrons it's an acid
+it's an acid right it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an acid right it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an acid right it doesn't have a
+protein it wants electrons though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it wants electrons though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it wants electrons though
+that makes it an acid according to lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it an acid according to lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it an acid according to lewis
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that concludes acids and bases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes acids and bases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concludes acids and bases and
+i'll see you guys on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yi6a_COcfxw.txt b/yi6a_COcfxw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7438673badd0e0925391816dfca0ca2087af0648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yi6a_COcfxw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1704 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+-- dissolved in water,
+such that there are six water
+
+molecules arranged around the
+metal in an octahedral array.
+
+You will see here that I have
+colored one of the water
+
+molecule's oxygens in this peach
+color because we are going to
+
+talk about reactions today.
+In fact, I am going to
+
+introduce you to the idea of a
+potential energy surface for a
+
+reaction.
+I am taking water substitution
+
+as an example and as a context
+for this, but this very general.
+
+And the same ideas that we are
+going to be talking about today
+
+would apply to reactions in
+organic chemistry or in
+
+biochemistry.
+Let's imagine having this
+
+system dissolved in liquid
+water.
+
+And let's further imagine that
+we have some way,
+
+perhaps, for isotopic labeling
+of the oxygens in the water to
+
+differentiate from those that
+start out on the metal complex.
+
+And so I am differentiating
+here by using a green color for
+
+the oxygen in a liquid water
+solvent.
+
+And in this reaction,
+it is a very simple reaction in
+
+which liquid water from
+solution, --
+
+-- we are going to talk about
+reaction mechanisms today,
+
+somehow will come in and bind
+to the metal center and displace
+
+one water molecule from the
+metal center.
+
+And I will represent that here
+by saying that we would lose
+
+that one water molecule that
+I've colored this way.
+
+And that gives us our product,
+which is very similar to the
+
+starting material in this case,
+--
+
+-- except that one water
+molecule, the one here colored
+
+green, has replaced one of the
+others.
+
+And when we look at this type
+of reaction as a function of
+
+which 3d transition element we
+have at the center of the
+
+octahedron, we find that the
+time constant for this reaction
+
+taking place varies quite
+dramatically.
+
+And this is informative with
+respect both to the mechanism of
+
+the reaction,
+as we will discuss,
+
+and to the electronic structure
+attributes of the systems that
+
+control the way a metal binds to
+its ligands.
+
+And so, for example,
+let's make a little table of
+
+the metal n plus.
+
+And we will take the log of the
+rate constant for the reaction,
+
+which I will denote with this
+k.
+
+Small k is going to be our rate
+constant.
+
+And the units that we would
+find for such a rate constant
+
+would be reciprocal seconds to
+describe how fast this takes
+
+place.
+And, if we start down here at
+
+chromium three plus,
+we would find that the log of
+
+the rate constant is
+approximately minus 6.
+
+And then, if we went to
+vanadium two plus,
+
+the rate constant log goes to
+minus 2.
+
+So the reaction is faster than
+it is for chromium three.
+
+And then, if we look at some of
+
+the other d ions that are
+possible here,
+
+we could have chromium two plus
+or copper two plus.
+
+And, for both of those,
+
+the log of the rate constant is
+9.
+
+You can see,
+because I am taking the log of
+
+these first order rate
+constants, the actual rates of
+
+these processes differ here by
+15 orders of magnitude.
+
+That is an enormous difference.
+So it is not true that whatever
+
+metal ion you have at the
+center, the rate at which water
+
+comes on and off and it
+exchanges with water from
+
+solution is about the same.
+It is not.
+
+It differs over an enormous
+range of actual rates,
+
+many orders of magnitude,
+depending on exactly which
+
+metal ion you have here.
+And so I will classify these as
+
+either slow or fast.
+And we will say that here,
+
+we are slow.
+And here we are fast.
+
+And, of course,
+there are cases that are
+
+somewhat in between.
+But I will be giving you a
+
+little bit of nomenclature that
+arises from the study of such
+
+ligand substitution rates in a
+little while.
+
+Here is one type of
+substitution reaction.
+
+Now, I would like you to
+consider a different type of
+
+substitution reaction,
+one that does not have a
+
+product that is essentially
+identical to the starting
+
+material.
+And that will be one as shown
+
+here.
+Let's use the metal tungsten at
+
+the bottom of Group 6,
+a 5d transition element.
+
+This makes a very stable binary
+compound with carbon monoxide in
+
+which six carbon monoxide
+ligands bind to the metal center
+
+at the corners of an octahedron.
+And in this tungsten
+
+hexacarbonyl system,
+you are going to find that,
+
+as you will be seeing in
+recitation this week,
+
+these CO ligands are pi-acids,
+they are very high in the
+
+spectrochemical series.
+This leads to a molecule like
+
+this being colorless.
+
+It has a large delta O.
+
+And because ligands are
+pi-acidic and the metal center,
+
+as you will see,
+this metal center is a d six
+
+pi-base,
+the metal itself is very
+
+electronically complimentary to
+its set of six carbon monoxide
+
+ligands.
+So a system like this is very
+
+stable.
+And what you might like to do
+
+is to tag some biomolecule with
+a tungsten pentacarbonyl
+
+fragment, so that you could use
+the vibrational spectroscopy
+
+associated with these CO
+oscillators to watch some
+
+biological process that has that
+thing attached to it.
+
+And one example of a
+substitution reaction you might
+
+wish to use would be the one
+shown here.
+
+This ligand that I am currently
+sketching is one in which we
+
+have a phosphorus with a lone
+pair and three phenyl groups
+
+attached to it.
+A phenyl group is a benzene
+
+ring where one of the positions
+is substituted.
+
+This ligand here,
+then, is triphenylphosphine,
+
+and this is a good ligand for
+various types of metals.
+
+And, in fact,
+one of the Nobel laureates that
+
+I may have mentioned in passing
+this semester,
+
+Sir Jeffrey Wilkinson,
+used triphenylphosphine as a
+
+ligand in the preparation of
+what is now universally known as
+
+Wilkinson's hydrogenation
+catalyst.
+
+So this ligand is quite common,
+indeed, and well-known.
+
+And what we might like to do is
+to replace one carbon monoxide
+
+with this triphenylphosphine
+ligand.
+
+That would be a simple
+substitution reaction.
+
+We would like one equivalent of
+carbon monoxide to be evolved as
+
+CO gas in this reaction.
+But we find that we can put
+
+tungsten hexacarbonyl in the
+presence of triphenylphosphine,
+
+and nothing really happens.
+They just sit there and look at
+
+each other.
+They do not react.
+
+So one of the things that
+happens when you are learning to
+
+do synthetic chemistry is that
+the outcome of a reaction can be
+
+either that it proceeded cleanly
+onto products.
+
+And one possible outcome is
+there was no reaction at all.
+
+And so this is what we will
+call no thermal reaction.
+
+And that means that just with
+the energy supplied by the
+
+temperature of the room,
+the reaction is not proceeding
+
+in the forward direction.
+And what that may mean is that
+
+there is an energy barrier to
+this reaction.
+
+And energy barriers are going
+to be a topic of this lecture in
+
+a few moments,
+but there may be an energy
+
+barrier.
+And we don't have sufficient
+
+energy to surmount the barrier,
+so the substitution reaction is
+
+not taking place.
+But we find that if we shine
+
+light on the system,
+UV light, then the reaction
+
+takes place.
+And we form this desired
+
+product that has one of the
+carbon monoxide ligands replaced
+
+with triphenylphosphine.
+That would be the initial
+
+product formed in such a
+process.
+
+Still octahedral,
+now five CO ligands instead of
+
+six, and one of them replaced by
+triphenylphosphine.
+
+And it occurs under the action
+of UV light.
+
+If you put a photon into the
+system for some reason,
+
+we can now surmount the energy
+barrier to the reaction,
+
+blow one of the CO molecules
+away as CO gas.
+
+We might, in fact,
+in practice,
+
+possibly be bubbling an inert
+gas like N two through
+
+the solution to sweep the
+evolved carbon monoxide out of
+
+the system to help the reaction
+go to completion as we are
+
+carrying out such a prep.
+But, in any event,
+
+the key feature is that it goes
+under photolysis in the presence
+
+of a UV lamp but not simply
+through input of normal thermal
+
+energy.
+And, in thinking back to the
+
+development of the electronic
+structure of systems of this
+
+type, we can actually begin to
+understand this.
+
+Because we have an energy
+diagram, a d orbital splitting
+
+diagram for simplicity,
+where we have our t(2g) set and
+
+our e(g)*.
+And tungsten is in Group 6,
+
+the ligands are all neutral,
+so this is d six.
+
+This is a common electron count
+for octahedral systems that are
+
+quite stable.
+And CO is high in the
+
+spectrochemical series,
+so it leads to a large value of
+
+delta O.
+This splitting here between
+
+t(2g) and e(g) is large.
+And that means we have an s
+
+equals zero state,
+with the system not being
+
+paramagnetic,
+all the electrons paired up in
+
+t(2g) and this big gap.
+And what happens when we add a
+
+photon to the system,
+we can promote the system into
+
+an excited state.
+And, in order to satisfy the
+
+spin selection rule,
+this excited state will have no
+
+net spin polarization.
+This one is s equals zero,
+
+this one is s equals zero to
+satisfy the spin selection rule
+
+that we have talked about.
+But notice, now,
+
+in the excited state --
+
+-- we have an electron in e g
+star.
+
+And, as I was discussing last
+time, when you look at the MO
+
+theory for a problem like this,
+e(g)* is sigma antibonding with
+
+respect to the ligands.
+I am going to illuminate that
+
+for you very clearly in a few
+moments with a graphic,
+
+but this is sigma star with
+respect to the ligands.
+
+So what are we doing?
+We are taking an electron,
+
+here, that is pi bonding
+because CO is a pi-acid ligand.
+
+In the ground state,
+this electron that we are going
+
+to promote is helping to bind
+the carbon monoxide ligands to
+
+the metal.
+And then, when we input that
+
+photon and we produce an excited
+state, that same electron now
+
+has been taken away from our sum
+total of bonding.
+
+And it has been added to an
+antibonding orbital.
+
+And the effect of that is to
+"labialize" one of the carbon
+
+monoxide ligands,
+allowing it to dissociate from
+
+the metal center producing an
+unsaturated intermediate that
+
+can be captured by the lone pair
+of triphenylphosphine.
+
+That word I just used,
+labialized, we have from Henry
+
+Taube.
+
+Henry Taube,
+Nobel Prize in 1983.
+
+If you want to read more about
+Henry Taube and his
+
+contributions to chemistry and,
+in fact, the study of ligand
+
+substitution reactions and the
+relationship of reaction rates
+
+to the population of the e g
+star orbitals,
+
+then I would direct you to the
+1983 section of the Nobel Prize
+
+dot org website.
+And you can read his biography,
+
+his Nobel Prize lecture and his
+banquet address.
+
+These are all things that
+Professor Schrock from our
+
+department is doing this week in
+Sweden, so shortly,
+
+you will be able to read his
+contributions to that website.
+
+And I am sure you will all find
+that to be pretty exciting,
+
+as I do.
+But Henry Taube,
+
+this Nobel Prize winner,
+coined the terms "inert" and
+
+"labile."
+These terms,
+
+inert and labile,
+they refer to rates of ligand
+
+substitution reactions.
+If a complex is to be thought
+
+of as inert, it isn't really
+inert.
+
+What that means is that its
+substitution reactions are slow.
+
+And, on the other hand,
+if a system is to be referred
+
+to labile, that means that its
+ligand substitution reactions
+
+are fast.
+And over there on the left,
+
+we looked at a set of four
+metal ions whose aqua-complexes
+
+could be classified as either
+inert or as labile.
+
+So let me relate that to the
+occupation of the eg star
+
+energy level.
+Here what we have,
+
+t(2g) and e(g)*.
+In the case of chromium three
+
+plus or vanadium two
+plus,
+
+since vanadium is in Group 5
+and chromium is in Group 6,
+
+both of these metal ions have a
+d three electron
+
+configuration.
+And so, when we populate our
+
+d-orbital splitting diagram for
+these two systems,
+
+here is the result.
+We have an s equals
+
+three-halves ground state,
+three unpaired electrons.
+
+The system is paramagnetic.
+You could certainly calculate
+
+the spin-only magnetic moment
+for such a system.
+
+And e(g)* is not occupied.
+We have three electrons,
+
+here, in t(2g).
+t(2g) is basically nonbonding
+
+if the ligand is neither a
+pi-base nor a pi-acid.
+
+This is three nonbonding
+electrons centered in d(xz),
+
+d(yz), and d(xy),
+which is t(2g) on our metal ion
+
+chromium three plus
+in the hexa-aquo system or
+
+vanadium two plus in
+the hexa-aquo system.
+
+And these are inert and slow.
+And then, we have two more
+
+cases to discuss.
+And, again, here is our t(2g)
+
+and our e(g)*.
+Notice that if we go from
+
+chromium three plus
+to chromium two plus,
+
+we go up 15 orders
+of magnitude in ligand
+
+substitution rate just by
+changing the charge by one unit.
+
+And what is going on here?
+Well, now chromium two
+
+is d four,
+and the four electrons go in
+
+and populate like this.
+So eg* now has an electron in
+
+it.
+And that makes it related to
+
+the excited state here of
+tungsten hexacarbonyl because
+
+both of those,
+if you were to write out their
+
+electronic configuration,
+would have eg*1 as the
+
+population of eg*.
+In the case of copper two plus,
+
+we have a situation
+similar to chromium two plus
+
+in that the complex
+is labile.
+
+It is undergoing substitution
+associated with a rate constant
+
+here whose log is 9.
+This is undergoing exchange of
+
+water molecules from liquid
+solution onto the metal very
+
+rapidly.
+And this is a d nine
+
+case.
+The electrons go in like this.
+
+And this is an s equals
+one-half system with a single
+
+unpaired electron.
+Both of these are paramagnetic.
+
+Both of these have a population
+of e g star.
+
+And the two ions that have
+e(g)* that contain electrons
+
+have fast ligand exchange rates.
+When e(g)* is not occupied,
+
+the ligand substitution rates
+are very slow.
+
+And we can understand that
+because of the antibonding
+
+character of e(g)*.
+There is an additional nuance,
+
+which is when e(g)* is occupied
+by an odd number of electrons,
+
+we can get what is called a
+Jahn-Teller distortion.
+
+And that distortion is a
+structural response to the odd
+
+electronic population of e(g)*.
+It is a distortion of the
+
+molecule that makes these
+systems, the chromium two
+
+and copper two
+the fastest of all
+
+the 3d metal ions for exchanging
+water molecules.
+
+Let's look at a structure of
+one of these systems briefly.
+
+Here is the result of a quantum
+chemical calculation optimizing
+
+the structure of chromium two
+hexaaquo two plus.
+
+This system as a spin
+
+polarization of four,
+meaning we do have the four
+
+unpaired electrons,
+three of which are in t(2g) and
+
+one of which is in e(g)*.
+This is how the molecule
+
+optimizes without using any
+symmetry constraints based on
+
+the density functional theory
+model that is typically in use
+
+these days for optimizing
+geometries of molecules.
+
+And what you can see is that
+this program I am using to
+
+display the structure is drawing
+four of the lines from the
+
+chromium ion to the oxygens.
+And the other two it is not
+
+drawing.
+And the reason for that,
+
+if I go ahead and use the tools
+in this program to find out just
+
+what are those chromium oxygen
+distances in this hexaaquo ion,
+
+what we find out is that four
+of them, the four where it is
+
+choosing to draw the lines
+between the metal and the
+
+oxygen, are about 2.1 angstroms.
+Whereas, to the two oxygens
+
+where it is not drawing the
+metal oxygen line,
+
+the distance is about 2.45
+angstroms.
+
+This molecule,
+this hexaaquo ion,
+
+has decided to deviate from a
+pure octahedral geometry because
+
+what it has done is it has
+stretched two of the oxygens
+
+along an axis and made those two
+water molecules move farther
+
+away from the metal center.
+And that has to do with the
+
+Jahn-Teller distortion that I
+mentioned a moment ago,
+
+when e(g)* is occupied by an
+odd number of electrons.
+
+Now, if you see that two waters
+have moved far away from the
+
+metal and four are in closer as
+a result of how e(g)* is
+
+populated, then which d orbital
+do you think has the e(g)*
+
+electron?
+d z squared*,
+
+that is right.
+And that means the two
+
+molecules that can interact with
+the two big lobes of d z squared
+
+along the axis,
+those are repelled away from
+
+the metal more than the other
+four that are in the x,y-plane
+
+because we don't have any
+electron in x squared minus y
+
+squared,
+that other component of e(g)*.
+
+This molecule achieves its most
+stable structure by distorting
+
+in response to the unequal
+occupation of e(g)*.
+
+And I will just show you what
+that orbital looks like by
+
+quitting out of there.
+
+Now this graphic,
+sadly, isn't as nice as the one
+
+I could have shown you using my
+laptop and VMD,
+
+but it will have to serve the
+purpose.
+
+And this is just a snapshot of
+the orbital.
+
+It may not be possible to
+increase the size of this.
+
+Here we go.
+I think it should be clear,
+
+from your inspection of this
+diagram, that we actually
+
+superposed a couple of different
+representations of the system on
+
+top of one another.
+First of all,
+
+this program has drawn balls
+and sticks to connect the atoms.
+
+You have a red ball here,
+a red ball.
+
+Each place there is a red ball,
+that is an oxygen.
+
+And at the center,
+we have our chromium plus two
+
+ion.
+So these are our water
+
+molecules.
+And what you should be able to
+
+see here is that this orbital,
+on this water molecule up here
+
+along positive z,
+has an appearance that would
+
+suggest that that is the highest
+occupied molecular orbital of
+
+the water molecule,
+interacting with the big lobe
+
+of d z squared in
+this antibonding fashion where
+
+we go from blue phase to red
+phase as we go along the sigma
+
+axis between the oxygen and the
+metal center.
+
+And then, in a better
+representation,
+
+you would be able to see that
+there are small contributions
+
+from the four water molecules
+that are interacting here with
+
+the torus of the d z squared
+orbital.
+
+And then what you have down on
+negative z is equal to what you
+
+have on positive z.
+Namely, you have an oxygen lone
+
+pair here that is being repelled
+by the electron occupying d z
+
+squared,
+which is one of our e(g)
+
+components.
+The idea is that systems like
+
+this exchange water so very
+rapidly, 15 orders of magnitude
+
+more rapidly than a simple d
+three system,
+
+because two of the water
+molecules are repelled away from
+
+the metal center quite a bit.
+And it makes this structure
+
+close to the transition state
+for just losing a water molecule
+
+from the coordination sphere and
+dissociating it from the metal
+
+center.
+And that is what we are going
+
+to talk about next.
+
+Now, we are going to talk about
+a reaction like that in terms of
+
+a potential energy surface
+diagram.
+
+We have seen how d orbital
+occupation affects color and
+
+magnetism and bonding between
+metals and ligands.
+
+And now we are seeing how
+actually we can interpret
+
+chemical reaction rates on the
+basis of these electronic
+
+structure considerations.
+
+We like to draw energy level
+diagrams that have orbitals on
+
+them or states on them,
+but sometimes what we like to
+
+do is to try to describe the
+total energy of the system,
+
+fold all these different
+coordinates into one and look at
+
+the total energy of the system
+as a function of where we are
+
+along a chemical reaction
+coordinate.
+
+That means as we progress
+through a sequence of elementary
+
+steps corresponding to a
+chemical reaction.
+
+A complete description of any
+reaction implies a knowledge of
+
+the potential energy surface for
+the reaction.
+
+We have our reaction
+coordinate, and we desire some
+
+kind of a plot that could
+represent this reaction
+
+coordinate.
+And what that plot looks like
+
+depends on the particular
+reaction mechanism of the
+
+reaction that you are
+scrutinizing.
+
+If you have a reaction and you
+want to know how it works,
+
+the first thing you do is make
+a hypothesis.
+
+And from your hypothesis,
+you can build predictions about
+
+the reaction coordinate,
+and then you can test those
+
+experimentally.
+And either your hypothesis will
+
+turn out to be consistent with
+the predictions or not.
+
+And, if not,
+you reject the hypothesis and
+
+start again.
+It has been said,
+
+concerning reaction mechanisms,
+that the closest you can get to
+
+the truth is your own best
+guess.
+
+But the way that people test
+reaction mechanisms is through
+
+studying reaction rates under
+various conditions and comparing
+
+the results to those predicted
+by your hypothesis.
+
+And so here is a hypothesis for
+a dissociative mechanism for the
+
+type of ligand substitution
+reaction that we are talking
+
+about.
+A dissociative mechanism means
+
+that the mechanism proceeds by
+dissociation of one of the
+
+ligands from the metal center as
+the first important step of the
+
+reaction.
+We have down here some ML five
+
+X compound.
+And let's say we have it in a
+
+solvent Y, where the solvent can
+also act as a ligand.
+
+And we are interested in what
+rate profile will we have if,
+
+at the end of the reaction,
+down here in this well,
+
+this is meant to represent a
+potential energy well where now
+
+we have X replaced by Y,
+--
+
+-- as illustrated there.
+That is the overall result of
+
+the reaction.
+But how does it take place?
+
+Are there any intermediates in
+the reaction?
+
+And so, in a dissociative
+mechanism, what happens is that
+
+there is an intermediate.
+And it occurs here in this
+
+intermediate well.
+One thing that you are going to
+
+be interested in distinguishing
+between, on potential energy
+
+diagrams, will be potential
+energy minima.
+
+Because these potential energy
+minima that I have just colored
+
+in, those correspond to starting
+materials, products,
+
+or intermediates.
+And then, alternatively,
+
+you can have potential energy
+maxima on the potential energy
+
+surface.
+This is a two-dimensional
+
+diagram.
+And what it really represents
+
+is a two-dimensional slice
+through a three-dimensional
+
+surface that has hills and
+valleys on it.
+
+And these hills on the
+potential energy surface
+
+represent energy barriers to a
+chemical reaction.
+
+What we are going to have at
+these points of high energy will
+
+be things that we call
+transition states.
+
+And you start out down here at
+the starting materials,
+
+the reaction will proceed to
+the right, we are assuming in
+
+this case, and you go up hill in
+energy first.
+
+You have to surmount this
+energy barrier associated with
+
+this first transition state,
+or TS1.
+
+And when you system has gone
+over that first barrier,
+
+if it is a dissociative
+mechanism, that produces an
+
+intermediate ML five.
+Because X has dissociated from
+
+the metal center and Y,
+of course, being the solvent,
+
+is still there.
+And then, once we get down into
+
+this well, this potential energy
+minimum, this valley associated
+
+with the intermediate ML five,
+it is a five coordinate
+
+intermediate,
+so it should have a structure
+
+of the trigonal bipyramid or the
+structure of a square pyramid.
+
+And, over there,
+I was talking about the
+
+distortion of that molecule
+based on its occupation of e(g)*
+
+having repelled two of the water
+molecules farther away from the
+
+metal than the other four.
+And what that does is it begins
+
+to lower the energy barrier here
+to get over to TS1.
+
+It makes it easier for one
+ligand to fall off the metal
+
+center because it is being
+repelled by that d z squared
+
+electron.
+And what we will see is that we
+
+can associate rate constants
+with each of these barriers.
+
+This is the second instance
+today that I have used the term
+
+rate constant.
+And we are going to want to
+
+distinguish the term "rate
+constant" from the term
+
+"reaction rate."
+And one of our goals today is
+
+to understand the difference
+between a reaction rate and a
+
+rate constant.
+Going up this first hill,
+
+over TS1 and down into the
+intermediate state,
+
+where you have a five
+coordinate species and X has
+
+become freely dissociated from
+the metal center,
+
+that is k1.
+And then, when you are down in
+
+the valley, there are two ways
+out of the valley.
+
+You can either go back in the
+direction of TS1.
+
+We call that back reaction k
+minus one.
+
+We associate the rate constant
+k minus one with the back
+
+reaction that would take us back
+over the same transition state
+
+and back to the starting
+materials.
+
+That would be a nonproductive
+step because it is going in the
+
+wrong direction.
+And then, over here,
+
+ML five has this
+branching option.
+
+When you are at the stage of
+the intermediate,
+
+you can go either back to
+starting materials or you can go
+
+onto products.
+And this rate constant we will
+
+call k two for the
+reaction in which the molecule Y
+
+that is doing the substituting
+would add to ML five.
+
+That is associated with some
+barrier.
+
+And it produces the six
+coordinate ML five Y and X
+
+dissociated.
+And then, finally,
+
+in this last step we would call
+the rate constant associated
+
+with going back into the
+intermediate from the products,
+
+we would call that k minus two
+for that rate
+
+constant.
+This is how you begin to write
+
+out the math associated with a
+hypothetical reaction mechanism.
+
+And so, for those of you who
+are gearing up to take 18.03
+
+next semester,
+Differential Equations,
+
+you are going to find that this
+is one area in chemistry where
+
+differential equations become
+extremely valuable.
+
+Because you are going to
+generate differential equations
+
+that describe the kinetics of a
+chemical reaction system.
+
+And those equations will differ
+depending on the hypothetical
+
+mechanism.
+And you are going to want to
+
+figure out which hypothetical
+mechanism actually fits your
+
+data.
+Here is one limiting case,
+
+but let me first just --
+
+I am going to leave that,
+given the amount of time here.
+
+We are going to go ahead and
+talk about a limiting case.
+
+When I use square brackets
+here, I am going to be talking
+
+about concentration,
+just like we did when we were
+
+talking about acids and bases
+and so forth.
+
+Square brackets denote
+concentrations.
+
+If k2 times Y,
+and I will stick with the green
+
+color for Y, is much greater
+than k minus one times the
+
+concentration of X,
+hat corresponds to
+
+a limiting case.
+We are also going to make
+
+another assumption,
+here.
+
+We are going to say assuming
+complete reaction.
+
+What does that mean?
+That means that k minus two
+
+times the concentration of ML
+five Y times the concentration
+
+of X at the end
+corresponds to essentially
+
+a negligible back reaction such
+that when we get to products we
+
+stop, this is a very deep well,
+and we don't go back anymore
+
+once we get over to the
+products.
+
+Under those conditions,
+we have made two
+
+simplifications.
+Then, the reaction rate.
+
+And, when we talk about
+reaction rate,
+
+we usually define it in terms
+of the disappearance of the
+
+starting materials or
+alternatively the appearance of
+
+the products,
+the rate of appearance of the
+
+products in a system like this.
+And, under the conditions of
+
+those assumptions,
+the reaction rate is going to
+
+depend on k1 times the
+concentration of the starting
+
+material.
+
+Times the concentration of our
+entering group Y.
+
+And that says that every time
+we get over the first barrier,
+
+we rapidly get over the second
+barrier without going back.
+
+That is the assumption here
+that k two times the
+
+concentration of Y is much
+greater than k minus one times
+
+the concentration of X.
+This is
+
+often true when the
+concentration of Y is very
+
+great.
+
+i.e., Y is the solvent.
+
+In the case of water,
+you have essentially 12 molar
+
+Y.
+Y is your solvent.
+
+And, because of that,
+under these circumstances,
+
+the concentration of Y,
+which is very large,
+
+does not change effectively
+during the reaction.
+
+It is a constant that can be
+folded into together with the
+
+constant k1.
+So we can describe this as k
+
+observed.
+K observed is equal to k1 times
+
+Y times ML five X. And
+
+these are what we call
+pseudo-first order conditions.
+
+That is a particularly simple
+rate law.
+
+And a lot of times,
+experimentalists will engender
+
+pseudo-first order conditions by
+purposely using an entering
+
+group concentration that is very
+large.
+
+And, when you do that,
+you will find that,
+
+for example,
+the change in concentration
+
+with time of ML five X
+is, upon integration,
+
+when you integrate differential
+equations such as this,
+
+you can obtain expressions for
+the concentrations of these
+
+species of interest as a
+function of time.
+
+So we can obtain ML five X of t
+divided by ML five X at t equals
+
+zero is equal to e to the minus
+k observed, that contains that
+
+large invariant concentration of
+y folded into it times t.
+
+Hence, this single exponential
+decay of the starting materials
+
+predicted by this mechanism
+under these conditions for the
+
+change in concentration with
+time of your starting material.
+
+Finally, what you do seek is to
+follow, as a function of time,
+
+the concentration of the
+species involved such that,
+
+for example,
+you may be following,
+
+here, the decay of your
+starting species ML five X.
+
+As a function of time,
+
+you seek an expression for
+that.
+
+There are different methods to
+carry out the integration
+
+required for more complicated
+rate laws than did appear there
+
+for the pseudo first-order
+mechanism.
+
+But, simultaneously,
+as ML five X decays,
+
+the concentration of ML five Y
+would be increasing.
+
+And under the simple case shown
+here, where the intermediate
+
+does not build up to any
+substantial concentration,
+
+this is no buildup of
+intermediate,
+
+meaning whenever the
+intermediate is formed it either
+
+goes back to starting materials
+or goes on to products.
+
+In other words,
+the intermediate never attains
+
+significant concentrations
+relative to starting materials
+
+and final products.
+This is the basis for the
+
+steady state approximation that
+is explained in your notes.
+
+And I will go through that also
+at the beginning of the hour on
+
+Friday.
+Have a nice day.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yqrQ9dKPV78.txt b/yqrQ9dKPV78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10103f0021fa9eb3db2540592f6f439c267009b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yqrQ9dKPV78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+my name is william lee i'm a phd student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is william lee i'm a phd student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is william lee i'm a phd student
+in computer science at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer science at mit
+and for this course i was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this course i was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this course i was a graduate
+instructor for 6811 principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for 6811 principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for 6811 principles and
+practice of assistive technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of assistive technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of assistive technology and
+that meant i was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant i was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant i was one of the
+co-instructors of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructors of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructors of the class
+and my name is grace teo i'm a lecturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my name is grace teo i'm a lecturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my name is grace teo i'm a lecturer
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+6.811
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.811
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.811
+and basically our class is about pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically our class is about pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically our class is about pairing
+students up with clients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students up with clients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students up with clients with
+disabilities to create a customized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities to create a customized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities to create a customized
+piece of assistive technology for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of assistive technology for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of assistive technology for them
+over the course of a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of a semester
+so the reason why i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why i got
+into teaching this course it's partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into teaching this course it's partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into teaching this course it's partly
+because of william because william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of william because william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of william because william
+invited me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited me
+but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also
+the background to that was that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background to that was that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background to that was that over the
+summer at mit i had founded a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer at mit i had founded a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer at mit i had founded a very
+similar class called open style lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar class called open style lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar class called open style lab
+where we teamed up students with clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we teamed up students with clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we teamed up students with clients
+with disabilities as well except that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with disabilities as well except that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with disabilities as well except that in
+that case we were asking the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we were asking the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we were asking the students to
+create clothing for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create clothing for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create clothing for them
+so this entire area of designing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this entire area of designing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this entire area of designing around
+the constraints of disability is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of disability is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of disability is very
+interesting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to me
+because first of all there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first of all there's very
+immediate community impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate community impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate community impact
+i think because of that too then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think because of that too then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think because of that too then the
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+have a lot of motivation to try their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of motivation to try their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of motivation to try their
+best to learn because they see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to learn because they see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to learn because they see that
+they're really impacting a real person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really impacting a real person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really impacting a real person
+and helping to solve a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helping to solve a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and helping to solve a real problem
+instead of just doing you know problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just doing you know problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just doing you know problem
+sets or solving kind of abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or solving kind of abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or solving kind of abstract
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and i think to be honest one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think to be honest one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think to be honest one of the
+things i love is seeing the students get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i love is seeing the students get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i love is seeing the students get
+comfortable talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable talking to
+talking to and talking about people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to and talking about people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to and talking about people with
+disabilities over time as well because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities over time as well because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities over time as well because i
+think very often in society there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very often in society there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think very often in society there's
+a huge amount of discomfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of discomfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of discomfort
+surrounding disability and it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding disability and it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding disability and it's not that
+people don't care it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care it's just that
+they don't want to say the wrong things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to say the wrong things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to say the wrong things
+you don't want to be offensive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be offensive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to be offensive and so
+equipping our students with that skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipping our students with that skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipping our students with that skills
+to be able to engage with the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to engage with the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to engage with the community
+is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was
+fortunate as an undergrad to work at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate as an undergrad to work at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate as an undergrad to work at a
+children's rehabilitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's rehabilitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's rehabilitation
+one summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one summer
+and learn about the space of assistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn about the space of assistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn about the space of assistive
+technology and i ended up doing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and i ended up doing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and i ended up doing that in
+my undergraduate thesis and so when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergraduate thesis and so when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergraduate thesis and so when i
+went to grad school i wanted to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to grad school i wanted to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to grad school i wanted to continue
+working in assistive technology and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in assistive technology and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in assistive technology and i
+was fortunate to be able to do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fortunate to be able to do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fortunate to be able to do that here
+at mit so my master's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit so my master's thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit so my master's thesis
+was working a lot in speech recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working a lot in speech recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working a lot in speech recognition
+for people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people with
+different speech challenges with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speech challenges with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speech challenges with
+multiple sclerosis that maybe affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sclerosis that maybe affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sclerosis that maybe affects
+their speech so i think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their speech so i think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their speech so i think it's really
+similar to grace i think it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to grace i think it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to grace i think it's a really
+fascinating area to work in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating area to work in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating area to work in very
+personally meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally meaningful
+but also very interesting design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also very interesting design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also very interesting design
+constraints and challenges in working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and challenges in working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and challenges in working in
+this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space
+and so with respect to the class uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with respect to the class uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with respect to the class uh my
+master's thesis advisor seth teller uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's thesis advisor seth teller uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's thesis advisor seth teller uh
+started this class back in 2011 i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this class back in 2011 i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this class back in 2011 i was
+fortunate to be the first teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be the first teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to be the first teaching
+assistant in the class and then to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant in the class and then to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant in the class and then to get
+involved in it with a with a big team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it with a with a big team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it with a with a big team
+including grace for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including grace for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including grace for sure
+over the past over the past semester
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zzsfHbb-Xq0.txt b/zzsfHbb-Xq0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24f0b84527407d396fa2a03473da6029c2823022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zzsfHbb-Xq0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you could all apply this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could all apply this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could all apply this kind of
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could
+develop it earlier supposing you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it earlier supposing you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it earlier supposing you had a
+way of developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of developing the
+plant earlier why would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant earlier why would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant earlier why would that be
+worthwhile if you had one year earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile if you had one year earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile if you had one year earlier
+it means your benefits would arrive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means your benefits would arrive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means your benefits would arrive one
+year earlier and on the net present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year earlier and on the net present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year earlier and on the net present
+value basis that would be worth 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value basis that would be worth 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value basis that would be worth 700
+million dollars possibly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars possibly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars possibly so
+you can do it well what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it well what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it well what would be the
+value if i had it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if i had it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if i had it earlier
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for how would that happen well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how would that happen well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how would that happen well for
+example you could have just spent money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have just spent money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you could have just spent money
+on designing the railroad that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on designing the railroad that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on designing the railroad that would
+take it out and doing extra work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it out and doing extra work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it out and doing extra work on it
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+to have all that design work done so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all that design work done so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all that design work done so if
+you won the bid you could proceed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won the bid you could proceed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won the bid you could proceed right
+away with the development of the port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with the development of the port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with the development of the port
+and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else
+and uh in that case uh the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in that case uh the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in that case uh the value the
+flexibility in order to build it faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in order to build it faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in order to build it faster
+was uh 17 million so you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh 17 million so you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh 17 million so you can now
+um think about there are things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about there are things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about there are things that you
+could do to the design of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to the design of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to the design of the system
+which would make it more profitable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would make it more profitable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would make it more profitable in
+this case to do the work early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case to do the work early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case to do the work early and
+you had a value of that of 17 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a value of that of 17 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a value of that of 17 million
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+so uh our time is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file